text:
Talk:Polyomino

History etc
Added a sentence of history and the numbers of configurations of various orders. These are the output from a program of my own. Alan Peakall 16:47 Oct 18, 2002 (UTC)

efficient algorithm
I do not know an efficient algorithm. The algorithm that my own program uses is brute force inductive search. It has a heuristic hashing optimization in its implementation. On a 1GHz pentium machine it finds all 63000+ dodecominoes (ie order 12) in under 90 seconds. Alan Peakall 16:31 Nov 7, 2002 (UTC)

2D only
Minor problem: this page says 2D only and is unclear on whether reflections are counted as different. The tetromino page says there are 3D configurations made of cubes; and the pentomino page says mirror-image ones count as the same. -- Tarquin 11:12 Feb 16, 2003 (UTC)

trademark
Major Problem: "Polyomino" is a trademark owned by Professor Solomon Golomb. The mathematically correct word to be used instead is "polysquare". All references to polyominoes in Wikipedia, especially the title of this article, should read "polysquare", not "polyomino". Any use of the word 'Polyomino' should be with the high-'TM' trademark sign only. Authors of this article, please read the Wikipedia conventions on copyright! Editors of Wikipedia, please change all references accordingly. Thank you. Karl Scherer

Cheers, Karl Scherer

 * You say that there's a trademark problem, and that this violates Wikipedia's copyright conventions. Please make up your mind. Thank you. Arvindn 11:46, 16 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Greek or Latin??
Is the -omino suffix Greek or Latin?? 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, and 12 are named with Greek numerical prefixes and 9 and 11 are Latin. Is any set rule being followed here?? 66.245.90.209 00:33, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

The set rule is to use Greek prefixes, but 9 and 11 are exceptions in many series of this type, e.g. "nonagon".

article clean up
I have attempted a clean up of the article. The main things I have modified are:
 * structure of the text, headings
 * made more consistent the different definitions of polyominoes: fixed and free, with or without holes
 * added some stats for fixed polyominoes
 * more involved discussion of the group of symmetries between free and fixed polyominoes

I think a few things still need some work: --Bernard Helmstetter 01:47, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * It would be nice to have more details about the generating functions of the special classes of polyominoes. If it is possible, give expressions of the generating functions, or give the asymptotic growth of the number of polyominoes in those classes
 * The explanation of Conway's method and Jensen's method could be more precise. How are generating functions used?

Terminology - free/fixed?
The terminology on this page seems to be pretty mixed up. By my understanding, free polyominoes can be flipped or rotated, so mirror images and rotations don't count as distinct objects, while fixed polyominoes can not be flipped or rotated. But the table seems to have them the other way round. I'm not sure what the middle column, that say "fixed polyominoes with holes" is actually counting.

 * Yes, I messed it up badly when attempting to clean the article. I think it is corrected now.--Bernard Helmstetter 01:13, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Also, there's no mention of what MathWorld calls one-sided polyominoes, that can be rotated, but not reflected. Since these are the type used in Tetris, it would be nice to enumerate them as well. sjorford →•← 12:03, 18 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Proposal to delete page "pentominoes"
I think we should remove the page "pentominoes" since there is already a page called "pentomino". Having two articles on the same subject is redundant and not necessary. I moved some of the information in the original "pentominoes" page to the "polyomino" and "pentomino" pages. What are your thoughts on the page deletion? HappyCamper 02:13, 26 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * ✅. Now pentominoes is a redirect to pentomino. --DavidCary (talk) 20:22, 8 January 2014 (UTC)

Reversed move to polysquare
I've reversed the cut-and-paste move to polysquare, as I disagree with the given reason - that it apparently violates a trademark. A web search for polyomino shows that it is used frequently as a generic noun - not that this is conclusive evidence against a move, but it most definitely needs discussion first. Anyway, there's a move button for doing moves properly, for crying out loud.

I haven't merged anything new back into polyomino, as the articles seemed virtually identical to me. sjorford →•← 15:42, 31 May 2005 (UTC)

As I recall, Golomb trademarked “pentominoes,” not “polyominoes,” because he  was having plastic sets of pentominoes marketed as toys. See the Wikipedia article on pentominoes. I have seen some writers use “pentaminoes” instead of “pentominoes,” presumably to avoid infringing the trademark. Sicherman 16:09, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

Karl Scherer
Please be aware that Karl Scherer is not a reliable editor. See Votes for deletion/Karlscherer3 for further information. 12:54, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Growth Method issue
The article states the following:
 * This method can be optimized so that it counts each polyomino only once, rather than n times. Starting with the initial square, declare it to be the lower-left square of the polyomino. Simply do not number any square which is on a lower row, or left of the square on the same row. With this improvement, the running time is divided by n, so it only takes about 1 second to enumerate the dodecominoes.

While it seems like a good idea, I think it would fail in the case of any polyomino which did not have any corner squares. The most obvious example would be the cross-piece pentomino. No matter how you rotate it, no square of that will ever occupy the lower-left corner (or any other corner) of the field. Obviously, the greater the value of n, the more polyominos will be omitted using this shortcut. I would hope and assume that anyone who researches this seriously would have taken that drawback into account... Lurlock 04:25, 6 May 2007 (UTC)
 * The "lower-left square" is the leftmost square on the bottom row; in the case of the cross, the (only) square on the bottom square is the lower-left square of the polyomino. This algorithm is that given by Redelmeier (though he has a more efficient method of counting free polyominoes than checking for symmetries after creating each n-omino), and parallel variants have been discussed by other authors; unfortunately the whole article is missing any references, and the figures for time taken are probably original research, as may be the inefficient "Inductive exhaustive search" method (possibly too trivial to have been worth publishing). Joseph Myers 12:11, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

oxford cite
The Oxford English Dictionary cite goes to the wiki article on the dictionary, as opposed to anything showing the eytomology —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.72.50.160 (talk) 13:28, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

Too Complicated
The concept of polyomino is intuitively simple. This article's lead paragraph gets bogged down in complications. I'm going to try to simplify the introduction. Sicherman (talk) 14:50, 30 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Feel free. The article certainly needs it. --ἀνυπόδητος (talk) 15:51, 30 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Done. Later I may clean up the references if no one beats me to it. Sicherman (talk) 16:33, 30 June 2010 (UTC)

order of a polyomino
In this article, the order refers to the number of cells of a polyomino. This does not match with the "standard" definition of the order as the smallest needed number of copies of the polyomino for tiling a rectangle. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.214.127.250 (talk) 06:51, 28 September 2012 (UTC)

 * Weird. Any objections to changing it everywhere to size? —Tamfang (talk) 05:54, 4 October 2012 (UTC)

 * Seven years whiz by ... I'd really like to see some discussion on this. —Tamfang (talk) 20:11, 6 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Making the change now. I'm a mathematician and this is my field of study. This has gotten to the point that web AI (chatgpt/bing) will give out blatantly false information just because a wikipedian mistakenly assumed Order meant Size (no literature supports this idea). 152.117.43.163 (talk) 18:49, 18 May 2023 (UTC)

Where is A_n defined before this symbol is used???
There is a section that deals with the asymptotic growth of the number of distinct polyominoes, which begins:

"''Theoretical arguments and numerical calculations support the estimate

   An  =    c λn/n

where λ = 4.0626 and c = 0.3169."

But as far as I can tell, nowhere previous to this statement is An defined! This despite very careful distinctions made among five categories of polyominoes in the table that gives their counts up through dodecominoes.

Clearly, An is intended to be the count of a certain type of n-ominoes. But which kind?

Even if I missed the definition of An, I think this shows it needs to be defined in the very section giving the asymptotic information, and before An is used in a sentence or a formula.Daqu (talk) 22:13, 28 June 2013 (UTC)
 * I'm sure that An is supposed to be the count of free polyominoes of size n (based on the section it is in). Do you think that the few words I added fix the problem?  DHR (talk) 00:10, 1 July 2013 (UTC)

 * If your presumption of the meaning of An is correct, then your additional wording helps. But it would be far more appropriate -- if the symbol An is going to be used -- to actually define it before using it.  That is, to include a passage like

 * "Let An denote the number of [whatever it means] of size n. Then the following asymptotic formula has been conjectured:"

 * before the asymptotic formula is stated. (The concept of a "conjecture" is different from that of "estimate" (which is irrelevant since we are already talking about asymptotic formulas), and so "conjecture" should be included prior to the formula.

 * Also, what makes you certain that An is the count of *free* polyominoes ? As far as I can tell, the section it is in suggests that it is the count of fixed polyominoes.

 * This also suggests that under the subhead Free polyominoes in that section (even though it would be a simple deduction from the text), it should be mentioned that the same asymptotic formula, with the constant term 1/8 as large as for fixed polyominoes, is conjectured for the counts of distinct free polyominoes.Daqu (talk) 19:43, 2 July 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20061126083002/http://historical.ncstrl.org/litesite-data/stan/CS-TR-72-263.pdf to http://historical.ncstrl.org/litesite-data/stan/CS-TR-72-263.pdf

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MrOllie, why did you revert the following addition I made in the external links? https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polyomino&diff=prev&oldid=1138740665 I believe it is a usefull external link, as the site uses compatible terminology with the Wikipedia page while presenting the types and orders of the polyominoes mentioned in the Wikipedia page (free, one-sided, fixed). Pan-wiki-tsik (talk) 16:08, 11 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia isn't a link directory, we're not a place to dump links to related applications. MrOllie (talk) 14:18, 12 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Hmmm, after reading the source you provided, it is still not clear to me what WP rule it violates. Let's open a section and see what is the opinion of other wikipedians. Pan-wiki-tsik (talk) Pan-wiki-tsik (talk) 18:10, 13 February 2023 (UTC)

No Tiling Page
There are several natural ways to generalize the polyomino concept that have been explored in the academic literature. These include i) higher dimensional spaces (for example we're working over Z^2 in this article via the duality between the lattice (group) of points and regular unit squares), ii) polyforms (there is an article on these), iii) simply connected, connected, and disconnected tiles (tiles can be thought of as polyominoes or polyforms of some dimension). The most natural operation we do with all of these concepts is produce tilings (i.e. partitions involving fixed types of subsets) of certain types of mathematical spaces (e.g. Z^n or R^n) using certain types of tiles (e.g. subsets of Z^n or convex polygons). However any key organizing principle involving this tiling concept seems to be presently lacking. I propose that we create a general "Tile" or "Tiling" (mathematics) page that brings together all of these concepts. Child topics being linked to by this page could include things like Tiling in the plane and also Polyominoes.

