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The Coup

The Coup is an American hip hop band from Oakland, California. Their music is an amalgamation of influences, including funk, punk, hip hop, and soul. Frontman Boots Riley's revolutionarily-charged lyrics rank The Coup as a renowned political hip hop band aligned to radical music groups such as Crass, Dead Prez and Rage Against the Machine.

The Coup's music is driven by assertive and danceable bass-driven backbeats overlaid by critical, hopeful, and witty lyrics, often with a bent towards the literary. The Coup's songs critique, observe, and lampoon capitalism, American politics, white patriarchal exploitation, police brutality, marijuana addiction, romance, and disparities among races and social classes.

First decade
The Coup's debut release was 1991s The EP and almost all of the songs on it (except "Economics 101") were put on 1993's Kill My Landlord. In 1994, the group released its second album, Genocide & Juice. The group took a four-year recording hiatus to work as community activists before releasing Steal This Album (the title of which pays tribute to 1960s radical Abbie Hoffman's yippie manifesto, Steal this Book) to critical acclaim in 1998. Steal This Album featured the stand-out single, "Me and Jesus the Pimp in a ’79 Granada Last Night." The online magazine Dusted called Steal This Album "the best hip-hop album of the 1990s".

Party Music and post-9/11 aftermath
In 2001, The Coup released Party Music to widespread praise. However, in part because of distribution problems, sales of the album were low. The original album cover art depicted group members Pam the Funkstress and Riley standing in front of the twin towers of the World Trade Center as they are destroyed by huge explosions, and Riley is pushing the button on a guitar tuner. The cover art was finished in June 2001 and the album was scheduled to be released in mid-September. However, in response to the uncanny similarity of the artwork with the September 11, 2001 attacks, the album release was delayed until November of that year with the cover featuring a hand with a flaming martini glass.

The attention generated concerning the album's cover art precipitated some criticism of the group's lyrical content as well, particularly the Party Music track "5 Million Ways to Kill a CEO." The song's lyrics includes lines such as "You could throw a twenty in a vat of hot oil/When he jump in after it, watch him boil." Conservative columnist Michelle Malkin cited the song in calling the Coup's work a "stomach-turning example of anti-Americanism disguised as highbrow intellectual expression."

Mid-2000s
On November 15, 2005, Tarus Jackson (AKA Terrance), who had joined the group as a promoter, was fatally shot during a robbery at his home in Oakland.

December 2, 2006 saw another tragedy for the Coup: About two hours following a performance at the San Diego House of Blues, the tour bus in which the group was riding drove off the road and flipped over before becoming engulfed in flames. All passengers managed to climb out alive, although some were badly injured. The group did, however, lose all of its clothes, computers, cash, identification, house/car keys, cell phones, all of its instruments, and sound equipment. The ensuing insurance payment was delayed in its arrival, and the group was forced to cancel the rest of its tour.

The group’s songs "My Favorite Mutiny" and "Pork & Beef" were featured in the 2007 film, Superbad, with the former also being featured in the HBO miniseries 24/7 Flyers-Rangers, as well as in the video game NBA Live 07, while "Ride the Fence" was featured in EA's 2007 skateboarding video game Skate. The song “Captain Sterling’s Little Problem” accompanied the closing credits of Sir, No, Sir, a documentary about the GI anti-war movement.

2010–2020
On Wednesday January 13, 2010, The Coup’s bassist Dewey Tucker was shot and killed on the I-80 freeway in Hercules, CA, while driving from his home in Vallejo, CA, to rehearsal with The Coup in Oakland, CA. It was later found to be a case of mistaken identity.

The Coup's sixth album, a concept album entitled Sorry to Bother You, was released on October 30, 2012, to wide acclaim. The first track, "The Magic Clap", was leaked by the band themselves and posted below an article on August 13, 2012.

The album Sorry to Bother You was inspired by a screenplay written by Riley, "a dark comedy with magical realism" that drew inspiration from his time spent working as a telemarketer. The film's screenplay was published by McSweeney's in 2014. Riley was able to secure funding to turn the script into the film Sorry to Bother You, which was released in theaters by Annapurna Pictures on July 6, 2018. The film, which follows a young African-American telemarketer who adopts a white accent in order to thrive at his job, stars Lakeith Stanfield, with Armie Hammer, Tessa Thompson, Terry Crews, and Danny Glover in supporting roles.

Having taken six years after their last album, The Coup recorded a full soundtrack to the film, entitled The Soundtrack to Sorry to Bother You, and released the first single, "OYAHYTT (feat. Lakeith Stanfield)", on July 13, 2018. Guest artists included Janelle Monae, Killer Mike, and E40. Songs from the 2012 album were not in the actual film. Vinyl for the album was released in February 2020.

Boots Riley
Among other things, Boots Riley is known for charismatic, and seemingly inexhaustibly energetic, punk-like stage presence.

In 1991, he and other artists founded the Mau Mau Rhythm Collective, a group set up to use the power of hip hop music to publicize other efforts and movements. The next year, Riley founded The Coup.

In July 2002, Riley was a guest on Bill Maher's Politically Incorrect and repeatedly referred to himself as a communist. Maher criticized him by saying that communists don't sell records.

Riley was charged with abusive language for allegedly using profanity on stage while performing with the band Galactic in Downtown Norfolk, Virginia, in the city's annual Bayou Boogaloo Festival at Town Point Park in June 2008. This was a result of controversy that started a few weeks prior in the same park when, at a different festival, singer Ray-J used language some found offensive. Riley's charge only carried a small fine. However, the American Civil Liberties Union decided to help him fight it on free speech grounds before the charge was ultimately dismissed by the city shortly thereafter.

During Tom Morello's Fall 2008 tour as the Nightwatchman, Riley appeared on selected dates, and the two debuted a song from an upcoming project called Street Sweeper Social Club. In March 2009, a Web site appeared at the url streetsweepermusic.com, which debuted its first single "Fight! Smash! Win!" It was also announced that the band would be the opening act on the upcoming tour with Nine Inch Nails and Jane's Addiction.

Boots Riley is also an active political/social organizer and speaker. He has been known to work with eviltwinbooking.org and speakoutnow.org, among other groups.

Silk-E
Silk-E is a vocalist with The Coup, performing in-studio and on stage. She joined The Coup in 2003, during promotion of the Party Music album. Known for her wild, engaging performance antics, energetic dancing, and her soulful, gravelly voice. Pitchfork said she "sings and struts like Tina Turner raised on hip-hop. Part of her prowess is due to the fact that she started her career as a rapper. She has a solo album in which she is mainly rapping, entitled Urban Therapy.

There was a single and video from the album, "Hard Times", which received some MTV airtime.

Hassan Hurd
Hassan Hurd is the drummer for The Coup. Hassan grew up in the church and was first known as a gospel drummer. He is known for the unshakable lock on his groove, explosive power and velocity, and crazy chops. At one point, he quit The Coup for a couple of years to pursue college football.

JJ Jungle
JJ Jungle is the bassist for The Coup. He joined the group after bassist Dewey Tucker died. JJ Jungle is known for his energy, his never-failing lock into pocket, and his on stage acrobatics. JJ Jungle also has a band with Mike Dillon called Mike Dillon's Go-Go Jungle.

Grego Simmons
Grego Simmons plays guitar for The Coup. He also plays with Goapele and Ursus Minor.

B'nai Rebelfront
B'nai Rebelfront plays guitar for The Coup. In the past, B'nai has played for R&B singer Tweet, and Tony! Toni! Toné!

Pam the Funkstress
Pam the Funkstress (born Pam Warren), DJ for The Coup, was a student of the late DJ Prince of Charm. Pam the Funkstress went on to be the last tour DJ for Prince prior to his death. Prince gave Pam the name "Purple Pam". In addition to DJing, she owned and operated a successful catering business in Northern California. Pam did not usually tour with The Coup. On December 22, 2017, Pam died at age 51, due to complications following organ transplant surgery.

E-roc
Eric Davis, known as E-roc, was part of The Coup as a rapper for the first 2 albums and then left the group in 1997 to become a longshoreman with the International Longshore and Warehouse Union.

Lionel "LJ" Holoman
Lionel "LJ" Holoman is a keyboardist for The Coup. In the past, Holoman worked with 50 Cent, B-Legit, Joss Stone and many other well known artist.

DJO
DJO was part of The Coup as the original DJ before being replaced by Pam the Funkstress. He appeared in The Coup's first EP in 1991 and contributed to a handful of songs from “Kill My Landlord” before departing from the group.

Literature

 * The 2001 novel Too Beautiful For Words, by Monique W. Morris, was based on The Coup's 1997 7-minute opus "Me And Jesus The Pimp In A '79 Grenada Last Night". Morris kept the original storyline and main characters of the song as the setting for her work. Some of the dialogue in the book is directly from the song as well. The title of the novel is from the refrain of the bridge in The Coup's song. Published by HarperCollins Publishers.
 * Vijay Prashad's 2002 book, Fat Cats and Running Dogs starts with a quote from The Coup's "Fat Cats and Bigga Fish" as an obvious nod to the inspiration for the title of the book.
 * The 2013 book Party Music, by Rickey Vincent, was inspired by the concept of The Coup's 2001 album Party Music and discussions that the author had with Boots Riley about the subject. The book is a history of The Lumpen, the Black Panther Party's funk band. Riley wrote the introduction to the book.
 * My Favorite Mutiny Zine is a zine named after The Coup's song of the same name. It was based in Wyoming and appears to have stopped printing in 2011 or 2012.

