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News Corporation

The original incarnation of News Corporation (abbreviated News Corp. and also variously known as News Corporation Limited) was an American multinational mass media corporation controlled by media mogul Rupert Murdoch and headquartered at 1211 Avenue of the Americas in New York City. Prior to its split in 2013, it was the world's largest media company in terms of total assets and the world's fourth largest media group in terms of revenue. It had become a media powerhouse since its inception, dominating the news, television, film, and print industries.

News Corporation was a publicly traded company listed on the Nasdaq. Formerly incorporated in Adelaide, South Australia, the company was re-incorporated under Delaware General Corporation Law after a majority of shareholders approved the move on November 12, 2004. News Corporation was headquartered at 1211 Avenue of the Americas, New York, in the newer 1960s–1970s corridor of the Rockefeller Center complex.

On June 28, 2012, after concerns from shareholders in response to its recent scandals and to "unlock even greater long-term shareholder value", founder Rupert Murdoch announced that News Corporation's assets would be split into two publicly traded companies, one oriented towards media, and the other towards publishing. The formal split was completed on June 28, 2013; the original News Corp. was renamed 21st Century Fox and consisted primarily of media outlets, while a new News Corporation was formed to take on the publishing and Australian broadcasting assets.

Its major holdings at the time of the split were News Limited (a group of newspaper publishers in Murdoch's native Australia), News International (a newspaper publisher in the United Kingdom, whose properties include The Times, The Sun, and the now-defunct News of the World (the subject of a phone hacking scandal that led to its closure in July 2011), Dow Jones & Company (an American publisher of financial news outlets, including The Wall Street Journal), the book publisher HarperCollins, and the Fox Entertainment Group (then owners of the 20th Century Fox film studio and the Fox television network).

History
News Corp was established in 1980 by Rupert Murdoch as a holding company for News Limited. News Limited was founded in 1923 in Adelaide by James Edward Davidson, funded by the Collins House mining empire for the purpose of publishing anti-union propaganda; subsequently the controlling interest was bought by the Herald & Weekly Times. In 1949, Keith Murdoch took control of Adelaide's afternoon tabloid The News. When he died in 1952, his son Rupert inherited a controlling interest in The News. News Limited operates today as News Corporation's Australian brand and includes ownership of The Australian, operating out of Surry Hills, in Sydney.

Expansion into the United States
News Ltd. made its first acquisition in the United States in 1973, when it purchased the San Antonio Express and News (the two papers merged in 1984). Soon afterwards it founded the National Star, a supermarket tabloid, and in 1976 it purchased the New York Post from Dorothy Schiff for $31 million.

In 1984, News Corp acquired the Chicago Sun-Times from Field Enterprises (later sold in 1986 to the American Publishing Company subsidiary of Canada-based Hollinger) for $90 million and Travel Weekly and other trade magazines from Ziff Davis. In March 1985, News Corp bought a 50% stake in TCF Holdings, the holding company of the movie studio 20th Century Fox from Marc Rich for $162 million, and later acquired the remaining stake from Marvin Davis in September for $325 million.

Two months after the acquisition of the 50% stake in TCF Holdings, on May 6, 1985, News Corp announced it was buying the Metromedia television stations and its syndication arm Metromedia Producers Corporation from John Kluge for $3.5 billion, setting the stage for the launch of a fourth U.S. commercial broadcasting television network. On September 4, 1985, Murdoch became a naturalized citizen to satisfy the legal requirement that only United States citizens could own American television stations. In 1986, the Metromedia deal was completed, and the Fox Broadcasting Company, simply known as Fox, launched on October 9, with Joan Rivers' The Late Show as its late-night program, it would later  air prime-time programming  starting in April 1987.

Expansion and consolidation
In 1986 and 1987, News Corp (through subsidiary News International) moved to adjust the production process of its British newspapers, over which the printing unions had long dominated. A number of senior Australian media moguls were brought into Murdoch's powerhouse, including John Dux, who was managing director of the South China Morning Post. This led to a confrontation with the printing unions National Graphical Association and Society of Graphical and Allied Trades. The move of News International's London operation to Wapping in the East End resulted in nightly battles outside the new plant. Delivery vans and depots were frequently and violently attacked. Ultimately the unions capitulated.

In 1987, News Corp acquired the book publisher Harper and Row for $300 million,  and later acquired the British book publisher William Collins, Sons in 1989 for $721 million, who later merged with Harper to form HarperCollins that same year.

In 1988, News Corp acquired the Philadelphia-based Triangle Publications, publisher of the magazines TV Guide, Seventeen, and the Daily Racing Form for $3 billion. To raise money, the trade publications were sold to Reed International.

By 1992, News Corp had incurred large debts, which forced it to sell many of the American magazine interests it had acquired in the mid-1980s to K-III Communications, as well spinning off long-held Australian magazines interests as Pacific Magazines. Much of this debt came from its stake in the Sky Television satellite network in the UK, which incurred massive losses in its early years of operation, which (like many of its business interests) was heavily subsidised with profits from its other holdings until it was able to force rival satellite operator BSB to accept a merger on its terms in 1990. (The merged company, BSkyB, has dominated the British pay-TV market since.)

In 1993, News Corp acquired a 63.6% stake of the Hong Kong-based STAR TV satellite network from Pearson for over $500 million, followed by the purchase of the remaining 36.4% in July 1995. Murdoch declared that:

"(Telecommunications) have proved an unambiguous threat to totalitarian regimes everywhere ... satellite broadcasting makes it possible for information-hungry residents of many closed societies to bypass state-controlled television channels."

In 1995, the Fox network became the object of scrutiny from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) when it was alleged that its Australian base made Murdoch's ownership of Fox illegal. The FCC, however, ruled in Murdoch's favor, stating that his ownership of Fox was in the public's best interests. It was also noted that the stations themselves were owned by a separate company whose chief shareholder was a U.S. citizen, Murdoch, although nearly all of the stations' equity was controlled by News Corp. In the same year, News Corporation announced a deal with MCI Communications to develop a major news website as well as funding a conservative news magazine, The Weekly Standard. In the same year, News Corp launched the Foxtel pay television network in Australia in a partnership with Telstra and Publishing & Broadcasting Limited.

On July 17, 1996, News Corporation announced that it would acquire television production and broadcasting company New World Communications (who acquired a 20% stake in 1994 for $200 million), for $2.48 billion in stock and was completed on January 22, 1997.

On October 7, 1996, the Fox Entertainment Group launched the Fox News Channel, a 24-hour cable news network to compete against Time Warner's rival channel CNN.

In 1999, News Corporation significantly expanded its music holdings in Australia by acquiring the controlling share in a leading Australian-based label, Michael Gudinski's Mushroom Records, merging it with already held Festival Records to create Festival Mushroom Records (FMR). Both Festival and FMR were managed by Rupert Murdoch's son James Murdoch for several years.

Also mid 1999, The Economist reported that News Corp paid comparatively lower taxes, and Newscorp Investments specifically had made £11.4 billion ($20.1 billion) in profits over the previous 11 years but had not paid net corporation tax. It also reported that after an examination of the available accounts, Newscorp could normally have been expected to pay corporate tax of approximately $350 million. The article explained that in practice, the corporation's complex structure, international scope, and use of offshore tax havens allowed News Corporation to pay minimal taxes.

Further development
In late 2003, News Corp acquired a 34% stake in Hughes Electronics (now DirecTV Group), operator of the largest American satellite TV system, from General Motors for US$6 billion. DirecTV was sold to Liberty Media in 2008 in exchange for its stake in News Corporation.

In January 2005, shortly after reincorporation in the United States, News Corporation announced that it was buying out Fox Entertainment Group. The manoeuvre delisted Fox from the New York Stock Exchange; Fox had traded on the NYSE under the ticker FOX.

In 2004, Murdoch set aside $2 billion and handpicked a team of young executives to look at possible ways to use the Web as a distribution platform. That team was composed of four rising stars: Ross Levinsohn, Adam Bain, Travis Katz, and Michael Kirby. The four became the backbone of what would become News Corp's digital division, Fox Interactive Media.

Shortly after, in July 2005, News Corporation purchased the social networking website Myspace for $580 million. News Corporation had beat out Viacom by offering a higher price for the website, and the purchase was seen as a good investment at the time. Of the $580 million purchase price, approximately $327 million has been attributed to the value of Myspace according to the financial adviser fairness opinion. Within a year, Myspace had tripled in value from its purchase price.

In February 2007, Murdoch announced at the McGraw-Hill Media Summit that the Fox Entertainment Group would launch a new business news channel later in the year, which would compete directly against rival network CNBC. Murdoch explained that the channel would be more "business-friendly" than CNBC, because he felt that they "leap on every scandal, or what they think is a scandal." In July 2007, News Corp. reached a deal to acquire Dow Jones & Company, owners of The Wall Street Journal, for $5 billion. Despite CNBC already having a contract with Dow Jones to provide content and services to the network, the Fox Entertainment Group officially launched the Fox Business Network on October 15, 2007. Alexis Glick, the network's original morning show host and vice president of business news, indicated that its lawyers had reviewed the details of Dow Jones' contract with CNBC, but noted that it would still "actively use" other Dow Jones properties.

In September 2009, News Corp established NewsCore, a global wire service set up to provide news stories to all of News Corp's journalistic outlets.

In April 2010, News Corporation sold Bulgarian broadcaster bTV, which it launched on 1 June 2000, as part of a deal to Central European Media Enterprises (CME) for $400 million in addition to another $13 million for working capital adjustment. The deal included cable channels bTV Comedy and Btv Cinema and News Corporation's 74% stake in Radio Company CJ which included five radio stations.

In September 2010, due to the Fijian government's requirement that the country's media outlet must be 90% owned by Fiji Nationals, News Corporation sold 90% of their stake in their Fijian newspapers (Fiji Times, Nai Lalakai, and Shanti Dut) to Motibhai Group of Companies.

In November 2010, News Corp purchased education technology and student progress tracking company Wireless Generation for $360 million. The company was the NY City Education Department's partner for its School of One pilot program (now Teach to One).

In late February 2011, News Corp officially put the now-struggling Myspace up for sale, which was estimated to be worth $50–200 million. Losses from the last quarter of 2010 were $156 million, over double of the previous year, which dragged down the otherwise strong results of parent News Corp. Its struggles were attributed to the growth of the competing social network Facebook. The deadline for bids, May 31, 2011, passed without any above the reserve price of $100 million being submitted. The rapid deterioration in Myspace's business during the most recent quarter had deterred many potent suitors. Later in June, Specific Media and pop singer Justin Timberlake bought the site for $35 million, which CNN reported noted was "far less than the $580 million News Corp. paid for Myspace in 2005." Murdoch went on to call the Myspace purchase a "huge mistake".

