text:
Sean Waltman

Sean Michael Waltman (born July 13, 1972) is an American professional wrestler and martial artist. He is currently signed to WWE under a legends contract. He is best known for his appearances for the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) under the ring names 1–2–3 Kid and X-Pac; World Championship Wrestling (WCW) as Syxx; and NWA Total Nonstop Action (NWA-TNA) as Syxx-Pac and under his real name.

Waltman began his career in the WWF in 1993, where he performed under several monikers as a jobber, until he was branded the 1-2-3 Kid after an upset victory over Razor Ramon on Raw. As 1-2-3 Kid, he held the WWF Tag Team Championship twice and challenged Bret Hart for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship in July 1994 in what was ranked by WWE as the third-best match ever aired on Raw. During this time, he was part of The Kliq, a backstage group that was known for their influence on WWF storylines in the 1990s.

During the Monday Night War, Waltman left the WWF in 1996 to join Kliq members Kevin Nash and Scott Hall (formerly known as Razor Ramon) as Syxx in WCW, and held the WCW World Tag Team Championship with them as part of the New World Order (nWo), as well as becoming a one-time WCW Cruiserweight Champion. After being released from WCW in 1998, he returned to the WWF during its Attitude Era, where he was re-branded as D-Generation X (DX) member X-Pac and held the WWF Light Heavyweight Championship and WWF European Championship twice each, while also holding the WWF Tag Team Championship two more times while paired with Kane. After WCW went out of business in 2001, X-Pac held the WCW Cruiserweight and WWF Light Heavyweight Championships simultaneously during The Invasion, before departing the company after a brief nWo reunion the following year. He subsequently performed sporadically for several promotions, notably TNA (where he became a one-time TNA X Division Champion and was a member of The Band), and on the independent circuit.

Waltman has won a dozen championships between WWE, WCW, and TNA, the majority being cruiserweight and tag team titles. He is the only wrestler to have held the TNA X Division Championship, the WCW Cruiserweight Championship, and the WWF Light Heavyweight Championship. He was the final WWF Light Heavyweight Champion before the title was retired in favor of the Cruiserweight Championship he simultaneously held. He is recognized by WWE as the only wrestler to have been "an active member of both the nWo and DX during their heydays" in the 1990s. Additionally, he is a two-time WWE Hall of Fame inductee and the only inductee to be inducted two years in a row (2019 and 2020) as a member of DX and the nWo respectively.

Early life
Sean Michael Waltman was born in Minneapolis on July 13, 1972. He had a self-described troubled childhood. He was raised by a single mother and has called himself "unsupervised from age five". He claimed he was molested several times as a child. He joined his school wrestling team in ninth grade, but quickly quit when they told him he needed to cut his hair in order to wrestle. He soon dropped out of school entirely. A love of professional wrestling and limited career opportunities led to him working in local wrestling promotions for free, setting up rings and doing other odd jobs before eventually wrestling himself.

Early career (1989–1993)
After training under Boris Malenko, Joe Malenko, Masami Soronaka, and Karl Gotch, Waltman began his career as "The Lightning Kid". He worked his way through various independent promotions, including Pro Wrestling America (PWA) in Minnesota and the Global Wrestling Federation (GWF) in Texas, winning the PWA Light Heavyweight title, the PWA Iron Horse TV Title and the GWF Light Heavyweight Championship. During this time, Waltman worked extensively with Jerry Lynn in North America and Japan. They often wrestled each other, but also teamed up to win the PWA Tag Team titles twice in 1993. While working for Larry Sharpe and Dennis Coralluzzo's WWA Promotion on November 28, 1992, in Clementon, New Jersey, his opponent "The Kamikaze Kid" Bill Wilcox overshot a suicide dive and landed on Waltman's head, driving it to the concrete and causing a blood clot near his brain. He was hospitalized for three days, could not work for four months, and was advised to give up wrestling completely. In March 1993, he won the MEWF Light Heavyweight Title.

New Japan Pro Wrestling (1993)
He also appeared in New Japan Pro-Wrestling's Top of the Super Juniors in 1993, facing the likes of Chris Benoit, Eddie Guerrero and Jushin Liger.

Early appearances (1993–1995)
As The Lightning Kid, Waltman had his WWF tryout match in Phoenix, Arizona, in April 1993, the day after WrestleMania IX, lost to fellow hopeful Louie Spicolli (soon known as Rad Radford in the WWF). He reminisced that he was lucky to have an opponent with a vested interest in an impressive match, rather than (as was then typical) a disinterested WWF veteran jobber like Virgil or Jim Powers. After earning a contract, he made his television debut as "The Kamikaze Kid" on Monday Night Raw on May 3 (taped April 26), losing to Doink the Clown. He quickly became "The Cannonball Kid", losing to Mr. Hughes. He then became simply "The Kid", scoring an upset pinfall on Razor Ramon on the May 17, 1993, episode of Monday Night Raw, thus becoming "The 1–2–3 Kid". Razor challenged him to a rematch, wagering $2,500, then $5,000 and finally $10,000 of his own money. Kid accepted the challenge, but grabbed the money and ran from the arena during the match. Ted DiBiase, taunted him over losing to a nobody and losing his $10,000.

This angered Kid, and led to a match in which he upset DiBiase as well. Razor who turned face shortly before took Kid under his wing. The 1–2–3 Kid made his pay-per-view debut at SummerSlam, losing to DiBiase's tag partner Irwin R. Schyster after Razor had defeated DiBiase. At Survivor Series, Kid was on Razor's team in a four-on-four elimination match. He and Marty Jannetty were the sole survivors, which led to them forming a tag team and holding the WWF Tag Team Championship for a week in January 1994 after beating The Quebecers.

For the next two years, The 1–2–3 Kid was a natural underdog and fan favorite. He wrestled Bret Hart in an unusually long (for the time) and competitive match for the WWF Championship on July 11, 1994, on Raw and had another brief (one-day) tag title reign in January 1995, with Bob Holly beating Bam Bam Bigelow and Tatanka at the Royal Rumble before losing to The Smoking Gunns the next day on Raw.

Million Dollar Corporation (1995–1996)
After Kid and Razor failed to win the Tag Team Championship from Billy Gunn and Bart Gunn in October 1995, Kid attacked the face Gunns after the match to tease a heel turn. On the Raw before Survivor Series in November, he was the guest referee in a match between Razor Ramon and Sycho Sid. As Razor attempted his finisher, The Razor's Edge, Kid pulled Sid down from Razor, allowing Sid to then hit Razor with his Powerbomb, and Kid fast-counted the pinfall, thus turning heel. At SummerSlam, he lost to Hakushi but won a rematch in November after Ted DiBiase interfered. He was the sole survivor of his team at Survivor Series, besting rival Marty Jannetty with assistance from Psycho Sid. Kid and Jannetty had a singles feud, with the two trading victories over one another. Razor and Marty would team up to beat Kid and Sid at In Your House 5.

After Survivor Series, Kid joined Ted DiBiase's Million Dollar Corporation faction. He remained with the group until May 1996 when Waltman left the WWF. He lost a "Crybaby match" to Razor Ramon at In Your House 6. The 1–2–3 Kid's final WWF match aired on the May 20 episode of Monday Night Raw; he lost to Savio Vega. Notably, Waltman was the only Kliq member not involved in the infamous "Curtain Call" that took place at Madison Square Garden the night before his final match from his first WWF run aired, as he was in drug rehab at the time.

World Championship Wrestling (1996–1997)
On September 16, 1996, Waltman was shown sitting in the front row for a live episode of Nitro. Later that night, he used a remote control to release New World Order (nWo) propaganda from the ceiling, revealing himself as the newest member of the recently formed faction. He was called "Syxx", because he was the sixth member of the nWo, and six is the sum of numbers in "1–2–3 Kid". His first match with WCW was on September 23 when he defeated Jim Duggan on Nitro. In his first major angle, Syxx stole Eddie Guerrero's WCW United States Heavyweight Championship belt, leading to a ladder match for the title at Souled Out in January 1997, which Syxx lost. The next month, at SuperBrawl VII, Syxx pinned Dean Malenko for the WCW Cruiserweight Championship, after hitting him with the title belt, which he had grabbed from Guerrero at ringside. In June 1997, he lost the championship to Chris Jericho at a webcast house show in Los Angeles, California, minutes after successfully defending against Rey Mysterio Jr.

During a feud with Ric Flair, and a loss to him at Road Wild in August, Syxx disparagingly portrayed Flair as part of an nWo segment parodying his Four Horsemen group. This segment led to a WarGames match at Fall Brawl, where Syxx, Kevin Nash, Buff Bagwell and Konnan defeated The Four Horsemen (Flair, Steve McMichael, Chris Benoit and Curt Hennig) after Hennig betrayed the Horsemen and joined the nWo. In mid-1997, the nWo invoked "Wolfpac Rules", allowing Syxx to replace the injured Kevin Nash in defending the WCW World Tag Team Championship with Scott Hall. On October 13, 1997, Hall and Syxx lost the title to The Steiner Brothers (Rick and Scott).

During October 1997, a neck injury sidelined Waltman from wrestling, but he continued to appear on television for several weeks after. While later recuperating at home, he was fired via Federal Express by WCW President Eric Bischoff. Waltman claims this was a power play aimed at his friends Hall and Nash, whose backstage influence was felt as a threat. Bischoff later said Waltman was a competent performer when sober, but sober periods were "few and far between", and "in many ways, Sean was lucky to even have a job".

D-Generation X (1998–2000)
Waltman returned to WWF television on the March 30, 1998, episode of Monday Night Raw, the night after WrestleMania XIV and days after his firing from WCW. With Shawn Michaels beginning a four-year retirement after a WWF World Heavyweight Championship loss and back injury, Triple H was now the leader of D-Generation X (DX). He said he was forming a DX army and "when you start an army, you look to your blood... you look to your buddies... you look to your friends... you look to The Kliq." Waltman appeared on the stage with a beard, commented on Bischoff and Hollywood Hogan, and said if they weren't contracted to WCW, Hall and Nash would have also returned to the WWF. Bischoff responded on Nitro the next week by telling Waltman to "bite me".

