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Milton Hershey School

The Milton Hershey School, formerly the Hershey Industrial School, is a private boarding school in Hershey, Pennsylvania for K–12 students. The institution was founded in 1909 by chocolate industrialist Milton Hershey and his wife, Catherine Hershey.

The school began with four students in 1910. Initially for only white male orphans, the school expanded in the 1960s and 70s to include girls, racial minorities, and "social orphans"—those with impoverished parents. About 2,000 students attended the school in 2020. Admission is restricted to low-income individuals aged 4–15 without intellectual or behavioral problems. Students live in group homes of uniform sex and similar age, with set schedules for elementary, middle, and high school students. The school has Christian elements but is officially non-sectarian.

The school is free for students and is funded by a trust containing most of Hershey's fortune, valued at about US$15 billion, making it the wealthiest U.S. private school. Nearly half of the trust's money comes from its controlling interest in Hershey's eponymous chocolate company.

History
Milton S. Hershey, creator of The Hershey Company, was a chocolate industrialist and had founded the town of Hershey, Pennsylvania. On November 15, 1909, he and his wife, Catherine Hershey, signed over a 486 acre piece of farmland, forming the Hershey Industrial School. The school accepted "poor, healthy, white male orphans" between the ages of four and eight, allowing them to stay until the age of eighteen. The first four boys were admitted in September 1910.

In 1918, following Catherine's death three years prior, Milton put most of his fortune—including his share of his company's stock—into a trust for the school, valued at $60 million altogether. The school grew quickly, with about 60 boys in 1915, 352 boys in 1931, and 1034 boys in 1937. Non-sectarian Christian religious training was mandatory.

In 1933, the age range of admitted orphans was expanded from 4–8 years to 4–14. In 1934, a junior-senior high school building was opened at the site with a capacity for 1500 students. Hershey resigned from the school's board in 1944, a year before his death. By then the school had acquired about 10,000 acres of land. The school's name was changed from Hershey Industrial School to Milton Hershey School in 1953, reportedly to eliminate the possibility of "industrial" connoting a reform school.

The school's selection of students broadened in the 1960s and 70s. Following a 1968 decision upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court, which ordered the racial desegregation of Girard College, Milton Hershey School admitted its first non-white student. School official James E. Bobb, however, stated that the decision to admit racial minorities was unrelated to the ruling. In 1976, the school expanded its definition of orphanhood to include "social orphans", those with single or divorced parents. In November of that year, the school successfully petitioned the Dauphin County Court on allowing girls based on their charter. The first eight girls arrived in March 1977. Female admission was gradual, first restricted to those between kindergarten and fifth grade, then in the summer of 1977 to sixth through eighth grade, and finally to all grade divisions in the summer of 1978. In October 1977, approximately 1100 boys and 60 girls were enrolled in the school; by September 1978, female students made up 10% of the 1300 students.

Cyndi Jacobsen wrote in 1989 in The Sentinel that "students chafe under the rules, the lack of privacy and individuality, and the anachronistic dairy barns ... [b]ut graduates tend to look back at their experience as a survival test". She said that house parents varied widely in their treatment, with some "rigid and authoritarian" and others "warm and affirming." Later that year, the school's longtime tradition of requiring all grade 9–12 students to milk cows, twice daily, was rescinded, with strong approval from students and the board. Director of secondary education John Storm justified the change, stating that "the school revolved around the milking program, when in fact we wanted it to revolve around educational opportunities".

In 2002, the school had about 1,500 students; over the next two decades, the school grew to about 2,000 students.

In 2010, the school settled in a molestation case involving sixteen children. In late 2011, a 13 year old was denied admission to the school because he was HIV-positive. While the school initially defended its decision, citing safety concerns, an anti-discrimination lawsuit filed by the AIDS Law Project of Pennsylvania led to a settlement of $700,000 for the boy's family and a reversal of the policy.

In 2013, 14-year-old student Abbie Bartels committed suicide shortly after being denied attendance at the school's eighth-grade graduation. While the family brought a lawsuit against the school, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 3rd Circuit refused in early 2021 to revive the lawsuit, agreeing that the case was tragic but that the school could not be held responsible for her death.

In 2016, eleven former students sued the school for invasion of privacy, alleging that an employee had hidden a camera in a bathroom for senior male students. The employee admitted to filming the boys' showering and was sentenced to a year in prison.

In 2017, former student Adam Dobson sued the school after the school expelled Dobson for attempting suicide. Dobson later stated that he was forced to watch a religious gay-conversion video. A court dismissed the lawsuit in 2020.

In 2017, Milton Hershey School received its first accreditation from the Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (CALEA) for its campus security. In 2020, Milton Hershey School received its second CALEA accreditation recognizing the school's Central Monitoring staff for excellence in Public Safety Communications.

Finance
Milton Hershey School's endowment was worth around $15 billion in 2020, about half of which comes from the school's controlling share of The Hershey Company's stock;  the school is the US's wealthiest private school (besides universities and colleges). Only about 1.5% of this sum is used per year for educational programs, spending about $118,400 per year on each student. The proportionally low spending has been controversial. Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor John Core called it "ludicrous", and Georgetown University law professor Brian Galle called it "indefensibly low". Galle said the low spending was because the school "can't seem to conceivably find any way to spend this pile of money". School officials countered that the school must adhere to the spending limits of Hershey's original deed.

In July 2002, the company managing the school trust announced it was considering selling its share in the Hershey company. Alumni and residents criticized the idea; some accused the trust of long-term financial wrongdoing and incompetence, with 1980 graduate Ric Fouad calling it "the charitable-trust Enron".

In 2020, Milton Hershey School invested $350 million to fund the development of up to six cost-free early childhood resource centers in Pennsylvania. Named Catherine Hershey Schools for Early Learning, the first center will open in 2023, and serve children from birth to age five from economically disadvantaged and at-risk backgrounds.

Partnerships
In 2017, Milton Hershey School created a partnership with Penn State University, its seventh such partnership to offer graduates of Milton Hershey School support at the college level as first-generation college students. Other similar partnerships are with Mansfield University, Shippensburg University, East Stroudsburg University, Indiana University of Pennsylvania and Millersville University. In 2018, they signed a similar agreement with Dickinson College.

School structure
The school is split into three cohorts: pre-K through 4th grade, 5th through 8th grade, and 9th through 12th grade. , there are 180 student homes, each with 8 to 12 students of the same gender and similar age, and each led by house parents. Upon entering 5th grade, students begin the Career and Technical Education program, which provides activities tailored to students' specialized interests. The school offers college scholarships for some students and has special partnerships with about twenty colleges for student transitions. 85 to 90 percent of students continue to post-secondary education.

Admissions
According to the school's website, students are admitted on five criteria: having a family income less than twice the federal poverty level, being age 4 to 15, having an IQ over 80, lacking serious behavioral problems, and being able to "benefit from the school's program". The school is cost-free for students. , 73 percent of students are from the state of Pennsylvania. The acceptance rate is low, around 14% in 1991. Each year, an average of 12.5% of the student population leaves, mostly by graduating or being removed by their parents. A quarter to a third of departures are expulsions.

Demographics
The school housed 2,020 students in the 2017–18 school year. Of these, 44.5% were white, 33.8% were black, 8.7% were Hispanic, 1.0% were Asian, and 11.0% identified with two or more races. There were 395 students in pre-K through 4th grade, 545 students in grades 5–8, and 950 students in grades 10–12. According to the school's website, there are roughly an equal number of boys and girls. While in 2000 only about one tenth of students had a deceased parent, nearly 90 percent of the school's come from single-parent homes as of 2020, with an average income of $22,000.

The Compass Project enables Milton Hershey School students to develop leadership skills and build character. The school's Multicultural and Global Education program allows high school students to travel internationally and gain worldly experience and global awareness.

Non-sectarian Christian religious training has been mandatory since the school's beginning. School guidelines prohibit pressuring students to convert faiths; some students, however, have reported being proselytized by their house parents.

Campus
The school's address is 1201 Homestead Lane, Hershey, Pennsylvania, just off U.S. Highway 322. , the school trust owns 10,174 acre of land, about 7,500 acre of which are school campuses. Of the eight campuses, the main campus is by far the largest at 3,340 acres.

Awards and recognition
In 2016, Milton Hershey School's science curriculum supervisor Dr. Jaunine Fouche received the Presidential Award for Excellence in Mathematics and Science Teaching. In 2017, the Law, Public Safety and Security program at Milton Hershey School was recognized as the Advance CTE National Program of Excellence. In 2019, Milton Hershey School's elementary innovation lab instructor Joel Crowley received the Presidential Award for Excellence in Mathematics and Science Teaching.

Notable alumni

 * Jocelyn Bioh - playwright and actor; graduated 2001
 * Deesha Dyer – White House Social Secretary; graduated 1995
 * Garry Gilliam – former NFL lineman; graduated 2009
 * Nellie King – baseball pitcher for the Pittsburgh Pirates; graduate 1945
 * Alan Krashesky – news anchor for WLS-TV in Chicago; graduated 1978
 * Trymaine Lee – Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist and national reporter for MSNBC; graduated 1996
 * Joe Senser – former member of the Minnesota Vikings; graduated 1974
 * Andrew Joseph Stack – perpetrator of a 2010 suicide attack on an office of the Internal Revenue Service; graduated 1974
 * Jason Wolfe - founder and CEO of several companies including GiftCards.com and Gift Card Granny; graduated 1987

title: Milton Hershey School


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User talk:NTF

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Tony Clifton

Tony Clifton is a character created by comedian and performance artist Andy Kaufman in the late 1970s. An absurdly foul-mouthed and domineering lounge singer claiming to hail from Las Vegas, the tuxedo-clad Clifton often led unsuspecting audiences through awkward yet elaborate lounge singer performances. Kaufman appeared as Clifton on stage and on television programs ranging from The Merv Griffin Show to The Fantastic Miss Piggy Show.

