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Glens Falls, New York

Glens Falls is a city in Warren County, New York, United States and is the central city of the Glens Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 14,830 at the 2020 census. The name was given by Colonel Johannes Glen, the falls referring to a large waterfall in the Hudson River at the southern end of the city.

Glens Falls is a city in the southeastern corner of Warren County, surrounded by the town of Queensbury to the north, east, and west, and by the Hudson River and Saratoga County to the south. Glens Falls is known as "Hometown U.S.A.", a title Look magazine gave it in 1944. The city has also referred to itself as the "Empire City."

In July 2023, for the second year in a row, Glens Falls was named safest city in the United States.

History
As a halfway point between Fort Edward and Fort William Henry, the falls was the site of several battles during the French and Indian War and the Revolutionary War. The then-hamlet was mostly destroyed by fire twice during the latter conflict, forcing the Quakers to abandon the settlement until the war ended in 1783. Fire also ravaged the village in 1864, 1884, and 1902.

The area was originally called Chepontuc (Iroquois; "difficult place to get around"), also referred to as the "Great Carrying Place," but was renamed "The Corners" by European-American settlers. In 1766 it was renamed Wing's Falls for Abraham Wing – the leader of the group of Quakers who established the permanent settlement – and for the falls on the Hudson River. Wing's claim to the name of the falls and the hamlet was transferred to Colonel Johannes Glen of Schenectady in 1788, either on collection of a debt, as a result of a game of cards, or in exchange for hosting a party for mutual friends, depending on which local legend is believed. Colonel Glen changed the name to "Glen's Falls," though it was often printed with varying spelling such as "Glenn's," or "Glens". The spelling "Glens Falls" came to be the common usage.

A post office was established in 1808. Glens Falls became an incorporated village in 1839, and was re-incorporated in 1874 and 1887, expanding the village to what would become the city limits when the state legislature granted the city charter in 1908, at which time the city became independent from the town of Queensbury.

In 2003, with permission from Queensbury, Glens Falls annexed approximately 49 acre of the town. The land, known as Veterans Field or the Northway Industrial Park, is on Veterans Road between Luzerne Road and Sherman Avenue and is just east of I-87. The land was vacant at the time. A thin, 0.5 mi strip of Sherman Avenue was part of this annexation, to comply with state law on contiguity of annexed land. As a result, the city and town share co-own this stretch of highway.

Historic sites
Glens Falls has two historic districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places and the equivalent New York State Register of Historic places. The Fredella Avenue historic district includes a series of unique concrete block structures. The Three Squares Historic District makes up most of the Central Business District. In addition, several individual structures are listed, some below. Glens Falls does not have a local preservation law protecting these historic resources from demolition or alteration.

 * Crandall Public Library – While the library has existed since 1893, it did not have a permanent home until 1931, with the completion of the library building in City Park, on property local entrepreneur Henry Crandall willed to the library. Charles A. Platt designed the building and Robert Rheinlander built it; it was renovated and expanded in 1969. The city completed the building's first renovation and expansion, involving the demolition of the 1969 addition, in November 2008. The library is a part of the Southern Adirondack Library System.
 * Civil War Monument – A limestone obelisk at the intersection of Glen, South, and Bay streets, the monument was dedicated in 1872 to honor the 644 men from Queensbury who served in the Civil War. Ninety-five names, those of the men who died, are engraved on the monument. Many battles of the war are listed.
 * DeLong House – Presently the home of the Glens Falls/Queensbury Historical Association and the Chapman Historical Museum, it is a Greek Revival and Second Empire edifice on the corner of Glen and Bacon Streets. A Queen Anne style carriage barn is part of the property.
 * The Feeder Canal – Across from this historic canal is a hydro-electric power-plant on the Hudson River at Glens Falls. The canal was created circa 1820 to feed water into the Champlain Canal. During the early 19th century, the New York State Canal System was crucial to the development of the state's economy. Lime, marble, lumber, and agricultural commodities were shipped between Glens Falls and the docks at the base of Canal Street.
 * First Presbyterian Church – The congregation was chartered in 1803; its fifth house of worship was constructed in 1929. It was designed by Ralph Adams Cram in his "presbyterian style" of neo-gothic architecture.
 * Fort Amherst Road – Located near this road is the site of the former Fort Amherst. While the fort no longer exists, parts of the wood foundations were known as late as 1880. The fort constituted a block house marking the halfway point on the road between Fort Edward and Fort William Henry at the head of Lake George. This fort system, erected by the British, was built to secure the colony's northern territories from French incursions during the French and Indian War. A restored fort house complex is available for viewing in the nearby town of Fort Ann.
 * Louis Fiske Hyde House – The center among a triplet of revival-type residences constructed for the daughters of Samuel Pruyn by the architects Robert Rheinlander and Henry Forbes Bigelow, Hyde House houses The Hyde Collection, a world-class museum of European, American, and contemporary art. The principal collection is presented in its original domestic context as a private collection.
 * The Oldest Building in Glens Falls – In 1864, a massive fire destroyed most of buildings in the central business district. The oldest building in Glens Falls, in the downtown area, is one of the few buildings in the city that antedates 1864. The stone and brick structure at the bottom of the hill was erected circa 1815 and served as Calvin Robbin's blacksmith shop.
 * Quaker Meeting House – Built in 1875, the Quaker Meeting House, an Italianate edifice on Ridge Street, originally did not have a heating system.
 * St. Mary-St. Alphonsus Regional Catholic School – Formerly known as St. Mary's Academy, the school is on the corner of Warren and Church streets. It is in the neo-Gothic style of architecture and designed by Ralph Adams Cram. The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It features a Great Hall with a two-story stained glass window designed by Henry Lee Willett Studios of Philadelphia.
 * A New York State historical marker referencing American Modernist painter Wilhelmina Weber Furlong was placed near City Hall in 2013, during the Warren County Bicentennial. Furlong spent about a decade at the end of her life living and teaching in Glens Falls.

Geography and climate
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 3.9 sqmi, of which 3.8 sqmi is land and 0.1 sqmi (2.54%) is water.

The city is on the Hudson River, in the Adirondack foothills, at the border of Saratoga County.

Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 14,707 people, 6,548 households, and 3,529 families residing in the city. The population density was 3685.97 PD/sqmi. There were 7,112 housing units at an average density of 1782.46 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 94.7% White, 1.8% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.6% Asian, 0.4% from other races, and 2.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 2.3% of the population.

There were 6,548 households, out of which 26.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.0% were married couples living together, 14.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.1% were non-families. 36.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.91.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 24.3% under the age of 20, 6.8% from 20 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 27.1% from 45 to 64, and 12.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.3 males. For every 100 females age 20 and over, there were 90.9 males.

The median income for a household in the city was estimated for 2016 at $46,305, and the median income for a family at $60,545. Males had a median income of $41,993 versus $37,988 for females. About 12.6% of families and 16% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.9% of those under age 18 and 8% of those age 65 or over.

Finance and industry
The Glens Falls region is a major producer of medical devices. Glens Falls is home to Navilyst Medical, a medical device maker, previously a regional office of Pfizer and Boston Scientific Corporation. Glens Falls is also a principal provider of medical services for a vast 2600 sqmi region from Saratoga County to the south, extending northward to the central Adirondacks. These services are centered around the Glens Falls Hospital, a 410-bed facility downtown. Founded in the summer of 1897 by a group of twelve local physicians, the Glens Falls Hospital was meant to serve the entire Upper Hudson River Valley. Solomon A. Parks donated his home in Glens Falls for the original hospital. The present structure has been extensively modified, enlarged, and modernized several times to better serve the needs of the community, and it is the region's fast-response trauma center. The hospital is now the area's biggest employer. A VA outpatient facility serves veterans' medical needs.

Danfloss Flomatic Corporation is headquartered on Pruyn's Island in Glens Falls. The company is a leading manufacturer of industrial and municipal valves. Also on Pruyn's Island is Umicore, a Belgium-based company manufacturing silver-based contact materials.

Finch Paper LLC, headquartered at the base of Glen Street hill, is a major regional employer and a manufacturer of specialty paper and forest products. It is by far the largest taxpayer in the City of Glens Falls, owning property assessed at $60-million in 2006, according to city records. In mid-June 2007, Finch Pruyn & Company announced it had sold all of its assets, including 161000 acre of forestland in the Adirondacks, to Atlas Holdings of Greenwich, Conn. The Company name was then changed to Finch Paper LLC. Atlas then sold all of the forestland to The Nature Conservancy.

The Glens Falls Cement company, established 1893, is now a part of Lehigh Northeast, itself a division of HeidelbergCement, one of the world's largest cement producers.

Glens Falls has an old and prevalent history in the region's finance sector. Arrow Financial Corporation, headquartered downtown, is a publicly traded multi-bank holding company for Glens Falls National Bank & Trust Company (1851) and Saratoga National Bank and Trust Company. Evergreen Bank, N.A., formerly the First National Bank of Glens Falls, originated in 1853, and is now owned by banking conglomerate TD Banknorth. Advantage Capital Partners, a venture capital firm, has its New York offices downtown.