On July 13, 2011, Rupert Murdoch announced that the company would withdraw its takeover bid for BSkyB due to concerns relating to the News of the World scandal. News Corporation already owned, and continues to own, 39.1% of BSkyB.

On June 6, 2012, News Corporation announced that it would buy out ESPN Inc.'s stake in ESPN Star Sports to gain full control over the Asia-Pacific sports network. On November 20, 2012, News Corporation announced that it would acquire a 49% stake in the regional sports network YES Network, owned by the Major League Baseball team New York Yankees. In January 2013, News Corp. attained 54.5% majority control of Sky Deutschland.

On February 4, 2013, News Corporation announced the sale of IGN and its related properties to the publishing company Ziff Davis. News Corp. had planned to spin-off IGN as an independent company, but failed to do so.

Scandals
In July 2011, News Corp closed down the News of the World newspaper in the United Kingdom due to allegations of phone hackings. The allegations include trying to access former Prime Minister Gordon Brown's voice mail, and obtain information from his bank accounts, family's medical records, and private legal files. Allegations of hacking have also been brought up in relation to former Prime Minister Tony Blair, and the Royal Family. Other allegations put out by The Guardian newspaper include the exploitation, with intent to gain access to or use private information, of a list of 4,332 names or partial names, 2,987 mobile phone numbers, 30 audio tapes of varying length and 91 PIN codes, of a kind required to access the voicemail of the minority of targets who change the factory settings on their mobile phones. The names are said to include those of British victims of September 11, 2001 terror attacks, family members of victims of the "7/7" bombings on London's transit system, family members of British troops killed overseas, Milly Dowler, a 13-year-old missing British girl who was later found dead, actor Hugh Grant and a lawyer representing the family of Princess Diana's lover at the inquest into her death.

On July 13, 2011, News Corp withdrew its bid to purchase the final 61% stake in BSkyB after pressure from both the Labour and Conservative Parties in Parliament.

Allegations about the violation of ethical standards by the News Corporation subsidiary News of the World have been speculatively applied to News Corporation holdings in the United States. Senator John Rockefeller (D-WV) stated on July 12, 2011, that there should be a government investigation into News Corporation "to ensure that Americans have not had their privacy violated." His statement was echoed on Wednesday by Sen. Robert Menendez (D-NJ), who specifically requested an investigation into 9/11 victims, as well as Sen. Frank Lautenberg (D-NJ) who encouraged an investigation by the Securities and Exchange Commission. On July 13, 2011, Representative Peter King (R-NY) wrote a letter to the FBI requesting an investigation into News Corporation's ethical practices, and on July 14, the FBI opened a probe into the hacking of 9/11 victims. Les Hinton, chief executive of the media group's Dow Jones, resigned on July 15, saying, "I have seen hundreds of news reports of both actual and alleged misconduct during the time I was executive chairman of News International and responsible for the company. The pain caused to innocent people is unimaginable. That I was ignorant of what apparently happened is irrelevant and in the circumstances I feel it is proper for me to resign from News Corp, and apologize to those hurt by the actions of the News of the World."

In 2012, following a BBC Panorama report, allegations were made that News Corp subsidiary NDS Group had used hackers to undermine pay TV rivals around the world. Some of the victims of the alleged hacking, such as Austar, were later taken over by News Corp and others such as Ondigital later went bust. NDS had originally been set up to provide security to News Corp's pay TV interests but emails obtained by Fairfax Media revealed they had also pursued a wider agenda by distributing the keys to rival set-top box operators and seeking to obtain phone records of suspected rivals. The emails were from the hard drive of NDS European chief Ray Adams. In 2012, it was also revealed that Australian Federal police were working with UK police to investigate hacking by News Corp.

Split
On June 28, 2012, Rupert Murdoch announced that, after concerns from shareholders in response to the recent scandals and to "unlock even greater long-term shareholder value", News Corporation's assets would be split into two publicly traded companies, one oriented towards media, and the other towards publishing. News Corp's publishing operations were spun out into a second News Corporation with Robert James Thomson, editor of The Wall Street Journal, as CEO. The original News Corporation, which retained most of its media properties (such as the Fox Entertainment Group and 20th Century Fox) and Murdoch as CEO, was renamed 21st Century Fox. Murdoch remained chairman for both companies.

Shareholders approved the split on June 11, 2013. On June 19, 2013, preliminary trading for the new News Corp on the Australian Securities Exchange commenced in preparation for the formal split that was finalized on June 28, 2013. Shareholders received one share of New News Corp for every four shares they owned of the old News Corp. The two new companies began trading on the Nasdaq on July 1, 2013. 21st Century Fox and most of its businesses were later acquired by the Walt Disney Company in March 2019; its U.S. broadcasting, sports, and news assets were spun-off to Fox Corporation, which would be retained under Murdoch ownership.

Shareholders

 * In August 2005, the Murdoch family owned only about 29% of the company of which as of June 2013 had been diluted to around 17%. However, nearly all of these shares were voting shares which currently stand at 39% of the total voting shares, and Rupert Murdoch retained effective control of the company. Nonetheless, John Malone of Liberty Media had built up a large stake, with about half of the shares being voting shares. Therefore, in November 2006, News Corporation announced its intention to transfer its 38.5% interest in DirecTV Group to John Malone's Liberty Media; in return it bought back Liberty's 16.3% stake in News Corp., giving Murdoch tighter control of the latter firm. Murdoch sold 17.5 million class A shares in December 2007.
 * Another major stakeholder has been Al-Waleed bin Talal, of the Saudi Royal Family. In 1997, Time reported that Al-Waleed owned about five percent of News Corporation. In 2010, Alwaleed's stake in News Corp. was about 7 percent, amounting to $3 billion. In 2013, News Corp. had a $175 million (19 percent) investment in Al-Waleed's Rotana Group, the Arab world's largest entertainment company. Al-Waleed sold all his shares in November 2017

Annual conference
News Corporation organized an annual management conference, discussing media issues related to geopolitics. Attendees included News Corporation executives, senior journalists, politicians and celebrities. Previous events were in Cancún, Mexico, and the Hayman Island off the coast of Australia. The events were private and secretive, there are no records available for the agenda or talks given at the conferences, and no uninvited journalists are permitted access.

The 2006 event in Pebble Beach, California was led by Rupert Murdoch. According to a copy of the agenda leaked to the Los Angeles Times and other media accounts, issues discussed related from Europe to broadcasting and new media, terrorism to the national policy. The event included speeches from Murdoch, Actor and former governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger, former British Prime Minister Tony Blair, Bono, Al Gore, Senator John McCain and Bill Clinton while Israel's President, Shimon Peres, appeared on a panel named "Islam and the West". Other notable attendees included Newt Gingrich and Nicole Kidman.

Political donations
In anticipation of US midterm elections, News Corporation donated $1 million to the Republican Governors Association in June 2010. The move was criticized by Democrats, who said this was evidence of News Corporation's news outlets conservative leanings (see Fox News Channel controversies). The Democratic Governors Association also criticized the donation and demanded more transparency in the reporting by News Corporation companies. DGA head Nathan Daschle wrote to the chairman of News Corporation company Fox News, Roger Ailes: "In the interest of some fairness and balance, I request that you add a formal disclaimer to your coverage any time any of your programs covers governors or gubernatorial races between now and election day."

Around the same time, News Corporation also donated $1 million to the United States Chamber of Commerce. The Chamber aggressively supported the Republican effort to retake Congress in 2010. This donation and an earlier $1 million contribution that News Corporation made to the Republican Governor's Association led media critics to question whether the company had crossed an ethical line for a media company.

Corporate governance
The company's Board of Directors consisted of 17 individuals at the time of its break up:
 * Rupert Murdoch (Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer)
 * José María Aznar (Former Prime Minister of Spain)
 * Natalie Bancroft (Director)
 * Peter Barnes
 * James W. Breyer
 * Chase Carey (President and Chief Operating Officer)
 * Elaine Chao
 * David F. DeVoe (Chief Financial Officer)
 * Viet Dinh
 * Sir Roderick Ian Eddington
 * Joel I. Klein (Executive Vice President)
 * James Murdoch (Chairman & Chief Executive Officer, Europe & Asia)
 * Lachlan Murdoch
 * Álvaro Uribe (Former President of Colombia)
 * Stanley S. Shuman (Director Emeritus)
 * Arthur M. Siskind (Director Emeritus, Senior Advisor to the Chairman)
 * Daniel Suárez García (Chairman and CEO, Latin America)

Final holdings
News Corporation split up to 21st Century Fox and the current incarnation of News Corporation on June 28, 2013. All media and broadcasting assets, except media assets owned by News Limited, now belong to The Walt Disney Company and Fox Corporation, the legal successors to News Corporation (and 21st Century Fox). Meanwhile, newspapers and other publishing assets, including media assets under News Limited, were spun off as a new News Corp.

Music and radio

 * Fox Film Music Group
 * Fox News Radio

Sport

 * Majority ownership of the Brisbane Broncos (68.9%) and full ownership of the Melbourne Storm rugby league team.
 * Colorado Rockies (15%)

Studios

 * Fox Entertainment Group: 20th Century Fox's parent company
 * 20th Century Fox: a film production/distribution company (transferred to Disney)
 * Fox Searchlight Pictures – specialized films (transferred to Disney).
 * Fox 2000 Pictures – general audience feature films (transferred to Disney).
 * 20th Century Fox Animation
 * Fox Music
 * 20th Century Fox International
 * 20th Century Fox Español
 * 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment
 * 20th Century Fox Television – primetime television programming. (partially transferred to Disney)
 * 20th Television – television distribution (syndication).
 * 20th Century Fox Television Distribution – television distribution.
 * Fox 21 – low scripted/budgeted television production company.
 * Fox Television Animation – animation production company.
 * Fox Television Studios (productions)- market specific programming e.g. COPS and network television company.
 * Fox Television Studios International
 * Fox World Productions
 * Fox Faith – Promotion and distribution of Christian and related "family friendly" movies on DVD and some theatrical release.
 * Fox Studios Australia, Sydney, New South Wales
 * Blue Sky Studios – production of CGI films e.g. Ice Age (transferred to Disney).
 * Fox Filmed Entertainment
 * New Regency Productions (20%) – general audience feature films.
 * Regency Enterprises (20%) – parent company of New Regency Productions (50%).
 * Fox Star Studios fully owned -the Studio for Indian Movie's Production and Distribution.

TV
News Corp agreed to sell eight of its television stations to Oak Hill Capital Partners for approximately $1.1 billion as of December 22, 2007. The stations are US Fox affiliates. These stations, along with those already acquired by Oak Hill that were formerly owned by The New York Times Company, formed the nucleus of Oak Hill's Local TV LLC division.

