text:
Luna 17

Luna 17 (Ye-8 series) was an uncrewed space mission of the Luna program, also called Lunik 17. It deployed the first robotic rover onto the surface of the Moon.

Launch
Luna 17 was launched from an Earth parking orbit towards the Moon and entered lunar orbit on 15 November 1970. The spacecraft softly landed on the Moon in the Mare Imbrium (Sea of Rains). The spacecraft had dual ramps by which the payload, Lunokhod 1, descended to the lunar surface.

Lunokhod 1 was a lunar vehicle formed of a tub-like compartment with a large convex lid on eight independently powered wheels. Lunokhod 1 was equipped with a cone-shaped antenna, a highly directional helical antenna, four teleray spectrometer, an x-ray telescope, cosmic-ray detectors, and a laser retro-reflector (supplied by France ) was also included. The vehicle was powered by a solar cell array mounted on the underside of the lid.

Lunokhod 1 was intended to operate through three lunar days but actually operated for eleven lunar days (eleven Earth months). The operations of Lunokhod officially ceased on 4 October 1971, the anniversary of Sputnik 1, after having traveled over 10.5 km while taking pictures and performing numerous tests.

Luna 17 continued the spate of successes in Soviet lunar exploration begun by Luna 16 and Zond 8. Luna 17 carried Lunokhod 1, the first in a series of robot lunar roving vehicles whose conception had begun in the early 1960s, originally as part of the piloted lunar landing operations. This was the second attempt to land such a vehicle on the Moon after a failure in February 1969.

The descent stage was equipped with two landing ramps for the rover, to disembark onto the Moon's surface.

The 756 kg rover stood about 1.35 m high and was 2.15 m across. Each of its eight wheels could be controlled independently for two forward and two reverse speeds. Its top speed was about 100 m/h, with commands issued by a five-man team of "drivers" on Earth who had to deal with the 5-second delay. The set of scientific instruments was powered by solar cells (installed on the inside of the hinged top lid of the rover) and chemical batteries.

After two mid-course corrections en route to the Moon, Luna 17 entered lunar orbit and then landed on the lunar surface at 03:46:50 UT on 17 November 1970 at 38°17' north latitude and 35° west longitude, about 2500 km from the Luna 16 site in the Sea of Rains. The Lunokhod 1 rover rolled over the ramps and onto the lunar surface at 06:28 UT. During its 322 Earth days of operation, the rover traveled 10.54 km and returned more than 20,000 TV images and 206 high-resolution panoramas.

In addition, Lunokhod 1 performed twenty-five soil analyses with its RIFMA X-ray fluorescence spectrometer and used its penetrometer at 500 different locations.

Controllers finished the last communications session with Lunokhod 1 at 13:05 UT on 14 September 1971. Attempts to reestablish contact were finally discontinued on 4 October.

In March 2010, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter photographed the landing site of Luna 17, showing the lander and tracks of the rover. In April 2010, the Apache Point Observatory Lunar Laser-ranging Operation team announced that with the aid of these photos, they had found the long-lost Lunokhod 1 rover and had received returns from the laser retroreflector.

title: Luna 17


text:
Luna 18

Luna 18, part of the Ye-8-5 series, was an uncrewed space mission of the Luna program.

Overview
Luna 18 was placed in an Earth parking orbit after it was launched and was then sent towards the Moon. On 7 September 1971, it entered lunar orbit. The spacecraft completed 85 communications sessions and 54 lunar orbits before it was sent towards the lunar surface by use of braking rockets. It impacted the Moon on 11 September 1971, at 3 degrees 34 minutes N, 56 degrees 30 minutes E (selenographic coordinates) in rugged mountainous terrain. Signals ceased at the moment of impact.

This mission was the seventh Soviet attempt to recover soil samples from the surface of the Moon and the first after the success of Luna 16. After two mid-course corrections on 4 September and 6 September 1971, Luna 18 entered a circular orbit around the Moon on 7 September at 100 kilometers altitude with an inclination of 35°. After several more orbital corrections, on 11 September, the vehicle began its descent to the lunar surface. Contact with the spacecraft was lost at 07:48 UT at the previously determined point of lunar landing. Impact coordinates were 3°34' north latitude and 56°30' east longitude, near the edge of the Mare Fecunditatis ("Sea of Fertility"). Officially, the Soviets announced that "the lunar landing in the complex mountainous conditions proved to be unfavorable." Later, in 1975, the Soviets published data from Luna 18's continuous-wave radio altimeter that determined the mean density of the lunar topsoil.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Luna 18


text:
Luna 19

Luna 19 (a.k.a. Lunik 19) (E-8-LS series), was an uncrewed space mission of the Luna program. Luna 19 extended the systematic study of lunar gravitational fields and location of mascons (mass concentrations). It also studied the lunar radiation environment, the gamma-active lunar surface, and the solar wind. Photographic coverage via a television system was also obtained.

Overview
Luna 19 was the first of the “advanced” lunar orbiters whose design was based upon the same Ye-8-class bus used for the lunar rovers and the sample collectors. For these orbiters, designated Ye-8LS, the basic “lander stage” was topped off by a wheelless Lunokhod-like frame that housed all scientific instrumentation in a pressurized container.

Luna 19 was launched into an Earth parking orbit on 28 September, of the year 1971 and, from this orbit, was sent toward the Moon. Luna 19 entered an orbit around the Moon on 2 October 1971 after two midcourse corrections on 29 September and 1 October. Initial orbital parameters were 140 x 140 kilometers at 40.58° inclination.

Soon afterward, the spacecraft began its main imaging mission — providing panoramic images of the mountainous region of the Moon between 30° and 60° south latitude and between 20° and 80° east longitude. Other scientific experiments included extensive studies on the shape and strength of the lunar gravitational field and the locations of the mascons. Occultation experiments in May and June 1972 allowed scientists to determine the concentration of charged particles at an altitude of 10 kilometers. Additional studies of the solar wind were evidently coordinated with those performed by the Mars 2 and 3 orbiters and Veneras 7 and 8. Communications with Luna 19 was lost on 1 November 1972, after a year of operation and more than 4,000 orbits around the Moon.

title: Luna 19


text:
Luna 20

Luna 20 was the second of three successful Soviet lunar sample return missions. It was flown as part of the Luna program as a robotic competitor to the six successful Apollo lunar sample return missions.

Luna 20 was placed in an intermediate Earth parking orbit and from this orbit was sent towards the Moon. It entered lunar orbit on 18 February 1972. On 21 February 1972, Luna 20 soft landed on the Moon in a mountainous area known as the Terra Apollonius (or Apollonius highlands) near Mare Fecunditatis (Sea of Fertility), 120 km from where Luna 16 had landed.

While on the lunar surface, the panoramic television system was operated. Lunar samples were obtained by means of an extendable drilling apparatus. The ascent stage of Luna 20 was launched from the lunar surface on 22 February 1972 carrying 1.9 ounces (55 grams) of collected lunar samples in a sealed capsule. It landed in the Soviet Union on 25 February 1972. The lunar samples were recovered the following day.

Overview
This was the eighth Soviet spacecraft launched with the intent of returning lunar soil to Earth. It was evidently sent to complete the mission that Luna 18 had failed to accomplish. After a 4.5-day flight to the Moon, which included a single midcourse correction on 15 February, Luna 20 entered orbit around the Moon on 18 February. Initial orbital parameters were 100 x 100 kilometers at 65° inclination.

Three days later, at 19:13 UT, the spacecraft fired its main engine for 267 seconds to begin descent to the lunar surface. A second firing further reduced velocity before Luna 20 set down safely on the Moon at 19:19 UT on 21 February 1972 at coordinates 3.7863 North and 56.6242 East, only 1.8 kilometers from the crash site of Luna 18.

After collecting a small sample of lunar soil, the spacecraft's ascent stage lifted off at 22:58 UT on 22 February and quickly accelerated to 2.7 kilometers per second velocity—sufficient to return to Earth. The small spherical capsule eventually parachuted down safely on an island in the Karkingir River, 40 kilometers north of the town of Jezkazgan in Kazakhstan, at 19:19 UT on 25 February 1972.

The 55-gram soil sample differed from that collected by Luna 16 in that the majority (50 to 60%) of the rock particles in the newer sample were ancient lunar highlands anorthosite (which consists largely of feldspar) rather than the basalt of the earlier one (which contained about 1 to 2% of anorthosite). The American Apollo 16 mission returned similar highlands material two months later.

Like the Luna 16 soil, samples of the Luna 20 collection were shared with American and French scientists. A 0.4983g sample of material from a depth of 27and 32 cm was sent to Britain.

In March 2010, NASA reported that its Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter satellite had spotted Luna 20 on the lunar surface.

title: Luna 20


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Luna 21

Luna 21 (Ye-8 series) was an uncrewed space mission, and its spacecraft, of the Luna program, also called Lunik 21, in 1973. The spacecraft landed on the Moon and deployed the second Soviet lunar rover, Lunokhod 2. The primary objectives of the mission were to collect images of the lunar surface, examine ambient light levels to determine the feasibility of astronomical observations from the Moon, perform laser ranging experiments from Earth, observe solar X-rays, measure local magnetic fields, and study mechanical properties of the lunar surface material.

Mission
Luna 21 carried the second successful Soviet lunar rover, Lunokhod 2, and was launched less than a month after the last Apollo lunar landing. The Proton-K/D launcher put the spacecraft into Earth parking orbit followed by translunar injection. On 12 January 1973, Luna 21 was braked into a 90 × 100 km orbit about the Moon, at a 60° inclination. On 13 and 14 January, the perilune was lowered to 16 km altitude. On 15 January after 40 orbits, the braking rocket was fired at 16 km altitude, and the craft went into free fall. At an altitude of 750 meters the main thrusters began firing, slowing the fall until a height of 22 meters was reached. At this point the main thrusters shut down and the secondary thrusters ignited, slowing the fall until the lander was 1.5 meters above the surface, where the engine was cut off. Landing occurred at 23:35 UT in Le Monnier crater at 25.85° N, 30.45° E, between Mare Serenitatis ("Sea of Serenity") and the Taurus Mountains. The lander carried a bas-relief of Vladimir Lenin and the Soviet coat-of-arms.

