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Bishop, California

Bishop (formerly Bishop Creek) is a city in California, United States. It is the largest populated place and only incorporated city in Inyo County. Bishop is located near the northern end of the Owens Valley and the Mojave Desert, at an elevation of 4150 ft. The city was named after Bishop Creek, flowing out of the Sierra Nevada; the creek was named after Samuel Addison Bishop, a settler in the Owens Valley. Bishop is a commercial and residential center, while many vacation destinations and tourist attractions in the Sierra Nevada are located nearby.

The population of the city was 3,879 at the 2010 Census, up from 3,575 at the 2000 Census. The population of the built-up zone containing Bishop is much larger; more than 14,500 people live in a compact area that includes Bishop, West Bishop, Dixon Lane-Meadow Creek, and the Bishop Paiute Reservation. It is by far the largest settlement in Inyo County.

A number of western films were shot in Bishop, including movies starring John Wayne, Charlton Heston and Joel McCrea.

History
The Bishop Creek post office operated from 1870 to 1889 and from 1935 to 1938. The first Bishop post office opened in 1889.

In order to support the growth aspirations of the city of Los Angeles, water was diverted from the Owens River into the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913. From the 1910s to 1930s, the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power purchased much of the valley for water rights and control. The result was substantial change to the Owens Valley culture and environment. The economy of Bishop suffered when farmers sold their land. Jack Foley, a Bishop resident and sound effects specialist, mitigated the economic loss by persuading several Los Angeles studio bosses that the town of Bishop would be ideal as a location to shoot westerns.

History and heritage
The city of Bishop was named for one of the first European settlers in the area, Samuel A. Bishop. Owens Lake was named for Richard Owens, a member of John C. Fremont's 1845 exploration party which included Kit Carson and Ed Kern. Later the entire valley became known as The Owens Valley (see First Settlers below). The Paiute Indians called Owens Lake by the name of "Pacheta" and the Owens River "Wakopee." Geographically, Inyo County is today the second largest county in California with a population of slightly over 18,000 residents. The county is so big that several eastern states put together would fit neatly within its boundaries. Inyo County contains both the highest and lowest points in the contiguous United States; Mt. Whitney, 14,496 ft above sea level, and Badwater in Death Valley, 282 ft below sea level. The "Inyo" in Inyo County is commonly believed to be a Paiute word meaning "dwelling place of the great spirit," although some scholars are now convinced that it is a mistranslation of the word Indio, which is Spanish for Indian. It is possible that the Paiute were trying to explain to the earliest English speaking settlers in the Owens Valley that this was their land by using a form of "Indio" they had learned from other Indian tribes, who in turn, had learned it from the Spanish or Mexicans, not realizing that not all Europeans spoke the same language. Thus Inyo may actually mean "Indian Land."

First American settlers

The first American explorers in the Owens Valley of Eastern California included the famous mountain men Jedediah Smith in 1833 and Joseph Walker in 1834. This remote area of California had never been explored by the Spanish and even though it was shown as Mexican territory on early maps, the Eastern Sierra region remained unvisited by them. Present day Walker Lake in western Nevada, the Walker River on the California/Nevada border and Walker Pass in the southern Sierra were named for their discoverer, Joseph Walker.

The most renowned early explorer to visit the area was John C. Fremont. He was the first Republican candidate to run for President of the United States in 1856 and later a famous Union Civil War general. Officially sanctioned by the federal government, his 1845 mapping party to the Eastern Sierra included the celebrated Indian scout Kit Carson, for whom the capitol of Nevada, Carson City, was named. Also in the party were Ed Kern for whom Kern County, California was named, and Richard Owens, who gave his name to the Owens Lake near Lone Pine and later the Owens Valley itself. Fremont lost a cannon that he had brought along in case of Indian attacks near present-day Bridgeport, California (about 80 mi north of Bishop).

The city of Bishop came into being due to the need for beef in a booming mining camp some eighty miles to the north, Aurora, Nevada, (Aurora was believed to be on the California side of the border at that time and was the county seat of Mono County, California). In 1861 cattlemen drove herds of cattle some three hundred miles from the great San Joaquin Valley of California, through the southern Sierra at Walker Pass, up the Owens Valley, and then through Adobe Meadows to Aurora. Along the way, some cattlemen noticed that the unsettled northern Owens Valley was perfect for raising livestock.

To avoid the long journey from the other side of the mountains, a few of them decided to settle in the valley. Driving some 600 head of cattle and 50 horses, Samuel Addison Bishop, his wife, and several hired hands arrived in the Owens Valley on August 22, 1861, from Fort Tejón in the Tehachapi Mountains. Along with Henry Vansickle, Charles Putnam, Allen Van Fleet, and the McGee brothers, Bishop was one of the first white settlers in the valley.

The cattlemen were soon followed by sheepmen who initially struggled with a lack of forage for their stock in the area. Remnants of these early settlers' stone corrals and fences can still be seen north of Bishop along Highway 395 in Round Valley (barb wire fencing was not invented until 1873). Establishing a homestead, the San Francis Ranch, along the creek which still bears his name, Samuel Bishop set up a market to sell beef to the miners and business owners in Aurora.

One of the residents of Aurora at that time was a young Samuel Clemens who later gained fame as author Mark Twain (see Twain's Roughing It for his comments on this area).

By 1862, a frontier settlement (and later town), known as Bishop Creek, was established a couple of miles east of the San Francis Ranch. Though the town continues to prosper, the only reminder of Samuel Bishop's ranch today is a monument placed near the original site at the corner of Highway 168 West and Red Hill Road, two miles west of downtown Bishop.

In 1866, the County of Inyo was established from part of Tulare County. The Eastern High Sierra and the Owens Valley was the westernmost frontier in America at that time. In 1871, Daniel Bruhn was one of 41 wranglers herding some 3,000 wild Spanish mustangs from Stockton, California, to Texas. Their travels took them over the High Sierra and into the remote Owens Valley, where they lost over 500 head of horses. The descendants of those mustangs still roam wild on the California/Nevada border just north of Bishop.

Water conflicts of the Owens Valley
As Los Angeles expanded during the late 19th century, it began outgrowing its water supply. Fred Eaton, mayor of Los Angeles, promoted a plan to take water from Owens Valley, where Bishop lies, to Los Angeles via an aqueduct. Between 1905 and 1907, most of the land in the Owens Valley was purchased from farmers and ranchers at bargain prices by Eaton, ostensibly for a his own use. The real goal was to send Owens Valley water south to Los Angeles. In 1907, Eaton traveled to Washington to meet with advisers of Theodore Roosevelt to convince them that the water of the Owens River would do more good flowing through faucets in Los Angeles than it would if used on Owens Valley fields and orchards. Despite a political fight with Congressman Sylvester Smith, who represented the area around Bishop, Roosevelt decided in favor of the aqueduct.

The aqueduct was built from 1907 to 1913 under the supervision of William Mullholland. The aqueduct is 223 mi long, used no pumping stations; only gravity siphons. By 1928, Los Angeles owned 90 percent of the water in Owens Valley and agriculture interests in the region were effectively dead. With the diversion of water to Los Angeles, the Owens Lake and lower Owens River dried up, forcing many valley residents to leave the area. For a number of years, Owens Valley residents expressed much animosity toward the city of Los Angeles; for example, in Dry Ditches, a book of poems published in 1934 by the Parcher family of Bishop. The Owens Valley–city of Los Angeles conflict was the inspiration of the 1974 film Chinatown, starring Jack Nicholson.

Native American cultural heritage
Indigenous peoples still live in and near Bishop. They now reside on four reservations. The southernmost is the Lone Pine Indian Reservation; northward is Fort Independence Reservation and Big Pine Indian Reservation. The largest and northernmost is the Bishop Indian Reservation.

Geography
Bishop lies west of the Owens River at the northern end of the Owens Valley.

The city is located on U.S. Route 395, the main north–south artery through the Owens Valley, connecting the Inland Empire to Reno, Nevada. US 395 also connects Bishop to Los Angeles via State Route 14 through Palmdale. Bishop is the western terminus of U.S. Route 6. The Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community of the Bishop Colony control land just west of the town. The Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (DWP) controls much of the upstream and surrounding area.

Bishop is immediately to the east of the Sierra Nevada, and west of the White Mountains. Numerous peaks are within a short distance of Bishop, including Mount Humphreys (13,986 ft) to the west, White Mountain Peak (14,242 ft) to the northeast, and pyramidal Mount Tom (13,658 ft) northwest of town. Basin Mountain (13,187 ft) is viewed to the west from Bishop as it rises above the Buttermilks.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.9 sqmi, over 97% of it land.

Bishop is known as the "Mule Capital of the World" and a week-long festival called Bishop Mule Days has been held since 1969 during the week of Memorial Day, celebrating the contributions of pack mules to the area. The festival attracts many tourists, primarily from the Southern California area.

