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System call

In computing, a system call (commonly abbreviated to syscall) is the programmatic way in which a computer program requests a service from the operating system on which it is executed. This may include hardware-related services (for example, accessing a hard disk drive or accessing the device's camera), creation and execution of new processes, and communication with integral kernel services such as process scheduling. System calls provide an essential interface between a process and the operating system.

In most systems, system calls can only be made from userspace processes, while in some systems, OS/360 and successors for example, privileged system code also issues system calls.

For embedded systems, system calls typically do not change the privilege mode of the CPU.

Privileges
The architecture of most modern processors, with the exception of some embedded systems, involves a security model. For example, the rings model specifies multiple privilege levels under which software may be executed: a program is usually limited to its own address space so that it cannot access or modify other running programs or the operating system itself, and is usually prevented from directly manipulating hardware devices (e.g. the frame buffer or network devices).

However, many applications need access to these components, so system calls are made available by the operating system to provide well-defined, safe implementations for such operations. The operating system executes at the highest level of privilege, and allows applications to request services via system calls, which are often initiated via interrupts. An interrupt automatically puts the CPU into some elevated privilege level and then passes control to the kernel, which determines whether the calling program should be granted the requested service. If the service is granted, the kernel executes a specific set of instructions over which the calling program has no direct control, returns the privilege level to that of the calling program, and then returns control to the calling program.

The library as an intermediary
Generally, systems provide a library or API that sits between normal programs and the operating system. On Unix-like systems, that API is usually part of an implementation of the C library (libc), such as glibc, that provides wrapper functions for the system calls, often named the same as the system calls they invoke. On Windows NT, that API is part of the Native API, in the ntdll.dll library; this is an undocumented API used by implementations of the regular Windows API and directly used by some system programs on Windows. The library's wrapper functions expose an ordinary function calling convention (a subroutine call on the assembly level) for using the system call, as well as making the system call more modular. Here, the primary function of the wrapper is to place all the arguments to be passed to the system call in the appropriate processor registers (and maybe on the call stack as well), and also setting a unique system call number for the kernel to call. In this way the library, which exists between the OS and the application, increases portability.

The call to the library function itself does not cause a switch to kernel mode and is usually a normal subroutine call (using, for example, a "CALL" assembly instruction in some Instruction set architectures (ISAs)). The actual system call does transfer control to the kernel (and is more implementation-dependent and platform-dependent than the library call abstracting it). For example, in Unix-like systems,  and   are C library functions that in turn execute instructions that invoke the   and   system calls. Making the system call directly in the application code is more complicated and may require embedded assembly code to be used (in C and C++), as well as requiring knowledge of the low-level binary interface for the system call operation, which may be subject to change over time and thus not be part of the application binary interface; the library functions are meant to abstract this away.

On exokernel based systems, the library is especially important as an intermediary. On exokernels, libraries shield user applications from the very low level kernel API, and provide abstractions and resource management.

IBM's OS/360, DOS/360 and TSS/360 implement most system calls through a library of assembly language macros, although there are a few services with a call linkage. This reflects their origin at a time when programming in assembly language was more common than high-level language usage. IBM system calls were therefore not directly executable by high-level language programs, but required a callable assembly language wrapper subroutine. Since then, IBM has added many services that can be called from high level languages in, e.g., z/OS and z/VSE. In more recent release of MVS/SP and in all later MVS versions, some system call macros generate Program Call (PC).

Examples and tools
On Unix, Unix-like and other POSIX-compliant operating systems, popular system calls are,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  , and. Many modern operating systems have hundreds of system calls. For example, Linux and OpenBSD each have over 300 different calls, NetBSD has close to 500, FreeBSD has over 500, Windows has close to 2000, divided between win32k (graphical) and ntdll (core) system calls while Plan 9 has 51.

Tools such as strace, ftrace and truss allow a process to execute from start and report all system calls the process invokes, or can attach to an already running process and intercept any system call made by the said process if the operation does not violate the permissions of the user. This special ability of the program is usually also implemented with system calls such as ptrace or system calls on files in procfs.

Typical implementations
Implementing system calls requires a transfer of control from user space to kernel space, which involves some sort of architecture-specific feature. A typical way to implement this is to use a software interrupt or trap. Interrupts transfer control to the operating system kernel, so software simply needs to set up some register with the system call number needed, and execute the software interrupt.

This is the only technique provided for many RISC processors, but CISC architectures such as x86 support additional techniques. For example, the x86 instruction set contains the instructions /  and  /  (these two mechanisms were independently created by AMD and Intel, respectively, but in essence they do the same thing). These are "fast" control transfer instructions that are designed to quickly transfer control to the kernel for a system call without the overhead of an interrupt. Linux 2.5 began using this on the x86, where available; formerly it used the  instruction, where the system call number was placed in the   register before interrupt 0x80 was executed.

An older mechanism is the call gate; originally used in Multics and later, for example, see call gate on the Intel x86. It allows a program to call a kernel function directly using a safe control transfer mechanism, which the operating system sets up in advance. This approach has been unpopular on x86, presumably due to the requirement of a far call (a call to a procedure located in a different segment than the current code segment ) which uses x86 memory segmentation and the resulting lack of portability it causes, and the existence of the faster instructions mentioned above.

For IA-64 architecture,  (Enter Privileged Code) instruction is used. The first eight system call arguments are passed in registers, and the rest are passed on the stack.

In the IBM System/360 mainframe family, and its successors, a Supervisor Call instruction (SVC), with the number in the instruction rather than in a register, implements a system call for legacy facilities in most of IBM's own operating systems, and for all system calls in Linux. In later versions of MVS, IBM uses the Program Call (PC) instruction for many newer facilities. In particular, PC is used when the caller might be in Service Request Block (SRB) mode.

The PDP-11 minicomputer used the EMT, TRAP and IOT instructions, which, similar to the IBM System/360 SVC and x86 INT, put the code in the instruction; they generate interrupts to specific addresses, transferring control to the operating system. The VAX 32-bit successor to the PDP-11 series used the CHMK, CHME, and CHMS instructions to make system calls to privileged code at various levels; the code is an argument to the instruction.

Categories of system calls
System calls can be grouped roughly into six major categories:

 * 1) Process control
 * 2) * create process (for example,  on Unix-like systems, or   in the Windows NT Native API)
 * 3) *terminate process
 * 4) *load, execute
 * 5) * get/set process attributes
 * 6) *wait for time, wait event, signal event
 * 7) *allocate and free memory
 * 8) File management
 * 9) * create file, delete file
 * 10) * open, close
 * 11) * read, write, reposition
 * 12) * get/set file attributes
 * 13) Device management
 * 14) * request device, release device
 * 15) * read, write, reposition
 * 16) * get/set device attributes
 * 17) * logically attach or detach devices
 * 18) Information maintenance
 * 19) * get/set total system information (including time, date, computer name, enterprise etc.)
 * 20) * get/set process, file, or device metadata (including author, opener, creation time and date, etc.)
 * 21) Communication
 * 22) * create, delete communication connection
 * 23) * send, receive messages
 * 24) * transfer status information
 * 25) * attach or detach remote devices
 * 26) Protection
 * 27) *get/set file permissions

Processor mode and context switching
System calls in most Unix-like systems are processed in kernel mode, which is accomplished by changing the processor execution mode to a more privileged one, but no process context switch is necessary – although a privilege context switch does occur. The hardware sees the world in terms of the execution mode according to the processor status register, and processes are an abstraction provided by the operating system. A system call does not generally require a context switch to another process; instead, it is processed in the context of whichever process invoked it.

In a multithreaded process, system calls can be made from multiple threads. The handling of such calls is dependent on the design of the specific operating system kernel and the application runtime environment. The following list shows typical models followed by operating systems:

 * Many-to-one model: All system calls from any user thread in a process are handled by a single kernel-level thread. This model has a serious drawback – any blocking system call (like awaiting input from the user) can freeze all the other threads. Also, since only one thread can access the kernel at a time, this model cannot utilize multiple cores of processors.
 * One-to-one model: Every user thread gets attached to a distinct kernel-level thread during a system call. This model solves the above problem of blocking system calls. It is found in all major Linux distributions, macOS, iOS, recent Windows and Solaris versions.
 * Many-to-many model: In this model, a pool of user threads is mapped to a pool of kernel threads. All system calls from a user thread pool are handled by the threads in their corresponding kernel thread pool.
 * Hybrid model: This model implements both many to many and one to one models depending upon the choice made by the kernel. This is found in old versions of IRIX, HP-UX and Solaris.

title: System call


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Steve Martin

Stephen Glenn Martin (born August 14, 1945) is an American comedian, actor, writer, producer, and musician. Known for his work in comedy films, television, and recording, he has received many accolades, including five Grammy Awards, a Primetime Emmy Award and an Honorary Academy Award, in addition to nominations for two Tony Awards. He also received the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor in 2005, the Kennedy Center Honors in 2007, and an AFI Life Achievement Award in 2015. In 2004, Comedy Central ranked Martin at sixth place in a list of the 100 greatest stand-up comics. The Guardian named him one of the best actors never to have received an Academy Award nomination.

