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Auguste Piccard

Auguste Antoine Piccard (28 January 1884 – 24 March 1962) was a Swiss physicist, inventor and explorer known for his record-breaking hydrogen balloon flights, with which he studied the Earth's upper atmosphere and became the first person to enter the Stratosphere. Piccard was also known for his invention of the first bathyscaphe, FNRS-2, with which he made a number of unmanned dives in 1948 to explore the ocean's depths.

Piccard's twin brother Jean Felix Piccard is also a notable figure in the annals of science and exploration, as are a number of their relatives, including Jacques Piccard, Bertrand Piccard, Jeannette Piccard and Don Piccard.

Biography
Piccard and his twin brother Jean Felix Piccard were born in Basel, Switzerland, on 28 January 1884.

Showing an intense interest in science as a child, he attended the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zürich and became a professor of physics in Brussels at the Free University of Brussels in 1922, the same year his son Jacques Piccard was born. He was a member of the Solvay Congress of 1922, 1924, 1927, 1930 and 1933.

In 1930, an interest in ballooning and a curiosity about the upper atmosphere led him to design a spherical, pressurized aluminum gondola that would allow ascent to a great altitude without requiring a pressure suit. Supported by the Belgian Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS), Piccard constructed his gondola.

An important motivation for his research in the upper atmosphere was measurements of cosmic radiation, which were supposed to give experimental evidence for the theories of Albert Einstein, whom Piccard knew from the Solvay conferences and who was a fellow alumnus of ETH.

On 27 May 1931, Auguste Piccard and Paul Kipfer took off from Augsburg, Germany in a hydrogen balloon, and reached a record altitude of 15,781 m (FAI Record File Number 10634). During this flight, they became the first human beings to enter the stratosphere, and were able to gather substantial data on the upper atmosphere, as well as measure cosmic rays.

In the mid-1930s, Piccard's interests shifted when he realized that a modification of his high-altitude balloon cockpit would allow descent into the deep ocean. By 1937, he had designed the bathyscaphe, a small steel gondola built to withstand great external pressure. Construction began, but was interrupted by the outbreak of World War II. Resuming work in 1945, he completed the bubble-shaped cockpit that maintained normal air pressure for a person inside the capsule even as the water pressure outside increased to over 46 MPa. Above the heavy steel capsule, a large flotation tank was attached and filled with a low density liquid for buoyancy. Liquids are relatively incompressible and can provide buoyancy that does not change as the pressure increases. And so, the huge tank was filled with gasoline, not as a fuel, but as flotation. To make the now floating craft sink, tons of iron were attached to the float with a release mechanism to allow resurfacing. This craft was named FNRS-2 and made a number of unmanned dives in 1948 before being given to the French Navy in 1950. There, it was redesigned, and in 1954, it took a man safely down 4,176 m.

Piccard and his son, Jacques, built a second bathyscaphe and together they dove to a record-breaking depth of 3,150 m in 1953.

Auguste Piccard died on 24 March 1962 of a heart attack at his home in Lausanne, Switzerland; he was 78 years old.

Piccard family

 * Jules Piccard (professor of chemistry)
 * Auguste Piccard (physicist, aeronaut, balloonist, hydronaut)
 * Jacques Piccard (hydronaut, engineer, oceanographer)
 * Bertrand Piccard (aeronaut, psychiatrist, balloonist)
 * Jean Felix Piccard (organic chemist, aeronaut, and balloonist)
 * Jeannette Piccard (wife of Jean Felix) (aeronaut and balloonist)
 * Don Piccard (balloonist)

References in popular culture
"Calculus is a reduced scale Piccard, as the real chap was very tall. He had an interminable neck that sprouted from a collar that was much too large... I made Calculus a mini-Piccard, otherwise I would have had to enlarge the frames of the cartoon strip."
 * Auguste Piccard was the inspiration for Professor Cuthbert Calculus in The Adventures of Tintin by Belgian cartoonist Hergé. Piccard held a teaching appointment in Brussels where Hergé spotted his unmistakable figure in the street. This connection was confirmed by Hergé in an interview with Numa Sadoul:

 * Gene Roddenberry named Captain Jean-Luc Picard in Star Trek after one or both of the twin brothers Auguste and Jean Felix Piccard, and derived Jean-Luc Picard from their names.
 * Will Gregory's opera, Piccard in Space, premiered at the Queen Elizabeth Hall in London on 31 March 2011. The libretto, by Hattie Naylor, focuses on Auguste Piccard's first balloon ascent with his assistant Paul Kipfer, and on the theories of Albert Einstein and Isaac Newton, who both appear as characters in the drama.
 * In 2016, the exploits of Piccard and his son Jacques were featured in an American television commercial for Hennessy cognac.

title: Auguste Piccard


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User talk:Drew~enwiki

People have the option to put out false information, but few do. If it does happen, others who are watching quickly change it. Amazing. It blows my mind.

~Drew

Hello there Drew, welcome to the 'pedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you ever need editing help visit How does one edit a page and experiment at Sandbox. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions or how to format them visit our manual of style. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. Yep - it is weird how well Wikipedia works on average. Cheers! --maveric149

Greetings. I see you have an interest in Homestar Runner; you should know there is already a gaggle of information at the Homestar Runner article. If you feel you can add anything poignant on the cartoon, it should be done there. -- goatasaur

Classic Rock
Hello. I was wondering if you would like to participate in my classic rock survey. I'm trying to find the most like classic rock song. There is more information on my user page. Hope you participate! 21:24, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Drew. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Drew~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

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Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 12:20, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Drew~enwiki


text:
Talk:USS Enterprise

Shouldn't there be a TOC thing
65.128.226.144 (talk) 02:42, 28 January 2014 (UTC)

Quebec?
Are we sure that the first Enterprise was launched at "St. John's, Quebec"? There's a St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, that's a major port, but I'm not familiar with one in Quebec. - Montréalais

 * From http://user.fundy.net/fpweb/2-enter.htm :

 * In May 1775, the Connecticut horse-trader-turned-soldier sailed the armed ketch Liberty jauntily up the Richelieu River, deep into Canada, and captured Fort St. Johns (now St. Jean sur Richelieu), without firing a shot. Captured in addition were two British ships: the armed schooner Royal Savage and the supply sloop George III, both of which were built at the fort.