Bishop is well known in the rock climbing community. Near the city are numerous climbing spots that attract visitors from around the world. There are over 2,000 bouldering problems in Bishop. The two main types of rock are volcanic tuff (at the Happy and Sad boulders) and granite (at the Buttermilks).

Notable locations

 * Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest
 * Bishop Area Chamber of Commerce
 * Bishop Visitors Bureau
 * Eastern Sierra Regional Airport
 * Inyo National Forest Supervisor's Office
 * Keoughs Hot Springs
 * Laws Rail Museum
 * Paiute Indian Reservation
 * Paiute-Shoshone Cultural Center Museum

Climate
Bishop, as well as the rest of the Owens Valley, has an arid climate (Köppen BWk) with an annual average of 4.84 in of precipitation, and is part of USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 7b. The wettest year was 1969 with 17.09 in of precipitation and the driest 2013 with 1.33 in. Measurable precipitation occurs on an average of 26 days annually. The most precipitation in one month was 8.93 in in January 1969, which included 4.00 in on January 4, the most rainfall recorded in 24 hours in Bishop. Snowfall averages 6.8 in per season. The snowiest season was from July 1968 to June 1969 with 57.1 in, which included the snowiest month, January 1969, at 23.2 in.

There is an average of 3 nights of sub 10 °F lows, 139 nights where the low reaches the freezing mark, 104 days with 90 °F+ highs, and 29 days with 100 °F+ highs. Due to the aridity and hot high-altitude sun, there are only 34 days with maxima below 50 F and only one per year with a maximum below 32 F, and the annual diurnal temperature variation is 36.9 F-change, reaching 42 F-change in summer. The record high temperature of 111 °F occurred on July 10, 2021; the record low of -8 °F was recorded on December 22, 1990, and December 27, 1988. Diurnals are wide enough that temperatures both during summer and winter afternoons resemble Southern Spain's interior, whereas nights in both seasons are similar to those found on the Baltic Sea in far northern Europe.

Cold daytime highs and warm nights are rare, but have happened on occasion. The coldest daytime maximum measured was 19 F in 1962. Ice days are infrequent with the warmer climate of recent decades. Between 1991 and 2020 the coldest maximum temperature of the year averaged 35 F with the coldest days barely remaining below freezing. The warmest night on record was 75 F in 1961 while the average warmest night stands at 68 F.

Demographics
The demographic information below applies to residents living within the city limits of Bishop; 3,879 in downtown Bishop.

The "greater Bishop area," which includes unincorporated nearby neighborhoods such as West Bishop, Meadow Creek-Dixon Lane, Wilkerson Ranch, Rocking K, Mustang Mesa, Round Valley and the Bishop Paiute Tribe includes an additional 11,000 residents.

2010
The 2010 United States Census reported that Bishop had a population of 3,879. The population density was 2,029.9 PD/sqmi. The racial makeup of Bishop was 2,867 (73.9%) White, 22 (0.6%) African American, 91 (2.3%) Native American, 61 (1.6%) Asian, 1 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 723 (18.6%) from other races, and 114 (2.9%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1,200 persons (30.9%).

The Census reported that 3,771 people (97.2% of the population) lived in households, 36 (0.9%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 72 (1.9%) were institutionalized.

There were 1,748 households, out of which 499 (28.5%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 574 (32.8%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 181 (10.4%) had a female householder with no husband present, 99 (5.7%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 143 (8.2%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 10 (0.6%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 767 households (43.9%) were made up of individuals, and 288 (16.5%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.16. There were 854 families (48.9% of all households); the average family size was 3.07.

The population was spread out, with 925 people (23.8%) under the age of 18, 298 people (7.7%) aged 18 to 24, 1,014 people (26.1%) aged 25 to 44, 1,031 people (26.6%) aged 45 to 64, and 611 people (15.8%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.7 males.

There were 1,926 housing units at an average density of 1,007.9 /sqmi, 1,748 of which were occupied, of which 676 (38.7%) were owner-occupied, and 1,072 (61.3%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0.3%; the rental vacancy rate was 5.8%. 1,353 people (34.9% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 2,418 people (62.3%) lived in rental housing units.

2000
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,575 people, 1,684 households, and 831 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,042.5 PD/sqmi. There were 1,867 housing units at an average density of 1,066.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 84.6% White, 0.2% Black or African American, 2.0% Native American, 1.4% Asian, <0.1% Pacific Islander, 6.5% from other races, and 5.4% from two or more races. 17.4% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 1,684 households, out of which 26.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 33.5% were married couples living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 50.6% were non-families. 44.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.08 and the average family size was 2.93.

In the city the population was spread out, with 24.2% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 22.8% from 45 to 64, and 19.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.0 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $27,338, and the median income for a family was $34,423. Males had a median income of $23,433 versus $24,545 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,660. About 14.0% of families and 16.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.0% of those under age 18 and 6.0% of those age 65 or over.

Politics and government
In the state legislature, Bishop is in. It is also in the 4th State Senate district.

Federally, Bishop is in.

Bishop maintains its own police force, but also has a substation of the Inyo County Sheriff's Department on the outskirts of the city. The California Highway Patrol also has an office in town.

Transportation
U.S. Route 395 is the four-lane divided highway serving Bishop between southern California and Reno while U.S. Route 6 provides access to Tonopah and other communities in Nevada. The junction of U.S. Routes 395 and 6 is one of only two junctions of two U.S. Routes in California, the other being the junction of U.S. Routes 101 and 199 in Crescent City.

The Eastern Sierra Regional Airport provides general aviation services in addition to seasonal scheduled passenger airline service nonstop to Los Angeles, San Francisco and Denver operated by SkyWest Airlines flying as United Express with regional jet aircraft on behalf of United Airlines.

Eastern Sierra Transit offers bus service as far north as Reno, Nevada, and as far south as Lancaster, California.

In popular culture
A number of western and other films were shot in Bishop:

 * Flaming Guns (1932)
 * The Fourth Horseman (1932)
 * Blue Steel (1934)
 * Roll Along, Cowboy (1937)
 * Cassidy of Bar 20 (1938)
 * The Cowboy and the Lady (1938)
 * Three Faces West (1940)
 * Silver River (1948)
 * Frenchie (1951)
 * The Law and Jake Wade (1958)
 * Will Penny (1967)
 * Tremors (1990) The climax scene at the edge of a cliff was filmed in the hills above Bishop
 * The song "Bishop, CA" from Xiu Xiu's 2006 album The Air Force was named after Bishop.

Notable residents

 * Horace M. Albright, the second director of the National Park Service, was born in Bishop in 1890.
 * Television director and producer David Barrett also calls Bishop home, along with his brother, stuntman and NASCAR driver Stanton Barrett. They are grandsons to Dave McCoy, founder of the Mammoth Mountain Ski Area.
 * Actor Robert Bray, who portrayed forest ranger Corey Stuart in CBS's Lassie from 1964 to 1968 and Simon Kane in ABC's Stagecoach West from 1960 to 1961, retired to Bishop, where he died in 1983 at the age of sixty-five.
 * Artist Robert Clunie lived and painted in Bishop for decades.
 * Elisha Vanslyck Cook Jr. was a character actor in dozens of films, including The Maltese Falcon, The Big Sleep, Magnum P.I., The House on Haunted Hill and Shane'', who lived in Bishop until his death in Big Pine in 1995.
 * Mountaineer Peter Croft lives in Bishop.
 * Major Kern W. Dunagan US Army Medal of Honor recipient graduated from Bishop High School.
 * Actor Trevor Donovan was born in Bishop.
 * Former child actor Richard Eyer, who played Bray's son in Stagecoach West, was a teacher in Bishop, until he retired.
 * Cowboy poet Curley Fletcher (1892–1954) was raised in Bishop.
 * Jack Foley is the namesake for the art of adding sound effects to films, with the profession named Foley artist.
 * Major League Baseball pitcher Hal Gregg lived in Bishop until his death there in 1991.
 * Jill Kinmont, noted ski racer who was paralyzed in a 1955 accident, grew up in Bishop. Her life story was turned into two major Hollywood movies The Other Side of the Mountain and its sequel The Other Side of the Mountain Part 2.
 * Actor Bill Mumy spent part of his childhood and adolescence in Bishop, where his father was a cattle rancher.
 * Bishop was the home of Galen Rowell, and his wife Barbara, before their death at the Eastern Sierra Regional Airport.
 * Tracy Smith, Olympian, world-record holder in the 3-mile, and 6-time AAU national champion, was a Bishop resident from the 1970s to the 1990s, as he coached the Bishop Union High School track team distance runners.
 * Artist Alex Stenzel lives in Bishop.
 * Author Claire Vaye Watkins was born in Bishop.
 * Matt Williams, former Major League Baseball third baseman and former manager of the Washington Nationals, was born in Bishop.

