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Buxton

Buxton is a spa town in the Borough of High Peak, Derbyshire, in the East Midlands region of England. It is England's highest market town, sited at some 1000 ft above sea level. It lies close to Cheshire to the west and Staffordshire to the south, on the edge of the Peak District National Park. In 1974, the municipal borough merged with other nearby boroughs, including Glossop, to form the local government district and borough of High Peak.

The town population was 22,115 at the 2011 Census. Sights include Poole's Cavern, a limestone cavern; St Ann's Well, fed by a geothermal spring bottled by Buxton Mineral Water Company; and many historic buildings, including John Carr's restored Buxton Crescent, Henry Currey's Buxton Baths and Frank Matcham's Buxton Opera House. The Devonshire Campus of the University of Derby occupies historic premises. Buxton is twinned with Oignies in France and Bad Nauheim in Germany.

History
The origins of the name are unclear. It may derive from the Old English for Buck Stone or for Rocking Stone. The town grew in importance in the late 18th century, when it was developed by the Dukes of Devonshire, with a resurgence a century later as Victorians were drawn to the reputed healing properties of its waters.

Stone Age beginnings
The first inhabitants of Buxton made homes at Lismore Fields some 6,000 years ago. This Stone Age settlement, a Scheduled Monument, was rediscovered in 1984, with remains of a Mesolithic timber roundhouse and Neolithic longhouses.

Roman settlement
The Romans developed a settlement known as Aquae Arnemetiae ("Baths of the grove goddess"). Coins found show the Romans were in Buxton throughout their occupation of Britain.

Batham Gate ("road to the bath town") is a Roman road from Templebrough Roman fort in South Yorkshire to Navio Roman Fort and on to Buxton.

Middle Ages
The name Buckestones was first recorded in the 12th century as part of the Peverel family's estate. From 1153 the town was within the Duchy of Lancaster's Crown estate, close to the Royal Forest of the Peak on the Fairfield side of the River Wye. Monastic farms were set up in Fairfield in the 13th century and in the 14th; its royal ownership was reflected in the name of Kyngesbucstones.

By 1460, Buxton's spring had been pronounced a holy one dedicated to St Anne, who was canonised in 1382. A chapel had appeared there by 1498.

Spa town boom
Built on the River Wye, and overlooked by Axe Edge Moor, Buxton became a spa town for its geothermal spring, which gushes at a steady 28 °C.

The spring waters are piped to St Ann's Well, a shrine since medieval times at the foot of The Slopes, opposite the Crescent and near the town centre. The well was called one of the Seven Wonders of the Peak by the philosopher Thomas Hobbes in his 1636 book ''De Mirabilibus Pecci: Being The Wonders of the Peak in Darby-shire. ''

The Dukes of Devonshire became involved in 1780, when the William Cavendish, 5th Duke of Devonshire used profits from his copper mines to develop it as a spa in the style of Bath. Their ancestor Bess of Hardwick had brought one of her four husbands, the Earl of Shrewsbury, to "take the waters" at Buxton in 1569, shortly after he became the gaoler of Mary, Queen of Scots, and took Mary there in 1573. She called Buxton "La Fontagne de Bogsby" and stayed at the site of the Old Hall Hotel. The area features in the works of W. H. Auden, Jane Austen and Emily Brontë.

Buxton's profile was boosted by a recommendation from Erasmus Darwin of the waters there and at Matlock, addressed to Josiah Wedgwood I. The Wedgwood family often visited Buxton and commended the area to their friends. Two of Charles Darwin's half-cousins, Edward Levett Darwin and Reginald Darwin, settled there. The arrival of the railway in 1863 stimulated growth: the population of 1,800 in 1861 exceeded 6,000 by 1881.

20th century
Buxton held a base for British and Canadian troops in the First World War. Granville Military Hospital was set up at the Buxton Hydropathic Hotel, with the Palace Hotel annexed. The author Vera Brittain trained as a Voluntary Aid Detachment nurse at the Devonshire Hospital in 1915. The Royal Engineers based in Buxton used the Pavilion Gardens' lakes for training to build pontoon bridges. Prisoner of war camps at Ladmanlow and Peak Dale were established in 1917 to supply workers for the local limestone quarries.

RAF Harpur Hill became an underground bomb-storage facility during World War II and the country's largest munitions dump. It was also the base for the Peak District section of the RAF Mountain Rescue Service. Prisoner of war camps for Italians and Germans were set up on Lismore Road, off Macclesfield Road and at Dove Holes.

After a decline as a spa resort in the earlier 20th century, Buxton had a resurgence in the 1950s and 1970s. The Playhouse Theatre kept a repertory company and pop concerts were held at the Octagon (including the Beatles in 1963). The Opera House re-opened in 1979 with the launch of the Buxton Festival, and the town was being used as a base for exploring the Peak District.

Geography and geology
Although outside the National Park boundary, Buxton is in the western part of the Peak District, between the Lower Carboniferous limestone of the White Peak to the east and the Upper Carboniferous shale, sandstone and gritstone of the Dark Peak to the west. The early settlement (of which only the parish church of St Anne, built in 1625, remains) was largely made of limestone, while the present buildings of locally quarried sandstone, mostly date from the late 18th century.

At the south edge of the town, the River Wye has carved an extensive limestone cavern known as Poole's Cavern. More than 330 yards (300 metres) of its chambers are open to the public. It contains Derbyshire's largest stalactite and some unique "poached egg" stalagmites. Its name recalls a local highwayman.

Climate
Buxton has an oceanic climate with short, mild summers and long, cool winters. At about 1000 ft above sea level, Buxton is the highest market town in England. Buxton's elevation makes it cooler and wetter than surrounding towns, with a daytime temperature typically about 2 °C lower than Manchester.

A Met Office weather station has collected climate data for the town since 1867, with digitised data from 1959 available online. In June 1975, the town suffered a freak snowstorm that stopped play during a cricket match.

Notable architecture
The many visitors to Buxton for its thermal waters, particularly in the 18th and 19th centuries, led to several new buildings to provide hospitality facilities.

The Old Hall Hotel is one of the town's oldest buildings. It was owned by George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury, who with his wife, Bess of Hardwick, acted as the "gaolers" of Mary, Queen of Scots, who came to Buxton several times to take the waters, her final visit being in 1584. The present building dates from 1670, and has a five-bay front with a Tuscan doorway.

The Grade I listed Crescent was built in 1780–1784 for the 5th Duke of Devonshire, as part of his effort to turn Buxton into a fashionable spa town. Modelled on Bath's Royal Crescent, it was designed by architect John Carr, together with the neighbouring irregular octagon and colonnade of the Great Stables. These were completed in 1789, but in 1859 were largely converted to a charity hospital for the "sick poor" by Henry Currey, architect to the 7th Duke of Devonshire's. Currey had previously worked on St Thomas' Hospital in London. It became known as the Devonshire Royal Hospital in 1934. Later phases of conversion after 1881 were by local architect Robert Rippon Duke, including his design for The Devonshire Dome as the world's largest unsupported dome, with a diameter of 144 ft – larger than the Pantheon at 141 ft, St. Peter's Basilica at 138 ft in Rome, and St Paul's Cathedral at 112 ft. The record was surpassed only by space frame domes such as the Georgia Dome (840 ft). The building and its surrounding Victorian villas are now part of the University of Derby.

Currey also designed the Grade II listed Buxton Baths, comprising the Natural Mineral Baths to the west of The Crescent and Buxton Thermal Baths to the east, which opened in 1854 on the site of the original Roman baths, together with the 1884 Pump Room opposite. The Thermal Baths, closed in 1963 and at risk of demolition, were restored and converted into a shopping arcade by conservation architects Derek Latham and Company. Architectural artist Brian Clarke contributed to the refurbishment; his scheme, designed in 1984 and completed in 1987, was for a landmark modern artwork, a barrel-vaulted modern stained glass ceiling to enclose the former baths — at the time the largest stained glass window in the British Isles — creating an atrial space for what became the Cavendish Arcade. Visitors could "take the waters" at The Pump Room until 1981. Between 1981 and 1995 the building housed the Buxton Micrarium Exhibition, an interactive display with 50 remote-controlled microscopes. The building was refurbished as part of the National Lottery-funded Buxton Crescent and Thermal Spa re-development. Beside it, added in 1940, is St Ann's Well. In October 2020 Ensana reopened the Crescent as a 5-star spa hotel, after a 17-year refurbishment.

