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John Rawls

John Bordley Rawls (February 21, 1921 – November 24, 2002) was an American moral, legal and political philosopher in the modern liberal tradition. Rawls has been described as one of the most influential political philosophers of the 20th century.

In 1990, Will Kymlicka wrote in his introduction to the field that "it is generally accepted that the recent rebirth of normative political philosophy began with the publication of John Rawls's A Theory of Justice in 1971". Rawls's theory of "justice as fairness" recommends equal basic liberties, equality of opportunity, and facilitating the maximum benefit to the least advantaged members of society in any case where inequalities may occur. Rawls's argument for these principles of social justice uses a thought experiment called the "original position", in which people deliberately select what kind of society they would choose to live in if they did not know which social position they would personally occupy. In his later work Political Liberalism (1993), Rawls turned to the question of how political power could be made legitimate given reasonable disagreement about the nature of the good life.

Rawls received both the Schock Prize for Logic and Philosophy and the National Humanities Medal in 1999. The latter was presented by President Bill Clinton in recognition of how his works "revived the disciplines of political and ethical philosophy with his argument that a society in which the most fortunate help the least fortunate is not only a moral society but a logical one".

Among contemporary political philosophers, Rawls is frequently cited by the courts of law in the United States and Canada and referred to by practicing politicians in the United States and the United Kingdom. In a 2008 national survey of political theorists, based on 1,086 responses from professors at accredited, four-year colleges and universities in the United States, Rawls was voted first on the list of "Scholars Who Have Had the Greatest Impact on Political Theory in the Past 20 Years".

Early life and education
Rawls was born on February 21, 1921, in Baltimore, Maryland. He was the second of five sons born to William Lee Rawls, a prominent Baltimore attorney, and Anna Abell Stump Rawls. Tragedy struck Rawls at a young age:

"Two of his brothers died in childhood because they had contracted fatal illnesses from him. ... In 1928, the seven-year-old Rawls contracted diphtheria. His brother Bobby, younger by 20 months, visited him in his room and was fatally infected. The next winter, Rawls contracted pneumonia. Another younger brother, Tommy, caught the illness from him and died."

Rawls's biographer Thomas Pogge calls the loss of the brothers the "most important events in John's childhood."

Rawls graduated in Baltimore before enrolling in the Kent School, an Episcopalian preparatory school in Connecticut. Upon graduation in 1939, Rawls attended Princeton University, where he was accepted into The Ivy Club and the American Whig-Cliosophic Society. At Princeton, Rawls was influenced by Norman Malcolm, Ludwig Wittgenstein's student. During his last two years at Princeton, he "became deeply concerned with theology and its doctrines." He considered attending a seminary to study for the Episcopal priesthood and wrote an "intensely religious senior thesis (BI)." In his 181-page long thesis titled "Meaning of Sin and Faith," Rawls attacked Pelagianism because it "would render the Cross of Christ to no effect." Rawls graduated from Princeton in 1943 with a Bachelor of Arts, summa cum laude.

Military service, 1943–46
Rawls enlisted in the U.S. Army in February 1943. During World War II, Rawls served as an infantryman in the Pacific, where he served a tour of duty in New Guinea and was awarded a Bronze Star; and the Philippines, where he endured intensive trench warfare and witnessed traumatizing scenes of violence and bloodshed. It was there that he lost his Christian faith and became an atheist.

Following the surrender of Japan, Rawls became part of General MacArthur's occupying army and was promoted to sergeant. But he became disillusioned with the military when he saw the aftermath of the atomic blast in Hiroshima. Rawls then disobeyed an order to discipline a fellow soldier, "believing no punishment was justified," and was "demoted back to a private." Disenchanted, he left the military in January 1946.

Academic career
In early 1946, Rawls returned to Princeton to pursue a doctorate in moral philosophy. He married Margaret Warfield Fox, a Brown University graduate, in 1949. They had four children: Anne Warfield, Robert Lee, Alexander Emory, and Elizabeth Fox.

Rawls received his PhD from Princeton in 1950 after completing a doctoral dissertation titled A Study in the Grounds of Ethical Knowledge: Considered with Reference to Judgments on the Moral Worth of Character. His PhD included a year of study at Cornell. Rawls taught at Princeton until 1952 when he received a Fulbright Fellowship to Christ Church at Oxford University, where he was influenced by the liberal political theorist and historian Isaiah Berlin and the legal theorist H. L. A. Hart. After returning to the United States, he served first as an assistant and then associate professor at Cornell University.

In the fall of 1953 Rawls became an assistant professor at Cornell University, joining his mentor Norman Malcolm in the Philosophy Department. Three years later Rawls received tenure at Cornell. During the 1959–60 academic year, Rawls was a visiting professor at Harvard, and he was appointed in 1960 as a professor in the humanities division at MIT. Two years later, he returned to Harvard as a professor of philosophy, and he remained there until reaching mandatory retirement age in 1991.

In 1962, he achieved a tenured position at MIT. That same year, he moved to Harvard University, where he taught for almost forty years and where he trained some of the leading contemporary figures in moral and political philosophy, including Sibyl A. Schwarzenbach, Thomas Nagel, Allan Gibbard, Onora O'Neill, Adrian Piper, Arnold Davidson, Elizabeth S. Anderson, Christine Korsgaard, Susan Neiman, Claudia Card, Rainer Forst, Thomas Pogge, T. M. Scanlon, Barbara Herman, Joshua Cohen, Thomas E. Hill Jr., Gurcharan Das, Andreas Teuber, Henry S. Richardson, Nancy Sherman, Samuel Freeman and Paul Weithman. He held the James Bryant Conant University Professorship at Harvard.

Rawls was, for a time, a member of the Mont Pèlerin Society. He was put forward for membership by Milton Friedman in 1968, and withdrew from the society three years later, just before his A Theory of Justice was published.

Later life
Rawls rarely gave interviews and, having both a stutter (partially caused by the deaths of two of his brothers, who died through infections contracted from Rawls) and a "bat-like horror of the limelight," did not become a public intellectual despite his fame. He instead remained committed mainly to his academic and family life.

In 1995, he had the first of several strokes, severely impeding his ability to continue to work. He was nevertheless able to complete The Law of Peoples, the most complete statement of his views on international justice and published in 2001 shortly before his death Justice as Fairness: A Restatement, a response to criticisms of A Theory of Justice. Rawls died from heart failure at his home in Lexington, Massachusetts, on November 24, 2002, at age 81. He was buried at the Mount Auburn Cemetery in Massachusetts. He was survived by his wife, four children, and four grandchildren.

Philosophical thought
Rawls published three main books. The first, A Theory of Justice, focused on distributive justice and attempted to reconcile the competing claims of the values of freedom and equality. The second, Political Liberalism, addressed the question of how citizens divided by intractable religious and philosophical disagreements could come to endorse a constitutional democratic regime. The third, The Law of Peoples, focused on the issue of global justice.

A Theory of Justice
A Theory of Justice, published in 1971, aimed to resolve the seemingly competing claims of freedom and equality. The shape Rawls's resolution took, however, was not that of a balancing act that compromised or weakened the moral claim of one value compared with the other. Rather, his intent was to show that notions of freedom and equality could be integrated into a seamless unity he called justice as fairness. By attempting to enhance the perspective which his readers should take when thinking about justice, Rawls hoped to show the supposed conflict between freedom and equality to be illusory.

Rawls's A Theory of Justice (1971) includes a thought experiment he called the "original position." The intuition motivating its employment is this: the enterprise of political philosophy will be greatly benefited by a specification of the correct standpoint a person should take in their thinking about justice. When we think about what it would mean for a just state of affairs to obtain between persons, we eliminate certain features (such as hair or eye color, height, race, etc.) and fixate upon others. Rawls's original position is meant to encode all of our intuitions about which features are relevant, and which irrelevant, for the purposes of deliberating well about justice.

The original position is Rawls's hypothetical scenario in which a group of persons is set the task of reaching an agreement about the kind of political and economic structure they want for a society, which they will then occupy. Each individual, however, deliberates behind a "veil of ignorance": each lacks knowledge, for example, of their gender, race, age, intelligence, wealth, skills, education and religion. The only thing that a given member knows about themselves is that they are in possession of the basic capacities necessary to fully and willfully participate in an enduring system of mutual cooperation; each knows they can be a member of the society.

