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St. Charles, Missouri

Saint Charles (commonly abbreviated St. Charles) is a city in, and the county seat of, St. Charles County, Missouri, United States. The population was 70,493 at the 2020 census, making St. Charles the 9th most populous city in Missouri. Situated on the Missouri River, St. Charles is a northwestern suburb of St. Louis.

The city was founded circa 1769 as Les Petites Côtes, or "The Little Hills" in French, by Louis Blanchette, a French-Canadian fur trader. This former French area west of the Mississippi River was nominally ruled by Spain following France's defeat in the Seven Years' War. France had ceded its eastern territories to Great Britain. St. Charles is the third-oldest city in Missouri. For a time, it played a significant role as a river port in the United States' westward expansion, including trade with Native American tribes on the upper Missouri River. It was the starting point of the Boone's Lick Road to the Boonslick.

St. Charles was settled primarily by French-speaking colonists from Canada in its early days. In 1804 the Lewis and Clark Expedition considered this settlement the last "civilized" stop before they headed upriver to explore the western territory that the United States acquired from France in the Louisiana Purchase.

The city served as the first Missouri capital from 1821 to 1826. It is the site of the Saint Rose Philippine Duchesne shrine.

History
Native American peoples inhabited the area at least as early as 11,000 B.C. When European colonists arrived, the area was inhabited by the historic Ilini, Osage and Missouri tribes.

According to Hopewell's Legends of the Missouri and Mississippi, Blanchette met another French Canadian (Bernard Guillet) at this site in 1765. Blanchette, determined to settle there, asked if Guillet, who had become an honorary chief of a Dakota band, had chosen a name for it.

 * "I called the place 'Les Petites Côtes' " replied Bernard, "from the sides of the hills that you see."

 * "By that name shall it be called", said Blanchette Chasseur, "for it is the echo of nature—beautiful from its simplicity."

Blanchette settled there circa 1769 under the authority of the Spanish governor of Upper Louisiana (the area had been ceded by France to Spain under an agreement with Great Britain following French defeat in the French and Indian Wars). He was appointed as the territory's civil and military leader, serving until his death in 1793. Although the settlement was under Spanish jurisdiction, the settlers were primarily Native American and French Canadians who had migrated from northern territories. Most settlers spoke French.

Considered to begin in St. Charles, the Boone's Lick Road along the Missouri River was the major overland route for European-American settlement of central and western Missouri. This area became known as the Boonslick or "Boonslick Country." At Franklin, the trail ended. Westward progress continued on the Santa Fe Trail.

San Carlos Borromeo
The first church, built in 1791, was Catholic and dedicated to the Italian saint Charles Borromeo, under the Spanish version of his name, San Carlos Borromeo. The town became known as San Carlos del Misuri (St. Charles of the Missouri). The original location of the church is not known but a replica has been built just off Main Street. The fourth St. Charles Borromeo Church now stands on Fifth Street.

The Spanish Lieutenant-Governor Carlos de Hault de Lassus appointed Daniel Boone as commandant of the Femme Osage District. He served in this role until the United States government acquired control in 1804 following the Louisiana Purchase from France.

The name of the town, San Carlos, was anglicized to St. Charles. William Clark arrived in St. Charles on May 16, 1804. With him were 40 men and three boats; they made final preparations for their major cross-country expedition, as they waited for Meriwether Lewis to arrive from St. Louis. They attended dances, dinners, and a church service during this time. Excited to be part of the national expedition, the townspeople were very hospitable to the explorers. Lewis arrived via St. Charles Rock Road on May 20. The expedition launched the next day in a keel boat at 3:30 pm. St. Charles was the last established European-American town that the expedition visited for more than two and a half years.

State capital and growth
When Missouri was granted statehood in 1821, the legislature decided to build a "City of Jefferson" to serve as the state capital, in the center of the state, overlooking the Missouri River. Since this land was undeveloped at the time, a temporary capital was needed. St. Charles was chosen over eight other cities in a competition to house the temporary capital. It offered free meeting space for the legislature in rooms located above a hardware store. This building is preserved as the First Missouri State Capitol State Historic Site and may be toured. The Missouri government continued to meet there until buildings were completed in Jefferson City in 1826.

Gottfried Duden was a German who visited in the area in 1824. Travelling under the guidance of Daniel M. Boone, he wrote extensive accounts of life in St. Charles County during his year there. He published these after returning to Germany in 1829, and his favorable impressions of the area led to the immigration of a number of Germans in 1833. The first permanent German settler in the region was probably Louis Eversman, who had arrived with Duden but decided to stay.

In the post-World War II era, the federal government undertook a major program of interstate highway construction. St. Charles is where the first claimed interstate project was started in 1956. A state highway marker is displayed with a logo and information regarding this claim, off Interstate 70 going westbound, to the right of the First Capitol Drive exit. Kansas and Pennsylvania also claim to have had the first interstate project.

Geography
St. Charles is located about 20 miles northwest of St. Louis. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 24.03 sqmi, of which 23.65 sqmi is land and 0.38 sqmi is water.

Climate
St. Charles has a Köppen humid subtropical climate, with warm and humid summers (eventual hot days) and cool winters (with short cold spells possible sometimes). Precipitation is mostly light to moderate, with occasional stormy weather. Spring is the wettest season on average.

2020 census
The 2020 United States census counted 70,493 people, 29,051 households, and 16,791 families in St. Charles. The population density was 2,800.7 per square mile (1,081.3/km$2$). There were 30,986 housing units at an average density of 1,231.1 per square mile (475.3/km$2$). The racial makeup was 79.23% (55,850) white, 7.75% (5,460) black or African-American, 0.25% (175) Native American or Alaska Native, 3.28% (2,315) Asian, 0.06% (40) Pacific Islander, 2.73% (1,925) from other races, and 6.71% (4,728) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race was 5.7% (4,016) of the population.

Of the 29,051 households, 21.7% had children under the age of 18; 46.4% were married couples living together; 26.0% had a female householder with no husband present. Of all households, 33.5% consisted of individuals and 12.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.2 and the average family size was 2.9.

17.3% of the population was under the age of 18, 13.6% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 24.5% from 45 to 64, and 17.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37.6 years. For every 100 females, the population had 91.9 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 90.7 males.

The 2016-2020 5-year American Community Survey estimates show that the median household income was $71,232 (with a margin of error of +/- $3,225) and the median family income was $90,211 (+/- $3,208). Males had a median income of $46,607 (+/- $2,598) versus $28,573 (+/- $5,404) for females. The median income for those above 16 years old was $37,734 (+/- $3,118). Approximately, 5.0% of families and 7.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.6% of those under the age of 18 and 4.6% of those ages 65 or over.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 65,794 people, 26,715 households, and 16,128 families residing in the city. The population density was 2782.0 PD/sqmi. There were 28,590 housing units at an average density of 1208.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 87.5% White, 5.9% African American, 0.3% Native American, 2.5% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.8% from other races, and 1.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.2% of the population.

