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Mexicana de Aviación

Compañía Mexicana de Aviación S.A. de C.V., usually shortened to Mexicana de Aviación, was Mexico's oldest airline and one of the oldest continuously single-branded airlines, inaugurated in 1921. It was Mexico's biggest airline and flagship airline before ceasing operations on August 28, 2010, leaving competitor Aeroméxico as a de facto monopoly.

A revival airline is operated by SEDENA – the Mexican Ministry of Defense, as a state-owned airline. It began operations in December 2023 under the legal name Aerolínea del Estado Mexicano using the Mexicana brand.

History

Mexicana was Mexico's first airline, and North America's oldest airline and the world's fourth oldest airline operating under the same name, after the Netherlands's KLM, Colombia's Avianca, and Australia's Qantas. In addition to domestic services, Mexicana operated flights to various international destinations in North America, Central America, the Caribbean, South America and Europe. Their primary hub was Mexico City's Benito Juárez International Airport, with secondary hubs at Cancún International Airport, and Guadalajara's Don Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla International Airport.

Mexicana's main competitors were Aeroméxico (although the two companies "code shared" on several routes) and low-cost carriers such as Volaris and Interjet (interjet has since ceased operations).

In 2009, the Mexicana group of airlines (including Mexicana Click and Mexicana Link) carried just over 11 million passengers (6.6 million on domestic routes and 4.5 million on international routes), using a fleet of some 110 aircraft.

Over the three years prior to ceasing operations, the Mexicana group had increased their share of what was a burgeoning domestic market, from around 22% at the beginning of 2007 to somewhere between 28% and 30% for most of their final 12 months. This was achieved through downsizing mainline Mexicana operations whilst ramping up activities at Mexicana Click (originally envisaged as a low-cost carrier) and Mexicana Link (its CRJ-operating subsidiary based at Guadalajara).

After first joining Star Alliance in 2000, Mexicana left the alliance in 2004, before joining Oneworld on November 10, 2009. Mexicana entered bankruptcy protection in August 2010, in an attempt to restructure its business operations. On August 27, 2010, Mexicana announced it would suspend operations indefinitely effective noon August 28, 2010. Its subsidiaries Click and Link have since ceased their operations as well. On February 24, 2012, Mexicana Airlines announced for the first time in this Chapter 11 period that Med Atlantic bought the airline for $300 million.

The group's closure was announced by the company's recently installed management team a short time after the group filed for Concurso Mercantil (Mexican law equivalent to U.S. Chapter 11) and U.S. Chapter 15. On April 4, 2014, a judge declared Mexicana bankrupt and ordered to start selling off the company's assets to repay the airline's obligations. The headquarters of the company were in the Mexicana de Aviación Tower in Colonia del Valle, Benito Juárez, Mexico City. In January 2023, the Mexican federal government purchased the brand and majority of its shares. with plans to re-launch the state-owned airline. The airline will be managed by SEDENA – the Mexican Ministry of Defense.

Formative years: 1920s
William Lantie Mallory and George Rihl headed Compañía Mexicana de Aviación ("Mexican Aviation Company" or "Mexican Airline Company"), a competitor to CMTA; they acquired the latter's assets in 1924 and the company that emerged existed until 2010. In 1925 Sherman Fairchild purchased a 20% stake in the Mexican airline, introducing Fairchild FC2 airplanes in 1928. In February 1929, Juan Trippe of Pan Am took over the majority of the airline's stock, and the company opened its first international route, with service to the United States. Mexicana used the Ford Trimotor plane to operate the Mexico City-Tuxpan-Tampico-Brownsville, Texas, USA, route. Charles Lindbergh piloted the first flight on this route.

1930s
The 1930s, saw route expansion and service improvements. Mexicana opened a route from Brownsville to Guatemala City, stopping over at Veracruz, Minatitlán, Ixtepec and Tapachula. In addition, new routes were opened to El Salvador, Costa Rica and Cuba, in addition to Nicaragua and Panama, made possible by their association with Pan Am via Pan Am's Miami base (Pan Am had undertaken flights from Mexico City to Miami.) Mexicana became the first foreign airline ever to fly to Los Angeles, when it began flights on January 3, 1936. The company expanded its fleet during that decade, with the addition of eight Fairchild FC2s and three Fokker F.10s. One of the Fokker F.10's, tail number X-ABCR, crashed at Miami on August 7, 1931, but no other details are available.

1940s
The 1940s, were primarily a period of domestic growth, although an international service began linking Mexico City and Havana. Routes were opened to Monterrey, Nuevo Laredo, and Mérida. Additionally, a night flight to Los Angeles was established, which added to the company's night-time service to Mérida. Though Mexicana initially used Douglas DC-2s for these flights, over time they were replaced by larger aircraft, such as the Douglas DC-3s – known as El Palacio Aéreo (The Air Palace) for their luxury and comfort – and, later, Douglas DC-4s. The DC-4 allowed Mexicana to offer a non-stop service from Mexico City to Los Angeles. During the decade, Mexicana established a certified pilot school in Mexico City.

1950s
The 1950s, saw the airline's growth slow, though the fleet was modernized with the addition of Douglas DC-6s, and staff training improved with the opening of a flight attendant school. The DC-6s were put to work on the Mexico City to Puerto Vallarta and Mexico City to Oaxaca routes. Service to San Antonio, Texas began later in the decade.

The Jet Age: 1960s
In the 1960s, four De Havilland Comet 4C jets were bought: one is currently being restored by the Seattle Museum of Flight. The Comets' arrival saw Mexicana join the jet age on July 4, 1960, with a flight from Mexico City to Los Angeles. Despite its use of advanced aircraft, the competition was stiff, and by the late 1960s, the company faced bankruptcy. Amid the difficulties, the airline received its first Boeing 727-100. In 1967, the airline was serving six destinations in the U.S. including Corpus Christi, Dallas and San Antonio in Texas as well as Chicago, Los Angeles and Miami, and was also flying internationally to Havana, Cuba and Kingston and Montego Bay in Jamaica.

The financial situation brought about a change in the airline's administration and on January 15, 1968, Mexican Crescencio Ballesteros took over as chairman. Manuel Sosa de la Vega was appointed as president and CEO. The new management team's strategic plan soon saw the airline recover financially.

Despite its revival, 1969 was a difficult year for the airline as it lost two Boeing 727s. The first was in bad weather en route Mexico City to Monterrey; the second was flying between Chicago and Mexico City.

1970s
In 1971, Mexicana started flights to Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport in San Juan, Puerto Rico – a route it would maintain for more than 25 years without interruption - (mainly from Mexico City, for a period the airline flew the routing San Juan-Mérida-Mexico City and vice versa ), and to Denver, Colorado. The jet fleet kept expanding and eventually consisted of 19 jets, the largest jet fleet in Latin America at the time. They also started a flight simulator service with a 727 simulator at their hub in Mexico City International Airport. By this time Mexicana had the largest fleet of 727s outside the USA.

For its 50th anniversary, Mexicana de Aviacion was given a monument for being the First Airline of Mexico. After 2010 the monument has been a symbol of Aviacion in Mexico and to all of the Fallen Airlines that once served the country.

1980s
During the 1980s, Mexicana's growth was static. However, a few events touched the company. In 1981, three McDonnell Douglas DC-10-15 wide-body jetliners joined the company's fleet and began making their way through the airline's Caribbean routes. This was the first wide-body aircraft type Mexicana ever operated and was intended for use on high-density routes. In 1982, the Mexican government acquired 58% of the airline, before privatizing it in August 1989. In 1984, construction of the company's new corporate headquarters on Xola Avenue, Mexico City finished – the resulting 30-story building was designed to resemble an air traffic control tower. In March 1986, a Boeing 727, Mexicana Flight 940, en route to Puerto Vallarta caught fire in-flight and crashed in the mountains of western Mexico, killing everyone on board. This is the most recent fatal accident involving a Mexicana aircraft. In 1988, Aeronaves de Mexico (now operating as Aeromexico), Mexicana's closest rival, declared bankruptcy. Consequently, Mexicana took over some of Aeromexico's longer flights during the 1990s, including flights to Canada and South America.

1990s
The 1990s, brought a series of changes. At the beginning of the decade in 1990, Mexicana was serving thirteen destinations in the U.S. including Baltimore, Chicago, Dallas/Fort Worth, Denver, Los Angeles, Miami, New York City, Orlando, San Antonio, San Francisco, San Jose, CA, Seattle and Tampa as well as San Juan, Puerto Rico with additional international service to Guatemala City, Guatemala; Havana, Cuba and San Jose, Costa Rica. Deregulation of the Mexican airline industry brought new competitors such as LaTur, SARO and TAESA. Seeking to remain competitive, the airline updated its fleet with European-built Airbus A320s in 1991 and Dutch Fokker 100s in 1992. In 1993, a reorganized Aeroméxico took over as the company struggled financially. During the mid-1990s, the Mexican economy was hard-hit by the devaluation of the Mexican peso and Mexicana, Aeroméxico, and their regional affiliates were nationalized when their parent company, CINTRA (Corporación Internacional de Transporte Aereo), was taken over by the government. The airlines remained in their merged state until 2005. As happened in 1967, a new management team was hired, this time headed by President and CEO, Fernando Flores. The company was reorganized and rationalized, with a new emphasis placed on international service. Unprofitable routes were cut and the DC-10s were retired. The airline ventured deep into South America by adding flights to Lima, Peru, Santiago de Chile, and Buenos Aires, Argentina and further into North America, adding flights to Montreal, Canada. To operate these new and longer routes, the airline leased Boeing 757-200s. Another aspect of this reorganization involved the creation of alliances. Mexicana was part of regional alliances LatinPass and Alas de America, and they later formed an alliance with United Airlines. This latter alliance brought Mexicana into the network of global alliances, as it eventually led the airline into the Star Alliance. Recognizing the usefulness and importance of the Internet, the airline launched a website and eventually included a reservation center. Also around this time, Mexicana adopted a new color scheme, with assorted colors on the tails of their planes.