AM radio

 * KBOV 1230 AM

FM radio

 * KWTW 88.5 FM
 * KSRW 92.5 FM
 * KRHV 93.3 FM
 * KIBS 100.7 FM
 * KMMT 106.5 FM

Television

 * KVME-TV channel 20

title: Bishop, California


text:
Cartago, California

Cartago (Spanish for "Carthage") is a census-designated place in Inyo County, California, United States. Cartago is located on the west side of Owens Lake 3 mi north-northwest of Olancha. The population was 92 at the 2010 census, down from 109 at the 2000 census.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1.2 sqmi, over 99% of it land.

History
Cartago took its name from the Spanish name for ancient Carthage. The first post office at Cartago opened in 1918. During the heyday of mining in the area (the 1870s), Cartago was a steamboat port for shipment of wood and ore. Prior names include Carthage, Daniersburg, and Lakeville.

2010
The 2010 United States Census reported that Cartago had a population of 92. The population density was 78.5 PD/sqmi. The racial makeup of Cartago was 63 (68.5%) White, 0 (0.0%) African American, 7 (7.6%) Native American, 0 (0.0%) Asian, 0 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 11 (12.0%) from other races, and 11 (12.0%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 16 persons (17.4%).

The Census reported that 92 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.

There were 44 households, out of which 11 (25.0%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 18 (40.9%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 5 (11.4%) had a female householder with no husband present, 2 (4.5%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 1 (2.3%) unmarried opposite-sex partnership, and 0 (0%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 18 households (40.9%) were made up of individuals, and 4 (9.1%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.09. There were 25 families (56.8% of all households); the average family size was 2.88.

The population was spread out, with 19 people (20.7%) under the age of 18, 9 people (9.8%) aged 18 to 24, 18 people (19.6%) aged 25 to 44, 30 people (32.6%) aged 45 to 64, and 16 people (17.4%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 124.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 135.5 males.

There were 55 housing units at an average density of 46.9 /sqmi, of which 44 were occupied, of which 28 (63.6%) were owner-occupied, and 16 (36.4%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0%; the rental vacancy rate was 0%. 58 people (63.0% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 34 people (37.0%) lived in rental housing units.

2000
As of the census of 2000, there were 109 people, 40 households, and 25 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 68.7 PD/sqmi. There were 49 housing units at an average density of 30.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 76.15% White, 2.75% Native American, 20.18% from other races, and 0.92% from two or more races. 38.53% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 40 households, out of which 37.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.0% were married couples living together, 15.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.5% were non-families. 32.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.73 and the average family size was 3.36.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 31.2% under the age of 18, 9.2% from 18 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 19.3% from 45 to 64, and 12.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females, there were 142.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 127.3 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $34,375, and the median income for a family was $50,625. Males had a median income of $33,750 versus $7,083 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $14,699. There were no families and 5.1% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 27.3% of those over 64.

Politics
In the state legislature, Cartago is in, and.

Federally, Cartago is in.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cartago, California


text:
Darwin, California

Darwin is an unincorporated mining community and Census-designated place in Inyo County, California, United States. It is located 22 mi southeast of Keeler. The population was 43 at the 2010 census, down from 54 at the 2000 census.

History
The town is named after Darwin French (1822–1902), a local rancher, miner, and explorer.

According to Erwin Gudde, French of Fort Tejon was with a party of prospectors in the area during the fall of 1850. French also led a party into Death Valley in 1860 to search for the mythical Gunsight Lode via the local wash, lending his first name to the wash, canyon, and future town.

Silver and lead discovery at the place led to the founding of a settlement in 1874. A post office opened in 1875, closed for a time in 1902, and remains open. The town prospered when Eichbaum Toll Road opened in 1926, opening Death Valley from the west. When Death Valley became a National Monument in 1933, it was decided to buy the toll road to allow free access to the new park. In 1937, a new cutoff bypassed Darwin, isolating the town.

The town was the subject of a 2011 documentary film Darwin. In April 2012, BBC News featured a video of local residents describing their wishes to replace dial-up Internet access with broadband.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1.3 sqmi, all of it land. The census definition of the area was created by the Census Bureau for statistical purposes and may not precisely correspond to local understanding of the area with the same name.

Demographics
For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined Darwin as a census-designated place (CDP).

2010
At the 2010 census, Darwin had a population of 43. The population density was 32.0 PD/sqmi. The racial makeup of Darwin was 38 (88%) white, 0 (0%) black, 2 (5%) Native American, 1 (2%) Asian American, 1 (2%) Pacific Islander, 0 (0%) from other races, and 1 (2%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2 people (5%).

The whole population lived in households, no one lived in non-institutionalized group quarters and no one was institutionalized.

There were 28 households; 0 (0%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 11 (39%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 0 (0%) had a female householder with no husband present, and 1 (4%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 1 (4%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships and 0 (0%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 14 households (50%) were made up of individuals, and 9 (32%) had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 1.5. There were 12 families (43% of households); the average family size was 2.1.

The age distribution was 0 people (0%) under the age of 18, 0 people (0%) aged 18 to 24, 2 people (5%) aged 25 to 44, 20 people (47%) aged 45 to 64, and 21 people (49%) who were 65 or older. The median age was 63.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 168.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 168.8 males.

There were 46 housing units, at an average density of 34.2 /sqmi, of which 28 were occupied, of which 24 (86%) were owner-occupied and 4 (14%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 4%; the rental vacancy rate was 0%. 37 people (86% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units, and 6 people (14%) lived in rental housing units.

2000
At the 2000 census, there were 54 people, 36 households, and 14 families in the CDP. The population density was 39.3 PD/sqmi. There were 54 housing units at an average density of 39.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 91% White, 2% Black or African American, 4% Native American, and 4% from two or more races. 6% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Of the 36 households, 8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 22% were married couples living together, 14% had a female householder with no husband present, and 6% were non-families. 56% of households were one person, and 8% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 1.5, and the average family size was 2.0.

The age distribution was 6% under the age of 18, 2% from 18 to 24, 17% from 25 to 44, 59% from 45 to 64, and 17% 65 or older. The median age was 53 years. For every 100 females, there were 145.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 142.9 males.

The median household income was $13,333, and the median family income was $15,000. Males had a median income of under $2500 versus $36,250 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $11,048. There were 33% of families and 38% of the population living below the poverty line, including 100% of under eighteens and none of those over 64.

Government
In the state legislature, Darwin is in, and.

Federally, Darwin is in.

title: Darwin, California


text:
Dixon Lane-Meadow Creek, California

Dixon Lane-Meadow Creek is a census-designated place (CDP) in Inyo County, California, United States. The population was 2,645 at the 2010 census, down from 2,702 at the 2000 census.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3.4 sqmi, all of it land.

2010
The 2010 United States Census reported that Dixon Lane-Meadow Creek had a population of 2,645. The population density was 787.3 PD/sqmi. The racial makeup of Dixon Lane-Meadow Creek was 2,287 (86.5%) White, 6 (0.2%) African American, 32 (1.2%) Native American, 47 (1.8%) Asian, 3 (0.1%) Pacific Islander, 215 (8.1%) from other races, and 55 (2.1%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 493 persons (18.6%).

The Census reported that 2,645 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.

There were 1,166 households, out of which 290 (24.9%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 591 (50.7%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 95 (8.1%) had a female householder with no husband present, 38 (3.3%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 45 (3.9%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 3 (0.3%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 388 households (33.3%) were made up of individuals, and 221 (19.0%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27. There were 724 families (62.1% of all households); the average family size was 2.92.

The population was spread out, with 587 people (22.2%) under the age of 18, 129 people (4.9%) aged 18 to 24, 489 people (18.5%) aged 25 to 44, 813 people (30.7%) aged 45 to 64, and 627 people (23.7%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48.4 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.4 males.

There were 1,273 housing units at an average density of 378.9 /sqmi, of which 1,166 were occupied, of which 990 (84.9%) were owner-occupied, and 176 (15.1%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.5%; the rental vacancy rate was 0.6%. 2,194 people (82.9% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 451 people (17.1%) lived in rental housing units.

2000
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,702 people, 1,142 households, and 793 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 792.1 PD/sqmi. There were 1,219 housing units at an average density of 357.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 91.38% White, 0.07% Black or African American, 1.30% Native American, 0.67% Asian, 3.74% from other races, and 2.85% from two or more races. 10.03% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 1,142 households, out of which 28.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.9% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.5% were non-families. 27.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.87.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 25.3% under the age of 18, 4.7% from 18 to 24, 20.7% from 25 to 44, 25.5% from 45 to 64, and 23.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females there were 91.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.6 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $39,341, and the median income for a family was $48,456. Males had a median income of $41,702 versus $27,656 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $21,263. About 6.8% of families and 8.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.1% of those under age 18 and 12.5% of those age 65 or over.