Also there is some literature involving disconnected polyominoes (e.g. in Z^n) absent from Wikipedia so far (e.g. 'Tiling with arbitrary tiles' Gruslys et al. 2015)

- Mathguy9109 (talk) 23:21, 16 June 2018 (UTC)

 * There is an existing article, Tessellation, on the subject of tilings, which is, in fact, the top link on the disambiguation page Tiling. Furthermore, Polyomino already links to the tessellation article.  See the second sentence of "Uses of polyominoes". I would add that many aspects of the study of polyominoes have nothing to do with their ability, or lack thereof, to tile the plane.  So while there is certainly some overlap between the topic of polyominoes and the topic of tilings, neither belongs under the umbrella of the other. Will Orrick (talk) 00:17, 17 June 2018 (UTC)

 * I suppose that page will suffice as a hub. Under "Uses of Polyominoes" all of the cases mentioned are related to tiling. Maybe you could add some of these aspects independent of tilings? Anyway as it stands right now there is only a very tiny blurb about polyominoes on the Tessellation page. I suppose I could write about these results that I mentioned before either on the Polyomino page or alternatively use them to expand the Tessellation page. Which of these locations do you think you'd prefer? - Mathguy9109 (talk) 02:53, 17 June 2018 (UTC)

 * I should have been a bit clearer: all I really meant is that a large fraction of the existing article is concerned with enumeration of polyominoes according to number of squares, which is a separate issue from ability to tile a region or the plane, and which is important in the physics and chemistry applications. I don't have any other material to add at present, but I did move the tiling material to its own section of the article and moved the remaining small amount of material under "Uses of polyominoes" under the new heading "Polyominoes in puzzles and games".  If you want to add some material about tilings with generalizations of polyominoes, my opinion is that that material fits much better in the polyomino article rather than the tessellation article. Will Orrick (talk) 05:55, 18 June 2018 (UTC)

 * Another reason the Tessellation page doesn't particularly appeal to me is because it's an amalgam of strictly mathematical topics, but also has separate sections on art, manufacturing, and nature; most of the time we just use something like Tiling (mathematics) to disambiguate instead of lumping together a bunch of topics which fall under these different parent categories. I would further draw a distinction between Discrete Tiling and Tiling by Polygons, as the literature/techniques here are very different. Afterward I would include both the Polyomino/Polyform pages under this Discrete Tiling category. - Mathguy9109 (talk) 11:35, 20 June 2018 (UTC)

 * Although I have an interest in and have done a small amount of work on tessellations, I don't feel that I am enough of an expert to have an opinion on your suggestions. If you want to do major surgery on Tessellations, it would be a good idea to solicit opinions on the talk page of that article first.  Whatever the flaws of the Tessellations article, I don't think it would be a good idea to create a parallel set of Tilings articles that has substantial overlap with the Tessellations article, although if you can establish a consensus among the editors of that article, it might make sense spin off the strictly mathematical material into a separate article, leaving only a synopsis and link in the main article.

 * Does Wikipedia have a notion of categories and subcategories? I'm not sure that it does, but if so, I still don't feel that it makes sense for Polyomino to be a subcategory of Tessellation.  To my mind, that would be like making Polygon or Polyhedron a subcategory of Tessellation (because they can be used in tessellations).  There really is a substantial literature on enumeration of polyominoes as a function of size and asymptotic growth questions, with application to statistical physics, that has little to do with tiling problems.  Since quite a bit of attention has been paid to tiling questions, that will certainly affect how the article is written, but it shouldn't affect how it logically relates to other topics.  Will Orrick (talk) 14:39, 20 June 2018 (UTC)

Misformatted Web References
The Resta and Zucca references have been reformatted to use the web page reference template. On the whole, this is good, because it gives dates for archival and verification. But the references render with extra quotation marks. Can this be corrected? Sicherman (talk) 11:09, 18 February 2022 (UTC)

New external link suggestion
I suggest the following site to be added in the externa links: Polyomino Maker The suggested link displays on the browser window all the polyominoes of the main page: Enumeration of polyominoes, namely free (total), one-sided and fixed with the correct enumeration in each category. I think it also gives the ability to download the polyominoes on the user's device, but I haven't checked this option out yet.

This external link is consistent with the Wikipedia rules found at Wikipedia:External_links Specifically, it seems consistent with the following rules mention in the above page: What to link
 * Is the site content proper in the context of the article (useful, tasteful, informative, factual, etc.)?

What can normally be linked 3. Sites that contain neutral and accurate material that is relevant to an encyclopedic understanding of the subject and cannot be integrated into the Wikipedia article due to copyright issues,[4] amount of detail (such as professional athlete statistics, movie or television credits, interview transcripts, or online textbooks), or other reasons.

Fellow wikipedians please share your opinion. Pan-wiki-tsik (talk) Pan-wiki-tsik (talk) 18:14, 13 February 2023 (UTC)

 * As I wrote above, Wikipedia isn't a link directory, we're not a place to dump links to related applications. Software tool listings are off topic for an encyclopedia. MrOllie (talk) 18:28, 13 February 2023 (UTC)
 * I agree with MrOllie. External links can be useful when there is some unique resource related to the article's subject—for example the subject's personal web page when the article is a biography, or an organization's official website for an article about that organization. For an article about a scientific area of study an appropriate external link might be a standard database used by practitioners in that area.
 * On the other hand, when there is a larger number of smaller, more specialized resources, and no recognized standard, what tends to happen to articles that aren't carefully watched is that they accumulate lists of random, competing links. I don't believe this is terribly useful for readers, who can get more comprehensive results using a search engine, and I don't think it's a very good look for Wikipedia. Will Orrick (talk) 19:36, 13 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Polyomino


text:
Shannon, Georgia

Shannon is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Floyd County, Georgia, United States. It is part of the Rome, Georgia Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 1,862 at the 2010 census.

History
The first settlement at Shannon, first called Ridge Valley, then Hermitage, was made in the 1830s.

Geography
Shannon is located in northeastern Floyd County between Rome and Calhoun, just off Highway 53. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Shannon CDP has a total area of 13.0 sqkm, of which 12.9 sqkm is land and 0.1 sqkm, or 0.86%, is water.

2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 1,919 people, 784 households, and 546 families residing in the CDP.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,682 people, 678 households, and 494 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 335.2 PD/sqmi. There were 723 housing units at an average density of 144.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 95.24% White, 1.19% African American, 0.12% Native American, 0.30% Asian, 0.48% from other races, and 2.68% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.25% of the population.

There were 678 households, out of which 29.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.7% were married couples living together, 11.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.0% were non-families. 22.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 2.91.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 23.4% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 24.3% from 45 to 64, and 16.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.6 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $41,144, and the median income for a family was $42,578. Males had a median income of $30,181 versus $22,000 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $17,565. About 6.4% of families and 5.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.3% of those under age 18 and 16.9% of those age 65 or over.

Climate
The climate in this area is characterized by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Shannon has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

Education
Shannon is in the Floyd County School District. The zoned secondary schools are Model Middle School and Model High School.

Notable person

 * Hal Griggs, baseball player

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Shannon, Georgia


text:
Cumming, Georgia

Cumming is a city in Forsyth County, Georgia, United States, and the sole incorporated area in the county. It is a suburban city, and part of the Atlanta metropolitan area. In the 2020 census, the population is 7,318, up from 5,430 in 2010. Surrounding unincorporated areas with a Cumming mailing address have a population of approximately 100,000. Cumming is the county seat of Forsyth County.

History
The area now called Cumming is located west of the historic location of Vann's Ferry between Forsyth County and Hall County.

Early history
The area, now called Cumming, was inhabited earlier by Cherokee tribes, who are thought to have arrived in the mid-18th century. The Cherokee and Creek people developed disputes over hunting land. After two years of fighting, the Cherokee won the land in the Battle of Taliwa. The Creek people were forced to move south of the Chattahoochee River. The Cherokee coexisted with white settlers until the discovery of gold in Georgia in 1828. Settlers that moved to the area to mine for gold pushed for the removal of the Cherokee. In 1835, the Treaty of New Echota was signed. The treaty stated that the Cherokee Nation must move to the Indian Territory, west of the Mississippi River. This resulted in the Trail of Tears. The Cherokee territory was then formed into Cherokee County in 1831. In 1832, the county had been split into several counties including Forsyth County.

In 1833, the town of Cumming was formed from two 40 acre land lots that had been issued as part of a Georgia State Land Lottery in 1832. The two lots designated as Land Lot 1269 and Land Lot 1270 were purchased by a couple of Forsyth County Inferior Court justices who realized that it was necessary to have a seat of government to conduct county business. The boundaries of the two lots ended at what is now Tolbert Street on the west side, Eastern Circle on the east side, Resthaven Street on the south side, and School Street on the north side. In 1834 the post office was established and began delivering mail. The justices of the Inferior Court divided the town land into smaller lots and began selling them to people over the next several years, reserving one lot for the county courthouse. During that same year, the Georgia State Legislature incorporated the town of Cumming into the City of Cumming and made it the official government seat of Forsyth County.

