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Talk:List of political scandals in the United Kingdom

Previous discussions
Should the government's handling of BSE be called a political scandal? Are scandalous incidents leading to political resignations appropriate for this page?

Also, what about foot-and-mouth; the Poll Tax; sleaze; the Dome (although this partially comes under the second question with Peter Mandelson).

We'll end up including everything...!

 * Then there's the Ground Nuts scheme from the 50s, that business from the 70s with some northern councils being bribed by building companies; some think the Formula One & tobacco advertising business to be scandalous (particularly that they got what they wanted and their money back), and there's always Gladstone and his fallen women. Perhaps we should just redirect the page to British political history....There is of course the traditional observation that with Labour the scandals involve money, and with Conservatives they involve sex. Malcolm Farmer

surely Mark_Oaten gets the honour of being added to this list! KevinCarmody 23:00, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

i can't help but question weather the Burrell_affair was actually a political scandal, but rather a royal scandal. i think there should be a page of royal scandal. KevinCarmody 11:41, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

what about local politics
I just finished this article about UK political scandals and was thinking it may be a good contribution here. I'm not familiar with how Wikipedia works so I will let the pro's decide. http://www.pfhub.com/top-9-political-scandals-in-the-united-kingdom/ —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.48.129.251 (talk) 08:04, 10 June 2010 (UTC)

like this

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/leicestershire/3594421.stm

Requested move
British political scandals → List of British political scandals – {It is a list, afterall}

It is a list, afterall. 203.214.49.113 12:44, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

Voting

 * Add *Support or *Oppose followed by an optional one-sentence explanation, then sign your vote with ~

 * Support It's a list as opposed to an article, good catch Mr. IP! --Lox (t,c) 18:32, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

Moved. — Nightstallion (?) 09:06, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

The 19th century and after
What about Queen Caroline and, quite distinct, Charles Parnell - and a few other events beside.

There should also be mention of the first election for Mayor of London - probably one of the most interesting political events in recent history.

Could also make reference "somehow" to the Chiltern Hundreds. Jackiespeel 17:50, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

List of British political defections
Should this be in the See also section? Defections are rarely connected with scandal. Sceptic 16:30, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

Merge Political Sleaze (UK Politics) here
I think Political Sleaze (UK Politics) should be moved here. It's not very substantial as an article and basically just lists a couple of scandals in paragraph form rather than bullet form (as on this page). Tocharianne
 * merge Tocharianne 21:07, 30 December 2006 (UTC)
 * merge --Matt Lewis (talk) 18:52, 25 March 2008 (UTC) (much better here - let the facts speak. It even has an empty Talk page as I write.)
 * Merge. I completely agree. I've just tagged the articles with merge tags, I hadn't realised it had been proposed before. I'll leave it a little while for potential discussion, but this is looking like consensus. That article has a recentist and cherry-picking problem that isn't solvable. Fences and windows (talk) 22:15, 28 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Don't entirely merge it away. "Sleaze" is a word that's seen a lot of notable use (e.g. "an end to Tory sleaze"). Even if the article is currently little more than a list, the usage of the word 'sleaze' merits at least its own section in an article on political scandal in the UK. AlmostReadytoFly (talk) 13:56, 16 July 2009 (UTC)
 * How about moving this to "Political scandals in the United Kingdom" and merging Political Sleaze (UK Politics) in? Then this can be more than just a list. AlmostReadytoFly (talk) 09:14, 19 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree with the previous suggestion. Getting rid of the list article and retaining the more article-orientated title Political Sleaze (UK Politics) has greater appeal. Of course, the same thing can be achieved by the original proposal, followed by a name change. Also satisfies the suggestion to retain "sleaze" on its own merit. leaky_caldron (talk) 09:25, 19 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Agree with AlmostReadytoFly's suggestion. Well, that merge suggestion's only taken 2 1/2 years to discuss. Fences  &  Windows  21:52, 28 July 2009 (UTC)

I think we can call that consensus. I'm tagging Political scandals in the United Kingdom for speedy move. AlmostReadytoFly (talk) 22:07, 28 July 2009 (UTC)

AnythingGate
Do we really have to follow the press in titling everything as ...gate? Surely more appropriate titles can and should be found that do not play on the name of an American building.

Request for appropriate titling. —Preceding unsigned comment added by KevinCarmody (talk • contribs) 21:04, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

 * And, further to this, the sections need to (a) demonstrate that there was actually a 'scandal' rather than a few minor press reports, and (b) Follow the sources cited. I've removed sections on the so-called 'Smeargate scandal', and on a supposed 'Labour party immigration scandal' as neither offered evidence of notability, and neither followed the sources. This article shouldn't be used as a dumping-ground for badly-written political sniping. AndyTheGrump (talk) 22:03, 7 October 2011 (UTC)

This article is a disgrace
Doesn't anyone contributing to this article understand Wikipedia sourcing policy? Nothing belongs in this article that hasn't been described by reliable sources as a 'scandal' - and on that basis alone, much of more recent the material could be (arguably should be) deleted under WP:BLP policy. Furthermore, the 'Sleaze' section is entirely without cited sources and appears to be original research. I'm going to template the article for now, and if something isn't done to sort problems out pretty rapidly, delete everything that isn't properly sourced. AndyTheGrump (talk) 17:56, 19 September 2012 (UTC)
 * I think it is useful as a list. I don't think there's much doubt that the rest should go. JRPG (talk) 20:48, 19 September 2012 (UTC)

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Revert
Hi, could you explain your revert of my addition in the "See also" section at the List of political scandals in the United Kingdom. Just a rationale of my edit: my newly created page is specifically about Corruption in the United Kingdom (mentioned in the article), and is actually linked in sidebar in the article (Template:Political corruption sidebar). If you could briefly justify how my article is not relevant I would appreciative. P,TO 19104 (talk) (contribs) 20:54, 30 January 2021 (UTC)
 * I don't consider your one-word edit summary sufficient, please elaborate. Thank you. P,TO 19104 (talk) (contribs) 21:04, 30 January 2021 (UTC)
 * , I don't see the relevance, especially given that so few of the so-called scandals included mention corruption. -- DeFacto (talk). 21:13, 30 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Please self revert your removal of the sidebar, which could be potentially contriversial since that has been on the article for quite a while, and other editors may consider it relevant. P,TO 19104 (talk) (contribs) 21:18, 30 January 2021 (UTC)
 * , I do not agree that it is applicable here. Scandal does not imply corruption, and is not a subset of corruption. -- DeFacto (talk). 21:20, 30 January 2021 (UTC)

Your repeated removal of cited items by claiming "not a scandal" should stop. Please use the talk page before removing them. 1. Ministers found to have broken the law over covid contracts 2. a sex scandal that causes a minister to resign Brian R Hunter (talk) 22:04, 27 June 2021 (UTC)
 * , Wikipedia requires all assertions of fact to be reliably sourced and verifiable. We need to apply that requirement to this article too. Neither political tittle-tattle and unfounded allegations in the tabloid press nor the normal business-as-usual mischief-making by opposition party members and scoop-seeking journalists satisfy this requirement. Please show that either of the entries that I removed are considered to be "political scandals" by the consensus of mainstream reliable sources. WP:BRD applies here too. If an addition is challenged, a policy-based consensus is then required before it is re-added. WP:BLP is also applicable, and serious assertions such as the one you make about the reason a ninister resigned need serious and solid sources. I suggest you self-revert unless solid sources are found and until a consensus for its inclusion is achieved. -- DeFacto (talk). 06:32, 28 June 2021 (UTC)
 * For the two cases of government ministers being found to have acted illegally, I have added links to the high court judgements. I believe these to be both reliable and are not 'tittle-tattle'.
 * For the case of the minister resigning over having broken covid rules on social distancing. I believe the fact that he resigned over the reports is sufficient to show it meets the criteria of being a scandal.
 * If you can find backing for your position to remove these 3 items I will gladly join in the discussion to find consensus. As it stands the original posters have been supported by myself and others, whereas you are currently a lone voice. Brian R Hunter (talk) 19:08, 28 June 2021 (UTC)
 * , did you find any sources saying that the inadvertent non-compliance with minor legal technicalities constitutes a scandal then, or is that personal POV? And, no matter what you personally believe, we also need to be able to demonstrate that the consensus amongst reliable sources is that a minister doing the honourable thing and resigning over having broken Covid guidelines is that it is a scandal nevertheless. -- DeFacto (talk). 19:23, 28 June 2021 (UTC)
 * added two more references describing these events as scandals. Your view that these unprecedented events are not scandalous seems to be your POV. Please gain some consensus to support your view. The world view is that these events were scandalous. If unsure, please google "scandal" plus a detail of an event and you will find a lot of links. Brian R Hunter (talk) 19:54, 28 June 2021 (UTC)
 * , more cherry-picked references using the word do not help, you need references that substantiate the use of the word, and anyway, per WP:HEADLINES, relying on headlines only (such as the case in your latest addition) will not do as they are considered unreliable if the body of their article does not support that use. -- DeFacto (talk). 20:26, 28 June 2021 (UTC)

MPs trying to pervert the course of justice
83.100.188.53 (talk) 21:52, 22 July 2021 (UTC)
 * https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2021/jul/21/tory-mps-suspended-for-trying-to-influence-judge-in-elphicke-case
 * https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-57914664.amp
 * https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/uknews/tory-mps-should-be-suspended-for-trying-to-e2-80-98improperly-e2-80-99-influence-judge-in-ex-mp-e2-80-99s-case-says-watchdog/ar-AAMoecf

Definition of a political scandal
@SPC27205, you say: "Both events caused a public feeling of shock and disapproval". How do you know that?

As far as I can see, wrt to the Downing Street story, all we have is mischief-making from the media and opposition parties whipping up a storm based on unsubstantiated allegations. Or as the police said when asked to look at the allegations: The correspondence and footage does not provide evidence of a breach of the Health Protection Regulations, but restates allegations made in the media. Based on the absence of evidence and in line with our policy not to investigate retrospective breaches of such regulations, the Met will not commence an investigation at this time. I propose, per WP:BLP, WP:NPOV, and WP:VER, that we remove it until we have proof of wrongdoing.