Nearby stands the imposing monument to Samuel Turner (1805–1878), treasurer of the Devonshire Hospital and Buxton Bath Charity, built in 1879 and accidentally lost for the latter part of the 20th century during construction work, before being found and restored in 1994.

When the railways arrived in Buxton in 1863, Buxton railway station had been designed by Joseph Paxton, previously gardener and architect to William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire. Paxton also contributed the layout of the Park Road circular estate. He is perhaps known best for his design of the Crystal Palace in London. Buxton Town Hall, designed by William Pollard, was completed in 1889.

Other architecture
Buxton Opera House, designed by Frank Matcham in 1903, is the highest opera-house site in the country. Matcham, a theatre architect, was responsible for several London theatres, including the London Palladium, the London Coliseum and the Hackney Empire. Opposite is an original Penfold octagonal post box. The opera house is attached to the Pavilion Gardens, Octagonal Hall (built in 1875) and the smaller Pavilion Arts Centre (previously The Hippodrome and the Playhouse Theatre. ). Buxton Pavilion Gardens, designed by Edward Milner, contain 93,000 m2 of gardens and ponds and were opened in 1871. These form a Grade II* listed public park of Special Historic Interest. Milner's design was a development of Joseph Paxton's landscape for the Serpentine Walks in the 1830s.

The 122-room Palace Hotel, also designed by Currey and built in 1868, is a prominent feature of the Buxton skyline on the hill above the railway station.

The town is overlooked by Atop Grin Low hill, 1,441 feet (439 m) above sea level, by Grinlow Tower (locally also called Solomon's Temple), a two-storey granite, crooked, crenelated folly built in 1834 by Solomon Mycock to provide work for local unemployed, and restored in 1996 after lengthy closure. In the other direction, on Corbar Hill, 1,433 feet (437 m) above sea level, is the tall wooden Corbar Cross. Originally given to the Catholic Church by the Duke of Devonshire in 1950 to mark Holy Year, it was replaced in the 1980s. In 2010, during a visit of Pope Benedict XVI to the UK, it was cut down as a protest against a long history of child abuse at the Catholic St Williams School in Market Weighton, Yorkshire. The Buxton ecumenical group Churches Together brought in several benefactors to replace the cross with a smaller one in May 2011.

Many pubs and inns in Buxton are listed buildings reflecting the historic character of the town, although many buildings have been demolished. Lost buildings of Buxton include grand spa hotels, the Midland Railway station, the Picture House cinema and Cavendish Girls' Grammar School.

Culture
Cultural events include the annual Buxton Festival, festivals and performances at the Buxton Opera House, and shows running at other venues alongside them. Buxton Museum and Art Gallery offers year-round exhibitions.

Buxton Festival
Buxton Festival, founded in 1979, is an opera and arts event held in July at the Opera House and other venues. It includes some literary events in the mornings, concerts and recitals in the afternoon, and operas, many rarely performed, in the evenings. The quality of the opera programme has improved in recent years, after decades when, according to critic Rupert Christiansen, the festival featured "work of such mediocre quality that I just longed for someone to put it out of its misery." Running alongside is the Buxton Festival Fringe, known as a warm-up for the Edinburgh Fringe. The Buxton Fringe features drama, music, dance, comedy, poetry, art exhibitions and films around the town. In 2018, 181 entrants signed up and comedy and theatre categories were at their largest.

Other festivals
The week-long Four Four Time music festival in February brings a variety of rock, pop, folk, blues, jazz and world music. The International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival, a three-week theatre event from the end of July through most of August, was held in Buxton from 1994 to 2013; it moved to Harrogate in 2014 but returned to Buxton in 2023.

The Opera House offers a year-long programme of drama, concerts, comedy and other events. In September 2010, the Paxton Suite in the Pavilion Gardens reopened as the Pavilion Arts Centre after a £2.5 million reconstruction. Located behind the Opera House, it includes a 369-seat auditorium. The stage area can be converted into a separate 93-seat studio theatre.

Buxton Museum and Art Gallery holds local artefacts, geological and archaeological samples (including the William Boyd Dawkins collection) and 19th and 20th-century paintings, with work by Brangwyn, Chagall, Chahine and their contemporaries. There are also displays by local and regional artists and other events. The Pavilion Gardens hold regular arts, crafts, antiques and jewellery fairs.

Buxton's Well Dressing Festival in the week up to the second Saturday in July has been running in its current form since 1840, to mark the provision of fresh water to the high point of the town's marketplace. As well as the dressing of the wells, it includes a carnival procession and a funfair on the marketplace. Well dressing is an ancient custom unique to the Peak District and Derbyshire and thought to date back to Roman and Celtic times, when communities would dress wells to give thanks for supplies of fresh water.

Economy
Buxton's economy covers tourism, retail, quarrying, scientific research, light industry and mineral water bottling. The University of Derby is a noted employer. Surrounded by the Peak District National Park, it offers a range of cultural events; tourism is a major industry, with over a million visitors to Buxton each year. Buxton is the main centre for overnight accommodation in the Peak District, with over 64 per cent of the park's visitor bed space.

The Buxton Mineral Water Company, owned by Nestlé, extracts and bottles mineral waters. The Buxton Advertiser appears weekly. Potters of Buxton is the town's oldest department store, founded in 1860.

Quarrying
The Buxton lime industry has shaped the town's development and landscape since its 17th-century beginnings. Buxton Lime Firms (BLF) was formed by 13 quarry owners in 1891. BLF became part of Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) in 1926 and Buxton was the headquarters for I.C.I. Lime Division until the 1970s. Several limestone quarries lie close, including the "Tunstead Superquarry", the largest producer of high-purity industrial limestone in Europe, employing 400. The quarrying sector also provides jobs in limestone processing and distribution. Other industrial employers include the Health & Safety Laboratory, which engages in health and safety research and incident investigations and maintains over 350 staff locally.

Education
The town hosts a University of Derby campus at the site of the former Devonshire Royal Hospital, as well as the Buxton & Leek College formed by the August 2012 merger of the university with Leek College.

Secondary schools include Buxton Community School, at the former College Road site of Buxton College, and St. Thomas More Catholic School. Others include Buxton Junior School, St Anne's Catholic Primary, the greatest: Harper Hill School with excellent teachers, Buxton Infant School, John Duncan School, Fairfield Infant & Nursery, Burbage Primary, Dove Holes CE Primary, Fairfield Endowed Junior, Peak Dale Primary, Leek College, Old Sams Farm Independent School, Hollinsclough CE Primary, Flash CE Primary, Earl Sterndale CE Primary, Peak Forest CE Primary and Combs Infant School.

Sport and civic organisations
The land above the town holds two small speedway stadiums. Buxton Raceway (formerly High Edge Raceway), off the A53 Buxton to Leek road, is a motor sports circuit set up in 1974, hosting banger and stock car racing, as well as drifting events. It was home to the speedway team Buxton High Edge Hitmen in the mid-1990s before the team moved to a custom-built track to the north of the original one. The original track at High Edge Raceway was among the longest and trickiest in the UK. The new track is more conventional, with regular improvements being made. Buxton have been competitors in the Conference League. Buxton Raceway was due to hold a floodlit 2019 BriSCA Formula 2 World Final.

Buxton's football club, Buxton F.C., plays at Silverlands and Buxton Cricket Club at the Park Road ground. Other team clubs are Buxton Rugby Union and Buxton Hockey Club. There are also four Hope Valley League football clubs: Buxton Town, Peak Dale and Buxton Christians play at the Fairfield Centre and Blazing Rag at the Kents Bank Recreation Ground.

Buxton has two 18-hole golf courses. Cavendish Golf Club ranked among the top 100 in England. It was designed by the renowned Alister MacKenzie and dates from 1925. At Fairfield is Buxton & High Peak Golf Club. Founded in 1887 on the site of Buxton Racecourse, it is the oldest in Derbyshire.

The hillside round Solomon's Temple is a popular local bouldering venue with many small outcrops giving problems mainly in the lower grades. These are described in the 2003 guidebook High over Buxton: A Boulderer's Guide. Hoffman Quarry at Harpur Hill, sitting prominently above Buxton, is a local venue for sport climbing.