Rawls posits two basic capacities that the individuals would know themselves to possess. First, individuals know that they have the capacity to form, pursue and revise a conception of the good, or life plan. Exactly what sort of conception of the good this is, however, the individual does not yet know. It may be, for example, religious or secular, but at the start, the individual in the original position does not know which. Second, each individual understands themselves to have the capacity to develop a sense of justice and a generally effective desire to abide by it. Knowing only these two features of themselves, the group will deliberate in order to design a social structure, during which each person will seek their maximal advantage. The idea is that proposals that we would ordinarily think of as unjust—such as that black people or women should not be allowed to hold public office—will not be proposed, in this, Rawls's original position, because it would be irrational to propose them. The reason is simple: one does not know whether he himself would be a woman or a black person. This position is expressed in the difference principle, according to which, in a system of ignorance about one's status, one would strive to improve the position of the worst off, because he might find himself in that position.

Rawls develops his original position by modeling it, in certain respects at least, after the "initial situations" of various social contract thinkers who came before him, including Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Each social contractarian constructs their initial situation somewhat differently, having in mind a unique political morality they intend the thought experiment to generate. Iain King has suggested the original position draws on Rawls's experiences in post-war Japan, where the US Army was challenged with designing new social and political authorities for the country, while "imagining away all that had gone before."

In social justice processes, each person early on makes decisions about which features of persons to consider and which to ignore. Rawls's aspiration is to have created a thought experiment whereby a version of that process is carried to its completion, illuminating the correct standpoint a person should take in their thinking about justice. If he has succeeded, then the original position thought experiment may function as a full specification of the moral standpoint we should attempt to achieve when deliberating about social justice.

In setting out his theory, Rawls described his method as one of "reflective equilibrium," a concept which has since been used in other areas of philosophy. Reflective equilibrium is achieved by mutually adjusting one's general principles and one's considered judgements on particular cases, to bring the two into line with one another.

Principles of justice
Rawls derives two principles of justice from the original position. The first of these is the Liberty Principle, which establishes equal basic liberties for all citizens. 'Basic' liberty entails the (familiar in the liberal tradition) freedoms of conscience, association and expression as well as democratic rights; Rawls also includes a personal property right, but this is defended in terms of moral capacities and self-respect, rather than an appeal to a natural right of self-ownership (this distinguishes Rawls's account from the classical liberalism of John Locke and the libertarianism of Robert Nozick).

Rawls argues that a second principle of equality would be agreed upon to guarantee liberties that represent meaningful options for all in society and ensure distributive justice. For example, formal guarantees of political voice and freedom of assembly are of little real worth to the desperately poor and marginalized in society. Demanding that everyone have exactly the same effective opportunities in life would almost certainly offend the very liberties that are supposedly being equalized. Nonetheless, we would want to ensure at least the "fair worth" of our liberties: wherever one ends up in society, one wants life to be worth living, with enough effective freedom to pursue personal goals. Thus, participants would be moved to affirm a two-part second principle comprising Fair Equality of Opportunity and the famous (and controversial ) difference principle. This second principle ensures that those with comparable talents and motivation face roughly similar life chances and that inequalities in society work to the benefit of the least advantaged.

Rawls held that these principles of justice apply to the "basic structure" of fundamental social institutions (such as the judiciary, the economic structure and the political constitution), a qualification that has been the source of some controversy and constructive debate (see the work of Gerald Cohen). Rawls's theory of justice stakes out the task of equalizing the distribution of primary social goods to those least advantaged in society and thus may be seen as a largely political answer to the question of justice, with matters of morality somewhat conflated into a political account of justice and just institutions. Relational approaches to the question of justice, by contrast, seek to examine the connections between individuals and focuses on their relations in societies, with respect to how these relationships are established and configured.

Rawls further argued that these principles were to be 'lexically ordered' to award priority to basic liberties over the more equality-oriented demands of the second principle. This has also been a topic of much debate among moral and political philosophers.

Finally, Rawls took his approach as applying in the first instance to what he called a "well-ordered society ... designed to advance the good of its members and effectively regulated by a public conception of justice." In this respect, he understood justice as fairness as a contribution to "ideal theory," the determination of "principles that characterize a well-ordered society under favorable circumstances."

Political Liberalism

In Political Liberalism (1993), Rawls turned towards the question of political legitimacy in the context of intractable philosophical, religious, and moral disagreement amongst citizens regarding the human good. Such disagreement, he insisted, was reasonable—the result of the free exercise of human rationality under the conditions of open enquiry and free conscience that the liberal state is designed to safeguard. The question of legitimacy in the face of reasonable disagreement was urgent for Rawls because his own justification of Justice as Fairness relied upon a Kantian conception of the human good that can be reasonably rejected. If the political conception offered in A Theory of Justice can only be shown to be good by invoking a controversial conception of human flourishing, it is unclear how a liberal state ordered according to it could possibly be legitimate.

The intuition animating this seemingly new concern is actually no different from the guiding idea of A Theory of Justice, namely that the fundamental charter of a society must rely only on principles, arguments and reasons that cannot be reasonably rejected by the citizens whose lives will be limited by its social, legal, and political circumscriptions. In other words, the legitimacy of a law is contingent upon its justification being impossible to reasonably reject. This old insight took on a new shape, however, when Rawls realized that its application must extend to the deep justification of Justice as Fairness itself, which he had presented in terms of a reasonably rejectable (Kantian) conception of human flourishing as the free development of autonomous moral agency.

The core of Political Liberalism is its insistence that in order to retain its legitimacy, the liberal state must commit itself to the "ideal of public reason." This roughly means that citizens in their public capacity must engage one another only in terms of reasons whose status as reasons is shared between them. Political reasoning, then, is to proceed purely in terms of "public reasons." For example: a Supreme Court justice deliberating on whether or not the denial to homosexuals of the ability to marry constitutes a violation of the 14th Amendment's Equal Protection Clause may not advert to his religious convictions on the matter, but he may take into account the argument that a same-sex household provides sub-optimal conditions for a child's development. This is because reasons based upon the interpretation of sacred text are non-public (their force as reasons relies upon faith commitments that can be reasonably rejected), whereas reasons that rely upon the value of providing children with environments in which they may develop optimally are public reasons—their status as reasons draws upon no deep, controversial conception of human flourishing.

Rawls held that the duty of civility—the duty of citizens to offer one another reasons that are mutually understood as reasons—applies within what he called the "public political forum." This forum extends from the upper reaches of government—for example the supreme legislative and judicial bodies of the society—all the way down to the deliberations of a citizen deciding for whom to vote in state legislatures or how to vote in public referendums. Campaigning politicians should also, he believed, refrain from pandering to the non-public religious or moral convictions of their constituencies.

The ideal of public reason secures the dominance of the public political values—freedom, equality, and fairness—that serve as the foundation of the liberal state. But what about the justification of these values? Since any such justification would necessarily draw upon deep (religious or moral) metaphysical commitments which would be reasonably rejectable, Rawls held that the public political values may only be justified privately by individual citizens. The public liberal political conception and its attendant values may and will be affirmed publicly (in judicial opinions and presidential addresses, for example) but its deep justifications will not. The task of justification falls to what Rawls called the "reasonable comprehensive doctrines" and the citizens who subscribe to them. A reasonable Catholic will justify the liberal values one way, a reasonable Muslim another, and a reasonable secular citizen yet another way. One may illustrate Rawls's idea using a Venn diagram: the public political values will be the shared space upon which overlap numerous reasonable comprehensive doctrines. Rawls's account of stability presented in A Theory of Justice is a detailed portrait of the compatibility of one—Kantian—comprehensive doctrine with justice as fairness. His hope is that similar accounts may be presented for many other comprehensive doctrines. This is Rawls's famous notion of an "overlapping consensus."