Arts and theater
The Greater Glens Falls area has a rich history of theatrical productions. The 300-seat Charles R. Wood Theater is home to the Adirondack Theater Festival (ATF), a professional non-profit summer theatre presenting new and contemporary plays and musicals.

In addition to ATF, the Wood Theater provides numerous artistic and cultural presentations throughout the year. This theater opened in 2003 on Glen Street, in the heart of Glens Falls. A former Woolworth store, it now introduces culture and theater into the surrounding community. The theater is named for Mr. Wood, a successful local entrepreneur and founder of The Great Escape theme park, in Queensbury. The Glens Falls Community Theatre has produced theatrical productions in Glens Falls for nearly 75 years.

The Lower Adirondack Regional Arts Council (LARAC) promotes the arts in the Glens Falls region, hosting an annual arts festival and maintaining a gallery open year-round at the Lapham Carriage House next to City Park.

Music in Glens Falls is highlighted by the city's professional orchestra, the Glens Falls Symphony, which has been performing classical repertoire for 30 years. The orchestra is under the direction of Maestro Charles Peltz. From 1965 through 1997, Glens Falls was home to the Lake George Opera Festival, a professional company that staged several productions each summer. The company moved to nearby Saratoga Springs and is now Opera Saratoga.

Glens Falls has three museums. The Hyde Collection is a world class European and American art collection situated in its original home context with modern gallery spaces. The Chapman Historical Museum is operated by the Glens Falls/Queensbury Historical Association and offers local history exhibits, educational programs, and tours of the historic DeLong House. The World Awareness Children's Museum is a children's museum focused on cultural diversity.

Art in the Public Eye (APE) is a non-profit arts organization. Its mission is to cultivate a partnership between the area arts community and local businesses, to promote established and emerging artists and local commerce, and to create greater access to the arts through cultural activities and public exhibitions. APE programs include the Third Thursday Glens Falls Art Walk, Outdoor Cinema, Gallery 99, Art Cart, and Chalk Fest. Third Thursday events take place on the third Thursday of each month May through October at approximately 20 traditional and non-traditional venues downtown.

The Shirt Factory Arts and Healing Center is a historic shirt factory that now houses artists' studios, shops, galleries, healing arts and services. More than 50 artists and 13 shops and galleries are in this building at the corner of Lawrence and Cooper Streets. The building was constructed in the early 1900s by architect Ephraim Potter, and is open to the public on a regular basis. The tenants hold yearly open houses, and a celebration of things locally made called LocalFest: Stuff Made Here is held every September.

Glens Falls is also home of the Glens Falls September 11 Memorial, on the May Street side of the Glens Falls Fire Department headquarters at 134 Ridge Street. The memorial is a tribute to the lives lost on that day as well as a tribute to all first responders involved in rescue efforts at the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. The memorial consists of 12 foot, solid granite towers resembling the trade center encompassed by granite walls to resemble the Pentagon. It also incorporates a piece of steel from the World Trade Center on permanent loan from the NY/NJ Port Authority.

Print
The Post-Star is a daily newspaper printed in Glens Falls with a circulation of approximately 27,000 (30,000 on Sundays). The paper covers Glens Falls and Saratoga as well as the surrounding towns and counties of Warren, Saratoga and Washington. Established in 1895, it has been published since 1909. Writer Mark Mahoney won the 2009 Pulitzer Prize in Journalism (Editorial Writing) for his editorials on local government secrecy.

The Chronicle is a free weekly newspaper with a summer distribution up to 37,000. Circulation at other times of the year ranges from 27,000 to 31,000. Established in 1980, founder Mark Frost remains The Chronicle's publisher and editor.

AM

 * WMML/1230
 * WWSC/1450

FM

 * WLJH/90.7
 * WGFR/92.7
 * WBLN-LP/104.9

Television
Glens Falls is part of the Albany/Schenectady/Troy television market. One low-powered station originates from Glens Falls, WNCE-CD (TV-31), broadcasting from its studios on Glen Street in downtown. Offering a variety of locally produced programs, the station's signature show is a weeknight news program, called North News 8.

Sports
Glens Falls has a tradition of minor league hockey. The highly successful Adirondack Red Wings, four-time Calder Cup champions of the American Hockey League, played in the city from 1979 to 1999. When the parent Detroit Red Wings disbanded the franchise, it was replaced by the Adirondack IceHawks of the United Hockey League, which was renamed "Frostbite" in 2004 before it folded in 2006. From 2009 to 2014, the city was the home to the AHL's Adirondack Phantoms, the principal farm team of the Philadelphia Flyers. On May 16, 2014, the Calgary Flames announced the Adirondack Flames would be their AHL affiliate. The Flames played one season before the AHL underwent a large realignment before the 2015–16 season and the Calgary Flames moved their AHL team to Stockton, California (renamed to Stockton Heat) and moved their ECHL team to Glens Falls, called the Adirondack Thunder.

Glens Falls' East Field is home to the Glens Falls Greenjackets of the Empire Football League. The Greenjackets started in 1928 and is the second oldest-active semi-pro football team in the country. The Greenjackets are 2008 & 2009 NAFL Empire Division Champions (10–0) and the 2009 NAFL North Atlantic Region Champions (14–0), and finished the season at 14–1 as the NAFL Eastern Conference Runners-up, 2009 NAFL Elite 8.

The city is also home to the Glens Falls Dragons, a baseball team playing in the Perfect Game Collegiate Baseball League, a collegiate summer baseball league. Since the team's inception in 2003 it has played at East Field.

Literary and film references

 * The 1982 film Basket Case was partially filmed in Glens Falls.
 * In 2007, the movie Love Conquers Paul was filmed at various location in Glens Falls.
 * In the "Slow Talkers of America" routine by comedians Bob and Ray (1970), the spokesman for the eponymous organization identifies himself as being from Glens Falls.
 * Glens Falls and the natural formation of the bedrock beneath it served as inspiration to James Fenimore Cooper in his historical novel The Last of the Mohicans (1826).
 * Julia Spencer-Fleming's mystery novels are set in fictional Millers Kill, New York in the Glens Falls area.
 * Ian Fleming's novel The Spy Who Loved Me (1962) features scenes in Glens Falls.
 * In The Witch of Hebron (2010) by James Howard Kunstler, several characters visit Glens Falls.
 * The Rick Bass short story "Field Events", which appears in his 1994 collection Platte River, is set in Glens Falls.
 * Glens Falls is mentioned in Infinite Jest (1996), by David Foster Wallace, as a metropolis bordering a nuclear wasteland known as "The Great Concavity."
 * In 2019, cartoonist Christopher Baldwin created a graphic novel on the artistic and historical resource of Glens Falls.

Recreation and sports facilities
Glens Falls operates two public parks, most prominently City Park and Crandall Park. City Park provides green space in the City's business district and contains the public library. Crandall Park has a lowland pond, war monuments and recreation facilities bordering the city's Coles' Woods International Ski Trail system over the northern border with Queensbury. There are also many neighborhood playgrounds including The Murray Street Playground, the Mohican Street Playground, the East Field Playground, Haviland's Cove, the Montcalm Street Playground, and the Sagamore Street Playground.

The Glens Falls Civic Center opened in 1979 and hosts sports and entertainment events in downtown Glens Falls; it includes an arena for sporting events, concerts, family activities, dance, theater and trade shows as well as banquet facilities.

The Civic Center includes 4,806 permanent arena seats focused on an ice hockey or basketball-type arena, but it can accommodate up to 7,800 people for concerts and other events. The arena is the home to the ECHL's Adirondack Thunder as well as their junior team Adirondack Junior Thunder. The facility was renamed Cool Insuring Arena in 2017. In the past it was home to the Adirondack Wildcats basketball team of the USBL, the one year (1994) roller hockey franchise Empire State Cobras as well as several other ice hockey teams: Adirondack Flames, Adirondack Frostbite, Adirondack Phantoms, and the Adirondack Red Wings.

East Field is on the city's east side and is home to the Glens Falls Dragons, of the Perfect Game Collegiate Baseball League; the Greenjackets semi-pro football team, the second oldest football team in America formed in 1928; and the Glens Falls High School Indians. It was home to the Glens Falls White Sox and Glens Falls Tigers of the Eastern League, the Glens Falls Redbirds of the New York–Penn League and the Adirondack Lumberjacks of the Northeast League/Northern League East.

The Glens Falls Tennis and Swim Club is a private membership club offering recreational and competition tennis since 1965 at the city's eastern border in the town of Queensbury. The Glens Falls Tennis and Swim Club has recently closed down permanently.

The nearby Glens Falls Country Club located in the town of Queensbury near Glen Lake, is a private Country Club named after Glens Falls. It hosted the Glens Falls Open from 1929 to 1939 which was a tournament on the PGA Tour. It is located on Round Pond and was opened in 1912, designed by Donald Ross (golfer).