Music

 * The 1993 song "Practice Lookin' Hard", by E40, has a chorus and a concept built around the lyric "I got a mirror in my pocket and I practice lookin' hard", from The Coup's 1993 song "Not Yet Free". Boots Riley performs the vocal in the E40 song, and performs in the video alongside Tupac Shakur and E40.
 * The 1998 song "Way Past Dark" was released as an exclusive track to the ICU (Ill Crew Universal) album "The Revival."
 * The 2013 song "Romantisch", by Jel of Anticon fame, has a chorus which is a vocal sample of Boots Riley from The Coup's 1994 song "The Name Game".

Film
The 1997 film Money Talks starring Chris Tucker, has exactly the same opening scene as the opening scene of The Coup's 1993 video for "Not Yet Free". In both, the protagonist is riding around in an expensive looking Mercedes-Benz, pulls up to the car wash to park and gets out. In both, it is at this time that we figure out that the protagonist merely works at the car wash. In both, the protagonist holds the keys out in front of the actual owner and feigns as if he's going to hit the owner.

Studio albums

 * Kill My Landlord (1993)
 * Genocide & Juice (1994)
 * Steal This Album (1998)
 * Party Music (2001)
 * Pick a Bigger Weapon (2006)
 * Sorry to Bother You (2012)

Extended plays

 * The EP (1991)
 * La Grande Boutique (2014)

From Kill My Landlord

 * "Not Yet Free", directed by Kevin Bray
 * "Dig It", Directed by Robert Caruso
 * "Funk (Remix)", Directed by Abraham Lim

From Genocide and Juice

 * "Takin' These"
 * "Fat Cats and Bigga Fish", Directed by Andrei Rozen

From Steal This Album

 * "Me And Jesus The Pimp In A '79 Grenada Last Night", Directed by Boots Riley

From Party Music

 * "Ride The Fence", Directed by Haik Hoisington

From Pick a Bigger Weapon

 * "We Are The Ones", Directed by Vince Tocce

From Sorry to Bother You

 * "The Magic Clap", Directed by Pete Lee
 * "Land Of 7 Billion Dances", Directed by Yak Films
 * "The Guillotine", Directed by Beau Patrick Coulon
 * "Your Parents' Cocaine (Featuring Justin Sane from Anti-Flag)", Directed by Eat The Fish
 * "The Magic Clap (Version 2, featuring Patton Oswalt)", Directed by Pete Lee
 * "Long Island Iced Tea, Neat (featuring Japanther)", Directed by Kelly Gallagher

Song uses in media

 * "Fat Cats and Bigga Fish" – The Daytrippers
 * "Pimps (Freestyling At The Fortune 500 Club)" – Don's Plum
 * "Superfly (Theme Song)" – MX Superfly
 * "Ride The Fence" – Skate
 * "My Favorite Mutiny" – NBA Live 07, Driver: Parallel Lines, Superbad, Winning Time: The Rise of the Lakers Dynasty (opening theme)
 * "Pork And Beef" – Superbad
 * "The Guillotine", from "Sorry To Bother You", was used as the "fight" song for Sporting Kansas City during their championship 2013 season.
 * ”My Favorite Mutiny” plays over the opening credits of HBO’s Winning Time. The show uses different verses in seasons one and two.

title: The Coup


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Black Hawk Down (film)

Black Hawk Down is a 2001 war film directed and produced by Ridley Scott, and co-produced by Jerry Bruckheimer, from a screenplay by Ken Nolan. It is based on the 1999 eponymous non-fiction book by journalist Mark Bowden, about the crew of a Black Hawk helicopter that was shot down during the Battle of Mogadishu. The film features a large ensemble cast, including Josh Hartnett, Ewan McGregor, Eric Bana, Tom Sizemore, William Fichtner, Jason Isaacs, Sam Shepard, Jeremy Piven, Ioan Gruffudd, Ewen Bremner, Hugh Dancy, and Tom Hardy in his first film role. Orlando Bloom, Ty Burrell, and Nikolaj Coster-Waldau also have minor roles.

Black Hawk Down had a limited release on December 28, 2001, and went into the public on January 18, 2002. The film received positive reviews from film critics, although it was criticized for inaccuracies. The film performed modestly well at the box office, grossing $173 million worldwide against a production budget of $92 million. Black Hawk Down won two Academy Awards for Best Film Editing and Best Sound at the 74th Academy Awards. In 2006, an extended cut of the film was released on DVD. The cut contains an additional eight minutes of footage, increasing the running time to 152 minutes. This extended cut was released on Blu-ray and in 4K on May 7, 2019.

Plot
In 1992, during the famine in southern Somalia induced by the civil war, the United Nations Security Council authorizes a military operation with a peacekeeping mandate. However, by 1993, conflict ensues between UNOSOM II and the Mogadishu-based militia loyal to Mohamed Farrah Aidid. In response, U.S. President Clinton deploys Task Force Ranger—consisting of 3rd Battalion/75th Ranger Regiment, Delta Force operators, and flight crew of the 160th SOAR—to Mogadishu to capture Aidid, who has proclaimed himself president and steals Red Cross food shipments.

Outside Mogadishu, Rangers and Delta Force capture Osman Ali Atto, a faction leader selling arms to Aidid's militia. The U.S. plans a mission to capture Omar Salad Elmi and Abdi Hassan Awale Qeybdiid, two of Aidid's top advisers.

Prior to the mission, Staff Sergeant Matthew Eversmann receives his first command of Ranger Chalk Four after his lieutenant has a seizure. Members of his chalk include fresh 18-year-old Private First Class Todd Blackburn and Specialist John Grimes, a former desk clerk.

The operation begins, and Delta Force operators capture Aidid's advisers inside the target building while the Rangers and helicopters escorting the ground convoy take heavy fire from the rallying militia. Blackburn is severely injured when he falls from one of the Black Hawk helicopters, so three Humvees led by Staff Sergeant Jeff Struecker are detached from the convoy to return Blackburn to the UN-held Mogadishu Airport. Grimes is separated from the rest of Eversmann's chalk after surviving an RPG explosion.

Just after Struecker's column departs, Black Hawk Super Six-One, piloted by Chief Warrant Officer Clifton "Elvis" Wolcott, is shot down by a rocket-propelled grenade. Wolcott and his co-pilot are killed, two crew chiefs are wounded, and two Delta Force snipers on board escape in an MH-6 Little Bird helicopter though one dies later from his wounds.

The ground forces are rerouted to converge on the crash site. The militia erects roadblocks, preventing Lieutenant Colonel Danny McKnight's Humvee column from reaching the area and inflicting heavy casualties. Meanwhile, two Ranger chalks, including Eversmann's unit, reach the crash site and set up a defensive perimeter. However, another helicopter, Super Six-Four piloted by Chief Warrant Officer Michael Durant, is also shot down by a rocket-propelled grenade and crashes several blocks away.

With the primary Ranger forces led by Captain Mike Steele pinned down and sustaining heavy casualties, no ground forces can reach Super Six-Four or reinforce the Rangers defending Super Six-One. Two Delta Force snipers, Sergeant First Class Randy Shughart and Master Sergeant Gary Gordon, are inserted by helicopter to secure Super Six-Four's crash site, where they find Durant still alive. Despite their heroic actions, the site is eventually overrun, Gordon and Shughart are killed, and Durant is captured.

McKnight's column relinquishes their attempt to reach Six-One's crash site and returns to base with their prisoners and the casualties. The men prepare to go back to extract the Rangers and the fallen pilots, and Major General Garrison asks for reinforcements from the 10th Mountain Division, including Malaysian and Pakistani armored units from the U.N. coalition.

As night falls, Aidid's militia launches a sustained assault on the trapped Americans at Super Six-One's crash site. The militants are held off throughout the night by strafing runs and rocket attacks from AH-6J Little Bird helicopter gunships until the 10th Mountain Division's relief column is able to reach the American soldiers. The wounded and casualties are evacuated in the vehicles, but a few Rangers and Delta Force soldiers are forced to run on foot from the crash site to reach the Safe Zone at Mogadishu Stadium.

A textual epilogue reveals Durant was released following 11 days of captivity; Gordon and Shugart became the first soldiers to receive the Medal of Honor posthumously since the Vietnam War, and General Garrison took full responsibility for the mission's outcome, retiring the day after Aidid was killed in August 1996.