Less than three hours later, at 01:14 UT on 16 January, the rover disembarked onto the lunar surface. The 840 kilogram Lunokhod 2 was an improved version of its predecessor and was equipped with a third TV camera, an improved eight-wheel traction system, and additional scientific instrumentation. By the end of its first lunar day, Lunokhod 2 had already traveled further than Lunokhod 1 in its entire operational life. On 9 May, the rover inadvertently rolled into a crater and dust covered its solar panels and radiators, disrupting temperatures in the vehicle. Attempts to save the rover failed, and on 3 June, the Soviet news agency announced that its mission was over. Before last contact, the rover took 80,000 TV pictures and 86 panoramic photos and had performed hundreds of mechanical and chemical surveys of the soil. The Soviets later revealed that during a conference on planetary exploration in Moscow, 29 January to 2 February 1973 (that is, after the landing of Luna 21), an American scientist had given photos of the lunar surface around the Luna 21 landing site to a Soviet engineer in charge of the Lunokhod 2 mission. These photos, taken prior to the Apollo 17 landing, were later used by the "driver team" to navigate the new rover on its mission on the Moon
 * Launch Date/Time: 1973-01-08 at 06:55:38 UTC
 * On-orbit dry mass: 4850 kg

Present ownership
Luna 21 and Lunokhod 2, still on the Moon, were purchased by Richard Garriott in December 1993 at a Sotheby's auction in New York.

title: Luna 21


text:
Luna 22

Luna 22 (Ye-8-LS series) was an uncrewed space mission, part of the Soviet Luna program, also called Lunik 22.

Overview
Luna 22 was a lunar orbiter mission. The spacecraft carried imaging cameras and also had the objectives of studying the Moon's magnetic field, surface gamma ray emissions and composition of lunar surface rocks, and the gravitational field, as well as micrometeorites and cosmic rays. Luna 22 was launched into Earth parking orbit and then to the Moon. It was inserted into a circular lunar orbit on 2 June 1974. The spacecraft made many orbit adjustments over its 18-month lifetime in order to optimize the operation of various experiments, lowering the perilune to as little as 25 km.

Luna 22 was the second of two "advanced" lunar orbiters, the first of which being ''Luna 19. The orbiter was'' designed to conduct extensive scientific surveys from orbit. Well in route to the Moon, Luna 20 had to perform a single mid-course correction on 30 May, and entered lunar orbit on 2 June 1974. When the orbiter first entered orbit of the Moon, it started at periapsis altitude at 219 km and apoapsis altitude as 222 km, and an inclination of 19°35', these orbital parameters changed throughout its mission. Throughout the orbiters various orbital changes, Luna 22 had performed without any problems, and it continued to return photos fifteen months into its mission, past the conclusion of its primary mission, which had ended by 2 April 1975. The maneuvering propellant on the spacecraft was depleted on 2 September 1975, and the mission was formally concluded in early November 1975, following a highly successful mission.

title: Luna 22


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Talk:Argyria

Untitled
The Picture of the emaciated old man with Argyria and young man, claiming they were the same person, was not supported with any evidence, or references. I have removed it for this reason. And because they looked like they were from entirely different ethnic backgrounds.

Some of the text in this article was originally copied from http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/phs146.html which as a work of a U.S. Federal Government agaency without any other copyright notice should be in the public domain.

Blue Krishna
Lord Krishna, the blue-skinned Deity in Hindu mythology is described as having turned blue after consuming a quantity of poisoned river water in order to save humanity. Seeing as most myths have some grounding in real-life individuals, maybe Krishna could be mentioned as a possible high-profile argyria candidate? Throquzum (talk) 21:33, 19 April 2009 (UTC)

Wouldn't a person have to have fair-coloured skin for this to be so noticeable?

NPOV in intro paragraph?
The current intro paragraph reads like something written by a colloidal silver salesman:

"The condition is believed to be permanent, but laser therapy may be helpful. Most recent cases are due to the consumption of home-made silver products, and almost all of these cases, in turn, involved production techniques which are generally considered incorrect by colloidal-silver producers."

No references. Just a claim that sufferers were doing something wrong, implying that "professionally" made CS is safe.

-I corrected the untruth posted that laser treatment has been able to "treat it with satisfactory cosmetic results". Euphemism? I think so (links support this claim, and others I made). It is clear the person responsible for posting this is downplaying anything that makes silver seem not as dangerous, and playing up anything that makes it sound like it is dangerous. This person is a simply disingenuous.

You want references? Here you go: http://archderm.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1688058 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3870229/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21595676

How about reference material for the claims made attached to the image at the top of the page, with the young boy, and the emaciated old man with Argyria? Where are the links to support that claim? I have seen none. Please support this, or I will remove that image, and the text associated.

origin of argyria, "rare"
Claims that argyria may only occur after ingestion of silver compounds and not after ingestion of elemental silver or silverdusts are false. Many articles published in peer-reviewed scientific journals demonstrate it clearly. If needed, i can leave a list of articles or links to them on this page. Redecke 13:04, 15 Jun 2005 (UTC) I'll work on it. Pub Med has dozens, well-researched and published in peer-reviewed journals. I removed the phrase "rare" as both unreferrenced and meaningless. If you ingest enough silver, you can develop argyria. Pustelnik (talk) 17:17, 24 December 2007 (UTC)

I am not an silver salesperson. I read the article as it was a few days ago and was astounded at the outright lies it contained; claims that 'The Blue Man' took silver because of fears of Y2K, which are completely false; the reference source given does not even state this. I have supplied an alternative, FACTUAL link as to why 'The Blue Man' took silver solutions. Claims that Argyria is common were present in this article before I made an edit a few days ago. That is 100% FALSE. There are millions of people currently using colloidal silver world-wide - including myself - and almost none of them ever contract Argyria. I rewrote that, addressing Argyria as rare, as there are few if any new cases ever year, with millions consuming colloidal silver annually. Research has shown that to develop Argyria, the average person would have to ingest at least 4 full grams of silver in a relatively short period of time. This research is from the 1930's, and crude, less-safe forms of silver were used. To ingest 4 grams using a 10ppm solution - as leading brands are so concentrated nowadays - would require one to ingest roughly 20,000 liters. Some people were less prone to developing Argyria, and did not develop it till up TWENTY grams of pure silver were ingested; from cure, less safe solution than are nowadays available; and predominate the market. The maximum recommended daily dose of true colloidal silver is 7 tablespoons (350mcg of silver), and taking this amount, it would be almost impossible to develop Argyria, even taking the maximum dose every day of one's adult life.

"Gaul and Staud (1935) reported 70 cases of generalized argyria following organic and colloidal silver medication, including 13 cases of generalized argyria following intravenous silver arsphenamine injection therapy and a biospectrometric analysis of 10 cases of generalized argyria classified according to the quantity of silver present. In the i.v. study, data were presented for 10 males (23-64 years old) and for two females (23 and 49 years old) who were administered 31-100 i.v. injections of silver arsphenamine (total dose was 4-20 g) over a 2- to 9.75-year period. Argyria developed after a total dose of 4, 7 or 8 g in some patients, while in others, argyria did not develop until after a total dose of 10, 15 or 20 g. In the biospectrometric analysis of skin biopsies from 10 cases of generalized argyria, the authors confirmed that the degree of the discoloration is directly dependent on the amount of silver present. The authors concluded that argyria may become clinically apparent after a total accumulated i.v. dose of approximately 8 g of silver arsphenamine. The book entitled "Argyria. The Pharmacology of Silver" reached the same conclusion, that a total accumulative i.v. dose of 8 gm silver arsphenamine is the limit beyond which argyria may develop (Hill and Pillsbury, 1939). However, since body accumulates silver throughout life, it is theoretically possible for amounts less than this (for example, 4 g silver arsphenamine) to result in argyria. Therefore, based on cases presented in this study, the lowest i.v. dose resulting in argyria in one patient, 1 g metallic silver (4 g silver arsphenamine x 0.23, the fraction of silver in silver arsphenamine) is considered to be a minimal effect level for this study."

Also, no distinction is made throughout the entire article between crude silver solutions - such as 'The Blue Man' was taking, silver chloride, silver proteins, versus true particulate nano-silver and silver hydrofoil that now predominate the market; which are proven to be effective anti-microbial agents. This is disingenuous, and the difference between the different kinds of silver solution should be given credence, and close attention. The fact that this is not clearly stated shows a will to obfuscation.

The person that removed my reference to the Oligodynamic Effect wikipedia article (who has removed all of my other edits) has no basis in doing so, other than to mask supported factual information that silver is, for a fact, a potent anti-microbial agent. Here are some highly relevant pieces of information from that article that make it clear that this should be linked as source material in the Argyria article, which in its current state is not much more than an anti-silver scare-piece, written to fool people that have no understanding of silver, and how it may be beneficial - who come to Wikipedia in order to educate themselves on the matter:

"Silver is capable of rendering stored drinking water potable for several months. For this reason, water tanks on ships and airplanes are often "silvered".[4] Silver compounds such as silver sulfadiazine are used externally in wound and burn treatments.[5] Silver nanoparticles, obtained by irradiating a silver nitrate solution with an electron beam, are effective bactericides, destroying gram-negative species immune to conventional antibacterial agents.[6] Silver-coated medical implants and devices have been shown to be more resistant to biofilm formation.[7] Silver nitrate has been shown to be effective in inhibiting the development of the herpes simplex type 1 virus though it is largely ineffective against type 2.[8]"

"Certain metals, such as silver, copper and copper alloys, are known to be far more poisonous to bacteria than others, such as stainless steel and aluminium, which is why they are used in mineral sanitizers for swimming pools and spas."

Wikipedia should be a balanced source of information dissemination, not a whore to be used to coerce fools into believing misleading or untruthful information posted by people with questionable understanding of the issue, whose motives are unclear. I write this not as a 'silver salesman' - as the other poster blithely supposes - but as someone who has suffered greatly with debilitating health problems that were only significantly affected by using colloidal silver; when all other remedies tried failed. If you people think there is no 'proof' silver does anybody any good, then why are droves of individuals posting positive results on alternative health forums, more main-stream sites, and in the review sections of websites that sell silver - where you can only post if you have in fact bought the product.

Blue-gray skin and that's it?
That actually sounds cool. I'm surprised it isn't a popular body-modification trend.

That's it? What about DYING? That probably accounts for the unpopularity of purposely contracting argyria. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.200.157.132 (talk) 03:44, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

Even too much water can kill you (HAHAHA XD) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_intoxication) but it seems silly to call silver a poison simply because it turns your skin blue-grey. After all if skin colour is the only factor why not call skin that has been tanned bronze-brown by the suns light a discolouration or medical condition caused by too much melanin to be deposited in the skin due to exposure to the sun’s radiation? You could call it melaninitis and then say that people who get a tan purposely contract this condition :D

For this reason I would recommend removing silver from the Toxic metals section in Wikipedia’s Poisoning and Toxicity template (which is where I came to this article by the way). While it may be able to kill you in sufficiently high quantities, so can other metals like iron, copper etc. which are even necessary in human physiology in proper quantities. Only metals that are inherently toxic even in low quantities like lead, cadmium etc. should be there.

