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Neptune Township, New Jersey

Neptune Township is a township in Monmouth County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 28,061, an increase of 126 (+0.5%) from the 2010 census count of 27,935,  which in turn reflected an increase of 245 (+0.9%) from the 27,690 counted in the 2000 census.

Featuring Jersey Shore Medical Center, the historic community of Ocean Grove, along with office parks and cultural amenities, Neptune Township has been a longtime regional commercial and cultural hub of the Jersey Shore. The township was named for Neptune, the Roman water deity, and its location on the Atlantic Ocean.

History
Neptune was incorporated as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 26, 1879, from portions of Ocean Township. Portions of the township were taken to form Neptune City (October 4, 1881), Bradley Beach (March 13, 1893) and Ocean Grove (April 5, 1920, until the action was found unconstitutional and restored to Neptune Township as of June 16, 1921).

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 8.84 square miles (22.90 km2), including 8.13 square miles (21.05 km2) of land and 0.72 square miles (1.86 km2) of water (8.11%).

Ocean Grove (2010 Census population of 3,342 ) and Shark River Hills (2010 population of 3,697 ) are census-designated places and unincorporated communities located within Neptune Township. Other unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Bradley Park, the Gables, Green Grove, Hamilton, Hamilton Mills, Mid-Town, Summerfield, Seaview Island, The Observatory, West Grove, West Neptune, and Whitesville.

Neptune Township stretches from the Atlantic Ocean west to the Garden State Parkway (exit 100). The southern border is the Shark River estuary, and the northern border is with Asbury Park and Ocean Township. Neptune Township is a diverse community, both in terms of population and landscape, extending from the seaside community of Ocean Grove, a national historic site, to Mid-town which is undergoing a municipal-led revitalization, to the riverside residential community of Shark River Hills, to the open spaces of Shark River Park and the commercial corridor on Route 66 in the west.

The township borders the Monmouth County communities of Asbury Park, Avon-by-the-Sea, Belmar, Bradley Beach, Neptune City, Ocean Township, Tinton Falls, and Wall Township.

Deal Lake covers 158 acres and is overseen by the Deal Lake Commission, which was established in 1974. Seven municipalities border the lake, accounting for 27 mi of shoreline, also including Allenhurst, Asbury Park, Deal, Interlaken, Loch Arbour, and Ocean Township.

2010 census
The 2010 United States census counted 27,935 people, 11,201 households, and 6,844 families in the township. The population density was 3,414.3 per square mile (1,318.3/km2). There were 12,991 housing units at an average density of 1,587.8 per square mile (613.1/km2). The racial makeup was 53.18% (14,855) White, 38.56% (10,772) Black or African American, 0.34% (94) Native American, 2.26% (632) Asian, 0.03% (9) Pacific Islander, 2.51% (701) from other races, and 3.12% (872) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.33% (2,607) of the population.

Of the 11,201 households, 23.6% had children under the age of 18; 39.6% were married couples living together; 16.6% had a female householder with no husband present and 38.9% were non-families. Of all households, 31.8% were made up of individuals and 11.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.13.

20.6% of the population were under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 24.8% from 25 to 44, 30.4% from 45 to 64, and 16.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42.7 years. For every 100 females, the population had 87.2 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 83.5 males. The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $58,630 (with a margin of error of +/− $3,034) and the median family income was $74,422 (+/− $5,369). Males had a median income of $56,743 (+/− $4,233) versus $43,853 (+/− $3,118) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $30,656 (+/− $1,559). About 8.1% of families and 10.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.7% of those under age 18 and 6.7% of those age 65 or over.

2000 census
As of the 2000 United States census there were 27,690 people, 10,907 households, and 6,805 families residing in the township. The population density was 3,366.8 PD/sqmi. There were 12,217 housing units at an average density of 1,485.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the township was 55.92% White, 38.16% African American, 0.17% Native American, 1.17% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 1.98% from other races, and 2.56% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.55% of the population.

There were 10,907 households, out of which 26.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.6% were married couples living together, 15.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.6% were non-families. 31.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 3.14.

In the township the population was spread out, with 23.1% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 29.7% from 25 to 44, 23.8% from 45 to 64, and 16.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.0 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $46,250, and the median income for a family was $57,735. Males had a median income of $42,920 versus $31,057 for females. The per capita income for the township was $22,569. About 7.6% of families and 11.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.2% of those under age 18 and 9.7% of those age 65 or over.

Local government
Neptune Township is governed under the Township form of New Jersey municipal government, one of 141 municipalities (of the 564) statewide that use this form, the second-most commonly used form of government in the state. The Township Committee is comprised of five members, who are elected directly by the voters at-large in partisan elections to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with either one or two seats coming up for election each year as part of the November general election in a three-year cycle. At an annual reorganization meeting the Township Committee selects one of its members to serve as Mayor and another as Deputy Mayor.

, Members of the Neptune Township committee are Mayor Tassie D. York (D, term on committee ends 2025; term as deputy mayor ends 2023), Michael Brantley (D, 2024), Robert Lane Jr. (D, 2025) and Nicholas R. Williams (D, 2024).

In April 2021, the Township Committee selected Tassie York to fill the seat expiring in December 2022 that had been held by Carol J. Rizzo until she resigned from office to move out of the county. York served on an interim basis until the November 2022 general election, when she was elected to serve the balance of the term of office.

In January 2016, the Township Council selected Carol J. Rizzo from three candidates nominated by the Democratic municipal committee to fill the seat expiring in December 2016 which was vacated by Eric Houghtaling when he took office in the New Jersey General Assembly earlier that month.

Federal, state, and county representation
Neptune Township is located in the 6th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 11th state legislative district.

Politics
As of March 2011, there were a total of 18,093 registered voters in Neptune Township, of which 6,481 (35.8%) were registered as Democrats, 2,780 (15.4%) were registered as Republicans and 8,825 (48.8%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were seven voters registered as Libertarians or Greens.
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In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 71.8% of the vote (9,350 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 27.3% (3,552 votes), and other candidates with 0.9% (113 votes), among the 13,109 ballots cast by the township's 18,929 registered voters (94 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 69.3%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 69.4% of the vote (9,900 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 28.7% (4,100 votes) and other candidates with 0.4% (56 votes), among the 14,265 ballots cast by the township's 19,505 registered voters, for a turnout of 73.1%. In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 60.0% of the vote (7,803 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush with 38.8% (5,044 votes) and other candidates with 0.5% (100 votes), among the 13,004 ballots cast by the township's 18,444 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 70.5.

In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 50.9% of the vote (3,880 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 47.7% (3,637 votes), and other candidates with 1.5% (112 votes), among the 7,811 ballots cast by the township's 18,939 registered voters (182 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 41.2%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 51.2% of the vote (4,425 ballots cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 42.0% (3,625 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 5.2% (447 votes) and other candidates with 0.8% (66 votes), among the 8,635 ballots cast by the township's 18,606 registered voters, yielding a 46.4% turnout.

Education
The Neptune Township Schools serve students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. The district is one of 31 former Abbott districts statewide that were established pursuant to the decision by the New Jersey Supreme Court in Abbott v. Burke which are now referred to as "SDA Districts" based on the requirement for the state to cover all costs for school building and renovation projects in these districts under the supervision of the New Jersey Schools Development Authority.

As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of eight schools, had an enrollment of 4,063 students and 372.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 10.9:1. Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics ) are Early Childhood Center (228 students; in grade Pre-K), Gables School (269; Pre-K–5), Green Grove School (350; Pre-K–5), Midtown Community School (379; K–5), Shark River Hills School (264; Pre-K–5), Summerfield School (465; Pre-K–5), Neptune Middle School (721; 6–8) and Neptune High School (1,317; 9–12).

Historic district
Ocean Grove is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) that is part of Neptune Township, in Monmouth County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It had a population of 3,057 at the 2020 United States census. Founded in 1869 by a group of Methodist clergymen, led by William B. Osborn and Ellwood H. Stokes, this historic community is located on the Atlantic Ocean's Jersey Shore, between Asbury Park to the north and Bradley Beach to the south. It was here where the Ocean Grove Camp Meeting Association was founded as a summer camp meeting site on the New Jersey shore. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places, Ocean Grove is noted for its abundant examples of Victorian architecture and the Great Auditorium, acclaimed as "the state's most wondrous wooden structure, soaring and sweeping, alive with the sound of music".