75th Ranger Regiment

 * Josh Hartnett as SSG Matt Eversmann
 * Ewan McGregor as SPC John "Grimesey" Grimes (based on SPC John Stebbins)
 * Tom Sizemore as LTC Danny McKnight
 * Ewen Bremner as SPC Shawn Nelson
 * Gabriel Casseus as SPC Mike Kurth
 * Hugh Dancy as SFC Kurt "Doc" Schmid
 * Ioan Gruffudd as LT John Beales
 * Tom Guiry as SGT Ed Yurek
 * Charlie Hofheimer as CPL Jamie Smith
 * Danny Hoch as SGT Dominick Pilla
 * Jason Isaacs as CPT Mike Steele
 * Brendan Sexton III as PVT Richard "Alphabet" Kowalewski
 * Brian Van Holt as SSG Jeff Struecker
 * Ian Virgo as PFC John Waddell
 * Tom Hardy as SPC Lance Twombly
 * Gregory Sporleder as SGT Scott Galentine
 * Carmine Giovinazzo as SGT Mike Goodale
 * Chris Beetem as SGT Casey Joyce
 * Tac Fitzgerald as SPC Brad Thomas
 * Matthew Marsden as SPC Dale Sizemore
 * Orlando Bloom as PFC Todd Blackburn
 * Enrique Murciano as SGT Lorenzo Ruiz
 * Michael Roof as PVT John Maddox
 * Kent Linville as PFC Clay Othic
 * Norman Campbell Rees as LT Tom DiTomasso
 * Corey Johnson as US Army medic in Pakistan stadium

Delta Force

 * Sam Shepard as MG William F. Garrison
 * Eric Bana as SFC Norm "Hoot" Gibson (based on SFC John Macejunas, SFC Norm Hooten, USMC Cpl Thanh Nguyen, and SFC Matthew Rierson)
 * William Fichtner as SFC Jeff Sanderson (based on SFC Paul R. Howe)
 * Kim Coates as MSG Chris Wex (based on MSG Tim "Griz" Martin)
 * Steven Ford as LTC Joe Cribbs (based on LTC Lee Van Arsdale)
 * Željko Ivanek as LTC Gary L. Harrell
 * Johnny Strong as SFC Randy Shughart
 * Nikolaj Coster-Waldau as MSG Gary Gordon
 * Richard Tyson as SSG Daniel Busch

160th SOAR "Night Stalkers"

 * Ron Eldard as CW4 Michael Durant, pilot of Super 64
 * Glenn Morshower as COL Thomas Matthews, commander of 1st Battalion, 160th SOAR
 * Jeremy Piven as CW4 Clifton Wolcott, pilot of Super 61
 * Boyd Kestner as CW3 Mike Goffena, pilot of Super 62
 * Pavel Vokoun as CW3 Donovan "Bull" Briley, co-pilot of Super 61
 * Jason Hildebrandt as CW3 Dan Jollota, pilot of Super 68
 * Keith Jones as himself, co-pilot of Star 41

Miscellaneous

 * George Harris as Osman Atto
 * Razaaq Adoti as Yousuf Dahir Mo'Alim, the main commander of Aidid's militia in the film
 * Treva Etienne as Firimbi, propaganda minister for Aidid and Durant's caretaker
 * Ty Burrell as United States Air Force Pararescue TSgt Timothy A. Wilkinson
 * Dan Woods as United States Air Force Pararescue MSgt Scott C. Fales
 * Giannina Facio as Stephanie Shughart, wife of Randy Shughart

Development
Adapting Black Hawk Down: a Story of Modern War (1999) by Mark Bowden was the idea of director Simon West, who suggested to Jerry Bruckheimer that he should buy the film rights and let West direct. West felt too tired after working on Lara Croft: Tomb Raider (2001), so he decided to drop out (West later said that he regretted the decision). Ridley Scott was hired to direct the film after he decided to not work on Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines (2003).

Ken Nolan was credited as screenwriter, and others contributed uncredited: Mark Bowden wrote an adaptation of his own book, Stephen Gaghan was hired to do a rewrite, Steven Zaillian and Ezna Sands rewrote the majority of Gaghan and Nolan's work, actor Sam Shepard (MGen. Garrison) rewrote some of his own dialogue, and Eric Roth wrote Josh Hartnett and Eric Bana's concluding speeches. Ken Nolan was on set for four months rewriting his script and the previous work by Gaghan, Zaillian, and Bowden. He was given sole screenwriting credit by a WGA committee.

The book relied on a dramatization of participant accounts, which were the basis of the movie. SPC John Stebbins was renamed as fictional "John Grimes." Stebbins had been convicted by court martial in 1999 for the rape and forcible sodomy of his six-year-old daughter. Mark Bowden said the Pentagon, ever sensitive about public image, decided to alter factual history by requesting the change. Bowden wrote early screenplay drafts, before Bruckheimer gave it to screenwriter Nolan. The POW-captor conversation, between pilot Mike Durant and militiaman Firimbi, is from a Bowden script draft.

To keep the film at a manageable length, 100 key figures in the book were condensed to 39. The movie also does not feature any Somali actors. Additionally, no Somali consultants were hired for accuracy, according to writer Bowden.

For military verisimilitude, the Ranger actors took a one-week Ranger familiarization course at Fort Benning (now Fort Moore), the Delta Force actors took a two-week commando course from the 1st Special Warfare Training Group at Fort Bragg, and Ron Eldard and the actors playing 160th SOAR helicopter pilots were lectured by captured aviator Michael Durant at Fort Campbell.

The U.S. Army supplied the materiel and the helicopters from the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment. Most pilots (e.g., Keith Jones, who speaks some dialogue) had participated in the historic battle on October 3–4, 1993.

On the last day of their week-long Army Ranger orientation at Fort Benning, the actors who portrayed the Rangers received letters slipped under their doors. It thanked them for their hard work, and asked them to "tell our story true", signed with the names of the men who died in the Mogadishu firefight. A platoon of Rangers from B-3/75 did the fast-roping scenes and appeared as extras; John Collette, a Ranger Specialist during the battle, served as a stunt performer.

Many of the actors bonded with the soldiers who trained them for their roles. Actor Tom Sizemore said, "What really got me at training camp was the Ranger Creed. I don't think most of us can understand that kind of mutual devotion. It's like having 200 best friends and every single one of them would die for you".

Filming
Filming began in March 2001 in Salé, Morocco, and concluded in late June.

Although the filmmakers considered filming in Jordan, they found the city of Amman too built up and landlocked. Scott and production designer Arthur Max subsequently turned to Morocco, where they had previously worked on Gladiator. Scott preferred that urban setting for authenticity. Most of the film was photographed in the cities of Rabat and Salé; the Task Force Ranger base sequences were filmed at Kénitra and Mehdya.

Music
The musical score for Black Hawk Down was composed by Hans Zimmer, who previously collaborated with director Scott on several films including Thelma & Louise (1991) and Gladiator (2000). Zimmer developed the score through a collaboration with a variety of musicians that blended "east African rhythms and sounds with a more conventional synthesizer approach." In doing so, Zimmer avoided a more traditional composition in favor of an experimental approach that would match the tone of the film. "I wanted to do it like the way the movie was," said Zimmer. "So I got myself a band together and we just went into my studio [...] and we'd just be flailing away at the picture, I mean, you know with great energy." A soundtrack album was released on January 15, 2002, by Decca Records.

Box office
Black Hawk Down had a limited release in four theaters on December 28, 2001, in order to be eligible for the 2001 Oscars. It earned $179,823 in its first weekend, averaging $44,956 per theater. On January 11, 2002, the release expanded to 16 theaters and continued to do well with a weekly gross of $1,118,003 and an average daily per theater gross of $9,982. On January 18, 2002, the film had its wide release, opening at 3,101 theaters and earning $28,611,736 in its first wide-release weekend to finish first at the box office for the weekend. Opening on the Martin Luther King holiday, the film grossed $5,014,475 on the holiday of Monday, January 21, 2002, for a 4-day weekend total of $33,628,211. Only Titanic had previously grossed more money over the Martin Luther King holiday weekend. Black Hawk Down finished first at the box office during its first three weeks of wide release. When the film closed on April 14, 2002, after its 15th week, it had grossed $108,638,746 domestically and $64,350,906 overseas for a worldwide total of $172,989,651.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 77% based on 175 reviews, with an average rating of 7.00/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Though it's light on character development and cultural empathy, Black Hawk Down is a visceral, pulse-pounding portrait of war, elevated by Ridley Scott's superb technical skill." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 74 out of 100, based on reviews from 33 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film four stars out of four, saying that films like this "help audiences understand and sympathize with the actual experiences of combat troops, instead of trivializing them into entertainments." Empire magazine said that, though "ambitious, sumptuously framed, and frenetic, Black Hawk Down is nonetheless a rare find of a war movie which dares to turn genre convention on its head". Mike Clark of USA Today wrote that the film "extols the sheer professionalism of America's elite Delta Force—even in the unforeseen disaster that was 1993's Battle of Mogadishu," and praised Scott's direction: "in relating the conflict, in which 18 Americans died and 70-plus were injured, the standard getting-to-know-you war-film characterizations are downplayed. While some may regard this as a shortcoming, it is, in fact, a virtue".

The film has had a small cultural legacy, which has been studied academically by media analysts dissecting how media reflects American perceptions of war. Newsweek writer Evan Thomas considered the movie one of the most culturally significant films of the George W. Bush presidency. He suggested that, although the film was presented as being anti-war, it was at its core pro-war: "though it depicted a shameful defeat, the soldiers were heroes willing to die for their brothers in arms ... The movie showed brutal scenes of killing, but also courage, stoicism and honor ... The overall effect was stirring, if slightly pornographic, and it seemed to enhance the desire of Americans for a thumping war to avenge 9/11."

Stephen A. Klien, writing in Critical Studies in Media Communication, argued that the film's sensational rendering of war encouraged audiences to empathize with the film's pro-soldier leitmotif, to "conflate personal support of American soldiers with support of American military policy," and to discourage "critical public discourse concerning justification for and execution of military interventionist policy."

