text:
Colchester, Connecticut

Colchester is a town in New London County, Connecticut, United States. The town is part of the Southeastern Connecticut Planning Region. The population was 15,555 at the 2020 census. In 2010 Colchester became the first town in Connecticut, and the 36th in the country, to be certified with the National Wildlife Federation as a Community Wildlife Habitat.

The villages of Westchester and North Westchester are located within Colchester. The town center village, which was previously incorporated as a borough, is a census-designated place, with a population of 4,700 at the 2020 census.

The Colchester area was part of the Mohegan territory at the time of European settlement. Several members of the Paugussett tribe currently reside in Colchester, where the tribe (which also has a heritage property in Trumbull) has a larger more recently acquired second 106 acre reservation.

The Colchester Historical Society operates a local history museum in town.

Pre-Township and Becoming a Township
On March 31, 1661, the original settlement of Colchester, was founded by Jeremy Adams upon a 340-acre area of land known as "Jerimiah's Farme". The land was given to Jeremy, by Uncas, Sachem of the Mohegan tribe.

Colchester's land stayed under the ownership of Jeremy Adams and was not incorporated into any new county in 1666 (when Connecticut's first counties were created) this is likely because of the closeness between both Hartford County and New London County. Colchester was mainly a farming community with Jeremy Adams raising cattle within the town. The abundance of farms in early Colchester is the reason Colchester is "A Right To Farm Community" in the present day. Colchester stayed as a farming community not within a county's borders until 1698.

On October 13, 1698, Michael Taintor II, Samuel Northam and Nathaniel Foote III applied to go forth and settle the Town. Jerimiah's Farme was selected as the main point of reference for the town, with its north boundary as the Twenty Mile River. The southern side is bordered by Lyme. The west boundary meets the east bounds of Middletown and Haddam. The east and northeast boundary run to the bounds of Lebanon and Norwich. During the initial settlement, the area was also referred to as the Plantation of the Twenty-mile River.

On May 11, 1699, the town's principal founders, Nathaniel Foote, Samuel Northam and Michael Taintor asked the general court of Hartford for assistance with persons hindering the advancement of the settlement (Saybrook residents specifically ), to be transferred under the jurisdiction of the New London colony, and for the Town to be recognized as Colchester. On May 11, 1699 the town name was named and incorporated into the colony of New London. After Colchester Officially became a town the land was divided among the original settlers and their ancestors. The town is said to be named after Colchester, a borough and port in Essex, England, where many colonists had emigrated from, most notably, where Nathaniel's grandfather Nathaniel Foote was born.

The 1700s
Nathaniel Foote and his family were some of the first to settle here and finished building their house in 1702. The house began construction in 1699 by Nathaniel Foote III and was then finished by his son Nathaniel Foote IV. On November 29, 1703, a saw and grist mill were voted to be built by Israel and Samual Wyatt if they promised to maintain the mill for the town's use. The first schoolmaster began operations in 1705, and a schoolhouse was finished in 1711. In 1707 or earlier, a cemetery was built behind where Bacon Academy would later be built. The cemetery later held people like Reverend John Bulkeley, Dr. John Watrous, Pierpont Bacon, and his wife, Abigail Bacon. In 1708 Colchester re-joined Hartford county, and a second religious meeting house was built. On December 31, 1712, at a legal town meeting held in Colchester, Capt Gilbert Wyatt and Mr. Darnell Clark were Chosen, Selectmen. On December 28, 1713, Samuel Northam, Thomas Day, and Ebenezer Colman were chosen for a school committee ensuing year.

At a town meeting on June 12, 1716, it was voted to finish the schoolhouse where the foundation of the said house was the only partly standing. The selectmen Committee for the school has agreed with Nathaniel Loomis Jr. (He and his family are from Windsor ) to keep school for twelve months and give him twenty-five pounds and ten shillings. He began to keep building the school. On December 8, 1729, Ensign Foote, Ensign Wells, and Israel Newton were chosen as Selectmen. The constables were selected at the same meeting, being Joseph Chamberlain and Isaac Jones. On June 3, 1774, Stephen Goodwin wrote to the Hartford Courant that he had a runaway slave. The slave was named Jefferey and rode away on horseback. A reward was said to be given out if said horse or Jefferey was found (6 dollars for Jeffery and 4 for the horse).

In 1756 Colchester's population was 2,300 people. In 1761 Michael Taintor built Taintors Farm, which stayed in the family until the early 20th century. The Nathaniel Hayward house was built in 1775 for Dudley Wright; The house was lived in by Dr. John Watrous and his wife (who was Dudley Wright's daughter). The house was later sold in 1848 and lived in by Nathaniel Hayward. The lawn of this house was the original town green. In 1777 Breed's Tavern was built, which is most known for being one of the two remaining sites associated with the Wooster Masonic Lodge. In 1782 Colchester had 3,300 inhabitants. Several men went into the revolutionary war, many of them died. One of which was Ephraim Little Jr., son of the 2nd Reverend of Colchester. In 1783 Colchester rejoined New London County after being within Hartford County. On Thursday, January 29, 1784, Congress suggested a tax, and the representatives of Colchester (Capt. Buckley and Col. Worthington) voted not to have it go into effect. In 1785 the Foote Family house was built by Nathaniel Foote and was lived in by his family. The Henry Champion House was built in 1790 by architect William Sprat. for Colonel Henry Champion who was active in the revolution and a military figure.

The 1800s
On October 13, 1803, the town of Marlborough, Hartford County was created from parts of the towns of Colchester, Glastonbury, Hartford County, and Hebron, Tolland County. In the 1807 election for governor of Connecticut, Colchester voted 105 for Trumbull and 12 for Hart, a majority for Trumbull. On May 27, 1807, heavy cattle losses were reported because of stray dogs biting them. The following year (1808), Colchester voted for Trumbull’s re-election (135 to 24). In 1810 Colchester voted for the governor, 82 for Treadwell, 61 for Griswold, and 16 for Spalding. On March 6, 1821, John Turner sold the southern green to Bacon Academy Trustees for $100 ($2,800 in 2018). A hatter came in 1828. In 1836, a town description was written in "Connecticut Historical Collections" stating that excellent quality iron ore was found. Colchester was hilly and stony in some parts of town. Hebron’s furnaces later used the ore in 1899. In "Connecticut Historical Collections" the school for colored children is mentioned; considering this book was released in 1836, the school could not have been more than 43 years old. Unbeknownst to John Barber (the writer of this book), he got to see it only four years before its ending. On August 8, 1844, Special Park Committee meeting reported costs to acquire $3 1/2$ acres of land plus costs of posts and rails to line the perimeter for $398 (about $13,000).