-24.226.49.141 (talk) 14:08, 3 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm just saying, this seems a lot more pleasant than getting a tattoo, with fewer risks. I don't look good blue, but if'n I did... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.72.21.221 (talk) 00:20, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

some references
Concerning the minimal amount of silver (to ingest) for becoming argyric:

Scientific refenrences:

argyria may occur after ingestion of 1.4 gr of silver over several month (silver nitrate in one particular case), 1.5 gr of silver within 14 days, up to 124 gr after 9 years and 200 gr after 10 month. (see Hill 1939, Wadhera 2005). Some scientist believes that argyria may come up after ingestion of only 1 gr silver (national health administration of Canada). Research on 70 cases of argyria by Gaud und Staud (1935) showed that the minimal amount of silver that induced argyria was 1.8 grams. Hill und Pillsbury think in 1939 that a total dose of 1 - 8 gr of inhaled silver dust may induce argyria and they say: ..The minimum amount of silver known to cause argyria in adults, from the use of any silver compound (including salts) is 900 mg of silver taken orally in one year". US-EPA writes: argyria is believed to occur at a total body burden of approximately 1 g Ag and above (EPA-440/4-81-017 (1981) 160 p).

People eating a huge number of Jintan Silver Pills breath freshener, a herbal product with silver coat 0,1 mg Ag / pill (at least 10 cases known and published in scientific journals) got argyria.

Local argyrosis cccured after: long time use of acupuncture-needles (Tanita 1985, Suzuki 1993, Takeishi 2002, Yamashita 2001) silvercontaining suture material silver earrings (van den Nieuwenhuijsen IJ 1988, Hendricks 1991, Sugden 2001) [4] silver "tattoo" around teeth, (seldom) after drilling work on silver amalgam fillings eye-argyrosis occured secondary to occupational silver soldering Redecke 00:39, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

 * The anonymous editor (you?) to this sentence, just striking what's overstricken here, made no sense:
 * " Studies in rats show that drinking water containing very large amounts of silver ( 9.8 grams of silver per U.S. gallon water or 2.6 grams per liter) is likely to be life-threatening."
 * Of course, the sentence before then made no sense either. It would need not only the concentration of that solution, but how much of the solution at that concentration was ingested, to make any sense.
 * I have no problem if you take the whole thing out, pending provision of a source for the information, and the relevance of threatening the life of rats to the discussion at hand. Gene Nygaard 01:00, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

 * what i want to say is: we are not rats. and indeed: a concentration makes no sense of course. i do not know who wrote sentence that first... argyria is not life-threatening. we should talk about toxicology of silver on silver and not here. michael Redecke 02:15, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

argyria.info is full of lies
I find it utterly sick that www.Argyria.info is one of the external links provided. The site is a dis-information site by peddlers of colloidal silver made in an attempt to cover up the dangers of their quack medicine. The FDA has found that though effective concentrations of silver colloids are not safe, and safe concentrations are not effective.

The site gives next to no information about argyria; the entire page is one ranting defense of colloidal silver raising FUD about how "they" don't want you to know about it. It has no bibliography, and lacks any academic credibility; it is no better than a personal rant.

If anyone here remembers the bad old days when silver colloids poisoned our rivers due to dumping by the photographic film industry (back before digital photography decimated the industry), you would remember the disasterous effects of exposure to silver colloids. This is not to say that silver particles don't inhibit bacterial growth: they do, but it is erroneous to extrapolate from this and think that you can ingest silver colloids and have the same effect. Alcohol also kills bacteria, but if you inferred that you could ingest alcohol and kill bacterial infections, you'd be eligible for the Darwin award. The concentrations of alcohol that you'd have to ingest to kill an infection would kill you first. The same applies to colloidal silver. All support for medicinal use of colloidal silver out there comes from anecdotal accounts, but double-blind medical studies and health disasters such as poor victims of silver medicine quackery blow away any notion that silver medicine is safe nor effective.
 * Hello Berkana ! website argyria.info is owned by a well known colloidal-silver selling company in Utopia/Texas. Redecke 12:38, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

What studies? Why aren't the results of the studies ever described. Do they even exist. All I can see once all the yelling is filtered out is that benign accumulations of silver occur in parts of the body and the skin takes on a grayish tint. Oh, and big pharma might not make as much money. What exactly are the "disastrous effects of exposure to silver colloids"? How come they are never described? Usually when the argument degenerates to histrionics, somebody has a monetary interest in the outcome---are you working for a pharmaceutical? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.251.57.57 (talk) 23:44, 29 August 2011 (UTC)

argyria reversal
Source #1, the link about argyria reversal, is a dead link. Someone should fix this. Gary (talk) 02:19, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

 * It can't be permanent can it? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.72.21.221 (talk) 03:07, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

Video footage of an EXTREME sufferer:
Wow! Another colloidal silver enthusiast turns blue. This is the most extreme case I've heard of:

http://cosmos.bcst.yahoo.com/up/player/popup/?rn=3906861&cl=5573716&ch=4226726&src=news

SteveBaker (talk) 16:23, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

Logtim blog from another "(dis)satisfied user" of colloidal silver products:

http://www.together.net/~rjstan/rose1.html —Preceding unsigned comment added by JMBrouillet (talk • contribs) 19:38, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

Are there any pictures of people with this condition? I vaguely recall a US politician or celebrity having this condition. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 219.89.9.242 (talk) 04:32, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

 * That would be Stan Jones. Stonemason89 (talk) 01:57, 10 June 2010 (UTC)

Silver Toxicity
Silver intoxication - Argyria - http://coseinteressanti.altervista.org/gold_silver.pdf

References in History Section
There seems to be a couple of paragraphs full of stated facts in the History section without a single reference. It would be nice to see some of these statements backed up with some evidence of their factuality.

What the machnism of turning blue
You didnt contain the most important information what is: why exactly skin turns blue, what is the biological mechanism of that? I'm not medicine doc so I dont know wheter the mechanism is known. But I would be really curiouse what are the hypothesis —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.151.115.9 (talk) 09:53, 22 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Silver is deposited under the skin as nanoparticles, which are as a rule much darker in color than bulk silver (and often bluish, as well). Stonemason89 (talk) 17:57, 8 June 2010 (UTC)

 * My understanding is that the silver particles tarnish eventually, exactly like silver trophies etc will tarnish, and this results in the grey colour. If you have enough partcles concentrated in a particular patch of skin, the dark colour becomes visible from the outside. Wdford (talk) 07:25, 9 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Both may be true; the article on silver nanoparticles states: While frequently described as being 'silver' some are composed of a large percentage of silver oxide due to their large ratio of surface to bulk silver atoms. So you're probably right. Stonemason89 (talk) 01:52, 10 June 2010 (UTC)

Does this protect against sunburns?
Could silver work as a replacement for melanin, perhaps in people with albinism (or simply people who have the misfortune of being fair-skinned and thus more prone to sunburns and skin cancer)? I know it looks "weird" (grey, or blue-grey, instead of brown). But if the only other option is to risk getting (potentially deadly) melanoma, then maybe it wouldn't be so bad? Not that I would consider taking it myself, mind. Stonemason89 (talk) 19:53, 17 December 2009 (UTC)

Pictures, eyes
WTH? If this is to protect their identity, there are other ways. They look like right out of a zombie movie. At least explain that in the labels...--Cyberman TM (talk) 18:53, 22 July 2010 (UTC)

Agreed, it's terrifying. 38.105.101.2 (talk) 19:07, 11 August 2010 (UTC)

I must also agree - the black circles are explained in the captions now, but the images themselves are still unnerving - I'd say horrifying, personally, don't ask me why. Can this be changed to a black box spanning both eyes instead? A black rectangle seems to be reasonably standard for identity protection in other articles... and it won't be as freaky. (Note: I did consider that the circles were intentional, to show more of the face, but I don't see any noticeably worse discoloration in the areas that would be covered by a box, so hopefully it doesn't make a difference to the illustration. 76.177.42.68 (talk) 06:13, 8 January 2011 (UTC)

I agreed with the "sheesh, that's scary" sentiment and took about twenty seconds to add the bars the last guy was talking about. I have no idea how to add images to Wikipedia and I don't care enough to find out, so have fun with this http://img851.imageshack.us/img851/4711/argyria2.jpg 71.77.16.233 (talk) 03:15, 25 March 2011 (UTC)

Intentionally causing Argyria
I believe this article needs more information on the exact amounts needed to ingest daily to successfully cause argyria without poisoning oneself too much. Some of us actually want this and the lack of information on this subject is disappointing... 72.133.52.39 (talk)

I believe the cancer article needs more information on the exact amount of carcinogens needed to ingest daily to successfully cause benign tumors. Some of us actually want this and the lack of information on this subject is disappointing... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.4.173.18 (talk) 03:27, 28 February 2014 (UTC)

 * Look at this passive agressive liberal fucker. 181.43.151.106 (talk) 07:02, 26 May 2022 (UTC)

Vandalism (made up myth)
I removed the following paragraph

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argyria&action=historysubmit&diff=474599148&oldid=467650172

because (for multiple reasons), this "myth" is almost certainly vandalism. (For example, Athena was a virgin.) If not, some reference of that myth in the corpus of greek mythology could have been found.

