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Morris, Connecticut

Morris is a town in Litchfield County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 2,256 at the 2020 census. The town is part of the Northwest Hills Planning Region.

Europeans first began to settle the area that became Morris circa 1723. Originally part of the town of Litchfield, it was called the South Farms because of its location 5 mi south of the center. Designated a separate Congregational parish in 1767 and incorporated as a town in 1859, it was named after native son James Morris, a Yale graduate, Revolutionary War officer, and founder of one of the first co-educational secondary schools in the nation.

Morris lies in rolling hill country of woods, wetlands, fields and ponds. It also encompasses much of Bantam Lake, originally called the Great Pond, which covers approximately 947 acre and is the largest natural lake in the state. The traditional Town of Morris seal features the pine on Lone Tree Hill, which overlooks the lake. Morris is home to one of the oldest state parks in Connecticut, as well as to one of the newest.

The area's transition from 18th-century settlement to semi-rural community in the 2000s is the story of many Connecticut towns and much of New England. At first, farming barely made families self-sufficient, but in the 1800s, agriculture evolved into a business. Then, over the next 150 years, competition, rising costs and increasing regulation made it less sustainable, despite economies and innovation. In the early 1900s, local water mills, manufactories and other small businesses encountered similar challenges and gave way to industry in nearby Waterbury, Torrington and beyond.

By the 1970s and 1980s, the area was still largely rural, but residents' occupations had grown more diverse. Today, the farming tradition continues even as residents engage in a range of professions, businesses and arts locally and in the wider region. A number of second home owners come from the metro New York area. In addition to the two state parks and Bantam Lake, the 4000 acre White Memorial Conservation Center offers a range of opportunities for outdoor sports and recreation. Camp Washington is a spiritual retreat operated by the Episcopal Diocese of Connecticut.

Morris center looks like a typical small New England village, with a white Congregational church, a school, and town hall. Interspersed with fields and woods, a mix of Early American and newer homes strings out loosely along the town's roads. Children attend the local James Morris elementary school and regional Wamogo High School, a U.S. Department of Education school of excellence. Perhaps counter-intuitively, Morris also holds a Buddhist temple, as well as a Jewish cemetery from the early 1900s.

Pre-European
The Morris/Litchfield region lay in the borderlands between Mahican territory to the north and west and Paugussett land to the south and southeast. Both peoples were part of an Algonquian language population that extended up the coast in a wide swath from Virginia to Canada. Those in the immediate area, the Potatuck, were a Paugussett subgroup.

The Potatuck were woodland dwellers whose bark wigwam and longhouse villages typically housed anywhere from 50 to 200 individuals. Their social structure was relatively simple and egalitarian. Kin groups were matrilineal, and women held authority over land rights and transfer.

Potatuck women gathered wild plants and fruits and raised the "Three Sisters" crops of squash, beans, and maize (corn), though there is some evidence that they began to cultivate maize only in the decades just before English settlers came to New England. Men fished and hunted deer and small game, also growing tobacco for ritual use. The Potatuck used fire as a tool for clearing underbrush to facilitate both hunting and planting. Some may have moved to the shore of Long Island Sound to fish and gather shellfish during the summer.

Like other first peoples in the northeast, the Potatuck believed in a Creator. His lodge, which lay to the west, was where worthy men and women went after they died. Individuals had spiritual guardians. These could be inanimate objects or ghosts but most often were animals. Festivals and other rituals taught that humans are part of nature — neighbors with plants and animals, which also possess spirits. Given their interdependence with the rest of creation, people were taught to respect and seek harmony in their physical and social environments and between earthly and spiritual worlds.

The Potatuck and the Paugussett, more generally, were part of a northeastern trade network whose water routes very probably extended to the midwest and possibly as far as the mid-south. Relations with neighboring groups were by and large harmonious. In the century before Europeans arrived in what became Connecticut, some of the Munsee people, a subgroup of the Lenape (who the English later called the Delaware), moved up the Atlantic coast. They appear to have coexisted and even intermingled with the Paugussett, whose pottery reflects the influence of their culture.

The Paugussett did not side with more easterly tribes such as the Narragansett and the Wampanoag in King Philip's War (1675–1678), which devastated the colonies of Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Providence Plantation and Rhode Island. The Potatuck in northwest Connecticut had even less incentive than other Paugussett groups to become embroiled in the war because European presence in their territory was so limited—and would be for almost another half century.

European settlement
Europeans began to settle the region in 1715 after John Marsh came from Hartford to what was known as the Greenwoods, the thickly forested part of the colony that corresponded roughly to today's Litchfield County. Having explored and found friendly inhabitants, Marsh and a partner, John Buell of Lebanon, Connecticut, petitioned the General Assembly for the right to establish a town at "a place called Bantam"—the name possibly a corruption of the Algonquian word Peantum, the Potatuck group who lived in the area.

Representatives from Hartford and Windsor negotiated with the Potatuck for land, creating the town of Litchfield, which included the area later known as the South Farms, in 1720. The Potatuck reserved rights to a hunting lodge near today's Mount Tom and Mt. Tom Pond, both of which became part of a 231 acre state park on the northwest side of Morris in 1915. While some natives welcomed, or at least tolerated, the newcomers, others did not. The region was subject to periodic Mohawk incursions from the north and west. Some years later, Zebulon Gibbs recalled a 1722 raid in which a settler was killed and scalped. "I was the first who found him dead," Gibbs said.

When colonists first lived in South Farms is unclear. Land deeds on the east side date to 1723, when local surveyors laid out the area's first east–west road. Also on the east end, and perhaps even earlier, a north–south road from Litchfield's Chestnut Hill ran down through the section that became known as The Pitch (so-called because the settlers "pitched", or drew lots, for land there). In 1724, the Connecticut Colony required settlers to build a fort, a log bulwark, on a hillside near the intersection of the old Woodbury (now Higbie) Road and present-day Benton Road. The work took them away from planting, diminished the year's harvest, and was consequently unpopular. The structure fell fairly rapidly into disrepair.

Colonial government policies and military action reduced the likelihood of conflict with native groups by 1726, when two European families lived near today's Litchfield-Morris border on a north–south track (now Alain White Road) that was more central to the area. At least thirty families very probably lived in South Farms by 1747, since it had a school, which the General Assembly required of places with that number. Meanwhile, colonial policies and disease had decimated the Potatuck. Some who remained merged with other nearby bands to form the Schaghticoke tribe, which still exists in Kent today. Individuals lived alongside the settlers through the 1700s and on into the 1900s. Typically, they adopted non-native customs and religion, though some also conserved elements of traditional culture such as the craft of basketweaving.

From settlement to town
Between 1747 and 1859, residents of South Farms were involved in sporadic arguments with the town of Litchfield, the colony, and after independence, the state, over control of their religious and civic activities.

Church and state were inextricably interconnected in the Connecticut Colony's early days. South Farms residents had to petition the General Assembly in Hartford for permission to build a meeting house, which would make it possible to avoid the long trip to the center of Litchfield in the winter. After years of resistance, the Assembly finally acquiesced in 1767, when it authorized the organization of a separate Ecclesiastical Society of South Farms. Instead of ending the friction over local control, this act presaged ongoing arguments about the fair division of payments for the existing Litchfield church as well as about funding for the new meeting house in South Farms and for the four, then five, then six schools there.

During the Revolutionary War, South Farms residents were taxed heavily to support the rebellion, and over 100 men served in either the militia or the Colonial Army. Some went to the defense of Danbury after British forces attacked a supply depot in 1777, others as far as Canada and Virginia.

Perhaps the most noteworthy was James Morris, who as a youth had been tutored by Bethlehem minister Joseph Bellamy, a significant figure in the religious Great Awakening. Morris considered a calling to the ministry after he graduated from Yale in 1775, but in 1776 he joined the Continental Army instead, fighting at Long Island and White Plains before being captured at the Battle of Germantown in Pennsylvania. He was imprisoned in Philadelphia, paroled on Long Island, and subsequently exchanged. In the last years of the war, he served as a captain of light infantry under Alexander Hamilton at the Battle of Yorktown.

After the war, Morris returned to South Farms, where he cared for his ailing parents. Concerned for the education and moral welfare of the community's youth, he began sharing his library with, and teaching, both boys and girls. Fearing that the girls would grow to be too independent, some locals tried to censure him. His alleged transgressions included permitting students to dance at the close of lessons, treating female students too familiarly, and allowing them to pursue an academic course of study in the first place. The controversy led to a public hearing in which Morris prevailed. In 1803, he opened an academy in a new school building.