In March 1850, The borough petitioned for a special meeting for land donation by Nathaniel Hayward. His proposal was a donation of land if the borough laid a tax of $1,000 to defray expenses of fences and grading land (about $32,000). The proposal was approved. In 1851 Work was completed for the new Town Park. The borough passes ordinances to ban cows from the park. Borough records showed the town immediately designated the park as a source of income. This included land rental for circus, shows, and sales of grasses and hay.

Colchester Bank
The first known mention of the bank, was on June 19, 1856, when the Senate agreed to pass a bill incorporating the bank. On October 11, 1856, the bank's stockholders met and decided on a board of directors. They are as follows, Albert B. Isham, Stephen Brainard Day (Isaac's Buell's brother), William G. Buell, and Samuel F. Jones Jr. (who would later be the main accomplice in the Colchester bank scandal ). In the same meeting, Isaac Biglow Buell (the cousin of Harvey Post Buell, a successful druggist, and pharmacist in Colchester ) was chosen as president. The bank reportedly began the same day.

The Great New England Hurricane of 1938
On September 21 and 22, 1938, Colchester was slammed by a hurricane. The state of Connecticut was inundated with between 5-10 inches of rain and wind gusts of anywhere from 100–125 miles per hour. Reportedly, the Colchester Town Green resembled a "small lake with cascading streams"

At the time, the town had a number of Dutch Elm trees that were planted in 1850. While the root systems of Dutch elms are extensive, they are also quite shallow. As the hurricane hit on September 21, the shallow root systems were ineffective at keeping the trees rooted in the already saturated ground. These trees fell on many buildings, vehicles, and power lines across town. This blocked roads and left many people without homes.

The 2000s
In August 2000, there was a resident at Dubln Village that had been letting his animals roam, but by this time had "gotten better about monitoring the animals". This same resident was also said to have been "offensive to other residents" by "exposing himself at his front door".

In July 2005, Colchester was named by CNN's Money Magazine, the 57th best place in the U.S. to live in and is celebrated every year with a festival on the last Saturday of September called 57 Fest.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 49.8 sqmi, of which 49.1 sqmi is land and 0.7 sqmi, or 1.49%, is water. Among the many waterways are the Salmon River, Jeremy River, and Dickinson Creek, which is spanned by the Lyman Viaduct.

Principal communities

 * Colchester center
 * Golden Hill Paugussett Reservation
 * North Westchester
 * Westchester

Climate
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Colchester has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.

Activities
The Salmon River State Forest provides opportunities for fishing, hiking, and hunting.

Landmarks
Formerly an incorporated borough, the town center of Colchester is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a historic district, known as the Colchester Village Historic District. The walkable center includes a town green with a veterans' memorial. Retail stores and restaurants are located here.

Schools
Colchester has four schools: Colchester Elementary School (Pre K-2), Jack Jackter Intermediate School (Grades 3–5), William J. Johnston Middle School (Grades 6–8), Bacon Academy (Grades 9–12).

Population
Source:

As of the 2000 census the population density was 296.6 PD/sqmi and 5,407 housing units at an average density of 110.2 /sqmi.

There were 5,247 households as of 2000, out of which 43.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.9% were married couples living together, 9.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.5% were non-families. 18.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.14.

In the town in 2000, the population was spread out, with 29.8% under the age of 18, 4.8% from 18 to 24, 36.5% from 25 to 44, 19.7% from 45 to 64, and 9.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.3 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $64,807, and the median income for a family was $62,346. Males had a median income of $47,123 versus $29,250 for females. The per capita income for the town was $24,038. About 6.1% of families and 2.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.6% of those under age 18 and 4.5% of those age 65 or over.

Notable people

 * John Adams (1772–1863), founder of Phillips Exeter Academy, was the principal of the Bacon Academy here from 1803 to 1810
 * William Adams (1807–1880), born in Colchester, noted clergyman and president of Union Theological Seminary (New York)
 * Stephen F. Austin (1793–1836), "Father of Texas", attended Bacon Academy in 1803
 * Edward Sheffield Bartholomew (1822–1858), sculptor
 * Jehiel C. Beman (1791–1858) African-American 19th-century minister and abolitionist; born in Colchester
 * Eliphalet Adams Bulkeley (1803–1872), Bacon Academy graduate (1819), state senator, state's attorney and founder of Aetna Insurance Company (1846)
 * Jonathan Coulton (born 1970), singer-songwriter, whose first EP Where Tradition Meets Tomorrow is named after Colchester's town motto
 * John B. Day (1847-1925), tobacco merchant and first owner of the New York Giants baseball team
 * Rick Derringer (born 1947), rock artist and producer
 * Henry C. Deming (1815–1872), mayor of Hartford, mayor of New Orleans, colonel in the Union Army and U.S. congressman
 * Alfred Ely (1815–1892), US congressman of New York and taken prisoner after the First Battle of Bull Run
 * Ezra Hall Gillett (1823–1875), author, clergyman, and professor
 * Nathaniel Hayward (1808–1865), Inventor, Business Owner
 * Prince Saunders (1775–1839), attorney general of the Republic of Haiti
 * Lyman Trumbull (1813–1896), born in Colchester, Bacon Academy graduate (1829), became influential as a U.S. senator representing the state of Illinois during the Civil War and Reconstruction
 * Abigail Goodrich Whittelsey (1788–1858), editor
 * Denison Worthington (1806–1880), Wisconsin state senator
 * Ron Wotus (born 1961), Bacon Academy graduate (1979), San Francisco Giants bench coach
 * Tokyo's Revenge (born 1998) Hip Hop Artist

title: Colchester, Connecticut


text:
Conning Towers Nautilus Park, Connecticut

Conning Towers Nautilus Park is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Groton in New London County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 9,828 at the 2010 census. The statistical area consists of the portion of the town in the vicinity of Route 12 and includes Naval Submarine Base New London.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 14.5 km$2$ (5.6 mi2). 12.9 km$2$ (5.0 mi2) of it is land and 1.6 km$2$ (0.6 mi2) of it (10.91%) is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 10,241 people, 2,660 households, and 2,420 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 794.0/km$2$ (2,055.1/mi2). There were 2,822 housing units at an average density of 218.8/km$2$ (566.3/mi2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 81.31% White, 9.62% African American, 0.57% Native American, 2.32% Asian, 0.32% Pacific Islander, 2.29% from other races, and 3.56% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.20% of the population.

