text:
Talk:Acme Corporation

Unclassed discussion
I'm surprised there is no mention of software, notably CMS's and API documentation/testing, using ACME as a default organisation, foobar-style like.

-- — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.213.50.50 (talk) 17:14, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

Sixth Sense has a grocery store named ACME —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.19.161.112 (talk) 17:59, 5 August 2010 (UTC) --

In the movie The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, ammunition boxes labeled "ACME EXTRA" are in the background in the ammo shop scene where Tuco builds himself a customized revolver - could this be a reference to the Looney Tunes? --Mreich99 —Preceding undated comment added 22:48, 19 January 2010 (UTC).

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There seems to be a contradiction in the text. In the introduction it says Acme first appeared in a Buddy cartoon, but then goes on to say in the Name and Inspiration section that "The joke spread to Warner Bros. cartoons; in 1949, it made its first appearance in a Road Runner cartoon." -- 165.228.6.111 (talk) 05:57, 27 March 2009 (UTC)

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"According to Wikipedia.com, "The Acme Corporation is a fictional corporation that exists in Looney Tunes' universe. The company is never clearly defined, but apparently exists as some degree of monopoly, which produces everything and anything imaginable, no matter how elaborate or extravagant (making the acronymic explanation 'A Company that Makes Everything' a good guess)." As Mr. Major noted, in Warner Bros. cartoons, Acme products were most commonly purchased (mail order) by Wile E. Coyote who ordered many weapons in his failed attempts to catch the Road Runner." — Montreal Gazette, October 1, 2005

Who is Daniel Latson? Google comes up with squat. Are we sure this isn't a case of someone creeping in to mention their own (unknown) stuff? The paragraph on it here doesn't mention that this Acme is ever in any published works. -- Tarquin 20:17 Oct 5, 2002 (UTC)

 * It was added by a regular contributor (Fonzy), and it seems an unlikely thing to add if it was unknown (even if it is virtually unknown you would expect some mention of it to be on the web even if it was just the guy's homepage). So as a result I suspect that there is a typo in the name and that is why you can't find him. --Imran

 * Well, Fonzy seems to make a lot of typos. (I don't mind, it means there's someone who makes more than me!) -- so that's plausible. I guess I'm in a suspicious mood because we've had quite a few people add things they've made up lately. I'll ask Fonzy to clarify -- Tarquin

I'm confused myself. I never wrote that. :-s. All i can think of is that one my freidns must have doen it when they were at my house, dot kow why. - fonzy

 * In that case I'll move it here until someone can confirm.

 * * the fictitious country of Acme is a fictitious country invented by Daniel Latson in 1950. He came up with a whole fictitious history of the country. It is still continued by his descendants.

-- I remember Acme commercials done by Nick@Nite. They were pretty good. Unfortunately I don't have any more information on how many they made or exactly when they aired altough I found this USENET article which mentions them. - Mike Lippert --

Moving stuff on the cartoon acme back to Road Runner cartoon. Having a page for every single concept is not necessary, nor desirable. It is better to have one fair-sized page on the RR cartoons as a whole than force a reader to skip around different pages -- Tarquin 15:47 Oct 9, 2002 (UTC)

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Can't find anything useful about Ajax and Disney with Google and http://home.nc.rr.com/tuco/looney/acme/airdrop.html suggests it's some WB company?

--

The idea of an Acme monopoly seems wrong. The various Acme products in the Looney Tunes cartoons are meant to have come from different companies, otherwise there's no joke. The joke is based on the widespread use (at the time) of the name Acme for companies of all sorts.

On what basis would someone assume that it was a single company? I wonder, is insertion of the the monopoly interpretation here a bit of a troll?

 * The wording should be changed... monopoly seems wrong even if it IS one company with many seemingly-random divisions. I am changing the word to conglomerate, which would be more appropriate. Jafafa Hots 17:14, 4 February 2006 (UTC)

ACME - Where does it come from ...
I met Chuck Jones at the University of Dayton when he was invited as distinguished speaker. I am not sure if the year was 1980 or 1981, but we had a two hour lecture about his career and cartoon character´s character.

I remember that on the first question someone asked "why ACME, where does the name comes from?".

Mr. Jones replied that back at "Termite Terrace" in Bourbank California in the mid 30s there was this phone-book that on the outside back cover advertised a company called "ACME". So back then people simply referred to that catalog or directory as "The ACME" ... and contained all companies and products advertised. I assume that "The ACME" was similar to what we now know as the YellowPages.

Regards,

Federico Iglesias University of Dayton, Class ´83. Sirve 18:46, 16 June 2006 (UTC)

-- I think it would be prudent to look into this further. There are signs of a very different origin than is given here. Please check out http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/acme for some information. Confirmation can be found http://www.ismacs.net/sears/sears.html that demonstrate ACME was used as a company name back as far as 1897. 71.214.63.192 (talk) 21:12, 20 March 2009 (UTC) an avid reader/researcher

 * I was also at an event at the George Eastman House in 1999 or 2000 where Chuck Jones stated it was taken from a telephone book. 69.138.72.113 (talk) 06:24, 24 February 2010 (UTC)

ACME - Where does it come from ... -- another explanation
I remember seeing a TV programme (on the BBC?) in which a number of people involved with the early years of film making gave their opinion on the origins of the word. One explanation was that it was another mangled word in the line of 'gofer = go for'. Apparently one of the gofers was from Brooklyn and was in the habit of saying "Just ask me" when requests were made of him. He pronounced this as "just as' me" or "as' me" which become "ACME" and should be pronounced with a 'c' not a 'k'. 69.204.232.223 18:35, 10 April 2007 (UTC)
 * That sounds like a fairy tale. In any case, the origins of the "ACME" name in the Road Runner cartoons is well-established. Wahkeenah 02:45, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

ACME - Where does it come from ... -- another bogus explanation
Surely I'm not the only one who heard that it was from Acme Consolidated Manufacturing Enterprises? Snezzy (talk) 15:02, 30 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Actually, I'd heard that it stood for "American Company that Makes Everything"... 66.234.24.170 (talk) 18:30, 12 May 2011 (UTC)

 * This demonstrates why we don't print any of these "I heard it stands for ..." backronyms. -DavidWBrooks (talk) 18:33, 12 May 2011 (UTC)

Acme name free to register?
Long ago, I was explained that one reason for companies to use the Acme name was that the Acme name was the only name one could register with the authorities for free. I have no idea whether there is any value in that explanation, but maybe someone can do a search in an electronic version of old regulations and see if that explanation can be substantiated. Wurdnurd 10:52, 13 September 2006 (UTC)
 * That sounds like a (Greek) myth. You could look in Google for the various urban legends sites and see if any of them have anything to say about it. Wahkeenah 11:30, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

"A Company that Makes Everything"? I read that somewhere.97.73.64.154 (talk) 20:02, 24 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Perhaps you read it in this article - at the bottom it currently says: '''It is a common misconception that Acme is an acronym standing for such things as "A Company that Makes Everything", "American Companies Make Everything" or "American Company that Manufactures Everything" - DavidWBrooks (talk) 13:35, 25 October 2012 (UTC)

ACME used in Duke Nukem/ACME created teleport tecnology
Hello, what's about telling that in Duke Nukem 1 and 2 all the falling iron-bars and stuff (I think cameras and telescreens as well) were made by ACME? Also intresting,that ACME Corp. has created teleport gun,that teleports people & items trough very large distances (see Looney Tunes:Back In Action)

ACME owned by road runners / ACME Home Shopping Channel/ACME Conspiracy theory
Didn't some of the Looney Tunes cartoons imply that ACME was owned by road runners -- thus perhaps explaining why the company's products worked so poorly for the Coyote?

On another note, Berkeley Systems (makers of After Dark) once published a Looney Tunes screensaver for Mac OS (System 8) and Windows (pre-XP). One of the modules was an "ACME home shopping channel" that advertised anything from "dehydrated boulders" to "coyotatomic rockets" to asprin. Operators (Granny) are standing by!!!

Should the content page make reference to this screensaver, or to the printed "ACME catalog" (I forget the exact title) that appeared in bookstores within the last year or so?

 * The name of the book is "The ACME Catalog" (Chronicle Books, 2006). The authors are Charles Carrey (text) and Scott Gross (illustrations); the ISBN-13 code is 978-0-8118-5115-2.  The covers proclaim that "Quality Is Our #1 Dream". -- Thomas Newton (172.145.92.99 04:25, 4 March 2007 (UTC))

Thomas Newton (172.164.31.177 06:09, 25 February 2007 (UTC))

ALL LISTED BELOW IS ABOUT ACME "CONSPIRACY THEORY" Well,I think,that if ACME Corp.would be destroyed/bankrupt/disbanded,some of the Looney Tunes will immideatly stop existing,because ONLY thing,that keeping Road Runner and,partially,Tweety intact,is frequent ACME equipment failures. Othervise,Wile E.Coyote,and after small waiting,Sylvester the Cat,will acomplish their goals,and when the mania of revenge will come down,they would realise,that they would do better anywhere else.They will stay away from such difficult goals any longer! Bwa-ha-ha-ha-ha-ha!!! P.S. Probably,behind ACME CEO is standing bird mafia (Tweety & Road Runner ARE birds,aren't they?),and that is explanation why malfunctioning hardware is sent to Coyote & Sylvester. Marvin K. Acme may be murdered in "Who framed Roger Rabbit" due to two reasons:first he could be murdered to ease capturing of ACME Corp.to Road Runner & Tweety(51% of company stock value on their hands or their integration in ACME Top Managment & above). Othervise,Marvin K. Acme COULD work with Road Runner & Tweety,but they had a some sort of disagreement,and Tweety with Road Runner made a decision,that they could assasinate Marvin K. Acme,and frame Roger Rabbit to disguise real murderers-themselves. Building the freeway in place of Toontown isn't respective reason to kill multimillonare founder of ACME Conglomerate! And,you know the mafia - instead of dealing enemies on their own they would send anyone else,pomising a reward(construction opportunity,for example). If plan partially,or fully fails,Tweety and Road Runner would stay uninvolved in this large scandal.You can belive it,or not - it's one of your civil rigts,but remember, what i sayed over here...  you may need it...                                                                             THE END.

First Appearance?