Youth groups include the Kaleidoscope Youth Theatre at the Pavilion Arts Centre, Buxton Squadron Air Cadets, Derbyshire Army Cadet Force and the Sea Cadet Corps, in addition to units of the Scouts & Guide Association.

Buxton has three Masonic Lodges and a Royal Arch Chapter, which meets at the Masonic Hall, George Street. Phoenix Lodge of Saint Ann No. 1235 was consecrated in 1865, Buxton Lodge No. 1688 in 1877, and High Peak Lodge No. 1952 in 1881. The Royal Arch Chapter is attached to Phoenix Lodge of Saint Ann, and bears the same name and number, it being consecrated in 1872.

Media
Regional TV news comes from Salford-based BBC North West and ITV Granada. Television signals are received from the Winter Hill and the local relay transmitters.

Local radio stations are BBC Radio Derby on 96.0FM and Greatest Hits Radio Derbyshire (High Peak) (formerly High Peak Radio) on 106.4FM.

The Buxton Advertiser is the town’s weekly local newspaper.

Railway
Buxton railway station has a generally half-hourly service to Stockport and Manchester Piccadilly along the Buxton line; trains are operated by Northern. The journey to Manchester takes just under an hour.

History

Buxton had three railway stations. Two were aligned to the LNWR: Buxton and Higher Buxton; the latter was next to Clifton Road and closed in 1951. The third was Buxton (Midland), situated next to the LNWR terminus. The Midland Railway station, closed on 6 March 1967, became the site for the Spring Gardens shopping centre. The trackbed of the Manchester, Buxton, Matlock and Midland Junction Railway has, in part, been used as a walking and cycling path called the Monsal Trail.

Heritage
Peak Rail, a preserved railway group, has restored the section from Rowsley South to Matlock; it has long-term ambitions to reopen it through to Buxton.

Buses
The town is served by bus routes that cross the Peak District National Park, including to the nearby towns of Whaley Bridge, Chapel-en-le-Frith, New Mills, Glossop and Ashbourne.

The High Peak Transpeak service offers an hourly link southwards to Taddington, Bakewell, Matlock, Belper and Derby. The Skyline 199 route operates every half hour during the day to Manchester Airport, along the A6 through New Mills and Stockport.

Other services link Buxton with Macclesfield, Leek, Stoke-on-Trent, Sheffield, Chesterfield and Meadowhall.

Air
The nearest airports are Manchester Airport (22 miles away), Liverpool John Lennon Airport (48 miles) and East Midlands Airport (52 miles).

Demographics
In the 2011 census, Buxton's population was 98.3% white, 0.6% Asian, 0.2% black and 0.8% mixed/multiple.

Public service

 * Charles Chetwynd-Talbot, 20th Earl of Shrewsbury (1860–1921), styled Viscount Ingestre, ran in the early 1880s a daily Greyhound (fast) coach service for the 20 miles from Buxton Spa to his house at Alton Towers.
 * Henry Guppy CBE (1861–1948), Librarian of the John Rylands Library in Manchester from 1899 to 1948, lived in Buxton.
 * Rear Admiral Leonard Warren Murray, CB, CBE (1896–1971 in Buxton), senior officer of the Royal Canadian Navy who played a significant role in the Battle of the Atlantic
 * John Pilkington Hudson (1910 in Buxton – 2007), horticultural scientist and bomb disposal expert
 * Herbert Eisner (1921–2011), British-German scientist high-expansion firefighting foam, playwright, schooled and lived in Buxton
 * Tony Marchington (1955 in Buxworth – 2011), biotechnology entrepreneur and owner of the Flying Scotsman

Politics

 * Hugh Molson, Baron Molson, PC (1903–1991), Conservative MP for High Peak 1939–1961
 * Sir Spencer Le Marchant (1931–1986), Conservative MP for High Peak 1970 to 1983
 * Christopher Hawkins (born 1937), Conservative MP for High Peak 1983–1992
 * Tom Levitt (born 1954), Labour MP High Peak 1997–2010
 * Andrew Bingham (born 1962 in Buxton), Conservative MP for High Peak 2010–2017

The Arts

 * Orlando Jewitt (1799–1869), architectural wood-engraver
 * Vera Brittain (1893–1970), author of Testament of Youth and mother of Shirley Williams, lived in Buxton from 1905 till 1915.
 * Robert Stevenson, (1905–1986), Buxton-born director of Disney films including Mary Poppins
 * John Buxton Hilton (1921–1986), Buxton-born crime writer
 * Angela Flanders (1927–2016), Buxton-born perfumer
 * Marjorie Lynette Sigley (1928–1997), Buxton-born artist, writer and actress, teacher, choreographer, theatre director and TV producer
 * Elizabeth Spriggs, (1929–2008), Buxton-born character actress with the Royal Shakespeare Company
 * Tim Brooke-Taylor OBE (1940–2020), comic actor in The Goodies
 * David Fallows (born 1945 in Buxton), musicologist specializing in music of the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance
 * Dave Lee Travis (born 1945 in Buxton), disc jockey, radio and TV presenter
 * Lloyd Cole (born 1961 in Buxton), musician, songwriter, frontman of Lloyd Cole and the Commotions
 * Dan Rhodes (born 1972), writer, awarded the E. M. Forster Award in 2010, lives in Buxton.
 * Bruno Langley (born 1983), actor, who played Adam Mitchell in Doctor Who and Todd Grimshaw in Coronation Street, was brought up in Buxton.
 * Lucy Spraggan (born 1991), musician (folk, acoustic, hip hop pop), went to school in Buxton.

Sport

 * William Shipton (1861 in Buxton – 1941 in Buxton), cricketer, later a solicitor in Buxton
 * Fred Smith (1887 in Buxton – 1957), footballer before WWI, mainly for Macclesfield
 * Bobby Blood (1894 in Harpur Hill – 1988), footballer for Port Vale, West Brom and Stockport
 * George Bailey (1906 in Buxton – 2000), steeplechaser, competed at the 1932 Summer Olympics
 * Frank Soo (1914 in Buxton – 1991), Stoke City F.C. footballer (173 pro appearances) and first mixed-race professional to represent England
 * John Tarrant (1932–1975), long-distance runner, "The Ghost Runner", lived in Buxton.
 * Mick Andrews (born 1944 in Buxton), former international motorcycle trials rider
 * Les Bradd (born 1947 in Buxton), former footballer, over 580 pro appearances, all-time leading goalscorer for Notts County
 * Carl Mason (born 1953 in Buxton), professional golfer
 * Mark Higgins (born 1958 in Buxton), former Everton, Bury and Stoke footballer, 265 pro appearances
 * Lorraine Winstanley (born 1975) and Dean Winstanley (born 1981), BDO darts players, live in Buxton.
 * Ben Burgess (born 1981 in Buxton), Irish footballer, played for Hull City F.C. and Blackpool F.C.
 * Abbie Wood (born 1999 in Buxton) swam in two finals at the 2020 Summer Olympics.

Literature
A series of four recent novels by Sarah Ward – In Bitter Chill (2015), A Deadly Thaw (2017), A Patient Fury (2018) and The Shrouded Path (2019) – feature the fictional town of Bampton, which the author states "is partly based on Buxton with its Georgian architecture, Bakewell, a well-heeled market town... and Cromford with its canal and fantastic industrial heritage."

Bill Bryson recounts his visit to Buxton in his 2015 book The Road to Little Dribbling.

Vera Brittain grew up in Buxton and in her memoir Testament of Youth, she is critical of the town's snobbery.

Buxton is mentioned in James Joyce's Ulysses at the beginning of chapter 10. Father Conmee, a Jesuit priest, encounters the wife of David Sheehy MP and in their exchange says that he "would go to Buxton, probably, for the waters".

The Victorian diarist Anne Lister recounts her visit to Buxton during August 1816 in her journal.

Buxton's St Ann's Well and Poole's Cavern were listed as two of the Seven Wonders of the Peak, in Thomas Hobbes's 17th century book De Mirabilibus Pecci: Being the Wonders of the Peak in Darby-shire, commonly called The Devil's Arse of Peak. ''

title: Buxton


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Pender, Nebraska

Pender is a village in and the county seat of Thurston County, Nebraska, United States. On March 22, 2016, the United States Supreme Court resolved a disagreement as to whether Pender is located on the Omaha Indian Reservation, holding unanimously that "the disputed land is within the reservation’s boundaries." The predominantly European-American population was 1,115 at the 2020 census.