1995–2005
In 1995, Mexicana was merged with AeroMéxico as a part of CINTRA (the two airlines kept operating under their respective brand names). In 1996, the assorted color scheme was dropped in favor of green tails with white on the majority of the plane and the word "Mexicana" in black letters. In the 2000s, Mexicana continued to grow. They celebrated their 80th anniversary in July 2001, just before the terrorist attacks of September 11 sent worldwide aviation into a tailspin. Nevertheless, the airline continued to evolve. It officially joined the Star Alliance in 2000 amid much fanfare, only to exit in March 2004 in response to rapidly changing market conditions related to United Airlines bankruptcy, and the aftershocks of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. CEO Emilio Romano stated in the airline's in-flight magazine VUELO that the airline left the alliance to pursue more effective code-sharing relationships with other airlines. Simultaneously, the airline created an alliance with American Airlines and several Oneworld partners leading some to speculate whether the airline would join that alliance. Nevertheless, it also maintained ties to some of its former Star Alliance partners, such as Lufthansa. In 2003, the airline retired its last Boeing 727-200 after operating the type for almost 40 years. These aircraft were replaced with newer A320s, A319s and A318s. Once an important Boeing Company operator, Mexicana transformed into an important Airbus Industrie airline, although it still operated one Boeing aircraft. The airline's long haul operations were conducted by Boeing 767s, introduced in December 2003.

2005 was an important year as the airline was sold and several low-cost carriers were established in Mexico. Mexicana rebranded its regional subsidiary, Aerocaribe, as "Click Mexicana" and promotes it as a low-cost carrier. This is part of the company's plan to remain competitive as the aviation industry changes and competition intensifies. Another component includes increasing international presence. Also, the color scheme was changed again to a dark blue tail and blue lettering on a white background.
 * 2005

Sale
Despite government announcements indicating that the airlines were going to be privatized, that move did not occur until November 29, 2005, when CINTRA sold Mexicana and its subsidiary, Click Mexicana, to the Mexican hotel chain Grupo Posadas for US$165.5 million. The road to privatization was long and winding. The government reversed its course on several occasions. At times, they proposed to sell Mexicana and AeroMéxico separately; other times, they proposed to sell them together to increase the bid price. They also proposed to sell the companies merged, but separate from their regional affiliates to increase competition. Several companies expressed interest in purchasing one or both of the airlines. For example, Iberia Airlines of Spain announced plans to buy part of both Mexicana and Aeroméxico. However, Mexicana's owners rejected the offer possibly because another Iberia-owned Latin-American airline, Viasa of Venezuela, had gone bankrupt under Iberia's ownership. Further, Aerolíneas Argentinas had previously rejected a similar offer by Iberia.

2006–2007
On July 12, 2006, Mexicana announced that it intended to begin service to several new destinations in the United States including Detroit and Charlotte. It intended to return to Puerto Rico, but the service came back only as a charter operation. It was also negotiating with Arkansas officials to begin service to Little Rock National Airport. Mexicana was named "Best Airline in Latin America" in 2006 and "Best Business in Central and Latin America".

2008
On April 9, 2008, Oneworld invited Mexicana to join the alliance and the airline was expected to join the alliance on November 11, 2009, together with its two subsidiaries MexicanaClick and MexicanaLink, thus adding 26 destinations to the network. Iberia was the sponsor of Mexicana's invitation into the Oneworld alliance. Mexicana was to compete with SkyTeam members Aeroméxico and Copa Airlines (which later left SkyTeam, possibly to join Star Alliance because of Continental Airlines' move to that alliance) and Star Alliance potential member TACA and member TAM for service between the US and Europe and Latin America. Mexicana was to start new flights to the US, Europe, and Brazil to better leverage its position.

In October 2008, Mexicana announced three new destinations, London (Gatwick), São Paulo (Brazil), and Orlando (U.S.). Service commenced December 8 for São Paulo (GRU) and Orlando (MCO), followed by London (LGW) on January 9. With this service expansion, Mexicana became the second Mexican airline with service to Europe and Brazil (Aeromexico has long-established service to Paris, Madrid, Rome and Barcelona in Europe, and São Paulo in Brazil), and first with service to the United Kingdom. The Orlando route was operated with a medium-range Airbus A320, London, and São Paulo were operated with 2 leased Boeing 767-200ER. In addition, Mexicana announced a Mexico City to Madrid route to compete with Aeromexico and complement its partner's (Iberia) existing service. Mexicana announced that it will begin service to Madrid beginning in February 2009, through the acquisition of 2 Airbus A330-200 not taken by XL Airways UK due to bankruptcy.

On November 27, 2008, as part of a restructuring of Mexicana, it was announced that Click would stop operating as a separate Low-Cost airline and begin serving domestic destinations in Mexico as a regional feeder under the name MexicanaClick. At this time, a new, more colorful livery was introduced to the Mexicana fleet.

2009
On February 4, 2009, Mexicana won a concession to operate a new feeder airline to complement the routes currently covered by Mexicana and Mexicana Click. The new airline was to be called MexicanaLink and operate in low-density routes to feed mainline operations from Guadalajara's airport. The airline flew Canadair CRJ-200 regional jet aircraft.

Also in February 2009, Mexicana applied to the US Department of Transportation to initiate daily, non-stop service between Guadalajara, Jalisco and New York utilizing either an Airbus A319 or the larger Airbus A320. On February 25 Mexicana joined the Airbus MRO network evaluating the Airbus A350.

2010
Mexicana filed for Concurso Mercantil (Mexican law equivalent to US Chapter 11) and US Chapter 15 on August 3, 2010, in both the U.S. and Mexico, following labor union disputes; a debt of US$125 million was reported. On August 5, 2010, Mexicana filed a motion to the Superior Court of Quebec (Commercial Division) of the District of Montreal to obtain the recognition of foreign proceedings regarding Section 46 and following of the Companies’ Creditors Arrangement Act (“CCAA”). Subsequently, the airline scaled back its operations, suspending ticket sales and announcing the termination of selected routes. In early August 2010, the airline offered pilots and flight attendants a stake in the business in exchange for new labor terms. On August 24, a Mexican consortium called Tenedora K announced that it had bought 95% of Nuevo Grupo Aeronáutico; pilots would hold the other 5%.

After 89 years of service, Mexicana announced on August 27 that it would suspend all operations at noon CDT the following day on August 28, 2010.

The last Mexicana scheduled operation took place on August 28, 2010, with flight 866, departing Mexico City to Toronto, Canada at 4:15 PM (CST) on an Airbus A319-112 (XA-MXI).

Aeroméxico offered discounted tickets to passengers stranded by Mexicana's suspension of operations. American Airlines and American Eagle Airlines also offered assistance, providing help to passengers between the 48 contiguous U.S. states and Mexico.

2010
In November 2010, PC Capital SAPI, a Mexican private-equity firm, offered unions and other creditors a 1.9 billion peso ($155 million) proposal to rescue the bankrupt airline. The offer included giving unions 975 million pesos in cash and arrangement of a seven-year, 926 million peso loan paying monthly interest to the workers. The unions would have received an equity stake in exchange for the remaining 2.85 billion pesos Mexicana owes them.

The proposal would have seen the airline return with 28 planes, flying 17 international routes to the U.S. and Central America and seven domestic services. Creditors including Grupo Financiero Banorte SAB and Mexican development bank Banco Nacional de Comercio Exterior SNC viewed the proposal favorably, as did the government.

The proposal had government support, with Mexico's government seeking that the grounding be resolved in time for the December travel season when millions of local and foreign tourists will flock to resorts such as Cancun for holidays. "Our goal must be that Mexicana returns to the skies by the December high season," Labor Minister Javier Lozano said at a press conference.

2011
Mexicana planned to restart services in 2011, operating 11 routes with 7 leased aircraft. Many of its domestic destinations were taken over by its former partner, Aeromar, VivaAerobus, and its low-cost competitor, Volaris. On March 4, PC Capital announced that it was withdrawing from the process, leaving Mexicana and the Mexican government without a viable option. Mexicana then announced a plan to offer only charter flights.

On November 11, the Mexican government announced that Iván Barona would invest 400 million dollars in Mexicana Airlines. Barona stated that Mexicana would resume operations in December 2011, with an aggressive business plan to regain all the territory lost, beginning with 9 Airbus A320s, and increasing the fleet size to 100 airplanes in 18 months. Barona failed to meet the conditions of the transaction, including a November 15 deadline, and the plan was terminated by the bankruptcy trustee.

2012
A Mexican judge declared that Mexicana was bought by Grupo Med Atlantica and announced that it may resume operations in 2012. On May 11, 2012, all the shares were transferred from Tenedora K to Med Atlantica. Christian Cardenas and the Spanish company Med Atlantica sought an Operation Certificate to restart operations. Med Atlantic was to invest $300 million to restart the airline with seven aircraft and a payroll of 2,000 workers. The company would have begun with 11 routes serving the following airports: Mexico City, Acapulco, Cancun, Guadalajara and Monterrey. Med Atlantica was declared out of the process because Christian Cadenas (Med Atlantic representative) failed to cash in the resources needed for a possible restart of the company. In December, Mexicana Airlines had 3 possible investors, Iván Barona, owner of a mining group in Mexico; Grupo Fides Gestión Financiera, an investment group from Monterrey; and an unknown investor. Ivan Barona had until December 29 to invest 100 million dollars to Mexicana Airlines. After he failed to invest money, Grupo Fides had the opportunity to prove the group had the intention to buy Mexicana Airlines.