 * The first use of the Acme name in a Warner-released cartoon is in Porky’s Poppa (Clampett, 1938)

according to http://www.conmicro.cx/~eocostello/wbcc/eowbcc-a.html which is cited elsewhere in the article. Is the first appearance mentioned in the article not a WB cartoon or should this be changed? OrangeDog 23:19, 16 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Buddy was a WB character. Someone would have to consult the Beck book and see which came first. Or maybe just Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies filmography. Wahkeenah 23:26, 16 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Yep, the Buddy was first OrangeDog 14:18, 17 April 2007 (UTC)
 * ACME is also used as the name of a store in Safety Last! (1923)

ACME in Monty Python
In the short sketch "The Crimson Permanent Assurance" which precedes Monty Python's "The Meaning of Life", the London office block is covered by sheets marked "ACME Stone Cleaning". Later in the same film there's an ACME Construction Company among the list of companies in the wall of the Very Big Corporation of America. Rcasha 05:01, 22 April 2007 (UTC)
 * It is featured on lots of Monty Pythons sketches, actually. I'll add that. - Aki (talk) 18:11, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

Acme Corporation: Copyrighted?
Is the term, "Acme Corporation," in any way Copywrighted, Trademarked, exc.? And if so, by who? --209.247.5.142 22:01, 21 June 2007 (UTC)

And...
Acme-products even exist in Pink Panther cartoons. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 157.181.97.10 (talk) 18:28, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

Only in Looney Tunes?
I have seen ACME appear in lots of cartoons, films and similar. Should it really say that it's "a fictional corporation that exists in the Looney Tunes universe"? I think it's more correct with something along the lines of "The Acme Corporation is a fictional corporation that exists in several cartoons, films and TV series, most significantly in the Looney Tunes universe." - Aki (talk) 18:11, 29 March 2008 (UTC)
 * As has been referenced before, it was - and to a point still it - common to come up with a name for your company that would place it close to the front of the telephone directory... ACME does just that. If you have a faucet spraying water all over your kitchen and grab a phone book, you are more likely to call "Acme Plumbers" than "Mike's Plumbing" in an emergency. Also, the word "acme" is Latin for 'of the highest quality'. Look it up on Google rather than Wikipedia just to see how it is used.(The ACME pages on Wikipedia get vandalised too much for them to be always useful.) But in a big city such as Chicago or Minneapolis, you are very likely to find at least one company called "Acme". Hope this clarifies for you, Cheers! Bloo (talk) 04:12, 30 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Greek, not Latin. Merriam-Webster, Wikipedia. --Thnidu (talk) 17:13, 10 August 2014 (UTC)

"Second to none"?
"Acme delivery service, on the other hand, is second to none." I don't think that that phrase is appropriate. Perhaps something like "Acme Delivery service, on the other hand, is of exceptional quality." "Second to none" is a biased phrase; even though the company doesn't actually exist, and it's probably true, it still doesn't fit normal Wikipedia guidelines. ChaosMaster (talk) 03:58, 27 June 2008 (UTC)

origin of ACME in roadrunner cartoons
I believe that the source of "ACME" in the cartoons came from one of their vendors, ACME Rents. ACME is one of the oldest rental companies in the US, and they have rented equipment to the movie studios since the studios have been in Hollywood. Whatever the studio needed, I understand that they could rent it from ACME. Someone should follow up on this lead, but it makes sense. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.243.228.66 (talk) 19:09, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

 * This is true. I know for a fact that ACME Rents provided props such as Elmer Fudd's rifle and Tweety's cage. PacificBoy  19:45, 12 January 2010 (UTC)

Playboy Article
Wylie sued ACME (Article in Playboy) - but lost - because he was not using the products in accordance with their design intent...

Can't remember the date - or if it was even really Playboy - might have been one of the other Men's Mags - but it was in a copy that was probably an Australian Edition.

FoolesTroupe (talk) 01:07, 7 August 2008 (UTC)

Factual error
I would dispute this claim in the text: "Primarily, the name "Acme" is widely known by the public to be an acronym of 'American Company that Makes Everything' ". It is unsubstantiated. I would imagine that the opposite is true, that you would be hard pressed to find people who can come up with this acronym. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.72.41.50 (talk) 15:46, 20 February 2009 (UTC)
 * I just came into this talk page to ask why this hasn't been included in the article. And if it's false, why is it at least not refuted somewhere? EditorInTheRye (talk) 18:20, 31 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Nobody has been able to provide any evidence for that backwards-acronym - and I'm not sure how the article can refute something that doesn't seem to exist anywhere but vague rumors. Do you want something like "Despite many rumors, there is no evidence that ACME was used because it stands for so-and-so"? .. but if so, what the heck reference would you use for evidence that something doesn't exist? - DavidWBrooks (talk) 18:54, 31 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Search google books for [acme "makes everything"], there are references to it EditorInTheRye (talk) 18:24, 4 February 2011 (UTC)
 * This is for the similar backronym "a company that makes everything", which is similar but also not featured in this article, I should add. EditorInTheRye (talk) 18:25, 4 February 2011 (UTC)

(unindent) I only saw one reference in the first couple pages of the Google book search, an offhand statement that the acronym exists. Certainly nothing even vaguely close to a reference that would show that the name ACME was chosen because of the acronym - and personally, it didn't seem common enough to require a refutation in this article, although that is more open to dispute. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 19:09, 4 February 2011 (UTC)

Main origin of ACME in cartoons; from the horses mouth
There is a recent documentary on Chuck Jones (obviously using archival footage) in which he tells how he started using ACME. This article indicates that it was used in earlier cartoons (Buddy) and other places, but certainly Chuck Jones is where the widespread usage comes from and he gives an exact detail on the source of his usage in the cartoons he devised. Regardless of whether it was used prior to him and that prior use arose from other, similar or the same reasons, his reasons do not arise from mimicking something established but from first principles. If someone who cares about this article wishes to do some work with it, I am setting forth the full quote below, verbatim, with the source cited in full:

(Speaking on his childhood and playing with his siblings in California):"We were little madcaps along the beach and we did what we enjoyed doing and could get dirty and could eat hot dogs and so on. Since we had to search out our own entertainment, we devised our own fairy stories. If you wanted a bow and arrow you got a stick. If you wanted to conduct an orchestra you got a stick. If you wanted a duel you used a stick. You couldn't go and buy one; that's where the terms acme came from. Whenever we played a game where we had a grocery store or something we called it the ACME corporation. Why? Because in the yellow pages if you looked, say, under drugstores, you'd find the first one would be Acme Drugs. Why? Because 'AC' was about as high as you could go; it means the best; the superlative."--Fuhghettaboutit (talk) 02:40, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

Endless list of appearances
There are now more than 50 instances of "acme" appearing in cartoons, TV shows, movies, videogames, etc., listed in this article - it has become a classic example of a pointless trivia list: It was in this movie! Plus, it was in this show! And in this game!

I would like to remove all of them, replacing them with a short announcement that "Acme" has become a commonly used generic term for companies and products in multiple programs. Any thoughts? - DavidWBrooks (talk) 22:24, 2 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes, I agree 100% and would add that not a one of those laundry list factoids is referenced. They can thus be challenged and removed and the burden is on those wishing to keep them. The thing is that these types of lists are terribly clunky flow breakers in articles. They should be prosified or removed. If some of the more notable mentions can be sourced, the material can be tuirned into prose easily. I would suggest something not unlike: --Fuhghettaboutit (talk) 22:46, 2 July 2009 (UTC)

Personally, I think that perhaps some Wikipedia author/editor should make a new article titled References to ACME in popular culture or something like that, so that there can be as many examples as possible. [Anonymous Editor]

Appearance in Las Vegas
The company "Acme" also appears in the TV Serie "Las Vegas" (Season 3, episode 2). Mike Cannon orders Mitch to check which people are fired at the company which manufactures their chips, Acme. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.101.37.122 (talk) 19:13, 15 September 2009 (UTC)

Appearance in Carmageddon
A powerup in Carmageddon, Carmageddon II and Carmageddon TDR 2000 is named Acme damage magnifier, a reference to this corporation. Should this reference be put in this article? Srb2Espyo (talk) 19:22, 12 April 2010 (UTC)

 * How do you know it's in specific reference to this meme? There are a bazillion mentions of Acme this and that in media everywhere - this article would be swamped by them, absolutely buried, if we included them all. So unless they very specifically mention the Looney Tunes meme as part of the game/movie/show reference, we haven't been including them. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 19:26, 12 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Ok, calm down. That's why I asked. Ok then, it won't be added. And incidentally, I don't think it's quite a meme... more like a... well, I don't know. Meme just doesn't sound to good. Srb2Espyo (talk) 22:03, 12 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I didn't mean to sound uncalm - I just wanted to say something more than "no". And yeah, "meme" is too pompous; but "concept" and "theory" and "philosophy" are all way overboard. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 22:53, 12 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Understood. Srb2Espyo (talk) 13:26, 13 April 2010 (UTC)

Who Framed Roger Rabbit
The ACME corporation was an important and recurring element in the movie "Who Framed Roger Rabbit". A mention of this might be waranted. Redge (talk) 15:41, 5 June 2010 (UTC)
 * There are currently a couple of sentences about it in the "Live-action films, TV series" section. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 17:53, 6 June 2010 (UTC)

ACME and the Three Stooges
ACME is the name of two companies in the 1938 "Termites of 1938" The Three Stooges short, the first being the Acme Escort Service and the second the Acme Exterminator Co., as can be found in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termites_of_1938 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 201.52.245.179 (talk)

Synthesis problems
This article is a prime example of the use of inappropriate synthesis to link disparate examples into a constructed whole which may not actually exist. For instance, the first two examples given in the third paragraph of the introduction display no obvious connection to the Road Runner example except in name; likewise, the "Real usage" section explicitly notes that the usage in question may be incidental. This article should probably focus on the company prominently featured in Road Runner and derived from that usage, and refer to other cases solely in order to differentiate from them. Chris Cunningham (user:thumperward: not at work) - talk 17:54, 25 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Good points. I've made some tweaks/edits - probably not really enough, though. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 18:08, 25 April 2011 (UTC)

ACME
Hello,

I got a question: Doesn't ACME stand for American Company that Makes Everything.