In a review featured in The New York Times, film critic Elvis Mitchell expressed dissatisfaction with the film's "lack of characterization" and opined that the film "reeks of glumly staged racism". Owen Gleiberman and Sean Burns, the film critics for Entertainment Weekly and the alternative newspaper Philadelphia Weekly, respectively, echoed the sentiment that the depiction was racist. American film critic Wheeler Winston Dixon also found the film's "absence of motivation and characterization" disturbing, and wrote that while American audiences might find the film to be a "paean to patriotism", other audiences might find it to be a "deliberately hostile enterprise"; nevertheless, Dixon lauded the film's "spectacular display of pyrotechnics coupled with equally adroit editing." Jerry Bruckheimer, the film's producer, rejected these criticisms on The O'Reilly Factor, putting them down to political correctness in part due to Hollywood's liberal leanings.

Accolades
Black Hawk Down received four Academy Award nominations for Best Director (lost to A Beautiful Mind) and Best Cinematography (lost to The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring) and won two Oscars for Best Sound and Best Film Editing. It received three BAFTA Award nominations for Best Cinematography, Best Sound and Best Editing.

Controversies and inaccuracies
In a radio interview, Brendan Sexton, who portrayed Ranger PVT. Richard "Alphabet" Kowalewski, said the version of the film which made it onto theater screens significantly differed from the one recounted in the original script. According to him, many scenes asking hard questions of the US regarding the violent realities of war and the true purpose of their mission in Somalia were cut.

Soon after Black Hawk Down's release, the Somali Justice Advocacy Center (SJAC) in California denounced what they felt was its brutal and dehumanizing depiction of Somalis and called for its boycott. The SJAC in Minnesota called for a boycott of the film for its portrayal of Somalis as "savage beasts shooting each other." No Somali actors were used in the movie. Somalis attending a screening of a pirated copy of the film at a theater in Mogadishu said the film ignored the deaths of hundreds, if not thousands, of civilian adults and children caused by the Americans.

In an interview with the BBC, the faction leader Osman Ali Atto said that many aspects of the film are factually incorrect. Taking exception with the ostentatious depiction of his character, Ali Atto claimed he looks nothing like the actor who portrayed him, nor that he smoked cigars or wore earrings. These details were later confirmed by SEAL Team Six sniper Howard E. Wasdin in his 2012 memoirs. Wasdin also indicated that while the character in the movie ridiculed his captors, in reality, Atto seemed concerned that Wasdin and his men had been sent to kill rather than apprehend him. Atto additionally stated that he had not been consulted about the project, nor was he approached for permission to use his likeness, and that the film sequence re-enacting his arrest contained several inaccuracies:

"First of all when I was caught on 21 September, I was only travelling with one Fiat 124, not three vehicles as it shows in the film[...] And when the helicopter attacked, people were hurt, people were killed[...] The car we were travelling in, (and) I have got proof, it was hit at least 50 times. And my colleague Ahmed Ali was injured on both legs[...] I think it was not right, the way they portrayed both the individual and the action. It was not right."

Navy SEAL Wasdin similarly remarked that while olive green military rigger's tape was used to mark the roof of the car in question in the movie, his team in actuality managed to track down Atto's whereabouts using a much more sophisticated technique involving the implantation of a homing device. This was hidden in a cane presented to Atto as a gift from a contact who routinely met with him, which eventually led the team directly to the faction leader.

Retired Malaysian Army Brigadier-General Abdul Latif Ahmad, who at the time commanded Malaysian forces in Mogadishu, told the AFP news agency that Malaysian moviegoers would be under the erroneous impression that the real battle was fought by the Americans alone, with Malaysian troops relegated to serving as "mere bus drivers to ferry them out".

General Pervez Musharraf, who later became President of Pakistan after a coup, similarly accused the filmmakers of not crediting the work done by the Pakistani soldiers. In his autobiography In the Line of Fire: A Memoir, Musharraf wrote:

"The outstanding performance of the Pakistani troops under adverse conditions is very well known at the UN. Regrettably, the film Black Hawk Down ignores the role of Malaysia and Pakistan in Somalia. When U.S. troops were trapped in the thickly populated Madina Bazaar area of Mogadishu, it was the Seventh Frontier Force Regiment of the Pakistan Army that reached out and extricated them. The bravery of the U.S. troops notwithstanding, we deserved equal, if not more, credit; but the filmmakers depicted the incident as involving only Americans."

Mogadishu Mile
It is often believed that the soldiers involved in the Mogadishu Mile had to run all the way to the Mogadiscio Stadium, as shown in the film. However, in that scene the filmmakers took artistic license and dramatized the event, departing from the book. In the film, the Mogadishu Mile ends with about a dozen soldiers entering the Mogadiscio Stadium having run all the way through the city. In the book, it ends with soldiers reaching a rendezvous point on National Street (in the opposite direction from the stadium):

"'As he approached the intersection of Hawlwadig Road and National Street, about five blocks south of the Olympic Hotel, he saw a tank and the line of APCs and Humvees and a mass of men in desert battle dress. He ran until he collapsed, with joy'"

"'These APCs were headed back about 800 meters to a strongpoint where reserve element has stayed behind with the tanks, and the plan was to move the wounded via the vehicles and the healthy by foot back to the strongpoint. That's exactly what happened. That, in all its non-dramatic form, is the so-called 'Mogadishu mile'...'"

The "Only the dead have seen the end of war" quote
The film begins with the quote "Only the dead have seen the end of war.", which is misattributed to Plato. Research shows this quote first appeared in the works of George Santayana.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Black Hawk Down (film)


text:
Kom Ombo

Kom Ombo (Egyptian Arabic: ; Coptic: əmbō or  ənbō; Ancient Greek:  Omboi   or  Ombos; or Latin:  and ) is an agricultural town in Egypt famous for the Temple of Kom Ombo. It was originally an Egyptian city called Nubt, meaning City of Gold (not to be confused with the city north of Naqada that was also called Nubt/Ombos). Nubt is also known as Nubet or Nubyt (Nbyt). It became a Greek settlement during the Greco-Roman Period. The town's location on the Nile, 50 km north of Aswan (Syene), gave it some control over trade routes from Nubia to the Nile Valley, but its main rise to prominence came with the erection of the Temple of Kom Ombo in the 2nd century BC.

History
In antiquity the city was in the Thebaid, the capital of the Nomos Ombites, on the east bank of the Nile; latitude 24° 6' north. Ombos was a garrison town under every dynasty of Egypt as well as the Ptolemaic Kingdom and Roman Egypt, and was celebrated for the magnificence of its temples and its hereditary feud with the people of Dendera. Ombos was the first city below Aswan at which any remarkable remains of antiquity occur. The Nile, indeed, at this portion of its course, was ill-suited to a dense population in antiquity. It runs between steep and narrow banks of sandstone, and deposits but little of its fertilizing slime upon the dreary and barren shores. There are two temples at Ombos, constructed of the stone obtained from the neighboring quarries of Hagar Silsilah.

The more magnificent of two stands upon the top of a sandy hill, and appears to have been a species of Pantheon, since, according to extant inscriptions, it was dedicated to Haroeris and the other deities of the Ombite nome by the soldiers quartered there. The smaller temple to the northwest was sacred to the goddess Isis. Both, indeed, are of an imposing architecture, and still retain the brilliant colors with which their builders adorned them. However, they are from the Ptolemaic Kingdom, with the exception of a doorway of sandstone, built into a wall of brick. This was part of a temple built by Thutmose III in honor of the crocodile-headed god Sobek. The monarch is represented on tress, the doorjambs, holding the measuring reed and chisel, the emblems of construction, and in the act of dedicating the temple.

The Ptolemaic portions of the larger temple present an exception to an almost universal rule in Egyptian architecture. It has no propylon or dromos in front of it, and the portico has an uneven number of columns, in all fifteen, arranged in a triple row. Of these columns, thirteen are still erect. As there are two principal entrances, the temple would seem to be two united in one, strengthening the supposition that it was the Pantheon of the Ombite nome. On a cornice above the doorway of one of the adyta, there is a Greek inscription, recording the erection, or perhaps the restoration of the sekos by Ptolemy VI Philometor and his sister-wife Cleopatra II, 180-145 BCE. The hill on which the Ombite temples stand has been considerably excavated at its base by the river, which here strongly inclines to the Arabian bank.

The crocodile was held in especial honor by the people of Ombos; and in the adjacent catacombs are occasionally found mummies of the sacred animal. Juvenal, in his 15th satire, has given a lively description of a fight, of which he was an eye-witness, between the Ombitae and the inhabitants of Dendera, who were hunters of the crocodile. On this occasion the men of Ombos had the worst of it; and one of their number, having stumbled in his flight, was caught and eaten by the Denderites. The satirist, however, has represented Ombos as nearer to Dendera than it actually is, these towns, in fact, being nearly 100 miles from each other. The Roman coins of the Ombite nome exhibit the crocodile and the effigy of the crocodile-headed god Sobek.

In Kom Ombo there is a rare engraved image of what is thought to be the first representation of medical instruments for performing surgery, including scalpels, curettes, forceps, dilator, scissors and medicine bottles dating from the days of Roman Egypt.

At this site there is another Nilometer used to measure the level of the river waters. On the opposite side of the Nile was a suburb of Ombos, called Contra-Ombos.

The city was the seat of a bishop during Late Antiquity. Two bishops of Omboi are known by name, Silbanos (before 402) and Verses (402). Under the name Ombi, it is included in the Catholic Church's list of titular sees. Karol Wojtyła (the future Pope John Paul II) was titular bishop of Ombi from 1958 until 1963, when he was appointed Archbishop of Kraków.