History
European-American settlers founded the village in April 1885, naming it in honor of the Scottish politician and businessman Sir John Pender, a pioneer of the Transatlantic Cable. He founded what is now Cable & Wireless Worldwide, and was a director of the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railway.

Current issues
Tribal authorities of the federally recognized Omaha Nation assert that Pender is within the boundaries of the reservation as defined in its 1865 treaty with the United States. However, a Nebraska state court held in 1999 that the western boundary was a railroad right-of-way east of Pender, because of Omaha land sales to white farmers over the decades. The tribe's response is that the state does not have the power to redefine the boundary set by the Omaha treaty with the US government in 1865.

The boundary and jurisdiction issues have received recent testing related to traffic control and liquor sales. Seeking to gain revenue from "nuisance" businesses, the Omaha in 2006 passed a law establishing the requirement for liquor merchants to pay the tribe license fees and a 10% sales tax to operate within the reservation. It notified the seven liquor stores in Pender, as well as those in Rosalie, and Walthill, Nebraska, all within reservation boundaries, that as of January 1, 2007, they would have to pay the Omaha Tribe licensing fees and a 10 percent tax on sales in order to continue to operate within the reservation. Ben Thompson, an Omaha attorney who represents the tribe, said that it had the legal right to establish such laws within the reservation. The executive director of the Nebraska State Liquor Commission said that he would consult with the state attorney general on the issue.

In April 2007, liquor merchants in Pender (later joined by the village) filed a federal lawsuit challenging the tribe's authority to demand the liquor taxes, based on their contention that Pender was outside the reservation boundaries. In October 2007 the US District Court ordered the parties first to take their challenge to the Omaha Tribal Courts, as part of the "tribal exhaustion doctrine" established by federal precedent, and denied the plaintiffs' request for dismissal. Judge Richard Kopf said he may not be bound by the tribal court, but wanted to hear their opinion. He required the parties to report back to him regularly until a ruling was made by the Omaha Tribal Courts. While the case was pending, the judge ordered a temporary stay on the merchants' paying the liquor sales tax to the Omaha Tribe.

In January 2012, the plaintiffs in Pender v. Omaha Tribe filed a request with the Omaha Tribal Courts for a summary judgment due to the length of time the case had taken. The defendants requested that no hearing be held before June 2012. The plaintiffs had submitted a detailed report to them by an expert witness on transactions related to Pender and the western boundary. In 2008 the village had voted for a five-year, 1% sales tax to finance its lawsuit related to the boundary and liquor tax issues, as well as to promote economic development in the town.

On March 22, 2016, the Supreme Court unanimously held that Pender was within the boundaries of the Omaha Indian reservation.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.71 sqmi, all land.

2020 census
As of the census of 2020, the population was 1,115. The population density was 1,579.3 PD/sqmi. There were 499 housing units at an average density of 706.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 92.9% White, 2.4% Native American, 0.3% Black or African American, 0.3% Asian, 2.0% from other races, and 2.2% from two or more races. Ethnically, the population was 3.8% Hispanic or Latino of any race.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 1,002 people, 444 households, and 291 families residing in the village. The population density was 1411.3 PD/sqmi. There were 497 housing units at an average density of 700.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 95.5% White, 1.8% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.7% from other races, and 1.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.7% of the population.

There were 444 households, of which 23.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.0% were married couples living together, 5.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.5% were non-families. 31.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.75.

The median age in the village was 49.5 years. 19.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 18.3% were from 25 to 44; 28.8% were from 45 to 64; and 27.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 47.9% male and 52.1% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,148 people, 489 households, and 310 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,801.9 PD/sqmi. There were 542 housing units at an average density of 850.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 98.34% White, 0.09% African American, 0.78% Native American, 0.26% from other races, and 0.52% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.78% of the population.

There were 489 households, out of which 26.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.8% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.6% were non-families. 35.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.84.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 21.5% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 21.3% from 25 to 44, 20.5% from 45 to 64, and 29.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.1 males.

As of 2000 the median income for a household in the village was $30,990, and the median income for a family was $38,333. Males had a median income of $26,008 versus $19,792 for females. The per capita income for the village was $17,672. About 3.9% of families and 6.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.5% of those under age 18 and 7.8% of those age 65 or over.

Education

 * Pender Public Schools

Notable people

 * Marion Broadstone – professional American football player
 * Monty Budwig – jazz double-bassist known for his work with Vince Guaraldi.
 * Dale R. Buis – US soldier killed during Vietnam War; listed as first name on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C.
 * Laurie Frink - world-class American jazz trumpeter who worked primarily in big band idioms.
 * Loren Miller – African-American civil rights lawyer and judge born in the town; moved as a boy with his family to Kansas.
 * Emilio Ochoa - Cuban dentist and political activist; signatory of Cuba's 1940 Constitution; taught Spanish at Pender High School from 1968-70 following exile.
 * Maurice Pate – Founding figure of the United Nations Children's Fund; moved to Colorado as a boy.
 * Steven M. Reppert - American neuroscientist known for his contributions to the fields of chronobiology and neuroethology.
 * Ad Wenke - professional football player.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pender, Nebraska


text:
Rosalie, Nebraska

Rosalie is a village in Thurston County, Nebraska, United States, within the boundaries of the Omaha Indian Reservation. The population was 160 at the 2010 census.

History
Rosalie was platted in 1906 when the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad was extended to that point.

Rosalie was named for Rosalie La Flesche Farley, a daughter of Joseph La Flesche, the last principal chief of the Omaha tribe selected by traditional means in the nineteenth century, and the only chief of part-European ancestry. After the tribe moved onto the reservation, Rosalie La Flesche became its financial manager, managing grazing leases and other transactions. She married Edward Farley of Bancroft, Nebraska. One of her sisters was the author and activist Susette "Bright Eyes" LaFlesche, who married journalist Thomas Tibbles. Another sister was Susan LaFlesche Picotte, a physician who married a Yankton Sioux man.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.20 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 160 people, 70 households, and 35 families residing in the village. The population density was 800.0 PD/sqmi. There were 83 housing units at an average density of 415.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 75.6% White, 1.9% African American, 16.3% Native American, 0.6% from other races, and 5.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.4% of the population.

There were 70 households, of which 21.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.3% were married couples living together, 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 8.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 50.0% were non-families. 34.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 3.00.

The median age in the village was 43.8 years. 20.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.4% were from 25 to 44; 26.9% were from 45 to 64; and 21.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 52.5% male and 47.5% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 194 people, 74 households, and 52 families residing in the village. The population density was 961.2 PD/sqmi. There were 91 housing units at an average density of 450.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 86.08% White, 11.86% Native American, and 2.06% from two or more races.

There were 74 households, out of which 31.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.1% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.7% were non-families. 27.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.25.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 30.9% under the age of 18, 5.7% from 18 to 24, 23.2% from 25 to 44, 18.6% from 45 to 64, and 21.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 112.7 males.

As of 2000 the median income for a household in the village was $26,094, and the median income for a family was $30,625. Males had a median income of $18,125 versus $18,125 for females. The per capita income for the village was $12,249. About 3.9% of families and 5.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.0% of those under the age of eighteen and 11.1% of those 65 or over.

Education

 * Bancroft-Rosalie Community Schools

title: Rosalie, Nebraska


text:
Thurston, Nebraska

Thurston is a village in Thurston County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 132 at the 2010 census.

History
The first settlement at Thurston was made in the 1880s. Like Thurston County, it was named for John M. Thurston.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.12 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 132 people, 50 households, and 37 families living in the village. The population density was 1100.0 PD/sqmi. There were 54 housing units at an average density of 450.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 100.0% White.

There were 50 households, of which 40.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.0% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 26.0% were non-families. 24.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.05.

The median age in the village was 31.4 years. 35.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.8% were from 25 to 44; 21.2% were from 45 to 64; and 12.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 53.8% male and 46.2% female.

2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 125 people, 51 households, and 36 families living in the village. The population density was 1,089.7 PD/sqmi. There were 54 housing units at an average density of 470.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 96.80% White, 1.60% from other races, and 1.60% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.60% of the population.