The character has also been performed on stage by longtime Kaufman friend Bob Zmuda. Clifton was portrayed by actor Jim Carrey (who also portrayed Kaufman) in the 1999 film  Man on the Moon and in the documentary Jim & Andy: The Great Beyond.

Origin
Kaufman would sometimes claim that Tony Clifton was a real lounge singer whom Kaufman encountered at the International Hotel in Las Vegas in 1969. He said he was waiting for Elvis Presley to arrive so he could meet him. Kaufman may have seen Clifton as the antithesis of the sweet, gentle "Foreign Man" character he was best known for (which was later adapted into Latka Gravas, Kaufman's character on Taxi).

Clifton would often attempt to improvise comical lyrics that were intentionally unfunny before giving up entirely without seeming to care. Clifton also tended to randomly insult patrons, passing off the abuse as the "comedy" portion of his act. Adding to Clifton's annoying and unappealing presence was his tendency to rhyme various words at random in the middle of conversations. Clifton was often introduced as having "sold more records than Elvis and The Beatles combined."

For a brief time, it was unclear to some whether Clifton was a real person. News programs interviewed Clifton as Kaufman's opening act, but the interviews invariably would turn ugly whenever Kaufman's name came up. Clifton claimed Kaufman was using his name "to go places." Promoters who thought they had caught on to the joke would hire Clifton because he was cheaper than booking Kaufman. However, Kaufman had the last laugh, enlisting his brother Michael or his showbiz partner Bob Zmuda to play the role, with Kaufman making unannounced appearances on stage during Clifton's act.

Rodney Dangerfield was a big fan of Andy Kaufman, and he hired Clifton to open for him for two shows at Bill Graham's venue Fillmore West. After a disastrous first show, where Clifton took the stage with Tony Bennett's famous "I Left My Heart in San Francisco" and was summarily booed, he reappeared on the second night in riot gear amid a shower of rotten vegetables and other detritus.

Tony Clifton still makes occasional appearances, most notably in the days leading up to May 16, 2004, the twentieth anniversary of Kaufman's death. It was announced on May 16, 2008, that Comic Relief, in recognition of the 24th anniversary of Andy Kaufman's death, would present "The Return of Tony Clifton", with his "Katrina Kiss My Ass Orchestra". The national tour kicked off on June 27, 2008, at the Georgia Theatre in Athens, Georgia, to benefit Gulf Coast musicians, dancers, and singers affected by Hurricane Katrina. Clifton fronted the Katrina Orchestra along with the Cliftonettes. On August 15 they were at Chicago's Chopin Theatre. In May 2011, they were featured headliners as part of the annual Hangout Music Festival in Gulf Shores, Alabama. Later that month he began hosting the Tony Clifton Revue at The Comedy Store in Los Angeles. He was interviewed on May 31, 2012, at the 284th episode of Marc Maron's podcast WTF with Marc Maron.

Taxi
Clifton was hired to appear on an early episode of ABC's Taxi. In 1977, the producers of Taxi saw Kaufman's Foreign Man act at The Comedy Store and offered him a role in their show based on the character. Kaufman was not a fan of sitcoms, but his manager, George Shapiro, convinced him that this would propel him to stardom, where he would make a lot of money, which he could then put into his act, which became Andy's Funhouse. Kaufman agreed to appear as Latka Gravas in 14 episodes per season, approximately half of the entire series if Tony Clifton was also allowed to guest star in the series. The producers were well aware that "Clifton" was an alter ego of Kaufman but went along with the fiction that Clifton was a separate actor. They signed Clifton to a separate contract and announced to the cast that Clifton was being hired to portray the brother of Danny DeVito's character Louie De Palma in the series 13th episode.

However, after the first day of rehearsal, the producers felt Kaufman as Clifton was not up to the acting challenge of playing the offered role. Informed of this, Kaufman asked that "Clifton" be fired in public, ostensibly for coming to rehearsal late. Clifton reappeared on set for the next day of filming and was demanding, boorish and obnoxious. The producers not only fired Clifton in front of the press and network executives (who had gathered on set to witness the promised spectacle) but threw him off the set after he caused havoc and enraged series stars Judd Hirsch and Jeff Conaway. The role was hurriedly recast, and when Kaufman (as himself) returned to work for the following episode, he acted as if nothing had happened.

Sam Simon, a season 5 writer and showrunner for Taxi, said in a 2013 interview with Marc Maron for the WTF with Marc Maron podcast that the story of Kaufman (as opposed to "Tony Clifton") having generally been disruptive on the show was "a complete fiction" created mainly by Bob Zmuda. Simon maintained that Zmuda has a "vested interest" in promoting an out-of-control image of Kaufman. In the interview, Simon stated that Kaufman was "completely professional" and that he "told you Tony Clifton was him", but he also conceded that Kaufman would have "loved" Zmuda's version of events. However, while many Taxi staffers have corroborated the story that Clifton was a disruptive presence during his brief time on set in the first season, Simon himself had no association with Taxi until its third season, so he did not witness this specific event.

Other appearances
Clifton (played by Zmuda) appeared once on Late Night with David Letterman, where he was interviewed and sang a medley with the band. In 1982, Clifton also appeared on The Fantastic Miss Piggy Show as the host's "new discovery," although the other Muppets and host George Hamilton remained skeptical of Clifton's talent.

Perhaps the biggest myth surrounding Tony Clifton's TV appearances comes from Dinah Shore's daytime talk show Dinah & Friends. According to legend, Clifton arrived for the taping drunk and then pressured Shore in front of the studio audience to sing a duet with him although he had been previously told that she had a sore throat. This was a prearranged bit which featured messages from the producers telling the viewers at home that this was a "put on". The myth continues that, after dumping eggs on Shore's head, the show's producers quickly cut to a commercial as Clifton was escorted out of the studio, and the videotape of the incident was "destroyed". In reality, the footage has been lost, and the entire event was staged, as with all of Kaufman's appearances.

Clifton was also a heckler on The Green Room with Paul Provenza and was escorted out of the room.

In 2009, Clifton appeared on The Opie & Anthony Show to promote a performance at Santos Party House in New York City.

Tony Clifton biopic
Kaufman and Zmuda wrote a screenplay for a Tony Clifton biography. However, the plan was sidelined after the box office failure of Kaufman's first major motion picture Heartbeeps, in which he co-starred with Bernadette Peters as a robot who falls in love. In the screenplay Clifton dies at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles from cancer. Five years later, Kaufman died at the same hospital from lung cancer.

Man on the Moon
Clifton is portrayed in the Kaufman biographical film Man on the Moon, credited as "Himself".

Influence
Kaufman's Tony Clifton character has influenced other "anti-comedy" acts, notably standup comedian Neil Hamburger and singer/comedian Unknown Hinson. Maren Ade's Toni Erdmann, the protagonist in the 2016 Oscar-nominated German movie of the same title, was influenced by Kaufman concerning appearance, humor and first name.

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Justice League

The Justice League, or Justice League of America (JLA), is a group of superheroes appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The team first appeared in The Brave and the Bold #28 (March 1960). Writer Gardner Fox conceived the team as a revival of the Justice Society of America, a similar team from DC Comics from the 1940s which had been pulled out of print due to a decline in sales.

The Justice League is an all-star ensemble cast of established superhero characters from DC Comics' portfolio. Diegetically, these superheroes usually operate independently but occasionally assemble as a team to tackle especially formidable villains. This is in contrast to certain other superhero teams such as the X-Men, whose characters were created specifically to be part of the team, with the team being central to their identity. The cast of the Justice League usually features a few highly popular characters who have their own solo books, such as Superman, Batman, and Wonder Woman, alongside several lesser-known characters who benefit from exposure. The Justice League was created to boost the profiles and sales of said characters through cross-promotion and helped develop the DC Universe as a shared universe, as it is through teams like the Justice League that the setting's characters regularly interact with each other.

Beyond comic books, the Justice League has been adapted to television shows, films, and video games.

Publication history
Since 1960, the Justice League has appeared in comic books published by DC Comics (periodicals and graphic novels). These comic books constitute the bulk of Justice League fiction.

Silver Age and Bronze Age (1960–1984)
In its inception, the Justice League was a revival of the Justice Society of America, created by editor Sheldon Mayer and writer Gardner Fox in 1940. After World War II, superheroes fell out of popularity, which led to the cancellation of many characters, including the Justice Society, which last appeared in All-Star Comics #57 (March 1951). A few years later, sales rose again, and DC Comics revived some of these retired characters, reinventing a few of them in the process. Editor Julius Schwartz asked writer Gardner Fox to reintroduce the Justice Society of America. Schwartz decided to rename it the "Justice League of America" because he felt "League" would appeal better to young readers, evoking sports organizations such as the National League. The Justice League of America debuted in The Brave and the Bold #28 (March 1960), and after two further appearances in that title, got its own series, which quickly became one of the company's best-selling titles. This led DC Comics to create a bunch of other superhero teams, such as the Teen Titans. Marvel Comics, a rival comic book publisher, noticed the Justice League's success and created the Avengers and the Fantastic Four.