Politics
In the state legislature, Dixon Lane-Meadow Creek, California is in, and.

Federally, Dixon Lane-Meadow Creek, California is in.

title: Dixon Lane-Meadow Creek, California


text:
Furnace Creek, California

Furnace Creek, formerly Greenland Ranch, is a census-designated place (CDP) in Inyo County, California, United States. The population was 136 at the 2020 census, up from 24 at the 2010 census. The elevation of the village is 190 ft below sea level. The visitor center, museum, and headquarters of the Death Valley National Park are located at Furnace Creek.

History
The William Tell Coleman Borax Company established Greenland Ranch in 1883, named after the green alfalfa fields which they planted there. They established a weather station at the ranch in 1891. Greenland Ranch was renamed Furnace Creek Ranch in 1933.

The Timbisha tribe currently live at the Death Valley Indian Community reservation here. They provided many of the artisans and builders to construct the original Fred Harvey Company resort buildings, the Indian Village, and Park Service structures. They compose the majority of residents of Furnace Creek's permanent population at the tribe's reservation. Furnace Creek was formerly the center of Death Valley mining and operations for the Pacific Coast Borax Company and the historic 20-Mule Teams hauling wagon trains of borax across the Mojave Desert.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, Furnace Creek has a total area of 31.5 sqmi, over 99% of it being land.

Springs in the Amargosa Range created a natural oasis at Furnace Creek, which has subsequently dwindled due to diversion of this water to support the village.

Climate
Furnace Creek, like the rest of Death Valley, has a subtropical, hot desert climate (Köppen: BWh), with long, extremely hot summers; short, warm winters; and little rainfall. Daytime temperatures range from roughly 65 °F in December to 116 °F in July, while overnight lows typically oscillate from 40 °F to 90 °F. From 1911 through 2006, a period of 95 years, Furnace Creek had an average high temperature of 91.4 °F and an average low temperature of 62.9 °F. During that period, the hottest month was July, with an average daily high temperature of 116.5 °F, and the driest month was June, with an average monthly precipitation of 0.05 in. Furnace Creek holds the record for the most consecutive days above 120 °F: 43 days, from July 6 through August 17, 1917. The average temperature of July 2018 was 108.1 F, which is the highest temperature of any month for any place in the world.

Furnace Creek holds the record for the highest recorded temperature in the world, reaching 134 °F on July 10, 1913. Some meteorologists dispute the accuracy of this measurement.

In addition, a ground temperature of 201 F was recorded in Furnace Creek on July 15, 1972; this may be the highest natural ground surface temperature ever recorded. (Temperatures measured directly on the ground may exceed air temperatures by 50 to 90 °F (30 to 50 °C).) The former world record for the highest overnight low temperature was 110.0 °F, set on July 5, 1918, in Furnace Creek.

Demographics
At the 2010 United States Census, Furnace Creek had a population of 24. The population density was 0.8 people per square mile (0.3/km$2$). The racial makeup was six (25.0%) White, 16 (66.7%) American Indian, and two (8.3%) from two or more races.

The census reported that 24 people (100% of the population) lived in households. There were 15 households, out of which two (13.3%) had children under age 18, four (26.7%) were married couples living together, four (20.0%) had a female householder with no husband present. Eight households (53.3%) were made up of individuals, and three (20.0%) had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 1.60. There were seven families (46.7%), and the average family size was 2.29. The population consisted of two people (8.3%) under 18, two (8.3%) aged 18 to 24, five (20.8%) aged 25 to 44, nine (37.5%) aged 45 to 64, and six (25.0%) who were 65 or older. The median age was 52.0 years.

There were 15 occupied housing units at an average density of 0.6 per square mile (0.2/km$2$), of which 11 (73.3%) were owner-occupied, and four (26.7%) were occupied by renters.

Government
In the state legislature, Furnace Creek is in, and.

Federally, Furnace Creek is in.

Tourist facilities
The village is surrounded by a number of National Park Service public campgrounds. The Ranch at Death Valley is located there, part of the Oasis at Death Valley, one of the park's major tourist facilities. The Furnace Creek Golf Course attached to the ranch claims to be the lowest in the world at 214 ft below sea level. Some lodging is closed in the summer when temperatures can exceed 125 °F, but the golf course remains open; the resort established a summer tournament in 2011 called the Heatstroke Open which drew a field of 48. There is also a restaurant, café, store, and gas station in Furnace Creek village. The Furnace Creek Airport is located about 0.75 mi west of the park headquarters.

California Historical Landmark
Near Furnace Creek is California Historical Landmark number 442, Death Valley '49ers Gateway, assigned on October 24, 1949. The marker is at the corner of State Route 190 and Badwater Road.

The California Historical Landmark reads: It is these emigrants who are said to have given Death Valley its uninviting name.
 * NO. 442 DEATH VALLEY GATEWAY - Through this natural gateway the Death Valley '49ers, more than 100 emigrants from the Middle West seeking a shortcut to gold fields of central California, entered Death Valley in December 1849. All suffered from thirst and starvation. Seeking an escape from the region, two contingents went southwest from here, while the others proceeded northwest.

title: Furnace Creek, California


text:
Homewood Canyon-Valley Wells, California

Homewood Canyon-Valley Wells is a former census-designated place (CDP) in Inyo County, California, United States. The population was 75 at the 2000 census.

Prior to the 2010 census, it was dissolved into Homewood Canyon CDP and Valley Wells CDP.

Geography
Homewood Canyon-Valley Wells is located at 35.84417°N, -117.33972°W (35.844162, -117.339850).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP had a total area of 53.0 sqmi, all of it land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 75 people, 35 households, and 24 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1.4 PD/sqmi. There were 58 housing units at an average density of 1.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 93.33% White, 1.33% Asian, and 5.33% from two or more races. 6.67% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 35 households, out of which 17.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.3% were married couples living together, 5.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.6% were non-families. 25.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.14 and the average family size was 2.44.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 17.3% under the age of 18, 2.7% from 18 to 24, 17.3% from 25 to 44, 33.3% from 45 to 64, and 29.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 52 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.4 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $12,109, and the median income for a family was $12,109. Males had a median income of $0 versus $0 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $7,999. There were 29.6% of families and 21.4% of the population living below the poverty line, including 19.4% of under eighteens and none of those over 64.


text:
Independence, California

Independence is  a census-designated place in Inyo County, California. Independence is located 41 mi south-southeast of Bishop, at an elevation of 3930 feet (1198 m). It is the county seat of Inyo County, California. The population of this census-designated place was 669 at the 2010 census, up from 574 at the 2000 census.

Geography
The small town of Independence is bisected by U.S. Route 395, the main north–south highway through the Owens Valley.

The Sierra Nevada mountains to the west lie within the John Muir Wilderness Area. Onion Valley, one of the principal entry routes to the John Muir Wilderness, is accessed via the Onion Valley road which heads directly west out of Independence. This trail takes hikers to Kings Canyon/Sequoia National Parks which protect the Sierra Nevada west of the divide between the Owens Valley on the east and the rivers which drain into the San Joaquin Valley to the west.

Independence is a popular resupply location for hikers trekking the 2,650 mile long Pacific Crest Trail which extends from the Mexican border to Canada along the crest of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Ranges. The highest pass along the entire trail, 13,153 foot (4009 m) Forester Pass, is directly west of Independence.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Independence covers an area of 4.9 sqmi, over 99% of it land.

The elevation of Independence is 3925 ft above sea level.

Climate
Independence, as well as most of the Owens Valley, has a high cool arid climate (Köppen BWk) with hot summers and cool winters. January temperatures range from an average high of 54.0 F to an average low of 27.4 F. July temperatures range from an average high of 97.6 F to an average low of 63.9 F. The highest recorded temperature was 115 °F in June 2017. The lowest recorded temperature was -5 F on January 9, 1937. There are an average of 97.7 afternoons annually with highs of 90 °F or higher and an average of 88.1 mornings with lows of 32 °F or less. Annual precipitation averages only 5.82 in. The most precipitation in one month was 10.71 in in January 1969. The most precipitation in 24 hours was 5.27 in on December 6, 1966. Snowfall varies greatly from year to year, averaging only 5.5 in.

History
Charles Putnam founded a trading post at the site in 1861. It became known as Putnam's, and later Little Pine from the Little Pine Creek. The site of Putnam's Cabin, across the street from the Inyo County Courthouse, is a California Historical Landmark # 223.

Independence began as the US Army Camp Independence (two miles north of the current town) established by Lieutenant Colonel George S. Evans on July 4, 1862. Colonel Evans established the camp at the request of local settlers who feared hostilities from the local indigenous tribes. The camp was soon closed, but was re-established as Fort Independence when hostilities resumed in 1865. The fort was finally abandoned in 1877, and it is currently a reservation for the Fort Independence Indian Community of Paiute Indians.

