text:
Middlefield, New York

Middlefield is a town in Otsego County, New York, United States. The population was 2,114 at the 2010 census.

The Town of Middlefield is in the northeastern part of the county. It is the largest town by area in the county.

History
Settlers from Scotland and Ireland moved into this area around 1755. The first settlements were made near Middlefield village, which was formed from the Town of Cherry Valley in 1797.

The Phoenix cotton mill was started in 1815, but became a wool mill in 1866.

The Middlefield Hamlet Historic District and Benjamin D. North House are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 65.9 sqmi, of which 64.4 sqmi is land and 1.5 sqmi  (2.32%) is water.

New York State Route 166 follows the course of Cherry Valley Creek through the southern part of the town. Cherry Valley Creek and Red Creek, which drain the town, are tributaries of the Susquehanna River.

The western section of Middlefield borders Otsego Lake.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,249 people, 792 households, and 564 families residing in the town. The population density was 34.9 PD/sqmi. There were 1,058 housing units at an average density of 16.4 per square mile (6.3/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 96.31% White, 1.11% African American, 0.22% Native American, 0.89% Asian, 0.31% from other races, and 1.16% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.24% of the population.

There were 792 households, out of which 32.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.8% were married couples living together, 7.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.7% were non-families. 24.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 2.98.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 22.5% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 23.9% from 25 to 44, 25.2% from 45 to 64, and 22.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.8 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $39,625, and the median income for a family was $43,750. Males had a median income of $34,583 versus $25,795 for females. The per capita income for the town was $21,076. About 5.0% of families and 7.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.4% of those under age 18 and 6.8% of those age 65 or over.

Communities and locations in Middlefield

 * Bowerstown – A hamlet southeast of Cooperstown on County Route 52.
 * Cooperstown – The eastern part of the Village of Cooperstown.
 * Cooperstown-Westville Airport (K23) – An airport in the southern part of Middlefield.
 * Cornish Hill – An elevation southeast of Cooperstown.
 * Eggleston Hill – An elevation south of Cornish Hill.
 * Glimmerglass State Park – A small part of the state park is at the northern town line by County Highway 31.
 * Hyde Bay – Part of the bay of Otsego Lake is in the northwestern part of the town.
 * Lentsville – A hamlet in the northern part of the town, south of Middlefield Center on County Road 33.
 * Middlefield – Formerly known as Clarksville, the hamlet of Middlefield lies on County Road 35 on the eastern edge of the town. The hamlet was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.
 * Middlefield Center – A small cluster of houses located on County Route 33.
 * Moss Pond – A lake located south-southeast of Phoenix Mills.
 * Murphy Hill – An elevation east of Cooperstown.
 * Phoenix Mills – A hamlet in the southern part of the town.
 * Westville – the hamlet of Westville lies on County Route 35, south of the hamlet of Middlefield.
 * Whig Corners – A hamlet northeast of Cooperstown on County Route 33.

title: Middlefield, New York


text:
New Lisbon, New York

New Lisbon is a town in Otsego County, New York, United States. The population was 1,114 at the 2010 census.

The Town of New Lisbon is in the west-central part of the county. It is north of the City of Oneonta.

History
The town was first settled circa 1773, but most pioneers did not enter the area until after the Revolutionary War. It is mentioned that a cultivated apple orchard was found by early settlers on the west side of the Butternut Creek near Noblesville, presumably planted by Native Americans.

The town was formed from part of Pittsfield in 1806, but was then called "Lisbon." The name was changed to "New Lisbon" in 1808. Spafford's 1810 "Gazetteer" says "There are in all four or five grain-mills, seven saw-mills, a fulling-mill, and carding machine. There is one baptist meeting house and seven schoolhouses. The inhabitants are principally farmers, and their household manufactures supply the most of their common clothing. In 1810 the whole population was 1982." In 1878, the town is listed as having 26,899 acres, 21,619 of it improved, 5822 woodland, and 200 "other". Valuation $586,250 and equalized $459,973.

In 1878, Garrattsville contained two churches, three general stores, a hardware stores, saw and gristmill, hotel, wagon shop, and five blacksmiths. For a few years there was an annual fair held on the flat along the Butternut Creek at the south end of the hamlet before merging with the group holding one at Morris about 1886.

Noblesville in 1878 had one church, store, hotel, mill and blacksmith.

New Lisbon Centre listed as only having a church.

Stetsonville previously had a doctor, store, brickyard and wagon shop.

 * One of the notable industries was the Victor J. Warren hammer factory on the Butternut at Coles Rd., Garrattsville, of which it is said it once employed a hundred persons and every house in the hamlet was occupied by two families. Supplies were drawn in by oxcart from the Erie Canal to the north, and finished goods shipped out the same way. An employee named Anthony Slater was credited with a process for tempering cast steel, which was later sold by creditors along with all contents and machinery to the Maydole Hammer Co. of Norwich, New York. At least two Warren hammers exist, one of which is on display at the town hall.
 * Martin and Robert L. George built stationary steam engines at Noblesville/New Lisbon hamlet in the 1890s, only one of which is known to survive.
 * Artemas Holdredge, cheese manufacturer in Garrattsville, invented the concept of putting cheese in rectangular instead of round "wheel" boxes for easier shipping and shelf storage.
 * Emmons L. Peck of Carbondale, PA, built a wooden tramway around Gilbert Lake 1906–1909, moving nine million feet of logs using a homebuilt geared steam locomotive later reputed to have been dragged out on the lake ice and sunk by employees when the land was purchased for the state present park about 1927. (Lending evidence to the tale is the fact Peck abandoned a similar engine when through with operations on his next logging job on South Hill, Maryland, New York about 1912, later hauled out during war scrap metal drives).
 * The Persian Lamb Co. was an unsuccessful cooperative venture during World War I utilizing about a thousand acres of abandoned grazing land in the Welcome area to raise sheep imported for their skins, after the sheep died from pneumonia they switched to raising vegetables and beef but the stock shares ultimately became worthless.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 44.7 sqmi, of which 44.5 sqmi is land and 0.1 sqmi (0.31%) is water.

New York State Route 51 is a north–south highway in New Lisbon.

The West Branch of Otego Creek flows along the eastern town line. Butternut Creek flows across the western part of New Lisbon.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,116 people, 431 households, and 309 families residing in the town. The population density was 25.1 /mi2. There were 586 housing units at an average density of 13.2 /mi2. The racial makeup of the town was 97.31% White, 0.90% African American, 0.18% Native American, 0.45% Asian, 0.45% from other races, and 0.72% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.34% of the population.

There were 431 households, out of which 32.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.7% were married couples living together, 8.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.1% were non-families. 23.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.04.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.4% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 27.0% from 25 to 44, 27.2% from 45 to 64, and 14.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.6 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $33,750, and the median income for a family was $40,125. Males had a median income of $27,604 versus $22,500 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,935. About 11.1% of families and 14.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.2% of those under age 18 and 6.3% of those age 65 or over.

Communities and locations in New Lisbon

 * Crystal Lake (originally "Turtle Lake" until developed as a resort in the 1930s) – A small lake in the northwestern corner of New Lisbon.
 * Garrattsville – A hamlet named after early settler John Garratt, who was later taken captive during the American Revolution. The community is located on NY-51 at the junction of County Route 16, north of New Lisbon village in the northwestern part of the town. Until December 2010, when closed for unexplained reasons, it had its own post office. The Lunn-Musser Octagon Barn was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.
 * Gilbert Lake – A small lake inside Gilbert Lake State Park, originally a natural lake but enlarged several times as used to power various industries over the years it opened as a state park in 1929, and became an important CCC encampment that included a steel firetower. Originally known as Smith's Lake, for original owner and area land patent surveyor Richard Smith.
 * Gilbert Lake State Park – A state park located at the southern town line.
 * Gill Hill – named for Englishman Mark Gill, whose abandoned homestead spurned ghost stories and legends of notoriety before burning and the land became a county reforestation area in the 1920s.
 * Gross Hill – An elevation in the northwestern corner of New Lisbon.
 * Lake of the Twin Fawns – A small lake in Gilbert Lake State Park, north of Gilbert Lake.
 * Lena – A location on County Route 14 near the eastern town line.
 * New Lisbon (formerly "Noblesville") – A hamlet in the southwestern corner of the town, located on NY-51 at the junction of County Route 12.
 * Stetsonville – A hamlet on NY-51 between New Lisbon village and Garrattsville. Named for founder John Stetson, carpenter and wagon builder.
 * Stevens Corners – A location in the northwestern part of New Lisbon.
 * Welcome – A hamlet near the center of the town on County Routes 14 and 16.
 * Wooley Hill – An elevation located northeast of Garrattsville. Partly in the Town of Burlington.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: New Lisbon, New York


text:
Otsego, New York

Otsego is a town in the north-central part of Otsego County, New York, United States. The population was 3,641 at the 2020 census. The town is named after Lake Otsego, which forms part of the town's eastern border.

History
Gideon Hawley, a missionary, arrived in this area in 1753. William Cooper purchased land (Cooper Patent) that now is marked, in part, by Cooperstown. Major settlement began around 1788.