There were 26,715 households, of which 27.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.4% were married couples living together, 10.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 39.6% were non-families. 31.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.90.

The median age in the city was 36.6 years. 19.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 13.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.9% were from 25 to 44; 26.6% were from 45 to 64; and 13.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.0% male and 51.0% female.

According to 2014, American Community Survey 5-year Estimates the median income for a household in the city was $56,622, and the median income for a family was $73,234. Males had a median income of $51,477 versus $40,311 females. The per capita income for the city was $29,645. 8.8% of families and 11.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.7% of those under age 18 and 6.0% of those age 65 or over.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 60,321 people, 24,210 households, and 15,324 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,962.4 PD/sqmi. There were 25,283 housing units at an average density of 1,241.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 93.28% White, 3.48% African American, 0.27% Native American, 1.01% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.73% from other races, and 1.19% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.97% of the population.

There were 24,210 households, out of which 30.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.4% were married couples living together, 10.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.7% were non-families. 29.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.98.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 23.4% under the age of 18, 12.0% from 18 to 24, 30.5% from 25 to 44, 22.0% from 45 to 64, and 12.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $47,782, and the median income for a family was $60,175. Males had a median income of $40,827 versus $27,778 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,607. About 4.6% of families and 6.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.1% of those under age 18 and 5.9% of those age 65 or over.

Economy
According to the city's 2015 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:

Pharma Medica, a contract research and biotechnology corporation, opened its first U.S. location in 2013 in St. Charles. It began conducting clinical trials in February 2014. Its goal was to create 320 high tech jobs by early 2017.

Culture
St. Charles lies near the eastern end of the Katy Trail, a 225 mi long state park that was adapted from railroad right-of-way. Since the late 1970s, there has been rapid new home construction, commercial and population growth in the St. Charles area. The phrase "Golden Triangle" was coined by developers of this area in the 1980s, referring to the St. Charles County region bordered by highways Interstate 70, Interstate 64, and Route 94.

St. Charles has a historic shopping district on Main Street. Numerous restored buildings house such tourist destinations as restaurants and various specialty stores. Since 2015, walking food tours on Historic Main Street can be taken through the company Dishing Up America. These tours take customers to the locally famous restaurants in the city.

The city has many special events and features related to the Lewis and Clark Expedition. In 2007, St. Charles welcomed men's professional road bicycle racing riders and fans, as it served as the stage 5 final for the 2007 Tour of Missouri.

While it does not offer a public golf course, the St. Charles Parks and Recreation System opened a dog park on the north side of the city as a part of DuSable Park-Bales Area in November 2006. This off-leash dog area has two sections – one for smaller dogs, one for larger.

The St. Charles Convention Center brings visitors, meetings and events to the city. The Family Arena, a county-owned 11,000-seat venue, was built in 1999 near the Missouri River. It is used by minor league sports franchises and hosts concerts and events.

Riverfront
The Riverfront and Main Street area in the St. Charles Historic District is a central gathering place and focal point for the community. The primary features of the riverfront and Historic Main Street are residences and businesses. Each block includes shops, restaurants, and offices. Plans for the development and improvement of the area include a northward extension of the Katy Trail, residential and commercial development, parking garage and casino expansion, and development of hotels.

The Christmas Traditions Festival, one of the nation's largest such festivals, takes place annually on the city streets, from the day after Thanksgiving until the Saturday after Christmas. Over 30 costumed Legends of Christmas stroll the streets and interact with guests, and Victorian Era Christmas Carolers sing old-fashioned carols. Each Saturday and Sunday, the costumed Legends characters and the Lewis & Clark Fife and Drum Corps join the Santa Parade from Historic South Main Street to the site of the First Missouri State Capitol.

On the Fourth of July, fireworks displays draw large numbers on two nights, July 4 and the night before or after the Fourth. The festival, named Riverfest, has been sponsored by the city of St. Charles and organized by a volunteer committee of local leaders.

The Festival of the Little Hills is a historic St. Charles tradition that takes place every year in August, the third full weekend of the month. Started in 1971, it includes food, live entertainment, craft sales, and shows for kids. The festival is related to the Lewis & Clark expedition, with some participants wearing clothing from the era and re-enacting historic events. Individuals are encouraged to bring homemade items to sell at the festival.

Oktoberfest, held near the river, celebrates the historic German influence on the city, with vendors selling beer and other German goods. It includes a parade. Missouri Tartan Day is a celebration of Scottish American heritage and culture held each spring, coinciding as closely as possible with April 6. This is the anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Arbroath in 1320. The event features a parade with marching bagpipers from around the world and region, Scottish heavy athletics (caber toss, hammer throw, etc.), musical entertainment, traditional and contemporary foods. Highlights include the Kirkin' o' the Tartans (ceremony of blessing for the Scottish clans), displays of traditional Scottish clan tartans, and demonstrations of traditional Scottish activities and games.

The Fete de Glace is an ice-carving competition and demonstration held on North Main Street in mid-January. The Missouri River Irish Festival is held every September in Frontier Park and on Main Street to celebrate Irish Heritage with music, dancing, storytelling, athletics, food, and other entertainment. During Quilts on Main Street, hundreds of quilts are displayed outside the shops on storefronts and balconies. This event is held annually in September. The Bluegrass Festival in Frontier Park on the big stage of Jaycee's pavilion is held early in September, featuring local and regional acts. The MOSAICS Fine Art Festival is also held on Historic Main Street each September to showcase local, regional and national artists. LGBTQ+ organization Pride St. Charles holds an annual pride festival in June at the St. Charles Family Arena.

Sports
The city has been home to several minor league sports teams. The Missouri River Otters hockey team of the United Hockey League, played from 1999 until the team folded in 2006. The River Otters played at the 11,000-seat Family Arena. The St. Louis Ambush is a professional indoor soccer team that plays in the Family Arena. The RiverCity Rage professional indoor football team played in St. Charles from 2001 until 2005, and from 2007 to 2009 before suspending operations for 2010. Since 2014 there is a new minor league soccer team in town, the St. Louis Ambush at the Family Arena.

Government
St. Charles is a charter city under the Missouri Constitution, with a City Council as the governing body. One member is elected for each of the ten wards, in an arrangement known as single-member districts, and each serves a three-year term.

The executive head of the city government is the mayor for all legal and ceremonial purposes. Elected at-large for a four-year term, the mayor appoints the members of the various boards, commissions, and committees created by ordinance. The current mayor is Dan Borgmeyer; he was sworn into office on May 7, 2019.

Education
The City of St. Charles School District has six elementary schools, two middle schools, two high schools, and the Lewis & Clark Career Center located at 2400 Zumbehl Road. St. Charles High School (sometimes called SCHS or simply "High") was the first built (1895) of the two high schools. It first operated as a private military academy for boys.