Roads and highways
, the township had a total of 129.27 mi of roadways, of which 108.92 mi were maintained by the municipality, 8.73 mi by Monmouth County and 11.62 mi by the New Jersey Department of Transportation.

Route 18, Route 33, Route 35, Route 66 and Route 71 are the main highways passing through the township.

The Garden State Parkway is west of the township, with the best access provided via exits 100 and 102. Interstate 195 is southwest of the township in neighboring Wall Township. The New Jersey Turnpike (Interstate 95) entrance for Exit 8 is about 25 miles west on Route 33 in East Windsor, Mercer County.

Public transportation
The township is served by NJ Transit trains at the Bradley Beach station. Commuter service on the North Jersey Coast Line to Newark Penn Station, Secaucus Junction, New York Penn Station and Hoboken Terminal.

NJ Transit bus service between the township and Philadelphia is available on the 317 route and local service is provided by the 830, 832 and 836 routes.

Healthcare
Jersey Shore University Medical Center (JSUMC) is a 691-bed non-profit, tertiary research and academic medical center located in Neptune Township. This major healthcare artery services the greater northern Jersey Shore region in Central Jersey. JSUMC is the shore region's only university-level academic medical center and is a major partner of the Hackensack Meridian Healthcare network (it is the system's second largest hospital). JSUMC is also affiliated with the Robert Wood Johnson Medical School of Rutgers University, and Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine. JSUMC is designated as a level II trauma center with a rooftop helipad handling medevac patients.

The medical complex also hosts the K. Hovnanian Children's Hospital, which treats infants, children, adolescents, and young adults up to the age of 21. JSUMC is a major teaching and tertiary care hospital that has a staff of 127 interns and residents, as it's a member of the Council of Teaching Hospitals and Health Systems.

Ecology
According to the A. W. Kuchler U.S. potential natural vegetation types, Neptune Township would have a dominant vegetation type of Appalachian Oak (104) with a dominant vegetation form of Eastern Hardwood Forest (25). The plant hardiness zone is 7a with an average annual extreme minimum air temperature of 3.6 F.

Notable people
People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Neptune Township include:

 * Lynn Ahrens (born 1948, class of 1966), writer and lyricist for the musical theatre, television and film
 * Edward G. Amoroso, computer security professional, entrepreneur, author and educator
 * Jack Armstrong (born 1965), Major League Baseball pitcher who played for the Cincinnati Reds, Cleveland Indians, Florida Marlins and Texas Rangers
 * Nicole Atkins (born 1978), singer-songwriter on Columbia Records
 * Pat Battle (born 1959), WNBC-TV's New Jersey Bureau Reporter, Saturday Today (NBC) in New York co-anchor, and occasional fill-in anchor
 * Mary Porter Beegle (c. 1881–1966), dancer, theater professional and college administrator
 * Fanny Crosby (1820–1915), composer of over 8,000 hymns and gospel songs
 * Vinny Curry (born 1988), defensive end for the Philadelphia Eagles
 * Michelle Davidson (born 1970), English Channel swimmer and U.S. Master Swimmer All-American
 * Taquan Dean (born 1983), University of Louisville basketball player in 2006
 * Danny DeVito (born 1944), actor
 * Dedrick Dodge (born 1965), safety (American football position) for eight NFL seasons, from 1991 to 1998
 * Darren Fenster (born 1978), manager in the Boston Red Sox minor league system
 * Dan Gonzalez (born 1974), football quarterback who played two seasons with the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League
 * Trent Hindman (born 1995), race car driver in the WeatherTech SportsCar Championship
 * Eric Houghtaling (born 1954), politician representing the 11th Legislative District in the New Jersey General Assembly, who had served as mayor of Neptune Township in 2013
 * Robert C. Holub (1949–2023), Germanist, university professor and administrator who served as chancellor of the University of Massachusetts Amherst
 * Keith Kirkwood (born 1993), wide receiver for the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League
 * Harry Larrison Jr. (1926–2005), politician who served on the Monmouth County Board of Chosen Freeholders for nearly 39 years, marking the longest tenure of a Freeholder in New Jersey history
 * Ronald Naldi (born 1942), singer at the Metropolitan Opera
 * Cory Nelms (born 1988), NFL player
 * Jack Nicholson (born 1937), actor
 * Joseph A. Palaia (1927–2016), politician who served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 1981 to 1989 and in the State Senate from 1989 to 2008, representing the 11th Legislative District
 * Shep Pettibone (born 1959), record producer, remixer, songwriter and club DJ, who was most prolific in the 1980s
 * Haydn Proctor (1903–1996), member of the New Jersey Senate
 * Q Lazzarus (1960–2022), singer best known for her 1988 song "Goodbye Horses", which became a cult classic after being prominently featured in a scene from Jonathan Demme's 1991 film The Silence of the Lambs.
 * Ed Radwanski (born 1963), professional soccer player
 * Nate Ramsey (born 1941), safety and cornerback who played for the Philadelphia Eagles for most of his 11-year NFL career from 1963 through 1973
 * Len Renery (born 1948, class of 1966), retired English-American professional soccer defender and coach
 * Karl Roberson (born 1990), professional mixed martial artist and former kickboxer currently competing in the middleweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship
 * Isaac Schlossbach (1891–1984), polar explorer, submariner and aviation pioneer
 * Rusty Schweickart (born 1935), astronaut
 * George A. Sheehan (1918–1993), cardiologist and running advocate
 * Southside Johnny (born 1948), singer / songwriter
 * Richard R. Stout (1912–1986), politician who served in the New Jersey Senate from 1952 to 1974
 * Valerie Terrigno (born 1954), former mayor of West Hollywood, California
 * Ronald R. Thomas (born 1949), writer, educator, and 13th president of the University of Puget Sound
 * Greg Trooper (1956–2017), singer-songwriter.
 * Bob Verga (born 1945), Dallas Chaparrals, Denver Rockets, New York Nets, Pittsburgh Condors, Portland Trail Blazers and Carolina Cougars basketball player, from 1964 to 1967 at Duke University and 1967–1974 professionally; owns the Duke men's basketball record for points per game (26.7) in a single season
 * Joe Vetrano (1918–1995), placekicker who played in the NFL for the San Francisco 49ers
 * Dennis Walters (born 1949), trick-shot golfer who won the Bob Jones Award in 2018 and was inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame with the class of 2019
 * Robert Lee Watt (born 1948), French horn player
 * Clinton Wheeler (born 1959), former professional basketball player
 * Ajee' Wilson (born 1994), middle-distance runner
 * Tim Wright (born 1990), tight end who has played in the NFL for the New England Patriots

title: Neptune Township, New Jersey


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Ancel Keys

Ancel Benjamin Keys (January 26, 1904 – November 20, 2004) was an American physiologist who studied the influence of diet on health. In particular, he hypothesized that replacing dietary saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat reduced cardiovascular heart disease. Modern dietary recommendations by health organizations, systematic reviews, and national health agencies       corroborate this.

Keys studied starvation in men and published The Biology of Human Starvation (1950), which remains the only source of its kind. He examined the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease and was responsible for two famous diets: K-rations, formulated as balanced meals for combat soldiers in World War II, and the Mediterranean diet, which he popularized with his wife Margaret.

Early life
Ancel Benjamin Keys was born in Colorado Springs on January 26, 1904, the son of Benjamin Pious Keys (1883–1961) and Carolyn Emma Chaney (1885–1960), the sister of actor and director Lon Chaney (1883–1930). In 1906 they moved to San Francisco before the 1906 San Francisco earthquake struck. Shortly after the disaster, his family relocated to Berkeley where he grew up. Keys was intelligent as a boy; Lewis Terman, a noted psychologist and inventor of the Stanford-Binet IQ Test, described him as intellectually "gifted". During his youth, he left high school to pursue odd jobs, such as shoveling bat guano in Arizona, being a powder monkey in a Colorado mine, and working in a lumber camp. He eventually finished his secondary education and was admitted to the University of California at Berkeley in 1922.

