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Humacao, Puerto Rico

Humacao is a city and municipality in Puerto Rico located in the eastern coast of the island, north of Yabucoa; south of Naguabo; east of Las Piedras; and west of Vieques Passage. Humacao is spread over 12 barrios and Humacao Pueblo (the downtown area and the administrative center of the city). It is part of the San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo Metropolitan Statistical Area.

History
The region of what is now Humacao belonged to the Taíno region of Humaka, which covered a portion of the southeast coast of Puerto Rico. The region was led by cacique Jumacao (also referred to as "Macao"). The Taíno settlement was located on the shores of what is called now the Humacao River. It is believed that the Taíno chief Jumacao was the first "cacique" to learn to read and write in Spanish, since he wrote a letter to the King of Spain Charles I complaining about how the Governor of the island wasn't complying with their peace agreement. In the letter, Jumacao argued that their people were virtually prisoners of Spain. It is said that King Charles was so moved by the letter that he ordered the Governor to obey the terms of the treaty.

During the early 16th century, the region was populated by cattle ranchers. However, since most of them officially resided in San Juan, a settlement was never officially organized. At the beginning of the 18th century, specifically around 1721–1722, the first official settlement was constituted in the area. Most of the residents at the time were immigrants from the Canary Islands, but due to attacks from Caribs, pirates, and other settlers, some of them moved farther into the island in what is now Las Piedras. Still, some settlers remained and by 1776, historian Fray Íñigo Abbad y Lasierra visited the area and wrote about the population there. By 1793, the church was recognized as parish and the settlement was officially recognized as town.

By 1894, Humacao was recognized as a city. Due to its thriving population, buildings and structures like a hospital, a theater, and a prison were built in the city. In 1899, after the United States invasion of the island as a result of the Spanish–American War, the municipality of Las Piedras was annexed to Humacao. This lasted until 1914, when the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico voted on splitting both towns again.

Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and became a territory of the United States. In 1899, the United States Department of War conducted a census of Puerto Rico finding that the population of Humacao was 14,313.

Humacao was led by mayor Marcelo Trujillo Panisse for over a decade. A basketball star in his early years, Trujillo has pushed for the development of infrastructure facilities for sports and the fine arts in the city. In March 2008, a new Roman Catholic diocese was established as the Fajardo-Humacao diocese. Its first bishop is Monsignor Eusebio 'Chebito' Ramos Morales, a maunabeño who was rector of the Humacao's main parish in the 1990s.

In 2019, Luis Raul Sanchez became interim mayor of Humacao after Marcelo Trujillo Panisse died in September 2019.

On September 20, 2017 Hurricane Maria struck Puerto Rico. Punta Santiago in Humacao saw a six-foot storm surge. The hurricane caused destruction of homes and infrastructure.

Geography
Humacao is located in the southeast coast of Puerto Rico. It is bordered by the municipalities of Naguabo to the north, Yabucoa to the south, and Las Piedras to the west. The Atlantic Ocean borders the city in the east. Humacao is located in the region of the Eastern Coastal Plains, with most of its territory being flat. There are minor elevations to the southwest, like Candelero Hill, and northwest, like Mabú. Humacao's territory covers 45 square miles (117 km2). Two islands belong to Humacao: Cayo Santiago and Cayo Batata.

Water features
Humacao's hydrographic system consists of many rivers and creeks like Humacao, Antón Ruíz, and Candelero. Some of its creeks are Frontera, Mariana, and Del Obispo, among many others.

In 2019, updated flood zone maps show that Humacao is extremely vulnerable to flooding, along with Toa Baja, Rincón, Barceloneta, and Corozal. Located where most cyclones enter the island, Humacao is one of the most vulnerable areas of Puerto Rico. Humacao was working on flood mitigation plans and shared that its barrios located on the coast; Antón Ruíz, Punta Santiago, Río Abajo, Buena Vista and Candelero Abajo barrios, are extremely vulnerable to flooding and destruction.

Barrios
Like all municipalities of Puerto Rico, Humacao is subdivided into barrios. The municipal buildings, central square and large Catholic church are located in a small barrio referred to as "el pueblo", near the center of the municipality.

 * 1) Antón Ruíz
 * 2) Buena Vista
 * 3) Candelero Abajo
 * 4) Candelero Arriba
 * 5) Cataño
 * 6) Collores
 * 7) Humacao barrio-pueblo
 * 8) Mabú
 * 9) Mambiche
 * 10) Mariana
 * 11) Punta Santiago
 * 12) Río Abajo
 * 13) Tejas

Sectors
Barrios (which are, in contemporary times, roughly comparable to minor civil divisions) and subbarrios, are further subdivided into smaller areas called sectores (sectors in English). The types of sectores may vary, from normally sector to urbanización to reparto to barriada to residencial, among others.

Special Communities
Comunidades Especiales de Puerto Rico (Special Communities of Puerto Rico) are marginalized communities whose citizens are experiencing a certain amount of social exclusion. A map shows these communities occur in nearly every municipality of the commonwealth. Of the 742 places that were on the list in 2014, the following barrios, communities, sectors, or neighborhoods were in Humacao: Antón Ruiz, Obrera neighborhood, Cotto Mabú-Fermina, Buena Vista, Parcelas Aniseto Cruz in Candelero Abajo, Parcelas Martínez in Candelero Abajo, Cataño, Punta Santiago, Verde Mar, and Cangrejos.

Tourism
To stimulate local tourism, the Puerto Rico Tourism Company launched the Voy Turistiendo ("I'm Touring") campaign, with a passport book and website. The Humacao page lists Reserva Natural de Humacao, its Pueblo with historic architecture, and its cuisine, specifically Granito, as places and things of interest.

According to a news article by Primera Hora, there are 8 beaches in Humacao including Punta Santiago. Palmas del Mar Beach in Humacao is considered a dangerous beach due to its strong currents.

Due to its location on the coast and relative short distance from the capital, Humacao is a frequent stop for tourists. One of the most notable tourist mainstays is the Palmas del Mar resort, which is Puerto Rico's largest resort. This mega-resort is composed of over 3000 acre of land and occupies the entire southeastern portion of Humacao. The resort contains tennis courts, two world-class golf courses, beach access, several restaurants and a riding center.

Aside from the beaches at the Palmas del Mar resort, Humacao has other beaches. The most popular ones are Punta Santiago, Buena Vista, Punta Candelero, and El Morrillo. The Candelero Beach Resort, built in 1973, with its 107 rooms, 25 which are suites, was purchased and revitalized by the Suarez family.

The Astronomical Observatory at the University of Puerto Rico at Humacao, Casa Roig, the Guzmán Ermit, the Humacao Wildlife Refuge, and the Church Dulce Nombre de Jesús may be classed as other places of interest.

In the 1980s, the Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources established the Humacao Nature Reserve (also called the Punta Santiago Nature Reserve) in the municipality. The Palmas del Mar Tropical Forest is also located in Humacao.

Economy
Burlington in Humacao employs under 100 people and reopened its doors in March 2019. The store had been shuttered since Hurricane Maria destroyed it on September 19, 2017.

Festivals and events
Humacao celebrates its patron saint festival in December. The Fiestas Patronales Inmaculada Concepcion de Maria is a religious and cultural celebration that generally features parades, games, artisans, amusement rides, regional food, and live entertainment.

The Breadfruit Festival (Festival de la Pana) is celebrated during the first weekend of September. It is organized by the Mariana's Recreational and Cultural Association (ARECMA), a community organization of the Mariana barrio. Its main theme is about the preparation of dishes whose main ingredient is breadfruit. Typical Puerto Rican music, crafts and foods as well as other cultural and sports activities can also be enjoyed. Most years it has been held at one of the highest elevations within the sector with views to Humacao, Las Piedras, Naguabo, Vieques and Yabucoa.

Humacao Grita is an urban art festival held in November.

Other festivals and events celebrated in Humacao include:
 * Three Kings’ Day- January
 * Festival of the Cross – May
 * Flat-bottom Boat Festival – June
 * Saint Cecilia Festival (patron saint of musicians) – November
 * Catholic Church Community Festival – December

Sports
The Grises basketball team (Humacao Grays), founded in 2005, belongs to Puerto Rico's National Superior Basketball league. In 2010, they changed their name to the Caciques de Humacao. They play at the new Humacao Coliseum.

The Grises is also a Double A class amateur baseball team that has won one championship (1951) and four time runners-up in (1950, 1960, 1965 and 1967).

Government
Like all municipalities in Puerto Rico, Humacao is administered by a mayor. In June 2022, Julio Geigel was elected mayor of Humacao. Before then Luis Raul Sanchez got into office, after Marcelo Trujillo Panisse died in September 2019. The former mayor was Marcelo Trujillo, of the Popular Democratic Party (PPD) was elected at the 2000 general election and served for many years. In the 2020 general election Luis Raul was defeated by Reinaldo (Rey) Vargas Rodríguez (PNP) by a margin of 4 points. However, on May 5, 2022, Vargas was arrested by the FBI on corruption, bribery, and extortion charges. and was subsequently removed from his position.

The city belongs to the Puerto Rico Senatorial district VII, which is represented by two Senators. In 2012, Jorge Suárez and José Luis Dalmau were elected as District Senators.

FBI satellite office
There is an FBI satellite office located in Humacao.

Healthcare
Humacao has three secondary care hospitals HIMA-San Pablo Humacao, Dr. Domínguez (Hospital Oriente), and Ryder Memorial Hospital.

Symbols
The municipio has an official flag and coat of arms.

Flag
It consists of three horizontal stripes: gold that stands for Chief Jumacao's crown, red that symbolizes the coat of arms and the green that represents the arrows used by the Taínos.

Coat of arms
The coat of arms mainly consists of two colors, gold and green but also has gules. The gold represents the sun, Humacao is located in the island were the sun rises. Green symbolizes the native Indian heritage as well as the natural tropical valley where the city is located. The shield itself represents Humacao's native and Indian name origin. The coat of arms was designed by Roberto Brascochea Lota in 1975 and approved by Humacao on November 13, 1975.