The initial Justice League lineup included seven of DC Comics' superheroes who were regularly published at that time: Superman, Batman, Aquaman, the Flash, Green Lantern, the Martian Manhunter, and Wonder Woman. Fox also created a new, non-superhero character called Snapper Carr that was intended to represent DC's teenage readership and joined the League as an Honorary member in their debut story. While Superman and Batman were included in the Justice League's initial lineup, they were largely absent from the League's early stories, playing only minor roles as the pair were already starring together in DC's World's Finest Comics and Fox was worried the two more famous heroes would detract attention from their less popular teammates. As the series went on however, Superman and Batman became more and more present as readers increasingly demanded to see more of them in the League's stories. The team roster would quickly expand with the Green Arrow, the Atom and Hawkman being added to the team over the next four years.

In the Justice Society stories from the 1940s (in All-Star Comics), the Justice Society was used more as a framing device for its members' solo adventures. The stories tended to have the following structure: the Justice Society meets to discuss some new menace, they split up to undertake individual missions that somehow connect to said menace, and finally regroup for the showdown with the main villain. In the 1940s, most comic books were anthologies, and All-Star Comics was in practice not a major deviation from that. By contrast, the Justice League worked together more closely in their stories, thereby having a stronger identity as a team.

In another change from the Justice Society stories of the 1940s, Batman and Superman were regular members of the cast, not mere "honorary members" who made occasional cameos.

Justice League of America (vol. 1) #21 (August 1963) featured the first crossover story in which the Justice League meets and teams up with the Justice Society of America. In doing so, DC Comics brought back a number of legacy characters such as Doctor Fate and the Black Canary. The issue was a hit with readers and such crossovers became a recurring event.

Justice League of America (vol. 1) was published from 1960 to 1987.

Detroit era (1984–1986)
From the Justice League's inception in 1960 up until 1984, the team's roster always included a number of A-list characters to draw in readers, such as Wonder Woman and Superman. But in Justice League of America Annual #2 (October 1984), the Justice League was revised to entirely comprise more obscure characters such as Vixen, Vibe, and the Martian Manhunter. The original A-list members would not be brought back into the cast until 1996. The motives behind this change were to dispense with the convoluted continuities of the classic characters by using lesser-known and new characters, thus giving the writers more flexibility to write character-driven stories; and to give the team a more youthful, hipper feel similar to that of the Teen Titans and the X-Men, which were selling better. The cast was multicultural: Gypsy was Romani, Vibe was Latino, Vixen was Black. However, the writing of Vibe and Gypsy was criticized for using clichés of their ethnic groups, symptomatic of writers who were well-meaning but out of touch, something for which said writers (Gerry Conway and Chuck Patton) later expressed regret. This era of the Justice League, which lasted about two years, is popularly known as "Justice League Detroit" because they were headquartered in Detroit.

Justice League International and its spin-offs (1986–1996)
The 1986 company-wide crossover "Legends" concluded with the formation of a new Justice League. The new team was dubbed the "Justice League," then "Justice League International" (JLI) and was given a mandate with less of an American focus. The Justice League International was recognized by the United Nations as a political entity and established "embassies" all over the world. The new series was character-driven and had a quirky, humorous tone which proved popular with readers. Numerous spin-off teams such as Justice League Europe/Extreme Justice and Justice League Task Force were created. In 1996, these series were cancelled due to low sales.

The Justice League International featured characters that had previously not been part of the DC Universe, which had been absorbed from the portfolios of other publishers that DC Comics had purchased. These included Captain Atom and the Blue Beetle, which were created for Charlton Comics in the 1960s. In 1983, DC Comics purchased Charlton Comics and, a few years later, integrated the Blue Beetle and Captain Atom into the DC Universe. Captain Marvel, originally from the Fawcett Comics universe, was similarly integrated.

JLA (1996–2006)
The cancellation of the aforementioned spin-off books prompted DC to revamp the League as a single team in a single title. A new Justice League of America was launched in a September 1996 miniseries Justice League: A Midsummer's Nightmare by Mark Waid and Fabian Nicieza, which returned to the classic cast. In 1997, DC Comics launched a new book titled JLA. Grant Morrison wrote JLA for the first four years, and they gave the book an epic feel by making the Justice League an allegory for a pantheon of gods, and in their stories they regularly fought villains who threatened the entire world or even the entire cosmos. The ongoing series began its monthly run in January 1997, and concluded in April 2006 after 126 issues.

This series utilized a "back-to-basics" approach by shifting the focus back on the team's original and most famous seven members (or their successors): Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Aquaman, the Flash (Wally West), Green Lantern (Kyle Rayner), and the Martian Manhunter. Additionally, the team received a new headquarters, the "Watchtower", based on the Moon. JLA quickly became DC's best-selling title, a position it enjoyed on and off for several years.

Volume 2 (2006–2011)
The Justice League books more or less continued the trend set by the JLA era: world-shaking threats with epic stakes, with a focus on plot over character development, and strong tie-ins to all the company's crossover events. In 2006, DC began an ongoing comic series titled Justice League of America (vol. 2).

New 52 (2011–2016)
In The New 52 era, further changes to the retroactive continuity of the DC Universe were made, such as Cyborg, one of DC's premier African American heroes, becoming a founding member of the team. In 2011, DC Comics also released a spin-off title called Justice League Dark, which is an ensemble team of prominent magic users of the DC Universe, such as John Constantine, Zatanna, Madame Xanadu, and Swamp Thing.

New Justice (2018–2021)
In the New Justice era, the fourth volume of the Justice League begins its run, and continues into the following Infinite Frontier era.

A connected new title Justice League: No Justice emerged and ran for 4 issues, taking place shortly after Dark Nights: Metal. Furthering focus on the aftermath is a following title called Justice League Odyssey that established its 25-issue run from 2018 to 2020. Continuing to deal with the concerns of the Source Wall being broken, Cyborg, Starfire, Green Lantern Jessica Cruz, and Azrael find themselves being lured by Darkseid into a newly inhabited area in outer space named the Ghost Sector. The title was created by Scott Snyder, Joshua Williamson, James Tynion IV and Francis Manapul.

A second volume of Justice League Dark was announced, and ran regularly for 29 issues from July 2018 to February 2021. Being led by Wonder Woman, the team members include John Constantine, Zatanna, Swamp Thing, Man-Bat, Detective Chimp, Doctor Fate, and briefly Animal Man.

Infinite Frontier (2021–2023)
The fourth volume of the definitive Justice League title continues well into the Infinite Frontier era and reaches a conclusion with a total of 75 issues in June 2022. Despite not having a title run during the Infinite Frontier era, the team from Justice League Dark would continue to appear as a backup feature in the mainline Justice League series during the Dark Crisis story arc, from issue #59 in May 2021 to issue #71 in March 2022, with guest appearances throughout issues #72 to 74.

Also sharing a tie to Dark Crises is Justice League Incarnate. Consisting of a different team, the 5-issue title shortly ran from January 2022 to May 2022 Some pivotal members are Superman of Earth 23, Flashpoint Batman, Mary Marvel of Earth 5, Captain Carrot of Earth 26, among others, including their own Flash, Green Lantern and Wonder Woman, plus a new character by the name of Doctor Multiverse.

Dawn of DC (2023–present)
With the end of Dark Crisis on Infinite Earths, the Justice League was brought back from the dead. This has now inspired Amanda Waller, now working under The Light, to take action against all metahumans, as she believes that they have become too powerful. Waller tasked Peacemaker, her new right hand, in the goal of getting the Helmet of Hate. While Peacemaker was off on his mission, Waller met up with a group of villains giving them a new task, which is to kill superheroes.

With the Justice League going on hiatus as a team, the Titans step forward to become the DC universe's premier superhero team, with Nightwing being the leader. The Titans are now located in Blüdhaven with their new Titans Tower being rebuilt over an old prison, which was destroyed following a prison breakout, led by the villain Heartless.

Inter-company crossovers
The Justice League has on a few occasions appeared in crossover stories with superhero characters from rival publishers such as Marvel Comics and Dark Horse Comics. In general, such inter-company crossovers are rare because a lot of resources must be spent in sorting out the legal issues and corporate politics of the two companies, and due to licensing issues, they cannot create spin-off merchandise and media, which all reduce the profitability of such projects.

The last crossover between DC Comics and Marvel Comics was JLA/Avengers, which they jointly published in 2003. Now that Marvel Comics and DC Comics are part of major multimedia corporations (Disney and Warner Brothers, respectively), those aforementioned hurdles are even more complicated, which makes another project like JLA/Avengers much less likely. In 2017, Dan Didio remarked that DC Comics and Marvel are very competitive toward each other and only did crossovers when their sales were low. However, DC Comics did go on to feature the Justice League in crossovers with smaller companies such as Dark Horse Comics, such as a crossover with Black Hammer in 2019.

Members
The members of the Justice League are heroes who normally operate independently but who occasionally team up to tackle especially formidable villains. This is in contrast to teams such as the X-Men or the Fantastic Four, who normally operate as a team and for whom the team is central to their identity.

Most versions of the Justice League feature a select cast of highly popular characters from the DC Comics portfolio, such as Superman, Batman and Wonder Woman, to attract readers with their star power; and they often co-feature a few lesser-known characters who benefit from exposure, such as Cyborg or Black Canary. DC Comics has in several periods deviated from this formula, most notably in the late 1980s and early 1990s with books such as Justice League International, which deliberately featured a cast of lesser-known characters. The advantage of this was that lesser-known characters are not burdened by convoluted continuities, which gave writers more creative flexibility to write character-driven stories. This was done to emulate the model of Marvel Comics' X-Men comic books, whose stories were more character-driven and which favored more obscure or new characters.

The Justice League is an independent group, although it usually accepts some constraints from the U.S. government or the United Nations so as to receive their sanction. Particularly in the early decades of publication, DC Comics was keen for its superheroes to be perceived as law-abiding because children were the main audience. The cast is rarely more than a dozen people in size so as to give a reasonable and equal time for each character. While sometimes the League is shown to have a designated chairperson or leader, there is otherwise no hierarchy; they are a small band of equals who make major decisions, such as inducting new members, by vote.