Martin first came to public notice as a writer for The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, for which he won a Primetime Emmy Award in 1969, and later as a frequent host on Saturday Night Live. He became one of the most popular U.S. stand-up comedians during the 1970s, performing his brand of offbeat, absurdist comedy routines before sold-out theaters on national tours. Martin went on to star in film roles, including such films as The Jerk (1979), Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid (1982), The Man with Two Brains (1983), All of Me (1984), ¡Three Amigos! (1986), Planes, Trains and Automobiles (1987), Dirty Rotten Scoundrels (1988), L.A. Story (1991), Bowfinger (1999) and Looney Tunes: Back in Action (2003). He played family patriarchs in Parenthood (1989), the Father of the Bride films (1991–1995), and the Cheaper by the Dozen films (2003–2005).

Since 2015, Martin has embarked on several national comedy tours with fellow comedian Martin Short. In 2018, they released their Netflix special An Evening You Will Forget for the Rest of Your Life which received four Primetime Emmy Award nominations. In 2021, he co-created and starred in his first television show, the Hulu comedy series Only Murders in the Building, alongside Short and Selena Gomez, for which he earned three Primetime Emmy Award nominations, two Screen Actors Guild Award nominations, a Golden Globe Award nomination, and a 2021 Peabody Award nomination. In 2022, Martin and Short co-hosted Saturday Night Live together with Gomez making an appearance.

Martin is also known for writing the books to the musical Bright Star (2016) and to the comedy Meteor Shower (2017), both of which premiered on Broadway; he co-wrote the music to the former. He has played banjo since an early age and has included music in his comedy routines from the beginning of his professional career. He has released several music albums and has performed with various bluegrass acts, including Earl Scruggs, with whom he won a Grammy for Best Country Instrumental Performance in 2002. His first solo music album, The Crow: New Songs for the 5-String Banjo (2009) received the Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album.

Early life and education
Steve Martin was born on August 14, 1945 in Waco, Texas, the son of Mary Lee (née Stewart; 1913–2002) and Glenn Vernon Martin (1914–1997), a real estate salesman and aspiring actor. He has an older sister, Melinda.

Martin is of English, Scottish, Welsh, Scots-Irish, German, and French descent and grew up in Inglewood, California, with his sister and then later in Garden Grove, California, in a Baptist family. Steve was a cheerleader at Garden Grove High School. One of his earliest memories is seeing his father, as an extra serving drinks onstage at the Callboard Theater on Melrose Place in West Hollywood, California. During World War II, in the United Kingdom, his father appeared in a production of Our Town with Raymond Massey. Expressing his affection through gifts like cars and bikes, Steve's father was stern and not emotionally open to his son. He was proud but critical, with Steve later recalling that in his teens his feelings for his father were mostly of hatred.

Steve Martin's first job was at Disneyland, selling guidebooks on weekends and full-time during his school's summer break. The work lasted for three years (1955–1958). During his free time, he frequented the Main Street Magic shop, where tricks were demonstrated to patrons. While working at Disneyland, he was captured in the background of the home movie that was made into the short-subject film Disneyland Dream, incidentally becoming his first film appearance. By 1960, he had mastered several magic tricks and illusions and took a paying job at the Magic shop in Fantasyland in August. There he perfected his talents for magic, juggling, and creating balloon animals in the manner of mentor Wally Boag, frequently performing for tips.

In his authorized biography, close friend Morris Walker suggests that Martin could "be described most accurately as an agnostic ... he rarely went to church and was never involved in organized religion of his own volition". In his early 20s, Martin dated Melissa Trumbo, daughter of novelist and screenwriter Dalton Trumbo.

After high school, Martin attended Santa Ana College, taking classes in drama and English poetry. In his free time, he teamed up with friend and Garden Grove High School classmate Kathy Westmoreland to participate in comedies and other productions at the Bird Cage Theatre. He joined a comedy troupe at Knott's Berry Farm. Later, he met budding actress Stormie Sherk, and they developed comedy routines and became romantically involved. Sherk's influence caused Martin to apply to the California State University, Long Beach, for enrollment with a major in philosophy. Sherk enrolled at UCLA, about an hour's drive north, and the distance eventually caused them to lead separate lives.

Inspired by his philosophy classes, Martin considered becoming a professor instead of an actor-comedian. Being at college changed his life. It changed what I believe and what I think about everything. I majored in philosophy. Something about non-sequiturs appealed to me. In philosophy, I started studying logic, and they were talking about cause and effect, and you start to realize, 'Hey, there is no cause and effect! There is no logic! There is no anything!' Then it gets real easy to write this stuff because all you have to do is twist everything hard—you twist the punch line, you twist the non-sequitur so hard away from the things that set it up. Martin recalls reading a treatise on comedy that led him to think: What if there were no punch lines? What if there were no indicators? What if I created tension and never released it? What if I headed for a climax, but all I delivered was an anticlimax? What would the audience do with all that tension? Theoretically, it would have to come out sometime. But if I kept denying them the formality of a punch line, the audience would eventually pick their own place to laugh, essentially out of desperation. Martin periodically spoofed his philosophy studies in his 1970s stand-up act, comparing philosophy with studying geology. If you're studying geology, which is all facts, as soon as you get out of school you forget it all, but philosophy you remember just enough to screw you up for the rest of your life.

In 1967, Martin transferred to UCLA and switched his major to theater. While attending college, he appeared in an episode of The Dating Game, winning a date with Deana Martin. Martin began working local clubs at night, to mixed notices, and at twenty-one, he dropped out of college.

Late night
In 1967, his former girlfriend Nina Goldblatt, a dancer on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, helped Martin land a writing job with the show by submitting his work to head writer Mason Williams. Williams initially paid Martin out of his own pocket. Along with the other writers for the show, Martin won an Emmy Award in 1969 at the age of twenty-three. He wrote for The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour and The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour. Martin's first television appearance was on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour in 1968. He says: [I] appeared on The Virginia Graham Show, circa 1970. I looked grotesque. I had a hairdo like a helmet, which I blow-dried to a puffy bouffant, for reasons I no longer understand. I wore a frock coat and a silk shirt, and my delivery was mannered, slow and self-aware. I had absolutely no authority. After reviewing the show, I was depressed for a week. During these years his roommates included Gary Mule Deer and Michael Johnson. Gary Mule Deer supplied the first joke Martin submitted to Tommy Smothers for use on the Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour show. Martin opened for groups such as The Nitty Gritty Dirt Band (who returned the favor by appearing in his 1980 television special All Commercials), The Carpenters, and Toto. He appeared at The Boarding House, among other venues. He continued to write, earning an Emmy nomination for his work on Van Dyke and Company in 1976. In the mid-1970s, Martin made frequent appearances as a stand-up comedian on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, and on The Gong Show, HBO's On Location, The Muppet Show, and NBC's Saturday Night Live (SNL). SNL audience jumped by a million viewers when he made guest appearances, and he was one of the show's most successful hosts. Martin has appeared on twenty-seven Saturday Night Live shows and guest-hosted sixteen times, second only to Alec Baldwin, who has hosted seventeen times. On the show, Martin popularized the air quotes gesture. While on the show, Martin grew close to several cast members, including Gilda Radner. On the night she died of ovarian cancer, a visibly shaken Martin hosted SNL and featured footage of himself and Radner together in a 1978 sketch.

Comedy albums
In the 1970s, his television appearances led to the release of comedy albums that went platinum. The track "Excuse Me" on his first album, Let's Get Small (1977), helped establish a national catch phrase. His next album, A Wild and Crazy Guy (1978), was an even bigger success, reaching the No. 2 spot on the U.S. sales chart, selling over a million copies. "Just a wild and crazy guy" became another of Martin's known catchphrases. The album featured a character based on a series of Saturday Night Live sketches in which Martin and Dan Aykroyd played the Festrunk Brothers; Yortuk and Georgi were bumbling Czechoslovak would-be playboys. The album ends with the song "King Tut", written and sung by Martin and backed by the "Toot Uncommons", members of the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band. It was later released as a single, reaching No. 17 on the U.S. charts in 1978 and selling over a million copies. The song came out during the King Tut craze that accompanied the popular traveling exhibit of the Egyptian king's tomb artifacts. Both albums won Grammys for Best Comedy Recording in 1977 and 1978, respectively. Martin performed "King Tut" on the April 22, 1978, SNL program.

Decades later, in 2012, The A.V. Club described Martin's unique style and its effect on audiences: [Martin was] both a consummate entertainer and a glib, knowing parody of a consummate entertainer. He was at once a hammy populist with an uncanny, unprecedented feel for the tastes of a mass audience and a sly intellectual whose goofy shtick cunningly deconstructed stand-up comedy.