Transportation
Floyd Bennett Memorial Airport (IATA: GFL, ICAO: KGFL) in Queensbury, formerly the Warren County Airport, provides convenient access to the Glens Falls region for small and charter aircraft. For major air travel, the region is served by the Albany International Airport in Colonie, 40 miles south of Glens Falls.
 * Air

 * Bus

The CDTA, formerly Greater Glens Falls Transit (GGFT), provides regular bus service for the city and surrounding communities. The buses originate at the Ridge Street terminal, across from City Park and City Hall. In addition to the year-round buses, the system operates seasonal trolleys to Lake George. National service is available through Trailways and Greyhound, which operates a terminal near the GGFT bus terminal on Hudson Avenue.

Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service to Glens Falls via nearby Fort Edward in the town of the same name. The daily Adirondack (Montreal-New York City) and Ethan Allen Express (Rutland, Vermont-New York City) serve the station.
 * Rail

Interstate 87 – Bypassing Glens Falls to the west, the highway commonly known to locals as the Adirondack Northway or even more simply “The Northway”, has three exits serving Glens Falls. Exit 17N uses U.S. Route 9, and travels to Glens Falls via South Glens Falls. Exit 18 uses Main Street (Warren County Route 28), and is the exit recommended on guide signs for downtown and hospital access. It also accesses the West Glens Falls section of Queensbury. Exit 19 uses New York Route 254 northwest of the city, with access to the northern portions of the city via Glen St./Route 9, Bay Rd., and Ridge Rd./Route 9L.
 * Road

U.S. Route 9 – Known as Glen Street throughout Glens Falls. Enters Glens Falls from the south on the Cooper's Cave Bridge, crossing the Hudson River from South Glens Falls. Runs through the central business district north into Queensbury. This is a historically significant corridor, once a plank stagecoach toll road to Lake George, and prior to that the military road during the French and Indian War connecting Fort Edward and Fort William Henry.

New York Route 32 enters with U.S. Route 9 from the south via the Cooper's Cave Bridge, then leaves Route 9 at Centennial Circle as it turns to the east on Warren Street. The road leaves Glens Falls to the east in the industrial district of the city, connecting the city with nearby Hudson Falls and Fort Edward. Truck traffic may bypass the downtown traffic and Centennial Circle via Oakland Street, which is designated Truck New York Route 32.

New York Route 9L starts at the intersection of U.S. Route 9 and New York State Route 32 at Centennial Circle, and travels northeast towards the town of Queensbury. The road is known as Ridge Street, becoming Ridge Road at the city line.

Glens Falls has a radial street pattern originating from its colonial settlement.

Schools and education
The city falls within two school districts, both of which are fully independent of the city government. The majority of the city falls within the Glens Falls City School District, which includes parts of the town of Queensbury.

The Glens Falls City School District operates Glens Falls High School, a middle school and four neighborhood elementary schools (Sanford Street School, Big Cross School, Jackson Heights School and Kensington Road Elementary School). Sanford Street School was closed at the end of the 2010–2011 school year.

All GFHS athletic teams carry the name "Indians" (Glens Falls Indians). The boys' basketball team won a state and federation championship in 2019. They were also a state finalist in 2003 and 2007 and a state semi-finalist in 1999. The field hockey team was state champion in 2000 and 2001 and a state finalist in 1999 and 2006. The boys' ice hockey team was state champion in 1990 and 1991; it was a finalist in 2000 and semi-finalist in 1989, 2001, 2003, 2004, and 2005. The football team won a state championship in 2016 and 2018. They were also a state finalist in 2012 and a state semi-finalist in 1993. In 2008, the school replaced its old grass football field and tennis courts with a turf field, concession stand, new bleachers and tennis courts.

The Glens Falls Common School District operates an independent public elementary school, Abraham Wing Elementary School, named for a founder of Glens Falls. Saint Mary's–Saint Alphonsus Regional Catholic School serves children in pre-kindergarten through grade eight as a regional parochial school.

City government
Glens Falls, since incorporation as a city in 1908, has had a strong mayor charter. The city's Common Council has six members; one is elected to represent the city at large while the other five are elected from wards. The city is represented on the Warren County Board of Supervisors by five supervisors; one supervisor is elected from each Common Council ward. Such "city ward supervisors" do not have any duties in city government but have all the rights and privileges as any other member of the County Board.

Departments of the City include: Cemetery, Community, Fire, Police, Public Works, Purchasing, Recreation, Controller, Assessment, Civil Service, Clerk, Water & Sewer, and Buildings and Codes.

Religion
While Glens Falls was originally settled by Quakers, the congregations of other early Protestant churches soon followed them. Today, many faiths have places of worship in Glens Falls, reflecting a diverse community. Active churches include:
 * Christ Church – United Methodist
 * Church of the Good Shepherd – Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod
 * The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
 * Church of the Messiah – Episcopal
 * Congregation Shaaray Tefila – Conservative Judaism
 * Faith Tabernacle – Baptist
 * First Baptist Church – Baptist
 * First Church of Christ – Christian Scientist
 * First Presbyterian Church of Glens Falls – Presbyterian Church USA
 * Free Methodist Church – Methodist
 * St. Alphonsus – Roman Catholic (merged with St. Mary's)
 * St. Mary's – Roman Catholic
 * Temple Beth El – Reform Judaism

Regional events

 * The Adirondack Balloon Festival
 * A balloon festival has been held in the Glens Falls area, with events at the Floyd Bennett Memorial Airport and Crandall Park, in mid to late September every year since 1973. The event draws upwards of 150,000 people over 4 days, and has been named one of the Top 100 events in North America. Originally organized by Walt Grishkot, the event is free to the public, and generally lacks commercialism.

 * The Adirondack Stampede
 * A Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA)-sanctioned charity rodeo.

 * Lower Adirondack Regional Arts Council (LARAC ) Festival
 * The LARAC June Arts Festival, held annually since 1972, is considered the first major summer event in the Glens Falls region and it draws crowds of more than 25,000. With the juried art and craft show as its centerpiece, the LARAC June Arts Festival also offers live entertainment by regional performers, food concessions by local non-profits, and activities for the whole family. It is free and open to the public, 10 am-5 pm both days and is held rain or shine.

 * New York State Boy's Public High School Basketball Tournament & Federation Basketball Tournament
 * Each March, The New York State Boys' Public High School Basketball Tournament is held at the Glens Falls Civic Center. This annual tradition has occurred since 1981. 2011 marks its 30th anniversary at the facility. The Federation Basketball Tournament of Champions are also held at the Glens Falls Civic Center.

 * Northcountry Microbrew Festival
 * The Northcountry Microbrew Festival began as a charity fund raising event to benefit the Downtown Glens Falls area. Each year, a different charity is chosen to receive the proceeds. The event takes place at the historic Queensbury Hotel in downtown Glens Falls.

 * Taste of the North Country
 * Taste of the North Country is sponsored by the Kiwanis Club of Glens Falls and features food sampling from over 35 North Country Restaurants. This annual event on the last Sunday of September also includes live music, cooking demonstrations and an apple dessert contest. In its 16 year history the event has raised more than $500,000 for the Community Service Projects of the Kiwanis Club.

 * Third Thursday Glens Falls Art Walk
 * The Third Thursday Glens Falls Art Walk artists' receptions are held at various locations in downtown Glens Falls in the evening on the third Thursday of each month during the summer and fall.