Such a consensus would necessarily exclude some doctrines, namely, those that are "unreasonable", and so one may wonder what Rawls has to say about such doctrines. An unreasonable comprehensive doctrine is unreasonable in the sense that it is incompatible with the duty of civility. This is simply another way of saying that an unreasonable doctrine is incompatible with the fundamental political values a liberal theory of justice is designed to safeguard—freedom, equality and fairness. So one answer to the question of what Rawls has to say about such doctrines is—nothing. For one thing, the liberal state cannot justify itself to individuals (such as religious fundamentalists) who hold to such doctrines, because any such justification would—as has been noted—proceed in terms of controversial moral or religious commitments that are excluded from the public political forum. But, more importantly, the goal of the Rawlsian project is primarily to determine whether or not the liberal conception of political legitimacy is internally coherent, and this project is carried out by the specification of what sorts of reasons persons committed to liberal values are permitted to use in their dialogue, deliberations and arguments with one another about political matters. The Rawlsian project has this goal to the exclusion of concern with justifying liberal values to those not already committed—or at least open—to them. Rawls's concern is with whether or not the idea of political legitimacy fleshed out in terms of the duty of civility and mutual justification can serve as a viable form of public discourse in the face of the religious and moral pluralism of modern democratic society, not with justifying this conception of political legitimacy in the first place.

Rawls also modified the principles of justice as follows (with the first principle having priority over the second, and the first half of the second having priority over the latter half):

 * 1) Each person has an equal claim to a fully adequate scheme of basic rights and liberties, which scheme is compatible with the same scheme for all; and in this scheme the equal political liberties, and only those liberties, are to be guaranteed their fair value.
 * 2) Social and economic inequalities are to satisfy two conditions: first, they are to be attached to positions and offices open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity; and second, they are to be to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged members of society.

These principles are subtly modified from the principles in Theory. The first principle now reads "equal claim" instead of "equal right", and he also replaces the phrase "system of basic liberties" with "a fully adequate scheme of equal basic rights and liberties". The two parts of the second principle are also switched, so that the difference principle becomes the latter of the three.

The Law of Peoples
Although there were passing comments on international affairs in A Theory of Justice, it was not until late in his career that Rawls formulated a comprehensive theory of international politics with the publication of The Law of Peoples. He claimed there that "well-ordered" peoples could be either "liberal" or "decent". Rawls's basic distinction in international politics is that his preferred emphasis on a society of peoples is separate from the more conventional and historical discussion of international politics as based on relationships between states.

Rawls argued that the legitimacy of a liberal international order is contingent on tolerating decent peoples, which differ from liberal peoples, among other ways, in that they might have state religions and deny adherents of minority faiths the right to hold positions of power within the state and might organize political participation via consultation hierarchies rather than elections. However, no well-ordered peoples may violate human rights or behave in an externally aggressive manner. Peoples that fail to meet the criteria of "liberal" or "decent" peoples are referred to as 'outlaw states', 'societies burdened by unfavorable conditions' or 'benevolent absolutisms', depending on their particular failings. Such peoples do not have the right to mutual respect and toleration possessed by liberal and decent peoples.

Rawls's views on global distributive justice as they were expressed in this work surprised many of his fellow egalitarian liberals. For example, Charles Beitz had previously written a study that argued for the application of Rawls's Difference Principles globally. Rawls denied that his principles should be so applied, partly on the grounds that a world state does not exist and would not be stable. This notion has been challenged, as a comprehensive system of global governance has arisen, amongst others in the form of the Bretton Woods system, that serves to distribute primary social goods between human beings. It has thus been argued that a cosmopolitan application of the theory of justice as fairness is the more reasonable alternative to the application of The Law of Peoples, as it would be more legitimate towards all persons over whom political coercive power is exercised.

According to Rawls however, nation states, unlike citizens, were self-sufficient in the cooperative enterprises that constitute domestic societies. Although Rawls recognized that aid should be given to governments which are unable to protect human rights for economic reasons, he claimed that the purpose for this aid is not to achieve an eventual state of global equality, but rather only to ensure that these societies could maintain liberal or decent political institutions. He argued, among other things, that continuing to give aid indefinitely would see nations with industrious populations subsidize those with idle populations and would create a moral hazard problem where governments could spend irresponsibly in the knowledge that they will be bailed out by those nations who had spent responsibly.

Rawls's discussion of "non-ideal" theory, on the other hand, included a condemnation of bombing civilians and of the American bombing of German and Japanese cities in World War II, as well as discussions of immigration and nuclear proliferation. He also detailed here the ideal of the statesman, a political leader who looks to the next generation and promotes international harmony, even in the face of significant domestic pressure to act otherwise. Rawls also controversially claimed that violations of human rights can legitimize military intervention in the violating states, though he also expressed the hope that such societies could be induced to reform peacefully by the good example of liberal and decent peoples.

Influence and reception
Despite the exacting, academic tone of Rawls's writing and his reclusive personality, his philosophical work has exerted an enormous impact on not only contemporary moral and political philosophy but also public political discourse. During the student protests at Tiananmen Square in 1989, copies of "A Theory of Justice" were brandished by protesters in the face of government officials. Despite being approximately 600 pages long, over 300,000 copies of that book have been sold, stimulating critical responses from utilitarian, feminist, conservative, libertarian, Catholic, communitarian, Marxist and Green scholars.

Although having a profound influence on theories of distributive justice both in theory and in practice, the generally anti-meritocratic sentiment of Rawls's thinking has not been widely accepted by the political left. He consistently held the view that naturally developed skills and endowments could not be neatly distinguished from inherited ones, and that neither could be used to justify moral desert. Instead, he held the view that individuals could "legitimately expect" entitlements to the earning of income or development of abilities based on institutional arrangements. This aspect of Rawls's work has been instrumental in the development of such ideas as luck egalitarianism and unconditional basic income, which have themselves been criticized. The strictly egalitarian quality of Rawls's second principle of justice has called into question the type of equality that fair societies ought to embody.

In a 2008 national survey of political theorists, based on 1,086 responses from professors at accredited, four-year colleges and universities in the United States, Rawls was voted first on the list of "Scholars Who Have Had the Greatest Impact on Political Theory in the Past 20 Years".

Communitarian critique
Charles Taylor, Alasdair Macintyre, Michael Sandel, and Michael Walzer produced a range of critical responses contesting the universalist basis of Rawls' original position. While these criticisms, which emphasize the cultural and social roots of normative political principles, are typically described as communitarian critiques of Rawlsian liberalism, none of their authors identified with philosophical communitarianism. In his later works, Rawls attempted to reconcile his theory of justice with the possibility that its normative foundations may not be universally applicable.

September Group
The late philosopher G. A. Cohen, along with political scientist Jon Elster, and John Roemer, used Rawls's writings extensively to inaugurate the Analytical Marxism movement in the 1980s.

Frankfurt School
In the later part of Rawls's career, he engaged with the scholarly work of Jürgen Habermas (see Habermas-Rawls debate). Habermas's reading of Rawls led to an appreciation of Rawls's work and other analytical philosophers by the Frankfurt School of critical theory, and many of Habermas's own students and associates were expected to be familiar with Rawls by the late 1980s. The Leibniz Prize-winning political philosopher Rainer Forst was advised by both by Rawls and Habermas in completing his PhD. Axel Honneth, Fabian Freyenhagen, and James Gordon Finlayson have also drawn on Rawls's work in comparison to Habermas.

Feminist political philosophy
Philosopher Eva Kittay has extended the work of John Rawls to address the concerns of women and cognitively disabled people.

Awards and honors

 * Bronze Star for radio work behind enemy lines in World War II
 * Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1966)
 * Ralph Waldo Emerson Award (1972)
 * Elected to the American Philosophical Society (1974)
 * Member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters (1992)
 * Schock Prize for Logic and Philosophy (1999)
 * National Humanities Medal (1999)
 * Asteroid 16561 Rawls is named in his honor.

In popular culture
John Rawls is featured as the protagonist of A Theory of Justice: The Musical!, an award-nominated musical comedy, which premiered at Oxford in 2013 and was revived for the Edinburgh Fringe Festival.