Initially called "The Kid" on the WWF website, he became known as "X-Pac" (which originated from his nickname "Syxx-Pac" based on his ring name "Syxx" in WCW) by the next Raw. X-Pac feuded with Jeff Jarrett, ultimately defeating him in a hair-vs-hair match at SummerSlam, then with WWF European Champion D'Lo Brown, whom he dethroned on September 21, 1998. He lost the title to Brown two weeks later, then won it again at Judgment Day: In Your House in October. Waltman lost the title to Shane McMahon on February 15, 1999. At WrestleMania XV, he lost a championship rematch when Triple H betrayed him, and hit him with his Pedigree finisher. X-Pac then sided with Road Dogg against Triple H, Chyna and Billy Gunn, after the temporary demise of DX. X-Pac and Road Dogg wanted a reformed DX to be about rebellion, while the others wanted it to be about making money. X-Pac befriended Kane, a mute, angry loner whom he partially socialized and encouraged to speak, through an electrolarynx. They won the WWF Tag Team Championship twice together. After DX reunited in late 1999 as a heel group, X-Pac led Kane to believe he would be inducted into DX, but instead betrayed him and eventually stole his new girlfriend, Tori. The rivalry between X-Pac and Kane culminated in a tag team match pitting X-Pac and Road Dogg against Kane and Rikishi at WrestleMania 2000.

Following WrestleMania, X-Pac continued to team with Road Dogg, with the duo competing against other tag teams including Edge and Christian, the Hardy Boyz, and Too Cool. In June 2000, X-Pac competed in the King of the Ring tournament, losing to Chris Benoit in the first round. At King of the Ring, X-Pac, Road Dogg, and Tori defeated the Dudley Boyz in a dumpster match; during the bout, Tori was powerbombed through a table by the Dudley Boyz, marking the end of her affiliation with X-Pac. In August 2000, growing dissension between X-Pac and Road Dogg saw the two face one another at SummerSlam, with X-Pac winning the bout following a low blow; after the match, Road Dogg attacked X-Pac, marking the end of their tag team and the dissolution of DX. In September 2000, X-Pac began feuding with Chris Jericho, with Jericho defeating X-Pac at Unforgiven and then again in a cage match at No Mercy. During the feud, X-Pac sustained a neck injury when Jericho gave him a powerbomb, side-lining him for three months.

X-Factor; nWo reunion (2001–2002)
After returning from his neck injury in February 2001, X-Pac continued his feud with Chris Jericho over the WWF Intercontinental Championship, culminating in a fatal four-way match with Chris Benoit and Eddie Guerrero at No Way Out in February, which Jericho won to retain the title. In February, X-Pac formed a new stable called X-Factor with Justin Credible and Albert. During this time, he usually teamed with Credible, but also appeared in singles matches. He won the WWF Light Heavyweight Championship from Jeff Hardy on June 25, then won the WCW Cruiserweight Championship for the second time in his career when he defeated Billy Kidman on July 30. Despite the reign occurring during the WCW Invasion angle, where the WWF side was mostly portrayed as faces, the fans were vocal in their disapproval of Waltman during his reign. This fan disapproval, later known as "X-Pac heat", was acknowledged on-screen by both Alliance member Billy Kidman and, later by WWF member Edge.

When Credible joined the ECW/WCW Alliance X-Factor broke up. At SummerSlam, X-Pac defeated Tajiri to win the WWF Light Heavyweight Championship for the second time while WCW Cruiserweight Champion at the same time. X-Pac then feuded with Kidman and Tajiri. After losing the WCW Cruiserweight title to Kidman, he took time off for another injury. The WWF Light Heavyweight Championship was abandoned upon his return to television in March 2002, though he defended it at several house shows shortly prior.

Hall, Nash and Hogan returned to the WWF in 2002 as the New World Order, brought in by Vince McMahon. Hogan was kicked from the group after losing to The Rock at WrestleMania X8. X-Pac, who had been out with an injury, returned on the March 21 episode of SmackDown!, rejoined the nWo and attacked Hogan. He said he had been waiting four years to do so, because Hogan shot on WCW Thunder after Waltman's firing, saying he could not "cut the mustard". The storyline was dropped after the first WWF draft, when the nWo went to Raw and Hogan to SmackDown!. During the nWo's feud with Booker T and Goldust a botched spinebuster injured him and kept him from participating in the feud. On the July 8, 2002, episode of Raw, Waltman wrestled in his last WWE match, a ten-man tag. This match was also the end of the nWo angle, as Nash tore his quadriceps, and Vince McMahon disbanded the group a week later. At SummerSlam, Raw commentator Jim Ross announced WWE and Waltman had parted ways.

NWA Total Nonstop Action (2002, 2003)
After WWE, Waltman, as "Syxx-Pac", debuted for NWA Total Nonstop Action on September 18, 2002, losing a gauntlet match. Rejoining his WWF tag partners Scott Hall and B.G. James, he feuded with Jeff Jarrett and Brian Lawler. On October 9, 2002, Syxx-Pac made his X Division debut, defeating eight other wrestlers in a ladder match to win the vacant TNA X Division Championship. He held the title for two weeks before losing to A.J. Styles in a No Disqualification match. He abruptly left TNA after defeating Lawler in the first round of an NWA World Heavyweight Championship number one contender tournament on November 6.

Waltman, as Syxx-Pac, returned to TNA for a single night on June 18, 2003, at their first anniversary pay-per-view, as A.J. Styles's mystery partner in a loss to Jeff Jarrett and Sting.

Independent circuit (2002–2005)
In between during his time in TNA, X-Pac worked in the independent circuit. His first match in the indies as Syxx-Pac was when he defeated Sabu. at 3PW in Philadelphia on September 21, 2002. Afterwards, he feuded with Sabu. On November 23, 2002, he lost to Sabu for the 3PW Heavyweight title. On November 30, 2002, Syxx-Pac defeated Curt Hennig at IPW Hardcore/NWA Florida Independent Armageddon event in Pinellas Parks, Florida.

On April 16, 2004, X-Pac lost to American Dragon at NJPW Inoki Dojo Best Of American Super Juniors 2004 tournament in the first Round in Santa Monica, California.

In 2005, he worked for IWA Puerto Rico.

Xtreme Pro Wrestling (2003)
Waltman, as "X", debuted in Xtreme Pro Wrestling on February 28, 2003, winning the XPW Television Championship from Kaos. He retained the title in a bout with Juventud Guerrera on March 1, and held it until the promotion closed in March 2003.

NWA Total Nonstop Action (2005, 2006)
Under his real name, Waltman returned to TNA on February 13, 2005, at Against All Odds, attacking Jeff Jarrett during his NWA World Heavyweight Championship match with Kevin Nash. Nash, Waltman and Diamond Dallas Page formed an alliance and feuded with Planet Jarrett (Jarrett, The Outlaw and Monty Brown) and at Lockdown, Waltman, B.G. James and Diamond Dallas Page defeated Planet Jarrett in a Lethal Lockdown match. Nash and Page left TNA to focus on acting afterwards.

At Hard Justice in 2005, Waltman replaced Jeff Hardy, who no-showed, and lost to Raven in a Clockwork Orange House of Fun match after being back body dropped through the steel cage. On June 19, at Slammiversary, Waltman wrestled a five-man King of the Mountain match for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. He lost, but cost defending champion A.J. Styles the title by delivering an X-Factor off a ladder. This turned him heel and led to a grudge match at No Surrender, which Styles won after guest referee Jerry Lynn prevented Waltman from cheating. Waltman challenged Lynn to a match at Sacrifice. After losing by victory roll, Waltman attacked Lynn and tried to reinjure his shoulder. Waltman then partnered with Alex Shelley to win the Chris Candido Cup. This earned them a shot at the NWA World Tag Team Championship at Unbreakable. Waltman, however, no-showed the event.

He was not seen again until a one-night return at Final Resolution on January 15, 2006, brought in by Larry Zbyszko to defeat his rival, Raven.

Wrestling Society X (2006)
In February 2006, Waltman joined MTV's newly formed Wrestling Society X (WSX) promotion, as "6-Pac". At their inaugural tapings on February 9, 6-Pac had a ten-man hardcore battle royal ladder match, which both he and Vampiro won by climbing the ladder to retrieve WSX contracts. 6-Pac lost a WSX Championship title match to Vampiro the following week. He challenged Vampiro in episode four, as a ruse to introduce Ricky Banderas, who attacked Vampiro from behind. He later defeated Human Tornado and Scorpio Sky in singles matches, and teased an affair with Lizzy Valentine (the valet and girlfriend of Matt Sydal), though WSX folded before the angle could go on any further.

Return to Independent circuit (2006–2010)
Waltman, under his real name, defeated Adam Pearce for the NWA Heritage Championship in El Paso, Texas, on April 21, 2007. He defended it against El Sicodelico Jr. on April 27, and lost it to Pearce two days later. On July 8, 2007, Waltman teamed with Billy Kidman in a three-way tag match in McAllen, Texas, for the NWA World Tag Team Championship, which had been vacated by Team 3D after the NWA stopped working with TNA. They lost the match to Karl Anderson and Joey Ryan. On the May 14, 2008, episode of NWA Wrestling Showcase, Waltman challenged Pearce for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. The match ended prematurely after Waltman legitimately injured his knee five minutes in. He was attacked by The Real American Heroes and Pearce, so won by disqualification. As wrestling titles can generally only change hands by pinfall or submission, Pearce retained the belt.

In June 2007, Waltman, as X-Pac, began working regularly for AAA, initially a member of Konnan's La Legión Extranjera (Foreign Legion) and managed by girlfriend Alicia Webb. He usually used the D-Generation X entrance music. After leaving for rehab in mid-2008, he returned at Verano de Escándalo (Summer of Scandal) that September, turning on the Foreign Legion and forming D-Generation Mex, a parody of D-Generation X, with Rocky Romero and Alex Koslov. He later feuded with one of AAA's top stars, El Zorro.

On August 8, 2009, at GLCW Slamfest, X-Pac became the new GLCW Heavyweight Champion by defeating Skull Crusher, who had replaced champion Al Snow when he failed to show.

Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2010)
On a special live, three-hour Monday night episode of Impact! on January 4, 2010, Waltman (as Syxx-Pac) and Scott Hall returned to TNA. That night, fellow former nWo member Hulk Hogan debuted in TNA. Kevin Nash, Hall and Waltman quickly reformed an alliance called The Band, but Hogan stayed away, saying times had changed. On the January 14 episode of Impact!, The Band attacked Robert Roode and James Storm with led to a tag team match at Genesis. At Genesis on January 17, Syxx-Pac replaced Hall and teamed with Nash to lose to Beer Money, Inc. (Robert Roode and James Storm). On the next Impact! Hogan, disgusted by The Band's actions, had security eject Syxx-Pac and Hall, saying they weren't contracted to TNA. They appeared the next week anyway, attacking Kurt Angle from behind. They returned a week later, betraying Nash and beating him down. on the February 11 episode of Impact!, Waltman and Hall attacked Kurt Angle until Hogan made the save. on the February 18 episode of Impact!, Waltman and Hall brawled with Nash and Young and a week later on the February 25 episode of Impact!, Waltman and Hall brawled with Nash and Young in the parking lot and left them laying. on the March 8 episode of Impact, Nash and Young brought out a contract to wrestle Waltman and Hall on PPV. on the March 15 episode of Impact, Nash and Hall had a 5-Min $25,000 challenge when Waltman attacked Nash and handcuffed him to the rope. At Destination X on March 21, Syxx-Pac and Hall wagered their TNA jobs in a tag match against Nash and Eric Young. In the end, Nash turned on Young and helped The Band win the match and full TNA contracts. On the March 29 Impact!, The Band lost a six-man steel cage tag match to Eric Young, Jeff Hardy and Rob Van Dam. on the April 12 episode of Impact, Waltman, Hall and Nash defeated Team 3D and Jesse Neal in a Street Fight. Syxx-Pac was scheduled for a tag match at Lockdown, but was replaced by Nash after the Missouri Athletic Commission barred Waltman from wrestling, due to his hepatitis C. On the April 26 Impact!, Waltman was written off of TV when Team 3D found Syxx-Pac on a backstage floor in a pool of blood; Eric Young took his place in The Band. In June 2010, TNA released Waltman and Hall.

Late career (2010–2019)
On February 26, 2011, Waltman was inducted into the Legends Pro Wrestling Hall of Fame in Wheeling, West Virginia, by Jack Blaze at their "LPW X-Factor 2011" event. On March 5, 2011, Waltman reunited with former D-Generation X members Road Dogg and Billy Gunn for a six-man tag match at a Pro Wrestling Syndicate show in Long Island, New York. A week later, X-Pac defeated UIW Lightweight Champion Stupid in a non-title match.

On April 2, 2011, Waltman returned to WWE television to celebrate, with Kevin Nash and Triple H, their longtime friend Shawn Michaels' induction into the 2011 WWE Hall of Fame. He later worked backstage as a scout and evaluator in Florida Championship Wrestling, the WWE developmental territory.

On April 15, 2011, Waltman, as The 1–2–3 Kid, debuted for Chikara by entering their King of Trios tournament, teaming with Arik Cannon and Darin Corbin (Team Minnesota). They were eliminated in the first round by Team Michinoku Pro (Dick Togo, Great Sasuke and Jinsei Shinzaki). The day after, Waltman defeated Amazing Red, Frightmare and Obariyon in a four-way elimination match to make it to the next day's Rey de Voladores tournament final. There, he lost to El Generico. After the match, Waltman said he believed 2011 would be his last year in professional wrestling, praising Chikara as the "future of wrestling" and thanking them for a memorable weekend.

In October 2011, X-Pac teamed with Billy Gunn wrestled the Full Blooded Italians in the main event on a Caribbean Pro Wrestling show in Aguadilla, Puerto Rico.

In March 2012, Waltman attended the Hall of Fame again, with The Kliq. On July 23, he, Billy Gunn and Road Dogg returned to join Shawn Michaels and Triple H for a D-Generation X reunion on the 1000th episode of Raw.

In September 2012, the 1–2–3 Kid returned to Chikara for the 2012 King of Trios tournament, this time teaming with Aldo Montoya and Tatanka as Team WWF. On September 14, they lost their first-round match to The Extreme Trio (Jerry Lynn, Tommy Dreamer and Too Cold Scorpio). The next day, The 1–2–3 Kid was low-blowed and pinned by Mark Angelosetti. On the final day of the tournament weekend, The 1–2–3 Kid and Marty Jannetty won the annual tag team gauntlet match.

On October 8 and 9, 2012, he wrestled in a Bad Boys of Wrestling Federation tournament to crown the BBWF Caribbean Champion. He defeated Krimson in the semi-final and Daivari in the final, winning the title.

On November 18, 2012, The 1–2–3 Kid returned to Chikara, when he and Marty Jannetty defeated The Heart Throbs (Antonio Thomas and Romeo Roselli) to earn their third point (for three consecutive wins) and a shot at the Chikara Campeonatos de Parejas. They lost the title match on December 2, at the Under the Hood internet pay-per-view, to defending champions The Young Bucks (Matt and Nick Jackson).

In early 2013, The Kliq/DX reunited for an episode of NXT. In March 2013, Waltman signed a WWE Legends contract (a long-term contract which gives WWE merchandising rights to a wrestler's name and likeness, requires occasional appearances and prevents them from working for competing major promotions, but allows for independent appearances). Waltman, under his real name, returned to Chikara on March 8, 2013, losing to Hallowicked. On March 23, 2013, in a four-way match at Jerry Lynn's retirement show in Minneapolis, X-Pac tore his anus by performing his signature Bronco Buster onto the exposed turnbuckle. Afterward, he went back to his hotel room, where he discovered a lot of blood coming out of his clothes and went to the hospital. He underwent a sphincteroplasty and was released the following morning. On November 9, 2013, X-Pac and Lance Storm lost to Tommy Dreamer and Terry Funk in the main event of House of Hardcore 3.

On April 5, 2014, the night before WrestleMania XXX, Waltman joined Shawn Michaels, Triple H, and Kevin Nash at Scott Hall's WWE Hall of Fame induction, reuniting The Kliq.

On June 14, 2014, X-Pac and Rikishi defeated Gangrel and Matt Striker at House of Hardcore 6. In September 2014, Waltman returned to Chikara to do commentary during the first round of the 2014 King of Trios.

On the January 19, 2015, episode of Raw, labelled Raw Reunion, Damien Mizdow appeared with Kevin Nash, Shawn Michaels, Scott Hall and Triple H dressed as X-Pac, only for X-Pac to confront him (finding the impersonation funny), until The Miz interrupted them to tell them that Mizdow was only his stunt double, and that the party was over. He appeared again with Hall and Nash, being interrupted by The Ascension, who were attempting to attack them, only to be joined by The APA and The New Age Outlaws in fending off The Ascension. At WrestleMania 31, X-Pac along with the New Age Outlaws and Shawn Michaels helped Triple H win his match against Sting. They were backstage at NXT TakeOver: Brooklyn in August 2015.

On 22 July 2016, Waltman, as X-Pac reunited with Billy Gunn in the Scotland, defeating The New Age Kliq (Chris Renfrew & BT Gunn) for the first night of Pro Wrestling Elite's anniversary weekend (PWE: Five Year Anniversary: Break It Down!). The following night, Waltman teamed with Grado and Kenny Williams in a winning effort over Joe Hendry, Andy Wild and Stevie Xavier.

On September 4, 2016, Waltman made a surprise return to Chikara, again representing DX alongside Billy Gunn in a tag team gauntlet match. The two entered the match as the final team and scored the win over Prakash Sabar and The Proletariat Boar of Moldova.

In January 2018, Waltman returned at WWE Raw 25 Years and reunited with DX and Scott Hall. In November 2018, he attended NXT TakeOver: WarGames.

Retirement (2019–2022)
In 2019, Waltman was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame (under the X-Pac name) as a member of D-Generation X alongside Triple H, Shawn Michaels, Road Dogg, Billy Gunn and the late Chyna. During WrestleMania 35 weekend in April 2019, X-Pac, Hurricane Helms and Jushin Thunder Liger won a six-man tag team match against Revolt! (Caleb Konley, Jake Manning, and Zane Riley) at the WrestleCon Mark Hitchcock Memorial SuperShow. Later in July, he claimed that the match would be his last and that he was retired, stating "I'm fucking done wrestling. I'm done." However, he did mention that he would be open to potential one-night returns for special occasions such as WrestleMania and NXT TakeOver. On December 9, 2019, it was announced that Waltman would be inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame a second time (this time under his real name) as a part of the class of 2020, this time as a member of the New World Order, together with fellow former nWo stablemates Hulk Hogan, Kevin Nash, and Scott Hall; this made him the first person to be inducted two years in a row, and the first to be inducted twice as part of teams or groups. The 2020 Hall of Fame ceremony was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, it eventually took place a year later.

Game Changer Wrestling (2022)
Waltman came out of retirement in February 2022, debuting in Game Changer Wrestling on its "Welcome to Heartbreak" pay-per-view in Los Angeles as the tag team partner of Joey Janela. The following month at the "Joey Janela's Spring Break 6" pay-per-view, Waltman lost to Janela.

Other media
In 2004, Waltman co-starred with then-girlfriend Chyna in the now-infamous amateur adult film 1 Night in China. Waltman won an avn award for his performance in the video.

Waltman has been a playable character in video games including WWF Raw, WCW vs. nWo: World Tour, WCW Nitro, WWF Attitude, WWF Smackdown!, WWF WrestleMania 2000, WWF No Mercy, WWF SmackDown! 2: Know Your Role, WWF With Authority!, WWF Road to WrestleMania, WWE SmackDown! Shut Your Mouth, WWF Raw, WWE '13, downloadable content in WWE 2K14 as Syxx-Pac, WWE 2K16, WWE 2K20, and WWE 2K22.

Starting in 2016, Waltman began hosting the weekly podcast, X-Pac 1, 2, 360. Waltman has also made various appearances on other podcasts including The Steve Austin Show, Talk Is Jericho, and The Ross Report.