On his comedy albums, Martin's stand-up is self-referential and sometimes self-mocking. It mixes philosophical riffs with sudden spurts of "happy feet", banjo playing with balloon depictions of concepts like venereal disease, and the "controversial" kitten juggling (he is a master juggler; the "kittens" were stuffed animal toys). His style is off-kilter and ironic and sometimes pokes fun at stand-up comedy traditions, such as Martin opening his act (from A Wild and Crazy Guy) by saying: I think there's nothing better for a person to come up and do the same thing over and over for two weeks. This is what I enjoy, so I'm going to do the same thing over and over and over [...] I'm going to do the same joke over and over in the same show, it'll be like a new thing. Or: "Hello, I'm Steve Martin, and I'll be out here in a minute." In one comedy routine, used on the Comedy Is Not Pretty! album, Martin claimed that his real name was "Gern Blanston". The riff took on a life of its own. There is a Gern Blanston website, and for a time a rock band took the moniker as its name.

Martin's show soon required full-sized stadiums for the audiences he was drawing. Concerned about his visibility in venues on such a scale, Martin began to wear a distinctive three-piece white suit that became a trademark for his act. Martin stopped doing stand-up comedy in 1981 to concentrate on movies and did not return for thirty-five years. About the decision, he said, "My act was conceptual. Once the concept was stated, and everybody understood it, it was done... It was about coming to the end of the road. There was no way to live on in that persona. I had to take that fabulous luck of not being remembered as that, exclusively. You know, I didn't announce that I was stopping. I just stopped."

Return to standup
In 2016, Martin made a low-key comeback to live comedy, opening for Jerry Seinfeld. He performed a ten-minute stand-up routine before turning the stage over to Seinfeld. Also in 2016 he staged a national tour with Martin Short and the Steep Canyon Rangers, which yielded a 2018 Netflix comedy special, Steve Martin and Martin Short: An Evening You Will Forget for the Rest of Your Life. The special received four Primetime Emmy Award nominations with Martin receiving two nominations for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Special and Outstanding Music and Lyrics for "The Buddy Song".

1970s
By the end of the 1970s, Martin had acquired the kind of following normally reserved for rock stars, with his tour appearances typically occurring at sold-out arenas filled with tens of thousands of screaming fans. But unknown to his audience, stand-up comedy was "just an accident" for him; his real goal was to get into film.

Martin had a small role in the 1972 film Another Nice Mess. In 1974, he starred in the Canadian travelogue production The Funnier Side Of Eastern Canada, created to promote tourism in Montreal and Toronto, which also included standup segments filmed at the Ice House in Pasadena, California. His first substantial film appearance was in a short titled The Absent-Minded Waiter (1977). The seven-minute-long film, also featuring Buck Henry and Teri Garr, was written by and starred Martin. The film was nominated for an Academy Award as Best Short Film, Live Action. He made his first substantial feature film appearance in the musical Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, where he sang The Beatles' "Maxwell's Silver Hammer".

In 1979, Martin starred in the comedy film The Jerk, directed by Carl Reiner, and written by Martin, Michael Elias, and Carl Gottlieb. The film was a huge success, grossing over $100 million on a budget of approximately $4 million.

Stanley Kubrick met with him to discuss the possibility of Martin starring in a screwball comedy version of Traumnovelle (Kubrick later changed his approach to the material, the result of which was 1999's Eyes Wide Shut). Martin was executive producer for Domestic Life, a prime-time television series starring friend Martin Mull, and a late-night series called Twilight Theater. It emboldened Martin to try his hand at his first serious film, Pennies from Heaven (1981), based on the 1978 BBC serial by Dennis Potter. He was anxious to perform in the movie because of his desire to avoid being typecast. To prepare for that film, Martin took acting lessons from director Herbert Ross and spent months learning how to tap dance. The film was a financial failure; Martin's comment at the time was "I don't know what to blame, other than it's me and not a comedy."

1980s
Martin was in three more Reiner-directed comedies after The Jerk: Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid in 1982, The Man with Two Brains in 1983 and All of Me in 1984, his most critically acclaimed performance up to that point. Martin was by now requesting almost $3 million per film, but Plaid and Two Brains both failed at the box office like Pennies, endangering his young career. In 1986, Martin joined fellow Saturday Night Live veterans Martin Short and Chevy Chase in ¡Three Amigos!, directed by John Landis, and written by Martin, Lorne Michaels, and singer-songwriter Randy Newman. It was originally entitled The Three Caballeros and Martin was to be teamed with Dan Aykroyd and John Belushi. In 1986, Martin was in the movie musical film version of the hit Off-Broadway play Little Shop of Horrors (based on a famous B-movie), playing the sadistic dentist, Orin Scrivello. The film was the first of three films teaming Martin with Rick Moranis. In 1987, Martin joined comedian John Candy in the John Hughes movie ''Planes, Trains and Automobiles.  That same year, Roxanne, the film adaptation of Cyrano de Bergerac'' which Martin co-wrote, won him a Writers Guild of America Award. It also garnered recognition from Hollywood and the public that he was more than a comedian. In 1988, he performed in the Frank Oz film Dirty Rotten Scoundrels, a remake of Bedtime Story, alongside Michael Caine. Also in 1988, he appeared at the Mitzi E. Newhouse Theater at Lincoln Center in a revival of Waiting for Godot directed by Mike Nichols. He played Vladimir, with Robin Williams as Estragon and Bill Irwin as Lucky. Martin starred in the Ron Howard film Parenthood with Rick Moranis in 1989.

1990s
He later re-teamed with Moranis in the Mafia comedy My Blue Heaven (1990). In 1991, Martin starred in and wrote L.A. Story, a romantic comedy, in which the female lead was played by his then-wife Victoria Tennant. Martin also appeared in Lawrence Kasdan's Grand Canyon, in which he played the tightly wound Hollywood film producer, Davis, who was recovering from a traumatic robbery that left him injured, which was a more serious role for him. Martin also starred in a remake of the comedy Father of the Bride in 1991 (followed by a sequel in 1995) and in the 1992 comedy Housesitter, with Goldie Hawn and Dana Delany. In 1994, he starred in A Simple Twist of Fate; a film adaptation of Silas Marner.

In David Mamet's 1997 thriller The Spanish Prisoner, Martin played a darker role as a wealthy stranger who takes a suspicious interest in the work of a young businessman (Campbell Scott). He went on to star with Eddie Murphy in the 1999 comedy Bowfinger, which Martin also wrote.

In 1998, Martin guest starred with U2 in the 200th episode of The Simpsons titled "Trash of the Titans", providing the voice for sanitation commissioner Ray Patterson. In 1999, Martin and Hawn starred in a remake of the 1970 Neil Simon comedy, The Out-of-Towners.

2000s
By 2003, Martin ranked fourth on the box office stars list, after starring in Bringing Down the House (2003) and Cheaper by the Dozen (2003), each of which earned over $130 million at U.S. theaters. That same year, he also played the villainous Mr. Chairman in the animation/live action blend, Looney Tunes: Back in Action. In 2005, Martin wrote and starred in Shopgirl, based on his own novella (2000), and starred in Cheaper by the Dozen 2. In 2006, he starred in the box office hit The Pink Panther, as the bumbling Inspector Clouseau. He reprised the role in 2009's The Pink Panther 2. When combined, the two films grossed over $230 million at the box office.

In the comedy Baby Mama (2008), starring Tina Fey and Amy Poehler, Martin played the founder of a health food company. Martin also appeared as a guest star in 30 Rock as Gavin Volure in the episode Gavin Volure. He was nominated for an Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series. The following year he starred in Nancy Meyers' romantic comedy It's Complicated (2009), opposite Meryl Streep and Alec Baldwin. In 2009, an article in The Guardian listed Martin as one of the best actors never to receive an Oscar nomination.

2010s
During the 2010s, Martin sparsely appeared in film and television. In 2011, he appeared with Jack Black, Owen Wilson, and JoBeth Williams in the birdwatching comedy The Big Year directed by David Frankel. The film was criticized for its lightweight story and was a box office bomb. After a three-year hiatus, Martin returned in 2015 when he voiced a role in the DreamWorks animated film Home alongside Jim Parsons and Rihanna. The film received mixed critical reception but was a financial success. In 2016, he played a supporting role in Ang Lee's war drama Billy Lynn's Long Halftime Walk. He also appeared as himself in Jerry Seinfeld's Netflix series Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee in 2016. He also appeared in the taped version of Oh, Hello on Broadway (2017) as the guest. He also starred in the Netflix comedy special An Evening You Will Forget for the Rest of Your Life with Martin Short in 2018.

2020s
In 2020, Martin reprised his role as George Banks in the short Father of the Bride, Part 3(ish). Martin stars in and is an executive producer of Only Murders in the Building, a Hulu comedy series alongside Martin Short and Selena Gomez, which he created alongside John Hoffman. In August 2022, Martin revealed that the series will likely be his final role, as he does not intend to seek out roles or cameos for other shows or films once the series ends.

Books
Martin's first book was Cruel Shoes, a collection of comedic short stories and essays. It was published in 1979 by G. P. Putnam's Sons after a limited release of a truncated version in 1977.