Articles

 * "Outline of a Decision Procedure for Ethics." Philosophical Review (April 1951), 60 (2): 177–197.
 * "Two Concepts of Rules." Philosophical Review (January 1955), 64 (1):3–32.
 * "Justice as Fairness." Journal of Philosophy (October 24, 1957), 54 (22): 653–362.
 * "Justice as Fairness." Philosophical Review (April 1958), 67 (2): 164–194.
 * "The Sense of Justice." Philosophical Review (July 1963), 72 (3): 281–305.
 * "Constitutional Liberty and the Concept of Justice" Nomos VI (1963)
 * "Distributive Justice: Some Addenda." Natural Law Forum (1968), 13: 51–71.
 * "Reply to Lyons and Teitelman." Journal of Philosophy (October 5, 1972), 69 (18): 556–557.
 * "Reply to Alexander and Musgrave." Quarterly Journal of Economics (November 1974), 88 (4): 633–655.
 * "Some Reasons for the Maximin Criterion." American Economic Review (May 1974), 64 (2): 141–146.
 * "Fairness to Goodness." Philosophical Review (October 1975), 84 (4): 536–554.
 * "The Independence of Moral Theory." Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association (November 1975), 48: 5–22.
 * "A Kantian Conception of Equality." Cambridge Review (February 1975), 96 (2225): 94–99.
 * "The Basic Structure as Subject." American Philosophical Quarterly (April 1977), 14 (2): 159–165.
 * "Kantian Constructivism in Moral Theory." Journal of Philosophy (September 1980), 77 (9): 515–572.
 * "Justice as Fairness: Political not Metaphysical." Philosophy & Public Affairs (Summer 1985), 14 (3): 223–251.
 * "The Idea of an Overlapping Consensus." Oxford Journal for Legal Studies (Spring 1987), 7 (1): 1–25.
 * "The Priority of Right and Ideas of the Good." Philosophy & Public Affairs (Fall 1988), 17 (4): 251–276.
 * "The Domain of the Political and Overlapping Consensus." New York University Law Review (May 1989), 64 (2): 233–255.
 * "Roderick Firth: His Life and Work." Philosophy and Phenomenological Research (March 1991), 51 (1): 109–118.
 * "The Law of Peoples." Critical Inquiry (Fall 1993), 20 (1): 36–68.
 * "Political Liberalism: Reply to Habermas." Journal of Philosophy (March 1995), 92 (3):132–180.
 * "The Idea of Public Reason Revisited." Chicago Law Review (1997), 64 (3): 765–807. [PRR]

Book chapters

 * "Constitutional Liberty and the Concept of Justice." In Carl J. Friedrich and John W. Chapman, eds., Nomos, VI: Justice, pp. 98–125. Yearbook of the American Society for Political and Legal Philosophy. New York: Atherton Press, 1963.
 * "Legal Obligation and the Duty of Fair Play." In Sidney Hook, ed., Law and Philosophy: A Symposium, pp. 3–18. New York: New York University Press, 1964. Proceedings of the 6th Annual New York University Institute of Philosophy.
 * "Distributive Justice." In Peter Laslett and W. G. Runciman, eds., Philosophy, Politics, and Society. Third Series, pp. 58–82. London: Blackwell; New York: Barnes & Noble, 1967.
 * "The Justification of Civil Disobedience." In Hugo Adam Bedau, ed., Civil Disobedience: Theory and Practice, pp. 240–255. New York: Pegasus Books, 1969.
 * "Justice as Reciprocity." In Samuel Gorovitz, ed., Utilitarianism: John Stuart Mill: With Critical Essays, pp. 242–268. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1971.
 * "Author's Note." In Thomas Schwartz, ed., Freedom and Authority: An Introduction to Social and Political Philosophy, p. 260. Encino & Belmont, California: Dickenson, 1973.
 * "Distributive Justice." In Edmund S. Phelps, ed., Economic Justice: Selected Readings, pp. 319–362. Penguin Modern Economics Readings. Harmondsworth & Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1973.
 * "Personal Communication, January 31, 1976." In Thomas Nagel's "The Justification of Equality." Critica (April 1978), 10 (28): 9n4.
 * "The Basic Liberties and Their Priority." In Sterling M. McMurrin, ed., The Tanner Lectures on Human Values, III (1982), pp. 1–87. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
 * "Social unity and primary goods" in
 * "Themes in Kant's Moral Philosophy." In Eckhart Forster, ed., Kant's Transcendental Deductions: The Three Critiques and the Opus postumum, pp. 81–113, 253–256. Stanford Series in Philosophy. Studies in Kant and German Idealism. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1989.

Reviews

 * Review of Axel Hägerström's Inquiries into the Nature of Law and Morals (C.D. Broad, tr.). Mind (July 1955), 64 (255):421–422.
 * Review of Stephen Toulmin's An Examination of the Place of Reason in Ethics (1950). Philosophical Review (October 1951), 60 (4): 572–580.
 * Review of A. Vilhelm Lundstedt's Legal Thinking Revised. Cornell Law Quarterly (1959), 44: 169.
 * Review of Raymond Klibansky, ed., Philosophy in Mid-Century: A Survey. Philosophical Review (January 1961), 70 (1): 131–132.
 * Review of Richard B. Brandt, ed., Social Justice (1962). Philosophical Review (July 1965), 74(3): 406–409.

title: John Rawls


text:
Lonepine, Montana

Lonepine is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sanders County, Montana, United States. The population was 137 at the 2000 census.

The post office was established in 1911. In 1921, the U.S. Reclamation Service built the Lower Dry Fork Reservoir to provide irrigation for the region. The 2,800-foot-long dam impounds 4,200 acre-feet of water.

Geography
Lonepine is located at 47.69222°N, -114.63944°W (47.692096, -114.639481).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 13.9 sqmi, of which 13.6 sqmi is land and 0.2 sqmi (1.73%) is water.

Climate
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Lonepine has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 137 people, 54 households, and 42 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 10.0 PD/sqmi. There were 60 housing units at an average density of 4.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 86.86% White, 1.46% African American, 5.11% Native American, 0.73% from other races, and 5.84% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.11% of the population.

There were 54 households, out of which 33.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.0% were married couples living together, 5.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.2% were non-families. 22.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 2.98.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 30.7% under the age of 18, 5.8% from 18 to 24, 15.3% from 25 to 44, 30.7% from 45 to 64, and 17.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 126.2 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $26,250, and the median income for a family was $28,125. Males had a median income of $30,000 versus $15,625 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $16,218. There were 9.8% of families and 6.3% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and none of those over 64.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lonepine, Montana


text:
Noxon, Montana

Noxon is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sanders County, Montana, United States. The population of the whole CDP was 255 at the 2020 census.

The town was established in 1883 as a Northern Pacific Railroad station.

Nearby is the Noxon Rapids Dam.

Geography
Noxon is located at 47.99278°N, -115.77306°W (47.992840, -115.773149).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1.3 sqmi, all land.

Climate
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Noxon has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.

Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 218 people, 127 households, and 66 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 183.2 PD/sqmi. There were 121 housing units at an average density of 96.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.39% White, 0.43% Native American, and 2.17% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.43% of the population.

There were 104 households, out of which 25.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.8% were married couples living together, 5.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.6% were non-families. 32.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.82.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 23.5% under the age of 18, 3.5% from 18 to 24, 22.6% from 25 to 44, 37.0% from 45 to 64, and 13.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.2 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $30,583, and the median income for a family was $35,156. Males had a median income of $36,250 versus $21,000 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $14,350. About 10.1% of families and 14.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.0% of those under the age of eighteen and 10.5% of those 65 or over.

Education
Noxon Public Schools educates students from kindergarten through 12th grade. Noxon High School's team name is the Red Devils.

Media
The Sanders County Ledger is a local newspaper. It is printed weekly and also available online.

title: Noxon, Montana


text:
Old Agency, Montana

Old Agency is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sanders County, Montana, United States. The population was 95 at the 2000 census.

Geography
Old Agency is located at 47.32333°N, -114.29778°W (47.323309, -114.297795).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 0.7 sqmi, of which 0.6 sqmi is land and 0.1 sqmi (14.71%) is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 95 people, 31 households, and 23 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 161.8 PD/sqmi. There were 39 housing units at an average density of 66.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 15.79% White, 78.95% Native American, and 5.26% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.05% of the population.