Personal life
In the mid-2000s, Waltman was in a relationship with Joanie Laurer, who competed as Chyna in the WWF. They were engaged but later split up. In March 2005, Waltman appeared on the VH1 reality show The Surreal Life, in which he visited Laurer in an attempt to reconcile with her. After Laurer refused to reconcile, he was eventually ejected from the house by the other guests. On The Tomorrow Show with Keven Undergaro, he recounted the last time he saw Chyna. He has been open about past substance abuse issues; during his relationship with Laurer, he struggled with an addiction to methamphetamine and narcotics such as cocaine and prescription pain medication.

In 2008, Waltman attempted suicide in his Mexico City apartment. He later said he was so overcome with shame and guilt after a physical altercation with his then-girlfriend Alicia Webb that he consumed a mixture of pills and alcohol and hanged himself from his apartment balcony. Webb supposedly found him hanging and was able to get him down, reviving him until an ambulance arrived. Following this incident, he was placed in WWE-sponsored rehab and began his recovery.

On April 30, 2017, Waltman was arrested at the Los Angeles International Airport after allegedly being found in possession of methamphetamines. On May 26, however, it was announced that the charges had been dropped after lab results determined the pills he possessed were not methamphetamines nor any form of narcotic.

On September 24, 2018, Waltman announced the death of his ex-wife and the mother of his two children, Terry Waltman, to whom he was married from 1994 to 2002. He said she had "lost her battle with mental illness and addiction". He began dating author Angela Nissel in 2018. In 2022, Waltman became a grandfather.

Championships and accomplishments
1 – Following an injury to Nash, the nWo invoked "Wolfpac Rules" and named Syxx as co-champion
 * Bad Boys of Wrestling Federation
 * BBFW Caribbean Championship (1 time)
 * DDT Pro-Wrestling
 * Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship (1 time)
 * Great Lakes Championship Wrestling
 * GLCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Global Wrestling Federation
 * GWF Light Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 * GWF Light Heavyweight Championship Tournament (1991)
 * Jersey Championship Wrestling
 * JCW Tag Team Championships (1 time) – with Joey Janela
 * Legends Pro Wrestling
 * LPW Hall of Fame (2011)
 * Metroplex Wrestling
 * MPX Tag Team Champion (1 time) – with Jerome Daniels
 * Mid-Eastern Wrestling Federation
 * MEWF Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * NWA Pro Wrestling
 * NWA Heritage Championship (1 time)
 * Pro Wrestling America
 * PWA Iron Horse Television Championship (1 time)
 * PWA Light Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 * PWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Jerry Lynn
 * Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 * Comeback of the Year (1998)
 * Tag Team of the Year (1999) – with Kane
 * Ranked No. 21 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1997
 * Ranked No. 177 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003
 * South Eastern Wrestling Alliance
 * SEWA Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 * Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
 * TNA X Division Championship (1 time)
 * Chris Candido Memorial Tag Team Tournament – with Alex Shelley
 * World Championship Wrestling
 * WCW Cruiserweight Championship (1 time)
 * WCW World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Kevin Nash and Scott Hall1
 * World Wrestling Federation/WWE
 * WWF European Championship (2 times)
 * WWF Light Heavyweight Championship (2 times, final)
 * WCW Cruiserweight Championship (1 time)
 * WWF Tag Team Championship (4 times) – with Marty Jannetty (1), Bob Holly (1) and Kane (2)
 * Slammy Award (1 time)
 * Biggest Heart (1994)
 * WWF World Tag Team Championship Tournament (1995) – with Bob Holly
 * WWE Hall of Fame (2 times)
 * Class of 2019 – as a member of D-Generation X
 * Class of 2020 – as a member of the New World Order
 * Xtreme Pro Wrestling
 * XPW Television Championship (1 time)
 * Wrestling Society X
 * WSX Rumble (shared with Vampiro)
 * Wrestling Observer Newsletter
 * Best Gimmick (1996) – nWo
 * Feud of the Year (1996) New World Order vs. World Championship Wrestling

title: Sean Waltman


text:
The Matrix Reloaded

The Matrix Reloaded is a 2003 American science-fiction action film written and directed by the Wachowskis. It is the sequel to The Matrix (1999) and the second installment in the Matrix film series. The film stars Keanu Reeves, Laurence Fishburne, Carrie-Anne Moss, Hugo Weaving, and Gloria Foster who reprise their roles from the previous film, with Jada Pinkett Smith joining the cast.

The film premiered on May 7, 2003, in Westwood, Los Angeles, California, and had its worldwide release by Warner Bros. Pictures on May 15, 2003, including a screening out of competition at the 2003 Cannes Film Festival. The video game Enter the Matrix and The Animatrix, a collection of short animations, supported and expanded the film's story.

The film received generally positive reviews from critics, although most felt it inferior to the first film. It grossed $741.8 million worldwide, breaking Terminator 2: Judgment Day's record for becoming the highest-grossing R-rated film of all time, until Deadpool surpassed it in 2016. In addition, it was the third-highest-grossing film of 2003, behind The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King and Finding Nemo. A direct sequel titled The Matrix Revolutions was released six months later on November 5, 2003.

Plot
Six months after the events of The Matrix, Neo and Trinity are now romantically involved. Morpheus receives a message from Captain Niobe of the Logos calling an emergency meeting of all ships of Zion. An army of Sentinels is tunneling towards Zion and will reach it within 72 hours. Commander Lock orders all ships to return to Zion to prepare, but Morpheus asks one ship to remain to contact the Oracle. Within the Matrix, the lone ship's crew is encountered by the former Agent Smith, who copies himself over the body of crew member Bane and uses the phone line to leave the Matrix.

In Zion, Morpheus announces the news of the advancing machines. The Nebuchadnezzar leaves Zion and enters the Matrix, where Neo meets the Oracle's bodyguard Seraph, who leads him to her. The Oracle reveals that she is part of the Matrix and instructs Neo to reach its Source with the help of the Keymaker. As the Oracle departs, Smith appears, telling Neo that after being defeated by him, he became a rogue program. He demonstrates his ability to clone himself over other inhabitants of the Matrix, including the new upgraded Agents. He tries to take over Neo's body but fails, prompting a battle between Neo and many copies of Smith. Neo defends himself, but is forced to retreat.

Neo, Morpheus, and Trinity visit the Merovingian, who is imprisoning the Keymaker. The Merovingian, a rogue program with his own agenda, refuses to let him go. His wife Persephone, seeking revenge on her husband for his infidelity, leads the trio to the Keymaker. Morpheus, Trinity, and the Keymaker flee while Neo holds off the Merovingian's henchmen. Morpheus and Trinity try to escape with the Keymaker, pursued by several Agents and the Merovingian's chief henchmen, the Twins. After a long chase, Trinity escapes, Morpheus defeats the Twins, and Neo saves Morpheus and the Keymaker from Agent Johnson.

The crews of the Nebuchadnezzar, Vigilant, and Logos help the Keymaker and Neo reach the Source. The Logos crew must destroy a power plant and the Vigilant crew must disable a back-up power station to bypass a security system, which will allow Neo to enter the Source. Haunted by a vision of Trinity's death, he asks her to remain on the Nebuchadnezzar. The Logos is successful, but the Vigilant is destroyed by a Sentinel. Trinity replaces the Vigilant crew and completes their mission. Agent Thompson corners her and they fight. As Neo, Morpheus, and the Keymaker try to reach the Source, the Smiths ambush them. The Keymaker is killed after unlocking the door to the Source for Neo.

Neo meets a program called the Architect, the creator of the Matrix, who explains that as the One, Neo is himself an intentional part of the design of the Matrix, which is now in its sixth iteration. Neo is meant to stop the Matrix's fatal system crash that naturally recurs due to humans' free will, leading to a certain number of humans gradually refusing to accept the simulation. As with the five previous Ones, Neo has a choice: either reboot the Matrix from the Source and pick a handful of survivors to repopulate the soon-to-be-destroyed Zion, as his predecessors all did, or go to save the imperiled Trinity, causing the Matrix to crash and killing everyone in it. Neo chooses the latter, prompting a dismissive response from the Architect.

Neo's vision of Trinity comes true as she is shot by Agent Thompson while falling off a building. Before she hits the ground, Neo arrives and catches her. He then removes the bullet from her chest and restarts her heart. They return to the real world, where Sentinels attack them. The Nebuchadnezzar is destroyed, but the crew escape. As the Sentinels catch up to them, Neo realizes he is able to sense the machines in the real world, and telepathically destroys them but falls into a coma from the effort. The crew are picked up by another ship, the Mjolnir. Its captain reveals that other ships defending Zion were wiped out by the machines after someone prematurely activated an EMP. Only one survivor was found: the Smith-possessed Bane.

Cast
Zee was originally played by Aaliyah, who died in a plane crash on August 25, 2001, before filming was complete, requiring her scenes to be reshot with Nona Gaye. Jet Li was offered the role of Seraph, but turned it down as he did not want his martial arts moves digitally recorded.

Filming
The Matrix Reloaded was mostly filmed at Fox Studios in Australia. Filming began on March 1, 2001 and ended on August 21, 2002, concurrently with the filming of the second sequel, Revolutions and the live-action footage for the Enter the Matrix video game. The freeway chase and "Burly Brawl" scenes were filmed at the decommissioned Naval Air Station Alameda in Alameda, California. The producers constructed a 1.5-mile freeway on the old runways specifically for the film. Some portions of the chase were also filmed in Oakland, California, and the tunnel shown briefly is the Webster Tube, which connects Oakland and Alameda. Some post-production editing was also done in old aircraft hangars on the base. The city of Akron, Ohio was willing to give full access to Route 59, the stretch of freeway known as the "Innerbelt", for filming of the freeway chase when it was under consideration. However, producers decided against this as "the time to reset all the cars in their start position would take too long". General Motors was hired to donate over 300 cars to be used during production, destroying them for the sake of creating art. MythBusters would later reuse the Alameda location in order to explore the effects of a head-on collision between two semi trucks, and to perform various other experiments. It took 27 days to film the Burly Brawl sequence, which was combined with motion capture and CGI. This would become one of the most expensive action scenes, costing $40 million to make. Around 97% of the materials from the sets of the film were recycled after production was completed; for example, tons of wood were sent to Mexico to build low-income housing.