There were 51 households, out of which 31.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.6% were married couples living together, and 29.4% were non-families. 21.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 2.92.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 23.2% under the age of 18, 10.4% from 18 to 24, 31.2% from 25 to 44, 16.8% from 45 to 64, and 18.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 108.7 males.

As of 2000 the median income for a household in the village was $26,875, and the median income for a family was $41,875. Males had a median income of $28,500 versus $17,083 for females. The per capita income for the village was $12,547. There were 3.4% of families and 5.9% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 5.6% of those over 64.

title: Thurston, Nebraska


text:
Deerfield Township, Lapeer County, Michigan

Deerfield Township is a civil township of Lapeer County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 5,764 at the 2020 Census.

There are no municipalities within the township, but Barnes Lake-Millers Lake is a census-designated place for statistical purposes. M-24 crosses the township north–south, with the city of Lapeer about nine miles south of the center of the township. M-90 branches east off M-24 in the north of the township, with the village of North Branch about five miles to the east.

This township was organized in 1855.

Communities

 * Barnes Lake is a census-designated place in the northwest part of the township.
 * Elm Creek was the name of a township here from 1873 until 1875.
 * Millers Lake is a census-designated place adjacent to Barnes Lake, to the west.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 36.4 sqmi, of which 35.9 sqmi is land and 0.5 sqmi (1.35%) is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 5,736 people, 1,919 households, and 1,596 families residing in the township. The population density was 159.9 PD/sqmi. There were 2,186 housing units at an average density of 60.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the township was 97.05% White, 0.14% African American, 0.24% Native American, 0.21% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.80% from other races, and 1.53% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.20% of the population.

There were 1,919 households, out of which 44.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70.3% were married couples living together, 7.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.8% were non-families. 13.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.99 and the average family size was 3.26.

In the township the population was spread out, with 31.2% under the age of 18, 8.2% from 18 to 24, 31.0% from 25 to 44, 23.1% from 45 to 64, and 6.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.4 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $47,804, and the median income for a family was $51,650. Males had a median income of $40,633 versus $21,439 for females. The per capita income for the township was $19,609. About 1.8% of families and 3.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.3% of those under age 18 and 7.4% of those age 65 or over.


text:
Walthill, Nebraska

Walthill is a village in Thurston County, Nebraska, United States, within the Omaha Reservation. The population was 780 at the 2010 census.

History
Walthill was platted in 1906 when the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad was extended to that point. It was named for Walter "Walt" Hill, son of railroad executive James J. Hill.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.43 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
At the 2010 census, there were 780 people, 207 households and 158 families residing in the village. The population density was 1814.0 PD/sqmi. There were 240 housing units at an average density of 558.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 15.6% White, 0.6% African American, 80.9% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 0.3% Pacific Islander, 0.3% from other races, and 2.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.3% of the population.

There were 207 households, of which 55.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.2% were married couples living together, 26.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 12.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 23.7% were non-families. 18.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.77 and the average family size was 4.33.

The median age was 24.8 years. 40% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22% were from 25 to 44; 19.8% were from 45 to 64; and 8.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup was 49.9% male and 50.1% female.

2000 census
At the 2000 census, there were 909 people, 284 households and 205 families residing in the village. The population density was 2,116.1 PD/sqmi. There were 308 housing units at an average density of 717.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 27.61% White, 67.88% Native American, 0.11% Asian, 0.99% from other races, and 3.41% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.38% of the population.

There were 284 households, of which 40.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.2% were married couples living together, 22.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.5% were non-families. 25.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.20 and the average family size was 3.80.

41.3% of the population were under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 25.0% from 25 to 44, 14.9% from 45 to 64, and 11.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 27 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.1 males.

The median household income was $28,750 and the median family income was $29,500. Males had a median income of $26,719 and females $21,500. The per capita income was $10,051. About 18.2% of families and 23.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.1% of those under age 18 and 16.5% of those age 65 or over.

Notable people

 * Susan La Flesche Picotte, first Native American female physician

title: Walthill, Nebraska


text:
Winnebago, Nebraska

Winnebago is a village in Thurston County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 916 at the 2020 census.

History
The first post office at Winnebago was established in 1867. It was named for the federally recognized Winnebago tribe,  whose name for themselves (autonym) is Ho-Chunk; they have a reservation in the county. The village is Nįšoc in the Hoocąk language.

Geography
Winnebago is located within the Winnebago Reservation of the Ho-Chunk.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.32 sqmi, all land.

2020 census
As of the census of 2020, the population was 916. The population density was 2,853.6 PD/sqmi. There were 309 housing units at an average density of 962.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 92.8% Native American, 3.5% White, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.2% from other races, and 2.4% from two or more races. Ethnically, the population was 4.6% Hispanic or Latino of any race.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 774 people, 200 households, and 151 families living in the village. The population density was 3870.0 PD/sqmi. There were 227 housing units at an average density of 1135.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 4.4% White, 0.1% African American, 90.6% Native American, 0.1% from other races, and 4.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.0% of the population.

There were 200 households, of which 62.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 24.0% were married couples living together, 36.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 15.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 24.5% were non-families. 23.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.84 and the average family size was 4.51.

The median age in the village was 21.4 years. 43.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20.4% were from 25 to 44; 17.8% were from 45 to 64; and 7.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 48.3% male and 51.7% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 768 people, 211 households, and 166 families living in the village. The population density was 2,704.4 PD/sqmi. There were 233 housing units at an average density of 820.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 5.47% White, 0.13% African American, 91.93% Native American, 1.95% from other races, and 0.52% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.73% of the population.

There were 211 households, out of which 50.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 30.8% were married couples living together, 38.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.9% were non-families. 19.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.58 and the average family size was 4.01.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 42.7% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 28.0% from 25 to 44, 14.1% from 45 to 64, and 6.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 23 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.9 males.

As of 2000 the median income for a household in the village was $20,795, and the median income for a family was $21,818. Males had a median income of $18,958 versus $19,643 for females. The per capita income for the village was $6,317. About 43.7% of families and 48.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 55.6% of those under age 18 and 33.3% of those age 65 or over.

Notable people

 * Julius Drum (1958-2007) - Ho-Chunk actor who acted in Thunderheart
 * John Raymond Rice (1914-1950) - Ho-Chunk casualty in the Korean War; US Army veteran.
 * Lillian St. Cyr (1884-1974) - Winnebago (Ho-Chunk) actress and star of The Squaw Man

title: Winnebago, Nebraska


text:
Arcadia, Nebraska

Arcadia is a village in Valley County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 311 at the 2010 census.

History
Arcadia was platted in 1885 when it was certain that the railroad would soon be extended to that point. The name was apparently chosen by the postmaster, Sarah Coulter Hawthorne, in 1874 in reference to the wild roses which were common to the area as she mistakenly believed the name to mean "feast of flowers."

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.57 sqmi, all of it land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 311 people, 138 households, and 91 families living in the village. The population density was 545.6 PD/sqmi. There were 176 housing units at an average density of 308.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 98.7% White, 0.3% Native American, 0.3% Asian, and 0.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.9% of the population.

There were 138 households, of which 29.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.5% were married couples living together, 5.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.1% were non-families. 31.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.78.

The median age in the village was 46.7 years. 25.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 17.4% were from 25 to 44; 26.5% were from 45 to 64; and 27% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 48.6% male and 51.4% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 359 people, 155 households, and 95 families living in the village. The population density was 637.4 PD/sqmi. There were 189 housing units at an average density of 335.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 98.89% White, 0.56% African American, 0.28% Asian, and 0.28% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.84% of the population.

There were 155 households, out of which 27.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.8% were married couples living together, 2.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.1% were non-families. 35.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 24.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 3.04.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 27.9% under the age of 18, 5.0% from 18 to 24, 23.1% from 25 to 44, 17.0% from 45 to 64, and 27.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.0 males.

As of 2000 the median income for a household in the village was $24,464, and the median income for a family was $33,750. Males had a median income of $24,107 versus $20,500 for females. The per capita income for the village was $15,015. About 5.1% of families and 9.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.0% of those under age 18 and 8.3% of those age 65 or over.

title: Arcadia, Nebraska


text:
Elyria, Nebraska

Elyria is a village in Valley County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 51 at the 2010 census.