Transportation
Humacao's airport is no longer used for daily flights to Vieques and Culebra as it was in the past. It is now used for private flights.

Humacao is served by two freeways and one tolled expressway, therefore is one of a few cities in Puerto Rico with good access. Puerto Rico Highway 30, Autopista Cruz Ortiz Stella, serves as the main highway coming from the west (Caguas, Las Piedras), while Puerto Rico Highway 53 serves from the north (Fajardo, Naguabo) and south (Yabucoa). Puerto Rico Highway 60, the Carretera Dionisio Casillas, is a short freeway located entirely in Humacao, and has exits serving downtown Humacao and Anton Ruiz.

Puerto Rico Highway 3, the main highway bordering the east coastline of Puerto Rico from San Juan, passes through Humacao and has its only alt route in the town, known locally as the Bulevar del Rio (River Boulevard) where it has access to the main judiciary center of the city, as well as a future theatre that is being built, the Centro de Bellas Artes de Humacao (Humacao Fine Arts Center). The alt route allows people to pass by the downtown area, as PR-3 enters into the downtown and business center of the town.

Puerto Rico Highway 908 is another important highway, which begins at PR-3 and intersects PR-30 and has access to the University of Puerto Rico at Humacao, as well as some main schools in the municipality.

Humacao, together with San Juan and Salinas, is one of three municipalities in Puerto Rico that has controlled-access highways leaving its boundaries in all directions (in this case north to Naguabo and south to Yabucoa via PR-53 and west to Las Piedras via PR-30)

There are 68 bridges in Humacao.

Education
There are various elementary and high school facilities, three of which were recognized by the Middle States Association of Secondary Schools and each has its own National Honor Society chapters.

The University of Puerto Rico at Humacao, formerly the CUH, educates over 4,000 students and is well known for its sciences, producing many of the island's most skilled microbiologists, marine biologists, wildlife biologists and chemists at the undergraduate level. It also manages an astronomical observatory where many tourists and locals come visit and view the stars and planets and the Museo Casa Roig where arts expositions and cultural events are celebrated.

Notable natives and residents

 * Rita Moreno, Academy Award-winning actress
 * Edwin Núñez, professional baseball player
 * Luis Rafael Sánchez, novelist and author
 * Rossana Rodriguez-Sanchez, member of the Chicago City Council
 * Eddie Miró, TV personality
 * Julio M. Fuentes, US Circuit Court judge
 * Tito Rojas, salsa singer
 * Adamari López, actress
 * Papulin Moyett, periodista y locutor de radio
 * Jaquira Díaz, author, journalist
 * Cosculluela, rapper, songwriter
 * Eladio Carrión, rapper, songwriter
 * Jumacao, Taino Cacique
 * Benito Pastoriza Iyodo, poet, narrator, and essayist
 * Carlos Ponce, actor
 * Luis Antonio "Yoyo Boing" Rivera, actor and comedian
 * Diplo,comedian
 * Jerry Rivera, singer and dancer
 * Junior Ortiz, former Major League Baseball player
 * Raul Casanova, former Major League Baseball player
 * Rafael Orellano, former professional baseball player
 * Jantony Ortiz, professional boxer
 * José Estrada Jr., former professional wrestler
 * Ana Otero, Pianist, composer, arranger, conductor, activist.
 * Jon Z,rapper,songwriter

title: Humacao, Puerto Rico


text:
Agreed Framework

The Agreed Framework between the United States of America and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (북미제네바기본합의서) was signed on 21 October 1994, between North Korea (DPRK) and the United States. The objective of the agreement was the freezing and replacement of North Korea's indigenous nuclear power plant program with more nuclear proliferation resistant light water reactor power plants, and the step-by-step normalization of relations between the U.S. and the DPRK. Implementation of the agreement was troubled from the start, but its key elements were being implemented until it effectively broke down in 2003.

Background

On 12 December 1985, North Korea became a party to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). On 10 April 1992, its NPT safeguards agreement entered into force. In May 1992, North Korea submitted its initial report to the IAEA under that agreement, and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) inspections began. Shortly thereafter inconsistencies emerged between the North Korea initial declaration and the Agency's findings, centering on a mismatch between declared plutonium product and nuclear waste solutions and the results of the Agency's analysis. The latter suggested that undeclared plutonium existed in North Korea. In order to find answers to the inconsistencies detected and to determine the completeness and correctness of the initial declaration provided, the IAEA requested access to additional information and to two sites which seemed to be related to the storage of nuclear waste. The DPRK refused access to the sites, and on 12 March 1993, North Korea announced its decision to withdraw from the NPT.

On 1 April 1993, the IAEA concluded that North Korea was in non-compliance with its Safeguards Agreement, and referred this to the UN Security Council. Following UN Security Council resolution 825, which called upon the DPRK to reconsider its decision to withdraw from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and allow weapons inspectors from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) into the country, North Korea "suspended the effectuation" of that withdrawal in June 1993.

In November 1993, North Korea proposed to the United States that the two governments negotiate a "package solution" to all of the issues dividing them. The Clinton Administration accepted this in principle but conditioned such "comprehensive" talks on North Korea acting first to allow a resumption of IAEA inspections and to re-open negotiations with South Korea over nuclear questions (North Korea had broken off talks with South Korea in late 1992). North Korea approached the IAEA in January 1994, offering a single inspection, less comprehensive than those conducted by the IAEA in 1992. After several weeks of tough negotiations, the IAEA announced on 16 February 1994 that North Korea had accepted "the inspection activities" that the Agency had requested. In response, the Clinton Administration agreed to suspend the Team Spirit military exercise with South Korea (a long-standing North Korean demand) and begin a new round of talks with North Korea—subject to North Korea allowing full implementation of the IAEA inspection and beginning high level talks with South Korea.

Agreement

 * Motivation : DPRK announced intention to withdraw from NPT and non-compliance with IAEA safeguards.
 * Signed Date: 21 October 1994 by U.S. Ambassador Robert Gallucci and DPRK Vice-minister Kang Sok-ju
 * Summary: Freeze of North Korean nuclear program, leading to denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula, and initial Peace agreement between the United States and North Korea

The main provisions of the agreement were:
 * DPRK's graphite-moderated 5MWe nuclear reactor, and the 50 MWe and 200 MWe reactors under construction, which could easily produce weapons grade plutonium, would be replaced with two 1000MW light water reactors (LWR) power plants by a target date of 2003.
 * Oil for heating and electricity production would be provided while DPRK's reactors were shut down and construction halted, until completion of the first LWR power unit. The amount of oil was 500,000 tons of heavy fuel oil per year.
 * The two sides would move toward full normalization of political and economic relations.
 * The U.S. would provide formal peace and national security assurances to the DPRK, against the threat or use of nuclear weapons by the U.S.
 * The DPRK would take steps to implement the 1992 Joint Declaration of the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula between South and North Korea.
 * The DPRK would remain a party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.
 * IAEA ad hoc and routine inspections would resume for facilities not subject to the freeze.
 * Existing spent nuclear fuel stocks would be stored and ultimately disposed of without reprocessing in the DPRK.
 * Before delivery of key LWR nuclear components, the DPRK would come into full compliance with its safeguards agreement with the IAEA.

There were also some confidential minutes supporting the agreement, which have not been made public. These are reported to include that full-scope IAEA safeguards would be applied when the major non-nuclear components of the first LWR unit were completed but before the delivery of key nuclear components.

The commitments in the agreement were voluntary and non-binding, not approved by the United States Senate as with a treaty, though noted by the United Nations Security Council. It was signed in the wake of North Korea's 90-day advance notification of its intended withdrawal from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (which North Korea "suspended" after 89 days), a U.S. military buildup near the country, and U.S. plans to bomb the active Yongbyon nuclear reactor.

The U.S. regarded the Agreed Framework primarily as a non-proliferation agreement, whereas North Korea placed greater value on measures normalizing relations with the U.S.

Terms of the pact and consequent agreements included the shutdown of the pilot Yongbyon nuclear reactor, abandoning the construction of two larger nuclear power plants, and the canning and sealing, under IAEA monitoring, of spent fuel that could have been reprocessed to create plutonium for a nuclear weapon. In exchange two light water reactors would be constructed in North Korea by 2003 at a cost of $4 billion, primarily supplied by South Korea. In the interim, North Korea would be supplied with 500,000 tons of heavy fuel oil annually, at no cost, to make up for lost energy production. North Korea was required to come into full compliance with its IAEA safeguards agreement, allowing the IAEA to verify the correctness and completeness of its initial declaration, before key nuclear components of the reactor would be delivered. When the LWR plants were completed, North Korea would dismantle its other nuclear reactors and associated facilities.

The Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) is a consortium of the United States, South Korea, Japan, and various other states that is responsible for implementing the energy-related parts of the agreement. North Korea would repay KEDO over a 20-year interest-free period after the completion of each LWR plant.

It was reported that US President Bill Clinton's officials agreed to the plan only because they thought that the North Korean government would collapse before the nuclear power project was completed as North Korea's leader Kim Il Sung had recently died. North Korean officials at the time also suspected the U.S. anticipated an early collapse of the DPRK.

Implementation of the agreement
Soon after the agreement was signed, U.S. Congress control changed to the Republican Party, who did not support the agreement. Some Republican Senators were strongly against the agreement, regarding it as appeasement. Initially, U.S. Department of Defense emergency funds not under Congress' control were used to fund the transitional oil supplies under the agreement, together with international funding. From 1996 Congress provided funding, though not always sufficient amounts. Consequently, some of the agreed transitional oil supplies were delivered late. KEDO's first director, Stephen Bosworth, later commented "The Agreed Framework was a political orphan within two weeks after its signature".

Some analysts believe North Korea agreed to the freeze primarily because of the U.S. agreement to phase out economic sanctions that had been in place since the Korean War. But because of congressional opposition, the U.S. failed to deliver on this part of the agreement.

International funding for the LWR replacement power plants had to be sought. Formal invitations to bid were not issued until 1998, by which time the delays were infuriating North Korea. In May 1998, North Korea warned it would restart nuclear research if the U.S. could not install the LWR. Formal ground breaking on the site was on 21 August 1997, but significant spending on the LWR project did not commence until 2000.