 * St Jean-sur-Richelieu is in Quebec (I'm sure you don't need me to tell you that). The article needs the modern name in it, I guess. --Camembert

 * I added the modern name - hope I got my hyphens in the right place (and that "Saint" is better than "St"). --Camembert

 * Oh, St-Jean-sur-Richelieu! Duh! *smacks self - Montréalais

''The first 'Enterprise' most definitely was not launched anywhere in Canada. see l'Entreprise

Training ship
Sorry, I'm new and don't know how to edit a page, and I fear I will screw it up, but I have some information that needs to be added. The USTS (United States Training Ship) Enterprise, is Massachusetts Maritime Academy's (MMA)Training Ship.

From Maritime.edu:

Training Ship Enterprise

The T.S. Enterprise has been named in honor of the Academy's first training ship, the U.S.S. Enterprise. Massachusetts Maritime Academy (then called the Boston Nautical School) used her as a floating classroom and dormitory in Boston from 1893 until 1909.

The new Enterprise was built as the Velma Lykes in Avondale Shipyards in New Orleans, Louisiana for Lykes Brothers Steamship Company in 1967. She served Lykes until 1986 when she was placed in the National Defense Reserve Fleet (NDRF) under the ownership of the US Department of Transportation Maritime Administration. She was renamed Cape Bon, and saw service in Operation Dessert Storm in the Arabian Gulf in 1991. She was converted to a "public nautical Schoolship" at Bender Ship Repair in Mobile, Alabama under the direction of Interocean Ugland Management. Enterprise was delivered to the Academy on 16 April 2003, was commissioned to Academy service on 22 May 2003

Under contract to the Maritime Administration, Interocean Ugland Management delivered the Enterprise to the Academy after a two-year conversion at Bender Shipbuilding and Repair in Mobile, Alabama. She was commissioned in Buzzards Bay on National Maritime Day, 22 May 2003. The ship went through extensive outfitting of classrooms and labs by Academy staff and cadets throughout the summer and fall, and sailed on her maiden voyage in January 2004 with 464 cadets aboard.

Each year the Enterprise sails for 2 months on a training cruise and visits forieng ports in Europe, South America and the Caribbean. The roughly 500 cadets, supervised by roughly 100 officers and crew spend up to 16 hours a day taking classes, performing maintenance and standing watches on the bridge and in the engine room. During the rest of the year cadets stand watches, take classes and spend saturdays maintaining the ship, which is piered at Massachusetts Maritime Academy, alongside the Cape Cod Canal. More content including vessel particulars at http://www.maritime.edu/l2.cfm?page=2 Photo at http://maritime.facebook.com/photo.php?pid=30014648&id=106000605

MMA has a wiki page that this could be linked to. The school and its cadets are very proud of the ship and would greatly appreciate it if someone could make us a page.

US Navy vs Star Trek trademark
Does anyone here have an answer to this question? ... We all know the USS Enterprise is both a starship on Star Trek as well as a entire linage of US Navy ships. What I want to know is, in a fictional movie (or other creative production) involving a futuristic United States Space Navy force, would it be in violation of Paramount's trademark if a starship in that US Space Navy was named "USS Enterprise"? I mean, the US Navy's USS Enterprise came first, and it would be pretty logical that the lineage of the USS Enterprise continued if the US expanded her Navy into space.

 * I don't believe there is any issue. Trademark - A name, symbol, or other device identifying a product, officially registered and legally restricted to the use of the owner or manufacturer. The key word there is identifying - as long as the ship is unique it will be fine. If the futuristic ship had two large nacelles and a saucer section - then it would be an issue because it resembles the trademark of Paramount and could confuse the consumer - thats what trademarks are all about. Allowing a consumer to easily identify what product they are buying. Fosnez 11:10, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

 * In practice, I don't believe it would be allowed. At best, the writers of the other show would be able to refer to it obliquely (q.v. Stargate SG-1 and Prometheus (Stargate)).  The use of a starship named Enterprise in another sci-fi TV series would probably be judged to be unacceptably infringing of Paramount's trademark and in order to maintain the strength of their IP, Paramount would be forced to challenge it. Iceberg3k 20:21, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

 * If there was a show about a future U.S. space force, it would be free to use the name Enterprise as one of a number of ships (based solely on the Navy/NASA lineage). But if the ship looked at all like a Star Trek design, or if the ship named Enterprise was the focal point of the series, then it would become a trademark issue.

Just the name "USS Enterprise" can be trademarked. Trademarks allow for names and graphic symbols to be protected where copyright law lacks enforcement. Since the first ship was named the Enterprise back in 1775, I would think that any trademark would long be expired by now. There were 8 versions of the Big "E" and, I would think that if anyone violated any trademarks, it would be NASA, as the starship USS Enterprise was written long before the space shuttle was named. GeorgeMcGinn (talk) 09:14, 4 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Trademarks don't expire. Coke has had theirs for a very long time. The navy (or nasa) are not prohibited from naming their actual physical ships this because it would not create brand confusion. Star Trek likely has trademarks that only cover television, and perhaps toys. They would fail in their defense if they tried to also restrict boats named such, as other entities had been in that space earlier. McKay (talk) 23:09, 25 May 2015 (UTC)

This page is a type of disambiguation
This page—like HMS Enterprise—is a disambiguation page. As such it should be as short as possible when listing items that have their own detailed pages.