There were 31 households, out of which 51.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.5% were married couples living together, 19.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.8% were non-families. 19.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.06 and the average family size was 3.57.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 36.8% under the age of 18, 13.7% from 18 to 24, 32.6% from 25 to 44, 9.5% from 45 to 64, and 7.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 24 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.9 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $18,750, and the median income for a family was $22,917. Males had a median income of $22,250 versus $11,250 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $7,623. There were 48.4% of families and 53.2% of the population living below the poverty line, including 55.6% of under eighteens and 50.0% of those over 64.

title: Old Agency, Montana


text:
Paradise, Montana

Paradise (Salish: čɫl̓q̓ʷe ) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sanders County, Montana, United States. The population was 166 at the 2020 census.

The community began in 1883, when the Northern Pacific Railroad chose the site as a division point. It was also the place where railroaders would change their watches from Mountain to Pacific time.

Geography
Paradise has an elevation of 2250 ft. It is at the confluence of the Flathead River and Clark Fork River. Nearby Patrick's Knob reaches 6775 ft.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 0.2 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 184 people, 83 households, and 52 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 766.7 PD/sqmi. There were 103 housing units at an average density of 429.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 95.65% White, 0.54% Native American, 1.09% from other races, and 2.72% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.09% of the population.

There were 83 households, out of which 26.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.8% were married couples living together, 13.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.3% were non-families. 34.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.85.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 25.0% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 21.7% from 25 to 44, 27.7% from 45 to 64, and 20.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.0 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $18,750, and the median income for a family was $21,250. Males had a median income of $22,500 versus $13,750 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $9,405. About 12.5% of families and 15.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.0% of those under the age of eighteen and 12.9% of those 65 or over.

Education
On Sunday, April 14, 2013, it was announced that the elementary school would close at the end of the school term due to lack of enrollment. There are only five students attending now. Previous student populations numbered in the sixties and seventies.

Media
The Sanders County Ledger is a local newspaper. It is printed weekly and also available online.

title: Paradise, Montana


text:
Plains, Montana

Plains (Salish: ncc̓kʷi ) is a town in Sanders County, Montana, United States. The population was 1,106 at the 2020 census. It was founded as Horse Plains and sometimes called Wild Horse Plains, as the local Native Americans would winter their horses here to feed on the grasses in the valley. The name was later shortened to Plains when the US Postal Service established a presence in 1905.

The town was established in 1883 as a Northern Pacific Railroad station.

Geography
Plains is located at 47.45861°N, -114.885°W (47.458504, −114.885024). The town straddles the Clark Fork River with the fairgrounds on one shore and the town proper on the other.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.60 sqmi, all land.

Climate
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Plains has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 1,048 people, 502 households, and 256 families residing in the town. The population density was 1746.7 PD/sqmi. There were 593 housing units at an average density of 988.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 94.7% White, 0.2% African American, 2.0% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 0.2% from other races, and 2.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.4% of the population.

There were 502 households, of which 23.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.1% were married couples living together, 9.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 49.0% were non-families. Of all households 43.8% were made up of individuals, and 16.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.99 and the average family size was 2.78.

The median age in the town was 47.2 years. Of residents 21.1% were under the age of 18; 6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20.8% were from 25 to 44; 28.2% were from 45 to 64; and 24% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 47.6% male and 52.4% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,126 people, 472 households, and 297 families residing in the town. The population density was 2,005.3 PD/sqmi. There were 532 housing units at an average density of 947.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 95.91% White, 0.09% African American, 1.24% Native American, 0.36% Asian, 0.36% from other races, and 2.04% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.93% of the population.

There were 472 households, out of which 27.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.1% were married couples living together, 11.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.9% were non-families. Of all households 32.4% were made up of individuals, and 16.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.88.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.4% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 22.1% from 25 to 44, 24.2% from 45 to 64, and 22.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 92.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.9 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $26,331, and the median income for a family was $30,893. Males had a median income of $26,875 versus $16,058 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,010. About 16.7% of families and 20.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.4% of those under age 18 and 10.3% of those age 65 or over.

Infrastructure
Plains Airport is a county-owned public-use airport located one mile (1.85 km) northwest of town.

Education
Plains Public Schools educates students from kindergarten through 12th grade. Plains High School, a Class C school, serves local teenagers. They are known as the Horsemen/Trotters. Its students can participate in sports and extracurricular activities. There are also numerous community youth organizations and clubs including soccer, baseball, softball, drama, and art.

Plains Public Library serves the area.

Churches

 * Assembly of God
 * Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
 * Clarkfork Baptist Church is an Independent Baptist Church. The pastor is Kim Ray Earhart; established in 1993.
 * First Lutheran Church (ELCA) is located within the town limits.
 * Harvest Community Church. The pastor is Todd Brouillette and the associate pastor is Jeff Burrows.
 * Plains Alliance Church
 * Plains Bible Chapel
 * Plains United Methodist Church
 * St. James Catholic Church

Media
The Sanders County Ledger is a local newspaper along with the Clark Fork Valley Press. Both are printed weekly and also available online.

The radio station KPLG is licensed in Plains.

title: Plains, Montana


text:
Thompson Falls, Montana

Thompson Falls is a city in and the county seat of Sanders County, Montana. The population was 1,336 at the time of the 2020 census.

History
Thompson Falls was named after British explorer, geographer and fur trader David Thompson, who founded a North West Company fur trading post called Saleesh House in 1809. The community is located next to natural waterfalls on the Clark Fork river. The settlement of the Oregon Boundary Dispute in 1846, ended joint occupancy with Britain and established the border with British North America and made the region firmly American. The arrival of the railroad in 1881 brought the first real activity to the area. Two years later, when the gold rush hit nearby Cœur d'Alene, the town grew to accommodate the men going over the Murray Trail to the mines. In 1885 John Russell bought 40 acre and plotted the town site.

Thompson Falls was established in 1910.

The Thompson Falls Dam, in operation since 1915, was constructed atop the original falls.

Geography
Thompson Falls is located in the Clark Fork Valley at an elevation of 2419 ft. The Clark Fork River flows on the southern side of town. It is next to the Cabinet Mountains.

Thompson Falls State Park is 2 mi northwest of town. It offers a boat launch, campsites, and nature trails.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.73 sqmi, all land.

Ecology
An amphibian, the rough-skinned newt, has a population at Thompson Falls which is noncontiguous with the remainder of the Western US population of the species.

In 2010, a fish ladder was completed consisting of 48 pools, each one foot higher than the last, enabling native fish, including bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) to pass the 913-foot Thompson Falls Dam for the first time in nearly a century.

Climate
Under the Köppen climate classification, depending on the variant used, Thompson Falls has either an oceanic climate (Cfb) or a warm-summer humid continental climate (Dfb).

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 1,313 people, 618 households, and 362 families living in the city. The population density was 759.0 PD/sqmi. There were 681 housing units at an average density of 393.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 94.9% White, 0.2% African American, 1.6% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 0.6% from other races, and 2.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.6% of the population.

There were 618 households, of which 24.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.1% were married couples living together, 9.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 41.4% were non-families. 37.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.11 and the average family size was 2.73.

The median age in the city was 46.2 years. 21.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.1% were from 25 to 44; 28.6% were from 45 to 64; and 22.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.7% male and 51.3% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,321 people, 549 households, and 357 families living in the city. The population density was 708.5 PD/sqmi. There were 619 housing units at an average density of 332.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 96.74% White, 0.23% African American, 1.44% Native American, 0.15% Asian, 0.08% from other races, and 1.36% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.98% of the population.

There were 549 households, out of which 28.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.7% were married couples living together, 9.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.8% were non-families. 31.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.92.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 25.1% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 24.3% from 25 to 44, 27.2% from 45 to 64, and 17.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 95.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.0 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $28,103, and the median income for a family was $31,544. Males had a median income of $28,125 versus $18,333 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,245. About 13.6% of families and 16.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.2% of those under age 18 and 18.6% of those age 65 or over.

Government
In 2023, the mayor was Rusti Leivestad.

Education
Thompson Falls is served by the Thompson Falls Public Schools School District. The district has an elementary school, middle school and high school. Students attend Thompson Falls High School, a Class B school. They are known as the Blue Hawks. It offers eight sports to its students.

Thompson Falls Public Library is located in town.

Media
The Sanders County Ledger is a weekly local newspaper. The Clark Fork Valley Press is a newspaper serving Sanders County and the Clark Fork Valley. It is printed weekly and also has an e-edition.