There were 2,660 households, out of which 67.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 83.5% were married couples living together, 5.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 9.0% were non-families. 7.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 1.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.30 and the average family size was 3.45.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 34.4% under the age of 18, 19.4% from 18 to 24, 38.5% from 25 to 44, 4.2% from 45 to 64, and 3.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 24 years. For every 100 females, there were 124.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 136.9 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $40,033, and the median income for a family was $38,043. Males had a median income of $29,297 versus $25,280 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $14,216. About 4.1% of families and 4.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.7% of those under age 18 and 6.2% of those age 65 or over.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
East Lyme, Connecticut

East Lyme is a town in New London County, Connecticut, United States. The town is part of the Southeastern Connecticut Planning Region. The population was 18,693 at the 2020 census. The villages of Niantic and Flanders are located in the town.

Geography
East Lyme is located in southern New London County, west of Waterford and Montville, east of Lyme and Old Lyme, and south of Salem. Long Island Sound is to the south. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 42.0 sqmi, of which 34.0 sqmi is land and 7.9 sqmi, or 19%, is water.

Villages
The town consists primarily of two villages, Flanders and Niantic. It is common for the town of East Lyme to be erroneously called "Niantic", due to this side of town being the "beach" side which is popular with tourists and visitors in the summer months. Niantic's population doubles in the summer months for the beach season, and it has a much higher density than the more sparsely populated Flanders side of town, which is known for its apple orchards, the town's high school, and the forest.

Niantic
The village of Niantic gets its name from the Niantic or Nehantic people, whose ranging grounds once extended from Wecapaug Brook, in what is now Rhode Island, to the Connecticut River. Shortly before the first settlers arrived, the Pequots had invaded Nehantic territory and annexed about half of the land claimed by the tribe. According to local historian Olive Tubbs Chendali: "It was the construction of the railroad in 1851 that lured people to the shoreline which up to this time had been known - not as Niantic - but as 'The Bank'. Long before this time, however, as evidenced by The Diary of Joshua Hempstead - 1711 - 1758 it was known as 'Nahantick' 'Nyantick' or 'Nehantic', the home territory of the Nehantic Indians."

Sportfishing and marinas dominate the village's industry along with summer tourism and restaurant trade. Strong regional businesses include seafood restaurants and hotels/motels serving the town's beaches and the casinos at Foxwoods and Mohegan Sun. Rocky Neck State Park features camping, swimming and picnic areas along with numerous marinas and sportfishing companies.

The Niantic Bay Boardwalk is a one-mile (1.6 km) long walkway that runs parallel to Amtrak’s shoreline railroad tracks and spans Niantic Bay from the Niantic River inlet to Hole-in-the-Wall municipal beach. It first opened to the public in 2005, but was closed from about 2011 due to a combination of Amtrak building a new railroad bridge across the Niantic River, which required a re-positioning of the approach tracks, and damage caused by Hurricane Irene in October 2011. The boardwalk fully re-opened to the public in March 2016.

The Children's Museum of Southeastern Connecticut is located in East Lyme's original public library on Main Street. The museum is aimed primarily at children ages infant to ten years old. The current public library is located on Society Road, away from Niantic.

The village of Niantic includes the beach communities of Attawan Beach, Black Point, Crescent Beach, Giants Neck Beach, Giants Neck Heights, Oak Grove Beach, Old Black Point, Pine Grove, and Saunder's Point.

East Lyme and Niantic station was an Amtrak station that closed in 1981. There are currently proposals to rebuild the station to accommodate Shore Line East trains.

Flanders
The village of Flanders, originally a farming area along the Old Post Road, gets its name from the development of woolen mills similar to that in Flanders, Belgium. The heart of the village is located at Flanders Four Corners at the intersection of Chesterfield Road (Route 161) and Boston Post Road (Route 1). This area is the site of many small stores and businesses, as well as East Lyme High School, Flanders Elementary School, and the Board of Education.

Flanders was the original center of East Lyme society with dozens of 18th century homes, shops and public inns situated along the Boston Post Road until the early 1800s. It lost its pre-eminence as Niantic began to flourish, first with the growth of commercial fishing and then with the construction of the Shore Line Railway. Many of the original Flanders homes have been lost as a result of the construction of Interstate 95 in the 1950s and subsequent commercial construction at the Four Corners area. For example, the old Caulkins Tavern stood at the site of the current CVS and was a well-traveled and documented stopping place in the 18th century from none other than Sarah Kemble Knight in her diary, as well as General George Washington, who stopped here with thousands of troops in 1776. Some homes remain closer to the Waterford line at the site of the old Beckwith Shipyard at the head of the Niantic River.

Other minor communities
Golden Spur is a community located at the head of the Niantic River, which earned it its other name, "Head of the River". In the eighteenth century it was the site of the Beckwith shipyard. By the turn of the 20th century it was the site of an amusement park accessible by trolley run by the East Lyme Street Railway. The park operated until 1924.

Topography
The topography of East Lyme consists of rolling hills and lush valleys rounded by glaciers during the last Ice Age. Hills rise to elevations of 250 to 350 ft above sea level in the eastern and central areas of the town. The highest point in town is an unnamed hill with an elevation of 500 ft located in Nehantic State Forest in the northwest corner of the town. East Lyme is especially scenic in the summer when the trees are in bloom. On its east and southern sides, the town abuts tidewater. The tidal Niantic River on the east feeds Niantic Bay, an arm of Long Island Sound, which forms the southern edge of the town.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 18,118 people, 6,308 households, and 4,535 families residing in the town. The population density was 532.3 PD/sqmi. There were 7,459 housing units at an average density of 219.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 87.29% White, 6.37% African American, 0.44% Native American, 2.82% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 1.21% from other races, and 1.83% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.59% of the population.

There were 6,308 households, out of which 33.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.0% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.1% were non-families. 23.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 2.96.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 21.9% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 33.4% from 25 to 44, 25.8% from 45 to 64, and 12.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.8 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $66,539, and the median income for a family was $74,430. Males had a median income of $53,333 versus $37,162 for females. The per capita income for the town was $28,765. About 1.7% of families and 2.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.0% of those under age 18 and 3.5% of those age 65 or over.

Schools
The town's public schools are operated by the East Lyme School District.