Throughout the 1990s, Martin wrote various pieces for The New Yorker. In 2002, he adapted the Carl Sternheim play The Underpants, which ran Off Broadway at Classic Stage Company, and in 2008 co-wrote and produced Traitor, starring Don Cheadle. He has also written the novellas Shopgirl (2000) and The Pleasure of My Company (2003), both more wry in tone than raucous. A story of a 28-year-old woman behind the glove counter at the Saks Fifth Avenue department store in Beverly Hills, Shopgirl was made into a film starring Martin and Claire Danes. The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in September 2005 and was featured at the Chicago International Film Festival and the Austin Film Festival before going into limited release in the US. In 2007, he published a memoir, Born Standing Up, which Time magazine named as one of the Top 10 Nonfiction Books of 2007, ranking it at No. 6, and praising it as "a funny, moving, surprisingly frank memoir." In 2010, he published the novel An Object of Beauty.

Beginning in 2019, Martin has collaborated with cartoonist Harry Bliss as a writer for the syndicated single-panel comic Bliss. Together, they published the cartoon collection A Wealth of Pigeons. In 2022, they collaborated again for Martin's illustrated autobiography, Number One is Walking.

Plays
In 1993, Martin wrote his first full-length play, Picasso at the Lapin Agile. The first reading of the play took place in Beverly Hills, California at his home, with Tom Hanks reading the role of Pablo Picasso and Chris Sarandon reading the role of Albert Einstein. Following this, the play opened at the Steppenwolf Theatre Company in Chicago, and played from October 1993 to May 1994, then went on to run successfully in Los Angeles, New York City, and several other US cities. In 2009, the school board in La Grande, Oregon, refused to allow the play to be performed after several parents complained about the content. In an open letter in the local Observer newspaper, Martin wrote: I have heard that some in your community have characterized the play as 'people drinking in bars, and treating women as sex objects.' With apologies to William Shakespeare, this is like calling Hamlet a play about a castle [...] I will finance a non-profit, off-high school campus production [...] so that individuals, outside the jurisdiction of the school board but within the guarantees of freedom of expression provided by the Constitution of the United States can determine whether they will or will not see the play.

Broadway
Inspired by Love has Come for You, Martin and Edie Brickell collaborated on his first musical, Bright Star. It is set in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina in 1945–46, with flashbacks to 1923. The musical debuted on Broadway on March 24, 2016. Charles Isherwood of The New York Times praised its score by Martin and Brickell writing, "The shining achievement of the musical is its winsome country and bluegrass score, with music by Mr. Martin and Ms. Brickell, and lyrics by Ms. Brickell...the songs — yearning ballads and square-dance romps rich with fiddle, piano, and banjo, beautifully played by a nine-person band — provide a buoyancy that keeps the momentum from stalling." The musical went on to receive five Tony Award nominations including Best Musical. Martin himself received Tony nominations for Best Book of a Musical and Best Original Score and received the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Music and the Outstanding Critics Circle Award for Best New Score. He also received a Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album.

Martin's next work as a playwright was the comic play Meteor Shower which opened at San Diego's Old Globe Theatre in August 2016, and went on to Connecticut's Long Wharf Theatre later the same year. The play opened on Broadway at the Booth Theater on November 29, 2017. The cast features Amy Schumer, Laura Benanti, Jeremy Shamos and Keegan-Michael Key, with direction by Jerry Zaks. Critic Allison Adaot of Entertainment Weekly wrote, "Meteor Shower is a very funny play. Keening-like-a-howler-monkey funny. Design-a-new-cry-laughing-emoji funny...In the confident hands of writer and comedy maestro Steve Martin, the premise is polished to sparkling."

Hosting
Martin hosted the Academy Awards solo in 2001 and 2003, and with Alec Baldwin in 2010. In 2020, Martin opened the 92nd Academy Awards alongside Chris Rock with comedy material. They were not previously announced as that year's hosts, and joked after their opening monologue, "Well we've had a great time not hosting tonight".

In 2005, Martin co-hosted Disneyland: The First 50 Magical Years, marking the park's anniversary. Disney continued to run the show until March 2009, which now plays in the lobby of Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln.

A fan of Monty Python, in 1989 Martin hosted the television special, Parrot Sketch Not Included – 20 Years of Monty Python.

Banjo music
Martin first picked up the banjo when he was around 17 years of age. Martin has stated in several interviews and in his memoir, Born Standing Up, that he used to take 33 rpm bluegrass records and slow them down to 16 rpm and tune his banjo down, so the notes would sound the same. Martin was able to pick out each note and perfect his playing. Martin learned how to play the banjo with help from John McEuen, who later joined the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band. McEuen's brother later managed Martin as well as the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band. Martin did his stand-up routine opening for the band in the early 1970s. He had the band play on his hit song "King Tut", being credited as "The Toot Uncommons" (as in Tutankhamun). The banjo was a staple of Martin's 1970s stand-up career, and he periodically poked fun at his love for the instrument. On the Comedy Is Not Pretty! album, he included an all-instrumental jam, titled "Drop Thumb Medley", and played the track on his 1979 concert tour. His final comedy album, The Steve Martin Brothers (1981), featured one side of Martin's typical stand-up material, with the other side featuring live performances of Steve playing banjo with a bluegrass band.

In 2001, he played banjo on Earl Scruggs's remake of "Foggy Mountain Breakdown". The recording was the winner of the Best Country Instrumental Performance category at the Grammy Awards of 2002. In 2008, Martin appeared with the band, In the Minds of the Living, during a show in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. In 2009, Martin released his first all-music album, The Crow: New Songs for the 5-String Banjo with appearances from stars such as Dolly Parton. The album won the Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album in 2010. Nitty Gritty Dirt Band member John McEuen produced the album. Martin made his first appearance on The Grand Ole Opry on May 30, 2009. In the American Idol season eight finals, he performed alongside Michael Sarver and Megan Joy in the song "Pretty Flowers". Martin is featured playing banjo on "I Hate Love" from Kelly Clarkson's tenth studio album Chemistry . It was released as a promotional single on June 2, 2023.

Steep Canyon Rangers
In June 2009, Martin played banjo along with the Steep Canyon Rangers on A Prairie Home Companion and began a two-month U.S. tour with the Rangers in September, including appearances at the Hardly Strictly Bluegrass festival, Carnegie Hall and Benaroya Hall in Seattle. In November, they went on to play at the Royal Festival Hall in London with support from Mary Black. In 2010, Steve Martin and the Steep Canyon Rangers appeared at the New Orleans Jazzfest, Merlefest Bluegrass Festival in Wilkesboro, North Carolina, at Bonnaroo Music Festival, at the ROMP Bluegrass Festival in Owensboro, Kentucky, at the Red Butte Garden Concert series, and on the BBC's Later... with Jools Holland. Martin performed "Jubilation Day" with the Steep Canyon Rangers on The Colbert Report on March 21, 2011, on Conan on May 3, 2011, and on BBC's The One Show on July 6, 2011. Martin performed a song he wrote called "Me and Paul Revere" in addition to two other songs on the lawn of the Capitol Building in Washington, DC, at the "Capitol Fourth Celebration" on July 4, 2011. While on tour, Martin and the Steep Canyon Rangers occasionally performed Martin's 1978 novelty hit song "King Tut" live in a bluegrass arrangement. One of these performances was released on the 2011 album Rare Bird Alert. In 2011, Martin also narrated and appeared in the PBS documentary "Give Me The Banjo" chronicling the history of the banjo in America.

Love Has Come for You, a collaboration album with Edie Brickell, was released in April 2013. The two made musical guest appearances on talk shows, such as The View and Late Show with David Letterman, to promote the album. The title track won the Grammy Award for Best American Roots Song. Starting in May 2013, he began a tour with the Steep Canyon Rangers and Edie Brickell throughout the United States. In 2015, Brickell and Martin released So Familiar as the second installment of their partnership. In 2017, Martin and Brickell appeared in the multi-award-winning documentary film The American Epic Sessions directed by Bernard MacMahon. Recording live direct-to-disc on the first electrical sound recording system from the 1920s, they performed a version of "The Coo Coo Bird" a traditional song that Martin learned from the 1960s folk music group The Holy Modal Rounders. The song was featured on the film soundtrack, Music from The American Epic Sessions released on June 9, 2017.

In 2010, Martin created the Steve Martin Prize for Excellence in Banjo and Bluegrass, an award established to reward artistry and bring greater visibility to bluegrass performers. The prize includes a US$50,000 cash award, a bronze sculpture created by the artist Eric Fischl, and a chance to perform with Martin on Late Show with David Letterman. Recipients include Noam Pikelny of the Punch Brothers band (2010), Sammy Shelor of Lonesome River Band (2011), Mark Johnson (2012), Jens Kruger (2013), Eddie Adcock (2014), Danny Barnes (2015), Rhiannon Giddens (2016), Scott Vestal (2017), Kristin Scott Benson (2018), and Victor Furtado (2019).