In the 1950s, it was acquired by the city and adapted as a public high school. St. Charles West (SCW or simply West) was constructed in the late 1970s in response to the city's growing population. St. Charles West had its first graduation in 1979. St. Charles High School underwent renovation in 1995 to improve both the exterior and interior of the building. St. Charles West was renovated in 2005, and a new library and auxiliary gym were built. The city is also served by Jefferson Intermediate, which has all 5th and 6th grade classes, and Hardin Middle School, which has all 7th and 8th grade classes.

A variety of private schools also operate here, each affiliated with a religious denomination. These include Immanuel Lutheran (Pre-K to 8), Zion Lutheran (Pre-K to 8), St. Charles Borromeo, St. Peter's, St. Cletus (K–8), Academy of the Sacred Heart (founded by Saint Rose Philippine Duchesne, and the site of her shrine), Duchesne High School (formerly named St. Peter High school), and St. Elizabeth Ann Seton-St. Robert Bellarmine (K–8).

Other schools are associated with the Francis Howell and the Orchard Farm school districts, which also serve parts of St. Charles. Many students who live on the southern edge of St. Charles City attend Henderson, Becky David, or Harvest Ridge elementary schools, Barnwell Middle, and Francis Howell North High School. To the North, the Orchard Farm School District also serves St. Charles. Like the Francis Howell School District, it is based outside the city limits, and has two elementary schools, a middle school, and a high school.

Lindenwood University is located on Kingshighway, near downtown St. Charles and St. Charles High. Founded by Major George Sibley and his wife Mary in 1827 as a women's school named Lindenwood School for Girls, the institution is the second-oldest higher-education institution west of the Mississippi River. The private university is affiliated with the Presbyterian Church.

In the 21st century, LU is one of the fastest-growing universities in the Midwest. It enrolls close to 15,000 students. In 2006, it briefly attracted publicity when People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals staged a small protest against its unusual tuition fee policies: In an effort to help rural students pay for higher education, LU allowed families to sell livestock to the school. The animals were slaughtered and processed for serving at campus dining halls. Lindenwood hosts 89.1 The Wood (KCLC), a commercial-free student-driven radio station.

St. Charles was also home to the now defunct St. Charles College (which should not be confused with St. Charles Community College), and Vatterott College.

Transportation
According to the FHA, St. Charles was the site of the first interstate highway project in the nation. Major highways include Interstates 64 and 70, Missouri 370, Missouri 94, and Missouri 364. Also see: St. Charles Area Transit

The "St. Charles City Streetcar" was a proposed new heritage streetcar line to be built connecting the New Town, Missouri residential development to the heart of the city of St. Charles. This is a joint effort between Whittaker Builders, Inc, and the City of St. Charles and St. Charles Area Transit. A minimum of nine vintage PCC streetcars (not to be confused with cable cars), had been purchased from the San Francisco area by Whittaker Builders for use and spare parts. The project stalled, and in 2012, the streetcars purchased by Whittaker Builders were scrapped following a fire. Whittaker, a developer of the New Town project and principal partner with the city on the streetcar project, has since gone bankrupt, ending the proposed street car line.

Notable people

 * Cody Asche, professional baseball third baseman and outfielder
 * Brandon Bollig, ice hockey player
 * Daniel Boone, lived in St. Charles around 1809 to be near his grandson in boarding school.
 * Lou Brock, St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Famer
 * Mark Buehrle, pitcher for 2005 World Series champion Chicago White Sox
 * Rose Philippine Duchesne, Catholic saint and founder of Sacred Heart Academy
 * R. Budd Dwyer, Pennsylvania State Treasurer who committed suicide during a live press conference in 1987
 * Josh Harrellson, basketball player
 * Tim Hawkins, comedian
 * Mike Henneman, former pitcher for the Detroit Tigers
 * Randy Orton, professional wrestler in WWE
 * Tyson Pearce, professional soccer player who plays for St. Louis City SC in the Major League Soccer league
 * Jim Pendleton, Milwaukee Braves outfielder
 * Mathew Pitsch, Republican former member of the Arkansas Senate and House of Representatives
 * Jean Baptiste Point du Sable, founder of Chicago
 * Tim Ream, soccer player, New York Red Bulls and U.S. National Team defender
 * Ken Reitz, former third baseman for the St. Louis Cardinals (1972–75)
 * Santino Rice, fashion designer and TV personality
 * Patrick Schulte, professional soccer who plays for Columbus Crew in the Major League Soccer league
 * Jeanne Shaheen, United States Senator from New Hampshire
 * Nathaniel Simonds, State Treasurer of Missouri
 * Jacob Turner, professional baseball pitcher

In popular culture
The scenes in St. Charles in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 were filmed in Cartersville, Georgia.

Star-Lord from Guardians of the Galaxy is from St. Charles.

Sister cities

 * 🇩🇪 – Ludwigsburg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany since 1996
 * 🇮🇪 – Carndonagh, County Donegal, Ireland since 2012
 * 🇮🇪 – Inishowen, Ireland since 2018

title: St. Charles, Missouri


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Talk:Kent County, Delaware

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The following relates some information about plans for "a Wal-Mart Super Center off U.S. 13 between Dover and Cheswold". The content of the news item itself is by no means suitable for inclusion alone. Perhaps it could contribute to some section about the economy of Kent County eventually. --User:Ceyockey ( talk to me ) 01:39, 14 June 2008 (UTC)

Merging Dover metropolitan area
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Cytochrome c oxidase

The enzyme cytochrome c oxidase or Complex IV (was, now reclassified as a translocase EC 7.1.1.9) is a large transmembrane protein complex found in bacteria, archaea, and the mitochondria of eukaryotes.

It is the last enzyme in the respiratory electron transport chain of cells located in the membrane. It receives an electron from each of four cytochrome c molecules and transfers them to one oxygen molecule and four protons, producing two molecules of water. In addition to binding the four protons from the inner aqueous phase, it transports another four protons across the membrane, increasing the transmembrane difference of proton electrochemical potential, which the ATP synthase then uses to synthesize ATP.

The complex
The complex is a large integral membrane protein composed of several metal prosthetic sites and 14 protein subunits in mammals. In mammals, eleven subunits are nuclear in origin, and three are synthesized in the mitochondria. The complex contains two hemes, a cytochrome a and cytochrome a$3$, and two copper centers, the Cu$A$ and Cu$B$ centers. In fact, the cytochrome a$3$ and Cu$B$ form a binuclear center that is the site of oxygen reduction. Cytochrome c, which is reduced by the preceding component of the respiratory chain (cytochrome bc1 complex, Complex III), docks near the Cu$A$ binuclear center and passes an electron to it, being oxidized back to cytochrome c containing Fe$3+$. The reduced Cu$A$ binuclear center now passes an electron on to cytochrome a, which in turn passes an electron on to the cytochrome a$3$>-Cu$B$ binuclear center. The two metal ions in this binuclear center are 4.5 Å apart and coordinate a hydroxide ion in the fully oxidized state.