Kinds Regards, Joshua Nas. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.46.56.77 (talk) 12:28, 7 June 2011 (UTC)

 * I got an answer: No. (At least, not that anybody can provide a reference for, as above discussion demonstrates. If you can find something, that would be wonderful, but the chuck Jones quote in the article seems to undermine this backronym idea.) - DavidWBrooks (talk) 15:27, 16 June 2011 (UTC)

Acme products
This article says that acme products tend to fail. In the shorts, products the coyote uses do fail, but none of those are shown to be made by acme, and so we can't assume that they are acme products. I haven't seen any products that we know are made by acme fail.Qwertzy (talk) 19:15, 5 August 2011 (UTC)

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The Far Side
There is many instances of "Acme x" in "The Far Side" by Gary Larson. Shouldn't that be here? 2602:306:C5DB:2340:C0F3:21E:4785:E29D (talk) 05:48, 8 November 2015 (UTC) Thomas

 * As is said in editor's notes if you edit the page, this article is specifically about the Coyote/Roadrunner-related meme, not every thing called Acme in any piece of fiction. Unless Larson specifically made that connection relevant (and I have a memory that he had the coyote in a cartoon, but I may be mis-remembering) then, no. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 10:57, 5 May 2016 (UTC)

"Legal humor" section
Either both pieces should stay or neither (I think the former). The Frazier piece is demonstrably the higher profile of the two. - Richfife (talk) 15:36, 28 June 2016 (UTC)

A Company That Makes Everything
The article used to have a sentence noting the common misconception that ACME is an acronym of some sort. It was removed but I'm not sure why. We just had yet another editor try to insert the acronym into the article. The frequency of such insertions is why the statement was put into the article in the first place. I have returned it to the article. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 17:30, 1 July 2016 (UTC)

acem siren
A bit surprised to see no mention of J_Hudson_&_Co They seem to make the Acme_Siren since 1895. They do all sorts of whistles for bird sounds and that famous Acme Siren heard in countless cartoons.Mokafix (talk) 08:31, 2 February 2017 (UTC)

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unrelated Acme
I just removed a movie reference that was last added in 2013 (!) and just re-added because it doesn't meet the edit guidelines for the page: '''Don't add examples merely because they have something labelled Acme in them. Only use examples that specifically reference the Wile E. Coyote cartoon character, please.''' This is a necessary rule because otherwise the article would be a massive list of unrelated movie trivia. - DavidWBrooks (talk) 14:20, 26 February 2019 (UTC)

why did Acme stop honoring the medicare U card for seniors ?
My local Acme HAD accepted the Ucard But today it was declined,,,Why? 2601:80:C97E:B710:D1FD:C79A:CB28:1294 (talk) 00:42, 14 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Acme Corporation


text:
Quarter days

In British and Irish tradition, the quarter days were the four dates in each year on which servants were hired, school terms started, and rents were due. They fell on four religious festivals roughly three months apart and close to the two solstices and two equinoxes.

The significance of quarter days is now limited, although rents for properties in England are often still due on the old English quarter days.

The quarter days have been observed at least since the Middle Ages, and they ensured that debts and unresolved lawsuits were not allowed to linger on. Accounts had to be settled, and a reckoning had to be made and publicly recorded on the quarter days.

In England
The English quarter days (also observed in Wales and the Channel Islands) are:
 * Lady Day (25 March, the Feast of the Annunciation)
 * Midsummer Day (24 June)
 * Michaelmas (29 September, the Feast of St Michael and All Angels)
 * Christmas (25 December)

Falling close to the Spring equinox, Lady Day was the first day of the civil year in England, Wales and the British dominions (but not Scotland) until 1752 (when it was harmonised with the Scottish practice of 1 January being New Year's Day). The British (personal) tax year still ends on "Old" Lady Day (5 April under the 'new style' (Gregorian) calendar, which corresponds to 25 March under the 'old style' Julian calendar: the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 advanced the calendar by eleven days. 5 April is still the end of the British tax year for personal taxation.

The cross-quarter days are four holidays falling in between the quarter days: Candlemas (2 February), May Day (1 May), Lammas (1 August), and All Hallows (1 November).

At many schools, class terms would begin on the quarter days; for example, the autumn term would start on 29 September, and thus continues to be called the Michaelmas term, especially at more traditional universities.

In Ireland
Prior to the Christianisation of Ireland in the 5th century AD, the Celtic quarter days were observed:

 * Imbolc (February 1)
 * Beltaine (May 1)
 * Lughnasadh (August 1)
 * Samhain (November 1)

These are now called cross-quarter days since they fall about halfway into each of the English quarters.

Since 2022, when a holiday for Imbolc was added to the list, all four traditional Celtic quarter days are now marked in the Republic of Ireland by an annual public holiday.

In Scotland
The "Old Scottish term days" corresponded approximately to the old Celtic quarter days:
 * Candlemas (2 February)
 * Whitsunday (legislatively fixed for this purpose as 15 May)
 * Lammas (1 August)
 * Martinmas (11 November).

These were also the dates of the Quarter Days observed in northern England until the 18th century.

The dates for removals and for the employment of servants of Whitsunday and Martinmas were changed in 1886 to 28 May and 28 November respectively. The Term and Quarter Days (Scotland) Act 1990 redefined the "Scottish term days", in official use, as: The Act specifies that the new dates take effect on 13 June 1991 (12 months from the date it was passed). Thus the Scottish term days, as days on which rents are paid, correspond more closely to the cross-quarter days than to the English quarter days.
 * 28 February,
 * 28 May,
 * 28 August and
 * 28 November.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Quarter days


text:
Lady Day

In the Western liturgical year, Lady Day is the common name in some English-speaking and Scandinavian countries of the Feast of the Annunciation, celebrated on 25 March to commemorate the annunciation of the archangel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary that she would bear Jesus Christ, the Son of God.

Religious significance
The commemorated event is known in the 1549 prayer book of Edward VI and the 1662 Book of Common Prayer as "The Annunciation of the (Blessed) Virgin Mary" but more accurately (as in the modern Calendar of the Church of England) termed "The Annunciation of our Lord to the Blessed Virgin Mary". It is the first of the four traditional English quarter days. The "(Our) Lady" is the Virgin Mary. The term derives from Middle English, when some nouns lost their genitive inflections. "Lady" would later gain an -s genitive ending, and therefore the name means "(Our) Lady's day". The day commemorates the tradition of archangel Gabriel's announcement to Mary that she would give birth to the Christ.

It is celebrated on 25 March each year. In the Catholic Church's Latin liturgical rites, when 25 March falls during Holy Week or Easter week, it is transferred forward to the first suitable day during Eastertide. In Eastern Orthodoxy and Eastern Catholicism, it is never transferred, even if it falls on Pascha (Easter). The concurrence of these two feasts is called kyriopascha.

The Feast of the Annunciation is observed almost universally throughout Christianity, especially within Orthodoxy, Anglicanism, Catholicism, and Lutheranism. It is a major Marian feast, classified as a solemnity in the Catholic Church, a Festival in the Lutheran Churches, and a Principal Feast in the Anglican Communion. In Orthodox Christianity, because it announces the incarnation of Christ, it is counted as one of the 8 great feasts of the Lord, and not among the four great Marian feasts, although some prominent aspects of its liturgical observance are Marian. Two examples in liturgical Christianity of the importance attached to the Annunciation are the Angelus prayer and, especially in Roman Catholicism, the event's position as the first Joyful Mystery of the Dominican Rosary.

Secular significance
In England, Lady Day was New Year's Day (i.e., the new year began on 25 March) from 1155 until 1752, when the Gregorian calendar was adopted in Great Britain and its Empire and with it the first of January as the official start of the year in England, Wales and Ireland. (Scotland changed its new year's day to 1 January in 1600, but retained the Julian calendar until 1752.) A vestige of this remains in the United Kingdom's tax year, which ends on 5 April, or "Old Lady Day", (i.e., Lady Day adjusted for the eleven "lost days" of the calendar change in 1752). Until this change Lady Day had been used as the start of the legal year but also the end of the fiscal and tax year. This should be distinguished from the liturgical and historical year.

As a year-end and quarter-day that conveniently did not fall within or between the seasons for ploughing and harvesting, Lady Day was a traditional day on which year-long contracts between landowners and tenant farmers would begin and end in England and nearby lands (although there were regional variations). Farmers' time of "entry" into new farms and onto new fields was often this day. As a result, farming families who were changing farms would travel from the old farm to the new one on Lady Day. In 1752, the British empire finally followed most of western Europe in switching to the Gregorian calendar from the Julian calendar. The Julian lagged 11 days behind the Gregorian, and hence 25 March in the Old Style calendar became 5 April ("Old Lady Day"), which assumed the role of contractual year-beginning. (The date is significant in some of the works of Thomas Hardy, such as Tess of the d'Urbervilles and Far from the Madding Crowd, and is discussed in his 1884 essay "The Dorset Farm Labourer").

title: Lady Day


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Cinchona

Cinchona (pronounced or  ) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae containing at least 23 species of trees and shrubs. All are native to the tropical Andean forests of western South America. A few species are reportedly naturalized in Central America, Jamaica, French Polynesia, Sulawesi, Saint Helena in the South Atlantic, and São Tomé and Príncipe off the coast of tropical Africa, and others have been cultivated in India and Java, where they have formed hybrids.

Cinchona has been historically sought after for its medicinal value, as the bark of several species yields quinine and other alkaloids. These were the only effective treatments against malaria during the height of European colonialism, which made them of great economic and political importance. Trees in the genus are also known as fever trees because of their antimalarial properties.

The artificial synthesis of quinine in 1944, an increase in resistant forms of malaria, and the emergence of alternate therapies eventually ended large-scale economic interest in Cinchona cultivation. Cinchona alkaloids show promise in treating Plasmodium falciparum malaria, which has evolved resistance to synthetic drugs. Cinchona plants continue to be revered for their historical legacy; the national tree of Peru is in the genus Cinchona.

Etymology and common names
Carl Linnaeus named the genus in 1742, based on a claim that the plant had cured the wife of the Count of Chinchón, a Spanish viceroy in Lima, in the 1630s, though the veracity of this story has been disputed. Linnaeus used the Italian spelling Cinchona, but the name Chinchón (pronounced in Spanish) led to Clements Markham and others proposing a correction of the spelling to Chinchona, and some prefer the pronunciation  for the common name of the plant. Traditional medicine uses from South America known as Jesuit's bark and Jesuit's powder have been traced to Cinchona.

Description
Cinchona plants belong to the family Rubiaceae and are large shrubs or small trees with evergreen foliage, growing 5 to 15 m in height. The leaves are opposite, rounded to lanceolate, and 10–40 cm long. The flowers are white, pink, or red, and produced in terminal panicles. The fruit is a small capsule containing numerous seeds. A key character of the genus is that the flowers have marginally hairy corolla lobes. The tribe Cinchoneae includes the genera Cinchonopsis, Jossia, Ladenbergia, Remijia, Stilpnophyllum, and Ciliosemina. In South America, natural populations of Cinchona species have geographically distinct distributions. During the 19th century, the introduction of several species into cultivation in the same areas of India and Java, by the English and Dutch East India Company, respectively, led to the formation of hybrids.

Linnaeus described the genus based on the species Cinchona officinalis, which is found only in a small region of Ecuador and is of little medicinal significance. Nearly 300 species were later described and named in the genus, but a revision of the genus in 1998 identified only 23 distinct species.

Early references
The febrifugal properties of bark from trees now known to be in the genus Cinchona were used by many South American cultures prior to European contact, Jesuits played a key role in the transfer of remedies from the New World.