As for the second jobs one, all we have is more media sh*t stirring, but no scandal; so I propose that one is dropped too per WP:OR, WP:DUE, and WP:VER. -- DeFacto (talk). 16:52, 10 December 2021 (UTC)
 * 1. How do I know that it caused a public feeling of shock and disapproval? Because I live in the UK, and I know a few people who are shocked about (and disapprove of) both the alleged parties and the second jobs controversy
 * 2. The Metropolitan Police statement regarding the allegations makes no sense due to the fact that an investigation is needed in order to find definitive evidence of any wrongdoing - so even if the allegations are unsubstantiated, the Metroplitan Police still needs to investigate them
 * 3. The Owen Paterson affair is not just some media sh*t stirring. Owen Paterson was found to have broken parliamentary rules by the Commissioner for Parliamentary Standards and the Standards Committee after a two-year investigation. -- SPC27205 (talk). 18:20, 10 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Reason number 1 fails as WP:OR, number 2 fails as WP:OR, number 3 fails as WP:SYNTH, conflating Paterson's case where rules were found to have been broken with the controversy over second jobs, fanned by media hype, where other MPs had not broken the rules. -- DeFacto (talk). 18:31, 10 December 2021 (UTC)
 * I strongly contest the idea that this is "mischief-making from the media and opposition parties", since the polls suggest about half of the public (including a third of Tory voters) think the PM should resign. But our personal opinions are irrelevant: the (alleged) Christmas parties have been called a scandal by numerous reliable sources, both in and outside of the UK, and so should be included on this list. The CNN analysis even starts off with Boris Johnson has faced many scandals in his more than two years as UK Prime Minister. But the latest one is the gravest yet. —🎄☃❄ Season's greetings from AFreshStart (talk) ❄☃🎄 17:25, 12 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Do you have reliably sourced proof of any wrongdoing to justify branding it a scandal? Remember, we need to comply with WP:BLP, WP:NPOV, and WP:VER in our articles. Note too that neither headlines or sub-headlines are not considered to be reliable sources per WP:HEADLINES. -- DeFacto (talk). 18:18, 12 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Depends how one defines "proof of wrongdoing"; if you mean it in a legal sense, that isn't necessary for a scandal. "regarded as morally or legally wrong and causing general public outrage" is how Google Dictionaries defines the term, and I think most people in the UK see this as morally wrong and causing outrage (legally, I couldn't possibly say). Regardless, we should be going off what our reliable sources say is a scandal, not our own (or Google's) definitions. The actual text of many of the articles I cited calls it a scandal, not just the headlines, so that's a little bit of a strawman argument. I've already cited the CNN ref – which is an opinion piece, admittedly, but there are more examples of non-opinion pieces calling it a 'scandal':
 * The scandal over the Christmas party has energized the Lib Dem campaign over the past week, one party official said. Bloomberg
 * Education secretary Nadhim Zahawi told LBC that a photo of Boris Johnson leading a Christmas quiz during lockdown was just the prime minister "thanking his staff" and tried to play down the party scandal as "hype." LBC
 * Senior police officers have warned that public compliance with new Covid laws will be affected by the Downing Street Christmas party scandal. ... An Opinium poll commissioned by the Best for Britain campaign group last week found that 62 per cent of respondents thought the scandal would negatively impact compliance with Covid rules. Independent
 * Lockdown party scandal hits Johnson Reuters
 * The story has become a scandal in part because it plays into assertions that Johnson and his government cannot be trusted and that there is one set of rules for the people and another for the rulers. The Washington Post
 * [The Labour Party] has agreed at national level to take a back seat so that the Lib Dems can capitalise on Johnson's recent woes, among them the evolving scandal over the party held in 10 Downing Street last Christmas when the rest of the country was locked down. Financial Times.
 * Boris Johnson’s new “Plan B” coronavirus restrictions to combat the Omicron variant face being overshadowed by the fury of the public, outrage in the press and near mutiny from Conservative MPs in response to Downing Street’s Christmas party scandal. Politico.
 * Johnson has survived multiple political scandals involving close associates, his own apartment and even the queen — but this one is cutting through to voters like few others. ... And the furor over the video follows weeks of revelations and scandal for the Johnson government. NBC
 * Almost half the British public are unlikely to follow any tighter Covid rules in the wake of the scandal over alleged Christmas parties in Downing Street. ... Mr Johnson's scientific advisers have tried to separate the fallout from the political scandal and the need for new Covid regulations. The Telegraph
 * ... et cetera. I can't see how any of this violates the policies you cited, I'm a little perplexed? —🎄☃❄ Season's greetings from AFreshStart (talk) ❄☃🎄 00:13, 13 December 2021 (UTC)
 * That the media use sensationalist language, particularly in their headlines, or that they have fuelled interest in a subject by the use of unsubstantiated insinuation, or that government opponents had made political capital from the headlines and are helping to whip them up before the facts have been established does not make the subject of the allegations a 'scandal' - although it might be argued that the attacks are scandalous. The police were asked to investigate the allegations and footage and after their initial analysis said that they did "not provide evidence of a breach of the Health Protection Regulations, but restates allegations made in the media. Based on the absence of evidence and in line with our policy not to investigate retrospective breaches of such regulations, the Met will not commence an investigation at this time". Let's wait until dust has settled and until the facts are clear. There is no rush. -- DeFacto (talk). 08:34, 13 December 2021 (UTC)
 * It's purely your own opinion that this coverage is "sensationalist" or to do with opponents wanting to make political capital from it, and you're entitled to it. You are surely aware from the coverage that a very large proportion of British (and indeed international) readership finds this situation scandalous so much so that newspapers are using the term in their own voice – not political opponents or headlines, which seem to be red herrings here that you have brought up again, despite the fact I specifically chose examples where it was media using the term in its own voice. —🎄☃❄ Season's greetings from AFreshStart (talk) ❄☃🎄 14:34, 13 December 2021 (UTC)
 * That the media use sensationalist language, particularly in their headlines, or that they have fuelled interest in a subject by the use of unsubstantiated insinuation, or that government opponents had made political capital from the headlines and are helping to whip them up before the facts have been established does not make the subject of the allegations a 'scandal' - although it might be argued that the attacks are scandalous. The police were asked to investigate the allegations and footage and after their initial analysis said that they did "not provide evidence of a breach of the Health Protection Regulations, but restates allegations made in the media. Based on the absence of evidence and in line with our policy not to investigate retrospective breaches of such regulations, the Met will not commence an investigation at this time". Let's wait until dust has settled and until the facts are clear. There is no rush. -- DeFacto (talk). 08:34, 13 December 2021 (UTC)
 * It's purely your own opinion that this coverage is "sensationalist" or to do with opponents wanting to make political capital from it, and you're entitled to it. You are surely aware from the coverage that a very large proportion of British (and indeed international) readership finds this situation scandalous so much so that newspapers are using the term in their own voice – not political opponents or headlines, which seem to be red herrings here that you have brought up again, despite the fact I specifically chose examples where it was media using the term in its own voice. —🎄☃❄ Season's greetings from AFreshStart (talk) ❄☃🎄 14:34, 13 December 2021 (UTC)