Crystallographic studies of cytochrome c oxidase show an unusual post-translational modification, linking C6 of Tyr(244) and the ε-N of His(240) (bovine enzyme numbering). It plays a vital role in enabling the cytochrome a$3$- Cu$B$ binuclear center to accept four electrons in reducing molecular oxygen and four protons to water. The mechanism of reduction was formerly thought to involve a peroxide intermediate, which was believed to lead to superoxide production. However, the currently accepted mechanism involves a rapid four-electron reduction involving immediate oxygen–oxygen bond cleavage, avoiding any intermediate likely to form superoxide.

Assembly
COX assembly in yeast are a complex process that is not entirely understood due to the rapid and irreversible aggregation of hydrophobic subunits that form the holoenzyme complex, as well as aggregation of mutant subunits with exposed hydrophobic patches. COX subunits are encoded in both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. The three subunits that form the COX catalytic core are encoded in the mitochondrial genome. Over 30 different nuclear-encoded chaperone proteins are required for COX assembly.

Cofactors, including hemes, are inserted into subunits I & II. The two heme molecules reside in subunit I, helping with transport to subunit II where two copper molecules aid with the continued transfer of electrons. Subunits I and IV initiate assembly. Different subunits may associate to form sub-complex intermediates that later bind to other subunits to form the COX complex. In post-assembly modifications, COX will form a homodimer. This is required for activity. Dimers are connected by a cardiolipin molecule,  which has been found to play a key role in stabilization of the holoenzyme complex. The dissociation of subunits VIIa and III in conjunction with the removal of cardiolipin results in total loss of enzyme activity. Subunits encoded in the nuclear genome are known to play a role in enzyme dimerization and stability. Mutations to these subunits eliminate COX function.

Assembly is known to occur in at least three distinct rate-determining steps. The products of these steps have been found, though specific subunit compositions have not been determined.

Synthesis and assembly of COX subunits I, II, and III are facilitated by translational activators, which interact with the 5’ untranslated regions of mitochondrial mRNA transcripts. Translational activators are encoded in the nucleus. They can operate through either direct or indirect interaction with other components of translation machinery, but exact molecular mechanisms are unclear due to difficulties associated with synthesizing translation machinery in-vitro. Though the interactions between subunits I, II, and III encoded within the mitochondrial genome make a lesser contribution to enzyme stability than interactions between bigenomic subunits, these subunits are more conserved, indicating potential unexplored roles for enzyme activity.

Biochemistry
The overall reaction is
 * 4 Fe$2+$ – cytochrome c + 4 H$+$ + O$2$ → 4 Fe$3+$ – cytochrome c + 2 H$2$O               ΔG$o$' = - 218 kJ/mol,  E$o$' = +565 mV

Two electrons are passed from two cytochrome c's, through the Cu$A$ and cytochrome a sites to the cytochrome a$3$–Cu$B$ binuclear center, reducing the metals to the Fe$2+$ form and Cu$+$. The hydroxide ligand is protonated and lost as water, creating a void between the metals that is filled by O$2$. The oxygen is rapidly reduced, with two electrons coming from the Fe$2+$-cytochrome a$3$, which is converted to the ferryl oxo form (Fe$4+$=O). The oxygen atom close to Cu$B$ picks up one electron from Cu$+$, and a second electron and a proton from the hydroxyl of Tyr(244), which becomes a tyrosyl radical. The second oxygen is converted to a hydroxide ion by picking up two electrons and a proton. A third electron from another cytochrome c is passed through the first two electron carriers to the cytochrome a$3$–Cu$B$ binuclear center, and this electron and two protons convert the tyrosyl radical back to Tyr, and the hydroxide bound to Cu$B$$2+$ to a water molecule. The fourth electron from another cytochrome c flows through Cu$A$ and cytochrome a to the cytochrome a$3$–Cu$B$ binuclear center, reducing the Fe$4+$=O to Fe$3+$, with the oxygen atom picking up a proton simultaneously, regenerating this oxygen as a hydroxide ion coordinated in the middle of the cytochrome a$3$–Cu$B$ center as it was at the start of this cycle. Overall, four reduced cytochrome c's are oxidized while O$2$ and four protons are reduced to two water molecules.

Inhibition
COX exists in three conformational states: fully oxidized (pulsed), partially reduced, and fully reduced. Each inhibitor has a high affinity to a different state. In the pulsed state, both the heme a$3$ and the Cu$B$ nuclear centers are oxidized; this is the conformation of the enzyme that has the highest activity. A two-electron reduction initiates a conformational change that allows oxygen to bind at the active site to the partially-reduced enzyme. Four electrons bind to COX to fully reduce the enzyme. Its fully reduced state, which consists of a reduced Fe$2+$ at the cytochrome a$3$ heme group and a reduced Cu$B$$+$ binuclear center, is considered the inactive or resting state of the enzyme.

Cyanide, azide, and carbon monoxide all bind to cytochrome c oxidase, inhibiting the protein from functioning and leading to the chemical asphyxiation of cells. Higher concentrations of molecular oxygen are needed to compensate for increasing inhibitor concentrations, leading to an overall decrease in metabolic activity in the cell in the presence of an inhibitor. Other ligands, such as nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide, can also inhibit COX by binding to regulatory sites on the enzyme, reducing the rate of cellular respiration.

Cyanide is a non-competitive inhibitor for COX, binding with high affinity to the partially-reduced state of the enzyme and hindering further reduction of the enzyme. In the pulsed state, cyanide binds slowly, but with high affinity. The ligand is posited to electrostatically stabilize both metals at once by positioning itself between them. A high nitric oxide concentration, such as one added exogenously to the enzyme, reverses cyanide inhibition of COX.

Nitric oxide can reversibly bind to either metal ion in the binuclear center to be oxidized to nitrite. NO and CN$−$ will compete with oxygen to bind at the site, reducing the rate of cellular respiration. Endogenous NO, however, which is produced at lower levels, augments CN$−$ inhibition. Higher levels of NO, which correlate with the existence of more enzyme in the reduced state, lead to a greater inhibition of cyanide. At these basal concentrations, NO inhibition of Complex IV is known to have beneficial effects, such as increasing oxygen levels in blood vessel tissues. The inability of the enzyme to reduce oxygen to water results in a buildup of oxygen, which can diffuse deeper into surrounding tissues. NO inhibition of Complex IV has a larger effect at lower oxygen concentrations, increasing its utility as a vasodilator in tissues of need.

Hydrogen sulfide will bind COX in a noncompetitive fashion at a regulatory site on the enzyme, similar to carbon monoxide. Sulfide has the highest affinity to either the pulsed or partially reduced states of the enzyme, and is capable of partially reducing the enzyme at the heme a$3$ center. It is unclear whether endogenous H$2$S levels are sufficient to inhibit the enzyme. There is no interaction between hydrogen sulfide and the fully reduced conformation of COX.

Methanol in methylated spirits is converted into formic acid, which also inhibits the same oxidase system. High levels of ATP can allosterically inhibit cytochrome c oxidase, binding from within the mitochondrial matrix.