The Town of Otsego was organized while still in Montgomery County in 1788 and is the oldest town in the county.

People of note

 * James Fenimore Cooper (1789–1851), author who lived much of his life in Cooperstown and died there.
 * Daniel DeWitt Tompkins Davie (1816–1877), American photographer, was born in Otsego.
 * Isaac Singer (1811–1875), inventor who worked at a machine shop in Fly Creek in the 1830s. The family of his future business partner, Edward C. Clark, has been a major benefactor of Cooperstown since the 19th century.
 * Jane Lippitt Patterson (1829–1919), writer, editor
 * Sarah Maria Clinton Perkins (1824-1905), social reformer, newspaper editor
 * David Shipman (1730–1813), the "Leatherstocking" and "Deerslayer" of James Fenimore Cooper’s novels, was a resident of Town of Otsego living in a log cabin on the east bank of Oaks Creek.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 57.8 sqmi, of which 54.2 sqmi is land and 3.6 sqmi  (6.18%) is water.

Otsego Lake forms most of the eastern boundary, and Canadarago Lake forms part of the western boundary.

New York State Route 80 is a highway along the western shore of Otsego Lake. New York State Route 28 comes into Cooperstown from the south. At Cooperstown, NY-80 joins NY-28 and they run concurrently towards Fly Creek. Past Fly Creek the NY-28/NY-80 concurrency ends at New York State Route 205 in the western part of Otsego. NY-80 joins NY-205 and continues concurrently toward the west. NY-28 continues on northward out of the town.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,904 people, 1,701 households, and 1,029 families residing in the town. The population density was 72.0 PD/sqmi. There were 2,193 housing units at an average density of 40.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 97.75% White, 0.64% African American, 0.08% Native American, 0.69% Asian, 0.26% from other races, and 0.59% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.54% of the population.

There were 1,701 households, out of which 25.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.1% were married couples living together, 8.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.5% were non-families. 33.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.85.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 22.0% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 23.8% from 25 to 44, 27.7% from 45 to 64, and 21.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.6 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $40,036, and the median income for a family was $48,320. Males had a median income of $33,684 versus $22,868 for females. The per capita income for the town was $26,305. About 4.5% of families and 7.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.7% of those under age 18 and 6.0% of those age 65 or over.

Communities and locations in the Town of Otsego, New York

 * Brookwood Point – A projection into Otsego Lake north of Cooperstown.
 * Cattown – A hamlet west of Fly Creek and Oaksville on NY-80.
 * Chalk Lake – A small lake located west of Fly Creek.
 * Chestnut Hill – An elevation located east of the corner of Goose Street and Bailey Road.
 * Cooperstown – County seat, Most of the Village of Cooperstown is within the town borders.
 * Fitch Hill – An elevation near Pierstown on Armstrong Road.
 * Five Mile Point – A projection into Otsego Lake near the northern town line.
 * Fly Creek – A hamlet west of Cooperstown on conjoined NY-28/NY-80. The Fly Creek Methodist Church, The Cornfield, Fly Creek Grange No. 844, and Fly Creek Historic District are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
 * Hutter Point – A projection into Otsego Lake, north of Five Mile Point.
 * Index – A hamlet south of Cooperstown on NY-28. Partially in the Town of Hartwick.
 * King Hill – An elevation on the northern town line, partly in the town.
 * Leatherstocking Falls – A waterfall located on Leatherstocking Creek near the eastern town line.
 * Metcalf Hill – An elevation northeast of Fitch Hill.
 * Mud Lake – A small lake located west of Fly Creek.
 * Muskrat Pond – A small lake located northwest of Fitch Hill.
 * Oaksville – A hamlet west of Fly Creek on NY-28/80.
 * Pail Shop Corners – A hamlet north of Fly Creek.
 * Panther Mountain – An elevation on the eastern shore of Canadarago Lake.
 * Pierstown – A hamlet near the western side of Otsego Lake.
 * Red House Hill – An elevation on the west side of Otsego Lake near Five Mile Point.
 * Six Mile Point – A projection into Otsego Lake, north of Hutter Point.
 * Snowdon – A hamlet near the western town line on NY-80.
 * Taylortown – A location north of Pail Shop Corners. At the corner of County Route 26 and Honey Joe Road.
 * Three Mile Point – A projection into Otsego Lake, south of Five Mile Point.
 * Toddsville – A hamlet southwest of Cooperstown. Partially in the Town of Hartwick.
 * Tunnicliff Hill – An elevation north of Snowdon.
 * Twelve Thousand – A location in the northwestern corner of the town.
 * Whalen Hill – An elevation in the southwestern corner of the town. Partially in the town of Hartwick.
 * Wileytown – A hamlet in the southwestern part of the town on NY-205.

title: Otsego, New York


text:
Pittsfield, New York

Pittsfield is a town in Otsego County, New York, United States. The population was 1,366 at the 2010 census.

The Town of Pittsfield is on the western border of the county, northwest of the City of Oneonta.

History
The town was first settled circa 1793.

The Town of Pittsfield was formed from part of the Town of Burlington in 1797. The territory of Pittsfield was reduced two times, in 1806 to form Town of New Lisbon, and in 1859 to form part of the Town of Morris. It was named by the Noble family from Pittsfield, Massachusetts, for their old home, who settled in the Pittsfield Centre vicinity.

The hamlet of Pittsfield, or "Pittsfield Centre", had an unmanned whistle stop station and siding on the Ontario & Western RR branch to Edmeston from New Berlin, later purchased by the Unadilla Valley RR. During World War I Richard Freeman and Charles Walton shipped lumber by the carload from here, milled over in Ketchum.

Ketchum takes its name from the Rev. Orvib Ketchum who founded a congregational church on the headwaters of Aldrich Creek in the east part of town, the church was later sold by the Wyoming Conference to the Americana Village near Hamilton, NY. A schoolhouse, store, several steam sawmills and cemetery also existed here. The Ball family operated several "rope walks" nearby, where hemp was wound into twine and then rope.

County Route 13 between Morris and New Berlin is referred to as "the turnpike" by locals, originally constructed in 1832, it was the last section to operate a tollgate due to being the most expensive to build.

Ebenezer Chapel, near the southwest border, was coincidentally named after a nearby resident, and was a small settlement originally known as "Hayti" at one time. In 1956, a nearby house made statewide news when a moonshine still was busted up.

The Beardslee Farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 37.8 sqmi, of which 37.7 sqmi is land and 0.1 sqmi  (0.13%) is water.

The western town line, defined by the Unadilla River, is the border of Chenango County. Wharton Creek flows into the Unadilla River at the western town line. Aldrich Creek drains the east end of town southwards into the Butternut at Elm Grove in Morris.

New York State Route 80 passes through the northwestern part of the town.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,295 people, 474 households, and 359 families residing in the town. The population density was 34.3 PD/sqmi. There were 605 housing units at an average density of 16.0 per square mile (6.2/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.84% White, 0.23% African American, 0.15% Native American, 0.23% Asian, 0.08% from other races, and 0.46% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.69% of the population.

There were 474 households, out of which 36.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.3% were married couples living together, 7.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.1% were non-families. 19.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.73 and the average family size was 3.03.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 27.3% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 26.8% from 45 to 64, and 11.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.6 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $30,078, and the median income for a family was $36,328. Males had a median income of $27,446 versus $21,912 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,347. About 13.5% of families and 17.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.9% of those under age 18 and 12.3% of those age 65 or over.

Communities and locations in Pittsfield

 * Briggs Corners – A location northwest of Pittsfield village.
 * Cardtown – A location northeast of Pittsfield village.
 * Finksville – About a mile east of New Berlin on the Turnpike/County 13, once home of a large woodenware and pump log manufactory.
 * Gill Hill – An elevation in the southeastern corner of the town.
 * Hoboken – A hamlet near the western town line on NY-80; named for workers who migrated up from Hoboken, NJ, at the Bordens Condensory that was originally the Arkwright textile mill and c. 1900 was the largest dairy condensory in the world, just east of the Village of New Berlin and served by a branch of the O&WRR.
 * Ketchum – A location in the western part of the town on County Route 49, formerly site of a Congregational church founded by Rev. Orvib Ketchum for whom the hamlet was named.
 * Pittsfield – The hamlet of Pittsfield, formerly "Pittsfield Centre", is on NY Route 80 in the northern part of the town.
 * Silver Lake – A hamlet near the Unadilla River, south-southwest of Hoboken.
 * Silver Lake – A small lake of the same name located east of the hamlet of Silver Lake.
 * Shacktown Mountain – An elevation in the southwestern corner of Pittsfield.
 * Taylors Corners – A location northeast of Pittsfield village on County Route 49.

title: Pittsfield, New York


text:
Plainfield, New York

Plainfield is a town in Otsego County, New York, United States. The population was 915 at the 2010 census.

The Town of Plainfield is located in the northwestern corner of Otsego County.

History
The town was first settled circa 1793, near Plainfield Center.

Plainfield was established from part of the Town of Richfield in 1799.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 29.5 sqmi, all land.

The western town line is marked by the Unadilla River and is also the county line of Madison County and a small part of Oneida County. The Unadilla River splits into the East and West Branches at Unadilla Forks.