Headquarters
The Justice League operates out of a headquarters. In the 1960s, their headquarters was secretly in a hollowed-out mountain outside the fictional town of Happy Harbor in Rhode Island. In Justice League of America #78 (1970), they moved to a satellite. In the Super Friends cartoons which ran from 1973 to 1985, they operated out of the Hall of Justice located in Washington, D.C. During the brief "Justice League Detroit" era, they were headquartered in a repurposed bomb shelter in Detroit. In the JLA comic book which ran from 1997 to 2006, their headquarters was on the Moon and called "the Watchtower". The centerpiece of the headquarters is a conference table around which the Justice League discusses menaces to deal with. The satellite and Moon base headquarters are equipped with teleporters for those members who cannot fly to it.

Villains
The Legion of Doom was created for the Challenge of the Superfriends animated TV series as a villainous counterpart to the Justice League. In that original incarnation, it consisted of established villains associated with each of the Justice League's members; e.g., Lex Luthor for Superman, Joker for Batman, Gorilla Grodd for the Flash, and the Cheetah for Wonder Woman. The Legion of Doom, or some variant of it, has since appeared in other TV shows and comic books.

Animated movies

 * The Justice League appears in Justice League: The New Frontier (2008), an adaptation of Darwyn Cooke's graphic novel DC: The New Frontier.
 * The team appears in Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths (2010). The movie was based on an unused script for a never-made movie that was to bridge the TV shows Justice League and Justice League Unlimited.
 * An alternate version of the Justice League appears in Justice League: Gods and Monsters (2015). In this movie, Superman is the son of General Zod, Wonder Woman is the New God Bekka, and Batman is essentially the Man-Bat. This Justice League, while ultimately heroic, is more ruthless than the traditional Justice League. Along with the film, a three-part animated series entitled Justice League: Gods and Monsters Chronicles was released before the film on Machinima.
 * The team appears in Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox, an animated adaptation of the Flashpoint graphic novel.
 * The team are prominently featured in following movies set in the DC Animated Movie Universe:
 * Justice League: War (2014)
 * Justice League: Throne of Atlantis (2015)
 * Justice League vs. Teen Titans (2016)
 * Justice League Dark (2017)
 * The Death of Superman (2018)
 * Reign of the Supermen (2019)
 * Justice League Dark: Apokolips War (2020)
 * The Justice League appear in the Tomorrowverse:
 * Green Lantern: Beware My Power (2022)
 * Justice League: Warworld (2023)
 * Justice League: Crisis on Infinite Earths - Part One (2024)
 * The Justice League appears in the animated film DC League of Super-Pets (2022).

Animated TV shows

 * In 1967, CBS aired three animated shorts titled "Justice League of America" as part of The Superman/Aquaman Hour of Adventure. The cast featured Aquaman, the Flash, Superman, the Atom, Green Lantern, and Hawkman.
 * The team appear in Super Friends. Super Friends is an American animated television series about the Justice League, which ran from 1973 to 1986 on ABC as part of its Saturday morning cartoon lineup. It was produced by Hanna-Barbera and was based on the Justice League of America (JLA) and associated comic book characters published by DC Comics. There were a total of 109 episodes preceded by two backdoor pilot episodes of The New Scooby-Doo Movies.
 * An animated television series titled Justice League ran from 2001 to 2006 on Cartoon Network. It is part of the DC animated universe. The show was produced by Warner Bros. Animation. It is based on the Justice League of America and associated comic book characters published by DC Comics. After the second season, the series name changed to Justice League Unlimited.
 * Another series titled Justice League Action was also released. It is an American animated television series based on the DC Comics superhero team of the same name. The series is produced by Jim Krieg, Butch Lukic, and Alan Burnett. This show debuted on Cartoon Network UK on November 26, 2016, and premiered in the United States on Cartoon Network on December 16, 2016.
 * The Justice League make minor appearances in the adult animated web television series Harley Quinn.

Live-action TV

 * A proto-Justice League lineup is featured in Smallville, first appearing in the episode "Justice" of the show's sixth season. The group initially consists of Clark Kent, Barry Allen, Arthur Curry, Victor Stone, Oliver Queen, Chloe Sullivan and Dinah Lance; in the show's comic book continuation Smallville: Continuity, an assemblage more familiar to the Justice League in most other media is formed, including Martian Manhunter, Hawkman, Stargirl, Tess Mercer, Supergirl, Booster Gold, Batman, Wonder Woman and Green Lantern.
 * The Justice League are mentioned in the first season of Titans during a conversation between Dick Grayson and Donna Troy during flashbacks.
 * At the end of the Arrowverse crossover event "Crisis on Infinite Earths", the heroes of the newly created Earth-Prime gather at an abandoned S.T.A.R. Labs building and around a table; forming a team to defend their new world following a memorial for Oliver Queen / Green Arrow, who gave his life to save the multiverse. While referred to as the Justice League in concept art, this group consists of White Canary, The Flash, Supergirl, Batwoman, Black Lighting, Superman and Martian Manhunter, with an empty seat in honor of Oliver.
 * The Justice League makes a cameo appearance in the first-season finale of Peacemaker (2022), set in the DCEU, with the group consisting of Wonder Woman, Flash, Superman and Aquaman.

Live-action movies

 * Batman, Superman and Wonder Woman appear together in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016), although not as a formal team. The Flash, Aquaman, and Cyborg make cameo appearances.
 * The Justice League formally appears in Justice League (2017) and its 2021 director's cut. The team is also referenced in several other DCEU films.

Cultural impact
Most of the characters that appear in DC Comics' books are set in the same fictional universe, known as the DC Universe. They occasionally make guest appearances in each other's solo books, and more regularly in team books such as Justice League. Such crossovers encouraged readers to buy other books in the DC Comics catalogue, and readers became engrossed not just in the individual characters but in their web of relationships across the broader setting, thereby building brand loyalty. Marvel Comics copied this idea by creating a number of superhero teams of its own, the closest analogue being the Avengers, so as to promote and develop the Marvel Universe. Some readers focused their attention on just one of these two comic book universes, as they were both large and did not overlap. Thus, the superhero fandom developed sub-communities of DC devotees and Marvel devotees.

Awards
The original Justice League of America series won two 1961 Alley Awards in the categories "Best Comic Book" and "Best Adventure-Hero Group." In 1963, the series won "Favorite Novel" ("Crisis on Earth-One/Crisis on Earth-Two" in Justice League of America #21–22 by Gardner Fox and Mike Sekowsky) and "Strip that Should Be Improved." There also an award specific to the series, "Artist Preferred on Justice League of America," that was won by Murphy Anderson.

Justice League: Alien Invasion 3D
Justice League: Alien Invasion is an interactive dark ride at Warner Bros. Movie World on the Gold Coast, Australia. In the ride, guests board vehicles equipped with blasters as they join the Justice League in the fight against Starro, who has mind-controlled the citizens of Metropolis.

Justice League: Battle for Metropolis
Justice League: Battle for Metropolis is an interactive dark ride at seven Six Flags parks across the United States and Mexico. In the ride, Lex Luthor and the Joker have captured Supergirl, Wonder Woman, Green Lantern, and Flash, and it is up to the combined forces of the remaining members of the Justice League and the Justice League Reserve Team to save them from their capture at LexCorp. Guests board motion-enhanced and stun blaster-equipped vehicles designed by A.R.G.U.S. as they ride through Metropolis and join the fight against the henchmen of Lex Luthor and the Joker.

title: Justice League


text:
Talk:ARCNET

Comment
I'm getting a weird diff show up for this page. The "last" version between my edit (Oct 6, 3.33 UTC) and Maury's has a few changes incorporated which I did not do. I pressume they were Maury's, but anyway a little strange. I've refreshed pages etc to see if there was some sort of caching issue. Aldie 03:46 Oct 6, 2002 (UTC)

 * Does this show only the changes you made? It looks like your edit was based from the earliest version of the article, so you undid Maury's subsequent changes. Did you by any chance look at the history list, accidentally click on the last one in the list (which is the earliest chronologically), and then hit edit from there, without noticing the warning that you would overwrite later changes? It's also possible that you loaded the edit page when that first version was current, and it got somehow cached by your browser or an intermediate caching server and remained when you came back to edit it again; so you could have been presented with the old text in your edit box and no warning about old versions. --Brion 05:17 Oct 6, 2002 (UTC)

 * Based on the evidence, I'd have to agree with your first point. However I don't consciously recall doing that. I'll put this down as a my braino unless it happens again. I'll fix up the article now. Incidently, for the last week I've been on Australia's Optusnet ISP, so if any similar situation arises with transparent caching maybe there is an ISP specifc issue.... but I doubt it. And thanks, for your investigation. Aldie 06:19 Oct 6, 2002 (UTC)

I would have thought the type of ethenet used in modern manufacturing (process control) would be optical, to avoid electrical inteference, and by extension be switched and full duplex. This type of ethernet is exceptionally reliable, not to mention fast, cheap and can go long distances. Perhaps the article is refering to Ethernet on shared media or something? Aldie 18:21 Dec 21, 2002 (UTC)

The seventh paragraph confuses me, especially with this sentence:

 * Since the token is modified, no one else will "see" it.

This sentence looks like it belongs after the one it precedes; but even then, I do not understand why the nodes between the sender and receiver would not see the message.

The article hints at more features of ARCNET than it details. Per haps an ARCNET expert could elaborate on 'process control', for example; or should the people who care about ARCNET already know what that means?