Notable people

 * Joseph Bruno – former Majority Leader of New York State Senate; born in Glens Falls
 * George H. Chase (1843-1918) - Member of the 1st Arizona State Legislature.
 * Bradshaw Crandell - illustrator and Hollywood portrait artist; born in Glens Falls
 * Douglass Crockwell (1904-1968) - artist and filmmaker (Glens Falls Sequence, 1946); moved to Glens Falls in 1933
 * John Alden Dix – 41st governor of New York (1911–1913), born in Glens Falls
 * Laura Don – born Anna Laura Fish at Glens Falls, actress-manager and playwright
 * "Hacksaw" Jim Duggan – professional wrestler of Mid-South, WWF and WCW fame, Glens Falls native
 * Lisa Eichhorn – actress, born in Glens Falls
 * Warren Angus Ferris (1810–1873) – explorer of the American West and early surveyor of Dallas, Texas
 * George Fitch – member of the Wisconsin State Senate
 * Jimmer Fredette – former combo guard for Brigham Young University's basketball team and consensus 2011 college player of the year; Glens Falls native
 * Joseph Girard III – college basketball player for the Clemson Tigers
 * Ferris Greenslet – editor of the Atlantic Monthly (1902–07), born in Glens Falls
 * Carlyle Harris – convicted murderer; executed in 1893 for poisoning his wife
 * Lionel Hitchman – professional hockey player, 1929 Stanley Cup champion, died in Glens Falls
 * Charles Evans Hughes – Governor of New York (1907–1910), presidential candidate (1916), and Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court (1930–1941); born in Glens Falls
 * Thomas M. Jacobs – Olympic Nordic skier
 * Frederick Avery Johnson – Member of Congress, Village President
 * Dave LaPoint – retired Major League Baseball pitcher and 1982 World Series champion; owner of Dave LaPoint's Pitchers bar formerly on South Street; Glens Falls High School graduate
 * Betty Little – State Senator serving 45th Senate District (includes Glens Falls); born in Glens Falls but resides in Queensbury
 * Rob Loughan – entrepreneur and investor
 * Peter Mahovlich – retired All-Star hockey player; was on four Stanley Cup-winning teams; member of Canada's Sports Hall of Fame; resides in Glens Falls
 * Barry Melrose – former head coach of the NHL's Tampa Bay Lightning and Los Angeles Kings, television commentator, former co-owner of Adirondack Frostbite UHL team and former coach of Adirondack Red Wings AHL team, both of which were based in Glens Falls
 * Lorrie Moore – O. Henry Award-winning author
 * Scott Murphy – U.S. Representative (2009–2011) for New York's 20th congressional district, which includes Glens Falls; Murphy also resides in Glens Falls
 * Algernon Sidney Paddock – Secretary of Nebraska Territory and Governor of Nebraska; United States Senator; born in Glens Falls
 * Dave Palmer – retired Major League Baseball pitcher
 * Johnny Podres – pitcher for the Brooklyn and Los Angeles Dodgers; retired to Glens Falls region
 * Edward C. Prescott – 2004 Nobel Prize in Economics, Glens Falls High School class of 1958
 * Edgar Preston Richardson – art historian and director of the Detroit Institute of Arts and Winterthur Museum, Garden and Library
 * Ed Reulbach – MLB pitcher with the Chicago Cubs during the early 1900s; 1907 and 1908 World Series champion; died in Glens Falls
 * Robert Rheinlander – noted architect and designer of several prominent Glens Falls buildings
 * Rochelle Saidel - author, activist, and founder of the Remember the Women Institute
 * Powel J. Smith – member of the New York State Assembly, City Chamberlain
 * Gerald B. H. Solomon – United States Representative from New York (1979–1999)
 * Kate White – former editor-in-chief of Cosmopolitan Magazine; identifies Glens Falls as her hometown

Sister cities

 * 🇯🇵 – Saga, Japan

title: Glens Falls, New York


text:
Glens Falls North, New York

Glens Falls North is a census-designated place (CDP) in Warren County, New York, United States. It is part of the Glens Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area. The CDP population was 9,530 at the 2020 census. It lies north of the city of Glens Falls, in the town of Queensbury.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 8.2 sqmi, of which 8.1 sqmi is land and 0.1 sqmi  (1.70%) is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 8,061 people, 3,533 households, and 2,254 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 996.4 PD/sqmi. There were 3,689 housing units at an average density of 456.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 96.96% White, 0.76% African American, 0.11% Native American, 1.04% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.29% from other races, and 0.82% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.31% of the population.

There were 3,533 households, out of which 27.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.3% were married couples living together, 9.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.2% were non-families. 31.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.86.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 22.8% under the age of 18, 6.2% from 18 to 24, 25.5% from 25 to 44, 26.1% from 45 to 64, and 19.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.4 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $42,424, and the median income for a family was $56,647. Males had a median income of $40,816 versus $25,388 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $27,460. About 6.3% of families and 7.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.4% of those under age 18 and 2.5% of those age 65 or over.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Glens Falls North, New York


text:
Hague, New York

Hague is a town in northeastern Warren County, New York, United States located on the scenic Lake George. It is part of the Glens Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 854 at the 2000 census. The town was named after the city The Hague in the Netherlands.

History
In 1757, during the French and Indian War, Sabbath Day Point was used as an encampment and staging area for the French Army and nearly two thousand Odawa in an expedition to capture the British Fort William Henry at the southern end of Lake George. While at the Sabbath Day Point camp, they conducted an ambush of a group of British soldiers and captured many. Later at the Sabbath Day Point base camp, the Indians cannibalized some of the captured British prisoners.

Sabbath Day Point was used a landing place in 1758 for British armies en route to attack the French at Fort Carillion and again in 1759 when General Jeffery Amherst finally succeeded in capturing Fort Carillon. It was then renamed Fort Ticonderoga.

During the American Revolution, Benjamin Franklin twice encamped there traveling to and from Canada as an emissary of the Continental Congress in an unsuccessful attempt to have Canada join the Colonies in the revolution. He was Postmaster General and in this capacity, he conducted temporary postal processing functions on each of his stays at Sabbath Day Point.

The town was first settled around 1796. The Town of Hague was originally part of the Town of Bolton and was created in 1807 as the Town of Rochester. In 1808 it changed its name to Hague.

In 1904 the waters of Hague bay were home of the Lake George Monster. The "monster" was the creation of Harry Watrous, and was part of a practical joke.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 79.6 sqmi, of which 64.0 sqmi is land and 15.6 sqmi (19.58%) is water.

New York State Route 8 ends at Route 9N, which joins the lakeside communities on the eastern side of the town.

The eastern town line is the border of Washington County. The town and county include the surface of Lake George so that only the opposite shore is part of Washington County. The northern town boundary is the border of Essex County.

Hague Chronicle
A monthly newspaper produced by volunteers since 1972, the Hague Chronicle covers town meetings along with the activities of various organizations. Judy Stock serves as the current publisher of the Hague Chronicle.

Hague Central School
The Town of Hague had its own centralized school district from 1927 to 1979. The former Hague Central School, razed in 1985, stood on the site of the current Hague Community Building, and was constructed in two sections in 1927 and 1930. The centralization of the school districts in Hague came nearly a decade before other towns in the region centralized their schools.

Throughout the 1970s, a bitter battle raged between seasonal and year-round residents over the viability of the school, with a student population of about 200 in grades K-12. Several annexation votes were held between 1971 and 1979. Many argued that consolidation with the Ticonderoga Central School District to the north would reduce taxes in the Town. Ironically, three decades after consolidation, the same segment of seasonal residents that originally pushed for consolidation now are protesting that Hague is taxed disproportionately.

Through the last decades of its existence, Hague athletic teams were known as the Raiders, using various depictions of Indians as their mascot. Originally sporting red and gray colors, those team colors had morphed into red and white by the 1970s.

Hague competed in the old Marcy League, which included teams from Bolton Landing, Chestertown, Horicon, Pottersville, Keene Valley, Indian Lake, Minerva, Newcomb, Long Lake, and Wells. Hague competed in soccer, basketball, and baseball.

In 1977-78 and again in 1978–79, Hague's basketball team advanced in the post-season beyond the sectionals. Competing in Section VII as a Class D school, the Hague Raiders won the Section VII title both years, advancing to the State Semi-Finals in 1978. In 1979 the Raiders advanced to the Capital District Semi-Finals.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 854 people, 371 households, and 258 families residing in the town. The population density was 13.3 people per square mile (5.1/km2). There were 1,047 housing units at an average density of 16.4 per square mile (6.3/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.48% White, 0.12% African American, 0.12% Native American, 0.12% Asian, and 1.17% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.47% of the population.

There were 371 households, out of which 20.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.6% were married couples living together, 7.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.2% were non-families. 27.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.76.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 19.6% under the age of 18, 4.3% from 18 to 24, 20.6% from 25 to 44, 29.5% from 45 to 64, and 26.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.4 males. The median income for a household in the town was $39,375, and the median income for a family was $48,068. Males had a median income of $40,568 versus $21,964 for females. The per capita income for the town was $27,344. About 4.6% of families and 7.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.1% of those under age 18 and 6.7% of those age 65 or over.

Communities and locations in Hague

 * Graphite – A neighborhood of Hague, located on Route 8.
 * Hague – A hamlet at the junction of Routes 8 and 9N. Hague is the major community and the only significant business district in the town and is located on the shore of Lake George. This hamlet has ZIP code 12836.
 * Jabe Pond – A lake located west of Silver Bay.
 * Sabbath Day Point – A neighborhood of Hague, located on Route 9N near the southern town line.
 * Silver Bay – A neighborhood of Hague, located on Lake George along Route 9N. This community is centered on the historic Silver Bay Inn, which once served as a private Inn before being sold to the YMCA in 1904. Silver Bay YMCA of the Adirondacks is a family conference center that provides services in a historically rich setting for conferences, family reunions, youth groups, destination weddings, and year-round outdoor and community programs.

title: Hague, New York


text:
Horicon, New York

Horicon is a town in Warren County, New York, United States. It is part of the Glens Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area. Horicon's population was 1,389 at the 2010 census.

Horicon is on the county's northern border and is located inside the Adirondack Park.

History
Horicon was first settled around 1800. The town was formed in 1838 from parts of the towns of Hague and Bolton.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 71.8 sqmi, of which 66.1 sqmi is land and 5.7 sqmi  (7.98%) is water.

The northern town line is the border of Essex County, New York.

New York State Route 8 crosses the town, forming a major east-west highway.