New York State Route 51 is a north–south highway in the eastern part of the town.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 986 people, 355 households, and 266 families residing in the town. The population density was 33.5 PD/sqmi. There were 406 housing units at an average density of 13.8 per square mile (5.3/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.48% White, 0.41% African American, 0.20% Asian, and 0.91% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.61% of the population.

There were 355 households, out of which 42.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.8% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.8% were non-families. 20.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.78 and the average family size was 3.14.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 31.3% under the age of 18, 5.0% from 18 to 24, 31.6% from 25 to 44, 21.2% from 45 to 64, and 10.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.7 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $34,500, and the median income for a family was $36,667. Males had a median income of $28,188 versus $21,181 for females. The per capita income for the town was $14,768. About 9.0% of families and 12.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.1% of those under age 18 and 12.8% of those age 65 or over.

Communities and locations in Plainfield

 * Huntley Corners – A hamlet near the eastern town line on NY-51.
 * Leonardsville – A hamlet located at the Unadilla River, and mostly in Madison County.
 * Lloydsville – A hamlet near the Unadilla River.
 * Mount Markham – An elevation near Unadilla Forks.
 * Noahs Rump – An elevation in the southeastern part of Plainfield.
 * Plainfield Center – A hamlet in the northern part of Plainfield. It is the site of a Welsh Colony, which maintained a church for services in Welsh.
 * Spooners Corners – A location in the northeastern part of Plainfield at the intersection of NY-51 and Skaneateles Turnpike. The name comes from early settler Ruggles Spooner.
 * Unadilla Forks – A hamlet in the northwestern section of Plainfield, at the Unadilla River.
 * Welch Hill – An elevation located east of Noahs Rump.

title: Plainfield, New York


text:
Richfield, New York

Richfield is a town located in Otsego County, New York, United States. As of the 2010 census, the town had a population of 2,388. The Town of Richfield is located at the northern border of the county.

History
Richfield Springs was called "Big Medicine Waters" by the local natives.

From the Gazetteer of the State of New York by J. H. French, Published by R. Pearsall Smith, Syracuse, N. Y. 1860:
 * Richfield was formed from the Town of Otsego, New York on April 10, 1792. The towns of Exeter and Plainfield were taken off in 1799. It is the extreme northern town of the county. Its surface is rolling and moderately hilly, with a mean elevation of 150 to 200 ft. above Schuyler Lake (now Canadarago Lake), which lies in the southeast corner of the town and occupies a deep valley, into which flow several small streams from the north and west. The soil is of a diversified character, consisting of gravel, slate, clay, and sandy loam, well cultivated and productive. About 500,000 pounds of cheese are made in the town annually, — being more than double that made in any other town in the county. Richfield Springs (p.v.), near the head of Schuyler Lake, in the northeast corner of the town, contains 3 churches, a flouring mill, and 368 inhabitants.1 Monticello, (Richfield p.o.,) near the center, contains a church and 139 inhabitants. Mayflower is a post office. Brighton contains about 15 houses. Settlements were made prior to the Revolution; but they were broken up during the war. The first settlers after the war were John Kimball, Richard and Wm. Pray, John Beardsley, Joseph Coats, and Seth Allen, in 1787.2 The first church (Prot. E.) was formed at Monticello, May 20, 1799; Rev. Daniel Nash was the first preacher.3

 * 1 Richfield Springs — from which the village derives its name — are celebrated for their medicinal properties in the cure of cutaneous disorders and large numbers of invalids are annually attracted here. Professor Reid has given the following as the result of an analysis of a wine gallon of the water of these springs:
 * Grains. Bicarbonate of magnesia 20
 * Bicarbonate of lime 10
 * Chloride of sodium and magnesia 1.05
 * Sulphate of magnesia 30
 * Hydrosulfate of magnesia and lime 2
 * Sulphate of lime 20
 * Solid matter 153.05
 * Total Grains 236.10
 * Sulphurated hydrogen gas, 26.9 inches.

 * 2 Willam Tunnicliff, Dan'l Hawks, John Hatch, Ebenezor Eaton, and Jos. Rockwell settled at or near Richfield Springs in 1789; Obadiah Beardsley and his son Obadiah, jr., the father and grandfather of the late Levi Beardsley, and Hon. Samuel Beardsley, of Utica settled near Schuylers Lake in 1790. The first birth was that of Jos. Beardsley; and the first marriage, that of Ebenezer Russell and Mrs. Moore. James S. Palmer taught the first school at Richfield Springs; Israel Rawson kept the first inn, and Cyrus Robinson the first store, at the Springs; William Tunnicliff erected the first mill, at the same place.

 * 3 The census reports 7 churches; 3 M. E., 2 Prot. E., Presb., and Univ.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 32.4 sqmi, of which 30.9 sqmi is land and 1.5 sqmi  (4.72%) is water.

The northern town line is the border of Herkimer County. The northern end of Canadarago Lake is in the eastern part of the town. Hyder Creek enters the lake from the west. Ocquionis Creek and Mink Creek flow into the lake from the north, passing through Richfield Springs.

New York State Route 28 (NY 28) is a north-south highway passing the western shore of Canadarago Lake. NY 28 intersects US Route 20 at Richfield Springs. NY 167 has its southern terminus at US Route 20 in the center of Richfield Springs.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,423 people, 968 households, and 641 families residing in the town. The population density was 78.4 PD/sqmi. There were 1,296 housing units at an average density of 41.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 97.48% White, 0.37% African American, 0.41% Native American, 0.45% Asian, 0.33% Pacific Islander, 0.04% from other races, and 0.91% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.37% of the population.

There were 968 households, out of which 26.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.6% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.7% were non-families. 27.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.02.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 23.1% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 23.9% from 25 to 44, 25.1% from 45 to 64, and 20.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.0 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $32,784, and the median income for a family was $41,050. Males had a median income of $29,479 versus $21,518 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,723. About 9.3% of families and 13.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.0% of those under age 18 and 9.6% of those age 65 or over.

Communities and locations in Richfield

 * Brighton (or "Brighton Corners") – A hamlet in the northern part of the town, located on US-20, west of Richfield Springs.
 * Canadarago Hill – An elevation located in the Village of Richfield. Also referred to as The Round Top.
 * Dogtown – A hamlet near the southern town line of Richfield on County Route 24, located on Hyder Creek.
 * Federal Corners – A location east of Richfield Springs at the corner of Butternut Road and Cemetery Road.
 * Gunset Hill – An elevation located west of Richfield Springs.
 * Hawk Hill – An elevation near Dogtown.
 * Nine Hill – An elevation southwest of Richfield Springs.
 * Pray Hill – An elevation west of Brighton.
 * Monticello – A hamlet southwest of Richfield Springs on Country Route 25 at the intersection of County Road 24.
 * Richfield Hill – An elevation located by the northwestern part of the town. Part of Richfield Hill is in the town of Columbia.
 * Richfield Springs – The Village of Richfield Springs is in the northeastern section of the town at the junction of US-20 and NY-28, north of Canadarago Lake.
 * Round Top – An elevation on the western town line. Partly in Herkimer County.
 * Sunset Hill – An elevation north of the village of Richfield

title: Richfield, New York


text:
Richfield Springs, New York

Richfield Springs is a village located in the Town of Richfield, on the north-central border of Otsego County, New York, United States. The population was 1,050 at the 2020 census. The name is derived from local sulfur springs.

Geography
The village is at the northern end of Canadarago Lake and is at the border of Herkimer County.

Richfield Springs is located at 42.85306°N, -74.9875°W (42.853065, -74.987623).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.0 sqmi, all land.

U.S. Highway 20, New York State Route 28, and New York State Route 167 converge in Richfield Springs. US 20 and NY 28 intersect outside the western end of the village limits and overlap for a brief time inside the village, while NY 167 has its southern terminus at US 20 in the center of the village.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,255 people, 536 households, and 324 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,259.2 PD/sqmi. There were 619 housing units at an average density of 621.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 96.02% White, 0.56% African American, 0.56% Native American, 0.88% Asian, 0.64% Pacific Islander, and 1.35% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.56% of the population.

There were 536 households, out of which 22.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.0% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.4% were non-families. 34.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.93.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 20.7% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 22.1% from 25 to 44, 27.1% from 45 to 64, and 23.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.3 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $30,170, and the median income for a family was $40,956. Males had a median income of $29,097 versus $20,455 for females. The per capita income for the village was $16,865. About 7.1% of families and 12.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.1% of those under age 18 and 9.7% of those age 65 or over.

History
The area of Richfield Springs was called Ga-no-wan-ges by the Oneida Indians which translated to "stinking water".

The village was once served by the Southern New York Railroad, an electric trolley line that ran from Oneonta to Mohawk. It began service through Richfield Springs in the summer of 1902.

Noted architecture
The village is home to three national historic districts: • Church Street Historic District

• East Main Street Historic District

• West Main Street-West James Street Historic District

Individual properties: • Baker Octagon Barn.