Independence became the seat of Inyo County in 1866 when its chief competitor for the honor, a mining camp called Kearsarge, disappeared under an avalanche.

The first post office at Independence was established in 1866.

United States Army General John K. Singlaub (1921 – 2022) was born in Independence.

Museums
The Eastern California Museum with extensive collections, exhibits, and programs; is located at 155 North Grant Street in Independence.

The home of author Mary Austin, the author of The Land of Little Rain, is preserved as a museum located at 235 Market Street in Independence.

Library
The Inyo County Free Library is in the Inyo County Courthouse.

Demographics
The 2010 United States Census reported that Independence had a population of 669. The population density was 137.4 PD/sqmi. The racial makeup of Independence was 493 (73.7%) Whites, 6 (0.9%) African Americans, 98 (14.6%) Native Americans, 8 (1.2%) Asians, 1 (0.1%) Pacific Islanders, 28 (4.2%) from other races, and 35 (5.2%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 93 persons (13.9%).

The Census reported that 603 people (90.1% of the population) lived in households, 8 (1.2%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 58 (8.7%) were institutionalized.

There were 301 households, out of which 57 (18.9%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 131 (43.5%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 20 (6.6%) had a female householder with no husband present, 8 (2.7%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 13 (4.3%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 3 (1.0%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 122 households (40.5%) were made up of individuals, and 47 (15.6%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.00. There were 159 families (52.8% of all households); the average family size was 2.70.

The population was spread out, with 100 people (14.9%) under the age of 18, 54 people (8.1%) aged 18 to 24, 117 people (17.5%) aged 25 to 44, 259 people (38.7%) aged 45 to 64, and 139 people (20.8%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 51.1 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.2 males.

There were 389 housing units at an average density of 79.9 /sqmi, of which 301 were occupied, of which 210 (69.8%) were owner-occupied, and 91 (30.2%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 5.8%; the rental vacancy rate was 6.1%. 410 people (61.3% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 193 people (28.8%) lived in rental housing units.

Politics
In the state legislature, Independence is in, and.

Independence is in.

Media
The film set for Burt and Heather's house played by Michael Gross and Reba McEntire, in the 1990 movie, Tremors, directed by Ron Underwood, was built and filmed in the hills above Independence.

title: Independence, California


text:
Keeler, California

Keeler, formerly known as Hawley, is an unincorporated community in Inyo County, California, United States. Keeler is located on the east shore of Owens Lake 11.5 mi south-southeast of New York Butte. The population was 71 people at the 2020 census, up from 66 at the 2010 census. For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined Keeler as a census-designated place (CDP).

History

When the 1872 Lone Pine earthquake rendered the pier in nearby Swansea inaccessible by uplifting the shoreline, a new pier was constructed to the south at a community named Hawley. In 1880 a new mill was constructed at Hawley by the Owens Lake Mining and Milling Company for processing silver ore from the Cerro Gordo Mines in the mountains to the east. A town was laid out by the company agent Julius M. Keeler, for whom the town of Hawley was later renamed.

The steamship Bessie Brady brought ore from Keeler across the lake to the town of Cartago. There was a 300 foot at Keeler, and the steamship route cut days off the time a freight wagon would have taken to circle the lake. She carried 700 ingots at a time in a three-hour crossing, but in 1882 the Bessie Brady was destroyed by fire. The Carson and Colorado Railroad constructed a narrow gauge railway to Keeler in 1883. The success of the Cerro Gordo mines caused Keeler to boom until silver prices plummeted in the late 19th century.

A second boom of zinc mining in the early 20th century brought new life to the town and an aerial cable tramway was built to bring the ore from Cerro Gordo to Keeler. There were small surges in the mining of silver, lead, zinc and limestone, but by the 1950s all mining had ceased. Train service was stopped in 1960 and the tracks were removed in 1961. Water exports from the Owens Valley to the City of Los Angeles in the 1920s led the Owens Lake to eventually dry up, causing alkali dust storms to blow through Keeler, driving many residents away. Dust remediation efforts in the early 21st century reduced this problem, but few residents remain.

A post office operated at Keeler from 1883 to 1898 and is still operating today.

There is a California Historical Landmark in Keeler for the furnace of the Owens Lake Silver Company.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1.3 sqmi, all land.

Keeler is located along the eastern shores of Owens Lake (a dry lakebed) along State Route 136.

2010
At the 2010 census Keeler had a population of 66. The population density was 50.7 PD/sqmi. The racial makeup of Keeler was 63 (96%) White, 0 African American, 0 Native American, 2 (3%) Asian, 0 Pacific Islander, 0 from other races, and 1 (2%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were six people (9%).

The census reported that 100% of the population lived in households.

There were 40 households; four (10%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 13 (33%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, two (5%) had a female householder with no husband present and two (5%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were no unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and no same-sex married couples or partnerships. Twenty three households (58%) were one person, and 12 (30%) had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 1.7. There were 17 families (43% of households); the average family size was 2.5.

The age distribution was nine people (14%) under the age of 18, one person (2%) aged 18 to 24, one person (2%) aged 25 to 44, 33 people (50%) aged 45 to 64, and 22 people (33%) who were 65 or older. The median age was 59.3 years. Pro rata, for every 100 females, there were 120.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 147.8 males.

There were 67 housing units at an average density of 51.5 /sqmi, of which 40 were occupied, of which 33 (83%) were owner-occupied, and 7 (18%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 3%; the rental vacancy rate was 22%. 55 people (83% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 11 people (17%) lived in rental housing units.

2000
At the 2000 census there were 66 people, 36 households, and 19 families in the CDP. The population density was 54.9 PD/sqmi. There were 67 housing units at an average density of 55.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 97% White, 1% from other races, and 1% from two or more races. 12% of the population were Hispanic or Latino. Of the 36 households 11% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39% were married couples living together, 6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 47% were non-families. 39% of households were one person and 22% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 1.8 and the average family size was 2.4.

The age distribution was 14% under the age of 18, 2% from 18 to 24, 11% from 25 to 44, 36% from 45 to 64, and 38% 65 or older. The median age was 57 years. For every 100 females, there were 112.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 111.1 males.

The median household income was $19,625 and the median family income was $26,250. The per capita income for the CDP was $18,621. There were no families and 9% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under 18s and none of those over 64.

Government
In the state legislature, Keeler is in, and.

Federally, Keeler is in.

In popular culture
Keeler appears in films such as Outlaws of the Desert (1941), Sinister Journey (1948) and The Blazing Sun (1950).

title: Keeler, California


text:
Lone Pine, California

Lone Pine is a census-designated place (CDP) in Inyo County, California, United States, located 16 mi south-southeast of Independence. The population was 2,035 at the 2010 census, up from 1,655 at the 2000 census. The town is located in the Owens Valley, near the Alabama Hills and Mount Whitney, between the eastern peaks of the Sierra Nevada to the west and the Inyo Mountains to the east. The local hospital, Southern Inyo Hospital, offers standby emergency services. The town is named after a solitary pine tree that once existed at the mouth of Lone Pine Canyon. On March 26, 1872, the very large Lone Pine earthquake destroyed most of the town and killed 27 of its 250 to 300 residents.

History
The Paiute Indians inhabited the Owens Valley area from prehistoric times. These early inhabitants are known to have established trading routes which extended to the Pacific Central Coast, delivering materials originating in the Owens Valley to such tribes as the Chumash.

A cabin was built here during the winter of 1861–62. A settlement developed over the following two years. The Lone Pine post office opened in 1870.

On March 26, 1872, at 2:30 am, Lone Pine experienced a violent earthquake that destroyed most of the town. At the time, the town consisted of 80 buildings made of mud and adobe; only 20 structures were left standing. As a result of the quake, which formed Diaz Lake, a total of 26 people lost their lives. A mass grave located just north of town commemorates the site of the main fault. One of the few remaining structures pre-dating the earthquake is the 21 in-thick "Old Adobe Wall" located in the alley behind the Lone Star Bistro, a coffee house.

During the 1870s, Lone Pine was an important supply town for several nearby mining communities, including Kearsarge, Cerro Gordo, Keeler, Swansea, and Darwin. The Cerro Gordo mine high in the Inyo Mountains was one of the most productive silver mines in California. The silver was carried in ore buckets on a strong cable to Keeler, and then transported 4 mi northwest to smelter ovens at Swansea. To supply the necessary building materials and fuel for these operations, a sawmill was constructed near Horseshoe Meadows by Colonel Sherman Stevens that produced wood for the smelters and the mines. The wood was moved by flume to the valley, where it was burned in adobe kilns to make charcoal, which was then transported by steamships across Owens Lake to the smelters at Swansea, about 12 mi south of Lone Pine.