A second charter was issued in 1845, decreeing that Cumming's government would follow the mayor–council model of government.

The community is commonly thought to be named after Colonel William Cumming. An alternate theory proposed by a local historian posits the name honors Rev. Frederick Cumming, a professor of Jacob Scudder, a resident of the area since 1815 who owned land in present-day downtown. Yet another theory is that the town is named after Alexander Cuming, the son of a Scottish baronet.

Modern history
During the 1830s and 1840s, Cumming benefited from the gold mining industry as many businesses were created to meet the needs of the miners. However, the California Gold Rush in 1849 put the city into an economic depression. Newly built railroads bypassed the city and took traffic from the Federal Road that ran near Cumming. The city was spared during the Civil War because William T. Sherman did not pass through the city during his March to the Sea. In 1900, the county courthouse was destroyed in a fire after being struck by lightning; it was rebuilt in 1905.

1912 racial conflict of Cumming
In 1912, Governor Joseph M. Brown sent four companies of state militia to Cumming to prevent riots after two reported attacks of young white women, allegedly by black men. A suspect in the second assault, in which the victim was also raped and later died, was dragged from the Cumming county jail and lynched. The governor then declared martial law, but the effort did little to stop a month-long barrage of attacks by night riders on the black citizens. This led to the banishment of blacks, and the city had virtually no black population.

Racial tensions were strained again in 1987 when a group of black people were assaulted while camping at a park on Lake Lanier. This was widely reported by local newspapers and in Atlanta. As a result of this, a local businessman decided to hold a "Peace March" the following week. Civil rights leader Reverend Hosea Williams joined the local businessman in a march along Bethelview and Castleberry Road in south Forsyth County into the City of Cumming where they were assaulted by whites. The marchers retreated and vowed to return. During the following "Brotherhood March" on January 24, 1987, another racially mixed group returned to Forsyth County to complete the march the previous group had been unable to finish. March organizers estimated the number at 20,000, while police estimates ran from 12,000 to 14,000. Hosea Williams and former senator Gary Hart were in the demonstration. A group of the National Guard kept the opposition of about 1,000 in check. Oprah Winfrey featured Cumming and Forsyth County on her The Oprah Winfrey Show. She formed a town hall meeting where one audience member said:

I'm afraid of [blacks] coming to Forsyth County. I was born in Atlanta, and in 1963, the first blacks were bussed to West Fulton High School. I go down there now and I see my neighborhood and my community, which was a nice community, and now it's nothing but a rat-infested slum area because they don't care.

However, most of the audience members agreed that Forsyth County should integrate. Williams was excluded from Oprah's show and arrested for trespassing.

City growth
Today, the city is experiencing new growth and bears little resemblance to the small rural town it was mere decades ago. The completion of Georgia 400 has helped turn Cumming into a commuter town for metropolitan Atlanta. The city holds the Cumming Country Fair & Festival every October. The Sawnee Mountain Preserve provides views of the city from the top of Sawnee Mountain. In 1956, Buford Dam, along the Chattahoochee River, started operating. The reservoir that it created is called Lake Lanier. The lake, a popular spot for boaters, has generated income from tourists for Cumming as well as provides a source of drinking water.

Geography
Cumming is located in the center of Forsyth County at 34.20833°N, -84.1375°W (34.208464, -84.137575). It is 39 mi northeast of downtown Atlanta and 15 mi northeast of Alpharetta.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Cumming has a total area of 15.9 km2, of which 15.8 km2 is land and 0.1 km2, or 0.58%, is water.

Government
Cumming is a municipal corporation; since 1845 it has been governed by a mayor and a five-member city council. The mayor and council members serve staggered four-year terms.

On December22, 1834, Cumming was officially incorporated and five councilmen were appointed: John Jolly, William Martin, Daniel McCoy, John H. Russell, and Daniel Smith. The town of Cumming's charter was revised on December22, 1845, resulting in new councilmen William F. Foster, Arthur Irwin, Major J. Lewis, Henry L. Sims, and Noah Strong.

House Bill334 was enacted on October10, 1885, giving Cumming a mayor and five-person city council.

Former mayor H. Ford Gravitt was first elected to the city council in 1966, and went on to be elected mayor in 1970. Gravitt was mayor of Cumming for 48 years before losing to rival candidate Troy Brumbalow. Brumbalow has held the office since January 2018 and was re-elected in November 2021.

Previous city council members

 * William F. Foster, 1845
 * H. Ford Gravitt, 1966–1970
 * Quincy Holton, 1969–2017 (Post 2)
 * Arthur Irwin, 1845
 * John Jolly, 1834
 * Lewis Ledbetter, 1971–2019 (Post 3)
 * Linda Ledbetter, 2016–2019
 * Major J. Lewis, 1845
 * William Martin, 1834
 * Daniel McCoy, 1834
 * Dot Otwell, 1956–1957
 * Ralph Perry, 1979–2016 (Post 4)
 * John D. Pugh, 1993–2016 (Post 5)
 * John H. Russell, 1834
 * Rupert Sexton, 1970–2015 (Post 1; mayor pro tem)
 * Henry L. Sims, 1845
 * Daniel Smith, 1834
 * Noah Strong, 1845
 * Kenneth J. Vanderhoff, 1987–1990
 * Charles Welch, 1972–1986
 * Chuck Welch, 2015–2017 (Post 1)

Previous mayors
Many historical records have been destroyed in fires, leaving some information unavailable or unverifiable.

 * W. W. Pirkle (possible)
 * T. J. Pirkle (possible)
 * E. F. Smith (possible)
 * Charles Leon Harris, term dates unknown (also Forsyth County School Superintendent, 1912–1916)
 * Alman Gwinn Hockenhull, term dates unknown (also Cumming Postmaster, 1913–1922)
 * Enoch Wesley Mashburn, 1913–?
 * Marcus Mashburn Sr., 1917; 1961–1966
 * Joseph Gaither Puett, 1918–1919
 * Henry Lowndes "Snacks" Patterson, 1920–1921 (also Georgia General Assembly representative, 1884–1885; Commissioner of Public Instruction, 1892–1910; Blue Ridge Circuit Court judge, 1912–1917)
 * John Dickerson Black, 1922–1923 (also Georgia General Assembly representative, 1933–1936)
 * Andrew Benjamin "Ben" Tollison, 1926–1927 (also Forsyth County School Superintendent, 1920–1932)
 * Roy Pilgrim Otwell, 1928–1956; 1959–1960
 * Marcus Mashburn Jr., 1957–1958
 * George Ingram, 1966–1970
 * H. Ford Gravitt, 1970–2018

Major highways

 * US 19.svg U.S. Route 19
 * Georgia 9.svg State Route 9
 * Georgia 20.svg State Route 20
 * Georgia 306.svg State Route 306
 * Georgia 400.svg State Route 400

Pedestrians and cycling

 * Big Creek Greenway

2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 7,318 people, 2,480 households, and 1,368 families residing in the city.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 5,430 people, 1,893 households (of which 57.1% were families), and 1,081 families residing in the city. The population density was 787.0 PD/sqmi. There were 2,037 housing units at an average density of 295.2 /mi2. The racial makeup of the city was 76.6% White, 31.4% Hispanic or Latino of any race, 16.9% from other races, 2.9% Black, 1.7% from two or more races, 1.4% Asian and 0.5% Native American.

The median income for a household in the city was $37,118, and the median income for a family was $48,947. Full-time, year-round male workers had a median income of $35,402 versus $31,892 for similarly situated females. The per capita income for the city was $18,326. About 27.9% of families and 22.0% of the adult population were below the poverty line.

Education
Cumming is served by Forsyth County Schools. The following schools are located in the county school district:

Elementary schools
 * Big Creek Elementary
 * Brandywine Elementary
 * Brookwood Elementary
 * Chattahoochee Elementary
 * Chestatee Elementary
 * Coal Mountain Elementary
 * Cumming Elementary
 * Daves Creek Elementary
 * Haw Creek Elementary
 * Johns Creek Elementary
 * Kelly Mill Elementary
 * Mashburn Elementary
 * Matt Elementary
 * Midway Elementary
 * Poole's Mill Elementary
 * Sawnee Elementary
 * Settles Bridge Elementary
 * Sharon Elementary
 * Shiloh Point Elementary
 * Silver City Elementary
 * Vickery Creek Elementary
 * Whitlow Elementary

Middle schools

 * Veritas Classical Schools
 * DeSana Middle
 * Hendricks Middle
 * Lakeside Middle
 * Liberty Middle
 * Little Mill Middle
 * North Forsyth Middle
 * Otwell Middle
 * Piney Grove Middle
 * Riverwatch Middle
 * South Forsyth Middle
 * Vickery Creek Middle

High schools
 * Alliance Academy for Innovation
 * Denmark High School
 * East Forsyth High School
 * Forsyth Central High School
 * Lambert High School
 * North Forsyth High School
 * Pinecrest Academy
 * South Forsyth High School
 * West Forsyth High School

Alternative schools
 * Creative Montessori School
 * Forsyth Academy
 * Forsyth Virtual Academy
 * Gateway Academy

Higher education
In 2012, the University of North Georgia established its Cumming campus.
 * Montessori Academy at Sharon Springs
 * Mountain Education