Visual effects
Following the success of the previous film, the Wachowskis came up with extremely difficult action sequences, such as the Burly Brawl, a scene in which Neo had to fight 100 Agent Smiths. To develop technologies for the film, Warner Bros. launched ESC Entertainment. The ESC team tried to figure out how to bring the Wachowskis' vision to the screen, but because bullet time required arrays of carefully aligned cameras and months of planning, even for a brief scene featuring two or three actors, a scene like the Burly Brawl seemed almost impossible as envisioned and could take years to composite. Eventually John Gaeta realized that the technology he and his crew had developed for The Matrix's bullet time was no longer sufficient and concluded they needed a virtual camera (in other words, a simulation of a camera). Having before used real photographs of buildings as texture for 3D models in The Matrix, the team started digitizing all data, such as scenes, characters' motions, or even the reflectivity of Neo's cassock. The reflectivity of objects needs to be captured and simulated adequately and Paul Debevec et al. captured the reflectance of the human face and Borshukov's work was strongly based on the findings of Debevec et al. They developed "Universal Capture", a process which samples and stores facial details and expressions at high resolution, then capture expressions from Reeves and Weaving using dense capture and multi-camera setup (similar to the bullet time rig) photogrammetric capture technique called optical flow. The algorithm for Universal Capture was written by George Borshukov, visual effects lead at ESC, who had also created the photo-realistic buildings for the visual effects in The Matrix. With this collected wealth of data and the right algorithms, they finally were able to create virtual cinematography in which characters, locations, and events can all be created digitally and viewed through virtual cameras, eliminating the restrictions of real cameras, years of compositing data, and replacing the use of still camera arrays or, in some scenes, cameras altogether. The ESC team rendered the final effects using the program Mental Ray.

Music
Don Davis, who composed for The Matrix, returned to score Reloaded. For many of the pivotal action sequences, such as the "Burly Brawl", he collaborated with Juno Reactor. Some of the collaborative cues by Davis and Juno Reactor are extensions of material by Juno Reactor; for example, a version of "Komit" featuring Davis' strings is used during a flying sequence, and "Burly Brawl" is essentially a combination of Davis' unused "Multiple Replication" and a piece similar to Juno Reactor's "Masters of the Universe". One of the collaborations, "Mona Lisa Overdrive", is titled in reference to the cyberpunk novel of the same name by William Gibson, a major influence on the directors.

Leitmotifs established in The Matrix return — such as the Matrix main theme, Neo and Trinity's love theme, the Sentinel's theme, Neo's flying theme, and a more frequent use of the four-note Agent Smith theme — and others used in Revolutions are established.

As with its predecessor, many tracks by external musicians are featured in the movie, its closing credits, and the soundtrack album, some of which were written for the film. Many of the musicians featured, for example Rob Zombie, Rage Against the Machine and Marilyn Manson, had also appeared on the soundtrack for The Matrix. Rob Dougan also re-contributed, licensing the instrumental version of "Furious Angels", as well as being commissioned to provide an original track, ultimately scoring the battle in the Merovingian's chateau. A remixed version of "Slap It" by electronic artist Fluke — listed on the soundtrack as "Zion" — was used during the rave scene.

Linkin Park contributed their instrumental song "Session" to the film as well, although it did not appear during the course of the film. P.O.D. composed a song called "Sleeping Awake", with a music video which focused heavily on Neo, as well as many images that were part of the film. Both songs played during the film's credits.

It was originally planned for the electronic band Röyksopp to create the soundtrack, but this offer was turned down.

Box office
The Matrix Reloaded earned an estimated $5 million during Wednesday night previews in the United States and Canada. It grossed $37.5 million on its Thursday opening day from 3,603 theaters, which was the second-highest opening day after Spider-Man's $39.4 million. The film earned $91.7 million during its opening weekend and $134.3 million in its first four days, including the previews. This made it not only the second-highest opening weekend of all time, but also the biggest opening weekend for any Warner Bros. film, beating Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone. For six years, the film would hold the record for having the largest number of screenings for an R-rated film until the opening of Watchmen in March 2009. The Matrix Reloaded also surpassed Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones to have the highest Thursday opening. It would hold this record for two years until it was taken by Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith in 2005. Additionally, the film had the highest opening weekend for an R-rated film, overturning the previous record held by Hannibal. With a total gross of $146.9 million, The Matrix Reloaded held the record for having the biggest six-day opening until 2004, when it was surpassed by Spider-Man 2.

The film held the number one spot during its opening weekend, taking the position from X2. This would be handed to Bruce Almighty, which would be later dethroned by Finding Nemo. The opening weekend represented roughly 60% of that weekend's box-office tally, but some box-office prognosticators noted it fell short of lofty expectations set by some in the industry. The Matrix Reloaded and Finding Nemo both teamed up with Bruce Almighty, X2 and Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl to become the first five films to make $200 million at the box office in a single summer season. This was also the fourth R-rated film to cross that mark, just after Beverly Hills Cop, Terminator 2: Judgment Day and Saving Private Ryan. It would remain as the year's top-grossing film until Finding Nemo overtook it in July.

Internationally, The Matrix Reloaded opened in 13 territories, including Australia and France, and grossed $37.5 million in its first week. It expanded to most international territories (62) the following weekend, except Japan and India, and became the first movie to earn more than $100 million outside the U.S. in one weekend, taking its overseas total to $176 million and worldwide total to $385 million. Grossing over $113.2 million, the film scored the highest international opening weekend, breaking the previous record held by The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers. In Japan, it had the biggest opening of any film in the country, earning $11.5 million and smashing the previous record held by Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. There were other opening records in Russia and South Korea. The Japan and South Korea opening records were both given to Spider-Man 3 in 2007. In the United Kingdom, the film topped the box office for four weeks until it was overtaken by 2 Fast 2 Furious.

The film ultimately grossed $281.6 million in the US, and $739.4 million worldwide, becoming the third-highest-grossing film of 2003, after Finding Nemo and The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King. It would have the highest domestic gross for an R-rated film until it was taken by The Passion of the Christ the next year. For over a decade, The Matrix Reloaded held the record for being the highest-grossing R-rated film worldwide before Deadpool took it 13 years later. The film sold an estimated 46,695,900 tickets in North America. Following re-releases, the worldwide gross of the film is $741.8 million.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 74% based on 246 reviews, and an average score of 6.80/10. The site's critical consensus states: "Though its heady themes are a departure from its predecessor, The Matrix Reloaded is a worthy sequel packed with popcorn-friendly thrills." On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score 62 out of 100 based on 40 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale, a grade down from the "A−" earned by the previous film.

Positive comments from critics included commendation for the quality and intensity of its action sequences, and its intelligence. Tony Toscano of Talking Pictures had high praise for the film, saying that "its character development and writing...is so crisp it crackles on the screen" and that "Matrix Reloaded re-establishes the genre and even raises the bar a notch or two" above the first film, The Matrix. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times also commended the film, giving it three and a half stars out of four. He described it as "an immensely skillful sci-fi adventure, combining the usual elements: heroes and villains, special effects and stunts, chases and explosions, romance and oratory" and praised the fact that "it develops its world with more detail than the first movie was able to afford, gives us our first glimpse of the underground human city of Zion, burrows closer to the heart of the secret of the Matrix, and promotes its hero, Neo, from confused draftee to a Christ figure in training." He also compared the choreography of the "Burly Brawl" fight to that of Yuen Woo-ping in the 2000 film Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, and called the scene "one of the three great set pieces in the movie" (along with Morpheus' announcement to the people of Zion and the freeway chase).

Negative comments included the sentiment that the plot was alienating, with some critics regarding the focus on the action as a detriment to the film's human elements. Some critics thought that the number of scenes with expository dialogue worked against the film, and the many unresolved subplots, as well as the cliffhanger ending, were also criticized. Other criticisms included the film's perceived lack of pacing. Entertainment Weekly named it as one of "The 25 Worst Sequels Ever Made".

Censorship
The film was initially banned in Egypt because of the violent content and because it put into question issues about human creation, "which are related to the three divine religions."

Home media
The Matrix Reloaded was released on VHS and DVD on October 14, 2003. On the first day release, the DVD release sold over 4 million units. A Blu-ray release followed on September 7, 2010. The Matrix Reloaded was released as a part of The Matrix Trilogy on 4K UHD Blu-ray on October 30, 2018.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: The Matrix Reloaded


text:
Transdifferentiation

Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, is the process in which one mature somatic cell is transformed into another mature somatic cell without undergoing an intermediate pluripotent state or progenitor cell type. It is a type of metaplasia, which includes all cell fate switches, including the interconversion of stem cells. Current uses of transdifferentiation include disease modeling and drug discovery and in the future may include gene therapy and regenerative medicine. The term 'transdifferentiation' was originally coined by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 to describe a change in cell properties as cuticle producing cells became salt-secreting cells in silk moths undergoing metamorphosis.

Discovery
Davis et al. 1987 reported the first instance (sight) of transdifferentiation where a cell changed from one adult cell type to another. Forcing mouse embryonic fibroblasts to express MyoD was found to be sufficient to turn those cells into myoblasts.

Natural examples
The only known instances where adult cells change directly from one lineage to another occurs in the species Turritopsis dohrnii (also known as the immortal jellyfish) and Turritopsis nutricula.

In newts, when the eye lens is removed, pigmented epithelial cells de-differentiate and then redifferentiate into the lens cells. Vincenzo Colucci described this phenomenon in 1891 and Gustav Wolff described the same thing in 1894; the priority issue is examined in Holland (2021).

In humans and mice, it has been demonstrated that alpha cells in the pancreas can spontaneously switch fate and transdifferentiate into beta cells. This has been demonstrated for both healthy and diabetic human and mouse pancreatic islets. While it was previously believed that oesophageal cells were developed from the transdifferentiation of smooth muscle cells, that has been shown to be false.

Induced and therapeutic examples
The first example of functional transdifferentiation has been provided by Ferber et al. by inducing a shift in the developmental fate of cells in the liver and converting them into 'pancreatic beta-cell-like' cells. The cells induced a wide, functional and long-lasting transdifferentiation process that reduced the effects of hyperglycemia in diabetic mice. Moreover, the trans-differentiated beta-like cells were found to be resistant to the autoimmune attack that characterizes type 1 diabetes.