The FM radio station KTFZ is licensed in Thompson Falls. It is a satellite for Montana Public Radio.

Infrastructure
Montana Highway 200 passes through town from east to west. Secondary Highway 471 intersects 200 at the western edge of town.

Thompson Falls Airport is a county-owned, public-use airport located three miles (6 km) southeast of town.

Notable people

 * Jennifer Fielder, former member of the Montana Senate
 * Greg Hinkle, former member of the Montana Senate
 * Pat Ingraham, former member of the Montana House of Representatives
 * Marc Racicot, 21st governor of Montana and former chair of the RNC

title: Thompson Falls, Montana


text:
Trout Creek, Montana

Trout Creek is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sanders County, Montana, United States. The population was 261 at the 2000 census. Population increased to 277 per the United States Census [2020] Trout Creek was proclaimed "Huckleberry Capital of Montana" by the state's legislature in 1981.

The post office opened in 1885. In 1910, the townsite was moved downstream to the opposite side of the creek. The town experienced an economic boost with construction of the Noxon Rapids Dam (1955–56).

Geography
Trout Creek is located at 47.83083°N, -115.59417°W (47.830737, -115.594221).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1.9 sqmi, all land.

Climate
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes extremely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Trout Creek has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.

Climate
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Trout Creek has a warm-summer mediterranean continental climate, abbreviated "Dsb" on climate maps. The hottest temperature recorded in Trout Creek was 110 F on August 4, 1961, while the coldest temperature recorded was -40 F on December 30, 1968.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 261 people, 109 households, and 72 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 139.9 PD/sqmi. There were 135 housing units at an average density of 72.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 93.87% White, 1.92% Native American, and 4.21% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.92% of the population.

There were 109 households, out of which 27.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.2% were married couples living together, 8.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.9% were non-families. 29.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.92.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 26.1% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 24.5% from 25 to 44, 32.2% from 45 to 64, and 10.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 117.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 112.1 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $26,458, and the median income for a family was $28,958. Males had a median income of $25,357 versus $12,083 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $15,910. About 17.5% of families and 21.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 42.5% of those under the age of eighteen and none of those 65 or over.

Popular Events
Trout Creek, famous for its abundance of huckleberries, has been proclaimed by the legislature as the huckleberry capital of Montana and hosts the annual Huckleberry Festival each August. The Cabinet Mountains Wilderness, camping, hiking, hunting and fishing are available, while Cabinet Gorge and Town has accessible recreational opportunities, including camping, hiking, hunting and fishing. Also located nearby—beautiful Vermillion and Graves Creek falls.

Trout Creek is located on the banks of Noxon Rapids Reservoir, a thirty-three mile impoundment of the Clark Fork River stretching from Thompson Falls to Noxon. The reservoir offers some of the best bass and pike fishing in Northwestern Montana. Averaging only a mile wide, the setting stirs the imagination for a mountainous watershed teeming with trout, and they too cruise through this shallow reservoir known for offering good small mouth and largemouth bass fishing, along with pike, walleye, yellow perch and sun fish.

Bass tournaments are held in the spring and a pike tournament is held in the fall. Snow capped mountains loom over the Clark Fork drainage. Pine trees rush down from the tallest mountains to lean out over the water. This area offers fantastic fishing for both warm and cold-water species, the reservoir is home to over 25 species of native and introduced populations.

The second Saturday in February there is an annual Snowmobile Poker Run starting and ending in Trout Creek, MT.

The second week in June there is an annual ATV Rally starting and ending in Trout Creek. It is typically a two-day event with a short ride the first day. The second day features a poker run and hog roast or BBQ.

Weekly farmers market starting after 4 July - Wednesday 4-6p Trout Creek Park

Annual summer Kayak Poker Run

August Shakespeare In-The-Park

The annual Huckleberry Festival takes place on the second weekend in August. It is a three-day bazaar with parade, pie eating contest, talent show, 5K fun run, archery, rock climbing, dog agility course, baking contests, helicopter rides, and live entertainment included. Many of the booths sell huckleberry based products which local and foreign visitors enjoy (http://huckleberryfestival.com/).

Archery: Trout Creek School 2023 Middle School State champions

TROUT CREEK PARK Located at the end of Park Street on the SE end of town, our five-acre park features the following: Stage & Bleachers Festival Booths Plumbed Restroom Facilities (Handicap Accessible) Horseshoe Pits RV Power Hookups (no dump services on-site) Play Structure Picnic Areas Covered Pavilion

TROUT CREEK BOAT LAUNCH Officially owned and managed by AVISTA, TCCIA co-maintains our town's boat launch and picnic area, which features the following: Two covered picnic pavilions Fire ring Free-Standing Grills Swim Area & Swim Dock (No Lifeguard On Duty) Boat Launch & Dock Fresh Water Frost-Free Hydrant

title: Trout Creek, Montana


text:
Antelope, Montana

Antelope is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sheridan County, Montana, United States. The population was 51 at the 2010 census.

History
Named for the nearby creek, Antelope began as a tiny community along the Great Northern Railway's Bainville to Scobey branch line in 1910. That year, John and Richard Grayson built a hardware store next to the Antelope Creek Lutheran Church. A post office, bank, lumberyard, and saloon soon followed. The town was incorporated in 1913. The community thrived during its first decade, adding general mercantiles, a butcher shop, a concrete plant, restaurants, and other businesses to serve the region's growing homesteader population. Over the years, however, better roads to the south siphoned off business, and the “Biggest Little City in Eastern Montana” sank into decline.

In 1967 a U.S. Navy gunboat was named the "Antelope". To mark the occasion crew members came to the town of Antelope and some of the town's citizens went to Tacoma, Washington.

School
Antelope School was built in 1916, the gym was finished in 1945. The school burned on October 20,1978, students attended Plentywood school for the remainder of the year. The school graduated 522 students from 1922 to 1979 (the 1979 graduating class was graduated at Plentwyood school but consider Antelope school their Alma mater).

Centennial Celebration
Antelope celebrated 100 years as a community on July 3, 2010. They had a parade, lunch, a skit about the history of town, and a street dance, among time for people to catch up with one another and blow up games for the kids in the park. The bar was also re-opened for the celebration as a gathering place and place to get a drink.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 0.1 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 43 people, 21 households, and 11 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 532.7 PD/sqmi. There were 24 housing units at an average density of 297.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 100.00% White.

There were 21 households, out of which 23.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.1% were married couples living together, 4.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 47.6% were non-families. 47.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.05 and the average family size was 3.00.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 18.6% under the age of 18, 16.3% from 18 to 24, 14.0% from 25 to 44, 34.9% from 45 to 64, and 16.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females there were 168.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 169.2 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $16,500, and the median income for a family was $16,500. Males had a median income of $21,250 versus $15,250 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $5,455. There were 28.6% of families and 22.4% of the population living below the poverty line, including 26.9% of under eighteens and none of those over 64.

title: Antelope, Montana


text:
Medicine Lake, Montana

Medicine Lake is a town in Sheridan County, Montana, United States. The population was 244 at the 2020 census.

On July 5, 1937, Medicine Lake recorded a temperature of 117 °F (47 °C), setting the record for the highest temperature ever recorded in Montana.

History
Edward Stubban named this place Flandrem for his home town in Norway and established a post office and store in 1906. The town moved about 2 miles with the construction of the Great Northern Railway in 1910. They changed the name to Medicine Lake after the nearby lake the Assiniboine referred to as Bda wauka, “Medicine water.”

On November 14, 2020, the high school football team, which co-ops with Froid, known as the RedHawks, won the 6-man State Championship. They defeated White Sulphur Springs 44–19 to finish the season 10–0. It was the first football state title for the school, which had finished 2nd in 1952, 1985 and 2000, when they were known as the Honkers.

On November 20, 2021, the undefeated RedHawks won back to back state titles with a 43–0 defeat of the Power-Dutton-Brady Titans on the road in Dutton, Montana. The win concluded the RedHawks' season with a 13–0 record and extended their winning streak to 23 games.

Geography
Medicine Lake is located at 48.50056°N, -104.50306°W (48.500438, -104.503079).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.40 sqmi, all land.