Railroads played a major role in the development of Lone Pine and the Owens Valley. In 1883, the Carson and Colorado Railway line was constructed from Belleville, Nevada, across the White Mountains to Benton, and then down into the Owens Valley where it ended in Keeler. The arrival of the C&C rail line, with its engine "The Slim Princess", and the stagecoach in Keeler were a major economic boost for the area. Twice a week, passengers arrived on the evening train, spent the night at the Lake View Hotel (later renamed the Hotel Keeler), and then took the stage the following morning to Mojave. A short line to the north connected with the Virginia and Truckee Railroad line at Mound House, Nevada.

In 1920, the history of Lone Pine was dramatically altered when a movie production company came to the Alabama Hills to make the silent film  The Round-Up. Other companies soon discovered the scenic location, and in the coming decades, over 400 films, 100 television episodes, and countless commercials have used Lone Pine and the Alabama Hills as a film location. Notable films shot here in the 1920s and 1930s include Riders of the Purple Sage (1925) with Tom Mix, The Enchanted Hill (1926) with Jack Holt, Somewhere in Sonora (1927) with Ken Maynard, Blue Steel (1934) with John Wayne, Hop-Along Cassidy (1935) with William Boyd, The Charge of the Light Brigade (1936) with Errol Flynn, Oh, Susanna! (1936) with Gene Autry, Rhythm on the Range (1936) with Bing Crosby, The Cowboy and the Lady (1938) with Gary Cooper, Under Western Stars (1938) with Roy Rogers, and Gunga Din (1939) with Cary Grant.

In the coming decades, Lone Pine and the Alabama Hills continued to be used as the setting for Western films, including West of the Pecos (1945) with Robert Mitchum, Thunder Mountain (1947) with Tim Holt, The Gunfighter (1950) with Gregory Peck, The Nevadan (1950) with Randolph Scott, Bad Day at Black Rock (1955) with Spencer Tracy, Hell Bent for Leather (1960) with Audie Murphy, How the West Was Won (1962) with James Stewart, Nevada Smith (1966) with Steve McQueen, Joe Kidd (1972) with Clint Eastwood, Maverick (1994) with Mel Gibson, and The Lone Ranger (2013) with Johnny Depp. Through the years, non-Western films also used the unique landscape of the area, including Alfred Hitchcock's Saboteur (1942) with Robert Cummings, Samson and Delilah (1949) with Hedy Lamarr, Star Trek V: The Final Frontier (1989) with William Shatner, Tremors (1990) with Kevin Bacon, The Postman (1997) with Kevin Costner, and Gladiator (2000) with Russell Crowe.

The most important movie filmed in and around Lone Pine is director Raoul Walsh's High Sierra (1941), starring Humphrey Bogart as Roy Earle in the role that moved Bogart from respected supporting player to leading man. Cast and crew lodged in Lone Pine, and Walsh shot various scenes in and around Lone Pine. For the film's mountain chase scenes, Walsh took everyone to nearby Mt. Whitney, where pack mules lugged camera equipment up the mountainside: "filming began just outside Lone Pine ... on August 5, 1940. ... On a slope at the side of Mt. Whitney, ... a group of twenty men from the studio worked for four days to clear a path so that mountain-trained mules, packing cameras and other equipment, could get up to the shooting area. ... Bogart had to run three miles up a mountainside for two days ... Walsh ordered all the big boulders removed from the path of [Bogart's] final fall, but the little ones remained, and Bogart complained about that plenty ... Bogie especially did not want to trek up that mountain. This was the shoot on which Walsh gave him the nickname 'Bogey the Beefer'". John Huston wrote the screenplay, and Ida Lupino co-starred.

Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, on December 7, 1941, President Roosevelt signed an executive order that required people of Japanese ancestry living along the Pacific coast to be placed into relocation camps. One of these camps, Manzanar, was built 7 mi north of Lone Pine.

Geography
Lone Pine is situated in the Owens Valley with the picturesque Alabama Hills lying to the west. Their unique appearance has attracted many film companies over the years. The hills were named in 1862 by Southern sympathisers, commemorating the victories of the Confederate ship CSS Alabama.

As the crow flies, Lone Pine is 95 mi due east of Fresno. However, there is no road crossing the Sierra Nevada to provide access from Lone Pine to Fresno. As a result, the closest accessible large city is Bakersfield, nearly 170 mi away.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 19.2 sqmi, of which 19.0 sqmi is land and 0.2 sqmi (0.94%) is water.

Climate
Lone Pine and most of the Owens Valley have a cold desert climate (Köppen climate classification: BWk) characterised by hot summers and cold winters. January temperatures range from the middle fifties °F (+12 °C–+15 °C) to the upper twenties °F (-4 °C–-1 °C) and July temperatures range from the upper nineties °F (35 °C–37 °C) to the lower sixties °F (15 °C–18 °C). Low humidity is prevalent, with average annual precipitation averaging less than 6 in. Snowfall varies greatly from year-to-year, averaging only 5 in annually. The nearest official National Weather Service co-operative weather station is in Independence where records date back to 1893. The National Weather Service has added an automated weather station in Lone Pine, which provides observations on its website, weather.gov.

2010
The 2010 United States Census reported that Lone Pine had a population of 2,035. The population density was 105.9 PD/sqmi. The racial makeup of Lone Pine was 1,334 (65.6%) White, 6 (0.3%) Black, 205 (10.1%) Native American, 17 (0.8%) Asian, 1 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 376 (18.5%) from other races, and 96 (4.7%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 694 persons (34.1%).

The Census reported that 1,972 people (96.9% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non-institutionalised group quarters, and 63 (3.1%) were institutionalised.

There were 831 households, out of which 254 (30.6%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 374 (45.0%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 95 (11.4%) had a female householder with no husband present, 46 (5.5%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 53 (6.4%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 5 (0.6%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 276 households (33.2%) were made up of individuals, and 107 (12.9%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37. There were 515 families (62.0% of all households); the average family size was 3.04.

The population was spread out, with 492 people (24.2%) under the age of 18, 136 people (6.7%) aged 18 to 24, 442 people (21.7%) aged 25 to 44, 580 people (28.5%) aged 45 to 64, and 385 people (18.9%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.1 males.

There were 1,004 housing units at an average density of 52.3 /sqmi, of which 831 were occupied, of which 452 (54.4%) were owner-occupied, and 379 (45.6%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.6%; the rental vacancy rate was 7.1%. 1,030 people (50.6% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 942 people (46.3%) lived in rental housing units.

2000
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,655 people, 709 households, and 448 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 88.9 PD/sqmi. There were 867 housing units at an average density of 46.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 83.2% White, 0.1% Black or African American, 2.7% Native American, 1.0% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 8.1% from other races, and 4.9% from two or more races. 26.8% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 709 households, out of which 29.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.4% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.8% were non-families. 32.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.88.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 24.6% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 22.5% from 25 to 44, 25.8% from 45 to 64, and 20.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.7 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $29,079, and the median income for a family was $35,800. Males had a median income of $30,813 versus $22,778 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $16,262. About 16.5% of families and 20.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 30.9% of those under age 18 and 9.3% of those age 65 or over.

Lone Pine Indian Reservation
The Lone Pine Indian Reservation is home to Owens Valley Paiute and Shoshone members of the federally recognized tribe, the Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Lone Pine Community of the Lone Pine Reservation. The tribe traditionally lived in sedentary villages in the valley due to the suitable climate and abundant food supply. These people have been living here for several thousands of years. The reservation is along the south side of town on both sides of US395.

Tourism

The town is home to an Interagency Visitor Center at SR136 and US395.

Much of the local economy is based on tourism, as the town is between several major tourist destinations, such as Mount Whitney, Sequoia National Park, Kings Canyon National Park, Mammoth Mountain, Death Valley National Park, and Yosemite National Park; many motels line the main road through town.

Manzanar National Historic Site
The Manzanar National Historic Site (formerly the Manzanar War Relocation Center), a Japanese American internment camp during World War II, is located on Highway 395 north of Lone Pine and south of Independence. Manzanar (which means "apple orchard" in Spanish) is the most infamous of the 10 camps in which Japanese Americans, both citizens (including natural-born Americans) and resident aliens, were encamped during World War II. Manzanar has been identified as the best preserved of these camps by the United States National Park Service which maintains and is restoring the site as a U.S. National Historic Site.

Sierra Nevada
The Sierra Nevada range and the Inyo Mountains dominate the views from the town.