The Morris Academy was one of the new nation's first coeducational secondary schools, "instructing youths…in the higher branches of literature and the sciences together with the Christian precepts of morality and virtue." During the years in which it existed, students came from 63 Connecticut towns, 15 states and 10 countries including Argentina, France, Germany, Spain and the West Indies. Among them were the abolitionist John Brown; William and Henry Ward Beecher, brothers of Harriet Beecher Stowe; the native Hawaiian Henry Obookiah, who was a symbol of the American Foreign Mission movement, and Samuel Mills, its "father;" a governor and a lieutenant governor of Connecticut and four congressmen. Morris died in 1820, but the academy continued for another 68 years, having educated more than 1,200 young men and women by the time it closed.

By 1810, when families were still largely self-sufficient, South Farms farmers cultivated wheat, rye, corn and oats. Women spun flax for linen. Sheep and cattle produced wool and milk, respectively, while oxen provided power for field labor. Water mills turned out grist and lumber, as well as seed for products such as linseed oil. Scattered throughout the area were several small stores, smithies, cider mills and other small businesses.

Although its location was rural, South Farms in the early 1800s had connections to the outside world not only because of the academy's relatively diverse student body but also because it was part of an active transportation network. At the time, the area had two centers. One at the east end (now East Morris) was at a four corners on the Straitsville toll road (today Straits Turnpike/Route 63), which connected farther north to Litchfield, Albany and Vermont and which ran south to New Haven. Drovers used the roads to move horses, cattle and mules from as far as Vermont. Concord stages brought travelers to and through the area, where they stopped and stayed at local taverns.

Ultimately, however, the more westerly crossroads (leading to East Morris, Litchfield, Bethlehem, Washington and New Milford) became South Farms' hub. It was more geographically central. A public school; the Morris Academy; and the church, a focus of social life, were there. Also, odors from an East End tannery grew so noxious, people moved to be away from it. South Farms had a Society for Moral and Intellectual Improvement as well as a Lyceum for debating contemporary issues. It also had the first library in Litchfield, dating to 1785.

By 1829, the Great Pond was called Bantam Lake, and local entrepreneurs advertised pleasure cruises and "a small establishment" where ladies and gentlemen could "spend a few hours on and about this beautiful sheet of water."

In 1786 and again in 1810, the South Farms Society had sought Litchfield's permission to form a separate town because of concerns about autonomy similar to those that had prompted the earlier petition for a separate parish. Litchfield successfully opposed both in the General Assembly. In 1859, however, the Assembly approved the voters' petition for separation. In it, they had described the problems caused by their distance from Litchfield, its inattention to their concerns, and the cost of maintaining roads and bridges that were far removed from them. The new town was named after its native son, the Revolutionary War soldier and pioneering educator.

A farming community
At its creation, Morris was a farming community of 10400 acre and about 700 souls. "Almost every homestead was a farm to some degree, …much the same … agricultural economy" as a century before.

Two years later, young men from Morris were serving in the Union Army, mostly in the 19th Connecticut Volunteer Infantry—later the 2nd Connecticut Heavy Artillery Regiment—organized in Litchfield. By the end of the Civil War, at least 33 Morris men had fought in some of the bloodiest battles of the conflict, from Cold Harbor to Atlanta to Petersburg. Five had died. Resident Mary Stockbridge said that when "one after another of the flower of our town was laid in our yard, our hearts were nearly broken."

In a town where the majority of voters were Democrats, a number questioned the war. Supporters of the Union cause argued vigorously, and sometimes heatedly, with these "white feather" peace advocates. A tradition of lively public exchange continued through the conflict and after; at its conclusion, the Lyceum debated whether representatives from the late Confederacy should be seated in Congress.

At the start, agriculture had made New England families self-sufficient. In the 1800s, it became a profit-making enterprise, especially as the railroad opened markets farther from home. Over the course of the 19th century and into the 20th, farming also became a race to offset narrowing profit margins by expanding sales and creating economies. A major part of the problem was the so-called "tragedy of the commons:" what made sense for a single commercial farmer—producing more goods for sale—was not in either his or the common interest when everyone did the same. More production meant more supply for a limited market. More supply from local farms and still more from beyond the region depressed prices. Profitability suffered.

Farmers in Morris adapted with Yankee ingenuity. Over time, they lowered overhead by reducing the number of workers they needed; they employed new technologies—substituted mechanical reapers and mowers for scythe and cradle, for instance. With better machinery, they could retire their oxen and use horses for work—animals that then doubled as transportation. Later, in the 1900s, trucks and tractors replaced horses. Other innovations—electrical milking machines, refrigeration for milk, for instance—continued to improve efficiency and productivity.

They also planted new crops—potatoes, sweet corn and cabbage—to appeal to new markets in Waterbury and elsewhere. For a time, the newly built Shepaug Railroad took milk from West Morris to New York City, but dealers there collaborated to lower the prices they paid the farmers and to increase their own profits. The farmers responded with a cooperative that sold and delivered their milk, but they were still competing with other producers from other areas. In 1892, they voted to accept a half cent a quart less than twenty years earlier.

They invented new organizations and adopted new practices. In 1934, they created the Dairy Herd Improvement Association. In 1936, the federal Agricultural Adjustment Act began providing assistance to farms. In 1940, Albert Humphrey produced the first test tube calf in Litchfield County. But even as they created economies and innovated, costs rose. New regulations like tuberculin testing and vaccination for cows proved burdensome. Machinery and equipment—large milk holding tanks, for instance—were increasingly expensive.

By the late 1950s, therefore, the size and productivity of Morris' working farms had grown, but their number had declined. To add to their problems, improving transportation systems and refrigeration had made product from the fertile Midwest—and beyond—ever more cost-competitive. By the 1970s and 1980s, therefore, agriculture in Morris was becoming what it was in the 2000s—a couple of larger operations, underwritten by income from other sources, and smaller ones that served specialty markets. It had become harder and harder, if it wasn't impossible, to make a living by farming alone.

The rise and decline of industry
The other main economic driver in 19th- and early 20th-century Morris was its collection of water mills, general stores, and other small businesses, some of which had begun as home industries.

One of the more interesting, if somewhat anomalous, businesses during this period was a copper mine on east end land purchased by P.T. Barnum in 1850. Located on 46 acre near Saw Mill Brook (later dammed to create the Pitch Reservoir), it had two vertical shafts and a tunnel and was a financial bust.

By the late 1800s, the town had three saw or grain mills and a wood-turning mill. Shops produced items from clothes frames to the scythe sharpeners known as "Emmons rifles" to innovative horse-drawn hay rakes, to wagons and sleighs. Some operated in manufactories, others in barns or other farm buildings. The town also had a brickyard; tanneries; cattle dealers; and smithies where workers shoed animals, produced knives and made other implements.

Mass production and new technologies threatened these small businesses in much the same way rising costs and external competition had affected agriculture. Through the late 1800s and early 1900s, manufacturing shifted to larger towns and cities like Waterbury, which flourished well into the 20th century. Furthermore, from the Great Depression and two World Wars, in which over 75 Morris residents served and two died, emerged a national economy, accelerated urbanization and a more mobile population.

The modern era, a case study in transition
By the late 1950s and early 1960s, therefore, Morris and similar towns were in transition. The remaining farms were surrounded by large tracts of open land, field and forest where stone walls were reminders of former pastures. Small businesses had changed with the times—the town now had gas stations instead of a wagon manufactory, for instance—but these operations, too, had to reckon with outside competition, and some would close. A growing number of residents commuted to nearby towns and cities for work.

Twenty years later, some farmland had been broken up and developed; for the most part, however, housing was still a mix of Early American structures and newer ones strung loosely along or back from a handful of main roads. Telephones, television, radio, and the roads connected Morris to the rest of the world. Second-home owners from metro New York added to its diversity. But in some ways, the town was not so different from what it had been in the 1800s.

Although it was only two hours by car from New York City, its relative isolation protected it from heedless development and urban sprawl. On the other hand, its location posed special challenges. How would it stay economically viable when local farms and businesses faced low-cost competition from elsewhere? How would it hold onto a population with a healthy mix of ages and incomes when outside opportunities beckoned?

To meet these two challenges, it would have to contend with a third: How would it support desirable development and simultaneously protect the low-key rural character and natural beauty that attracted people in the first place?

Connecticut authorized regional development planning in 1947, and in 1969 it required localities to create their own plans for conservation and development. Meanwhile, normal property turnover and individual initiative shaped development less intentionally. Several outcomes were noteworthy.

Demographics
Between 1950 and 2010, the population of Morris roughly tripled, from 770 to 2388. At the same time, it was aging. By 2017, the median age in the U.S. was 38, in Connecticut 41, and in Morris 47, which was actually lower than in many other area communities. These developments reflected the town's transition from a primarily agrarian to a semi-rural community with mixed employment. There were more second homes, often owned by weekenders from the metropolitan New York area.

Also, high school graduates from Morris—as well as from other Litchfield County towns, generally—were more likely to leave after completing their formal education, both as a result of normal mobility and because of limited job prospects. Nonetheless, a number remained or came back to the region. In Morris, three quarters of residents were Connecticut natives.