U.S. officials in 1998 testified to Congress that there were no fundamental violations of any aspect of the Framework Agreement by North Koreans.

Joel S. Wit, State Department Coordinator for implementation of the Agreed Framework (1995–2000) during the Clinton administration, stated that "we did know about the DPRK cheating on the highly-enriched uranium front starting in 1998."

The U.S. diplomat who negotiated the framework, Robert Gallucci has warned that it could collapse if United States did not fulfill obligations that it agreed to.

There was increasing disagreement between North Korea and the United States on the scope and implementation of the agreement. The United States did little to meet its commitment to normalize political and economic relations. When by 1999 economic sanctions had not been lifted and full diplomatic relations between the United States and North Korea had not been established, North Korea warned that they would resume nuclear research unless the United States kept up its end of the bargain.

Construction of the first LWR reactor began in August 2002. Construction of both reactors was well behind schedule. The initial plan was for both reactors to be operational by 2003, but the construction had been halted indefinitely in late 2002. Senators accused President Clinton of understating the cost of the project.

Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of State Rust Deming told Congress "to be frank, we have in past years not always met the fuel year deadline".

Final breakdown of the agreement
In January 2002, U.S. President George W. Bush labeled North Korea in his first State of the Union Address as part of an Axis of Evil.

In October 2002, a U.S. delegation led by Assistant Secretary of State James A. Kelly visited North Korea to confront the North Koreans with the U.S. assessment that they had a uranium enrichment program. The parties' reports of the meeting differ. The U.S. delegation believed the North Koreans had admitted the existence of a highly enriched uranium program. The North Koreans stated Kelly made his assertions in an arrogant manner, but failed to produce any evidence such as satellite photos, and they responded by denying that North Korea planned to produce nuclear weapons using enriched uranium. They went on to state that as an independent sovereign state North Korea was entitled to possess nuclear weapons for defense, although they did not possess such a weapon at that point in time. Relations between the two countries, which had seemed hopeful two years earlier, quickly deteriorated into open hostility.

The HEU intelligence that James Kelly's accusation is based on is still controversial: According to the CIA fact sheet to Congress on 19 November 2002, there was "clear evidence indicating the North has begun constructing a centrifuge facility" and this plant could produce annually enough HEU for two or more nuclear weapons per year when it is finished. However, some experts assessed that the equipment North Korea imported was insufficient evidence of a production-scale enrichment program.

KEDO members considered in November 2002 whether to halt the fuel oil shipments in response to the previous month's developments. U.S. Assistant Secretary of State James A. Kelly warned Japanese officials that the U.S. Congress would not fund such shipments in the face of continued violations. The shipments were halted in December.

On 10 January 2003, North Korea again announced its withdrawal from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. On February 10, 2005, North Korea finally declared that it had manufactured nuclear weapons as a "nuclear deterrent for self-defence". On October 9, 2006, North Korea conducted a nuclear test. US intelligence agencies believe that North Korea has manufactured a handful of simple nuclear weapons.

In December 2003, KEDO suspended work on the pressurized water reactor project. Subsequently, KEDO shifted the focus of its efforts to ensuring that the LWR project assets at the construction site in North Korea and at manufacturers’ facilities around the world ($1.5 billion invested to date) are preserved and maintained.

Each side blamed the other for ending the Agreed Framework. The United States pointed out that a North Korean uranium enrichment facility would violate the 1992 Joint Declaration of the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula, which states "The South and the North shall not possess nuclear reprocessing and uranium enrichment facilities." North Korea accused the United States of a "hostile policy" including deliberately delaying fuel supplies and progress on the KEDO project that "effectively nullified" the agreement, listing North Korea as part of the "Axis of evil" and a target of the U.S. pre-emptive nuclear strikes.

Although the agreement had largely broken down, North Korea did not restart work on the two production size nuclear power plants that were frozen under the agreement. These plants could potentially have produced enough weapons-grade plutonium to produce several nuclear weapons per year. The Agreed Framework was successful in freezing North Korean plutonium production in Yongbyon plutonium complex for eight years from 1994 to December 2002; however, it failed to stop North Korea from developing a secret highly enriched uranium program, begun in the "mid- or late-1990s."

Discussions took place through the Six-party talks about a replacement agreement, reaching a preliminary accord on 19 September 2005. The accord made no mention of the U.S. contention that North Korea has a secret, underground enriched uranium program. However, the new accord would require North Korea to dismantle all nuclear facilities, not just specific plants as in the Agreed Framework. Ultimately the Six-party talks were discontinued in 2009.

On May 31, 2006, KEDO decided to terminate the LWR construction project.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Agreed Framework


text:
Talk:Brown University

Prestige rankings in lead
Hi, please discuss here rather than just reverting without explanation. The two sources given supporting the claim that Brown is “among the most prestigious universities in the world” place Brown between #70 and #80 in the world for international reputation. By that standard, other universities that can claim to be among the “most prestigious” in the world in the lead of their articles also includes Ohio State, Michigan State, Texas A&M, Boston University, the University of Pittsburgh, and Penn State, all of which are ranked higher than Brown for international reputation. While these are all great universities (as is Brown), calling them “among the most prestigious in the world” would be misleading at best, and so the same is true for Brown. —Drevolt (talk) 20:57, 13 December 2022 (UTC)

"Bulang" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bulang&redirect=no Bulang] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at until a consensus is reached. Hey man im josh (talk) 14:22, 28 March 2023 (UTC)

Lead
As per MOS:LEAD, an article of this size should have a lead of only 3-4 paragraphs, and should be a high-level neutral overview of an article. Nikkimaria (talk) 23:32, 16 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Does anyone have any specific objections to restoring this version? Nikkimaria (talk) 01:00, 21 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Yes, as discussed in other places as you full well know. Your attempt to act ignorant about those discussions and the objections that multiple other editors have made is tedious and dishonest. ElKevbo (talk) 01:31, 21 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Please cut out the personal attacks and let's focus on the content. In other places you have objected to type which is unchanged in that revision; a link to Ivy League which is present in that revision; unlinking the state which is appropriate per MOS:GEOLINK; and a link to research university. If the last of these is added, do you have any additional objections? Nikkimaria (talk) 01:53, 21 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Add: I do appreciate that you seem very upset and I'm sorry for that - it certainly wasn't my intention. But I would like to move past that and get some improvements in place. If you have any other objections I'd like to see if we can reach agreement on how to resolve them. Nikkimaria (talk) 12:42, 21 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Thanks.
 * I do think that it's important for our articles about similar, related topics to be comparable to the extent that is possible. So I again recommend raising your objection to the alumni content in the lede in a more visible, centralized place as it's a very common practice to include that information. I would support a movement to remove or trim down that material in the ledes of all articles about US colleges and universities - but I would continue to object to editing just this article or a handful of articles without making similar changes to the other articles that have the exact same content. ElKevbo (talk) 00:46, 23 April 2024 (UTC)

 * I appreciate your perspective, and I have no objection to holding such a central discussion to address the wider issue. However, we need not halt progress on this article because other articles may also need work. Nikkimaria (talk) 01:07, 23 April 2024 (UTC)

 * That this is widespread indicates that there is, or at least was, some level of consensus. I appreciate you being bold in some of your edits but now that another editor has objected it's incumbent on you to determine if consensus has changed or can be changed. ElKevbo (talk) 01:17, 23 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Implicit consensus exists only until it is disputed; the responsibility for achieving consensus for inclusion is on those seeking to include disputed content. Nikkimaria (talk) 01:45, 23 April 2024 (UTC)

 * The material has been in the article in one form or another for about a decade. If you'd like to open an RfC or seek input from other editors, you're welcome to do so. But you don't own this article and get to impose your preferred version over the objections of another editor when the material you're seeking to remove has been in the article for such a long time. ElKevbo (talk) 00:26, 4 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Hi ElKevbo, neither you nor I own the article, which is why disputes should be resolved with reference to relevant Wikipedia policies and guidelines or previous discussions rather than stonewalling. The essay you link doesn't support that being around for a long time is a rationale for inclusion; compare WP:CONTENTAGE. Can you point to a discussion that established consensus for inclusion of this material? If no, then it should be excluded - per policy, per guidelines, and per the neutrality issues you yourself have raised with such content. Nikkimaria (talk) 01:05, 4 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Hi ElKevbo, were you able to track down any discussion that established consensus for inclusion of this? Nikkimaria (talk) 01:40, 8 May 2024 (UTC)

 * No - and I'm not going to look. We disagree and you're the one who wants to make substantive edits to material that has been stable for about a decade so the onus is on you to either convince me or, more realistically, seek input from other editors to break the deadlock. WP:3O and WT:UNI are possible venues. But as I have told you several times already, you would be much better served by opening a broader discussion since you are advocating for similar changes in multiple articles. ElKevbo (talk) 01:51, 8 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Hi ElKevbo, I certainly can't force you to look, but as per policy the onus is on those seeking to include disputed content to demonstrate consensus for it, not those seeking to exclude. Nikkimaria (talk) 01:58, 8 May 2024 (UTC)

 * I disagree and I am done having the same discussion with you over and over again. You are not entitled to edit war and bludgeon your way to your preferred interpretation of policy and your preferred version of this article. Seek other opinions or some form of dispute resolution. ElKevbo (talk) 02:52, 8 May 2024 (UTC)

File:Pictogram voting comment.png|18px]] 3O Response: I think the guiding policies for the immediate disagreement over who needs to demonstrate consensus should be WP:NOCON and WP:QUO, and therefore the notable alumni info (NAI) should stay in the lead until a consensus to remove has been established. (My reading of WP:ONUS is that it's concerned with disputes over adding new content, not removing/retaining long-established information.) On the broader issue of whether NAI should be in the lead, I'm far more ambivalent. I do agree with Nikkimaria's interpretation of MOS:LEAD and would personally vote to exclude, but I don't think this a clear-cut case, and the general consensus (as much as there is one) seems to be that including NAI is perfectly acceptable. Given how widespread NAI in the lead is, I'd expect any attempt to address this at an article-by-article level would be doomed to failure without a specific discussion of this issue to point to when the inevitable reverts occur. So in my opinion, the best path forward would be to start a discussion at WT:UNI and get clear guidance from the community interested in this topic. That being said, if you both agree that the article is better without the NAI in the lead, I'd say go ahead and remove it. Consistency with inferior articles is not a strong reason to keep content. Wburrow (talk) 18:26, 8 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the input. I think given the resistance it will need to remain at the lowest common denominator for now. Nikkimaria (talk) 21:06, 8 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Brown University


text:
2002 Zamboanga City bombings

The 2002 Zamboanga bombings were a series of attacks perpetrated on the October 2, 17 and 21, 2002, around the southern Philippine port of Zamboanga City, Mindanao island. Eleven people died and over 180 others were wounded in the four bomb attacks allegedly perpetrated by Islamic extremists with connections to the Abu Sayyaf insurgent group.