Personal life
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Martin was in a relationship with Bernadette Peters, with whom he co-starred in The Jerk and Pennies from Heaven. He also dated Mary Tyler Moore and Karen Carpenter. On November 20, 1986, Martin married actress Victoria Tennant, with whom he co-starred in All of Me and L.A. Story. They divorced in 1994.

Martin went on a USO Tour to Saudi Arabia during Operation Desert Storm from October 14 to 21, 1990. He met with military service men and women all over the region signing thousands of autographs and posing for pictures. "Everybody coming out here, giving up part of their lives for this effort. I had some time off, and I felt kind of bad just sitting there," Martin said, "so I came." He also dated actress Anne Heche, who wrote about their relationship in her memoir.

On July 28, 2007, Martin married writer and former New Yorker staff member Anne Stringfield. Bob Kerrey presided over the ceremony at Martin's Los Angeles home. Lorne Michaels served as best man. The nuptials came as a surprise to several guests, who had been told they were coming for a party. In December 2012, Martin became a father when Stringfield gave birth to their daughter.

Martin has been an avid art collector since 1968, when he bought a print by Ed Ruscha. In 2001, the Bellagio Gallery of Fine Art presented a five-month exhibit of twenty-eight items from Martin's collection, including works by Roy Lichtenstein, Pablo Picasso, David Hockney, and Edward Hopper. In 2006, he sold Hopper's Hotel Window (1955) at Sotheby's for $26.8 million. In 2015, working with two other curators, he organized an exhibition at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston and several other locations called, "The Idea of North: The Paintings of Lawren Harris," featuring the works of Canadian painter and Group of Seven co-founder Lawren Harris.

In July 2004, Martin purchased what he believed to be Landschaft mit Pferden (Landscape with Horses), a 1915 work by Heinrich Campendonk, from a Paris gallery for approximately €700,000. Fifteen months later, he sold the painting at a Christie's auction to a Swiss businesswoman for €500,000. The painting was later discovered to be a forgery. Police believe the fake Campendonk originated from a collection devised by a German forgery ring led by Wolfgang Beltracchi, pieces from which had been sold to French galleries. Martin only discovered the fact that the painting had been fake many years after it had been sold at the auction. Concerning the experience, Martin said that the Beltracchis "were quite clever in that they gave it a long provenance and they faked labels, and it came out of a collection that mingled legitimate pictures with faked pictures."

Martin was on the Los Angeles County Museum of Art board of trustees from 1984 to 2004. Martin assisted in launching the National Endowment for Indigenous Visual Arts (NEIVA), a fund to support Australian Indigenous artists in 2021. Martin has supported Indigenous Australian painting previously. He organized an exhibition in 2019 with Gagosian Gallery titled "Desert Painters of Australia", which featured art by George Tjungurrayi and Emily Kame Kngwarreye.

Martin has tinnitus; the condition was first attributed to filming a pistol shooting scene for Three Amigos in 1986, but Martin later clarified that the tinnitus was actually from years of listening to loud music and performing in front of noisy crowds.

Influences
Martin has said that his comedy influences include Charlie Chaplin, Laurel and Hardy, Jack Benny, Jerry Lewis, and Woody Allen.

On The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, he mentioned that Jerry Seinfeld is one of his "retro heroes", "a guy who came up behind me and is better than I am. I think he's fantastic, I love to listen to him, he almost puts me at peace. I love to listen to him talk".

Martin's offbeat, ironic, and deconstructive style of humor has influenced many comedians during his career including Tina Fey, Steve Carell, Conan O'Brien, Jon Stewart, Stephen Colbert, Robert Smigel, Bo Burnham, and Jordan Peele. Singer and composer Mike Patton cited Steve Martin as being an early influence saying that he identifies with Martin.

Stand-up specials

 * Steve Martin and Martin Short: An Evening You Will Forget for the Rest of Your Life, 2018

Other video releases

 * Steve Martin-Live! (1986, VHS; includes short film "The Absent-Minded Waiter and footage from a 1979 concert)
 * Saturday Night Live: The Best of Steve Martin (1998, DVD/VHS; sketch compilation)
 * Steve Martin: The Television Stuff (2012, DVD; includes content of Steve Martin-Live! as well as his NBC specials and other television appearances)

Essays, reporting and other contributions

 * Modern Library Humor and Wit Series (2000) (Introduction and series editor)
 * Modern Library Humor and Wit Series (2000) (Introduction and series editor)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Steve Martin


text:
Talk:Commodore International

Commodore Naming
The reference to the Opel Commodore seems unlikely, and notably Commodore's West Chester Offices are around 30 miles from the Commodore Barry Bridge between Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Commodore Barry also has a statue on independence mall in Philadelphia, was the first commander (commodore ?) of the US Navy.

96.245.18.90 (talk) 06:17, 24 May 2014 (UTC)

Commodore's move to West Chester happened in 1983. In 1958, Tramiel had no known connections to Pennsylvania: Poland, Berlin, Korea New York, Fort Dix, Toronto, yes. But not Pennsylvania before 1976, it would seem. If there is a kernel of truth to the car story, it might relate instead to the Hudson Commodore, a top of the line car produced between 1941 and 1952.

TLJ (talk) 04:57, 11 February 2015 (UTC)

I think Tramiel had meant a Hudson Commodore but got it mixed up with Opel's car years later. — Rickyrab. Yada yada yada 14:25, 13 January 2020 (UTC)

New hypothesis: Tramiel might even have seen a Citroen DS and mistaken it for a Hudson Commodore (potentially easy to do because of Hudson's "step down design" and Citroen's similar back shape). Because the encounter reportedly happened in Germany, Tramiel later thought the car was the Opel car instead of the (American) Hudson car. — Rickyrab. Yada yada yada 14:43, 13 January 2020 (UTC)

Commodore bankruptcy

 * ''"In the early 1990s, CBM continued selling Amigas with 7–14 MHz 68000-family CPUs (even though Amiga 3000 with 25 MHz 68030 was in the market by that time), when PCs with 33 MHz 486s, high-color graphics cards and SoundBlaster (or compatible) sound cards offered comparable, and eventually higher, performance, albeit at higher prices. By way of contrast, when introduced in 1985, the Amiga had competed favorably against 286-based systems with EGA graphics and rudimentary sound capabilities that frequently cost 2–3 times as much.

 * In 1992, the production of the A600 seemed like a backward move; it replaced the A500, yet it removed the numeric keypad, Zorro expansion slot, SCSI capability, and other functionality in favor of PCMCIA and a theoretically cost-reduced design. It was basically unexpandable and lasted less than a year. Productivity developers moved to PC and Macintosh, while the console wars took over the gaming market. David Pleasance, managing director of Commodore UK, described the A600 as a 'complete and utter screw-up'. (Smith, 1994)"''

This is very US-centric. It takes no notice of the impact of the Sega Megadrive and Super Nintendo on Amiga sales, for instance. The PC was still not widely used as a home computer outside North America.

The A600 has an internal IDE interface, so it could use inexpensive PC hard drives ; there was no need for a more expensive SCSI interface. It was expandable to 4 MB, more than sufficient for such a system. The A600 was not withdrawn at all ; it was still on sale when Commodore became bankrupt.203.26.122.12 (talk) 06:48, 5 April 2011 (UTC)

CBM mgmt part needs NPOV'ing
The recent addition needs NPOVing -- it seems to be hostile to Commodore management. If it isn't cleaned-up then it has to be removed. --mav

 * it does need toning down a little. please let's keep the "dead hot bird" usenet joke! it gives colour & context and it made me laugh like a drain :-) -- Tarquin

 * I tried to clean up the stuff about management because it was still annoying me. I mean, I was an Amiga fan during Commodore's demise and I followed the antics of Mehdi Ali and Irving Gould as closely as was possible at the time. Was it selfish intent that drove them, or total lack of knowledge about the computer market? More likely it was a combination of both, regardless of what my emotions at the time wanted to believe. Anyway, I hope this puts us in the right direction. -- Dave Farquhar 23:54, 6 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Sectioning; Mgmt coverage
I quite like the new sectionizing, I think the article is really starting to read quite nicely now. As to the management stuff, I've always found the owner's anger misplaced -- the market would have pushed Commodore aside no matter how good the tech was, even a perfectly run Commodore would still be gone today. Apple can barely hold on and they were once one of the largest computer companies in the world, DEC, Compaq, Atari, they're all gone. --Maury Markowitz

 * Re: new sectioning: Thanks! :-) Re: the management stuff: I think the present article's treatment of these issues is quite OK, considering that CBM arguably could have been a contender for a little longer at least, if the management had known their market, and the extent of CBM's multimedia head start, properly (as for myself, sorry to say, I never took much interest in anything else than CBM's 8-bit machines, entering the "dark gray cloud" of IBM PC clones after my C128 days... :-/ ). --Wernher 20:36, 15 Nov 2003 (UTC)

CBM UK holding out a bit longer?
Did't Commodore UK survive even after C= Int had gone down? // Liftarn

 * Yes it did, and it even placed a bid to buy out the rest of the operation, or at least the former parent company, but I don't know how long it survived or any other details. --Dave Farquhar 19:31, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I remember that they used to make computer speakers and simmilar things. I don't know what happened with them. Anyway, since it's confirmed I'll add it into the article. // Liftarn

 * I did some digging. The results are in the article. Thanks for bringing that up; somehow I'd forgotten about the Commodore UK part of the story. -- Dave Farquhar 17:17, 21 Oct 2004 (UTC)

With respect to the Commodore UK part of the story, and the various other branches of the company that made significant contributions (at least, per the book Commodore: a Company on the Edge), isn't the first paragraph inaccurate? At present it reads:

Commodore is the commonly used name for Commodore Business Machines (CBM), the U.S.-based home computer manufacturer and electronics manufacturer headquartered in West Chester, Pennsylvania, which also housed Commodore's corporate parent company, Commodore International Limited.