So I cut each entry down to the ships Name, Dates of use, and one key detail for identification purposes. If anyone wants the extra details that were removed, they can click on the links and read the articles in all of their glory. The only entries I did not cut down were the ones for ships with no other page.

As for the list of sources in the Trek section, I was trying to improve readability and some redundant links.

If you have an issue with any particular change I have made feel free (of course) to change it, but please do not do a blanket revert to fix one thing. —MJBurrage • TALK  • 05:20, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Wow, you are not kidding! This dab page appears to be way off the guidelines for disambiguation pages.  If I can find a good block of time in the next few days, I will try to strip the page down and bring it back into standards.  --Kralizec! (talk) 16:12, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

Per the guidelines at Ship Index Pages, I removed information that is not needed to identify which USS Enterprise you are looking for. I did not remove the descriptions of when to use (or not use) the USS prefix, nor what USS means, as that does seem germane to this Index in particular. I also relinked the FULL dates as they should be per Wikipedia MoS: Dates containing a month and a day (so they work with user preferences). —MJBurrage • TALK  • 18:48, 14 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually, the dates and numbers style manual specifically states that dab pages are one of the exceptions to this rule: "There are some exceptions to the rule that dates with a month and a day should always be linked" ... "On disambiguation pages, only the disambiguated articles should be linked, not explanatory text." --Kralizec! (talk) 04:34, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

I stand corrected, not sure how I missed that. Thank-you —MJBurrage • TALK  • 07:07, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

Star Trek Mirror Universe Enterprise(s)
Aren't there some Enterprise ships in the Star Trek Mirror Universe?Albmont 01:17, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

 * You mean the ISS Enterprise (Star Trek)? --Kralizec! (talk) 03:36, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes. The text only mentions the canonical Enterprises, not the Mirror-Enterprises.Albmont 13:36, 11 November 2006 (UTC)

Ship Index page guidelines
Once again, this page is in need of some cleaning to adhere more to the guidelines for ship index pages. The idea is that a ship article should contain as much information as possible and the index page is to serve only to help people find a particular ship. If a ship history is very small, say, less then one paragraph, then it's ok to leave the information on the index page rather than create a separate article. Essentially this is a "heads up" as I will be going through List of United States Navy ships, E in the coming few weeks. --Brad (talk) 18:23, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

 * New page is in place. --Brad (talk) 22:54, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Oooh, looks nice! I think the bloated entries on the first several E's were a legacy from when we did not have articles on each of the ships.  Regardless, thanks for all of your hard work in cleaning up this page!  --Kralizec! (talk) 23:36, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

 * There should still be something on the meaning of USS, covering what it means, and why it is not used on all American ships.  Also not all Star Trek ships are Federation ships. —MJBurrage(T•C) 06:09, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

Kralizec!'s reverts of my Star Trek changes
Kralizec!, how is adding links a violation of WP:MOSDAB? I do not agree with your assessment. From WP:MOSDAB:

 * Disambiguation pages ("dab pages") are, like redirects, non-article pages in the article namespace. Disambiguation pages are solely intended to allow users to choose among several Wikipedia articles, usually when a user searches for an ambiguous term...

I am providing additional links to the information already present. I added nothing that adds content or bulk to the article; simply highlighted the content already there to help others find information they might be interested in.

Unless you or others convince me otherwise, I'm going to revert my changes back. --P shadoh (talk) 20:37, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

edit by P shadoh
Disregard. I see now that the spirit of disambig pages is to have a primary link, not multiple links like ordinary articles. --P shadoh (talk) 20:45, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

 * We appear to have been ships passing in the night; while you were leaving the above message, I was writing one on your talk page. Regardless, the relevant passage in WP:MOSDAB states:

Each bulleted entry should, in almost every case, have exactly one navigable (blue) link. To avoid confusing the reader, do not wikilink any other words in the line.

 * This was also previously discussed on this page at This page is a type of disambiguation above. --Kralizec! (talk) 20:55, 20 February 2008 (UTC)
 * As long as the ships were named Enterprise, at least we're still on topic. :) --P shadoh (talk) 21:03, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

Star Trek canon
Every once in a while someone adds and or takes away the USS Enterprise–F. While not canon by current CBS standards, it is notable as it was part of the plot of a trilogy of authorized novels. As I understand it, while canon is the standard for Memory Alpha, notability is the only applicable standard here. I.E. as long as it is properly described the F should be listed here, (and probably described as a section in either the Starship Enterprise page and/or a page about the Millennium Trilogy.) —MJBurrage(T•C) 17:34, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm slightly torn on the issue. On the one hand, I do agree with you that it is perhaps worthy of mention, as someone might be doing searches on Star Trek starships named Enterprise.  On the other, however, it is somewhat obscure.  While a majority of people who consider themselves trekkies would likely easily be able to tell you about NCC-1701 and NCC-1701 A-E, I don't think very many would be able to tell you anything about F (or J for that matter -- I did watch Enterprise and I had forgotten about it and had to read the description for a refresher when I first saw it on this page).  Perhaps the most appropriate thing to do here would be to scrap individual lines beyond "E" (since the original and A-E have their own pages) and provide one link that names all the ones beyond "E" with a link to Starship Enterprise, which is where all the others are listed.  Thoughts?  --P shadoh (talk) 16:38, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I might on the one link for all ships after Enterprise–E if all the notable examples were A) canon and/or licensed, and B) the "Beyond the next generation" section of the Starship Enterprise article was more detailed.
 * As it stands now the Enterprise–M (from a notable but unlicensed film) is more notable than any version from the licensed novels or comics, and needs a seperate line to link to the Of Gods an Men article (either directly or via redirect). —MJBurrage(T•C) 15:01, 15 November 2008 (UTC)