The town is also the site of the Curtis S. Read Scout Reservation, a Boy Scout camp owned by the Westchester-Putnam Council of Hawthorne.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,479 people, 642 households, and 446 families residing in the town. The population density was 22.4 people per square mile (8.6/km2). There were 1,767 housing units at an average density of 26.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 98.58% White, 0.20% African American, 0.20% Native American, 0.20% Asian, 0.20% from other races, and 0.61% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.47% of the population.

There were 642 households, out of which 23.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.3% were married couples living together, 5.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.4% were non-families. 26.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.74.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 20.6% under the age of 18, 5.2% from 18 to 24, 23.2% from 25 to 44, 32.0% from 45 to 64, and 19.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.3 males.

As of 2015, the estimated median income per household was $65,804, and the median income for a family was $71,518. The per capita income for the town was $35,597. 5.3% of families and 9.5% of the population were estimated as below the poverty line, including 26% of those under age 18 and 3.1% of those age 65 or over.

School district
The towns of Horicon and Chester together established North Warren Central School District, which serves residents of both towns.

Communities and locations in Horicon

 * Adirondack – a hamlet in the northwestern part of the town, by Schroon Lake. This hamlet has ZIP code 12808.
 * Brant Lake – a lake in the central part of the town
 * Brant Lake – a hamlet at the western end of the lake, located on Route 8
 * Island Pond – a lake located east of the hamlet of Brant Lake
 * Long Pond – a lake located east of the hamlet of Brant Lake
 * Pottersville – a hamlet near the western town line by Schroon Lake. The majority of this hamlet is located in the Town of Chester. This hamlet has ZIP code 12860
 * Schroon Lake – a lake partly in the northwestern part of the town. This hamlet has ZIP code 12870.
 * South Horicon – a hamlet in the southwestern part of the town
 * Starbuckville – a hamlet west of Brant Lake hamlet

title: Horicon, New York


text:
Johnsburg, New York

Johnsburg is a town in the northwestern corner of Warren County, New York, United States. It is part of the Glens Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area. The town population was 2,143 at the 2020 census. The town is named after John Thurman, an early settler and founder. Johnsburg is the largest town in Warren County by area.

History
The town was first settled around 1788. The town of Johnsburg was formed (as the town of "Johnsburgh") from the town of Thurman in 1805.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 206.7 sqmi, of which 204.2 sqmi is land and 2.5 sqmi  (1.20%) is water.

The northern and western town lines are the border of Hamilton County. The eastern town line is marked by the Hudson River.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000 there were 2,450 people, 999 households, and 666 families residing in the town. The population density was 12.0 people per square mile (4.6/km2). There were 1,714 housing units at an average density of 8.4 per square mile (3.2/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.41% White, 0.20% African American, 0.29% Native American, 0.29% Asian, 0.24% from other races, and 0.57% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.33% of the population.

There were 999 households, out of which 28.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.0% were married couples living together, 6.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.3% were non-families. 27.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.88.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 21.5% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 26.8% from 25 to 44, 25.9% from 45 to 64, and 18.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 92.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.9 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $30,559, and the median income for a family was $37,540. Males had a median income of $27,064 versus $20,862 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,740. About 13.7% of families and 17.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.2% of those under age 18 and 12.8% of those age 65 or over.

Communities and locations in Johnsburg

 * Bakers Mills – A hamlet in the central part of the town. This hamlet has ZIP code 12811.
 * Christian Hill – A location west of North River.
 * Edwards Hill – A location northwest of Bakers Mills.
 * Garnet Lake – A hamlet near the southern town line at the northern end of a lake of that name.
 * Hour Pond – A lake located southeast of Christian Hill.
 * Johnsburg – hamlet on Route 8.
 * Kibby Pond – A lake located southwest of Edwards Hill.
 * Lower Fish Pond – A lake located southeast of Oregon.
 * Lower Siamese Pond – A lake located northwest of Oregon.
 * North Creek – A hamlet and the largest community, located in the northeastern part of the town. Gore Mountain Ski Center, Johnsburg town hall and library, and Johnsburg Central School are located in the hamlet.
 * North River – A location near the northern town line, east of Christian Hill.
 * Oregon – A location on NY-8.
 * Puffer Pond – A lake located southwest of Christian Hill.
 * Riparius – A hamlet by the eastern town line on Route 8.
 * Second Pond – A lake located west of Gore Mountain.
 * Sodom – A hamlet northwest of Johnsburg hamlet on Route 8.
 * Thirteenth Lake – A lake located southwest of Christian Hill.
 * Upper Fish Pond – A lake located southeast of Oregon.
 * Upper Siamese Pond – A lake located northwest of Oregon.
 * Wevertown – A hamlet northeast of Johnsburg hamlet on Route 8.

Notable persons
Mathew Brady, the portrait photographer, grew up in Johnsburg.

Jeanne Robert Foster, the poet, model, war correspondent and editor grew up in Johnsburg.

Eben Rexford, the writer and song writer, grew up in Johnsburg

title: Johnsburg, New York


text:
Lake Luzerne, New York

Lake Luzerne, formerly the Town of Fairfield and then Luzerne, is a town in southern Warren County, New York, United States. The town is located within the Adirondack Park. The town is part of the Glens Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area. Lake Luzerne is west of the city of Glens Falls. The town population was 3,079 at the 2020 census.

History
The area received its first permanent European settlers around 1770. The town of Lake Luzerne was set off from the town of Queensbury in 1792 as the Town of Fairfield. The town is named after Anne-César, Chevalier de la Luzerne, who guaranteed a personal loan to provide food to American revolutionary troops and who served as a French Minister to the new country. In 1808, the town changed its name to Luzerne and in 1963 to Lake Luzerne.

Features
The town is known for its Adirondack Folk School, with classes designed to keep the arts, crafts and culture of the Adirondacks alive, and for the Lake Luzerne Chamber Music Festival where artists such as classical guitarist Joel Brown, the Imani Winds, violinist Raymond Gniewek, saxophonist Erk Rist, jazz greats Chris and Dave Brubeck, and the Philadelphia Orchestra perform during the summer months. Every year, children from across the world compete to participate in music camps at the Luzerne Music Center, where free concerts are offered to the public.

Woodward Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.

Lake Luzerne is also the home of the Painted Pony Rodeo, the award winning Nettle Meadow Cheese Shop offering Kunik cheese, and the Double "H" Ranch, founded by Charles R. Wood and the actor, Paul Newman. The ranch provides specialized programs and year-round support for children and their families dealing with life-threatening illnesses. The Ranch's purpose is to enrich their lives and provide camp experiences that are memorable, exciting, fun, empowering, physically safe and medically sound.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 54.1 sqmi, of which 52.6 sqmi is land and 1.4 sqmi  (2.66%) is water.

The southern and western town lines are the border of Saratoga County and the Hudson River. The northern town boundary is the border with the town of Warrensburg. The eastern town line is the border with the towns of Queensbury and Lake George.

Just north of the bridge across the Hudson, to Hadley, is the narrowest point of the entire Hudson River, Rockwell Falls. Just to the south is where the Sacandaga River meets the Hudson.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,219 people, 1,264 households, and 883 families residing in the town. The population density was 61.2 PD/sqmi. There were 1,949 housing units at an average density of 37.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 97.79% White, 0.25% African American, 0.34% Native American, 0.28% Asian, 0.22% from other races, and 1.12% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.03% of the population.

There were 1,264 households, out of which 31.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.4% were married couples living together, 8.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.1% were non-families. 23.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 2.99.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 24.9% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 29.7% from 25 to 44, 25.1% from 45 to 64, and 13.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.7 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $36,348, and the median income for a family was $40,104. Males had a median income of $30,152 versus $20,654 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,246. About 7.7% of families and 10.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.1% of those under age 18 and 6.9% of those age 65 or over.

Communities and locations

 * Beartown – A hamlet in the eastern part of the town.
 * Danielstown – A hamlet in the southern part of the town in the vicinity of Daniels Road and County Route 32 (Call Street).
 * Fourth Lake – A hamlet west of a lake by the same name and north of Lake Luzerne hamlet on Route 9N.
 * Fourth Lake – A lake located east of the hamlet of Fourth Lake.
 * Hartman – A hamlet in the southern part of the town, east of Danielstown, in the vicinity of Hartman Loop and County Route 32 (Call Street).
 * Hudson Grove - A hamlet along the Hudson River, south of Lake Luzerne hamlet.
 * Lake Luzerne – A hamlet on the east bank of the Hudson River on Route 9N. It is southwest of a lake by the same name on the western side of town. This hamlet has ZIP code 12846.
 * Lake Luzerne – A lake located by the hamlet of Lake Luzerne.
 * Lake Vanare – A hamlet east of Fourth Lake on Route 9N. The hamlet is in the vicinity of two bodies of water, named Lake Forest and Lake Vanare.
 * Luzerne Heights (or "The Heights") – A community inhabited by numerous seasonal residents, off Pierpont Road.

title: Lake Luzerne, New York


text:
Queensbury, New York

Queensbury is a town in Warren County, New York, United States. The population was 29,169 at the 2020 census.