Climate
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Medicine Lake has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 225 people, 109 households, and 65 families residing in the town. The population density was 562.5 PD/sqmi. There were 167 housing units at an average density of 417.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 90.7% White, 0.9% African American, 4.0% Native American, and 4.4% from two or more races.

There were 109 households, of which 24.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.4% were married couples living together, 12.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.4% were non-families. 38.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.06 and the average family size was 2.74.

The median age in the town was 48.1 years. 24.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 17.8% were from 25 to 44; 34.8% were from 45 to 64; and 18.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 49.3% male and 50.7% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 269 people, 120 households, and 72 families residing in the town. The population density was 658.8 PD/sqmi. There were 165 housing units at an average density of 404.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 92.19% White, 3.72% Native American, 0.37% Asian, 0.37% Pacific Islander, and 3.35% from two or more races.

There were 120 households, out of which 28.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 6.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.0% were non-families. 40.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.97.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.4% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 22.3% from 25 to 44, 28.3% from 45 to 64, and 16.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 116.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 108.4 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $28,750, and the median income for a family was $35,694. Males had a median income of $26,000 versus $26,250 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,405. About 7.2% of families and 7.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.5% of those under the age of eighteen and 3.4% of those 65 or over.

Education
Medicine Lake School District educates students from kindergarten through 12th grade. Medicine Lake High School's team name is the Redhawks.

title: Medicine Lake, Montana


text:
Outlook, Montana

Outlook is a small rural village in Sheridan County, Montana, United States. The population was 84 at the 2020 census. The village includes a post office which services Outlook and the hamlet of Raymond, as well as the surrounding countryside.

History
Outlook began with the construction of the Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railroad in 1909. It was incorporated in 1913. A wildfire hit the town in 1999, destroying several buildings, and the population has declined by more than half since then.

Geography
Outlook is located at 48.88889°N, -104.77944°W (48.888847, -104.779317).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 1.30 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 47 people, 26 households, and 12 families residing in the town. The population density was 36.2 PD/sqmi. There were 42 housing units at an average density of 32.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 95.7% White and 4.3% Native American.

There were 26 households, of which 15.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.5% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 53.8% were non-families. 53.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 30.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.81 and the average family size was 2.50.

The median age in the town was 50.5 years. 12.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 12.8% were from 25 to 44; 34.1% were from 45 to 64; and 31.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 57.4% male and 42.6% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 82 people, 35 households, and 22 families residing in the town. The population density was 62.8 PD/sqmi. There were 43 housing units at an average density of 33.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 95.12% White, 3.66% Native American, and 1.22% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.44% of the population.

There were 35 households, out of which 28.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.0% were married couples living together, 2.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.1% were non-families. 34.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.91.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 28.0% under the age of 18, 2.4% from 18 to 24, 23.2% from 25 to 44, 23.2% from 45 to 64, and 23.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 78.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.4 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $35,000, and the median income for a family was $34,583. Males had a median income of $24,167 versus $18,333 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,066. None of the population and none of the families were below the poverty line.

title: Outlook, Montana


text:
Plentywood, Montana

Plentywood is a city in and the county seat of Sheridan County, Montana, United States. The population was 1,669 at the 2020 census.

History
In 1881, Sitting Bull and his band surrendered to US forces roughly at what is now Plentywood.

Butch Cassidy and other rustlers used a trail through Plentywood to move their stolen cattle into Canada. The plentiful gulches provided coverage for the outlaws. The Enlarged Homestead Act of 1909 sparked an increase in Montana homesteaders, including in the Plentywood area. Claiming this land forced some of the outlaws away.

The first business in Plentywood opened in 1900, and a post office was established two years later. The city incorporated in 1912, following the arrival of a Great Northern Railway branch line that eventually ran from Bainville to Opheim.

Local folklore suggests that the name of the nearby Plentywood Creek, after which the city was named, comes from a search for firewood. One day, according to the story, a group of cowboys watched in exasperation as the chuck wagon cook attempted to start a fire with damp buffalo chips. Finally, in frustration, Dutch Henry said, "If you'll go two miles up this creek, you'll find plenty wood."

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.17 sqmi, all land.

The area has small rolling hills with a significant amount of land given to agriculture. Boxelder Lake is north of town. Brush Lake State Park is 31 mi south.

Climate
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Plentywood has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps.

2010 census
At the 2010 census, there were 1,734 people, 820 households and 462 families in the city. The population density was 1482.1 /sqmi. There were 972 housing units at an average density of 830.8 /sqmi. The racial make-up was 95.0% White, 0.2% African American, 1.7% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 0.3% from other races and 2.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.1% of the population.

There were 820 households, of which 22.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.2% were married couples living together, 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.0% had a male householder with no wife present and 43.7% were non-families. 40.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.02 and the average family size was 2.68.

The median age was 49.7 years. 19.1% of residents were under the age of 18, 5.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24, 18.7% were from 25 to 44, 32.4% were from 45 to 64 and 24.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender make-up was 47.8% male and 52.2% female.

2000 census
At the 2000 census, there were 2,061 people, 857 households and 522 families in the city. The population density was 1,756.1 /sqmi. There were 1,020 housing units at an average density of 869.1 /sqmi. The racial make-up was 97.14% White, 0.97% Native American, 0.15% African American, 0.19% from other races and 1.12% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.12% of the population.

There were 857 households, of which 27.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.2% were married couples living together, 5.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.0% were non-families. 36.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.95.

23.3% of the population were under the age of 18, 4.5% from 18 to 24, 23.0% from 25 to 44, 23.7% from 45 to 64 and 25.5% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females there were 88.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.8 males.

The median household income was $30,037 and the median family income was $37,679. Males had a median income of $24,741 and females $20,662. The per capita income was $15,609. About 10.6% of families and 16.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.0% of those under age 18 and 19.1% of those age 65 or over.

Economy
Plentywood has been a center for purchase of pulse crops since 2005.

C&B Operations is an agriculture equipment dealership in Plentywood. The company offers a two year apprenticeship to create skilled technicians.

Sheridan Memorial Hospital and the school district are major employers.

Education
Plentywood Schools educates students from kindergarten to 12th grade. There are three schools: an elementary for kindergarten to 6th grade, a middle school for grades 7 and 8, and a high school for 9th to 12th grade. In the 2021-2022 school year, the district had a total of 359 students.

Plentywood High School
The school's team name is the Wildcats.

In 1969, Plentywood played Choteau and lost in its first Class B boys' state championship basketball appearance. The 1976 boys' basketball team won the Montana Class A title against Hamilton as one of the smallest Class A teams in the state at the time. In 1978, the boys' basketball team won the Class B title against Big Timber after declining enrollment resulted in a downward classification. The 1979 boys' basketball team finished as runners-up to the archrival Scobey Spartans at the State B Boys' Basketball Tournament. The 2007 boys' basketball team finished again as runners up, this time to Huntly Project at the State B Boys' Tournament. In 1998, the Wildcats finished third at the State Tourney and in the 1980s had two top four finishes at the State Tournament as well.

The 1971 Plentywood Wildcats American football team, coached by Doug Dierenfield, reached the class B state championship, losing in overtime 6–8 to Huntley Project.

The 1981 Plentywood Wildcats American football team, coached by Ron Smith, beat the Big Timber Herders 20-14 for the State B title in Big Timber. Smith is the only coach in Sheridan County to have ever won a State Football title.

In 1997, the Plentywood Wildcat American football team also reached the state championship, losing to Frenchtown 27-20 after being up 20–7 at half time.

The 1999 and 2000 girls' golf team won the State B-C title.

For 5 years, from 1997 to 2001, Plentywood was the state champion girls' 4x400 relay winner

In 1977, Plentywood won the Class B State Championship in boys' cross country. Cross country was later dropped from the athletic program.

The Plentywood boys' track team has won four state titles, in 1970, 1971, 1972 and 1973.

Library
Sheridan County Library is a public library which serves the area.

Media
Plentywood is the location of Radio International, with the combined signals of KATQ 1070, KATQ-FM 100.1, and KATQ-FM 107.1. All stations are located at 112 Third Avenue East. The stations serve the northeast Montana, western North Dakota and southern Saskatchewan region.

The Sheridan County News is a print only newspaper covering local news.