There were 29 towns in Litchfield County. Median income in Morris was eighth highest. Birthrate and family size were the state average.

Agriculture
By the early 2000s, there were at least three different models of agriculture in Morris:

 * Marketing a specialty product nationally while also supporting traditional product. White Flower Farm, founded in 1950, raised flowers and shrubs for national distribution and had beef cattle as a sideline.
 * Marketing traditional products regionally, with support from other activities. South Farms, named for the original settlement, was a several-generation enterprise that had reinvented itself as an event venue. It also leased property for raising hops. The income supported cultivation of corn and cattle.
 * Targeted regional marketing of traditional product. Truelove Farm, a smaller operation, marketed beef, ham and produce to targeted sources.

Although the locally-grown movement and specialty markets (hops, e.g.) had created new opportunities, farmers were still squeezed by the availability of cheap goods from outside the area; by the dis-economy of running small or mid-sized operations as equipment, technology, insurance and other costs rose; and by the cost of state health and other regulations, which often failed to reflect the realities of small non-dairy farming.

How a more robust farm economy could develop under these conditions was unclear.

Tourism, recreation, spiritual renewal
Bantam Lake had attracted visitors since at least the 1820s, and by late in the nineteenth century, its southern third had become a summer destination for cottage renters and hotel guests. On the east end of town, meanwhile, investors had purchased a large amount of land, where they planned to build a new hotel and spa, a version of Saratoga, but closer to New York City.

The dream of South Farms Springs died in 1904, a story of liens, attachments and lost possibility. Meanwhile, life by the lake flourished. Restaurants and a dance and roller-skating pavilion appeared in the early 1900s. Though these commercial enterprises had closed by the 1990s, the lake remained an attraction for visitors, summer residents and, increasingly, year-round homeowners.

South Farms Springs' spiritual successor was the 113 acre Winvian Farm, whose owner in the 1940s was Winthrop Smith, a partner of Merrill, Lynch, Pierce, Fenner and Smith. After his death in 1961, his widow, Vivian, married Charles McVay, former captain of the doomed World War II heavy cruiser Indianapolis. In 2009, Smith's daughter-in-law turned Winvian into a luxury hotel that included the 1775 Seth Bird house and 18, sometimes exotic, theme-based cottages—a tree house and one built around a helicopter, for example—as well as a spa, a pool, and a five-star restaurant.

In 1999, the Woodbury-Southbury Rod and Gun Club purchased the 238 acre Anderson Farm on Higbie Road, which the same family had operated for several generations. The property remained in farmland and served simultaneously as a fishing and bird hunting preserve.

Mount Tom and Mount Tom Pond were parts of Mount Tom State Park, Connecticut's oldest. Camp Columbia became its newest in 2000. The 590 acre tract included a small slice of land on Bantam Lake, a much larger expanse of field and forest with hiking trails to its south, and a section of wood and wetland to the west, across Route 209. Originally four adjoining farms, it was purchased by Columbia University in 1903 for a school of engineering field station. It was also a training camp for army officers during World War I and later a summer camp for the Columbia football team.

The White Memorial Foundation, created in 1913 by Litchfield residents Alain White and his sister, May White, to honor their parents, acquired 4000 acre of former farmland, about half of it in Morris. The northern and eastern parts of Bantam Lake shoreline were Conservancy property, along with 40 mi of trails, an education center, a museum and research stations. The Conservancy's mix of fields, forest, ponds and wetland, as well as the lake and Bantam River, was open to the public for a range of outdoor activities that included hiking, horseback riding, kayaking and cross-country skiing.

The Mattatuck Trail, a 42.2 mi intermediate hiking trail, ran through the White Conservancy, eastward across the northern edge of the town, and down a ridgeline in The Pitch on the way to Waterbury. Its name was an Algonquian term for the Waterbury area, meaning "place with no trees".

Finally, the Rev. Floyd Kenyon had founded 300 acre Camp Washington in the Lakeside section of Morris in 1917. Originally a summer residential camp for boys, it later became co-educational. In 1991, its owner, the Episcopal Diocese of Connecticut, finished renovating and building facilities to create a year-round retreat and training center for all age groups, as well.

These resources helped to preserve the town's rural character. Like the prospects for farming, however, the potential for further development in tourism and recreation was unclear.

Open space
Outside of the two state parks and the White Memorial Conservancy, Morris in the 1990s was still largely woodland, wetland, and farmland, some working and some former. Concerned about maintaining the town's scenic, rural character, a group of residents in 2006 created the not-for-profit Morris Land Trust, where conservation easements would permanently limit non-farm development and protect agricultural resources.

The largest acquisition was the 2017 transfer of the 138 acre Farnham farm, which had been in the same family since 1735—an addition made possible by financial support from the Connecticut Farmland Trust. The property includes "farm fields, stone walls, meandering streams, wetlands, diverse forest habitat, and a portion of the Mattatuck Trail." The land trust continued to seek additions of property consistent with a strategic plan that set priorities for land acquisition. Funding remained an ongoing challenge.

Serving as the water supply for the City of Waterbury, the Pitch Reservoir and most of the Morris Reservoir, as well as their wooded watersheds, had also been dedicated open space since the early 1900s. They connected to the Shepaug Reservoir in Warren through a 7 mi tunnel, completed in 1926, that ran under Bantam Lake.

Education
A well-educated populace was essential to the town's—and region's—civic health and economic well-being. Since at least the 1850s, the story of Morris's schools had been one of consolidation and extension—from several common schools to one elementary school; from three upper grades to local to regional high school.

At the time of its incorporation, Morris had six separate school districts, each with its one-room common school (ages 6–14) and single teacher. Though public high schools began to appear elsewhere in Connecticut during the 1850s, Morris families could pay tuition for their children to continue their education at the Morris Academy. Litchfield High School also became an option in mid- to late century, initially on a tuition basis. The Morris Academy closed in 1888 following a long-term decline in enrollment. A significant factor was competition from publicly funded public schooling, which the state had mandated and begun to support financially twenty years before.

In 1904, 142 of 158 registered Morris voters approved a proposal to provide instruction for students up to the age of 17. Older pupils were taught in the Congregational minister's home. Later they moved to the Center School, which was raised to include a room on the second floor; younger children continued in the one room on the first. Students who wanted a diploma could complete their final year of high school in Litchfield.

Until 1910, children in the common school had been taught a more-or-less single curriculum, with adaptation for individual differences. Thereafter, the teacher was supposed to differentiate instruction by grade level—a big challenge, given the range of ages and abilities in a single room. The new "upstairs" class of 22 older children faced the same challenge, according to a state inspector—though he noted that the "school is doing a great service to the community," preparing them for successful work at Litchfield High.

In 1918, an inspector observed essentially the same conditions and said that "The difficulty for the teacher does not consist in the number of pupils, it lies … in the fact that there are so many different classes of work (subjects and levels) to teach." He added that "Morris is above the average in respect to the interest taken by the people in social life. During the year, the School… has done much in the line of entertainment which has tended to draw the people (of the town) together."

In the first part of the 20th century, "(a)n unusually large percentage of the pupils in Morris attended high school. The showing…they made… was a matter of pride to the townspeople." While some graduates remained in town, others made a difference in the wider world. Sally May Johnson studied at Simmons, graduated from the Massachusetts General Hospital School for Nurses and from Teachers College, Columbia, became Chief Nurse at the Army School of Nursing after serving in World War I, and later was an administrator at Mass. General.

Speaking to the American Nurses Association, she described her childhood in "a little rural New England village, where there were space, clean air, glorious sunsets, starry heavens at night, always a beautiful landscape—a place where fine people lived nobly and without ostentation."

The state began to reimburse towns for elementary school transportation in 1931, after which the town voted to consolidate its six districts and house all students in one new building at the site of the old Center School. With large enough numbers together under a single roof, there could be a class at each grade and a single curriculum in each class. The James Morris School opened in 1932. In 1935, the Board of Education voted to extend the high school program to a full four years.

Rising enrollments created a need for more classroom space in the late 1940s. One option was to create a new, larger, secondary school by consolidating again, this time with one or more neighboring towns. After considering the idea's educational and financial advantages, the town united with Warren and Goshen in 1953 to form Regional School District 6. Atypically, the new Wamogo High School was sited in none of the participating communities, but in centrally located Litchfield. Each town retained its own elementary school.

In the following years, and especially as enrollments began to tail off in the 1970s, there was periodic talk of yet more consolidation, this time with Litchfield. Outreach led nowhere on at least two occasions. By the 2000s, however, some grades at the elementary school had a single class and fewer than ten pupils. Meanwhile, Wamogo held roughly 520 students in grades 7–12, including a number from other districts in its award-winning grade 9–12 agri-science program. Litchfield's grades 7–12 had approximately 530 students, a total of about 70 per grade. As a result, consolidation was again a topic of conversation.