Pinging, , , , and , who have been involved on the (likely soon to be renamed) British government staff Christmas parties controversy article, for their input here. —🎄☃❄ Season's greetings from AFreshStart (talk) ❄☃🎄 14:39, 13 December 2021 (UTC) p.s. also pinging, per previous discussion on this talk page about deletion of cited content. —🎄☃❄ Season's greetings from AFreshStart (talk) ❄☃🎄 15:04, 13 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Scandals can exist for all sorts of reasons - proof that a crime, or a breach of regulations, was committed, is not necessary in order for events to be described as a "scandal".  Clear and unequivocal evidence of offensive and/or hypocritical behaviour, as perceived by most reputable sources, is often quite enough, as in this case.  Ghmyrtle (talk) 14:59, 13 December 2021 (UTC)
 * I think there's definitely scope for this article to actually outline what a scandal is in the UK sense (actually having any kind of WP:LEAD would be a start!). However, for the purposes of this discussion I agree with . There does not need to be proof of wrondoing for something to be considered a scandal. If multiple, reliable, secondary sources characterise it as such, then our own personal political leanings bear no weight - to override the reporting of reliable sources would not be writing in a WP:NEUTRAL way. As always, just follow reliable sources. Note there was a similar discussion to this over on Talk:Dominic Cummings scandal. Arcahaeoindris (talk) 15:05, 13 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Totally agree with you on all points there. Thank you for alerting me to that discussion: also pinging, , and , who were involved in the Cummings scandal article. I hope editors don't think I'm being overkill with the pinging here, but I want to make sure that we have a very firm consensus to call this a scandal. —🎄☃❄ Season's greetings from AFreshStart (talk) ❄☃🎄 15:13, 13 December 2021 (UTC)
 * I think 's position (that we judge the media coverage as merely sensationalist) is unsustainable and WP:NPOV, but I do think we should be careful and cautious about the use of terms like "scandal". I don't often find myself agreeing with extinct lemurs, but I concur with : we follow what reliable sources say, but it would also be good for this article to have some sort of lead that explained what was covered. Bondegezou (talk) 16:32, 14 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Without a ruling, or at least incontrovertible evidence, that something 'scandalous' had actually happened, how can we say, in Wiki's voice (by adding it to this list, for example), that it was a scandal? Take the current allegations that government employees broke Covid rules in 2020. What actually is the scandal? We don't yet know for sure if the rules even applied to the offices in question; we don't know for sure whether, even if the rules did apply, any gatherings that would have broken the rules were held. All we know for sure is the police said the allegations had not been substantiated, and without evidence of wrongdoing they couldn't take any further action. So what is the current 'scandal' in that particular case? Can we brand that event as a scandal simply because the press are spinning that line? Perhaps we need to wait until the dust has settled and any inquiries and court cases have been completed before we can decide.
 * Basically, I can't see any Wiki-policy compliant reason to brand an event as a scandal until we can assert as an incontrovertible fact, in Wiki's own voice, exactly what happened that was scandalous. -- DeFacto (talk). 19:13, 14 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Find a definition of "scandal" that requires there to have been a breach of the law, or other "rules", and others may agree with you. Ghmyrtle (talk) 19:23, 14 December 2021 (UTC)
 * @Ghmyrtle, can you describe, in Wiki's voice, what the 'scandal' actually is then in relation to the government employee gatherings? I've tried, but cannot without relying on unfounded generalisations and exclusion clauses. All we have at the moment is the assertion that it is a scandal. -- DeFacto (talk). 19:36, 14 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Reliable sources describe it as a "scandal", because figures in authority are perceived to have acted hypocritically and mendaciously. If you think the sources reporting that are not reliable, the place to go is WP:RSN.  Ghmyrtle (talk) 19:43, 14 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Which sources? Either way, "perceived" is the problem though, that means it's an opinion, not a fact. And for balance we'd need to counter it (cancel it out, in effect) with those, especially the police, stating that there's no evidence of wrongdoing. And this isn't a "list of events that some people perceive to be scandals", is it? -- DeFacto (talk). 19:56, 14 December 2021 (UTC)
 * for balance we'd need to counter it (cancel it out, in effect) with those, especially the police, stating that there's no evidence of wrongdoing – no, we don't. The reliable sources it calling it a scandal in their own voice and in news reports (not opinion pieces) don't do that every time they mention that this is, indeed, a scandal. Obviously, the response should be mentioned on the the main page for the scandal controversy. They don't qualify it as "some people think this is a scandal"; they say it is one. —🎄☃❄ Season's greetings from AFreshStart (talk) ❄☃🎄 23:30, 14 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Per WP:SAL: Stand-alone lists, like other articles, are subject to Wikipedia's:Core content policies, so WP:BLP, WP:NPOV, WP:VER, as well as all the others, apply equally to lists.
 * So opinions given in news publications (whether an event is a scandal, or not, is subjective) in their own voice need to be attributed as the opinion of that source, and they need to be balanced with alternative views.
 * Where living people are implicated, we need, per WP:BLPGOSSIP, to be wary of relying on sources that use weasel words and that attribute material to anonymous sources (WP:WEASEL lists "some people say", "many scholars state", "it is believed/regarded/considered", "many are of the opinion", "most feel", "experts declare", "it is often reported", "it is widely thought", "research has shown", "science says", "scientists claim", "it is often said" and "officially, X has been described as Y" as to be avoided), and per WP:BLPPUBLIC to remember that if the subject has denied such allegations, their denial(s) should also be reported, while adhering to appropriate due weight of all sources covering the subject and avoiding false balance.
 * So it still seems to me that if we cannot, while adhering to all the applicable Wiki policies, add a single sentence entry to this list stating in Wiki's voice "XXX is a scandal", then XXX does not belong in this list. -- DeFacto (talk). 07:42, 15 December 2021 (UTC)
 * This to me doesn't seem to contradict 's and others points above, which I once again agree with. Nobody has proposed characterising something as a "scandal" on this list or on Wikipedia unless there is a weight of reliable sourcing to support it. I'll admit some points on this page, which have been there for some time, do need references, and if sourcing is not available probably need to be removed. If you're specifically talking about renaming the Xmas parties article, please take this discussion to that article's talk page. There are plenty of longstanding articles covering similar controversies in other countries that follow the same format as this one (USA, NZ, Philippines, others) and they all manage to have a list without the extensive caveating you're proposing and without violating Wikipedia's policies. Arcahaeoindris (talk) 09:40, 15 December 2021 (UTC)
 * I'm talking about the general case, using the 'party' case as an example; the discussion belongs here.
 * Being in this list with this name implies exactly that: that the entry is "a scandal". If there are reliably sourced doubts and denials then they need to be given due weight (particularly wrt BLP), and any weight at all for the "might not be" side of the argument means we cannot assert that it definitely is a scandal.
 * The other articles you mention may well contravene the policies, but unless they are challenged we will not be aware of that, but they are irrelevant in this discussion about this article. -- DeFacto (talk). 09:57, 15 December 2021 (UTC)
 * On point 2, that would be fine I think, but as there seems to be a weight of reliable sources kindly provided above describing it as a scandal, that should be enough to warrant its inclusion. What sources actually say that something "might not be" a scandal?? If the allegations themselves have been described as a scandal in several reliable sources then that is enough as something being "a scandal" is not something that is defined in law and thus can be "proven"... it is defined by the media and public reaction to events or alleged events. Look at plebgate for instance. The other country articles are relevant as they follow the same format as this. Arcahaeoindris (talk) 10:20, 15 December 2021 (UTC)
 * FYI I vote based on the weight of sources provided above that the Christmas parties controversy be included here.Arcahaeoindris (talk) 10:32, 15 December 2021 (UTC)
 * (e/c) A "scandal" is what is perceived to be a scandal in reliable sources.  There are no "rules" as to what is or what is not a scandal - it is always a matter of perception.  Your idea that a "scandal" can only be defined in terms of legal or constitutional restrictions is flawed and wrong.  Ghmyrtle (talk) 10:22, 15 December 2021 (UTC)

We can write a lead that makes clear that entries in the list are there because widespread coverage has described them as scandals. This may allay some of 's concerns. That said, I agree with : Wikipedia's epistemology is clear, we don't define things ourselves, we follow WP:RS. With respect to Partygate,, can you provide some up-to-date WP:RS that say this isn't a scandal? I also note we've seen 2 resignations, Stratton and Bailey, which is a de facto admission that something was scandalous! Bondegezou (talk) 13:07, 15 December 2021 (UTC)

 * We should follow all of Wiki's policies, not just WP:RS, including the others I've mentioned above. We don't need RSes saying it wasn't a scandal, but if we say it is, we need to attribute that subjective opinion, balance it with the RS-supported caveats; including the question over whether the buildings in question were included in the Covid restrictions, the denials and possible exceptions related to work, the statement by police that allegations were unsubstantiated repeats of unsubstantiated news reports, etc. We can't just ignore the policies which we fail to comply with in our apparent unseemly rush to brand this ahead of any official findings of any wrongdoings. -- DeFacto (talk). 13:49, 15 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Let's look at some definitions of the word "scandal". Oh, look ....   "an action or event regarded as morally or legally wrong and causing general public outrage."   Please note the words "regarded as...", "morally or legally wrong...",  "causing general public outrage."    Not everyone needs to be convinced that an event was legally wrong for it to be correctly and accurately termed a "scandal".   Ghmyrtle (talk) 13:57, 15 December 2021 (UTC)
 * I agree with . I also want to quote from an FAQ on Talk:Donald Trump: "Having a neutral point of view does not mean giving equal weight to all viewpoints. Rather, it refers to Wikipedia's effort to discuss topics and viewpoints in a roughly equal proportion to the degree that they are discussed in reliable sources, which in political articles is mostly mainstream media." DeFacto, you need to provide sourcing to support your viewpoint in order to argue that it merits due weight. Arcahaeoindris (talk) 14:04, 15 December 2021 (UTC)
 * @Ghmyrtle, what do we think the "action or event" is in the 'party' example? -- DeFacto (talk). 19:59, 15 December 2021 (UTC)
 * If all the RS call it a "scandal" and none say otherwise, then WP:RS/WP:BALANCE etc. says we should call it a scandal. WP:BALANCE reflects the breadth of what RS are saying, ergo the existence of RSes saying it wasn't a scandal is pertinent. Much of what you are saying,, is more applicable to the main article than its mention here. I have recently added to the article in question some of what you are suggesting (notably the question over whether the buildings in question were included in the Covid restrictions), so hopefully that helps. Bondegezou (talk) 17:16, 15 December 2021 (UTC)

Consensus?
@AFreshStart, where's the closed discussion containing the "consensus" you allude to here please? -- DeFacto (talk). 13:54, 15 December 2021 (UTC)
 * I support inclusion Arcahaeoindris (talk) 14:00, 15 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Support. Bondegezou (talk) 17:06, 15 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Support - widely reported as a "scandal". Ghmyrtle (talk) 18:15, 15 December 2021 (UTC)

As it seems like this discussion has been hijacked for another purpose, let me ask @AFreshStart again, for a link to the consensus that they claim exists for the inclusion of the content that they re-added here. It is surely reasonable to be allowed to ask for clarification of an edit summary - isn't it? And without that request being interfered with by another editor? -- DeFacto (talk). 19:41, 15 December 2021 (UTC)
 * , my apologies if I misunderstood you, but you didn't make yourself very clear.
 * Our purpose for being here is to make the article as good as possible, not nitpicking past edits, as per WP:TALK. Why don't you WP:AGF of and drop the matter? Bondegezou (talk) 20:36, 15 December 2021 (UTC)
 * If you say a consensus exists then you should be prepared to give a link to it - no? -- DeFacto (talk). 20:39, 15 December 2021 (UTC)
 * I would presume came to a conclusion having read the discussion above, at Talk:List_of_political_scandals_in_the_United_Kingdom. You were in that discussion; I presume you have read it too. Bondegezou (talk) 20:59, 15 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Do you speak for them? -- DeFacto (talk). 21:01, 15 December 2021 (UTC)
 * I came to that conclusion having read the discussion, yes. —🎄☃❄ Season's greetings from AFreshStart (talk) ❄☃🎄 09:21, 16 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks for clarifying. However, I disagree that there is a consensus, so perhaps you'll self-revert, following WP:BRD, and wait for one to develop. See WP:CONSENSUS for details of a Wiki consensus is. It might be worth starting a new section for a clear discussion to try and decide it, the one above if about the general case of what defines a scandal, and there's no consensus on that yet either. -- DeFacto (talk). 11:37, 16 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Reviewing the discussion above, it is clear that I,, , and  support inclusion of Partygate in this article, while  opposes. I am of the view that that is sufficient consensus for the material to remain in the article for now. We have Discussed, as per WP:BRD, and we have 5:1 in support, using policy-based arguments.
 * DeFacto: if you feel a broader discussion is required, you can start a discussion, maybe an RfC, on that and we can act accordingly based on the result of that broader discussion. However, I am concerned that you are edging towards actions that might be seen as WP:WL and/or WP:DTS at this point. Bondegezou (talk) 12:19, 16 December 2021 (UTC)
 * My main concern is over apparent WP:BLP infringements if we assert, by adding it to this list, that "an action or event regarded as morally or legally wrong" occurred (part of the definition of 'scandal'), when it has not yet been established whether one has, or not. That strong policy-based concern has not yet been allayed. -- DeFacto (talk). 12:28, 16 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Two people have resigned their positions because of their actions. They resigned because they'd done something wrong. Your argument that there is a WP:BLP infringement looks like WP:WL at this point. Meanwhile, edits like this one seem rather dubious. I would suggest that you peruse WP:DTS. We can all get too caught up in the moment with our editing. Bondegezou (talk) 12:50, 16 December 2021 (UTC)
 * I'm guided by these extracts from the lead of BLP:
 * Contentious material about living persons (or, in some cases, recently deceased) that is unsourced or poorly sourced—whether the material is negative, positive, neutral, or just questionable—should be removed immediately and without waiting for discussion.
 * Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, not a tabloid: it is not Wikipedia's job to be sensationalist, or to be the primary vehicle for the spread of titillating claims about people's lives; the possibility of harm to living subjects must always be considered when exercising editorial judgment.
 * Perhaps we need to take it to the BLP talkpage and see if we can get assurances there that it is compliant and that I am indeed paranoid. -- DeFacto (talk). 13:56, 16 December 2021 (UTC)

Resigned? No he hasn't
The article ends "It later led to the resignation of the Prime Minister himself." He has not resigned, he never mentioned the words resign or resignation. He has agreed to step down from the position of party leader at some indeterminate future point, probably in October, once the Party Conference season is over and a new party leader has been appointed. He remains as Prime minister currently - very much not past-tense resigned. 2.31.162.109 (talk) 22:42, 12 July 2022 (UTC)

Conor Burns
The sacking of Conor Burns appears to be a political scandal. I'm new to editing and I'll admit I don't understand the edit note reason gave for removing it, so I'm seeking support on adding the following, taken from the Conor Burns page.