Higher education
At the University of California, Berkeley, Keys initially studied chemistry, but was dissatisfied and took some time off to work as an oiler aboard the American President Lines ship SS President Wilson, which traveled to China. He then returned to Berkeley, switched majors, and graduated with a B.A. in economics and political science (1925) and M.S. in zoology (1928).

For a brief time, he took up a job as a management trainee at Woolworth's, but returned to his studies at Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla on a fellowship.

In 1930, he received his Ph.D. in oceanography and biology from UC Berkeley. He was then awarded a National Research Council fellowship that took him to Copenhagen, Denmark to study under August Krogh at the Zoophysiological Laboratory for two years. During his studies with Krogh, he studied fish physiology and contributed numerous papers on the subject.

Once his fellowship ended, he went to Cambridge but took some time off to teach at Harvard University, after which he returned to Cambridge and earned a second Ph.D. in physiology (1936).

Early physiology studies
While doing fish research at Scripps, Keys would use statistical regressions to estimate the weight of fish from their length, at that time a pioneering use of biostatistics. Once in Copenhagen (1931), he continued to study fish physiology and developed techniques for gill perfusion that provided evidence that fish regulated their sodium by controlling chloride excretion through their gills. He would also use this perfusion method to study the effects of adrenaline and vasopressin ("pitressin") on gill fluid flow and osmotic regulation in fishes. He also designed an improved Kjeldahl apparatus, which improved upon Krogh's earlier design, and allowed for more rapid determination of nitrogen content in biological samples. This would prove useful for activities as diverse as determining the protein content in grasshopper eggs and anemia in humans.

While at Harvard's Fatigue Laboratory, he was inspired by his Cambridge mentor Joseph Barcroft's ascent to the top of Tenerife's highest peak and his subsequent reports. Keys wrote up a proposal for an expedition to the Andes, suggesting the study could have practical value for Chilean miners who worked at high elevations. He was given the go-ahead and, in 1935, assembled a team to study the effects of high altitude on the body, such as how it affects blood pressure. He spent a couple of months at 9,500 feet (3,000 m.), and then five weeks at elevations of 15,000 to 20,000 feet (4,500 to 6,000 m.).

He noted there was no good way of predicting how well humans might adapt to high altitude, even if they adapted well to medium altitudes, a problem for potential pilots in a time before pressure control had become practical. It was from these studies that he outlined the phenomenon of human physiological adaptation to environmental changes as a predictable event, a novel idea in a time when such parameters as blood pressure and resting heart-rate were considered immutable characteristics of individuals.

Development of K-rations

In 1936, Keys was offered a position at the Mayo Foundation in Rochester, where he continued his studies in physiology. He left after a year, citing an intellectually stifling environment where research was secondary to clinical "doc business" and playing bridge.

In 1937, he left the Mayo Foundation to teach physiology at the University of Minnesota, where he founded the Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene. His earlier research on human physiology led to an assignment with the Army Quartermaster Corps, where they worked to develop a more portable and nonperishable ration that would provide enough calories to sustain soldiers (such as paratroopers) in the field for up to two weeks.

This development did not begin without some turbulence. His colleague, Elsworth Buskirk, recalled:

"When it appeared that the U.S. would be in World War II, Keys went to the Quartermaster Food and Container Institute in Chicago to inquire about emergency rations. The story goes that he was told to go home and leave such things to the professionals. Undissuaded, he went to William Wrigley's office and secured $10,000 for the development of an emergency ration. Then, he went to the Cracker Jack Company. They couldn't supply money, but did provide the water-tight small box concept. The result was the K-ration in sealed Cracker Jack boxes."

Once the basic design had been completed, the Navy, through the National Research Council, funded the testing of the K-rations on its sailors to determine their feasibility as a temporary and mobile food source. The initial ingredients of the K-ration were procured at a local Minneapolis grocery store—hard biscuits, dry sausage, hard candy, and chocolate. The final product was different from Keys' original ingredients, but most of Keys' suggestions made it to the final product. The rations weighed only 28 oz, but provided 3200 calories per day. Though several sources claim the name was unrelated to Keys, many historical references support the claim that the K-ration was indeed named after him. The K-ration became such a success that it was often used for more than temporary sustenance, becoming a major staple of military nutrition.

Starvation study
During World War II, Keys produced various studies related to human physical performance that were of interest to the military, such as studying the effects of testosterone on muscle work and vitamin supplementation as a performance enhancer on adequately fed soldiers, among many other similar studies. It was during the war that Keys and fellow researchers recognized the importance of knowing how to properly treat widespread starvation, since simple overfeeding for so many would be imprecise and there was a potential that the refeeding would fail.

To gain insight into the physiology of starvation, in 1944 Keys carried out a starvation study with 36 conscientious objectors as test subjects in the Minnesota Starvation Experiment. At the time, conscientious objectors were being placed in virtual concentration camps, with a few functioning like the Civilian Public Service, so that recruiting them would prove easier than seeking out volunteers in the general population. The original pool of 400 responders was reduced to 36 selectees, of whom 32 would go on to complete the study. The main focus of the study was threefold: set a metabolic baseline for three months, study the physical and mental effects of starvation on the volunteers for six months, and then study the physical and mental effects of different refeeding protocols on them for three months. The participants would first be placed on the three-month baseline diet of 3200 calories after which their calories were reduced to 1800 calories/day while expending 3000 calories in activities such as walking. The final three months were a refeeding period where the volunteers were divided into four groups, each receiving a different caloric intake.

The war came to an end before the final results of the study could be published, but Keys sent his findings to various international relief agencies throughout Europe and, by 1950, he completed publication of his two-volume 1385-page Biology of Human Starvation.

Seven Countries Study
His interest in diet and cardiovascular disease (CVD) was prompted, in part, by seemingly counter-intuitive data: American business executives, presumably among the best-fed people, had high rates of heart disease, while in post-war Europe CVD rates had decreased sharply in the wake of reduced food supplies. Keys postulated a correlation between cholesterol levels and CVD and initiated a study of Minnesota businessmen (the first prospective study of CVD). At a 1955 expert meeting at the World Health Organization in Geneva, Keys presented his diet-lipid-heart disease hypothesis. As part of his argument, he presented a correlation between deaths from heart disease and percentage of fat in the diet that featured six countries. His rationale and conclusions were heavily critiqued by two other epidemiologists.

After observing in southern Italy the highest concentration of centenarians in the world, Keys hypothesized that a Mediterranean-style diet low in animal fat protected against heart disease and that a diet high in animal fats led to heart disease. This finding helped Keys initiate a long-term observational study, known as the Seven Countries Study, which appeared to show that serum cholesterol was strongly related to coronary heart disease mortality both at the population and individual levels.

Keys had concluded that saturated fats as found in milk and meat have adverse effects, while unsaturated fats found in vegetable oils had beneficial effects. A 2015 systematic review and meta-analysis by the Cochrane Collaboration, an organisation which promotes evidence-based medicine, found that reducing saturated fat intake reduced the risk of cardiovascular disease, concluding: "Lifestyle advice to all those at risk of cardiovascular disease and to lower risk population groups should continue to include permanent reduction of dietary saturated fat and partial replacement by unsaturated fats."

Keys stated that of the 12,000 men in seven countries studied in 1960, those least likely to develop cardiovascular disease lived in Crete.

After Keys' retirement from the University of Minnesota in 1972, his protege Henry Blackburn, MD became director of the Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene. Blackburn continued research on the role of lifestyle including diet in the cause and prevention of heart disease. The department played an active role in multicenter trials of the 1970s–80s and population strategies of surveillance and preventive interventions in Minnesota.

Minnesota Coronary Experiment
In 1968, about ten years after the beginning and two years after the first publication of the results of the Seven Countries Study, Keys and Ivan Frantz initiated a large randomized control trial, replacing saturated fats by food items with naturally high or artificially raised content of linoleic acid in an intervention group.