October 2
A bomb blast in front of a Malagutay district karaoke bar near a military arms depot in Zamboanga City killed an American Green Beret commando and three Filipino civilians. At least 25 other people, one of them another American trooper, were wounded in the blast. Investigators were looking at the possibility of a suicide attack as the rider of a motorcycle where the explosives were rigged was among the fatalities. A military intelligence report said the attack was staged by a "four-man urban terrorist group" of Abu Sayyaf, which has been linked to al-Qaeda. Philippine National Police chief Director General Hermogenes Ebdane Jr. stated the motorcycle driver had been identified as a member of Abu Sayyaf from a sketch based on witnesses' accounts and the body. According to police, the bomb that exploded in Malagutay weighed around a kilo and contained "brownish" explosive that may have been a mixture of gunpowder and TNT.

October 20
Two TNT bombs exploded around noon inside a shopping centre in the commercial district of Zamboanga City, when the mall was most busy, killing at least seven and wounding about 150 people. Two department stores were devastated in the attack. The first blast occurred at 11:30 a.m. at the Shop-o-Rama department store and was followed a half hour later by a second explosion at the adjacent Shoppers Central store. Police Chief Mario Yanga said the bombs were deposited at counters where shoppers leave packages as they enter. The explosions occurred as ceremonies were being held in the city to hand over command of the military's Southern Command from Lt. Gen. Ernesto Carolina to Lt. Gen. Narciso Abaya. Following the blasts, Zamboanga police bomb squads blew up five suspicious packages, however further examination found they contained no explosives.

October 21
A Philippine Marine guarding the church was killed and 18 others wounded after a bomb, placed in bag left at a candle store, exploded at Fort Pilar, a Catholic shrine in Zamboanga City.

Perpetrators
Hours before the October 21 blast, police in Manila captured a man they said was a senior member of the Muslim extremist group, Abu Sayyaf, suspected of staging the earlier blasts. Police arrested five more suspects on the 22nd. On November 15, Abdulmukim Edris, who had a million peso bounty on his head, was arrested in Pasay after the issuing of 11 warrants of arrest by the regional trial court in Isabela, Basilan for a string of pending criminal cases, including murder and kidnapping for ransom. Edris was tagged as the mastermind in the October 17 bombings.

title: 2002 Zamboanga City bombings


text:
Josiah S. Carberry

Josiah Stinkney Carberry is a fictional professor, created as a joke in 1929. He is said to still teach at Brown University, and to be known for his work in "psychoceramics", the supposed study of "cracked pots" (a play on words of the term crackpot).

History
The joke originated when John William Spaeth, Jr., posted a false notice for a Carberry lecture on a bulletin board at Brown on January 24, 1929. The lecture's title was "Archaic Greek Architectural Revetments in Connection with Ionian Philology"; when asked to elaborate, Spaeth provided fictional details about the professor's family and academic interests.

According to legend, Carberry pursued his bachelor's degree at the University of Chicago followed by his PhD at Harvard University. On completing his education, he joined Brown University as a Professor of Psychoceramics. Since then, Carberry has traditionally been scheduled to lecture every Friday the 13th and February 29 at Brown, and a general mythology has grown around him and his family. Jars, many of them cracked pots, are placed in many of the administrative buildings as well as the libraries and students can donate change to Professor Carberry on these days. Students have inserted references to him in otherwise serious journals, as any such reference which fails to point out his non-existence undermines the reputation of those works. Legal philosopher Joel Feinberg, whose teaching career began with a two-year stint at Brown, carried on a long and apparently furious feud with Carberry in the acknowledgement sections of his many books. Carberry was also known at Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut, from about 1930, when Spaeth moved from Brown University to join the Wesleyan faculty.

Traditions
Each Friday the 13th and leap day is "Josiah Carberry Day" at Brown. The year of Brown's founding, 1764, was a leap year starting on Sunday. Only these years and common years beginning on Thursday have three occurrences of Friday the 13th, in February, March and November. 2015 is the most recent example of such a year.

Often lectures are scheduled where Carberry fails to show up, and cracked pots are put outside the libraries for donations to the Josiah S. Carberry Fund, which Carberry set up "in memory of my future late wife, Laura," for the purchase of books "of which I might or might not approve." The bookplate bears a calendar for February with Friday the 13th and Sunday the 29th printed in red. This month only occurs in a leap year starting on Thursday, such as 1976, 2004, and 2032. Below this is the Latin motto "Dulce et Decorum Est Desipere in Loco", which translates as "It is pleasant and proper to be foolish once in a while."

Named after Carberry are a snack bar at Brown (Josiah's or Jo's for short) where they serve sandwiches known as "carberrys" and the library's card catalog (Josiah). Carberry also writes letters to The Brown Daily Herald, Brown's student newspaper, published in the April Fool's Day issue. A Brown-affiliated student housing cooperative (Carberry House) took his name from 1970 until its closure in 1998. Professor Carberry also appeared in an American Express commercial in the 1970s. Additionally, the documentation for logging into password-protected areas of the Brown University website often uses "jcarberr" as the example username.

On October 3, 1991, at the First Annual Ig Nobel Prize Ceremony, Carberry was awarded an Ig Nobel Prize for Interdisciplinary Research, making him one of three fictional winners. He was commended as a "bold explorer and eclectic seeker of knowledge, for his pioneering work in the field of psychoceramics, the study of cracked pots."

According to Martha Mitchell's Encyclopedia Brunoniana, "On Friday, May 13, 1955, an anonymous gift of $101.01 was received by the University from Professor Carberry to establish the Josiah S. Carberry Fund in memory of his 'future late wife.' A condition of the gift was that, henceforth, every Friday the 13th would be designated 'Carberry Day,' and on that day friends of the University would deposit their loose change in brown jugs to augment the fund, which is used to purchase 'such books as Professor Carberry might or might not approve of.' Students have followed this tradition ever since, and 275 books had been purchased with the proceeds,.

Professor Carberry has been the subject of articles in a number of periodicals, including The New York Times, which proclaimed him 'The World's Greatest Traveler' on the front page of its Sunday travel section in 1974, and in Yankee magazine, where he was 'The Absent-Bodied Professor' in 1975.

Family and friends
Carberry's fictional family originally included his wife Laura, and two daughters, Lois and Patricia. Later, a full-grown son, Zedediah Josiah Carberry, was added, and it was explained that Josiah and Laura were so busy raising the girls that they did not notice the boy.

Carberry's assistant is a man referred to as Truman Grayson, who has the unfortunate habit, wherever he and Carberry travel, of being bitten by something that begins with the letter "A".

Publications under the name of J. S. Carberry
Carberry has a demonstration account used in training examples by the standard ORCID authority control system, Crossref and others to demonstrate interoperation among scholarly communication systems without relying on the uniqueness of a name. He is assigned ORCID 0000-0002-1825-0097.
 * ; his position and institutional affiliation are given as "Professor of English, Brown University at San Diego", and the paper is claimed to be a reprint from The Journal of Popular Culture. The editor, Paul Di Filippo, is a resident of Providence, Rhode Island, where Brown University is located.
 * Carberry, Josiah S. 2013. Paradigm shifts in assessing crackpot methodologies. Brown University Studies in the Humanities 13: 1-13. Cited in "Comparing methods of collecting proverbs: Learning to value working with a community", Peter Unseth, 2014, GIALens 8.3.
 * Crossref publishes example papers under the name Josiah Carberry to demonstrate metadata. One such example is "Toward a Unified Theory of High-Energy Metaphysics: Silly String Theory"
 * A letter purportedly authored by Professor Carberry was published in the British Medical Journal in 2016, in response to an article published in the same journal concerning the sugar content of children's fruit drinks.
 * Crossref publishes example papers under the name Josiah Carberry to demonstrate metadata. One such example is "Toward a Unified Theory of High-Energy Metaphysics: Silly String Theory"
 * A letter purportedly authored by Professor Carberry was published in the British Medical Journal in 2016, in response to an article published in the same journal concerning the sugar content of children's fruit drinks.
 * A letter purportedly authored by Professor Carberry was published in the British Medical Journal in 2016, in response to an article published in the same journal concerning the sugar content of children's fruit drinks.
 * A letter purportedly authored by Professor Carberry was published in the British Medical Journal in 2016, in response to an article published in the same journal concerning the sugar content of children's fruit drinks.
 * A letter purportedly authored by Professor Carberry was published in the British Medical Journal in 2016, in response to an article published in the same journal concerning the sugar content of children's fruit drinks.

title: Josiah S. Carberry


text:
Talk:Presbyterian polity

Article split
The Presbyterian Church is a fuller entry on the subject previously treated under this topic. Without taking too much of a dictionary approach to Presbyterian, I think that it can be distinguished from the church, and developed in an independent direction. So, the entry is completely revised, with links directing to material that more than covers what was here.

The following text, though, has ideas that aren't really represented elsewhere. It doesn't really fit under "Presbyterian", but might go somewhere appropriate:

 * The basic premise is that human beings are not capable of true goodness, and can only be saved from their sins by divine intervention. However many good works a person does, they have to be selected by God ("the elect") in order to enjoy everlasting life. This is a belief which some other Christian sects find hard to comprehend.