In June 2022, after nearly 70 years of episodic discussion and two years of study, voters in each town approved a plan to come together in a new regional District 20. The decision will create a new, merged high school on the Wamogo campus, and a new middle school at the former Litchfield High School. Each town will retain its local elementary school.

Following the creation of a new 12-person board of education and two years of planning, the merged secondary schools will open in the fall of 2024.

Among the reasons for the positive vote were the possibility of offering more courses and a wider array of athletic and other co-curricular opportunities, as well as projected financial savings. Opponents expressed concern that larger Litchfield might override the interests of the smaller towns.

Economic activity and employment
Between the new Region 20 school district and the several area independent schools, elementary and secondary education was a significant sector of employment in Morris in the first years of the 2000s. Recreational activities and tourism generated economic activity at Popey's Ice Cream Shoppe, at West Shore Seafood, in marine repair and dock installation, and at the handful of other stores in town, as well as in service businesses.

In addition to Winvian, White Flower Farm, and South Farms, other local businesses with broad regional or national reach included I2 Systems (LED lighting design and manufacture), Brierwood Nursery, BigTool Rack, and Harvest Moon timber-frame construction.

Other businesses, professions and entrepreneurial activities fell into no single category. A representative list included agriculture, antique furniture restoration, blacksmithing, construction, electronics, engineering, excavation, furniture design and construction, house painting, interior design, investment, law, lawn care, local and state government, marine products, media, metal fabrication, musical instrument production, nursing, nurseries, physical therapy, publications, horse farming and riding, software design, tree care, veterinary medicine, visual art, winery design and production. Just under a quarter of workers were self-employed.

Considering regional demographic and economic trends in the second decade of the 2000s, local committees and regional entities—the Northwest Connecticut Economic Development Corporation, the Northwest Hills Council of Governments, the Northwest Connecticut Chamber of Commerce, ConneCT and the Rural Lab—began to develop strategies for bringing enhanced fiber-optic communication to the entire region, as well as for promoting tourism, arts and culture, farming, manufacturing and innovation/entrepreneurship.

Geography
Morris is in south-central Litchfield County, directly south of Litchfield, the former county seat, 12 mi northwest of Waterbury, and 31 mi west of Hartford, the state capital. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town of Morris has a total area of 48.5 km2, of which 44.9 km2 is land and 3.6 km2, or 7.33%, is water.

Principal communities

 * Lakeside
 * Morris center
 * West Morris
 * East Morris

Government
The local government of Morris is run by three selectmen elected by the town at large. The First Selectman is the full-time chief executive and administrative officer responsible for the day-to-day operation of the town government. The Board of Selectmen establishes administrative and personnel policies and executes town policies and regulations.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,301 people, 912 households, and 640 families residing in the town. The population density was 133.9 PD/sqmi. There were 1,181 housing units at an average density of 68.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 97.48% White, 0.70% African American, 0.13% Native American, 0.83% Asian, 0.17% from other races, and 0.70% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 0.87% of the population.

There were 912 households, out of which 31.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.2% were married couples living together, 5.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.8% were non-families. 24.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 3.03.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 24.6% under the age of 18, 4.9% from 18 to 24, 28.4% from 25 to 44, 27.9% from 45 to 64, and 14.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.8 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $58,050, and the median income for a family was $63,293. Males had a median income of $49,063 versus $37,279 for females. The per capita income for the town was $29,233. About 3.4% of families and 6.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.8% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

Transportation
Morris contains three main north–south roads and two main east–west roads:

 * On the east end, Route 63 heads north from East Morris to Litchfield (a section also known as Litchfield Road) and goes south to Watertown (a section also known as Watertown Road.)
 * From Morris center, in the middle of town, Route 61 heads north briefly before angling east on County Road and connecting with Route 63, headed to Litchfield. It goes south from the center, on South Street, to Bethlehem.
 * Route 109 goes east from the center on East Street and passes through East Morris, where it intersects with Route 63 before continuing as Thomaston Road and ending in Thomaston. Heading west from Morris center on West Street, it goes through Lakeside and West Morris to Washington Depot.
 * Running through the northwest corner of Morris, U.S. Route 202 goes northeast–southwest between Litchfield and New Milford.
 * West of the center, in Lakeside, Bantam Lake Road/ Route 209 runs north–south between routes 109 and 202, along the western shore of Bantam Lake.

Notable locations

 * Bantam Lake, largest natural lake in Connecticut, recreation site, home of oldest water ski club in America
 * Camp Columbia State Park/State Forest, one of Connecticut's newest state parks
 * Camp Washington, coeducational summer camp, retreat center for the Episcopal Diocese of Connecticut
 * Mattatuck Trail, medium difficulty hiking trail extending from Warren to Waterbury
 * Mount Tom State Park, located in Morris, Litchfield and Washington. Mt. Tom summit (981 ft./ 299 m.) and tower are in Morris.
 * South Farms, registered historic farm venue
 * White Memorial Foundation, a 4000 acre nature sanctuary, located in Morris and Litchfield
 * Winvian, a luxury hotel and resort

Notable people

 * Chuck Aleksinas (born 1959), drafted by the Chicago Bulls of the NBA, played for the Golden State Warriors; graduated from Wamogo High School, where he scored over 1000 points; played at Kentucky and finished college as a player at UConn
 * P.T. Barnum (1810–1891), born in Bethel; showman, politician, and businessman; owned an unsuccessful copper mine in the Pitch area of East Morris
 * John Brown (1800–1859), abolitionist who advocated armed insurrection to overthrow slavery; executed after forcibly occupying the armory at Harper's Ferry, VA; born in Torrington, student at Morris Academy
 * Alexander Hamilton Holley (1804–1887), born in Salisbury, student at Morris Academy, President of Holley Manufacturing Company, 40th Governor of Connecticut
 * Sally May Johnson (1880–1957), teacher; forerunner of women in the armed services; established and was Chief Nurse at the Army School of Nursing, Walter Reed Hospital, World War I; progressive Administrator of the Massachusetts General Hospital School of Nursing and Nursing Service
 * Charles Lockwood (died 1886), farmhand; allegedly murdered a 16-year-old girl in July 1886 and hanged himself from a tree to avoid capture; widely speculated in the contemporary press that he was lynched by angry posses; possibly the only lynching in Connecticut or New England history
 * Charles B. McVay III (1898–1968), Captain, U.S. Navy; Commander of the heavy cruiser USS Indianapolis; court-martialed and posthumously exonerated after the vessel was torpedoed and sunk, having delivered atomic weapons to Tinian Island in the Pacific
 * Samuel John Mills (1783–1818), congregational minister, missionary; as a Williams College undergraduate, a founder of the American Foreign Mission movement; Torrington native; student at Morris Academy
 * James Morris (1752–1820), Yale graduate, officer in the Revolutionary War and War of 1812; educator and founder of one of the first coeducational schools in the nation; lived and died in South Farms, the part of Litchfield incorporated as a town in 1859 and named after him
 * John Mason Peck (1789–1858), born in Litchfield, educated at Morris Academy; Baptist minister, Western frontier missionary, abolitionist; founder of first Baptist church in St. Louis, Shurtleff College (now part of Southern Illinois University)
 * John Pierpont (1788–1866), Yale graduate, Litchfield Law School, Unitarian minister at Boston's Hollis St. Church, abolitionist, teacher, lawyer, legislator, poet; grandfather of John Pierpont Morgan
 * Winthrop H. Smith (1893–1961), businessman, investment banker and name partner of Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith
 * Frederick Whittlesey (1799–1851), New Preston native, educated at Morris Academy and Yale; professor at Genesee College (now Syracuse University); New York State Supreme Court judge and member of Congress
 * George Catlin Woodruff (1805–1885), Litchfield native, educated at Morris Academy and Yale, Militia Colonel, General Assembly member, Congressman

title: Morris, Connecticut


text:
New Hartford, Connecticut

New Hartford is a town in Litchfield County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 6,658 at the 2020 census. The town is part of the Northwest Hills Planning Region. The town center is defined by the U.S. Census Bureau as the New Hartford Center census-designated place (CDP). The town is mainly a rural community consisting of farms, homes, and parks. Brodie Park and Ski Sundown are located in New Hartford.

Geography
New Hartford is in eastern Litchfield County and is bordered by the city of Torrington to the west and Hartford County to the east and south. It is 19 mi northwest of Hartford, the state capital. According to the United States Census Bureau, New Hartford has a total area of 98.9 km2, of which 95.9 km2 are land and 2.9 km2, or 2.97%, are water. The CDP has a total area of 8.8 km2, of which 6.09% is water.