The school district consists of one high school, East Lyme High School; one middle school, East Lyme Middle School (grades 5–8); and three elementary schools: East Lyme High School has been recognized by Newsweek magazine as one of the top 1,000 high schools in the country and by U.S. News & World Report as one of the top 500 high schools in the United States. In 2017, the East Lyme High School earned a National Blue Ribbon Distinction by U.S. Department of Education. The awards are for schools that continue to show high achievement or make strong progress toward closing achievements gaps.
 * Flanders Elementary School (grades Pre-K–4),
 * Lillie B. Haynes Elementary School (grades Pre-K–4), and
 * Niantic Center School (grades K–4).

East Lyme High School hosts the East Lyme Aquatic & Fitness Center. The center contains an eight-lane, 25 yd, competition swimming and diving pool, and a fitness facility with Nautilus equipment, free weights, and a cardiovascular line. The facility is used by high school swimming and diving teams as well as being open to the public, on a fee basis, when not in use by the school. East Lyme High School athletic teams have recently won the Class L State Championships in girls volleyball for the 2010 and 2011 seasons, and reached the Class M State Finals in girls tennis in 2012. The baseball team also reached the Class L State finals in 2015 and 2016. The cross country team has achieved unparalleled athletic success at East Lyme, winning three consecutive Class MM State titles in 2017, 2018 & 2019. Students from the neighboring town of Salem also attend East Lyme High School.

The East Lyme Middle School is a 1999–2000 National Blue Ribbon School and a 2004 New England League of Middle Schools Spotlight School. It is also the Connecticut Association of Schools 2013–2014 School of the Year. It includes a high tech computer lab and a spacious library.

The Middle School uses a team program called kivas. A kiva contains a science teacher, a language arts or English teacher, a social studies teacher and a math teacher. Some kivas are smaller and have a math and science teacher and a language arts and social studies teacher. There are 11 kivas consisting of two types: multi-age looping and two-year looping. The last kiva is a world language kiva where students can study French or Spanish.

History
The Thomas Lee House, built c. 1660, is the oldest house in Connecticut that is still in its primitive state. This building is located in the southwestern section of East Lyme, adjacent to Rocky Neck State Park, at the intersection of Connecticut Route 156 and Giants Neck Road. Co-located on this site is the one-room Little Boston Schoolhouse, which was relocated to its current location from across Route 156. The town features six homes from 1699 or earlier, and the Old Stone Church Burial Ground from 1719 located off Society and Riverview roads.

The area occupied by the town was originally inhabited by the Nehantic people, who maintained villages in the present-day Indian Woods section as well as on Black Point, in the McCook's Beach area and near the Niantic River. The tribe allied itself with the colonists in the 1636 war against the Pequot people. The Nehantic were reported to have died out in the mid-19th century, but there still exist a Nehantic community today. The 1750s Ezra Stiles map shows the Nehantic village in what is now Indian Woods as consisting of "12 or 13 huts".

East Lyme, then a part of Lyme, had several taverns which offered stopping places for travelers such as Sarah Kemble Knight. These included Calkins Tavern on what is now Boston Post Road, Royce's Tavern, and Taber Tavern near present-day I-95. At least 45 Revolutionary War veterans are buried within the borders of East Lyme, and countless more veterans from East Lyme found resting places in upstate New York, New Hampshire and Ohio. Moses Warren, along with General Samuel Holden Parsons originally of Lyme and Moses Cleaveland, set out to survey the Ohio Territory in the latter part of the 1790s and has Warren County, Ohio named after him.

Notable locations

 * Morton Freeman Plant Hunting Lodge – built in 1908, added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.
 * Samuel Smith House – built in 1685, added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.
 * Smith-Harris House – built in 1845, this Greek Revival home was added as the "Thomas Avery House" to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.
 * Thomas Lee House – built c. 1664, added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. One of the oldest houses in the state.
 * William Gorton Farm – added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

Library
The first library was started in 1888 and was called the Niantic Library and Reading Room Association. There were 65 founding members. In 1897 the library was formally incorporated as "The Niantic Public Library Association" by the state of Connecticut. The library moved a few times until a permanent structure was built in 1920 on Main Street. In 1966 a wing was added, and in 1979 another addition was added. In 1990 the library moved into the new Community Center/Library complex, where it exists today.

Radio
FM station WNLC is based in East Lyme.

Movies
Portions of the made-for-TV movie Disaster on the Coastliner, released October 29, 1979, were filmed in East Lyme. In 2016, East Lyme was used as a filming location for the Lifetime thriller Hunter's Cove, which was renamed Stalker's Prey when it was released on February 9, 2017.

Economy
According to 2009 statistics 42.2 percent of the town's business was focused in the services industry. A service industry is a business that focuses on retail, food services, distribution, and transportation. The second largest sector is the trade industry with 23.1% of the town's business, followed by construction and mining which accounts for 12.5% of the town businesses.

The largest employer in town is the state of Connecticut's Department of Corrections which runs a women's prison in the west end of town, York Correctional Institution. The Gates Correctional Institute for men, also in town, closed in 2011.

Public beaches

 * Rocky Neck State Park – a state park comprising East Beach and West Beach
 * McCook Park Beach – locally known as "McCook's", located on the western side of McCook Point Park, and immediately adjacent to the private Crescent Beach. This beach, along with its associated public park, was acquired by the town of East Lyme in 1953 from the estate of the McCook Family. This beach is open to the public, on a fee basis, between Memorial Day and Labor Day, and is open free of charge during all other times. Access to this beach is controlled via locked gate. The normal park hours are 8:00 a.m. until dusk each day.
 * Hole-in-the-Wall Beach – an approximately 5 acre beach that adjoins McCook Point Park. It is open to the public, on a fee basis, between Memorial Day and Labor Day. The normal park hours are 8:00 a.m. until dusk. Access is through a walkway underneath railroad tracks used by Amtrak's Northeast Corridor. The tunnel is located at the end of Baptist Lane. Free public parking is available, but entrance to the beach is monitored during the summer to ensure people entering have paid for access. It also provides access to the Niantic Beach Boardwalk that was built along the shoreline connecting with Railroad Beach. Known as the Niantic Bay Overlook, it is approximately 1.5 mi long. The Overlook parallels the north shore of Niantic Bay and runs adjacent to the Northeast Corridor Amtrak line and consists of an elevated boardwalk and a level stone-dust-filled walkway.
 * Railroad Beach – the beach at the eastern end of the Niantic Bay Overlook, locally known as "Railroad Beach" due to its proximity with the Niantic Railroad Drawbridge and the Amtrak Northeast Corridor mainline. Access to this beach is from the Niantic Bay Overlook via Hole-in-the-Wall Beach or from Cini Park via the walkway under the railroad drawbridge.