It contains the county seat of Warren County, located at a municipal center complex on U.S. Route 9 south of the village of Lake George. It was moved to the complex in 1963 from the original county seat of Lake George. The town is located in the southeastern corner of the county and is part of the Glens Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is named in honor of Queen Charlotte. Although primarily located north of the city of Glens Falls, Queensbury surrounds the city on three sides.

Six Flags Great Escape and Hurricane Harbor, a Six Flags theme park, is located in northwest Queensbury. West Mountain, a downhill skiing area, is located in the southwestern part of town.

History
Major efforts at settlement began with the Queensbury Patent in 1762, which enticed Quaker settlers to move into the area known as the "Township of Queensbury" the next year. The Quakers left during the Revolutionary War and returned in 1783 when hostilities ended in the area.

In 1786, the settlement was re-established as the town of Queensbury. In 1788, the town included all of what is today Warren County. It lost territory in 1792 when the town of Fairfield (Lake Luzerne) was formed and again in 1810 to form part of the town of Caldwell (Lake George). In 1908, the then largest village within Queensbury, Glens Falls, incorporated as a city and became a separate municipality. The population of Queensbury has exceeded that of Glens Falls since the 1980 Census.

In 2003, with permission from Queensbury, Glens Falls annexed approximately 49 acre of the town. The land, known as Veterans Field or the Northway Industrial Park, is on Veterans Road between Luzerne Road and Sherman Avenue and is just east of I-87. The land was vacant at the time. A thin, 0.5 mi strip of Sherman Avenue was part of this annexation, in order to comply with state law regarding contiguity of annexed land. Both the city and town now share ownership of this stretch of highway as a result.

The Sanford House and Asa Stower House are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 64.81 sqmi, of which 63.01 sqmi is land and 1.80 sqmi (2.78%) is water. The town is located within the southeastern part of the Adirondack Mountains. The western town line is the border with the town of Lake Luzerne. The southern town boundary is defined by the border with the city of Glens Falls and the Hudson River, across which lies Saratoga County. The eastern town line is the border of Washington County, also New York State. The northern border is defined by the town of Lake George and, according to the town and Warren County, by the shoreline of the body of water, Lake George, itself. However, several maps, including those published by the USGS, depict the northern boundary as including part of the lake, including Speaker Heck Island and Happy Family Islands.

Parts of western and northern Queensbury are within the Adirondack Park.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 25,441 people, 9,948 households, and 7,162 families residing in the town. The population density was 403.8 PD/sqmi. There were 11,223 housing units at an average density of 178.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 97.54% White, 0.55% African American, 0.20% Native American, 0.71% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.22% from other races, and 0.76% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.12% of the population.

There were 9,948 households, out of which 34.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.1% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.0% were non-families. 22.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 2.97.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.3% under the age of 18, 6.1% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 25.1% from 45 to 64, and 15.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.4 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $47,225, and the median income for a family was $54,880. Males had a median income of $39,260 versus $25,036 for females. The per capita income for the town was $24,096. About 3.8% of families and 5.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.4% of those under age 18 and 2.2% of those age 65 or over.

Government
Queensbury is a town of the first class, and as such has a town board with a town supervisor and four councilmen. Town residents petitioned to establish a ward system in 1981 and again in 1985 whereby the town would be divided into four wards. In a ward system, whereas the supervisor is elected by the entire town electorate, each councilman is elected by only the electorate of the ward he or she will be representing. Having been approved by the voters by referendum in 1985, the first town board to be elected under the ward system convened in 1986. Queensbury is one of only ten of New York's 932 towns that had a ward system as of 2000. The town has an ethics board, planning board, and zoning board of appeals.

As of 2018, the town government officials are:

 * Supervisor John Strough
 * Anthony Metivier – Councilman, Ward 1
 * Harrison Freer – Councilman, Ward 2
 * George Ferone – Councilman, Ward 3
 * Timothy McNulty – Councilman, Ward 4

In county government, Queensbury is entitled to five of the 20 seats on the Warren County Board of Supervisors. (Glens Falls also has five seats, whereas the remaining ten towns in the county have one seat each.) Four of Queensbury's seats are filled by town-wide election, whereas the fifth is reserved for the town supervisor.

Emergency services
Emergency services can be accessed by dialing 911, which routes calls to Warren County's 911 Communications Center.

Law enforcement and other police services are provided by the Warren County Sheriff's Office and are supplemented by the New York State Police, which maintains a barracks in the town. Queensbury has not had its own police force since disbanding it in 1982.

The town is divided into five fire protection districts: Bay Ridge, North Queensbury, Queensbury Central, South Queensbury, and West Glens Falls. Each district contains at least one fire station, with Queensbury Central and West Glens Falls each having two stations.

Three emergency medical services (EMS) districts provide out-of-hospital acute care and ambulance services: Bay Ridge EMS, North Queensbury EMS, and West Glens Falls EMS.

A State Emergency Management Office regional office is located on Fox Farm Road.

Culture
Queensbury was the home of the Lake George Opera Festival from 1965 to 1998. During this period, the festival was held in the 875-seat Queensbury High School auditorium, producing three to seven operas per year.

Public school districts
The town of Queensbury falls within four public school districts:
 * Glens Falls City School District
 * Hudson Falls Central School District
 * Lake George Central School District
 * Queensbury Union Free School District

Postsecondary education

 * SUNY Adirondack – part of the State University of New York System
 * SUNY Plattsburgh at Queensbury – a branch campus that is part of the State University of New York at Plattsburgh

Notable people

 * Brendan Harris (born 1980) – professional baseball infielder; grew up in Queensbury.
 * Solomon Northup ( c.  1807-1808–1864) – American abolitionist and author; lived with his daughter Margaret Stanton and her family in Queensbury by 1855.
 * Johnny Podres (1932–2008) – Major League Baseball pitcher; lived in Queensbury following his baseball career.
 * Derek Richardson (born 1976) – Hollywood and TV actor; born and raised in Queensbury.
 * Elwyn Seelye (1848–1920) – founder of the New York State Historical Association and the first custodian of the Lake George battlefield site.
 * Joe Sylvester (1893–1976) – first golf professional at the Glens Falls Country Club in 1914.
 * Adam Terry (born 1982) – professional football lineman; grew up in Queensbury, where he played high school football.

Communities and locations in the Town of Queensbury

 * Aviation Mall – shopping center on Aviation Road.
 * Brayton – hamlet in the northeastern part of town.
 * East Lake George – hamlet in the northern part of the town and including part of the town of Fort Ann, located in Washington County. The hamlet attempted to incorporate as a village, a measure rejected by voters in 2010.
 * Floyd Bennett Memorial Airport (GFL) – airport, formerly known as the Warren County Airport, in the southeastern part of the town.
 * French Mountain – hamlet northwest of Glen Lake that shares its name with the mountain to its northeast.
 * Glen Lake – hamlet and lake north of Glens Falls North.
 * Glens Falls North – census-designated place along the northern borders of Glens Falls and West Glens Falls.
 * Six Flags Great Escape and Hurricane Harbor and Six Flags Great Escape Lodge & Indoor Waterpark – amusement park, water park and lodge located in Queensbury; opened 1954 as Storytown, U.S.A.
 * Harrisena – hamlet roughly following State Route 9L in the northern section of the town which borders Lake George. Granted to American Revolutionary War spy Moses Harris for his service in the war.
 * Kattskill Bay – hamlet in the northeasternmost area of the town.
 * Lake Sunnyside – small lake and hamlet in the east-central portion of the town.
 * Oneida Corners – hamlet at the modern junction of Sunnyside Road and State Route 9L.
 * Paradise Beach – hamlet in the vicinity of The Great Escape and Round Pond on County Route 17.
 * Queensbury – hamlet located in the east part of the town near the Queensbury-Kingsbury-Fort Ann town lines.
 * West Glens Falls – hamlet and census-designated place bordering the western side of the city of Glens Falls.
 * Other hamlets – Jenkinsville, South Queensbury, Top O' the World, West Mountain

title: Queensbury, New York


text:
Stony Creek, New York

Stony Creek is a town in the southwestern part of Warren County, New York, United States. It is northwest of the city of Glens Falls and is part of the Glens Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 767 at the 2010 census. The town is named for a creek that flows through it. Stony Creek is within the Adirondack Park.

History
The town was first settled circa 1795. Stony Creek was established as a town in 1852 from a portion of the Town of Warrensburg called "Athol."

In the late 1800s and early 1900s, when a tannery existed at the confluence of Roaring Branch and Stony Creek near the center of town, the peak population of 1,250 was attained. During that time, extensive logging was done in western Stony Creek. Once many of the hemlock trees were taken out, and tanning practices changed, the tannery closed and Stony Creek's population decreased significantly and has remained at lower levels since then.

The center of town – referred to by residents as the "four corners" (where the roads from nearby towns Hadley and Warrensburg intersect and continue on to Wilcox Lake/Harrisburg and Lens Lake, both of which terminate at those destinations) – includes the main business and social area of town. The Stony Creek Inn, the Creek Center Mercantile and the Post Office now occupy three of the four corners and a small park adjacent at Roaring Branch occupies the fourth.