Notable people

 * Luke Appling, Hall of Fame Major League Baseball player
 * Zac Brown, lead singer of the Grammy Award-winning Zac Brown Band, was born in Cumming
 * Col. William Cumming, distinguished officer in the War of 1812, probable eponym of the town of Cumming (incorporated 1834)
 * Skyler Day, actress born in Cumming
 * Geoff Duncan, businessman and Lieutenant Governor of Georgia since 2019
 * Kelli Giddish, actress born and raised in Cumming
 * Colby Gossett, NFL player born and raised in Cumming
 * Wynn Everett, actress raised in Cumming.
 * Ethan Hankins, Cleveland Guardians baseball player
 * R. J. Helton, Christian music artist who placed fifth on the first season of American Idol
 * Rachael Kirkconnell, winner of The Bachelor season 25, born and raised in Cumming
 * Billy Magnussen, Tony Award nominated actor
 * Ron Reis, former World Championship Wrestling wrestler also known as The Yeti, lives in Cumming
 * Junior Samples, comedian on the TV show Hee Haw
 * Glenn Sutko, former catcher for the Cincinnati Reds
 * Roger L. Worsley, college administrator, formerly resided in Cumming

In popular culture

 * American Reunion was partially filmed in Cumming at Mary Alice Park
 * Peach State Cats, Arena Football team in Cumming, Georgia
 * Unsolved Mysteries, Season 1 Episode 2 takes place in Cumming, Georgia
 * Smokey and the Bandit, Buford Dam Rd and GA400 both located in Cumming were used as filming locations

title: Cumming, Georgia


text:
Canon, Georgia

Canon is a city in Franklin and Hart counties in the U.S. state of Georgia. The population was 804 at the 2010 census.

History
Canon was originally called "West Bowersville", and under the latter name was laid out in 1875. The Georgia General Assembly incorporated the place as the "Town of Canon" in 1902, with the town corporate limits extending in a one-mile radius from the intersection of Broad and Depot streets.

Geography
Canon is located in eastern Franklin County and western Hart County at 34.34558°N, -83.10874°W. Georgia State Routes 17 and 51 pass through the center of town. SR 17 leads south 4 mi to Royston, while SR 51 leads southwest by an indirect route 10 mi to Sandy Cross. The two highways together lead northeast 2.5 mi to Bowersville.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Canon has a total area of 8.1 km2, of which 0.02 sqkm, or 0.19%, is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 755 people, 315 households, and 221 families residing in the city. The population density was 237.5 PD/sqmi. There were 361 housing units at an average density of 113.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 94.97% White, 2.52% African American, 0.13% Native American, 0.26% Asian, 0.66% from other races, and 1.46% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.19% of the population.

There were 315 households, out of which 27.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.7% were married couples living together, 12.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.8% were non-families. 27.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.88.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.1% under the age of 18, 9.7% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 28.1% from 45 to 64, and 13.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $21,845, and the median income for a family was $24,375. Males had a median income of $25,446 versus $18,375 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,855. About 22.2% of families and 26.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 33.0% of those under age 18 and 25.2% of those age 65 or over.

Notable person

 * Ernest Vandiver, Georgia governor from 1959 to 1963
 * Crash Davis, American professional baseball player whose name inspired that of the main character of the 1988 movie Bull Durham.

title: Canon, Georgia


text:
Carnesville, Georgia

Carnesville is a city in Franklin County, Georgia, United States, and the county seat. Located in the center of Franklin County in northeastern Georgia, approximately 85 mi from Atlanta, Carnesville had a population of 713 as of 2020. It is the fourth most populous city in the county.

History
The original inhabitants of the area where Carnesville sits in the Piedmont region were the Cherokee and Creek indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands of the United States. Yet, over the years, the indigenous people became indebted to the settlers, which led to the Treaty of Augusta in 1773 and 1783, where they relinquished their claim over the land to the new settlers.

In 1805, the county seat, Carnesville, was laid out and named in honor of Thomas Petters Carnes, a lawyer and politician of the American Revolutionary War era. In 1806, Carnesville was named the permanent county seat in Franklin County, Georgia. Carnesville was incorporated as a town in 1819 and subsequently enlarged to a city in 1901.

Carnesville was thinly settled for a considerable time after being laid out. About 80 people lived in the city at the time of its incorporation. The area around Carnesville had a free population of 9,156 and a slave population of 1,056 by 1810.

Although primarily settled by the English, some Scotch-Irish people came from Pennsylvania into western North Carolina and South Carolina. Their children came to Franklin County, Georgia, but many of pure English origin came with them.

Growing rapidly during the American Civil War era, Carnesville grew to about 240 people, while the area around Carnesville had a free population of 9,131 and a slave population of 2,382 by 1850.

At its height, the city prospered. The city engaged to some extent in manufacturing. The area around Carnesville was an agricultural center, with farms producing crops, like cotton, corn, potatoes, sorghum, and small grains.

Politics and government
Carnesville has a mayor-council form of government with a mayor and a four-member city council. The mayor is Jimmie Melissa "Missy" Holbrook and the city manager is Gary Fesperman.

The city is part of the 10th Congressional District (represented by Rep. Mike Collins), the 33rd State House District (represented by state Rep. Alan Powell), and the 50th State Senate District (represented by Sen. Bo Hatchett).

Geography
Carnesville is located in the center of Franklin County in northeastern Georgia, approximately 85 mi northeast of Atlanta, Georgia, 33 mi north of Athens, Georgia, and 62 mi southwest of Greenville, South Carolina.

Carnesville is in the watershed of the Broad River, a tributary of the Savannah River. Two stems of the river, the North Fork Broad River and Middle Fork Broad River, flow from the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains in Stephens County, Georgia around Carnesville.

Interstate 85 passes northwest of the city, with access from Exit 164 and Exit 166. Carnesville has Georgia State Route 59 and Georgia State Route 106 as its south-to-north thoroughfares and Georgia State Route 145 as its southeast-to-northeast thoroughfares.

Carnesville's hardiness zone is 8a and has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa). It is served by the Carnesville United States Postal Service.

Demographics
As of the 2020 census, there were 713 people, 279 households, 211 families living in the city. The population density was 221.7 PD/sqmi. There were 279 housing units at an average density of 91.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 78.68% White, 15.56% African American, 0.98% Asian, and 1.82% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.9% of the population.

At the 2000 census, there were 197 households, of which 26.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.7% were married couples living together, 18.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.0% were non-families. 31.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 3.05.

22.9% of the population were under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 28.7% from 25 to 44, 19.6% from 45 to 64, and 19.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.6 males.

The median household income was $36,719 and the median family income was $42,188. Males had a median income of $32,500 compared with $20,500 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,016. About 13.8% of families and 17.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.3% of those under age 18 and 16.3% of those age 65 or over.

Education
Franklin County School District (Georgia) is the local public school district.

The Franklin County School District supports grades from kindergarten to grade twelve. The school district consists of three elementary schools, one middle school, one high school, and one alternative school. The Franklin County School District has a staff of over 600 and an enrollment of 3,570 as of 2020. The school district boasts a 90.7% graduation rate. FCSS is the largest employer in Franklin County.

Notable locations

 * The Franklin County Courthouse, built in 1906, is a neo-classical architecture courthouse offering a recreational area and veterans memorial plaza.
 * The Cromer's Mill Covered Bridge, built in 1907, is a one-span wide and 132 feet long covered bridge with a town lattice design. The bridge provides walking accessibility over Nail's Creek Road.
 * The Sid and Augusta White Memorial Park offers picnic areas, covered pavilions, grills for cooking, a fireplace, a fire pit, and a splash pad.
 * The Rocky Ford Park offers full-size basketball courts, recreational offices, baseball fields, and soccer and American football fields.
 * Victoria Bryant State Park, Tugaloo State Park, and Lake Hartwell are located near Carnesville.

Notable people

 * James Albert Bray (1870–1944), American bishop, academic administrator and college president
 * Spurgeon Ferdinand "Spud" Chandler; pitcher for the New York Yankees (1937–1947) and American League MVP (1943)
 * William Kennedy, pitcher for the Cleveland Indians (1948), St. Louis Browns (1948–1951), Chicago White Sox (1952), Boston Red Sox (1953), and Cincinnati Redlegs (1956–1957)
 * Helen Dortch Longstreet, known as the "Fighting Lady", the second wife of Confederate General James Longstreet; American social advocate for civil rights and the first woman who tried to secure a public office in the state of Georgia
 * William Oscar Payne; professor of history and athletic director at the University of Georgia
 * John M. Sandidge; congressman from the state of Louisiana
 * Samuel Joelah Tribble; member of the 62nd U.S. Congress
 * Pup Phillips; All-American center for Georgia Tech football, member of 1917 national championship team
 * Kyle Myers, known as FPSRussia; YouTuber, internet celebrity, host of the FPSRussia channel, and co-host of the Painkiller Already podcast

title: Carnesville, Georgia


text:
Franklin Springs, Georgia

Franklin Springs is a city in Franklin County, Georgia, United States. The population was 952 at the 2010 census, up from 762 in 2000. Emmanuel University is located here.

History
Franklin Springs began in the 19th century as a resort spa, with the city incorporating in 1924.

The Franklin Springs Institute opened there in 1919 as a high school, eventually shifting to postsecondary education and changing its name to Emmanuel College in 1939.

On September 16, 2004, a magnitude 2 tornado moved north across the town of Franklin Springs, damaging or destroying numerous structures along its 3-mile path. The city government building and the fire and police stations incurred significant damage, as did approximately 25 residences. Franklin County Emergency Management reported 10 chicken houses, some housing as many as 30,000 chickens and valued at more than $100,000 each, were destroyed. This was part of the Hurricane Ivan tornado outbreak.