The randomized and blinded experiment ended in 1973. Results were not published until only much later in form of smaller excerpts as part of conference talks or doctoral theses. The raw data and analysis were discovered in 2013 in the estate of the principal investigator, Ivan Frantz.

The study shows no positive effects of the altered dietary intake. Cardiovascular mortality of patients over 65 years of age increased by the replacement of saturated fats.

The 2016 paper "Re-evaluation of the traditional diet-heart hypothesis: analysis of recovered data from Minnesota Coronary Experiment" concludes:

"Results – The intervention group had significant reduction in serum cholesterol compared with controls (mean change from baseline −13.8% v −1.0%; P<0.001). Kaplan Meier graphs showed no mortality benefit for the intervention group in the full randomized cohort or for any prespecified subgroup. There was a 22% higher risk of death for each 30 mg/dL (0.78 mmol/L) reduction in serum cholesterol in covariate adjusted Cox regression models (hazard ratio 1.22, 95% confidence interval 1.14 to 1.32; P<0.001). There was no evidence of benefit in the intervention group for coronary atherosclerosis or myocardial infarcts. Systematic review identified five randomized controlled trials for inclusion (n=10 808). In meta-analyses, these cholesterol lowering interventions showed no evidence of benefit on mortality from coronary heart disease (1.13, 0.83 to 1.54) or all cause mortality (1.07, 0.90 to 1.27).

Conclusions – Available evidence from randomized controlled trials shows that replacement of saturated fat in the diet with linoleic acid effectively lowers serum cholesterol but does not support the hypothesis that this translates to a lower risk of death from coronary heart disease or all causes. Findings from the Minnesota Coronary Experiment add to growing evidence that incomplete publication has contributed to overestimation of the benefits of replacing saturated fat with vegetable oils rich in linoleic acid."

Keys equation
The Keys equation predicts the effect of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet on serum cholesterol levels. Keys found that saturated fats increase total and LDL cholesterol twice as much as polyunsaturated fats lower them.
 * Change in serum cholesterol concentration

 * where Dsf is the change in percentage of dietary energy from saturated fats, Dpuf is the change in percentage of dietary energy from polyunsaturated fats, and Dch is the change in intake of dietary cholesterol.

BMI and other contributions
In a 1972 article, Keys and his coauthors promoted Adolphe Quetelet's body mass index (BMI) as "preferable over other indices of relative weight on [correlation with height and measures of body fatness] as well as on the simplicity of the calculation and, in contrast to percentage of average weight, the applicability to all populations at all times", which the U.S. National Institutes of Health then popularized in 1985.

Keys was always considered an interventionist. He generally shunned food fads and vigorously promoted the putative benefits of the "reasonably low-fat diets" which he contrasted with "the North American habit for making the stomach the garbage disposal unit for a long list of harmful foods." Because of his influence in dietary science, Keys was featured on the cover of the January 13, 1961, issue of Time magazine.

Later years and death
When Keys was hired at the Mayo Foundation in 1936, he hired Margaret Haney (1909–2006) as a medical technologist. In 1939 they married and had three children: Carrie D'Andrea, Henry Keys, and Martha McLain. Carrie became a clinical psychologist and Henry became a physician and cancer researcher. Both are well respected contributors to their fields. Martha was shot dead by a thief in 1991 when she was 42.

Together, Margaret and Keys co-authored three books, two of them bestsellers. They earned enough royalties to build Minnelea, their villa in the seaside village of Pioppi, in the Cilento region on the southwest coast of Italy, where Keys lived and worked from 1963 to 1998. They also traveled the world, going to places like Japan and South Africa to record data for Keys's published works, such as the Seven Countries Study. The village of Pioppi became the location of the Living Museum of the Mediterranean Diet, which houses a documentary, photograph and film archive regarding the historic, scientific, and cultural background of the Mediterranean diet.

Keys appeared on the To Tell The Truth game show as the inventor of K-Rations, fooling two of the four panelists.

Keys received three notable awards: Commander, Order of the Lion of Finland (1963), the McCollum Award from the American Society of Clinical Nutrition (1967), and an honorary doctor of science from the University of Minnesota (2001).

Keys died on November 20, 2004, in Minneapolis, two months before his 101st birthday.

Keys was an atheist.

Criticism
Keys has received criticism from the low-carbohydrate diet community, who have argued that his Seven Countries Study excluded countries that did not fit his hypothesis. Critics raised four primary objections to the Seven Countries Study, including (1) countries were selected and excluded based on a desired outcome; (2) France, a high-fat, low-heart disease country, was purposefully excluded from the survey; (3) dietary data in Greece taken during Lent introduced a distortion; and (4) sugar was not considered as a possible contributor to coronary heart disease. In response to this criticism, on August 1, 2017, the True Health Initiative released a 65-page white paper entitled "Ancel Keys and the Seven Countries Study: An Evidence-based Response to Revisionist Histories," correcting what they felt were historical inaccuracies and errors that low-carb advocates had perpetuated.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ancel Keys


text:
Neptune City, New Jersey

Neptune City is a borough in Monmouth County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the borough's population was 4,626, a decrease of 243 (−5.0%) from the 2010 census count of 4,869, which in turn reflected a decline of 349 (−6.7%) from the 5,218 counted in the 2000 census.

The Borough of Neptune City was incorporated on October 4, 1881, based on a referendum held on March 19, 1881. The boundaries included all of present-day Neptune City, along with what is now Avon-by-the-Sea and the southern portion of Bradley Beach. On March 23, 1900, a bill approved in the New Jersey Legislature created the Borough of Avon-by-the-Sea. On March 13, 1907, the eastern portion of Neptune City was annexed to the Borough of Bradley Beach. The borough was named for Neptune, the Roman water deity, and its location on the Atlantic Ocean.

The earliest borough hall was erected in 1902 at the northwest corner of Evergreen Avenue and Railroad Avenue (now Memorial Drive).

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had a total area of 0.90 square miles (2.32 km2), all of which was land.

Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Neptune Heights and Ocean Grove Heights.

The borough borders the Monmouth County municipalities of Avon-by-the-Sea, Bradley Beach and Neptune Township.

2010 census
The 2010 United States census counted 4,869 people, 2,133 households, and 1,220 families in the borough. The population density was 5,105.0 per square mile (1,971.1/km2). There were 2,312 housing units at an average density of 2,424.0 per square mile (935.9/km2). The racial makeup was 78.00% (3,798) White, 10.62% (517) Black or African American, 0.23% (11) Native American, 4.46% (217) Asian, 0.02% (1) Pacific Islander, 3.88% (189) from other races, and 2.79% (136) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.08% (491) of the population.

Of the 2,133 households, 22.4% had children under the age of 18; 38.8% were married couples living together; 13.2% had a female householder with no husband present and 42.8% were non-families. Of all households, 35.8% were made up of individuals and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.95.

18.4% of the population were under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 27.4% from 25 to 44, 31.7% from 45 to 64, and 15.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43.1 years. For every 100 females, the population had 89.5 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 86.9 males.

The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $50,154 (with a margin of error of +/− $14,050) and the median family income was $72,313 (+/− $16,796). Males had a median income of $48,257 (+/− $3,972) versus $43,365 (+/− $7,250) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $31,172 (+/− $2,830). About 3.0% of families and 5.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.7% of those under age 18 and 5.5% of those age 65 or over.

2000 census
As of the 2000 United States census there were 5,218 people, 2,221 households, and 1,330 families residing in the borough. The population density was 5,742.8 PD/sqmi. There were 2,342 housing units at an average density of 2,577.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the borough was 83.38% White, 9.52% African American, 0.23% Native American, 2.72% Asian, 2.11% from other races, and 2.03% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.31% of the population.

There were 2,221 households, out of which 25.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.0% were married couples living together, 13.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.1% were non-families. 33.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.96.

In the borough the population was spread out, with 21.5% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 31.7% from 25 to 44, 24.0% from 45 to 64, and 16.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.2 males.

