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Yeading

Yeading is a settlement in west London, forming part of the London Borough of Hillingdon, having been developed after the Second World War.

Etymology
Yeading is very early Saxon and was originally Geddingas or Geddinges, meaning "the people of Geddi".

History
The earliest surviving documented allusion to Yeading dates from 757 AD, in which year Æthelbald of Mercia made a land grant which mentioned Geddinges (Yeading) and Fiscesburne (Crane or Yeading Brook). The first land grant including Yeading was made by Offa in 790 to Æthelhard, Archbishop of Canterbury: "in the place called on linga Haese [Hayes] and Geddinges [Yeading] around the stream called Fiscesburna [Crane or Yeading Brook]."

Anglo-Saxon settlement in Yeading therefore seems probable, but the history of Yeading in subsequent centuries is not as clear as that of Hayes. Such details as the names of many Yeading manor holders remain unknown.

Yeading Dock was one of many docks built along the Grand Union Canal in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The main industry in Hayes and Yeading at this time was brickmaking, and the canal provided a reliable way of transporting larger numbers of bricks. Yeading's brickworkers could be known to keep pigs as a second source of income. A bourgeois writer, one Elizabeth Hunt, wrote in 1861 that in "Yeading dirt, ignorance and darkness reign supreme." In 1874, however, one James Thorne wrote that the inhabitants of Yeading were "always found civil".

Yeading was still not developed in the 1920s. Yeading Lane was often flooded, and access beyond Yeading to Northolt seems to have been by footpath only before the First World War. During the War, a properly constructed road was built linking the Great Western Railway station at Hayes with the L.N.E.R. line at Northolt. Yeading was still mainly a rural area.

After the Second World War, a large prefab estate was erected in Yeading. By 1956, Yeading's Tilbury Square was still without gas and electricity, and oil stoves and open fires were still used; the public house The Willow Tree, reputedly some 400 years old (demolished in 2009 ), was lit by three cylinders of calor gas. The Yeading Lane estate underwent largescale development in the late 1960s and '70s.

Education
Schools in Yeading include:
 * Barnhill Community High School
 * Yeading Infant and Nursery School
 * Yeading Junior School
 * Brookside Primary School
 * Belmore Primary School

Demographics
The largest ethnic group in the Hillingdon ward of Yeading in the 2011 Census was White British with 28.3%. This was followed by Indians (20.3%), Other Asians (11.5%) and Black Africans (8.1%).

56.3% of people living in Yeading were born in England according to the 2011 census. Other popular places of birth included India (10.6%), Sri Lanka (3.2%), Pakistan (2.8%) and Somalia (2.6%).

The most popular religious affiliation in Yeading is Christianity at 37.1%. Other common religious include Islam (18.3%), Sikhism (14.1%), Hinduism (11.8%), and those of no religion (11.3%).

Buses
Yeading has the following bus routes travelling through it: 90, 120, 140, 282, 696, 697, E6, E9, SL8, and N7, N140.

Library
Yeading Library, Yeading Lane, UB4 0EW.

Churches

 * St Edmund of Canterbury, 12 Edmunds Close, UB4 0HA
 * St Nicholas, 106 Raynton Drive, UB4 8BG
 * St Raphael Catholic Church, Morrison Road, UB4 9JP
 * Grange Park Baptists, 217 Lansbury Drive, UB4 8RS

Sport and recreation
Football team Hayes & Yeading United F.C. was assembled from the former Hayes F.C. and Yeading F.C.

Yeading's parks and greens provide plenty of opportunity for children to play. There are three Local Nature Reserves, Yeading Brook Meadows, Ten Acre Wood and Gutteridge Wood and Meadows.

A community radio station, 91.8 Hayes FM, serves Yeading.

Yeading on screen

 * Yeading F.C.'s erstwhile ground, known as the Warren, was used to film scenes from the Keira Knightley film Bend It Like Beckham (2002). Yeading's commercial manager Bill Perryman was given a part in the film.
 * Yeading F.C.'s former ground was also used to film scenes from the Vinnie Jones film Mean Machine (2001).
 * Location footage for British soap opera Family Affairs (1997–2005) was mostly shot in West London; the Lock and its surrounding areas were filmed at Willowtree Marina. In fact, the very first public transmission of Channel 5 was the first episode of Family Affairs, showing Willowtree Marina.

Nearest places

 * Hayes
 * Ealing
 * Greenford
 * Hanwell
 * Northolt
 * Southall
 * Sudbury
 * Harrow

title: Yeading


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Powell County, Montana

Powell County is a county in the U.S. state of Montana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 6,946. Its county seat is Deer Lodge.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 2332.7 sqmi, of which 2326.4 sqmi is land and 6.3 sqmi (0.3%) is water.

Major highways

 * [[Image:I-90.svg|20px]] Interstate 90
 * [[Image:US 10.svg|20px]] U.S. Route 10 (Former)
 * [[Image:US 12.svg|20px]] U.S. Route 12
 * [[Image:MT-141.svg|20px]] Montana Highway 141
 * [[Image:MT-200.svg|20px]] Montana Highway 200

Adjacent counties

 * Flathead County - north
 * Lewis and Clark County - east
 * Jefferson County - southeast
 * Deer Lodge County - south
 * Granite County - southwest
 * Missoula County - west

National protected areas

 * Beaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest (part)
 * Flathead National Forest (part)
 * Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site
 * Helena National Forest (part)
 * Lolo National Forest (part)
 * Bob Marshall Wilderness Area (part)
 * Scapegoat Wilderness Area (part)

2020 census
As of the 2020 census, there were 6,946 people living in the county.

2010 census
As of the 2010 census, there were 7,027 people, 2,466 households, and 1,582 families in the county. The population density was 3.0 PD/sqmi. There were 3,105 housing units at an average density of 1.3 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 92.4% white, 4.4% American Indian, 1.0% black or African American, 0.5% Asian, 0.4% from other races, and 1.3% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 1.7% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 27.9% were German, 19.1% were Irish, 14.6% were English, 8.5% were Norwegian, and 4.7% were American.

Of the 2,466 households, 26.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.8% were married couples living together, 8.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 35.8% were non-families, and 32.2% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.79. The median age was 45.1 years.

The median income for a household in the county was $39,851 and the median income for a family was $45,339. Males had a median income of $30,163 versus $24,837 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,849. About 12.3% of families and 17.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 32.4% of those under age 18 and 13.0% of those age 65 or over.

Government and infrastructure
The current Montana State Prison facility is located in an unincorporated area in the county, near Deer Lodge.

Powell County voters have supported Republican Party candidates in every national election since 1964.

City

 * Deer Lodge (county seat)

Census-designated places

 * Avon
 * Elliston
 * Garrison
 * Goldcreek
 * Helmville
 * Ovando
 * Racetrack

Other unincorporated communities

 * Carpenter's Bar
 * Danielsville
 * Jens
 * Pioneer
 * Wall City

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Powell County, Montana


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Yiewsley

Yiewsley is a large suburban village in the London Borough of Hillingdon, England, 2 miles (3 km) south of Uxbridge, the borough's commercial and administrative centre. Yiewsley was a chapelry in the ancient parish of Hillingdon, Middlesex. The population of the ward was 12,979 at the 2011 Census.

Toponymy
Yiewsley is not recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086. The place-name is believed to be derived from the Anglo-Saxon Wifeleslēah: "Wifel's woodland clearing". The earliest written record of Yiewsley is from 1235 where it is shown as Wiuesleg in Assize Rolls.

Geography
The western side of Yiewsley lies within the Colne Valley Regional Park. Here the River Colne forms the county boundary between the London Borough of Hillingdon and Buckinghamshire. The confluence of the Frays River and River Pinn also occurs in this area and there are several man-made lakes. After climbing over the Chiltern Hills by the use of 52 locks from the Marsworth Junction, the Grand Union Canal turns east in Yiewsley to route towards London. Half a mile north of this turn, the five miles long Slough Arm of the canal leaves the Grand Union main line at the Cowley Peachey Junction, crossing over the Frays River and River Colne in aqueducts on its westward route towards the Slough basin. On the eastern side of Yiewsley lies Stockley Country Park. Within its 274 acres of parkland lies a comprehensive network of footpaths.

To the west of Yiewsley, beyond the River Colne lie the Buckinghamshire villages of Iver, Richings Park and Thorney. To the north, over the River Pinn is Cowley Peachey. To the northeast of Yiewsley is Hillingdon and the villages of Colham Green and Goulds Green. To the east lies Stockley Park and to the south, across the Great Western Railway is West Drayton.

Geology
Over tens of thousands of years the course of the River Thames moved south, first flowing to the north of Yiewsley, then over the Yiewsley area until reaching its present course today where it lies 4.8 miles (7.7 km) to the southwest of Yiewsley at its closest point. Over thousands of years the Thames deposited layers of fluvial terrace gravels, silts, sands and loams on the Middle Thames area with silts forming brickearth.

Lower and Middle Palaeolithic
Within the brickearth and gravels deposited by the Thames significant quantities of early human tools were found when commercial excavations began in Yiewsley on an industrial scale in the 19th century. The first person to start collecting artifacts from Yiewsley was John Allen Brown (1833-1903) a Fellow of the Geological Society who collected between 1889 and 1901. The principle collector was Robert Galloway Rice (1852-1933), a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries who recorded over 2600 items from the Yiewsley area between approximately 1905 and 1929. In 1937 his collection of Lower Palaeolithic and Middle Palaeolithic artifacts was donated to the Museum of London.

In his 1978 Archaeological Report, Early Man in West Middlesex, The Yiewsley Palaeolithic sites, Palaeontologist Desmond Collins states the following with regard to the archaeological significance of the Yiewsley sites:

“..the Yiewsley pits have yielded one of the largest series of Lower Palaeolithic stone hand tools in Europe and the area remains one of the richest Palaeolithic sites in Britain.”

“A feature unique to Yiewsley is the presence in a higher level of stone tools of a Middle palaeolithic (Mousterian) date, isolated for the first time, and indicating occupation during the Neanderthal period some 70,000 years ago – a period of man's development otherwise poorly represented in the archaeology of Britain”

Bronze Age
In 1913–1914, there was the discovery of a Bronze Age urnfield cemetery with the excavation of 14 Deverel-Rimbury cinerary urns. These and other Bronze Age items have been cataloged at the British Museum.