Private beaches

 * Crescent Beach – adjacent to McCooks; reserved for homeowners in the area
 * Oak Grove Beach
 * Black Point Beach – for members of the Black Point Beach Club Association
 * Old Black Point Beach – for homeowners in Old Black Point.
 * Attawan Beach – adjacent to Black Point; for homeowners in the Attawan Beach Community
 * Giants Neck Heights Beach – for members of the Giants Neck Heights Association. Located at the southeastern end of the Rocky Neck beach. It features a jetty that is popular with local crabbers and amateur photographers—and seagulls who drop clams and mussels on the cement surface to crack them open for eating. Use of this beach is restricted to the approximately 400 homeowners of the Giants Neck Height Association.
 * Pine Grove – For members of the Pine Grove Beach Association
 * Oswegatchie Hills Club – For the families living in Saunders Point, between Smith Cove and Niantic Bay.

Notable people

 * William Colepaugh (1918–2005), Nazi sympathizer who grew up on Black Point and traveled to Germany in 1944 to be trained as a spy
 * Tom Danielson (born 1978), professional cyclist for Team Garmin, finishing 8th in the 2011 Tour de France
 * John Ellis (born 1948), Former Major League Baseball player and cleanup hitter for the New York Yankees in the 1970's. Founder of the CT Sports Foundation against Cancer
 * Pete Walker (born 1969), Former Major League Baseball player and current Pitching Coach for the Toronto Blue Jays
 * John McDonald (born 1974), Former Major League Baseball player and current Infield Coach for the Cleveland Indians
 * Rajai Davis (born 1980), Major League Baseball player for the Cleveland Indians. Hit a game tying home run in Game 7 of the 2016 World Series against the ultimately victorious Chicago Cubs
 * Todd Donovan (born 1978), Former professional baseball player and former MLB Executive. Currently a Special Assignment Scout for the Philadelphia Phillies
 * Charles Drake (real name Charles Ruppert) (1917–1994), actor in over 80 films and numerous television shows
 * Otto Graham (1921–2003), Hall of Fame professional football player
 * Anne Rogers Minor (1864–1947), artist, national president of the Daughters of the American Revolution from 1920 to 1923
 * Jay Allen Sanford, author and cartoonist best known as the co-creator of Rock 'N' Roll Comics, and for his work with Revolutionary Comics, Carnal Comics, and the San Diego Reader
 * Emily Steel, journalist at The New York Times, whose investigative work forced Fox News commentator Bill O'Reilly out of the network in April 2017
 * James Stevenson (illustrator) (1929–2017). illustrator and author of over 100 children's books whose cartoons appear regularly in The New Yorker
 * Ed Toth, drummer currently with The Doobie Brothers, formerly with Vertical Horizon and Jennifer Culture
 * Jeremy Powers, East Lyme native and former professional racing cyclist, who possesses the most wins by an American male cyclo-cross rider
 * Vladimir Peter Tytla (1904–1968), known as Bill Tytla, one of the original Disney animators

Places of worship

 * Christ Lutheran Church; 24 Society Road, Niantic, CT 06357; Lutheran Church Missouri Synod
 * Lighthouse Assembly of God; 315 Flanders Road, East Lyme, CT 06333; Assemblies of God
 * Flanders Baptist Church; 138 Boston Post Road, East Lyme, CT 06333; Baptist
 * Saint Matthias Church; 317 Chesterfield Road, East Lyme, CT 06333; Roman Catholic
 * Saint Matthias Parish Center; 317 Chesterfield Road, East Lyme, CT 06333; Roman Catholic
 * Miracle Temple Church; 18 Dean Road, East Lyme, CT 06333; Non-denominational
 * Niantic Community Church; 170 Pennsylvania Avenue, Niantic CT 06357; United Methodist Church & United Church of Christ
 * Saint Agnes Church; 22 Haigh Avenue, Niantic, CT 06357; Roman Catholic
 * Niantic Baptist Church; 443 Main Street, Niantic, CT 06357; Baptist
 * Saint John's Episcopal Church; 400 Main Street, Niantic, CT 06357; Episcopal

Active

 * East Lyme Cemetery, Boston Post Road
 * Stone Church, intersection of Society and Riverview roads, Niantic
 * Union Cemetery, East Pattagansett Road, Niantic

title: East Lyme, Connecticut


text:
Franklin, Connecticut

Franklin is a town in New London County, Connecticut, United States. The town is part of the Southeastern Connecticut Planning Region. The population was 1,863 at the 2020 census. The town includes the village of North Franklin.

History
Europeans first settled in what would become Franklin in 1663 as part of the larger division of the town of Norwich, Connecticut. In 1716 the residents formed the Second Ecclesiastical Society of Norwich, also called the West Farms Society. In 1758, West Farms was divided in half by the creation of the Eighth, or Pautipaug, Society of Norwich.

The West Farms and Pautipaug Societies were incorporated from Norwich as the Town of Franklin in 1786. The town is named after Benjamin Franklin. Until 1861 the town's borders extended east to the Shetucket River and included the early village of Baltic, Connecticut. That year, the town of Sprague, Connecticut, was incorporated from the towns of Franklin and Lisbon, Connecticut, which gave Franklin its present bounds.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 19.6 sqmi, of which 19.5 sqmi is land and 0.1 sqmi, or 0.36%, is water.

Demographics
At the 2000 census there were 1,835 people, 687 households, and 528 families living in the town. The population density was 94.0 PD/sqmi. There were 711 housing units at an average density of 36.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 97.98% White, 0.71% African American, 0.05% Native American, 0.05% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.05% from other races, and 1.09% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.20%.

Of the 687 households 33.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.7% were married couples living together, 6.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.1% were non-families. 18.9% of households were one person and 8.7% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.04.

The age distribution was 24.1% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 27.4% from 45 to 64, and 12.8% 65 or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.3 males.

The median household income was $62,083 and the median family income was $68,478. Males had a median income of $45,197 versus $31,492 for females. The per capita income for the town was $25,477. About 1.1% of families and 2.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.3% of those under age 18 and 6.0% of those age 65 or over.

Police
Due to the size of Franklin, there is no police department. Instead, the town has a partnership with the Connecticut State Police (Troop K) to provide coverage in case of an emergency.

Fire Department
Franklin's volunteer fire department is led by Chief Mark Nall. The all-volunteer department provides fire, rescue, and emergency services to the town.

Notable locations

 * Ashbel Woodward House – built in 1835 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.