Total depravity, Predestination, and Calvinism cover most of it. How can they believe THAT might be a candidate for a new entry, to include the remaining bit.

Mkmcconn 06:19 Oct 18, 2002 (UTC)

 * While I don't wish to take over custodianship of this article, I would strongly suggest that someone complete the process of the sorting out of what are, in essence, at least two separate topics which have been mixed here, a task which imo clearly remains unfinished. I have added a small amount at the beginning to help distinguish between Presbyterianism (capital 'P') as a movement or group of denominations -- which I would assert, this article is not about (else its title should not include the word polity) -- and presbyterian polity (small 'p' on "presbyterian"), which as a form of church governance has nothing specific to do with the family of denominations which fall under the rubric of Presbyterianism. It appears to me that someone is perhaps not clear for him- or herself on this important distinction, as I can see that the article continues, here and there, along a path of referring to historical denomination- or movement-specific traits which do not relate to polity, i.e. the presbyterian style of church governance, but are actually about a or the Presbyterian Church(es). So, I'm just putting in a request here that someone with more of a personal stake in this article than I have go through it and relocate references to the Presbyterian Churches proper under Presbyterianism. Happy Editing! :~)  DThrax (talk) 20:04, 12 March 2008 (UTC)

 * DThrax, there is no custodianship here - people have chipped in with text and sources where they saw necessary. So, I am glad you have been bold and posted some changes.  Why not?  After all, this article has a lot of growing to do.  I have two thoughts as to why plenty of presentation about specific denominations might not be a bad thing:
 * The reading I have done so far suggests that a full expression of presbyterian polity is confined to the Presbyterian and Reformed denominations, and some of those descended from them, so I suspect the polity is an essential part of the movement, and vice versa. Is the Church of the Nazarene the exception that proves this rule, or are there many more non-Reformed denominations that can help readers understand presbyterian polity?
 * The article seems to present the topic by referring to concrete examples, which seems quite a helpful approach to me. Therefore examples will necessarily be pulled from well-known mainstream implementations of the polity, such as by the early Geneva Reformed church, the PCUSA and the Church of Scotland of the 17th century.  Do you think previous editors gone too far down this path, and thus caused confusion for the reader?
 * --Hroðulf (or Hrothulf) (Talk) 18:28, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

Kirk sessions
Kirk Session redirects here, but it's not mentioned once in the article! Silverhelm 12:16, 3 February 2006 (UTC).

 * "Kirk Session" means the same as "Church Session", ("Kirk" being Scots for "Church"). The article has a whole section entitled Church Sessions, which refers to this body simply as "Sessions." I guess this could be clarified in the article itself. Blarneytherinosaur 00:39, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

 * now mentioned in bold in the lead section --Hroðulf (or Hrothulf) (Talk) 15:03, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

There is an assertion in the section on Sessions that the Pastor does not have a vote. This is not true in PC(USA). The Book of Order, in G-10.0101, says "The session of a particular church consists of the pastor or co-pastors, the associate pastors, and the elders in active service. All members of the session, including the pastor, co-pastors, and associate pastors, are entitled to vote." I looked at the PCA Book of Church Order too. While it does not explicitly say that pastors and associate pastors have a vote, it does say that they are members of the session, whereas it says that assistant pastors are not and therefore do not have a vote. I have not yet checked other Presbyterian denominations? Does anyone know of any Presbyterian denomination in which the Pastor does not have a vote in the session? Sterrettc (talk) 23:22, 14 June 2010 (UTC)

 * More information: The Evangelical Presbyterian Church has in their Book of Government, in 16-9, "The Pastor(s) elected by the particular church is a full member of the Church Session and has the privilege of voting."
 * In the Orthodox Presbyterian Church, the Pastor, other ministers, and all ruling elders are members of the session, which elects its moderator annually. There is no mention of the moderator not getting a vote.
 * In the Reformed Presbyterian Church, the Moderator "shall direct the business in accord with the law and order of the church and may vote." Sterrettc (talk) 23:47, 14 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Yes, mine. I'm a minister in the Presbyterian Church of Australia, and I don't get a vote. I would be reasonably certain it would be the same in the Church of Scotland. So it seems it is just the American denominations where the minister can vote. I had no idea about the OPC having an annual election of moderator, that would be quite different from the historic Presbyterian practice, I imagine. StAnselm (talk) 00:49, 15 June 2010 (UTC)

 * I've been looking for the Church of Scotland Form of Government online, but have not found it. Thanks for the input regard the other PCA (Australia). I didn't know that about OPC before I saw it today either. Sterrettc (talk) 01:34, 15 June 2010 (UTC)

 * I just managed to find it for the Church of Scotland: The moderator is a member of the session and does have a vote. Sterrettc (talk) 01:41, 15 June 2010 (UTC)

Ordination of Ministers
Please, someone add something about the ordination of ministers in presbyterian polity. This is needed for discussions of church polity elsewhere. I understand that ministers are ordained by ministers in this system. Not by bishops, as in episcopal polity; not by congregations, as in congregational polity. Or are there members of the Presbytery who are NOT ordained ministers, but merely ordained "elders"...? Forgive me if I am muddled so that my question is bad... Please set me straight. Thanks Emyth 01:21, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, ministers are ordained by a presbytery. Ordained ministers and ordained elders may both be members of a presbytery. I'm no expert on the ordination process as such, but I'll see if I can write something. Anyone else? Blarneytherinosaur 08:00, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

 * In the Church of Scotland, although ordination is an act of the Presbytery (ie by decision of Presbytery) and the Presbytery assembles for the service, only ministerial members of Presbytery lay hands on the candidate. I believe that in the PC (USA) elder members also lay hands Slackbuie 14:21, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

Yes. In the PCUSA, teaching elders (ministers) are ordained by a commission of the Presbytery. Typically the commission is half teaching elders and half ruling elders, though there's no requirement. In Presbytery and above there is little distinction between teaching and ruling elder. Both can do pretty much anything, except preach and administer sacraments. Hedrick (talk) 22:56, 7 June 2009 (UTC)

 * There is supposed to be little distinction between ministers of word and sacrament (teaching elders) and elders (ruling elders) except that the presbytery must consist of at least as many elders as ministers, and the synod and general assembly consist of exactly the same number of ministers and elders. At least, this is the case in the PC(USA). Sterrettc (talk) 23:53, 14 June 2010 (UTC)

A draft rewrite
I've been a bit annoyed at the lack of detail about the highter courts and their responsibilities, so I've done a draft rewrite. You can find it at User:Blarneytherinosaur/Sandbox. Please feel free to comment or make changes. I think the other sections could do with some tidying up too.

Also, does anyone else think we should include take the information from this article and Moderators and clerks in the Church of Scotland and create some new articles about the specific offices and courts of Presbyterian polity, or should we try to better include the information here and on the disambigation pages?

Blarneytherinosaur 07:24, 21 August 2006 (UTC)
 * This looks good. The older piece about the English word 'priest' should be deleted as the piece about bishop/elder/ministry/pastoral care is much less confusing and covers the relevant points.
 * As far as specific articles, it depends how much material you have, especially how deep the verifiable sources you can cite go. If you do create specific articles, I think summaries of them should still appear here.  If you go into detail about specific offices and court, how confident are you that what you write about the various presbyterian churches applies to other countries, particularly non-English-speaking countries?
 * Now that the article flows quite well, I, personally, would appreciate it if one or two knowledgeable people put some effort into getting good citations for the facts in the article. In particular  it interests me that Scotland attempted presbyterian polity before Geneva.   By the way, many thanks.  --Hroðulf (or Hrothulf) (Talk) 09:56, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I've had a think about my proposal for new articles. While it would be nice to have a real article to link to from the disambigation pages (General Assembly, Synod, and Presbytery), but I don't think we can worry about that until we have too much information in the sections here (which I don't see happening in the near future).
 * I agree that we need sources, so I'll raid my reference books and see what I can come up with. I've changed the section on the origins of Presbyterianism so hopefully people won't have the misconception that it originated in Scotland. (You should see the look on the faces of die-hard Scottish Presbyterians when they hear that Presbyterianism was started by a Frenchman in Switzerland!).
 * Does anyone think the information about the regularity of meetings of the higher courts is important? I've been thinking about removing it. Blarneytherinosaur 03:43, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Suggest you go ahead and paste your changes in before doing more work. That way there won't be too many changes for editors to review in one go (doesn't bother me eitherway - I have already reviewed the changes, for what its worth.) --Hroðulf (or Hrothulf) (Talk) 08:16, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I'll do that now. Blarneytherinosaur 01:37, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

Congregation or Parish
Great rewrite. Why did you replace 'congregations' with 'parishes'? As far as I recall, English and Irish presbyterians don't have parishes. --Hroðulf (or Hrothulf) (Talk) 14:00, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

 * In my experience a congregation is a body of people who meet for worship. A parish on the other hand is all the congregations within a defined area who are under the same session and share a minister (or ministers). I wanted to note that in those parishes with more than one congregation there is still only one session. I wondered if "parish" would be the right term. I could have used the less commonly used, but correct term "charge", but I thought "parish" would need less explanation. Blarneytherinosaur 10:42, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I had not come across this concept of charge or parish.  Some Church of Scotland parishes are just one congregation (one minister and one church building.)  So I think whichever term you use, it needs some explanation. --Hroðulf (or Hrothulf) (Talk) 11:04, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

 * More than 14 months later, I've got a definition of a congregation:
 * "It is lawful and expedient that there be fixed congregations, that is, a certain company of Christians to meet in one assembly ordinarily for publick worship." Of Particular Congregations from The Form of Presbyterial Church-Government.
 * I can't see any definition of a parish in that document, but I'll consult a few other sources for one. Blarneytherinosaur gabby? 06:04, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I've asked at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Calvinism for help on this one. (When we have a definition for a parish, I'd like to add a section just before "The Session" about the powers of a congregation as a whole, eg. issuing a call to a minister, electing Elders, Deacons, and a Property Board or Committee of Management.) Blarneytherinosaur gabby? 06:13, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