Film history at Lone Pine
The Lone Pine Film History Museum, supported by Beverly and Jim Rogers, highlights the area's frequent appearances in Hollywood feature films. The Alabama Hills west of town are frequently used as a filming location for Western movies. Since the early years of filmmaking, directors and their production units have used the Lone Pine area to represent the iconic American West. Approaching the 100th anniversary of The Roundup (1920), the first documented film produced in the area, Lone Pine has played host to hundreds of the industry's best-known directors and actors, among them directors William Wyler, John Ford, George Stevens, and William Wellman, and actors John Wayne, Bing Crosby, Gene Autry, Clint Eastwood, Barbara Stanwyck, and Jeff Bridges. The Whitney Portal road was used in the film High Sierra (1941) with Humphrey Bogart, which culminated with a shoot-out between Bogart's character and the police, at the foot of Mount Whitney. The classic Bad Day at Black Rock (1955), starring Spencer Tracy, Robert Ryan and Anne Francis, was also filmed in and around the Lone Pine area. Lone Pine is also the location of several scenes in Iron Man (2008), depicting Afghanistan, and in the Godzilla (2014) remake, as a temporary military forward operating base ("FOB").

Barbara Stanwyck in accordance with her wishes had her cremated remains and ashes scattered from a helicopter over Lone Pine, California, where she had made some of her western films.

The Forum Theater is a theater-cafe that hosts live music, theater, and films at weekends. The Lone Pine Film Festival has been held every year since 1989 to celebrate the rich heritage that filmmakers have brought to the area over the years.

The Alabama Hills Recreation Area is directed by the Bureau of Land Management for public recreation.

Events
From 1971 through 1981, Lone Pine was the site of the annual Lone Pine International Chess tournament. Winners of the Lone Pine tournament included world champion Tigran Petrosian, world championship finalist Viktor Korchnoi, and U.S. champions Arthur Bisguier, Walter Browne, and Larry Evans.

Government
In the state legislature, Lone Pine is in, and.

Federally, Lone Pine is in.

Transportation
Serving the area with a 4000 ft runway, Lone Pine Airport (FAA identifier: O26) is located approximately one mile (1.6 km) southeast of town at 36.58806°N, -118.05194°W.

The community is located on U.S. Route 395, north of State Route 136. Owens Dry Lake is just over six miles (10 km) south of town on US 395.

Public transportation is provided by Eastern Sierra Transit Authority

Education
Lone Pine has one high school, Lone Pine High School. It is located at the south end of town along Highway 395. Lo-Inyo elementary school is located at the north end of town, just off 395.

title: Lone Pine, California


text:
Mesa, California

Mesa (Spanish for "Table") is a census-designated place (CDP) in Inyo County, California, United States. The population was 251 at the 2010 census, up from 214 at the 2000 census.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3.7 sqmi, of which, 3.5 sqmi of it is land and 0.2 sqmi of it (4.17%) is water.

2010
The 2010 United States Census reported that Mesa had a population of 251. The population density was 68.7 PD/sqmi. The racial makeup of Mesa was 220 (87.6%) White, 0 (0.0%) African American, 10 (4.0%) Native American, 3 (1.2%) Asian, 0 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 14 (5.6%) from other races, and 4 (1.6%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 26 persons (10.4%).

The Census reported that 251 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.

There were 104 households, out of which 21 (20.2%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 75 (72.1%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 2 (1.9%) had a female householder with no husband present, 5 (4.8%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 5 (4.8%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 2 (1.9%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 14 households (13.5%) were made up of individuals, and 6 (5.8%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41. There were 82 families (78.8% of all households); the average family size was 2.62.

The population was spread out, with 33 people (13.1%) under the age of 18, 22 people (8.8%) aged 18 to 24, 39 people (15.5%) aged 25 to 44, 117 people (46.6%) aged 45 to 64, and 40 people (15.9%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 50.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.2 males.

There were 124 housing units at an average density of 33.9 /sqmi, of which 104 were occupied, of which 78 (75.0%) were owner-occupied, and 26 (25.0%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0%; the rental vacancy rate was 0%. 184 people (73.3% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 67 people (26.7%) lived in rental housing units.

2000
As of the census of 2000, there were 214 people, 85 households, and 64 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 59.9 PD/sqmi. There were 91 housing units at an average density of 25.5 per square mile (9.8/km$2$). The racial makeup of the CDP was 89.25% White, 0.47% Black or African American, 2.80% Native American, 1.87% Asian, 0.47% Pacific Islander, 0.93% from other races, and 4.21% from two or more races. 7.01% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 85 households, out of which 25.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.4% were married couples living together, 2.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.7% were non-families. 18.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 2.86.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 19.2% under the age of 18, 6.1% from 18 to 24, 18.2% from 25 to 44, 41.6% from 45 to 64, and 15.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.2 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $74,375, and the median income for a family was $76,543. Males had a median income of $51,250 versus $25,357 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $25,376. About 2.6% of families and 2.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under the age of eighteen and 6.5% of those 65 or over.

Politics
In the state legislature, Mesa is in, and.

Federally, Mesa is in.

title: Mesa, California


text:
Olancha, California

Olancha (Timbisha: Pakwa' si) is a census designated place in Inyo County of the U.S. state of California. Olancha is located on U.S. Route 395 in California, 37 mi south-southeast of Independence. As of the 2010 census, the population was 192, up from 134 at the 2000 census.

Located in the Owens Valley next to the now mostly dry Owens Lake, the arid settlement is home to a major bottled water plant for Crystal Geyser Natural Alpine Spring Water.

Geography
Olancha is an unincorporated community located in the Owens Valley on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada mountain range at the elevation of 3650 ft, in Inyo County, California. It is on US Highway 395 near the junction of State Route 190, approximately 200 mi due north of Los Angeles. Owens Lake - a dry saline lakebed - lies to the northeast of Olancha. Olancha Creek flows from the slopes of nearby Olancha Peak (12,123 ft), passing near the town of Olancha, and finally towards Owens Lake. To the east of town lie some sand dunes, as well as a hot spring known as "Dirty Socks".

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 7.9 sqmi, over 99% of it land.

Climate
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Olancha has a cold semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps due to it being in the rainshadow of the Sierra Nevada.

History
Olancha was established by Minnard Farley, who came to the area in 1860 and discovered silver ore in the nearby Coso Range. The name "Olancha" is believed to be derived from the nearby Yaudanche tribe. For processing the ore, he built a stamp mill just south of Olancha Creek. The remains of a stone wall from this mill still exists and has been designated as a California Historical Site (marker #796).

The first post office at Olancha opened in 1870.

On August 11, 1969, Manson Family members Charles "Tex" Watson and Dianne "Snake" Lake settled down in Olancha two days after Watson had stabbed Sharon Tate to death. Here, Watson bought a newspaper revealing that it still was a mystery who committed the Manson murders and confessed to Lake: "I killed her, Charlie (Manson) ordered me to do so, it was fun". This fact was witnessed by Lake during the Watson trial in 1971. Lake was shortly put into custody in Independence after complaints from Olancha inhabitants for swimming nude. After a few weeks the two of them left Olancha for the final Manson hideout in Death Valley.

California Historical Landmark
Farley's Olancha Mill Site is a California Historical Landmark number 796, assigned on September 16, 1964, on U.S. Route 395 in California in Olancha, California.

The California Historical Landmark reads:
 * NO. 796 FARLEY'S OLANCHA MILL SITE - In 1860, while working for the Silver Mountain Mining Company in the Coso Mountains, M. H. Farley conceived the idea of building a processing mill on a creek that flowed into Owens Lake. He explored and named Olancha Pass that year, and by December of 1862 had completed the first mill and furnace in the Owens River Valley, on Olancha Creek about one mile west of this marker.

2010
The 2010 United States Census reported that Olancha had a population of 192. The population density was 24.4 people per square mile (9.4/km$2$). The racial makeup of Olancha was 133 (69.3%) White, 0 (0.0%) African American, 4 (2.1%) Native American, 8 (4.2%) Asian, 0 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 38 (19.8%) from other races, and 9 (4.7%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 47 persons (24.5%).

The Census reported that 192 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.

There were 78 households, out of which 23 (29.5%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 44 (56.4%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 1 (1.3%) had a female householder with no husband present, 5 (6.4%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 7 (9.0%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 0 (0%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 22 households (28.2%) were made up of individuals, and 6 (7.7%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46. There were 50 families (64.1% of all households); the average family size was 3.10.

The population was spread out, with 44 people (22.9%) under the age of 18, 9 people (4.7%) aged 18 to 24, 37 people (19.3%) aged 25 to 44, 69 people (35.9%) aged 45 to 64, and 33 people (17.2%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 115.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 120.9 males.

There were 97 housing units at an average density of 12.3 per square mile (4.8/km$2$), of which 78 were occupied, of which 44 (56.4%) were owner-occupied, and 34 (43.6%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.2%; the rental vacancy rate was 2.9%. 108 people (56.3% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 84 people (43.8%) lived in rental housing units.