About 40 years ago I acquired a Star Trek Writer's Guide which regrettably has since disappeared. I do recall that U.S.S. in that writer's guide stood for "United Space Ship" rather than "United Star Ship", and that starships were considered a class of space ship. Can anybody confirm that my memory is correct? 189.135.124.22 (talk) 04:21, 10 May 2011 (UTC)

Recent anon edits/reverts
As noted multiple times above, this page is not a regular entry. It is a ship index (a type of Disambiguation), and as such is meant to be as short as possible, with only one link per entry. Also S.S. has nothing to do with "State Ship" and is not restricted to American use. It originally meant a screw-driven steamship (Screw Steamer) but can be used by anyone and may just imply "Surface Ship", "Seagoing Ship" or whatever the owner wants. —MJBurrage(T•C) 20:24, 6 November 2008 (UTC)

S.S.
Again, S.S. has nothing specifically to do with the United States. It has stood for "Sailing Ship", "Steam Ship", or "Screw Ship" (as in screw driven). None of the uses are restricted by the ship's registration or nationality. —MJBurrage(T•C) 01:37, 14 November 2008 (UTC)

USS Enterprise (BLDG 7115)
Should USS Enterprise (BLDG 7115) be described as a stone frigate ? 184.144.161.173 (talk) 13:31, 2 January 2011 (UTC)
 * No, because that is a term only used in Great Britain and Commonwealth nations. SeanNovack (talk) 20:08, 12 July 2011 (UTC)

CVN-79
The new sentence about CVN-79 adds a "cite error" because the page has no. Since this is a ship index page I am removing it, rather than adding the reflist. Perhaps the new material belongs at USS John F. Kennedy (CVN-79)? -- John of Reading (talk) 17:57, 12 July 2011 (UTC)

Set index vs. dab
in regard to your revert, the only non-ship I see is the building that is a ship simulator. So all it would take, technically, to make this a set index would be to put that building in the See also section. Also, even that building has been set in italics, so why not italicize the page title?  Paine Ellsworth  u/ c  17:58, 20 January 2017 (UTC)

PS. Might add that the WikiProject considers this a set index. PS added by  Paine Ellsworth   u/ c
 * The list consists of naval vessels as well as fictional spacecraft. These do not constitute a set AFAICT. And besides, links to this name can and should be disambiguated. older ≠ wiser 18:07, 20 January 2017 (UTC)
 * PS, only one of the wikiprojects (and likely the least relevant) has this marked as SIA. The more relevant projects have it tagged as dab class. older ≠ wiser 18:09, 20 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Also, FWIW, the set index for this title is List of ships of the United States Navy named Enterprise. older ≠ wiser 18:14, 20 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Thank you, older ≠ wiser, that all makes very good sense.  Paine Ellsworth   u/ c  00:31, 26 January 2017 (UTC)

What exactly is this page disambiguating?
I'm just wondering if this page is disambiguating "USS Enterprise" or "Enterprise". If the former, as the title would imply, then why the many "Enterprises" that aren't "USS Enterprise"? If the latter, then why are the HMS Enterprises relegated to a separate page? JKeck (talk) 15:33, 18 June 2021 (UTC)
 * It is disambiguating USS Enterprise. If you search by typing "enterprise" it takes you to a completely different disambiguation page, just as typing HMS Enterprise takes you to that disambiguation page. The reason there are ships listed on this disambiguation page without the "USS" in front is because they are American ships named Enterprise that people may have assumed had the USS designation. Clear as mud? StarHOG (Talk) 02:50, 19 June 2021 (UTC)
 * From what you say, it's not simply disambiguating "USS Enterprise" but rather "USS Enterprise and American ships named Enterprise". A change of title to reflect that focus might be appropriate. JKeck (talk) 21:30, 24 June 2021 (UTC)
 * It does that inherently by listing ships as USS Enterprise or just Enterprise. StarHOG (Talk) 02:39, 29 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:USS Enterprise


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Talk:Quenya

DYK???
Since Quenya is a good article, couldn't we make a DYK for it? TuorEladar (talk) 21:00, 4 April 2020 (UTC)

Language cleanup
Non-English text on English Wikipedia, must be tagged as such. See MOS:LANG and MOS:FOREIGNITALIC. I put effort into this article to bring it up to this standard but did not complete it (1, 2, 3), so I added Template:cleanup lang. removed the notice. The edit message reproduced here is:

 * well tbh it's going to be qya wall-to-wall; if you feel it's worth doing then do it but don't leave it tagged for ever and a day

This leaves little in the way of rationale, and in my view since the problem has clearly not been adressed amounts largely to drive by de-tagging. But it is correct that there will be a lot of tagging, this article has a lot of Quenya text, and it seems prior none of it was tagged. Simply because meeting the standards of accessibility and style might require work or because one user does not care about them, does not mean that this article gets a free pass. AquitaneHungerForce (talk) 10:48, 20 March 2022 (UTC)

 * Um, I explained as clearly as possible in the edit-comment. Since you have brought it here, you are evidently one of the (extremely few) people who think that tagging every single occurrence of Quenya in an article all about it is worth doing, so I repeat my suggestion that you might like to fix the "problem" that you have raised. I don't think it a problem at all: the article is properly tagged in the infobox, and the subject of the article is unambiguously Quenya, so tagging every instance (we don't wikilink every word, now, do we) seems like ridiculous overkill. But hey, let's compromise: you're a busy person: take a month, and if it's still not "fixed", I'll remove the tag then, on the assumption that neither you nor anybody else thinks the task worth doing. All the best, Chiswick Chap (talk) 11:58, 20 March 2022 (UTC)