Climate
The Köppen climate classification classifies its climate as hot desert (BWh).

Today
Today, irrigated sugarcane and cereal account for most of the agricultural industry.

Most of the 60,000 villagers are native Egyptians, although there is a large population of Nubians, including many Magyarabs who were displaced from their land upon the creation of Lake Nasser.

In 2010, plans to construct a new $700m 100 MW solar power plant near the city were unveiled by the Egyptian government.

title: Kom Ombo


text:
Talk:French and Indian War/Archive 1

Paranthetical Citations?
Ew, that's disgusting! How about some footnotes in here?--Xiaphias 12:41, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

Gibberish in "Beginning of War" section
The "Beginning of War" section contains a number of bogus dates (e.g. 2009), names (e.g. Governor Clinton) and other general gibberish (e.g. "Warrahiggey" translated from the Iroquois to "he who does big business"). They stretch from the "Celoron's Expedition" subsection to "Dinwiddie's Ultimatum." I am not knowledgeable enough to identify valid points that may be hidden among the nonsense, but it seems for the most part that all of the text after "Causes" and before "Overview" could be deleted.-tragicly

Naming
Why is this called the French and Indian War? -Tubby

 * In US history, this was the war in which the French and Indians teamed up against the Americans and their, at the time, British allies. Of course, the US had Indian allies too, but it wasn't mentioned.  :-)  I think in Europe it was called The Seven Years' War?  Or am I wrong there? -- Zoe

 * The article indeed links to Seven Years War as the larger conflict of which it was a part. I'm not sure if it should have an apostrophe added...? --Brion

 * I'm not sure either. :) -- Zoe

 * I've looked in several books for this and similarly named wars with other numbers, and most (but not all) use the apostrophe. Although Fowler seems to favour the apostrophe his example is not with regard to the Wars but to the term "five years' imprisonment".  In his 2nd (1965) edition he says "Years and weeks may be treated as possessives and given an apostrophe or as adjectival nouns without one.  The former is perhaps better, so as to conform to what is inevitable in the singular - a year's imprisonment." The 3rd (1996) edition doesn't mention the adjectival noun option.  My conclusion: there should be an apostrophe, and that should also apply to other wars named in this format.

 * The term French and Indian War is a peculiarly American usage. Everybody else uses Seven Years' War including Canadians.  The Americans weren't a part of the war since the country didn't exist yet. Eclecticology

Booger Buns
 * In Canada we do tend to say Seven Years' War, but then that leads to the problem of a war that is actually nine years long, since it started in North America in 1754. It's not improper to call it the French and Indian War...the problem is that there is no good way to describe it from a Canadian perspective. (Of course, we say War of 1812 when that's not really accurate either...) Adam Bishop 01:01, 19 Nov 2003 (UTC)

 * Americans were a part of the war. It is true that the United States did not exist, but the British North American colonists had started looking at themselces and their interests as something not identical with Britain. From the Albany Congress and other letters, etc. many of the were begining to refer to and think of themselves as 'Americans'. The idea and viewpoint greatly preceeded the reality. I think the term F&I War is valid to describe the struggle, since some actions in America preceeded the European war Lou I

 * The fact that the country wasn't independent is not the issue as far as the name goes. It's called the "French and Indian War" because, to the American colonists, those were the enemy forces.  Similarly, the war against Mexico in the 1840s has traditionally been called the Mexican-American War (although some now call it the Mexican-American War).  Anyhow, Americans *do* speak of the "Seven Years' War"--but only to describe the entire, worldwide conflict.  The "F&I War" strictly refers to the North American theatre.

 * I believe that the period of the French and Indian War is also the period in which British North Americans began to be called "Americans," which makes the French and Indian War a significant milestone in the formation of a distinct identity and perhaps a necessary precursor to independence from Great Britain.
 * -- Bob99

 * Another angle on the name, in America, is that there while the larger British-French conflict was playing out, many Indian wars were occuring with minimial connection to the British-French struggle, except in the sense that the Indians were seen as essential to the larger British-French struggle. For example, the Anglo-Cherokee War occured during the French and Indian War, and while a few French agents and pro-French Indians from other tribes may have come to the Cherokees and "fanned the flames" a bit, the French were not involved.  Of course the British colonists in the region seemed to regularly assume that Indian discontent was the doing of the French, so there would be rumors of French armies in the Cherokee lands, etc.  Finally, the causes of the Anglo-Cherokee War are linked to the larger British-French conflict.  Some of the initial disagreements between the Cherokee and the British that escalated into war occured while Cherokee warriors were helping British forces on campaigns against the French, Shawnee, etc, in Ohio Country.

 * So while I see the problems with naming the war, I can also see why for the colonies in America, especially for people focused on the Appalachian frontier, the war was with the French and with the Indians, sometimes together, sometimes not; the French and/or Indian War. :-) The off and on war/peace between Britain and France (and Spain) in Europe did not equate to war and peace with various Indians in America.  European war often intensified existing Indian wars, but in many cases it doesn't make sense to suggest that, for example, the start of the Seven Years' War in Europe caused, for example, the British colonies to attack the Shawnee, for example.  Sometimes official European war simply provided colonial forces with an excuse to escalate the existing Indian conflicts.  Of course, British and French interest in the Indians of America overlapped and the struggle to gain the upper hand in terms of Indian allies dates back to the earliest colonial times, so the threads are hard to tease apart.  But the Anglo-Cherokee War seems a good example of a part of the French and Indian War that had little to do with the French.

 * Having said all that, I find the term "French and Indian War" frustrating, especially since it is often used to describe the three British-French colonial wars previous to the final big one. I tend to think of it as a large and somewhat vague term that includes many smaller wars, "side-effect" conflicts, and indirectly related wars of the same period and region. Pfly 14:04, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

It may be the case that more Acadians were expelled by the British after the the conclusion of this war, but I believe that the process had already begun in the 1740s. Alan Peakall 17:06 Oct 21, 2002 (UTC)

 * Not sure what happened in the 1740s, but the great expulsion took place specifically in 1755, when the British governor of Nova Scotia (which had been captured from France in 1714) ordered all residents to take an oath of allegiance to the British Crown.

I don't have a problem with using the term French and Indian War, as long as it's used in those sections where it's appropriate ie actions on the North American continent. The war might have started earlier here, but it formally concluded with the Treaty of Paris. People who are not familiar with the history might have the impression the war took place apart from the European conflict, when there is a strong case that events in Europe (including the previous War of the Austrian Succession) compounded the local irritants between British North America and New France.

It should be noted that not all of British North America thought of themselves as 'Americans', since neither the colonies of Quebec nor Nova Scotia would join the War of Independence later. The French-Canadien term, translated as War of the Conquest, seems apt since it was the war where the British consolidated control of North America and New France vanished as a rival entity. It's a matter of perspective.

SCrews 05:15, 27 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Umm, I'm a history teacher here in Canada. I'm curious to know why so many Canadians aren't familiar with the term "The British Conquest" or longer term "The British Conquest of New France". Calling it either of these does not necessarily identify it with Quebec alone because New France was not only Quebec but was also what Canada evolved from. I've never heard it called the French and Indian War. Furthermore I find the term "Indian" dated and confusing. "Indian" involvement was not as impressive as years prior to this conflict. The Battle of Fort William Henry saw Native American confidence in the French dissipate. So the "Indians" were really only a factor in the war up to 1757 (war was 1754-1763).

Trapper 05:15, 16 Feb 2006 (UTC)

 * I think "The Conquest" refers specifically to the events of 1759 (and de jure 1763). I've never (or very rarely) heard the Seven Years' War itself referred to as "The British Conquest," either colloquially or academically; neither in Quebec nor in Ontario. Albrecht 18:46, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

What is all of this arguing about?! I learned it in school as the French and Indian Wars (yes, PLURAL)! Can't anyone look at a good source and fix this? 75.179.5.126 21:23, 27 February 2007 (UTC)Ohio boy

Well if I understand right the 'French and Indian Wars' were the ongoing conflict between England and France for domination of America and include every thing from King William's War thru the French and Indian war. I think there are a few reasons for it being called the French and Indian war. First: that the Americans typically named these conflicts after the current reigning monarch King William's War (1689–1697), Queen Anne's War (1702–1713) and King George's War (1740–1748) but the French and Indian War was also under a King George so instead of creating confusion and having two wars named after King George they just called it the French and Indian war. Second: another reason it's remembered as the French and Indian war, in my opinion, is that it was the culminating conflict of the French and Indian wars and thus the most important. --Hon. Abe 02:02, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

Questioning the use of the term French and Indian Wars in Canadian articles...
As the article states, this is an American term. So why in heck's name should it be plastered all over articles about Canada? Here in Canada the war is known by its standard name, No offense, but Americans are known for their insularity. Using parochial, local names for things doesn't help. They can insist on knowing this war by a non-standard, parochial name. But, lets restrict them and keep their parochialism within articles about the USA?

 * I suggest just fixing it wherever you find the term. I've done that at least once already, putting something like "(called the French and Indian War in the United States)" afterwards just to help American readers.  I agree -- the name "French and Indian War" is pretty-much meaningless outside of the U.S., since no one uses or recognizes it -- Dpm64 00:10, 25 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * The problem with calling it the "Seven Years' War" in Canada is that it didn't last seven years in North America. In Europe, the war didn't officially begin until 1756, hence the name.  Moreover, "Seven Years' War" refers to the entire global conflict (Europe/North America/India) while "French and Indian War" refers only to the North American phase.  It's not the greatest name, but for this article's purposes, at least, it's probably the best.