2013-2017
As of 2013, Med Atlantic and Grupo Fides were still trying to invest money in Mexicana Airlines.

On April 4, 2014, the Federal Judiciary Council announced that a judge declared the end of the bankruptcy proceedings due to a lack of credible investors.

In 2015, many of Mexicana's former oneworld partners signed codeshare agreements with Interjet, one of Mexicana's ex-main rivals. The alliance has stated that it's interested in recruiting a new airline from Mexico. This would fill in the void left by Mexicana in 2010. Mexicana was listed as an inactive member of the alliance until 2017.

2019-2022
In November 2019, the Tribunal Federal de Conciliación y Arbitraje (Federal Court of Conciliation and Arbitration) ruled that Mexicana's assets must be transferred to the former employees of the company. This decision was made to settle some of the company's debt to the employees in unearned wages. Assets included a maintenance base, a pilot training center, and a VIP lounge.

In March 2020, Mexican president Andrés Manuel López Obrador stated that there was a possibility of a new airline founded by former employees of Mexicana. The employees have also sought support from the past three presidents since the airline's closure in 2010, but there were no progress. "We are helping the employees to have options, like to have a new airline," he said. "We can't overrule the possibility of a cooperative, that they may have the authorizations (to do it)."

Following the COVID-19 pandemic, the Government of Mexico has sought to revive the airline due to lack of flights caused by the pandemic. The airline's representatives have meet with the SCT and Interior Ministry Olga Sánchez Cordero for this purpose. Chances of the airline's revival has increased following the recent suspension and financial struggles of low-cost carrier Interjet since December 2020. Miguel Ángel Yúdico Colín, secretary general of an aviation national union organization, has stated that investors will show interest in investing and operating once the business plan has been finalized. It is also expected to occupy the slots left by Interjet if it were to cease operations.

2023
In January 2023, it was reported that the Mexico government has signed a deal to purchase the Mexicana brand for $811 million pesos ($42 million USD). As part of Mexico president Andrés Manuel López Obrador's plan, the deal would allow the resumption of the airline's operations as a military-operated commercial carrier, and acquire buildings for training and simulation purposes. Legal actions placed against the airline since 2014 would also be lifted. Planned to relaunch sometime in 2023, the carrier would be based in Mexico City's Felipe Ángeles International Airport.

The fleet was planned to have up to 19 leased Airbus A320-200 aircraft, with additional plans of purchasing Boeing 737 MAX planes. A Boeing 787-8 aircraft, formerly operated by the Mexican Air Force, was also planned to be inherited to the airline, but was withdrawn and instead will be used by Sedena.

According to President Obrador, the national law prohibiting the government of simultaneous airport and air operations would first have to be abolished, which is currently undergoing the change. He additionally stated that the airline's revival could lead to increased competition and price drops, depending on Mexicana's price balancing.

In May 2023, the government has reach an agreement with Boeing to supply aircraft for the airline.

President Obrador said that the airline is planned to launch by the "end of [2023]" with 10 aircraft, and recruit several former employees.

In July 2023, it was originally reported that the "Mexicana" revival brand would no longer be used after difficulties of reaching a deal with former workers, and slow processing, and the Mexican military would instead operate a new airline, called "Aerolínea Maya". However, deals have been officially finalized by the Mexican government, and would retain the "Mexicana de Aviación" name under the Aerolínea del Estado Mexicano legal name. A little over a month prior to the inaugural flight, Mexicana still had no planes or scheduled flights.

Operating a Boeing 737-800 leased aircraft and 15 routes, the revival airline officially launched on December 26, 2023. Select flights are operated by TAR Aerolíneas, using its two wet-leased Embraer ERJ-145LR aircraft.

2024
Since resuming operations on December 26, 2023, the airline had completed a total of 220 flights. As of January 24, 2024, the airline has 16 daily flights, 112 weekly flights, and 448 flights monthly. During the first month of operations Tulum emerged as the most popular destination, serving 738 passengers. Other popular destinations the airline served include Tijuana, and Merida.

In line with the airlines emphasis on customer service, approximately 82% of passengers expressed their willingness to recommend Mexicana de Aviación to others.

Alleged fraud
The administration of president and owner Gastón Azcárraga attributed Mexicana's flight cuts and possible bankruptcy to high labor costs. Azácarraga quickly left the company, leaving employees to deal with a new unknown owner, Tenedora K, which had no resources to restart operations. The Azácarraga administration had been subject to criticism until then. The Mexican government did not support the airline in its "Concurso Mercantil" (Chapter 11) process as they did with CEMEX and Comercial Mexicana.

On December 21, 2010 a Supreme Court Judge ordered the detention of former CEO Manuel Borja Chico for a 54 million peso tax evasion under his administration. The administration of new President Enrique Peña Nieto declared that the government would investigate Mexicana's bankruptcy and find those responsible in parallel with restructuring the airline.

On February 19, 2014, Mexico's attorney general's office asked a federal judge to issue an arrest warrant for the former owner and president Azcárraga for suspected money laundering while running Mexicana. It was discovered that in 2006, Mexicana created a trust, “Fideicomiso 589”, to which more than 199 million pesos was extracted supposedly for the benefit of employees. However, at least 110 million pesos were used to purchase Mexicana shares from Grupo Posadas, also controlled by Azcárraga, with no benefit to Mexicana employees. Azcárraga – whose relatives control media giants Televisa and Univision – remains a fugitive of Mexican justice living in luxury in the United States.

MexicanaClick
In 2005, Aerocaribe was renamed Click Mexicana and replaced its fleet of McDonnell Douglas DC-9-30s with Fokker 100 twin-jet aircraft. Click was a wholly owned subsidiary of Mexicana de Aviacion.

Mexicana used Click as a low-cost airline to counter low-cost competitors such as Aviacsa, Interjet, Avolar, and Volaris. Mexicana employed Click as a domestic feeder line on lower-passenger routes and times, while Mexicana focused on international and longer domestic routes. Mexicana considered adding the Airbus A319 to Click's fleet to serve destinations in Central America and the Caribbean. Click had 22 Fokker 100 jets in an all economy-plus layout. The cabin had grey, leather seats with a 35° pitch and a Click logo on the headrests. In 2008, Mexicana and Click were invited to the Oneworld alliance at the member and member affiliate level, respectively.

Mexicana rebranded Click Mexicana as MexicanaClick with the announcement of the new corporate livery late November 2008. MexicanaClick highlighted the Mexicana linkage.

Mexicana said it signed an agreement in March 2009 with Boeing to lease 25 Boeing 717-200 jetliners to be operated by MexicanaClick. The B717s were planned to replace the Fokker F-100 aircraft being flown by MexicanaClick. Sixteen of the B717s had been previously operated by Midwest Airlines. Terms of the lease weren't disclosed.

MexicanaLink
Short-lived subsidiary based at Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Guadalajara International Airport, serving as a feeder airline for both Mexicana and MexicanaClick. It was Mexicana's regional carrier, while MexicanaClick was a low-fare domestic airline competing against Interjet, Volaris, and VivaAerobus.

 * Other
 * MexicanaGO
 * MRO Services

Former subsidiaries

 * Mexicana Cargo
 * Mexicana Inter: Aerocaribe (1975-2005), Aerocozumel (1978-2002), and Aeromonterrey (1991-1995)

Codeshare agreements
In addition to its subsidiaries, MexicanaClick, MexicanaLink, and Oneworld partners, Mexicana codeshared with the following airlines:

Fleet

Over the years until shut down, Mexicana had in the past operated the following aircraft:

Mexicana also ordered new Boeing 737 jets when this aircraft was first introduced by Boeing during the 1960s but then never took delivery of or operated the 737.

Advertising slogans
Mexicana de Aviacion used the following slogans:

 * 1960s-mid-1970s "Es Mexico... con alas" (It's Mexico... with wings)
 * Early 1970s-1973 "La aerolínea que conoce México desde 1924" (The airline that knows Mexico since 1924)
 * Mid-late 1970s "La aerolínea con la que más gente vuela a México" (The airline most people fly to Mexico)
 * Late 1970s-early 1980s "Mas alas para Mexico" (More wings for Mexico)
 * Early 1980s "Primera linea aerea de Latinoamerica" (First airline in Latin America)
 * Mid-1980s "Nosotros tenemos más para ti" (We've got more going for you)
 * Mid-1990s "Navegar es volar" (Sailing is flying)
 * 2000s "El placer de volar sin limites" (The pleasure of flying without limits)
 * 2003–2005 "Con la flota más moderna del mundo" (With the most modern fleet in the world)
 * 2004–2006 "La primera siempre sera la primera" (Always the first)
 * 2006–2007 "Nadie conoce México como Mexicana." (Nobody knows Mexico like Mexicana)
 * 2008–2010 "Vuela en lo mas alto" (Fly on the highest [airline])
 * 2011–2012 "Vuelve a volar" (Fly again) [this was when Mexicana planned to resume operations but never did]

Livery
Mexicana introduced new livery in the second half of 2008. It consists of a "eurowhite" fuselage with the front in marine blue outlining a stylized eagle. The tail features the same eagle in marine blue with a light-blue background. The new graphic design is the work of Danish design agency Design:Success and Kristofer Matti, Peter Danroth & Gabriel Martínez Meave, a renowned Mexican designer who has received several international awards, most recent of them from the Type Directors Club. This livery was used until the airline's demise in August 2010.