Geography
Franklin Springs is located in southeastern Franklin County at 34.28472°N, -83.14333°W (34.284598, -83.143402). It is bordered to the east by Royston. U.S. Route 29 passes through the center of the city, leading east 2 mi to the center of Royston and southwest 28 mi to Athens. Carnesville, the Franklin County seat, is 9 mi to the northwest via Georgia State Route 145.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city of Franklin Springs has a total area of 5.7 km2, of which 0.05 sqkm, or 0.82%, is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 762 people, 208 households, and 133 families residing in the city. The population density was 363.6 PD/sqmi. There were 227 housing units at an average density of 108.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 89.90% White, 6.82% African American, 1.71% Asian, 0.92% from other races, and 0.66% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.44% of the population.

There were 208 households, out of which 23.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.2% were married couples living together, 4.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.6% were non-families. 30.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.93.

In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 11.2% under the age of 18, 44.1% from 18 to 24, 13.3% from 25 to 44, 16.5% from 45 to 64, and 15.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 22 years. For every 100 females, there were 76.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 75.8 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $45,714, and the median income for a family was $61,500. Males had a median income of $30,156 versus $24,792 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,321. None of the families and 3.9% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 8.2% of those over 64.

title: Franklin Springs, Georgia


text:
Gumlog, Georgia

Gumlog is an unincorporated lakeside community and census-designated place in Franklin County, Georgia, United States. The population was 2,146 at the 2010 census.

Geography
Gumlog is located in the northeast corner of Franklin County at primary coordinate point 34.50456°N, -83.10456°W (34.504556, -83.104556). It consists of extensive residential neighborhoods along the shores of Lake Hartwell on the Savannah River. The northeast border of the CDP is the centerline of the main stem of the lake, which also forms the state line with South Carolina. To the northwest, the CDP is bordered by Stephens County, and to the southeast it is bordered by Hart County. The southern edge of the CDP follows Interstate 85, and the southwest corner of the CDP borders the city of Lavonia. Access from I-85 is from Exit 173 (Georgia Highway 17) in Lavonia.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the Gumlog CDP has a total area of 41.6 km2, of which 34.8 km2 is land and 6.8 km2, or 16.32%, is water. Tugaloo State Park occupies a peninsula on Lake Hartwell in the eastern part of the CDP.

Georgia Highway 328, known locally as Gumlog Road, is nearly the only way in and out of the community of Gumlog. It is 10 mi long and crosses over the Gumlog Cove branch of Lake Hartwell. Gumlog Road runs from Highway 59 in Lavonia to a junction with Highway 17 in Avalon. Gumlog Creek also starts near the same junction in Avalon. Avalon was going to be named "Gumlog" after Gumlog Creek, but when the charter came back from the State Legislature, the name had been changed instead to Avalon.

Demographics
Gumlog first appeared as a census designated place in the 1990 U.S. Census.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,025 people, 849 households, and 625 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 149.0 PD/sqmi. There were 1,430 housing units at an average density of 105.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the community was 92.69% White, 4.40% African American, 0.94% Native American, 1.14% from other races, and 0.84% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.53% of the population.

There were 849 households, out of which 26.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.6% were married couples living together, 7.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.3% were non-families. 23.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.78.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 20.2% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 25.9% from 25 to 44, 30.4% from 45 to 64, and 16.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.9 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $39,609, and the median income for a family was $42,813. Males had a median income of $29,405 versus $25,139 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $20,859. About 6.0% of families and 6.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.5% of those under age 18 and 5.2% of those age 65 or over.

What is in a Name
Some say Gumlog is an amateur translation of the Indian name "tsilalu hi", meaning "Sweet-Gum Settlement." Others say the name comes from the sweet-gum tree logs early settlers used for benches when they held their first court referred to as the Gum Log Court.

First court in Franklin County
In 1785, the Yazoo land fraud caused the state of Georgia to surrender its claim on what is now Alabama and Mississippi. South Carolina took advantage of the situation to move the boundary with Georgia from the main branch of the Keowee River to the Tugaloo branch, absorbing some Franklin County territory. Like other Georgia counties at the time, Franklin County had to decide which land claims were legitimate and which were fraudulent. The first county court was held at the home of Warren Philpot on Gumlog Creek. George Walton, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, was the court's chief justice. The assistant justices were Jesse Walton, Benjamin Cleveland, Larkin Cleveland, and John Gorham.

Attractions

 * Tugaloo State Park
 * Lake Hartwell
 * I-85 Welcome Center

title: Gumlog, Georgia


text:
Lavonia, Georgia

Lavonia is a city in Franklin and Hart Counties, Georgia, United States. The population was 2,156 at the 2010 census, up from 1,827 at the 2000 census.

Geography
Lavonia is located in northeastern Franklin County at 34.43611°N, -83.10639°W (34.436055, -83.106270). A small portion of the town extends southeast into Hart County.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 11.9 km2, of which 0.06 sqkm, or 0.53%, is covered by water.

The city lies along Interstate 85, 53 mi southwest of Greenville, South Carolina, and 94 mi northeast of Atlanta.

History
The Cherokee people were indigenous to the area in which Lavonia is located. A sophisticated tribe that typically dwelled in cabins by the 18th century, the Cherokee joined with the British during the American Revolution. When the American colonists prevailed, their land was issued as bounty land to those who had fought in the revolution. As a result, European Americans began to move into the Lavonia area during the 1780s.

The founding of the town of Lavonia came as the result of the expansion of the railroad in northeast Georgia. A railroad line known as the Elberton-Airline Railroad desired another station further to the north. In a move typical for the time, businessmen in the area determined to build a town around the new railroad station. Upon division of the area into town lots and completion of all necessary legal procedures, the town of Lavonia was incorporated in 1880. The community was named after Lavonia Hammond Jones, the wife of a railroad official.

Major highways

 * I-85.svg Interstate 85
 * Georgia 17.svg State Route 17
 * Georgia 59.svg State Route 59
 * Georgia 77 Connector.svg State Route 77 Connector
 * Georgia 328.svg State Route 328
 * Georgia 403.svg State Route 403 (unsigned designation for I-85)

Airports

 * Broad River Air Park(3GE3), a private airport community featuring a 3000 ft runway parallel to Interstate 85.

2020 census
As of the 2020 United States Census, there were 2,143 people, 1,029 households, and 676 families residing in the city.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,827 people, 777 households, and 519 families residing in the city. The population density was 470.0 PD/sqmi. There were 882 housing units at an average density of 226.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 69.24% White, 28.95% African American, 0.11% Native American, 0.11% Asian, 0.38% from other races, and 1.20% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race constituted 0.88% of the population.

There were 777 households, out of which 28.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.5% were married couples living together, 18.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.1% were non-families. 30.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.92.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 25.4% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 25.1% from 25 to 44, 22.9% from 45 to 64, and 18.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 80.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 75.4 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $24,286, and the median income for a family was $28,464. Males had a median income of $29,250 versus $21,328 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,876. About 28.1% of families and 29.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 42.6% of those under age 18 and 23.0% of those age 65 or over. Lavonia was the main place for trains to stop.

Library
The Lavonia Carnegie Library is located in the city of Lavonia and named after philanthropist Andrew Carnegie. Established in 1911, the one-story Renaissance Revival-style building is important as a local landmark and has continued to be used as a library throughout its history. Lavonia is the smallest city in the entire United States with an original Carnegie Library building.

Sports
Lavonia is home to Lavonia Speedway, a 3/8-mile dirt oval. It is home to several different annual races such as the Buck Simmons Memorial, Rusty Jordan Memorial, and Charlie Mize Memorial. It also played host to an annual event with the World of Outlaws Late Model Series every single year from the years 2018 to 2021 as well as a one-off event in 2014 however after the event was rained out in 2022 they did not pick the date back up for 2023 and nothing has been announced for the future.

Notable people

 * FPS Russia, YouTube personality
 * Ernest Vandiver, former mayor of Lavonia and governor of Georgia from 1959 to 1963
 * Omer Clyde "O.C." Aderhold, former president of the University of Georgia during racial integration

title: Lavonia, Georgia


text:
Martin, Georgia

Martin is a town in Stephens and Franklin counties in the U.S. state of Georgia. The population was 381 at the 2010 census, up from 311 in 2000.

History
Martin was incorporated in 1891. Its first settler, Henry C. Black, was the Air Line Railroad agent at its station (set up in 1877) at the junction of Red Hollow Road and the railroad. Henry Black built houses and established stores around the junction, which attracted other settlers. The Red Hollow Road was an important conduit for farm products from the mountain areas to Augusta and Savannah. The town was named for John Martin, a Rhode Island man who became governor of Georgia in 1782.

Geography
Martin is located in southeastern Stephens County at 34.48667°N, -83.18556°W (34.486662, -83.185656) A small portion extends south into Franklin County. It is bordered to the north by the town of Avalon. Georgia State Route 17 passes through Martin, leading northwest 11 mi to Toccoa and southeast 6 mi to Lavonia.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town of Martin has a total area of 6.6 km2, of which 0.06 sqkm, or 0.85%, is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 311 people, 127 households, and 84 families residing in the town. The population density was 207.8 PD/sqmi. There were 153 housing units at an average density of 102.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 72.03% White, 26.37% African American, 0.96% Asian, 0.32% from other races, and 0.32% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.64% of the population.

There were 127 households, out of which 30.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.3% were married couples living together, 10.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.1% were non-families. 28.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.05.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.7% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 26.4% from 25 to 44, 26.0% from 45 to 64, and 12.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.3 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $29,000, and the median income for a family was $43,750. Males had a median income of $31,333 versus $19,191 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,009. About 3.4% of families and 10.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.0% of those under age 18 and 41.9% of those age 65 or over.