The traditional story connecting Cinchona species with malaria treatment was first recorded by Italian physician Sebastiano Bado in 1663. It tells of the wife of Luis Jerónimo de Cabrera, 4th Count of Chinchón and Viceroy of Peru, who fell ill in Lima with a tertian fever. A Spanish governor advised a traditional remedy, which resulted in a miraculous and rapid cure. The countess then supposedly ordered a large quantity of the bark and took it back to Europe. Bado claimed to have received this information from an Italian named Antonius Bollus, who was a merchant in Peru. Clements Markham identified the countess as Ana de Osorio, but this was shown to be incorrect by Haggis. Ana de Osorio married the Count of Chinchón in August 1621 and died in 1625, several years before the count was appointed viceroy of Peru in 1628. His second wife, Francisca Henriques de Ribera, accompanied him to Peru. Haggis further examined the count's diaries and found no mention of the countess suffering from fever, although the count himself had many malarial attacks. Because of these and numerous other discrepancies, Bado's story has been generally rejected as little more than a legend.

Quina bark was mentioned by Fray Antonio de La Calancha in 1638 as coming from a tree in Loja (Loxa). He noted that bark powder weighing about two coins was cast into water and drunk to cure fevers and "tertians". Jesuit Father Bernabé Cobo (1582–1657) also wrote on the "fever tree" in 1653. The legend was popularized in English literature by Markham, and in 1874, he also published a "plea for the correct spelling of the genus Chinchona". Spanish physician and botanist Nicolás Monardes wrote of a New World bark powder used in Spain in 1574, and another physician, Juan Fragoso, wrote of bark powder from an unknown tree in 1600 that was used for treating various ills. Both identify the sources as trees that do not bear fruit and have heart-shaped leaves; they were suggested to have been referring to Cinchona species.

The name quina-quina or quinquina was suggested as an old name for Cinchona used in Europe and based on the native name used by the Quechua people. Italian sources spelt quina as "cina", which was a source of confusion with Smilax from China. Haggis argued that qina and Jesuit's bark actually referred to Myroxylon peruiferum, or Peruvian balsam, and that this was an item of importance in Spanish trade in the 1500s. Over time, the bark of Myroxylon may have been adulterated with the similar-looking bark of what is now known as Cinchona. Gradually, the adulterant became the main product that was the key therapeutic ingredient used in malarial therapy. The bark was included as Cortex Peruanus in the London Pharmacopoeia in 1677.

Economic significance
The "fever tree" was finally described carefully by astronomer Charles Marie de la Condamine, who visited Quito in 1735 on a quest to measure an arc of the meridian. The species he described, Cinchona officinalis, however, was found to be of little therapeutic value. The first living plants seen in Europe were C. calisaya plants grown at the Jardin des Plantes from seeds collected by Hugh Algernon Weddell from Bolivia in 1846. José Celestino Mutis, physician to the Viceroy of Nueva Granada, Pedro Messia de la Cerda, gathered information on cinchona in Colombia from 1760 and wrote a manuscript, El Arcano de la Quina (1793), with illustrations. He proposed a Spanish expedition to search for plants of commercial value, which was approved in 1783 and was continued after his death in 1808 by his nephew Sinforoso Mutis. As demand for the bark increased, the trees in the forests began to be destroyed. To maintain their monopoly on cinchona bark, Peru and surrounding countries began outlawing the export of cinchona seeds and saplings beginning in the early 19th century.

The colonial European powers eventually considered growing the plant in other parts of the tropics. The French mission of 1743, of which de la Condamine was a member, lost their cinchona plants when a wave took them off their ship. The Dutch sent Justus Hasskarl, who brought plants that were then cultivated in Java from 1854. English explorer Clements Markham went to collect plants that were introduced in Sri Lanka and the Nilgiris of southern India in 1860. The main species introduced were C. succirubra, or red bark, (now C. pubescens) as its sap turned red on contact with air, and Cinchona calisaya. The alkaloids quinine and cinchonine were extracted by Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Bienaimé Caventou in 1820. Two more key alkaloids, quinidine and cinchonidine, were later identified and it became a routine in quinology to examine the contents of these components in assays. The yields of quinine in the cultivated trees were low and time was needed to develop sustainable methods to extract bark.

In the meantime, Charles Ledger and his native assistant Manuel Incra Mamani collected another species from Bolivia. Mamani was caught and beaten by Bolivian officials, leading to his death, but Ledger obtained seeds of high quality. These seeds were offered to the British, who were uninterested, leading to the rest being sold to the Dutch. The Dutch saw their value and multiplied the stock. The species later named Cinchona ledgeriana yielded 8 to 13% quinine in bark grown in Dutch Indonesia, which effectively outcompeted the British Indian production. Only later did the English see the value and sought to obtain the seeds of C. ledgeriana from the Dutch.

Francesco Torti used the response of fevers to treatment with Cinchona as a system of classification of fevers or a means for diagnosis. Its use in the effective treatment of malaria brought an end to treatment by bloodletting and long-held ideas of humorism from Galen. Clements Markham was knighted for his role in establishing Cinchona species in Indonesia. Hasskarl was knighted with the Dutch order of the Lion.

Ecology
Cinchona species are used as food plants by the larvae of some lepidopteran species, including the engrailed, the commander, and members of the genus Endoclita, including E. damor, E. purpurescens, and E. sericeus.

C.pubescens has grown uncontrolled on some islands, such as the Galapagos, where it has posed the risk of outcompeting native plant species.

Traditional medicine
Whether cinchona bark was used in any traditional medicines within Andean Indigenous groups when it first came to notice by Europeans is unclear. Since its first confirmed medicinal record in the early 17th century, it has been used as a treatment for malaria. This use was popularised in Europe by the Spanish colonisers of South America. The bark contains alkaloids, including quinine and quinidine. Cinchona is the only economically practical source of quinine, a drug that is still recommended for the treatment of falciparum malaria.

Europe
Italian botanist Pietro Castelli wrote a pamphlet noteworthy as being the first Italian publication to mention the Cinchona species. By the 1630s (or 1640s, depending on the reference), the bark was being exported to Europe. In the late 1640s, the method of use of the bark was noted in the Schedula Romana. The Royal Society of London published in its first year (1666) "An account of Dr. Sydenham's book, entitled, Methodus curandi febres . . ."

English King Charles II called upon Robert Talbor, who had become famous for his miraculous malaria cure. Because at that time the bark was in religious controversy, Talbor gave the king the bitter bark decoction in great secrecy. The treatment gave the king complete relief from the malaria fever. In return, Talbor was offered membership of the prestigious Royal College of Physicians.

In 1679, Talbor was called by the King of France, Louis XIV, whose son was suffering from malarial fever. After a successful treatment, Talbor was rewarded by the king with 3,000 gold crowns and a lifetime pension for this prescription. Talbor was asked to keep the entire episode secret. After Talbor's death, the French king published this formula: seven grams of rose leaves, two ounces of lemon juice and a strong decoction of the cinchona bark served with wine. Wine was used because some alkaloids of the cinchona bark are not soluble in water, but are soluble in the ethanol in wine. In 1681 Água de Inglaterra was introduced into Portugal from England by Dr. Fernando Mendes who, similarly, "received a handsome gift from (King Pedro) on condition that he should reveal to him the secret of its composition and withhold it from the public".

In 1738, Sur l'arbre du quinquina, a paper written by Charles Marie de La Condamine, lead member of the expedition, along with Pierre Godin and Louis Bouger that was sent to Ecuador to determine the length of a degree of the 1/4 of meridian arc in the neighbourhood of the equator, was published by the French Academy of Sciences. In it he identified three separate species.

Homeopathy
The birth of homeopathy was based on cinchona bark testing. The founder of homeopathy, Samuel Hahnemann, when translating William Cullen's Materia medica, noticed Cullen had written that Peruvian bark was known to cure intermittent fevers. Hahnemann took daily a large, rather than homeopathic, dose of Peruvian bark. After two weeks, he said he felt malaria-like symptoms. This idea of "like cures like" was the starting point of his writings on homeopathy. Hahnemann's symptoms have been suggested by researchers, both homeopaths and skeptics, as being an indicator of his hypersensitivity to quinine.

Widespread cultivation
The bark was very valuable to Europeans in expanding their access to and exploitation of resources in distant colonies and at home. Bark gathering was often environmentally destructive, destroying huge expanses of trees for their bark, with difficult conditions for low wages that did not allow the indigenous bark gatherers to settle debts even upon death.

Further exploration of the Amazon Basin and the economy of trade in various species of the bark in the 18th century is captured by Lardner Gibbon:

... this bark was first gathered in quantities in 1849, though known for many years. The best quality is not quite equal to that of Yungas, but only second to it. There are four other classes of inferior bark, for some of which the bank pays fifteen dollars per quintal. The best, by law, is worth fifty-four dollars. The freight to Arica is seventeen dollars the mule load of three quintals. Six thousand quintals of bark have already been gathered from Yuracares. The bank was established in the year 1851. Mr. [Thaddäus] Haenke mentioned the existence of cinchona bark on his visit to Yuracares in 1796
 * — Exploration of the Valley of the Amazon, by Lieut. Lardner Gibbon, USN. Vol. II, Ch. 6, pp. 146–47.

It was estimated that the British Empire incurred direct losses of 52 to 62 million pounds a year due to malaria sickness each year. It was therefore of great importance to secure the supply of the cure. In 1860, a British expedition to South America led by Clements Markham smuggled back cinchona seeds and plants, which were introduced in several areas of British India and Sri Lanka. In India, it was planted in Ootacamund by William Graham McIvor. In Sri Lanka, it was planted in the Hakgala Botanical Garden in January 1861. James Taylor, the pioneer of tea planting in Sri Lanka, was one of the pioneers of cinchona cultivation. By 1883, about 64000 acre were in cultivation in Sri Lanka, with exports reaching a peak of 15 million pounds in 1886. The cultivation (initially of C. succirubra (now C. pubescens) and later of C. calisaya ) was extended through the work of George King and others into the hilly terrain of Darjeeling District of Bengal. Cinchona factories were established at Naduvattam in the Nilgiris and at Mungpoo, Darjeeling, West Bengal. Quinologists were appointed to oversee the extraction of alkaloids with John Broughton in the Nilgiris and C.H. Wood at Darjeeling. Others in the position included David Hooper and John Eliot Howard.

In 1865, "New Virginia" and "Carlota Colony" were established in Mexico by Matthew Fontaine Maury, a former Confederate in the American Civil War. Postwar Confederates were enticed there by Maury, now the "Imperial Commissioner of Immigration" for Emperor Maximillian of Mexico, and Archduke of Habsburg. All that survives of those two colonies are the flourishing groves of cinchonas established by Maury using seeds purchased from England. These seeds were the first to be introduced into Mexico.