Extramitochondrial and subcellular localizations

Cytochrome c oxidase has 3 subunits which are encoded by mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, subunit II, and subunit III). Of these 3 subunits encoded by mitochondrial DNA, two have been identified in extramitochondrial locations. In pancreatic acinar tissue, these subunits were found in zymogen granules. Additionally, in the anterior pituitary, relatively high amounts of these subunits were found in growth hormone secretory granules. The extramitochondrial function of these cytochrome c oxidase subunits has not yet been characterized. Besides cytochrome c oxidase subunits, extramitochondrial localization has also been observed for large numbers of other mitochondrial proteins. This raises the possibility about existence of yet unidentified specific mechanisms for protein translocation from mitochondria to other cellular destinations.

Genetic defects and disorders
Defects involving genetic mutations altering cytochrome c oxidase (COX) functionality or structure can result in severe, often fatal metabolic disorders. Such disorders usually manifest in early childhood and affect predominantly tissues with high energy demands (brain, heart, muscle). Among the many classified mitochondrial diseases, those involving dysfunctional COX assembly are thought to be the most severe.

The vast majority of COX disorders are linked to mutations in nuclear-encoded proteins referred to as assembly factors, or assembly proteins. These assembly factors contribute to COX structure and functionality, and are involved in several essential processes, including transcription and translation of mitochondrion-encoded subunits, processing of preproteins and membrane insertion, and cofactor biosynthesis and incorporation.

Currently, mutations have been identified in seven COX assembly factors: SURF1, SCO1, SCO2, COX10, COX15, COX20, COA5 and LRPPRC. Mutations in these proteins can result in altered functionality of sub-complex assembly, copper transport, or translational regulation. Each gene mutation is associated with the etiology of a specific disease, with some having implications in multiple disorders. Disorders involving dysfunctional COX assembly via gene mutations include Leigh syndrome, cardiomyopathy, leukodystrophy, anemia, and sensorineural deafness.

Histochemistry
The increased reliance of neurons on oxidative phosphorylation for energy facilitates the use of COX histochemistry in mapping regional brain metabolism in animals, since it establishes a direct and positive correlation between enzyme activity and neuronal activity. This can be seen in the correlation between COX enzyme amount and activity, which indicates the regulation of COX at the level of gene expression. COX distribution is inconsistent across different regions of the animal brain, but its pattern of its distribution is consistent across animals. This pattern has been observed in the monkey, mouse, and calf brain. One isozyme of COX has been consistently detected in histochemical analysis of the brain. Such brain mapping has been accomplished in spontaneous mutant mice with cerebellar disease such as reeler and a transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease. This technique has also been used to map learning activity in the animal brain.

title: Cytochrome c oxidase


text:
Talk:New Castle County, Delaware

How to edit
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History needs expansion
History didn't end in the 17th century - when did all those Irish, Italians, Germans and Poles arrive, after all? Parkwells (talk) 17:05, 5 February 2012 (UTC)

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title: Talk:New Castle County, Delaware


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Small population size

Small populations can behave differently from larger populations. They are often the result of population bottlenecks from larger populations, leading to loss of heterozygosity and reduced genetic diversity and loss or fixation of alleles and shifts in allele frequencies. A small population is then more susceptible to demographic and genetic stochastic events, which can impact the long-term survival of the population. Therefore, small populations are often considered at risk of endangerment or extinction, and are often of conservation concern.

Demographic effects

The influence of stochastic variation in demographic (reproductive and mortality) rates is much higher for small populations than large ones. Stochastic variation in demographic rates causes small populations to fluctuate randomly in size. This variation could be a result of unequal sex ratios, high variance in family size, inbreeding, or fluctuating population size. The smaller the population, the greater the probability that fluctuations will lead to extinction.

One demographic consequence of a small population size is the probability that all offspring in a generation are of the same sex, and where males and females are equally likely to be produced (see sex ratio), is easy to calculate: it is given by $$1/2^{n-1}$$ (the chance of all animals being females is $$1/2^n$$; the same holds for all males, thus this result). This can be a problem in very small populations. In 1977, the last 18 kākāpō on a Fiordland island in New Zealand were all male, though the probability of this would only be 0.0000076 if determined by chance (however, females are generally preyed upon more often than males and kakapo may be subject to sex allocation). With a population of just three individuals the probability of them all being the same sex is 0.25. Put another way, for every four species reduced to three individuals (or more precisely three individuals in the effective population), one will become extinct within one generation just because they are all the same sex. If the population remains at this size for several generations, such an event becomes almost inevitable.

Environmental effects
The environment can directly affect the survival of a small population. Some detrimental effects include stochastic variation in the environment (year to year variation in rainfall, temperature), which can produce temporally correlated birth and death rates (i.e. 'good' years when birth rates are high and death rates are low and 'bad' years when birth rates are low and death rates are high) that lead to fluctuations in the population size. Again, smaller populations are more likely to become extinct due to these environmentally generated population fluctuations than the large populations.

The environment can also introduce beneficial traits to a small population that promote its persistence. In the small, fragmented populations of the acorn woodpecker, minimal immigration is sufficient for population persistence. Despite the potential genetic consequences of having a small population size, the acorn woodpecker is able to avoid extinction and the classification as an endangered species because of this environmental intervention causing neighboring populations to immigrate. Immigration promotes survival by increasing genetic diversity, which will be discussed in the next section as a harmful factor in small populations.

Genetic effects
Conservationists are often worried about a loss of genetic variation in small populations. There are two types of genetic variation that are important when dealing with small populations:

 * The degree of homozygosity within individuals in a population; i.e. the proportion of an individual's loci that contain homozygous rather than heterozygous alleles. Many deleterious alleles are only harmful in the homozygous form.
 * The degree of monomorphism/polymorphism within a population; i.e. how many different alleles of the same gene exist in the gene pool of a population. Genetic drift and the likelihood of inbreeding tend to have greater impacts on small populations, which can lead to speciation. Both drift and inbreeding cause a reduction in genetic diversity, which is associated with a reduced population growth rate, reduced adaptive potential to environmental changes, and increased risk of extinction. The effective population size (Ne), or the reproducing part of a population is often lower than the actual population size in small populations. The Ne of a population is closest in size to the generation that had the smallest Ne. This is because alleles lost in generations of low populations are not regained when the population size increases. For example, the Northern Elephant Seal was reduced to 20-30 individuals, but now there are 100,000 due to conservation efforts. However the effective population size is only 60.