The paragraph in question had been introduced via the following edit:

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Argyria&diff=prev&oldid=444105158

That user's only contributions were three edits to this article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.136.60.53 (talk) 16:29, 2 February 2012 (UTC)

csfacts website
The website http://www.csfacts.com/pages/jones.html is used four times in the bit about Stan Jones. Is there any evidence that this is a reliable source for anything? It seems to be just a collection of largely pro-silver ingestion commentary and advertisements for cs products. If nobody objects I will remove it as a source and replace what I can from the abc and telegraph stories which are reliable.Desoto10 (talk) 03:20, 18 January 2013 (UTC)

Picture
The picture being used here is extremely misleading if it is indeed true that Argyria causes no peripheral symptoms. At the very least, someone needs to explain why the man in the picture is severely malnourished if not for the Argyria. Otherwise, let's find a depiction of a different person suffering from the disease. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.40.69.215 (talk) 20:04, 25 February 2013 (UTC)

 * I removed the image. You're right, there's no good reason to be using that specific image.  It's akin to using a gunshot victim's image in an article about zits; there's no stated correlation between the argyria and the much more noticeable poor health of the individual in general.  There's nothing to explain any possible relation between the two symptoms (and I've seen nothing to state that they would be linked elsewhere), so I've removed it as a poor good faith attempt to provide a free use image.  Some other editor might be interested in finding a replacement. Human.v2.0 (talk) 22:58, 24 September 2013 (UTC)

Lead definition could be clarified
What is "inappropriate" exposure to silver? Is this too little silver or too much? Or indeed is any level of exposure to silver inappropriate? Evidently from the rest of the article it results from too much silver... so why not just say that? Lesion ( talk ) 23:43, 24 March 2014 (UTC)

JAMA Dermatology 2015
Research Letter | June 2015 Colloidal Silver: Dangerous and Readily Available Griffith R, Simmons BJ, Abyaneh M, Bray FN, Falto-Aizpurua LA, Nouri K. JAMA Dermatol. 2015;151(6):667-668. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.120. http://archderm.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleID=2214158 --Nbauman (talk) 05:33, 14 June 2015 (UTC)

Disputed
I have added a disputed tag because certain sections seem to be non-neutral and have factual errors. In particular, the second-to-last paragraph in Pathophysiology and the first paragraph about Stan Jones in Society & Culture — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.184.141.232 (talk) 12:58, 20 September 2015 (UTC)
 * I agree that statements about "careful use"violate NPOV. If there is a pharmacological toxicity threshold at which adverse effects appear then it is proper to state what is the dose range below that that threshold.  "Careful" is medically useless terminology. "Careful" is very subjective and some of the blue-tinted people insist they were being careful.  I also agree the paragraph about Stan Jones is problematic but it is not apparent what is factually incorrect.  I object to language that states that "Jones continues to promote silver" based on a reference from 2002.  This is a historical anecdote and should be described and referenced as such.Lapabc (talk) 20:43, 14 December 2015 (UTC)
 * You can object to "continues" more concretely based on WP:RELTIME, and I've altered the statement to avoid present tense accordingly (as well as a couple of other, similar cases). Mathglot (talk) 07:57, 25 January 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Argyria


text:
Luna 23

Luna 23 was an uncrewed space mission of the Luna program developed by the Soviet Union.

Overview
Luna 23 was a Soviet Moon lander mission which was intended to return a lunar sample to Earth. Launched to the Moon by a Proton-K/D, the spacecraft tipped over on its side and was damaged upon landing in Mare Crisium. The sample collecting apparatus could not operate and no samples were returned. The lander continued transmissions for three days after landing. In 1976, Luna 24 landed several hundred meters away and successfully returned samples. The asteroid-like object 2010 KQ is believed to be a rocket that parted the Luna 23 module after launch.

Luna 23 was the first modified lunar sample return spacecraft, designed to return a deep core sample of the Moon's surface (hence the change in index from Ye-8-5 to Ye-8-5M). While Luna 16 and Luna 20 had returned samples from a depth of 0.3 meters, the new spacecraft was designed to dig to 2.5 meters. After a midcourse correction on 31 October, Luna 23 entered orbit around the Moon on 2 November 1974. Parameters were 104 × 94 kilometers at 138° inclination. Following several more changes to the orbit, the spacecraft descended to the lunar surface on 6 November and landed in the southernmost portion of Mare Crisium. Landing coordinates were 13° north latitude and 62° east longitude. During landing in "unfavorable" terrain, the lander's drilling device was evidently damaged, preventing fulfillment of the primary mission, the return of lunar soil to Earth. Scientists devised a makeshift plan to conduct a limited science exploration program with the stationary lander. Controllers maintained contact with the spacecraft until 9 November 1974.

High resolution orbital photographs taken by the NASA Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter and released in March 2012 showed the Luna 23 spacecraft lying on its side on the lunar surface. The spacecraft evidently tipped over upon landing, perhaps due to higher than nominal vertical and/or horizontal velocities at touchdown.

In culture
In the 2007 BioWare video game Mass Effect, derelict remains of this spacecraft can be found in the accessible parts of Earth's Moon and can be salvaged for random materials.

title: Luna 23


text:
Luna 24

Luna 24 was a robotic probe of the Soviet Union's Luna programme. The 24th mission of the Luna series of spacecraft, the mission of the Luna 24 probe was the third Soviet mission to return lunar soil samples from the Moon (the first two sample return missions were Luna 16 and Luna 20). The probe landed in Mare Crisium (Sea of Crises). The mission returned 170.1 g of lunar samples to the Earth on 22 August 1976.

Spacecraft
Luna 24 was based on the Ye-8-5 spacecraft body, consisting of two attached stages, an ascent stage mounted on top of a descent stage. The lander stood 3.96 meters tall and had an unfueled landed mass of 1880 kg. With a full load of fuel its launch mass was between 5600 and 5750 kg.

The descent stage was the same as the Ye-8 lower stage for the Lunokhod rovers, a cylindrical body with four protruding landing legs, fuel tanks, a landing radar altimeter, and a dual descent engine complex. The main descent rocket, the KTDU-417, was a throttleable 1920 kg thrust engine used for mid-course corrections, orbit insertion, braking for descent to the surface, and to slow the craft until it reached a cutoff point which was determined by the onboard computer based on altitude and velocity. After cutoff a bank of lower thrust (210 and 350 kg) vernier jets was used for the final landing. The descent stage also acted as a launch pad for the ascent stage. The spacecraft descent stage was equipped with a television camera, radiation and temperature monitors, telecommunications equipment, and a 90 cm extendable arm with a drilling rig for the collection of a lunar soil sample. Communications were via a conical antenna at the end of a boom at 768 and 922 MHz (downlink) and 115 MHz (uplink).

The ascent stage was a smaller cylinder with a spherical top which replaced the Lunokhod rover and housing from the Ye-8 bus. It carried a cylindrical hermetically sealed soil sample container inside a spherical re-entry capsule, mounted on a 1920 kg thrust KRD-61 rocket. Total mass of the ascent stage was 520 kg, of which 245 kg was the nitric acid and UDMH propellant. It was 2 meters tall. The sample return cabin was 50 cm in diameter and had a mass of 39 kg. The KRD-61 could only fire once, for 53 seconds, to put it on a free return trajectory to Earth. Specific impulse of the engine was 313 seconds, it could impart a velocity of 2600-2700 m/s to the return craft.

Mission
Luna 24 was the third attempt to recover a sample from the unexplored Mare Crisium, the location of a large lunar mascon (after Luna 23 and a launch failure in October 1975). After a trajectory correction on 11 August 1976, Luna 24 entered lunar orbit three days later. Initial orbital parameters were 115 by at 120° inclination. After further changes to its orbit, Luna 24 set down safely on the lunar surface at 06:36 UTC on 18 August 1976 at 12°45' North latitude and 62°12' East longitude, not far from where Luna 23 had landed. Exact landing location (12.7145° N, 62.2097° E) was determined by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter probe orbital cameras in 2012.

Under command from ground control, the lander deployed its sample arm and pushed its drilling head about two metres into the nearby soil. The sample was safely stowed in the small return capsule, and after nearly a day on the Moon, Luna 24 lifted off successfully at 05:25 UTC on 19 August 1976. After an uneventful return trip, Luna 24's capsule entered Earth's atmosphere and parachuted safely to land at 05:55 UTC on 22 August 1976, about 200 km southeast of Surgut in western Siberia. Study of the recovered 170.1 g of soil indicated a laminated type structure, as if laid down in successive deposits. The Soviet Union swapped a gram of the mission sample for a lunar sample from NASA in December 1976. Luna 24 was the final lunar spacecraft to be launched by the Soviet Union. It was also the last spacecraft to make a soft landing on the Moon until the landing of China's Chang'e 3 on 14 December 2013, 37 years later. For over 44 years, it was also the last Lunar sample return mission until China's Chang'e 5 in December 2020.

Detection of water in returned samples
In February 1978, Soviet scientists M. Akhmanova, B. Dement'ev, and M. Markov of the Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytic Chemistry published a paper claiming a detection of water fairly definitively. Their study showed that the samples returned to Earth by the probe contained about 0.1% water by mass, as seen in infrared absorption spectroscopy (at about 3 μm wavelength), at a detection level about 10 times above the threshold, although Crotts points out that "The authors... were not willing to stake their reputations on an absolute statement that terrestrial contamination was completely avoided." This would represent the first detection of water content on the surface of the moon, although that result has not been confirmed by other researchers.

title: Luna 24


text:
The Reverend

The Reverend is an honorific style given before the names of certain Christian clergy and ministers. There are sometimes differences in the way the style is used in different countries and church traditions. The Reverend is correctly called a style, but is sometimes referred to as a title, form of address, or title of respect. The style is also sometimes used by leaders in other religions such as Judaism and Buddhism.

The term is an anglicisation of the Latin reverendus, the style originally used in Latin documents in medieval Europe. It is the gerundive or future passive participle of the verb revereri ("to respect; to revere"), meaning "[one who is] to be revered/must be respected". The Reverend is therefore equivalent to The Honourable or The Venerable. It is paired with a modifier or noun for some offices in some religious traditions: Lutheran archbishops, Anglican archbishops, and most Catholic bishops are usually styled The Most Reverend (reverendissimus); other Lutheran bishops, Anglican bishops, and Catholic bishops are styled The Right Reverend.

With Christian clergy, the forms His Reverence and Her Reverence are also sometimes used, along with their parallel in direct address, Your Reverence. The abbreviation HR is sometimes used.

Usage
In traditional and formal English usage it is still considered incorrect to drop the definite article, the, before Reverend. In practice, however, the is often not used in both written and spoken English. When the style is used within a sentence, the is correctly in lower-case. The usual abbreviations for Reverend are Rev., Revd and Rev'd. The Reverend is traditionally used as an adjectival form with first names (or initials) and surname (e.g. The Reverend John Smith or The Reverend J. F. Smith); The Reverend Father Smith or The Reverend Mr Smith are correct though now old-fashioned uses. Use of the prefix with the surname alone (The Reverend Smith) is considered a solecism in traditional usage: it would be as irregular as calling the person in question "The Well-Respected Smith". In some countries, especially Britain, Anglican clergy are acceptably addressed by the title of their office, such as Vicar, Rector, or Archdeacon.

In the 20th and 21st centuries, it has been increasingly common for reverend to be used as a noun and for clergy to be referred to as being either a reverend or the reverend (I talked to the reverend about the wedding service.) or to be addressed as Reverend or, for example, Reverend Smith or the Reverend Smith. This has traditionally been considered grammatically incorrect on the basis that it is equivalent to referring to a judge as being an honourable or an adult man as being a mister. It is likewise incorrect to form the plural Reverends. Some dictionaries, however, do place the noun rather than the adjective as the word's principal form, owing to an increasing use of the word as a noun among people with no religious background or knowledge of traditional styles of ecclesiastical address. When several clergy are referred to, they are often styled individually (e.g. The Reverend John Smith and the Reverend Henry Brown); but in a list of clergy, The Revv is sometimes put before the list of names, especially in the Catholic Church in the United Kingdom and Ireland.