Surely Commodore is the commonly used name for a family of international companies sitting underneath CIL, of which CBM was only one? Otherwise you would seem to be writing out the contributions of people like Tony Tokai and Kit Spencer. — 83.244.247.185 (talk) 15:18, 5 January 2012 (UTC)

Commodore UK always fared better than rest on Commodore. BTW it helped to make cash for Tramiel to buy MOS Technologies in 1976. According to Commodore: A Company on the Edge book (chapter 4: The Aqcuisition), Kit Spencer sold (signed contract to sell) 25000 watches ahead of their time to Boots store chain (watches in inventory were Christmas item but Kit dumped hem in August), got cash from National Westminster Bank using factoring, and then transferred $250000 to USA (he bought excess inventory of outdated calculators from Commodore USA to "legitimize" the money transfer). Tramiel paid $750000 for MOS Technology, hence UK provided one third -- xrgtn (talk) 13:11, 9 January 2012 (UTC)

New Ownership of Commodore
Just stumbled upon this: http://pcworld.com/news/article/0,aid,119093,00.asp Someone take a look and add the new info. I'm too tired :( --Borisborf 09:31, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Another source: http://www.commodoreworld.com/site/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabindex=4&tabid=702&bix=4&bid=5&itemIDS=18&ModID=2 --Borisborf 09:34, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Already in the article! --Alexwcovington 9:46, 1 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry about that. The article had changed since I last read it and I didn't see that it was added.--Borisborf 21:59, 3 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Since Yeahronimo Media Ventures changed its name, the Commodore brand is property of Commodore International Corporation (OTC:CDRL); see http://www.commodoreworld.com --KBoek 13:34, 8 Dec 2005 (UTC)

Does that have anything to do with Commodore Gaming? They seem to use the same logo. -HuBmaN!!!! 15:26, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

Of likely interest is the new firm Commodore USA, LLC: http://www.commodoreusa.citymax.com/  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.227.70.194 (talk) 00:31, 18 March 2010 (UTC)

PET was not a KIM
This is the first time I've ever seen the claim that the PET was a repackaged KIM-1. I own a KIM-1, and I've seen the guts of a Commodore PET with the original "chiclet" keyboard, and aside from both using a 6502 processor there is no similarity. The PET had the power supply on the motherboard, as well as keyboard hardware, and of course a video section - and not trace of the hex display, keypad and 20 mA TTY interface that the KIM had. I will be bold. --Wtshymanski 22:15, 3 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * And here it is 6 years later and a PET is still not a KIM. --Wtshymanski (talk) 01:23, 7 June 2011 (UTC)
 * It's been wrong since October 23, 2005. Got to keep everything in the watchlist, I guess. --Wtshymanski (talk) 03:22, 7 June 2011 (UTC)
 * I think it's been fixed! Never noticed it, would have annoyed me quite a bit! BTW, was this page protected? Why didn't you fix it? I'm curious. 82.197.13.175 (talk) 16:14, 1 April 2024 (UTC)

"engineers going behind mgmt's backs"
"A massive divide existed between the engineers and the management, with the technical staff resorting to getting their work done behind the backs of management. For example, CPU samples from Motorola were delivered to the home addresses of the engineers and, for interest, Motorola gave them priority over Apple, who also used the same CPUs."

I'd like to take that out, until someone can find a source?

"scathing commercials" and last two paragraphs
Two small suggestions:

1) Using the word "scathing" to describe the commercials in "Amiga Vs. Atari" seems like unecessary hyperbole, unless it can be substantiated with some proof.

2) The last two paragraphs seem temporally out of place as all the events up to that point are chronologically listed and then suddenly we jump back to 2001-- I found it slightly confusing. Perhaps a new section title can be added to separate those two paragraphs.

Otherwise, well done.

Amiga, Inc.
I just created an article called "Amiga Corporation". It deals with the history of the company that created the Lorraine, later to be called the Amiga, computer. To put together the article, I got information first from the Jay Miner article then from Commodore International. There is no information about Amiga, Inc. in the Atari article. But the information that I did find is somewhat contradictory. I meshed it as best as I can, but I suggest that the contradictions be decided in the Amiga, Inc. article and then be distributed back to the other two articles. Val42 00:43, 19 November 2005 (UTC)

Logos
Do we really need both Image:Commodore Logo(197x).png and Image:Commodore Logo(1985).png? It looks like all that was changed is the typeface of the word "Commodore"; the classic "C=" logo design remained the same. I have replaced these images with Image:CBM Logo.svg, which is a scalable vector version of the logo. If anyone has an objection to this, please discuss it either here or on my Talk page, and we'll see what can be worked out. Crotalus horridus (TALK ● CONTRIBS) 03:26, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Chris Yaneff's original drawing for the logo (1965) is purportedly here: https://twitter.com/vccmalta/status/1066231884911468544 --scruss (talk) 00:13, 25 November 2018 (UTC)

Amiga/bankruptcy
Hi,

I modified the bit about bankruptcy today. I don't accept that the PC had the market cornered by the late 1980s; Amiga was doing a roaring trade in the late 80s. I added some more details about Commodore's missteps and made it all chronological. - Richardcavell 08:02, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I think part of the problem is looking at it in terms of raw number of sales, and not taking into account different markets. In the '80s, the PC had dominated the business market, and since this was by far the biggest use for computers, this meant it had by far the largest number of computer sales as a whole. But this ignores that the Amiga's primary market was the home market. It's a bit misleading to say that the PC had dominated, when this wasn't entirely in the same market. Similarly, I think including the Apple Macintosh is even more misleading - firstly this had not dominated in any sense of the word, and secondly this was mostly entirely different markets (e.g., Desktop publishing). It was the PC that the Amiga mainly finally lost market share to in the home market.

 * Just a small point regarding your edits - do you have a source that the CD32 was a "spectacular commercial failure"? I've heard this claimed by some, but never backed up with actual sales figures, meanwhile I've heard others say it was selling well, and sales only stopped short when Commodore went bust.

 * Lastly, a thought I had about this article is that it focuses rather too much on the Amiga as if it were the sole contributor to Commodore's bankruptcy, but I've never seen any evidence that this is actually true, and it doesn't appear to be provided by this article. I've heard other common claims that it was more to do with poor sales from their PCs, which they had invested a lot of money in. Unless this is backup up with solid evidence, I think this needs to be rewritten or possibly removed - material about the Amiga specifically is better suited to the Amiga article. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Mdwh (talk • contribs).

 * One story I heard regarding C='s bankruptcy was that it was screwed over/plundered by the people in charge, and that had it been based in the US rather than the Bahamas (IIRC), such action would not have been permitted. Don't take this as fact until you can verify it, though.

 * Also, bear in mind that the Amiga was a bigger success in Europe than it was in America; I would consider *these* to be different markets, as opposed to different sectors of the market. Anyway, the assertion that the Amiga was to blame may reflect a U.S.-centric point-of-view. Not saying that this is definitely the reason, but it's worth considering who wrote it. Fourohfour 18:33, 11 March 2006 (UTC)

 * This whole article is very US-centred ; misplaced considering Commodore was far more successful outside of USA. There is much talk of the role of the PC, when in reality it was the success of the Sega Megadrive that really cut into Amiga sales (and the Nintendo 64 that would've killed it).

There was a very high failure rate of Amiga 1400s. This model was introduced into Australia first - and Commodore Australia was the first division to declare bankruptcy. A new manufacturer ahd been appointed in the Phillipines and I heard (rumours) that up to 95% of machines had to be returned. This wasn't the first time this had happened ; when the C64 was released the company also almost went bankrupt because of high store returns.203.26.122.12 (talk) 06:56, 7 September 2009 (UTC)

At Retro Gathering Sep 27 2008 there was a panel discussion with various people who was in the business at the time. Lars Molander, the CEO of Commodore in the nordic countries, was asked about the bankruptcy. According to him the reason was that Commodore pushed it's sellers to sell a lot before the end of each quarter to make the sales look better. In Germany (the largest market) it was done by promising retailers they could ship back unsold stock. And it was this that caused the German market to crumble and bring down the rest of Europe. // Liftarn (talk) 18:26, 28 September 2008 (UTC)

Commodore Business Machines redirect?
This appears to be the proper article for discussing all aspects of Commodore's business. Perhaps a redirect from Commodore Business Machines to Commodore International is in order? I'm new at contributing, so I have no idea how to do this, or how to speed up the suggestion process. Pyrogen 09:16, 27 June 2006 (UTC)

generally poor writing
I'll try to give this article a bit of a going-over to improve it a bit. Landroo 20:58, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

I still think this is a very confusing series of articles about Commodore.