TurnipWatch (talk) 00:27, 9 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Conor Burns, the Conservative Minister of State for Trade Policy, was sacked from his position on 7 October, and had the whip suspended due to 'complaints about his behaviour' following the 2022 Conservative Party conference. He was also suspended as the patron of the LGBT+ Conservatives.

 * @TurnipWatch, none of the sources there describe a "scandal", so it we brand it as one in this article that would fail the WP:V and WP:BLP policies. -- DeFacto (talk). 08:26, 9 October 2022 (UTC)
 * It looks to me like a scndal. Proxima Centauri (talk) 15:39, 9 October 2022 (UTC)

 * It looks to me like run-of-the-mill politician behaving badly stuff. Give it a few weeks, and see if anyone is still writing about it. AndyTheGrump (talk) 16:17, 9 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Might have been at one time. No longer, unless more to come.Leaky caldron (talk) 16:26, 9 October 2022 (UTC)

Owen Paterson
SmartSE (talk) 11:43, 28 April 2023 (UTC)
 * https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/government-lead-cut-single-point-owen-paterson-scandal-b964791.html
 * https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/give-rule-breaking-mps-a-right-of-appeal-review-recommends-after-owen-paterson-scandal-gbmzs7xv0
 * https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/lobbyists-still-at-heart-of-government/
 * https://uk.movies.yahoo.com/movies/health-minister-had-meetings-books-214432106.html
 * Need I go on?


text:
Talk:Profumo affair

Tone
This article takes a very passive tone and seems to be excusing the actions of Profumo, who was a married, middle-aged politician who thought it would be a good idea to have sexual relations with a 19-year-old woman. An elected official who compromised himself, his marriage, and national security, and then repeatedly lied about it. I understand that Wikipedia needs to remain neutral, but the facts at hand don't appear to be neutrally presented here - rather, they seem to be diffused with a lot of dismissive, exculpatory phrasing. Why is the page picture a picture of him before the scandal, in his office, rather than one taken after the affair was revealed, which would seem more relevant? If there's a need to use the in-his-office picture, seems like it would be more appropriate in the background section. ShinySquirrel42 (talk) 09:58, 26 January 2021 (UTC)

 * I note criticism of the article NPOV raised on tumblr here: --ZKang123 (talk) 10:08, 3 March 2024 (UTC)
 * That's a reblog of the Tumblr post in the edit summary of Special:Diff/1002050976 dated 16:25, 22 January 2021. Rotideypoc41352 (talk · contribs) 19:18, 3 March 2024 (UTC)
 * And it seems those edits have been reverted since.--ZKang123 (talk) 10:25, 13 March 2024 (UTC)

What is Going On With This Article
someone keeps defending rape and eulogizing a rapist!? Looking over this document it's pretty easy to figure out whom. Why is this acceptable, in this culture? Will this article be returned to a state featuring accurate language and appropriate specific photographic resources? Or is wikipedia content to remain Alexa's volunteer wormtongue? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Freign (talk • contribs) 14:53, 10 December 2021 (UTC)

"British politician sex" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect British politician sex and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 December 28 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Sdrqaz (talk) 23:58, 28 December 2021 (UTC)

"The Crown" touches on Ward et al
Check out the episode in season 2 on Prince Philip's "indiscretions," one of which is purported to be his participation in Ward's "practice." The series is compelling but takes many liberties; the problem is: we -- other than the experts -- never know how closely it hews to or how far it strays from the truth. 73.158.119.36 (talk) 10:06, 19 September 2022 (UTC)

The Picture
What relevance does the picture of "John Profumo in 1938" have when this takes place at the beginning of 1961? To show picture of 23-year-old Profumo when he was 46 at the time of scandal is not only dismissive of severity of the scandal, it takes away from the fact presented in writing. Is there really no relevant picture of him around that time frame? Tom Tanks (talk) 08:48, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

 * I replaced the photo with a contemporaneous photo from 1962 from the National Portrait Gallery Vasusrir429 (talk) 00:30, 29 February 2024 (UTC)

Featured article status
Given the persistent complaints that this article appears to diminish the scandal, should it go to WP:FAR? Apocheir (talk) 23:22, 17 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Listed (belatedly) at WP:FARGIVEN. Rotideypoc41352 (talk · contribs) 20:29, 29 February 2024 (UTC)
 * hello! Hope you're doing well. I'm not asking for a detailed answer because I don't want to take up too much of your time, but does this article [on the Profumo affair] accurately reflect what WP:RS has to say on the topic? Given your work bringing Well he would, wouldn't he? to FA, I thought you might be familiar with scholarly consensus (?) on a related topic, and so would better be able to (briefly) evaluate this article. Thank you! Rotideypoc41352 (talk · contribs) 17:25, 8 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry, what's the issue here? Where are the complaints? Tim O'Doherty (talk) 17:50, 8 May 2024 (UTC)
 * It looks like there was a popular social media post about changes to this article (and its POV) waaay back in 2021—the Tumblr post also mentioned and linked in above—leading to comments like the initial one in #Tone and, as well as the protection of this article. The  show no page protection since.
 * I'm not entirely clear why Apocheir opened this discussion earlier this year (nor why ZKang123 replied to #Tone three years after its initial post). Maybe people keep refinding that old post . Hence my question: is there any merit to these anymore?
 * Perhaps it's strange or even a troutable offense, but I don't know what I don't know. So before I take this off FARGIVEN, I wanted to ask someone like you who knows more about the Affair. Is the article missing some significant POV or change in scholarship in the ten years since it was promoted to FA?
 * In any case, thanks for replying. Rotideypoc41352 (talk · contribs) 23:20, 8 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Right, thanks. I'm by no means an expert on the affair or the current academic consensus, but I can't see how this could be seen as biased: it looks like it covers all bases decently. If there's a separate issue that's not about bias then I wouldn't be opposed to changing it to a closer version to how it was when just listed as FA, keeping the improvements and jettisoning the disimprovements. There's no need to take this to FAR, I think. Informal discussion here will do for the small, if any, changes which need to be made. Tim O'Doherty (talk) 23:39, 8 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks! I've taken this off FARGIVEN. Rotideypoc41352 (talk · contribs) 02:59, 9 May 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Profumo affair


text:
Edvard Westermarck

Edvard Alexander Westermarck (20 November 1862 in Helsinki – 3 September 1939 in Tenala) was a Finnish philosopher and sociologist. Among other subjects, he studied exogamy and the incest taboo.

Biography
Westermarck was born in 1862 in a well-off Lutheran family, part of the Swedish-speaking population of Finland. His father worked at the University of Helsinki as a bursar, and his maternal grandfather was a professor at the same university. It was thus natural for Edvard to study there, obtaining his first degree in philosophy in 1886, but developing also an interest in anthropology and reading the works of Charles Darwin. His thesis, The History of Human Marriage, was published as a book in 1891, and would be published again in a substantially revised edition in 1921.

In 1892, Westermarck became a lecturer in Sociology at the University of Helsinki. While at the university, he became the chairman of the Prometheus Society, a student society promoting religious freedom. He was promoted to professor of Moral Philosophy in 1906 and occupied that chair until 1918, when he moved to the Åbo Akademi University in Turku.

While still teaching Philosophy in Turku, he helped found academic sociology in the United Kingdom, becoming the first Martin White Professor of Sociology (with Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse) in 1907 in the University of London. One of the original reasons he spent time in London is he did not feel safe in Helsinki or Turku because of his advocacy of the independence of Finland, but even when the political situation quieted down, he continued teaching in both London and Turku until 1930 and 1932 respectively. He had also served for some years, between 1918 and 1921, as Rector of the Åbo Akademi University. He retired in 1932, and spent the rest of his life completing and publishing his major works, Ethical Relativity (1932), Three Essays on Sex and Morals (1934), The Future of Marriage in Western Civilization (1936) and Christianity and Morals (1939), the latter published in the year when he died. In 1929, he had published the English version, Memories of My Life of his autobiography, originally published in Swedish in 1927.

Views
He has been described as "first Darwinian sociologist" or "the first sociobiologist", as well as “an authority in the history of morals and of marriage customs.” He denied the then prevailing view that early human beings lived in sexual promiscuity, arguing that in fact historically monogamy preceded polygamy. He maintained that “Marriage is rooted in the family rather than the family in the marriage”.

The phenomenon of reverse sexual imprinting is when two people live in close domestic proximity during the first few years in the life of either one, and both become desensitised to sexual attraction, now known as the Westermarck effect, was first formally described by him in his thesis The History of Human Marriage (1891).

Westermarck was also a scholar of Morocco and offered a positivist view of how its folk religion was formed in his two-volume work Ritual and Belief in Morocco (1926). He had started his fieldwork in Morocco as early as 1898, and visited the country 21 times in the next thirty years, spending in total seven years in the country. He also studied his favorite subject, marriage, there, publishing in 1914 Marriage Ceremonies of Morocco.