 * That the war lasted 9 years doesn't matter. The Hundred Years' war lasted over 100 years, the war of 1812 was faught into 1814. Though I agree to using "French and Indian War" in this article to remove confusion about the European war. And just so you know I am Canadian, so don't just say I am an American wanting everything to be the same as in the US. say1988 13:35, May 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * I am an American, but while living in Australia it was common for my history teacher to use French and Indian War and Seven Years' War to differentiate between the two theatres. I don't know if this was confined to this single teacher or not, but it's not solely a 'parochial, local' name. C.Ainscough 12:56, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

Yes, but an Australian teacher using the American usage is a reflection of the pervasiveness of American parochialism....Skookum1 15:12, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Exactly why we need the name French and Indian War in these articles. It may be a misguided and parochial,  but we Americans tend to be that way ;)  It may be only the American name, but America has 300 million or so English speakers who aren't going to realize the Seven Years War and French and Indian War are the same thing unless wikipedia tells them.  I think Dpm64's solution is a good idea.  Canadian name first American second.  If wikipedia is here to inform the English speaking world, it is a greater evil to leave almost the whole American nation in the dark than to subject Canadian readers to seeing both names.  Leo1410 15:36, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

 * 'French and Indian War' is a North American term- it is used by Canadian historians such as George MacKinnon Wrong and W.J. Eccles, and therefore it renders this conversation moot. Sorry to spoil all of your fun! Monsieurdl (talk) 12:37, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

request for peer review, Battle of the Thousand islands
Peer review/Battle of the Thousand Islands/archive1
 * I Just finished up the main body of this article on a relitivly small engagemet of the French and Indian War. I'm hopeing a peer review will bring some suggestions on how the article can be improved and hopfully bring some more info on the subject. I'd like to see more info on some of the personalities that don't have they're own page to link to, and some more detail on how the battle developed... Any input would be very much appreciated! Mike McGregor (Can) 18:13, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

Weapons and technology?
Where can I get information on the specific types of firearms and weapons and technology that were used in this conflict? What kind of weapons or cannons would French soldiers at Fort Louisbourg or Fort Beausejour typically have?--Sonjaaa 13:48, 27 February 2006 (UTC)
 * The Osprey Publishing Ment-at-arms: Louis XV's Armies 1-5, King George's Armies 1-3, Montcalm's army, Wofl's Armies; Campaigns Seven Years war, French and Indien war, Quebec 1759, Louisbourg 1758, etc. I have a few of these myself and the information is vaste.--Dryzen 17:41, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

"Canadians commonly call this the English and Indian War."
Really? I don't have any history degrees but in my reading on this war I've never once seen it called this. Dwp13 21:21, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

Like I said. My history professor at Lindenwood said that Canadians call the war by that name. I figured that my professor knew what he was talking about and put it in because I though it was an interesting fact. If some find that this is incorrect then by all means remove it. (Steve 17:16, 13 March 2006 (UTC))

I’m not in a position to challenge a history professor so I will let some with more knowledge do any necessary editing. However, checking such on line sources as the Canadian Encyclopedia and Library and Archives Canada indicate that “English and Indian War” is not used and “Seven Years War” is the common reference. Dwp13 23:52, 17 March 2006 (UTC)

I am wondering where professor is from and if you can ask him where in Canada that term is used. Because around where I am it is referred to as the Seven Years' War. All references I have seen say that including government ones. So I am changing it to that unless you can provide me with information to the contrary.say1988

 * I am Canadian, and I have never heard this called the "English and Indian War" before. In English it's called simply the Seven Years' War, and if I remember correctly, in French it's called either called Guerre de Sept Ans (Seven Years' War) or Guerre de la Conquête (War of the Conquest).

 * (This makes sense when you think about it, since the two traditions we draw from are either British, in which this was only one theatre of a much larger war; or French, in which case "war of the conquest" is perfectly understandable.)

 * Though I'm not a historian, I'm pretty sure of what the popular usage is on this issue. As well, a Google search for "English and Indian War" turns up only 4 unique hits: one of these is a copy of this page, and two of the others are pages about fictional alternate timelines. --Saforrest 15:26, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

My Changes
The French and Indian War (or English and Indian War if you are Canadian) started in 1954 with the events around Washington's engagement preceeding Fort Necessity. The Seven-Year War did not start 1756, but the Seven Years War is not the same war as the French and Indian War in the beginning. When the European war started in 1756 then the wars became two parts of a larger World conflict. (Steve 17:10, 13 March 2006 (UTC))

 * See above comment about the "English and Indian War". --Saforrest 15:27, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

Use of "Guerre de la conquête" and "La conquête britannique"
My impression, once more, is that these terms refer only to the Battle of the Plains of Abraham and its aftermath. Quebecers might, on occasion, refer to the war as a whole in this manner, much as Frenchmen might say notre défaite face aux Prussiens in reference to the Franco-Prussian War, but I doubt this is the norm. Historical discussions would almost certainly employ Guerre de sept ans. Albrecht 16:20, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

 * The term "Guerre de la conquete" and "War of the conquest" are used in government exams. The Quebec government uses this term to refer to the period leading up to and including the fall of New France.  This provincial exam is a prerequisite for high school graduation. The "Seven Years War" is how the government explains the European conflict.  The Battle of the Plains of Abraham is used to describe the Battle of the Plains of Abraham.  Great emphasis is placed on the War of the Conquest and there is no mention of the "French and Indian Wars" (on the exam).   Both French and English speaking Quebecers are given the same exam (obviously translated).  Both groups consistently use the Conquest term; certainly not on occasion.  I am a high school history teacher in Quebec.  Trapper 19:03, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I certainly did not know that. Well, if it's as you say, then there's no problem. Albrecht 20:01, 22 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Trapper's got it right. For the French colonist descendants it would of been somewhat strange to call it the French-Indien War, since this term seems completely ignore that the British where involved. While the Conquest indicate what happend, that is the conquest of Colonial North America.--Dryzen 16:01, 18 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I suggested that Quebecers (and I count myself among their number) used the term Guerre de sept ans, not "French and Indian War." From my experience I still think this is the case, but obviously Trapper's in a better position to judge this. In any case, I find it highly unlikely that Francophones outside of Quebec speak of any "Conquest." The whole affair reeks of nationalist overtones. Albrecht 22:33, 29 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I can't speak for the rest of Canadian Francophones, but the Franco-Ontarian and Acadian groups do call it "La guerre de la Conquête" and for the later its coupled with "Le grand Dérangement".--Dryzen 13:18, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

Mercantilism?
The claim that mercantilism was responsible for British success is debatable to say the least. Adam Smith refuted it with specific reference to 18th century conflicts such as the 7 years war.JQ 22:53, 16 June 2006 (UTC)
 * I find it appaling that this reason be given, or at the very least solely stated, for the fall of the French regime in the colonies. Though I do conceed that its text mirrors other thoughts on the subject of the Fall (France's preference to fight on the European Continent) After rereading (for good mesure) our own wiki article on the subject I have found that the basis is explained within this section is contradicting itself:
 * The people of mainland France had some difficulty accepting mercantilism, an economic theory that emphasised export trade.  From this openeing sentence we can gather that favoring Exports is primordial to mercantilism and that france witheld on this end. Yet it is indicated in the article that:  Under Colbert, the French government became deeply involved in the economy in order to increase exports. Protectionist policies were enacted that limited imports and favored exports.Thefore we gather than France did practice and understand the mechanism of mercantilism, making this prime reason rather weak.--Dryzen 17:35, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

Any one objects to my remouval of mercantilism as the reason of the French defeat?--Dryzen 13:32, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I am the author of the wiki mercantilist theory (as described in 'Canada Under Louis XIV' by W.J. Eccles and 'Colbert' by Inès Murat). What I was attempting to explain is that while the government of France pursued mercantilism vigorously, the people of France rejected it.  It was not the government's rejection that crippled New France but the mainland French entrepreneurs. It would seem that certain economic initiatives by France went belly up because the people did not support it. Trapper 12:29, 13 September 2006 (UTC)
 * The very downfall of New-France could be foreshadowed long before the War of Conquest. From the start things did not bode well for the French colony, most of all its lack of a clear managment. Where as the Brittish colonies where rappidly formed by religious congrgations seeking religious freedom or families wishing to leave over-crowded england or try there hand at escaping there social position.
 * The French on the other hand left colonisation at first to trading companies whom saw no need to colonise the land. Latter Cardinal Richelieu attempted to produce a colony to rival that of the burgeouning English territories. Yet this faced several key challanges steming from religious and culture. Of the first, only Catholics could colonise the new-world, this neglected to use the strongest source of colonists, the religiously persecuted already sought escape. Of the second, popular culture painted New-France as the land that god had given to Kain giving it little appeal for colonisation. Lastly the aristocracy saw little to gain from such a venture, perfering to keep their tenants in France. This in the end gave way to the vastly diffrent population weights, leaving the English colonies with an unbeatable advantage of industrial and military output.
 * Even from the military side of things England had the edge over her French ennemies when it came to battle for the colonies, the navy. France's stance on this can be surmized with a small passage from our own article on Colbert: the king thought only of military exploits on land. With a neglected navy, battling a nation that depended on its maratime prowess for survival the outcome was again adumbrated. An outcome that had been known to military councillors of King Louis XV whom advocated a war on contenantal Europe rather than on the high sea and in the colonies, a plan that Pitt took advantage by concentrating on the navies and the colonie's, where France was at its weakest.
 * I see economic problems at the heart of New-France's state at the onset of war, yet I do not see it as the definitive weakness that doomed it. Nor does the written section clearly indicate how mercantilism led to it's downfall. French grand strategy called for a European campaign where it could expect victories with its massive armies. At sea, it demonstrated no advantage and many weakness wich stemed more from military policy and tradition than from economic hardship.The Jean-Baptiste Colbert’s struggling economic policy is false as his policy, as our own article states: brough the economy back from the brink of bankruptcy. Historians note that, despite Colbert's efforts, France actually became increasingly impoverished because of the King's excessive spending on luxury and wars. Colbert worked to create a favourable balance of trade and increase France's colonial holdings. This indicates that Colbert had a vision of a strong navy and colonial power, quite diffrent from what the section allued to.
 * As to France' incapacity to keep up with the costs of war, this is hardly a solely French problem but was felt by all powers participating. France on the other hand was the only one not to excessively raize taxes trough out the war. and finally, as to France abandoning New-France, this is quite true and from the begining French strategy never called for a full defence. And no colony was seen as a signifigant benifit to the homeland, even less so with what the prior administration produced of hte colonies.
 * Over all, I fail to see what mercantilism had to be considered the Achilles' heel. I doubt many other citizens accepted and support mercantilism's policies in their nations.--Dryzen 17:51, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