Articles for individual bodies
I have removed some internal links that seem distracting to me. I have also made a couple of new pages that redirect here: Presbytery (presbyterian church) and General Assembly (presbyterian church). A redirect at Kirk Session already exists. Consider these as placeholders for the articles dedicated to those courts that Blarneytherinosaur suggested. I tried to tidy the disambiguation pages at Presbytery and General Assembly to reflect this. --Hroðulf (or Hrothulf) (Talk) 14:59, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

Ruling elder
Please look at The ministry because it starts with an ambiguous sentence that seems to imply (to me) that ruling elder is the same office as teaching elder. I thought that women had basically been excluded from all forms of eldership until the 19th century. Can you make it more clear, please? --Hroðulf (or Hrothulf) (Talk) 11:07, 24 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I've had a go. I hope it clears that up. Blarneytherinosaur 02:29, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

Ruling elder and teaching elder are the same New Testament office, presbyter. The ordinations are essentially identical. However they seem to have become somewhat different offices. E.g. if a ruling elder becomes a teaching elder, which can certainly happen, I believe they are ordained again. Hedrick (talk) 22:56, 7 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Absolutely. Thanks.  Since I was still puzzled by this term (I am no theologian, and no presbyterian) I did a web search.  This book implies that all presbyterian elders are formally known as Ruling Elders:
 * http://www.bpc.org/resources/books/miller/elder09.html
 * I imagine that the word 'ruling' arises from their being ordained to a role in church government, and is simply to distinguish them from 'teaching elder', and from 'elder' meaning 'older person'. However, I do not know if my inference is right, or even if Miller is considered authoritative.  It seems that the article is missing a section on The Elder (or The Ruling Elder) to become fully rounded.  Any takers?  --Hroðulf (or Hrothulf) (Talk) 07:23, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

In the PCUSA, teaching elder and ruling elder are seen as two offices. It seems very odd to think of a teaching elder as also a ruling elder. I believe you have misinterpreted Miller. He says that teaching elders also rule, but not that they are actually rulin elders. Hedrick (talk) 22:56, 7 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I would agree with your assumption about the term 'ruling', but I do not know whether Miller is authoritative either. The Westminster Confession might clear it up.
 * I also agree with the need for a section on elders. I don't know when I would have time to do it (It took me many months to get the time and motivation to do the rewrite, little work that it was) but if no one beats me to it, I'll have a shot. Blarneytherinosaur 10:36, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

 * We could ask at Talk:Presbyterianism for a volunteer to write the 'Ruling elder' section, if you think you don't have the time. Just a thought.  --Hroðulf (or Hrothulf) (Talk) 16:42, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

Did you notice yet that Westminster The Form of Presbyterial Church-Government mostly calls them variously Church-Governors and Ruling officers? Elders are mostly mentioned in a piece about the NT Jerusalem church. The Westminster documents are primary sources so we need to look at good books (secondary sources) to get an authoritative interpretation (at least I do, as I am not a trained historian.) --Hroðulf (or Hrothulf) (Talk) 21:43, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Different words are used for the same person in different functions. It seems to me that when the elder is dealing with the local congregation they are called "ruling officer." When they are acting in a higher court they are a "church-governor." The same thing happens to ministers. For instance, in a service of worship that includes admitting a person into membership of the congregation, the minister performs the normal parts of the service as the minister, but when it comes to admitting the person to membership, they act as the moderator of the session, because membership is a function of the session. I'll see what I can come up with for secondary sources. Blarneytherinosaur 01:39, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

Pastor
Do presbyterians in some countries call their teaching elder Pastor? (As did George Gillespie.) If so, then lets make this article reflect that, to make it more accessible to readers from those countries. --Hroðulf (or Hrothulf) (Talk) 07:23, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes. In the denomination I attend most ordained men use "Rev." and are called ministers, but some are called "Pastor". It comes down to preference. (It is often unordained men in temporary positions of ministry are called "Pastor"). However, I imagine that in other Presbyterian denominations calling all ordained minsters "Pastor" could be the practice. Blarneytherinosaur 07:32, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

 * After replying to the References section, I realised that the reference I directed you towards, The Form of Presbyterial Church-Government deals with the ordained minister of the word and the sacrament under the heading "Pastors". If the writiers of the Westminster Confession called minsters "pastors" I would think that the term would be widespread. Blarneytherinosaur 07:40, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Presbyterian polity. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070927225828/http://www.nepszamlalas.hu/eng/volumes/18/tables/load1_26.html to http://www.nepszamlalas.hu/eng/volumes/18/tables/load1_26.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 06:32, 4 September 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Presbyterian polity


text:
Wikipedia talk:Selected Articles on the Main Page

Earlier discussions:
 * Wikipedia talk:Selected Articles on the Main Page/Archive 1
 * Wikipedia talk:Selected Articles on the Main Page/Archive 2

Please add new comments to the bottom of this page

Mars Spirit and Opportunity: Mars Exploration Rover Mission

Animal cognition
I have just put a lot of work into a fairly comprehensive new article on animal cognition (I've also totally rewritten animal intelligence and animal mind, which were disastrous). It still needs some crisping up with specific facts and references, which I shall be doing over the next few weeks as I'm preparing some lectures on the subject. However, it might be worth a mention in New articles - I do think it is a big improvement on anything we've had in that sort of area before. seglea 08:22, 10 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * Done. -- Viajero 11:21, 10 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Olavo Bilac
I have just added trivia to the article about poet Olavo Bilac. I believe it deserves a place in "New Articles" for a moment. It has been edited and complimented by other Wikipedians. Thanks Doidimais Brasil 18:44, Jan 11, 2004 (UTC)

 * Done. -- Viajero 22:30, 11 Jan 2004 (UTC)

V1 was no rocket, please change
Hello, please change the V1 flying bomb item text from "V1 rocket" to "V1 missile" -- the public is misled enough about this distinction already; no need to make it worse... (a rocket necessarily has to be equipped with a rocket engine). In this day and age, when people often hear of guided missiles in media reports, it is only fitting to try and educate people a little more about those destructive contraptions, so why not begin with the beginning :-) ? --Wernher 00:02, 20 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * Fixed. --mav 03:49, 20 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Congratulations
May I just congratulate the person or people who put together the current set of featured articles (Knot - Poker - V1 rocket - Homer Simpson - Tea - Synapse). I had at least a passing interest in all of them, as well as half the anniversaries. I'm still here, reading and editing, 2 hours after I meant to go to bed! HappyDog 02:54, 20 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Featured articles methodology
I suggest adding recently added featured articles (see first section in Featured article candidates) to the Main Page selection before picking random ones from the list. Ideally, there should always be some recently added articles in the queue.—Eloquence 13:23, Jan 21, 2004 (UTC)

The eagle has landed
Suggested article for the main page: MER-B (Opportunity / Mars Exploration Rover Mission) Nephelin 14:41, 25 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * Done. -- Viajero 17:05, 25 Jan 2004 (UTC)

September dossier
(not sure if I'm in the right place...) September Dossier should be changed to Hutton Inquiry (more appropriate link). Fabiform 17:03, 28 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * Actually September Dossier had a certain right to be there under anniversaries... last week was the anniversary of the Dossier playing a significant part sub-part in Bush's State of the Union address. Hutton Inquiry is there as a current event. Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 15:49, 31 Jan 2004 (UTC)

inclusion criteria Featured Articles
Can someone add a few lines to this page explaining the inclusion criteria for Featured Articles? Thanks. -- Viajero 23:13, 28 Jan 2004 (UTC)
 * I took a stab at it. It wasn't my idea to put "featured articles" on the main page, so hopefully someone else will be along to clarify anything I might have missed. --Minesweeper 01:30, 4 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Mumbai
Recommending Mumbai to feature on Main page - Hemanshu 12:13, 31 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * Why? It does not seem to be in the news, not a recent death, not new, not a featured article, and it does not contain a recent anniversary. --mav
 * Guessing from your use of the word "feature", you might be looking Featured article candidates - if it is accepted as a featured article then it will be put on the main page as a "featured article" on a rotating basis. Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 15:46, 31 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Eleanor Holm
I'd like to suggest Eleanor Holm for the recent deaths on the main page. Jeronimo 07:47, 3 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Added. --Minesweeper 01:30, 4 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Suggestion for people who maintain the "In the news" links
Google News has keywords which are in the news listed on the main page. ocassionally we can compare and add some from there. I understand that we have to wait for an article to be created before featuring it. - Hemanshu 10:19, 3 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Glastonbury Abbey
As an admin, I'm able to add this to new articles, and I think it's a very nice one, but I don't know what the policy is (never altered the main page before). Is there a method of determining which new article to remove? And Glastonbury Abbey is a long title....might bump two articles from the list. Is this discouraged? I'd love advise/counsel. Thanks, Jwrosenzweig 18:25, 4 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Usually, you should remove articles from the end, but sometimes you might need to remove something else to make things fit properly. I've added Glastonbury Abbey now. Angela. 01:11, Feb 5, 2004 (UTC)

New articles: Not too small
We say that "New articles" featured on the front page should be non-stubs. What do people think of stating something like 2,000 bytes or more is the reccomended minimum size? -- Infrogmation 18:39, 4 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * A word count might be easier to check than a byte size. 500 words? Angela. 01:12, Feb 5, 2004 (UTC)
 * That's be okay too IMO. I mention bytes because that's listed automatically on Special:Newpages. -- Infrogmation 21:51, 6 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Foundation should be italicized
Shouldn't the Foundation Series item on the Main Page be italicized, to indicate it being a specific work of fiction? I suggest the following: Foundation Series. --Wernher 01:02, 5 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * I think so. Angela. 01:12, Feb 5, 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks! Now please do the same to Soldier Blue :-) (and please take no offence from my strategy of 'constructively' badgering sysops in order to further my own chances of becoming one) --Wernher 01:24, 5 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * : ) good plan. Angela. 01:41, Feb 5, 2004 (UTC)