Westermarck critiqued Christian institutions and Christian ideas on the grounds that they lacked foundation. He was also a moral relativist and in his two-volume The Origin and Development of Moral Ideas (1906–1908) he argued that moral judgements are not rational but are based on emotions and on social approval or disapproval. As a consequence, he also denied the existence of general or universal moral truth.

In the UK, his name is often spelled Edward. His sister, Helena Westermarck, was a writer and artist.

Books

 * 1891: The History of Human Marriage. 3 Vol, Macmillan, London.
 * 1906: The Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas. 2 Vol, MacMillan, London
 * 1907: Siveys ja kristinusko: Esitelmä. Ylioppilasyhdistys Prometheus, Helsinki.
 * 1914: Marriage Ceremonies in Morocco. Macmillan, London.
 * 1919: Tapojen historiaa: Kuusi akadeemista esitelmää: Pitänyt Turussa syksyllä 1911 Edward Westermarck. 2nd edition. Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura, Helsinki.
 * 1920: Religion och magi (Religion and magick), Studentföreningen Verdandis Småskrifter 149, Albert Bonniers Förlag, Stockholm
 * 1926: Ritual and Belief in Morocco. 2 Vol.
 * 1926: A short History of Human Marriage. Macmillan, London.
 * 1930: Wit and Wisdom in Morocco. Routledge, London.
 * 1932: Ethical Relativity.
 * 1932: Avioliiton historia. WSOY, Helsinki.
 * 1932: Early Beliefs and Their Social Influence. London: Macmillan.
 * 1933: Pagan Survivals in Mohammedan Civilisation. London: Macmillan.
 * 1933: Moraalin synty ja kehitys. WSOY, Helsinki.
 * 1934: Three Essays on Sex and Marriage. Macmillan, London.
 * 1934: Freuds teori on Oedipuskomplexen i sociologisk belysning. Vetenskap och bildning, 45. Bonnier, Stockholm.
 * 1936: The future of Marriage in Western Civilisation. Macmillan, London.
 * 1937: "Forward" in The Wandering Spirit: A Study of Human Migration. Macmillan, London
 * 1939: Kristinusko ja moraali (Christianity and Morals). Otava, Helsinki.

title: Edvard Westermarck


text:
Matrox

Matrox Graphics, Inc. is a producer of video card components and equipment for personal computers and workstations. Based in Dorval, Quebec, Canada, it was founded in 1976 by Lorne Trottier and Branko Matić. The name is derived from "Ma" in Matić and "Tro" in Trottier.

Company

 * Matrox Graphics, Inc., the entity most recognized by the public which has been making graphics cards since 1978.
 * Matrox Video Products Group, which produces video-editing products for professional video production and broadcast markets. A division of Matrox Graphics, Inc.

Former divisions

 * Matrox Electronic Systems Ltd., the former parent company. Sold to Zebra Technologies as part of the divestiture of Matrox Imaging on June 6, 2022 and succeeded by Matrox Graphics, Inc.
 * Matrox Imaging, which produces frame grabbers, smart cameras and image processing/analysis software.
 * Matrox Networks, which produced corporate-grade networking equipment. Date of closure unknown.

History
Matrox's first graphics card product was the ALT-256 for S-100 bus computers, released in 1978. The ALT-256 produced a 256 by 256 pixel monochrome display using an 8 kilobyte (64 kilobit) frame buffer consisting of 16 TMS4027 DRAM chips (4 kilobits each). An expanded version followed, the ALT-512, both available for Intel SBC bus machines as well. Through the 1980s, Matrox's cards followed changes in the hardware side of the market, to Multibus and then the variety of PC standards. During the 1990s, the Matrox Millennium series of cards attracted buyers willing to pay for a higher quality and sharper display. In 1994, Matrox introduced the Matrox Impression, an add-on card that worked in conjunction with a Millennium card to provide 3D acceleration. The Impression was aimed primarily at the CAD market. A later version of the Millennium included features similar to the Impression but by this time the series was lagging behind emerging vendors like 3dfx Interactive.

Matrox made several attempts to increase its share of the market for 3D-capable cards. The Matrox Mystique, released in 1996, was the company's first attempt to make a card with good gaming performance and with pricing suitable for that market. The product had good 2D and 3D performance but produced poor 3D images with the result that it was derided in reviews, being compared unfavorably with the Voodoo1 and even being nicknamed the "Matrox Mystake".

Another attempt was the Matrox G100 and G200. The G200 was sold as two models, the Millennium G200 was a higher-end version typically equipped with 8 MB SGRAM memory, while the Mystique G200 used slower SDRAM memory but added a TV-out port. The G200 offered competent 3D performance for the first time, but was released shortly before a new generation of cards from Nvidia and ATI which completely outperformed it. Later versions in the Matrox G400 series were never able to regain the crown, and despite huge claims for the Matrox Parhelia, their performance continued to be quickly outpaced by the major players.

Since then, Matrox has continued to shift the focus of its card designs towards specialized, niche markets, moving more deeply into enterprise, industrial, and government applications. This includes solutions for when a large number of monitors attached to the same PC is required. In recent years they have held no more than a 3–5% share of the total video card market. Matrox is now divided into three divisions: Matrox Graphics, Matrox Video, and Matrox Imaging. Matrox Graphics is the primary consumer and end-user brand, while Matrox Video markets digital video editing solutions, and Matrox Imaging sells high-end video capture systems and "smart cameras", video cameras with a built-in computer for machine vision applications.

2016, Matrox introduced the C-series of graphics cards based on GPUs from AMD. Cards are C420 LP, C680 and C900.

On September 6, 2019, the company announced that its co-founder Lorne Trottier had acquired 100% ownership of the Matrox group of companies, including its three divisions—Matrox Imaging, Matrox Graphics, and Matrox Video.

On June 6, 2022, Zebra Technologies announced they had completed their acquisition of the Matrox Imaging division.

2023 Matrox introduced the LUMA series of graphics cards based on Intel Arc GPUs from Intel.

Driver support
To support Unix and Linux, Matrox has released only binary drivers for most of their product line and one partially free and open-source driver for the G550 card which comes with a binary blob to enable some additional functionality. These drivers were tested and are allegedly supported for quite old distributions. They do not work on newer Linux kernels and X.Org Server versions. In addition to the proprietary drivers provided by Matrox, the DRI community has provided drivers under the GPL license for many more of the devices.

title: Matrox


text:
Red pepper

Red pepper may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * Red Pepper (musical), 1922 Broadway musical
 * Red Peppers, a 1936 play by Noël Coward
 * Redd Pepper (born 1961), voice artist who provides voice overs for movie trailers

Publications

 * Red Pepper (newspaper), a daily tabloid newspaper in Uganda
 * Red Pepper (magazine), a "radical red and green" magazine based in the United Kingdom

Spices

 * Capsicum
 * Chili powder, a finely ground mixture of dried chili peppers
 * Crushed red pepper, a coarsely crushed mixture of dried chili peppers
 * Chili pepper that is red, especially:
 * Cayenne pepper
 * Bell pepper, has various colors including red
 * Red Savina pepper, a cultivar of the habanero chili
 * Piper
 * ripe black pepper

title: Red pepper


text:
Chili

Chili or chilli may refer to:

Food

 * Chili pepper, the spicy fruit of plants in the genus Capsicum; sometimes spelled "chilli" in the UK and "chile" in the southwestern US
 * Chili powder, the dried, pulverized fruit of one or more varieties of chili pepper
 * Chili con carne, often referred to simply as "chili", a stew with a chili sauce base
 * Cincinnati chili, a meat sauce popular in Ohio and Northern Kentucky; different from chili con carne
 * Chili sauce

China

 * Zhili, formerly romanized as Chili, a former Chinese province

Russia

 * Chilli (river), Vilyuy basin, Yakutia

United States

 * Chili, Indiana, an unincorporated town
 * Chili, New Mexico, an unincorporated census-designated place
 * Chili, New York, a suburb of Rochester
 * Chili, Ohio, an unincorporated community
 * Chili, Wisconsin, an unincorporated census-designated place
 * Chili Gulch (also spelled Chile Gulch), a gulch in Calaveras County, California
 * Chili Township, Hancock County, Illinois
 * Chili, Illinois, an unincorporated community

People

 * Dorothy Chili Bouchier (1909–1999), British actress
 * Chen Chi-li (1943–2007), Taiwanese gangster
 * Manuel Chili (1723-1796), Ecuadorian Baroque sculptor
 * Pierfrancesco Chili (born 1964), Italian motorcycle racer
 * Sue Chilly (also spelt Chilli; born 1954), co-founder of Black Women's Action in Australia in 1976
 * Charles Chili Davis (born 1960), Jamaica-born American baseball player
 * Claus Pilgaard (born 1965), Danish musician and entertainer also known as Chili Klaus
 * Rozonda Thomas (born 1971), American R&B singer-songwriter and actress whose stage name is "Chilli"

Fictional characters

 * Chili (Pokémon), a character of the Pokémon universe
 * Chili Palmer, a character in Get Shorty and Be Cool
 * Chili Storm, a Marvel Comics character who appeared in Millie the Model stories and was spun off into her own title, Chili
 * Chili, a tarantula in the 3D film It's Tough to Be a Bug!, based on the 1998 animated film A Bug's Life
 * Chilli Heeler, Bluey's mother in Bluey (2018 TV series)

Other uses

 * Chili Line, a former branch of the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad
 * Chili Seminary, the original name of Roberts Wesleyan College, a Christian liberal arts college in Rochester, New York
 * Chili's, a restaurant chain specializing in Tex-Mex food

title: Chili


text:
Iodothyronine deiodinase

Iodothyronine deiodinases ( and ) are a subfamily of deiodinase enzymes important in the activation and deactivation of thyroid hormones. Thyroxine (T4), the precursor of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) is transformed into T3 by deiodinase activity. T3, through binding a nuclear thyroid hormone receptor, influences the expression of genes in practically every vertebrate cell. Iodothyronine deiodinases are unusual in that these enzymes contain selenium, in the form of an otherwise rare amino acid selenocysteine.

These enzymes are not to be confused with the iodotyrosine deiodinases that are also deiodinases, but not members of the iodothyronine family. The iodotyrosine deiodinases (unlike the iodothyronine deiodinases) do not use selenocysteine or selenium. The iodotyrosine enzymes work on iodinated single tyrosine residue molecules to scavenge iodine, and do not use as substrates the double-tyrosine residue molecules of the various iodothyronines.