The besieged Danes of Thorney Island 893 AD
In the spring of 893, after overwintering at Appledore and then plundering through Kent and Sussex, a Viking raiding army turned to head for the Danish controlled lands in the east (later known as the Danelaw). However they were intercepted by Alfred the Great's son Edward with his West Saxon Fyrd at Farnham in Surry. The Danes were routed, fleeing over the River Thames into Mercia with the West Saxon army in pursuit. Having reached the River Colne the Danes mounted a defence on what was known as Thorney Island, believed to be land between the Colne and an offshoot channel of the river between Thorney and Iver, approximately half a mile west from Yiewsley High Street today. Edward began a siege of the island and was joined by Æthelred of Mercia with soldiers from the Mercian garrison in London. After a prolonged stalemate which may have lasted up to six months, an agreement was reached for the Danes to leave peacefully. Hostages were taken as collateral and vows made by the Danes that they would leave the Anglo-Saxon lands and go directly to the lands under Danish control which they duly did, without any of their plundered spoils. Yiewsley (or Wifeleslēah) and the land of the Middle Saxons had been part of the Kingdom of Essex but came under Mercian control in the reign of King Æthelbald (716-757AD). By the time of the siege of Thorney Island in 893, eastern Mercia had conquered by the Danes and with his power diminished Æthelred had been forced to cede overlordship to King Alfred the Great of Wessex. When Æthelred died in 911, Middlesex was annexed by Wessex under Alfred's son, now King Edward (899-924AD). Edward would go on to take control of all of Mercia, both Angle and Danish, advancing the progression of England being united into a single kingdom.

The Parish of Hillingdon and Colham Manor
For the majority of its existence Yiewsley was a hamlet in the Parish of St John the Baptist Church, Hillingdon, with a tenurial relationship with Colham Manor. Before the Norman Conquest, Colham Manor had belonged to Wigot of Wallingford. By the time of Domesday Book in 1086 it was the property of one of William the Conqueror's principle advisors, Roger de Montgomery.

In Colham Manor's fertile arable fields in the late 14th century, wheat was the predominant crop grown, but also rye and oats were farmed. Surplus grain was sold in London or Uxbridge. By the 12th Century Uxbridge had become the market town for the Parish of Hillingdon and it is thought by the 14th Century the town's population had exceeded that of the rest of the Parish, and this remained the case until the 1821 census. By 1600 Uxbridge was the principle Corn market for West Middlesex and much of south Buckinghamshire.

The plentiful and consistent supplies of water from the River Colne had played an important role in Hillingdon Parish becoming a flour milling centre. The Fray's River is believed to have been cut or modified from the Colne for the use of water mills by John Fray in the 15th century. A map of 1842 shows the River Colne and Frays River powering eight corn mills in the Parish. The nearest mills to Yiewsley were Colham Mill (called Lower Colham Mill from around 1746) in the south of the Parish and Yiewsley Mill which was situated on the northern side of Yiewsley Moor on the north side today's Little Britain Lake.

The oldest buildings in Yiewsley today date from the late 16th century or early 17th century and are situated at either end of Yiewsley High Street. At the northern end of the High Street is Yiewsley Grange (Also known as Brookside) which overlooks the River Pinn and is Hillingdon Manor School today. Next to Yiewsley Grange is the Six-bay Barn at Philpot's Yard (Formally Philpot's Farm). At the southern end of the High Street is the De Burgh Arms Public house, named in honour of the De Burgh family who became the Lords of Colham Manor from 1787.

The Opening of Grand Junction Canal 1794
Yiewsley's agrarian way of life started to change with the opening of the Grand Junction Canal. Construction began with cuttings on Uxbridge Moor on 1 May 1793 and in early May at Brentford and Braunston. From the Thames at Brentford to Hanwell, the canal was engineered from the River Brent. At Hanwell the canal parted from the Brent and was routed west, following the natural 100 foot contour to avoid the building of expensive and time consuming locks. It was cut through Yiewsley, turning north to follow the route of the River Colne, crossing over the Fray's River in an aqueduct at Cowley Lock.

On Monday 3 November 1794 the canal was opened between the River Thames and Uxbridge. However toll collectors weren't appointed at Uxbridge and Brentford until May 1795. It is likely the aqueduct over the Fray's River at Cowley Lock wasn't completed until the Autumn of 1795 with measures undertaken there to allow traffic to pass through. In the next year 1796, Yiewsley's first dock, Colham wharf was opened next to Colham Bridge. In 1801 the Paddington Arm of the canal opened from Bulls Bridge near Hayes and would be of national importance as a trade route into and from the Capital.

Yiewsley's brick Industry

The building of the canal enabled the bulk transportation of what became known as Cowley (or London) stock bricks, made from Yiewsley's rich deposits of brick-earth. The first record of the sale of significant numbers of bricks in Yiewsley is shown in the Public Ledger and Daily Advertiser of the 24 March 1809, advertising an auction of upwards of one million bricks owned by W.M Pope situated at a site adjoining the canal. In 1820 a branch of the canal known as Otter Dock was opened. It would become the longest of nine arms and docks that were constructed in Yiewsley to service the outgoing transportation of bricks and the importing of coal from the Midlands to fire Yiewsley's clamp kilns. The finished bricks were then transported mainly along the Grand Junction Canal to South Wharf in the Paddington Basin and to wharves along the Regent's Canal, but also to other locations along the canal and River Thames.

Although figures for Yiewsley's brick production in the nineteenth century are not available, in July 1879 brickmaker Samuel Pocock stated at a committee of the House of Commons discussing the proposed Langley and Slough Branch of the Grand Junction canal that he had purchased his West Drayton brickfields (south of his existing Hillingdon Parish brickfields at Starveall) in March 1874 and had been making 15-20 million bricks per year. By the 1890s it is estimated 100 million bricks per year were being produced in West Middlesex supplying the demand for building materials of Victorian London. With this high production rate the deposits of brick-earth began to become depleted around the turn of the century. Brick-earth was still being extracted from Hide Field to the east of Yiewsley in 1913 but by 1930 the Stockley brickworks were producing only 2 million bricks a year. The brickworks were closed in 1935, but the underlying gravels and sands continued to be extracted until the 1970s.

The Great Western Railway and West Drayton Station (West Drayton and Yiewsley Station)
The construction of the Great Western Railway (GWR) began in 1835 and the line between Paddington and Maidenhead was opened in 1838 with West Drayton being its first station. A GWR branch line to Uxbridge Vine Street was completed in 1856. West Drayton Station was relocated east to its present position on Station Approach from Tavistock Road on the 9 April 1884, four months before a second branch line, operated by the Staines and West Drayton Railway (S&WDR) was opened on the 9 August 1884. In 1895 the station was renamed West Drayton and Yiewsley station.

Diversification of industry from the mid-1800s
By the middle of the 19th Century brick production and flour milling were Yiewsley's main industries; However new industry was beginning to develop. The Victoria oil mills near Colham Wharf was established before 1855. In 1865 it was owned by Walter Graham & Co and was producing linseed cake. A chemical works owned by Alfred White and Sons in 1890 was established by 1864 in the south of the Parish. The Hillingdon Varnish works, situated to the west of Iron Bridge Road had been established by 1868. In June 1890 it was owned by Messrs Wilkinson, Heyward and Clark. In 1874 W. Gillespie & Co were manufacturing engines and boilers at the Foundry and Engineering Works and in 1875 Horizontal Condensing Engines were being made by Edwin Philip Bastin & Company at the Alliance Engine Works. In 1880 Edward Stewart & Co operated the West Drayton cement works and in 1890 the Electrical Engineering Corporation was making electrical equipment and Dynamos. An Indian rubber mill had been established by 1894 on Trout Road, in 1900 it was owned J.E Hopkinson & Co. In 1898 the Padcroft Saw Mills were being operated by John A. Holland. By 1900 the Rotary Photographic Company was established opposite Lower Colham Mill and in 1903 the Power Plant Co was established producing Helical Gears and couplings. In the First World War they supplied steam turbines for the Royal Navy. In 1913 the Steam Fittings Company Limited in Horton Road was producing ‘Steam traps’ to be used in Navy vessels. The company changed its name to the Drayton Regulator and Instrument Company in 1926. Also by 1913 printing works had been established on Tavistock Road and Horton Bridge Road. In 1916 C.J. Culliford & Co operated the Lithographic Printing Works. Also in 1916 the Onslow Cotton Mill was established on Trout Road. In late 1917 The West Drayton Glass Works was founded on Horton Road. In 1918 Frederick Bird & Co of the West Drayton Engineering Works also on Horton Road had been manufacturing engineering products to the Army and Navy as part of the war effort. Government contracts were also given to Squire & Son to produce glycerine and Messrs Sabey for the supply of gravel. In 1919 The Anglo-Swiss Screw Company was established on Trout Road, the same year as the S.C. Johnson & Son wax company opened their factory on the site of Colham Wharf.

In 1920 the Admiralty Engineering Laboratory was operational in the south of the Yiewsley Urban District, specializing in experimental work for the Royal Navy. During the war the Sonic laboratory had been established in the building to develop the engineering inventions of George Constantinescu. Constantinescu had begun the development the Constantinesco-Colley Fire Control Timing Gear (C.C. Gear) for synchronizing machine gun fire through aircraft propellers at his laboratory at the Haddon Engineering Works in Alperton. His system worked by using wave pulses which were generated and transmitted from a column of fluid (90% paraffin to 10% of B.B. Mobiloil or P.924 (anti-freezing) oil) instead of a system of mechanical linkages which had been used in aircraft up until then. The C.C. Gear was not only more reliable than a mechanical linkage system, but also allowed a higher rate of fire and was readily adaptable to any type of engine and airframe. The first working C.C. gear was successfully air-tested on a B.E.2 aircraft in August 1916 and was fitted to No.55 Squadron's DH.4's when they arrived in France on 6 March 1917. In the following days they were joined by Bristol Fighters of No 48 Squadron and SE5's of No 56 Squadron. From November 1917 the C.C. Gear was fitted to all new British-made aircraft with synchronized guns with 20,000 being delivered between January and October 1918 and is considered to have played a significant role in achieving final air superiority over the Luftstreitkrafte. On 25 March 1919 Queen Mary and Queen Marie of Romania visited the Sonic laboratory. Constantinescu was warmly congratulated by the two queens for his work.