Broadcast

 * Fox Broadcasting Company (Fox), a US broadcast television network
 * MyNetworkTV, a US broadcast television network
 * Fox Television Stations, a group of owned and operated Fox television stations

Satellite television

 * Sky UK, United Kingdom & Ireland (39.1% holding). In practice, a controlling interest.
 * Sky Network Television, New Zealand (44%)
 * Sky Italia (100%), Italy's largest pay TV service (previously owning part of Stream TV)
 * Sky Deutschland (54.5%), Germany's largest pay TV provider
 * Tata Sky (30%), an Indian DirectToHome TeleVision Service Provider. (in partnership with Tata Group (70%))
 * Foxtel (25%), Australia, a joint venture with Telstra (50%) and Consolidated Media Holdings (25%)
 * FOX Italy, Italian Broadcast and Production Company (with 2 HDTV)
 * Star TV Channels (Satellite TeleVision Asian Region), an Asian satellite TV service having 300 million viewers in 53 countries, mainly in India, China & other Asian countries
 * Phoenix Television (17.6%), satellite TV network with landing rights in Hong Kong, and select provinces on Mainland China.

Cable
Cable TV channels owned (in whole or part) and operated by News Corporation include: PLATFORMS
 * Fox Business Network, a business news channel.
 * Fox Classics, a channel airing classic TV shows and movies
 * Fox Classics (Japan)
 * Fox Sports & Entertainment/Fox BS238
 * Fox Movie Channel, an all-movie channel that airs commercial-free movies from 20th Century Fox's film library
 * Fox News Channel, a 24-hour news and opinion channel
 * Fox Sports Networks, a chain of US regional cable news television networks broadcasting local sporting events linked together by national sports news programming. Local channels include "Fox Sports Southwest", "Fox Sports Detroit", etc. (some affiliates are owned by Cablevision.)
 * SportSouth, a regional sports network in the United States, with its headquarters in Atlanta, and affiliate of Fox Sports Net.
 * Sun Sports a regional sports network in the United States, with its headquarters in Miami, Florida, and affiliate of Fox Sports Net.
 * Fox College Sports, a college sports network consisting of three regionally aligned channels, mostly with archived Fox Sports Net programmes but also some live and original content.
 * Fox Sports International
 * Fox Soccer Channel, a United States digital cable and satellite network specialising mainly in soccer.
 * Fox Soccer Plus, a sister network to FSC, but including coverage of other sports, most notably rugby. Launched in 2010 after News Corporation picked up many of the broadcast rights abandoned by Setanta Sports when it stopped broadcasting in the U.S.
 * Fox Pan American Sports (37.9%) – joint venture with Hicks, Muse, and Tate & Furst.
 * Fox Sports en Español (50%), a Spanish-language North American cable sports network; its sports line-up is tailored to appeal to a Latin American audience.
 * Fox Sports en Latinoamérica, a Latin American satellite and cable sports network.
 * FX Networks, a cable network broadcasting reruns of programming previously shown on other channels, but recently creating its own programming, including the Emmy Award-winning programmes The Shield and Damages.
 * SPEED
 * FUEL TV
 * Big Ten Network, cable and satellite channel dedicated to The Big Ten Conference, launched August 2007 (49%)
 * National Geographic Channel (joint venture with National Geographic Society) 67%
 * National Geographic Channel International 75%
 * Nat Geo Mundo (joint venture with National Geographic Society)
 * Nat Geo Wild (joint venture with National Geographic Society)
 * YES Network (49%), regional cable sports network; broadcasts New York Yankees and Brooklyn Nets games, among other teams.
 * Fox International Channels, domestic cable channels offering different formats of Fox programming in over thirty countries worldwide.
 * Fox
 * Fox Life
 * Fox Life HD
 * Fox Filipino
 * Fox Crime
 * FX
 * Fox Horror
 * Fox Movies
 * Fox Sports
 * Speed Channel
 * National Geographic Channel
 * National Geographic Channel HD
 * National Geographic Wild
 * National Geographic Adventure
 * National Geographic Music
 * National Geographic Junior
 * Cult
 * Next:HD
 * Voyage
 * Real Estate TV
 * BabyTV
 * Fox Toma 1 – Spanish-language television production.
 * Fox Telecolombia – Spanish-language television production. (51%)
 * Utarget.Fox – European and Latin American online ad company, plus now handles TV ad sales.
 * Central & South America
 * Fox Latin American Channels – channels available in over 17 countries in Latin America
 * National Geographic Channel
 * National Geographic Channel HD
 * National Geographic Wild
 * Nat Geo Music
 * Universal Channel
 * Universal HD
 * Fox Channel
 * Fox HD
 * FX
 * Fox Life
 * Fox Sports
 * Speed Channel
 * Baby TV
 * Utilisima
 * Fox One-Stop Media – advertising sales for company owned and third party channels in Latin America
 * LAPTV (60%) (Latin American Pay Television) operates 8 cable movie channels throughout South America excluding Brazil.
 * Telecine (12.5%) operates 5 cable movie channels in Brazil.
 * Australia
 * Premier Media Group (50%)
 * Fox Sports 1
 * Fox Sports 2
 * Fox Sports 3
 * SPEED
 * FoxSportsNews
 * Fuel TV Australia
 * Premium Movie Partnership (20%) – movie channels, a joint venture between 20th Century Fox, Sony, NBCUniversal, Viacom and Liberty Media
 * India
 * Hathway Cable & Datacom (22.2%), India's 2nd largest cable network through 7 cities including Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi, Mumbai & Pune
 * Taiwan
 * Total TV (20%), a pay TV platform with JV partner KOO's Group majority owner (80%). News Corp also has a 20% interest in the KOO's Group directly.

Internet

 * News Corp. Digital Media
 * Foxsports.com – website with sports news, scores, statistics, video and fantasy sports
 * Hulu (27%) – online video streaming site in partnership with NBCUniversal and Disney.
 * Flektor – provides Web-based tools for photo and video editing and mashups.
 * Slingshot Labs – web development incubator (Includes the sites DailyFill).
 * Strategic Data Corp – interactive advertising company which develops technology to deliver targeted internet advertising.
 * Scout.com
 * WhatIfSports.com – sports simulation and prediction website. Also provides fantasy-style sports games to play.
 * Indya.com – 'India's no. 1 Entertainment Portal'
 * ROO Group Inc (5% increasing to 10% with performance targets)
 * News Digital Media
 * News.com.au – Australia's most popular news website in 2013 and as of April 2014
 * CareerOne.com.au (50%) – recruitment advertisement website in partnership with Monster Worldwide.
 * Carsguide.com.au
 * in2mobi.com.au
 * TrueLocal.com.au
 * Moshtix.com.au – a ticket retailer
 * Learning Seat
 * Wego News owns minority stake in Wego.com
 * Weair News owns minority stake in weair.com
 * Netus (75%) – investment co. in online properties.
 * Move, Inc (80%)
 * realtor.com – United States online real estate portal
 * move.com
 * listhub.com
 * Doorsteps
 * Tigerlead
 * Moving.com
 * Top Producer
 * Reesio
 * Relocation.com
 * SeniorHousingNet.com
 * REA Group (60.7%)
 * Realestate.com.au
 * Business Services s.r.l. Access our internationalization service opens to endless proposals and possibilities of rooting in markets around the world.
 * Casa.it (69.4%), Sky Italia also holds a 30.6% share
 * atHome group, operator of leading realestate websites in Luxembourg, France, Belgium and Germany.
 * Altowin (51%), provider of office management tools for realestate agents in Belgium.
 * Propertyfinders.com (50%), News International holds the remaining 50%
 * Sherlock Publications, owner of hotproperty.co.uk portal and magazine titles 'Hot Property', 'Renting' and 'Overseas'
 * ukpropertyshop.co.uk, most comprehensive UK estate agent directory.
 * PropertyLook, property websites in Australia and New Zealand.
 * HomeSite.com.au home renovation and improvement website.
 * Square Foot Limited, Hong Kong's largest English Language property magazine and website
 * Primedia – Holding co. of Inside DB, a Hong Kong lifestyle magazine.
 * TadpoleNet Media (10%) Hosts of ArmySailor.com
 * New Zealand
 * Fatso – leading online DVD subscription service (ownership through stake in Sky Network Television).
 * Fox Networks – one of the largest international ad networks.
 * Expedient InfoMedia blog network.
 * Storyful
 * Unruly
 * The News Broadcasting Corporation
 * TNBCLive.com - United States's popular news website in 2017 and as of April 2022

Other assets

 * Fox Sports Grill (50%) – Upscale sports bar and restaurant with 7 locations: Scottsdale, Arizona; Irvine, California; Seattle; Plano, Texas; Houston; San Diego; and Atlanta.
 * Fox Sports Skybox (70%) – Sports fans' Bar & Grill at Staples Center and six airport restaurants.
 * News America Marketing (US) – (100%) – nation's leading marketing services company, products include a portfolio of in-store, home-delivered and online media under the SmartSource brand.
 * Rotana (19%) – Largest Arab entertainment company owned by Saudi Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal
 * The Daily – iPad only newspaper delivered daily.
 * Making Fun – social game developer for making games for social networking sites, smartphones, tablets and other devices.
 * Stockpoint
 * Lane Bryant

Books

 * HarperCollins book publishing company
 * HarperCollins India
 * Zondervan Christian book publisher
 * Inspirio – religious gift production.

Newspapers

 * Australia published by News Limited.
 * The Australian (Nationwide)
 * Community Media Group (16 QLD & NSW suburban/regional titles)
 * Cumberland-Courier Newspapers (23 suburban/commuter titles)
 * The Courier-Mail (Queensland)
 * The Sunday Mail (Queensland)
 * The Cairns Post (Cairns, Queensland)
 * The Gold Coast Bulletin (Gold Coast, Queensland)
 * The Townsville Bulletin (Townsville, Queensland)
 * The Daily Telegraph (New South Wales)
 * The Sunday Telegraph (New South Wales)
 * Herald Sun (Victoria)
 * Sunday Herald Sun (Victoria)
 * The Weekly Times (Victoria)
 * Leader Newspapers (33 suburban Melbourne titles)
 * MX (Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane CBD)
 * The Geelong Advertiser (Geelong, Victoria)
 * The Advertiser (South Australia)
 * The Sunday Mail (South Australia)
 * Messenger Newspapers (11 suburban Adelaide, SA titles)
 * The Sunday Times (Western Australia)
 * The Mercury (Tasmania)
 * Quest Newspapers (19 suburban Brisbane, QLD titles)
 * The Sunday Tasmanian (Tasmania)
 * Northern Territory News (Northern Territory)
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text:
Chi-squared distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the chi-squared distribution (also chi-square or $$\chi^2$$-distribution) with $$k$$ degrees of freedom is the distribution of a sum of the squares of $$k$$ independent standard normal random variables.