During the 1970s and the 1980s, the original Mexicana livery consisted of a white fuselage with gold stripes. This livery was used mainly on Boeing 727-200s.

In 1991, Mexicana introduced a new livery, this time with coloured tails. This special 'Mexican tapestry-style' livery was used mainly on Boeing 727-200s, Airbus A320-200s and Fokker F100s.

Elite Class
Mexicana offered "Clase Elite", or business class, on all flights. Warm meals were served on all domestic and international flights longer than 40 minutes. Passengers also received snacks throughout the flight, selection of meals, and refreshments. The seats on the Boeing 767-300ER were 23 inches across and recline 160°; while seats on the Airbus A320 were 22 inches across and recline approx 100° degrees.

MexicanaGo
MexicanaGo (formerly frecuenta ) was the frequent-flyer program of Mexicana from the late 1990s until August 28, 2010, when Mexicana suspended operations.

Mexicana Elite Lounge
Mexicana had lounges in the following airports:

Mexico

 * Cancún International Airport (Terminal 2-Satellite Building)
 * Don Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla International Airport (Terminal 1-Concourse C)
 * General Abelardo L. Rodríguez International Airport (Main Terminal-Concourse B)
 * General Mariano Escobedo International Airport (Terminal A-North Concourse)
 * General Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada International Airport (Main Terminal)
 * Lic. Benito Juarez International Airport (Terminal 1-Hall A1)
 * Lic. Benito Juarez International Airport (Terminal 1-Hall E)

International

 * Chicago O'Hare International Airport (Terminal 5-Concourse M)
 * Los Angeles International Airport (Tom Bradley International Terminal)
 * Ministro Pistarini International Airport (Terminal A)
 * Portland International Airport (Terminal D)
 * San Antonio International Airport (Terminal A)
 * Toronto-Lester B. Pearson International Airport (Terminal 1)
 * Vancouver International Airport (International Terminal)

Accidents and incidents
Up to 2011, Mexicana had been involved in a total of 26 incidents, including nine fatal.

The 1949 Mexicana DC-3 crash took place on September 26, 1949, when a Mexicana de Aviacion DC-3 crashed into the Popocatepetl volcano during a flight between Tuxtla Gutierrez and Mexico City with stops in Ixtepec, Oaxaca, Oaxaca City and Tapachula. The plane, flying the Tapachula to Mexico City leg, crashed during landing, killing all 23 occupants, including actress Blanca Estela Pavon.

On September 24, 1952, a man gave a bag to the flight attendant on Flight 575, saying it was for another passenger. The bag exploded 45 minutes into the flight, which had been delayed 40 minutes due to a shift change with another flight attendant. Five were injured. The bombers were sentenced to 40 years in prison.

On September 9, 1959, while Fight 621 was en route to Merida, a male passenger detonated a bomb at 11,000 feet, falling to his death. A small fire appeared but was put out, and the plane landed at Poza Rica.

On June 4, 1969, Flight 704 crashed near Salinas Victoria; some 20 miles north of the city of Monterrey. All 79 people on board were killed, including Mexican tennis star Rafael Osuna. The aircraft was a Boeing 727-64, with tail number XA-SEL, and was approaching Monterrey's airport. It had made a continuous descent in the last 5 minutes before impact. The pilot turned left instead of right once the aircraft passed over the Monterrey VOR, apparently not knowing his exact position at the time.

On September 21, 1969, Flight 801 another Mexicana Boeing 727-64, with tail number XA-SEJ, crashed short of the runway 23L at Mexico City International Airport. Of the 118 people on board, 27 died. The aircraft had been cleared for an ILS approach when it suddenly lost altitude and hit the ground. After becoming airborne once again, the plane crashed into a railway embankment. At the time of the impact, the aircraft was in a normal landing configuration. Since the flight data recorder had been installed improperly two days before and there was no cockpit voice recorder, the cause of the crash couldn't be established.

On March 31, 1986, Flight 940 crashed in Las Mesas; near Maravatio, Michoacan. All 167 people on board the Boeing 727-264 were killed, making it the deadliest plane crash in the country's history and the deadliest ever to have involved this type of aircraft. The left main gear brake was overheated during the take-off run. After reaching an altitude of 31,000 feet, a tire in the left main landing gear burst and crippled the plane's controls, causing an in-flight fire and an explosive decompression in the process. It was found that the tire had been filled with air rather than nitrogen, leading to a chemical explosion within the tire itself.

title: Mexicana de Aviación


text:
Talk:Borusa

Untitled
Ah. so he did appear in Arc of Infinity. Thanks for that! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Arno (talk • contribs) 07:55, 3 October 2002 (UTC)

Release from Rassilon's trap
Actually, Borusa was released from it in both Blood Harvest and The Eight Doctors — nice continuinity error when you consider both books were written by Terrance Dicks! Tim! (talk) 16:28, 20 May 2005 (UTC)
 * LOL 207.202.227.125 02:01, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

 * The reason is probably down to the early BBC Books editorial policy which appeared to be that the books were completely detached from the Virgin continuity. This got rapidly revised early on but the Eight Doctors was the very first book. Timrollpickering (talk) 19:01, 8 September 2009 (UTC)

"Borusa was transformed into a living statue by Rassilon for his efforts; whether the statue survived the destruction of Gallifrey as revealed in "The End of the World" is unclear."

Come on ... In first series that is Rassilon's tomb, and Rassilon is discussed as a powerful, sometimes twisted, Time Lord from far back before recorded history. In the new series he is a living being who leads the Time Lords to destruction. Trying to tie the two together at all is farce.

24.153.200.14 (talk) 14:09, 14 July 2011 (UTC)

Requested move 14 September 2015

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved. Jenks24 (talk) 11:17, 22 September 2015 (UTC)

Borusa (Doctor Who) → Borusa – Unnecessary disambiguation, and histories need to be merged. Original article Borusa was redirected in 2011, and recreated in 2015 at Borusa (Doctor Who). — TAnthonyTalk 04:04, 14 September 2015 (UTC)

 * Comment I've asked for a histmerge. -- 70.51.202.113 (talk) 04:35, 14 September 2015 (UTC)
 * I ✅ that histmerge. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 05:10, 14 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Is it inappropriate for me then to boldly make the move? I don't anticipate any controversy on this.— TAnthonyTalk 14:40, 14 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Does this need a new AfD to discuss its existence, as the prior histmerged version was merged to the list due to an AfD ? -- 70.51.202.113 (talk) 05:23, 15 September 2015 (UTC)
 * The current version is well-cited, I think an AfD is a waste of time.— TAnthonyTalk 15:44, 15 September 2015 (UTC)

 * Comment I do not see how the proposed title is in any way more reader friendly. GregKaye 08:35, 14 September 2015 (UTC)
 * There's only one notable topic called Borusa, so it's standard procedure not to disambiguate.— TAnthonyTalk 14:40, 14 September 2015 (UTC)

 * Support, there is no other notable Borusa. ONR (talk) 11:01, 14 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Support, even Google Books produces results exclusively for the Doctor Who character . Zarcadia (talk) 18:00, 14 September 2015 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Borusa


text:
User talk:Gups

Hello there Gups, welcome to the 'pedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you ever need editing help visit How does one edit a page and experiment at Sandbox. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions or how to format them visit our manual of style. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. BTW, thanks for starting the Triads article (which should probably be simply Triad). Cheers! --maveric149

License
Hi, could you tell me the license of the picture Image:Little red book.png ? We use it on french wp and I'd like to know if it is GFDL or public domain. Thanks inadvance. fr:Utilisateur:Tipiac

Image:Triad.png
Thanks for uploading Image:Triad.png. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GFDL, or  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much,   – Quadell (talk) (help)   21:12, Nov 15, 2004 (UTC)

P.S. And Image:Tung chee hwa.png as well, if you please.

Image source problem with Image:A better tomorrow.png
Thanks for uploading Image:A better tomorrow.png. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, their copyright should also be acknowledged.

As well as adding the source, please add a proper copyright licensing tag if the file doesn't have one already. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Non-free content, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

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Orphaned non-free media (Image:A_better_tomorrow.png)
Thanks for uploading Image:A_better_tomorrow.png. The media description page currently specifies that it is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, it is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the media was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that media for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that all non-free media not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Bigr Tex  22:49, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

Image source problem with Image:A better tomorrow.png
Thanks for uploading Image:A better tomorrow.png. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, their copyright should also be acknowledged.

As well as adding the source, please add a proper copyright licensing tag if the file doesn't have one already. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then the GFDL-self tag can be used to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media meets the criteria at Non-free content, use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

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AfD nomination of List of Chinese people notable in the West
An editor has nominated one or more articles which you have created or worked on, for deletion. The nominated article is List of Chinese people notable in the West. We appreciate your contributions, but the nominator doesn't believe that the article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in his/her nomination (see also Notability and "What Wikipedia is not").

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Please note: This is an automatic notification by a bot. I have nothing to do with this article or the deletion nomination, and can't do anything about it. --Erwin85Bot (talk) 01:15, 16 February 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Gups


text:
Samuel Shellabarger

Samuel Shellabarger (18 May 1888 – 21 March 1954) was an American educator and author of both scholarly works and best-selling historical novels.