• Richfield Springs Post Office(listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989)

• Clayton Lodge - Industrialist Cyrus McCormick from Chicago commissioned the famed New York architectural firm of McKim, Mead, and White to build a shingle-style "cottage" for him and his family on the edge of the village, on Warren Street, the estate would be known as Clayton Lodge. Built in 1882 the sprawling estate with stables and other outbuildings afforded him fresh air living in the summers. The grounds of the estate were landscaped by the foremost designer, Frederick Law Olmsted. The mansion was razed in 1957, but the shingle style stable, albeit altered, is extant today.

• Sunset Hill - Neighboring McCormick's estate, also on Sunset Hill, was the residence of Eugene D. Stocker. His estate, complete with main house, guest house, and stable, was designed by architect Dwight James Baum in 1923. It is extant today and for tax purposes it resides in the Town of Warren, in Herkimer County New York. The Stocker estate, named "Sunset Hill" was listed with the National Register of Historic Places January 4, 2007.

Notable people

 * Gaylord Graves, former Wisconsin State Assemblyman
 * Martha D. Lincoln, author and journalist
 * Benjamin Pringle, former US Congressman

title: Richfield Springs, New York


text:
Roseboom, New York

Roseboom is a town in Otsego County, New York, United States. The population was 690 at the 2020 census, down from 711 at the 2010 census. The name of the town is taken from those of early landowners and settlers Abram and John Roseboom.

The Town of Roseboom is at the eastern county line.

History
The town was not settled until after the American Revolution.

The town was created from part of the Town of Cherry Valley in 1854.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 33.1 sqmi, of which 33.0 sqmi is land and 0.1 sqmi of it (0.18%) is water.

New York State Route 165 intersects New York State Route 166 near the western town line at Roseboom village.

Cherry Valley Creek flows southward near the western town line, receiving the inflow of Pleasant Brook and Snyder Creek.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 684 people, 267 households, and 191 families residing in the town. The population density was 20.7 /mi2. There were 416 housing units at an average density of 12.6 /mi2. The racial makeup of the town was 98.39% White, 0.15% African American, 0.88% Asian, 0.15% from other races, and 0.44% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.73% of the population.

There were 267 households, out of which 33.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.1% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.1% were non-families. 21.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 2.98.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 24.4% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 27.6% from 45 to 64, and 12.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.8 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $37,841, and the median income for a family was $43,438. Males had a median income of $24,205 versus $19,940 for females. The per capita income for the town was $19,977. About 7.4% of families and 10.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.4% of those under age 18 and 2.7% of those age 65 or over.

Communities and locations in Roseboom

 * Belvedere Lake – A small lake east of Roseboom village.
 * Butlers Corners – A location southwest of South Valley hamlet at the junction of County Roads 34 and 39.
 * Center Valley – A hamlet on County Route 50 at the town line in the northeastern corner of Roseboom.
 * Honey Hill – An elevation north of South Valley.
 * Lowell's Corners – A former location in the eastern part of Roseboom.
 * Pleasant Brook – A hamlet in the eastern part of Roseboom on NY-165.
 * Pleasant Brook – A stream flowing westward past the hamlet of Pleasant Brook.
 * Roseboom (earlier "Lodi") – A hamlet near the western town line, located at the junction of routes NY-165 and NY-166 by Cherry Valley Creek. The Roseboom Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.
 * South Valley – A hamlet located in the southern half of Roseboon on NY-165. The Women's Community Club of South Valley was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.
 * Weaver Hill – An elevation east of South Valley.
 * Weber Corners – A location at the eastern town line on NY-165.
 * Winnie Hollow – A valley in the northern part of the town.

title: Roseboom, New York


text:
Springfield, New York

Springfield is a town in Otsego County, New York, United States. The population was 1,358 at the 2010 census.

The Town of Springfield is located at the northern county line of Otsego County and is approximately 50 mi west of Schenectady.

History
Several families settled near Otsego Lake circa 1762, but little further development occurred until after the American Revolution. In 1778, Joseph Brant, native leader, led an expedition that burned the town and took captives. Lieutenant Colonel Jacob Ford wrote a letter to General Abraham Ten Broeck informing him of the destruction of Springfield.

The Town of Springfield was formed from part of the Town of Cherry Valley in 1797. Growing hops was a major agricultural pursuit.

Notable people

 * Walt Brown, racing driver
 * Elisha Hall, inventor of a type of threshing machine.
 * George Hyde Clarke, grandson to the Acting Governor of New York from 1736 to 1743 (under British rule)
 * Arthur L. Ryerson, steel industrialist who died on the Titanic, maintained a summer home for his family in Springfield Center known as Ringwood
 * Henry Lansing Wardwell, New York City financier, maintained a summer estate and farm in Springfield Center known as Pinehurst. Still owned by descendants today.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 45.5 sqmi, of which 43.0 sqmi is land and 2.5 sqmi  (5.46%) is water.

The town encloses the northern end of Otsego Lake. Hayden Creek flows southward from Summit Lake into the northern end of the Otsego Lake. Because Summit Lake is located on a divide, part of its flow exits from the northern end of the lake through Cedar Swamp into Otsquago Creek. The "Chyle", is the name of a sinkhole located northwest of Summit Lake. Shadow Brook enters Otsego Lake at Hyde Bay.

New York State Route 80, a north–south highway, intersects US Route 20, an east–west highway, north of Springfield Center.

The northern town line is the county line of Herkimer County and a small section of Montgomery County.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,350 people, 521 households, and 375 families residing in the town. The population density was 31.4 PD/sqmi. There were 712 housing units at an average density of 16.6 per square mile (6.4/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.59% White, 0.15% African American, 0.07% Native American, 0.22% Asian, 0.15% from other races, and 0.81% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.19% of the population.

There were 521 households, out of which 32.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.1% were married couples living together, 6.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.0% were non-families. 22.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.04.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.2% under the age of 18, 5.3% from 18 to 24, 25.3% from 25 to 44, 25.7% from 45 to 64, and 17.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.6 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $33,854, and the median income for a family was $38,490. Males had a median income of $25,625 versus $23,611 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,513. About 5.6% of families and 8.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.8% of those under age 18 and 5.4% of those age 65 or over.

Communities and locations in Springfield

 * Allen Lake – A small lake near the western town line.
 * Briar Hill – An elevation near the eastern town line, south of East Springfield.
 * Clarke Point – A headland of Otsego Lake, north of Hyde Bay.
 * Clarke Pond – A pond located southwest of Springfield Center.
 * East Springfield – A hamlet east of Middle Village on US-20 at the junction of County Route 31. The East Springfield Union School and Hyde Hall Covered Bridge are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
 * Glimmerglass State Park – A state park partly in the town at the eastern shore of Otsego Lake.
 * Hyde Bay – A bay of Otsego Lake, partly in the town.
 * King Hill – An elevation in the far western part of the town. Partly in the Towns of Richfield and Otsego.
 * Middle Village – A hamlet east of Springfield village on US-20.
 * Mohegan Hill – An elevation located west of Allen Lake.
 * Mount Tom – An elevation north of Springfield Four Corners.
 * Mount Wellington – A notable hill north of Otsego Lake.
 * Otsego Lake – A lake partly in the Town.
 * Pine Cobble – An elevation south of Middle Village.
 * Rum Hill – An elevation south of Allen Lake, on the town of Otsego border.
 * Shipman Pond – A pond north of Springfield Center.
 * Springfield – The hamlet of Springfield is located on US Route 20.
 * Springfield Center – A hamlet on NY-80, at County Route 29A, north of Otsego Lake.
 * Springfield Four Corners – A location northwest of Springfield village, located on NY-80.
 * Summit Lake – A small lake north of Otsego Lake.
 * Waiontha Mountain – An elevation north of Allen Lake.

title: Springfield, New York


text:
West End, New York

West End is an unincorporated suburban community (and census-designated place) in Otsego County, New York, United States. The population was 1,940 at the 2010 census.

West End is in the town of Oneonta, directly northwest of the city of Oneonta.

Geography
West End is located at 42.45556°N, -75.09889°W (42.455516, -75.098969).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 9.7 km2, of which 9.5 sqkm is land and 0.2 sqkm, or 2.03%, is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,813 people, 804 households, and 501 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 480.2 PD/sqmi. There were 877 housing units at an average density of 232.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.24% White, 0.66% African American, 0.28% Native American, 1.10% Asian, 0.11% from other races, and 0.61% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.10% of the population.

There were 804 households, out of which 26.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.9% were married couples living together, 11.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.6% were non-families. 31.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.76.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 21.7% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 25.9% from 25 to 44, 24.9% from 45 to 64, and 21.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.0 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $28,621, and the median income for a family was $31,628. Males had a median income of $30,043 versus $20,568 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $16,153. About 10.9% of families and 14.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.1% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

title: West End, New York


text:
Westford, New York

Westford is a town in Otsego County, New York, United States. The population was 868 at the 2010 census. It is southeast of Cooperstown.

History
The town was first settled around 1790 by pioneers from Vermont. However, it is claimed that the first settler in Westford was Robert Roseboom from New Jersey, who settled in what is now known at Maple Valley. During the 1790s Westford received an influx of land-hungry settlers from New England who subsequently established the first churches and schools in Westford.