Economy
As of September 2011, the town of Martin has a few Main Street business. Martin Tire is an example, an automotive repair shop. During the summer of 2011 an ice cream shop was opened up with a moving water wheel decoration. There is also an antique shop and a small plant nursery that is open seasonally. Shops tend to come and go at the mercy of consumers being that Martin is such a small town.

There is also a useable ball-field that very few take advantage of. It’s fenced in beside the fire department and is in a fairly good spot to be used for any correlation to baseball, softball, kick ball or whatever you choose to play.

Martin is the location of Shepherd's Hill Academy, a private therapeutic boarding school.

Events
Martin has an annual "Fall Festival". The festival is located in the main street of town, running approximately one quarter mile and occurs on the last Saturday of October of each year. The festival generally includes a live band, food vendors, local handmade crafts, and commercially made items.

Notable people
U.S. Congressman Phillip M. Landrum was from Martin.

title: Martin, Georgia


text:
Royston, Georgia

Royston is a city in Franklin, Hart, and Madison counties in the U.S. state of Georgia. The population was 2,649 at the 2020 census.

History
A post office called Royston has been in operation since 1878. The community was named after W.A. Royston, a local merchant.

The Georgia General Assembly first incorporated Royston in 1879.

Geography
Royston is located in the southeast corner of Franklin County and the southwest corner of Hart County at 34.28556°N, -83.10972°W (34.285592, -83.109841). A small portion extends south into Madison County. U.S. Route 29 passes through the center of town, leading northeast 12 mi to Hartwell and southwest 30 mi to Athens. Georgia State Route 17 leads north from Royston 11 mi to Lavonia and southeast 19 mi to Elberton.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Royston has a total area of 8.8 km2, of which 0.05 sqkm, or 0.51%, is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,493 people, 1,016 households, and 610 families residing in the city. The population density was 728.4 PD/sqmi. There were 1,135 housing units at an average density of 331.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 74.25% White, 23.23% African American, 0.08% Native American, 0.68% Asian, 0.36% from other races, and 1.40% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.24% of the population.

There were 1,016 households, out of which 27.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.3% were married couples living together, 19.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.9% were non-families. 35.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.97.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 23.4% under the age of 18, 8.5% from 18 to 24, 22.7% from 25 to 44, 20.1% from 45 to 64, and 25.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 78.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 68.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $22,024, and the median income for a family was $31,845. Males had a median income of $27,500 versus $21,580 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,750. About 19.7% of families and 24.7% of the population were below the poverty threshold, including 25.7% of those under age 18 and 23.1% of those age 65 or over.

Culture

 * Ty Cobb Museum
 * Royston Public Library which is a branch of the Athens Regional Library System

Notable people

 * Orville Vernon Burton, scholar
 * Spud Chandler, professional baseball pitcher and American League Most Valuable Player in 1943
 * Ty Cobb, member of the Baseball Hall of Fame
 * Dee Dowis, Air Force Academy quarterback
 * Clete Donald Johnson, Jr., member of the U.S. House of Representatives and United States Trade Representative
 * Tony Jones, professional football player
 * Terry Kay, author
 * Gary Walker, professional football player
 * FPSRussia, YouTuber
 * D. W. Brooks, farmer and businessman

title: Royston, Georgia


text:
Alpharetta, Georgia

Alpharetta is a city in northern Fulton County, Georgia, United States, and part of the Atlanta metropolitan area. As of the 2020 US Census, Alpharetta's population was 65,818; in 2010, the population had been 57,551.

History
In the 1830s, the Cherokee people in Georgia and elsewhere in the South were forcibly relocated to the Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma) under the Indian Removal Act. Pioneers and farmers later settled on the newly vacated land, situated along a former Cherokee trail stretching from the North Georgia mountains to the Chattahoochee River.

One of the area's first permanent landmarks was the New Prospect Camp Ground (also known as the Methodist Camp Ground), beside a natural spring near what is now downtown Alpharetta. It later served as a trading post for the exchanging of goods among settlers.

Known as the town of Milton through July 1858, the city of Alpharetta was chartered on December 11, 1858, with boundaries extending in a 0.5 mi radius from the city courthouse. It served as the county seat of Milton County until 1931, when Milton County merged with Fulton County to avoid bankruptcy during the Great Depression.

The city's name may be a variation of a fictional Indian girl, Alfarata, in the 19th-century song "The Blue Juniata"; it may also be derived from alpha, the first letter of the Greek alphabet.

The Simeon and Jane Rucker Log House, built in 1833, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.

Geography
Alpharetta is in northern Fulton County and is bordered to the southeast by Johns Creek, to the south and west by Roswell, to the north by Milton, and to the northeast by unincorporated land in Forsyth County. Downtown Alpharetta is 26 mi north of downtown Atlanta.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Alpharetta has an area of 70.7 sqkm, of which 69.7 sqkm is land and 1.0 sqkm, or 1.37%, is water.

Climate
Alpharetta has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfa) and is part of USDA hardiness zone 7b.

2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 65,818 people, 25,391 households, and 18,167 families residing in the city.

2010 census
According to the 2010 census, the racial composition of the city of Alpharetta was as follows:

 * White: 72.0%
 * Asian: 13.7%
 * Black or African American: 11.2%
 * Hispanic or Latino: 8.7%
 * Other: 2.9%
 * Two or more races: 2.8%
 * Native American: 0.2%
 * Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander: 0.1%

There were 13,911 households, out of which 36.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.1% were married couples living together, 7.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.9% were non-families. 27.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.2% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.13.

In the city, 27.0% of the population was under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 40.5% from 25 to 44, 19.4% from 45 to 64, and 5.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33. For every 100 females, there were 98.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.9 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $95,888, and the median income for a family was $111,918. The per capita income for the city was $42,431. Males had a median income of $79,275 versus $59,935 for females. About 2.9% of families and 1.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0.3% of those under age 18 and 0.6% of those age 65 or over.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 34,854 people, 13,911 households, and 8,916 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,632 PD/sqmi. There were 14,670 housing units at an average density of 687 /sqmi. The population has been gradually increasing over the last decade. During the workday, the city swells to more than 120,000 residents, workers, and visitors, due to the more than 3,600 businesses that are located in the city.

Top employers
According to the City's 2022 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report, the city's top private sector employers are:

Retail and mixed-use complexes
Complexes in the area include:
 * North Point Mall, a traditional mall set for redevelopment
 * An 86 acre mixed-use development, Avalon, opened in 2014.
 * The Halcyon mixed residential-retail-entertainment-dining complex opened in 2019 in nearby Forsyth County has an Alpharetta postal address, but is not within the city limits or in the same county.

Tech Alpharetta
Tech Alpharetta (formerly known as the Alpharetta Technology Commission or simply ATC) is an advisory organization established by the City of Alpharetta in 2012. The organization is an independent, 501(c)(6) nonprofit organization that aims to help Alpharetta lead in technology innovation. Tech Alpharetta runs an advisory board of technology companies based in the city, holds monthly technology events for technology executives, and operates the Tech Alpharetta Innovation Center, a technology startup incubator. As of early 2020 about ten companies have "graduated" from Tech Alpharetta's incubator and were hiring employees in the North Fulton County region.

Major companies

Cynergy Data is headquartered in Alpharetta, as was NetBank when it existed.

Government
Alpharetta is governed by a city council composed of six members and a mayor. The mayor and council members serve staggered four-year terms:

Mayor

 * Jim Gilvin, 2018–present

Major highways

 * [[Image:Georgia 9.svg|25px]] State Route 9
 * [[Image:Georgia 120.svg|25px]] State Route 120
 * [[Image:Georgia 140.svg|25px]] State Route 140
 * [[Image:Georgia 372.svg|25px]] State Route 372
 * [[Image:Georgia 400.svg|25px]] State Route 400
 * US 19.svg U.S. Route 19

Pedestrians and cycling

 * There are plans for the creation of the Alpha Loop. The multi-use path will serve to connect residents of Alpharetta to activity centers, parks, and jobs by a network of multi-use trails providing safe alternatives to driving and offering recreational benefit.
 * The Big Creek Greenway is a concrete multi-use trail that runs from Windward Parkway to Mansell Road. The concrete trail is approximately 8 mi long and meanders along Big Creek parallel to North Point Parkway, from Windward Parkway at Marconi Drive on the north end to Mansell Road on the south end. A soft mulch trail encircles a large wetland between Haynes Bridge Road and Mansell Road. Wildlife such as blue heron, deer, ducks and Canada geese can be observed in this preserved water setting. Future plans are to connect the trail to Cumming.

Mass transit
Alpharetta is not directly served by MARTA trains, but is connected by multiple bus routes. Connecting Alpharetta to the rest of Metro Atlanta via heavy rail has been studied.

Attractions and events
The Downtown Alpharetta Welcome Center is at 178 South Main Street and offers more than 200 complimentary brochures providing information on the surrounding area. The center is open Monday to Friday from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., and a Virtual Information Kiosk is available on Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.

The Downtown Alpharetta Historic District is in the center of Alpharetta, at the intersection of North & South Streets with Milton Avenue and Academy Street. Around this area are several historic buildings from the late 19th century and earlier. The downtown area, providing dining and shopping, has been restored with widened brick sidewalks. Modern buildings have been replaced with period structures.

The Alpharetta Family Skate Center (aka The Cooler) is at 10800 Davis Drive. It is also home to the Atlanta Sparks special needs hockey team.

The Alpharetta Arboretum at Wills Park was established in September 2008 and includes 26 trees. A brochure about the arboretum guides readers through a walking tour of the trees and is available at the Downtown Alpharetta Welcome Center.