Born 18 May 1888 in Washington, D.C., Shellabarger was orphaned in infancy, upon the death of both his father Robert and his mother Elizabeth, in January 1889. Samuel resultantly was raised in the household of his paternal grandfather also named Samuel Shellabarger, a noted lawyer who had served in Congress during the American Civil War and as Minister to Portugal. The younger Samuel Shellabarger's travels with his grandfather would prove invaluable in the provision of background material for the former's historical novels.

Shellabarger attended private schools and in 1909 graduated from Princeton University, where he would later teach. After studying for a year at Munich University in Germany, he resumed his studies at Harvard University and Yale University. Despite taking a year off to serve in World War I, he received his doctorate in 1917. In 1915 he married Vivan Georgia Lovegrove Borg whom he had met the year before during a vacation in Sweden. They had four children, but the two boys died: one as an infant and the other serving in World War II. From 1938 to 1946 Samuel Shellabarger served as the head of Columbus School for Girls in Columbus, Ohio. Shellabarger himself died of a heart attack at his Princeton, New Jersey home on 21 March 1954.

Having already published some scholarly works and not wanting to undermine their credibility by publishing fiction, Shellabarger used pen names for his first mysteries and romances: "John Esteven" and then "Peter Loring." He continued to write scholarly works and to teach, but his historical novels proved so popular that he soon started using his own name on them. Some of them were best-sellers and were made into movies.

Works of fiction

 * The Door of Death (1928 as John Esteven)
 * The Chevalier Bayard (1928)
 * The Black Gale (1929)
 * Voodoo. A Murder Mystery (1930 as John Esteven)
 * By Night at Dinsmore (1935 as John Esteven)
 * Lord Chesterfield and His World (1935)
 * While Murder Waits (1936-37 as John Esteven)
 * Graveyard Watch (1938 as John Esteven)
 * Blind Man's Night (1938 as John Esteven)
 * Assurance Double Sure (1939 as John Esteven)
 * Grief Before Night (1938 as Peter Loring)
 * Miss Rolling Stone Who Travels Alone (1939 as Peter Loring)
 * Captain from Castile (1946) (1947 film starring Tyrone Power, Cesar Romero, Lee J. Cobb)
 * Prince of Foxes (1947) (1949 film starring Tyrone Power and Orson Welles)
 * The King's Cavalier (1950)
 * Lord Vanity (1953)
 * The Token (1955)
 * Tolbecken (1956)

title: Samuel Shellabarger


text:
Talk:Andrew Lloyd Webber

Plagiarism
I think this article needs to mention the several accusations from different artists of him plagiarising their work. Such as Roger Waters, the Puccini estate, and others i dont remember. 24.166.154.108 06:50, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't think that is a problem, provided you can provide solid Reliable Sources to back them up. Without sources for verification, such information is utterly inappropriate in a biographical article. :EdJogg 11:06, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

I copied and pasted the plagiarism section from the phantom of the opera page and added a 1 sentence intro. It could do with some stuff from elsewhere if there is any. I don't know enough about the subject to do any more. 80.176.230.126 (talk) 02:36, 23 December 2007 (UTC)

This whole section should be deleted on plaigarim because the site that is linked as a reference seems rather questionable. Aside from that it seems very libelous! -Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.120.99.234 (talk) 09:57, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

 * This is from http://www.musicals101.com/who6b.htm: "With lyrics by the otherwise unknown Charles Hart, Phantom went on to gross over $2 billion worldwide by the century's end. (Claims of plagiarism by the Puccini estate were settled out of court for an undisclosed amount.)" It's of course quite obvious that the ostinato rhythm in "Everything's All Right" from Jesus Christ, Superstar derives directly from Paul Desmond's "Take Five", and that Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat quotes "Tom Dooley" (which is presumably public domain) brazenly and without acknowledgement. TheScotch (talk) 11:53, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

^ So you're just going to accept something you read online unquestioningly? Since when was Musicals101 an objective source?? I presume all the pieces LLoyd Webber is accused of plagiarising are themselves 100% original - if such a thing is possible (or desirable for that matter). All great artists are influenced by other artists. Having said that, I would think it highly unlikely that Lloyd Webber would look to Desmond and Dooley for inspiration. I can well accept that he might be influenced by Puccini - a genuine composer - although I actually think the style of these two is fundamentally different. I agree with the previous poster - the whole section should be removed as it is just an invitation for people who don't like the composer to attack him in the article (Pink Floyd fans and the like!). 15 February 2008 -Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.60.57.14 (talk) 14:45, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Re: "So you're just going to accept something you read online unquestioningly? Since when was Musicals101 an objective source??":
 * I didn't put it in the article, I merely noted it here. I'm curious to know what precise claims of plagiarism Puccini's estate made.
 * Re: "I presume all the pieces LLoyd Webber is accused of plagiarising are themselves 100% original - if such a thing is possible (or desirable for that matter). All great artists are influenced by other artists.":
 * This is an attempt at obfuscation. There really is such a thing as plagiarism.
 * Quite so. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.12.18.129 (talk) 13:53, 17 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Re: "I would think it highly unlikely that Lloyd Webber would look to Desmond and Dooley for inspiration.":
 * I've said nothing about "inspiration". I said Lloyd Webber obviously took the rhythmic ostinato directly from "Take Five" and obviously quoted "Tom Dooley". I stand by that. I noticed his apparent quotation of "Echoes", by the way, long before I'd heard that Rogers Waters noticed it. It's just possible that Lloyd Webber happened on it independently, but there are lots and lots of persons involved in a Broadway show, and you'd think one of them would've pointed out the resemblance and that Lloyd Webber would have felt obliged to change the tune accordingly. TheScotch (talk) 07:04, 16 February 2008 (UTC)

Response to 193.60.57.14:

Re: "Indeed I would argue that the same pitches in another work would not in itself constitute plagiarism. It is the way in which the piece develops that is significant. This is not POV. it's simple fact.":

The point you're missing here is that you should not "argue" within an article at all. It's your arguing itself that clearly makes the passage POV. You are certainly welcome to add a sourced rebuttal if the source is significant (one from Lloyd Webber himself, for example, would be appropriate I should think).

Since this is a discussion page, not an article, however, I might be allowed to remark here that the wikipedia "Phantom of the Opera" article quotes Waters thus: "I couldn't believe it when I heard it. It's the same time signature - it's 12/8 - and it's the same structure and it's the same notes and it's the same everything." In other words, (if that article is accurate) Waters is maintaining there is more involved than pitch sequence. As for "the way in which the piece develops", my personal opinion is that there is very little development at all in either piece (Waters's or Lloyd Webber's). TheScotch (talk) 07:57, 16 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your comments. I will try to address your points:
 * "This is an attempt at obfuscation. There really is such a thing as plagiarism."
 * I never said there wasn't such a thing as plagiarism.
 * "The point you're missing here is that you should not "argue" within an article at all. It's your arguing itself that clearly makes the passage POV. You are certainly welcome to add a sourced rebuttal if the source is significant (one from Lloyd Webber himself, for example, would be appropriate I should think)."
 * I'm afraid you're missing the point here. I was responding to your comment in the history section. The statement in the article is a statement of fact. It is not an argument.
 * I don't see why Waters' opinion should be included in the article. Should we include every instance where an accusation is made against a composer? Also, since Repp claimed that Lloyd Webber "stole" the same extract from him, could we say that Waters stole from Repp, since Repp composed his song before Waters? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.60.57.14 (talk) 11:43, 16 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Re: "I never said there wasn't such a thing as plagiarism.":
 * The point is that your remarks questioning the "original[ity]" of any work and attempting to justify appropriation of the works of others are not relevant.
 * Re: "I'm afraid you're missing the point here. I was responding to your comment in the history section.":
 * You were explaining your edit, an edit which reinstated an unattributed argument. TheScotch (talk) 06:53, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

A neutral verifiable fact (complete with exact reference including page number from a respected expert publication (published by the San Francisco Opera)) regarding the "strong resemblance" of music from Puccini's "Girl of the Golden West" in Lloyd Webber's "Phantom of the Opera" was removed by 193.82.164.132 on 2010.0703. To my understanding this text (which I added on 2010.0703) meets the criteria for Biographies of Living Persons), so if it was removed by an official editor, why was it removed? Since the removal came from an unidentified user (just an IP address was recorded), I restored the deleted text.  The reason that I originally added this text was that I personally saw a performance of "Girl of the Golden West" at the San Francisco Opera and was shocked (as were many of the audience) by hearing music that I thought was written by Lloyd Webber but actually was written by Puccini over 70 years earlier in 1910. Looking through the official program guide confirmed this. I then checked on Wikipedia and found that the article on "Girl of the Golden West" did mention this, but with a different reference; however, there was no reference to this on the Andrew Lloyd Webber page, so I added it.  If this was not as per Wikipedia policy, then please explain why it is not. Thank you. Jphineas (talk) 23:18, 7 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia is just something you read online.
 * Why on earth is it 'highly unlikely' to consider the possibility that he would look to Desmond and Dooley for inspiration? That's an absurd statement. He is neither god nor the fount of all human creativity. And Desmond certainly is a genuine composer. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.12.18.129 (talk) 13:53, 17 December 2021 (UTC)