Contributing genetic factors

 * Genetic drift: Genetic variation is determined by the joint action of natural selection and genetic drift (chance). In small populations, selection is less effective, and the relative importance of genetic drift is higher because deleterious alleles can become more frequent and 'fixed' in a population due to chance. The allele selected for by natural selection becomes fixed more quickly, resulting in the loss of the other allele at that locus (in the case of a two allele locus) and an overall loss of genetic diversity.   Alternatively, larger populations are affected less by genetic drift because drift is measured using the equation 1/2N, with "N" referring to population size; it takes longer for alleles to become fixed because "N" is higher. One example of large populations showing greater adaptive evolutionary ability is the red flour beetle. Selection acting on the body color of the red flour beetle was found to be more consistent in large than in small populations; although the black allele was selected against, one of the small populations observed became homozygous for the deleterious black allele (this did not occur in the large populations). for Any allele—deleterious, beneficial, or neutral—is more likely to be lost from a small population (gene pool) than a large one. This results in a reduction in the number of forms of alleles in a small population, especially in extreme cases such as monomorphism, where there is only one form of the allele. Continued fixation of deleterious alleles in small populations is called Muller's ratchet, and can lead to mutational meltdown.
 * Inbreeding: In a small population, closely related individuals are more likely to breed together. The offspring of related parents have a higher number of homozygous loci than the offspring of unrelated parents. Inbreeding causes a decrease in the reproductive fitness of a population because of a decrease in its heterozygosity from the repeated mating of closely related individuals or selfing. Inbreeding may also lead to inbreeding depression when heterozygosity is minimized to the point where deleterious mutations that reduce fitness become more prevalent. Inbreeding depression is a trend in many plants and animals with small populations sizes and increases their risk of extinction.  Inbreeding depression is usually taken to mean any immediate harmful effect, on individuals or on the population, of a decrease in either type of genetic variation. Inbreeding depression can almost never be found in declining populations that were not very large to begin with; it is somewhat common in large populations becoming small though. This is the cause of purging selection which is most efficient in populations that are very but not dangerously inbred.
 * Genetic adaptation to fragmented habitat: Over time species evolve to become adapted to their environment. This can lead to limited fitness in the face of stochastic changes. For example, birds on islands, such as the Galapagos Flightless Cormorant or the Kiwi of New Zealand, have been known to develop flightlessness. This trait results in a limited ability to avoid predators and disease which could perpetuate further problems in the face of climate change. Fragmented populations also see genetic adaptation. For example, habitat fragmentation has resulted in a shift toward increased selfing in plant populations.

Examples of genetic consequences that have happened in inbred populations are high levels of hatching failure, bone abnormalities, low infant survivability, and decrease in birth rates. Some populations that have these consequences are cheetahs, who suffer with low infant survivability and a decrease in birth rate due to having gone through a population bottleneck. Northern elephant seals, who also went through a population bottleneck, have had cranial bone structure changes to the lower mandibular tooth row. The wolves on Isle Royale, a population restricted to the island in Lake Superior, have bone malformations in the vertebral column in the lumbosacral region. These wolves also have syndactyly, which is the fusion of soft tissue between the toes of the front feet. These types of malformations are caused by inbreeding depression or genetic load.

Island populations

Island populations often also have small populations due to geographic isolation, limited habitat and high levels of endemism. Because their environments are so isolated gene flow is poor within island populations. Without the introduction of genetic diversity from gene flow, alleles are quickly fixed or lost. This reduces island populations' ability to adapt to any new circumstances and can result in higher levels of extinction. The majority of mammal, bird, and reptile extinctions since the 1600s have been from island populations. Moreover, 20% of bird species live on islands, but 90% of all bird extinctions have been from island populations. Human activities have been the major cause of extinctions on island in the past 50,000 years due to the introduction of exotic species, habitat loss and over-exploitation.

The Galapagos penguin is an endangered endemic species of the Galapagos islands. Its population has seen extreme fluctuations in population size due to marine perturbations, which have become more extreme due to climate change. The population has ranged from as high as 10,000 specimens to as low as 700. Currently it is estimated there are about 1000 mature individuals.

Conservation
Conservation efforts for small populations at risk of extinction focus on increasing population size as well as genetic diversity, which determines the fitness of a population and its long-term persistence. Some methods include captive breeding and genetic rescue. Stabilizing the variance in family size is an effective way can double the effective population size and is often used in conservation strategies.

title: Small population size


text:
Talk:Sussex County, Delaware

Untitled
I wonder if a Sussex Co. maven could elaborate on its unique relationship to slavery and the civil war? According to the History page that's linked, the Emancipation Proclamation did not apply to northern states, and Delaware was a northern slave state. http://www.sussexcountyde.gov/about/history/general/index.cfm?action=1800s

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BetacommandBot (talk) 14:47, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Name
Is it named after the UK county of Sussex? Or some person called Sussex? There should be a sentence or two in the article on the derivation of the name, surely? 86.133.212.19 (talk) 17:02, 24 April 2012 (UTC)

The old Proprietory Deeds from the Penn Family (which had also owned Delaware at one time) refer to "the counties of New Castle, Kent, and Sussex Upon Delaware." I love the old fashioned sound of that, but I'm not sure if the intention is to refer to all three as being "upon Delaware," or just Sussex. PurpleChez (talk) 19:33, 19 February 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sussex County, Delaware


text:
User talk:G from B/Sandbox

Hi G from B, hope you don't mind me playing in your sandbox! I know I'm not mav, but I was reading his talk and noticed your problem and decided to see if I could help. The mu was in the HTML (presumably as a typo), but outside any <td> elements, so it was being rendered outside the table. Check the history and you'll see what I mean. I also noticed that you hadn't closed the <table> tag. HTH. HAND. --Bth

title: User talk:G from B/Sandbox


text:
The Water-Babies, A Fairy Tale for a Land Baby

The Water-Babies, A Fairy Tale for a Land Baby is a children's novel by Charles Kingsley. Written in 1862–1863 as a serial for Macmillan's Magazine, it was first published in its entirety in 1863. It was written as part satire in support of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species. The book was extremely popular in the United Kingdom and was a mainstay of British children's literature for many decades, but eventually fell out of favour in America in part due to its prejudices against Irish, Jews, Catholics, and Americans.

Story
The protagonist is Tom, a young chimney sweep, who falls into a river after encountering an upper-class girl named Ellie and being chased out of her house. There he appears to drown and is transformed into a "water-baby", as he is told by a caddisfly – an insect that sheds its skin – and begins his moral education. The story is thematically concerned with Christian redemption, though Kingsley also uses the book to argue that England treats its poor badly, and to question child labour, among other themes.

Tom embarks on a series of adventures and lessons, and enjoys the community of other water-babies on Saint Brendan's Island once he proves himself a moral creature. The major spiritual leaders in his new world are the fairies Mrs. Doasyouwouldbedoneby (a reference to the Golden Rule), Mrs. Bedonebyasyoudid, and Mother Carey. Weekly, Tom is allowed the company of Ellie, who became a water-baby after he did.

Grimes, his old master, drowns as well, and in his final adventure, Tom travels to the end of the world to attempt to help the man where he is being punished for his misdeeds. Tom helps Grimes to find repentance, and Grimes will be given a second chance if he can successfully perform a final penance. By proving his willingness to do things he does not like, if they are the right things to do, Tom earns himself a return to human form, and becomes "a great man of science" who "can plan railways, and steam-engines, and electric telegraphs, and rifled guns, and so forth". He and Ellie are united, although the book states (perhaps jokingly) that they never marry, claiming that in fairy tales, no one beneath the rank of prince and princess ever marries.