Activation and inactivation
In tissues, deiodinases can either activate or inactivate thyroid hormones: The major part of thyroxine deiodination occurs within the cells.
 * Activation occurs by conversion of thyroxine (T4) to the active hormone triiodothyronine (T3) through the removal of an iodine atom on the outer ring.
 * Inactivation of thyroid hormones occurs by removal of an iodine atom on the inner ring, which converts thyroxine to the inactive reverse triiodothyronine (rT3), or which converts the active triiodothyronine to diiodothyronine (T2).

Deiodinase 2 activity can be regulated by ubiquitination:
 * The covalent attachment of ubiquitin inactivates D2 by disrupting dimerization and targets it to degradation in the proteosome.
 * Deubiquitination removing ubiquitin from D2 restores its activity and prevents proteosomal degradation.
 * The Hedgehog cascade acts to increase D2 ubiquitination through WSB1 activity, decreasing D2 activity.

D-propranolol inhibits thyroxine deiodinase, thereby blocking the conversion of T4 to T3, providing some though minimal therapeutic effect.

Structure
The three deiodinase enzymes share certain structural features in common although their sequence identity is lower than 50%. Each enzyme weighs between 29 and 33kDa. Deiodinases are dimeric integral membrane proteins with single transmembrane segments and large globular heads (see below). They share a TRX fold that contains the active site including the rare selenocysteine amino acid and two histidine residues. Selenocysteine is coded by a UGA codon, which generally signifies termination of a peptide through a stop codon. In point mutation experiments with Deiodinase 1 changing UGA to the stop codon TAA resulted in a complete loss of function, while changing UGA to cysteine (TGT) caused the enzyme to operate at around 10% normal efficiency. In order for UGA to be read as a selenocysteine amino acid instead of a stop codon, it is necessary that a downstream stem loop sequence, the selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS), be present to bind with SECIS binding protein-2 (SBP-2), which binds with elongation factor EFsec. The translation of selenocysteine is not efficient, even though it is important to the functioning of the enzyme. Deiodinase 2 is localized to the ER membrane while Deiodinase 1 and 3 are found in the plasma membrane.

The related catalytic domains of Deiodinases 1-3 feature a thioredoxine-related peroxiredoxin fold. The enzymes catalyze a reductive elimination of iodine, thereby oxidizing themselves similar to Prx, followed by a reductive recycling of the enzyme.

Types
In most vertebrates, there are three types of enzymes that can deiodinate thyroid hormones:

Function
Deiodinase 1 both activates T4 to produce T3 and inactivates T4. Besides its increased function in producing extrathyroid T3 in patients with hyperthyroidism, its function is less well understood than D2 or D3  Deiodinase 2, located in the ER membrane, converts T4 into T3 and is a major source of the cytoplasmic T3 pool. Deiodinase 3 prevents T4 activation and inactivates T3. D2 and D3 are important in homeostatic regulation in maintaining T3 levels at the plasma and cellular levels. In hyperthyroidism D2 is down regulated and D3 is upregulated to clear extra T3, while in hypothyroidism D2 is upregulated and D3 is downregulated to increase cytoplasmic T3 levels.

Serum T3 levels remain fairly constant in healthy individuals, but D2 and D3 can regulate tissue specific intracellular levels of T3 to maintain homeostasis since T3 and T4 levels may vary by organ. Deiodinases also provide spatial and temporal developmental control of thyroid hormone levels. D3 levels are highest early in development and decrease over time, while D2 levels are high at moments of significant metamorphic change in tissues. Thus D2 enables production of sufficient T3 at necessary time points while D3 may shield tissue from overexposure to T3.

Also, iodothyronine deiodinases (type 2 y 3; DIO2 and DIO3, respectively) respond to seasonal changes in photoperiod-driven melatonin secretion and govern peri-hypothalamic catabolism of the prohormone thyroxine (T4). In long summer days, the production of hypothalamic T3 increase due to DIO-2-mediated conversion of T4 to the biologically active hormone. This process allows to active anabolic neuroendocrine pathways that maintain reproductive competence and increase body weight. However, during the adaptation to reproductively inhibitory photoperiods, the levels of T3 decrease due to peri-hypothalamic DIO3 expression that catabolizes T4 and T3 into receptor inactive amines.

Deiodinase 2 also plays a significant role in thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT). In response to sympathetic stimulation, dropping temperature, or overfeeding BAT, D2 increases oxidation of fatty acids and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation via uncoupling protein, causing mitochondrial heat production. D2 increases during cold stress in BAT and increases intracellular T3 levels. In D2 deficient models, shivering is a behavioral adaptation to the cold. However, heat production is much less efficient than uncoupling lipid oxidation.

Disease relevance
In cardiomyopathy the heart reverts to a fetal gene programming due to the overload of the heart. Like during fetal development, thyroid hormone levels are low in the overloaded heart tissue in a local hypothyroid state, with low levels of deiodinase 1 and deiodinase 2. Although deiodinase 3 levels in a normal heart are generally low, in cardiomyopathy deiodinase 3 activity is increased to decrease energy turnover and oxygen consumption.

Hypothyroidism is a disease diagnosed by decreased levels of serum thyroxine (T4). Presentation in adults leads to decreased metabolism, increased weight gain, and neuropsychiatric complications. During development, hypothyroidism is considered more severe and leads to neurotoxicity as cretinism or other human cognitive disorders, altered metabolism and underdeveloped organs. Medication and environmental exposures can result in hypothyroidism with changes in deiodinase enzyme activity. The drug iopanoic acid (IOP) decreased cutaneous cell proliferation by inhibition of deiodinase enzyme type 1 or 2 reducing the conversion of T4 to T3. The environmental chemical DE-71, a PBDE pentaBDE brominated flame retardant decreased hepatic deiodinase I transcription and enzyme activity in neonatal rats with hypothyroidism.

Quantifying enzyme activity
In vitro, including cell culture experiments, deiodination activity is determined by incubating cells or homogenates with high amounts of labeled thyroxine (T4) and required cosubstrates. As a measure of deiodination, the production of radioactive iodine and other physiological metabolites, in particular T3 or reverse T3, are determined and expressed (e.g. as fmol/mg protein/minute).

In vivo, deiodination activity is estimated from equilibrium levels of free T3 and free T4. A simple approximation is T3/T4 ratio, a more elaborate approach is calculating sum activity of peripheral deiodinases (SPINA-GD) from free T4, free T3 and parameters for protein binding, dissociation and hormone kinetics. In atypical cases, this last approach can benefit from measurements of TBG, but usually only requires measurement of TSH, fT3 and fT4, and as such has no added laboratory requirements besides the measurement of the same.

title: Iodothyronine deiodinase


text:
Talk:Environmentally sensitive area

Untitled
I don't know anything about these ESA's, but I have some questions that might help flesh out the article further. Exactly what kind of protection do these areas need? Regulatory protection, protection from erosion, from coyotes, from hunters, from acid rain, from urban sprawl? Several of the above? What sorts of practices are considered environmentally friendly and therefore encouraged? Have ESA's been used very long? Are they generally considered successful, a failure, or is their effectiveness controversial? Just curious, Wesley

title: Talk:Environmentally sensitive area


text:
Jørgen Skafte Rasmussen

Jørgen Skafte Rasmussen (30 July 1878 – 12 August 1964) was a Danish engineer and industrialist.

Life
The son of a shipmaster who died when Rasmussen was still a young child, he attended middle school in Nakskov and in 1894 began an apprenticeship in Copenhagen. His mother died when he was 19, he then moved to Nykøbing where he continued his training mployed by a local engine maker.

In 1898 Rasmussen moved to Germany in order to take classes in mechanical and electrical engineering at the Hochschule Mittweida university of applied sciences in Saxony. However, he was relegated two years later due to inadequate academic achievements and continued his studies at the newly established University of Applied Sciences of Zwickau where he took his exams in 1902. One year later he registered his first utility model (Gebrauchsmuster) on a turning tool in Zwickau.

Rasmussen established the DKW motorcycle manufacturing factory Zschopauer Motorenwerke in 1921 and later automobile Framo. Rasmussen acquired a majority interest in Audi Automobilwerke in 1928, which four years later became Auto Union AG with the merger of Zschopauer Motorenwerke, Audi and others.

The Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the following Great Depression hit Rasmussen's businesses hard, as demand for motor-bikes and passenger cars slumped. In 1930 the Saxony Regional Bank, which had financed Rasmussen's business expansion in the 1920s, installed Richard Bruhn (1886 - 1964) on the board of Audi and there followed a brutal pruning and rationalization of the various auto-businesses that Rasmussen had accumulated. The outcome was the founding of Auto Union in Summer 1932 with just four component businesses, being Audi, DKW, Horch and the car producing piece of Wanderer. The Auto Union group rapidly grew to become Germany's second auto producer, behind only Opel in terms of passenger car market share. After World War II, DKW moved to West Germany, with the original factory becoming MZ.

Rasmussen remained on the board until 1934 when he was removed following "differences" with fellow board members. He then left Zwickau and purchased an estate at Sacrow which today has become a district in Potsdam, and where he lived with his family till 1945. In 1945 he joined the flight from the Soviet army, relocating to Flensburg, and in 1947 he returned to Denmark.

From 1947 he lived in Hareskovby, where in the 1950s he built motor-bikes under the DISA name. After his 75th birthday he and his wife moved to Copenhagen.

title: Jørgen Skafte Rasmussen


text:
Radio-controlled model

A radio-controlled model (or RC model) is a model that is steerable with the use of radio control (RC). All types of model vehicles have had RC systems installed in them, including ground vehicles, boats, planes, helicopters and even submarines and scale railway locomotives.

History
World War II saw increased development in radio control technology. The Luftwaffe used controllable winged bombs for targeting Allied ships. During the 1930s the Good brothers Bill and Walt pioneered vacuum tube based control units for R/C hobby use. Their "Guff" radio controlled plane is on display at the National Aerospace museum. Ed Lorenze published a design in Model Airplane News that was built by many hobbyists. Later, after WW2, in the late 1940s to mid 1950 many other R/C designs emerged and some were sold commercially, Berkeley's Super Aerotrol, was one such example.