Plagiarism discussion continued
Regarding reversion by Johnuniq of my edit on 25 September 2011 due to lack of reliable sources: If you go to YouTube and listen to "Love Never Dies" and the beginning of "Free Willy: Main Theme", the relationship is obvious. Additionally, you can listen to "Theme from The Apartment (1960)" for a possible common source. I have neither the time nor the inclination for an edit war and there is no need to respond to me directly. Still, I think all editors could benefit if an "expert" could explain how to cite public-domain musical snippets, in the absence of some comprehensive publication from a musicologist on the matter. I agree with Johnuniq that "Accusations of Plagiarism" may not be the best heading for some of thes similarities and would further suggest "Musical Influences" as an alternative with the Plagarism portion regarding the Puccini suit as a subheading. Thank you. 65.27.249.141 (talk) 00:58, 26 September 2011 (UTC)
 * There have been many occasions when similarities between the works of different composers have been noted, including a sensational BBC radio program regarding classical music (sorry, can't provide any links). Perhaps it's plagiarism, and perhaps it isn't (see convergent evolution for one field in which it is entirely possible to have thing A look like or behave like thing B, without either being a copy of the other). The only thing that is certain about the situation is that an article cannot assert "the works of A and B are sufficiently similar to suggest plagiarism"—what would be required is an attributed statement by a relevant scholarly authority. See WP:SYNTH and WP:REDFLAG. Johnuniq (talk) 01:45, 26 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes, that would be necessary, or a RS'd admission from ALW, for a bare heading of "Plagiarism"; but a RS of, for instance, Roger Waters's accusation is sufficient for the heading "Accusations of plagiarism". Straw Cat (talk) 13:13, 26 September 2011 (UTC)

 * I have brought this to the attention of BLP Noticeboard. This section is bordering on BLP violation as only reliably sourced accounts of composers and musicians who have directly accused Lloyd Webber of plagiarism should be included within this section. As it stands, mere mentions of personal suggestion of "similarities" or even "musical influences" do not equal "accused plagiarism". They must be removed, since most are either OR or without any reliable sources. Even if the section is renamed "Musical Influences", it opens up far too many "musicologist wanna-be's" who think they hear similarities that either aren't there, or can't be backed up by reliable sources; and further more, project a conscious claim that Lloyd Webber had the influence in mind before composing said melodies. It's a dangerous slope either way. Influence implies "prior to" composing; "accused plagiarism" implies deliberate stealing of someone else's work, which without proper sourcing is definitely a BLP violation. The following must be removed immediately under this section: 1) The main theme from Jesus Christ Superstar is "Rosemary" 2) The opening of "Love Changes Everything" 3) Bach's "Prelude in C Major" supplies the main structure  4) The chorus of "Don't Cry for me, Argentina" from Evita also bears a striking resemblance 5) The main theme to the title track "Sunset Boulevard" is extremely similar 6) The main theme from Love Never Dies is the theme from the film The Apartment. 7) "Memory" from Cats is similar to Ravel's Boléro (even this one needs to go since the composer himself worried prior to composing that it sounded similar to other works and sought other composer's advice and counsel). None of these have references, and simply placing a "citation tag" does not excuse the BLP violation for accusation of plagiarism. Maineartists (talk) 22:46, 31 August 2017 (UTC)
 * The contentious material not relating to accused plagiarism and unsourced content has now been removed, thanks to . Good job! What remains is correct to the section. Thanks. Maineartists (talk) 00:30, 8 September 2017 (UTC)
 * I noticed you removed the entire line regarding the Puccini Estate suit. It is perhaps the most recognized and acknowledged plagiarism suit next to Jerry Herman and "Hello Dolly" for a Broadway composer. It might be best to keep it within the section with a "citation needed" tag next to it for other editors to find more reliable sources. It is far from being a rumor. Thoughts? Thanks. Maineartists (talk) 21:35, 9 September 2017 (UTC)
 * This is from the WP article: . Maineartists (talk) 21:36, 9 September 2017 (UTC)

In this case 'plagiarism' seems to be not the copying of other peoples ideas, but downgrading original music by its application in a minor form of entertainment, thus sucking the art out of music for moneys sake.46.223.163.77 (talk) 00:39, 21 January 2021 (UTC)

Tony
Curious about this -- I believe Webber has only won three Tonys (not seven, as it says in the article), since he did not individually produce the musicals which won Best Musical. Is there a way to verify this? NathanielTheBold (talk) 23:56, 30 January 2018 (UTC)

 * I advise asking at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Musical Theatre. -- Softlavender (talk) 06:41, 31 January 2018 (UTC)

Infobox overhauled
See this thread for the whys and wherefores; the anchor point is mid-thread where the details are, but the whole "Allegedly controversial composers" sub-section leads up to it. — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  09:45, 12 July 2018 (UTC)

"Andrew Webber" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Andrew Webber and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 January 28 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. AFreshStart (talk) 15:38, 28 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Andrew Lloyd Webber


text:
Talk:Hazard

Conversion from disambiguation
I have now turned this page from being half article, half disambiguation in to entirely article. It still needs expansion, but i think it's a good base to start from. All the previous dab content can now be found at Hazard (disambiguation). Any comments welcome Owain.davies 05:44, 9 May 2007 (UTC) /.m.>?>?>Lk;#][o#hopholkjjlklllkloil;p'[=#] ioupp;o' [=9-#= —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.82.200.31 (talk) 14:43, 7 December 2009 (UTC)

I have been following the little drama presented this past couple of days in the contributions and reversions of an attempted third classification of hazard. It appears that the (two?) contributor(s) had in mind utterly preventable catastophes which result from ignoring the obvious danger at hand and/or the clear warnings of what will happen if the clear warning is ignored. Figures of speech which occured to me are "an outraged Nature rebelled against the assault", "the fruits of their own arrogance came down upon them with a vengeance", "they brought this upon themselves".

Examples that come to mind immediately are the sinking of the Titanic and the loss of so many lives in spite of the warnings of experts, slumlords failing to spend money to eliminate "firetraps", the AIDS epidemic (preventable with abstinence from promiscuous sexual encounters and avoidance of illegal drug use), the Exxon Valdez disaster and the current gulf spill, the refusal of totalitarian regimes to distribute food and medical supplies to the people they dominate, the rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party in 1930's Germany and the failure to use abundant opportunities to stop them before the annexation of Czechoslovakia followed later by the invasion of Poland--classic examples from history are the Deluge, the sinking of Atlantis, the plagues of Egypt, the burial of Herculaneum and Pompeii, the Crusades, the Black Death, the Dust Bowl, the Great Depression, which have been historically attributed to Divine Retribution for presumptuous corruption and evil in human culture.

The reader may not agree with the assessments of various cultures past and present that presumptious arrogance of the individual, or of business leaders, or of governments, actively provoked "Divine Judgment", but the results of human arrogance even without adverting to the existence of God or of the gods is a real hazard as history has neutrally reported. What has been called the Wrath of God and Punishment for Sin has always manifested itself physically, in nature and in society (Conquest, Tyranny, Oppression, Socio-Economic Meltdown, Bloodshed, Famine, Plague, Volcano, Earthquake, Flood, Violent Storms, Wild Beasts, Insect Devastation, Blindness, Deafness, Accidental Mutilation, Incurable Long-Term Disease, Madness, Death). What has been called "Defiance of God" has traditionally been fraught with grave peril--"You do so at your own risk!" The first two kinds of "Causes..." set forth in this article (Natural, and Human Mismanagement) do not include this danger (denial? "blind spot"?). I rather suspect that this is what was on the mind of the contributor(s). But this is as far as I myself am willing to enter the argument. I hope this has been useful. Hermitstudy (talk) 19:17, 25 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Not even slightly. • • • Peter (Southwood) (talk): 16:58, 21 June 2017 (UTC)

New Article: Hazard (risk)
I have created a new article Hazard (risk) that is geared more towards risk assessment. I would not oppose (and would support) merging it with the current Hazard page. I would, however, like a fresh perspective during merging. 570vca (talk) 14:58, 22 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Update: this seems to have been merged. EMsmile (talk) 09:47, 20 June 2022 (UTC)

Scope
The topic is "Hazard". The content includes material on risk, risk assessment, disaster, disaster management and quite a lot of listings and discussions of specific hazards and responsible organisations which would better fit into articles such as biological hazard, chemical hazard etc. This article should focus on the concepts and only provide summary sections and links to main articles on the associated concepts. I intend to do some work in this direction. • • • Peter (Southwood) (talk): 16:56, 21 June 2017 (UTC)

Kindly include and elaborate about Plant pathogens
Plant pathogens can spread and destroy food crops or can destroy vegetation and biodiversity or can detereorate stored foodgrains. Some plant pathogens and even plant beneficial microbes can make the plant toxic to human and cattle, such as some ergots. Some plant pathogens can cross infect human or cattle, such as Aspergillus spores. So I request to elaborate on plant pathogens 2409:4060:2017:F88E:A5E0:8244:A65:A7F2 (talk) 11:42, 30 April 2019 (UTC)

Merged anthropogenic hazard
Some work done and to-dos:
 * I've just merged the article on "anthropogenic hazard" into here. I've also added some content from the UNDRR website: https://www.preventionweb.net/terminology/hazard. User:Richarit, please check.
 * I find this article still quite difficult as those different "hazard types" actually overlap so much. For example, content that is under "chemical hazard" could equally be under "environmental hazard" and vice versa. There might still be some scope for trimming there.
 * The article is weak on content about how hazards are managed and assessed. We only have a short section on "Analysis and management" so far. I know we have sub-articles for that but we should provide some kind of overview. EMsmile (talk) 10:50, 15 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hazard


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Demographics of the Soviet Union

According to data from the 1989 Soviet census, the population of the USSR was made up of 70% East Slavs and 17% Turkic peoples, with no other single ethnic group making up more than 2%. Alongside the atheist majority of 60%, there were sizable minorities of Russian Orthodox Christians (approximately 20%) and Muslims (approximately 15%).