The second step was to undergo transdifferentiation in human specimens. By transducing liver cells with a single gene, Sapir et al. were able to induce human liver cells to transdifferentiate into human beta cells.

This approach has been demonstrated in mice, rat, xenopus and human tissues.

Schematic model of the hepatocyte-to-beta cell transdifferentiation process. Hepatocytes are obtained by liver biopsy from diabetic patient, cultured and expanded ex vivo, transduced with a PDX1 virus, transdifferentiated into functional insulin-producing beta cells, and transplanted back into the patient.

Granulosa and theca cells in the ovaries of adult female mice can transdifferentiate to Sertoli and Leydig cells via induced knockout of the FOXL2 gene. Similarly, Sertoli cells in the testes of adult male mice can transdifferentiate to granulosa cells via induced knockout of the DMRT1 gene.

Lineage-instructive approach
In this approach, transcription factors from progenitor cells of the target cell type are transfected into a somatic cell to induce transdifferentiation. There exists two different means of determining which transcription factors to use: by starting with a large pool and narrowing down factors one by one or by starting with one or two and adding more. One theory to explain the exact specifics is that ectopic Transcriptional factors direct the cell to an earlier progenitor state and then redirects it towards a new cell type. Rearrangement of the chromatin structure via DNA methylation or histone modification may play a role as well. Here is a list of in vitro examples and in vivo examples. In vivo methods of transfecting specific mouse cells utilize the same kinds of vectors as in vitro experiments, except that the vector is injected into a specific organ. Zhou et al. (2008) injected Ngn3, Pdx1 and Mafa into the dorsal splenic lobe (pancreas) of mice to reprogram pancreatic exocrine cells into β-cells in order to ameliorate hyperglycaemia.

Initial epigenetic activation phase approach
Somatic cells are first transfected with pluripotent reprogramming factors temporarily (Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, etc.) before being transfected with the desired inhibitory or activating factors. Here is a list of examples in vitro.

Pharmacological agents
The DNA methylation inhibitor, 5-azacytidine is also known to promote phenotypic transdifferentiation of cardiac cells to skeletal myoblasts.

In prostate cancer, treatment with androgen receptor targeted therapies induces neuroendocrine transdifferentiation in a subset of patients. No standard of care exists for these patients, and those diagnosed with treatment induced neuroendocrine carcinoma are typically treated palliatively.

Mechanism of action
The transcription factors serve as a short term trigger to an irreversible process. The transdifferentiation liver cells observed 8 months after one single injection of pdx1.

The ectopic transcription factors turn off the host repertoire of gene expression in each of the cells. However, the alternate desired repertoire is being turned on only in a subpopulation of predisposed cells. Despite the massive dedifferentiation – lineage tracing approach indeed demonstrates that transdifferentiation originates in adult cells.

Mogrify algorithm
Determining the unique set of cellular factors that is needed to be manipulated for each cell conversion is a long and costly process that involved much trial and error. As a result, this first step of identifying the key set of cellular factors for cell conversion is the major obstacle researchers face in the field of cell reprogramming. An international team of researchers have developed an algorithm, called Mogrify(1), that can predict the optimal set of cellular factors required to convert one human cell type to another. When tested, Mogrify was able to accurately predict the set of cellular factors required for previously published cell conversions correctly. To further validate Mogrify's predictive ability, the team conducted two novel cell conversions in the laboratory using human cells, and these were successful in both attempts solely using the predictions of Mogrify. Mogrify has been made available online for other researchers and scientists.

Evaluation
When examining transdifferentiated cells, it is important to look for markers of the target cell type and the absence of donor cell markers which can be accomplished using green fluorescent protein or immunodetection. It is also important to examine the cell function, epigenome, transcriptome, and proteome profiles. Cells can also be evaluated based upon their ability to integrate into the corresponding tissue in vivo and functionally replace its natural counterpart. In one study, transdifferentiating tail-tip fibroblasts into hepatocyte-like cells using transcription factors Gata4, Hnf1α and Foxa3, and inactivation of p19(Arf) restored hepatocyte-like liver functions in only half of the mice using survival as a means of evaluation.

Transition from mouse to human cells
Generally transdifferentiation that occurs in mouse cells does not translate in effectiveness or speediness in human cells. Pang et al. found that while transcription factors Ascl1, Brn2 and Myt1l turned mouse cells into mature neurons, the same set of factors only turned human cells into immature neurons. However, the addition of NeuroD1 was able to increase efficiency and help cells reach maturity.

Order of transcription factor expression
The order of expression of transcription factors can direct the fate of the cell. Iwasaki et al. (2006) showed that in hematopoietic lineages, the expression timing of Gata-2 and (C/EBPalpha) can change whether or not a lymphoid-committed progenitors can differentiate into granulocyte/monocyte progenitor, eosinophil, basophil or bipotent basophil/mast cell progenitor lineages.

Immunogenicity
It has been found for induced pluripotent stem cells that when injected into mice, the immune system of the synergeic mouse rejected the teratomas forming. Part of this may be because the immune system recognized epigenetic markers of specific sequences of the injected cells. However, when embryonic stem cells were injected, the immune response was much lower. Whether or not this will occur within transdifferentiated cells remains to be researched.

Method of transfection
In order to accomplish transfection, one may use integrating viral vectors such as lentiviruses or retroviruses, non-integrating vectors such as Sendai viruses or adenoviruses, microRNAs and a variety of other methods including using proteins and plasmids; one example is the non-viral delivery of transcription factor-encoding plasmids with a polymeric carrier to elicit neuronal transdifferentiation of fibroblasts. When foreign molecules enter cells, one must take into account the possible drawbacks and potential to cause tumorous growth. Integrating viral vectors have the chance to cause mutations when inserted into the genome. One method of going around this is to excise the viral vector once reprogramming has occurred, an example being Cre-Lox recombination Non-integrating vectors have other issues concerning efficiency of reprogramming and also the removal of the vector. Other methods are relatively new fields and much remains to be discovered.

Pluripotent reprogramming

 * Almost all factors that reprogram cells into pluripotency have been discovered and can turn a wide variety of cells back into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). However, many of the reprogramming factors that can change a cell's lineage have not been discovered and these factors apply only for that specific lineage.
 * The final products of transdifferentiated cells are capable of being used for clinical studies, but iPSCs must be differentiated.
 * It may become possible in the future to use transdifferentiation in vivo, whereas pluripotent reprogramming may cause teratomas in vivo.
 * Transdifferentiated cells will require less epigenetic marks to be reset, whereas pluripotent reprogramming requires nearly all to be removed, which may become an issue during redifferentiation.
 * Transdifferentiation is geared towards moving between similar lineages, whereas pluripotent reprogramming has unlimited potential.
 * Pluripotent cells are capable of self-renewal and often go through many cell passages, which increases the chance of accumulating mutations. Cell culture may also favor cells that are adapted for surviving under those conditions, as opposed to inside an organism. Transdifferentiation requires fewer cell passages and would reduce the chance of mutations.
 * Transdifferentiation can also be much more efficient than pluripotency reprogramming due to the extra step involved in the latter process.
 * Both pluripotent and transdifferentiated cells use adult cells, thus starting cells are very accessible, whereas human embryonic stem cells require that one navigate legal loopholes and delve into the morality of stem cell research debate.

title: Transdifferentiation


text:
Talk:Princess Irene of the Netherlands

Untitled

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the proposed deletion of the article below. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review).  No further edits should be made to this page.

The result was Move. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 22:19, 12 July 2006 (UTC)

Requested move
Princess Irene of Orange-Nassau → Princess Irene of the Netherlands – Princess Irene did not lose her title of Princess of the Netherlands because the 2002 act regulating titles of the royal house was not retroactive. She only lost her membership to the royal house. Had her marriage taken place after 2002 then she would no longer be a princess of the Netherlands. Charles 05:17, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

Survey

 * Support As nominator. Charles 05:17, 30 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose (but not strongly) While that's her name according to the official website of the Royal House and she definitely is entitled to this style, Irene herself always uses the Lippe-Biesterfeld name.  It is unclear to me which is more common in written publications about Irene. Noel S McFerran 16:57, 3 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Weak Support: Like Noel said, that is what the Royal House calls her, but she uses the Lippe-Biesterfeld name. I am always inclined to use what the RH uses, IMO. Prsgodd e ss187 17:55, 3 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Support if it's true what Charles says, then make it so. Gryffindor  09:46, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

Discussion
See RM reasoning. Charles 05:17, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

Title
Shouldn't she be listed under Princess Irene of Orange-Nassau? She married without the permission of the States-General so she lost her right to the throne, like her nephew Johan-Friso, and he became Prince Johan-Friso of Orange-Nassau. Just trying to get the titles right. Prsgoddess187 15:38, 28 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Irene uses the name "Irene van Lippe-Biesterfeld"... I don't know whether or not the Princess is still "of the Netherlands" or even what her actual title or common name is now. Charles 23:06, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

HRH Irene, Princess of Orange-Nassau
The Princess Irene is a born Princess of Orange-Nassau and of Lippe-Biesterfeld. Until her marriage to the Duke of Parma, Prince Carlos de Bourbon de Parme, she also was Princess of the Netherlands. Parliament was not asked to approve the marriage (which it would not have granted probably) and, thus, the Princess Irene lost her royal title of the Netherlands. Her use of Her Royal Highness remained legitimate. Officially she is now, depsite her divorce:

Her Royal Highness Irene, Princess de Bourbon de Parme née Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld.

However, she does not use the derivative title of her former husband, and she is indeed known as Irene of Lippe-Biesterfeld.
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this page.

spouse?
As far as I know, Irene is divorced in about 1980 from Carlos de Bourbon etc. -DePiep 18:10, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

"Princess Irene, Duchess of Parma"
If her husband is Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma, isn't she Duchess of Parma? This article doesn't even mention this title. Surtsicna (talk) 15:02, 5 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Interesting idea. It could be, I don't know.... However this is not the case anymore, because they were divorced a long time ago. At the time they were married most of it he was only a prince.