The town was established from part of the town of Worcester in 1808.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 33.8 sqmi, of which 33.8 sqmi is land and 0.04 sqmi  (0.06%) is water.

Elk Creek drains the town, flowing southward. Cherry Creek in Cherry Creek Valley flows through the southwestern part of Westford.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 784 people, 306 households, and 215 families residing in the town. The population density was 23.2 people per square mile (9.0/km2). There were 446 housing units at an average density of 13.2 per square mile (5.1/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.09% White, 0.26% African American, 0.13% Asian, 0.38% Pacific Islander, 0.13% from other races, and 1.02% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.91% of the population.

There were 306 households, out of which 30.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.9% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.7% were non-families. 23.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.00.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.5% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 26.1% from 25 to 44, 26.7% from 45 to 64, and 15.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.6 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $34,318, and the median income for a family was $38,611. Males had a median income of $29,375 versus $22,237 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,351. About 6.8% of families and 9.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.0% of those under age 18 and 13.2% of those age 65 or over.

Communities and locations in Westford

 * Badeau Hill – An elevation located southwest of Westford.
 * Bentley Hollow – A former location in Westford.
 * Betty and Wilbur Davis State Park – The state park is in the northwestern part of the town.
 * Darling Hill – An elevation located west of Westford.
 * Elk Creek – An important stream flowing out the south of the town.
 * Hooker Mountain Wildlife Management Area – A conservation area in the southwestern part of town.
 * Hubbard Settlement – A former location in Westford.
 * Maple Valley – A hamlet in the northern part of Westford on County Road 34.
 * Westford – The hamlet of Westford is near the center of the town.
 * Westville – A hamlet at the junction of County Roads 35 and 42 by the western town line.

title: Westford, New York


text:
Worcester, New York

Worcester is a town in Otsego County, New York, United States. The population was 2,220 at the 2010 census. Worcester is on the southeastern border of the county and is northeast of Oneonta. The Worcester Central School District presently has 369 students enrolled in grades K-12.

History
Settlement began on Schenevus Creek around 1788. The town was established from part of the town of Cherry Valley in 1797. In 1808, the towns of Decatur, Maryland, and Westford were formed from part of Worcester.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 46.9 sqmi, of which 46.7 sqmi is land and 0.2 sqmi (0.32%) is water. Interstate 88 passes through the central part of the town, following the same course as New York State Route 7. Both highways follow the course of Schenevus Creek across the town. The southern town line is the border of Delaware and Schoharie counties. The highest point in Otsego County is located near the eastern border of the town, east of East Worcester.

The East Worcester Fish and Game Club is in the East Worcester-Decatur area. It is known to locals as "The Lake", which is home to a variety of different fish that are native to the area and is a popular location for fishing. The club also holds many functions such as fishing derbies, cook outs, clam bakes, and dances.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,207 people, 911 households, and 600 families residing in the town. The population density was 47.2 PD/sqmi. There were 1,201 housing units at an average density of 25.7 /mi2. The racial makeup of the town was 97.46% White, 0.59% African American, 0.50% Native American, 0.23% Asian, 0.23% from other races, and 1.00% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.95% of the population.

There were 911 households, out of which 29.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.7% were married couples living together, 9.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.1% were non-families. 28.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 2.94.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 24.9% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 25.6% from 25 to 44, 26.6% from 45 to 64, and 16.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.9 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $30,506, and the median income for a family was $35,903. Males had a median income of $28,102 versus $19,583 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,752. About 7.4% of families and 10.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.5% of those under age 18 and 9.1% of those age 65 or over.

Communities and locations in Worcester

 * Barton Corners – A hamlet near the southern town line, northeast of South Worcester.
 * Brighton – A location east of Worcester hamlet.
 * Calcutta – A location north of East Worcester on County Route 38.
 * Caryl Lake – A small lake west on a hill northeast of Worcester hamlet; former water supply; named for Isaac Caryl, a settler.
 * East Worcester – A hamlet in the eastern part of Worcester on NY-7.
 * Hudson Lake – A small lake south of Schenevus Creek.
 * Lutheranville Hill – Highest elevation in Otsego County, east of East Worcester between Brooker Hollow Road and the county line.
 * Pine Hill – An elevation located northeast of South Worcester.
 * Pine Mountain – An elevation in the northeastern corner of Worcester.
 * South Hill – An elevation in the west-central part of Worcester.
 * South Worcester – A hamlet at the southern town line on County Route 39 and Charlotte Creek. The South Worcester Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.
 * Strain Mountain – An elevation in the southern part of the town, northeast of South Worcester.
 * Stone Quarry Hill – An elevation located northwest of East Worcester.
 * Tuscan – A location west of Worcester hamlet.
 * Worcester – A hamlet located on NY-7 and Schenevus Creek in the western part of the town. The Worcester Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.
 * Snob's Knob – A section of town deemed "affluent".

Notable person

 * Mary Gage Day (1857–1935), physician, medical writer

In popular culture
Location of the convenience store in the season 1 Mr. Show with Bob and David sketch "Change for a Dollar"

title: Worcester, New York


text:
Brewster, New York

Brewster is a village and the principal settlement within the town of Southeast in Putnam County, New York. Brewster's population was 2,508 at the 2020 census. The village, which is the most densely populated portion of the county, was named for two early farmer landowners, Walter and James Brewster, who donated land for the Brewster railroad station in 1848.

History
The village of Brewster derives its name from that of the landowner, Walter Brewster, who invited the New York and Harlem Railroad to build a depot on his property in 1848. Brewster's Station, New York (sometimes just "Brewster's"), appeared on maps, on postcards, and in directories of Putnam County throughout the second half of the 19th century. It was officially incorporated as the Village of Brewster, New York, in 1894.

In 1886, historian William Smith Pelletreau published The History of Putnam County, New York. In his second chapter on the town of Southeast, he wrote: "The land now [1886] embraced within the limits of the village of Brewster consists of a farm which was sold by the commissioners of forfeiture to Peleg Bailey, in 1781. A portion of it afterward passed into the possession of Bailey Howes, his grandson, who sold 98 acres to Gilbert Bailey on April 1, 1833. Two other tracts containing 39 acres were sold to Gilbert Bailey, by William P. Downs and Frederick Parks in 1838. On the 17th of February, 1848, Gilbert Bailey sold the whole tracts, estimated at 134 acres, to James and Walter F. Brewster, for the sum of $8,000." "At the time of the purchase, the New York and Harlem Railroad was finished and trains were running as far as Croton Falls. The road was surveyed as far as Pawling, and the prospect of its being continued to that point seemed certain, and to the new purchasers of the farm it seemed just the place for a station."

"The New York and Harlem Railroad was finished to this place and the depot was built in that year, and what is now [1886] the Main street was opened, for the purpose of allowing the stages from Danbury to come to the station. Previous to this the firm of Crosby and DeForest had run a line of four horse stages to Croton Falls, from Danbury. The first new house in the place was built by Walter F. Brewster, in 1850 and stood in front of the present [1886] Methodist church." That house, now listed as the Walter Brewster House on the New York State and national historic registers, is owned by the Landmark Preservation Society of Southeast.

"The Harlem Railroad's extension of its mileage in 1849 proved advantageous to Mr. Brewster, who needed all sorts of materials in his building activities. Large shipments were billed simply to 'Brewster's Station' for lack of better designation. This is the apparent origin of the village's name, which many years ago was shortened to Brewster."

Post offices
Jonathan F. Frost was the first Postmaster of the Brewster's Station post office, which operated from October 25, 1850, through April 28, 1883.

During this period in American history, post offices were frequently located in the stores or businesses owned by the individuals who served as postmasters. This held true in the village of Brewster for the next century.

In 1863, the Brewster Station post office relocated to the A.F. Lobdell General Store, across from the railroad station, the present location of the Avery Building at 12–18 Main Street. Alexander F. Lobdell, the store's proprietor, was appointed postmaster by President Abraham Lincoln and was reappointed by Presidents Grant, Hayes, Garfield and Arthur, continuing as Brewster's postmaster until 1887. The Brewster post office began operation on April 28, 1883, removing the word "Station" in its identity and postmarks.

In 1887, the post office relocated to the Brewster Standard building, the present location of the Sprague Building at 31 Main Street. In 1886, Emerson W. Addis, publisher of the Brewster Standard weekly newspaper, became the postmaster and held that position until 1916.

In 1916, the post office moved to new quarters on Park Street, between Main Street and Marvin Avenue, into the Rundall Building, and John Thorp became the new postmaster.

In 1923, Ralph Diehl, proprietor of the Brewster Bakery, became postmaster, and the post office was moved to his baking plant on Progress Street in 1927. Howard Tuttle later became the postmaster, holding the position until 1934 when Seth Howes was appointed. In 1936, the post office relocated to the building now occupied by the Eagle Eye Thrift Shop at 65 Main Street.

Mr. Howes held the office until 1958 when John F. Larkin Jr. was made acting postmaster. He was later promoted to the full title of postmaster.

On July 17, 1966, the post office relocated to a new brick building on Main Street, where it remained for the next three decades. Mr. Larkin retired in 1972 and was succeeded by Earl Tuttle, who became the last Southeast resident to hold the position of postmaster since that time. Mr. Tuttle retired in 1985.