In-Correct

In-Correct (talk) 21:01, 2 October 2009 (UTC)

Tramiel quits; The Amiga vs ST battle
I removed this awkward and inappropriate sentence: "This was intended to in effect, bar Jack from releasing his new computer."

It was promptly put back in.

While I appreciate the author's intent to attribute motives to Commodore management for that action, it's unwise to do so, especially in an encyclopedia, which is supposed to be factual and unbiased. Landroo 05:04, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

Its factual, this was also covered in the book cited in the external links: "On the Edge: The Spectacular Rise and Fall of Commodore". Pg 423, paragraph 4: "In a suit filed July 10th in Chester County Court, Commodore charged that Shiraz and three other former employees had stolen information on new products Commodore was developing. A Washington Post article soon appeared with the headline, 'Commodore Says Four Stole Trade Secrets'.  Commodore obtained a preliminary injunction against releasing the new Atari computer." --Marty Goldberg 06:00, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

Please give this list a look-thru as well
http://www.zimmers.net/commie/docs/cbm-products.txt -andy 80.129.113.55 00:26, 2 December 2006 (UTC)

Commodore Resurrected
Commodore is back with high-end gaming rigs, they released them at CeBit 2007. tech digest
 * Yeah, I'm surprised that this information has not been included in the article. Commodore has launched its new website and are planning to release high-end gaming computers, much like what Alienware are doing. Here's a dailytech article on that. - An as Talk? 18:09, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

 * This Commodore has not practical relation with the "real" and "original" Commodore. It only shares the name. Jcea 18:10, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Which isn't really an issue, since they are the legal holder of the name (and some of the properties) and therefore part of the legacy that is documented here. Its no different than Tramiel's Tramel Technologies Ltd. buying the Atari name and some of the properties and renaming it Atari Corp., or Infogrames buying the Atari name and some of the properties and renaming its U.S. division (formerly GT Interactive) into Atari Inc.  --Marty Goldberg 20:18, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

 * What exactly do they own? Name and logo?  Perhaps better than to refer to "Commodore Gaming" as "Commodore" would be to write a section in the discussion of post-bankruptcy follow-ons discussing the them as yet another purchaser of a limited set of rights, and list exactly what connection they have to CBM per se.  If they're notable enough, create a separate page (assuming they're "Commodore Gaming" and not "Commodore", in which case we may want Commodore (Gaming) with disambiguation of some sort.  (Once they merit a separate page.) ---  jesup 22:35, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree with the immediately-preceding comments on what to do. — Val42 (talk) 23:39, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

Tulip have re-acquired Commodore International.
http://www.commodorecorp.com/corporate/news+center/news+articles/articles/CIC+confirms+Tulips+offer+on+its+remaining+shares.aspx

No mention of the Super Pet
I see no mention of the Super Pet.

This was a Pet with the processor (6801?) removed and a daughterboard in its place with a Motorola 6809 and 64K more RAM on it. It came with WatCom compilers for Assembly, Basic, Pascal, Fortran, Cobol, and APL! It was developed partially before the release of the 6809 with Waterloo getting the NDA spec for the processor from Commodore without Motorola knowledge. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.231.43.16 (talk) 22:32, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

Commadore International is still around.
http://www.commodorecorp.com/corporate/home.aspx —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.19.236.142 (talk) 02:35, 25 August 2008 (UTC)

Commodore PC
Can anyone add a Commodore PC family ? Old-computers.com link ; Alecv (talk) 13:43, 2 December 2008 (UTC)

Commodore Evolution legit?
Almost a year after their CES announcement, their store isn't working yet, and their main page contains a bunch of hidden spam links at the end. I fear we may be looking at vaporware here. Emurphy42 (talk) 04:30, 30 December 2009 (UTC)

Commdore headquarters
commodore old headquarters in west chester is not part of qvc what so ever a new company occupies that building and there is no evidence that qvc ever was in that building, i suggest adding reference to this claim if there is one otherwise it should be deleted —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.227.214.172 (talk) 01:17, 13 January 2010 (UTC)

Adding More Infomation
There isn't much information available on Wikipedia about the new products. I am going to add them. In-Correct (talk) 15:55, 5 April 2010 (UTC)

Commodore USA and Commodore China
What's the connection (if any) between the two companies? Are the C64 KB-decks sold at commodoreusa.com made by the Chinese corp that makes the netbooks? Alatari (talk) 07:08, 14 May 2010 (UTC)

Other products prior to computers
When I was in high school, I recall seeing Commodore-branded filing cabinets with the rainbow and lowercase logo. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.104.200.131 (talk) 06:03, 28 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Yes, Commodore manufactured filing cabinets at one time and had filing cabinet factories in Canada. --Marty Goldberg (talk) 06:23, 28 July 2010 (UTC)

Commodore USA
Removed mentions to Commodore USA (http://www.commodoreusa.net). None of the computers they sell are commodore-branded and they are using the name without permission. Absolutely no relation to Commodore International whatsoever. MaKamitt 23:04, 13 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Reverted. According to their site, it clearly states "Commodore® trademark used under exclusive worldwide license by Commodore USA, LLC for its line of AIO (All-In-One) keyboard computers, and is the trademark of Commodore Licensing, BV, registered in the United States and other countries worldwide."  If you have referenced information to the contrary, then that can be taken in to consideration and/or added.  But it can not simply be removed based on your unreferenced and unverified word. --Marty Goldberg (talk) 00:07, 14 August 2010 (UTC)
 * As of april 12th, we have this engadget article: http://www.engadget.com/2010/04/12/commodore-gaming-disavows-commodore-usa-and-its-decals/ . I'll email commodore international and see what they have to say on the matter though. apologies for not providing a reference initially, but I honestly didn't think anyone took their site seriously, and thought it was probably self-promotion by the site owner. As for "exclusive worlwide license, we know that to definitely be false simply by the existence of commodore international and commodore gaming MaKamitt 12:07, 14 August 2010 (UTC)
 * As stated, it can be taken in to consideration and added, i.e. information from notable sources that discusses the discrepency. However, this company and it's relation to Commodore (whether done under license or not) has to much reliable and notable press to be completely removed.  A good solution to compromise would be to start another section in relation to this company, covering it in a *neutral* manner.  That includes press coverage about their products, and items like the engadget article when discussing the licensing controversy.  Finally, your observation is incorrect as you're missreading the statement.  It clearly states it's under license from Commodore Licensing, BV.  That is a part of Commodore International BV and under the umbrella of Commodore Asia now.  The process is covered a bit here and here (the latter forum link can not be used as a reference in the article, and is being povided for contextual discussion only).  --Marty Goldberg (talk) 19:44, 14 August 2010 (UTC)

 * I am going to edit the different hardware section. Every recent Commodore that I know of has an Intel Processor, not just Commodore USA. Others are truly made for Windows such as the ones sold at http://www.commodorecorp.com/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by In-Correct (talk • contribs) 12:35, 17 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Also, why are the Commodore USA computers not listed? I am going to add them back. Perhaps I should wait until they begin selling them. In-Correct (talk) 12:39, 17 December 2010 (UTC)

Re-Added "Different Hardware And Operating System
Please keep it, and whoever added "(made by Commodore USA)" please do not add that back in there...or anything else like that. ALL manufacturers...whether they are Commodore World, Commodore Gaming, and Commodore USA, ...clearly have...in my opinion (which BTW I kept out of the article lol) merely PC clones, with PC keyboards, and Microsoft Windows. The only thing close to Amiga-like is installing AROS and the only other computers that are both PowerPC and can run MorphOS and AmigaOS are clones.

It is VERY important that the differene is clarified, because at one time Commodore was entirely its own system, with specific hardware, operating system, and keyboard {and Amiga Key and the C=Key is similar to Apple's Command Key...does Apple use the "Windows" key on their keyboards?! Haha now whether Apple should be doing that is a worthy debate, and don't worry...I kept this opinion out of the article also) and so people have to realize that Commodore is not simply a PC clone. In-Correct (talk) 07:09, 2 April 2011 (UTC)

I think the "Modern Computers" should be deleted
I think this was added by somebody at Commodore USA. They keep mentioning on their websites that their computers are "modern", using all the features that nobody else has, Let Go Of The Past, blah blah etc.

but I don't think that Commodore USA is the only one that has "Modern" computers. All computers, regardless of manufacturer, should be considered Modern.

Also, "Modern" is not the Correct word!! Of course all computers still being made are going to be modern!! It is all about that "Let Go Of The Past Thing". The word should be "Recent", not "Modern".