The chi-squared distribution $$ \chi^2_k $$ is a special case of the gamma distribution and the univariate Wishart distribution. Specifically if $$ X \sim \chi^2_k $$ then $$ X \sim \text{Gamma}(\alpha=\frac{k}{2}, \theta=2) $$ (where $$\alpha$$ is the shape parameter and $$\theta$$ the scale parameter of the gamma distribution) and $$ X \sim \text{W}_1(1,k) $$.

The scaled chi-squared distribution $$s^2 \chi^2_k $$ is a reparametrization of the gamma distribution and the univariate Wishart distribution. Specifically if $$ X \sim s^2 \chi^2_k $$ then $$ X \sim \text{Gamma}(\alpha=\frac{k}{2}, \theta=2 s^2) $$ and $$ X \sim \text{W}_1(s^2,k) $$.

The chi-squared distribution is one of the most widely used probability distributions in inferential statistics, notably in hypothesis testing and in construction of confidence intervals. This distribution is sometimes called the central chi-squared distribution, a special case of the more general noncentral chi-squared distribution.

The chi-squared distribution is used in the common chi-squared tests for goodness of fit of an observed distribution to a theoretical one, the independence of two criteria of classification of qualitative data, and in finding the confidence interval for estimating the population standard deviation of a normal distribution from a sample standard deviation. Many other statistical tests also use this distribution, such as Friedman's analysis of variance by ranks.

Definitions
If $Z_{1}, ..., Z_{k}$ are independent, standard normal random variables, then the sum of their squares,
 * $$Q\ = \sum_{i=1}^k Z_i^2,$$

is distributed according to the chi-squared distribution with $k$ degrees of freedom. This is usually denoted as
 * $$ Q\ \sim\ \chi^2(k)\ \ \text{or}\ \ Q\ \sim\ \chi^2_k.$$

The chi-squared distribution has one parameter: a positive integer $k$ that specifies the number of degrees of freedom (the number of random variables being summed, Zi s).

Introduction
The chi-squared distribution is used primarily in hypothesis testing, and to a lesser extent for confidence intervals for population variance when the underlying distribution is normal. Unlike more widely known distributions such as the normal distribution and the exponential distribution, the chi-squared distribution is not as often applied in the direct modeling of natural phenomena. It arises in the following hypothesis tests, among others:

 * Chi-squared test of independence in contingency tables
 * Chi-squared test of goodness of fit of observed data to hypothetical distributions
 * Likelihood-ratio test for nested models
 * Log-rank test in survival analysis
 * Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel test for stratified contingency tables
 * Wald test
 * Score test

It is also a component of the definition of the t-distribution and the F-distribution used in t-tests, analysis of variance, and regression analysis.

The primary reason for which the chi-squared distribution is extensively used in hypothesis testing is its relationship to the normal distribution. Many hypothesis tests use a test statistic, such as the t-statistic in a t-test. For these hypothesis tests, as the sample size, $n$, increases, the sampling distribution of the test statistic approaches the normal distribution (central limit theorem). Because the test statistic (such as $t$) is asymptotically normally distributed, provided the sample size is sufficiently large, the distribution used for hypothesis testing may be approximated by a normal distribution. Testing hypotheses using a normal distribution is well understood and relatively easy. The simplest chi-squared distribution is the square of a standard normal distribution. So wherever a normal distribution could be used for a hypothesis test, a chi-squared distribution could be used.

Suppose that $$Z$$ is a random variable sampled from the standard normal distribution, where the mean is $$0$$ and the variance is $$1$$: $$Z \sim N(0,1)$$. Now, consider the random variable $$Q = Z^2$$. The distribution of the random variable $$Q$$ is an example of a chi-squared distribution: $$\ Q\ \sim\ \chi^2_1$$. The subscript 1 indicates that this particular chi-squared distribution is constructed from only 1 standard normal distribution. A chi-squared distribution constructed by squaring a single standard normal distribution is said to have 1 degree of freedom. Thus, as the sample size for a hypothesis test increases, the distribution of the test statistic approaches a normal distribution. Just as extreme values of the normal distribution have low probability (and give small p-values), extreme values of the chi-squared distribution have low probability.

An additional reason that the chi-squared distribution is widely used is that it turns up as the large sample distribution of generalized likelihood ratio tests (LRT). LRTs have several desirable properties; in particular, simple LRTs commonly provide the highest power to reject the null hypothesis (Neyman–Pearson lemma) and this leads also to optimality properties of generalised LRTs. However, the normal and chi-squared approximations are only valid asymptotically. For this reason, it is preferable to use the t distribution rather than the normal approximation or the chi-squared approximation for a small sample size. Similarly, in analyses of contingency tables, the chi-squared approximation will be poor for a small sample size, and it is preferable to use Fisher's exact test. Ramsey shows that the exact binomial test is always more powerful than the normal approximation.

Lancaster shows the connections among the binomial, normal, and chi-squared distributions, as follows. De Moivre and Laplace established that a binomial distribution could be approximated by a normal distribution. Specifically they showed the asymptotic normality of the random variable

 * $$ \chi = {m - Np \over \sqrt{Npq}} $$

where $$m$$ is the observed number of successes in $$N$$ trials, where the probability of success is $$p$$, and $$q = 1 - p$$.

Squaring both sides of the equation gives

Using $$N = Np + N(1 - p)$$, $$N = m + (N - m)$$, and $$q = 1 - p$$, this equation can be rewritten as

The expression on the right is of the form that Karl Pearson would generalize to the form

where

\chi^2 = Pearson's cumulative test statistic, which asymptotically approaches a $$\chi^2$$ distribution; O_i = the number of observations of type $$i$$; E_i = N p_i = the expected (theoretical) frequency of type $$i$$, asserted by the null hypothesis that the fraction of type $$i$$ in the population is $$ p_i$$; and n = the number of cells in the table.

In the case of a binomial outcome (flipping a coin), the binomial distribution may be approximated by a normal distribution (for sufficiently large $$n$$). Because the square of a standard normal distribution is the chi-squared distribution with one degree of freedom, the probability of a result such as 1 heads in 10 trials can be approximated either by using the normal distribution directly, or the chi-squared distribution for the normalised, squared difference between observed and expected value. However, many problems involve more than the two possible outcomes of a binomial, and instead require 3 or more categories, which leads to the multinomial distribution. Just as de Moivre and Laplace sought for and found the normal approximation to the binomial, Pearson sought for and found a degenerate multivariate normal approximation to the multinomial distribution (the numbers in each category add up to the total sample size, which is considered fixed). Pearson showed that the chi-squared distribution arose from such a multivariate normal approximation to the multinomial distribution, taking careful account of the statistical dependence (negative correlations) between numbers of observations in different categories.

Probability density function
The probability density function (pdf) of the chi-squared distribution is

f(x;\,k) = \begin{cases} \dfrac{x^{k/2 -1} e^{-x/2}}{2^{k/2} \Gamma\left(\frac k 2 \right)}, & x > 0; \\ 0, & \text{otherwise}. \end{cases} $$ where $\Gamma(k/2)$ denotes the gamma function, which has closed-form values for integer $k$.

For derivations of the pdf in the cases of one, two and $$k$$ degrees of freedom, see Proofs related to chi-squared distribution.

Cumulative distribution function

Its cumulative distribution function is:

F(x;\,k) = \frac{\gamma(\frac{k}{2},\,\frac{x}{2})}{\Gamma(\frac{k}{2})} = P\left(\frac{k}{2},\,\frac{x}{2}\right), $$ where $$\gamma(s,t)$$ is the lower incomplete gamma function and $P(s,t)$ is the regularized gamma function.

In a special case of $$k = 2$$ this function has the simple form:

F(x;\,2) = 1 - e^{-x/2} $$ which can be easily derived by integrating $$f(x;\,2)=\frac{1}{2}e^{-x/2}$$ directly. The integer recurrence of the gamma function makes it easy to compute $$F(x;\,k)$$ for other small, even $$k$$.

Tables of the chi-squared cumulative distribution function are widely available and the function is included in many spreadsheets and all statistical packages.

Letting $$z \equiv x/k$$, Chernoff bounds on the lower and upper tails of the CDF may be obtained. For the cases when $$0 < z < 1$$ (which include all of the cases when this CDF is less than half):

The tail bound for the cases when $$z > 1$$, similarly, is

1-F(z k;\,k) \leq (z e^{1-z})^{k/2}. $$

For another approximation for the CDF modeled after the cube of a Gaussian, see under Noncentral chi-squared distribution.

Cochran's theorem
If $$Z_1,...,Z_n$$ are independent identically distributed (i.i.d.), standard normal random variables, then $$\sum_{t=1}^n(Z_t - \bar Z)^2 \sim \chi^2_{n-1}$$ where $$\bar Z = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{t=1}^n Z_t.$$

A direct and elementary proof is as follows: Let $$Z\sim\mathcal{N}(\bar 0,1\!\!1)$$ be a vector of $$n$$ independent normally distributed random variables, and $$\bar Z$$ their average. Then $$ \sum_{t=1}^n(Z_t-\bar Z)^2 ~=~ \sum_{t=1}^n Z_t^2 -n\bar Z^2 ~=~ Z^\top[1\!\!1 -{\textstyle\frac1n}\bar 1\bar 1^\top]Z ~=:~ Z^\top\!M Z $$ where $$1\!\!1$$ is the identity matrix and $$\bar 1$$ the all ones vector. $$M$$ has one eigenvector $$b_1:={\textstyle\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}} \bar 1$$ with eigenvalue $$0$$, and $$n-1$$ eigenvectors $$b_2,...,b_n$$ (all orthogonal to $$b_1$$) with eigenvalue $$1$$, which can be chosen so that $$Q:=(b_1,...,b_n)$$ is an orthogonal matrix. Since also $$X:=Q^\top\!Z\sim\mathcal{N}(\bar 0,Q^\top\!1\!\!1 Q) =\mathcal{N}(\bar 0,1\!\!1)$$, we have $$ \sum_{t=1}^n(Z_t-\bar Z)^2 ~=~ Z^\top\!M Z ~=~ X^\top\!Q^\top\!M Q X ~=~ X_1^2+...+X_n^2 ~\sim~ \chi^2_{n-1}, $$ which proves the claim.

Additivity
It follows from the definition of the chi-squared distribution that the sum of independent chi-squared variables is also chi-squared distributed. Specifically, if $$X_i,i=\overline{1,n}$$ are independent chi-squared variables with $$k_i$$, $$i=\overline{1,n} $$ degrees of freedom, respectively, then $$Y = X_1 + \cdots + X_n$$ is chi-squared distributed with $$k_1 + \cdots + k_n$$ degrees of freedom.