The new facility was the first Brewster post office to occupy a space that was specifically designed for the purpose, rather than being retrofitted from some previous use. It had a separate lobby to house post office boxes, a loading dock at the rear of the building and a postal inspector's separate entrance and hallway with one-way glass for observing postal workers and the public.

In the mid-1990s, the Main Street facility closed and a new post office opened at its present location at 3 Mount Ebo Road North outside the village limits in the town of Southeast. Although the new facility is more than 3 mi from the center of Brewster, it still retains the designation and postmark "Brewster 10509".

"Brewster" vs. "Southeast"
The town of Southeast contains the village of Brewster. In New York, villages are always within one or more towns, and village jurisdiction may override that of similar town laws. Residents of the town often refer to the entire municipality as "Brewster", as that is the postal designation.

The railroad station in downtown Brewster, owned in turn by the New York Central, Penn Central, Conrail, and now Metro-North Railroad, has always been known as "Brewster" because it is located in the village of Brewster. Since 1849, rail customers coming to Southeast only knew they were travelling to "Brewster". Over time, the name Southeast was all but forgotten.

The new depot that was built in Southeast, just a quarter mile north of the village, was first named "Brewster North". That second depot has since been renamed "Southeast".

Before 1962, there were several local post offices throughout the town of Southeast, located near larger concentrations of residences and businesses. The last of these, Southeast's Putnam Lake post office, closed in 1968. When a new post office opened at 16 Main Street in Brewster on July 17, 1966, even before Interstate 84 and Interstate 684 were constructed, it was named Brewster and given the zip code 10509. The two highways brought massive population increases, nearly tripling the number of residents in Southeast in a matter of about 20 years. As a result, "Brewster, New York 10509" was part of the return address of every resident of Southeast and Brewster. Probably because of the proximity to the Brewster train station, the highway exit signs of I-84 and I-684 say "Brewster". Road signs in White Plains, Danbury, Carmel and other nearby towns all direct travelers to Brewster. Only the town's "Welcome to Southeast" signs acknowledge the town's existence.

The post office has relocated out of the village and removed "Brewster" from the building. The zip code is still 10509 but does not have the name of the municipality on its exterior of the building. Residents who live in the town still use "Brewster 10509" for their return address, and the post office still uses "Brewster" rather than "Southeast" in its postmarks.

Geography
Brewster is located along the East Branch of the Croton River at 41.39611°N, -73.61583°W (41.396050, −73.615954), near the center of the town of Southeast.

U.S. Route 6 runs through the village as its Main Street. U.S. Route 202 and New York State Route 22 run concurrently along the southern boundary of the village, and Interstate 84 passes just east of the village, intersecting Interstate 684. The Brewster train station is on the Harlem Line.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 1.5 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2020, there were 2,508 people residing in Brewster. There were 701 housing units at an average density of 1,851.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 55.98% Hispanic or Latino, 36.61% non-Hispanic white, 2.59% African American, .42% Native American, 3.22% Asian, .04% from other races, and 1.13% from two or more races.

At the 2010 census, the village had the highest concentration of Guatemalans in the US, comprising 38.16% of the village population.

The households, out of which 26.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 33.9% were married couples living together, 11.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 47.4% were non-families. 34.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 3.08.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 20.4% under the age of 18, 11.9% from 18 to 24, 41.4% from 25 to 44, 16.3% from 45 to 64, and 10.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females there were 131.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 128.4 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $42,750, and the median income for a family was $48,393. Males had a median income of $28,793 versus $28,929 for females. The per capita income for the village was $21,865. About 9.0% of families and 14.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.4% of those under age 18 and 12.1% of those age 65 or over.

Schools

 * Brewster Central School District
 * Brewster High School
 * Henry H. Wells Middle School
 * C. V. Starr Intermediate School
 * John F. Kennedy Elementary School
 * Private schools
 * Longview School
 * Saint Lawrence O'Toole

Government

 * Governor Kathy Hochul since 2021
 * US Senator Charles Schumer since 1999
 * US Senator Kirsten Gillibrand since 2009
 * US Congressman Mike Lawler since 2023
 * NY State Senator Peter Harckham since 2019
 * NY State Assemblyman Matt Slater since 2023
 * Putnam County Executive Kevin Byrne since 2022
 * Putnam County Legislator Paul E. Jonke (District 6) since 2017
 * Putnam County Legislator Joseph F. Castellano (District 7) since 2013
 * Mayor James Schoenig Since 2007
 * Village Trustees: Christine Piccini, George Gaspar, Tom Boissonnault, Mary Bryde

Athletes

 * Ralph Edwards (1882–1949), American professional baseball infielder
 * Mclain Ward (born 1975), equestrian
 * Shayna Levy (born 1997), Israeli soccer player

Entertainers

 * Billy Jones (1889–1940), singer
 * Marian Anderson (1897–1993), contralto singer
 * Glenda Farrell (1904–1971), actress
 * Herbert Gehr (1910–1983), American TV director and photographer
 * Donald Symington (1925–2013), actor
 * Laura Branigan (1952–2004), singer, songwriter, and actress
 * Ava Fabian (born 1962), model and actress
 * Joe Rubbo (born 1963), actor and TV producer
 * Michael Imperioli (born 1966), actor, screenwriter, TV producer and musician

Writers and artists

 * Fanny Crosby (1820–1915), hymnodist, blind activist and minister
 * Max Dreyfus (1874–1964), music publisher and songwriter
 * Edith Diehl (1876–1953), bookbinder and author
 * Chester Beach (1881–1956), sculptor
 * Rex Stout (1886–1975), writer
 * Trude Fleischmann (1895–1990), photographer
 * Pola Stout (1902–1984), designer
 * Dorothy Fields (1905–1974), lyricist and librettist
 * John Bernard Myers (1920–1987), art dealer and writer
 * Norman Laliberté (1925–2021), artist
 * Joanne Dobson (born 1942), novelist

Political Figures

 * Charles F. Murphy (1875–1934), politician, lawyer and former NY State Senator
 * Willis H. Stephens (born 1925), politician
 * Bob Perciasepe (born 1951), environmental policy leader
 * Willis Stephens (born 1955), politician

Media Personalities

 * Evelyn Irons (1900–2000), journalist
 * Diana Vreeland (1903–1989), fashion editor

Sports Coaches

 * Ed Farrell (born 1934), American football coach
 * Chris Palmer (born 1949), American football coach
 * Kevin Leighton (born 1979), American baseball coach and former player

Military Figures

 * Enoch Crosby (1750–1835), American spy and soldier
 * John McCloy (1875–1945), Lieutenant commander and a United States Navy Medal of Honor recipient

title: Brewster, New York


text:
Brewster Hill, New York

Brewster Hill is a hamlet (and census-designated place) located in the town of Southeast in Putnam County, New York, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 2,089.

Brewster Hill is located on the eastern side of Tonetta Lake and is east of Interstate 84.

Geography
Brewster Hill is located at 41.42278°N, -73.60417°W (41.422880, -73.604277).

According to the United States Census Bureau, Brewster Hill has a total area of 1.0 sqmi, of which 0.9 sqmi is land and 0.1 sqmi, or 11.22%, is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,226 people, 756 households, and 591 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 2,554.9 PD/sqmi. There were 777 housing units at an average density of 891.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 96.50% White, 0.85% African American, 1.35% Asian, 0.40% from other races, and 0.90% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.77% of the population.

There were 756 households, out of which 38.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.5% were married couples living together, 8.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.8% were non-families. 16.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.94 and the average family size was 3.33.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 25.9% under the age of 18, 5.2% from 18 to 24, 30.5% from 25 to 44, 28.4% from 45 to 64, and 10.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.0 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $67,417, and the median income for a family was $69,044. Males had a median income of $48,011 versus $38,073 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $25,327. None of the families and 0.4% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 3.9% of those over 64.

title: Brewster Hill, New York


text:
Carmel, New York

Carmel (pronounced ) is a town in Putnam County, New York, United States. As of the 2020 United States census, the town had a population of 33,576.

The Town of Carmel is on the southern border of Putnam County, abutting Westchester County, approximately 50 mi north of New York City and 10 mi west of Danbury, Connecticut. It has no incorporated villages, although the hamlets of Carmel and Mahopac each have populations sizable enough to be considered villages.

History

The town of Carmel was originally inhabited by Indians of the Wappinger people, who, in 1691, sold the property to Dutch traders. In 1697, a wealthy New York merchant, Adolphus Philipse, purchased their deed and was granted a patent from King William III of England for the entire tract of land which is now Putnam County. The town was settled around 1740 by George Hughson. On the night of April 26, 1777, after learning the news that the British had begun burning nearby Danbury, Connecticut, sixteen-year-old Sybil Ludington rode the entire night through the hamlets of Carmel, Mahopac, Kent Cliffs and Farmers Mills, warning those along the way that the British were coming before returning home at dawn. A statue memorializing the ride sits alongside Lake Gleneida.