Principal communities

 * Bakerville
 * Nepaug
 * New Hartford Center
 * Pine Meadow (has its own post office)

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 6,088 people, 2,228 households, and 1,748 families residing in the town. The population density was 164.4 PD/sqmi. There were 2,368 housing units at an average density of 64.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 97.67% White, 0.64% African American, 0.05% Native American, 0.74% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 0.20% from other races, and 0.64% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.35% of the population.

There were 2,228 households, out of which 38.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.9% were married couples living together, 6.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.5% were non-families. 16.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the average family size was 3.07.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.9% under the age of 18, 4.4% from 18 to 24, 31.0% from 25 to 44, 28.7% from 45 to 64, and 8.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.6 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $69,321, and the median income for a family was $78,065. Males had a median income of $52,077 versus $36,946 for females. The per capita income for the town was $30,429. About 1.5% of families and 1.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 3.1% of those age 65 or over.

Education
The town of New Hartford has three elementary schools: the New Hartford Elementary and Bakerville School have grades Kindergarten through Second Grade. The New Hartford Elementary School includes preschool classes, with most children, attending whichever school they're closest to. All children from grades three through six attend the Ann Antolini School.

Resident middle and high school students attend the Northwestern Regional District 7, located in Winsted, Connecticut. It operates Northwestern Regional Middle School and Northwestern Regional High School.

Community and recreation
New Hartford is home to Ski Sundown, a locally popular ski mountain that attracts many skiers and snowboarders in Litchfield County. It hosts several Slopestyle Competitions and winter events every year. Many other community events are held at Brodie Park, which lies on the edge of West Hill Lake, where a small beach and swimming area is welcome for New Hartford Residents. Several of the events held at Brodie Park are The Race Around The Lake, on Memorial Day weekend, several camps and concerts during the summer, a community picnic in July, and an annual children's Christmas Party held in Berkshire Hall. All other events are held in New Hartford Center, primarily the annual Light New Hartford held in early December. New Hartford is the largest town in the local area and therefore has many of the regional sports teams. Most games for baseball, softball, soccer and football are held at Brown's Corner, which is off Route 202.

Places of worship
There are six churches in New Hartford: two Congregational churches (the oldest church in the town, at New Hartford Center, and another in the village of Nepaug), an Episcopal church (at Pine Meadow), Saint Paul's Lutheran Church, a Methodist church (in the village of Bakerville), a Baptist church (Harvest Baptist) and Immaculate Conception Roman Catholic Church. There is also a Buddhist temple, at Bakerville.

Transportation
The town's main thoroughfares are U.S. Route 202 and U.S. Route 44. US 202 leads west to Torrington and east to Avon, while US 44 leads northwest to Winsted and southeast to Hartford. Connecticut Route 219 has its southern terminus at US 202 between Bakerville and Nepaug, and leads north through New Hartford Center into Barkhamsted.

Being a primarily rural town, New Hartford does not have any public transit services.

On the National Register of Historic Places

 * Philip Chapin House – 55 Church Street—An Italian Renaissance house built in 1867
 * Esperanza – 511 Town Hill Road—A country estate, first built in a Greek Revival style in 1835, then expanded in a Colonial revival style between 1874 and 1893
 * Pine Meadow Historic District – A collection of mid to late 18th-century houses built in the Pine Meadow area
 * Sun Terrace – Route 219—A country house built in the International style, first completed in 1932.
 * Gillette's Grist Mill – Maple Hollow Road—a 19th-century gristmill on the Nepaug River

Notable locations

 * Ski Sundown – a ski resort
 * Ovation Guitar Company

Notable person

 * Marcus H. Holcomb, 66th Governor of Connecticut

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: New Hartford, Connecticut


text:
New Preston, Connecticut

New Preston is a rural village and census-designated place (CDP) in the northwestern corner of the town of Washington, Litchfield County, Connecticut, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population of the New Preston CDP was 1,182, out of 3,578 in the entire town of Washington.

Geography
The New Preston CDP includes the entire northwestern quadrant of the town of Washington, including the villages of New Preston and Marbledale, as well as 1195 ft Mount Bushnell and Meeker Swamp. The CDP has a total area of 20.3 km2, of which 19.0 km2 are land and 1.3 km2, or 6.47%, are water. The dominant geographic feature of New Preston is Lake Waramaug, which is situated just north of the New Preston village center and is the headwaters of the East Aspetuck River, which runs through the village center and over New Preston Falls. The terrain is characterized by steep hills and narrow valleys, with a preponderance of talus slopes and ledge rock.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,110 people, 439 households, and 303 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 150.1 PD/sqmi. There were 563 housing units at an average density of 76.1 per square mile (29.4/km$2$). The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.84% White, 0.36% African American, 0.09% Native American, 0.18% Asian, 0.27% from other races, and 1.26% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.17% of the population.

There were 439 households, out of which 30.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.6% were married couples living together, 5.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.8% were non-families. 26.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.00.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 23.4% under the age of 18, 5.3% from 18 to 24, 26.6% from 25 to 44, 27.7% from 45 to 64, and 17.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.9 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $55,962, and the median income for a family was $69,000. Males had a median income of $45,673 versus $28,333 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $36,566. About 3.4% of families and 3.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 19.9% of those age 65 or over.

Many of New Preston's inhabitants are part-time residents who principally reside in New York City, so census data may not accurately reflect the population's actual demography.

Transportation
The two main roads in New Preston are U.S. Route 202 and Connecticut Route 45. US 202 leads northeast 11 mi to Litchfield and southwest 7 mi to New Milford, while Route 45 leads north 5 mi to Warren. There is no public transportation.

Pre-colonial
Archeological evidence suggests that Native Americans first settled in the area around 10,000 years ago, following the retreat of the glaciers at the conclusion of the last ice age. What is now known as New Preston came to be inhabited by the Wyantenock tribe of Native Americans, who spent summers at Lake Waramaug, establishing a pattern of seasonal residence that is widely repeated by New Preston's present-day occupants.

Colonial
The signature of Chief Waramaug, who led the Wyantenock tribe in the early 18th century, appears on several local colonial-era property records, including the "New Milford North Purchase", which encompassed a substantial swath of southern Litchfield County, including contemporary New Preston. Colonists settled New Preston in 1741, and the General Assembly of the Connecticut Colony granted a petition for the establishment of the New Preston Ecclesiastical Society in 1753. In April 1778 the 270 families living in the area petitioned the General Assembly to be incorporated as a town. The petition was granted in January of the following year, incorporating the Town of Washington from the parishes of Judea and New Preston and taking from the towns of Woodbury, Litchfield, Kent, and New Milford. The action marked the first establishment of a municipality in Connecticut after the Declaration of Independence was signed. The town was named after George Washington, who, in his capacity as Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolution, passed through the area several times. In May 1781, George Washington slept in New Preston at the Cogswell Tavern, which still stands on present-day Christian Street and is used as a private residence.

19th century
In the early decades of the 19th century (the era of the Industrial Revolution), numerous mills and modestly scaled factories were constructed along the East Aspetuck River, which drops precipitously between its source at Lake Waramaug and the New Preston village center, providing a robust source of water power. New Preston housed an iron works, as well as manufacturers of twine, hats, cheese boxes, ax handles, shoes, and harnesses. However, with the advent of electricity, expansion of national rail networks, and the rise of larger, more accessible manufacturing centers during the latter part of the 19th century, industrial activity in New Preston decreased, eventually disappearing altogether.

In the latter decades of the 19th century, New Preston began its transformation to a summer colony. With the arrival of the Shepaug Railroad in 1872, passenger service was introduced between New Preston Station and New York City, which gave rise to the construction of summer homes and inns around the perimeter of Lake Waramaug.

20th century
The railroad ceased operation in 1948, and many of the large inns on the lake closed, giving way to single-family residences used primarily as vacation homes.

By the 1970s, much of New Preston's diminutive village center had fallen into decline, with many shops left vacant and in various states of disrepair. Several buildings and locations in New Preston were used in the filming of the 1981 horror movie Friday the 13th, Part 2.

In the mid-1980s, a transformation of the village center began with the opening of a store specializing in antique gardening books and horticultural prints. Antique shops and other upscale retail establishments soon followed, and many of New Preston's historic commercial structures underwent renovation. The village's only grocery store, pharmacy, and gas station closed, leaving New Preston largely devoid of essential services.

By the mid-1990s, the village center had been completely made over into a picturesque, high-end retail destination catering primarily to weekend residents and out-of-town visitors.

Contemporary
During the booming economy of the late 1990s and early first decade of the 21st century, the gentrification of New Preston shifted into high gear. Modest lake cottages around Lake Waramaug were torn down and replaced with larger, more luxurious homes, and other lake houses underwent substantial renovation and expansion. Two of the four remaining inns on the lake—The Inn at Lake Waramaug and The Birches Inn—were converted into lavish single-family residences.