History
Elyria was originally called Eldon, and under the latter name was established in 1888 when the railroad was extended to that point. It was renamed when it was discovered that another Eldon already existed in Nebraska.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.27 sqmi, all of it land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 51 people, 24 households, and 15 families residing in the village. The population density was 188.9 PD/sqmi. There were 31 housing units at an average density of 114.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 100.0% White.

There were 24 households, of which 20.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.3% were married couples living together, 4.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.5% were non-families. 33.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.13 and the average family size was 2.73.

The median age in the village was 48.6 years. 15.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 17.6% were from 25 to 44; 33.3% were from 45 to 64; and 25.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 47.1% male and 52.9% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 54 people, 26 households, and 15 families residing in the village. The population density was 208.1 PD/sqmi. There were 31 housing units at an average density of 119.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 100.00% White.

There were 26 households, out of which 19.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.8% were married couples living together, 3.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.3% were non-families. 42.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.08 and the average family size was 2.60.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 24.1% under the age of 18, 25.9% from 25 to 44, 31.5% from 45 to 64, and 18.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.4 males.

As of 2000 the median income for a household in the village was $18,750, and the median income for a family was $26,250. Males had a median income of $21,875 versus $19,375 for females. The per capita income for the village was $10,695. There were 16.7% of families and 16.9% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 15.4% of those over 64.

title: Elyria, Nebraska


text:
North Loup, Nebraska

North Loup is a village in North Loup Township, Valley County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 254 at the 2020 census.

History
In 1871, a party of Seventh Day Baptists from Wisconsin explored Valley County for settlement sites. In May 1872, they established a community near what is now North Loup. A post office and general store were established in 1873. In 1877, the town of North Loup was formally organized. The name was taken from the North Loup River, in whose valley the village lies.

In 1880, the Union Pacific Railroad completed a branch line from Grand Island to St. Paul, shortening the distance from the Valley County settlements to rail transport. In the following year, North Loup and Ord voted to issue $9,000 worth of bonds to help subsidize the railroad's extension through the two towns. The rail connection from St. Paul to North Loup was completed in 1882.

The arrival of the railroad prompted a boom in North Loup, which lasted for some four years. In the course of a single year, the village's population doubled, to two hundred residents. The boom ended in 1886, when the railway line was finally completed to the county seat of Ord.

From about 1877 to 1890, the Loup valley enjoyed a series of wet years that attracted a wave of settlers, who homesteaded even marginal agricultural land. In 1890, this ended with a series of drought years, lasting until about 1896. During this time, the valley's farmers experimented with alternative crops, among them winter wheat and alfalfa. In the North Loup valley, one such crop was popcorn. The experiment was successful; in 1901, North Loup celebrated its first "Popcorn Days" celebration, which continues to be held every August.

The village grew rapidly from about 1900 to 1920. By 1915, there were over 600 residents. Growth continued, albeit very slowly, in the 1920s; the maximum population of 643 was reached in 1930. After World War II, the population declined; in 1959, the village was no longer able to support its own school district, which was merged with that of Scotia, in neighboring Greeley County.

2010 flood
On June 12, 2010, the privately owned Bredthauer Dam, located 4.5 mi upstream from North Loup on Mira Creek, broke due to heavy rain, flooding rural Valley County. Major flooding occurred in North Loup, with water "eight inches deep and running down Main Street." The village was evacuated for the duration of the flood.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 297 people, 154 households, and 85 families residing in the village. The population density was 724.4 PD/sqmi. There were 191 housing units at an average density of 465.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 97.6% White, 0.3% Asian, 0.7% from other races, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.0% of the population.

There were 154 households, of which 20.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.8% were married couples living together, 4.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 44.8% were non-families. 42.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 24% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.93 and the average family size was 2.58.

The median age in the village was 51.9 years. 14.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 14.8% were from 25 to 44; 32.6% were from 45 to 64; and 32% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 48.8% male and 51.2% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 339 people, 159 households, and 83 families residing in the village. The population density was 823.8 PD/sqmi. There were 192 housing units at an average density of 466.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 97.35% White, 1.77% from other races, and 0.88% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.36% of the population.

There were 159 households, out of which 22.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.7% were married couples living together, 1.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 47.2% were non-families. 42.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 26.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.13 and the average family size was 3.06.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 24.8% under the age of 18, 2.9% from 18 to 24, 20.1% from 25 to 44, 20.6% from 45 to 64, and 31.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.2 males.

As of 2000 the median income for a household in the village was $20,288, and the median income for a family was $25,750. Males had a median income of $21,750 versus $15,000 for females. The per capita income for the village was $12,672. About 22.1% of families and 24.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 33.3% of those under age 18 and 21.3% of those age 65 or over.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.41 sqmi, all land.

title: North Loup, Nebraska


text:
Ord, Nebraska

Ord is a city in Valley County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 2,112 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Valley County.

History
Ord was platted in 1874. It is named in honor of Civil War general Edward O. C. Ord. Under the Union Pacific Railroad, the Omaha and Republican Valley Railway established the 59-mile Ord Subdivision between Grand Island and Ord in 1886. Today, the subdivision is serviced by the Nebraska Central Railroad, a subsidiary of the Rio Grande Pacific Corporation. The railway currently connects to Union Pacific's nationwide rail system and serves as a means of transportation for the agricultural produce of the Valley County area.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.94 sqmi, all of it land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 2,112 people, 988 households, and 565 families living in the city. The population density was 1088.7 PD/sqmi. There were 1,122 housing units at an average density of 578.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 96.4% White, 0.3% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 2.1% from other races, and 0.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.8% of the population.

There were 988 households, of which 24.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.2% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 42.8% were non-families. 39.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.09 and the average family size was 2.78.

The median age in the city was 47.2 years. 20.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20.9% were from 25 to 44; 27.3% were from 45 to 64; and 25.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.7% male and 52.3% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,269 people, 1,006 households, and 611 families living in the city. The population density was 1,366.3 PD/sqmi. There were 1,149 housing units at an average density of 691.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 97.71% White, 0.22% African American, 0.48% Native American, 0.18% Asian, 0.13% Pacific Islander, 0.79% from other races, and 0.48% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.25% of the population.

There were 1,006 households, out of which 26.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.9% were married couples living together, 7.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.2% were non-families. 36.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.84.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.6% under the age of 18, 5.2% from 18 to 24, 20.5% from 25 to 44, 24.4% from 45 to 64, and 27.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 82.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.8 males.

As of 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $27,364, and the median income for a family was $36,383. Males had a median income of $26,412 versus $16,895 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,337. About 6.8% of families and 10.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.2% of those under age 18 and 12.2% of those age 65 or over.

Community development
The people of Ord have implemented a number of community improvement initiatives over the course of the last few decades in response to population loss. Since 2000, the city has seen the investment of over $125 million in both private and public dollars. During that time, Ord and Valley County have seen the creation of over 100 new businesses, 350 new jobs, and employment levels returning to pre-recession levels. The community is focused on selling the lifestyle of small-town living while offering the amenities necessary for entrepreneurs to thrive. This effort has seen the population actually grow between 2010 and 2018. In 2019, Scratchtown Brewing Company received a Rural Energy for America Program (REAP) grant for a 24-kilowatt rooftop photovoltaic system. Ord continues to work hard to attract new talent while retaining the current population, and has been recognized in publications such as the New York Times, Wall Street Journal, and NPR.

Notable people

 * Rod Dowhower - former coach of the Indianapolis Colts and the Stanford Cardinal football team.
 * Clyde E. Elliott - motion picture producer and director
 * Darrell Johnson - former Major League Baseball player and manager
 * Mike McCready (music entrepreneur) - Co-founder Platinum Blue Music Intelligence
 * Evelyn Sharp - American aviator

title: Ord, Nebraska


text:
Arlington, Nebraska

Arlington is a village along the Elkhorn River in Washington County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 1,243 at the 2010 census. Arlington is named after Arlington, Ohio.

History
Arlington was originally called Bell Creek (after nearby Bell Creek) and under the latter name was platted in 1869 when the Sioux City and Pacific Railroad was extended to that point. Due to similarity in name with another place in Nebraska, Bell Creek was renamed Arlington, after the city of Arlington, virginia, in 1882. Arlington was home to the Marshall Nurseries, an internationally acclaimed nursery credited with creating the Marshall seedless green ash tree (Fraxinus pennsylvanica 'Marshall'), one of the most common green ash cultivars planted in the United States.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.60 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 1,243 people, 495 households, and 344 families living in the village. The population density was 2071.7 PD/sqmi. There were 524 housing units at an average density of 873.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 97.9% White, 0.1% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 0.7% from other races, and 0.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.7% of the population.