Carmel was formed with Franklin town from part of Frederick town on March 17, 1795, while still a part of Dutchess County. (Franklin was renamed Patterson April 6, 1808. Frederick changed its name to Kent April 15, 1817.) Carmel was transferred to Putnam County when Dutchess County was split to form Putnam County in 1812 and Carmel was designated the county seat. In 1861, a small part of Carmel was taken to be added to the town of Putnam Valley.

Putnam County Courthouse
The Putnam County Courthouse was built in 1814. It is the second oldest working courthouse in New York State. General James Townsend, of Carmel, was the architect. A landmark on Gleneida Avenue in Carmel, the building has a classical front facade. There was one hanging there in 1844. A jail was added in 1855. A new Putnam County Courthouse was completed in early 2008, located nearby on Gleneida Avenue.

Significant events

 * December 4, 1965 – A Trans World Airlines Boeing 707 en route to San Francisco collided with an Eastern Airlines Lockheed Constellation flight in mid-air, killing four people.
 * July 29, 1971 – A category F-2 tornado 1.9 mi away from the town center caused between $50,000 and $500,000 in damages.
 * October 22, 1974 – A large row of businesses on Gleneida Avenue was destroyed in a fire that required over 200 volunteer firefighters to fight the blaze.
 * September 1982 – June 1983 – Carmel High School track star Mike Stahr was ranked first in the US for the mile run, losing only one high school track race during his junior and senior year. He set state records and was the Millrose Games mile winner two years in a row.
 * July 10, 1989 – A F-2 (max. wind speeds 113–157 mph) tornado 0.7 mi away from the Carmel town center traveled east across Fair Street near the King's Grant condos, injuring five people and causing between $5 million and $50 million in damages.
 * September 11, 2001 – eight Carmel residents died in the September 11 attacks. The town has a memorial dedicated at Spain-Cornerstone Park on the corner of Fair Street and Route 52.
 * April 27–28, 2007 – The Town of Carmel hosted a two-day Revolutionary War era militia encampment along Lake Gleneida. The event celebrated the 230th anniversary of the heroism of Sybil Ludington.

Government
Carmel is governed by a Town Supervisor and the Town Board. The Carmel Town Hall is located at 60 McAlpin Avenue in Mahopac.

Emergency services
Law enforcement is primarily handled by the Town of Carmel Police Department, supplemented by the Putnam County Sheriff's Office and the New York State Police.

Fire protection services are provided by the Carmel Fire Department, Croton Falls Fire District, Mahopac Volunteer Fire Department, and Mahopac Falls Volunteer Fire Department.

Emergency medical services are provided to the town based on nature and location of emergency. Basic life support ambulance service is provided by Carmel Volunteer Ambulance Corps, Mahopac Volunteer Fire Department, Mahopac Falls Volunteer Fire Department, and North Salem Volunteer Ambulance Corps. Advanced life support ambulance and first response service is provided by EMStar Ambulance under contract by Putnam County Bureau of Emergency Services.

Education
The Town of Carmel is served primarily by two school districts:

Carmel Central School District
Carmel Central School District encompasses 85 square miles and serves approximately 5000 students from six different towns. The district enrolls students from the town of Kent, as well as parts of the towns of Carmel, Putnam Valley, Patterson, Southeast and East Fishkill.

George Fischer Middle School is Carmel's primary middle school. Built in 1963, it was named after a former school board member, George F. Fischer. It contains a large number of students (1,000+), and contains grades 5–8. It is notable for its music program.

Constructed in 1929, Carmel High School, which serves 1,843 students, is located on Fair Street across the street from the post office in the heart of town. The original building had four additions, including one built in 1936 with money from the New Deal, one in 1969, one in 1980, and one in 2007, which holds science classrooms and a library.

St. James the Apostle is a Catholic elementary school in Carmel that opened in 1954.

Mahopac Central School District
Mahopac Central School District has 6 public schools serving 4,138 students in Mahopac, New York.

It is divided into five schools: three K-5 schools (Lakeview Elementary School, Fulmar Road Elementary School, and Austin Road Elementary School), a middle school for grades 6–8 (Mahopac Middle School) and a high school for grades 9–12 (Mahopac High School). A nursery school is operated by the district at the Mahopac Falls school.

Historically, Mahopac had five one-room school houses that were united into one central school (now Lakeview Elementary School) in 1935.

St. John the Evangelist was a Catholic elementary school in Mahopac from 1955 until its closing in 2011. The school building remains with the active Church across the street from Lake Mahopac.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 40.7 sqmi (88.74%), of which 36.1 sqmi is land and 4.6 sqmi is water (11.26%).

The southern town line is the border of Westchester County, adjacent to Somers. The town is located approximately 50 mi north of New York City (measured from Central Park) and approximately 10 mi west of Danbury, Connecticut.

Notable sites and organizations

 * Chuang Yen Monastery (Buddhist Association of the United States)
 * Gilead Cemetery
 * Putnam Hospital Center — a 164-bed not-for-profit acute care hospital on Stoneleigh Avenue, which opened in 1964.
 * Reed Memorial Library

Communities and locations in Carmel

 * Boyds Corners –
 * Carmel – A hamlet in the northeastern corner of the town and home to the seat of Putnam County.
 * Baldwin Place – A hamlet at the junction of US 6 and NY 118.
 * Carmel Hills – A hamlet south of Carmel village.
 * Crafts – once a hamlet of Carmel with its own post office, off Drewville Road, south of Route 6, named after the Craft Family, descendants of Pilgrims.
 * Field Corners –
 * Hopkins Corners –
 * Houseman Corners –
 * Kent –
 * Kent Cliffs –
 * Lake Carmel –
 * Ludington –
 * Mahopac – A hamlet in the southern half the town where the municipal government is located.
 * Mahopac Falls – A hamlet in the southwestern corner of the town.
 * Mahopac Mines – Abandoned mines on the eastern side of town near the old Ames building.
 * Mahopac Point – A former private community on Lake Mahopac
 * Mahopac Golf Club – Located on the north side of Lake Mahopac is an 18-hole private golf and beach club.
 * Rock Hill Camp – A Girl Scout camp opened in 1922, located in Mahopac on Long Pond.
 * The Sedgewood Club – (Previously the Carmel Country Club) A private community with golf and tennis facilities near the hamlet of Carmel,
 * Thompkins Corners –
 * Secor Corners –
 * Seven Hills –
 * Stillwater – A hamlet in the southwestern corner of the town.
 * Tilly Foster – A hamlet southeast of Carmel village near the eastern town line.

Demographics
Source: US Census
 * Total Population: 33,196
 * Males, 49.0%; Females – 51.0%
 * Median Age: 40.1 years
 * By Race
 * White, 90.5%
 * Hispanic (of any race), 8.0%
 * Asian, 3.0%
 * Black or African American, 1.0%
 * Other Race, 2.7%
 * Average Household Size: 2.99
 * Median Household Income: $105,406 (2015 )
 * Per Capita Income: $42,034 (2015)
 * High School Graduation Rate: 94.1%
 * College Graduation Rate: 42.1%

Notable people

 * Lou Albano,"Captain Lou" (1933–2009), professional wrestler/manager
 * Nancy Allen, (born 1950), classical harpist
 * William Francis Bailey, (1842–1915), Wisconsin politician and judge
 * Amedee J. Van Beuren, (1879–1938), film producer
 * Leo Burmester, (1944–2007), stage and television actor
 * Daniel Drew, (1797–1879), businessman, developer and financier
 * Dave Fleming, “Mr. Mahopac", (born 1969), professional baseball pitcher
 * Daniel Gutman (1901–1993), lawyer, state senator, state assemblyman, president justice of the municipal court, and law school dean.
 * Ryan Kelly (born 1991), professional basketball player for the Houston Rockets
 * Lisa Lane, (1933–2024), 1959 U.S. Women's Chess Champion
 * Larry Laoretti, (born 1939), professional golfer
 * Lewis Ludington, (1786–1857), businessman, lumber baron, and real estate developer
 * Bob May, (1939–2009) actor and stuntman, best remembered for playing The Robot on the 1965–68 television series Lost in Space
 * Caleb McLaughlin, (born 2001), actor, star of Stranger Things
 * Jim Ryan, (born 1939) former Good Day New York anchor
 * Sabrina Vega (born 1995), USA Gymnastics Senior National Team member

title: Carmel, New York


text:
Carmel Hamlet, New York

Carmel Hamlet, commonly known simply as Carmel, is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) located in the Town of Carmel in Putnam County, New York, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 6,817.

The hamlet is the site of the historic County Court House (built 1814), the David D. Bruen County Office Building, and other structures, and borders Lake Gleneida. Next to the lake stands a bronze statue commemorating Sybil Ludington.

Geography
Carmel Hamlet is located at 41.42056°N, -73.67722°W (41.420535, -73.677292).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the community has a total area of 26.9 km2, of which 21.6 km2 is land and 5.3 km2, or 19.78%, is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 5,650 people, 1,975 households, and 1,449 families residing in the community. The population density was 665.2 PD/sqmi. There were 2,034 housing units at an average density of 239.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 93.42% White, 1.56% African American, 0.25% Native American, 0.80% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 2.16% from other races, and 1.81% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.89% of the population.

There were 1,975 households, out of which 35.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.8% were married couples living together, 6.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.6% were non-families. 21.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.77 and the average family size was 3.26.