Architecture
New Preston is known for its traditional rural New England architecture, which includes many well-preserved 18th and 19th century homes built in the Georgian, Greek Revival, Italianate, and Shingle styles, as well as several 19th century mill structures along the East Aspetuck River. Antique barns and other agricultural outbuildings are also widely prevalent.

Because New Preston's steep, rocky terrain presents significant constraints to development, most viable development sites were utilized prior to 1900, making contemporary construction of new homes and businesses rare. As a consequence, New Preston exhibits a high degree of architectural and aesthetic cohesion. When new construction does occur, it generally follows—or attempts to follow—the historic vernacular. Portions of New Preston Hill Road and Findlay Road, three quarters of a mile west of the village center, are included in the New Preston Hill Historic District, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. The more prominent buildings in that district include Hill Congregational Church, the Rev. Samuel Whittlesey House (1808), and the John Ferris House (1800).

Open space
A substantial portion of the land in and around New Preston is permanently protected open space, which consists of state parks, local land trust holdings, and privately owned parcels under conservation easement. Public open space areas include the Macricostas Preserve, Mount Bushnell State Park, and a 31 acre parcel adjacent to the New Preston village center, which the town of Washington purchased in 2010 with money from its open space fund.

Scenic roads
In 1996, the Connecticut Department of Transportation designated the 6.9 mi of perimeter roads around Lake Waramaug as state scenic roads, affording them a legal status that discourages maintenance or improvements that would detract from the roads' scenic qualities. In 2010, New Preston's main commercial thoroughfare, East Shore Road (also known as Connecticut Route 45), was designated a state scenic road, together with a 2.8 mi portion of Route 202 extending northeast from the junction with Route 45 to Rabbit Hill Road.

The town of Washington has also given municipal scenic road designations in New Preston to Rabbit Hill Road, Couch Road, Gunn Hill Road, and Whittlesey Road.

Postal addresses, municipalities, and nomenclature
Although the village of New Preston and the New Preston CDP are entirely within the town of Washington, U.S. Postal Service addressing practices result in the name being applied to the Marble Dale section of Washington, and to portions of the adjacent town of Warren. While New Preston village once had its own post office, it is now served by a combined New Preston-Marble Dale post office, which is located in Marble Dale, and also serves the southern portion of Warren. Further confusing matters, there are three separate post offices in the town of Washington, each with a unique ZIP code: Washington (06793), Washington Depot (06794), and New Preston-Marble Dale (06777).

Notable people
Many high-profile New York City residents and expatriates maintain homes in New Preston. Current inhabitants of note include Graydon Carter, the editor of the magazine Vanity Fair, actress Christine Baranski, and bandleader Peter Duchin. Past notable residents include the fashion designer Bill Blass, comedian Joan Rivers, and theologian Horace Bushnell.

Former US Congressman Frederick Whittlesey was born here.

title: New Preston, Connecticut


text:
Norfolk, Connecticut

Norfolk is a town in Litchfield County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 1,588 at the 2020 census. The town is part of the Northwest Hills Planning Region. The urban center of the town is the Norfolk census-designated place, with a population of 553 at the 2010 census.

Norfolk is perhaps best known as the site of the Yale Summer School of Music—Norfolk Chamber Music Festival, which hosts an annual chamber music concert series in "the Music Shed", a performance hall located on the Ellen Battell Stoeckel estate to the west of the village green. Norfolk has important examples of regional architecture, notably the Village Hall (now Infinity Hall, a shingled 1880s Arts-and-Crafts confection, with an opera house upstairs and storefronts at street level); the Norfolk Library (a shingle-style structure, designed by George Keller, c. 1888/1889); and over thirty buildings, in a wide variety of styles, designed by Alfredo S. G. Taylor (of the New York firm Taylor & Levi) in the four decades before the Second World War.

History

Norfolk incorporated as a town in 1758. Although the town was named after Norfolk in England, the name of the town may be pronounced various ways by residents.

The Norfolk Historic District includes the historic center of the village of Norfolk.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 120.2 km2, of which 117.4 km2 are land and 2.9 km2, or 2.38%, are water. The town is located in the Litchfield Hills portion of the Appalachian mountain range. Norfolk's elevation is 1230 ft above sea level, and the town is sometimes called "the Icebox of Connecticut" for its severe winters and particularly cool summers.

The town is bordered on the west by Canaan and North Canaan, Connecticut; on the north by New Marlborough and Sandisfield, Massachusetts; on the east by Colebrook and Winchester, Connecticut; and on the south by Goshen, Connecticut.

Principal communities

 * Norfolk Center
 * North Norfolk
 * South Norfolk
 * West Norfolk

State parks
Norfolk is home to three state parks: Dennis Hill State Park, which includes the remnants of a lavish summer pavilion designed by Alfredo Taylor; Haystack Mountain State Park, with a stone tower at the mountain's summit; and Campbell Falls State Park Reserve, with an approximately 100 ft natural waterfall.

Climate
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Norfolk has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps. This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. On February 16, 1943, the temperature fell to −37 °F (−38 °C), the lowest temperature ever recorded in Connecticut.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,660 people, 676 households, and 461 families residing in the town. The population density was 36.6 PD/sqmi. There were 871 housing units at an average density of 19.2 per square mile (7.4/km$2$). The racial makeup of the town was 97.11% White, 0.48% African American, 0.24% Native American, 0.54% Asian, 0.60% from other races, and 1.02% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.96% of the population.

There were 676 households, out of which 28.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.3% were married couples living together, 6.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.7% were non-families. 24.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.92.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 23.7% under the age of 18, 4.3% from 18 to 24, 29.2% from 25 to 44, 29.0% from 45 to 64, and 13.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.0 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $58,906, and the median income for a family was $67,500. Males had a median income of $41,654 versus $36,442 for females. The per capita income for the town was $34,020. About 1.8% of families and 4.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.3% of those under age 18 and 6.2% of those age 65 or over.

Education
Norfolk is a member of Regional School District 7, which also includes, Barkhamsted, Colebrook, and New Hartford. Public school students attend Botelle Elementary School for grades K–6, Northwestern Middle School for grades 7–8, and Northwestern Regional High School for grades 9–12.

Transportation
The main thoroughfares of the town are U.S. Route 44 (going east–west, also known as Greenwoods Road) and Connecticut Route 272 (going north–south, with 272N also known as North Street and 272S also known as Litchfield Road). US 44 leads west 7 mi to North Canaan and southeast 10 mi to Winsted, while CT 272 leads south 15 mi to Torrington.

Notable locations

 * Blackberry River Inn, built in 1763 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places
 * Gould House, listed on the National Register of Historic Places
 * Haystack Mountain Tower, built in 1929 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993
 * Hillside, listed on the National Register of Historic Places
 * Infinity Hall, an 1883 opera house and concert hall
 * Low House, listed on the National Register of Historic Places
 * Norfolk Library, built in 1888–89, a contributing property in Norfolk Historic District
 * Rectory and Church of the Immaculate Conception, built in 1924 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982
 * Rockwell House, listed on the National Register of Historic Places
 * Tom Thumb House, listed on the National Register of Historic Places
 * World War I Memorial, listed on the National Register of Historic Places

Notable people, past and present

Notable residents have included:
 * Hayden Carruth (1921–2008), published a book of "Norfolk Poems" in 1962
 * Joseph Emerson (1821-1900), minister and theologian
 * Anne Garrels (1951-2022), NPR foreign correspondent
 * Brendan Gill (1914–1997), critic and writer for The New Yorker magazine
 * James Laughlin (1914–1997), publisher
 * Marie Hartig Kendall (1854–1943), photographer
 * Barbara Spofford Morgan (1887–1971), educator, essayist on religion and a specialist in mental testing
 * Michael I. Pupin (1858–1935), inventor
 * Laura M. Hawley Thurston (1812–1842), poet, teacher
 * William Henry Welch (1850–1934), founding dean of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
 * William Windom (1827–1891), US senator and United States Secretary of the Treasury

Nearby Attractions

 * Haystack Mountain State Park, a public recreation area with hiking trails and a 1,716-foot-high mountain topped with an observation tower
 * Campbell Falls State Park, an undeveloped, public recreation area and nature preserve
 * Infinity Hall, an American performing arts venue
 * Husky Meadows Farm, an organic farm offering CSA (Community-supported agriculture) subscriptions and culinary farm stays
 * Norfolk Chamber Music Festival, believed to be the oldest active summer music festival in North America and now managed by the Yale University School of Music

title: Norfolk, Connecticut


text:
North Canaan, Connecticut

North Canaan is a town in Litchfield County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 3,211 at the 2020 census. The town is part of the Northwest Hills Planning Region. The town center is still called "Canaan", being the main town center of the old town of Canaan prior to North Canaan splitting off as its own town.