In the 1920s Trout road developed as a centre for companies involved in oils and chemical production. In 1921 K.B Mavlankar was producing Essential Oils at the British Aromatic Chemical Works on Trout Road. From 1928 the Kenilworth Chemical Manufacturing Company and the English Metal Powder Company operated factories in Trout Road. Their factory was transferred after 1935 to the Middlesex Oil and Chemical Works Ltd, manufacturing oils, petroleum jellies, and resins. The Kenilworth Chemical and English Metal Powder companies then moved to an adjoining site in Trout Road. From the 1930s a number of smaller companies engaged in manufacturing chemicals, plastics, and engineering components were established on and around Trout Road, this would develop to being more than forty companies in the area.

Two firms began production of motor vehicles in Yiewsley after the Second World War. Road Machines of Horton Parade manufactured a range of vehicles including contractors' plant equipment and Mono-Rail transporters and in 1952 James Whitson & Co began manufacturing coaches and fire engines in Yiewsley High Street.

It would seem to be a curiosity why most of the early companies in Yiewsley chose to have West Drayton as their business address, as they were neither in West Drayton nor in the Parish of West Drayton. West Drayton remained a largely rural village until into the 20th Century and then developed into a mostly residential area. A possible answer to this is that railway station had been called West Drayton station since its opening in 1838 and only changed to West Drayton and Yiewsley in 1895. With the Railways becoming the principal form of transportation in the latter half of the 19th century, it would appear businesses believed it was commercially advantageous to adopt West Drayton as their address.

Decline in railway usage
By the 1960s the demand for rail travel was falling. The branch line to Uxbridge Vine St was particularly affected by competition from the town's London Underground lines. Passenger services to Uxbridge were stopped in 1962, however a short section of line (approximately 745 yards) to the Middlesex Oil and Chemical Works on Trout Road continued in use for freight services until 8 January 1979. The Staines line was closed to passengers in 1965 as a consequence of 1963 report ‘The Reshaping of British Railways’ by Dr Richard Beeching, Chairman of the British Railways Board (BRB). The line continues to be used for freight services as far as Colnbrook.

Another consequence of the Beeching report was the closure of over 2000 railway stations across Great Britain. From 1968 until 1980 a policy was adopted by the British Railways Board to shorten the remaining stations' names where possible. This policy resulted in Yiewsley being removed from the station name after 79 years on the 6 May 1974.

Yiewsley today
Yiewsley today is a growing community with both residential housing and commercial businesses. With the establishment of the Elizabeth line and as a consequence of the London Plan and Hillingdon Local Plan there has been significant construction of residential apartments on former industrial and manufacturing sites. Yiewsley has an active High Street with national retail outlets Tesco, Iceland and Aldi situated on it. Together with local businesses in Yiewsley and Uxbridge, Heathrow airport is a major source of employment in the area.

Public services

 * Yiewsley Library is situated on Yiewsley High Street.
 * P3 Navigator is an Advice centre for young people on Fairfield Road.
 * Yiewsley Health Centre on Yiewsley High Street and incorporates The High Street Practice and the Yiewsley Family Practice.
 * Otterfield Medical Centre is situated on Otterfield Road.
 * West Drayton and Yiewsley Dental provide NHS dental care and is situated on Providence Road.

Education
Primary schools in Yiewsley:
 * St Matthew's CE Primary School
 * Rabbsfarm Primary School

Secondary school:
 * Park Academy West London

Special and Alternative schools:
 * Hillingdon Manor School, Yiewsley Grange
 * The Pride Academy
 * The Skills Hub

Political representation

 * Yiewsley's Member of Parliament is Steve Tuckwell MP
 * Yiewsley's elected representative in the London Assembly is Bassam Mahfouz
 * The Yiewsley ward councillors in the Hillingdon Borough Council are:
 * Councillor Naser Mohammed Issa Abby
 * Councillor Sital Punja

St Matthew's parish church
Until the mid-19th century, Yiewsley was a district of the parish of St John the Baptist church, Hillingdon. After the opening of the brick-fields, Yiewsley's population started to grow, and work began to provide for the building of a Mission Church (also referred to as a chapel of ease). St Matthew's Church was designed by Sir George Gilbert Scott and was consecrated on 6 July 1859. Yiewsley became a separate ecclesiastical parish in 1874.

With the population of Yiewsley continuing to grow in the latter years of the 19th century, more room was required in the church. Architect Sir Charles Nicholson was consulted to design the enlargement to the church and its foundation stone was laid on 24 September 1897. The Church was consecrated by the Bishop of London on 25 April 1898.

Yiewsley War Memorial stands in the grounds of St Matthew's Church. It was unveiled on Saturday 28 May 1921 by Lady Delia Peel in honour of the 128 men of the parish who fell in the Great War. Her husband, Yiewsley's Member of Parliament Col. Hon. Sidney Peel, gave an address to the assembled people of Yiewsley before the unveiling. In the address he stated that the population of Yiewsley at the time was something under 5,000, but more than 530 men of the parish had served in His Majesty's Army during the war – more than one in ten of the whole population of the place including women and children. Before closing his address with the names of the men inscribed on the memorial, he stated that it had been put there in order that the people of Yiewsley in time to come might bring their children to it and point out to them the names of father, grandfather or some other relative and tell them of the great things that were done by their predecessors so that it might be an inspiration and hope for the future.

On Sunday 4 October 2009 the war memorial was rededicated by Peter Broadbent, the Bishop of Willesden, to include the names of the 73 men of the parish who fell in the Second World War. A ceremony with the laying of wreaths is held at the War Memorial on Remembrance Sunday each year.

Culture and recreation

 * The Yiewsley and West Drayton Arts Council maintain the Southlands Arts Centre in West Drayton. They oversee events and promote local creativity. There are many exhibitions, music festivals, and creative endeavours from fine arts, photography, film-making and music groups.
 * Community events are held at Yiewsley's three churches, St Matthew's Parish Church, Yiewsley Baptist Church and Yiewsley Methodist church. Events are also held at the Yiewsley and West Drayton Community centre in West Drayton.
 * The Outline Community Theatre Company is based at St Matthews Church and stages productions of both modern and classic theatre in the local area.
 * The Hillingdon Theatre Dance Centre has its studio on Yiewsley High Street.
 * The Yiewsley and West Drayton Band is a second section brass band established in 1890 and maintains a year-round programme of concerts and community events.
 * 1381 Squadron (West Drayton & Yiewsley) Royal Air Force Air Cadets are based at Summer Drive, West Drayton.
 * Yiewsley Recreation Ground is situated between Falling Lane and Yiewsley High Street.
 * Stockley Country Park has a network of footpaths in its 274 acres of parkland. There are views across the local area and there is an 18-hole golf course. The Gould Green Riding School provides horse riding lessons in the park.
 * The London Loop, Beeches Way, The Celandine route, Shakespeare's Way, the Colne Valley Trail and The Grand Union Canal walk route along the footpaths, bridleways and canal towpaths in Yiewsley.
 * Uxbridge F.C. established 1871, are one of the oldest football clubs in the south of England. They play at Honeycroft on Horton Road.
 * Thorney Weir the Mets and Lizard Lakes fishery have coarse fishing in their lakes in Yiewsley.
 * The Grand Union Canal gives boating access to the network of canals and rivers of England. Canalside moorings are available through Yiewsley with the nearest marina being the Packet Boat Marina at Cowley Peachey. High Line Yachting operate boatyards on the Grand Union Mainline at Cowley Peachey and on the Grand Union Slough Arm at Iver.

Commerce
Yiewsley's main commercial area is on and adjacent to Horton Road. There are over 70 businesses located here including the Speedfit manufacturer John Guest (RWC Ltd) and the data centre company Virtus, who have the UK's largest data centre campus at Prologis Park West London. New Pro Foundries in Horton Close have produced the bronze BAFTA awards.

Rail
West Drayton railway station is located at the southern end of Yiewsley High Street and is on the Great Western Main Line. The Elizabeth line operates a stopping service between Abbey Wood and Reading and Great Western Railway (GWR) operates a stopping service between London Paddington and Didcot Parkway.

Road
Yiewsley is served by the nearby M4 and M25 motorways which lie a little over a mile to its south and west respectively. The A408 Stockley Road dual carriageway on the eastern side of Yiewsley acts as a by-pass road, avoiding the village centre.

Buses
There are regular London bus services from Yiewsley to Uxbridge, Hayes, Ruislip, Hounslow and to the Heathrow Airport Terminals.

Air
Heathrow Airport lies 2.5 miles (4 km) south of Yiewsley.

Notable people

 * Ronnie Wood, guitarist in rock bands The Rolling Stones and Faces, grew up in Whitethorn Avenue, attending St Stephen's Infant School and St Matthew's Church of England Primary School.
 * Art Wood (1937-2006), vocalist of the Sixties rhythm and blues group The Artwoods grew up in Whitethorn Avenue.
 * Ted Wood (1939-2003), Traditional Jazz vocalist and drummer was born in Yiewsley, growing up in Whitehorn Avenue.
 * Musician Kim Gardner (1948–2001), of The Birds, The Creation and Ashton, Gardner and Dyke, grew up in Yiewsley.
 * Cinematographer Wally Gentleman (1926–2001), whose credits include the special effects on 2001: A Space Odyssey and Universe, was born in Yiewsley.
 * George Thomas Moore Marriott (1885-1949) regarded as one of the best stage and screen character actors of his generation was born in Alpha Place, High Street, Yiewsley.

title: Yiewsley


text:
Powder River County, Montana

Powder River County is a county in the U.S. state of Montana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 1,694. Its county seat is Broadus.