Detailed ARCnet info here
(I was at Datapoint R&D before and while ARCnet was developed. Some of this may be wrong but it is more right than on the main page. -- Not having used Wikipedia before, I'm limiting my input to this page. -- nuff noise said.)

ARCnet is a star-bus networking system. The physical connection is via an extended star. Think of 10BaseT Ethernet with lots of hubs for the physical connection. The communication over the net though was token bus. The original concept of ARCnet was by Harry Pyle, Victor Poor, Gary Asbell, William Morgan (though others may disagree), and John Murphy. John designed and implemented the first system as a two board device that sat on the Datapoint processor's I/O bus. A later version was implemented inside the Datapoint 3800 (which I was involved in). Datapoint decided to keep ARCnet proprietary and it was only the need (for obvious economic reasons) to make a chip version that it become available to others. SMC (Standard Microsystems) would not build the chip unless it could make it available.

ARCnet was designed from the start to allow multiple Datapoint machines to be networked together. They were sharing hard drives (not floppies) and printers. Datapoint's Operating System (DOS) was extended by Gordon Peterson, using a mount command to add a remote drive as if it was locally connected. They operated in a peer-to-peer fashion so that any machine could share it's hard drives with any other machine. In fact, once working, with one exception, all computers in R&D were diskless, sharing space on drives in a server room. Diskless workstations were made available by rework of the System Rom (think BIOS) to boot off the network if there was no local disk drive.

There are 255 IDs / nodes max in an ARCnet, built in an extended star configuration. To have more, a computer needs two ARCnet boxes allowing it to sit on two (255 max networks), forwarding packets between them.

The ARCnet protocol does not use massaged tokens (this is I think in IBM's Token Ring). ARCnet does not add small delays to a message though this is arguable but, Ethernet also adds delays - in its case 48 or more bits/bytes preceeding each and every message for carrier sense / collision detection. The actual basic ARCnet protocol follows.

Given a machine with ID 'm' it knows which is the next logical machine ('n') in the Token Ring ('m' < 'n' base 256). It is not necessarily the next physical machine, in fact the deterministic algorithms developed by John Murphy assumed each machine was the worst possible distance away from its neighbours (through a number of hubs with maximum cable length between them). Let us assume 'm' wishes to send a packet to 'o'. Then, assuming 'm' has just received the token, the messages are as follows:

 * 'm' sends to 'o' a 'Can you receive a packet request?'
 * 'o' send back a 'Yes I can - ACK'.
 * If it sends back a NACK, the next few steps are of course skipped.

 * 'm' sends the data packet to 'o'
 * 'o' acknowledges receipt of the packet
 * If there was a CRC error in transmission it replies as such.

 * 'm' now sends the token to 'n', giving it a chance to send a packet.

This continues for every 'm' in the network until the token finally returns back to our inital 'm'.

Only one packet to one other machine can be sent when a token is received. Status bits in the sender and receiver are updated with send state information. Error conditions note if receiver 'o' exists or if the packet had CRC errors in transmission.

If an ARCnet box is set to address 0 (zero), it can see all packets but is not allowed to send or be in the token loop. This was usefull in diagnostic and performance analysis.

ARCnet was deterministic because the worst case delay between a processor requesting the transmission of a packet and its being received was known. This being the theoretical worst case time for a token to go completely around the ring. Which, I might add, was much much longer than any actual worst case time because no system could place nodes worst case distances away from each other with each node requesting packet transmission all the time.

On the other hand, Ethernet because it is CSMA/CD, as it approaches near worst case conditions actually has decreasing throughput. This is why multiple small networks connected by routers are so necessary for its reasonable operating performance.

BTW: a few years after ARCnet was first sold, a system using high powered Infra-Red diode communication was developed allowing ARCnet to communicate over large line-of-sight distances (i.e. between buildings in NY) when connection underground would have been too long. Four seperate ARCnet channels could be combined into the optical signal. There also was a voice channel for technician alignment of the transmitter/receivers.

(If you wish to discuss this, contact me soon, before this email address is no more: HenriS AT ix DOT netcom DOT com)

Ethernet - a proprietary protocol?
I think it is misleading to imply that Ethernet was a proprietary protocol until the mid 80s. The DIX consortium (Digital, Intel and Xerox) published the Ethernet standard on September 30, 1980 (The Blue Book). The intention was to open up implementation to other companies. This work was taken further by the IEEE and the ISO. It was never under the control of 3Com in the way that IBM controlled the Token Ring standard.

In the late 70s, IBM was by far the largest computer company in the world and its proprietary networking architecture, SNA, was viewed as a grave threat to the smaller companies - the BUNCH (Burroughs, Univac, NCR, Control Data and Honeywell) in the USA and Bull, ICL, Olivetti, Philips and Siemens in Europe. Because IBM controlled the development of SNA, it was always in the best position to exploit new features or to tailor the standard to IBM systems. To counter this, a rival network architecture, Open Systems Interconnection (OSI), was developed as a series of International Standards, starting with the OSI Reference Model in 1979.

Ethernet was adopted by this group as an open standard for LANs that was not controlled by a single company. Implementation was rapid - I was involved in early ICL developments from 1981. The number of companies involved in developing Ethernet created a large market that encouraged innovation and led to ever reducing costs. This is what effectively killed off ARCNET and Token Ring, IBM's attempt to dominate LANs. John of Groats 11:10, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

Theoretical and Practical Maximum Performance of Ethernet
I'm not buying the "Ethernet can collapse at high loads" and "maximum practical load was 40-60%" arguments on this page; I think it's perpetuating the "Ethernet Load Myth" that probably deserves its own page on Wikipedia. The paper that goes into this in detail is Boggs, David R. and Mogul, Jeffrey C. and Kent, Christopher A. (1988), "Measured capacity of an Ethernet: myths and reality", which is referenced from the Ethernet page. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 125.100.126.202 (talk) 05:11, 26 March 2007 (UTC).

 * I can't read the paper you've referenced as I don't have an ID on the ACM portal and I'm not going to give up my email address to get one, but it doesn't matter as I am very familiar with this debate and agree that by 1988 10mbit 'flat' Ethernet outperformed ARCnet, even on a heavily loaded network. The last big flat 10mbit Ethernet I worked on was in the early / mid 90's, it was 900 nodes. 20 - 30% collision rate was a fact of life but even so, actual usable bandwidth was far greater than ARCnet's 2.5mbit.  Of course ARCnet wasn't really even comparable in an environment like that as you couldn't build a flat ARCnet network with more than 254 nodes.  74s181 10:55, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Anyway, the thing that allowed ARCnet to outperform Ethernet in the early days (prior to 1985 or so) was not the collisions themselves, but rather the latency introduced due to the time it took for the slower processors and less intelligent NICs of the day to recover from collisions. By 1988 the 80386 was replacing 80286's in servers, the 80286 had replaced most 8088 desktops, most 3c501s had been replaced, and performance was no longer a justification for ARCnet.  Reliability continued to be a major ARCnet advantage until 10BaseT came into common use around 1990, eliminating all the nasty issues you got from putting a T connector on the back of a desktop PC.  Even after that ARCnet continued for a while, slower, but fast enough, and much cheaper, but that didn't last.  Increased demand, manufacturing quantities, and VLSI integration led eventually to the $5.00 commodity 10/100 NIC of today, Ethernet so cheap that server class machines have two gigabit NICs built in whether you need them or not. 74s181 10:55, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I updated the article about a month ago to more accurately reflect the historical 2.5mbit ARCnet vs 10mbit Ethernet performance issues under heavy load. 74s181 10:55, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

Needing clarification
The allusion to cat 3 is misleading. Most people assume RJ-45 4-pair (or 3 pair) connectors. "Category 3" refers to data transmission quality, equivalent to high quality telephone wiring. One point in Arcnet popularity is the network cards usually had two RJ-11 (single/dual line telephone) connectors which could be daisy chained or use building telephone wiring with an active or passive hub in the telephone wiring closet. Spare the expense and permits to run plenum wiring in leased space. Had a client with TP Arcnet connecting CNC machinery, the electrical noise in the shop precluding ethernet. Another oversight may be not noting that Arcnet was generally restricted to Netbeui protocol. CNE's have told me ipx and even ip could run on it but that has not been my experience. There was a product called Promise LAN or Moses LAN that used Arcnet chips and protocols but had a higher clock. As to speed. (Insert 60mph highway at rush hour story.) I haven't seen a larger arcnet intallation then those factories, but the machinery requires real rime controller response and there were no spoiled parts due to latency. Problem with ethernet is that unlike token passing network where the transactions continue (machine sees slower speed but network speed at maximum), ethernet machines resends causes the network to slow down which makes the machine network speed to slow even more. When I was at a software support callcenter with several hundred techs, periodically ethernet would breakdown to less than 1 Mbit on 10base and less than 5 Mbit on 100baseT. On the 10base we usually had ip/ipx/netbeui running (many unix systems were still ipx). 100base didn't overload as often.

Shjacks45 (talk) 15:44, 9 December 2007 (UTC)

cost
The article has much discussion of cost comparisons vs. thin Ethernet, some of which I suspect is WP:OR. However, none on the cost of cable. The RG/58 cable used by thin ethernet is fairly common in radio and electronics lab work, and so is often reasonably priced. (Plenum rated cable is expensive in all cases.)  As well as I know (without doing any WP:OR) RG/62 is more expensive. That could easily make up the difference in other costs. Gah4 (talk) 01:19, 6 October 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:ARCNET


text:
Generating set of a group

In abstract algebra, a generating set of a group is a subset of the group set such that every element of the group can be expressed as a combination (under the group operation) of finitely many elements of the subset and their inverses.