Catalan mythology about witches
I've completed a laborious (if slightly loose) translation from Catalan (and reworking into more encyclopedic style) of Catalan mythology about witches. I think it's pretty darn cool, myself. First time in a month or so that I'm self-nominating for "new articles". Take a look, I'm pretty sure this one makes the grade. -- Jmabel 07:04, 5 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Done. Nice article, but loooong title (we don't have much real estate on the Main page) so I had to tweak it to make it fit. -- Viajero 21:39, 6 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Colin Thatcher
I have just written a medium-length article about the infamous Canadian politician Colin Thatcher, who is said to have brutally bludgeoned and shot his estranged wife to death in 1983. Thatcher has always maintained his innocence and has maintained a high profile in the Canadian media with frequent court appeals, an autobiography, and further criminal charges while in prison (all so far dismissed). He's been in the spotlight the past few months after a jury found him eligible for early parole, and he could be released as early as this year. —Psychonaut 19:36, 6 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Peter Beattie
Peter Beattie is In the News (here in the antipodes anyway). Adam 06:22, 9 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * added. Viajero 11:33, 9 Feb 2004 (UTC)

World War II atrocities
How did a problematic article like this make it on to the Main page? Not that it isn't a well-written article but it seems destined to be moved or completely rewrittten to fit title. Rmhermen 14:50, Feb 9, 2004 (UTC)

Friday the 13th
Yup, it's that day again. Could someone please put Friday the 13th on the main page's Featured Articles list? -- ChrisO 23:48, 12 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Alan Bullock
Did Alan Bullock get a mention in Recent Deaths when he died on 2 Feb? I don't think so. If not, he should have done. It is too late? Adam 05:59, 14 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I've added him to the front page in chronological order. --Minesweeper 06:13, Feb 14, 2004 (UTC)

Shirley Strickland
Shirley Strickland died earlier today. I'd like to suggest her for recent deaths on the front page. Jeronimo 08:28, 17 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Brian Behlendorf
I think Brian Behlendorf is a great new article thanks to User:Rdikeman. -- Taku 18:44, Feb 17, 2004 (UTC)

policy change proposal: non-Gregorian anniversaries
I propose an amendment to the current policy to avoid readers of Wikipedia having a skewed view of the world: Anniversaries of significance having a 'non-Gregorian' recurrence such as the Iranian revolution, Eid festivals; the lunar new year, the Tet Offensive; Mother's Day, Commonwealth Day; Passover/Pascha/Easter, Pentecost, may be listed when they come up. -- Kaihsu 15:10, 2004 Feb 22 (UTC)

 * These can probably go in the new Mediawiki:Holidays section of the main page. Angela. 03:41, Feb 24, 2004 (UTC)

Joey Bishop
I was clicking a link after I noticed a reference to Joey Bishop was blue, and clicked out of interest because I had seen it red before. I checked the article history and, to my surprise, the article was brand-new! I remembering being surprised when I first saw we didn't have an article on Joey Bishop. Things like this serve as reminders that Wikipedia isn't quite as complete as you think. Until I created it yesterday, for instance, Wikipedia had no article on garter snakes. When I first made Linda Tripp links, Linda Tripp's name came up red. And to this very day at Septuagenarian, Dr. Joyce Brothers sits empty. So the next time you think to yourself, "Wikipedia's become exhausted", think again! Wiwaxia 07:43, 24 Apr 2004 (UTC)


text:
Eddie Hazel

Edward Earl Hazel (April 10, 1950 – December 23, 1992) was an American guitarist and singer in early funk music who played lead guitar with Parliament-Funkadelic. Hazel was a posthumous inductee to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, inducted in 1997 with fifteen other members of Parliament-Funkadelic. His ten-minute guitar solo in the Funkadelic song "Maggot Brain" is hailed as "one of the greatest solos of all time on any instrument". In 2023, Rolling Stone ranked Hazel at no. 29 in its list of 250 of the greatest guitarists of all time.

Early life
Born in Brooklyn, New York in 1950, Hazel grew up in Plainfield, New Jersey because his mother, Grace Cook, wanted her son to grow up in an environment without the pressures of drugs and crime that she felt pervaded New York City. Hazel occupied himself from a young age by playing a guitar, given to him as a Christmas present by his older brother. Hazel also sang in church. At age 12, Hazel met Billy "Bass" Nelson, and the pair quickly became close friends and began performing, soon adding drummer Harvey McGee to the mix.

Career
In 1967, the Parliaments, a Plainfield-based doo wop band headed by George Clinton, had a hit record with "(I Wanna) Testify." Clinton recruited a backing band for a tour, hiring Nelson as bassist, who in turn recommended Hazel as guitarist. Hazel was in Newark, New Jersey, working with George Blackwell and could not be reached. After Nelson returned from the tour, he tried to recruit Hazel. His mother at first vetoed the idea, since Hazel was only seventeen, but Clinton and Nelson worked together to change her mind.

In late 1967, the Parliaments went on tour with both Nelson and Hazel. In Philadelphia Hazel met and befriended Tiki Fulwood, who quickly replaced the Parliaments' drummer. Nelson, Hazel and Fulwood became the backbone of Funkadelic, which was originally the backup band for the Parliaments, only to later become an independent touring group when legal difficulties forced Clinton to temporarily abandon the name "Parliaments".

The switch to Funkadelic was complete with the addition of Tawl Ross and Bernie Worrell (rhythm guitar and keyboards, respectively). Funkadelic (1970), Free Your Mind... And Your Ass Will Follow (1970) and Maggot Brain (1971) were the first three albums, released within two years. All three albums prominently featured Hazel's guitar work.

The third album's title song, "Maggot Brain", consists of a ten-minute guitar solo by Hazel. Clinton reportedly told Hazel during the recording session to imagine he had been told his mother had just died while playing the first half of the solo; and to imagine he'd just been told she was still alive while playing the second half. Music critic Greg Tate described it as Funkadelic's A Love Supreme. In 2008, Rolling Stone cited this as number 60 on its list of 100 greatest "guitar songs" of all time.

Nelson and Hazel officially quit Funkadelic in late 1971 over financial disputes with Clinton, though Hazel contributed to the group sporadically over the next several years. The albums America Eats Its Young (1972) and Cosmic Slop (1973) featured only marginal input from Hazel. Instead, Hazel began working with the Temptations (along with Nelson), appearing on 1990 (1973) and A Song for You (1975).

For the 1974 Funkadelic album Standing on the Verge of Getting It On, Hazel co-wrote all of the album's songs. On six of those songs the songwriting credit was in the name of Grace Cook, Hazel's mother. Hazel also had a significant presence as arranger and lead guitarist on the same year's Parliament album, Up For The Down Stroke. In 1974, Hazel was indicted for assaulting an airline stewardess and an air marshal, along with a drug possession charge. While Hazel was in jail, Clinton recruited Michael Hampton as the new lead guitarist for Parliament-Funkadelic.

In the next several years, Hazel appeared occasionally on Parliament-Funkadelic albums, although his guitar work was rarely featured. One song that featured Hazel's lead guitar is "Comin' Round the Mountain" on Hardcore Jollies (1976). In 1977, Hazel recorded a "solo" album, Game, Dames and Guitar Thangs, with support from other members of Parliament-Funkadelic, including vocals from the Brides of Funkenstein. He was completely absent from One Nation Under a Groove (1978), Funkadelic's most commercially successful album. Hazel made another prominent appearance in "Man's Best Friend" on the George Clinton album Computer Games (1982), as well as the track "Pumping It Up" from the P-Funk All Stars album Urban Dancefloor Guerillas.

Death
On December 23, 1992, Hazel died from internal bleeding and liver failure. "Maggot Brain" was played at his funeral.

Eddie Hazel is buried at Hillside Cemetery in Scotch Plains, New Jersey.

Legacy
Three collections of unreleased recordings have been released posthumously: The 1994 four-song EP Jams From the Heart (which Rhino Records later added as bonus material to its rerelease of Game, Dames and Guitar Thangs), 1994's Rest in P and 2006's Eddie Hazel At Home.

Other recordings by Hazel have appeared on albums by other musicians. Several albums produced by Bill Laswell, including Funkcronomicon (released under the name Axiom Funk, 1995) have featured Hazel's guitar. Bootsy Collins has also incorporated recordings of Hazel in some of his recent releases, for example, "Good Night Eddie" on Blasters of the Universe.

Ween recorded a tribute to him called "A Tear for Eddie" on their album Chocolate And Cheese. There is an image of Hazel on the back of Primal Scream's album Give Out But Don't Give Up. John Frusciante recorded a tribute to Hazel's "Maggot Brain" on his 2009 album The Empyrean in the nine-minute-long "Before the Beginning".

Nick Cave named him one of his favorite guitarists.

Sound, guitars, equipment
Hazel played in the vein of Jimi Hendrix and added "the aggressive rock and roll sound of Jimi Hendrix into the funky world of James Brown and Sly Stone". He used much reverb and was a "razor sharp" rhythm player, besides an exceptional soloist with "fuzz-drenched leads". He played a variety of guitars including Gibsons, but is best known as a player of Fender Stratocasters. His typical setup included a Marshall 100-watt amplifier, MXR Phase 90 phaser, Echoplex, Maestro FZ-1 Fuzz-Tone, and a Dunlop Cry Baby wah, and in his later days with P-funk a Music Man HD-130 amplifier.

George Clinton recalled that when they were moving from Motown/doo wop toward a more rock and roll oriented sound, they were looking for a heavier, European sound, and he got Hazel a Marshall stack (with an 8x12 cabinet), and a Stratocaster (to replace a big-body Gretsch). Clinton noted, though, that it didn't matter what Hazel played--"it could be a Kay or anything--he could make it sound the same". Asked about effects, Clinton said, "Eddie started right out learning the pedals—the wah wah, the Big Muff, and phasers and shit. We bought all the gadgets in the world".