 * They married in 1964 and he became Duke in 1977, and they divorced in 1981. So if you are right, she would be only dutchess "titre de Courtoisie" for 4 years. Demophon (talk) 20:01, 5 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Well, the ex-wife of the Duke of York is still styled Sarah, Duchess of York. Surtsicna (talk) 10:57, 7 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Interesting question. Since there was no annulment, in the eyes of the Catholic church Irene would be the dowager duchess of Parma. I believe even the late Count and Countess of Paris divorced while they were in their 80s (correct me if wrong) but she was still regarded as the Countess of Paris and titular Queen of the French. Seven Letters 15:10, 19 August 2010 (UTC)

Tulip
Is the 'Prinses Irene' tulip named after her?81.159.89.226 (talk) 15:52, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

Marriage controversy
The part about the marriage controversy seems a bit too long when compared to all the other events that have taken place during her life. ADM (talk) 05:47, 18 July 2009 (UTC)

Duchess of Parma
I removed the title of Duchess of Bourbon-Parma. There was never such a title in existence. The title Duke (Duchess) of Parma was abolished in 1859 and was since then a title in pretense. It's not usual that former monarchical titles like these are used on Wikipedia for pretenders. We do not call the Duke of Castro King of the two Sicilies for example. In that sense we should also do something about Carlos, Duke of Parma. Gerard von Hebel (talk) 21:11, 13 September 2014 (UTC)
 * That is why I removed the entire list. It is unsourced and inaccurate. Per WP:BLP, unsourced and contested information should be removed immediately. On the other hand, Irene did use the title of Duchess of Parma and was referred to as such. The man who uses the title of Duke of Castro is known as such; he does not call himself king (at least not publicly) and is not normally referred to as such. The difference is obvious. Queen Latifah is definitely not a queen, for what that's worth. It is not our job to evaluate whether someone has the right to use the name she or he uses. We report facts, and the fact is that Irene was styled as Duchess of Parma. Not as [Carlist] Queen of Spain, not as Queen Etruria, but as Duchess of Parma. (talk) 21:27, 13 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Thanks Surtsicna for coming here. I don't think that she was ever generally well known as the Duchess of Parma. Her husband and her son (his successor in pretense) were very well known as Princes of Bourbon-Parma. Since 1998 they are known in Dutch nobility as Princes de Bourbon de Parme. The Ducal title was the title of a head of state. A state that stopped existing in 1859. There is no diplomatic or legal base for them or their spouses to be called Dukes or Duchesses of Parma (let alone of Bourbon-Parma, there has never been such a ting as a Duke or Duchess of Bourbon-Parma). Besides, what they call themselves is very good for the name of an article, when they are known by that name, but the section "titles and styles" deals with the official form of address for such a person. Not with titles of pretense. She is after all a Princess of the Netherlands. Gerard von Hebel (talk) 21:42, 13 September 2014 (UTC)
 * In other words, I have no qualms about calling her Duchess of Parma in any other section of the article, just not in a section that relates to the formal form of address of the Princess. Gerard von Hebel (talk) 21:44, 13 September 2014 (UTC)
 * Surtsicna, I may very well have misunderstood your argument. Thanks for removing the section with the disputed title. Gerard von Hebel (talk) 22:30, 13 September 2014 (UTC)

Duchess of Parma again

 * Gerard von Hebel has previously (see section above) and now again edited this and other articles in opposition to the attribution of non-Dutch titles to Irene, even when attributed to her by reliable sources. Yet that view continues to evoke as much dissent as support, therefore the article can't simply reflect that view or Gerard von Hebel's interpretation of the Dutch government's view in the matter. During the period when Irene was the wife of Carlos-Hugo she did not live in the The Netherlands -- indeed it was government policy to discourage her presence there -- so there is no compelling reason why Wikipedia should treat Dutch law as controlling her titulature when that nation had disassociated itself from her and she lived abroad actively campaigning in support of her husband's cause as a pretender. During that period her husband claimed to be the rightful Spanish heir ("Prince of Asturias") and later rightful king, yet neither this article nor any reputable source (outside his own Carlist Party) accorded him those titles, so this isn't about recognizing his non-legal title of pretence to the throne he claimed. However, the Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels, an expert and reliable source on use of hereditary titulature, along with numerous other sources, did attribute to Carlos Hugo the title "Duke of Parma", as it did to his non-reigning ancestors. But that reflects neither original research nor monarchist sentiment, but prevalent international usage. You are correct that "Duke of Parma" was a sovereign title until 1859 and reliable sources do not usually attribute sovereign titles to pretenders. However there are two long accepted exceptions to that rule: 1. such titles as emperor, king, queen mother, crown prince, dauphin, grand duke (Grossherzog), etc. are no longer accorded to members of a dethroned dynasty once the monarchy is abolished, except that (outside that country) those who held those substantive titles at the time of deposition continue to be accorded that rank for their lifetimes unless they adopt another style,  and 2. the titles of "duke" and "prince" (Fürst) may continue in use for the heirs in exile of the abolished monarchy. The first custom reflects historical usage dating back to the medieval era (e.g., Emperor Charles V, Queen Christina of Sweden, Emperor Napoleon I etc. and, in literature, King Lear) and is still largely adhered to. The second exception also dates back to deposed rulers of the princedoms erected in the Near East during the Crusades (John, Prince of Antioch, James, Prince of Achaea, Walter, Duke of Athens and, in literature, the same "Duke Walter" in the Decameron) because "duke" and "prince" have never been exclusively associated with sovereignty as have the other titles. So in modern times when a duke or prince's realm is terminated that does not, ipso facto, terminate the title: Duke of Parma is, legally, a papal title, and the Popes continue to be a lawful fount of honour. Thus the successors to the last reigning Duke of Parma have consistently been attributed that title by such international authoritative sources as Justus Perthes' Almanach de Gotha, Burke's Peerage and others. To further distance itself from Carlos Hugo as an active pretender, the Dutch court avoided attributing to him and his wife their traditional Italian titles, but that is an anomalous policy of The Netherlands which articles may make note of but which Wikipedia is not bound to enforce in deference to NPOV. FactStraight (talk) 22:42, 19 January 2015 (UTC)