Sample mean
The sample mean of $$n$$ i.i.d. chi-squared variables of degree $$k$$ is distributed according to a gamma distribution with shape $$\alpha$$ and scale $$\theta$$ parameters:
 * $$ \overline X = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n X_i \sim \operatorname{Gamma}\left(\alpha=n\, k /2, \theta= 2/n \right) \qquad \text{where } X_i \sim \chi^2(k)$$

Asymptotically, given that for a scale parameter $$ \alpha $$ going to infinity, a Gamma distribution converges towards a normal distribution with expectation $$ \mu = \alpha\cdot \theta $$ and variance $$ \sigma^2 = \alpha\, \theta^2 $$, the sample mean converges towards:

Note that we would have obtained the same result invoking instead the central limit theorem, noting that for each chi-squared variable of degree $$k$$ the expectation is $$ k $$, and its variance $$ 2\,k $$ (and hence the variance of the sample mean $$ \overline{X}$$ being $$ \sigma^2 = \frac{2k}{n} $$).

Entropy
The differential entropy is given by

h = \int_{0}^\infty f(x;\,k)\ln f(x;\,k) \, dx     = \frac k 2 + \ln \left[2\,\Gamma \left(\frac k 2 \right)\right] + \left(1-\frac k 2 \right)\, \psi\!\left(\frac k 2 \right), $$ where $$\psi(x)$$ is the Digamma function.

The chi-squared distribution is the maximum entropy probability distribution for a random variate $$X$$ for which $$\operatorname{E}(X)=k$$ and $$\operatorname{E}(\ln(X))=\psi(k/2)+\ln(2)$$ are fixed. Since the chi-squared is in the family of gamma distributions, this can be derived by substituting appropriate values in the Expectation of the log moment of gamma. For derivation from more basic principles, see the derivation in moment-generating function of the sufficient statistic.

Noncentral moments
The moments about zero of a chi-squared distribution with $$k$$ degrees of freedom are given by

\operatorname{E}(X^m) = k (k+2) (k+4) \cdots (k+2m-2) = 2^m \frac{\Gamma\left(m+\frac{k}{2}\right)}{\Gamma\left(\frac{k}{2}\right)}. $$

Cumulants
The cumulants are readily obtained by a power series expansion of the logarithm of the characteristic function:
 * $$\kappa_n = 2^{n-1}(n-1)!\,k$$

Concentration
The chi-squared distribution exhibits strong concentration around its mean. The standard Laurent-Massart bounds are:
 * $$\operatorname{P}(X - k \ge 2 \sqrt{k x} + 2x) \le \exp(-x)$$
 * $$\operatorname{P}(k - X \ge 2 \sqrt{k x}) \le \exp(-x)$$

One consequence is that, if $$v \sim N(0, 1)^n$$ is a gaussian random vector in $$\R^n$$, then as the dimension $$n$$ grows, the squared length of the vector is concentrated tightly around $$n$$ with a width $$n^{1/2 + \alpha}$$:$$Pr(\|v\|^2 \in [n - 2n^{1/2+\alpha}, n + 2n^{1/2+\alpha} + 2n^{\alpha}]) \geq 1-e^{-n^\alpha}$$where the exponent $$\alpha$$ can be chosen as any value in $$(0, 1/2)$$.

Asymptotic properties

By the central limit theorem, because the chi-squared distribution is the sum of $$k$$ independent random variables with finite mean and variance, it converges to a normal distribution for large $$k$$. For many practical purposes, for $$k>50$$ the distribution is sufficiently close to a normal distribution, so the difference is ignorable. Specifically, if $$X \sim \chi^2(k)$$, then as $$k$$ tends to infinity, the distribution of $$(X-k)/\sqrt{2k}$$ tends to a standard normal distribution. However, convergence is slow as the skewness is $$\sqrt{8/k}$$ and the excess kurtosis is $$12/k$$.

The sampling distribution of $$\ln(\chi^2)$$ converges to normality much faster than the sampling distribution of $$\chi^2$$, as the logarithmic transform removes much of the asymmetry.

Other functions of the chi-squared distribution converge more rapidly to a normal distribution. Some examples are:
 * If $$X \sim \chi^2(k)$$ then $$\sqrt{2X}$$ is approximately normally distributed with mean $$\sqrt{2k-1}$$ and unit variance (1922, by R. A. Fisher, see (18.23), p. 426 of Johnson.
 * If $$X \sim \chi^2(k)$$ then $$\sqrt[3]{X/k}$$ is approximately normally distributed with mean $$ 1-\frac{2}{9k}$$ and variance $$\frac{2}{9k} .$$ This is known as the Wilson–Hilferty transformation, see (18.24), p. 426 of Johnson.
 * This normalizing transformation leads directly to the commonly used median approximation $$k\bigg(1-\frac{2}{9k}\bigg)^3\;$$ by back-transforming from the mean, which is also the median, of the normal distribution.

Related distributions

 * As $$k\to\infty$$, $$ (\chi^2_k-k)/\sqrt{2k} ~ \xrightarrow{d}\ N(0,1) \,$$ (normal distribution)
 * $$ \chi_k^2 \sim {\chi'}^2_k(0)$$ (noncentral chi-squared distribution with non-centrality parameter $$ \lambda = 0 $$)
 * If $$Y \sim \mathrm{F}(\nu_1, \nu_2)$$ then $$X = \lim_{\nu_2 \to \infty} \nu_1 Y$$ has the chi-squared distribution $$\chi^2_{\nu_{1}}$$
 * As a special case, if $$Y \sim \mathrm{F}(1, \nu_2)\,$$ then $$X = \lim_{\nu_2 \to \infty} Y\,$$ has the chi-squared distribution $$\chi^2_{1}$$

 * $$ \|\boldsymbol{N}_{i=1,\ldots,k} (0,1) \|^2 \sim \chi^2_k $$ (The squared norm of k standard normally distributed variables is a chi-squared distribution with k degrees of freedom)
 * If $$X \sim \chi^2_\nu\,$$ and $$c>0 \,$$, then $$cX \sim \Gamma(k=\nu/2, \theta=2c)\,$$. (gamma distribution)
 * If $$X \sim \chi^2_k$$ then $$\sqrt{X} \sim \chi_k$$ (chi distribution)
 * If $$X \sim \chi^2_2$$, then $$X \sim \operatorname{Exp}(1/2)$$ is an exponential distribution. (See gamma distribution for more.)
 * If $$X \sim \chi^2_{2k}$$, then $$X \sim \operatorname{Erlang}(k, 1/2)$$ is an Erlang distribution.
 * If $$ X \sim \operatorname{Erlang}(k,\lambda)$$, then $$ 2\lambda X\sim \chi^2_{2k}$$
 * If $$X \sim \operatorname{Rayleigh}(1)\,$$ (Rayleigh distribution) then $$X^2 \sim \chi^2_2\,$$
 * If $$X \sim \operatorname{Maxwell}(1)\,$$ (Maxwell distribution) then $$X^2 \sim \chi^2_3\,$$
 * If $$X \sim \chi^2_\nu$$ then $$\tfrac{1}{X} \sim \operatorname{Inv-}\chi^2_\nu\, $$ (Inverse-chi-squared distribution)
 * The chi-squared distribution is a special case of type III Pearson distribution
 * If $$X \sim \chi^2_{\nu_1}\,$$ and $$Y \sim \chi^2_{\nu_2}\,$$ are independent then $$\tfrac{X}{X+Y} \sim \operatorname{Beta}(\tfrac{\nu_1}{2}, \tfrac{\nu_2}{2})\,$$ (beta distribution)
 * If $$ X \sim \operatorname{U}(0,1)\, $$ (uniform distribution) then $$ -2\log(X) \sim \chi^2_2\,$$
 * If $$X_i \sim \operatorname{Laplace}(\mu,\beta)\,$$ then $$\sum_{i=1}^n \frac{2 |X_i-\mu|}{\beta} \sim \chi^2_{2n}\,$$
 * If $$X_i$$ follows the generalized normal distribution (version 1) with parameters $$\mu,\alpha,\beta$$ then $$\sum_{i=1}^n \frac{2 |X_i-\mu|^\beta}{\alpha} \sim \chi^2_{2n/\beta}\,$$
 * chi-squared distribution is a transformation of Pareto distribution
 * Student's t-distribution is a transformation of chi-squared distribution
 * Student's t-distribution can be obtained from chi-squared distribution and normal distribution
 * Noncentral beta distribution can be obtained as a transformation of chi-squared distribution and Noncentral chi-squared distribution
 * Noncentral t-distribution can be obtained from normal distribution and chi-squared distribution

A chi-squared variable with $$k$$ degrees of freedom is defined as the sum of the squares of $$k$$ independent standard normal random variables.

If $$Y$$ is a $$k$$-dimensional Gaussian random vector with mean vector $$\mu$$ and rank $$k$$ covariance matrix $$C$$, then $$X = (Y-\mu )^{T}C^{-1}(Y-\mu)$$ is chi-squared distributed with $$k$$ degrees of freedom.

The sum of squares of statistically independent unit-variance Gaussian variables which do not have mean zero yields a generalization of the chi-squared distribution called the noncentral chi-squared distribution.

If $$Y$$ is a vector of $$k$$ i.i.d. standard normal random variables and $$A$$ is a $$k\times k$$ symmetric, idempotent matrix with rank $$k-n$$, then the quadratic form $$Y^TAY$$ is chi-square distributed with $$k-n$$ degrees of freedom.

If $$\Sigma$$ is a $$p\times p$$ positive-semidefinite covariance matrix with strictly positive diagonal entries, then for $$X\sim N(0,\Sigma)$$ and $$w$$ a random $$p$$-vector independent of $$X$$ such that $$w_1+\cdots+w_p=1$$ and $$w_i\geq 0, i=1,\ldots,p,$$ then

 * $$\frac{1}{\left(\frac{w_1}{X_1},\ldots,\frac{w_p}{X_p}\right)\Sigma\left(\frac{w_1}{X_1},\ldots,\frac{w_p}{X_p}\right)^\top} \sim \chi_1^2.$$

The chi-squared distribution is also naturally related to other distributions arising from the Gaussian. In particular,

 * $$Y$$ is F-distributed, $$Y \sim F(k_1, k_2)$$ if $$Y = \frac{ {X_1}/{k_1} }{ {X_2}/{k_2} }$$, where $$X_1 \sim \chi^2_{k_1}$$ and $$X_2 \sim \chi^2_{k_2}$$ are statistically independent.
 * If $$X_1 \sim \chi^2_{k_1}$$ and $$X_2 \sim \chi^2_{k_2}$$ are statistically independent, then $$X_1 + X_2\sim \chi^2_{k_1+k_2}$$. If $$X_1$$ and $$X_2$$ are not independent, then $$X_1+X_2$$ is not chi-square distributed.

Generalizations
The chi-squared distribution is obtained as the sum of the squares of $k$ independent, zero-mean, unit-variance Gaussian random variables. Generalizations of this distribution can be obtained by summing the squares of other types of Gaussian random variables. Several such distributions are described below.