Besides, do they even sell the computers, or are they still designing them?! These computers are a lot closer to being prototypes or concept machines.

Blah. I am going to go ahead and delete the "Modern" computers section. All, yes ALL... "Recent" Commodore computers has been explained in that "Different Hardware And Operating System" and I tried my best to type in The Neutral Zone. More will be added...once the machines are sold.

And that Commodore/Amiga-Flavored Linux distro isn't even named yet. I will add it later, once it has been named and released.

In-Correct (talk) 07:09, 2 April 2011 (UTC)

RE-Readding "Different Hardware And Operating System"
Once again...this paragraph is being edited to make it appear that ONLY Commodore USA is responsible for different hardware architecture and operating system.

THIS IS NOT TRUE. Intel and Windows have been used before with both Commodore International and Commodore Gaming years before Commodore USA!!

I am putting back what I wrote...and PLEASE do NOT turn it into a Commodore USA-Only paragraph!! This is why my paragraph keeps getting deleted!!

Don't believe me? Read THIS. http://www.commodorecorp.com/ it clearly sells PC Clones and it clearly isn't Commodore USA.

AND also I read in the history notes...Commodore USA has nothing to do with Commodore International????

There is a press release somewhere about Commodore USA being selected by Commodore International to make a replica of C64 keyboard computers. and that they will release cell phones with Android OS, (I think they should have picked Symbian, butI will leave that out of the article)

Also, because Commodore International is using only Intel and Windows, this means that Commodore International itself has been using different hardware and operating systems, not just Commodore USA.

In-Correct (talk) 05:51, 5 May 2011 (UTC)

Commodore USA in Post Commodore International
I think that Commodore USA is adding more information. At least they kept it in the correct paragraph. I think that it needs reference links. (Other members might want to delete the entire paragraph, but I think a search for reference link should be the solution for now)

ALSO the last sentence, about the Commodore OS needs a reference link. It IS notable, since I have listened to the interview with Leo Nigro and ? about Commodore USA, which mentions the Commodore OS. But I don't know how to add reference links lol. In-Correct (talk) 09:21, 19 May 2011 (UTC)

....And... Do you think I should add the Commodore USA's Amiga models to the Amiga hardware template???? Under an Intel-based category???? That is an issue...because they have not been released yet...and have had not any press coverage at all that I am aware of. In-Correct (talk) 09:27, 19 May 2011 (UTC)

Commodore Gaming in Post Commodore International
Commodore USA is gone from the "Post Commodore International" section anymore. I don't think that Commodore Gaming needs to be either. Wasn't Commodore Gaming a computer company that made custom designed Commodore PC CLONE cases. not much different than Commodore USA?! So both shouldn't be here. I am going to add a summary about the present status of Commodore. In-Correct (talk) 00:04, 24 July 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Commodore logo (C=)
"File:CBM Logo.svg" does not have the correct aspect ratio. Compared to the file it is based on ("File:Commodore logo.svg") as well as other images of the Commodore logo, one can clearly see that the C should be circular not oval.

I provide a much improved hand-coded version. Inkscape seems to generate overly complex/large files.

— Preceding unsigned comment added by Alien426 (talk • contribs) 15:32, 23 September 2018 (UTC)

I just have one small fact to add: the Amica was the first computer that I know of (I'm in Australia) that had genlock add-on capability for use in TV work. About 1987, Sony came with a TV oriented package at c. $8000. I was chief engineer at a commerical production house in Melbourne, and conned the general manager into getting one. As a result, we got commendations from Film Victoria for work we did for them. The graphics package was pretty primitive but with some effort, we managed to create some of the first computer VFX from essentially PC rank gear. Thank you for your time. @elkhorne on twitter — Preceding unsigned comment added by 106.71.241.36 (talk) 10:28, 14 March 2019 (UTC)

Website
A user named keeps adding the website of the copyright holder of the name and not the historic company. This is NOT the same Commodore company. Do not add the https://www.commodore.ca/ or https://www.commodorecompany.com/ websites.

No mention of some major points of Commodore in the article?
A lot of Commodore products aren't mentioned in the main article. They're in the products section but not in the main one.

Their PC compatibles were sold alongside the Amiga line of computers, the Plus/4 and C16 family (If I'm remembering correctly) was Commodore's attempt at competing with the Sinclair ZX80, and the C128 is at least mentionable before Amiga. Amelia.uhh (talk) 21:08, 11 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Commodore International


text:
Talk:Folate

Folate tests section? (serum vs. red blood cell)
Anyone want to add a section on folate tests (serum vs. red blood cell)? I understand the serum test is cheaper but the RBC test can detect more unusual things. E.g. Folate: A tale of two tests. Cheers, Facts707 (talk) 10:24, 21 March 2022 (UTC)

Folic acid is not the same as folate
While both are a form of vitamin b9 and are used by the human body in the same way they are not the same they have slight differences as folate contains several related forms of vitamin b9 while folic acid is just one form and is the primary form in supplements and food fortification 71.241.203.13 (talk) 09:38, 14 August 2022 (UTC)
 * This distinction is covered in the article. David notMD (talk) 10:57, 14 August 2022 (UTC)

Solubility in water
We know that all B vitamins are water soluble. But the written amount for folic acid in the article is just 1.6 mg per liter. Is this number correct?! Aminabzz (talk) 14:47, 21 March 2023 (UTC)
 * That value of 1.6 mg/L has been in the Infobox of the article for at least six years, but not referenced. It is probably from one of the websites in the Infobox. Did you find a different value from a source that can be a reference? If not, I suggest leave it be. David notMD (talk) 02:57, 22 March 2023 (UTC)

Half life
Hello, David notMD and all the editors! Can you please add data on half-life of vitamin B9? For example, what is the half life of 400 mg taken as a supplement? In general, I think that this data on half life would be useful for all vitamin articles in Wikipedia, where such data exists in scientific or health literature. If no such data exist, maybe it should be bold to explicitly state that the half-life of vitamin B9 (or other respective vitamin in case of different vitamin article) taken as a supplement is not known!? Maxim Masiutin (talk) 10:50, 18 April 2024 (UTC)
 * You are right, in that the article - despite GA rating - does not address pharmacokinetics. Alpers 2016 PMID26586110 would be a good starting references, and also Said 2016 21749321 and Visentin 2015 24512081. The answer is not simple. There is receptor-mediated absorption, but also potential for passive diffusion at high doses. Once absorbed there may be liver and other organ update, so that blood concentration may not be indicative. The Present Knowledge in Nuitrition ref (2020) confirms that there are two receptor proteins (PCFT and RFC) and also nonsaturable passive diffusion at pharmacological doses. The same receptor proteins function in the liver and other organs. Under non-supplemented conditions, urine and feces contain folate cleavage products. Add a supplement and intact folate is dumped in urine. David notMD (talk) 16:29, 18 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the discussion on current data of folate. Besides folate, my idea was about all vitamins. The GA review is intended to be a lightweigh process and does not cover everything. I didn't mean that we should specifically address pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics, but I am sure that each vitamin article should cover at least two points: 1) oral absorption percentage and what affects the absorption rate if it is the case; 2) half-life (either plasma or biological or both or whatever applicable). Why it is important is that this data will shed light on whether vitamin pharmocological administration should be frequent such as B2 or (or keeps in plasma or tissues logner in lower quantities if it is the case) or it can accumulate for weeks or months such as B12.
 * So, I think that this absorption rate and accumulation capacity is very important in vitamin articles.
 * Would you please consider adding such data first and other data pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics afterwards? Maxim Masiutin (talk) 16:43, 18 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I will start addressing this absorption topic for the B vitamins. Some already have an Absorption, metabolism and excretion section, although perhaps not the detail you hope for. If there is active absorption via transfer proteins, that system can become saturated, but there is also passive diffusion, so for non-physiological dietary supplements, total amount absorbed increases while percentage decreases. What to call half-life is difficult, as there is uptake by liver and other organs, and discharge of excess in urine, so what to measure (plasma?) is problematic. David notMD (talk) 02:03, 19 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank you for acknowledging that you started addressing this issue, you've made my day! As about the transfer proteins and saturation such as the case in many vitamins, especially B vitamins, I understand that it is a complex process. My point was that at least we should start with something. Why I explicitly asked you to do that is because I could not find good information myself. I figured out a few years ago (it was first time I saw you started the big project on making all vitamin articles GA) that data on vitamins exists in sources which are hard to obtain, but you had access to these sources, which makes you a very valuable contributor. Thank you again for all your dedication and work on this megaproject. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 02:09, 19 April 2024 (UTC)
 * You saw I added a few data about vitamin B6 half-life in the articles related to vitamin B6, but I afraid that something that I wrote is incorrect. Can you please peer-review my edits to let me know that they were OK? I will add details in the talk page vitamin B6. Maxim Masiutin (talk) 02:27, 19 April 2024 (UTC)

Absorption, metabolism and excretion
Although a Good Article, this was missing detail and references on absorption, metabolism and excretion, so adding those. David notMD (talk) 13:49, 20 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Folate