Notable people

 * Lafayette S. Foster (1806–1880), United States senator and Connecticut Supreme Court judge; born in Franklin.
 * Jacob Kingsbury (1756–1837), Army Officer during the American Revolutionary War, Northwest Indian War, and War of 1812.
 * Orsamus H. Marshall (1813–1884), former Chancellor of University of Buffalo
 * Uriah Tracy (1755–1807), patriot, congressman, U.S. senator, and first person interred in the Congressional Cemetery; born in Franklin.
 * Ashbel Woodward (1804–1885), medical doctor, historian, and Regimental Surgeon of the 26th Connecticut Infantry Regiment Regiment during the American Civil War.

title: Franklin, Connecticut


text:
Griswold, Connecticut

Griswold is a town in New London County, Connecticut, United States. The town is part of the Southeastern Connecticut Planning Region. The population was 11,402 at the 2020 census. Griswold contains the borough of Jewett City and the villages of Doaneville, Kaalmanville, Rixtown, Glasgo, Hopeville, Nathanieltown, and Pachaug.

History
Long a fishing ground for the Mohegan people, the waterways attracted settlers who established ironworks, saw and corn mills, and other businesses.

The town of Griswold was originally the northern part of the town of Preston. The North Society was established in 1716 at the request of residents who had been travelling to Preston to attend church.

In the late 1700s, Eliezer Jewett opened several mills and an irrigation plant. His success led the area to be called Jewett City. The town of Griswold incorporated in 1815, naming itself after Governor Roger Griswold. In 1895, Jewett City incorporated as a borough of the town.

Griswold contains Hopeville Pond State Park, former site of a woolen mill.

Geography
The Pachaug and Quinebaug rivers flow through the town of Griswold, which is located at the northeastern edge of New London County. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 96.0 km2, of which 89.9 km2 is land and 6.1 km2, or 6.37%, is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 11,951 people, 4,646 households, and 3,225 families living in the town. The population density was 344.4 PD/sqmi. There were 5,118 housing units at an average density of 147.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 91.6% White, 1.8% African American, 0.9% Native American, 2.2% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.6% some other race, and 2.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 3.3% of the population.

There were 4,646 households, out of which 31.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.3% were headed by married couples living together, 12.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.6% were non-families. 23.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.4% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.00.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 22.9% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 27.2% from 25 to 44, 30.8% from 45 to 64, and 10.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.8 males.

At the 2000 census, the median income for a household in the town was $40,156, and the median income for a family was $48,852. Males had a median income of $57,869 versus $17,441 for females. The per capita income for the town was $21,196. About 6.1% of families and 9.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.1% of those under age 18 and 7.6% of those age 65 or over.

Notable locations

 * Ashland Mill Bridge, a bridge over the Pachaug River built in 1886 and on the National Register of Historic Places since 1999
 * Avery House, built in 1770, added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986
 * Edward Cogswell House, added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1993
 * Kinne Cemetery, on Jarvis Road, in use since 1713 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001
 * Timothy Lester Farmstead, built in 1741 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1998
 * Slater Library and Fanning Annex, 26 Main Street in Jewett City, built in 1884 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002

Notable people

 * Clifford Chapin (born 1988), voice actor affiliated with Funimation; born in Griswold
 * John Cantius Garand (1888–1974), Canadian-American designer of firearms best known for creating the first successful semi-automatic rifle to be widely used in active military service, the M1 Garand; namesake of the Interstate 395 bridge that crosses the Quinebaug River on the Griswold/Lisbon town line
 * Moses Coit Tyler (1835–1900), author; born in Griswold

title: Griswold, Connecticut


text:
Groton Long Point

Groton Long Point (GLP) is located within the town of Groton, on Fishers Island Sound, in New London County, Connecticut, United States. The year-round population was 518 at the 2010 census.

The area is administered by the Groton Long Point Association (GLPA), a private association that was established by Special Act of the Connecticut Legislature in 1921. The act is the charter of the GLPA and enables the Association to tax and issue bonds to provide services independent of the town of Groton; typically, such municipal corporations provided services that the larger township could not or would not provide. Pursuant to the act, the GLPA has the same governmental powers as a borough. Today, such a special taxing district can be formed by Connecticut residents on their own without special acts of the Legislature. The area is treated by the U.S. Census Bureau as a borough, although it is not formally incorporated as such.

Summer life
Summer in Groton Long Point runs roughly from mid-June to early September. The population is dramatically larger in the summer, as nearly every property is occupied by its owners or by summer tenants; the number of people also increases on summer weekends compared to summer weekdays. The Groton Long Point Yacht Club is a cross between a traditional yacht club and a summer camp, as it runs many classes for children. These include swimming, sailing, sports, and tennis lessons. The Yacht Club also organizes evening events such as dances, movies, and scavenger hunts for children; events are also organized for adults and families, including concerts at nearby Esker Point, dances, and fireworks.

Winter life
Being a summer community, Groton Long Point experiences something of an exodus in early September, as many of the summer families and the renters exit, leaving only a small number of full-time residents in the fall, winter, and spring months. Children remaining attend Groton public schools, including nearby Fitch Senior High School.

Groton Long Point Police Department and Volunteer Fire Department
The Point is protected year-round by the Groton Long Point Police Department, with a chief and officers certified by the State of Connecticut Police Officer Standards and Training Council. Groton Long Point also has a Volunteer Fire Department, established in 1951. The mission of the Fire Department is "the preservation of lives and property, the extinguishment of fires, the provision of emergency medical services and social assembly". The Fire Department hosts the 4th of July parade each year.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 0.4 sqmi, of which, 0.4 sqmi of it is land and 0.04 sqmi of it (4.44%) is water and is adjacent to Mumford Cove.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 667 people, 306 households, and 205 families residing in Groton Long Point. The population density was 1,529.6 people per square mile (585.3/km2). There were 589 housing units at an average density of 1,350.8 per square mile (516.9/km2). The racial makeup was 95.65% White, 0.15% African American, 0.45% Native American, 0.90% Asian, 0.45% from other races, and 2.40% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.45% of the population.

There were 306 households, out of which 20.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.2% were married couples living together, 6.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.0% were non-families. 30.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.70.

The population was spread out, with 18.9% under the age of 18, 3.3% from 18 to 24, 22.9% from 25 to 44, 33.3% from 45 to 64, and 21.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.9 males.