In addition to the four corners, the other main area of activity in Stony Creek is the John T. O'Neill Green Meadows Park (aka "rec field") which is situated just west of the four corners and along Stony Creek itself. The rec field includes a swimming hole (below a small low-head dam on Stony Creek), basketball court, softball diamond and backstop, a large pavilion under which every Tuesday night in July and August the town presents Music in the Park, playground and covered area with picnic tables.

The "rec" field is also the site of the long-running annual Mountain Festival. In the past, the original Mountain Days celebrated the 100th anniversary of the town and paid homage to the area's rich logging tradition, attracting thousands of attendees. It included competitions such as the greased pole climb (where competitors stood on each others' shoulders to get to the top of a debarked, greased pole where a $100 bill was nailed), chainsaw and bandsaw speed competitions, wood chopping competitions, axe throwing competitions, and greased pig chases. In recent years, Mountain Days, now called Mountain Festival, has become a more traditional and smaller festival, with music, food and activities for kids and stands selling various local arts and crafts. The festival continues to grow with added attractions each year.

The Methodist Episcopal Church was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 83.2 sqmi, of which 82.4 sqmi is land and 0.8 sqmi  (1.01%) is water.

The southern town line is the border of Saratoga County. The eastern town boundary is marked by the Hudson River, and the western town line is the border of Hamilton County.

Adjacent towns and areas
The southern town line borders the towns of Day and Hadley in Saratoga County. The western town boundary is shared by the town of Wells in Hamilton County. To the north is the town of Thurman and the eastern town line is shared with the town of Warrensburg.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 743 people, 297 households, and 204 families residing in the town. The population density was 9.0 people per square mile (3.5/km2). There were 513 housing units at an average density of 6.2 per square mile (2.4/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.31% White, 0.94% Native American, 0.54% Asian, 0.13% from other races, and 1.08% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.48% of the population.

There were 297 households, out of which 28.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.9% were married couples living together, 8.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.0% were non-families. 25.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 2.95.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 23.1% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 28.7% from 25 to 44, 26.4% from 45 to 64, and 15.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 107.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 110.7 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $32,946, and the median income for a family was $36,111. Males had a median income of $28,393 versus $23,929 for females. The per capita income for the town was $14,654. About 10.4% of families and 16.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.6% of those under age 18 and 8.5% of those age 65 or over.

Communities and locations in Stony Creek

 * Bakertown – A location in the western part of the town.
 * Harrisburg – A hamlet in the southwestern part of the town, on Harrisburg Road and adjacent to Harrisburg Lake.
 * Knowelhurst – A hamlet in the north-central part of the town on Harrisburg Road.
 * New Lake – A lake located northwest of Harrisburg.
 * Stony Creek – A hamlet in the southeastern part of the town on Harrisburg Road by a stream called Stony Creek.
 * Wilcox Lake – A lake near the western town line.

title: Stony Creek, New York


text:
Thurman, New York

Thurman is a town in the western part of Warren County, New York, United States. It is part of the Glens Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area. The town population was 1,199 at the 2000 census. The town is named after John Thurman, an early landowner. The town lies entirely inside the Adirondack Park.

History
John Thurman was one of a group of investors who started the town's settlement in 1790 at Elm Hill.

The town of Thurman was established on April 10, 1792, and consisted of over 800 square miles. By 1813, five towns had been set off: Bolton, Chester, Johnsburg, Hague, and Caldwell (now known as the village of Lake George). In 1813, what was left of Thurman was divided into two towns: lands eat of the Hudson River became Warrensburg and lands west of the Hudson River became Athol. Thurman no longer existed.

On March 12, 1813, Athol became part of the newly formed Warren County.

Legislature passed an act on November 13, 1852, that took effect on April 3, 1853. The act divided Athol to form the towns of Thurman and Stony Creek. The name of Thurman had been restored, and Athol no longer existed.

Besides the town of Thurman, the town of Johnsburg is also named after John Thurman.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 92.8 sqmi, of which 91.3 sqmi is land and 1.5 sqmi  (1.58%) is water.

The Hudson River defines the eastern edge of the town. The western town line is the border of Hamilton County.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,199 people, 466 households, and 338 families residing in the town. The population density was 13.1 people per square mile (5.1/km2). There were 642 housing units at an average density of 7.0 per square mile (2.7/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.66% White, 0.50% African American, 0.25% Native American, 0.50% Asian, and 1.08% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.58% of the population.

There were 466 households, out of which 33.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.7% were married couples living together, 7.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.3% were non-families. 21.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 2.96.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.9% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 25.5% from 45 to 64, and 14.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.8 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $36,382, and the median income for a family was $38,523. Males had a median income of $31,111 versus $22,829 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,278. About 10.0% of families and 11.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.5% of those under age 18 and 11.4% of those age 65 or over.

Communities and locations in Thurman

 * Athol – A hamlet in the southeastern part of the town. This hamlet has ZIP code 12810.
 * Cod Pond – A lake located west of Lizard Pond.
 * Fullers – A location in the western part of the town.
 * Garnet Lake – A lake partly in the town, at the northern town line.
 * The Glen – A hamlet on the town line in the northeastern corner of the town.
 * High Street – A location in the eastern part of the town, west of Athol.
 * Lizard Pond – A lake located southwest of Garnet Lake.
 * Thurman – A hamlet in the eastern part of the town, northwest of Athol and by the northern town line.
 * Thurman Station – A location near the eastern town line and the Hudson River, southeast of Athol.

title: Thurman, New York


text:
West Glens Falls, New York

West Glens Falls is a census-designated place (CDP) and hamlet in Warren County, New York, United States. The population was 9,473 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Glens Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area.

West Glens Falls is a suburban community, lying west of the city of Glens Falls. It is located in the south-central part of the town of Queensbury.

Geography
The community is to the north of the Hudson River.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 4.8 sqmi, of which 4.6 sqmi is land and 0.1 sqmi  (2.32%) is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 6,721 people, 2,487 households, and 1,845 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,447.0 PD/sqmi. There were 2,653 housing units at an average density of 571.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.95% White, 0.42% African American, 0.27% Native American, 0.25% Asian, 0.22% from other races, and 0.89% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.00% of the population.

There were 2,487 households, out of which 37.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.1% were married couples living together, 11.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.8% were non-families. 19.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.65 and the average family size was 3.03.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 27.1% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 31.8% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 12.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.0 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $44,072, and the median income for a family was $45,205. Males had a median income of $35,546 versus $22,300 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $19,054. About 4.0% of families and 6.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.7% of those under age 18 and 1.4% of those age 65 or over.

title: West Glens Falls, New York


text:
Dresden, Washington County, New York

Dresden is a town in northern Washington County, New York, United States. It is part of the Glens Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area. The town population was 677 at the 2000 census.

History
During the late colonial period, the town was on the Great War Path connecting French and British colonies, but few battles were fought in the town.

The town of Dresden was formed from the town of Fort Ann on March 15, 1822, as "South Bay" and was renamed "Dresden" on April 17.

The town was first settled in 1784. The early industries included lumbering and maple syrup preparation.

The completion of the Champlain Canal in 1823 aided the economic development of the area.

Geography
The western town line is defined by Lake George with Warren County, New York beginning at the eastern shoreline. The eastern town boundary is defined by Lake Champlain, with Vermont and the town of Whitehall on the opposite shore. Fort Ann shares the southern border near the south basin of Lake Champlain, named South Bay. The northern border is shared by the town of Putnam. The town is wholly inside the Adirondack Park.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 55.0 sqmi, of which 53.4 sqmi is land and 1.6 sqmi (2.98%) is water.

The Champlain Canal and NY Route 22 are on the eastern side of the town.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 677 people, 274 households, and 203 families residing in the town. The population density was 12.7 /mi2. There were 630 housing units at an average density of 11.8 /mi2. The racial makeup of the town was 99.26% White, 0.15% African American, and 0.59% from two or more races. It is rumored descendants of the Blackfoot tribe still inhabit this area. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.30% of the population.

There were 274 households, out of which 29.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.5% were married couples living together, 10.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.9% were non-families. 22.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 2.85.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 24.8% under the age of 18, 5.3% from 18 to 24, 27.0% from 25 to 44, 27.9% from 45 to 64, and 14.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.1 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $29,868, and the median income for a family was $39,583. Males had a median income of $25,625 versus $17,500 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,346. About 9.1% of families and 9.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.5% of those under age 18 and 8.3% of those age 65 or over.

Communities

 * Clemons – A hamlet near the eastern town line on Route 22, near the intersection of County Road 6. The L. C. Simonds Adirondack Cabin was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.
 * Dresden – A hamlet located in the northeastern section of the town on Route 22. Dresden is located on the western shore of the southern arm of Lake Champlain.
 * Dresden Station – A hamlet on Route 22 and the Delaware and Hudson Railway in the northwestern part of town, along Lake Champlain.
 * Huletts Landing – A hamlet on County Road 6, along Lake George in the western part of the town.