Male Christian priests are sometimes addressed as Father or, for example, as Father John or Father Smith. However, in official correspondence, such priests are not normally referred to as Father John, Father Smith, or Father John Smith, but as The Reverend John Smith. Father as an informal title is used for Catholic, Orthodox and Old Catholic priests and for many priests of the Anglican and Lutheran churches. Some female Anglican or Old Catholic priests use the style The Reverend Mother and are addressed as Mother.

In a unique case, Reverend was used to refer to a church consistory, a local administrative body. "Reverend Coetus" and "Reverend Assembly" were used to refer to the entire body of local officials during the transformation of the Dutch Reformed Church in the mid-18th century.

Variations
The Reverend may be modified to reflect ecclesiastical standing and rank. Modifications vary across religious traditions and countries. Some common examples are:

Catholic

 * Religious sisters may be styled as Reverend Sister (in writing), though this is more common in Italy than in, for example, the United States. They may be addressed as Sister (in writing or in speaking).
 * Deacons are addressed as
 * The Reverend Deacon (in writing), or Father Deacon (in writing or speaking), or simply Deacon (in speaking), if ordained permanently to the diaconate.
 * The Reverend Mister (in writing) may be used for seminarians who are ordained to the diaconate, before being ordained presbyters; Deacon (in speaking); nearly never Father Deacon when referring to a Latin Church deacon in English.
 * Priests, whether secular, in an order of canons regular, a monastic or a mendicant order, or clerics regular The Reverend or The Reverend Father (in writing).
 * Protonotaries Apostolic, Prelates of Honor and Chaplains of His Holiness: The Reverend Monsignor (in writing).
 * Priests with various grades of jurisdiction above pastor (e.g., vicars general, judicial vicars, ecclesiastical judges, episcopal vicars, provincials of religious orders of priests, rectors or presidents of colleges and universities, priors of monasteries, deans, vicars forane, archpriests): The Very Reverend (in writing).
 * Abbots of monasteries: The Right Reverend (in writing).
 * Abbesses of convents: The Reverend Mother Superior, with their convent's name following (e.g., The Reverend Mother Superior of the Poor Clares of Boston in written form, while being referred to simply as Mother Superior in speech).
 * Bishops and archbishops: The Most Reverend.
 * In some countries of the Commonwealth, such as the United Kingdom (but not in Northern Ireland), only archbishops are styled The Most Reverend (and addressed as "Your Grace") and other bishops are styled The Right Reverend.
 * Cardinals are styled as His Eminence
 * Patriarchs as His Beatitude
 * Patriarchs of Eastern-rite Catholic churches (those in full communion with Rome) who are made Cardinals are titled His Beatitude and Eminence
 * The Catholic Pope and other Eastern-rite Catholic or Orthodox leaders with the title Pope as His Holiness

None of the clergy are usually addressed in speech as Reverend or The Reverend alone. Generally, Father is acceptable for all three orders of clergy, though in some countries this is customary for priests only. Deacons may be addressed as Deacon, honorary prelates as Monsignor; bishops and archbishops as Your Excellency (or Your Grace in Commonwealth countries), or, in informal settings, as Bishop, Archbishop, etc.

Eastern Orthodox

 * A deacon is often styled as The Reverend Deacon (or Hierodeacon, Archdeacon, Protodeacon, according to ecclesiastical elevation), while in spoken use the title Father is used (sometimes Father Deacon).
 * A married priest is The Reverend Father; a monastic priest is The Reverend Hieromonk; a protopresbyter is The Very Reverend Father; and an archimandrite is either The Very Reverend Father (Greek practice) or The Right Reverend Father (Russian practice). All may be simply addressed as Father.
 * Abbots and abbesses are styled The Very Reverend Abbot/Abbess and are addressed as Father and Mother respectively.
 * A bishop is referred to as The Right Reverend Bishop and addressed as Your Grace (or Your Excellency).
 * An archbishop or metropolitan, whether or not he is the head of an autocephalous or autonomous church, is styled The Most Reverend Archbishop/Metropolitan and addressed as Your Eminence.
 * Heads of autocephalous and autonomous churches with the title Patriarch are styled differently, according to the customs of their respective churches, usually Beatitude but sometimes Holiness and exceptionally All-Holiness.

Anglican

 * Deacons are styled as The Reverend, The Reverend Deacon, or The Reverend Mr/Mrs/Miss.
 * Priests are usually styled as The Reverend, The Reverend Father/Mother (even if not a religious) or The Reverend Mr/Mrs/Miss.
 * Heads of some women's religious orders are styled as The Reverend Mother (even if not ordained).
 * Canons are usually styled as The Reverend Canon (sometimes abbreviated as "Cn").
 * Deans are usually styled as The Very Reverend.
 * Archdeacons are usually styled as The Venerable (abbreviated as "The Ven").
 * Priors of monasteries may be styled as The Very Reverend.
 * Abbots of monasteries may be styled as The Right Reverend.
 * Bishops are styled as The Right Reverend and, traditionally, His Lordship if a male diocesan bishop (or His/Her Grace in the United States).
 * Archbishops and primates and (for historical reasons) the Bishop of Meath and Kildare are styled as The Most Reverend.
 * Some archbishops, such as the Archbishop of Canterbury, are also styled His/Her Grace.

Baptist
Among Southern Baptists in the United States, pastors are often referred to in written communication and formal address as Reverend. However, Southern Baptist pastors are often  orally addressed as either Brother (e.g., Brother Smith, as New Testament writers describe Christians as being brothers and sisters in Christ) or Pastor (as in Pastor Smith or simply Pastor without the pastor's last name).

Many African American Baptists use "Reverend" informally and formally, however correctly The Reverend John Smith or The Reverend Mary Smith.

Members of the National Baptist Convention usually refer to their pastors as The Reverend.

Lutheran

 * Deacons: Commonly styled Deacon and their last name (such as Deacon Smith)
 * Pastors: The Reverend is usually written, but the person is commonly orally addressed as Pastor Smith or "Pastor John"; the latter frequently used by members of their congregation.
 * Priests: The formal style for a priest is either The Reverend or The Very Reverend, but for male priests the title Father and the person's last name are frequently used (such as Father Smith).
 * Bishops are styled as The Right Reverend.
 * In America the style The Reverend Bishop or simply Bishop and the person's last name are more frequently used.
 * Archbishops are styled as The Most Reverend.

Methodist
In some Methodist churches, especially in the United States, ordained and licensed ministers are usually addressed as Reverend, unless they hold a doctorate in which case they are often addressed in formal situations as The Reverend Doctor. In informal situations Reverend is used. The Reverend, however, is used in more formal or in written communication, along with His/Her Reverence or Your Reverence. Brother or Sister is used in some places, although these are formally used to address members of Methodist religious orders, such as the Saint Brigid of Kildare Monastery. Use of these forms of address differs depending on the location of the church or annual conference.

In British Methodism, ordained ministers can be either presbyters (ministers of word and sacrament) or deacons (ministers of witness and service). Presbyters are addressed as The Revd (with given name and surname) or as Mr/Mrs/Miss/Ms with surname alone.

The United Methodist Church in the United States often addresses its ministers as Reverend (e.g., Reverend Smith). The Reverend, however, is still used in more formal or official written communication.

Presbyterian
Church ministers are styled The Reverend. The moderators of the General Assemblies of the Church of Scotland, the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, the Presbyterian Church of Australia, and the United Church of Canada, when ordained clergy, are styled The Right Reverend during their year of service and The Very Reverend afterwards. Moderators of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church (USA) are styled simply The Reverend. By tradition in the Church of Scotland, the ministers of St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh (also known as the High Kirk of Edinburgh) and Paisley Abbey are styled The Very Reverend. In Presbyterian courts where elders hold equal status with ministers it is correct to refer to ministers by their title (Mr, Mrs, Dr, Prof etc.).

Restoration Movement
Like some other groups that assert the lack of clerical titles within the church as narrated in the New Testament, congregations in the Restoration Movement (i.e., influenced by Barton Warren Stone and Alexander Campbell), often disdain use of The Reverend and instead use the more generalized designation Brother. The practice is universal within the Churches of Christ and prevalent in the Christian Churches and Churches of Christ but has become uncommon in the Disciples of Christ, which use The Reverend for ordained ministers.

Community of Christ
Internally, members of the priesthood do not use The Reverend as a style, but are generally known as "brother" or "sister" or by their specific priesthood office ("deacon", "teacher" or "priest" are often appended after the person's name, instead of, for example, "Deacon John Adams" or "Deacon Adams", and generally only in written form; in contrast, elders, bishops, evangelists, apostles, etc. are often, for example, known as "Bishop John Smith" or "Bishop Smith"). Any member of the priesthood who presides over a congregation can, and often is, known as "pastor" or (if an elder), "presiding elder". Such use might only be in reference to occupying that position ("she is the pastor") as opposed to being used as a style ("Pastor Jane"). Priesthood members presiding over multiple congregations or various church councils are often termed "president". Externally, in ecumenical settings, The Reverend is sometimes used.

Nondenominational
In some countries, including the United States, the title Pastor (such as Pastor Smith in more formal address or Pastor John in less formal) is often used in many nondenominational Christian traditions rather than The Reverend or Reverend.

Judaism
The primary Jewish religious leader is a rabbi, which denotes that they have received rabbinical ordination (semicha). They are addressed as Rabbi or Rabbi Surname or (especially in Sephardic and Mizrachi) as Hakham.

The use of the Christian terms "Reverend" and "minister" for the rabbi of a congregation was common in Classical Reform Judaism and in the British Empire in the 19th and early 20th centuries, especially if the rabbi had attended a Western-style seminary or university rather than a traditional yeshiva.

Some small communities without a rabbi may be led by a hazzan (cantor), who is addressed (in English) as "Reverend". For this reason, and because hazzanim are often recognized as clergy by secular authorities for purposes such as registering marriages; other hazzanim may be addressed as Reverend, although Cantor is more common.

title: The Reverend


text:
Bungay

Bungay is a market town, civil parish and electoral ward in the English county of Suffolk. It lies in the Waveney Valley, 5+1/2 mi west of Beccles on the edge of The Broads, and at the neck of a meander of the River Waveney.

History
The origin of the name of Bungay is thought to derive from the Anglo-Saxon title Bunincga-haye, signifying the land belonging to the tribe of Bonna, a Saxon chieftain. Due to its high position, protected by the River Waveney and marshes, the site was in a good defensive position and attracted settlers from early times. Roman artefacts have been found in the region.