Moving Reasons for the French defeat here, for some clean-up and possible deletion due to incorrect statements, opinions are welcomed. --Dryzen 13:02, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

Reasons for French defeat
The people of mainland France had some difficulty accepting mercantilism, an economic theory that emphasised export trade. The thriving mercantilism of the Dutch and the British enabled them to fight wars on land and sea, recouping the costs of such wars with income from productive colonies in the Americas and Asia. With every war that France engaged in, often in attempts to overthrow Dutch commercial superiority, she struggled to find the finances to push on. By 1672, France had the most powerful army on land, and was a growing naval threat. But due to financial problems, France actually had to withdraw its navy after successful victories against the Dutch. France was never able to effectively shake her people's resistance to mercantilism. By the 1680's, France’s growing military might, her success against the Dutch, the revocation of Protestant toleration, and the incursions on British American traders made her the target of King William of England. With Louis XIV's lavish spending after his victories in the Franco-Dutch War (1670s), and Jean-Baptiste Colbert’s struggling economic policy, France would be no match for the British Royal Navy. The 1688 war of the Grand Alliance would show that not only Britain felt threatened by France. The Holy Roman Empire allied with, Spain, Portugal, Sweden, the United Provinces, and Britain to fight off France’s incursion on German territory. It also served as an excuse to cripple French Canadian territorial expansion in Canada. King William's War, as it was known in North America, would be the start of subsequent conflicts in North America known as the French and Indian Wars (Intercolonial Wars). British-American militia would make successive attempts at conquering New France. With every American war, the British Americans gained more and more ground. Its apex would be the War of the Conquest in 1759. Once again, France's economy could not keep up with the costs of war and she once again would provide little naval aid to the colonies. Today, some people in Quebec blame France for abandoning them in 1759, but the reality is that if France had sent a powerful navy to defend New France, she would have done so at the expense of mainland France. New France had, up until then, failed to show any significant benefit to France and was not worth keeping at the risk of losing European territory.

A nine year chapter?
Sorry if this has already been settled. I knew little about the subject (until reading the article), thus my very basic question: how can this be a 9 year chapter of a 7 years war? To me a chapter would be shorter than the whole thing. Thanks in advance for the answer. Anagnorisis 23:16, 30 July 2006 (UTC)
 * The shortest answer woudl be that from the initial engagement to the final confrontation 9 years tiem had spanned. This though includes the skirmishes along the frontier regiosn in 1754, burgeoning into the official War in Europe in 1756, followed by the colapse of the French regime in north america in 1760 and finaly the diplomatic resolution of the Indeien rebellions in 1763. All of this is of course explained in detail within the article.--Dryzen 17:10, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

WP:MilHist Assessment
Wow, this is a great article. Very long, lots of charts and infoboxes, and at least one actual map. Maps, images, and infoboxes are crucial, to my mind, towards pushing an article over the edge of becoming a Good/A-Class/Featured Article. Very long, detailed, obviously a lot of work has been put into this. Some sections need wikification, and some sections could also benefit from expansion. But overall, I'm giving this a B, the highest rating I feel comfortable giving without a vote or consensus from other editors. With a little work, and the assessement of a few other WPMilHist people who are not me, I think this can easily become an A-Class or even Featured article. LordAmeth 14:05, 4 August 2006 (UTC)
 * P.S. I'm not sure if this should be claimed by the US task force, the British task force, or both. As I am a member of neither, I have left both off. If anyone in either of those task forces wants to claim the article into their domain, please do. LordAmeth 14:05, 4 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I am of mind that it should be claimed by the participant militaries, therefore: British, canadian, French and United-States. I also agree on the B markign as this article needs to cleaning up but is in over all good shape. Although, I disagree the proposed reson behind the French defeat as determined by Mercantilism. --Dryzen 17:18, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

organization
Should the overview be moved to the beginning of the article, after nomenclature?

1761
what happend to 1761 between 1760 and 1762

Spelling seems mangled.
hopiakuta 16:09, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

Missing parts in article
Um, look at Beginning of the war and Langlys expedition, theres no article, and im curious to know what exactly happend in 1761, thanks, Im watching you O_o 12:23, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

Added to section Langley's expedition
I addded information to the langlys expedition, sorry wasnt sure where to cite where i got the info so I'll put it here, EagleEyes 12:22, 9 October 2006 (UTC) http://www.bookrags.com/wiki/French_and_Indian_War#Langlade.27s_expedition

red/broken links
Fort bull and signal hill seem to be links to unwritten articlesIm watching you O_o 12:38, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

All this vandilism?
Is this the usual or is there some sort of research that has to be done by younglings and they just want to blast their frustrations at the subject?--Dryzen 16:03, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

 * It seems to be fashionable nowadays among high school students (and, I imagine, people who should know a lot better) to treat with mockery any subject involving war and the French. Albrecht 18:16, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

Faild attempt to revert
I tried to revert this article that someone vandalized and really messed it up, could someone fix it? EagleEyes 17:16, 31 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I reverted to your last modification, all the other edits where vandalism and responced reverts.--Dryzen 13:57, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

Article is mangled
It is like just a bunch broken html script and junk, someone please fix it. EagleEyes 17:07, 1 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Take a look, everything should be back in order. --Dryzen 18:37, 1 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Thanks Dryzen, I apprecieate it, EagleEyes 13:20, 2 November 2006 (UTC)
 * My pleasure to battle vadalism, just wish there wasn't so much of it...--Dryzen 14:44, 2 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree, it's a shame... EagleEyes 15:51, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

Reference for Ontario claim
The article claims: In Ontario, it is now increasingly also referred to as "The War of the Conquest," or just "The Conquest."

Can anyone provide a source for this? I understand why "guerre de la conquête" is used by francophones in and out of Quebec, and I understand why the term exists in Quebec English, as a consequence of being translated from French. But I've never heard the term used in English in Ontario. --Saforrest 05:13, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

From the view of someone in Pennsylvania

 * Here it is called the French and Indian War which is odd but someone mentioned the reason being the Brittish, colonist and their Native American allies against the French and their allies(other Native Americans). We kind of think of the Seven Years' War as something that didn't involve us. Unless you major in it in college the other conflicts are not discussed with the same detail. In our education system the history of Pennsylvania gets discussed in detail around the 6th grade level. I realize it was interconnected but I think this is a bad case of POV by reason of birthplace and nationality. The conflict is seriously looked at in our area because we could of been French if things went different. The importance to the area is stressed because of the strategic value of the confluence of the three rivers. The Ohio, Allegheny, and Mononghehela meet here in Pittsburgh. There are a lot of side tributaries in the area and eventually the Ohio River flows to the south to meet up with the Mississippi River. Then the Mississippi goes to the Gulf of Mexico. Essentially whoever controlled the area controlled the new world. I'm new to wiki but I would be glad to help with this project. Being a local I could probably get some pictures. The geography and resources of the are(rivers,oil,coal,furtrade) made it a very valuable area to acquire. I'll link here other references. Be patient with my wiki abilities please. Just think I can add something to make this a super feartured article. Besides it will be linked to Project Pittsburgh. Deedee19482 14:23, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

Statistics request
Needs information on casualties and economic impact. -- Beland 05:32, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

Mishmash of an Article
This article resemble the main article on the Seven Years War, a mess. It must have changed a lot since the person above writing about this being an A-class article. There is some good stuff in here, but the article needs better structure, more narrative on the course of the war, only one list of battles (in the properly formatted box), and less on George Washington - he became very important later. Or perhaps it just needs more on others (hate to see factual stuff deleted).

And can the people on this discussion page please get over the name of the war! They would better spend their energies improving the article. Iacobus 00:41, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Agreed. Now all we need is somebody to do something about it. -Gomm 02:00, 13 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Sigh, if only I knew more, but wouldn't it be great if someone who actually knew a lot about the subject, could cite references, and was a good writer, got to work? Or two or three of them? I can write and cite, but can't pretend to have much in-depth knowledge. They must be out there, somewhere... --Iacobus 06:13, 14 February 2007 (UTC)

there should be a mention of the american militia in the troop/casualtie window.