 * Tagging non-English text is required by MOS:LANG and MOS:FOREIGNITALIC. If you think that this is incorrect, then this is not the appropriate place to voice that concern.  Take it up on those pages.  This is not comparable with wikilinking since that runs counter to MOS:OVERLINK while tagging all foreign text is not only in line with MOS:LANG, but required by it.  Your personal feelings of what is enough are irrelevant here since there is a clear standard of accessibility that must be met.  AquitaneHungerForce (talk) 14:09, 20 March 2022 (UTC)

 * You're hardly making the page more accessible by "welcoming" all visitors for the next decade with your introductory mega-tag. Bye, I've had enough of this time-wasting. Chiswick Chap (talk) 14:22, 20 March 2022 (UTC)

 * The page being welcoming is hardly a concern, we don't remove Template:citation needed because it is unfriendly, we remove it because the issue is resolved. The page has an issue. You and anyone else are free to ignore the notice, but as long as the issue persists it should be categorized as such.  AquitaneHungerForce (talk) 14:38, 20 March 2022 (UTC)

 * I usually agree. I myself have spent a lot of time tagging Welsh language in English Wikipedia articles because it helps text-to-voice software to correctly pronounce words for those who are visually impaired. However, will a text-to-voice reader be able to correctly pronounce Quenya? It is, after all, a conlang with no real-world speakers. – Dyolf87 (talk) 11:11, 23 March 2022 (UTC)

 * Screen readers, although very important to consider, are not the only consideration for language tagging. You can see more at Template:Lang/doc.  However really this isn't the place to discuss this.  If you feel that conlangs or languages with few speakers should be exempt from this accessibility guideline the appropriate place to take that up is really on WP:ACCESSIBILITY.  AquitaneHungerForce (talk) 13:59, 23 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Template:Lang or Template:Transl? It's not that Latin alphabet is native to the language, although it may be the most frequent. --Error (talk) 17:02, 22 November 2022 (UTC)
 * That is getting terribly academic, and if you read the above you'll see what I think of the templates anyway. Tolkien wrote Quenya in more than one alphabet. Feel free to tweak the templates as you please. Chiswick Chap (talk) 17:21, 22 November 2022 (UTC)

Stress
The section talking about stress is very short and contains no examples. Seeing as this section closes by stating that syllable weight is important in Quenya verse, I think this needs to be addressed (with citations where possible). – Dyolf87 (talk) 11:05, 23 March 2022 (UTC)

IPA for 'Quenya' correct?
I'm wondering if the IPA for the word Quenya is actually correct. Does $\langlequ\rangle$ represent /kʷ/ or /kʷw/? After all, [kʷ] isn't the same as [kw] nor is it a [k] with a [w] off-glide, it's a [k] with rounded lips. – Dyolf87 (talk) 12:29, 23 March 2022 (UTC)

 * Tolkien doesn’t use IPA, so the matter is a bit complicated but in Parma Eldalamberon 22, p. 66 he tells us: “q (kw) consists of a lip-rounded k̊ followed by a partly unvoiced w-offglide (more marked medially than initially)” (the ring above k might be Tolkien’s way to represent roundness, I doubt its the devoicing diacritic the IPA uses). In IPA that would be something like [kʷw̥w], but I really wouldn’t be that narrow. (This quote is from the text Qenya Spelling from the late 1930s, but many of the ideas also survive in later concepts) Lammengollon (talk) 11:50, 21 June 2022 (UTC)
 * So are we saying that /kʷw/ would be a more accurate IPA rendering of Tolkien's description than simply /kʷ/? – Dyolf87 (talk) 11:18, 25 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I’m saying that the realization is [kʷw̥w] but I don’t think there is a problem with assuming it’s underlying /kʷ/ (see Help:IPA if you aren’t familiar with the difference) For one that’s the analysis inherent to the Tengwar distinction of the calma- and quessetéma. I think there is a note somewhere in PE19 (I can’t find it right now) that long vowels are permitted before kw, ty (but before other consonants they are not). having aid that, analyzing it as /kw/ should work as well. Lammengollon (talk) 12:15, 25 August 2022 (UTC)
 * And what about the [n.j]? The problem I see here is that I'm pretty sure Tolkien describes $\langleny\rangle$ as [ɲ] (maybe [ɲj]) rather than [nj], in which case surely the syllable break cannot conceivably be between the [n] and [j]? – Dyolf87 (talk) 05:11, 26 August 2022 (UTC)
 * For the introduction I would suggest [ˈkʷwɛɲja]
 * QU “consists of a lip-rounded k̊ followed by a partly unvoiced w-offglide (more marked medially than initially)” [Qenya Spelling, PE22:66] I‘d read that as implying “initially less marked but still existing”, so I would keep the separate w but including the ”partly unvoiced” is probably a too narrow transcription for the intro.
 * E as [ɛ]. AppE has “were”, RP [wɜː(ɹ)], but it’s consensus that this is not the sound Tolkien meant to describe, such a vowel system could hardly be described being “of normal kind”, perhaps RGEO contains a better example.
 * NY as [ɲj] per “n in ny is palatal n but followed (cf. ty) by a y-offglide, more marked medially (where ny counts as a group), less so initially.” [Qenya Spelling, PE22:66] or [nj] per “In ñy [=ŋj] ñ [= ŋ] was not lost, but as in the other similar groups became dentalized. Thus ŋy > ny (with a sound as in English new [in RP [njuː]])” [Outline of Phonology, PE19:74, comments are mine]. Since the former is the clearer statement, I’d prefer it here. In the second quote, perhaps Tolkien used “dental” just as “fronted compared to velar” and it’s still realized as a palatal? As for the syllable break, the cluster is probably ambisyllabic to some extent, so I would just not opine on the question.
 * A as [a] “father”: [AppE] RP [fɑːðə(ɹ)], but this is perhaps not a reliable way to tell the exact quality of Quenya, that’s just the one a that English has to describe a five vowel system. Personally, I think Quenya a is unmarked for backness, but I don’t think thats written anywhere we could cite (unless Wikipedia accepts this).
 * Lammengollon (talk) 14:21, 26 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Quenya


text:
List of P-Funk members

Since the late 1950s, Parliament-Funkadelic and the associated P-Funk musical collective, often referred to as the "Funk Mob," have included a large number of musicians and singers. While some of their contributions have gone uncredited, the following individuals and bands contributed to various P-Funk projects; most of them have been credited on at least one album.