Geographical features

 * Bald Mountain – An elevation west of South Bay.
 * Black Mountain – An elevation south of Huletts Landing.
 * Bluff Head – A projection into Lake George, north of Huletts Landing.
 * Bumps Pond – A small lake by the southern town line.
 * Erebus Mountain – An elevation in the southwestern corner of Dresden.
 * Fishbrook Pond – A small lake east of Erebus Mountain.
 * Lapland Pond – A small lake south of Huletts Landing.
 * Millman Pond – A small pond that drains into Lapland Pond.
 * Pike Brook – A small stream connecting Lapland Pond to Lake Champlain.
 * Pine Lake – A lake west on NY-22 in the southern part of Dresden, west of South Bay.
 * Pine Lake Brook – A stream from Pine Lake to South Bay.
 * Red Rock – A projection into Lake George at the southeastern corner of Dresden.
 * South Bay – The southern end of Lake Champlain.
 * Spectacle Pond – A small lake at the southern town line.
 * Spruce Mountain – An elevation by the northern town line.
 * Sugarloaf Mountain – An elevation southwest of Huletts Landing.

title: Dresden, Washington County, New York


text:
Easton, New York

Easton is a town in southwestern Washington County, New York, United States along the county's western boundary. It is part of the Glens Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area. The town population was 2,279 at the 2020 census. The town adopted English as its official language on July 6, 2010.

History
The town of East was formed in 1789 from the towns of Saratoga and Stillwater. The Baker-Merrill House and DeRidder Homestead are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Geography
The western town line is defined by the Hudson River with Saratoga County on the opposite bank. The southern town line is the border of Rensselaer County.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 63.2 sqmi, of which 62.3 sqmi is land and 0.9 sqmi  (1.44%) is water.

NY Route 40 is a north–south highway through the center of Easton, and NY Route 29 crosses the northern section of the town.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,259 people, 854 households, and 642 families residing in the town. The population density was 36.3 PD/sqmi. There were 953 housing units at an average density of 15.3 per square mile (5.9/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.54% White, 0.53% African American, 0.09% Asian, and 0.84% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.71% of the population.

There were 854 households, out of which 33.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.5% were married couples living together, 6.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.8% were non-families. 19.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.03.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.7% under the age of 18, 5.6% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 26.4% from 45 to 64, and 14.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.4 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $43,194, and the median income for a family was $48,947. Males had a median income of $32,428 versus $24,569 for females. The per capita income for the town was $19,998. About 3.4% of families and 6.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.2% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

Communities

 * Archdale – A hamlet in the northeastern part of town on County Road 74.
 * Barkers Grove – A hamlet in the southern section of the town on NY-40.
 * Crandall Corners – A hamlet in the southwestern part of the town on NY-40 at County Road 54
 * Easton – A hamlet located on NY-40, south of North Easton.
 * Vly Summit – A hamlet at the eastern town line, mainly in the town of Cambridge.
 * Greenwich – A village along the northern town line that is also partially within the town of Greenwich.
 * Middle Falls – A hamlet at the northern town line, mainly in the Town of Greenwich. The Easton Friends North Meetinghouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.
 * North Easton – A hamlet on NY-40 near the center of the town. Burton Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.
 * South Easton – A hamlet east of Barkers Grove.
 * Washington County Fairgrounds – A location west of the village of Greenwich.

Geographical locations

 * Battenkill – A tributary of the Hudson River that marks the northern town line.
 * Ensign Brook –  A small stream in the southern part of the town, emptying into the Hudson River.
 * Fly Creek – A small stream running northward from the eastern town line.
 * Willard Mountain – A small mountain and ski area near the center of the town, just east of Route 40.

Notable person

 * Martin Harris (1783–1875) was born in Easton.

title: Easton, New York


text:
Microsequencer

In computer architecture and engineering, a sequencer or microsequencer generates the addresses used to step through the microprogram of a control store. It is used as a part of the control unit of a CPU or as a stand-alone generator for address ranges.

Usually the addresses are generated by some combination of a counter, a field from a microinstruction, and some subset of the instruction register. A counter is used for the typical case, that the next microinstruction is the one to execute. A field from the microinstruction is used for jumps, or other logic.

Since CPUs implement an instruction set, it's very useful to be able to decode the instruction's bits directly into the sequencer, to select a set of microinstructions to perform a CPU's instructions.

Most modern CISC processors use a combination of pipelined logic to process lower complexity opcodes which can be completed in one clock cycle, and microcode to implement ones that take multiple clock cycles to complete.

One of the first integrated microcoded processors was the IBM PALM Processor, which emulated all of the processor's instruction in microcode and was used on the IBM 5100, one of the first personal computers.

Recent examples of similar open-sourced microsequencer-based processors are the MicroCore Labs MCL86, MCL51, and MCL65 cores which emulate the Intel 8086/8088, 8051 and MOS 6502 instruction sets entirely in microcode.

Simple example
The Digital Scientific Corp. Meta 4 Series 16 computer system was a user-microprogrammable system first available in 1970. Branches in the microcode sequence occur in one of three ways.
 * A branch microinstruction specifies the address of the next instruction, either conditionally or unconditionally. The logical index (IX) option causes the 16-bit Link register to be logical ORed into the branch address, thus providing a simple indexed branch capability.

 * All the arithmetic/logical instructions allow the jump (J) modifier, which redirects execution to the microinstruction addressed by the Link register.

 * All the arithmetic/logical instructions allow both the decrement counter (D) and jump (J) modifiers. In this case, the 8-bit loop counter register is decremented. If it is then not zero, a branch is taken to the contents of the Link register. If it is zero, execution continues with the next instruction.

One more sequencing option allowed on a branch instruction is the execute (XQ) option. When specified, the single instruction at the branch address is executed, but then execution continues after the original branch instruction. The IX option can be used with the XQ option.

Complex example
The IBM System/360 was a series of compatible computers introduced in 1964, many of which were microprogrammed. The System/360 Model 40 is a good example of a microprogrammed machine with complex microsequencing.

The microstore consists of 4,096 56-bit microinstructions that operate in a horizontal microprogramming style. The store is addressed by the 12-bit read-only address register (ROAR). Unlike most registers in the S/360 architecture, bits in the ROAR are numbered from bit 0 on the right to bit 11 on the left. ++ |    ROAR    | ++ 11          0

The model 40 performs no sequential execution of microinstructions and therefore the microsequencer doesn't really branch in the conventional sense. Instead, each microinstruction specifies the address of the next one to be executed. Four fields in the microinstruction contribute to the new address.

 * CA, 4 bits: Part of the next address, depending on the other fields.
 * CB, 4 bits: Determines bit 1 of the next address.
 * CC, 4 bits: Determines bit 0 of the next address.
 * CD, 2 bits: Controls how the next address is assembled (except when the CB field contains 15).

There are essentially three combinations or formats of these fields.

Functional branch format
When the CB field contains 15, a functional branch occurs. The bits of the new microstore address in the ROAR are determined as follows.
 * bits 11–10: CD field
 * bits 9–6: CA field
 * bit 5: always 0
 * bits 4–1: high-order 4 bits of the Q register, which is the right input to the 8-bit ALU
 * bit 0: result of the test specified by the CC field

The CC field can specify various tests of the state of the machine. It can also specify a constant 0 or 1 for an unconditional bit.

This format alters the flow of control to 1 of 16 instruction pairs within the low 32 words of a 64-word block of microstore (because bit 5 is always 0). The CC field then determines which instruction of the pair receives control.

CD = 0, 1, 3 format
When the CD field is 0, 1, or 3, flow of control is directed to an instruction within the current 64-word block. The bits of the new microstore address are determined as follows.
 * bits 11–6: remain the same
 * bits 5–2: CA field
 * bit 1: if CD = 0, result of the test specified by the CB field; otherwise 0
 * bit 0: result of the test specified by the CC field

The CA field selects 1 of 16 4-word groups within the current 64-word block. The CB and CC fields then determine which instruction of the 4 receives control.

CD = 2 format
When the CD field is 2, flow of control is directed in a nonobvious manner. The bits of the new microstore address are determined as follows:
 * bits 11–10: remain the same
 * bits 9–6: CA field
 * bits 5–2: remain the same
 * bit 1: result of the test specified by the CB field
 * bit 0: result of the test specified by the CC field

The next instruction is in the same 1K-word region as the current instruction, because bits 11–10 remain the same. The CA field determines the 64-word block within the region. The instruction is in the same 4-word group within the new block as the current instruction is within the current block, because bits 5–2 remain the same. The CB and CC fields then determine which instruction of the 4 receives control.

Simplification
This description has been simplified. It ignores the following features.
 * The model 40 can run in CPU mode or channel mode. The description addresses only CPU mode.
 * If the microinstruction is not in functional branch format and the CD field is 1 or 3, bit 1 of the next address is always 0. In this case, the values of the CD and CB fields determine one of a set of control lines to raise.

title: Microsequencer