The median income for a household in the borough was $43,451, and the median income for a family was $46,393. Males had a median income of $39,578 versus $34,044 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $22,191. About 5.0% of families and 5.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.8% of those under age 18 and 8.3% of those age 65 or over.

Parks and recreation
The Neptune City Community Center offers a recreation center with a gym, game room, exercise room, computer room, TV room and a special occasion room.

Neptune City has four parks: Memorial Park, located along the Shark River; Laird Avenue Park, the first playground built in Neptune City; Joe Freda Park, located on Third Avenue; and Adams Field, located on West Sylvania Avenue.

Local government
Neptune City is governed under the borough form of New Jersey municipal government, which is used in 218 municipalities (of the 564) statewide, making it the most common form of government in New Jersey. The governing body is comprised of the mayor and the borough council, with all positions elected at-large on a partisan basis as part of the November general election. A mayor is elected directly by the voters to a four-year term of office. The borough council includes six members elected to serve three-year terms on a staggered basis, with two seats coming up for election each year in a three-year cycle. The borough form of government used by Neptune City is a "weak mayor / strong council" government in which council members act as the legislative body with the mayor presiding at meetings and voting only in the event of a tie. The mayor can veto ordinances subject to an override by a two-thirds majority vote of the council. The mayor makes committee and liaison assignments for council members, and most appointments are made by the mayor with the advice and consent of the council.

, the mayor of the Borough of Neptune City is Republican Andrew Wardell, whose term of office ends December 31, 2023. Members of the Neptune City Borough Council are Council President Brian J. Thomas (R, 2025), Scott Dellett (R, 2024), Dana A. Farley (R, 2024), Glen Kocsis (D, 2023), Danielle Pappas (R, 2025) and Pamela Renee (D, 2023).

With Republican Richard Pryor and Democrat Michael Skudera tied at 602 votes after the November 2015 general election for the second of two seats, the two candidates faced off in a March 2016 special election, won by Pryor by a 511–478 margin.

Federal, state, and county representation
Neptune City is located in the 6th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 11th state legislative district.

Politics
As of March 2011, there were a total of 2,967 registered voters in Neptune City, of which 715 (24.1%) were registered as Democrats, 809 (27.3%) were registered as Republicans and 1,443 (48.6%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were no voters registered to other parties.
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In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 55.6% of the vote (1,183 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 42.2% (897 votes), and other candidates with 2.2% (46 votes), among the 2,147 ballots cast by the borough's 3,211 registered voters (21 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 66.9%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 49.4% of the vote (1,212 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 42.4% (1,040 votes) and other candidates with 4.9% (119 votes), among the 2,451 ballots cast by the borough's 3,195 registered voters, for a turnout of 76.7%. In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 52.8% of the vote (1,185 ballots cast), outpolling Democrat John Kerry with 45.9% (1,031 votes) and other candidates with 0.7% (23 votes), among the 2,245 ballots cast by the borough's 3,106 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 72.3.

In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 66.6% of the vote (898 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 32.0% (432 votes), and other candidates with 1.4% (19 votes), among the 1,373 ballots cast by the borough's 3,247 registered voters (24 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 42.3%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 56.0% of the vote (841 ballots cast), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 35.3% (530 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 7.1% (106 votes) and other candidates with 1.3% (20 votes), among the 1,501 ballots cast by the borough's 3,032 registered voters, yielding a 49.5% turnout.

Education
The Neptune City School District serves students in kindergarten through eighth grade at Woodrow Wilson School. As of the 2021–22 school year, the district, comprised of one school, had an enrollment of 248 students and 29.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 8.6:1. Before Woodrow Wilson School was constructed, students attended Roosevelt School on Third Avenue, which was demolished after being deemed beyond repair and became the site of Joe Freda Park.

Public school students in ninth through twelfth grades attend Neptune High School as part of a sending/receiving relationship with the Neptune Township Schools; in a study published in May 2015, the district looked at modifying its relationship with the Neptune Township district, considering leaving the agreement unchanged, adding students in grades 6–8 to the sending arrangement or a regionalization of the two districts. As of the 2021–22 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 1,212 students and 97.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.5:1.

The district also provides students with the opportunities to attend other high schools, such as the schools of the Monmouth County Vocational School District Academies which include: the Marine Academy of Science and Technology (MAST) located on Sandy Hook, High Technology High School located on the campus of Brookdale Community College in Lincroft, the Academy of Allied Health & Science in Neptune Township and affiliated with the Jersey Shore University Medical Center, the Communications High School located on the property of Wall High School, and Biotechnology High School located in Freehold Township. Neptune City also provides the students with the opportunity to attend the Performing Arts Program at Red Bank Regional High School for Performing Arts in Little Silver or to the Academy of Information Technology and the Academy of Finance both located at the Red Bank Regional High School for Performing Arts.

Landmarks
Steiner and Son's Pajama Factory was the first factory built in Neptune City, constructed in 1891 on land donated by James A. Bradley. Immanuel Steiner was a silk dealer in Austria when he emigrated to New York City in the late 1860s. He began manufacturing pajamas and nightgowns in New York City shortly thereafter. With his sons Edwin and Clarence, they sought to expand operations, opting to construct the flagship factory at the corner of Fourth and Railroad Avenue (now Memorial Drive.) The construction costs were $17,590 and the brickwork was carried out by A.A. Taylor of Asbury Park. Their flagship product, "The Universal Nightshirt" became enormously popular throughout the country. Within two years time, they constructed another nearly identical factory three blocks north (since the 1930s this has been the home of The SS Adams Novelty Company). Their first national slogan was "We Put the World To Sleep".

By 1918, Steiner and Sons had nearly 2,000 employees in factories in Neptune City, Neptune, Asbury Park, Long Branch, Keyport, Freehold, Manasquan and Toms River. They built a baseball park on the land between the two factories on Fourth and Seventh Avenues. In the spring of 1922, Babe Ruth and other members of the New York Yankees played an exhibition game there. Edwin Steiner assumed control at his father's death, and he expanded the original building considerably. The Steiner corporation had a reputation for spotlessly clean working conditions, and the quality of their products is attested to in countless period advertisements stretching all the way to California.

The first ever murder in Neptune City occurred in 1929, as part of a payroll robbery. George Danielson, a 65-year-old courier from the First National Bank in Bradley Beach was shot point-blank at the employee entrance on 4th Avenue. The bandits got away with the payroll of $7,280 and were later caught and tried.

In the late 1920s, the Steiner corporation purchased and merged with the Liberty Nightshirt Company, headquartered in Baltimore. The decline in demand for nightshirts was one of the reasons for the acquisition. The same circumstances forced the company to shutter most of their other area operations. Tax squabbles with the Borough of Neptune City led them to close their long-time headquarters in Neptune City in 1939 and move to Shrewsbury, Pennsylvania. They eventually went out of business.

Mario Mirabelli and his brother Michael were running a military clothing manufacturing outfit in Elizabeth at the time when they purchased the building in 1940. They expanded their operations and won considerable government contracts during the Second World War. They produced close to $11 million worth of military clothing during the war. The Mirabelli Company continued to win military contracts after the war. Mario Mirabelli was called to testify before Congress in the late 1950s when government suppliers were accused of forcing the company to manufacture items using second-rate materials that were deemed unusable by other government manufacturing outfits. The scandal hurt Mirabelli's business and reputation. They continued to win small government contracts until the early 1960s, but eventually sold the building and went out of business.

Flea markets were held on the first floor in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Outerama, a company founded by Zenek Lapinsky in the late 1960s, continued to manufacture suits and jackets in the building until 1975 on the second and third floors. The bankruptcy of many of Outerama's clients led to the company's demise. The building was shuttered in 1976 and remained so for the next 25 years.

For nearly 20 years, the Borough of Neptune City sought to have the property revamped. In the early 1990s plans were underway to convert the building to retail shops and apartments, but funding was short, and the borough foreclosed on the owners before they could realize their goal. In 2000, the building was razed and condominiums were constructed. A demolition crane was destroyed when it fell into the side of the building during the wrecking operations.