The Alpharetta Arboretum at Cogburn Road Park was established in December 2008 and showcases seven trees. A complimentary brochure for the arboretum is available at the Downtown Alpharetta Welcome Center and provides a starting point for a self-guided walking tour.

The Alpharetta Farmers Market is a weekly farmers' market in the downtown area that opens every Saturday from 8 AM to 12:30 PM from April to October, and features farmers and gardeners from the surrounding area selling fresh vegetables, flowers, and edible goods such as jam. The market was named "Best Saturday Morning Excursion" in 2007 by Atlanta magazine.

The Mansell House and Gardens is a 1912 Queen Anne style home that serves as a special event facility in Alpharetta. It is home to the Alpharetta Historical Society.

The Milton Log Cabin was built by Future Farmers of America students during the 1934–35 school year and resembles life during the late 19th century.

The Alpharetta Brew Moon Fest is held the first Saturday in October in downtown Alpharetta.

The Scarecrow Harvest is held the first Saturday in October in downtown Alpharetta. The streets are lined with 100 scarecrows to celebrate its fall spirit.

Ameris Bank Amphitheatre is a 12,000-capacity outdoor venue that serves as the summer home of the Grammy Award-winning Atlanta Symphony Orchestra and hosts acts like the Dave Matthews Band, Rod Stewart, Phish, Steve Miller Band and the Eagles.

North Point Community Church is based in Alpharetta. It is the main campus of North Point Ministries, the nation's largest church organization, run by evangelical preacher Andy Stanley. The campus welcomes more than 5,000 people every Sunday.

The Alpharetta Symphony is an orchestra based in Alpharetta.

The Walk of Memories is at American Legion Post 201 and pays tribute to veterans of the U.S. Armed Forces, community and friends, with a brick walk inscribed with names of all Georgia residents killed in service during and after World War II. A separate section is reserved for survivors. A tank and helicopter are on display.

The Alpharetta Big Creek Greenway is a 6.1 mi, 12 ft concrete path that meanders through the woods along Big Creek, offering a place to walk, jog, inline skate and bike. The path includes additional mountain bike trails.

The Taste of Alpharetta is an annual food festival featuring food from local restaurants, live music, and art exhibits during May. Admission is free; food ticket purchases are required. (Cash is not accepted.) Restaurants charge $2 to $8 per food sample.

The Wire and Wood Alpharetta Songwriters Festival in downtown Alpharetta is held in October with free admission.

Avalon is a multi-use development on the east side of downtown adjacent to State Route 400. It includes 500000 sqft of retail space, a 12-screen Regal Cinemas theater, 105000 sqft of office space over retail, 101 single-family residences and 250 luxury rental homes.

The Alpharetta Bulls Rugby Football Club is a Men's Division 3 Rugby Team competing in the Georgia Rugby Union and USA Rugby competitions.

North Park, Wills Park, and Webb Bridge Park feature 15 lighted tennis courts along with 8 asphalt pickleball courts at North Park. Tennis lessons, clinics, camps, and leagues are available.

Primary and secondary schools
The city is served by Fulton County Schools.

Elementary schools (Grades K-5)
 * Abbotts Hill Elementary School
 * Alpharetta Elementary School
 * Birmingham Falls Elementary School in Milton
 * Cogburn Woods Elementary School in Milton
 * Crabapple Crossing Elementary School in Milton
 * Creek View Elementary School
 * Dolvin Elementary School
 * F.A.S.T. k-8
 * Hembree Springs Elementary School in Roswell
 * Lake Windward Elementary School
 * Manning Oaks Elementary School
 * Mimosa Elementary School in Roswell
 * New Prospect Elementary School
 * Ocee Elementary School in Johns Creek
 * Summit Hill Elementary School in Milton

Middle schools (Grades 6-8)
 * Autrey Mill Middle School in Johns Creek
 * Elkins Pointe Middle School in Roswell
 * Haynes Bridge Middle School
 * Holcomb Bridge Middle School
 * Hopewell Middle School in Milton
 * Northwestern Middle School in Milton
 * Taylor Road Middle School in Johns Creek
 * Webb Bridge Middle School
 * Amana Academy, a public charter school in Alpharetta for students in Kindergarten to 8th grade
 * Fulton Science Academy (FSA), a private school in Roswell for students in 6th to 8th grade

High schools (Grades 9-12)
 * Alpharetta High School serves most of Alpharetta
 * Cambridge High School in Milton
 * Centennial High School in Roswell
 * Chattahoochee High School in Johns Creek
 * Johns Creek High School in Johns Creek
 * Milton High School in Milton
 * Northview High School
 * Roswell High School in Roswell
 * Independence High School, an alternative school on the old Milton High School campus.
 * Fulton Science Academy High School (formerly T. E. A. C. H.), a public charter school in Alpharetta for students in 9th to 12th grade.

Private schools

 * The Lionheart School
 * St. Francis Schools
 * Mount Pisgah Christian School

The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Atlanta operates Holy Redeemer Catholic School (K-8). Although it is in Johns Creek, the school's location is often stated to be in Alpharetta.

Higher education
Perimeter College at Georgia State University, Gwinnett Technical College and Reinhardt University have campuses in Alpharetta.

Musical education

 * ALPHARETTA SYMPHONY Youth orchestra (ASYO)

Public libraries
Atlanta-Fulton Public Library System operates the Alpharetta Branch.

Notable people

 * Auzoyah Alufohai, football player
 * Devontae Cacok, basketball player
 * Joshua Dobbs, football player
 * Anthony Fisher, basketball player
 * Jaycee Horn, football player
 * Ariana Savalas, performer
 * Lisa Wu, actress and former cast member of The Real Housewives of Atlanta
 * C. J. Abrams, baseball player
 * Brandon Beach, politician serving as a member of the Georgia State Senate
 * Malik Beasley, basketball player
 * Jaron Blossomgame, basketball player
 * Clint Boling, football player
 * Trey Britton, basketball player
 * Bobbi Kristina Brown, reality television star, musician, and the daughter of Whitney Houston and Bobby Brown, lived in her Alpharetta home and was found unconscious, ultimately leading to her death.
 * Lee Chapple, football player
 * CJ Cochran, soccer player
 * Kaiser Gates, basketball player
 * Cullen Harper, football player
 * Peyton Barber, football player
 * Marjorie Taylor Greene, politician and businesswoman
 * Courtney Jaye, singer and songwriter
 * Carl Lawson, football player
 * Brandon Leibrandt, baseball player
 * Madison Lintz, actress known for her roles as Sophia Peletier in the AMC (TV channel) post-apocalyptic television drama series The Walking Dead and as Madeline "Maddie" Bosch in the Amazon series Bosch and its spin-off Bosch: Legacy
 * Ken Flach, tennis player
 * Jack McInerney, soccer player
 * James Ramsey (baseball), college baseball coach and former professional baseball player
 * Ryann Redmond, actress and singer known for originating the role of Bridget in Bring It On: The Musical
 * Alex Ross, football player
 * Ryan Roushandel, soccer player and coach
 * Tyler Ruthven, soccer player
 * Marcus Sayles, football player
 * Shannon Scott, basketball player
 * Heath Slocum, professional golfer
 * Tanner Smith, basketball player and coach
 * Andy Stanley, founder and senior pastor of North Point Ministries
 * Maria Taylor, sportscaster for NBC Sports
 * Ty Toney, basketball player
 * Justin Tuggle, football player
 * Charlie Whitehurst, football player
 * Julie Aigner-Clark, former teacher, known for founding Baby Einstein in 1996, publishing the first episode, Language Nursery on March 1, 1997.

title: Alpharetta, Georgia


text:
East Point, Georgia

East Point is a suburban city located southwest of Atlanta in Fulton County, Georgia, United States. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 38,358. The city name is derived from being at the opposite end of the former Atlanta and West Point Railroad from West Point.

History
The name "East Point" derives from the fact that this is the terminus of the Atlanta & West Point Railroad in the east; West Point, Georgia, is the terminus where the rail line ends in the west.

This settlement was founded as a railroad terminus with 16 families in 1870, but grew quickly after it became an inviting place for industry to develop. Soon it boasted the railway, two gristmills, and a government distillery located on Connally Drive. One of the earliest buildings was the factory of the White Hickory Manufacturing Company, built by B.M. Blount and L.M. Hill (who became the first chairman of the board of aldermen of the city).

By 1880 the town had two churches, a common school, a steam-cotton gin, a sawmill, a post office (founded in 1851), a telegraph office and its own newspaper weekly, The Plow Boy. East Point ranked as a grain and cotton-growing center. With its pleasant upland climate and proximity to the railway, it was a popular summer resort for people from the city of Atlanta.

In 1884 the first telephone rang in East Point, and in 1887 the city received its first charter. In 1890 a major portion of property along East Point Avenue was subdivided and developed, opening the way for more homes, more churches, more people, and more places of employment. By 1892 Main Street was completed, despite protests from a few progress-shy early settlers who maintained that one major thoroughfare, Newnan Road, was more than sufficient.

By the start of the 20th century, the adolescent town was poised to grow into the city it eventually would become.

In late 2015 and early 2016, some scenes for the Netflix series Stranger Things were filmed at the exterior of the First Baptist Church (standing in for a hospital exterior in a fictional Indiana town).

The recording studio of Dungeon Family was originally located in East Point, and contributed to the development of Atlanta hip hop.

Geography
East Point is bordered to the north, east, and west by the city of Atlanta, to the southeast by Hapeville, and to the south by College Park. Downtown Atlanta is 7 mi northeast of the center of East Point.

According to the United States Census Bureau, East Point has a total area of 38.1 sqkm, of which 0.05 sqkm, or 0.12%, is water.