The median household income was $87,027, and the median income for a family was $101,217. Males had a median income of $62,426 versus $40,313 for females. The per capita income was $51,066. None of the families and 0.3% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and none of those over 64.

title: Groton Long Point


text:
Jewett City, Connecticut

Jewett City is a borough in New London County, Connecticut, in the town of Griswold. The borough is part of the Southeastern Connecticut Planning Region. The population was 3,328 at the 2020 census, down from 3,487 in 2010. The borough was named for Eliezer Jewett, who founded a settlement there in 1771.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 0.8 sqmi, of which 0.7 sqmi is land and 0.04 sqmi, or 4.00%, is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,053 people, 1,337 households, and 743 families residing in the borough. The population density was 4,213.9 PD/sqmi. There were 1,464 housing units at an average density of 2,020.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the borough was 92.07% White, 2.46% African American, 0.88% Native American, 1.44% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 1.11% from other races, and 1.97% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.85% of the population.

There were 1,337 households, out of which 29.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.8% were married couples living together, 15.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.4% were non-families. 34.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.92.

The population in the borough was spread out, with 23.9% under the age of 18, 9.7% from 18 to 24, 34.8% from 25 to 44, 18.7% from 45 to 64, and 12.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.5 males.

The median income for a household in the borough was $42,318, and the median income for a family was $45,826. Males had a median income of $31,919 versus $22,463 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $19,083. 9.2% of the population and 8.8% of families were below the poverty line. 12.7% of those under the age of 18 and 12.2% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

The Daily Show
Jewett City was featured on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart after being at the center of a church bell controversy. The episode, which aired on March 6, 2007, held a segment called "Sam on Your Side" with the main focus on the ringing of the Jewett City bells.

title: Jewett City, Connecticut


text:
Lebanon, Connecticut

Lebanon is a town in New London County, Connecticut. The town is part of the Southeastern Connecticut Planning Region. The population was 7,142 at the 2020 census. The town lies just to the northwest of Norwich, directly south of Willimantic, 20 mi north of New London, and 20 mi east of Hartford. It is best known for its role in the American Revolution when it was a major base of American operations, and for its historic town green, which is one of the largest in the nation and the only one still used partially for agriculture.

From Poquechaneed to Lebanon
Lebanon was originally inhabited by the Mohegan people, an Algonquian-speaking tribe in the upper Thames River Valley in eastern Connecticut. The area was known as Poquechaneed and was used primarily for hunting.

Lebanon was settled by colonists from Norwich who wanted to expand beyond the nine square miles that they had bought from Mohegan sachem Uncas. In 1663, the first grant in the area was given to Major John Mason, deputy governor of the Connecticut Colony; the next year, Mason accepted 500 acre northwest of Norwich. This area was known as "Pomakuck" or "Pomocook" by the Mohegans and is now the Goshen Hill area of Lebanon.

In 1666, Connecticut granted an additional 120 acre to the Rev. James Fitch, minister of Norwich, adjacent to Maj. Mason's land which was now known as Cedar Swamp. The Mohegans conferred their blessing on the grants by giving an additional 7 mi strip to Maj. Mason's son in 1675, who split the land with the Rev. Fitch, his father-in-law. This area is now known as "Fitch and Mason's Mile", or just "The Mile".

In 1692, Uncas' son Owaneco sold 25 sqmi to four men from Norwich and Stonington known as the "Five Mile Purchase" or "Five Mile Square", being 5 mi on each side. With the Purchase, most of the town of Lebanon was established.

The town of Lebanon was incorporated by the General Assembly of the Connecticut Colony on October 10, 1700. The town's name was the idea of one of Rev. Fitch's sons, because of "the height of the land, and a large cedar forest." Lebanon was the first town in the Connecticut Colony to be given a Biblical name. From its incorporation in 1700, Lebanon was part of New London County. In 1724 it became part of the newly created Windham County where it remained until 1826 when it was reassigned to New London County.

"Heartbeat of the Revolution"
Connecticut's effort during the Revolutionary War was directed from the War Office on the Green and the adjacent home of Governor Jonathan Trumbull Sr.

William Williams was a signer of the Declaration of Independence. He was a native of Lebanon and son-in-law to Governor Trumbull.

Trumbull was the only colonial governor to side with the Patriots during the Revolution. He served as one of George Washington's chief quartermasters, convening a Council of Safety to manage the affairs of the Continental Army. The council met over 1,100 times, mostly in Trumbull's own house on the Lebanon Green. He was also paymaster general for the Northern Department of the Continental Army, and the first comptroller of the young nation's treasury during the war.

Trumbull's children were also influential in the war effort. Joseph Trumbull was a colonel in the Continental Army, Jonathan Trumbull Jr. was secretary to George Washington, and John Trumbull served first as a soldier and then as Washington's personal aide during the war.

French duc de Lauzun's Legion of Horse encamped in Lebanon from November 1780 to June 21, 1781. The legion became infamous later for disorderliness, dueling, and pillaging, but they were generally well behaved in Lebanon. However, two officers were executed by firing squad for attempted desertion while here. The local economy benefited only slightly from the troops' extended stay. In June, the soldiers rode off toward White Plains, New York. Lauzun remarked later in his memoirs, "Siberia alone can furnish any idea of Lebanon, which consists of a few huts scattered among vast forests."

The importance of the Trumbull family and of Lebanon itself to the war effort earned the town the nickname "Heartbeat of the Revolution."

Into the 19th and 20th centuries
Joseph Trumbull, father of Jonathan Trumbull Sr., brought livestock farming to the town in 1704, and Lebanon had the largest meat packing industry in Connecticut by 1730. Agriculture has since been the primary focus of the town. The Trumbull family left Lebanon after the death of Jonathan Trumbull Jr. in 1809, and the town's political significance fell.

Lebanon maintained its focus on agriculture and remained a dedicated farming town, as the towns around it became more commercialized. It was this characteristic that brought a major wave of immigration in the early 20th century. Political troubles in Russia and the onset of the First World War encouraged many to flee to America. The village of Karlswalde near Ostrog saw its entire population leave. Philip Krause settled in the Village Hill area of Lebanon. The town offered similar terrain and fertile farming ground, and 12 families of Karlswalde had moved to the Lebanon neighborhood by 1928. Many of these families are still present and active in Lebanon today and have been a major influence on the town's culture.

The Liberty Hill neighborhood was the commercial center of town for most of the 19th century and into the 20th, holding the town's post office and two general stores. It was Lebanon's primary link to the larger Connecticut and New England communities. The area maintained its importance into the 1940s.

Lebanon saw more than ten percent of its residents leave to fight in the Second World War. The Memorial Day parade is still one of the town's largest annual celebrations.