Linear combination
If $$X_1,\ldots,X_n$$ are chi square random variables and $$a_1,\ldots,a_n\in\mathbb{R}_{>0}$$, then the distribution of $$X=\sum_{i=1}^n a_i X_i$$ is a special case of a Generalized Chi-squared Distribution. A closed expression for this distribution is not known. It may be, however, approximated efficiently using the property of characteristic functions of chi-square random variables.

Noncentral chi-squared distribution
The noncentral chi-squared distribution is obtained from the sum of the squares of independent Gaussian random variables having unit variance and nonzero means.

Generalized chi-squared distribution
The generalized chi-squared distribution is obtained from the quadratic form $z'Az$ where $z$ is a zero-mean Gaussian vector having an arbitrary covariance matrix, and $A$ is an arbitrary matrix.

Gamma, exponential, and related distributions
The chi-squared distribution $$X \sim \chi_k^2$$ is a special case of the gamma distribution, in that $$X \sim \Gamma \left(\frac{k}2,\frac{1}2\right)$$ using the rate parameterization of the gamma distribution (or $$X \sim \Gamma \left(\frac{k}2,2 \right)$$ using the scale parameterization of the gamma distribution) where $k$ is an integer.

Because the exponential distribution is also a special case of the gamma distribution, we also have that if $$X \sim \chi_2^2$$, then $$X\sim \operatorname{Exp}\left(\frac 1 2\right)$$ is an exponential distribution.

The Erlang distribution is also a special case of the gamma distribution and thus we also have that if $$X \sim\chi_k^2$$ with even $$k$$, then $$X$$ is Erlang distributed with shape parameter $$k/2$$ and scale parameter $$1/2$$.

Occurrence and applications
The chi-squared distribution has numerous applications in inferential statistics, for instance in chi-squared tests and in estimating variances. It enters the problem of estimating the mean of a normally distributed population and the problem of estimating the slope of a regression line via its role in Student's t-distribution. It enters all analysis of variance problems via its role in the F-distribution, which is the distribution of the ratio of two independent chi-squared random variables, each divided by their respective degrees of freedom.

Following are some of the most common situations in which the chi-squared distribution arises from a Gaussian-distributed sample.

The chi-squared distribution is also often encountered in magnetic resonance imaging.
 * if $$X_1, ..., X_n$$ are i.i.d. $$N(\mu, \sigma^2)$$ random variables, then $$\sum_{i=1}^n(X_i - \overline{X_i})^2 \sim \sigma^2 \chi^2_{n-1}$$ where $$\overline{X_i} = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n X_i$$.
 * The box below shows some statistics based on $$X_i \sim N(\mu_i, \sigma^2_i), i= 1, \ldots, k$$ independent random variables that have probability distributions related to the chi-squared distribution:

Table of $χ^{2}$ values vs $p$-values
The $p$ -value is the probability of observing a test statistic at least as extreme in a chi-squared distribution. Accordingly, since the cumulative distribution function (CDF) for the appropriate degrees of freedom (df) gives the probability of having obtained a value less extreme than this point, subtracting the CDF value from 1 gives the p-value. A low p-value, below the chosen significance level, indicates statistical significance, i.e., sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis. A significance level of 0.05 is often used as the cutoff between significant and non-significant results.

The table below gives a number of p-values matching to $$ \chi^2 $$ for the first 10 degrees of freedom.

These values can be calculated evaluating the quantile function (also known as "inverse CDF" or "ICDF") of the chi-squared distribution; e. g., the $χ^{2}$ ICDF for $p = 0.05$ and $df = 7$ yields $2.1673 ≈ 2.17$ as in the table above, noticing that $1 – p$ is the p-value from the table.

History
This distribution was first described by the German geodesist and statistician Friedrich Robert Helmert in papers of 1875–6, where he computed the sampling distribution of the sample variance of a normal population. Thus in German this was traditionally known as the Helmert'sche ("Helmertian") or "Helmert distribution".

The distribution was independently rediscovered by the English mathematician Karl Pearson in the context of goodness of fit, for which he developed his Pearson's chi-squared test, published in 1900, with computed table of values published in, collected in. The name "chi-square" ultimately derives from Pearson's shorthand for the exponent in a multivariate normal distribution with the Greek letter Chi, writing $−½χ^{2}$ for what would appear in modern notation as $−½x^{T}Σ^{−1}x$ (Σ being the covariance matrix). The idea of a family of "chi-squared distributions", however, is not due to Pearson but arose as a further development due to Fisher in the 1920s.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Chi-squared distribution


text:
Terms of Endearment

Terms of Endearment is a 1983 American family tragicomedy film directed, written, and produced by James L. Brooks, adapted from Larry McMurtry's 1975 novel of the same name. It stars Debra Winger, Shirley MacLaine, Jack Nicholson, Danny DeVito, Jeff Daniels, and John Lithgow. The film covers 30 years of the relationship between Aurora Greenway (MacLaine) and her daughter Emma Greenway-Horton (Winger).

Terms of Endearment was theatrically released in limited theatres on November 23, 1983, and to a wider release on December 9 by Paramount Pictures. The film received critical acclaim and was a major commercial success, grossing $165 million at the box office, becoming the second-highest-grossing film of 1983 (after Return of the Jedi). At the 56th Academy Awards, the film received a leading 11 nominations, and won a leading five awards: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actress (for MacLaine), Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Supporting Actor (for Nicholson). A sequel, The Evening Star, was released in 1996.

Plot
Aurora Greenway, a widow, keeps several suitors at arm's length in River Oaks, Houston, focusing instead on her close, but controlling, relationship with daughter Emma. Anxious to escape her mother, Emma marries callow young college professor Flap Horton over her mother's objections. Despite their frequent spats and difficulty getting along with each other, Emma and Aurora have very close ties and keep in touch by telephone.

Emma and Flap move to Iowa in order for him to pursue a career as an English professor, but they run into financial difficulties. Emma has three children, and over the course of the next few years, the marriage begins to fray. While at the grocery store, Emma does not have the money to pay for her groceries and meets Sam Burns, who pays for them. They strike up a friendship and quickly an affair as Sam's wife refuses to have sex with him, and Emma suspects Flap of infidelity.

Meanwhile, the lonely Aurora overcomes her repression and begins a whirlwind romance with her next-door neighbor, retired astronaut Garrett Breedlove. Emma catches Flap flirting with one of his students and drives back to Texas immediately. There, Garrett develops cold feet about his relationship with Aurora and breaks it off. While Emma is gone, Flap decides to take a promotion in Nebraska; Emma and the children return to Iowa, and they move to Nebraska.

Emma finds out Flap moved them to Nebraska so he could work with his girlfriend. Emma is diagnosed with cancer, which becomes terminal. Aurora and Flap stay by Emma's side through her treatment and hospitalization. Garrett flies to Nebraska to be with Aurora and the family during this. The dying Emma shows her love for her mother by entrusting her children to Aurora's care.

Production
Brooks wrote the supporting role of Garrett Breedlove for Burt Reynolds, who turned down the role because of a verbal commitment he had made to appear in Stroker Ace. "There are no awards in Hollywood for being an idiot", Reynolds later said of the decision. Harrison Ford and Paul Newman also turned down the role.

The exterior shots of Aurora Greenway's home were filmed at 3060 Locke Lane, Houston, Texas. The exterior shots of locations intended to be in Des Moines, Iowa and Kearney, Nebraska were instead filmed in Lincoln, Nebraska. Many scenes were filmed on, or near, the campus of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. While filming in Lincoln, the state capital, Winger met then-governor of Nebraska Bob Kerrey; the two wound up dating for two years.

MacLaine and Winger reportedly did not get along with each other during production. MacLaine confirmed in an interview that "it was a very tough shoot ... Chaotic...(Jim) likes working with tension on the set."

On working with Nicholson, MacLaine said, "Working with Jack Nicholson was crazy", but that his spontaneity may have contributed to her performance. She also said,"We're like old smoothies working together. You know the old smoothies they used to show whenever you went to the Ice Follies. They would have this elderly man and woman – who at that time were 40 – and they had a little bit too much weight around the waist and were moving a little slower. But they danced so elegantly and so in synch with each other that the audience just laid back and sort of sighed. That's the way it is working with Jack. We both know what the other is going to do. And we don't socialize, or anything. It's an amazing chemistry – a wonderful, wonderful feeling."

MacLaine also confirmed in an interview with USA Today that Nicholson improvised when he put his hand down her dress in the beach scene.

Box office
Terms of Endearment was commercially successful at the box office. On its opening weekend, it grossed $3.4 million, ranking number two at the US box office, until its second weekend, when it grossed $3.1 million, ranking number one at the box office. Three weekends later, it arrived number one again, with $9,000,000, having wide release. For four weekends, it remained number one at the box office, and it slipped to number two on its tenth weekend. On the film's 11th weekend, it arrived number one (for the sixth and final time), grossing $3 million. The film grossed $108,423,489 in the United States and Canada and $165 million worldwide.

Critical reception
Terms of Endearment received critical acclaim at the time of its release. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an 82% approval rating based on 109 reviews, with a weighted average of 7.9/10. The site's consensus reads: "A classic tearjerker, Terms of Endearment isn't shy about reaching for the heartstrings – but is so well-acted and smartly scripted that it's almost impossible to resist." Metacritic reports a score of 79 out of 100 based on reviews from ten critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Roger Ebert gave the film a four-out-of-four star rating, calling it "a wonderful film" and stating, "There isn't a thing that I would change, and I was exhilarated by the freedom it gives itself to move from the high comedy of Nicholson's best moments to the acting of Debra Winger in the closing scenes." Gene Siskel, who also gave the film a highly enthusiastic review, correctly predicted upon its release that it would go on to win the Academy Award for Best Picture of 1983.

In his movie guide, Leonard Maltin awarded the film a rare four-star rating, calling it a "Wonderful mix of humor and heartache," and concluded the film was "Consistently offbeat and unpredictable, with exceptional performances by all three stars."

Awards and nominations
As of July 2022, Nicholson is one of the few supporting actors to ever sweep "The Big Four" critics awards (Los Angeles Film Critics Association, National Board of Review, New York Film Critics Circle, National Society of Film Critics) for his performance of Garrett Breedlove.

American Film Institute (nominations):
 * AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies
 * AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs
 * AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:
 * Aurora: "Would you like to come in?" Garrett: "I'd rather stick needles in my eyes."
 * AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition)

Sequel and stage adaptions
The sequel The Evening Star (1996), in which MacLaine and Nicholson reprised their roles, was a critical and commercial failure. A stage play of the same name, based on the novel, was written by Dan Gordon.

title: Terms of Endearment


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Funkadelic discography

Discography of Funkadelic, influential George Clinton-led funk music group.

title: Funkadelic discography


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The Dresser (1983 film)

The Dresser is a 1983 British drama film directed by Peter Yates and adapted by Ronald Harwood from his 1980 play The Dresser. It tells the story of an aging actor's personal assistant struggling to keep his employer's life together. The film stars Albert Finney, Tom Courtenay, Zena Walker, Eileen Atkins, Michael Gough, and Edward Fox.