Revolution and Civil war, 1917–1923
During the Russian Revolution and Civil War period, Russia lost territories of the former Russian Empire, whose populations totaled about 30 million people (Poland: 18 million; Finland: 3 million; Romania: 3 million; the Baltic states: 5 million, Kars: 400 thousand). At least 2 million citizens of the former Russian Empire died during the Russian Civil War of 1917–1923, and a further 1 to 2 million emigrated.

World War Two, 1939–1945
During the Second World War on the Eastern Front, the Soviet Union lost an approximate 26.6 million people. At this time, the population pyramid was starting to look more triangular.

Rejuvenation of the population, 1946–1960s
After the Second World War, the population of the Soviet Union began to gradually recover to pre-war levels. By 1959 there were a registered 209,035,000 people, over the 1941 population count of 196,716,000. In 1958–59, Soviet fertility stood at around 2.8 children per woman.

Population dynamics in the 1970–1980s
The crude birth rate in the Soviet Union throughout its history had been decreasing – from 44.0 per thousand in 1926 to 18.0 in 1974, mostly due to urbanization and rising average age of marriages. The total fertility rate fell from 2.4 in 1969–70 to 2.3 in 1978–79. The crude death rate had been gradually decreasing as well – from 23.7 per thousand in 1926 to 8.7 in 1974. While death rates did not differ greatly across regions of the Soviet Union through much of Soviet history, birth rates in the southern republics of Transcaucasia and Central Asia were much higher than those in the northern parts of the Soviet Union, and in some cases even increased in the post-World War II period. This was partly due to slower rates of urbanization and traditionally early marriages in southern republics.

Mainly as a result of differential birthrates, with most of the European nationalities moving toward sub-replacement fertility and the Central Asian and other nationalities of southern republics having well-above replacement-level fertility, the percentage of the population who were ethnic Russians was gradually being reduced. According to some Western predictions made in the 1990s, if the Soviet Union had stayed together, it is likely that ethnic Russians would have lost their majority status in the 2000s (decade). This differential could not be offset by assimilation of non-Russians by Russians, in part because the nationalities of southern republics maintained a distinct ethnic consciousness and were not easily assimilated.

The late 1960s and the 1970s witnessed a dramatic reversal of the path of declining mortality in the Soviet Union, and was especially notable among men in working ages, and also especially in Russia and other predominantly Slavic areas of the country. While not unique to the Soviet Union (Hungary in particular showed a pattern that was similar to Russia), this male mortality increase, accompanied by a noticeable increase in infant mortality rates in the early 1970s, drew the attention of Western demographers and Sovietologists at the time.

An analysis of the official data from the late 1980s showed that after worsening in the late 1970s and the early 1980s, the situation for adult mortality began to improve again. Referring to data for the two decades ending in 1989–1990, while noting some abatement in adult mortality rates in the Soviet republics in the 1980s, Ward Kingkade and Eduardo Arriaga characterized this situation as follows: "All the former Soviet countries have followed the universal tendency for mortality to decline as infectious diseases are brought under control while death rates from degenerative diseases rise. What is exceptional in the former Soviet countries and some of their East European neighbors is that a subsequent increase in mortality from causes other than infectious disease has brought about overall rises in mortality from all causes combined. Another distinctive characteristic of the former Soviet case is the presence of unusually high levels of mortality from accidents and other external causes, which are typically associated with alcoholism."

The rising infant mortality rates in the Soviet Union in the 1970s became the subject of much discussion and debate among Western demographers. The infant mortality rate (IMR) had increased from 24.7 in 1970 to 27.9 in 1974. Some researchers regarded the rise in infant mortality as largely real, a consequence of worsening health conditions and services. Others regarded it as largely an artifact of improved reporting of infant deaths, and found the increases to be concentrated in the Central Asian republics where improvement in coverage and reporting of births and deaths might well have the greatest effect on increasing the published rates.

The rising reported adult mortality and infant mortality was not explained or defended by Soviet officials at the time. Instead, they simply stopped publishing all mortality statistics for ten years. Soviet demographers and health specialists remained silent about the mortality increases until the late 1980s, when the publication of mortality data resumed and researchers could delve into the real and artificial aspects of the reported mortality increases. When these researchers began to report their findings, they accepted the increases in adult male mortality as real and focused their research on explaining its causes and finding solutions. In contrast, investigations of the rise in reported infant mortality concluded that while the reported increases in the IMR were largely an artifact of improved reporting of infant deaths in the Central Asian republics, the actual levels in this region were much higher than had yet been reported officially. In this sense, the reported rise in infant mortality in the Soviet Union as a whole was an artifact of improved statistical reporting, but reflected the reality of a much higher actual infant mortality level than had previously been recognized in official statistics.

As the detailed data series that was ultimately published in the late 1980s showed, the reported IMR for the Soviet Union as a whole increased from 24.7 in 1970 to a peak of 31.4 in 1976. After that the IMR gradually decreased and by 1989 it had fallen to 22.7, which was lower than had been reported in any previous year (though close to the figure of 22.9 in 1971). In 1989, the IMR ranged from a low of 11.1 in the Latvian SSR to a high of 54.7 in the Turkmen SSR.

Research conducted after the dissolution of the Soviet Union revealed that the originally reported mortality rates vary substantially underestimated the actual rates, especially for infant mortality. This has been shown for Transcaucasian and Central Asian republics.

After two decades of declining and stagnating fertility rates, the Soviet TFR rose from 2.27 in 1978–79 to 2.51 in 1986–87. Most Muslim areas of the USSR continued to fall, while non-Muslim regions rose slightly.

Population
Russia lost former territories of the Russian Empire with about 30 million inhabitants after the Russian Revolution of 1917 (Poland: 18 million; Finland: 3 million; Romania: 3 million; the Baltic states: 5 million, Kars: 400 thousand). At least 2 million citizens of the former Russian Empire died in the course of the Russian Civil War of 1917–1923, and a further 1 to 2 million emigrated. An estimated 800,000 to 1,200,000 people died during the purges of the 1930s.

According to the Russian Academy of Sciences the Soviet Union suffered 26.6 million deaths (1941–1945) during World War II, including an increase in infant mortality of 1.3 million. Total war-loss figures include territories annexed by the Soviet Union in 1939–1945.

Although the population growth-rate decreased over time, it remained positive throughout the history of the Soviet Union in all republics, and the population grew each year by more than 2 million except during periods of wartime, and famine.

Life expectancy and infant mortality
A newborn Soviet child in 1926–27 had a life expectancy of 44.4 years, up from 32.3 years in the Russian Empire thirty years before. By 1958–59, the life expectancy for newborns had reached 68.6 years. Life expectancy in the Soviet Union remained fairly stable during most years, although in the 1970s it decreased slightly.

Demographic statistics

The following demographic statistics are from the 1990 edition of the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.

Population

 * Population: 290,644,720 (July 1992)

Population growth rate

 * 0.4% (1992)

Crude birth rate

 * 18 births/1,000 population (1990)

Crude death rate

 * 10 deaths/1,000 population (1990)

Net migration rate

 * 1 migrants/1,000 population (1990)

Infant mortality rate

 * 24 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)

Life expectancy at birth

 * 65 years male, 74 years female (1990)

Total fertility rate

 * 2.4 children born/woman (1985)
 * 2.528 children born/woman (1987)
 * 2.26 children born/woman (1990)

Nationality

 * noun – Soviet(s); adjective – Soviet

Literacy

 * 99.8% (1980)

Labor force
Labor force: 152,300,000 civilians; 80% industry and other nonagricultural fields, 20% agriculture; shortage of skilled labor (1989)

Organized labor: 98% of workers were union members; all trade unions were organized within the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions (AUCCTU) and conducted their work under the guidance of the Communist party. There was a market relationship between the people and the state as the employer; people were free to choose their job and leave if they wished, although members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union could be ordered to work in certain places, but seldom were.

Ethnic groups
The Soviet Union was one of the world's most ethnically diverse countries, with more than 100 distinct national ethnicities living within its borders.

History
Throughout its entire history, ethnic Russians made up a majority of Soviet citizens. According to the 1939 census, Russians reached a peak of 58.4% of the population. Previously in 1926, Russians were 52.9% of the population. This could be due to the decrease of Ukrainians, which coincides with the Holodomor.