Geography
North Canaan is in northwestern Litchfield County and is bordered to the north by Berkshire County, Massachusetts. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 50.4 sqkm, of which 0.02 sqkm, or 0.03%, are water.

Principal communities

 * Canaan village (not the same as the town of Canaan to the south)
 * Canaan Valley
 * East Canaan (has its own post office)
 * Sodom
 * East Sheffield

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,350 people, 1,343 households, and 864 families residing in the town. The population density was 172.2 PD/sqmi. There were 1,444 housing units at an average density of 74.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 96.93% White, 1.19% African American, 0.18% Native American, 0.18% Asian, 0.39% from other races, and 1.13% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.36% of the population.

There were 1,343 households, out of which 30.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.4% were married couples living together, 9.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.6% were non-families. 30.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.98.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 23.3% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 22.9% from 45 to 64, and 19.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.1 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $39,020, and the median income for a family was $52,292. Males had a median income of $34,135 versus $23,705 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,971. About 3.3% of families and 5.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.1% of those under age 18 and 5.0% of those age 65 or over.

Transportation
The main highways of the town are U.S. Route 7 (north-south) and U.S. Route 44 (east-west). US 7 leads north 13 mi to Great Barrington, Massachusetts, and south 54 mi to Danbury, while US 44 leads west 12 mi to Millerton, New York, and east 42 mi to Hartford, the capital of Connecticut.

The Housatonic Railroad north-south tracks run through the town on their Danbury, to Pittsfield, Massachusetts, line.

A private airfield, Triumph Air Field, is situated to the northwest of the village.

Economy
Downtown Canaan Village is centered around the intersection of the former Central New England Railroad east-west tracks crossed with the active Housatonic Railroad north-south tracks. The village contains a variety of retail, restaurant, and other businesses.

The Canaan Union Depot building, a former railroad station built in 1872, is a prominent building in the downtown area. It was heavily damaged by an arson fire in 2001. From 2003 to 2018 it was restored by the Connecticut Railroad Historical Association. It is now the site of the Great Falls Brewing Company and the New England Accordion Connection and Museum Company.

East Canaan is known for its dairy farm operations and limestone mines. In 2016, East Canaan dairy farm, Freund's Farm, became the first farm in Connecticut to use robotic milking units for their dairy herd. The farm also produces CowPots™, a biodegradable plant pot made from composted cow manure.

Education
North Canaan is a member of Regional School District 01, which also includes the towns of Canaan, Cornwall, Kent, Salisbury, and Sharon. Public school students attend North Canaan Elementary School from grades K–8 and Housatonic Valley Regional High School in Falls Village from grades 9–12.

Notable people

 * Steve Blass (born 1942), major league baseball pitcher during the 1970s
 * Fidelia Bridges (1834-1923), artist of the late nineteenth century

title: North Canaan, Connecticut


text:
Northwest Harwinton, Connecticut

Northwest Harwinton is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Harwinton in Litchfield County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 3,158 at the 2020 census, out of 5,484 in the entire town. The CDP contains the town center.

Geography
The CDP occupies the northwestern quarter of the town of Harwinton, bordered to the north by the town of New Hartford, to the northwest by the city of Torrington, and to the west by the town of Litchfield. The southern edge of the CDP follows Connecticut Route 118 (Litchfield Road) west of Route 222 (Hill Road), and Delay Road, Swimming Hole Road, and Shingle Mill Road east of Route 222. The eastern edge of the CDP follows Plymouth Road, Harmony Hill Road, and North Road. The CDP includes the Harwinton town center at the intersection of Routes 118 and 4, as well as the residential community surrounding Lake Harwinton.

Route 4 leads east 20 mi to West Hartford and northwest 5 mi to Torrington, while Route 118 leads west 8 mi to Litchfield borough, and Route 222 leads south 7 mi to Thomaston.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Northwest Harwinton CDP has a total area of 22.8 sqkm, of which 22.5 sqkm are land and 0.3 sqkm, or 1.25%, are water. The Naugatuck River forms the western edge of the CDP and the town of Harwinton.

Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 3,252 people, 1,307 households, and 980 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 374 PD/sqmi. There were 1,386 housing units, of which 79, or 5.7%, were vacant. The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.4% White, 0.3% African American, 0.1% Native American, 1.0% Asian, 0.1% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, 0.2% some other race, and 1.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.6% of the population.

Of the 1,307 households in the community, 32.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.4% were headed by married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.0% were non-families. 21.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.3% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48, and the average family size was 2.87.

22.4% of the CDP population were under the age of 18, 5.7% were from 18 to 24, 20.7% were from 25 to 44, 33.4% were from 45 to 64, and 17.9% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.0 males.

For the period 2013–17, the estimated median income for a household in the CDP was $100,863, and the median income for a family was $110,357. The per capita income for the CDP was $41,424. Male full-time workers had a median income of $72,321 compared with $46,563 for females. 3.8% of families and 7.4% of the total population were living below the poverty line, including 18.5% of people under 18 and 5.7% of those over 64.

title: Northwest Harwinton, Connecticut


text:
Oakville, Connecticut

Oakville is a census-designated place (CDP) and neighborhood section of Watertown, in Litchfield County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 9,047 as of the 2010 census. It is the most populous community in Watertown, with more than twice as many people as the center village of Watertown. The ZIP code for Oakville is 06779.

Geography
Oakville is in the southeastern part of Watertown. It is bordered to the northwest by the village of Watertown and to the south by the city of Waterbury. The Connecticut Route 8 freeway forms the eastern edge of Oakville, with access from a half-exit at Connecticut Route 262. Oakville is 3 mi north of Interstate 84 in Waterbury and 2 mi southeast of U.S. Route 6.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the Oakville CDP has a total area of 8.5 sqkm, of which 0.1 sqkm, or 1.06%, are water. Steele Brook, a tributary of the Naugatuck River, flows through Oakville, with a dam in the center of town forming Pin Shop Pond.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 8,618 people, 3,255 households, and 2,369 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,053.0/km$2$ (2,726.7/mi2). There were 3,358 housing units at an average density of 410.3/km$2$ (1,062.5/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 95.72% White, 1.17% African American, 0.08% Native American, 1.13% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.64% from other races, and 1.24% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.82% of the population.

There were 3,255 households, out of which 33.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.0% were married couples living together, 10.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.2% were non-families. Of all households 23.2% were made up of individuals, and 10.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.13.

In the community, the population was spread out, with 24.8% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 31.6% from 25 to 44, 23.0% from 45 to 64, and 13.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.9 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $48,395, and the median income for a family was $59,417. Males had a median income of $41,993 versus $29,055 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $20,763. About 1.6% of families and 3.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.0% of those under age 18 and 5.7% of those age 65 or over.

Local media

 * Waterbury Republican-American, a Waterbury-based independent daily newspaper
 * Town Times, Prime Publishers Inc., a local newspaper serving Watertown, Oakville, Bunker Hill in Waterbury, Thomaston, and Northfield. Voices, its sister paper, covers Southbury, Middlebury, Oxford, Seymour, Naugatuck, Woodbury, Bethlehem, New Preston, Washington, Washington Depot, Roxbury, Bridgewater, Monroe, Sandy Hook and Newtown

title: Oakville, Connecticut


text:
Plymouth, Connecticut

Plymouth is a town in Litchfield County, Connecticut, United States, located within the Naugatuck Valley Planning Region. It is named after Plymouth, Devon, England. The population was 11,671 at the 2020 census, down from 12,243 at the 2010 census. The town of Plymouth includes the villages of Plymouth Center, Terryville and Pequabuck.

History
The town was incorporated in 1795 and became known nationally for the manufacture of clocks. The town was named after Plymouth, Massachusetts. Plymouth (formerly Northbury, a section of Waterbury) was originally used as a burying ground for Waterbury. History records show that it was founded by a group of people who believed they had found a large deposit of lead. This fabled "lead mine" never actually existed (or is still yet to be discovered). The oldest home in the community is on Route 6, and dates to 1690–1700.

In the 1790s, George Washington traveled through here, both to visit relatives and to stay away from the coastline.

The Terry family participated in a great deal of Plymouth's history. Eli Terry became partners with Seth Thomas and Silas Hoadley to manufacture clocks in the Greystone section of town. Terry gave the factory to Hoadley and Thomas, and opened his own clock factory near Carter Road in Plymouth Center, while Thomas moved to Plymouth Hollow. Eli Terry, Jr. (son of Eli Terry) joined with another man who was interested in the cabinet and lock industry, and they opened the Eagle Lock Company. In the 1880s, the Plymouth Hollow section of Plymouth decided to split off and become the town of Thomaston, named after Seth Thomas. The Eagle Lock Company closed in the 1970s, and in 1975 the entire abandoned site burned, leaving one building left undamaged. The rest of the buildings were torn down or had floors removed.