History
Powder River County's area was probably first entered by Europeans when French trappers worked its streams in the early 1800s. In 1865 the federal government sent soldiers (Powder River Expedition) to the Powder River country to combat Native Americans from the Cheyenne, Lakota Sioux, and Arapaho tribes. September 1865 saw several skirmishes (Powder River Battles) near present-day Broadus. On March 17, 1876, the Battle of Powder River occurred in the south-central part of the county, about 34 mi southwest of Broadus.

Powderville was the area's first established settlement; it began operating on November 1, 1878, as the Powder River Telegraph Station on a line connecting Fort Keogh to Deadwood, South Dakota. On April 5, 1879, the Mizpah Creek Incidents began near the Powderville telegraph station.

Custer County was organized in early 1877, consisting of most of SE Montana Territory. In February 1900, the Broadus Post Office opened. In October 1918 the first edition of the area's first newspaper appeared. On March 17, 1919, Powder River County was formed from southern Custer County. In a 1920 election, Broadus was chosen as the county seat.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 3298 sqmi, of which 3297 sqmi is land and 0.6 sqmi (0.02%) is water.

Major highways

 * [[Image:US 212.svg|20px]] U.S. Highway 212
 * [[Image:MT-59.svg|20px]] Montana Highway 59

Transit
Powder River County Transit provides demand-response services throughout the county.

Adjacent counties

 * Custer County - north
 * Carter County - east
 * Crook County, Wyoming - southeast
 * Campbell County, Wyoming - south
 * Sheridan County, Wyoming - southwest
 * Big Horn County - west
 * Rosebud County - northwest

National protected area

 * Custer National Forest (part)

2020 census
As of the 2020 census, there were 1,694 people living in the county.

2010 census
As of the 2010 census, there were 1,743 people, 755 households, and 505 families in the county. The population density was 0.5 PD/sqmi. There were 1,022 housing units at an average density of 0.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the county was 95.0% white, 1.5% American Indian, 0.2% Asian, 0.1% black or African American, 1.1% from other races, and 2.1% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 1.4% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 34.6% were German, 31.0% were American, 15.1% were English, 14.0% were Irish, and 8.6% were Norwegian.

Of the 755 households, 26.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.1% were married couples living together, 5.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 33.1% were non-families, and 28.3% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.76. The median age was 49.3 years.

The median income for a household in the county was $37,685 and the median income for a family was $50,156. Males had a median income of $27,721 versus $26,250 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,543. About 11.6% of families and 14.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.7% of those under age 18 and 11.7% of those age 65 or over.

Politics
Powder River County is heavily Republican; it has voted Republican in every presidential election since 1940.

Town

 * Broadus (county seat)

Census-designated place

 * Biddle

Unincorporated communities

 * Bay Horse
 * Belle Creek
 * Cameron Crossing
 * Coalwood
 * Elkhorn Crossing
 * Epsie
 * Moorhead
 * Olive
 * Otter
 * Powderville
 * Sayle
 * Sonnette
 * Willow Crossing

Notable people

 * Jess Lockwood, 2017 and 2019 PBR World champion
 * Lee Randall, Republican member of the Montana House of Representatives (2009–2017)
 * Ronnie Rossen, World Champion PRCA Bull rider (1961, 1966)
 * Jason Evans, six-time National Steer Roping Finals qualifier
 * Steve Held, professional actor, rancher, and Democratic candidate for Montana's 2nd congressional district in the 2024 U.S. House of Representatives election in Montana

title: Powder River County, Montana


text:
Pondera County, Montana

Pondera County is a county in the U.S. state of Montana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 5,898. Its county seat is Conrad.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1640 sqmi, of which 1623 sqmi is land and 17 sqmi (1.0%) is water.

Adjacent counties

 * Glacier County – north
 * Toole County – north
 * Liberty County – east
 * Chouteau County – east
 * Teton County – south
 * Flathead County – west

National protected area

 * Lewis and Clark National Forest (part)
 * Rocky Mountain Front Conservation Area (part)

2020 census
As of the 2020 census, there were 5,898 people living in the county.

2010 census
As of the 2010 census, there were 6,153 people, 2,285 households, and 1,528 families residing in the county. The population density was 3.8 PD/sqmi. There were 2,659 housing units at an average density of 1.6 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 82.7% white, 14.5% American Indian, 0.2% Asian, 0.1% black or African American, 0.2% from other races, and 2.4% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 1.4% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 31.9% were German, 14.7% were Norwegian, 13.2% were Irish, 9.3% were English, 5.7% were Dutch, and 5.6% were American.

Of the 2,285 households, 30.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.3% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 33.1% were non-families, and 29.9% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 3.01. The median age was 42.8 years.

The median income for a household in the county was $36,419 and the median income for a family was $47,656. Males had a median income of $34,259 versus $26,903 for females. The per capita income for the county was $18,989. About 14.9% of families and 21.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 32.5% of those under age 18 and 10.7% of those age 65 or over.

Politics
From its creation until 1964, voters of Pondera County were fairly balanced; they selected Democratic Party candidates in 58% of national elections. Since 1964, the Republican presidential candidate has garnered the county's vote in every election.

City

 * Conrad (county seat)

Town

 * Valier

Census-designated places

 * Birch Creek Colony
 * Brady
 * Dupuyer
 * Heart Butte
 * Kingsbury Colony
 * Midway Colony
 * New Miami Colony
 * Pondera Colony

Other unincorporated communities

 * East Community
 * Fowler
 * Gallup City
 * Ledger
 * Manson
 * Williams

Notable people

 * Ivan Doig, author; resided in Dupuyer
 * George Montgomery – film/television actor; born and raised in Brady

title: Pondera County, Montana


text:
Phillips County, Montana

Phillips County is a county in the U.S. state of Montana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 4,217. Its county seat is Malta. Before February 5, 1915, Phillips County was part of Blaine County, and before 1912 both were part of Chouteau County. It was named for rancher and state senator Benjamin D. Phillips.

Its northern boundary is the Canada–United States border with Saskatchewan. The Missouri River defines its southern boundary.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 5212 sqmi, of which 5140 sqmi is land and 72 sqmi (1.4%) is water. It is the second-largest county in Montana by land area and third-largest by total area.

Adjacent counties and rural municipalities

 * Blaine County - west
 * Fergus County - southwest
 * Petroleum County - south
 * Garfield County - southeast
 * Valley County - east
 * Rural Municipality (RM) of Lone Tree No. 18, Saskatchewan (SK) - north
 * RM of Val Marie No. 17, SK - north
 * RM of Mankota No. 45, SK - northeast

National protected areas

 * Bowdoin National Wildlife Refuge
 * Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge (part)
 * Hewitt Lake National Wildlife Refuge
 * UL Bend National Wildlife Refuge
 * Upper Missouri River Breaks National Monument (part)

2020 census
As of the 2020 census, there were 4,217 people living in the county.

2010 census
As of the 2010 census, there were 4,253 people, 1,819 households, and 1,159 families residing in the county. The population density was 0.8 PD/sqmi. There were 2,335 housing units at an average density of 0.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the county was 87.0% white, 8.3% American Indian, 0.2% Asian, 0.4% from other races, and 4.0% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 1.9% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 26.2% were Norwegian, 24.3% were German, 13.4% were Irish, 10.1% were American, and 9.0% were English.

Of the 1,819 households, 27.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.9% were married couples living together, 7.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 36.3% were non-families, and 32.2% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.86. The median age was 46.8 years.

The median income for a household in the county was $36,453 and the median income for a family was $55,362. Males had a median income of $41,826 versus $26,417 for females. The per capita income for the county was $24,227. About 11.4% of families and 13.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.1% of those under age 18 and 4.8% of those age 65 or over.

Politics
From its creation until 1964, voters of Phillips County were fairly balanced; they selected Democratic Party candidates in 58% of national elections. After 1964 the Republican presidential candidate has garnered the county's vote in every election.

City

 * Malta (county seat)

Towns

 * Dodson
 * Saco

Census-designated places

 * East Malta Colony
 * Landusky
 * Loring Colony
 * Sleeping Buffalo
 * Whitewater
 * Zortman

Other unincorporated communities

 * Bowdoin
 * Caldwell
 * Cole
 * Content
 * Cree Crossing
 * Jordan Crossing
 * Loring
 * Morgan
 * Tattnall
 * Wagner

title: Phillips County, Montana


text:
Park County, Montana

Park County is a county in the U.S. state of Montana. At the 2020 census, the population was 17,191. Its county seat is Livingston. A small part of Yellowstone National Park is in the southern part of the county.

History
The Territorial Legislature of Montana Territory authorized Park County on February 23, 1887. It was named for its proximity to Yellowstone National Park, part of which is now in the county.

This area had long been peopled and hunted by indigenous peoples, including the Crow, Sioux, and Blackfoot tribes. The first recorded visit of European-descent people was the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1805). Mountain man Jim Bridger wintered with Crow nomads near present-day Emigrant in 1844–45.

Hunting and trapping brought many men across this area during the first part of the 19th century, but by 1850 the beaver population had nearly disappeared. Gold was discovered in Emigrant Gulch in 1863, and by 1864 a booming town was serving the area. In late 1864, Yellowstone City, consisting of 75 cabins, was in operation.

Two miners, John Bozeman and John Jacobs, laid out the Bozeman Trail in 1864 to allow access to western Montana Territory, and it soon became a well-traveled path between Fort Laramie and western Montana. The road ran through the future Livingston area to Bozeman Pass. By the late 1860s considerable traffic was also arriving (and departing) via the Yellowstone River, at an embarkation point in the Livingston area.

By the late 1860s, the indigenous peoples, denied access to their previous areas, had become a danger to the settlers, so Territorial Governor Green Clay Smith organized a militia to guard the Livingston area. The group of 600 men encamped at Fort Howie, near the mouth of Shields River, 5 mi east of present-day Livingston.

In 1868 an Indian agency (including a fortified structure) was established on the Crow Reservation, at Mission Creek, southeast of Livingston. A ferry service to the fort was set up to cross the Yellowstone River, 4 mi east of present-day Livingston. Benson's Landing was the small settlement that grew around the landing, and was a bustling community center for a few decades.