Since 1939, the percentage of ethnic Russians in the USSR began to decrease. By 1959, 54.6% of Soviet citizens were recorded as ethnic Russians. At first, this was due to the incorporation of new territories westward in Europe after World War II, such as the Polish Eastern Borderlands, the Baltic states, Carpathian Ruthenia, and Bessarabia. This resulted in an increase of non-Russian ethnic groups, especially those who were Belarusian, Ukrainian, Polish, Moldovan, Lithuanian, Latvian, and Estonian. However, starting in the 1960s, the decline of the Russian majority was mainly driven by indigenous ethnic groups residing in the Caucasian and Central Asian Soviet republics. For example, the five main Central Asian groups, Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Tajiks, and Turkmens, together saw a 163.81% increase from 1959 to 1989. Azerbaijanis, the largest Muslim group in the Soviet Caucasus, grew from 2.9 million people to almost 6.8 million during the same time, which represents a 130.31% increase. Meanwhile, ethnic Russians increased by only 27.20%. When the 1989 census was released, ethnic Russians made up just 50.8% of the population and were projected to become a minority within the next decade. The rise of non-Russians, especially Soviet Muslims from the Caucasus and Central Asia can be explained by analysing the different patterns of total fertility rates among ethnic groups. According to research professors Barbara A. Anderson and Brian D. Silver, Soviet fertility was both high and low. The national rate stood at 2.8 children per woman in 1958–59 before falling to 2.4 in 1969–70 and 2.3 in 1978–79. The total fertility for ethnic Russian women within the RSFSR declined from 2.4 to 1.8 in the late 1960s and 1970s. The same trend could be found in the Baltic and Western regions of the USSR, which each of the Soviet republics' titular nationality approaching sub-replacement fertility. Caucasian ethnic groups, such as Armenians and Georgians followed the same trend, but on average had more children than Soviet citizens living in Russia, the Baltic states, Belarus, Ukraine, and Moldova. Overall, the mentioned ethnicities had an average total fertility rate between 1.8 and 2.3 by 1978–79. In contrast, Soviet Muslim women had much higher fertility rates. In 1969–70, the average Muslim woman had 7 children, which represents an increase from 6.2 in 1958–59. Despite decreasing to 5.6 in 1978–79 and further falling in the 1980s, the birth rate amongst Soviet Muslims remained consistently higher than those who were non-Muslims.

Religion
The Soviet Union promoted state atheism from 1928 to 1941, in which religion was largely discouraged and heavily persecuted. The USSR remained a secular state from 1945 until its dissolution. However, according to various Soviet and Western sources, over one-third of the country's people professed religious beliefs: Russian Orthodox 20%, Muslim 15%, Protestant, Georgian Orthodox, Armenian Orthodox, and Roman Catholic 7%, Jewish less than 1%, atheist 60% (1990 est.). Some indigenous pagan belief systems existed in the Siberian and Russian Far Eastern lands in the local populations.

Language
Russian became the official language of the Soviet Union in 1990. Until that time it was still necessary to have a language of common communication. The de facto result inevitably favored Russian, the native language of half of Soviet citizens.

Overall Soviet citizens spoke more than 200 languages and dialects (at least 18 with more than 1 million speakers); Slavic group: 75%, other Indo-European: 8%, Altaic: 12%, Uralic: 3%, Caucasian: 2% (1990 est.)

General sources

 * 1) CIA World Factbook 1991 – most figures, unless attributed to another source.
 * 2) J. A. Newth: The 1970 Soviet Census, Soviet Studies vol. 24, issue 2 (October 1972) pp. 200–222. – Population figures from 1897 to 1970.
 * 3) The Russian State Archive of the Economy: Soviet Censuses of 1937 and 1939 – Population figures for 1937 and 1939. https://web.archive.org/web/20020927142010/http://www.library.yale.edu/slavic/census3739.html

title: Demographics of the Soviet Union


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Kristin Kreuk

Kristin Laura Kreuk (born December 30, 1982) is a Canadian actress. Debuting on teen drama Edgemont, she became most known for her roles as Lana Lang in the superhero television series Smallville (2001–2011), Catherine Chandler in The CW sci-fi series Beauty & the Beast (2012–2016) and as Joanna Hanley in the CBC legal drama series Burden of Truth (2018–2021).

She has also starred in movies such as the TV movie Snow White: The Fairest of Them All (2001), and the theatrical movies EuroTrip (2004) and Irvine Welsh's Ecstasy (2011).

Early life
Kreuk was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, to Deanna Che and Peter Kreuk, two landscape architects. Her father is of Dutch descent. Her mother is of Chinese descent, born in Indonesia; her maternal grandmother was Chinese Jamaican. Her mother and grandmother lived in Singapore and the Solomon Islands before settling in Vancouver. She has a younger sister, Justine Kreuk.

Kreuk trained in karate and gymnastics at the national level until high school, but quit in grade 11 due to scoliosis. Kreuk was planning to study forensic science or psychology at Simon Fraser University and was surprised when a casting director for the CBC television series Edgemont contacted her at her high school.

Television
After filming the first season of Edgemont (a teenage soap opera set at a Vancouver-area high school) and getting herself an agent, Kreuk landed the lead role of Snow White in a TV movie, Snow White: The Fairest of Them All, which aired on ABC, and later released on DVD, in 2002. In mid-2004, Kreuk took the role of Tenar for the Sci-Fi Channel two-part miniseries Earthsea. The miniseries was filmed in Vancouver, directed by Robert Lieberman and broadcast on December 13, 2004.

After Snow White, Kreuk's agent sent an audition tape to screenwriters Alfred Gough and Miles Millar, who at the time were putting together the cast of a show they had created for the WB Network (now The CW) entitled Smallville. The series, which was slated to be shot in Vancouver, revolves around the life of teenager Clark Kent before he becomes Superman. Gough and Millar called Kreuk to WB's studios in Burbank, California to audition for the role of Clark Kent's first love, Lana Lang, and she was later cast in the part. For a while, Kreuk was starring on both Smallville and Edgemont, although her role on Edgemont slightly diminished over time. Edgemont ended its run in 2005. After seven seasons, Kreuk left Smallville in the beginning of 2008, when her character leaves town. She returned as a guest star in the show's 8th season for five episodes to conclude her storyline.

In 2009, Kreuk signed on for a multi-episode arc in season three of Chuck. She played Hannah, a computer troubleshooter who joins the Buy More Nerd Herd after being laid off from her previous job.

In 2010, she portrayed Judah Ben-Hur's sister Tirzah in the TV movie Ben Hur, which aired in Canada and later on ABC in the United States.

Kreuk was involved with two pilots that did not get picked up: a 2010 CBS sitcom entitled Hitched (which was co-created by Josh Schwartz, who was also the creator of Chuck) and a 2011 NBC drama series called 17th Precinct, which was made by Ronald D. Moore.

In February 2012, Kreuk was announced as the lead female character in The CW's reboot of Beauty & the Beast, which was picked up on May 11, 2012, and started airing in Fall 2012. The CW announced in October 2015 that the show's upcoming fourth season, scheduled to air over the summer of 2016, would be its final season. The series finale aired on August 25, 2016.

In 2018, Kreuk played the lead role in Burden of Truth, a CBC Television production in which she portrays a "big-city lawyer who takes on a case for a group of sick girls in her hometown". The show premiered on January 10, 2018. On April 5, 2018, The CW announced that they had acquired the rights to air the show beginning in summer 2018. CBC has renewed Burden of Truth for a fourth season. The series concluded in 2021 after four seasons.

Kreuk will star in TV series '' Murder in a Small Town" which is set to air on Fox in September 2024.

Films
Kreuk appeared in the comedy film EuroTrip (2004), playing the girlfriend who cheats on the protagonist with a musician (played by Matt Damon).

In early 2005, Kreuk signed on to the Canadian independent film Partition (2007), playing Naseem, a vulnerable 17-year-old whose world is shattered by the trauma of the Partition of India in 1947; the character also falls in love with an ex-British Indian Army officer. In the summer of 2006, Kreuk starred in the short film, Dream Princess by comic book writer/artist Kaare Andrews. The film is a modern sci-punk retelling of the tale of Sleeping Beauty, with a twist. However, it never aired. Kreuk starred in the film Street Fighter: The Legend of Chun-Li (2009), in which she played the title character, Chun-Li. She tested for the sequel Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol (2011), with the role going to Paula Patton.

In early 2010, Kreuk signed onto the Japanese horror film Vampire (2011). In 2010, Kreuk also starred in the music video "I Heard" by musician Hill Zaini.

Kreuk stars as Heather in the film Irvine Welsh's Ecstasy (2011), based on Irvine Welsh's novel. She also stars as Tilda in the science fiction comedy film Space Milkshake (2012).

Film production
Kreuk, with Rosena Bhura, whom Kreuk met on the set of Partition, started a production company called Parvati Creative Inc, which focuses on "human-centric films as seen through a female lens". Parvati's first production was a short film directed by Rick Rosenthal called Blink, of which Kreuk is listed as an executive producer. The second project was a comedy web series titled Queenie which featured Kreuk's friend Olivia Cheng.

Advertising work
In 2003, Neutrogena made her the spokesmodel for their worldwide advertising campaign. In this role, Kreuk followed in the footsteps of fellow teen stars such as Jennifer Love Hewitt and Mandy Moore. In 2005, she renewed her contract with Neutrogena for another two years, becoming the company's longest-serving model spokesperson.

Voice acting
In August 2017, Kreuk provided the voice for Princess Shuyan in Shuyan Saga, a graphic novel series set in an ancient Chinese martial arts fantasy universe. She also reprised her role as Catherine Chandler from Beauty & the Beast on Robot Chicken.

Personal life
Kreuk moved back to Vancouver in September 2022, after living in Toronto for a few years to study her undergraduate degree and pursue producing opportunities. She stated on Live! with Kelly and Michael in October 2012 that she is a pescetarian.

In November 2017, Kreuk and her Smallville co-star Allison Mack were linked to a multi-level marketing organization and cult known as NXIVM, which was founded by Keith Raniere. In March 2018, following Raniere's arrest, Kreuk disclosed on her Twitter account that she had joined NXIVM believing it was a "self-help" group but left in 2013, and had not witnessed any illegal or nefarious activities during her time in the group. Kreuk's statement was backed by actress Sarah Edmondson, who had participated in exposing NXIVM's activities.

Awards and nominations
In 2015, Kreuk was ranked as Canada's most beautiful person in an online poll organized by ET Canada.

title: Kristin Kreuk