The one and only motel in the Borough of Neptune City was the Charline Motel, located on Steiner Avenue.

Roads and highways
, the borough had a total of 18.76 mi of roadways, of which 14.12 mi were maintained by the municipality, 3.43 mi by Monmouth County and 1.21 mi by the New Jersey Department of Transportation.

Route 35 passes directly through Neptune City, while Route 33 runs along the northern border of the borough. The Route 18 freeway is immediately west of the city, and both Interstate 195 and the Garden State Parkway are close by.

Public transportation
NJ Transit offers local bus service on the 836 route. Train service is available at the Bradley Beach station. Commuter service runs between New York City's Pennsylvania Station and Bay Head on the North Jersey Coast Line.

Climate change
Neptune City is projected to suffer substantial impacts from sea level rise caused by human-caused climate change, including a long-term loss of half its current population. Sea level rise has already resulted in flooding in Neptune City, with the period 2005–2014 experiencing 39 days of coastal flooding, over three times the average number of coastal flooding days for the decades between 1955 and 2004. In moderate sea level rise scenarios, Neptune City is projected to suffer a 68% chance risk of at least one major flood by 2050, and annual risk of flooding is projected to increase exponentially over the 21st century, with 100% risk of annual flooding for the years after 2100.

Religion
Neptune City had one church, the Memorial United Methodist Church. The building is now for sale.

Notable people
People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Neptune City include:
 * Kate Bornstein (born 1948), author, playwright, performance artist, actress and gender theorist
 * Kurt Braunohler (born 1976), comedian
 * Marie Castello (1915–2008), fortune teller known as Madam Marie who is mentioned in Bruce Springsteen's song "4th of July, Asbury Park (Sandy)"
 * Les Dugan (1921–2002), American football coach who was the first head football coach at Buffalo State College, serving from 1981 to 1985
 * Sam Mills (1959–2005), linebacker who played in the NFL for the New Orleans Saints and Carolina Panthers
 * Jack Nicholson (born 1937), actor
 * Dave Rowe (born 1945), former professional football player who played in the NFL for the Baltimore Colts, New England Patriots, Oakland Raiders and San Diego Chargers
 * Alex Skuby (born 1972), actor best known for appearing on King of Queens
 * Garry Tallent (born 1949), E Street Band bassist, singer-songwriter
 * Ned Thomson, (born 1953), politician who has represented the 30th Legislative District in the New Jersey General Assembly since 2017
 * Lando Vannata (born 1992), professional mixed martial artist

title: Neptune City, New Jersey


text:
North Middletown, New Jersey

North Middletown is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) within Middletown Township, in Monmouth County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2010 United States Census, the CDP's population was 3,295.

East Keansburg was renamed North Middletown by municipal ordinance around 1988.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, North Middletown had a total area of 0.434 square miles (1.124 km2), all of which was land.

2010 census
The 2010 United States census counted 3,295 people, 1,142 households, and 859 families in the CDP. The population density was 7593.9 /sqmi. There were 1,203 housing units at an average density of 2772.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup was 90.77% (2,991) White, 1.82% (60) Black or African American, 0.21% (7) Native American, 2.61% (86) Asian, 0.03% (1) Pacific Islander, 2.03% (67) from other races, and 2.52% (83) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.62% (317) of the population.

Of the 1,142 households, 36.2% had children under the age of 18; 54.1% were married couples living together; 15.6% had a female householder with no husband present and 24.8% were non-families. Of all households, 18.0% were made up of individuals and 5.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.89 and the average family size was 3.30.

23.9% of the population were under the age of 18, 10.0% from 18 to 24, 31.1% from 25 to 44, 27.9% from 45 to 64, and 7.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34.8 years. For every 100 females, the population had 95.5 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 92.4 males.

2000 census
At the 2000 United States Census there were 3,165 people, 1,026 households and 819 families living in the CDP. The population density was 6,879.6 PD/sqmi. There were 1,099 housing units at an average density of 2,388.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 94.79% White, 1.45% African American, 1.42% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 1.52% from other races, and 0.79% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 5.37% of the population. There were 1,026 households, of which 45.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.8% were married couples living together, 16.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.1% were non-families. 16.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.08 and the average family size was 3.44.

Age distribution was 31.0% under the age of 18, 9.0% from 18 to 24, 33.8% from 25 to 44, 18.7% from 45 to 64, and 7.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.0 males.

The median household income was $54,954, and the median family income was $60,893. Males had a median income of $49,120 versus $28,929 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $20,462. About 4.6% of families and 6.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.7% of those under age 18 and 12.6% of those age 65 or over.

Emergency services
North Middletown is served by East Keansburg Fire Company and Middletown First Aid and Rescue Squad, both located in the CDP.

title: North Middletown, New Jersey


text:
Oakhurst, New Jersey

Oakhurst is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) within Ocean Township, in Monmouth County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2010 United States Census, the CDP's population was 3,995.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP had a total area of 1.614 mi2, including 1.611 mi2 of land and 0.003 mi2 of water (0.16%). The CDP also has an elevation of 46 feet above sea level.

2010 census
The 2010 United States census counted 3,995 people, 1,372 households, and 1,125 families in the CDP. The population density was 2480.5 /mi2. There were 1,473 housing units at an average density of 914.6 /mi2. The racial makeup was 94.64% (3,781) White, 1.35% (54) Black or African American, 0.05% (2) Native American, 2.53% (101) Asian, 0.00% (0) Pacific Islander, 0.45% (18) from other races, and 0.98% (39) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.85% (154) of the population.

Of the 1,372 households, 35.5% had children under the age of 18; 68.1% were married couples living together; 10.1% had a female householder with no husband present and 18.0% were non-families. Of all households, 14.4% were made up of individuals and 6.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.91 and the average family size was 3.21.

23.9% of the population were under the age of 18, 9.5% from 18 to 24, 21.4% from 25 to 44, 30.9% from 45 to 64, and 14.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42.5 years. For every 100 females, the population had 98.9 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 95.1 males.

2000 census
As of the 2000 United States Census there were 4,152 people, 1,397 households, and 1,176 families living in the CDP. The population density was 989.6 /km2. There were 1,459 housing units at an average density of 347.7 /km2. The racial makeup of the CDP was 96.10% White, 0.75% African American, 2.29% Asian, 0.31% from other races, and 0.55% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.02% of the population.

There were 1,397 households, out of which 42.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.0% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 15.8% were non-families. 13.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.97 and the average family size was 3.28.

In the CDP the population was spread out, with 28.3% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 27.1% from 45 to 64, and 11.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.6 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $75,026, and the median income for a family was $78,206. Males had a median income of $56,756 versus $41,429 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $27,235. About 2.7% of families and 2.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.1% of those under age 18 and 2.6% of those age 65 or over.

Transportation
New Jersey Transit offers train service on the North Jersey Coast Line at the Elberon station. NJ Transit bus service is available on the 832 and 837 local routes.

Notable people
People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Oakhurst include:
 * Lou Barbaro (1916–1976), professional golfer.
 * Michelle Davidson (born 1970), masters swimmer and a long distance, open water swimmer who accomplished the Triple Crown of Open Water Swimming, which includes crossing the English Channel and Catalina Channel, and circumnavigating Manhattan Island.
 * Norma Eberhardt (1929–2011), actress.
 * Rowland Hughes (1896–1957), Director of the Office of Management and Budget from 1954 to 1956.
 * Chris Malachowsky (born c. 1958), electrical engineer who was one of the founders of the computer graphics company Nvidia.
 * Kenny Pickett (born 1998), American football quarterback who was drafted 20th overall in the 2022 NFL draft by the Pittsburgh Steelers.
 * Jeffrey K. Tulis (born 1950), political scientist known for work that conjoins the fields of American politics, political theory, and public law.

title: Oakhurst, New Jersey


text:
Ocean Township, Monmouth County, New Jersey

Ocean Township is a township situated on the Jersey Shore in east central Monmouth County, within the U.S. state of New Jersey. The township is a bedroom suburb of New York City. Ocean Township has no central downtown and consists of three main unincorporated communities: Oakhurst, Wanamassa, and Wayside. The township is divided into two ZIP codes, 07755 (Oakhurst) and 07712 (Wanamassa and Wayside). Small portions have Allenhurst (07711), Deal (07723) and Long Branch (07740) ZIP codes.