In other words, if $$S$$ is a subset of a group $$G$$, then $$\langle S\rangle$$, the subgroup generated by $$S$$, is the smallest subgroup of $$G$$ containing every element of $$S$$, which is equal to the intersection over all subgroups containing the elements of $$S$$; equivalently, $$\langle S\rangle$$ is the subgroup of all elements of $$G$$ that can be expressed as the finite product of elements in $$S$$ and their inverses. (Note that inverses are only needed if the group is infinite; in a finite group, the inverse of an element can be expressed as a power of that element.)

If $$G=\langle S\rangle$$, then we say that $$S$$ generates $$G$$, and the elements in $$S$$ are called generators or group generators. If $$S$$ is the empty set, then $$\langle S\rangle$$ is the trivial group $$\{e\}$$, since we consider the empty product to be the identity.

When there is only a single element $$x$$ in $$S$$, $$\langle S\rangle$$ is usually written as $$\langle x\rangle$$. In this case, $$\langle x\rangle$$ is the cyclic subgroup of the powers of $$x$$, a cyclic group, and we say this group is generated by $$x$$. Equivalent to saying an element $$x$$ generates a group is saying that $$\langle x\rangle$$ equals the entire group $$G$$. For finite groups, it is also equivalent to saying that $$x$$ has order $$|G|$$.

A group may need an infinite number of generators. For example the additive group of rational numbers $$\Q$$ is not finitely generated. It is generated by the inverses of all the integers, but any finite number of these generators can be removed from the generating set without it ceasing to be a generating set. In a case like this, all the elements in a generating set are nevertheless "non-generating elements", as are in fact all the elements of the whole group − see Frattini subgroup below.

If $$G$$ is a topological group then a subset $$S$$ of $$G$$ is called a set of topological generators if $$\langle S\rangle$$ is dense in $$G$$, i.e. the closure of $$\langle S\rangle$$ is the whole group $$G$$.

Finitely generated group
If $$S$$ is finite, then a group $$G=\langle S\rangle$$ is called finitely generated. The structure of finitely generated abelian groups in particular is easily described. Many theorems that are true for finitely generated groups fail for groups in general. It has been proven that if a finite group is generated by a subset $$S$$, then each group element may be expressed as a word from the alphabet $$S$$ of length less than or equal to the order of the group.

Every finite group is finitely generated since $$\langle G\rangle =G$$. The integers under addition are an example of an infinite group which is finitely generated by both 1 and −1, but the group of rationals under addition cannot be finitely generated. No uncountable group can be finitely generated. For example, the group of real numbers under addition, $$(\R,+)$$.

Different subsets of the same group can be generating subsets. For example, if $$p$$ and $$q$$ are integers with $gcd(p, q) = 1$, then $$\{p,q\}$$ also generates the group of integers under addition by Bézout's identity.

While it is true that every quotient of a finitely generated group is finitely generated (the images of the generators in the quotient give a finite generating set), a subgroup of a finitely generated group need not be finitely generated. For example, let $$G$$ be the free group in two generators, $$x$$ and $$y$$ (which is clearly finitely generated, since $$G=\langle \{x,y\}\rangle$$), and let $$S$$ be the subset consisting of all elements of $$G$$ of the form $$y^nxy^{-n}$$ for some natural number $$n$$. $$\langle S\rangle$$ is isomorphic to the free group in countably infinitely many generators, and so cannot be finitely generated. However, every subgroup of a finitely generated abelian group is in itself finitely generated. In fact, more can be said: the class of all finitely generated groups is closed under extensions. To see this, take a generating set for the (finitely generated) normal subgroup and quotient. Then the generators for the normal subgroup, together with preimages of the generators for the quotient, generate the group.

Examples
$$\{7^i \bmod{9}\ |\ i \in \mathbb{N}\} = \{7,4,1\},$$ while 2 is, since $$\{2^i \bmod{9}\ |\ i \in \mathbb{N}\} = \{2,4,8,7,5,1\}.$$
 * The multiplicative group of integers modulo 9, $U_{9} = \{1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8\}$, is the group of all integers relatively prime to 9 under multiplication $mod 9$. Note that 7 is not a generator of $U_{9}$, since

 * On the other hand, Sn, the symmetric group of degree n, is not generated by any one element (is not cyclic) when n > 2. However, in these cases Sn can always be generated by two permutations which are written in cycle notation as (1 2) and $(1 2 3 ... n)$. For example, the 6 elements of S3 can be generated from the two generators, (1 2) and (1 2 3), as shown by the right hand side of the following equations (composition is left-to-right):
 * e = (1 2)(1 2)
 * (1 2) = (1 2)
 * (1 3) = (1 2)(1 2 3)
 * (2 3) = (1 2 3)(1 2)
 * (1 2 3) = (1 2 3)
 * (1 3 2) = (1 2)(1 2 3)(1 2)

 * Infinite groups can also have finite generating sets. The additive group of integers has 1 as a generating set. The element 2 is not a generating set, as the odd numbers will be missing. The two-element subset $\{3, 5\}$ is a generating set, since $(−5) + 3 + 3 = 1$ (in fact, any pair of coprime numbers is, as a consequence of Bézout's identity).

 * The dihedral group of an n-gon (which has order $2n$) is generated by the set $\{r, s\}$, where $r$ represents rotation by $2π/n$ and $s$ is any reflection across a line of symmetry.

 * The cyclic group of order $$n$$, $$\mathbb{Z}/n\mathbb{Z}$$, and the $$n$$th roots of unity are all generated by a single element (in fact, these groups are isomorphic to one another).

 * A presentation of a group is defined as a set of generators and a collection of relations between them, so any of the examples listed on that page contain examples of generating sets.

Free group
The most general group generated by a set $$S$$ is the group freely generated by $$S$$. Every group generated by $$S$$ is isomorphic to a quotient of this group, a feature which is utilized in the expression of a group's presentation.

Frattini subgroup
An interesting companion topic is that of non-generators. An element $$x$$ of the group $$G$$ is a non-generator if every set $$S$$ containing $$x$$ that generates $$G$$, still generates $$G$$ when $$x$$ is removed from $$S$$. In the integers with addition, the only non-generator is 0. The set of all non-generators forms a subgroup of $$G$$, the Frattini subgroup.

Semigroups and monoids
If $$G$$ is a semigroup or a monoid, one can still use the notion of a generating set $$S$$ of $$G$$. $$S$$ is a semigroup/monoid generating set of $$G$$ if $$G$$ is the smallest semigroup/monoid containing $$S$$.

The definitions of generating set of a group using finite sums, given above, must be slightly modified when one deals with semigroups or monoids. Indeed, this definition should not use the notion of inverse operation anymore. The set $$S$$ is said to be a semigroup generating set of $$G$$ if each element of $$G$$ is a finite sum of elements of $$S$$. Similarly, a set $$S$$ is said to be a monoid generating set of $$G$$ if each non-zero element of $$G$$ is a finite sum of elements of $$S$$.

For example, {1} is a monoid generator of the set of natural numbers $$\N$$. The set {1} is also a semigroup generator of the positive natural numbers $$\N_{>0}$$. However, the integer 0 can not be expressed as a (non-empty) sum of 1s, thus {1} is not a semigroup generator of the natural numbers.

Similarly, while {1} is a group generator of the set of integers $$\mathbb Z$$, {1} is not a monoid generator of the set of integers. Indeed, the integer −1 cannot be expressed as a finite sum of 1s.

title: Generating set of a group


text:
Fritz

Fritz is a common German and Ashkenazi Jewish male name. The name originated as a German diminutive of Friedrich or Frederick (Der Alte Fritz, and Stary Fryc were common nicknames for King Frederick II of Prussia and Frederick III, German Emperor), as well as of similar names including Fridolin and, less commonly, Francis. Fritz (Fryc) was also a name given to German troops by the Entente powers equivalent to the derogative Tommy. Other common bases for which the name Fritz was used include the surnames Fritsche, Fritzsche, Fritsch, Frisch(e) and Frycz.

Below is a list of notable people with the name "Fritz".

Surname

 * Amanda Fritz (born 1958), retired registered psychiatric nurse and politician from Oregon
 * Al Fritz (1924–2013), American businessman
 * Ben Fritz (born 1981), American baseball coach
 * Betty Jane Fritz (1924–1994), one of the original players in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League
 * Clemens Fritz (born 1980), German footballer
 * Edmund Fritz (before 1918–after 1932), Austrian actor, film director, and music manager
 * Elisabet Fritz (died 1752), Swedish industrialist
 * Florian Fritz (born 1984), French rugby union player
 * Frank Fritz, co-star of History Channel's American Pickers
 * James Fritz (active 2023), British playwright
 * John Fritz, (1822–1913), American pioneer of iron and steel technology
 * Jürgen Fritz (born 1953), German musician, keyboard player in the rock band Triumvirat
 * Lanja Fritz (born 1995), Nauruan sprinter
 * Madeleine Fritz (1896–1990), Canadian palaeontologist
 * Nel Fritz (born 1937), Dutch Olympic gymnast
 * Oscar M. Fritz (1878–1957), American jurist
 * Reinhold Fritz (1884–1950), German bass-baritone
 * Roger Fritz (1936–2021), German actor, director, producer and photographer
 * Rose L. Fritz (1888–1959), World's fastest typist 1907, 1908, and 1909
 * Sophie Wolff-Fritz (1858–1938), German composer, singer and teacher
 * Taylor Fritz (born 1997), American professional tennis player
 * William Harold Fritz (1928–2009), Geologist with the Geological Survey of Canada
 * Willie Fritz (born 1960), American football coach