There were 495 households, of which 38.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.2% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 30.5% were non-families. 27.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.06.

The median age in the village was 38.3 years. 28.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.7% were from 25 to 44; 25.1% were from 45 to 64; and 15.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 48.7% male and 51.3% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,197 people, 475 households, and 342 families living in the village. The population density was 2,104.3 PD/sqmi. There were 492 housing units at an average density of 864.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 98.75% White, 0.08% Native American, 0.17% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 0.17% from other races, and 0.75% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.09% of the population.

There were 475 households, out of which 36.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.8% were married couples living together, 7.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.8% were non-families. 25.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 3.01.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 27.7% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 28.4% from 25 to 44, 23.1% from 45 to 64, and 14.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.5 males.

As of 2000 the median income for a household in the village was $45,365, and the median income for a family was $51,250. Males had a median income of $35,083 versus $24,615 for females. The per capita income for the village was $19,453. About 3.3% of families and 3.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.5% of those under age 18 and 3.5% of those age 65 or over.

title: Arlington, Nebraska


text:
Blair, Nebraska

Blair is a city in and the county seat of Washington County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 7,990 at the 2010 census. Blair is a part of the Omaha-Council Bluffs Metropolitan Statistical Area.

History
Blair was platted in 1869 when the Sioux City and Pacific Railroad was extended to that point. It was named for railroad magnate John Insley Blair, who was credited with bringing the railroad to town. Blair was incorporated as a city in 1872. Within its first year, Blair was designated county seat.

In March 1869, a small child playing on a railroad turntable in town was injured on the turntable. The father sued the railway for damages, leading all the way up to the Supreme Court of the United States in the 1873 case Sioux City & Pacific Railroad Co. v. Stout.

In 1874, during the Panic of 1873, a grasshopper storm enveloped the region. Many Nebraskans were faced with starvation. An organization, the Nebraska Relief and Aid Society was formed in order to help affected persons. A law was passed by congress awarding $100,000 relief, and many Blair citizens were awarded money. Both the newspapers and the railroads in the region helped transport supplies free of charge. Both the Nebraska State Guard and the United States Army helped distribute food and clothing.

Construction of the Chicago and Northwestern Bridge across the Missouri River was authorized by an Act of Congress on June 27, 1882. Construction brgan in September 1882, and it was open for rail traffic in November 1883. The total cost of the bridge was $1.13 Million ($34.2 Million in 2023). The first automobile bridge was opened to traffic in 1929.

In 1916, Blair was awarded a $10,000 grant to build a Carnegie Library. Unfortunately, an electrical fire occurred on the night of July 23, 1973, and the historic library was deemed a total loss.

On April 26, 2024, portions of Blair were struck by a large EF3 tornado, destroying or damaging dozens of homes.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 5.51 sqmi, of which 5.49 sqmi is land and 0.02 sqmi is water.

Blair is located in the Loess Hills, surrounded on all sides by rolling hills and the Missouri river valley.

2020 census
The 2020 United States census counted 7,790 people, 3,157 households, and 2,015 families in Blair. The population density was 1,413.8 per square mile (545.9/km$2$). There were 3,299 housing units at an average density of 598.7 per square mile (231.2/km$2$). The racial makeup was 92.62% (7,215) white, 0.41% (32) black or African-American, 0.15% (12) Native American, 0.53% (41) Asian, 0.04% (3) Pacific Islander, 1.27% (99) from other races, and 4.98% (388) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race was 2.0% (170) of the population.

Of the 3,157 households, 36.5% had children under the age of 18; 51.2% were married couples living together; 28.5% had a female householder with no husband present. 31.8% of households consisted of individuals and 14.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.4 and the average family size was 3.0.

27.6% of the population was under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 23.6% from 25 to 44, 23.7% from 45 to 64, and 17.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39.2 years. For every 100 females, the population had 91.4 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 83.3 males.

The 2016-2020 5-year American Community Survey estimates show that the median household income was $57,274 (with a margin of error of +/- $7,379) and the median family income $76,838 (+/- $17,661). Males had a median income of $51,769 (+/- $5,822) versus $29,811 (+/- $7,842) for females. The median income for those above 16 years old was $39,382 (+/- $3,150). Approximately, 11.6% of families and 13.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.7% of those under the age of 18 and 7.9% of those ages 65 or over.

2010 census
At the 2010 census there were 7,990 people, 3,110 households, and 2,005 families living in the city. The population density was 1455.4 PD/sqmi. There were 3,351 housing units at an average density of 610.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 96.4% White, 0.8% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.0% from other races, and 1.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.9%.

Of the 3,110 households 33.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.5% were married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35.5% were non-families. 30.3% of households were one person and 13.4% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 3.01.

The median age was 36 years. 24.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 11.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.9% were from 25 to 44; 24.3% were from 45 to 64; and 15.3% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.9% male and 52.1% female.

2000 census
At the 2000 census, there were 7,512 people, 2,871 households, and 1,891 families living in the city. The population density was 1,617.3 PD/sqmi. There were 3,033 housing units at an average density of 653.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 97.43% White, 0.44% African American, 0.29% Native American, 0.33% Asian, 0.27% Pacific Islander, 0.33% from other races, and 0.91% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.34% of the population. Of the 2,871 households 33.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.8% were married couples living together, 10.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.1% were non-families. 29.1% of households were one person and 14.4% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 3.02.

The age distribution was 24.9% under the age of 18, 13.8% from 18 to 24, 25.6% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 15.4% 65 or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.2 males.

The median household income was $41,214, and the median family income was $52,114. Males had a median income of $36,839 versus $25,452 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,240. About 6.2% of families and 8.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.4% of those under age 18 and 10.5% of those age 65 or over.

Media
Blair is served by the local weekly newspaper Pilot-Tribune & Enterprise. Blair is also served by Walnut Radio Station 97.3 KOBM-FM and FM 94.7 KYTF-LP Blair Radio.

Points of interest

 * Part of the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum collection
 * From 1896 to 1954, Blair was home to Trinity Seminary, a school of the United Evangelical Lutheran Church
 * Blair is located along the historic Lincoln Highway
 * Tower of the Four Winds at Black Elk-Neihardt Park stands as a memorial to John G. Neihardt and Black Elk, the Lakota Sioux holy man

Education
It is a part of the Blair Community Schools which operates Blair High School.

Blair was home to the now defunct Dana College (1884 to 2010).

Notable people

 * Kent Bellows - artist
 * Clete Blakeman - professional football official
 * Bob Cerv - baseball player
 * Bill Danenhauer - professional wrestler
 * Mike Hollingshead - photographer
 * Megan Hunt - Nebraska State Senator, Legislative District 8
 * Mick Mines - Nebraska state senator
 * Otto Schmidt - US Navy Medal of Honor recipient
 * Tom Seaton - baseball player
 * Paul Simon - Democratic Congressman, Senator, and presidential candidate
 * Rod Whitaker - novelist

title: Blair, Nebraska


text:
Fort Calhoun, Nebraska

Fort Calhoun is a city in Washington County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 1,108 at the 2020 census. The city includes Fort Atkinson, the first fort built west of the Missouri River.

History
Fort Calhoun was platted in 1855. It was named for John C. Calhoun.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.65 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 908 people, 391 households, and 253 families living in the city. The population density was 1396.9 PD/sqmi. There were 413 housing units at an average density of 635.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 96.7% White, 0.2% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.7% from other races, and 2.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.2% of the population.

There were 391 households, of which 28.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.9% were married couples living together, 11.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35.3% were non-families. 32.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.95.

The median age in the city was 41.4 years. 24.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.1% were from 25 to 44; 30.8% were from 45 to 64; and 15.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 51.4% male and 48.6% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 856 people, 342 households, and 229 families living in the city. The population density was 1,380.5 PD/sqmi. There were 375 housing units at an average density of 604.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 98.48% White, 0.58% African American, 0.12% Native American, 0.12% from other races, and 0.70% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.29% of the population.