The cultivation of cinchona led from the 1890s to a decline in the price of quinine, but the quality and production of raw bark by the Dutch in Indonesia led them to dominate world markets. The producers of processed drugs in Europe (especially Germany ), however, bargained and caused fluctuations in prices, which led to a Dutch-led Cinchona Agreement in 1913 that ensured a fixed price for producers. A Kina Bureau in Amsterdam regulated this trade.

During World War II, the Japanese conquered Java and the United States lost access to the cinchona plantations that supplied war-critical quinine medication. Botanical expeditions called Cinchona Missions were launched between 1942 and 1944 to explore promising areas of South America in an effort to locate cinchona species that contained quinine and could be harvested for quinine production. As well as being ultimately successful in their primary aim, these expeditions also identified new species of plants and created a new chapter in international relations between the United States and other nations in the Americas.

Cinchona alkaloids
The bark of trees in this genus is the source of a variety of alkaloids, the most familiar of which is quinine, an antipyretic (antifever) agent especially useful in treating malaria. For a while the extraction of a mixture of alkaloids from the cinchona bark, known in India as the cinchona febrifuge, was used. The alkaloid mixture or its sulphated form mixed in alcohol and sold as quinetum was however very bitter and caused nausea, among other side effects.

Cinchona alkaloids include:
 * cinchonine and cinchonidine (stereoisomers with R1 = vinyl, R2 = hydrogen)
 * quinine and quinidine (stereoisomers with R1 = vinyl, R2 = methoxy)
 * dihydroquinine and dihydroquinidine (stereoisomers with R1 = ethyl, R2 = methoxy)

They find use in organic chemistry as organocatalysts in asymmetric synthesis.

Other chemicals
Alongside the alkaloids, many cinchona barks contain cinchotannic acid, a particular tannin, which by oxidation rapidly yields a dark-coloured phlobaphene called red cinchonic, cinchono-fulvic acid, or cinchona red.

In 1934, efforts to make malaria drugs cheap and effective for use across countries led to the development of a standard called "totaquina" proposed by the Malaria Commission of the League of Nations. Totaquina required a minimum of 70% crystallizable alkaloids, of which at least 15% was to be quinine with not more than 20% amorphous alkaloids.

Species
There are at least 24 species of Cinchona recognized by botanists. There are likely several unnamed species and many intermediate forms that have arisen due to the plants' tendency to hybridize.

 * Cinchona anderssonii Maldonado
 * Cinchona antioquiae L.Andersson
 * Cinchona asperifolia Wedd.
 * Cinchona barbacoensis H.Karst.
 * Cinchona calisaya Wedd.
 * Cinchona capuli L.Andersson
 * Cinchona fruticosa L.Andersson
 * Cinchona glandulifera Ruiz & Pav.
 * Cinchona hirsuta Ruiz & Pav.
 * Cinchona krauseana L.Andersson
 * Cinchona lancifolia Mutis
 * Cinchona lucumifolia Pav. ex Lindl.
 * Cinchona macrocalyx Pav. ex DC.
 * Cinchona micrantha Ruiz & Pav.
 * Cinchona mutisii Lamb.
 * Cinchona nitida Ruiz & Pav.
 * Cinchona officinalis L.
 * Cinchona parabolica Pav. in J.E.Howard
 * Cinchona pitayensis (Wedd.) Wedd.
 * Cinchona pubescens Vahl
 * Cinchona pyrifolia L.Andersson
 * Cinchona rugosa Pav. in J.E.Howard
 * Cinchona scrobiculata Humb. & Bonpl.
 * Cinchona villosa Pav. ex Lindl.

Articles

 * "The tree that changed the world map", By Vittoria Traverso, 28 May 2020, BBC.com.

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Michaelmas

Michaelmas (also known as the Feast of Saints Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael, the Feast of the Archangels, or the Feast of Saint Michael and All Angels) is a Christian festival observed in many Western Christian liturgical calendars on 29 September, and on 8 November in the Eastern Christian traditions. Michaelmas has been one of the four quarter days of the English and Irish financial, judicial, and academic year.

In the Christian angelology of some traditions, the Archangel Michael is considered as the greatest of all the angels; being particularly honored for defeating the devil in the war in heaven.

History
In the fifth century, a basilica near Rome was dedicated in honour of Saint Michael the Archangel on 30 September, beginning with celebrations on the eve of that day. 29 September is now kept in honour of Saint Michael and all Angels throughout some western churches. The name Michaelmas comes from a shortening of "Michael's Mass", in the same style as Christmas (Christ's Mass) and Candlemas (Candle Mass, the Mass where traditionally the candles to be used throughout the year would be blessed).

During the Middle Ages, Michaelmas was celebrated as a Holy Day of Obligation, but this tradition was abolished in the 18th century. In medieval England, Michaelmas marked the ending and beginning of the husbandman's year, George C. Homans observes: "at that time harvest was over, and the bailiff or reeve of the manor would be making out the accounts for the year."

Because it falls near the equinox, this holy day is associated in the northern hemisphere with the beginning of autumn and the shortening of days. It was also one of the English, Welsh, and Irish quarter days, when accounts had to be settled. On manors, it was the day when a reeve was elected from the peasants. Michaelmas hiring fairs were held at the end of September or beginning of October. The day was also considered a "gale day" in Ireland when rent would be due, as well as a day for the issuing or settling of contracts or other legal transactions.

Celebration
On the Isle of Skye, Scotland, a procession was held. One of the few flowers left around at this time of year is the Michaelmas daisy (also known as asters). Hence the rhyme: "The Michaelmas daisies, among dead weeds, Bloom for St Michael's valorous deeds ..."

In Ireland, (Fómhar na nGéanna), pilgrimages to holy wells associated with St Michael took place, with pilgrims taking a drink from the holy water from the well. The greeting "May Michaelmas féinín on you" was traditional. Boys born on this day were often christened Michael or Micheál. In Tramore, County Waterford, a procession with an effigy of St Michael, called the Micilín, was brought through the town to the shore to mark the end of the fishing season. In Irish folklore, clear weather on Michaelmas was a portent of a long winter, "Michaelmas Day be bright and clear there will be two 'Winters' in the year."

Food
A traditional meal for the day includes goose known as a stubble-goose (one prepared around harvest time, fattened on the stubble fields) also known as an embling or rucklety goose. There was a saying that "if you eat goose on Michaelmas Day you will never lack money all year". Tenant farmers sometimes presented the geese to their landlords, as could be stipulated in their tenancy agreements. The custom dates to at least the 15th century, and was easily continued as geese are in their prime at Michaelmas time.

One association of geese with Michaelmas comes from a legend in which the son of an Irish king choked on a goose bone he had eaten, and was then brought back to life by St. Patrick. The king ordered the sacrifice of a goose every Michaelmas in honour of the saint. The Irish Michaelmas goose was slaughtered and eaten on the day; they were also presented as gifts or donated to the poor. In parts of Ireland sheep were also slaughtered with tradition of the "St. Michael's portion" donated to the poor. Poultry markets and fairs took place to sell geese as well as mutton pies. In Ulster, it was traditional for tenants to present their landlord with a couple of geese, a tradition dating back to Edward IV. There were differing methods across Ireland for cooking the goose, most generally using a heavy iron pot on an open hearth. In Blacklion, County Cavan, the goose was covered in local blue clay and placed at the centre of the fire until the clay broke, indicating the goose was cooked.

Another legend surrounding the origin of the Michaelmas goose is that Queen Elizabeth I was eating a goose on the holiday when she heard of the defeat of the Spanish Armada, and thus proclaimed that geese should be eaten by everyone each year in commemoration of the victory. This falls apart when the date (geese and Michaelmas were connected at least a century earlier, if not longer) and the timing of the battle (August) are considered.

The custom of baking a special bread or cake, called Sruthan Mhìcheil, St. Michael's bannock, or Michaelmas bannock, on the eve of the Feast of Saint Michael, the Archangel, probably originated in the Hebrides. The bread was made from equal parts of barley, oats, and rye without using any metal implements. In remembrance of absent friends or those who had died, special Struans, blessed at an early morning Mass, were given to the poor in their names.

Nuts were traditionally cracked on Michaelmas Eve.

Folklore in the British Isles suggests that Michaelmas day is the last day that blackberries can be picked. It is said that when St. Michael expelled the devil, Lucifer, from heaven, he fell from the skies and landed in a prickly blackberry bush. Satan cursed the fruit, scorched them with his fiery breath, stamped, spat, and urinated on them, so that they would be unfit for eating. As it is considered ill-advised to eat them after 11 October (Old Michaelmas Day according to the Julian Calendar), a Michaelmas pie is made from the last of the season. In Ireland, the soiling of blackberries is also attributed to a púca.

Differences in number of archangels
In the Roman Catholic Church on 29 September three Archangels are celebrated: Saint Michael, Saint Gabriel, and Saint Raphael. Their feasts were unified in one common day during the second half of the 20th century. In the time before their feasts were: 29 September (only St Michael), 24 March for St Gabriel, and 24 October for St Raphael.

In the Lutheran, as well as in the Anglican/Episcopalian traditions, there are three to four archangels in their calendars for the 29 September feast for St. Michael and All Angels: namely Michael (Jude 1:9) and Gabriel (Daniel 9:21), Raphael (Tobit 12:15) and sometimes Uriel (2 Esdras 4:1 and 2 Esdras 5:20).

Autumn term in universities
Michaelmas is used in the extended sense of autumn, as the name of the first term of the academic year, which begins at this time, at various educational institutions in the United Kingdom, Ireland and those parts of the Commonwealth in the northern hemisphere. These include the universities of Cambridge, Durham, Lancaster, Oxford, Swansea, and Dublin. However, the ancient Scottish universities used the name Martinmas for their autumn term, following the old Scottish term days.

Use by legal profession
The Inns of Court of the English Bar and the Honorable Society of King's Inns in Ireland also have a Michaelmas term as one of their dining terms. It begins in September and ends towards the end of December.

The term is also the name of the first of four terms into which the legal year is divided by the courts of Ireland and England and Wales.

In the United Kingdom, the United States and Ireland, a Red Mass is traditionally convened on the Sunday closest to Michaelmas, in honor of and to bless lawyers and judges.

While terms are not used by most courts in the United States, where court calendars are usually continuous and year-round, the U.S. Supreme Court operates on an annual term and roughly follows the English custom by beginning that term on the first Monday in October, a few days after Michaelmas.

Modern observances
Because Saint Michael is the patron of police officers, Michaelmas may also see a Blue Mass. Lutheran Christians consider it a principal feast of Christ, and the Lutheran Confessor, Philip Melanchthon, wrote a hymn for the day that is still sung in Lutheran churches: "Lord God, We All to Thee Give Praise" (The Lutheran Hymnal 254), which shares its tune with the Old 100th hymn.