The book ends with the caveat that it is only a fairy tale, and the reader is to believe none of it, "even if it is true".

Interpretation
In the style of Victorian-era novels, The Water-Babies is a didactic moral fable. In it, Kingsley expresses many of the common prejudices of that time period, and the book includes dismissive or insulting references to Americans, Jews, Blacks, and Catholics, particularly the Irish.

The book had been intended in part as a satire, a tract against child labour, as well as a serious critique of the closed-minded approaches of many scientists of the day in their response to Charles Darwin's ideas on evolution, which Kingsley had been one of the first to praise. He had been sent an advance review copy of On the Origin of Species, and wrote in his response of 18 November 1859 (four days before Darwin's book was published) that he had "long since, from watching the crossing of domesticated animals and plants, learnt to disbelieve the dogma of the permanence of species," and had "gradually learnt to see that it is just as noble a conception of Deity, to believe that He created primal forms capable of self development into all forms needful pro tempore and pro loco, as to believe that He required a fresh act of intervention to supply the lacunas which He Himself had made", asking "whether the former be not the loftier thought."

In the book, for example, Kingsley argues that no person is qualified to say that something that they have never seen (like a human soul or a water baby) does not exist.

How do you know that? Have you been there to see? And if you had been there to see, and had seen none, that would not prove that there were none ... And no one has a right to say that no water babies exist till they have seen no water babies existing, which is quite a different thing, mind, from not seeing water babies.

In his Origin of Species, Darwin mentions that, like many others at the time, he thought that changed habits produce an inherited effect, a concept now known as Lamarckism. In The Water Babies, Kingsley tells of a group of humans called the Doasyoulikes who are allowed to do "whatever they like" and who gradually lose the power of speech, degenerate into gorillas and are shot by the African explorer du Chaillu. He refers to the movement to end slavery in mentioning that one of the gorillas shot by du Chaillu "remembered that his ancestors had once been men, and tried to say, 'Am I Not A Man And A Brother?', but had forgotten how to use his tongue".

The Water Babies alludes to debates among biologists of its day, satirising what Kingsley had previously dubbed the "great hippocampus question" as the "great hippopotamus test". At various times the text refers to "Sir Roderick Murchison, Professor (Richard) Owen, Professor (Thomas Henry) Huxley, (and) Mr. Darwin", and thus they become explicitly part of the story. In the accompanying illustrations by Linley Sambourne, Huxley and Owen are caricatured, studying a captured water baby. In 1892 Thomas Henry Huxley's five-year-old grandson Julian saw this engraving and wrote his grandfather a letter asking:

Dear Grandpater – Have you seen a Waterbaby? Did you put it in a bottle? Did it wonder if it could get out? Could I see it some day? – Your loving Julian.

Huxley wrote back a letter (later evoked by the New York Sun's "Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus" in 1897):

My dear Julian – I could never make sure about that Water Baby. I have seen Babies in water and Babies in bottles; the Baby in the water was not in a bottle and the Baby in the bottle was not in water. My friend who wrote the story of the Water Baby was a very kind man and very clever. Perhaps he thought I could see as much in the water as he did. – There are some people who see a great deal and some who see very little in the same things. When you grow up I dare say you will be one of the great-deal seers, and see things more wonderful than the Water Babies where other folks can see nothing.

Adaptations
The book was adapted into an animated film The Water Babies in 1978 starring James Mason, Bernard Cribbins and Billie Whitelaw. Though many of the main elements are there, the film's storyline differs substantially from the book's, with a new sub-plot involving Tom saving the Water-Babies from imprisonment by a kingdom of sharks.

It was also adapted into a musical theatre version produced at the Garrick Theatre in London, in 1902. The adaptation was described as a "fairy play", by Rutland Barrington, with music by Frederick Rosse, Albert Fox, and Alfred Cellier. The book was also produced as a play by Jason Carr and Gary Yershon, mounted at the Chichester Festival Theatre in 2003, directed by Jeremy Sams, starring Louise Gold, Joe McGann, Katherine O'Shea, and Neil McDermott.

The story was also adapted into a radio series featuring Timothy West, Julia McKenzie, and Oliver Peace as Tom.

A 2013 update for BBC Radio 4 brought the tale to a newer age, with Tomi having been trafficked from Nigeria as a child labourer.

In 2014 it was adapted into a musical; a shortened version premiered at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival in 2014, with the full version being produced at the Playhouse Theatre, Cheltenham in 2015 by performing arts students of the University of Gloucestershire. It was performed, again by students, in the same venue in June 2019.

In 2019 the story was adapted into a folk opera performed at The Sydney Fringe Australia from a musical score and libretto composed by musician and librettist Freddie Hill in 1999.


text:
Talk:Windham County, Connecticut

Untitled
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ram-Man (talk • contribs) 15:32, 30 September 2002 (UTC)

say what?
what is this?

"The County Comissioner, D.J. Bernat recently was re-elected against his opponent and former wife, Shannon Moore who garnered 55% of the vote but was disqualified because of failing to file the proper forms."

I am tempted to delete this as we have no elected positions now that the sherrif has been eliminated.

anyone?

I think this is news from another state. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mccommas (talk • contribs) 06:25, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

Boston Metro?
Since when did this county or any part of CT get included in the Boston area? Boston is too far away and this county is in the hartford market. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.210.137.22 (talk) 21:45, 12 October 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Windham County, Connecticut


text:
Talk:Tolland County, Connecticut

Untitled
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help.

Units of Measurement
Right now for statistics like area, metric units are listed as primary and US units are listed parenthetically. I think this is incorrect, given the source of the information -- the official Census Bureau result should be listed as the primary result (and that number is given in square miles) and then the converted result should be given parenthetically. It's a small issue, but I believe an important one when you're attributing a statistic to a source. I am going to change the statistics to reflect the Census Bureau results, and put the converted/derived metric equivalences in parentheses. -- Kadin2048 13:58, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

Correct term for a place in Connecticut
I just updated the title for the section formerly called Boroughs to Other Places. In Connecticut, towns are the principal units of municipal government and are treated by the census as Minor Civil Divisions. Boroughs are legally incorporated places which provide additional services to a section of town. There are only 9 boroughs in Connecticut, none of which are in Tolland County. See the State Register and Manual

The census designates localities inside towns as Census Designated Places, of which most on this list are. I cannot really come up with a good name for what to call these other places other than that, because they aren't villages (legal definition in other states) and they are definitely not boroughs or cities (legal definition in Connecticut). mikemillerdc 04:06, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tolland County, Connecticut


text:
Talk:New London County, Connecticut

Untitled
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help.

this page lists a "fact" that says that New London County is exactly half the size of Rhode Island (at 2000sq. km.) however, the RI page says that RI is 1340sq. km (or something close), considerably smaller than 4000, obviously.

which page is wrong? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.83.46.55 (talk) 14:05, 19 September 2010 (UTC)
 * It is doubtful the census bureau numbers are incorrect so the listed "fact" is likely wrong. I'll verify and remove it. --Polaron | Talk 14:07, 19 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Update: It is not exactly half but if you include coastal areas then it gets pretty close. No such relationship for land areas though. In any case, this is not that unusual to merit a mention. --Polaron | Talk 14:12, 19 September 2010 (UTC)

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External links modified (February 2018)
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title: Talk:New London County, Connecticut


text: Talk:New Haven County, Connecticut

title: Talk:New Haven County, Connecticut


text:
Talk:Middlesex County, Connecticut

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title: Talk:Middlesex County, Connecticut


text:
Talk:Litchfield County, Connecticut

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Regarding esoteric terminology in the lead
With all due respect, the following sentence -replete with it's tongue-tying, over-technical, statistical jargon- has absolutely no place in the lead paragraph of this article.