Finney and Courtenay were both nominated for Academy Awards, BAFTA Awards, and Golden Globe Awards for their performances, with Courtenay winning the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama in a tie with Robert Duvall for Tender Mercies.

Plot
The plot is based on Harwood's experiences as dresser to English Shakespearean actor-manager Sir Donald Wolfit, who is the model for the character "Sir".

The film opens with a performance of Othello at a regional theatre in Britain during World War II. In the title role is an aging, once-famous Shakespearean actor identified to us only as "Sir". He is of the old, bombastic school of British acting, full of grand gestures and fine oratory. As the curtain comes down on the last act, and as the actors line up for their curtain call, Sir lectures them on the mistakes they've made during the performance, showing us that he is the leader of this travelling band of actors bringing Shakespeare to the provinces during wartime.

Waiting backstage is Norman, who has been Sir's dresser for decades. Norman is an efficient, somewhat effeminate man who knows Sir's every whim and fancy, is used to his tirades and temperamental rants and is, for all intents and purposes, Sir's servant. As Norman waits for Sir to come offstage after a typically florid closing address to the audience, we see one way he copes with his job as he takes a nip from a little bottle of brandy always in his back pocket.

The company is hurrying to its next venue, the industrial city of Bradford, where Sir is to give his renowned portrayal of the title character in King Lear. The train nearly leaves without them, as Sir makes his stately progress through York railway station to the platform, Norman scurrying ahead to plead with the train guard to hold the train for Sir's arrival. But the train begins to pull out of the station, until Sir delivers a loud, commanding "STOP....THAT....TRAIN!" from the platform steps. The guard is taken aback, the train halts, and Sir placidly leads his company aboard.

Arriving in Bradford, however, another source of Norman's anxiety soon becomes clear, for it becomes obvious that Sir's mental capacities are rapidly fading. Norman rescues him from a confused, almost violent rant in Halifax town square near Piece Hall that lands Sir in hospital. As the company tries to decide what to do, Sir unexpectedly arrives at the theatre, disoriented and exhausted, saying he has discharged himself from hospital. Norman ushers Sir to the dressing room, fiercely resisting the stage manager's insistence that the show be cancelled, and insisting Sir will be ready to go on.

The middle section of the film takes place nearly entirely in the dressing room, as Norman struggles to prepare Sir for the curtain. Sir's wandering mind and nearly incoherent ramblings gradually become more focused as Norman gets him to concentrate on applying his makeup, remembering his lines; and we see how dependent the two men are on each other. Sir would have no career left without Norman; Norman, even worse, would have no life without Sir, to whom he has so long dedicated all his time and energy. By the time Sir's wife, referred to only as "Her Ladyship", who is playing Cordelia to her husband's Lear, arrives in the dressing room for the five-minute call, Sir is ready for the role he has performed 227 times.

The curtain rises for the opening dialogue among Lear's courtiers, but Sir seems to mentally drift away while waiting for his cue, much to Norman's distress, forcing the hapless actors on stage to improvise speeches while Norman struggles to convince Sir of his entrance. Air raid sirens sound, signalling the onset of an air raid; and, indeed, distant bombs that can be heard falling seem to rouse Sir and he strides on stage to deliver what all agree is his finest portrayal of Lear in his long career.

After the triumphant performance, however, Sir collapses from exhaustion and Norman helps him to his dressing room to lie down. Sir requests that Norman read from an autobiography he claims to have been writing. Although all Sir has written is the opening dedication, Norman reads aloud Sir's gracious "thank you"s to his audiences, his fellow actors, to Shakespeare, to stage technicians...but not a word about his dresser who has served him so long and loyally. About to protest, Norman discovers that Sir has died while he's been reading. Norman, by now slightly drunk from the evening's brandy nips, flies into a rage, accusing Sir of being a thankless old sod, and in his anger even madly scribbles an addition to Sir's writing thanking himself. But Norman's anger only temporarily covers his disorientation at losing the only life he has known for so many years and, as Norman tearfully admits, the only man he has ever loved. The film closes with Norman sprawled across Sir's body, unwilling to let go of his life and his love.

Productions
Goldcrest Films gave Ronald Harwood $60,000 to write the screenplay. They invested £1.5 million in the film and made a profit of nearly £300,000. In 1990 Jake Eberts of Goldcrest called it "the most pleasant production with which I have ever been associated."

Reception
The Dresser received good reviews upon its release. Roger Ebert, of the Chicago Sun-Times, in awarding the film four out of four stars, described the film as "a wonderful collection of theatrical lore, detail, and superstition....the best sort of drama, fascinating us on the surface with color and humor and esoteric detail, and then revealing the truth underneath." Joachim Boaz of Film Ruminations gave it 7 out 10 in 2010 and noted the film was "solid, well-acted, if somewhat forgettable drama". John Simon of the National Review said The Dresser is one of those rare cases where the film version was better than the stage original.

Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 100% of 15 critics gave the film a positive review, with an average rating of 8.0/10.

Box office
Goldcrest Films invested £1,456,000 in the film and received £1,744,000 in return making a profit of £288,000.

TV film
In 2015, the BBC produced a variant TV adaptation of the play, starring Anthony Hopkins, Ian McKellen and Emily Watson. It received positive reviews.

Popular culture
A vocal sample of Albert Finney uttering "227 Lears and I can't remember the first line" in The Dresser can be heard at the end of "P.C.P.", the closing song of the Manic Street Preachers' album The Holy Bible (1994).

title: The Dresser (1983 film)


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Morgan State University

Morgan State University (Morgan State or MSU) is a public historically black research university in Baltimore, Maryland. It is the largest of Maryland's historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs). In 1890, the university, then known as the Centenary Biblical Institute, changed its name to Morgan College to honor Reverend Lyttleton Morgan, the first chairman of its board of trustees and a land donor to the college. It became a university in 1975.

Morgan State is a member of Thurgood Marshall College Fund. Although a public institution, Morgan State is not part of the University System of Maryland. It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".

History
Morgan State University (MSU) is a historically black college in Baltimore, Maryland. It was founded in 1867 as the Centenary Biblical Institute, a Methodist Episcopal seminary, to train young men in the ministry. At the time of his death, Thomas Kelso, co-founder and president of the board of directors, endowed the Male Free School and Colored Institute through a legacy of his estate.

It later broadened its mission to educate both men and women as teachers. The school was renamed as Morgan College in 1890 in honor of the Reverend Lyttleton Morgan, the first chairman of its board of trustees, who donated land to the college. In 1895, the institution awarded its first baccalaureate degree to George W. F. McMechen, after whom the building of the school of business and management is named today. McMechen later earned a law degree from Yale University and, after establishing his career, became one of Morgan's main financial supporters.

In 1915, Andrew Carnegie gave the school a grant of $50,000 for a central academic building. The terms of the grant included the purchase of a new site for the College, payment of all outstanding obligations, and the construction of a building to be named after him. The College met the conditions and moved to its present site in northeast Baltimore in 1917.

In 1918, the white community of Lauraville tried to have the sale revoked by filing suit in the circuit court in Towson, upset that the Ivy Mill property, the planned location of Morgan State, had been sold to a "negro" college. The circuit court dismissed the suit, which the community appealed to the Maryland Court of Appeals. The appellate court upheld the lower court decision, finding no basis that siting the college at this location would constitute a public nuisance. Despite some ugly threats and several demonstrations against the project, Morgan College was constructed at the new site and later expanded. Carnegie Hall, the oldest original building on the present Morgan campus, was erected a year later.

Morgan remained a private institution until 1939. That year, the state of Maryland purchased the school. Morgan College became Morgan State College. In 1975, Morgan State added several doctoral programs. In 2020, MacKenzie Scott donated $40 million to Morgan State. The donation is the largest in Morgan State's history and one of the largest ever to a HBCU. The following year, Calvin E. Tyler Jr. donated $20 million to endow scholarships for financially needy students at Morgan State.

21st Century

In the 21st century, the university has seen the construction of a new student union, two dedicated parking garages, the Earl S. Richardson Library, the Dixon Research Center, the Communications Building, and the Center for the Built Environment and Infrastructure Studies. The latter two buildings, plus one of the two parking garages, are in the far north of the campus, connected by a new Communications Bridge over Herring Run. The central quad was also rebuilt, completed in early 2012, and includes a direct connection between the two main bridges on campus and many new bicycle racks.

The Carl J. Murphy Fine Arts Center has become an important venue for plays and concerts visiting Baltimore, and is also the home of the James E. Lewis Museum of Art, a museum of African-American art. In September 2012, Morgan State opened the Center for the Built Environment and Infrastructure Studies (CBEIS) which houses the School of Architecture and Planning, School of Transportation Studies, and the School of Engineering.

The university's School of Business and Management was renamed the Earl G. Graves School of Business and Management in 2015.

Academics

Morgan State awards baccalaureate, master's, and doctorate degrees. More than 9,800 students are enrolled at Morgan. At the graduate level, the university offers the Master of Arts, Master of Business Administration, Master of Science, Master of Education, Master of Engineering, Doctor of Education, Doctor of Philosophy, Doctor of Engineering, and Doctor of Public Health.

Morgan has educated over 100 Fullbright Scholars, the most of any HBCU. Morgan is also first among HBCUs in the number of Fulbright-related grants awarded to students, faculty, and administrators. It is one of the 19 schools included on the inaugural Fulbright HBCU Institutional Leaders list. Since instituting the Fulbright program, Morgan State University has trained 144 Fulbright awardees initiating international studies in 43 different countries. Moreover, 51 MSU professors or administrators (none of whom were Morgan graduates) have earned 73 “Senior Fulbright” awards to 42 countries.

Schools and colleges
The university operates twelve colleges, schools, and institutes.

 * James H. Gilliam, Jr. College of Liberal Arts
 * Earl G. Graves School of School of Business and Management
 * Clarence M. Mitchell School of Engineering
 * School of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences
 * School of Architecture and Planning
 * School of Community Health and Policy
 * School of Global Journalism and Communication
 * School of Education & Urban Studies
 * School of Social Work
 * College of Interdisciplinary and Continuing Studies
 * School of Graduate Studies
 * Dr. Clara Adams Honors College
 * Patuxent Environmental & Aquatic Research Laboratory

James H. Gilliam, Jr. College of Liberal Arts
The College of Liberal Arts is the largest academic division at the university. In addition to offering a wide variety of degree programs, it also offers a large portion of the courses in the university's general education requirements. The College of Liberal Arts offers three doctoral programs (PhD), six Master of Arts (MA), two Master of Science (MS), eleven Bachelor of Arts (BA), two Bachelor of Science (BS), one Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA), and twenty-three minors, all in topics such as Economics, English, History, African American Studies, African Diaspora Studies, East Asian Studies, Environmental Studies, Latino Studies, Military Science, Philosophy, Screenwriting, Sociology, and World Languages, among others.