Of the more than 200 members listed, the sixteen whose names are shown in bold italics were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as members of Parliament-Funkadelic in 1997. One other listed member, Sly Stone, was inducted into the Hall in 1993 as the leader of Sly and the Family Stone.

{|
 * valign="top" width=50%|

A

 * Jerome Ali(1981) - guitar
 * Jimmie Ali(1981) - bass
 * Gene "Poo Poo Man" Anderson - vocals
 * Mickey Atkins - organ
 * Donald Austin - guitar

B

 * Tinker Barfield
 * Jeff Bass(1993) - bass
 * Mark Bass(1993) - bass
 * Harold Beane - guitar
 * Chris Beasly - guitar
 * Danny Bedrosian - keyboards
 * Pedro Bell - artwork (sometimes credited as Captain Draw)
 * Henry Benefield - vocals
 * Muruga Booker - percussion
 * Taka Boom(Taka Kahn) - vocals
 * Langston Booth - drums
 * Frankie Boyce - guitar
 * Richard Boyce - bass
 * Steve Boyd - vocals
 * Greg Boyer - trombone
 * Jerome "Bigfoot" Brailey - drums
 * Michael Brecker - saxophone
 * Randy Brecker - trumpet
 * Gary Bronson - drums
 * Ron Bykowski - guitar
 * Jeff "Cherokee" Bunn - bass

C

 * Jimi Calhoun - bass
 * Sammy Campbell - vocals
 * Gordon Carlton - guitar
 * Dennis Chambers - drums
 * Barry Chenault - drums
 * Jessica Cleaves - vocals
 * George Clinton - band leader, keyboards, vocals, songwriter, producer
 * Lushawn "Young Poppi" Clinton - rapper
 * Scottie Clinton - vocals
 * Tra'zae Clinton - rapper
 * Phelps "Catfish" Collins - guitar
 * William "Bootsy" Collins - bass, vocals, drums, guitar, songwriter, producer
 * Kenny Colton - drums
 * Sonny Cool - Guitar
 * Gary "Mudbone" Cooper - vocals
 * Ruth Copeland - vocals
 * Lawrence Glenn "Flip" Cornett - guitar, bass
 * Bennie Cowan - trumpet
 * Benjamin "Benzel" Cowan - drums
 * Andy "Shanktown" Cruickshank - vocals
 * Star Cullars - bass
 * Lige Curry - bass
 * Guy Curtis - drums
 * Rodney "Skeet" Curtis - bass

D

 * Derrick Davis - bass, vocals
 * Ray "Stingray" Davis - vocals
 * Gregory Deanda - bass
 * Darryl Dixon - saxophone
 * Defiance Douglass - vocals, keyboards, songwriter, producer
 * Gwen Dozier - vocals
 * Ron Dunbar - vocals

E

 * Stozo "the Clown" Edwards - artwork
 * Janice Evans - vocals

F

 * Victoria Falconer - vocals, theremin
 * Joseph "Amp" Fiddler - keyboards
 * Greg Fitz - keyboards
 * Ron Ford - vocals
 * Kendra Foster - vocals
 * Cynthia Franklin - vocals
 * Mallia Franklin - vocals
 * Larry Fratangelo - percussion
 * Scott "Skyntyte" Free - guitar, vocals
 * Ramon "Tiki" Fulwood - drums

G

 * Rick Gardner - trumpet
 * Michael Gatheright - vocals
 * Andre Giles - guitar
 * Jimmy Giles
 * Cynthia Girty - vocals
 * Glenn Goins - vocals, guitar
 * Kevin Goins
 * Lonnie Green - drums, vocals
 * Richard "Kush" Griffith - trumpet
 * Clayton "Chicken" Gunnells - trumpet

H

 * Michael "Kidd Funkadelic" Hampton - guitar
 * Steven Hammond - drums
 * Wil Harris - guitar, vocals
 * Clarence "Fuzzy" Haskins - vocals, guitar, drums
 * Nowell Haskins - vocals
 * Larry Hatcher - trumpet, vocals, keyboards,
 * Shirley Hayden - vocals
 * Lili Haydn - violin, vocals
 * Eddie Hazel - guitar, vocals
 * Larry Heckstall - vocals
 * John Heintz - bass, percussion
 * Paul Hill - Vocals
 * Lenny "Jam" Holmes - vocals, guitar
 * Sonja Holmes - vocals
 * Sheila Horne - vocals
 * Stan "Quazedelic" Harris - vocals, percussion
 * Shaunna Hall

I

 * Brad Innis - drums
 * Archie Ivy

J

 * James Wesley Jackson - comedian
 * Bennie Jacobs - bass
 * Cheryl James - vocals
 * Garry "Dee Dee" James - guitar
 * Prakash John - bass
 * Joel "Razor-Sharp" Johnson - keyboards
 * Robert "P-Nut" Johnson - vocals
 * Anita Johnson - vocals
 * Renny Jones - bass
 * Giles "Killa G" Judd - keyboards