Given name

 * Francis "Fritz" Barzilauskas (1920–1990), American National Football League player
 * Fritz Bauer (1903–1968), German Jewish judge and prosecutor who initiated the Auschwitz trials and aided the capture of Adolf Eichmann
 * Fritz Baumgarten (illustrator) (1883–1966), German artist, author, and children's author-illustrator
 * Fritz Baumgarten (1886–1961), German footballer
 * Fritz Bayerlein (1899–1970), German Nazi general during WWII
 * Fritz Bing (1934–2023), South African cricketer, businessman and cricket administrator
 * Fritz Bondroit (1912–1974), German canoeist
 * Fritz Buntrock (1909–1948), German Nazi SS officer at Auschwitz concentration camp executed for war crimes
 * Frederico Fritz d'Orey (1938–2020), Brazilian racing driver
 * Fritz Dietrich (Nazi) (1898–1948), German Nazi SS officer executed for war crimes
 * Siegfried "Fritz" Flesch (1872–1939), Austrian Olympic medalist sabre fencer
 * Fritz Haber (1868–1934), German chemist and Nobel Prize winner
 * Fritz Haeg (born 1969), American artist
 * Fritz Hartjenstein (1905–1954), German Nazi SS concentration camp commandant
 * Frederick Henderson (born 1958), American executive and former CEO of General Motors
 * Fritz John (1910–1994), German mathematician
 * Fritz Klein (1888–1945), German Nazi doctor hanged for war crimes
 * Fritz Knöchlein (1911–1949), German Nazi SS commandant executed for war crimes
 * Friedrich Fritz Kreisler (1875–1962), Austrian violinist and composer
 * Friedrich Fritz Lang (1890–1976), Austrian-German filmmaker and screenwriter
 * Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski, (1503–1572) was a Polish Renaissance scholar, humanist and theologian, called "the father of Polish democracy".
 * Fritz Leiber (1910–1992), American fantasy, horror and science fiction author
 * Fred Fritz Peterson (born 1942), American Major League Baseball pitcher
 * Fritz Felix Pipes (1887–1983), Austrian Olympic medalist tennis player
 * Fritz Pollard (1894–1986), American football player and coach
 * Fritz-Georg von Rappard (1892–1946), German Nazi general during World War II executed for war crimes
 * Fritz Reichl (1890–1959), Austrian architect
 * Fritz Reiner (1888–1963), American conductor, born in Hungary
 * Fritz Ritterbusch (1894–1946), German Nazi SS concentration camp commander executed for war crimes
 * Fritz Sauckel (1894–1946), German Nazi politician, executed for war crimes
 * Fritz Schlieper, German Nazi general during World War II
 * Fritz von Scholz, high-ranking member of the Nazi Waffen-SS
 * Fritz Steuri (1879–1950), Swiss skier and mountain guide
 * Fritz Strobl (born 1972), Austrian former World Cup alpine ski racer
 * Fritz Suhren (1908–1950), German SS Nazi concentration camp commandant executed for war crimes
 * Fritz Walter (1920–2002), German footballer
 * Fritz Wepper (born 1941), German actor
 * Fritz Wunderlich (1930–1966), German tenor
 * Fritz Zwicky (1898–1974), Swiss astronomer
 * Fritz, name given to William S. Hart's show and stunt riding horse

Nickname, ring name or code name

 * Fritz, nickname of Walter F. Mondale, former Vice President of the United States and U.S. senator from Minnesota
 * Friedrich Heinrich Karl "Fritz" Haarmann (1879–1925), prolific and cannibalistic German serial killer, rapist, and fraudster
 * Fritz, nickname of Ernest Hollings, former Governor of, and U.S. senator from, South Carolina
 * Fritz Wetherbee, New Hampshire writer and television host
 * Fritz Von Erich (1929–1997), ring name of American professional wrestler and promoter Jack Adkisson
 * Fritz or Fritzchen, German code name for Second World War Allied double agent Eddie Chapman

Fictional characters

 * Fritz the Cat, an anthropomorphic cat from the comic strip of the same name.
 * Count Fritz von Tarlenheim, in Anthony Hope's novel The Prisoner of Zenda, its sequel, Rupert of Hentzau, and various film adaptations.
 * Ymir Fritz, the progenitor (founding) titan from “Attack on Titan” and queen of the Eldians.
 * FitzChivalry Farseer, from Robin Hobb's classic Farseer Trilogy, is the illegitimate son of Prince Chivalry Farseer and a woman of the Mountain Kingdom.
 * Friedrich (Fritz) Von Trapp, from The Sound of Music.
 * Fritz (Ninjago), character from Ninjago
 * Fritz, the name for a doll in the story 'Fritz' by Satyajit Ray.
 * Fritz, Dr Schultz's horse in Django Unchained.
 * Fritz, Clara's brother in The Nutcracker.
 * Fritz, one of the missing children from Five Nights at Freddy's
 * Fritz Smith, a protagonist in Five Nights at Freddy's 2.
 * Fritz Howard, FBI Special Agent from The Closer and later Deputy Chief of the LAPD Special Operations Bureau in Major Crimes (TV series).

title: Fritz


text:
Cabin Boy

Cabin Boy is a 1994 American fantasy comedy film directed by Adam Resnick, co-produced by Tim Burton, and starring comedian Chris Elliott. Elliott co-wrote the film with Resnick. Both Elliott and Resnick worked for Late Night with David Letterman in the 1980s as well as co-creating the Fox sitcom Get a Life in the early 1990s.

Plot
Nathaniel Mayweather is a snobbish, self-centered, arrogant, virginal "fancy-lad." After graduation, he is invited by his father to sail to Hawaii aboard The Queen Catherine. After annoying the limousine driver who is taking him to board the boat, he is forced to walk the rest of the way.

Nathaniel makes a wrong turn into a small fishing village where he meets the imbecilic cabin boy/first mate Kenny of The Filthy Whore, which Nathaniel believes to be The Queen Catherine as part of a theme. The next morning, Captain Greybar finds Nathaniel in his room and explains that the boat will not return to dry land for three months. Nathaniel unsuccessfully tries to convince each fisherman to set sail to Hawaii, but convinces Kenny into doing so. However, the crew reaches Hell's Bucket, a Bermuda Triangle-like area where strange events occur. The ship is caught in a fierce storm and Kenny is knocked overboard and drowns. With only one island in the entire area, the crew decide to set sail there. Without a cabin boy, Greybar forces Nathaniel to do the chores in return for taking him to Hawaii, as well as teaching him how to become a better person.

After failing all the chores he is assigned, the fishermen decide to give Nathaniel another chore that involves dragging him on a floating raft for a week. Nathaniel quickly runs out of supplies, begins consuming salt water, and suffers extreme sunburn after confusing cooking oil as lotion. He also realizes he might be going insane after sighting Kenny's ghost and seeing a floating cupcake that spits tobacco. After falling into the water he is saved by a shark-man. After nine days, Nathaniel is pulled back in and tells what happened. It is revealed by Skunk and Big Teddy that the shark-man is known as Chocki, the offspring of a male viking and female shark.

Nathaniel spots a beautiful young woman named Trina swimming in the ocean. After she is pulled up in a net, Nathaniel becomes smitten with her. Not pleased with another passenger on board, the fishermen decide to strand Trina and Nathaniel on the island they're sailing toward. Finally reaching the island, the crew searches for components to fix their boat. Nathaniel tries to get closer to Trina, who constantly rejects him.

Greybar and Skunk suggest to Nathaniel that a blue-skinned, six-armed woman named Calli can help build his confidence. After an encounter with Calli that results in his first sexual experience, Nathaniel again meets Trina, who becomes attracted to him immediately. Calli's husband Mulligan, a giant, comes home to find a man's bag. Realizing what Calli has done, Mulligan decides to find her lover and kill him. Nathaniel tries to save everyone by confessing to the giant he's the one who slept with Calli. Mulligan is about to kill Nathaniel with a giant nail clipper when Chocki saves him. Nathaniel then kills Mulligan by choking him with his own belt.

Finally reaching Hawaii, Nathaniel offers his newfound companions a job at the hotel where his father is the owner, which they refuse. They tell Nathaniel he's a fancy lad who should stay in Hawaii with his dad where he belongs. Nathaniel and the fishermen part ways, including Trina. His equally-snobbish father, William Mayweather, condemns his son's actions. Seeing through his father how snobbish he used to be before boarding The Filthy Whore, Nathaniel discards his wig and leaves to find Trina. They then both join the crew on The Filthy Whore.

Cast

 * Chris Elliott as Nathaniel Mayweather
 * Ritch Brinkley as Captain Greybar
 * Brian Doyle-Murray as Skunk
 * James Gammon as Pappy
 * Brion James as Teddy "Big Teddy"
 * Melora Walters as Trina
 * Ann Magnuson as Calli
 * Russ Tamblyn as Chocki
 * Ricki Lake as Figurehead
 * Andy Richter as Kenny
 * Mike Starr as Mulligan the Giant
 * I.M. Hobson as Headmaster Timmons
 * Alfred Molina as The Professor
 * Alex Nevil as Thomas
 * David Sterry as Lance
 * Bob Elliott as William Mayweather
 * Edward Flotard as Limo Driver
 * Jim Cummings as the Floating Cupcake (voice)
 * Earl Hofert as Old Salt in Fishing Village

Production
The project was originally to be directed by Burton, who had contacted Chris Elliott after seeing Get a Life. Resnick took over after Burton was offered the film Ed Wood.

Reception
The film received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 48% rating based on reviews from 27 critics, with a weighted average of 5.2/10.

Chris Elliott earned a Razzie Award nomination for Worst New Star, but lost to Anna Nicole Smith for Naked Gun $33 1/3$: The Final Insult. The film was nominated for Worst Picture at the 1994 Stinkers Bad Movie Awards but lost to North.