As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 27,672, its highest decennial count ever and an increase of 381 (+1.4%) from the 27,291 recorded at the 2010 census,  which in turn reflected an increase of 332 (+1.2%) from the 26,959 counted in the 2000 census.

History
The township was created by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 21, 1849, from portions of Shrewsbury Township, at which time the newly formed township stretched from the Shrewsbury River to the southern tip of Avon-by-the-Sea. Portions of the township were since taken to form Long Branch (April 11, 1867), Eatontown (April 4, 1873), Asbury Park (March 26, 1874), Neptune Township (February 26, 1879), Sea Bright (March 21, 1889), Allenhurst (April 26, 1897), Deal (March 7, 1898), Monmouth Beach (March 9, 1906), Interlaken (March 11, 1922), and Loch Arbour (April 23, 1957). The township derives its name from its original seaside location.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 10.99 square miles (28.47 km2), including 10.87 square miles (28.15 km2) of land and 0.13 square miles (0.32 km2) of water (1.14%).

Oakhurst (2010 Census population of 3,995 ) and Wanamassa (2010 population 4,532 ) are unincorporated communities and census-designated places (CDPs) located within Ocean Township.

Other unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Cold Indian Spring Lake, Colonial Terrace, Deal Lake, Deal Park, Dogs Corners, Edgemere, Elberon Park, Green Grove, Indian Springs, Oakhurst Manor, Poplar, Shadow Lawn Manor, Wayside, Wertheins Corner, West Allenhurst and West Deal.

Deal Lake covers 158 acres and is overseen by the Deal Lake Commission, which was established in 1974. Seven municipalities border the lake, accounting for 27 mi of shoreline, also including Allenhurst, Asbury Park, Deal, Interlaken, Loch Arbour and Neptune Township.

The township is bordered by the Monmouth County municipalities of Eatontown and West Long Branch on the north; Long Branch, Deal, Allenhurst and Interlaken on the east; Neptune and Asbury Park on the south; and Tinton Falls on the west.

2010 census
The 2010 United States census counted 27,291 people, 10,611 households, and 7,417 families in the township. The population density was 2509.1 /sqmi. There were 11,541 housing units at an average density of 1061.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup was 80.66% (22,013) White, 7.96% (2,173) Black or African American, 0.20% (54) Native American, 6.56% (1,791) Asian, 0.05% (13) Pacific Islander, 2.13% (582) from other races, and 2.44% (665) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.99% (2,453) of the population.

Of the 10,611 households, 30.1% had children under the age of 18; 54.8% were married couples living together; 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present and 30.1% were non-families. Of all households, 24.9% were made up of individuals and 10.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.09.

22.7% of the population were under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 23.1% from 25 to 44, 31.3% from 45 to 64, and 15.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42.8 years. For every 100 females, the population had 93.2 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 89.7 males.

The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $78,806 (with a margin of error of +/− $6,218) and the median family income was $100,682 (+/− $8,339). Males had a median income of $66,774 (+/− $6,581) versus $42,216 (+/− $5,707) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $40,432 (+/− $2,161). About 4.0% of families and 5.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.8% of those under age 18 and 5.8% of those age 65 or over.

2000 census
As of the 2020 U.S. census, there were 26,959 people, 10,254 households, and 7,341 families residing in the township. The population density was 2,443.3 PD/sqmi. There were 10,756 housing units at an average density of 974.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the township was 84.48% White, 5.67% African American, 0.15% Native American, 6.27% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 1.58% from other races, and 1.92% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 4.51% of the population.

There were 10,254 households, out of which 35.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.3% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.4% were non-families. 24.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.14.

In the township, the population was spread out, with 25.5% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 25.9% from 45 to 64, and 12.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.6 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $62,058, and the median income for a family was $74,572. Males had a median income of $52,376 versus $35,439 for females. The per capita income for the township was $30,581. About 3.6% of families and 5.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.1% of those under age 18 and 5.0% of those age 65 or over.

Parks and recreation
Ocean Township has five named parks. The largest, Joe Palaia Park (formerly the Deal Test Site), is the site of the Township's July 4 celebration, and the Italian American Association of the Township of Ocean's annual five-day festival. Joe Palaia Park features many notable amenities, including a disc golf course and a playground. During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the park became known for hosting a Drive-in theater for the community to enjoy, which took place at a small theater located within the park. Ocean Township also contains Weltz Park, an undeveloped parcel of the Monmouth County Park System. Other parks within Ocean Township include Dave Dahrouge Park, which features tennis courts and softball fields, along with Wayside Park, which has basketball courts for public use.

Ocean Township maintains a membership-based pool and tennis club for residents, with the pool open during the summer from Memorial Day to Labor Day.

The township also offers a variety of public buildings for the community to rent out, including the Oakhurst Park Meeting Room. Such facilities provide supplies for a wide variety of events, including appliances and tables.

Ocean Township's Municipal Gym is another notable facility, which features basketball courts on the inside and sports fields on the outside.

Local government
Ocean Township operates within the Faulkner Act (formally known as the Optional Municipal Charter Law) under the Council-Manager form of government (Plan A), implemented based on the recommendations of a Charter Study Commission as of July 1, 1963. The township is one of 42 municipalities (of the 564) statewide that use this form of government. The Township Council is comprised of five members who are chosen at-large by the voters on a non-partisan basis to serve concurrent four-year terms of office in elections held as part of the May municipal election. At an annual reorganization meeting, the Township Council selects one of its members to serve as Mayor. The five-member Council sets policy and adopts local ordinances while the Council-appointed Township Manager oversees the day-to-day administration of the Township. The Mayor presides over the Council and, as a member, has a voice and a vote in its proceedings.

, members of the Township Council are Mayor John P. Napolitani Sr., Robert V. Acerra Sr., Margie Donlon and David Fisher and Kelly Terry (appointed to serve an unexpired term), all serving concurrent terms of office ending on June 30, 2023.

Christopher P. Siciliano stepped down as mayor in October 2022 after receiving confirmation as the Monmouth County superintendent of elections. John Napolitani was chosen to fill the vacant mayoral seat and Keely Terry was sworn in to fill the vacancy on the Township Council the following month.

In January 2017, John Napolitani was chosen to fill the seat vacated by Deputy Mayor William Garofalo when he resigned from office in December 2016; Napolitani will serve on an interim basis until the November 2017 general election, when voters will select a candidate to serve the balance of the term of office.

In the May 2015 municipal election, the One Ocean slate won, with incumbents William Garofalo, Richard Long, Donna Schepiga and Christopher P. Siciliano winning re-election together with Robert Acerra, who won his first term of office.

At its January 1, 2015, meeting, the Township Council chose Christopher Siciliano to fill the position of mayor that was vacated when William Larkin resigned from office the previous November after 24 years on the council and the previous 12 years as mayor. The council appointed Richard Long to fill Larkin's vacant council seat.

In October 2002, former mayor Terrance D. Weldon, who was also the city manager of Asbury Park, pleaded guilty in United States District Court for the District of New Jersey in Newark to taking $64,000 in bribes from developers. His arrest was part of the first phase of a federal investigation known as Operation Bid Rig. On August 25, 2007, after almost five years, Weldon was sentenced to 58 months of prison and assessed a fine of $20,000 by Senior U.S. District Judge William H. Walls.

Federal, state and county representation
Ocean Township is located in the 4th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 11th state legislative district.