"Litchfield County comprises the Torrington, CT Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area."

Please understand that I am not contesting the factual accuracy of the claim. Instead, I am suggesting that the excessively technical nature of the claim means that this particular fact is of esoteric import and not a broadly valuable enough fact to warrant inclusion in the lead.

Any mention of terms as bewildering and unintuitive as "Torrington, CT Micropolitan Statistical Area" and "New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area" belongs in a more specialized section of the article, not in the first dozen sentences where readers are supposed to be able to access a "clear, accessible" (WP:LEAD) overview of the topic at hand.

I recognize, however, that lead paragraph edits can sometimes tend to be contentious, so I'm trying to open the stage for some discussion on this before taking action. —Jgcoleman (talk) 14:12, 20 October 2016 (UTC)

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Attractions and Things To Do
Added heading and content. Itohacs 03:59, 29 July 2018 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Itohacs (talk • contribs)

title: Talk:Litchfield County, Connecticut


text:
Talk:Hartford County, Connecticut

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South Glastonbury
Shouldn't South Glastonbury, Connecticut be listed here? Badagnani 06:26, 14 April 2006 (UTC)

 * South Glastonbury is a Historical District of Glastonbury. If it is a village within Glastonbury (I do not know this fact) then I think it would be okay to add under Glastonbury much like Elmwood is under West Hartford. Joshfinnie (talk) 18:03, 23 April 2010 (UTC)

Transportation Section
I added a transportation section to Hartford County. There are some major roads that are part of Hartford County and I thought it would be good to showcase them. I think they might need a little description of what eachone is. If someone wants to give that a shot, I would not be mad. Joshfinnie (talk) 17:58, 23 April 2010 (UTC)

Why Bloomfield Was Denied
The other day bloomfield had a voting sesion over at Bloomfield high School. The awnser was vote yes to improve bloomfield schools or no. A lot of parents were upset about the awnser. Parents of bloomfield stated that the reason they get denied every year is because they have a high population of older residents.They belive the older residents feel as if they should not have to pay more in taxes for schools when they have no realation to anyone who goes there. Even thoe they get denied every year parents continue to have it agian every year.

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title: Talk:Hartford County, Connecticut


text:
Talk:Fairfield County, Connecticut

Thousand Islands of Reservoir
I removed this section since these aren't towns and more importanly, none of these places are built near a reservoir. I see it has been put back. Can anyone provide a source for this? Rigel0 (talk) 02:40, 17 September 2010 (UTC)

I also can't seem to find where "Stony Islands" is. I think this addition is a hoax. Rigel0 (talk) 02:57, 17 September 2010 (UTC)

Redundant, useless, and excessive knowledge
I find much of the information in this article either redundant, excessive, or of little use. Especially for a state where counties play such a little roll. This article really needs to be cleaned up. I find most of the information in the Government section to be useless. To sum it up in a nutshell, one could just say that county governments were eliminated in Connecticut in 1960. State Sheriff's continued to be organized at the county level until 2000. Redding and Easton have a joint school district. Other than that everything in that article is excessive, much of it is common-knowledge. Many of the external links should not be there IMHO, this is a wikipedia page not a link directory. 67.87.55.248 (talk) 02:45, 29 April 2011 (UTC)

Merge
I am proposing that Greater Bridgeport be merged into this article. My reason is that Greater Bridgeport is redundant of Fairfield County as Greater Bridgeport is the same thing as Fairfiled County. OIFA (talk) 03:33, 19 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Oppose - Greater Bridgeport does not include Greater Danbury, which is also in Fairfield County, and only consists of the 5 towns surrounding Bridgeport. Only the MSA includes the whole county. Thus these are two different things. Best, Markvs88 (talk) 03:51, 19 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Oppose - I agree with Markvs that Greater Bridgeport does not encompass a large enough geographic area for inclusion into the Fairfield County article. The article itself should definitely be expanded and organized to mirror the Greater New Haven article, which I feel is pretty well organized for such a broad topic. Lrkleine (talk) 21:37, 7 January 2012 (UTC)

Delete all articles on CT "counties"
Oh my god. Please. They are a waste of space, and embarrassing to the people of CT. Kind of like counties themselves. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.252.145.202 (talk) 23:51, 25 September 2012 (UTC)

Unsourced & essentially wrong
I refer to following passage:

 * "The Taconic Mountains and the Berkshire Mountains ranges of the Appalachian Mountains run through Fairfield County. The Taconics begin roughly in Ridgefield and the Berkshires begin roughly in Northern Trumbull, both running north to Litchfield County and beyond. A portion of the Taconics also is in rural Greenwich and rural North Stamford in Fairfield County and run north into Westchester County, New York, eventually re-entering Fairfield County in Ridgefield. Also a small portion of the Appalachian Trail runs through the county. The Appalachian Trail enters Connecticut in the northernmost and least populous town in the county, Sherman, and moves east into Litchfield County which encompasses the majority of the Appalachian Trail in Connecticut.
 * "The section of the Taconic Mountains range that runs through Greenwich and North Stamford of Fairfield County is also the part of the Appalachians that is closest to the coast out of the entire Appalachian Mountains."

In general, the Berkshires are on the east side of the Housatonic, regardless of where one thinks their southern end lies. Typically one thinks of the Berkshires as a part of Massachusetts, occasionally northwestern Connecticut.

To say the Taconic Mountains run through Greenwich and North Stamford is silly & plainly contradicts statement in the immediately earlier sentence that they begin in Ridgefield (also doubtful). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:252:d6a:b2c0:a8fd:cd1d:a904:32c7 (talk) 23:16, 1 January 2016 (UTC)

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Race Population
Race population by town should be removed and/or edited to reflect accurate information from the Census rather than a survey that seems to be reflecting a minority's opinion. This survey is not only inaccurate but is also selective, as only 25 towns' information is provided, Hartford and many other largely populated towns/cities are omitted. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.177.33.80 (talk) 23:08, 6 March 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fairfield County, Connecticut