Year-end lists

 * 1st worst – Bob Strauss, Los Angeles Daily News

Legacy
Hip hop producer Dan "the Automator" Nakamura named his publishing company, Sharkman Music, after the film. References to the film have appeared in multiple works by Nakamura. For example, the Bulk Recordings edition of Kool Keith's debut solo album Dr. Octagonecologyst, contains a dialogue excerpt from the film preceding the song "halfsharkalligatorhalfman"; the hook of the song, "Half Man, Half Shark", is sampled from the same dialogue.

Post-hardcore band A Static Lullaby reference the film in their song "Half Man, Half Shark; Equals One Complete Gentleman", the title of which is a paraphrase of an Elliott line spoken in the film. The song can be found on their Faso Latido album.

title: Cabin Boy


text:
Salvinia molesta

Salvinia molesta, commonly known as giant salvinia, or as kariba weed after it infested a large portion of Lake Kariba between Zimbabwe and Zambia, is an aquatic fern, native to south-eastern Brazil. It is a free-floating plant that does not attach to the soil, but instead remains buoyant on the surface of a body of water. The fronds are 0.5–4 cm long and broad, with a bristly surface caused by the hair-like strands that join at the end to form eggbeater shapes. They are used to provide a waterproof covering. These fronds are produced in pairs also with a third modified root-like frond that hangs in the water. It has been accidentally introduced or escaped to countless lakes throughout the United States, including Caddo Lake in Texas, where the invasive species has done extensive damage, killing off other life.

In Europe, Salvinia molesta has been included since 2019 in the list of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern (the Union list). This implies that this species cannot be imported, cultivated, transported, commercialized, planted, or intentionally released into the environment in the whole of the European Union.

Description
Salvinia molesta is a complex of closely related floating ferns; they can be difficult to distinguish from each other. This water fern is often grown as an ornamental plant but has escaped and become a noxious pest in many regions worldwide. There are a few different growth forms for S. molesta. The primary growth form is an invading form with small flat leaves to the tertiary or mat form with large, crowded, folded leaves. Under the best conditions plants can form a two-foot-thick mat. These mats can put a halt to recreational activities on lakes and waterways. S. molesta has been used to extract nutrients and pollutants from the water. When this plant is dried out, it is used as satisfactory mulch.

Favored environmental conditions
Salvinia molesta prefers to grow in slow-moving waters such as those found in lakes, ponds, billabongs (oxbows), streams, ditches, marshes, and rivers. It prefers nutrient-rich waters such as those found in eutrophic water or those polluted by waste water. It does not usually grow in brackish or salty waters, but has been reported in streams with a tidal flow in southeast Texas. It copes well with dewatering, and while it prefers to grow in moderate temperatures, it will tolerate low or very high temperatures. The United States Geological Service believes that it could grow in zones 7a, 8, 9, and 10 of the USDA Plant Hardiness Map.

Effects of environmental conditions
Environmental conditions can have a strong effect on this plant. S. molesta can survive on a mud bank for a short period of time, but because of the dry conditions, it cannot live there permanently. It grows best at a pH of 6–7.7 and at a water temperature of 20–30 °C. Growth can be increased in high light intensities. S. molesta cannot grow in high salt concentrations; the increase in salt causes a decrease in chlorophyll.

Methods of introduction
The plant originated in southeast Brazil and was exported as part of the pet industry to be used in aquaria and garden ponds. From there, it escaped or was deliberately released into the wild. It may also have been brought in with fresh, iced fish. Once in a waterway, it can be spread by infested boats, which not only spread it to new areas, but also break up the plant, allowing it to propagate. It also is spread by waterfowl. S. molesta has been spread by contaminated aquatic plant stocks, boats, and other watercraft. The movement of water spreads S. molesta, and the sale and exchange of S. molesta materials increases chances of release to the environment.

Potential use for cleaning water pollution
Research done in the Philippines suggested the effectiveness of S. molesta for the treatment of blackwater effluent for an eco-friendly sewage system that uses a constructed wetland to clean the water. The result of the study showed that it can remove 30.77% of total suspended solids, 74.70% dissolved oxygen and 48.95% fecal coliform from the water.

Distribution
The Brazilian floating fern known as Salvinia molesta is now widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas. This floating fern is known for its capability to take over large bodies of slow-moving fresh water. S. molesta has been naturalized in Texas and Louisiana, but has now also been found and reported in Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, and Georgia. It can also be found where the lower Colorado River borders Arizona and California. "While S. molesta rapidly colonizes new states, current populations are too small to assess, but have been targeted for eradication". The naturalized regions of Texas have 14 drainage basins that contain infested water bodies; these are used as impoundments on tributaries that flow near federally protected wetlands. In October 2020 Texas Parks and Wildlife detected S. molesta on Lone Star Lake while surveying fish populations.

Reproduction
It reproduces by asexual reproduction only, but it is capable of growing extremely quickly, starting from small fragments and doubling in dry weight every 2.2–2.5 days. It grows from fragments that have broken off or dormant buds that have been detached from the main plant. Each node has five buds, so potential for great and rapid spread is high. It also produces spores, but they are genetically defective and do not produce viable offspring.

Effect
The rapid growth rate of Salvinia molesta has resulted in its classification as an invasive weed in some parts of the world such as Australia, United Kingdom, New Zealand, and parts of the United States. Surfaces of ponds, reservoirs, and lakes are covered by a floating mat 10–20 cm (in some rare cases up to 60 cm) thick. The plant's growth clogs waterways and blocks sunlight needed by other aquatic plants and especially algae to carry out photosynthesis, thereby deoxygenating the water. As it dies and decays, decomposers use up the oxygen in the water. It also prevents the natural exchange of gases between the air and the body of water the plant has invaded, causing the waterway to stagnate. This can kill any plants, insects, or fish trapped underneath its growth.

Its ability to grow and cover a vast area makes it a threat to biodiversity. Large infestations covering a wide area may also pose a problem to migratory birds, as they may not be able to recognise an infested waterway when flying overhead, so may not stop at it. S. molesta provides ideal conditions for the breeding of mosquitoes that carry disease. The growth habit of Salvinia is problematic to human activities including flood mitigation, conservation of endangered species and threatened environments, boating, and irrigation.

Cancer research
Researchers at Stephen F. Austin State University in Nacogdoches, Texas discovered that extracts of giant salvinia have shown promising signs of inhibiting growth of human cancer cells without destroying nearby healthy ones.

Salvinia effect
The salvinia effect describes the stabilization of an air layer upon a submerged hydrophobic (water repellent) surface by hydrophilic (water-loving) pins. This physicochemical phenomenon was discovered on the floating fern Salvinia molesta by the botanist Wilhelm Barthlott (Universität Bonn) while working on the lotus effect and was described in cooperation with the physicist Thomas Schimmel (Karlsruher Institut für Technologie), fluid mechanist Alfred Leder (Universität Rostock) and their colleagues in 2010.

Biological control
A tiny weevil, Cyrtobagous salviniae, found in the native distribution of S. molesta, is being studied as a biocontrol. C. salvinae was first used as a biological control in Australia at Lake Moondarra, a recreational lake in Mount Isa, Queensland in 1980. By mid-1981, the weevil had reduced the population to a few small patches. It ate the leaves of the weed, but preferred the buds. Its larvae ate the roots, rhizomes, and the buds. As the plant died, it turned brown and sank to the bottom of the waterway and decomposed. This weevil was used with success in other parts of the world (13 tropical countries) such as the Sepik River in Papua, Sri Lanka, Lake Ossa in Cameroon as part of an AMMCO project to restore African manatee; Wappa Dam in Queensland, and lagoons (e.g. Kakadu National Park) in the Northern Territory, Australia. In Australia, the moth, Samea multiplicalis was also released in the hopes that it would reduce the size of the weed population. While this moth did become established in Australia and spread, it was not effective as a biological control. A third species, the grasshopper Paulinia acuminata, was considered, but not released in Australia. However, this grasshopper has been deliberately released for control of Salvinia molesta in parts of Africa, Sri Lanka and India, and accidentally in Puerto Rico. The giant gourami has long been known to prefer S. molesta and feed on it voraciously. It has been successfully used to control S. molesta in reservoirs of Sri Lanka.

Mechanical control
Plants are removed by machine or harvesting equipment and by hand; the latter is suitable only for small infestations. Harvesting equipment also can encounter difficulties, as it cannot remove all of the infestation, it cannot access shallow areas, and equipment can be inhibited by large masses of the plant. Once removed, the plant must be dried, burnt, or disposed of in a manner that ensures it will not re-enter the waterway. Other methods to control the aquatic weed are dredging and chaining.

Chemical control
Chemical control on S. molesta is difficult as it does have some resistance to herbicides. The chemical fluridon has been successfully used, but it requires prolonged contact and is not effective if it is suddenly diluted by rainwater or any other influx of water. Other chemicals, such as hexazinone and diquat and double-chelated copper are used together to kill S. molesta.

Prevention
Bans on the spreading, selling, relocation, and transportation of S. molesta may help in the prevention of further spreading.

In Caddo Lake, efforts to eradicate S. molesta have included the farming and introduction of salvinia weevils which eat the plant. They are used as a method of biological pest control which from anecdotal evidence show a positive yet slow success rate.

Mapping
Satellite images are used to identify S. molesta in reservoirs in Texas.

Chemistry
The phenolic compounds 6'-O-(3,4-dihydroxy benzoyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl ester, 4-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside-3-hydroxy methyl benzoate, methyl benzoate, hypogallic acid, caffeic acid, paeoniflorin and pikuroside can be isolated from Salvinia molesta.

title: Salvinia molesta