2000
As of the census of 2000, there were 134 people, 50 households, and 38 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 18.4 people per square mile (7.1/km$2$). There were 62 housing units at an average density of 8.5 per square mile (3.3/km$2$). The racial makeup of the CDP was 53.73% White, 0.75% Native American, 5.97% from other races, and 9.70% from two or more races. 37.31% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 50 households, out of which 40.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.0% were married couples living together, 14.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.0% were non-families. 20.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.13.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 32.1% under the age of 18, 3.7% from 18 to 24, 26.9% from 25 to 44, 26.9% from 45 to 64, and 10.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.6 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $30,000, and the median income for a family was $46,250. Males had a median income of $31,250 versus $26,250 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $18,124. There were 4.5% of families and 9.4% of the population living below the poverty line, including 17.2% of under eighteens and none of those over 64.

Politics
In the state legislature, Olancha is in, and.

Federally, Olancha is in.

title: Olancha, California


text:
Pearsonville, California

Pearsonville is a census-designated place (CDP) in Inyo County, California, United States. The population was 17 at the 2010 census, down from 27 at the 2000 census.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 4.2 sqmi, over 98% of which is land and 1.93% is water.

2010
The 2010 United States Census reported that Pearsonville had a population of 17. The population density was 4.0 people per square mile (1.6/km$2$). The racial makeup of Pearsonville consisted of 16 White people and one person from other races. One of those residents was Hispanic or Latino. The Census reported that all 17 residents lived in nine households, out of which three were married couples living together, one had a female householder with no husband present, and one had a male householder with no wife present. Four households were made up of individuals, and two had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.89 people. There were five families; the average family size was 2.40 people.

The population was spread out, with two people aged 18 to 24, one person aged 25 to 44, eight people aged 45 to 64, and six people who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 59.8 years. The town had a female to male ratio of 10:7.

There were 16 housing units at an average density of 3.8 per square mile (1.5/km$2$), of which nine were occupied, of which seven were owner-occupied, and two were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 12.5%. 15 people lived in owner-occupied housing units and two people lived in rental housing units

2000
As of the census of 2000, there were 27 people, 12 households, and 8 families living in the CDP. The population density was 6.4 people per square mile (2.5/km$2$). There were 22 housing units at an average density of 5.2 per square mile (2.0/km$2$). The racial makeup of the CDP was 88.89% White, 7.41% from other races, and 3.70% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 14.81% of the population.

There were 12 households, out of which 25.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.3% were married couples living together, 8.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.3% were non-families. 33.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 25.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.88.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 25.9% under the age of 18, 22.2% from 25 to 44, 40.7% from 45 to 64, and 11.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 125.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.8 males.

Politics
In the state legislature, Pearsonville is in, and.

Federally, Pearsonville is in.

title: Pearsonville, California


text:
Round Valley, California

Round Valley is a census-designated place (CDP) in Inyo County, California, United States. Round Valley is located 7.5 mi northeast of Mount Tom, at an elevation of 4692 feet (1430 m). The population was 435 at the 2010 census, up from 278 at the 2000 census.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 13.8 square miles (35.8 km2), over 99% of it land.

2010
At the 2010 census Round Valley had a population of 435. The population density was 31.5 PD/sqmi. The racial makeup of Round Valley was 333 (76.6%) White, 38 (8.7%) African American, 21 (4.8%) Native American, 3 (0.7%) Asian, 0 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 27 (6.2%) from other races, and 13 (3.0%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 69 people (15.9%).

The census reported that 324 people (74.5% of the population) lived in households, no one lived in non-institutionalized group quarters and 111 (25.5%) were institutionalized.

There were 141 households, 37 (26.2%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 67 (47.5%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 14 (9.9%) had a female householder with no husband present, 8 (5.7%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 16 (11.3%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 0 (0%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 36 households (25.5%) were one person and 8 (5.7%) had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.30. There were 89 families (63.1% of households); the average family size was 2.72.

The age distribution was 63 people (14.5%) under the age of 18, 29 people (6.7%) aged 18 to 24, 166 people (38.2%) aged 25 to 44, 148 people (34.0%) aged 45 to 64, and 29 people (6.7%) who were 65 or older. The median age was 39.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 155.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 177.6 males.

There were 155 housing units at an average density of 11.2 /sqmi,of which 141 were occupied, 45 (31.9%) by the owners and 96 (68.1%) by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0%; the rental vacancy rate was 4.0%. 90 people (20.7% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 234 people (53.8%) lived in rental housing units.

2000
At the 2000 census there were 278 people, 115 households, and 77 families in the CDP. The population density was 20.1 PD/sqmi. There were 155 housing units at an average density of 11.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 91.37% White, 3.96% Native American, 2.16% Asian, 1.44% from other races, and 1.08% from two or more races. 5.04% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Of the 115 households 33.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.8% were married couples living together, 12.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.0% were non-families. 27.0% of households were one person and 5.2% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.88.

The age distribution was 27.7% under the age of 18, 4.3% from 18 to 24, 28.8% from 25 to 44, 31.3% from 45 to 64, and 7.9% 65 or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.1 males.

The median household income was $43,750 and the median family income was $49,688. Males had a median income of $41,500 versus $32,857 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $21,589. 4.1% of the population and 1.7% of families were below the poverty line. none under the age of 18 and none 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

Government
In the California State Legislature, Round Valley is in, and.

In the United States House of Representatives, Round Valley is in.

title: Round Valley, California


text:
Shoshone, California

Shoshone is a census designated place (CDP) in Inyo County, California, United States. The population was 22 at the 2020 census, down from 31 at the 2010 census.

The town was founded in 1910. Although small, it is notable as a southern gateway to Death Valley National Park; in addition to being a junction of roads leading from Baker, California and Pahrump, Nevada, it has the last services available before the Furnace Creek area in the park. The commercial district of the town, including a post office, gas station, restaurant, bar and coffee house, is just north of the southern intersection of California State Routes 127 and 178.

Shoshone has a single 2,380 ft airstrip across SR 127 from the commercial district. It is open to the public and gets about 58 flights per month.

Shoshone, California, has a history as a railroad town and rich mining district.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 28.7 sqmi, over 99% of it land. It is 14 mi east of Epaulet Peak, at an elevation of 1585 ft.

Shoshone is at the junction of California State Route 127 and California State Route 178.

Climate
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Shoshone has a hot desert climate, abbreviated "BWh" on climate maps.

History
Shoshone was founded in 1910 by Ralph Jacobus "Dad" Fairbanks, (December 26, 1857 – October 3, 1943) a Death Valley businessman. The town remains owned by his descendants; his daughter Estelle Francis (October 10, 1892 – March 6, 1970) married Charles Brown (December 12, 1883 – May 9, 1963) and they continued management of the town after Fairbanks left. A post office operated at Shoshone from 1915, closed for part of 1920. Shoshone was a stop on the Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad which shut down in 1940.

2010
The 2010 United States Census reported that Shoshone had a population of 31. The population density was 1.1 /mi2. The racial makeup of Shoshone was 28 (90.3%) White, 1 (3.2%) African American, 1 (3.2%) Native American, 0 (0.0%) Asian, 0 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 0 (0.0%) from other races, and 1 (3.2%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0 persons (0.0%).

The Census reported that 31 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.

There were 17 households, out of which 2 (11.8%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 4 (23.5%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 2 (11.8%) had a female householder with no husband present, 0 (0%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 4 (23.5%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 0 (0%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 6 households (35.3%) were made up of individuals, and 4 (23.5%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.82. There were 6 families (35.3% of all households); the average family size was 2.50.

The population was spread out, with 3 people (9.7%) under the age of 18, 0 people (0%) aged 18 to 24, 13 people (41.9%) aged 25 to 44, 10 people (32.3%) aged 45 to 64, and 5 people (16.1%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.0 males.

There were 31 housing units at an average density of 1.1 /mi2, of which 17 were occupied, of which 5 (29.4%) were owner-occupied, and 12 (70.6%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 16.7%; the rental vacancy rate was 20.0%. 9 people (29.0% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 22 people (71.0%) lived in rental housing units.

2000
As of the census of 2000, there were 52 people, 26 households, and 17 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1.8 /mi2. There were 34 housing units at an average density of 1.2 /mi2. The racial makeup of the CDP was 88.46% White, 5.77% Native American, and 5.77% from two or more races. 7.69% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 26 households, out of which 15.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.8% were married couples living together, 11.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.8% were non-families. 26.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.00 and the average family size was 2.22.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 11.5% under the age of 18, 21.2% from 25 to 44, 28.8% from 45 to 64, and 38.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 56 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 76.9 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $66,250, and the median income for a family was $61,750. Males had a median income of $31,406 versus $41,500 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $27,051. There were no families and 4.8% of the population living below the poverty line, including no one under 18 and no one over 64.

Government
In the California State Legislature, Shoshone is in, and.

In the United States House of Representatives, Shoshone is in.

title: Shoshone, California