Braddock's Expedition
"Braddock's expedition" did not take place during the war. Braddock's forces were defeated on July 9,1755. Great Britain didn't declared war on France until may 18,1756, France on June 9,1756. In fact the battle of Lake George took place on September 8,1755, also before war was declared. These two sections should be placed in a section prior to the war. This section could contain other events/battles significant to the war but not a cause or part of it. '
 * But you seem to forget they did take place in the "French-Indien War" which started in 1754.--Dryzen 14:00, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

Outcome
Please expand the outcome section with the answer to this question: What impact did the war have on the Native American participants? Seems like a big thing to leave out. MrZaius talk  12:39, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

 * You have an excellent point there- I have no doubts that there is probably some social history that is absent from this article. I'll keep it in mind for when I have actual time to finally get to it! Monsieurdl 23:14, 21 October 2007 (UTC)

Root Causes
The root causes listed are biased and severely lacking in substance, not to mention unreferenced. I never realized how weak the article was- but that will change soon. With others help, it can be done. I have an extensive library of French and Indian War sources that will make this article shine- Parkman, Morison, French and British accounts, George Wrong, et cetera. The story that is forgotten in American texts shall be told! Let's do this thing! Monsieurdl 00:55, 25 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Way ahead of you; I'm on this as well...-- Pericles of Athens  Talk 17:08, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

Beaver Fur
When the French didn't have no where to go they went and lived with the indain's also the fur stared running out because no more beaver. French and indain war —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.252.9.87 (talk) 21:35, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

Oneida Carry
MIKE IS COOLCould there be a link to the Oneida Carry article (that article has few linking articles)? An attack by the French in 1756 seems relevant to a discussion of the French and Indian War especially the start. 67.86.73.252 (talk) 00:16, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:French and Indian War/Archive 1


text:
Ordinary People

Ordinary People is a 1980 American drama film directed by Robert Redford in his feature directorial debut. The screenplay by Alvin Sargent is based on the 1976 novel of the same name by Judith Guest. The film follows the disintegration of a wealthy family in Lake Forest, Illinois, following the accidental death of one of their two sons and the attempted suicide of the other. It stars Donald Sutherland, Mary Tyler Moore, Judd Hirsch, and Timothy Hutton.

Ordinary People was released theatrically on September 19, 1980, by Paramount Pictures to critical and commercial success. Reviewers praised Redford's direction, Sargent's screenplay, and the performances of the cast. The film, which grossed $90 million on a $6.2 million budget, was chosen by the National Board of Review as one of the top ten films of 1980, and garnered six nominations at the 53rd Academy Awards, winning four: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Supporting Actor for Hutton (the youngest recipient at age 20). In addition, the film won five awards at the 38th Golden Globe Awards: Best Motion Picture – Drama, Best Director, Best Actress (Moore), Best Screenplay, and Best Supporting Actor (Hutton).

Plot
The Jarretts are an upper-middle-class family in Lake Forest, a wealthy suburb north of Chicago. They are trying to return to normal life after experiencing the accidental death of their older teenage son, Buck, and the attempted suicide of their younger and surviving son, Conrad. Conrad has recently returned home after spending four months in a psychiatric hospital. He feels alienated from his friends and family and seeks help from a psychiatrist, Dr. Tyrone Berger, who discovers that Conrad was involved in the sailing accident that caused Buck's death. Conrad is now dealing with post-traumatic stress disorder and is seeking help to cope with his emotions.

Conrad's father, Calvin, attempts to connect with his surviving son and understand his wife, while Conrad's mother, Beth, denies her loss, hoping to maintain her composure and restore her family to what it once was. She appears to have favored her older son and has grown cold toward Conrad due to his suicide attempt. Beth is determined to maintain the appearance of perfection and normality, and her efforts only serve to alienate Conrad further. Conrad works with Dr. Berger and begins to learn how to deal with his emotions rather than control them. He starts dating a fellow student, Jeannine, who helps him regain a sense of optimism. However, Conrad still struggles to communicate and establish normal relationships with his parents and schoolmates.

Beth and Conrad often argue while Calvin tries to referee, generally taking Conrad's side for fear of pushing him over the edge again. Tensions escalate near Christmas when Conrad becomes furious at Beth for not wanting to take a photo with him, swearing at her in front of his grandparents. Afterwards, Beth discovers Conrad has been lying about his after-school whereabouts. This leads to a heated confrontation between Conrad and Beth in which Conrad points out that Beth never visited him in the hospital; Conrad argues that if Buck had been hospitalized in his place, she would have gone to see him, to which Beth curtly replies that Buck would never have been in the hospital in the first place. Beth and Calvin take a trip to see Beth's brother Ward in Houston, where Calvin presses Beth about her evasive attitude.

Conrad suffers a setback when he learns that Karen, a friend from the psychiatric hospital, has committed suicide. A cathartic breakthrough session in the middle of the night with Dr. Berger allows Conrad to stop blaming himself for Buck's death and accept his mother's frailties. However, when Conrad tries to show affection, Beth is unresponsive, leading Calvin to emotionally confront her one last time. He questions their love and asks whether she is capable of truly loving anyone. Stunned, Beth packs her bags and goes back to Houston. Calvin and Conrad are left to come to terms with their new family situation, affirming their father-son love.

Cast

 * Donald Sutherland as Calvin Jarrett
 * Mary Tyler Moore as Beth Jarrett
 * Judd Hirsch as Tyrone C. Berger
 * Timothy Hutton as Conrad Jarrett
 * Elizabeth McGovern as Jeannine Pratt
 * M. Emmet Walsh as Salan
 * Dinah Manoff as Karen Aldrich
 * Fredric Lehne as Joe Lazenby
 * James B. Sikking as Ray Hanley
 * Basil Hoffman as Sloan
 * Quinn Redeker as Ward Butler
 * Mariclare Costello as Audrey Butler
 * Richard Whiting as Howard Butler
 * Meg Mundy as Ellen Butler
 * Elizabeth Hubbard as Ruth
 * Adam Baldwin as Kevin Stillman
 * Scott Doebler as Buck Jarrett

Casting
Gene Hackman was originally cast as Calvin Jarrett but then later dropped out when he and the studio could not come to a financial agreement.

A then-unknown Michael J. Fox, who had just moved to Los Angeles to pursue an acting career, auditioned for the role of Conrad Jarrett but reportedly did not impress Redford, who flossed his teeth during Fox's audition.

Natalie Wood was also considered for the role of Beth.

Box office
The film was a box-office success, grossing $54 million in the United States and Canada and approximately $36 million overseas for a worldwide gross of $90 million.

Critical reception
Ordinary People received critical acclaim. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 89%, based on 102 reviews, with an average rating of 8.50/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Robert Redford proves himself a filmmaker of uncommon emotional intelligence with Ordinary People, an auspicious debut that deftly observes the fractioning of a family unit through a quartet of superb performances."

Roger Ebert gave it a full four stars and praised how the film's setting "is seen with an understated matter-of-factness. There are no cheap shots against suburban lifestyles or affluence or mannerisms: The problems of the people in this movie aren't caused by their milieu, but grow out of themselves. ... That's what sets the film apart from the sophisticated suburban soap opera it could easily have become." He later named it the fifth best film of the year 1980; while colleague Gene Siskel ranked it the second best film of 1980.

Writing for The New York Times, Vincent Canby called it "a moving, intelligent and funny film about disasters that are commonplace to everyone except the people who experience them."

The film marked a career breakout for Mary Tyler Moore from the personalities of her other two famous roles: Laura Petrie on The Dick Van Dyke Show and Mary Richards on The Mary Tyler Moore Show. Moore's nuanced portrayal of the mother to Hutton's character was highly acclaimed, and earned her a Best Actress nomination. Donald Sutherland's performance as the father was also well received and earned him a Golden Globe nomination. Despite his co-stars receiving nominations, Sutherland was overlooked for an Academy Award, which Entertainment Weekly has described as one of the biggest acting snubs in the history of the awards.

Judd Hirsch's portrayal of Dr. Berger was a departure from his work on the sitcom Taxi, and drew praise from many in the psychiatric community as one of the rare times their profession is shown in a positive light in film. Hirsch was also nominated for Best Supporting Actor, losing out to co-star Hutton. Additionally, Ordinary People launched the career of Elizabeth McGovern who played Hutton's character's love interest, and who received special permission to film while attending Juilliard.

The film's prominent usage of Pachelbel's Canon, which had been relatively obscure for centuries, helped to usher the piece into mainstream popular culture.

Analysis
Julia L. Hall, a journalist who has written extensively about narcissistic personality disorder, wrote in 2017 upon Moore's death that she "portrays her character's narcissism to a tee in turn after turn." She praised Moore for taking such a career risk so soon after having played such a memorable and likable character on television, "scaffolding gaping emptiness with a persona of perfection, supported by denial, blame, rejection, and rage."

Accolades
The film was nominated for six Academy Awards (winning four), including the Best Picture, Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Supporting Actor (for Hutton) in his first film role.

Home media
Ordinary People was released on DVD in 2001. It was released on Blu-ray in March 2022, featuring a 4K restoration of the film.

title: Ordinary People