The Main Street School was located on the green (Baldwin Park) in Terryville. It was demolished in the 1930s, and the new Terryville High School was constructed behind the green on North Main Street. In the mid-2000s, Prospect Street School and Main Street School (previously called East Main Street) were left abandoned, so the construction of the new Terryville High School could begin in the Holt section of town. The Harry S. Fisher Middle School was turned into the Harry S. Fisher Elementary School, and the old Terryville High School was turned into the Eli Terry Jr. Middle School.

Geography
Plymouth is in southeastern Litchfield County and is bordered to the east by the city of Bristol in Hartford County and to the south by the city of Waterbury in New Haven County. Terryville, the largest community in Plymouth, is in the eastern part of town, while Plymouth Center is in the west. The community of Pequabuck is on the eastern border of the town, southeast of Terryville.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town of Plymouth has a total area of 57.9 km2, of which 56.7 km2 are land and 1.1 km2, or 1.99%, are water. Part of Mattatuck State Forest is in the southwest corner of the town.

Principal communities

 * Allentown
 * East Plymouth Historic District, listed on the NRHP in Connecticut
 * Greystone
 * Hancock
 * Pequabuck (has its own post office)
 * Plymouth Center, listed on the NRHP in Connecticut
 * Terryville (has its own post office)
 * Tolles
 * Town Hill

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 11,634 people, 4,453 households, and 3,228 families residing in the town. The population density was 535.6 PD/sqmi. There were 4,646 housing units at an average density of 213.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 97.34% White, 0.78% African American, 0.15% Native American, 0.42% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.32% from other races, and 0.97% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.26% of the population.

There were 4,453 households, out of which 34.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.7% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.5% were non-families. 22.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.06.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.8% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 31.8% from 25 to 44, 23.3% from 45 to 64, and 12.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.6 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $53,750, and the median income for a family was $62,610. Males had a median income of $41,985 versus $32,359 for females. The per capita income for the town was $23,244. About 2.7% of families and 4.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.9% of those under age 18 and 5.3% of those age 65 or over.

Education
Plymouth is served by the Plymouth Public Schools District. There are four schools in the district and students attend Terryville High School.

Transportation
The town is served by U.S. Route 6, Connecticut Route 72, and Connecticut Route 262. Route 6 passes through Terryville and Plymouth Center, leading east through Bristol 22 mi to Hartford, the state capital, and west through Thomaston, 8 mi to Watertown. Route 72 least southeast 3 mi to Bristol and north 9 mi to Harwinton, while Route 262 south and west via a circuitous route to Oakville and Watertown.

Notable people

 * Judson Allen (1797–1880), United States congressman from New York
 * Dorence Atwater (1845–1910), soldier who recorded 13,000 soldiers' deaths while he was a prisoner during the American Civil War; later a consul at Tahiti A monument honoring Atwater is on a hill overlooking Baldwin Park
 * Moses Dunbar (1716–1777), the only person ever convicted of high treason in the state of Connecticut; lived in Plymouth and Bristol at the time
 * Henry Dutton (1796–1869), 38th governor of Connecticut
 * Calista Flockhart (born 1964), actress; family still lives in Todd Hollow
 * Silas Hoadley (1786–1870), a clockmaker who learned from Eli Terry; owned his own clock factory in the Greystone section of town
 * Ted Knight (1923–1986), actor from Terryville
 * Frederick A. Scott (1866–1957), United States attorney for the district of Connecticut from Terryville
 * Eli Terry (1772–1852), resident, clockmaker

title: Plymouth, Connecticut


text:
Roxbury, Connecticut

Roxbury is a town in Litchfield County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 2,260 at the 2020 census. The town is located 65 mi northeast of New York City, and is part of the Northwest Hills Planning Region.

History
Roxbury, whose Native name was Shepaug, a Mahican word signifying "rocky water", was settled about 1713 as a parish of Woodbury, which meant that the parish rate, a household-based tax, supported the local Roxbury puritan church rather than the Woodbury church. About a decade after the end of the American Revolution, Roxbury incorporated as a town in October 1796. Roxbury is either descriptively named, or the name is a transfer from Roxbury, Massachusetts.

Mine Hill and its minerals have been associated with Roxbury since the middle of the 18th century. A silver mine was opened here and was later found to contain spathic iron, specially adapted to steel making, and a small smelting furnace was built. The abundance of granite found in many of Mine Hill's quarries provided the building material for the ore roaster and blast furnace, as well as for such world wonders as the Brooklyn Bridge and Grand Central Terminal in New York City.

Geography
Roxbury is in southern Litchfield County and is bordered to the south by New Haven County. It is 16 mi northeast of Danbury and the same distance west of Waterbury. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 68.3 km2, of which 0.1 km2, or 0.21%, are water.

Principal communities

 * Judd's Bridge
 * Roxbury Center
 * Roxbury Falls
 * Roxbury Station

On the National Register of Historic Places
Three places in Roxbury are included on the National Register of Historic Places. They are:
 * Roxbury Center (CT 67, Weller's Bridge Rd., South and Church streets); 32 buildings in designated local historic district.
 * Roxbury Iron Mine and Furnace Complex
 * Roxbury Station Historic District (added 2009) (CT 67, Botsford Hill, Hodge, and Mine Hill Roads)

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,136 people, 848 households, and 620 families residing in the town. The population density was 81.4 PD/sqmi. There were 1,018 housing units at an average density of 38.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 97.24% White, 0.23% African American, 0.19% Native American, 0.94% Asian, 0.66% from other races, and 0.75% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.31% of the population.

There were 848 households, out of which 29.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.5% were married couples living together, 4.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.8% were non-families. 20.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 2.95.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 22.8% under the age of 18, 3.7% from 18 to 24, 25.5% from 25 to 44, 34.3% from 45 to 64, and 13.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.0 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $87,794, and the median income for a family was $97,672. Males had a median income of $61,477 versus $45,417 for females. The per capita income for the town was $56,769. About 3.0% of families and 3.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.1% of those under age 18 and 6.3% of those age 65 or over.

Transportation
Connecticut Route 67 is the main thoroughfare in the town, leading west 7 mi to New Milford and southeast 8 mi to Southbury. The town is also served by secondary highways Route 199 (leading north 5 mi to Washington) and Route 317 (leading east 6 mi to Woodbury).

Roads in Roxbury on the List of Connecticut State Scenic Highways
The following roads are Connecticut State Scenic Highways:
 * Connecticut Route 317; 0.40 from Painter Hill Road, west to Route 67. (added November 14, 1990)
 * Connecticut Route 67; 0.87 mile from Ranny Hill Road, south to 0.30 mile south of Route 317. (added November 14, 1990)
 * Connecticut Route 67; 2.90 miles from the Roxbury/Bridgewater Town line, east to Ranny Hill Road. (added August 23, 1996)

Local media

 * Waterbury Republican-American, a Waterbury-based independent daily newspaper
 * The Danbury News-Times, a Danbury-based daily newspaper
 * The Greater New Milford Spectrum, a MediaNews Group-owned weekly paper
 * Voices, a local newspaper serving Southbury, Middlebury, Oxford, Seymour, Naugatuck, Woodbury, Bethlehem, New Preston, Washington, Washington Depot, Roxbury, Bridgewater, Monroe, Sandy Hook and Newtown.

Education
Regional School District 12 operates the Booth Free School in Roxbury, as well as the Shepaug Valley School (secondary) in Washington.

Notable people

 * Remember Baker (1737–1775), militiaman
 * Candace Bushnell, author, journalist and television producer
 * Alexander Calder (1898–1976), artist
 * Graydon Carter (born 1949), editor, Vanity Fair
 * Tom Cole, playwright
 * Dustin Hoffman (born 1937), actor
 * Lindsey Jacobellis (born 1985), Olympic athlete
 * Marianna Mayer (born 1945), children's book author and illustrator, "Baba Yaga and Vasilisa the Brave", "Pegasus", and "The Twelve Dancing Princesses"
 * Mercer Mayer (born 1943), children's book author (Little Critter)
 * Frank McCourt (1930–2009), author, Angela's Ashes
 * Arthur Miller (1915–2005), playwright
 * Rebecca Miller (born 1962), actress and filmmaker
 * Marilyn Monroe (1926–1962), actress
 * Inge Morath (1923–2002), Austrian photographer
 * Ron Norsworthy (born 1966), visual artist and designer
 * Rex Reed (born 1938), film critic
 * Nathan Smith (1770-1835), U.S. senator
 * Stephen Sondheim (1930–2021), composer and lyricist
 * William Styron (1925–2006), author, Sophie's Choice
 * Gay Talese, writer and journalist
 * Joe Wanag (born 1966), Olympic athlete
 * Seth Warner (1743–1784), Green Mountain Boys
 * Richard Widmark (1914–2008), actor
 * Betty Gilpin (born 1986), actress

title: Roxbury, Connecticut