Politics
As of March 2011, there were a total of 18,379 registered voters in Ocean Township, of which 4,936 (26.9%) were registered as Democrats, 3,813 (20.7%) were registered as Republicans and 9,621 (52.3%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 9 voters registered as Libertarians or Greens.
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In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 50.6% of the vote (6,621 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 48.3% (6,326 votes), and other candidates with 1.1% (140 votes), among the 13,185 ballots cast by the township's 19,049 registered voters (98 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 69.2%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 50.7% of the vote (7,278 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 46.9% (6,737 votes) and other candidates with 0.9% (134 votes), among the 14,364 ballots cast by the township's 19,444 registered voters, for a turnout of 73.9%. In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 50.3% of the vote (6,941 ballots cast), outpolling Democrat John Kerry with 48.7% (6,721 votes) and other candidates with 0.6% (112 votes), among the 13,791 ballots cast by the township's 18,237 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 75.6.

In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 67.6% of the vote (5,335 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 31.1% (2,456 votes), and other candidates with 1.3% (103 votes), among the 7,995 ballots cast by the township's 19,142 registered voters (101 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 41.8%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 56.7% of the vote (5,314 ballots cast), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 35.4% (3,324 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 6.7% (625 votes) and other candidates with 0.6% (59 votes), among the 9,377 ballots cast by the township's 18,743 registered voters, yielding a 50.0% turnout.

Education
Public school students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade in Ocean Township are served by the Ocean Township School District. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of five schools, had an enrollment of 3,458 students and 356.2 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 9.7:1. Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics ) are Ocean Township Elementary School (located in Oakhurst; with 403 students, in grades Pre-K–4), Wanamassa Elementary School (Wanamassa; 304, K–4), Wayside Elementary School (Wayside; 566, Pre-K–4), Ocean Township Intermediate School (Wayside; 1,067, 5–8) and Ocean Township High School (Oakhurst; 1,070, 9–12) According to U.S. News & World Report, overall academic performance placed Ocean Township High School at the 183rd ranking for high schools in the state for the 2023-2024 school year.

At the end of the 2016–17 school year, Loch Arbour left the district after receiving approval from the New Jersey Department of Education and following the overwhelming passage of a referendum; with 14 public school students and school property taxes of $2 million, Loch Arbour had been paying an average of $143,000 per pupil, which would be significantly reduced under new sending/receiving relationships established with the West Long Branch Public Schools for Pre-K–8 and Shore Regional High School for 9–12, under which Loch Arbour would pay tuition to each district based on the number of students.

Roads and highways
, the township had a total of 131.98 mi of roadways, of which 119.74 mi were maintained by the municipality, 4.56 mi by Monmouth County and 7.68 mi by the New Jersey Department of Transportation.

Ocean Township is accessible by several major roads. The Route 18 freeway traverses the western part while Route 35 passes through in the east. Route 66 runs along the southern border with Neptune and Route 71 straddles the eastern border with Deal and West Long Branch. The Garden State Parkway is located west of Ocean in neighboring Tinton Falls.

Many of Ocean Township's businesses and commercial activities are located on these major roads, including the current construction of the Ocean Commons on Route 35, which will feature businesses like a Wawa, Inc.. Other notable commercial areas located on these major roads include the Seaview Shopping Center (formerly Seaview Square Mall), which is located off of Route 66 and features businesses like a Costco and HomeGoods.

Public transportation
A brief stretch of NJ Transit's North Jersey Coast Line passes through in the eastern part of the township, but the closest stations are at Allenhurst and Elberon. Commuter service is available on the North Jersey Coast Line south to Point Pleasant Beach and Bay Head or north to points such as Belmar, Long Branch, Newark, Hoboken Terminal and Penn Station in Midtown Manhattan.

NJ Transit provides local bus transportation on the 832 and 837 routes.

Ferry service is available through the SeaStreak service in Highlands, a trip that involves about a 25–30 minute drive from Ocean Township (depending on the section of town) to reach the departing terminal. SeaStreak offers ferry service to New York City with trips to Pier 11 (on the East River at Wall Street) and East 35th Street in Manhattan. The ferry service also offers seasonal travel, such as to the public beaches on Sandy Hook, baseball games at Yankee Stadium and Citi Field, trips to Broadway matinees, Martha's Vineyard in Massachusetts, college football games at West Point, fall foliage in the Hudson Valley, and to the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, among other excursions.

Notable people
People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Ocean Township include:

 * Mary Pat Angelini (born 1954), member of the New Jersey General Assembly from the 11th Legislative District from 2008 to 2016
 * Lou Barbaro (1916–1976), professional golfer
 * Marie Castello (1915–2008), fortune teller known as Madam Marie who became widely known after being mentioned in Bruce Springsteen's 1973 song "4th of July, Asbury Park (Sandy)"
 * Claude Dauphin (1903–1978), French actor
 * Michelle Davidson (born 1970), masters swimmer and a long distance, open water swimmer who accomplished the Triple Crown of Open Water Swimming, which includes crossing the English Channel and Catalina Channel, and circumnavigating Manhattan Island
 * Bob Davis (born 1945), former NFL quarterback whose career included three seasons with the New York Jets
 * Margie Donlon, Ocean Township councilmember who is a member-elect of the New Jersey General Assembly for the 11th legislative district
 * Kathleen Dorsett (born 1974), schoolteacher who was convicted of the August 2010 murder of her ex-husband
 * Solomon Dwek (born c. 1973), real estate investor who became an FBI informant as part of Operation Bid Rig
 * Norma Eberhardt (1929–2011), actress whose films included Live Fast, Die Young and The Return of Dracula
 * Caroline Elkins (born 1969), Pulitzer Prize-winning historian and Harvard University professor
 * Frank J. Esposito (born 1941), historian and college professor who ran as the lieutenant governor running mate of Christopher Daggett in the New Jersey gubernatorial election, 2009
 * Edward J. Hart (1893–1961), represented NJ's 14th congressional district, 1935–1955
 * Trent Hindman (born 1995), racing driver who won the 2014 Continental Tire Sports Car Challenge in the GS class
 * Stephen L. Hoffman (born 1948), physician-scientist, tropical medicine specialist and vaccinologist.
 * Rowland Hughes (1896–1957), Director of the Office of Management and Budget, 1954–1956
 * Oren Liebermann (born 1982/83), journalist who works as the Pentagon correspondent for CNN
 * Chris Malachowsky (born 1959), electrical engineer who was a founder of the computer graphics company Nvidia
 * Gloria Monty (1921–2006), television producer best known for her work in the field of soap operas, most notably her tenure at General Hospital
 * Eric Nies (born 1971), actor, male fashion model, dancer, and singer, best known for being a cast member in the first season of MTV's The Real World
 * Jack Nies (born 1937), retired National Basketball Association referee
 * John Nies (born 1967), former NFL punter for the Buffalo Bills
 * Joseph A. Palaia (1927–2016), member of the New Jersey General Assembly, 1982–1989; member of the New Jersey Senate, 1989–2008
 * Kenny Pickett (born 1998), American football quarterback who was drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers
 * Sally Priesand (born 1946), first woman ordained by a rabbinical seminary in the United States
 * Adam Sarafian (born 1986), national champion pole vaulter in 2004
 * Bruce Springsteen (born 1949), musician
 * George Stetter (born 1945), Canadian football player who played for the Montreal Alouettes and Ottawa Rough Riders
 * Richard R. Stout (1912–1986), politician who served in the New Jersey Senate from 1952 to 1974
 * Ashley Tisdale (born 1985), actress, Disney's The Suite Life of Zack & Cody and High School Musical
 * Lew Tucker (born 1950), computer scientist, open source advocate and industry executive
 * Tommy Tucker (1903–1989), bandleader best known for "I Don't Want to Set the World on Fire"
 * Jeffrey K. Tulis (born 1950), political scientist known for work that conjoins the fields of American politics, political theory, and public law.
 * Michael Uslan (born 1951), originator and executive producer of the Batman movies
 * John Villapiano (born 1951), former professional football player who played in the World Football League; politician who served on the Monmouth County, New Jersey Board of Chosen Freeholders and the New Jersey General Assembly
 * Phil Villapiano (born 1949), NFL linebacker who played for the Oakland Raiders
 * Brett Wigdortz (born 1973), founder and CEO of Teach First
 * Wendy Williams (born 1964), talk show host and author host of The Wendy Williams Show