Interest in the Yellowstone Park area grew around 1870. By 1872, the federal government had established it as the country's first national park. By 1880 the population of the future Park County was 200. In 1881 the Northern Pacific Railway entered Montana Territory and extended a line to Livingston (which by this time had 500 inhabitants) by November 22, 1882. In 1883 the National Park branch of the Northern Pacific was completed; that year also saw completion of the east–west link of the NP lines, opening the northern part of the nation to commerce and settlement. The local population continued to grow rapidly; by 1887 the territorial legislature had authorized a county and its government had been set into motion. By 1890 the county population had reached 6,900.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has an area of 2813 sqmi, of which 2803 sqmi is land and 10.4 sqmi (0.4%) is water. The highest natural point in Montana, Granite Peak at 12,807 ft, is in Park County. The county attained its present boundaries in 1978, when the former Yellowstone National Park (part) county-equivalent was dissolved and apportioned between Gallatin County and Park County. Gallatin County received 99.155 sqmi of land area and 0.119 sqmi of water area, whereas Park County received 146.229 sqmi of land and 0.608 sqmi of water. The geographies transferred are known as Census Tract 14 in Gallatin County and Census Tract 6 in Park County.

Major highways

 * I-90.svg Interstate 90
 * US 89.svg U.S. Highway 89
 * US 191.svg U.S. Highway 191
 * US 212.svg U.S. Highway 212
 * MT-86.svg Montana Highway 86

Transit

 * Jefferson Lines

Adjacent counties

 * Gallatin County – west
 * Meagher County – north
 * Sweet Grass County – east
 * Stillwater County – southeast
 * Carbon County – southeast
 * Park County, Wyoming – south

National protected areas

 * Custer National Forest (part)
 * Gallatin National Forest (part)
 * Lewis and Clark National Forest (part)
 * Yellowstone National Park (part)

Politics
Voters in Park County tend to support the Republican Party candidate in national elections (79% since 1904).

2020 census
As of the 2020 census, there were 17,191 people living in the county.

2010 census
As of the 2010 census, there were 15,636 people, 7,310 households, and 4,177 families residing in the county. The population density was 5.6 PD/sqmi. There were 9,375 housing units at an average density of 3.3 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 96.5% white, 0.8% American Indian, 0.3% Asian, 0.1% black or African American, 0.5% from other races, and 1.6% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 2.1% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 26.2% were German, 17.3% were English, 16.2% were Irish, 10.9% were Norwegian, and 7.4% were American.

Of the 7,310 households, 23.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.7% were married couples living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 42.9% were non-families, and 35.7% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.12 and the average family size was 2.75. The median age was 45.4 years.

The median income for a household in the county was $38,830 and the median income for a family was $50,252. Males had a median income of $36,878 versus $31,062 for females. The per capita income for the county was $24,717. About 7.7% of families and 13.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.3% of those under age 18 and 10.7% of those age 65 or over.

City

 * Livingston (county seat)

Town

 * Clyde Park

Census-designated places

 * Cooke City
 * Corwin Springs
 * Emigrant
 * Gardiner
 * Jardine
 * Pine Creek
 * Pray
 * Silver Gate
 * South Glastonbury
 * Springdale
 * Wilsall
 * Wineglass

Other unincorporated communities

 * Brisbin
 * Carbella
 * Chadborn
 * Chico
 * Chimney Rock
 * Contact
 * Grannis
 * Hoppers
 * Hunters Hot Springs
 * Independence
 * Kotke
 * Miner
 * Sphinx
 * White City

Ghost town

 * Aldridge

title: Park County, Montana


text:
Musselshell County, Montana

Musselshell County is a county in south-central Montana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 4,730. Its county seat is Roundup.

History
Musselshell County was created in 1911 by Montana Governor Edwin L. Norris. The area was taken from Fergus, from Yellowstone, and Meagher counties. It was named for the Musselshell River which runs southwest–northeast through the county. That river had been thus named in 1805 by the Lewis and Clark Expedition, due to the abundance of freshwater mussels found along its banks. In 1915, a western portion of the county was partitioned off to form Golden Valley County, giving Musselshell County its present boundaries.

The county's northwestern area is rolling grasslands, which slope southeastward to the Musselshell River and the forested Bull Mountains in the southeast. The county has abundant natural resources of coal deposits, subterranean oil, and timbered slopes.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1863.91 sqmi, of which 1861.16 sqmi is land and 2.75 sqmi (0.1%) is water.

Major highways

 * [[Image:US 12.svg|20px]] U.S. Highway 12
 * [[Image:US 87.svg|20px]] U.S. Highway 87

Adjacent counties

 * Fergus County - northwest
 * Petroleum County - north
 * Rosebud County - east
 * Yellowstone County - south
 * Golden Valley County - west

National protected area

 * Lake Mason National Wildlife Refuge

Politics
In the fourteen national elections after its organization, Musselshell County voters selected Republican presidential candidates 50% of the time, and Democratic candidates 50% of the time. However, since the 1968 election, the Republican candidate has been selected in every election.

2020 census
As of the 2020 census, there were 4,730 people living in the county.

2010 census
As of the 2010 census, there were 4,538 people, 2,046 households, and 1,276 families in the county. The population density was 2.4 PD/sqmi. There were 2,654 housing units at an average density of 1.4 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 96.1% white, 1.3% American Indian, 0.2% black or African American, 0.2% Asian, 0.2% from other races, and 1.9% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 2.6% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 28.1% were German, 16.5% were English, 16.1% were Irish, 7.6% were Norwegian, and 7.0% were American.

Of the 2,046 households, 23.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.4% were married couples living together, 6.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 37.6% were non-families, and 33.5% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.19 and the average family size was 2.78. The median age was 49.1 years.

The median income for a household in the county was $37,033 and the median income for a family was $47,860. Males had a median income of $33,182 versus $25,750 for females. The per capita income for the county was $20,875. About 14.1% of families and 17.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.6% of those under age 18 and 9.6% of those age 65 or over.

City

 * Roundup (county seat)

Town

 * Melstone

Unincorporated communities

 * Delphia
 * Elso
 * Klein
 * Queens Point

Census-designated places

 * Camp Three
 * Flat Willow Colony
 * Kilby Butte Colony
 * Klein
 * Musselshell

title: Musselshell County, Montana


text:
Missoula County, Montana

Missoula County is a county located in the State of Montana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 117,922, making it Montana's third most populous county. Its county seat and most populous city is Missoula. The county was founded in 1860.

Missoula County comprises the Missoula, MT Metropolitan Statistical Area.

History
Missoula County, Washington Territory was incorporated in 1860, when this area was still part of Washington Territory. Missoula County encompassed present-day Missoula and Deer Lodge Counties, as well as a large area of land north and south of present-day Missoula County. Hell Gate Town, the county seat, was at the confluence of the Clark Fork and Bitterroot Rivers.

The area encompassing today's Missoula County became part of the United States as a result of Oregon Treaty of June 14, 1846. It was part of the Oregon Territory's Clark County, which replaced the District of Vancouver September 3, 1844. The territory was divided on March 2, 1853, with Clark County becoming part of the new Washington Territory. Clark County was divided the next year to create Skamania County, which a month later was divided to create Walla Walla County, which was further divided in 1858 to create Spokane County. On December 14, 1860, Missoula County was carved out of Spokane County with the first county seat at Hell Gate. The county made up the region between modern-day Idaho and the Continental Divide north of the 46th parallel. When Idaho Territory was created in 1863 it adopted Missoula County as the territory's 3rd county on January 16, 1864, with more or less the same boundaries and Wordensville (present Missoula) established as the county seat. This first county consisted of all or part of current Ravalli, Missoula, Granite, Deer Lodge, Silver Bow, Powell, Mineral, Lake, Sanders, Lincoln, Flathead, and Glacier Counties.

Missoula County became a part of Montana Territory when the territory was organized out of the existing Idaho Territory by Act of Congress and signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on May 26, 1864. At this time Deer Lodge County (today Deer Lodge, Granite, Silver Bow, and Powell Counties) was cut out of Missoula. The creation of Flathead (today Flathead and Lincoln Counties) and Ravalli Counties in 1893, Powell in 1901, Sanders in 1905, Mineral in 1914 and finally Lake County in 1923 gave Missoula its present borders.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 2618 sqmi, of which 2593 sqmi is land and 25 sqmi (1.0%) is water. It is the 24th largest county in Montana.

Geographic features
Five large valleys and two major rivers wind through this mountainous region.

Flora and fauna
Located in the Northern Rockies, Missoula County has a typical Rocky Mountain ecology. Local wildlife includes white-tailed deer, black bears, osprey, and bald eagles. During the winter months, rapid snow melt on Mount Jumbo due to its steep slope leaves grass available for grazing elk and mule deer. The rivers around Missoula provide nesting habitats for bank swallows, northern rough-winged swallows and belted kingfishers. Killdeer and spotted sandpipers can be seen foraging insects along the gravel bars. Other species include song sparrows, catbirds, several species of warblers, and the pileated woodpecker. The rivers also provide cold, clean water for native fish such as westslope cutthroat trout and bull trout. The meandering streams also attract beaver and wood ducks.

Native riparian plant life includes sandbar willows and cottonwoods, and Montana's state tree, the ponderosa pine. Other native plants include wetland species such as cattails and beaked-sedge as well as shrubs and berry plants like Douglas hawthorn, chokecherry, and western snowberries. Missoula is also home to several noxious weeds which multiple programs have tried to eliminate. Notable ones include Dalmatian toadflax, spotted knapweed, leafy spurge, St. John's wort, and sulfur cinquefoil. The Norway maples that line many of Missoula's older streets have also been declared an invasive species.

Climate
Missoula County has a semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSk), with cold and moderately snowy winters, hot and dry summers, and spring and autumn are short and crisp in between. Winter conditions are usually far milder than much of the rest of the state due to its western position within the state. However, the mildness is also induced by the dampness, as unlike much of the rest of the state, precipitation is not at a strong minimum during winter. Winter snowfall averages 43 in, with most years seeing very little of it from April to October. Summers see very sunny conditions, with highs peaking at 84 F in July. However, temperature differences between day and night are large during this time and from April to October, due to the relative aridity.