 * valign="top" width=15 |
 * valign="top" width=50% |

K

 * Louie "Babbling" Kabbabie - vocals

L

 * Tyrone Lampkin - drums
 * Patavian Lewis - vocals
 * Rico Lewis - drums
 * Tracey "Trey Lewd" Lewis - vocals, guitar
 * Trafael Lewis - guitar
 * Patrice "Emerald" Llewellyn - vocals
 * Overton Loyd - artwork

M

 * Lynn Mabry - vocals
 * Romeo Magruder - drums, vocals
 * Kim Manning - vocals
 * Foley McCreary - drums
 * Robert McCollough - saxophone
 * Thomas "Pae-dog" McEvoy - jazz horn
 * Eric McFadden - guitar
 * Jeanette McGruder - vocals
 * DeWayne "Blackbyrd" McKnight - guitar, bass, drums
 * Carlos McMurray - dancer
 * Dwayne "Sa'D Ali" Maultsby - vocals
 * Billy Mims - guitar, vocals
 * Ray Monette
 * Walter "Junie" Morrison - keyboards, vocals, guitar, bass, drums (sometimes credited as J.S. Theracon)
 * Cordell "Boogie" Mosson - bass, guitar, drums
 * Lonnie "Mongoose" Motley - bass, vocals
 * Mike "Murphquake" Murphy - bongos
 * Carolyn Myles - vocals

N

 * Richie "Shakin'" Nagan - percussion
 * "Billy Bass" Nelson - bass, vocals
 * Tonysha Nelson - vocals
 * Matt "Fresh Step" Nalley - percussion

O

 * Rose Offord - vocals

P

 * Stevie Pannell - guitar
 * Maceo Parker - saxophone, flute, piano
 * Tairee "Thurteen" Parks - rapper
 * Sharla L. Patrick - keyboards, vocals
 * Mike Patterson - bass
 * Michael "Clip" Payne - vocals, keyboards
 * Brian Photar - vocals, bass
 * Peter "Keys" Pisarczyk - keyboards
 * Ben Powers Jr. - drums

R

 * Razzberry White - vocals
 * Bouvier Richardson - rapper
 * Ronald Rolling - trumpet
 * Lucius "Tawl" Ross - guitar, vocals
 * Derrick "Frogg" Rosson - Rapper
 * Rufus Roundtree - trombone
 * Ricky Rouse - guitar
 * Ryan "Number 1" Maloney - Bass

S

 * Nairobi Sailcat - guitar
 * Sativa Diva - vocals
 * Marion Saulsby - keyboards
 * Chris "Citrus" Sauthoff - guitar,vocals
 * Joseph Scott Jr. - vocals, guitar, bass
 * Garrett Shider - guitar, vocals
 * Garry Shider - vocals, guitar
 * Kevin "K-Star" Shider - guitar, vocals
 * Linda Shider - vocals
 * Nate Shider - vocals, guitar
 * Tim Shider - vocals, bass, keyboards
 * Dawn Silva - vocals
 * Calvin Simon - vocals, percussion
 * Carl "Butch" Small - percussion
 * Herb Sparkman - vocals
 * Claude Spivey - bass
 * David Spradley - keyboards (also credited as David Lee Chong and Chong Spradley)
 * Donnie Sterling - bass, vocals
 * T.M. Stevens
 * Sly Stone
 * Michael Syme - guitar
 * RonKat Spearman - guitar, vocals, bass

T

 * Scott Taylor - saxophone
 * Gene "Just-A-Gene-O" Thomas - guitar, vocals
 * Grady Thomas - vocals
 * Greg Thomas - saxophone
 * Tony "Strat" Thomas - guitar
 * Tony Thomas - drums (not to be confused with Tony "Strat" Thomas)
 * Roger Troutman - vocals
 * Isaac Turner
 * Michael "Double K" Turner a.k.a. "LA Mike" - DJ

V

 * Earl Van Dyke - keyboards

W

 * Frank "Kash" Waddy - drums
 * Tony Walker - vocals
 * Jeanette Washington - vocals
 * Lin Washington - vocals, bass
 * Steve Washington - horns
 * Butch Watson - guitar
 * Harry Watson - guitar
 * Fred Wesley - trombone
 * John "Johnny Fly" Wiley - keyboards
 * Andre "Foxxe" Williams - guitar, vocals
 * Kelvan Wilkins - vocals, guitar
 * Ernestro Wilson - keyboards
 * Bobby Womack - vocals
 * Belita Woods - vocals
 * Bernie Worrell - keyboards
 * Lawrence "L*A*W" Worrell - vocals, guitar, bass, drums, harmonica, organ
 * Debbie Wright - vocals
 * Ronald Wright - drums
 * Philippé Wynne - vocals

Bands

 * 420 Funk Mob
 * Bernie Worrell and the WOO Warriors
 * Bootsy's Rubber Band
 * The Brides of Funkenstein
 * Children of Production
 * Bennie Cowan and Brass Taxx
 * Eramus Hall
 * Funkadelic
 * Godmoma
 * The Horny Horns
 * INCorporated Thang Band
 * Jimmy G and the Tackheads
 * Katdelic
 * Kiddo
 * Let The Monkey Go
 * Mr. Fiddler
 * Mutiny
 * O.G. Funk
 * Original P
 * Otis Day & the Knights
 * Parlet
 * Parliament
 * The Parliaments
 * P-Funk All-Stars
 * Quazar
 * Slavemaster
 * Sly Fox
 * Space Cadets
 * The Sterling Silver Starship Band
 * Sweat Band
 * Zapp
 * }

title: List of P-Funk members


text:
Reproductive technology

Reproductive technology encompasses all current and anticipated uses of technology in human and animal reproduction, including assisted reproductive technology (ART), contraception and others. It is also termed Assisted Reproductive Technology, where it entails an array of appliances and procedures that enable the realization of safe, improved and healthier reproduction. While this is not true of all people, for an array of married couples, the ability to have children is vital. But through the technology, infertile couples have been provided with options that would allow them to conceive children.