Infrastructure
Montana Highway 5 and Montana Highway 16 overlap as they pass through town from southeast to northwest. Highway 5 runs east to west, while highway 16 runs north to south. The border into Canada is 16 mi north. Travelers use the Raymond–Regway Border Crossing to enter Canada.

Sher-Wood Airport is a public use airport located one mile (2 km) northeast of the town. The nearest commercial airport is in Williston, North Dakota, 81 mi southeast.

Sherwood Memorial Hospital provides medical care.

Notable people

 * Robin Selvig: University of Montana Grizzly women's basketball coach for 38 seasons is a native of nearby Outlook; his first teaching job was at Plentywood High School.

title: Plentywood, Montana


text:
Reserve, Montana

Reserve is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sheridan County, Montana, United States. The population was 23 at the 2010 census.

The town of Wakea was platted in 1911. The name was changed in 1912 with the establishment of the post office. The name comes from the proximity to the Fort Peck Indian Reservation.

Geography
Reserve is located at 48.60528°N, -104.46389°W (48.605251, -104.463969).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1.4 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 37 people, 18 households, and 10 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 26.9 PD/sqmi. There were 25 housing units at an average density of 18.2 per square mile (7.0/km$2$). The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.30% White and 2.70% Native American. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.70% of the population.

There were 18 households, out of which 27.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.1% were married couples living together, and 38.9% were non-families. 33.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.06 and the average family size was 2.64.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 18.9% under the age of 18, 2.7% from 18 to 24, 13.5% from 25 to 44, 35.1% from 45 to 64, and 29.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 50 years. For every 100 females, there were 76.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.5 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $33,750, and the median income for a family was $30,000. Males had a median income of $13,750 versus $30,000 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $13,742. There were 41.7% of families and 33.3% of the population living below the poverty line, including 40.0% of under eighteens and 66.7% of those over 64.

title: Reserve, Montana


text:
Westby, Montana

Westby is a town in Sheridan County, Montana, United States. The population was 167 at the 2020 census.

History
Westby was founded in 1910 as a town in what was then Williams County, North Dakota (now in Divide County). Danish settlers came up with the name by combining the word west, which noted the town's location in extreme western North Dakota, with the word by, Danish for town. The town remained in North Dakota until 1914, when it was moved slightly across the border so as to be next to a newly built branch line of the Soo Line Railroad and in a state that permitted the sale of alcohol.

Geography
Westby is located at 48.86972°N, -104.05194°W (48.869847, -104.051950).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.54 sqmi, all land.

Westby is located on the state border with North Dakota, and near the international boundary with Saskatchewan. Montana Highway 5 passes through the town.

Climate
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Westby has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "DFb" on climate maps.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 168 people, 82 households, and 49 families residing in the town. The population density was 311.1 PD/sqmi. There were 114 housing units at an average density of 211.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 95.8% White, 2.4% Native American, and 1.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.8% of the population.

There were 82 households, of which 19.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.7% were married couples living together, 3.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.2% were non-families. 36.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.05 and the average family size was 2.67.

The median age in the town was 48.3 years. 19% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 19.1% were from 25 to 44; 35.1% were from 45 to 64; and 22.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 52.4% male and 47.6% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 172 people, 88 households, and 52 families residing in the town. The population density was 317.2 PD/sqmi. There were 121 housing units at an average density of 223.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 98.26% White, 1.16% Native American, and 0.58% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.74% of the population.

There were 88 households, out of which 14.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.1% were married couples living together, 5.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.8% were non-families. 35.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 23.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.95 and the average family size was 2.47.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 15.1% under the age of 18, 2.9% from 18 to 24, 22.7% from 25 to 44, 34.3% from 45 to 64, and 25.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 50 years. For every 100 females there were 109.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.6 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $32,875, and the median income for a family was $44,583. Males had a median income of $35,625 versus $18,125 for females. The per capita income for the town was $19,438. About 4.7% of families and 9.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under the age of eighteen and 20.0% of those 65 or over.

Education
Westby School District educates students from kindergarten through 12th grade. Westby High School's team name is Thunder.

title: Westby, Montana


text:
Walkerville, Montana

Walkerville is a town in Silver Bow County, Montana, United States, that is an enclave of the consolidated city-county of Butte. The population was 639 at the 2020 census. Walkerville is a suburb of Butte, and the only other incorporated community in the county, as well as the only part of the county that is not part of Butte.

Part of Walkerville is included in the Butte-Anaconda Historic District. Walkerville represents some of the earliest mines in the district and preserves the early mining camp flavor present in the 1890s to 1910s.

History
Walkerville is a suburb of Butte, Montana and is home to some of the earliest mining sites in the area. These sites attracted many investors to Walkerville in the late 1800s. Walkerville is named for four of those investors: brothers Joseph, Samuel, Matthew and David Walker of Salt Lake City; they had purchased the lucrative Alice mine upon recommendation by their agent (and later Copper King) Marcus Daly.

There were many different types of materials mined depending on the location of a given site. Copper and silver were two of the most commonly mined materials. In 1893, silver prices dropped, but the town's economy continued to thrive due to its copper production. The town incorporated in 1890, and by the early 1900s almost 2,500 people lived there, mostly Cornish and Irish immigrants who came to work in the mines. Walkerville's economic success continued until 1918 when the end of World War I caused copper prices to drop.

In 1955, the Anaconda Company decided to begin open-pit mining operations, which transformed Walkerville. Residents opposed open-pit mining on the grounds that it took away jobs. But extracting metals was cheaper with the open pit method, and as copper prices dropped after World War II, the old Alice Mine transformed into the Alice Pit. Blasting in the pit, located in the middle of Walkerville, angered residents who complained of noise, flying rocks, and cracking basements. The Anaconda Company offered to buy property at fair market prices and sold homes back to residents for one dollar on the stipulation that the home be moved. Many residents moved away. When the blasting and digging rendered Sibyl, Rose, and Pearl streets impassable, they were condemned and fenced off. Mayor Jimmy Shea responded by demanding that the Company formally petition the city council to discontinue and vacate the streets. With this leverage, the city council demanded the Company pay to repair city utilities, build a new road, repair damaged streets, build safety fences, keep the pit one hundred feet from homes, and build a new ballpark. Eventually, the Company acquiesced to most of these demands. Even so, Walkerville's fight with the Company became more bitter as the pit continued to expand. In 1961, the City of Walkerville sued Anaconda for damaging city property. The Alice Pit never reopened.

By 2015, nearly all of the town's many mines are abandoned. Some of these sites have become very dangerous and plans are being made to restore or remove them.

Geography
Berkeley Pit is 2 mi to the south. The town is on the U.S. Continental Divide.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 2.23 sqmi, all land.

Neighborhoods

 * Corktown
 * Sun View Terrace
 * Seldom Seen
 * Dewey's Point
 * Chicken Flat
 * Butchertown
 * the Corra

Butchertown was named for Rollo Butcher, Walkerville's first permanent resident.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 675 people, 304 households, and 175 families residing in the town. The population density was 302.7 PD/sqmi. There were 344 housing units at an average density of 154.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 93.2% White, 0.1% African American, 3.3% Native American, 0.6% Asian, 0.3% Pacific Islander, 0.3% from other races, and 2.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.9% of the population.

There were 304 households, of which 27.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.4% were married couples living together, 10.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 42.4% were non-families. 35.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.90.

The median age in the town was 44.2 years. 22.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20.3% were from 25 to 44; 33.8% were from 45 to 64; and 15% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 48.6% male and 51.4% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 714 people, 297 households, and 195 families residing in the town. The population density was 325.1 PD/sqmi. There were 343 housing units at an average density of 156.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 94.26% White, 0.14% African American, 4.06% Native American, 0.28% Asian, 0.70% from other races, and 0.56% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.22% of the population.

There were 297 households, out of which 31.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.5% were married couples living together, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.3% were non-families. 30.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 3.00.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.5% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 25.5% from 45 to 64, and 13.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 97.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.3 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $28,009, and the median income for a family was $29,861. Males had a median income of $27,404 versus $19,063 for females. The per capita income for the town was $14,156. About 9.9% of families and 12.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.8% of those under age 18 and 5.0% of those age 65 or over.

Media
The FM radio station KMTZ is licensed in Walkerville. It plays adult hits.

title: Walkerville, Montana