Michaelmas is still celebrated in Waldorf schools. Rudolf Steiner considered it the second most important festival after Easter. The celebration of this holiday teaches the importance of facing fears and strengthening resolve. As the first festival of the new school year, it is celebrated with an all-school play, in which each class assumes a role, such as peasants, townspeople, nobles, etc. Students assume a new role as they pass from grade to grade, and it becomes something of a rite of passage.

In the City of London, Michaelmas is the day when the new Lord Mayor of London is elected, in the Common Hall.

In Mifflin County, Pennsylvania, Michaelmas has been observed since 1786 as Goose Day. Local tradition holds that eating goose on 29 September will bring prosperity. The good-luck goose connection comes from the historical legend (see above) concerning Queen Elizabeth I, who was said to be eating goose on Michaelmas in 1588 when she received news that her royal navy had defeated the Spanish Armada. The Juniata River Valley began celebrating this version of Michaelmas when a Pennsylvania Dutchman named Andrew Pontius moved his family to neighboring Snyder County to farm. When his farm prospered, he decided to hire a tenant farmer to help. On his way to Lancaster to hire a German immigrant, he stopped in Harrisburg for the night where he met a young Englishman named Archibald Hunter, who was offered the job. The contract that was drawn for employment contained a clause specifying their accounts were to be settled each year on the traditional day to do so, 29 September. When that day came, Hunter appeared at Pontius' door with his accounts and a goose, explaining that in England, eating a goose on 29 September brought good luck. The tradition spread to nearby Lewistown, Pennsylvania, where it is still honored today with many local restaurants and civics groups offering goose dinners, local festivals, and other county-wide activities. In honor of the holiday, painted fiberglass goose statues can be found throughout the county all year long.

Old Michaelmas Day
Old Michaelmas Day falls on 11 October (10 October according to some sources – the dates are the result of the shift from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar so the gap widens by a day every century except the current one). It is said that the Devil fell out of Heaven on this date, and fell into a blackberry bush, cursing the fruit as he fell. According to an old legend, blackberries should not be picked after this date (see above). In Yorkshire, it is said that the devil spat on them. According to Morrell (1977), this old legend is well known in all parts of Great Britain, even as far north as the Orkney Islands. In Cornwall, a similar legend prevails; however, the saying goes that the devil urinated on them.

title: Michaelmas


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Wormwood

Wormwood may refer to:

Biology

 * Several plants of the genus Artemisia:
 * Artemisia abrotanum, southern wormwood
 * Artemisia absinthium, common wormwood, grande wormwood or absinthe wormwood
 * Artemisia annua, sweet wormwood or annual wormwood
 * Artemisia herba-alba, white wormwood, the wormwood of the Bible
 * Artemisia pontica, Roman wormwood
 * Artemisia princeps, Korean wormwood
 * Artemisia verlotiorum
 * Artemisia vulgaris
 * A caterpillar that eats some of the above:
 * Cucullia absinthii, a caterpillar/moth in the family Noctuidae

Places

 * Wormwood Scrubs, an open space in the Hammersmith area of West London
 * HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs, a prison in West London
 * Wormwood Street, in the City of London
 * Wormwood Forest, former name of the Red Forest in Ukraine, surrounding the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant within the Exclusion Zone

Fictional entities

 * Wormwood, a character in C. S. Lewis's The Screwtape Letters
 * Matilda Wormwood, the title character of the children's novel Matilda by Roald Dahl
 * Miss Wormwood, a minor character in Calvin and Hobbes
 * Mrs Wormwood, a character in the first episode of The Sarah Jane Adventures, Invasion of the Bane, who reappeared in Enemy of the Bane

Film and television

 * Wormwood (miniseries), a 2017 docudrama directed by Errol Morris

Literature

 * Wormwood (Bible), a "star" that falls to earth in the end times, makes water bitter, and kills many people
 * Wormwood (short story collection), a book of short horror stories by Poppy Z. Brite
 * Wormwood (Taylor novel), a 2004 fantasy novel by Graham Taylor
 * Wormwood, a collection of science fiction stories by Terry Dowling
 * Wormwood: A Drama of Paris, an 1890 novel by Marie Corelli

Periodicals

 * Wormwood (magazine), a magazine of literature and literary criticism
 * Wormwood: Gentleman Corpse, a comic book series by Ben Templesmith
 * Wormwood Review, a literary magazine published from 1959 to 1999
 * Chronicles of Wormwood, a comic book miniseries by Garth Ennis from Avatar Press

Music

 * Wormwood, a side-project band featuring two members of Doomriders
 * Wormwood (Marduk album), 2009
 * Wormwood (Moe album), 2003
 * Wormwood (The Acacia Strain album), 2010
 * Wormwood: Curious Stories from the Bible, a 1998 album by the Residents
 * Wormwood Live, a 1999 live album by the Residents

title: Wormwood


text:
Mexico City International Airport

Mexico City International Airport (Aeropuerto Internacional de la Ciudad de México, AICM); officially Aeropuerto Internacional Benito Juárez (Benito Juárez International Airport) is the primary international airport serving Greater Mexico City. It is the busiest airport in Mexico and Latin America, ranking as the 17th-busiest in the world and eighth in North America as of 2022, based on passenger traffic and aircraft movements.

The airport is served by more than 25 airlines, handling flights to over 100 destinations across Mexico, the Americas, Europe, and Asia. With an average of 132,000 daily passengers, the airport handled 46,200,529 passengers in 2022 and 48,415,693 in 2023.

As the primary hub for Mexico's flag carrier, Aeroméxico, Mexico City Airport functions as a SkyTeam hub. Additionally, it serves as a hub for Volaris and Viva Aerobus, and a focus city for Magnicharters. The facility comprises two passenger terminals and two runways. It supports cargo activities and accommodates entities such as Mexican Airspace Navigation Services, the Mexican Federal Civil Aviation Agency, and an Air Force Base. It is owned by the Mexican Navy and operated by Grupo Aeroportuario de la Ciudad de Mexico. It was named after the 19th-century president Benito Juárez.

Part of Mexico City's airport system, which also includes Toluca International Airport and Felipe Ángeles International Airport, the Mexico City International Airport was operating at full capacity, as of mid-2020. With an average of 1,056 daily aircraft movements, it ranks as the busiest two-runway airport in the world.

Origins
The original site, known as Llanos de Balbuena, had been utilized for aeronautical activities since 1910, marking a significant milestone when Alberto Braniff became the first person to fly an airplane in Mexico and Latin America. This historic flight took place on board a Voisin biplane. On November 30, 1911, President Francisco I. Madero achieved another aviation first by being the world's inaugural head of state to fly on an airplane, piloted by Geo M. Dyott of Moisant International.

In 1915, the site opened as Balbuena Military Airport, equipped with five runways. The construction of a small civilian airport commenced in 1928. The first landing occurred on November 5, 1928, regular services began in 1929, and the official inauguration took place on May 15, 1931. On July 8, 1943, it gained international status, launching its initial international route to Los Angeles International Airport operated by Mexicana de Aviación.

From 1949 to 1951, the airport underwent an expansion that involved the construction of a new runway, designated as 05R-23L, an apron, a control tower, and administration offices. President Miguel Alemán inaugurated a renovated passenger terminal on November 19, 1952. By 1956, the airport operated with four runways: 05L-23R (2720 m), 05R-23L (3000 m), featuring electric lights for night-time service; 13-31 (2300 m), constructed to relieve the runway 14-32, which was too close to adjacent residential areas; and Runway 5 Auxiliary (759 m).

On December 2, 1963, the airport's name changed from "Aeropuerto Central" (Central Airport) to "Aeropuerto Internacional de la Ciudad de México" (Mexico City International Airport). In the 1970s, the two shortest runways (13/31 and 5 Auxiliary) were closed to facilitate the construction of a social housing complex in that area, named Unidad Fiviport. This initiative resulted in the airport's current configuration with two parallel runways. On November 24, 1978, the Mexico City Area Control Center (ACC) commenced its operations and has been in continuous service since then.

Expansion and decentralization

The airport, constrained by its location in a densely populated area, faced limitations in infrastructure expansion due to urban constraints, limited runway space, and congestion during peak hours. The proximity of the two parallel runways restricts fully simultaneous operations, contributing significantly to the constraint. The terminal underwent expansion on multiple occasions: in 1980, doubling its capacity with a single large terminal layout, and in 1990, separating domestic and international facilities for increased functionality. Renovations continued, and on April 11, 1994, a new International section became operational through a joint venture between Aeropuertos y Servicios Auxiliares (ASA) and Hakim Grupo Industrial, led by Alfredo Hakim Aburto at the time.

Mexicana, a key player in the country's aviation industry, initiated a decentralization effort to alleviate congestion at the airport. This effort involved relocating numerous flights to airports in Guadalajara, Monterrey, and Mérida. In 1994, all general aviation operations were moved to Toluca International Airport. Since then, only government, military, commercial, and specially authorized aircraft are allowed at the airport. In 2001, the passenger terminal expanded with the construction of a satellite building east of the terminal featuring eight gates.

Congestion challenges
The congestion challenges at Mexico City Airport became a prominent issue in Mexican politics in the early 2000s. Large infrastructure projects, particularly in transportation, have historically played a crucial role in presidential legacies due to centralized decision-making, their symbolic significance for progress, and leaders' aspirations to leave a lasting impact.

In 2002, President Vicente Fox's administration introduced an ambitious plan for a new expansive airport covering 5000 ha in the municipalities of Atenco and Texcoco. However, the Atenco project faced substantial opposition and controversy, especially from the Community Front in Defense of Land (Frente del Pueblo en Defensa de La Tierra, FPDT), representing locals facing displacement. Protests escalated into violent clashes, resulting in the cancellation of the new airport. In response, the federal government in 2003 announced an extension to the existing terminal, expanding its service capacity from 20 million to 32 million passengers annually. The expansion covered 90000 m2, with 48000 m2 as new construction and 42000 m2 as renovated areas. Renovations included new check-in areas, commercial spaces, a new departures concourse, and the construction of a long-distance bus terminal. The bus station provided access to a food court, the international arrivals and departures area, and a pedestrian bridge connecting to "The Peñón de los Baños" neighborhood.

Throughout the 2000s and 2010s, political initiatives aimed at establishing nearby airports such as Puebla, Toluca, Cuernavaca, and Querétaro as supplementary options for serving the Mexico City Area were introduced. This initiative, known as the Metropolitan Airport System, was promoted by the Federal Administration.