Assisted reproductive technology
Assisted reproductive technology (ART) is the use of reproductive technology to treat low fertility or infertility. Modern technology can provide infertile couples with assisted reproductive technologies. The natural method of reproduction has become only one of many new techniques used today. There are millions of couples that do not have the ability to reproduce on their own because of infertility and therefore, must resort to these new techniques. The main causes of infertility are that of hormonal malfunctions and anatomical abnormalities. ART is currently the only form of assistance for individuals who, for the time being, can only conceive through surrogacy methods). Examples of ART include in vitro fertilization (IVF) and its possible expansions, including:

 * artificial insemination
 * artificial reproduction
 * cloning (see human cloning for the special case of human beings)
 * cytoplasmic transfer
 * cryopreservation of sperm, oocytes, embryos
 * embryo transfer
 * fertility medication
 * hormone treatment
 * in vitro fertilization
 * intracytoplasmic sperm injection
 * in vitro generated gametes
 * preimplantation genetic diagnosis

Role of the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology (SART)
In 1981, after the birth of Elizabeth Carr, the first baby in the United States to be conceived through in vitro fertilization (IVF). Her birth gave hope to many couples struggling with infertility. Dr. Howard Jones brought together the leading practitioners of the five US-based IVF programs (Norfolk, Vanderbilt, University of Texas at Houston, and the University of Southern California, Yale) to discuss the establishment of a national registry for in vitro fertilization attempts and outcomes. 2 years later, in 1985 the society for assisted reproductive technology (SART) was founded as a special interest entity within the American Fertility Society. SART has not only informed the evolution of infertility care but also improved success of antiretroviral therapy.

Prognostics
Reproductive technology can inform family planning by providing individual prognoses regarding the likelihood of pregnancy. It facilitates the monitoring of ovarian reserve, follicular dynamics and associated biomarkers in females, as well as semen analysis in males.

Contraception
Contraception, also known as birth control, is a form of reproductive technology that enables people to prevent pregnancy. There are many forms of contraception, but the term covers any method or device which is intended to prevent pregnancy in a sexually active woman. Methods are intended to "prevent the fertilization of an egg or implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterus." Different forms of birth control have been around since ancient times, but widely available effective and safe methods only became available during the mid-1900s.

Others
The following reproductive techniques are not currently in routine clinical use; most are still undergoing development:
 * artificial wombs
 * germinal choice technology
 * in vitro parthenogenesis
 * reprogenetics

Same-sex procreation
Research is currently investigating the possibility of same-sex procreation, which would produce offspring with equal genetic contributions from either two females or two males. This form of reproduction has become a possibility through the creation of either female sperm (containing the genetic material of a female) or male eggs (containing the genetic material of a male). Same-sex procreation would remove the need for lesbian and gay couples to rely on a third party donation of a sperm or an egg for reproduction. The first significant development occurred in 1991, in a patent application filed by U.Penn. scientists to fix male sperm by extracting some sperm, correcting a genetic defect in vitro, and injecting the sperm back into the male's testicles. While the vast majority of the patent application dealt with male sperm, one line suggested that the procedure would work with XX cells, i.e., cells from an adult woman to make female sperm.

In the two decades that followed, the idea of female sperm became more of a reality. In 1997, scientists partially confirmed such techniques by creating chicken female sperm in a similar manner. They did so by injecting blood stem cells from an adult female chicken into a male chicken's testicles. In 2004, other Japanese scientists created two female offspring by combining the eggs of two adult mice.

In 2008, research was done specifically for methods on creating human female sperm using artificial or natural Y chromosomes and testicular transplantation. A UK-based group predicted they would be able to create human female sperm within five years. So far no conclusive successes have been achieved.

In 2018 Chinese research scientists produced 29 viable mice offspring from two mother mice by creating sperm-like structures from haploid Embryonic stem cells using gene editing to alter imprinted regions of DNA. They were unable to get viable offspring from two fathers. Experts noted that there was little chance of these techniques being applied to humans in the near future.

Ethics
Recent technological advances in fertility treatments introduce ethical problems, such as the affordability of the various procedures. The exorbitant prices can limit who has access. The cost of performing ART per live birth varies among countries. The average cost per IVF cycle in the United States is USD 9,266. However, the cost per live birth for autologous ART treatment cycles in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom ranged from approximately USD 33,000 to 41,000 compared to USD 24,000 to 25,000 in Scandinavia, Japan, and Australia

The funding structure for IVF/ART is highly variable among different nations. For example, no federal government reimbursement exists for IVF in the United States, although certain states have insurance mandates for ART

Many issues of reproductive technology have given rise to bioethical issues, since technology often alters the assumptions that lie behind existing systems of sexual and reproductive morality. Other ethical considerations arise with the application of ART to women of advanced maternal age, who have higher changes of medical complications (including pre-eclampsia), and possibly in the future its application to post-menopausal women. Also, ethical issues of human enhancement arise when reproductive technology has evolved to be a potential technology for not only reproductively inhibited people but even for otherwise re-productively healthy people.

In fiction

 * Films and other fiction depicting contemporary emotional struggles of assisted reproductive technology have had an upswing first in the latter part of the 2000s decade, although the techniques have been available for decades.
 * Science fiction has tackled the themes of creating life through non-conventional methods since Mary Shelley's Frankenstein. In the 20th century, Aldous Huxley's Brave New World (1932) was the first major fictional work to anticipate the possible social consequences of reproductive technology. Its largely negative view was reversed when the author revisited the same themes in his utopian final novel, Island (1962).

title: Reproductive technology