Titles and styles
The section seems confusing now. First she is a Princess of the Netherlands and then not, and then she is mrs. Lippe-Biesterfeld and then a Princess of the Netherlands again (but since when?). It looks to me that the "Genealogisches Handbuch" reflects the preferences of the Princess through the years (which changed from time to time) rather than her official titulature. I suggest we go with what Dutch law (| wet lidmaatschap koninklijk huis, notably article 10: "Those who carry titles and names enforced by the Royal orders of 26 october 1937 (Stb. 1937, no. 5) en 2 januari 1967 (Stb. 1967, no. 1)) retain these", and the site of the royal family say. She never stopped being a Princess of the Netherlands. Gerard von Hebel (talk) 09:18, 30 May 2015 (UTC).
 * I concur that Irene seems to have periodically declined to use titles stipulated for her by Dutch law. But many individuals, including royalty, use different ways of identifying themselves than legal or official sources impose. It is not clear that the fact she is entitled by law to be referred to in a specific way means that she must only be referred to that way, and it would be synthesis to apply the law to her ourselves and declare that is how she was referred to when reliable sources state otherwise: Look at controversy over whether Máxima Zorreguieta was or was not Princess of Orange, is or is not Queen of the Netherlands. Under Dutch law Irene's children should not have been able to become Princes & Princesses of Bourbon-Parma in the Dutch nobility -- but the Queen's wishes were accommodated, law notwithstanding. Ditto Irene. FactStraight (talk) 10:26, 30 May 2015 (UTC)
 * I see the edit I made has been reverted by you Factstraight. You say: "It's synthesis to apply Dutch law to her yourself to reject explicit sources which point out how & when the titulature Irene used differed from that of her sisters". The law maybe a primary source but it's straightforward enough. I don't think a synthesis was brewed here by me. Specially since the website of the Royal House (a legitimate secondary source) concurs. These sections in articles about Royalty however are generally not about what people use or prefer, but about what their titles actually are and that is the main point of my argument. Mostly the 'titles and style' sections give the official titles and further explains about how they are sometimes not used. If the website of the Royal House (a legitimate secondary source) says something different than the "Genealogisches Handbuch" it's also synthesis to conclude that something must have changed on a date unknown. It now looks like she was a royal Princess, then stopped being one and then on a date unknown and for reasons unknown became a royal Princess again... As I said, the law I quoted may be a primary source, but it's pretty straightforward and it is supported by the text on the website of the Royal House. Irene made a few confusing statements about what she wanted to be called from time to time. As far as I can see that's the only reason for this. I wonder what the "Genealogisches Handbuch" exactly says about her being HRH Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld (which she was never called even by herself) or plain Irene of Lippe Biesterfeld. I don't agree with you revert for now! On Maxima, she has titles in her own right and titles by courtesy. Of those, only Princess of Orange wasn't used in her style. The annexation of Irene's children into Dutch nobility took place before 1998 and so was perfectly legal. It was never suggested throughout all of this that Irene's titles had been changed or taken away from her. Certainly not by the Queen. The Netherlands is not the UK, where the fount of honor can just do about anything she likes. Gerard von Hebel (talk) 10:37, 30 May 2015 (UTC)
 * I've checked the GHDA, and what is said there isn't as clear cut as the article now states. Specially the "when" part but there also seems to be at least some disambiguity about the "what" part. Explicit it is certainly not. I'll come back to it when I have more time on my hands. Gerard von Hebel (talk) 09:14, 13 June 2015 (UTC)
 * The 1997 article's introduction, giving familial titles, doesn't exempt Irene (because that section never addresses differences for individuals), but the chapter's specific reference to Irene unambiguously distinguishes what she is called from the generic title for the monarch's daughters. That is not done with reference to the other younger daughters, so it can't be ignored. In citing a highly reputable source on royalty, the Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels (GHdA), which precisely distinguishes Irene's use of titulature from that of other Dutch princesses, I gave the exact English translation of what the source says is the title she used. I did not have "to conclude that something must have changed on a date unknown": Sequential editions of GHdA updated Irene's title as time went by, and it gave those titles, so there was no "conclusion" (and thus no "synthesis") to be made. Your comment that "these sections in articles about Royalty however are generally not about what people use or prefer, but about what their titles actually are" is a bit too broad a generalization: First, I have never regarded them as "official vs unofficial" so much as "Title normally attributed to the person on the date given", and we use sources to determine the usage at that time. I did. Secondly, I suspect that in some cases these sections reflect what the law says, in some cases they reflect what the government says, in some cases they reflect what the family says, in some cases they reflect what the individual says and in some cases they reflect conventions which do not exactly correlate with any of the above or that consist of a mixture of them. Although you argue that Dutch law and the government website should be considered authoritative sources, you also state as fact that, contrary to GHdA, Irene was never called "HRH Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld" by others or herself. Although you offer no source for that assertion other than your own opinion and/or recollection, you seem to think it should be treated as more accurate than GHdA. On what grounds? You also opine that "Irene made a few confusing statements about what she wanted to be called from time to time. As far as I can see that's the only reason for this." These royal titulature sections reflect different terms at different dates precisely because what royalty is known by changes over times, and so clarification is helpful. My understanding is that GHdA, like Justus Perthes' Almanach de Gotha before it, solicits confirmation of information in its entries from the most authoritative monarchical source; the sovereign's private secretary, head of house's secretariat or the individual royal -- relying upon the highest authority which responds to its inquiry. Since the Dutch Royal Family's titulature and succession rules are complicated, I expect that GHdA editors are particularly careful to seek verification from the Crown before going to print, relying upon generally available sources like Palace-published booklets and, now, websites only if they receive no response. I can also see that, in the early years after Irene's divorce, the Dutch Royal Court might have declined to respond about her, as they may have done when she forfeited her succession rights. Or they may have re-directed GHdA's inquiries to Irene's own household. But I don't claim to know for certain that any of that happened. Unless you know how GHdA's process for fact-checking was applied in this case, we are both speculating about what happened. But that doesn't invalidate GHdA as a reliable source whose dates for the applicability of the titles are updated in the next edition. Monarchical websites, however, are current: they don't usually date the information they provide because the presumption is that it is accurate as of now. When something changes, they usually replace reference to the prior information, so I would not expect that today's website would tell us what was true in 1997 about Irene's style which, however, GHdA's 1997 edition does. With respect to my points that I don't perceive Dutch titulature as being as inflexible, unchanging or clear as you seem to do: you say that Maxima has and had both legal and courtesy titles. I agree, which means that the titles she used were not only those spelled out explicitly in law or by decree, but by custom -- which means by usage. And there has been disagreement about how law and custom should be described relative to the titles used for her. I wasn't alleging that the Princes of Bourbon-Parma were incorporated in Dutch nobility after that process was terminated, but that the criteria for doing so were criticized as being relaxed to accommodate Queen Beatrix's wishes: "HRH Prince of Bourbon-Parma" is not a title members of that family were recognized as bearing by grant of the legal authority of any jurisdiction in which they held citizenship -- not France, not Italy and not Spain. The title is not "noble" but "royal", and as such a matter of supra-national tradition that was allowed -- but never conferred -- by any extant nation with a nobility similar to that of the Netherlands. Scholars, jurists and journalists pointed this out at the time of the incorporation, and no satisfactory explanation was forthcoming. Conclusion: it was done at the Queen's pleasure. Ipso facto, perhaps, "HRH Princess Irene of Lippe-Biesterfeld" (and let's not forget that when Juliana married Bernhard, Germany was a republic which no longer recognized his royalty nor his title, as such. That didn't stop Queen Wilhelmina or the Netherlands -- like nearly all monarchs and monarchies -- from treating a title granted by an abolished monarchy as if its dynasty were still reigning. That, too, is custom). FactStraight (talk) 11:25, 13 June 2015 (UTC)
 * About the use of titles pertaining to abolished monarchies, these titles were still recognised when it came to diplomatic protocol by many countries in those days. The Lippe Biesterfeld titles were reconfered on the daughters of Bernhard and Juliana, and on Juliana by Royal command and by a House Treaty between the Houses of Lippe and Orange-Nassau. I have no problems with that.
 * It seems to me that both mentioned volumes of the GHDA mention full titles for the Queens sisters, Princess of the Netherlands, Orange-Nassau, Lippe-Biesterfeld and Royal Highness. The 1987 volume on pages 85 and 86 also states  that the name “Przssin Emma Irene Elizabeth” uses is  “Przssin v. Lippe-Biesterfeld”, failing to mention when this came about however  (the article now mentions 1981 but I can’t find that in the source). It also doesn’t say that she used that title in combination with the predicate of Royal Highness, as the article now states. Which would have been peculiar since the titles of Lippian Princes and Princesses come with the predicate of “Serene Highness” rather than “Royal Highness". The 1997 volume also mentions full titles for the Queens sisters but now (on p. 75) mentions that “Przssin Irene Emma Elizabeth” uses the name “Frau van Lippe-Biesterfeld”. It never says however, that she did so from 1997 onwards, as the article now states. The volumes of the GHDA appear at regular intervals, so it would be an interpretation on our part to assume that the year on the cover is the year that this  ‘change’ came about (this is where synthesis comes in).

 * Since the GHDA mentions what it mentions however, I agree the article should reflect that. It should however not assume that by using a certain name or title, her official titles changed. Mind again (as I said earlier) that the particular section of the article these texts are in, are usually also about what her official titles were at any given point. That’s also part of the information that this section is supposed to provide the reader.

 * I agree that all information given must be included as of the time it is current. If the website states the dates that its usage is in effect, we should mention that, otherwise we cannot assume that the title given Irene today on the website was what her title was in 1997, when we have a source that says otherwise. The "assumption" being made is that we know when the style listed on the website became effective, since no date is actually provided. The only dates I have seen are those of the GHdA editions, which indicate that those were the titles Irene used at those times. Also, let's keep in mind how GHdA reports information: the general section explaining titles applies unless the specific entry on the individual says otherwise. For instance, in GHdA's 2004 chapter on the Netherlands, both Irene and her (now deceased) nephew, Friso, are included. On page 54, the introduction says that "the children of Queen Beatrix bear pursuant to Royal Decree of 16 February 1966 the title and name Prince or Princess of the Netherlands, Prince or Princess of Orange-Nassau, Jonkheer or Jonkvrouwe van Amsberg". But in the specific entries on her two younger sons on page 56, no distinguishing information is given about "Prince Constantijn Christof Frederik Aschwin" (born 1969) -- so his titles conform to the generic info given on page 54, but in the entry on his older brother Friso, it describes him as ""Prince Johan Friso Bernhard Christian Danvid of Orange-Nassau". We know this is correct because Constantijn does keep all those dynastic titles while Friso ceased utilization of the title "Prince of the Netherlands" upon his non-dynastic marriage and forfeiture of his succession rights of 24 April 2004, and so we also know that the generic information given about him in the introduction is correctly superseded by the specific information that states he retained use of the "Orange-Nassau" princely title. That is exactly how GHdA also handles Irene's styles. There is no synthesis because the article doesn't state that her title "changed", it simply indicates what the sources say her title was in a given year, and that is what should be reflected. FactStraight (talk) 20:59, 13 June 2015 (UTC)
 * I suggest doing all the information justice and removing things from the body of the article that are not in the text of the GHDA or other sources (website, law) mentioned. I’m working on something and will let you know shortly! Gerard von Hebel (talk) 15:49, 13 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Well, in the case of Irene the GHDA says in both cases that she uses a certain name. Which (I haven't seen it mind you) might be different than how it is stated in the entry about Friso in 2004. However, I've come up with this in the meantime. I'll just past it here. It is redacted to fit in the article, so all the stuff with links may not work on this talkpage, but just to give you an idea.

Titles, styles, and honours
See also List of honours of the Dutch Royal Family by country

The Princess used the following names since her divorce:
 * Titles
 * 5 August 1939 - 29 April 1964: Her Royal Highness Princess Irene of The Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld
 * 29 April 1964 - 7 May 1977: Her Royal Highness Princess Irene of Bourbon-Parma, Princess of The Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld
 * 7 May 1977 - 7 January 1981 : Her Royal Highness Princess Irene, Duchess of Parma, Princess of The Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld
 * 7 January 1981-present: Her Royal Highness Princess Irene of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld
 * Princess Irene of Lippe-Biesterfeld
 * Mrs (Mevrouw) van Lippe-Biesterfeld.

Gerard von Hebel (talk) 21:16, 13 June 2015 (UTC)

 * I think that the above is an excellent way of reflecting the information provided by the sources cited. Thanks for putting so much thought and effort into the clarification: Dutch royal succession rights and titulature are perilously complex and inconsistent, but this brings as much order to Irene's situation as one could hope for. I recommend upload to the appropriate section of the article. FactStraight (talk) 12:28, 15 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Thank you! Done! Gerard von Hebel (talk) 15:10, 16 June 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Princess Irene of the Netherlands. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111112204253/http://www.clubofbudapest.org/p-amb-lippebiesterfeld.php to http://www.clubofbudapest.org/p-amb-lippebiesterfeld.php
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150226055459/http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/globale-paginas/taalrubrieken/english/members-of-the-royal-house/royal-family/princess-irene/ to http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/globale-paginas/taalrubrieken/english/members-of-the-royal-house/royal-family/princess-irene/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:15, 28 November 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Princess Irene of the Netherlands. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120423192544/http://natuurcollege.nl/welcome-to-nature-college to http://www.natuurcollege.nl/welcome-to-nature-college
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172649/http://www.anp-archief.nl/page/2187778/nl to http://www.anp-archief.nl/page/2187778/nl
 * Added tag to http://neon.pictura-hosting.nl/sfa/sfa_mrx_bld/thumbs/500x500/upload/upload_741/SFA003009892.jpg

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:53, 6 December 2017 (UTC)

Franco sympathizer?
For the second in line to the throne to not merely convert to Roman Catholicism but also to associate with an alleged Franco sympathizer, caused shock and consternation...
 * How could he be an 'alleged Franco sympathizer' when he was a communist and a supporter of the Carlist branch of the monarchy that Franco had passed over? Valetude (talk) 18:07, 21 September 2019 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 17:56, 15 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Prinses-irene-okt15-s.jpg

title: Talk:Princess Irene of the Netherlands