National protected areas

 * Bitterroot National Forest (part)
 * Flathead National Forest (part)
 * Lolo National Forest (part)
 * Rattlesnake National Recreation Area

Major highways

 * [[Image:I-90.svg|20px]] Interstate 90
 * [[Image:US 12.svg|20px]] U.S. Highway 12
 * [[Image:US 93.svg|20px]] U.S. Highway 93
 * [[Image:MT-83.svg|20px]] Montana Highway 83
 * [[Image:MT-200.svg|20px]] Montana Highway 200

Transit

 * Jefferson Lines
 * Mountain Line

Adjacent counties

 * Mineral County - west
 * Sanders County - northwest
 * Lake County - north
 * Flathead County - northeast
 * Powell County - east
 * Granite County - southeast
 * Ravalli County - south
 * Idaho County, Idaho - southwest/Pacific Time Border
 * Clearwater County, Idaho - southwest/Pacific Time Border

2020 census
As of the 2020 census, there were 117,922 people living in the county.

2010 census
As of the 2010 census, there were 109,299 people, 45,926 households, and 25,931 families residing in the county. The population density was 42.1 PD/sqmi. There were 50,106 housing units at an average density of 19.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the county was 92.7% white, 2.6% American Indian, 1.1% Asian, 0.4% black or African American, 0.1% Pacific islander, 0.4% from other races, and 2.6% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 2.6% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 26.1% were German, 17.8% were Irish, 12.3% were English, 7.3% were Norwegian, and 5.4% were American.

Of the 45,926 households, 26.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.9% were married couples living together, 9.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 43.5% were non-families, and 30.3% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.88. The median age was 34.3 years.

The median income for a household in the county was $42,887 and the median income for a family was $58,302. Males had a median income of $39,603 versus $30,069 for females. The per capita income for the county was $24,343. About 8.8% of families and 17.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.9% of those under age 18 and 8.8% of those age 65 or over.

Economy
Missoula County has a diverse economy as a growing regional trade center with several major employers such as the University of Montana, regional hospitals, and the U.S. Forest Service each employing thousands. However, 90% of wage and salary workers work for small businesses with under 20 workers with a quarter of them self-employed.

Law and government
Missoula County is governed by a Board of County Commissioners of three members; each serving six-year terms staggered so as to have one election every two years. The commission has authority over all legislative, executive, and administrative issues throughout the county not specifically reserved by law or ordinance to other elected officials.

Originally a swing county, Missoula County has voted reliably Democratic since 2004, and has voted Republican only once since 1988. In 2000, Republican George W. Bush won the county by a 9% margin while Green Party candidate Ralph Nader received over 16% of the vote in the county. This is most likely due to the city of Missoula being home to the University of Montana.

School districts
Missoula County is home to 18 school districts (13 Elementary, 2 Secondary, and 3 Unified).

K-12 (Unified) districts include:
 * Alberton K-12 Schools
 * Florence-Carlton K-12 Schools
 * Frenchtown K-12 Schools

High school districts include:
 * Arlee High School District
 * Missoula High School District

Elementary school districts include:
 * Arlee
 * Bonner
 * Clinton
 * DeSmet
 * Hellgate
 * Lolo
 * Missoula
 * Potomac
 * Seeley Lake
 * Sunset
 * Swan Valley
 * Target Range
 * Woodman

Colleges and universities
Missoula County is home to the University of Montana and the Missoula College - University of Montana.

City

 * Missoula (county seat)

Census-designated places

 * Bonner-West Riverside
 * Carlton
 * Clinton
 * Condon
 * East Missoula
 * Evaro
 * Frenchtown
 * Huson
 * Lolo
 * Orchard Homes
 * Piltzville
 * Potomac
 * Seeley Lake
 * Turah
 * Twin Creeks
 * Wye

Other unincorporated communities

 * Clearwater
 * Coloma
 * Greenough
 * Hell Gate
 * Lolo Hot Springs
 * Lothrop
 * Milltown
 * Nagos
 * Ninemile
 * Sunset
 * Westview Park
 * Yreka

title: Missoula County, Montana


text:
Mineral County, Montana

Mineral County is a county located in the U.S. state of Montana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 4,535. Its county seat is Superior.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1223 sqmi, of which 1219 sqmi is land and 3.8 sqmi (0.3%) is water.

Major highways

 * [[Image:I-90.svg|20px]] Interstate 90
 * [[Image:US 10.svg|20px]] U.S. Route 10 (Former)
 * [[Image:MT-135.svg|20px]] Montana Highway 135

Adjacent counties

 * Sanders County - north
 * Missoula County - east
 * Clearwater County, Idaho - southwest/Pacific Time Border
 * Shoshone County, Idaho - northwest/Pacific Time Border

National protected area

 * Lolo National Forest (part)

Politics
Mineral County has voted for the Republican Party candidate in all national elections since 2000. Before that, its voting was more balanced.

2020 census
As of the 2020 census, there were 4,535 people living in the county.

2010 census
As of the 2010 census, there were 4,223 people, 1,911 households, and 1,229 families in the county. The population density was 3.5 /mi2. There were 2,446 housing units at an average density of 2.0 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 94.9% white, 1.5% American Indian, 0.7% Asian, 0.3% black or African American, 0.2% from other races, and 2.4% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 1.9% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 30.9% were German, 16.9% were Irish, 15.4% were English, and 3.0% were American.

Of the 1,911 households, 21.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.4% were married couples living together, 7.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 35.7% were non-families, and 29.7% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.69. The median age was 49.8 years.

The median income for a household in the county was $37,256 and the median income for a family was $44,271. Males had a median income of $35,536 versus $20,370 for females. The per capita income for the county was $19,209. About 12.7% of families and 19.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 36.0% of those under age 18 and 4.3% of those age 65 or over.

Towns

 * Alberton
 * Superior (county seat)

Census-designated places

 * Cyr
 * De Borgia
 * Haugan
 * Riverbend
 * Saltese
 * St. Regis

Other unincorporated communities

 * Borax (part of Saltese)
 * Bryson
 * Cabin City
 * Drexel
 * East Portal
 * Henderson
 * Keystone
 * Lozeau
 * Quartz
 * Sohon
 * Spring Gulch
 * Tammany
 * Tarkio
 * Westfall

Former communities

 * Taft

title: Mineral County, Montana


text:
Meagher County, Montana

Meagher County is a county located in the U.S. state of Montana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 1,927. Its county seat is White Sulphur Springs.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the 2010 center of population of Montana is located in Meagher County at 46.78°N, -111.3°W

History
Meagher County was named for Thomas Francis Meagher, territorial governor of Montana.

The first county seat was Diamond City, the main city of the Confederate Gulch mining district. This area is no longer part of Meagher County, but today lies in neighboring Broadwater County.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 2395 sqmi, of which 2392 sqmi is land and 2.8 sqmi (0.1%) is water.

Major highways

 * [[Image:US 12.svg|20px]] U.S. Highway 12
 * [[Image:US 89.svg|20px]] U.S. Highway 89

Adjacent counties

 * Cascade County - north
 * Judith Basin County - northeast
 * Wheatland County - east
 * Sweet Grass County - southeast
 * Park County - south
 * Gallatin County - south
 * Broadwater County - west
 * Lewis and Clark County - northwest

National protected areas

 * Gallatin National Forest (part)
 * Helena National Forest (part)
 * Lewis and Clark National Forest (part)

Politics
This county has a strong Republican lean. This was one of 12 counties in Montana that Barry Goldwater won in 1964. A Democrat has not won since Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940.

2020 census
As of the 2020 census, there were 1,927 people living in the county.

2010 census
As of the 2010 census, there were 1,891 people, 806 households, and 509 families in the county. The population density was 0.8 PD/sqmi. There were 1,432 housing units at an average density of 0.6 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 97.9% white, 0.3% Asian, 0.3% American Indian, 0.1% black or African American, 0.1% from other races, and 1.3% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 1.5% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 38.6% were German, 14.3% were Norwegian, 13.6% were Irish, 11.0% were English, 5.9% were Scotch-Irish, and 3.2% were American.

Of the 806 households, 20.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.6% were married couples living together, 6.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 36.8% were non-families, and 33.3% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.13 and the average family size was 2.67. The median age was 50.1 years.

The median income for a household in the county was $31,577 and the median income for a family was $40,057. Males had a median income of $30,556 versus $16,414 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,318. About 14.1% of families and 19.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.7% of those under age 18 and 13.0% of those age 65 or over.

City

 * White Sulphur Springs (county seat)

Census-designated places

 * Martinsdale
 * Springdale Colony

Other unincorporated communities

 * Castle Town
 * Checkerboard
 * Copperopolis
 * Fort Logan
 * Hamen
 * Lennep
 * Loweth
 * Minden
 * Moss Agate
 * Moyne
 * Ringling
 * Sixteen

Individual residences (identified on aerial map)

 * Ford Place

title: Meagher County, Montana


text:
McCone County, Montana

McCone County is a county located in the U.S. state of Montana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 1,729. Its county seat is Circle.

The county was created in 1919. It was named for State Senator George McCone, who had been one of the first county commissioners of Dawson County.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 2683 sqmi, of which 2643 sqmi is land and 40 sqmi (1.5%) is water.

Major highways

 * [[Image:MT-13.svg|20px]] Montana Highway 13
 * [[Image:MT-24.svg|20px]] Montana Highway 24
 * [[Image:MT-200.svg|20px]] Montana Highway 200

Adjacent counties

 * Valley County - west
 * Roosevelt County - north
 * Richland County - northeast
 * Dawson County - east
 * Prairie County - south
 * Garfield County - west

National protected area

 * Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge (part)

2020 census
As of the 2020 census, there were 1,729 people living in the county.

2010 census
As of the 2010 census, there were 1,734 people, 774 households, and 514 families living in the county. The population density was 0.7 /mi2, the 10th lowest in the United States. There were 1,008 housing units at an average density of 0.4 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 98.0% white, 0.4% American Indian, 0.1% black or African American, 0.1% Asian, 0.1% from other races, and 1.2% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 0.7% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 44.5% were German, 23.1% were Norwegian, 12.7% were American, 12.0% were Irish, and 8.8% were English.

Of the 774 households, 23.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.0% were married couples living together, 3.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 33.6% were non-families, and 31.7% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.77. The median age was 48.9 years.