Bungay Castle, which is shown on Bungay's town sign, was originally built by the Normans but was later rebuilt by Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk and his family, who also owned Framlingham Castle. The castle contains a unique surviving example of mining galleries, dating to the siege of the castle in 1174. They were intended to undermine and thus collapse the castle's tower and keep.

The Church of St. Mary was once the church of the Benedictine Bungay Priory, founded by Gundreda, wife of Roger de Glanville. The 13th-century Franciscan friar Thomas Bungay later enjoyed a popular reputation as a magician, appearing as Roger Bacon's sidekick in Robert Greene's Elizabethan comedy Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay.

The 11th-century church of Holy Trinity, with its round tower, lies southeast of St. Mary's churchyard, while the 19th-century red brick Roman Catholic church of St. Edmund is immediately south of St Mary's churchyard.

The town was almost destroyed by a great fire in 1688. The central Buttercross was constructed in 1689 and was the place where local farmers displayed their butter and other farm produce for sale. Until 1810, there was also a Corn Cross, but this was taken down and replaced by a pump.

Bungay was important for the printing and paper manufacture industries. Joseph Hooper, a wealthy Harvard University graduate who fled Massachusetts when his lands were seized after the American Revolution, rented a mill at Bungay in 1783 and converted it for paper manufacture. Charles Brightly established a printing and stereotype foundry in 1795. Then in partnership with John Filby Childs, the business became Brightly & Childs in 1808 and later Messrs. Childs and Son. Charles Childs (1807–1876) succeeded his father as the head of the firm of John Childs & Son. The business was further expanded after 1876 as R. Clay and Sons, Ltd.

The railway arrived with the Harleston to Bungay section of the Waveney Valley Line opening in November 1860 and the Bungay to Beccles section in March 1863. Bungay had its own railway station near Clay's Printers. The station closed to passengers in 1953 and freight in 1964.

Modern Bungay
Local firms include St. Peter's Brewery, based at St. Peter's Hall to the south of the town.

In 2008, Bungay became Suffolk's first Transition Town and part of a global network of communities that have started projects in the areas of food, transport, energy, education, housing and waste as small-scale local responses to the global challenges of climate change, economic hardship and limited of cheap energy.

Reeve
Bungay is the only town in the United Kingdom still to have a town reeve, though there are surviving portreeves in Laugharne and Ashburton. The reeve runs the town trust, from which each reeve selects the following reeve.

Black Shuck
St Mary's Church was struck by lightning on Sunday 4 August 1577. According to legend, an apparition appeared during the thunderstorm, consisting of a black Hell Hound which dashed around the church, attacking members of the congregation. It then suddenly disappeared and re-appeared in Holy Trinity Church, Blythburgh 12 mi away, injuring members of the congregation there. The dog has been associated with Black Shuck, a dog haunting the coasts of Norfolk, Essex, and Suffolk.

An image of the Black Dog has been incorporated in the coat of arms of Bungay and has been used in the titles of various enterprises associated with Bungay as well as several of the town's sporting events. An annual race, The Black Dog Marathon, begins in Bungay, and follows the course of the River Waveney, and the town's football club is nicknamed the "Black Dogs". Black Shuck was also the subject of a song by The Darkness.

Sport
The local football club, Bungay Town, play in the Anglian Combination, having previously been members of the Eastern Counties League. The team plays its home games at the Maltings Meadow Sports Ground.

Godric Cycling Club is based in Bungay. It organises a number of events each year, including weekly club runs.

Notable residents
Bungay was home to several literary figures. Thomas Miller (1731–1804), the bookseller and antiquarian, settled in the village. His publisher son, William Miller (1769–1844), was born there. The author Elizabeth Bonhôte, née Mapes, (1744–1818) was born and grew up there, marrying Daniel Bonhôte and writing the notable book Bungay Castle, a gothic romance. Bonhôte even once owned Bungay Castle. The Strickland family which, according to the Canadian Dictionary of Biography, was as prolific as the Brontës, Edgeworths and Trollopes, settled in the village 1802–08. Its daughters included Agnes, a historian.

The noted French writer, politician, diplomat and historian, François-René, vicomte de Chateaubriand while exiled from France, 1792 – 1800, during the Revolution spent a period living at the Music House, No. 34 Bridge Street. This is recorded on a blue plaque.

Others were Catharine Parr Traill, who concentrated on children's literature, and Susanna Moodie, who emigrated to Canada and wrote Roughing it in the Bush (1852) as a warning to others. The novelist Sir H. Rider Haggard (1856–1925) was born nearby in Bradenham and presented St. Mary's Church with a wooden panel, displayed behind the altar. Religious writer Margaret Barber (1869–1901), author of the posthumously published best-selling book of meditations, The Roadmender, settled in Bungay.

More recently, Formula 1 motor racing president Bernie Ecclestone was brought up in Bungay and internet activist Julian Assange was confined to nearby Ellingham Hall, Norfolk in 2010–11. Authors Elizabeth Jane Howard and Louis de Bernières have lived in the town. Artist Michael Fell lived in the town in the 1980s and 1990s. Blind artist Sargy Mann moved to Bungay in 1990 and lived there until his death in 2015. Poet Luke Wright has lived in Bungay since 2010. Children's author and illustrator James Mayhew lives in Bungay.

Darts professional Andrew Gilding lives in Bungay. Gilding won the PDC's UK Open tournament in 2023, defeating Michael van Gerwen 11-10 in the final at Butlin's Minehead Resort.

title: Bungay


text:
Talk:The Illustrated Man

Kaleidoscope on the air
Could mention that radio adaptations of Kaleidoscope were aired by BBC (AT-1996), Bradbury 13, Dimension X, Shape of Things to Come (BBC, 1991), Mindwebs and Suspense. This from The Plot Spot and elsewhere. 97.113.131.139 (talk) 21:59, 4 July 2020 (UTC)

FULL OF SPOILERS
This page is full of spoilers. Don't give away the stories in the descriptions. Geez. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.76.96.154 (talk) 18:35, 1 May 2012 (UTC)

 * "Plot Summary" change to "Plot Summary with Endings" approved by DVdm. (see Illustrated Man section) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:DVdm 130.76.96.154 (talk) 21:25, 1 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Not "approved" merely noted that it might be okay but others might object. If you ask me it is a technical avoidance of using the word "spoiler" while still achieving the same aim (so actually in breach of WP:SPOILER QU TalkQu 21:28, 1 May 2012 (UTC)

Remove plot details of other books
I expect spoilers for The Illustrated Man on its own Wikipedia page. I do not expect plot details of Something Wicked This Way Comes. Thanks a lot. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Asm5449 (talk • contribs) 15:49, 2 September 2014 (UTC)

Dark Star
I don't buy the claim that the Kaleidescope story inspired the movie Dark Star. Dark Star ends with one of the protagonists surfing through space to his death; but the rest of that movie is a wry, hippie comedy whose plot bears zero relationship with Kaleidescope. I don't believe even that the ending of Dark Star was inspired by the ending of Kaleidescope.

So: I will delete the claim if a citation doesn't appear 'fairly soon'. MrDemeanour (talk) 17:11, 26 May 2016 (UTC)

And now I have deleted it. MrDemeanour (talk) 19:05, 5 July 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:The Illustrated Man


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Kessingland

Kessingland is a village and civil parish in the East Suffolk district of the English county of Suffolk. It is located around 4 mi south of Lowestoft on the east coast of the United Kingdom. It is of interest to archaeologists as Palaeolithic and Neolithic implements have been found here; the remains of an ancient forest lie buried on the seabed.

The parish, which had a population of 4,327 at the 2011 United Kingdom census, borders the parishes of Gisleham, Henstead with Hulver Street and Benacre. It extends from the edge of the Pontins holiday park south of Pakefield in the north to the Hundred River which marks the southern border of the parish. The main A12 road cuts through the parish, bypassing the main built up area of the village.

History
There has been a settlement here since Palaeolithic times. Between the Hundred River and Latmer Dam was once a large estuary which was used by the Vikings and Romans. The sea provided the village with its main livelihood, and at one time the village paid a rent of 22,000 herrings to their Lords, which then made it more important than nearby Lowestoft.

The Domesday Book of 1086 records: "Kessingalanda / gelanda: King's land, kept by Roger Bigot; Earl Hugh and Hugh FitzNorman from him; Hugh de Montfort Mill (100 herrings). 43 pigs." Roger Bigod or Bigot was a Norman Knight who came to England in the Norman Conquest.

During the early part of World War II, anti-tank defences and gun batteries were installed at Kessingland to help protect the adjacent stretch of vulnerable coastline and the south of Lowestoft itself. As the threat of invasion receded from 1942 onwards, defence levels were reduced, although the advent of V1s prompted a shift of focus to anti-aircraft defences. The village comprised two separate communities: the "beach" and the "street" and it was not until the 1960s that more housing united the village into a single community. The population is little over 4,000 – though this can double due to the holiday-makers in the many chalets and holiday villages in the area.

The Suffolk Coast and Heaths area was designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty in 1970 and the Suffolk Coasts and Heath Project runs many conservation projects.

St Edmund's church is one of the finest in the region. With an imposing 98 ft tower it was built in around 1436 for the Franciscans of London. The tower, built like many coastal churches to act as a beacon for ships out at sea, constitutes the majority of the medieval structure, the rest having been rebuilt in the ensuing centuries. Renovations continue in the contemporary era, with a new window by Nicola Kantorowicz being added in 2007.

Governance
An electoral ward of the same name exists. This ward includes Gisleham and had a total population at the 2011 census of 5,105.

Features of the village
Kessingland is home to a Parkdean Resorts holiday park with caravans, chalets and various leisure facilities which are open to the general public, along with other independent parks. There is also a small tearooms housed in a repurposed and refurbished beach hut, which is next to a children's playground and a fish and chip shop. Kessingland is also home to Africa Alive, an African-themed zoo. The village also has a medieval church.

Connections to the arts
Sir Henry Rider Haggard, the author of ‘’King Solomon’s Mines’’, was born in Bradenham, but later in his life spent his summers at Kessingland in a cliff-top house called The Grange (now demolished, however a local road, Rider Haggard Lane, is named after Haggard). He was visited here by his friend Rudyard Kipling. In a letter to Haggard dated 20 July 1912, his daughter Lillias documented a sighting of a sea serpent off the coast of Kessingland: "we are convinced we saw a sea serpent! I happened to look up when I was sitting on the lawn, and saw what looked like a thin, dark line with a blob at one end, shooting through the water at such a terrific speed it hardly seemed likely that anything alive could go at such a pace ... I suppose it was about 60 feet long." The letter was printed in the Eastern Daily Press shortly after. To counter the force of the North Sea and the winds off it, H. Rider Haggard sloped the cliff on the edge of his property and experimented with growing marram grass upon it. The experiment proved a success, and the slope increased in height rather than decreased. He spent the rest of the year at Ditchingham some 16 mi to the west. In 1928 Kessingland Grange was sold to a Mr Catchpole who established a holiday camp in the grounds, and subsequently demolished the Grange. The current Kessingland Cottages development was begun in 1979.