In the hamlet the population was spread out, with 25.1% under the age of 18, 5.7% from 18 to 24, 33.1% from 25 to 44, 23.5% from 45 to 64, and 12.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.3 males.

The median income for a household in the community was $66,755, and the median income for a family was $85,488. Males had a median income of $51,910 versus $36,612 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $29,523. About 3.4% of families and 5.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.5% of those under age 18 and 7.2% of those age 65 or over.

title: Carmel Hamlet, New York


text:
Cold Spring, New York

Cold Spring is a village in the town of Philipstown in Putnam County, New York, United States. The population was 1,986 at the 2020 census. It borders the smaller village of Nelsonville and the hamlets of Garrison and North Highlands. The central area of the village is on the National Register of Historic Places as the Cold Spring Historic District due to its many well-preserved 19th-century buildings, constructed to accommodate workers at the nearby West Point Foundry (itself a Registered Historic Place today). The town is the birthplace of General Gouverneur K. Warren, who was an important figure in the Union Army during the Civil War. The village, located in the Hudson Highlands, sits at the deepest point of the Hudson River, directly across from West Point. Cold Spring serves as a weekend getaway for many residents of New York City.

Commuter service to New York City is available via the Cold Spring train station, served by Metro-North Railroad. The train journey is approximately one hour, ten minutes to Grand Central Terminal.

Early history
On July 15, 1691, Dortlandt and Sybrant secured a deed to the tract from Wappinger leaders, totaling as much as much as 17,480 acres (according to recent historical analysis) along the eastern bank of the Hudson River from the peak on Anthony's Nose to (and including) Pollepel Island, and east to a marked tree which would establish the tract's eastern border. This tract contained a large portion of modern-day Phillipstown, NY, including the entire the Village of Cold Spring.

While many land transactions in colonial America were disputed by settlers and natives, the original lands deeded to Dortlandt and Sybrant (containing the Village of Cold Spring) appear to have been legitimately obtained with the consent of the Wappinger. This is evidenced by testimony from Wappinger leader Daniel Nimham, who, in 1765, sought the assistance of the New York Common Council (and eventually the British Crown) in resolving land disputes over land claimed both by the heirs of Adolph Philipse and Wappinger natives. In this testimony, Nimham states that Wappinger ancestors had sold a tract of "Low Lands on that Part of the Peeks kill [north of modern-day Annsville Creek]... and also a pine swamp containing... a few Acres called Kichtondacongh and a piece of low Land lying Southeasterly from Kichtondacongh called Paukeminshingh." Nimham goes on to contest the sale of any land beyond this initial tract deeded by the Wappinger to Dortlandt and Sybrant, however, recognizes the initial transaction of land (including present-day Cold Spring) as legitimately ceded by the Wappinger to the Dutch.

Permanent settlements
The first permanent settler in the village of Cold Spring was Merrick Williams in 1730. In 1772, a highway master was chosen for the road from Cold Spring to the Post Road from New York to Albany. Prior to Williams presence, the land was woodlands. A small trading hamlet grew alongside the river by the early 1800s. A couple of sloops made regular weekly trips from Cold Spring to New York, carrying wood and some country produce, which came over this model road from the east. Those trips by sloop usually took a week.

In 1818, Gouverneur Kemble established the West Point Foundry opposite West Point to produce artillery pieces for the United States Government. The nearby mountains contained veins of ore, and were covered with timber for fuel. A brook provided hydropower, and the Hudson a ready shipping outlet. In 1843, the Foundry built the USS Spencer, the first iron ship built in the U.S. With the influx of workers at the Foundry, local housing, businesses and churches increased, and Cold Spring was incorporated as a village in 1846. The first President of the Village was Joshua Haight. The Foundry became famous for its production of Parrott rifles and other munitions during the Civil War, when the foundry grew to a sprawling 100-acre complex employing 1,400. It also manufactured cast iron steam engines for locomotives, gears, and produced much of the pipework for New York's water system. The rise of steel making and the declining demand for cast iron after the Civil War caused the Foundry to cease operations in 1911.

Many artifacts from the Foundry's history can be viewed at the Putnam History Museum on Chestnut Street. Built in 1830, the building was originally a one-room schoolhouse for the Foundry's teenage apprentices and the children of employees.

On January 22, 1896, local businessmen of Cold Spring formed a fire brigade known as the Cold Spring Hose Company, No.1. A horse-drawn hook and ladder was donated in 1899. The Municipal Building, designed by Louis Mekeel, was constructed in 1926 to house the company's first firetruck, an American LaFrance. The company, renamed Cold Spring Fire Company No.1 in 1900, serves the Villages of Cold Spring, Nelsonville and a district in the Town of Philipstown.

Mr. Willis Buckner, a former slave from the South, was a driver and groom for Susan and Anna Bartlett Warner at their farm on Constitution Island. Mr. Buckner taught Sunday School at the Methodist Church. In the early decades of the 20th century, blacks who stayed in this part of New York state migrated away from rural towns to nearby cities with waterfront manufacturing such as Peekskill, Beacon, Newburgh and Ossining. During the 1920s, the Ku Klux Klan had a presence in Cold Spring as well as Fishkill and Nelsonville.

Pete Seeger formed the Clearwater organization, an environmental group dedicated to advances in sewer treatment, industrial waste disposal, and addressing the discharge of major pollutants into the Hudson. In 1970, the sloop Clearwater docked for a songfest at Cold Spring. As Seeger appeared on stage to thank the audience for coming, fifteen drunks stood up waving little American flags, yelling “Throw the Commies out.” That night someone cut the sloop's moorings and there were threats to torch the boat. All of this created tension within the Clearwater organization.

Country estates

Towards the latter part of the nineteenth century artists, writers and prominent families came to Cold Spring, and mansions were built along Morris Avenue, including "Undercliff," the home of publisher George Pope Morris, and "Craigside," the home of Julia and General Daniel Butterfield. To the south, West Point Foundry employees Dr. Frederick Lente built "The Grove," Robert Parker Parrott built "Plumbush," and Hudson River School painter Thomas P. Rossiter built "Fair Lawn."

Geography
The village is bordered by the Hudson River to the west, and is bound by the Hudson Highlands State Park to the north, where Mount Taurus and Breakneck Ridge rise out of the banks of the Hudson and form two basically parallel ridges that track each other inland. The valley between them has an abandoned dairy farm, two lakes, and a camp.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.55 km2, of which 1.54 km2 is land and 0.01 sqkm, or 0.91%, is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2020, there were 1,986 people, 834 households, and 834 families residing in the village. The population density was 3,300 PD/sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 94% White, 0.49% African American, 0.44% Native American, 3.05% Asian, 2.12% from other races, and 0.08% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.07% of the population.

Out of the 834 households, 25.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.9% were married couples living together. The average household size was 2.13 and the average family size was 3.0.

The median income for a household in the village was $98,056 (an increase of 83.7% from 2010), and the median income for a family was $135,500 (an increase of 78.2% from 2010). About 8.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.8% of those under age 18 and 4.4% of those age 65 or over.

Attractions
The Foundry Preserve Trail is located here.

The Julia L. Butterfield Memorial Library was established in Cold Spring in 1913.

Magazzino Italian Art is a museum focused on Postwar and Contemporary Italian Art and features a herd of Sardinian donkeys.

Churches

In 1826, Union Church was built. By mutual agreement the Presbyterians used the building in the morning and the other religious groups in the afternoon. In 1830, the Baptists constructed a church on land donated by Samuel L. Gouverneur. The first Methodist church was built in 1833. The building was sold in 1870, and a new brick Italianate structure was built in 1868. The Dutch Reformed Church was built around 1855 in Neoclassical style. The building was later replaced by the Julia L. Butterfield Library.

Many of the workers at the Foundry were Irish immigrants. Our Lady of Loretto church was constructed in 1833 of locally made red brick covered with stucco. The church was abandoned in 1906 and fell into disrepair. It was repaired and re-dedicated in 1977.

Saint Mary's in the Highlands church was incorporated in 1840. A second larger church was built in 1867, designed in the Victorian Gothic style by architect and vestry member George Edward Harney.

Education
Cold Spring is home to the Haldane Central School District. The school is located at 11 Craigside Drive and teaches students grades K-12. The school received a blue ribbon award in 2017 from the U.S. Department of Education.

Media
Cold Spring has two weekly newspapers: Highlands Current, founded in 2010, and Putnam County News and Recorder, founded in 1868.

Notable people

 * Gail Brown, actress
 * Bob Duffy, college and pro basketball player, born in Cold Spring
 * Scotti Hill, rock musician
 * Albert L. Ireland, United States Marine
 * Sean Patrick Maloney - Congressman from New York's 18th Congressional District
 * Jean Marzollo, writer, creator of the I Spy book series
 * Sarah P. Monks, California naturalist, born in Cold Spring
 * Charlie Plummer, American actor, grew up in Cold Spring
 * Emily Warren Roebling, first female field engineer of the Brooklyn Bridge
 * Gouverneur K. Warren, American military commander during the Civil War and hero of the Battle of Gettysburg

title: Cold Spring, New York