The median income for a household in the county was $48,167 and the median income for a family was $56,406. Males had a median income of $33,185 versus $26,454 for females. The per capita income for the county was $23,265. About 5.9% of families and 8.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.3% of those under age 18 and 11.5% of those age 65 or over.

Town

 * Circle (county seat)

Census-designated places

 * Brockway
 * Prairie Elk Colony
 * Vida

Other unincorporated communities

 * Nickwall
 * Weldon

Politics
McCone county is a solid Republican county. In the 2004 Presidential Election McCone County gave 69.6% of its votes to President George W. Bush and 28.1% to Senator John Kerry. In the 2012 presidential election Governor Mitt Romney received 75.0% of the county's votes, while President Barack Obama only received 22.5% of the votes.

title: McCone County, Montana


text:
Gentoo Linux

Gentoo Linux (pronounced  ) is a Linux distribution built using the Portage package management system. Unlike a binary software distribution, the source code is compiled locally according to the user's preferences and is often optimized for the specific type of computer. Precompiled binaries are available for some packages. Gentoo runs on a wide variety of processor architectures. For the full list see table on the right.

Gentoo package management is designed to be modular, portable, easy to maintain, and flexible. Gentoo describes itself as a meta-distribution because of its adaptability, in that the majority of users have configurations and sets of installed programs which are unique to the system and the applications they use.

Gentoo Linux is named after the gentoo penguin, the fastest swimming species of penguin. The name was chosen to reflect the potential speed improvements of machine-specific optimization, which is a major feature of Gentoo.

History
Gentoo Linux was initially created by Daniel Robbins as the Enoch Linux distribution. The goal was to create a distribution without precompiled binaries that was tuned to the hardware and only included required programs. At least one version of Enoch was distributed under that name: version 0.75, in December 1999.

Daniel Robbins and the other contributors experimented with a fork of GCC known as EGCS, developed by Cygnus Solutions. At this point, "Enoch" was renamed "Gentoo" Linux. The modifications to EGCS eventually became part of the official GCC (version 2.95), and other Linux distributions experienced similar speed increases.

After problems with a bug on his own system, Robbins halted Gentoo development and switched to FreeBSD for several months, later saying, "I decided to add several FreeBSD features to make our autobuild system (now called Portage) a true next-generation ports system."

Gentoo Linux 1.0 was released on March 31, 2002. In 2004, Robbins set up the non-profit Gentoo Foundation, transferred all copyrights and trademarks to it, and stepped down as chief architect of the project.

The current board of trustees is composed of five members who were announced (following an election) on March 2, 2008. There is also a seven-member Gentoo Council that oversees the technical issues and policies of Gentoo. The Gentoo Council members are elected annually, for a period of one year, by the active Gentoo developers. When a member of the Council retires, the successor is voted into place by the existing Council members.

The Gentoo Foundation is a domestic non-profit corporation, registered in the State of New Mexico. In late 2007, the Foundation's charter was revoked, but by May 2008 the State of New Mexico declared that the Gentoo Foundation, Inc. had returned to good standing and was free to do business.

The creator of Gentoo - Daniel Robbins, left the project in 2004 and 2007 because of conflicts with other developers.

Features
Gentoo appeals to Linux users who want full control of the software that is installed and running on their computer. People who are prepared to invest the time required to configure and tune a Gentoo system can build very efficient desktops and servers. Gentoo encourages users to build a Linux kernel tailored to their particular hardware. It allows very fine control of which services are installed and running, including the option to choose between systemd or OpenRC as the default init system. Memory usage can also be reduced compared to other distributions by omitting unnecessary kernel features and services.

Gentoo's package repositories provide a large collection of software. Each package contains details of any dependencies, so only the minimum set of packages need to be installed. Optional features of individual packages, such as whether they require LDAP or Qt support, can be selected by the user and any resulting package requirements are automatically included in the set of dependencies.

Inasmuch as Gentoo does not have a default look and feel, installed packages usually appear as their authors intended.

Portage
Portage is Gentoo's software distribution and package management system. The original design was based on the ports system used by the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) operating systems. The Gentoo repository contains over 19,000 packages ready for installation in a Gentoo system.

A single invocation of portage's emerge command can update the local copy of the Gentoo repository, search for a package, or download, compile, and install one or more packages and their dependencies. The built-in features can be set for individual packages, or globally, with so-called "USE flags".

Pre-compiled binaries are provided for some applications with long build times, such as LibreOffice and Mozilla Firefox, but users lose the ability to customize optional features. There are configuration options to reduce compilation times, such as by enabling parallel compilation or using pipes instead of temporary files. Package compilation may also be distributed over multiple computers. Additionally, the user may be able to mount a large filesystem in memory to further speed up the process of building packages. Some approaches have drawbacks and are not enabled by default. When installing the same package on multiple computers with sufficiently similar hardware, the package may be compiled once and a binary package created for quick installation on the other computers.

On December 29th, 2023, it was announced that Gentoo will offer binary packages for download and direct installation. For most architectures, this will be limited to the core system and weekly updates. For amd64 and arm64 however the availability of binary packages reaches over 20 GB.

Portability
As Gentoo is a source-based distribution with a repository describing how to build the packages, adding instructions to build on different machine architectures is particularly easy.

Originally built on the IA-32 architecture, Gentoo has since been ported to many others. It is officially supported and considered stable on IA-32, x86-64, IA-64, PA-RISC, 32-bit and 64-bit PowerPC, 64-bit SPARC, DEC Alpha, and both 32- and 64-bit ARM architectures. It is also officially supported but considered in-development state on MIPS, PS3 Cell Processor, System Z/s390,. Official support for 32-bit SPARC hardware and SuperH have been dropped.

Portability towards other operating systems, such as those derived from BSD, including macOS, is under active development by the Gentoo/Alt project. The Gentoo/FreeBSD project already has a working guide based on FreeSBIE, while Gentoo/NetBSD, Gentoo/OpenBSD and Gentoo/DragonFly are being developed. There is also a project to get Portage working on OpenSolaris. There was an unofficial project to create a Gentoo port to GNU Hurd, but it has been inactive since 2006.

It is also possible to install a Gentoo Prefix (provided by a project that maintains alternative installation methods for Gentoo) in a Cygwin environment on Windows, but this configuration is experimental.

Installation
Gentoo may be installed in several ways. The most common way is to use the Gentoo minimal CD with a stage3 tarball (explained below). As with many Linux distributions, Gentoo may be installed from almost any Linux environment, such as another Linux distribution's Live CD, Live USB, or Network Booting using the "Gentoo Alternative Install Guide". A normal install requires a connection to the Internet, but there is also a guide for a network-less install.

On April 3, 2022, it was announced that there would be a new official image with a GUI, called the LiveGUI image. This can be installed onto installation media such as a USB drive or a dual-layer DVD. It includes a large selection of software, including the KDE Plasma 5 desktop environment, image editors, office software, system administration, and installation tools.

Previously, Gentoo supported installation from stage1 and stage2 tarballs; however, the Gentoo Foundation no longer recommends them. Stage1 and stage2 are meant only for Gentoo developers.

Following the initial install steps, the Gentoo Linux install process in the Gentoo Handbook describes compiling a new Linux kernel. This process is generally not required by other Linux distributions. Although this is widely regarded as a complex task, Gentoo provides documentation and tools such as Genkernel to simplify the process. In addition, users may also use an existing kernel known to work on their system by simply copying it to the boot directory, or installing one of the provided pre-compiled kernel packages, and updating their bootloader. Support for installation is provided on the Gentoo forum, Reddit, and IRC.

A Live USB of Gentoo Linux can be created manually, by using various tools, or with dd as described in the handbook.

Stages
Before October 2005, installation could be started from any of three base stages:
 * Stage1 begins with only what is necessary to build a toolchain (the various compilers, linkers, and language libraries necessary to compile other software) for the target system; compiling this target toolchain from another, pre-existing host system is known as bootstrapping the target system.
 * Stage2 begins with a self-hosting (bootstrapped) toolchain for the target system, which is then used to compile all other core userland software for the target.
 * Stage3 begins with a minimal set of compiled user software, with which the kernel and any other additional software are then configured and compiled.

Since October 2005, only the stage3 installations have been officially supported, due to the inherent complexities of bootstrapping from earlier stages (which requires resolving and then breaking numerous circular dependencies). Tarballs for stage1 and stage2 were distributed for some time after this, although the instructions for installing from these stages had been removed from the handbook and moved into the Gentoo FAQ. , only the supported stage3 tarballs are publicly available; stage1 and stage2 tarballs are only "officially" generated and used internally by Gentoo development teams. However, if so desired, a user may still rebuild the toolchain or reinstall the base system software during or after a normal stage3 installation, effectively simulating the old bootstrap process.

Gentoo Reference Platform
From 2003 until 2008, the Gentoo Reference Platform (GRP) was a snapshot of prebuilt packages that users could quickly install during the Gentoo installation process, to give faster access to a fully functional Gentoo installation. These packages included KDE, X Window System, OpenOffice, GNOME, and Mozilla. Once the installation was complete, the packages installed as part of the GRP were intended to be replaced by the user with the same or newer versions built through Portage that would be built using the user's system configuration rather than the generic builds provided by the GRP. As of 2011, the GRP is discontinued, the final reference to it appearing in the 2008.0 handbook.

Versions
Gentoo follows a rolling release model.

Like other Linux distributions, Gentoo systems have an  file, but this contains the version of the installed   package.

In 2004, Gentoo began to version its Live media by year rather than numerically. This continued until 2008, when it was announced that the 2008.1 Live CD release had been cancelled in favour of weekly automated builds of both Stages 3 and Minimal CDs. On December 20, 2008, the first weekly builds were published. In 2009, a special Live DVD was created to celebrate the Gentoo 10-year anniversary.

Special releases
In 2009, a special Live DVD was released to celebrate Gentoo's tenth anniversary. Initially planned as a one-off, the Live DVD was updated to the latest package versions in 2011 due to its popularity among new users.