Originally simple 'on-off' systems, these evolved to use complex systems of relays to control a rubber powered escapement's speed and direction. In another more sophisticated version developed by the Good brothers called TTPW, information was encoded by varying the signal's mark/space ratio (pulse proportional). Commercial versions of these systems quickly became available. The tuned reed system brought new sophistication, using metal reeds to resonate with the transmitted signal and operate one of a number of different relays. In the 1960s the availability of transistor-based equipment led to the rapid development of fully proportional servo-based "digital proportional" systems, achieved initially with discrete components, again driven largely by amateurs but resulting in commercial products. In the 1970s, integrated circuits made the electronics small, light and cheap enough for the 1960s-established multi-channel digital proportional systems to become much more widely available.

In the 1990s miniaturised equipment became widely available, allowing radio control of the smallest models, and by the 2000s radio control was commonplace even for the control of inexpensive toys. At the same time the ingenuity of modellers has been sustained and the achievements of amateur modelers using new technologies has extended to such applications as gas-turbine powered aircraft, aerobatic helicopters and submarines.

Before radio control, many models would use simple burning fuses or clockwork mechanisms to control flight or sailing times. Sometimes clockwork controllers would also control and vary direction or behaviour. Other methods included tethering to a central point (popular for model cars and hydroplanes), round the pole control for electric model aircraft and control lines (called u-control in the US) for internal combustion powered aircraft.

The first general use of radio control systems in models started in the late 1940s with single-channel self-built equipment; commercial equipment came soon thereafter. Initially remote control systems used escapement, (often rubber driven) mechanical actuation in the model. Commercial sets often used ground standing transmitters, long whip antennas with separate ground poles and single vacuum tube receivers. The first kits had dual tubes for more selectivity. Such early systems were invariably super regenerative circuits, which meant that two controllers used in close proximity would interfere with one another. The requirement for heavy batteries to drive tubes also meant that model boat systems were more successful than model aircraft.

The advent of transistors greatly reduced the battery requirements, since the current requirements at low voltage were greatly reduced and the high voltage battery was eliminated. Low cost systems employed a superregenerative transistor receiver sensitive to a specific audio tone modulation, the latter greatly reducing interference from 27 MHz Citizens' band radio communications on nearby frequencies. Use of an output transistor further increased reliability by eliminating the sensitive output relay, a device subject to both motor-induced vibration and stray dust contamination. In both tube and early transistor sets the model's control surfaces were usually operated by an electromagnetic escapement controlling the stored energy in a rubber-band loop, allowing simple rudder control (right, left, and neutral) and sometimes other functions such as motor speed, and kick-up elevator.

In the late 1950s, RC hobbyists had mastered tricks to manage proportional control of the flight control surfaces, for example by rapidly switching on and off reed systems, a technique called "skillful blipping" or more humorously "nervous proportional".

By the early 1960s transistors had replaced the tube and electric motors driving control surfaces were more common. The first low cost "proportional" systems did not use servos, but rather employed a bidirectional motor with a proportional pulse train that consisted of two tones, pulse-width modulated (TTPW). This system, and another commonly known as "Kicking Duck/Galloping Ghost", was driven with a pulse train that caused the rudder and elevator to "wag" though a small angle (not affecting flight owing to small excursions and high speed), with the average position determined by the proportions of the pulse train. A more sophisticated and unique proportional system was developed by Hershel Toomin of Electrosolids corporation called the Space Control. This benchmark system used two tones, pulse width and rate modulated to drive 4 fully proportional servos, and was manufactured and refined by Zel Ritchie, who ultimately gave the technology to the Dunhams of Orbit in 1964. The system was widely imitated, and others (Sampey, ACL, DeeBee) tried their hand at developing what was then known as analog proportional. But these early analog proportional radios were very expensive, putting them out of the reach for most modelers. Eventually, single-channel gave way to multi channel devices (at significantly higher cost) with various audio tones driving electromagnets affecting tuned resonant reeds for channel selection.

Crystal oscillator superheterodyne receivers with better selectivity and stability made control equipment more capable and at lower cost. The constantly diminishing equipment weight was crucial to ever increasing modelling applications. Superheterodyne circuits became more common, enabling several transmitters to operate closely together and enabling further rejection of interference from adjacent Citizen's Band voice radio bands.

Multi-channel developments were of particular use to aircraft which really needed a minimum of three control dimensions (yaw, pitch and motor speed), as opposed to boats which can be controlled with two or one. Radio control 'channels' were originally outputs from a reed array, in other words, a simple on-off switch. To provide a usable control signal a control surface needs to be moved in two directions, so at least two 'channels' would be needed unless a complex mechanical link could be made to provide two-directional movement from a single switch. Several of these complex links were marketed during the 1960s, including the Graupner Kinematic Orbit, Bramco, and Kraft simultaneous reed sets.

Doug Spreng is credited with developing the first "digital" pulse-width feedback servo and along with Don Mathis developed and sold the first digital proportional radio called the "Digicon" followed by Bonner's Digimite, and Hoovers F&M Digital 5.

With the electronics revolution, single-signal channel circuit design became redundant and instead, radios provided coded signal streams which a servomechanism could interpret. Each of these streams replaced two of the original 'channels', and, confusingly, the signal streams began to be called 'channels'. So an old on/off 6-channel transmitter which could drive the rudder, elevator and throttle of an aircraft was replaced with a new proportional 3-channel transmitter doing the same job. Controlling all the primary controls of a powered aircraft (rudder, elevator, ailerons and throttle) was known as 'full-house' control. A glider could be 'full-house' with only three channels.

Soon a competitive marketplace emerged, bringing rapid development. By the 1970s the trend for 'full-house' proportional radio control was fully established. Typical radio control systems for radio-controlled models employ pulse-width modulation (PWM), pulse-position modulation (PPM) and more recently spread-spectrum technology, and actuate the various control surfaces using servomechanisms. These systems made 'proportional control' possible, where the position of the control surface in the model is proportional to the position of the control stick on the transmitter.

PWM is most commonly used in radio control equipment today, where transmitter controls change the width (duration) of the pulse for that channel between 920 μs and 2120 μs, 1520 μs being the center (neutral) position. The pulse is repeated in a frame of between 10 and 30 milliseconds in length. Off-the-shelf servos respond directly to servo control pulse trains of this type using integrated decoder circuits, and in response they actuate a rotating arm or lever on the top of the servo. An electric motor and reduction gearbox is used to drive the output arm and a variable component such as a resistor "potentiometer" or tuning capacitor. The variable capacitor or resistor produces an error signal voltage proportional to the output position which is then compared with the position commanded by the input pulse and the motor is driven until a match is obtained. The pulse trains representing the whole set of channels is easily decoded into separate channels at the receiver using very simple circuits such as a Johnson counter. The relative simplicity of this system allows receivers to be small and light, and has been widely used since the early 1970s. Usually a single-chip 4017 decade counter is used inside the receiver to decode the transmitted multiplexed PPM signal to the individual "RC PWM" signals sent to each RC servo. Often a Signetics NE544 IC or a functionally equivalent chip is used inside the housing of low-cost RC servos as the motor controller—it decodes that servo control pulse train to a position, and drives the motor to that position.

More recently, high-end hobby systems using Pulse-Code Modulation (PCM) features have come on the market that provide a digital bit-stream signal to the receiving device instead of analog type pulse modulation. Advantages include bit error checking capabilities of the data stream (good for signal integrity checking) and fail-safe options including motor (if the model has a motor) throttle down and similar automatic actions based on signal loss. However, those systems that use pulse code modulation generally induce more lag due to lesser frames sent per second as bandwidth is needed for error checking bits. PCM devices can only detect errors and thus hold the last verified position or go into failsafe mode. They cannot correct transmission errors.

In the early 21st century, 2.4 gigahertz (GHz) transmissions have become increasingly utilised in high-end control of model vehicles and aircraft. This range of frequencies has many advantages. Because the 2.4 GHz wavelengths are so small (around 10 centimetres), the antennas on the receivers do not need to exceed 3 to 5 cm. Electromagnetic noise, for example from electric motors, is not 'seen' by 2.4 GHz receivers due to the noise's frequency (which tends to be around 10 to 150 MHz). The transmitter antenna only needs to be 10 to 20 cm long, and receiver power usage is much lower; batteries can therefore last longer. In addition, no crystals or frequency selection is required as the latter is performed automatically by the transmitter. However, the short wavelengths do not diffract as easily as the longer wavelengths of PCM/PPM, so 'line of sight' is required between the transmitting antenna and the receiver. Also, should the receiver lose power, even for a few milliseconds, or get 'swamped' by 2.4 GHz interference, it can take a few seconds for the receiver - which, in the case of 2.4 GHz, is almost invariably a digital device - to re-sync.

Design
RC electronics have three essential elements. The transmitter is the controller. Transmitters have control sticks, triggers, switches, and dials at the user's finger tips. The receiver is mounted in the model. It receives and processes the signal from the transmitter, translating it into signals that are sent to the servos and speed controllers. The number of servos in a model determines the number of channels the radio must provide.

Typically the transmitter multiplexes and modulates the signal into pulse-position modulation. The receiver demodulates and demultiplexes the signal and translates it into the special kind of pulse-width modulation used by standard RC servos and controllers.

In the 1980s, a Japanese electronics company, Futaba, copied wheeled steering for RC cars. It was originally developed by Orbit for a transmitter specially designed for Associated cars It has been widely accepted along with a trigger control for throttle. Often configured for right hand users, the transmitter looks like a pistol with a wheel attached on its right side. Pulling the trigger would accelerate the car forward, while pushing it would either stop the car or cause it to go into reverse. Some models are available in left-handed versions.

Mass production
There are thousands of RC vehicles available. Most are toys suitable for children. What separates toy grade RC from hobby grade RC is the modular characteristic of the standard RC equipment. RC toys generally have simplified circuits, often with the receiver and servos incorporated into one circuit. It's almost impossible to take that particular toy circuit and transplant it into other RCs.

Hobby grade RC
Hobby grade RC systems have modular designs. Many cars, boats, and aircraft can accept equipment from different manufacturers, so it is possible to take RC equipment from a car and install it into a boat, for example.

However, moving the receiver component between aircraft and surface vehicles is illegal in most countries as radio frequency laws allocate separate bands for air and surface models. This is done for safety reasons.