Acclaimed social history photographer Hardwicke Knight visited Kessingland in the 1950s and documented aspects of the village in a series of vivid 35 mm Kodachrome slide images.

German writer (and sometime lecturer at the University of East Anglia) W. G. Sebald in his second book The Rings of Saturn (Die Ringe des Saturn) details a coastal walk along the Suffolk coast. In his book he describes Kessingland beach fishermen with their oilskins and thermoses as resembling "the last stragglers of some nomadic people ... at the outermost limit of the earth, in expectation of the miracle longed for since time immemorial, the miracle which would justify all their erstwhile privations and wanderings." He also mentions nearby Benacre, Lowestoft and Covehithe.

The horror writer Joseph Freeman was a resident between 2000 and 2009, and has set some of his work here. Most notably the village appeared (as Freshfield, but featuring many familiar landmarks) as the setting for his novel Vermilion Dawn.

BBC Radio 4's Jan Zalasiewicz recorded a programme about geology on Kessingland's stony beach.

Fashion historian and television presenter Amber Butchart is from Kessingland.

title: Kessingland


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Davos

Davos (, ;  or ; ; Old Tavate) is an Alpine resort town and a municipality in the Prättigau/Davos Region in the canton of Graubünden, Switzerland. It has a permanent population of. Davos is located on the river Landwasser, in the Rhaetian Alps, between the Plessur and Albula Ranges.

The municipality covers nearly the entire valley of the Landwasser, and the centre of population, economic activity, and administration is two adjacent villages: Davos Dorf and Davos Platz (Davos Place), at 1560 m above sea level.

Gaining prominence in the 19th century as a mountain health resort, Davos is perhaps best known today for hosting the World Economic Forum, an annual meeting of global political and corporate leaders. With a long history of winter sport, Davos also has one of Switzerland's largest ski resorts, and hosts the international Spengler Cup ice hockey tournament each December.

Name
Tavau is the Romansh name, and derives from Latin tubus, here used in the sense of ravine.

History
The current settlement of the Davos area began in the High Middle Ages with the immigration of Rhaeto-Romans. The village of Davos is first mentioned in 1213 as Tavaus. From about 1280 the barons of Vaz allowed German-speaking Walser colonists to settle and conceded them extensive self-administration rights. In 1289 an agreement between the people of Davos and the baron of Vaz included that the Davoser citizens would not have to pay personal taxes, only the Government of Davos had to pay a yearly amount of goods to the baron of Vaz. Davos became the largest Walser settlement area in eastern Switzerland. Natives still speak a dialect that is atypical for Graubünden, showing similarities with the German spoken in Raron in Canton Valais. In 1338, with the death of the last Baron of Vaz, Davos came into possession of Frederick V, the Count of Toggenburg, who was the brother of the wife of the deceased baron. Davos retained its right to elect its Landamman independently.

In 1436, the League of the Ten Jurisdictions was founded in Davos. In 1438, Davos received additional rights in an agreement in which the League of the Ten Jurisdictions and the rights received in the older treaty from 1289 were both acknowledged. With this agreement, Davos was exempted from trade taxes in the territory of the Ten Jurisdictions and only obliged to provide men for military services within the territory of eight of the Ten Jurisdictions. In 1443 Davos came under the control of the Counts of Montfort, under which Davos also retained its rights. In 1450 an alliance between the League of the Ten Jurisdictions and the League of God's House was signed. The Counts of Montfort reached a financial impasse and sold Davos to Duke Sigmund of Tyrol in 1466. This lead Davos to search for support of the two other Raethian leagues and a treaty with the Grey League was reached in 1471. As a result, Davos refused to follow the orders of the Austrian Empire. Eventually a compromise was found, under which Davos would come under the control of the House of Matsch, but Austria kept a right to repurchase Davos.

From the middle of the 19th century, Davos, modeled on Görbersdorf (now Sokołowsko), became a popular destination for the sick and ailing because the microclimate in the high valley was deemed excellent by doctors (initiated by Alexander Spengler ) and recommended for lung disease patients. Robert Louis Stevenson, who suffered from tuberculosis, wintered in Davos in 1880 on the recommendation of his Edinburgh physician George Balfour. Arthur Conan Doyle wrote an article about skiing in Davos in 1899. A sanatorium in Davos is also the inspiration for the Berghof Sanitorium in Thomas Mann's novel Der Zauberberg (The Magic Mountain). Between 1936 and 1938, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, then at the end of his life and living in Davos since 1917, depicted Davos and the Junkerboden. His painting has a both Romantic and pantheistic atmosphere and simplified formal structure.

The several sanatoria in Davos attracted a great number of German patients, of which many remained in Davos. As a result, during World War II, in which Switzerland remained neutral, Davos was a centre of Nazi activity in Switzerland. Nowhere else in the country were there more NSDAP members as a share of the population. In the many German-led sanatoria and schools, Nazi salutes and flags were de rigueur. Swiss Nazi leader Wilhelm Gustloff's 1936 assassination in Davos led to tensions with Nazi Germany. At the end of the war, Federal Councillor Ernst Nobs described Davos as "more nazi-infested than any other Swiss place". In 2022, Davos mayor Philip Willhelm commissioned a study from historian Stefan Keller documenting the history of Nazi influence in Davos.

During the natural ice era of winter sports, Davos and the Davos Eisstadion were a mecca for speed skating. Many international championships were held here, and many world records were set, beginning with Peder Østlund who set four records in 1898. The only European Bandy Championship was held in the town in 1913. Subsequently, Davos became a ski resort, especially frequented by tourists from the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. After peaking in the 1970s and 1980s, the city settled down as a leading but less high-profile tourist attraction. The American Van Leer family immigrated from here with their former Valär surname. Today Valärs still live and are members of government.

Topography
The main village of Davos lies at the top of the narrow valley of the Landwasser at an altitude of 1560 m, just below the Wolfgang Pass. Lake Davos is northeast of the village, formerly the source of the Landwasser.

The municipality of Davos has an area (as of the 2004/09 survey) of, including most of the Landwasser valley and its side valleys.

Of this area, about 35.0% is used for agricultural purposes, while 22.2% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 2.3% is settled (buildings or roads) and 40.5% is unproductive land. In the 2004/09 survey a total of 337 ha or about 1.2% of the total area was covered with buildings, an increase of 61 ha over the 1985 amount. Over the same time period, the amount of recreational space in the municipality increased by 10 ha and is now about 0.22% of the total area. Of the agricultural land, 1296 ha is fields and grasslands and 9056 ha consists of alpine grazing areas. Since 1985 the amount of agricultural land has decreased by 736 ha. Over the same time period the amount of forested land has increased by 481 ha. Rivers and lakes cover 285 ha in the municipality.

The Wolfgang Pass divides the waters flowing into the Landquart from the valley of the Landwasser, and has a year-round road and Rhaetian Railway connection. Crossing the pass leads to the village of Klosters and the Prättigau. Three long side valleys reach out to the south from the main valley of the Landwasser, one of which leads to the Flüela Pass and the Engadin beyond.

Political divisions
The municipality of Davos is divided completely into six Fraktionsgemeinden: Davos Dorf, Davos Platz, Davos Frauenkirch, Davos Glaris, Davos Monstein, and Davos Wiesen. The names of the Fraktionsgemeinden correspond to their largest village within.

Smaller populated places in the municipality are: the village of Davos Clavadel, the hamlets of Laret, Wolfgang, Obem See, Meierhof, Stilli, Bünda, and Spina (in the main Landwasser valley), and Tschuggen, Dörfji, In den Büelen, Hof, Teufi, Gadmen, Am Rin, Dürrboden, Sertig Dörfli, Oberalp, Inneralp (in the side valleys).

Until 2017 the municipality was located in the Davos subdistrict of the Prättigau/Davos district; after 2017 it is part of the Prättigau/Davos Region. In terms of area, it was the largest municipality in Switzerland in 2009 after a municipal merger with Wiesen. Davos lost this distinction after the formation of Glarus Süd in 2010, and today is the 4th largest in the canton of Graubünden.

Climate
Davos has a subalpine climate (Köppen Dfc) with an average of 125.3 days of precipitation per year and on average receives 1046 mm of precipitation.

The wettest month is August during which time Davos receives an average of 150 mm of precipitation. During this month there is precipitation for an average of 13.6 days. The month with the most days of precipitation is July, with an average of 13.8, but with only 133 mm of precipitation. The driest month of the year is February with an average of 52 mm of precipitation over 7.9 days, of which 74 cm in 11.1 days are snowfall.

Government
The Small Country Council (Kleiner Landrat) constitutes the executive government of the municipality of Davos and operates as a collegiate authority. It is composed of five councilors (Landrat/-rätin), each presiding over a department (Departement) comprising several bureaus. The president of the executive department acts as president of the municipality (Landammann or Gemeindepräsident). In the mandate period 2021–2024 (Legislatur) the Small Country Council is presided by Landammann Philipp Wilhelm. Departmental tasks, coordination measures and implementation of laws decreed by the Grand Country Council are carried by the Small Country Council. The regular election of the municipal councils by any inhabitant valid to vote is held every four years. Any resident of the municipality of Davos allowed to vote and being registered can be elected as a member of the Small Country Council for a maximal period of twelve years. The delegates are selected by means of a system of Majorz. The President is elected as such as well by a public election while the heads of the other departments are assigned by the collegiate. They usually meet once a week.

, Davos's Small Country Council is made up of two members of SP (Social Democratic Party), of whom one is the president), two FDP (FDP.The Liberals), and one Independent. The last regular elections (Landschaftswahlen) were held on 27 September and 29 November 2020.

Parliament
The Grand Country Council (Grosser Landrat) holds legislative power. It is made up of 17 members, with elections held every four years. The Grand Country Council decrees regulations and by-laws that are executed by the Small Country Council and the administration. The delegates are selected by means of a system of Majorz.

The sessions of the Grand Country Council are public. They usually meet ten times a year. Members of the Grand Country Council are not politicians by profession, and they are paid a fee based on their attendance. Any resident of Davos allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the Grand Country Council for a maximal period of twelve years.