Profiles
Although Gentoo does not have a concept of versioning the entire system, it does make use of "profiles", which define build configuration for all packages in the system. Major changes, such as changing the layout of how files are installed across the entire system, typically involve a profile upgrade and may require rebuilding all installed software. These profiles are versioned based on the year they were released, and include several variants for each release targeted towards different types of systems (such as servers and desktops). Profiles formerly tracked the versioning of install media, and switched to two-digit year naming after the discontinuation of versioned media. The following new profile versions have been released after 2008.0:

Hardened Gentoo
Hardened Gentoo is a project designed to develop and designate a set of add-ons that are useful when a more security focused installation is required. Previously, the project included patches to produce a hardened kernel, but these were discontinued. Other parts of the hardened set, such as SELinux, and userspace hardening remain.

Incidents
In June 2018 the Gentoo GitHub code repository mirror used mainly by developers was hacked after an attacker gained access to an organization administrator's account via deducing the password. Gentoo promptly responded by containing the attack and improving security practices. No Gentoo cryptography keys or signed packages were compromised, and the repository was restored after five days.

Logo and mascots
The gentoo penguin is thought to be the fastest underwater-swimming penguin. The name "Gentoo Linux" acknowledges both the Linux mascot – a penguin called Tux –  and the project's aim to produce a high-performance operating system.

The official Gentoo logo is a stylized 'g' resembling a silver magatama. Unofficial mascots include Larry The Cow and Znurt the Flying Saucer.

Derived distributions
There are a number of independently developed variants of Gentoo Linux, including ChromiumOS.

title: Gentoo Linux


text:
Madison County, Montana

Madison County is a county in the U.S. state of Montana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 8,623. Its county seat is Virginia City. The county was founded in 1865; at the time it was part of the Montana Territory.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has an area of 3603 sqmi, of which 3587 sqmi is land and 15 sqmi (0.4%) is water.

Major highways

 * [[Image:I-15.svg|20px]] Interstate 15
 * [[Image:US 91.svg|20px]] U.S. Highway 91
 * [[Image:US 287.svg|20px]] U.S. Highway 287
 * [[Image:MT-41.svg|20px]] Montana Highway 41
 * [[Image:MT-84.svg|20px]] Montana Highway 84
 * [[Image:MT-87.svg|20px]] Montana Highway 87
 * [[Image:MT-55.svg|20px]] Montana Highway 55
 * [[Image:MT-287.svg|20px]] Montana Highway 287

Adjacent counties

 * Beaverhead County - southwest
 * Silver Bow County - northwest
 * Jefferson County - north
 * Gallatin County - east
 * Fremont County, Idaho - south

National protected areas

 * Beaverhead National Forest (part)
 * Deerlodge National Forest (part)
 * Gallatin National Forest (part)

Politics
In presidential elections, Madison County has historically voted predominantly Republican, with Franklin D. Roosevelt the only Democrat to carry the vote since 1916, the last of the three times he did so being in 1940.

2020 census
As of the 2020 census, there were 8,623 people living in the county.

2010 census
As of the 2010 census, there were 7,691 people, 3,560 households, and 2,192 families residing in the county. The population density was 2.1 PD/sqmi. There were 6,940 housing units at an average density of 1.9 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 96.8% white, 0.5% American Indian, 0.3% Asian, 0.2% black or African American, 0.8% from other races, and 1.4% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 2.4% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 31.0% were German, 19.7% were English, 18.9% were Irish, 7.3% were Norwegian, 5.9% were Swedish, 5.0% were Scottish, and 2.9% were American.

Of the 3,560 households, 21.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.9% were married couples living together, 4.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 38.4% were non-families, and 32.6% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.11 and the average family size was 2.67. The median age was 49.8 years.

The median income for a household in the county was $42,998 and the median income for a family was $52,636. Males had a median income of $38,495 versus $28,125 for females. The per capita income for the county was $32,205. About 8.5% of families and 11.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.7% of those under age 18 and 9.8% of those age 65 or over.

Towns

 * Ennis
 * Sheridan
 * Twin Bridges
 * Virginia City

Census-designated places

 * Alder
 * Big Sky
 * Brandon
 * Harrison
 * Jeffers
 * Mammoth
 * McAllister
 * Norris
 * Pony
 * Silver Star

Other unincorporated communities

 * Cameron
 * Jefferson Island
 * Junction
 * Laurin
 * Nevada City
 * Red Bluff
 * Rochester
 * Ruby
 * Sterling
 * Summit

Former communities

 * Union City

Notable person

 * Sam V. Stewart, former Montana governor and Supreme Court justice

title: Madison County, Montana


text:
Lincoln County, Montana

Lincoln County is a county located in the U.S. state of Montana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 19,677. Its county seat is Libby. The county was founded in 1909 and named for President Abraham Lincoln. The county lies on Montana's north border and thus shares the US-Canadian border with the Canadian province of British Columbia.

This heavily wooded and mountainous county once was part of Flathead County until residents of Libby and Eureka petitioned the state legislature for separation. Libby won an election over Eureka to host the county seat.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 3675 sqmi, of which 3615 sqmi is land and 62 sqmi (1.7%) is water. The county borders the Canadian province of British Columbia to the north. The lowest point in the state of Montana is located on the Kootenai River in Lincoln County, where it flows out of Montana and into Idaho. Upstream, Libby Dam backs up huge Lake Koocanusa (combination name of Kootenai, Canada, USA) into Canada's British Columbia.

Adjacent counties and county-equivalents

 * Regional District of Central Kootenay, British Columbia – northwest
 * Regional District of East Kootenay, British Columbia – north
 * Flathead County – east
 * Sanders County – south
 * Bonner County, Idaho – southwest/Pacific Time Border
 * Boundary County, Idaho – northwest/Pacific Time Border

National protected areas

 * Pacific Northwest National Scenic Trail (part)
 * Flathead National Forest (part)
 * Kaniksu National Forest (part)
 * Kootenai National Forest (part)

Top employers
In 2003, the top employers are listed in the table below.

2020 census
As of the 2020 census, there were 19,677 people living in the county.

2010 census
As of the 2010 census, there were 19,687 people, 8,843 households, and 5,608 families living in the county. The population density was 5.4 PD/sqmi. There were 11,413 housing units at an average density of 3.2 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 95.9% white, 0.9% American Indian, 0.3% Asian, 0.1% black or African American, 0.4% from other races, and 2.3% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 2.3% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 31.5% were German, 15.7% were Irish, 15.3% were English, 10.2% were Norwegian, and 3.3% were American.

Of the 8,843 households, 23.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.0% were married couples living together, 7.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 36.6% were non-families, and 30.6% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.72. The median age was 48.9 years.

The median income for a household in the county was $30,823 and the median income for a family was $39,600. Males had a median income of $40,944 versus $24,965 for females. The per capita income for the county was $19,626. About 13.7% of families and 18.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.2% of those under age 18 and 12.1% of those age 65 or over.

Cities

 * Libby (county seat)
 * Troy

Towns

 * Eureka
 * Rexford

Census-designated places

 * Bull Lake
 * Fortine
 * Happys Inn
 * Indian Springs
 * Midvale (former)
 * Pioneer Junction
 * Stryker
 * Sylvanite
 * Trego
 * West Kootenai
 * White Haven
 * Yaak

Other unincorporated communities

 * Dodge Summit
 * Jennings
 * Kootenai Falls
 * Roosville
 * Tobacco
 * Yarnell

Politics
For its first eighty years, Lincoln County was a Democratic-leaning area that would vote Republican only during large GOP landslides. Only four Republicans were to win the county in the seventeen Presidential elections between its inaugural election in 1912 and 1976. However, like many timber-dependent counties, it has become overwhelmingly Republican since that time. The last Democrat to carry Lincoln County was Michael Dukakis during the drought-influenced 1988 election. Since then, no Democrat has reached 35 percent of the county's vote.

title: Lincoln County, Montana


text:
Liberty County, Montana

Liberty County is a county located in the U.S. state of Montana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 1,959. Its county seat is Chester. The decision to separate the future Liberty County area from the previous Hill and Chouteau counties was carried in a 1919 vote; the organization was authorized to commence in the following February.

The southwestern corner of Liberty County holds Tiber Dam, a popular tourist and recreation area.

Geography
Liberty County is on the state's north line, so that it shares the US border with Canada. It abuts the Canadian province of Alberta. According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1447 sqmi, of which 1430 sqmi is land and 17 sqmi (1.2%) is water.

Adjacent counties

 * Toole County – west
 * Pondera County – southwest
 * Chouteau County – south
 * Hill County – east
 * County of Forty Mile No. 8, Alberta – north

2020 census
As of the 2020 census, there were 1,959 people living in the county.

2010 census
As of the 2010 census, there were 2,339 people, 822 households, and 537 families living in the county. The population density was 1.6 PD/sqmi. There were 1,043 housing units at an average density of 0.7 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 98.2% white, 0.2% American Indian, 0.1% black or African American, 0.1% Asian, 0.2% from other races, and 1.2% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 0.3% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 55.4% were German, 24.1% were Norwegian, 14.5% were Irish, 9.9% were English, and 1.4% were American.

Of the 822 households, 23.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.5% were married couples living together, 4.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 34.7% were non-families, and 32.2% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 3.00. The median age was 44.6 years.

The median income for a household in the county was $40,212 and the median income for a family was $44,957. Males had a median income of $35,788 versus $30,714 for females. The per capita income for the county was $19,097. About 12.4% of families and 19.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.6% of those under age 18 and 15.6% of those age 65 or over.

2000 census record
Researchers William P. O'Hare and Kenneth M. Johnson described the county as typical of the northern Great Plains in being very thinly settled, almost fully dependent on agriculture, and lacking in urban areas. They noted that income can fluctuate substantially from year to year, depending on rainfall (which affects harvest yields) as well as grain and cattle prices, and that the 2000 Census recorded low incomes in 1999 after several years of drought. Also, the presence of Hutterite colonies in the county depresses per capita incomes because Hutterite families have significantly more children than the general population.

Town

 * Chester (county seat)

Census-designated places

 * Eagle Creek Colony
 * Joplin
 * Riverview Colony
 * Sage Creek Colony
 * Whitlash

Other unincorporated communities

 * Hill
 * Lothair
 * Tiber

title: Liberty County, Montana