On November 15, 2007, Terminal 2 was inaugurated, significantly increasing the airport's capacity. All SkyTeam members, except Air France and KLM, relocated their operations to the new terminal. Officially opened in March 2008, Terminal 2 expanded the gates number by 40% and operational capacity by 15%. The inauguration ceremony was led by President Felipe Calderón.

Replacement controversy
In 2014, Mexican authorities declared the airspace around Mexico City Airport saturated, setting a maximum capacity of 61 operations per hour from 7:00 to 23:59. President Peña Nieto's administration reignited major airport infrastructure plans in the same year, introducing the Texcoco Airport project. Positioned as Mexico's most significant public infrastructure project in a century, it aimed to replace the ageing Mexico City International Airport by 2023, featuring a state-of-the-art terminal of 560000 m2 and six runways. However, President López Obrador, then a candidate, campaigned against Texcoco Airport, leading to a divisive political discourse. Upon assuming the presidency, López Obrador´s administration initiated a controversial referendum to gauge public opinion on completing Texcoco Airport or proceeding with the Santa Lucía expansion. Despite facing criticism for lacking official validity and result interpretation challenges, López Obrador's administration pursued the Santa Lucía expansion, resulting in Felipe Ángeles International Airport, officially opened in 2022. Positioned as the secondary airport of Mexico City, it has been slow to gain prominence.

On July 23, 2020, an extension of Terminal 2, named Pier L, was inaugurated, adding 7 gates to reduce the use of buses. However, in 2022, a declaration of airport saturation was issued from 5:00 to 23:59 for Terminal 1 and from 6:00 to 23:00 for Terminal 2, maintaining the 61 operations/hour limit. In 2023, the Mexican government attempted to decongest the airport by announcing the relocation of all cargo aircraft landing at Mexico City to Felipe Ángeles Airport to "protect the safety of the operations." This forced relocation led to logistical challenges, increased inefficiencies, safety concerns, and a lack of storage facilities at Felipe Ángeles Airport.

Facilities

The airport is located in the neighborhood of Peñón de los Baños within Venustiano Carranza, one of the sixteen boroughs of Mexico City, situated 5 km east of Downtown Mexico City. Surrounded by the built-up areas of Gustavo A. Madero borough to the north and Venustiano Carranza borough to the west, south, and east, the airport's runways, running southwest–northeast, contribute to overflying problems and noise pollution over Mexico City during landings with a northeast wind.

Being a hot and high airport at an elevation 2230 m above sea level, any aircraft departing or arriving suffers from degraded performance due to the thinner air at such a high elevation. The field itself spans 747 ha, featuring two parallel runways, less than 300 m apart, hindering simultaneous operations. Runway 05L/23R is 3900 m long, and runway 05R/23L is 3950 m long. North of the airfield houses Terminal 1, cargo facilities, maintenance hangars, and administration buildings. On its northern edge, Aeropuertos y Servicios Auxiliares (ASA), a government-owned corporation, has its headquarters. South of the airfield, there is Terminal 2, maintenance hangars, police and Mexican Airspace Navigation Services facilities, and a military complex.

Air Force Base No. 19 (Base Aérea Militar No. 19 Ciudad de México) (B.A.M. 19) is located on the airport grounds, adjacent to Terminal 2. It serves as the home for the High Command Special Air Transport Unit (UETAAM) managing a diverse fleet of aircraft that includes the Boeing 737, IAI 201, JetStar, King Air, SA 330J, and UH-60 Black Hawk. It also hosts the General Coordination of the Presidential Air Transport Unit. B.A.M. 19 features an apron and several hangars, one of which is called the Presidential Hangar, used for receiving state visits and presidential travels. In addition to these, it includes administrative buildings and various other facilities for accommodating Air Force personnel. Mexico City Area Control Center (ACC) is one of four Area Control Centres in Mexico, with the others being the Mazatlán ACC, Monterrey ACC, and Mérida ACC. It operates under the Mexican Airspace Navigation Services, (Servicios a la Navegación en el Espacio Aéreo Mexicano). Mexico ACC provides air traffic control services to aircraft within the Mexico Flight Data Region (FDRG). This region includes the central portion of Mexico. It shares its boundaries with six other Area Control Centers. To the north, it is adjacent to the Monterrey ACC, while to the east, it borders the Merida ACC. To the west, it borders the Mazatlán ACC, and to the south, it borders the Mazatlán Oceanic (MMFO).

The airport features 95 hardstands for aircraft, with 63 connected via Jet bridges to the terminals (33 in Terminal 1 and 30 in Terminal 2) and 32 remote stands. With an average of 1,056 daily operations, it holds the highest number for any two-runway airport globally.

Terminal 1
Terminal 1, operational since 1958, has undergone several expansions, with significant upgrades in 1970, 1989, 1998, 2000, and 2004, resulting in a total surface area of 542000 m2. The structure is an 800 m long, two-story building, with international services located in the eastern section and domestic services in the west. The ground floor accommodates all arrival facilities, featuring 22 baggage claim carousels, domestic check-in areas for Volaris, Viva Aerobus, and Magnicharters (A1, A2, B, C, D, D1), as well as a commercial corridor along the street hosting snack kiosks, banks, souvenir shops and car rental services. The top floor comprises international check-in areas (F1, F2, F3), food courts, restaurants, multiple security checkpoints, and a 900 m long departures concourse (gates 1 to 28) connected via a walkway to a satellite building (gates 29-36).

Gates 1 to 18 serve domestic flights, while gates 19 to 36 cater to international flights. Thirty-three gates are equipped with jetbridges, and additional 17 remote positions can be reached by bus. The terminal also houses a 110-room Hilton hotel, administrative offices, two long-distance bus terminals, and parking facilities available for 5,500 vehicles.

Terminal 1 features various VIP lounges, including the Admirals Club by American Airlines, Elite Lounge by MasterCard, Salón Centurión by American Express, Salón Beyond by Citibanamex, Televisa Vip Lounge, Terraza Elite, The Grand Lounge Elite, The Grand Lounge Elite 19, The Lounge by Global Network, United Club by United Airlines, and VIPort Lounge.

In the vicinity of the terminal, a variety of hotels are available. Hilton Aeropuerto México, Camino Real Aeropuerto México, Courtyard Mexico City Airport, and izZzleep Hotel have direct access from the terminal. Nearby airports include Fiesta Inn Aeropuerto México, Holiday Inn México Dalí Aeropuerto, City Express Aeropuerto Ciudad de México, Hotel Grand Prix, Hotel Riazor, NH Aeropuerto T2 México, and We Hotel Aeropuerto.

The primary tenants at the terminal are Volaris and Viva Aerobus, which operate their hub at this location. Other airlines serving Terminal 1 include Air Canada, Air France, All Nippon Airways, American Airlines, Avianca, Avianca Costa Rica, Avianca El Salvador, British Airways, Emirates, Iberia, KLM, Lufthansa, Magnicharters, Turkish Airlines, United Airlines, Volaris Costa Rica, and Volaris El Salvador.

Terminal 2
Operations at Terminal 2 commenced on November 15, 2007, with inaugural flights by Delta Air Lines, followed by Aeroméxico, Copa, LAN, and Continental Airlines. Former President Felipe Calderón formally inaugurated Terminal 2 on March 26, 2008. Despite the initial plan for all SkyTeam member airlines to use the terminal, Air France and KLM opted to remain at Terminal 1. Currently, Terminal 2 serves as the main hub for Aeromexico. Due to capacity constraints at Terminal 2, some of Aeromexico's domestic services temporarily operated from Terminal 1 between 2021 and 2023.

The terminal spans a total surface area of 288000 m2. Arrivals are handled on the lower level, featuring 15 baggage claim carousels, customs and immigration facilities, and an arrivals hall with a long-distance bus terminal. The upper level includes three check-in areas (L1-L3), two security checkpoints, and a main concourse connected to three piers. A mezzanine houses VIP lounges and administrative offices.

Three piers contain food courts, duty-free shops, and 30 gates (numbered 52 to 81), all equipped with jetbridges. The northern Pier hosts gates 52-62, and the southern pier has gates 63-75. In 2020, the terminal underwent its only expansion with the inauguration of Pier L, a new infrastructure located at the southern end, adjacent to the airport's boundary with Boulevard Fuerza Aérea Mexicana. Gates 75 to 81, dedicated to serving Aeromexico Connect services with narrow-body aircraft, are situated here. Due to the building's narrowness, it lacks commercial amenities. Additionally, there are 10 remote positions accessible via bus.

Terminal 2 provides passengers access to various VIP lounges, including HSBC Salón Premier by HSBC, Salón Beyond by Citibanamex, Salón Centurión by American Express, Salón Premier Nacional by Aeroméxico, Salón Premier Internacional by Aeroméxico, Terraza Premier by Heineken and Aeroméxico, and VIPort Lounge. Furthermore, hotel services are available, including a 287-room NH hotel, and izZzleep Hotel Terminal 2. The parking facilities accommodate 3,000 vehicles.

Airlines serving Terminal 2 include Aeroméxico, Aeroméxico Connect, Copa Airlines, Delta Air Lines, LATAM Brasil, LATAM Chile, and LATAM Perú.

Inter-terminal transportation
The distance between the two terminals is 3 km. A bus shuttle service named "inter-terminal transportation" facilitates seamless transit between Terminal 1 and Terminal 2. Bus stops are conveniently positioned at entrance 6 of Terminal 1 and entrance 4 of Terminal 2.

Passengers holding a boarding pass, as well as technical and cabin crew, have the option to utilize the Aerotrén people mover system. Operating at a speed of 45 km/h, the Aerotrén has a daily passenger capacity of 7,800.

Terminal 3 (proposed)
The intended construction of Terminal 3 faced cancellation amid the global COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. The recovery of flight numbers to 2019 levels is anticipated to take several years. Furthermore, the opening of the Felipe Ángeles Airport in Mexico State in 2022 may pose challenges for the Mexico City Airport in achieving pre-pandemic levels.

Airlines and destinations
The airport connects 50 domestic and 64 international destinations in Latin America, North America, Europe and Asia. Aeromexico serves the largest number of cities from any Latin American hub (80), 46 domestic and 34 international. It also operates the most departures and most destinations from the airport followed by Volaris. The most prominent foreign airlines are United Airlines, American Airlines, Delta Air Lines and Avianca Holdings.

Passenger
Notes: : China Southern’s flights to Shenzhen make a refueling stop in Tijuana. However, the airline does not have traffic rights to transport passengers solely between Mexico City and Tijuana.

However, the airline does not have traffic rights to transport passengers solely between Mexico City and Tijuana.

However, the airline does not have traffic rights to transport passengers solely between Mexico City and Cancun.

Other services
Apart from the scheduled airlines mentioned earlier, Mexico City Airport is utilized by several other carriers for chartered flights, such as Sunwing Airlines.