2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 38,358 people, 14,216 households, and 6,721 families residing in the city.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 39,595 people, 14,553 households, and 9,430 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,878.9 PD/sqmi. There were 15,637 housing units at an average density of 1,137.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 78.16% African American, 16.10% White, 0.20% Native American, 0.62% Asian, 0.09% Pacific Islander, 3.40% from other races, and 1.42% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.57% of the population.

There were 14,553 households there in 2000, out of which 34.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 28.7% were married couples living together, 28.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.2% were non-families. 27.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.27.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 29.3% under the age of 18, 11.9% from 18 to 24, 31.3% from 25 to 44, 19.5% from 45 to 64, and 7.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.8 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $31,874, and the median income for a family was $36,099. Males had a median income of $27,114 versus $25,839 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,175. About 17.2% of families and 20.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 30.0% of those under age 18 and 13.6% of those age 65 or over.

Economy

The National Archives and Records Administration regional repository for data collected by the U.S. Census was originally located in the Colonial Hills area of East Point, before moving to Morrow, Georgia.

The Southeast Region Office of the Federal Bureau of Prisons is in East Point.

In the late 20th century, East Point suffered a loss of jobs due to railroad and industrial restructuring. In the 21st century, its economy expanded, and new businesses and residences developed. The city states that "several Fortune 500 companies" are located in East Point.

Arts and culture
East Point Historic Civic Block consists of three historically significant buildings and one memorial park in downtown East Point.

Opened in 2003, Camp Creek Marketplace is a 309089 sqft retail space, containing 39 stores and 14 restaurants.

The Commons is a $150 million, 79000 sqft, retail, restaurant, and residential development expected to bring over 1,500 jobs to East Point, with an estimated completion between 2027 and 2029.

Atlanta–Fulton Public Library System operates the East Point Branch.

Parks and recreation

East Point has 23 parks, a recreation center, playgrounds, tennis courts, sand volleyball, basketball courts, trails, and recreational activities and programs.

Connally Nature Park is a 27 acre green space that features pink lady slipper orchids which blossom in spring, and white oak trees.

Dick Lane Velodrome in Sumner Park, built in 1974, is one of 22 velodromes in the United States, and was a training facility for the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. It hosts cycling events and competitions.

Government
The city has a city council-city manager form of government, with a professional city manager hired by the council. The manager is approved by the eight-member city council, headed by the mayor who has veto power. The city is divided into four wards (A, B, C, & D), each electing two city council members.

Primary and secondary schools
Fulton County School System operates East Point's public schools. Schools located in East Point include:

 * Asa G. Hilliard Elementary School
 * Brookview Elementary School
 * Conley Hills Elementary School
 * Hamilton E. Holmes Elementary School
 * KIPP South Fulton Academy
 * Parklane Elementary School
 * Paul D. West Middle School
 * Tri-Cities High School
 * Woodland Middle School

Russell High School is a former high school in East Point.

Media
Part of the Fear Street horror film series were shot in East Point in 2019.

Infrastructure
MARTA heavy rail subway and bus lines serve the city.

Notable people

 * Dale Boone, competitive eater.
 * Gino Groover, professional baseball player.
 * John Milner, professional baseball player.
 * Hines Ward, professional football player and coach.

title: East Point, Georgia


text:
Fairburn, Georgia

Fairburn is a city in Fulton County, Georgia, United States, with a population of 12,950, according to the 2010 census. Though it has a rich history of its own, the city is now a closely linked suburb of Atlanta, which lies just 17 miles to the north.

History
Fairburn is located along a railroad line and was the county seat of Campbell County starting in 1871. It was chosen as county seat in a referendum in 1871 that was spurred by the original seat of Campbellton refusing to allow the Atlanta and West Point Railroad line through on account of the anticipated noise in the 1850s. The railroad instead passed through Fairburn. Campbellton then faded away as Fairburn grew. The government of Campbell County went bankrupt in 1931 during the Great Depression and, along with Milton County to the north, was absorbed into Fulton County when 1932 began. Fairburn's population was 305 in 1870, with 208 white and 97 black residents.

The community is named after Fairburn, in England.

Geography
Fairburn is located along Interstate 85, which leads northeast 20 mi to downtown Atlanta and southwest 142 mi to Montgomery, Alabama. Georgia State Route 74 also runs through the city, leading south 13 mi to Peachtree City. Some areas in nearby Fayette County have a Fairburn mailing address.

According to the 2010 census, the city has a total area of 17.1 sqmi, of which 16.9 sqmi is land and 0.2 sqmi, or 1.24%, is water.

2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 16,483 people, 5,051 households, and 3,442 families residing in the city.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 5,464 people, 1,879 households, and 1,416 families residing in the city. The population density was 750.9 PD/sqmi. There were 2,005 housing units at an average density of 275.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 47.64% African American, 43.08% White, 0.29% Native American, 0.71% Asian, 6.46% from other races, and 1.81% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 13.01% of the population.

There were 1,879 households, out of which 37.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.0% were married couples living together, 18.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.6% were non-families. 19.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.85 and the average family size was 3.26.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 27.3% under the age of 18, 10.1% from 18 to 24, 30.7% from 25 to 44, 20.6% from 45 to 64, and 11.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.0 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $39,679, and the median income for a family was $42,219. Males had a median income of $32,708 versus $28,940 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,898. About 6.1% of families and 7.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.9% of those under age 18 and 2.8% of those age 65 or over.

Education

 * Fulton County Schools serves Fairburn.
 * Arlington Christian School is a private school in Fairburn.
 * Atlanta-Fulton Public Library System operates the Fairburn Branch.
 * Landmark Christian School is a private school in Fairburn.
 * Georgia Military College has a campus located in Fairburn, offering associate degrees.
 * Brenau University has a satellite campus in Fairburn.

Culture
Fairburn is home to the Georgia Renaissance Festival, in operation during the springtime. The City of Fairburn hosts the "Fairburn Festival" each fall, featuring a parade, local food and crafts vendors and musical performances.

title: Fairburn, Georgia


text:
Hapeville, Georgia

Hapeville (Abbr: HVL), established 1891, is a city in Fulton County, Georgia, United States. Hapeville is 2.5 square miles wide and located inside I-285 between the city of Atlanta to its north and the Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport to its south. The population was 6,553 at the 2020 census, an increase of 180 residents from the 2010 census. Hapeville is named for Dr. Samuel Hape, one of the area's original landowners and its first mayor. Dr. Hape and other members of his family are buried in Atlanta's Oakland Cemetery.

History
During the 1950s and 1960s, Hapeville was a thriving part of the Tri-City (Hapeville, East Point, College Park) area and its post-World War II population supported four elementary schools (Josephine Wells, North Avenue, College Street, and St. John's Catholic school) and one high school. During the 40 years following, it became regarded as a somewhat depressed industrial area. Since 2005, Hapeville has seen significant gentrification, beginning with the Virginia Park neighborhood and then spreading throughout the city. Hapeville has been discovered by young professionals seeking historic neighborhoods close to downtown Atlanta, and there has been a great deal of new residential construction, including single-family homes, townhomes, and upscale apartments. This new residential development has led to a revived historic downtown. Hapeville has also been discovered by metro Atlanta's arts community, and the beginnings of an artist colony have taken shape with the formation of the Hapeville Arts Alliance. The Hapeville Historic District is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

From 1947 until 2006, Hapeville was home to the Ford Atlanta Assembly Plant, recently manufacturing the Taurus. There are development plans to open a multi-use development, Aerotropolis Atlanta, on the site, which is adjacent to Atlanta Airport.

Hapeville is also home to the Dwarf House - the first Chick-fil-A restaurant which was totally rebuilt and greatly expanded in 2021, the original location's 4th incarnation. Hapeville is also home to portions of the Porsche North American Headquarters. While Porsche's headquarters building is technically located in Atlanta, its Porsche Classic Cars Restoration Facility, Porsche Service Center, and portions of the Porsche Experience track are all in Hapeville.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.4 sqmi, all land.

2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 6,553 people, 2,780 households, and 1,078 families residing in the city.

2010 census
As of 2010, Hapeville had a population of 6,373. The racial and ethnic composition of the population was 42.8% White, 28.8% Black or African American, 1.1% Asian Indian, 4.6% other Asian, 0.6% Native American, 18.8% from some other race (0.2% non-Hispanic from some other race) and 3.3% from two or more races. 35.1% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race.

2000 census
At the 2000 census there were 2,375 households, 26.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.2% were married couples living together, 15.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.3% were non-families. 32.1% of households were one person and 9.3% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.29.

The age distribution was 24.4% under the age of 18, 11.2% from 18 to 24, 33.4% from 25 to 44, 20.1% from 45 to 64, and 10.8% 65 or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 108.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 111.4 males.

The median household income was $34,158 and the median family income was $37,647. Males had a median income of $25,127 versus $23,766 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,793. About 13.7% of families and 17.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.1% of those under age 18 and 11.7% of those age 65 or over.

Economy
Korean Air Cargo's U.S. headquarters are in Hapeville, near the northeast corner of the Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport.

Education
Hapeville is a part of Fulton County Schools. Residents are zoned to Hapeville Elementary School, Paul D. West Middle School in East Point, and Tri-Cities High School in East Point. In addition, Hapeville Charter Middle School is located in Hapeville.

Private schools include St. John the Evangelist Catholic School of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Atlanta.

The Atlanta-Fulton Public Library System operates the Hapeville Branch.

Notable people

 * Comedian Jeff Foxworthy was raised in Hapeville and graduated from Hapeville High School.
 * Educator and politician Hank Huckaby was raised in Hapeville.

title: Hapeville, Georgia