Discography
Solo recordings

 * Game, Dames and Guitar Thangs (1977), Warner Bros.
 * A Night for Jimi Hendrix (Live At "Lingerie Club", Hollywood, 1990) [feat. Krunchy]
 * Jams From the Heart (1994), JDC - EP
 * Rest in P (1994), P-Vine
 * At Home (With Family) (2006), Eddie Hazel
 * The Basement Rehearsals (feat. Krunchy) (2014)

title: Eddie Hazel


text:
Grace Cook

Grace Cook may refer to:

 * Songwriter mother of musician Eddie Hazel
 * A. Grace Cook, astronomer

title: Grace Cook


text:
Free Your Mind... and Your Ass Will Follow

Free Your Mind... and Your Ass Will Follow is the second studio album by American funk rock band Funkadelic, released in July 1970 by Westbound Records. It charted at No. 92 in the US, the band's highest charting album release until 1978's One Nation Under a Groove, and included the No. 82 single "I Wanna Know If It's Good to You?"

Background
The album was recorded at United Sound Studios, Audio Graphic Services, and G-M Recording Studios in Detroit. George Clinton described the recording as an attempt to "see if we can cut a whole album while we're all tripping on acid."

The album's gatefold cover forms something of a visual pun, echoing the sentiments of the album title. The woman holding her arms towards heaven in an ecstatic pose is found to be nude upon opening the sleeve.

The original 1970 issue's artwork featured the woman facing downward, and the "Free Your Mind..." title in brown. Reissues beginning in 1990 reversed the woman's direction (substituting an alternate photograph where her head is more inclined and her fingers are more widely fanned), and have varied the placement and color of the text.

Music and lyrics
The album and its title track, a feedback-drenched number taking a third of the album's length, introduces the subversion of Christian themes explored on later songs, describing a mystical approach to salvation in which "the Kingdom of Heaven is within" and achievable through freeing one's mind, after which one's "ass" will follow. Many of the songs, such as the title track and "Eulogy and Light", subvert Christian themes (including the Lord's Prayer and the 23rd Psalm) and satirize capitalism.

Reception
On the Billboard charts (North America), Free Your Mind... and Your Ass Will Follow peaked at #11 on the Black Albums Chart and #92 on the Pop Albums chart. The album and eponymous song influenced the band En Vogue, leading to the title of their hit song "Free Your Mind".

In Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), Robert Christgau said this promising but ultimately confusing album has contradictory messages that might either promote "escapist idealism or psychic liberation", and a disorienting aesthetic that is most successful on "Funky Dollar Bill". He later wrote that it is not surprising that the album became "a cult fave in slackerland," as "not only is the shit weird, the weirdness signifies."

In a positive review, AllMusic's Ned Raggett felt that both the album and title track are worthy of the credo and that the other songs range from "the good to astoundingly great." Record Collector magazine's Paul Rigby called Free Your Mind a "superb" album which mixes "a dirty groove with wacked-out sound effects and razor-sharp lyrics. Pitchfork described it as "a lot more 'rock' and a little less 'soul'" than the band's debut, and compared the title track to "a Sly Stone jam gone haywire, with fuzzed out guitar and bass, distorto-organ, and spoken, chanted or otherwise freaked vox appearing all over the mix." In a retrospective review for Blender, Christgau opined that the album did not live up to the title credo.

Track listing

 * Notes
 * Track 9 is a mono recording.

Personnel
Credits are adapted from Muze.

 * Funkadelic
 * George Clinton – lead vocals (tracks 1, 5, 6)
 * Ray Davis – vocals
 * Fuzzy Haskins – vocals, lead vocals (track 7)
 * Calvin Simon – vocals
 * Grady Thomas – vocals
 * Eddie Hazel – guitar, lead vocals (tracks 2, 4, 5, 7), backward vocal (track 6)
 * Tawl Ross – guitar, lead vocals (tracks 3)
 * Bernie Worrell – Hammond organ, Vox organ, piano
 * Billy Nelson – bass guitar, lead vocals (tracks 2, 4)
 * Tiki Fulwood – drums

Martha Reeves appeared on this project but wasn't credited. Telma Hopkins and Joyce Vincent, the singers to be known as Dawn, appear on "Friday Night, August 14th."

 * Production
 * Produced by George Clinton
 * Engineering by Ed Wolfrum, Milan Bogdan
 * Art direction by David Krieger
 * Photography by Joel Brodsky
 * Album design – The Graffiteria, Stanley Hochstadt
 * Album co-ordination – Dorothy Schwartz
 * Production supervision – Bob Scerbo
 * Executive producer – Armen Boladian
 * Orga Dorga Services – Bernie Mendelson


text:
Talk:Free Your Mind... and Your Ass Will Follow

Untitled
Someone needs to subvert this article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.105.36.98 (talk) 20:55, 21 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I don't agree here. This article is informative. If there's a specific reason for this page to be deleted, please elaborate. Thanks. Peachmomoko (talk) 01:34, 10 January 2010 (UTC)

There are probably hundreds and hundreds of pages where one could say this
But this seems like a particularly good one : who gives a flaming rat's posterior what the hell Robert Christgau thinks? About anything?


text:
Wikipedia:Selected Articles on the Main Page

'''This page is now superseded by the new Main Page. See Editing the main page.'''

The Selected Articles section on the Main Page has several purposes, all of which (we hope) support the central purpose of Wikipedia--making a great encyclopedia. The section links to entries of timely interest that are (and this is crucial) nonetheless encyclopedia articles, not news articles.

Wikipedia is not an online newspaper; but many Wikipedians are motivated to create and edit entries of timely interest, and because Wikipedia is an online encyclopedia, it does a much better job with entries of timely interest (or recent events of historical importance) than a "dead tree" encyclopedia.

(A historical note: the section began with the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attack entries put up within minutes of the attacks. The entries led to a massive infusion of interest in the project.)

Example
 Selected Articles

Adding links
Anyone with sysop access can edit the Main Page and update the Selected Articles section. This may be the most glamorous reason to get sysop access, which is encouraged for regular Wikipedians.

Wikipedia talk:Selected Articles on the Main Page can be used to suggest links, though the criteria below should make the process relatively automatic.

Get a link added
This is a quick-and-dirty summary of the criteria listed below. To get an entry listed on the Main Page, make sure it's a good entry and it isn't already listed appropriately in Current events (for In the news:...), Recent deaths (for Recent deaths:...), Background articles for ongoing events (for Ongoing events:...), or a recent day page (for Historical anniversaries:..).

Criteria for inclusion on Main Page
The most important rule is to use good judgment. If an event of colossal and staggering importance happens, even if a great entry hasn't been written on it, then it would be reasonable to add a link. Most of the time, the following informal but rigorous criteria should help take care of the section.

These criteria are informal and malleable. They do not represent, as of the current writing (October 2002), a formal consensus on how to handle the section. They are little more than an attempt to organize current practice into some degree of objective standards. (See talk to get the back story.)

Current informal criteria for what gets put in the Selected Articles section on the Main Page:
 * 1) All links appearing in section should first be included on corresponding news/deaths/events/anniversaries page
 * 2) All links appearing in this section should go to non-stub entries (greater than 500 chars)
 * 3) No more entries per line than can be seen on a computer monitor with standard resolution and font size without wrapping, for a total of no more than about 20 entries. See [[media:MainPage screenshot 800x600.jpg|MainPage screenshot 800x600.jpg]] for an example.

Types of entries that are included
The links are separated into four categories:

 * In the news: these should be the five or six recent full entries that are linked from the Current events timeline. See below for an example. Criteria for listing on the Main Page:
 * be listed on the current events page
 * the current event needs to be important enough to warrant updating corresponding article
 * the article must be updated to reflect the new information (but remember: Wikipedia is not a news report)

 * Recent deaths: simply, famous people who have died within the last week or so that have updated articles written for the person.
 * be listed on the recent deaths page

 * New articles: selected from recent additions to Special:Newpages; should be non-stub and properly wikilinked articles, preferably good examples of new Wikipedia articles.

 * Featured articles: selected from Featured articles on a rotating basis. Preferable each featured article should be from a different category.

 * Anniversaries: these entries are of historical events whose anniversary occurred within the last seven days from the current day of the year (there is no need to list items that are already listed on the day page already linked on the Main Page). The criteria for inclusion on the Main Page is rather subjective due to the fact that any given day of the year can have a great many historical anniversaries worthy of listing. So relative article quality along with the mix of topics already listed are often deciding factors. Removing lower quality items after a day or two (instead of the maximum of seven days) or items of less historical significance than other items listed, should also be done (if the event is the debut of a famous movie, then that should not stay listed as long as an article whose recent anniversary was the start of a major conflict). Criteria for inclusion on the Main Page:
 * the article needs to be listed in the Events: section of its corresponding day of the year article (see exception below)
 * the article needs to be of moderate to great historical significance (relative to the other historical events that occurred on or about the same day of the year).
 * the historical event needs to be important enough to be included in the article
 * the article needs to be updated to clearly state the event and the exact day it occurred (with the day and year linked).
 * the article must not be a stub and preferably it should be a relatively complete and well-formatted article.

It is customary to list anniversaries only the day after the current day, since, they will already be listed on the current day page. When that page falls off the Main Page at midnight and those articles -- hopefully -- have been updated, then a few good examples are listed under Anniversaries.

The logic behind this is that summarizing a list that is already directly linked does not encourage people to visit the current day page, which shows off our articles on historical events.

So, a combination of the "majorness" of the event, the mix of items already listed, along with the relative completeness of the article, are the criteria used, along with the requirement for appropriate "context". This way, we encourage people to update the articles, the reward being a possible Main Page listing a day or so later.

 * NOTE: Most of the time most items are pushed off the Main Page before seven days. Only really major events should stay that long.

 * Exceptions: Birth and death anniversaries can be listed if they mark a noteworthy year milestone (such as 100, 200, 300 etc years since the birth or death). Holidays listed in the Holidays section of a day page may also be listed. Unlike other 'Anniversary' listings, holidays should be listed just for that day. However, an appropriately updated non-holiday article associated with the holiday can be listed longer. For example, Columbus Day would only be listed on the day it is observed. But Christopher Columbus could be listed the next day and stay for several days.

ja:Wikipedia:&