The last regular election of the Grand Country Council was held on 27 September 2020 for the mandate period (Legislatur) from January 2021 to December 2024. Currently the Grand Country Council consist of 6 (-1) Liberals (FDP/PLR), 3 (-1) Swiss People's Party (SVP/UDC), 3 (+2) members of Social Democratic Party (SP/PS), 2 (+2) members of the Green Liberal Party (glp/pvl), and one each of the Center Party, Evangelical People's Party (EVP/PES), and one independent.

National Council
In the 2019 federal election the most popular party was the SP with 21.3% of the votes. The next five parties were the SVP (20.0%), FDP (10.1%), CVP (6.8%), and the glp (6.8%). In the federal election, a total of 2'885 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 41.8%.

In the 2015 federal election the most popular party was the SVP with 30.0% of the votes. The next five parties were the FDP (20.4%), the BDP (15.8%), the SP (14.7%), the glp (12.1%), and CVP (5.2%). In the federal election, a total of 3,231 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 46.7%.

Sister and twin towns
None. Former relations have been cancelled since February 2010 by the council due to thorough austerity measures.

Population
Davos has a population of. , 27.0% of the population are resident foreign nationals. In 2015 7.3% of the population was born in Germany and 6.9% of the population was born in Portugal. Over the last four years (2010–2014) the population has changed at a rate of -0.27%. The birth rate in the municipality, in 2014, was 9.1, while the death rate was 8.2 per thousand residents.

Most of the population speaks German (86.3%), with Serbo-Croatian being second most common (2.8%) and Italian being third (2.7%).

, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 17.3% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) are 64.5% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 18.2%. In 2015 there were 5,099 single residents, 4,666 people who were married or in a civil partnership, 550 widows or widowers and 794 divorced residents.

In 2014 there were 5,441 private households in Davos with an average household size of 2.03 persons. Of the 2,133 inhabited buildings in the municipality, in 2000, about 30.7% were single family homes and 39.1% were multiple family buildings. Additionally, about 25.9% of the buildings were built before 1919, while 8.3% were built between 1991 and 2000. In 2013 the rate of construction of new housing units per 1000 residents was 23.46. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 0.71%.

Historic population
The historic population is given in the following chart:

Education
In Davos about 74% of the population (ages 25–64) have completed either nonmandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either a university or a Fachhochschule).

Economy
Davos is a tourist community and a regional center.

, there were a total of 8,853 people employed in the municipality. Of these, a total of 203 people worked in 80 businesses in the primary economic sector. The secondary sector employed 996 workers in 145 separate businesses. Finally, the tertiary sector provided 7,654 jobs in 926 businesses. In 2014 a total of 5,211 employees worked in 908 small companies (less than 50 employees). There were 17 mid sized businesses with 2,074 employees and 1 large business which employed 369 people. In 2014 a total of 23.5% of the population received social assistance.

In 2015 local hotels had a total of 797,348 overnight stays, of which 46.9% were international visitors.

Religion
From the, 5,321 residents (46.6% of the population) belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church while 3,950 residents (34.6%) are Roman Catholic. Of the rest of the population, there were 10 individuals (or about 0.09% of the population) who belong to the Christian Catholic faith, 439 individuals (3.85% of the population) who belonged to the Orthodox Church, 274 (2.40%) who belonged to another Christian church, 79 (0.69%) who were Muslim, 56 (0.49%) who belonged to another faith (not listed), and eight residents (0.07%) were Jewish. In addition, 832 residents (7.29%) belonged to no faith, were agnostic or atheist, and 448 individuals (3.92%) did not answer the question.

Sports
Davos's ice hockey team, HC Davos, plays in the National League (NL). Their home arena is the Vaillant Arena. In December of each year, the team and arena host the Spengler Cup, an international tournament first held in 1923.

Besides cross-country skiing, offering some 97 km of pistes, Davos has the largest natural ice skating field in Europe. Bandy is occasionally played there. An international tournament, starting in 2014, has been organised. The 1913 European Bandy Championships in Davos is so far the only one of its kind.

There are six main ski areas in winter, with a total of 320 km of slopes:
 * Parsenn / Gotschna which connects to the partner town of Klosters from Davos Dorf
 * Jakobshorn which can be reached from Davos Platz directly
 * Pischahorn which can be reached by frequently running buses into Flüela valley
 * Rinerhorn to start from Davos Glaris
 * Madrisahorn located in neighbouring Klosters
 * Schatzalp is privately owned by the Schatzalp Hotel and a specialty as a "decelerated" skiing area

All areas offer summer transport as well on to the main peaks from mid May until end of October. The remote side valleys heading towards the Engadine area are worth long hikes towards the passes of Sertig or Scaletta Pass to reach, for example, Piz Kesch, an Ultra prominent peak. To the north there are no valleys but rather a direct one-day ascent to continue across a pass into the "Schanfigg" valley towards the rival resort of Arosa or even to continue to Lenzerheide in a two-day hike.

Culture
Davos is home to seven sites that are listed as Swiss heritage sites of national significance.

These heritage sites include the Town Archives, the Kirchner Museum, the Grosses Jenatschhaus (a type of charity house known as a Pfrundhaus) and the Forest Cemetery (Waldfriedhof). Several hotels and spas are also included on the list. The three hotels or former hotels are: Berghotel Schatzalp, the former Grand Hotel Belvédère, and the Zürcher Höhenklinik von R. Gaberel.

Davos hosts annual meetings of the World Economic Forum. The city was featured in an episode of Viva La Bam, when cities around Europe were visited. On 14 March 2003, a festival called Winterjam was held in the city and bands such as Sum 41, Crazy Town, and Guano Apes performed during this event.

Transport
Davos is part of the rail network of the Rhaetian Railway (RhB). The RhB has two main stations in Davos: Davos Dorf (northeast) and Davos Platz (southwest). Other stations in the municipality include Davos Wolfgang and Davos Laret towards Klosters, and Davos Frauenkirch, Davos Glaris, Davos Monstein, and Davos Wiesen towards Filisur.

The valley station Davos Dorf (Parsennbahn) of the funicular Parsennbahn to Weissfluhjoch (Parsenn) is in Davos Dorf, the station Davos Platz Schatzalpbahn of Schatzalp-Bahn in Davos Platz. Also in Davos Platz are the bottom stations of the cable car to the Jakobshorn, the station Davos Platz DKB (right next to the corresponding railway station), but also the one of the chair lift to Usser Isch, namely the Davos Platz (Talstation Carjöl).

The bottom station of the lift to Rinerhorn is right next to RhB station Davos Glaris. The one (Dörfji) of the Pischa area in the side valley of the Flüela, reachable by bus.

Local buses are operated by Verkehrsbetrieb der Landschaft Davos Gemeinde (vbd).

Research
Davos has several research institutes: the AO Foundation focusing on trauma and disorders of the musculoskeletal system, the Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), the World Radiation Center (PMOD/WRC) and the Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research (SLF) of the Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL).

The arts

 * Sophie Taeuber-Arp (1889 in Davos – 1943), painter, sculptor, architect and dancer
 * Dorothea Wieck (1908 in Davos – 1986), a German theatre and film actress
 * Ernst Haefliger (1919 in Davos – 2007), tenor
 * Eberhard W. Kornfeld (1923–2023), art collector; made Honorary citizen of Davos in 2004
 * Jürg Federspiel (1931–2007), writer, grew up in Davos
 * Thomas Hirschhorn (born 1957), artist, grew up in Davos
 * Marc Forster (born 1969), German and Swiss director and filmmaker, grew up in Davos made freeman of Davos in 2007

Politics, public service and business

 * Wilhelm Vischer (1895 in Davos – 1988), a pastor, theologian, Hebraist, Old Testament scholar and amateur Lied lyricist
 * Ursula Wyss (born 1973 in Davos), economist, Swiss National Councillor 1999–2013 and former Municipal Councilor of Bern

Science, medicine & TB patients

 * Alexander Spengler (1827–1901), a German and Swiss physician, specialised in TB in Davos
 * John Addington Symonds (1840–1893), an English poet and literary critic, TB patient in Davos from 1877.
 * Friedrich Miescher (1844–1895), biologist who discovered DNA, died in Davos
 * Carl Rüedi (1848 in Davos – 1901), a pulmonologist, treated Robert Louis Stevenson
 * Robert Louis Stevenson (1850–1894), Scottish novelist and travel writer, TB patient in Davos in the 1880s.
 * Oscar Levertin (1862–1906), a Swedish poet and literary historian; lived in Davos 1888–1890.
 * Ernst Ludwig Kirchner (1880–1938 in Davos), German artist, TB patient, lived in Davos from 1917; namesake of the local art museum
 * Philipp Bauknecht (1884 – 1933 in Davos), German expressionist painter, TB patient from 1910
 * Harry Clarke (1889–1931 in Davos), an Irish stained-glass artist and book illustrator, TB patient from 1929, buried in Chur
 * Klabund (1890 – 1928 in Davos), aka Alfred Henschke, German writer and painter, TB patient

Sport

 * Fritz Kraatz (1906–1992), ice hockey player, competed in the 1928 Winter Olympics
 * Paul Söllner (1911 in Davos – 1991), German rower, competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics
 * Albert Künzler (1911 in Davos – 1982), ice hockey player, competed in the 1936 Winter Olympics
 * Andreas Däscher (born 1927 in Davos), ski jumper, competed at the 1956 Winter Olympics and developed the Daescher technique
 * Franz Berry (1938 in Davos – 2009), ice hockey player, competed in the 1956 and 1964 Summer Olympics
 * Peter Frei (born 1946 in Davos), alpine skier, competed in the 1968 Winter Olympics
 * Nicolas Gilliard (born 1947 in Davos), swimmer, competed at the 1968 Summer Olympics
 * Paul Accola (born 1967 in Davos), alpine skiing World Cup, overall champion
 * Martina Accola (born 1969, Davos), alpine skier, competed in the 1994 and 1998 Winter Olympics
 * Andrea Senteler (born 1977), cross-country skier, competed in the 1998 Winter Olympics
 * Carmen Schäfer (born 1981 in Davos), a curler
 * Andres Ambühl (born 1983 in Davos), ice hockey forward
 * Iouri Podladtchikov (born 1988), a Russian-born Swiss snowboarder, brought up in Davos, gold medallist at the 2014 Winter Olympics
 * Dino Wieser (born 1989 in Davos), ice hockey forward
 * Stefanie Müller (born 1992 in Davos), Alpine snowboarder, competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics
 * Claude-Curdin Paschoud (born 1994 in Davos), ice hockey defenceman

title: Davos