Most manufacturers now offer "frequency modules" (known as crystals) that simply plug into the back of their transmitters, allowing one to change frequencies, and even bands, at will. Some of these modules are capable of "synthesizing" many different channels within their assigned band.

Hobby grade models can be fine tuned, unlike most toy grade models. For example, cars often allow toe-in, camber and caster angle adjustments, just like their real-life counterparts. All modern "computer" radios allow each function to be adjusted over several parameters for ease in setup and adjustment of the model. Many of these transmitters are capable of "mixing" several functions at once, which is required for some models.

Many of the most popular hobby grade radios were first developed, and mass-produced in Southern California by Orbit, Bonner, Kraft, Babcock, Deans, Larson, RS, S&O, and Milcott. Later, Japanese companies like Futaba, Sanwa and JR took over the market.

Aircraft
Radio-controlled aircraft (also called RC aircraft) are small aircraft that can be controlled remotely. There are many different types, ranging from small park flyers to large jets and mid-sized aerobatic models. The aircraft use many different methods of propulsion, ranging from brushed or brushless electric motors, to internal combustion engines, to the most expensive gas turbines. The fastest aircraft, dynamic slope soarers, can reach speeds of over 450 mi/h by dynamic soaring, repeatedly circling through the gradient of wind speeds over a ridge or slope. Newer jets can achieve above 300 mi/h in a short distance.

Tanks
Radio-controlled tanks are replicas of armored fighting vehicles that can move, rotate the turret and some even shoot all by using the hand-held transmitter. Radio-controlled tanks are produced in numerous scale size for commercial offerings like:

1/35th scale. Probably the best known make in this scale is by Tamiya.

1/24 scale. This scale often includes a mounted Airsoftgun, the possibly the best offering is by Tokyo-Marui, but there are imitations by Heng Long, who offer cheap remakes of the tanks. The downsides to the Heng Long imitations are that they were standardized to their Type 90 tank which has 6 road wheels, then they produced a Leopard 2 and M1A2 Abrams on the same chassis but both of the tanks have 7 road wheels.

1/16 scale is the more intimidating vehicle design scale. Tamiya produce some of the best of this scale, these usually include realistic features like flashing lights, engine sounds, main gun recoil and - on their Leopard 2A6 - an optional gyro-stabilization system for the gun. Chinese manufacturers such as (Heng Long and Matorro) also produce a variety of high-quality 1/16 tanks and other AFVs.

Both the Tamiya and the Heng Long vehicles can make use of an Infra Red battle system, which attaches a small IR "gun" and target to the tanks, allowing them to engage in direct battle.

As with cars, tanks can come from ready to run to a full assembly kit.

In more private offerings there are 1/6 and 1/4 scale vehicles available. The largest RC tank available anywhere in the world is the King tiger in 1/4 scale, over 8 ft long. These GRP fiberglass tanks were originally created and produced by Alex Shlakhter.

Cars
A radio-controlled car is a powered model car driven from a distance. Gasoline, nitro-methanol and electric cars exist, designed to be run both on and off-road. "Gas" cars traditionally use petrol (gasoline), though many hobbyists run 'nitro' cars, using a mixture of methanol and nitromethane, to get their power.

Logistic
Logistic RC model include the following, Tractor unit, Semi-trailer truck, Semi-trailer, Terminal tractor, Refrigerator truck, Forklift truck, Empty Container handlers, and Reach stacker. Most of them are in 1:14 and run on electric motors.

Helicopters
Radio-controlled helicopters, although often grouped with RC aircraft, are unique because of the differences in construction, aerodynamics and flight training. Several designs of RC helicopters exist, some with limited maneuverability (and thus easier to learn to fly), and those with more maneuverability (and thus harder to learn to fly).

Boats
Radio-controlled boats are model boats controlled remotely with radio control equipment. The main types of RC boat are: scale models (12 inches (30 cm) – 144" (365 cm) in size), the sailing boat and the power boat. The latter is the more popular amongst toy grade models. Radio controlled models were used for the children's television program Theodore Tugboat.

Out of radio-controlled model boats sprang up a new hobby—gas-powered model boating.

Radio-controlled, gasoline-powered model boats first appeared in 1962 designed by engineer Tom Perzinka of Octura Models. The gas model boats were powered with O&R (Ohlsson and Rice) small 20 cc ignition gasoline utility engines. This was a completely new concept in the early years of available radio-control systems. The boat was called the "White Heat" and was a hydro design, meaning it had more than one wetted surface.

Towards the late 1960s and early 1970s another gasoline-powered model was created and powered with a similar chainsaw engine. This boat was named "The Moppie" after its full-size counterpart. Again like the White Heat, between the costs of production, engine, and radio equipment, the project failed at market and perished.

By 1970, nitro (glow ignition) power became the norm for model boating.

In 1982 Tony Castronovo, a hobbyist in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, marketed the first production gasoline string trimmer engine powered (22 cc gasoline ignition engine) radio-controlled model boat in a 44-inch vee-bottom boat. It achieved a top speed of 30 miles per hour. The boat was marketed under the trade name "Enforcer" and sold by his company Warehouse Hobbies, Inc. The following years of marketing and distribution aided the spread of gasoline-powered model boating throughout the US, Europe, Australia, and many countries around the world.

As of 2010, gasoline radio-controlled model boating has grown worldwide. The industry has spawned many manufacturers and thousands of model boaters. Today the average gasoline-powered boat can easily run at speeds over 45 mph, with the more exotic gas boats running at speeds exceeding 90 mph. This year also saw ML Boatworks develop laser cut wood scale hydroplane racing kits that rejuvenated a sector of the hobby that was turning to composite boats, instead of the classic art of building wood models. These kits also gave fast electric modelers a platform much needed in the hobby.

Many of Tony Castronovo's designs and innovations in gasoline model boating are the foundation upon which the industry has been built. He was first to introduce surface drive on a Vee hull (propeller hub above the water line) to model boating which he named "SPD" (surface planing drive) as well as numerous products and developments relative to gasoline-powered model boating. He and his company continue to produce gasoline-powered model boats and components.

Submarines
Radio-controlled submarines can range from inexpensive toys to complex projects involving sophisticated electronics. Oceanographers and the Military also operate radio control submarines.

Combat robotics
The majority of robots used in shows such as Battlebots and Robot Wars are remotely controlled, relying on most of the same electronics as other radio-controlled vehicles. They are frequently equipped with weapons for the purpose of damaging opponents, including but not limited to hammering axes, "flippers" and spinners.

Internal combustion
Internal combustion engines for remote control models have typically been two stroke engines that run on specially blended fuel. Engine sizes are typically given in cm3 or cubic inches, ranging from tiny engines like these .02 in3 to huge 1.60 in3 or larger. For even larger sizes, many modelers turn to four stroke or gasoline engines (see below.) Glow plug engines have an ignition device that possesses a platinum wire coil in the glow plug, that catalytically glows in the presence of the methanol in glow engine fuel, providing the combustion source.

Since 1976, practical "glow" ignition four stroke model engines have been available on the market, ranging in size from 3.5 cm3 upwards to 35 cm3 in single cylinder designs. Various twin and multi-cylinder glow ignition four stroke model engines are also available, echoing the appearance of full sized radial, inline and opposed cylinder aircraft powerplants. The multi-cylinder models can become enormous, such as the Saito five cylinder radial. They tend to be quieter in operation than two stroke engines, using smaller mufflers, and also use less fuel.

Glow engines tend to produce large amounts of oily mess due to the oil in the fuel. They are also much louder than electric motors.

Another alternative is the gasoline engine. While glow engines run on special and expensive hobby fuel, gasoline runs on the same fuel that powers cars, lawnmowers, weed whackers etc. These typically run on a two-stroke cycle, but are radically different from glow two-stroke engines. They are typically much, much larger, like the 80 cm3 Zenoah. These engines can develop several horsepower, incredible for something that can be held in the palm of the hand.

Electrical
Electric power is often the chosen form of power for aircraft, cars and boats. Electric power in aircraft in particular has become popular recently, mainly due to the popularity of park flyers and the development of technologies like brushless motors and lithium polymer batteries. These allow electric motors to produce much more power rivaling that of fuel-powered engines. It is also relatively simple to increase the torque of an electric motor at the expense of speed, while it is much less common to do so with a fuel engine, perhaps due to its roughness. This permits a more efficient larger-diameter propeller to be used which provides more thrust at lower airspeeds. (e.g. an electric glider climbing steeply to a good thermalling altitude.)

In aircraft, cars, trucks and boats, glow and gas engines are still used even though electric power has been the most common form of power for a while. The following picture shows a typical brushless motor and speed controller used with radio controlled cars. As you can see, due to the integrated heat sink, the speed controller is almost as large as the motor itself. Due to size and weight limitations, heat sinks are not common in RC aircraft electronic speed controller (ESCs), therefore the ESC is almost always smaller than the motor.

Controlling methods
Remote Control:

Most RC models make use of a handheld remote device with an antenna that sends signals to the vehicle's IR receiver. There are 2 different sticks. On the left is the stick to change the altitude of a flying vehicle or move a ground vehicle in forward or reverse. Sometimes the stick in flying model controllers can stay wherever the finger places it or it has to be held since underneath is a spring causing it to move back to its neutral position once released by the finger. Generally, in remotes used for ground moving RC vehicles the left stick's neutral position is in the centre. The right stick is for moving the flying vehicle around in the air in different directions and with grounds vehicles it is for steering. On the controller is also a trimmer setting which helps in keeping the vehicle focused in one direction. Mostly low grade RC vehicles will include a charging cable inside the remote with a green light indicating that the battery is in charge.

Phone and tablet control:

With the influence of touch screen devices mostly phones and tablets many RC vehicles can be controlled from any Apple or Android devices. On the operating system store is an app specifically for that particular RC model. The controls are almost identical to those on a physically used remote control when using virtual remote control but sometimes can vary from an actual controller depending on the type of vehicle. The device is not included with the vehicle set but the box does come with a radio chip to insert into the headset slot of any smartphone or tablet.

title: Radio-controlled model


text:
Presidency of George Bush

Presidency of George Bush may refer to:
 * Presidency of George H. W. Bush, the United States presidential administration from 1989 to 1993
 * Presidency of George W. Bush, the United States presidential administration from 2001 to 2009

title: Presidency of George Bush