Cargo
As of January 2022, Mexico City airport was served by 20 cargo airlines flying directly to Europe, Central, North and South America, the Middle East, Africa and East Asia.

By July 2023, cargo operations at Mexico City International Airport were shifted to Felipe Ángeles International Airport, following a government decree.

Statistics
In 2023, Mexico City International Airport handled 48,415,693 passengers, establishing itself as the busiest airport in Latin America. The recorded year-to-year increase was 4.7%. In the realm of international passengers, it ranks as the third busiest airport in Latin America, serving 16,332,734 passengers, following Cancún and Panama City-Tocumen airports.

In 2022, it was the eighth in North America, and the 20th globally in terms of total passengers.

With 387,450 aircraft movements in 2022, the airport ranked as the busiest in Latin America, 14th in North America, and 19th in the world, experiencing an 18.2% increase from the previous year. Averaging 1,061 daily aircraft movements, it stands out as the busiest two-runway airport globally.

Regarding cargo operations, in 2022 the airport held its position as the busiest in Mexico and the second busiest in Latin America, following El Dorado International Airport in Bogotá, and the 54th globally, having moved 548,743.1 tons.

On a typical day, over 130,000 passengers travel through the airport, connecting to more than 100 destinations across three continents. Additionally, the airport significantly contributes to the economy of Mexico City, directly supporting 35,000 jobs and indirectly influencing another 15,000 in the immediate area.

Metrobús
Metrobus Line 4 provides an express service from Terminal 1 and Terminal 2 at the airport. This service links the airport directly to San Lázaro Metro Station. San Lázaro Metro Station is served by Metro lines 1, 9, and B, and it is adjacent to the TAPO (Terminal de Autobuses de Pasajeros de Oriente), the largest long-distance bus terminal in Mexico City. TAPO offers bus services to central, eastern, and southern Mexico.

Terminal 1 features a dedicated Metrobus stop at Entrance 7, and Terminal 2 has its Metrobus stop at Entrance 2. Passengers can access the service by obtaining a Metrobus Card from vending machines at these bus stops. The fare for the service to San Lázaro is 30 Mexican Pesos, and the cost of the card is 21 Mexican Pesos as of 2024. The Metrobus services operate from 5 am to midnight.

Metro Station
Terminal 1 is connected to the Terminal Aérea metro station, a part of Mexico City Metro Line 5 running from Pantitlán metro station to Politécnico metro station. It is linked to Terminal 1 through an open-air walkway starting at Entrance 1. The Terminal Aérea Metro station is also served by Trolley bus line 4 in the northbound direction, following a route similar to Metro line 2 but branching towards El Rosario metro station.

Terminal 2, on the other hand, lacks a nearby metro station. However, it is an 800 m walk from Pantitlán metro station, served by Metro lines 1, 5, 9, A, and various local buses.

Long-distance Buses
In Terminal 1, the Long-distance Bus terminal, also known as Terminal de Autobuses or Autobuses Foráneos, serves various bus companies. Access is from the international departures section on the top floor, near the food court, through an elevated walkway spanning the entrance road. Ticketing counters are available, and platforms can be reached via escalators to the ground floor.

Terminal 1 features a specific terminal for the ADO bus company, named ADO Llegadas Nacionales. Situated next to the Hotel Camino Real, it can be accessed through a secondary elevated walkway spanning the entrance road. This walkway originates from the national section on the top floor, in front of Hall B, above Entrance 4.

In Terminal 2, the long-distance bus terminal, labeled "Transportación Terrestre," is on the ground floor next to arrivals hall Q.

Bus service to Felipe Angeles Airport
Transportation options to Mexico City´s secondary airport, Felipe Ángeles International Airport, are limited. Shuttle services from Terminal 1 are provided by ADO and Aeropuertos y Servicios Auxiliares.

Authorized taxis
Taxis are in operation in Terminals 1 and 2 and there are two models of service: ordinary service in a sedan-type vehicle for four passengers, and executive service in eight-passenger vans. There are five taxi groups in operation. These are the only taxis authorized by the Mexican Department of Transportation (SCT).

Accidents and incidents

 * On September 26, 1949, a Mexicana de Aviacion DC-3 crashed into the Popocatepetl volcano while approaching the airport with clouds and turbulence en route from Tapachula; all 23 people on board, including actress Blanca Estela Pavon and senator Gabriel Ramos Millan, died.
 * On April 10, 1968, an Aerovías Rojas Douglas R4D-3 crashed on approach, killing all eighteen people on board. The aircraft was operating a domestic scheduled passenger flight, which was the airline's inaugural flight from Aguascalientes International Airport to Mexico City.
 * On October 31, 1979, Western Airlines Flight 2605 crash-landed. The crew of the DC-10 landed on a closed runway and hit construction vehicles on the runway. There were 73 fatalities (including one on the ground) and 16 survivors.
 * On December 12, 1981, a bomb exploded inside the passenger cabin of a parked Aeronica Boeing 727-100, tearing a hole into the fuselage. The captain, two flight attendants, and a groundworker were injured. They had been on board the aircraft for pre-departure checks for a scheduled passenger flight to San Salvador and onwards to Managua's Augusto C. Sandino International Airport.
 * An Aero California DC-9-15 overran a runway on July 21, 2004, during an intense storm at the airport. The torrential downpour was so intense that visibility was barely 50 meters. The control tower had to ask that several vehicles go out to comb the airfield to find out where the aircraft was. There were no victims, but the aircraft was scrapped. A woman died later due to a heart attack.
 * On November 4, 2008, a Mexican Interior Ministry LearJet 45 crashed on approach around 18:45 local time. On board was Mexican Secretary of the Interior Juan Camilo Mouriño, who was a top aide to President Felipe Calderón. Mouriño was in charge of the fight against the drug trade in Mexico. Also on board was José Luis Santiago Vasconcelos, former assistant attorney general and current head of the federal technical secretariat for implementing the recent constitutional reforms on criminal justice and public security. All eight on board died, along with eight others on the ground. 40 others on the ground were injured. The crash was attributed to pilot error.
 * On September 9, 2009, hijacked Aeroméxico Flight 576 landed at Mexico City International Airport from Cancún International Airport.
 * On September 13, 2009, a Lufthansa Cargo McDonnell-Douglas MD-11 was damaged in a heavy landing. Post-landing inspection revealed that there were wrinkles in the fuselage skin and the nose gear was bent. According to a Lufthansa spokesman, the aircraft would be repaired and returned to full service.

title: Mexico City International Airport


text:
Tonic water

Tonic water (or Indian tonic water) is a carbonated soft drink in which quinine is dissolved. Originally used as a prophylactic against malaria, nowadays tonic water usually has a significantly lower quinine content and is often sweetened. It is consumed for its distinctive bitter flavor and is frequently used in mixed drinks, particularly in gin and tonic.

History
As early as the 17th century the Spanish used quinine from the bark of Cinchona trees to treat malaria after being shown the remedy from the Indigenous peoples of Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador.

In early 19th century India and other tropical posts of the British Empire, medicinal quinine was recommended to British officials and soldiers to prevent malaria, where it was mixed with soda and sugar to mask its bitter taste, creating tonic water.

The first commercial tonic water was produced in 1858 when it was patented by the owner of Pitt & Co., Erasmus Bond. The mixed drink gin and tonic also originated in British colonial India, when the British mixed their medicinal quinine tonic with gin and other ingredients to make the bitter medicine more palatable. Soldiers in India were already given a gin ration, so the sweet concoction was easy to make. In 1868, the first known record of a gin and tonic was in the Oriental Sporting Magazine and was described as a refreshing cocktail for spectators of horse racing, not as a medicine.

Quinine content
Medicinal tonic water originally contained only carbonated water and a large amount of quinine. Most modern tonic waters contain comparatively less quinine, and are often enhanced by citrus flavors. As a result of the lower quinine content, tonic water is less bitter. It is also usually sweetened, often with the addition of high-fructose corn syrup or sugar. Some manufacturers also produce diet (or "slimline") tonic water, which may contain artificial sweeteners, such as aspartame. Traditional-style tonic water with high amounts of quinine and carbonated water is less common, but may be preferred by those who desire the bitter flavor.

In the United States, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) limits the quinine content in tonic water to 83 ppm (83 mg per liter), while the daily therapeutic dose of quinine is in the range of 500–1000 mg, and 10 mg/kg every eight hours for effective malaria prevention (2,100 mg daily for a 70 kg adult). Until about 2010, quinine was often recommended as a relief for leg cramps, although medical research suggested some care was needed in monitoring doses. Because of quinine's risks, the FDA cautions consumers against using "off-label" quinine drugs to treat leg cramps.

Use
Tonic water is often used as a drink mixer for cocktails, especially gin and tonic. Vodka tonic is also popular. Tonic water with lemon or lime juice added is often known as bitter lemon or bitter lime. It is popular for its signature bitter but sweet taste. Another use of tonic water is in coffee. The espresso and tonic was created in Helsingborg, Sweden, at Koppi Roasters after a staff party where they mixed tonic water, syrup, and an espresso. Since 2007, the drink has grown in popularity in Scandinavia, Europe, and the United States.

Negative effects
Tonic water is known to cause fixed eruptions, which is a type of skin reaction to drugs, due to the quinine content. Various scientific journals have reported that repeated intake of tonic water can cause fixed eruptions with varying severity, with one reporting the onset of Stevens-Johnson syndrome. The cases of fixed eruptions were seen after the patients drank tonic water, by itself or mixed with gin. Some symptoms of fixed eruptions include pigmented macules, high fever, erythematous plaques, and bullae.

Fluorescence
The quinine in tonic water will fluoresce under ultraviolet light. In fact, quinine will visibly fluoresce in direct sunlight against a dark background. The quinine molecules release energy as light instead of heat, which is more common. The state is not stable and the molecules will eventually return to a ground state and no longer glow.

title: Tonic water


text:
Whitsunday (disambiguation)

Whitsunday, also known as Whitsun, is the celebration in England of the Christian feast of Pentecost, observed 7 weeks after Easter.

Whitsunday, Whitsundays and Whit Sunday may also refer to:

 * One of the Scottish term days, always falling in modern times on 15 May

Australia

 * Whitsunday Islands, an island group in Queensland
 * Whitsunday Islands National Park in Queensland
 * Whitsunday Island, the largest of the Whitsunday Islands
 * Whitsunday Region, a local government area located in North Queensland, Australia
 * Whitsundays, Queensland, a locality in the Whitsunday Region which includes the Whitsunday Islands
 * Electoral district of Whitsunday, an electoral division in the Legislative Assembly of Queensland, Australia
 * Shire of Whitsunday, a former local government area located in North Queensland

title: Whitsunday (disambiguation)