There were 342 households, out of which 36.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.7% were married couples living together, 8.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.0% were non-families. 30.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.16.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 27.9% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 22.7% from 45 to 64, and 14.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.5 males.

As of 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $41,500, and the median income for a family was $57,679. Males had a median income of $36,250 versus $25,000 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,779. About 3.1% of families and 3.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.1% of those under the age of 18 and 6.0% of those 65 and older.

title: Fort Calhoun, Nebraska


text:
Herman, Nebraska

Herman is a village in Washington County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 268 at the 2010 census.

History
Herman was platted in 1871 when the railroad was extended to that point. It was named for Samuel Herman, a railroad employee.

On June 13, 1899, Herman was struck by a tornado that killed 13 people.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.14 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 268 people, 116 households, and 74 families living in the village. The population density was 1914.3 PD/sqmi. There were 134 housing units at an average density of 957.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 99.6% White and 0.4% Asian. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.1% of the population.

There were 116 households, of which 28.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.1% were married couples living together, 8.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36.2% were non-families. 31.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.91.

The median age in the village was 41.3 years. 22.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.2% were from 25 to 44; 25.8% were from 45 to 64; and 18.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 50.4% male and 49.6% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 310 people, 134 households, and 86 families living in the village. The population density was 2,107.7 PD/sqmi. There were 151 housing units at an average density of 1,026.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 98.71% White, 0.65% Native American, and 0.65% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.29% of the population.

There were 134 households, out of which 26.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.2% were married couples living together, 5.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.8% were non-families. 32.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.93.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 23.5% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 27.1% from 25 to 44, 23.2% from 45 to 64, and 17.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 110.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107.9 males.

As of 2000 the median income for a household in the village was $38,750, and the median income for a family was $47,750. Males had a median income of $31,750 versus $20,795 for females. The per capita income for the village was $16,492. About 11.8% of families and 11.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.4% of those under age 18 and 4.8% of those age 65 or over.

Notable persons

 * Kay M. Brummond grew up in Herman.
 * Stanley M. Truhlsen grew up in Herman.

title: Herman, Nebraska


text:
Kennard, Nebraska

Kennard is a village in Washington County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 361 at the 2010 census.

History
Kennard was established in 1869 when the Sioux City & Pacific Railroad was extended to that point. It was named for Thomas P. Kennard, the first Secretary of State for Nebraska. The town was incorporated in 1895.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.30 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 361 people, 150 households, and 95 families living in the village. The population density was 1203.3 PD/sqmi. There were 158 housing units at an average density of 526.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 97.8% White, 0.3% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 1.4% from other races, and 0.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.7% of the population.

There were 150 households, of which 31.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.3% were married couples living together, 6.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36.7% were non-families. 28.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 3.02.

The median age in the village was 38.7 years. 25.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 3.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 29.9% were from 25 to 44; 26% were from 45 to 64; and 15% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 51.8% male and 48.2% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 371 people, 143 households, and 106 families living in the village. The population density was 1,242.0 PD/sqmi. There were 148 housing units at an average density of 495.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 96.77% White, 0.27% African American, 0.81% Native American, 0.81% Asian, 0.27% from other races, and 1.08% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.27% of the population.

There were 143 households, out of which 37.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.0% were married couples living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.2% were non-families. 21.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.04.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 29.9% under the age of 18, 4.3% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 25.9% from 45 to 64, and 12.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.0 males.

As of 2000 the median income for a household in the village was $32,917, and the median income for a family was $50,625. Males had a median income of $35,500 versus $23,750 for females. The per capita income for the village was $17,499. About 2.0% of families and 5.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.4% of those under age 18 and 14.6% of those age 65 or over.

Notable people

 * Floyd Zaiger (1926–2020), a fruit breeder, was born in Kennard.

title: Kennard, Nebraska


text:
Washington, Nebraska

Washington is a village in Washington County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 129 at the 2020 census.

History
Washington was platted in 1887 when the Fremont, Elkhorn and Missouri Valley Railroad was extended to that point. It was named from Washington County. Washington was incorporated as a village in 1915.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.21 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 150 people, 55 households, and 42 families living in the village. The population density was 714.3 PD/sqmi. There were 55 housing units at an average density of 261.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 98.0% White, 1.3% African American, and 0.7% Native American.

There were 55 households, of which 32.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.5% were married couples living together, 9.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 1.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 23.6% were non-families. 20.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.73 and the average family size was 3.14.

The median age in the village was 43 years. 24% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22% were from 25 to 44; 33.4% were from 45 to 64; and 14% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 50.0% male and 50.0% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 126 people, 49 households, and 39 families living in the village. The population density was 749.8 PD/sqmi. There were 51 housing units at an average density of 303.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 99.21% White, and 0.79% from two or more races.

There were 49 households, out of which 30.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.4% were married couples living together, 8.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.4% were non-families. 16.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 2.90.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 23.8% under the age of 18, 5.6% from 18 to 24, 27.0% from 25 to 44, 23.8% from 45 to 64, and 19.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 110.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.9 males.

As of 2000 the median income for a household in the village was $50,000, and the median income for a family was $55,000. Males had a median income of $38,125 versus $28,125 for females. The per capita income for the village was $19,784. None of the population and none of the families were below the poverty line.

title: Washington, Nebraska


text:
Carroll, Nebraska

Carroll is a village in Wayne County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 193 at the 2020 census.

History
Carroll was established in 1886 when the railroad was extended to that point. It is named for Charles Carroll of Carrollton, the last surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.15 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 229 people, 99 households, and 64 families residing in the village. The population density was 1526.7 PD/sqmi. There were 112 housing units at an average density of 746.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 96.5% White, 0.4% Asian, and 3.1% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.0% of the population.

There were 99 households, of which 31.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.6% were married couples living together, 5.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35.4% were non-families. 33.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.95.

The median age in the village was 43.1 years. 24.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20.9% were from 25 to 44; 23.6% were from 45 to 64; and 23.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 52.4% male and 47.6% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 238 people, 104 households, and 68 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,592.5 PD/sqmi. There were 116 housing units at an average density of 776.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 96.22% White, 1.68% Native American, and 2.10% from two or more races.

There were 104 households, out of which 26.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.8% were married couples living together, 5.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.6% were non-families. 32.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.85.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 25.2% under the age of 18, 4.2% from 18 to 24, 21.4% from 25 to 44, 25.2% from 45 to 64, and 23.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.4 males.

As of 2000 the median income for a household in the village was $31,875, and the median income for a family was $39,375. Males had a median income of $27,500 versus $16,250 for females. The per capita income for the village was $14,115. About 8.8% of families and 11.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.5% of those under the age of eighteen and 21.6% of those 65 or over.

title: Carroll, Nebraska


text:
Hoskins, Nebraska

Hoskins is a village in Wayne County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 267 at the 2020 census.

History
Hoskins was established in 1881 when the railroad was extended to that point. It was named for the father-in-law of F. H. Peavey.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.31 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 285 people, 111 households, and 84 families residing in the village. The population density was 919.4 PD/sqmi. There were 121 housing units at an average density of 390.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 98.2% White, 0.4% Asian, 0.4% from other races, and 1.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.9% of the population.

There were 111 households, of which 28.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.7% were married couples living together, 7.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 1.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 24.3% were non-families. 21.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 2.95.

The median age in the village was 38.2 years. 24.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.7% were from 25 to 44; 28% were from 45 to 64; and 13.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 52.3% male and 47.7% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 283 people, 112 households, and 80 families residing in the village. The population density was 938.9 PD/sqmi. There were 117 housing units at an average density of 388.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 99.65% White, and 0.35% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.35% of the population.

There were 112 households, out of which 41.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.9% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.7% were non-families. 25.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.07.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 31.4% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 25.4% from 25 to 44, 20.1% from 45 to 64, and 15.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.0 males.

As of 2000 the median income for a household in the village was $27,679, and the median income for a family was $39,583. Males had a median income of $24,063 versus $22,596 for females. The per capita income for the village was $14,526. About 5.3% of families and 5.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.7% of those under the age of eighteen and 4.4% of those 65 or over.

Government
Hoskins is led by a village board. The chair of the village board, Hoskins' equivalent of mayor, is James (Jim) A. Miller.

Education
Trinity Lutheran School is a Christian school of the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod in Hoskins.

title: Hoskins, Nebraska