The College of Liberal Arts hosts also two museums: James E. Lewis Museum of Art and Lillie Carroll Jackson Civil Rights Museum. The James E. Lewis Museum of Art (JELMA) is the cultural extension of Morgan State University's Fine Arts academic program. The Lillie Carroll Jackson Civil Rights Museum illustrates the last recorded lynching in Maryland.

Earl G. Graves School of Business and Management
The Earl G. Graves School of Business and Management (GSBM) is named in honor of alumnus Earl G. Graves, Sr. and is housed in the Graves School of Business and Management building, which was opened for the Fall Semester 2015 at the western edge of the campus. It is a state-of-the-art classroom, laboratory, office building, with rooms for hospitality management students to operate. The GSBM offers Bachelor of Science degrees, a Master of Business Administration, a Master of Science, and a PhD degree. These programs are accredited by The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB).

Clarence M. Mitchell School of Engineering

The School of Engineering admitted its first class starting in 1984. The first graduates received degrees in 1988. Eugene M. DeLoatch (retired 2016) was the first Dean of the School of Engineering, having previously been Chairman of the Department of Electrical Engineering at Howard University. He was succeeded by Michael G. Spencer who was previously a professor of electrical engineering at Cornell University.

The Morgan State University, School of Engineering has ABET-accredited undergraduate programs. The school's graduate programs confer the Master of Engineering Degree, Doctor of Engineering Degree, and Master of Transportation Degree.

By 1991, the construction of the 35000 sqft Clarence M. Mitchell, Jr. School of Engineering building was completed, and the facility included sixteen teaching laboratories and five research laboratories. The William Donald Schaefer Building is a 40000 sqft addition to the Engineering School and was completed in April 1998. The facility provided instructional laboratories, classrooms, a student lounge, research laboratories and a 2200 sqft library annex. In 2015 Morgan State University's School of Engineering graduates provided more than two-thirds of the state's African-American Civil Engineers, 60 percent of the African-American Electrical Engineers, 80 percent of the African-American Telecommunications specialists, more than one-third of the African-American Mathematicians, and all of Maryland's Industrial Engineers.

School of Computer, Mathematical, & Natural Sciences
The School of Computer, Mathematical, & Natural Sciences offers a number of majors and minors including comprehensive undergraduate programs in Biology, Chemistry, Mathematics, Physics, Engineering Physics, Computer Science and Cloud Computing. As well as degree programs in Medical Laboratory Science and Actuarial Science. Graduate-level degree program offerings include Advanced Computing, Applied Neuroscience, Bioinformatics, Mathematics, Biomedical, and Integrated Sciences. The school offers doctoral (PhD) programs in fields such as Industrial & Computational Mathematics, Advanced Computing, and Bioenvironmental Sciences with research opportunities at the university's environmental and aquatic research laboratory - The Patuxent Environmental & Aquatic Research Laboratory (PEARL).

School of Architecture and Planning (S+AP)
In 1997, it became the only HBCU to establish accredited Architecture, Landscape Architecture, and City and Regional Planning programs. The school offers bachelor's through doctoral programs in architecture and is accredited by the National Architectural Accrediting Board (NAAB) and National Council of Architectural Registration Boards (NCARB). A plan was announced by Earl Richardson in 2005 for the program to establish school status and it was designated as the School of Architecture and Planning (S+AP) in 2008. The Center of Built and Environmental Studies (CBEIS) was designed by in association with the Freelon Group. They began construction in 2010 to house all of the related majors and the building has been declared one of the most impressive, environmentally friendly university buildings in the world. The School of Architecture and Planning granted its first Interior Design baccalaureates in 2020.

School of Community Health and Policy
The School of Community Health and Policy offers an American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) accredited program in nursing, degree programs in nutritional sciences and health education, and graduate programs leading to the Doctor of Public Health (DPH) and Doctor of Philosophy in Nursing (PhD).

The university's nursing class of 2018 scored a perfect pass rate, the first perfect score for an entire nursing program class at Morgan, and the only four-year nursing program in Maryland to achieve a 100 percent pass rate that year.

Library
The Earl S. Richardson Library's is the main academic information resource center on the campus. The new building covers approximately 222,517 square feet which opened in 2008. The library's holding constitutes over 500,000 volumes, and access to over 1 million e-books and 5,000 periodical titles. There are 167 online databases that are subscribed to the Library. Reading and studying spaces are provided with wired and wireless access to databases for research. One such collection in the volumes includes books on Africa, with an emphasis on sub-Saharan Africa. The African-American collection includes papers and memorabilia of such persons as Emmett Jay Scott, secretary to Booker T. Washington. The Forbush Collection is composed of materials associated with the Quakers and slavery. The Martin D. Jenkins Collection was acquired in 1980.

Enrollment
As of the spring of 2024, there were 9,808 students, being 8,300 undergraduates and 1,508 graduate students enrolled at Morgan, and 45% were non-Maryland residents. Almost 10% of the student population is international, including many from countries like Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, and Jamaica. The largest sources of enrollment outside of Maryland are New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.

From 2006 to 2019 the number of African-American students remained constant, but the numbers of other racial groups, including Hispanic/Latinx and non-Hispanic white students increased. In 2006 the student count was 6,700, including 60 Hispanic/Latinx students, in 2019 it was up to 7,700, including 260 Hispanic/Latinx students, and in 2024 it was up to 9,808, including 476 Hispanic/Latinx students.

Athletics
Morgan's athletic teams are known as the Bears, and they compete in the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference (MEAC). Between 1926 and 1928, a young Charles Drew served as Athletic Director. During this time he made great improvements in the school's teams' records. From the 1930s through 1960s, led by coach and then athletic director Edward P. Hurt, Morgan's athletic teams were legendary. More than thirty of its football players were drafted by and played in the NFL and many of its track athletes competed internationally and received world-class status. By the late 1960s most white colleges and universities ended their segregation against black high school students and many top black high school students and athletes started matriculating to schools from which they had been barred just a decade prior. While achieving a national goal of desegregation, integration depleted the athletic strength of schools like Morgan State and Grambling State University. For example, the annual contest between Morgan State and Grambling played in New York City in the late 1960s drew more than 60,000 fans. Morgan State archrivals are the Howard University Bison (the matchup is often called the Battle of the Beltway) and the Coppin State Eagles.

Basketball
In 2009, the Morgan State men's basketball team won the MEAC regular season and tournament championship and qualified for the 2009 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament. In their first tournament appearance, the 15th-seeded Bears lost to the 2008–09 Oklahoma Sooners men's basketball team Oklahoma Sooners, 82–54, in the first round of the South Regional.

In 2010 the Morgan State men's basketball team again won the MEAC regular season and tournament championship and qualified for the 2010 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament, again as a 15 seed. Morgan State lost to West Virginia University in the first round by a score of 77–50.

Lacrosse
By 1975 Morgan State became noted for its lacrosse team. Morgan State was the first—and, until the turn of the 21st century, the only—historically black university to field a lacrosse team.

In 2005 students organized a lacrosse club which plays other college's lacrosse clubs, but the team has yet to qualify to become an NCAA-sanctioned team.

Wrestling
In 2023, Morgan State revived its wrestling program. Kenny Monday was hired as head coach.

Athletic Hall of Fame
More than two hundred men and women Morgan State athletes have been inducted into the Morgan State University Hall of Fame including National Football League Hall of Famers Rosey Brown, Leroy Kelly and Willie Lanier, two-time Olympic Gold medalist George Rhoden, and the coach of the Ten Bears lacrosse team Howard "Chip" Silverman.

Band

The Morgan State University Band Program consists of six ensembles: the marching band, symphonic band, symphonic winds, pep band, jazz ensemble, and jazz combo. Self-titled the Magnificent Marching Machine, the marching band has performed at Morgan State football games, NFL games, Presidential Inaugurations, World Series games and in regional and local television appearances.

On November 28, 2019, the Magnificent Marching Machine performed during Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade. They also performed at the 80th Anniversary and Commemoration of D-Day in Normandy, France on June 12, 2024.

Choir
The Morgan State University Choir has performed for audiences throughout the United States and internationally. Robert Shaw has directed them, together with the Orchestra of St. Lukes and Jessye Norman and others in Carnegie Hall’s One Hundredth Birthday Tribute to Marian Anderson. In the 1996-1997 season, the “Silver Anniversary” concert was broadcast throughout the state of Maryland. The concert won three Emmy Awards for Maryland Public Television.

During 2011-2012 academic years, the choir had several prominent performances. Since 2017, the Morgan State University choir has toured, Cuba, Spain, Portugal, Austria, Slovakia, Germany, England, Scotland, Wales, Peru, Ecuador, and Galapagos Islands. In December 2021, the choir sang a concerts in Hawaii, to commemorate the eightieth anniversary of the bombing of Pearl Harbor.

Greek life, Social clubs, and Organizations
Morgan State University has many fraternity and sorority chapters including the nine National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) organizations, clubs, social fellowships, student government association (SGA), and free purpose recreation spaces.

Alumni
Alumni of Morgan State University have achieved notability in the fields of athletics, science, government, law, the arts, and the military including four members of the NFL Football Hall of Fame (Willie Lanier, Roosevelt Brown, Leroy Kelly, and Len Ford), Black Enterprise Magazine publisher Earl Graves, the Chief Judge of Maryland's highest court, Clarence Dunnaville, lawyer and civil rights activist, and nearly a dozen U.S. Army Generals including Lieutenant General William "Kip" Ward, the first Commanding Officer of the United States Africa Command. The New York Times sports columnist William C. Rhoden, playwright, TV producer, and entrepreneur David E. Talbert, and American-Israeli Olympic sprinter Donald Sanford are also alumni. Civil rights activist and music critic for the Baltimore Afro-American newspaper Adah Jenkins graduated from Morgan State as did scientist and inventor Valerie Thomas.

Faculty
Former faculty member Ernest Lyon was a United States Ambassador to Liberia and the founder of the Maryland Industrial and Agricultural Institute for Colored Youths. Noted African American historian and pioneering scholar Dr. Benjamin A. Quarles served on its faculty for many decades. Physician-Scientist Charles R. Drew, known for his work on blood transfusion, was Morgan College's First Athletic Director. African-American historian Rosalyn Terborg-Penn wrote the ground-breaking book African American Women in the Struggle for the Vote, 1850–1920. Flora E. Strout, Morgan College teacher and principal, wrote the school's anthem.

Notable faculty currently teaching at Morgan State University include bestselling author and filmmaker MK Asante, and scholar Raymond Winbush.

title: Morgan State University