Present
The town has large agricultural and service sectors, the largest employers being farms and the school system. KofKoff Egg Farms is New England's largest egg producer, and it maintains a farm in the town. The Lebanon Country Fair is known for its agricultural shows. The Lebanon School District is responsible for the town's three schools: Lyman Memorial High School, Lebanon Middle School, and Lebanon Elementary School. The town is still centered around the Green which is the site of many of Lebanon's most prominent past citizens' homes, including Gov. Trumbull and William Beaumont. First Congregational Church of Lebanon, Lebanon Baptist Church, and Saint Francis of Assisi Roman Catholic Church are also located on the Green. The Jonathan Trumbull Library is also located on the Green, as are the War Office, the Jonathan Trumbull Jr. house, and the Wadsworth Stable. The Redeemer Lutheran Church is located at the Village Hill area of town, with the Lebanon Bible Church and Goshen Congregational Church located in the Goshen area.

Notable people

 * William Beaumont (1785–1853), "Father of Gastric Physiology" whose book describing digestion, published in 1833, became a classical medical study still used today
 * Martha Wadsworth Brewster (1710 – c. 1757), poet and writer, one of the earliest American female literary figures
 * William Alfred Buckingham (1804–1875), businessman, elected four-term mayor of Norwich, later elected seven-term governor of Connecticut. Served during the Civil War. Elected to the U.S. Senate in 1868 and died in office.
 * Nelson Dewey (1813–1889), first governor of Wisconsin (1848–1852) at the age of 35
 * Ralph Gurley (1797–1872), clergyman, chaplain of the US House of Representatives, and an influential figure in the American Colonization Society, which offered passage to their colony in west Africa (now Liberia) to free black Americans
 * Prince Saunders (1775–1839), attorney general of the Republic of Haiti
 * William Strong (Vermont politician) (1763–1840), US congressman and judge
 * Jonathan Trumbull Sr. (1710–1785), governor of Connecticut, father of Jonathan Trumbull Jr., and a strong supporter of Washington during the American Revolutionary War, studied theology in Lebanon and later died in the town, where he is buried (portrait at right)
 * Joseph Trumbull (1737–1778), a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1774 (did not attend sessions), and colonel in the Continental Army. He served as one of the Commissary Generals. Son of Jonathan Trumbull Sr.
 * Jonathan Trumbull Jr. (1740–1809), General George Washington's secretary during the American Revolution, later eight-term governor of the state. Son of Jonathan Trumbull Sr.
 * John Trumbull (1756–1843), American neoclassical painter, famous for artwork in the US Capitol, and the artwork on the back of the two-dollar bill. Son of Jonathan Trumbull Sr.
 * Joseph Trumbull (1782–1861), state governor, later Connecticut representative to the US Congress. Grandson of Jonathan Trumbull Sr.
 * Pelatiah Webster (1726–1795), Colonial merchant and author of short essays concerning the finances and government of the fledging United States
 * William Williams (1731–1811), merchant and delegate for Connecticut to the Second Continental Congress in 1776, where he signed the Declaration of Independence. Son-in-law of Jonathan Trumbull Sr.
 * Eleazar Wheelock (1711–1779), Congregational minister, orator, educator, and founder of Dartmouth College

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 55.2 sqmi, of which 54.1 sqmi is land and 1.1 sqmi, or 2.05%, is water. Gates Hill, at 660 ft, is the highest point in the town and in New London County.

Principal communities

 * Exeter
 * Goshen Hill
 * Lebanon Center
 * Leonard Bridge
 * Liberty Hill

Other minor named locations in the town are Babcock Hill, Bush Hill, Chestnut Hill, Cook Hill, Coreyville, Kick Hill, Mason Hill, Scott Hill, Standish Hill, and Village Hill.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 6,907 people, 2,446 households, and 1,934 families residing in the town. The population density was 127.6 PD/sqmi. There were 2,820 housing units at an average density of 52.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 96.89% White, 0.81% African American, 0.39% Native American, 0.26% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.49% from other races, and 1.10% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.65% of the population.

There were 2,446 households, out of which 38.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.4% were married couples living together, 8.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.9% were non-families. 15.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.77 and the average family size was 3.09.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 28.0% under the age of 18, 5.5% from 18 to 24, 31.0% from 25 to 44, 26.0% from 45 to 64, and 9.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.2 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $61,173, and the median income for a family was $63,198. Males had a median income of $45,952 versus $35,594 for females. The per capita income for the town was $25,784. About 1.5% of families and 2.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.0% of those under age 18 and 3.7% of those age 65 or over.

title: Lebanon, Connecticut


text:
Ledyard, Connecticut

Ledyard is a Town in New London County, Connecticut, United States, located along the Thames River. The town is named after Colonel William Ledyard, a Revolutionary War officer who was killed at the Battle of Groton Heights. The town is part of the Southeastern Connecticut Planning Region. The population was 15,413 at the 2020 census. The Foxwoods Resort Casino, owned and operated by the Mashantucket Pequot Tribe, is located in the northeastern section of Ledyard, on the reservation owned by the tribe.

Ledyard's zip code is 06339. Within the southwestern area of Ledyard is the district known as Gales Ferry, which has the postal code 06335. In the northeast is Mashantucket, with the postal code 06338.

History
Named for Colonel William Ledyard, slain commander of Colonial forces in the Battle of Groton Heights in September 1781, the Town was set off from Groton in 1836 by an act of the Connecticut Legislature. The western section, on the east bank of the Thames River, had been settled in the mid-seventeenth century by Thomas Bayley, John Gager, Robert Allyn, and Robert Stoddard. The settlers were farmers and the river, their transportation.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 40.0 sqmi, of which 38.1 sqmi is land and 1.9 sqmi, or 4.62%, is water. Ledyard is situated north of Groton, and borders the east bank of the Thames River in southeastern Connecticut. The northern half of the Naval Submarine Base New London is located in the southwest corner of the town.

Ledyard is among the areas of the United States that was covered by a continental ice sheet during the last ice age. Therefore, Ledyard has its share of interesting glacial geology. The glaciers that covered Ledyard carried the many large boulders that are scattered around the town. The town has set aside land designated as a "Glacial Park", which consists of a section of end moraine and outwash deposits (containing kettles). This area encompasses a segment of the "Ledyard Moraine"—a clast-supported boulder deposit that is anomalous in nature. Examples of glacial erratics in Ledyard:

The principal communities of Ledyard are Ledyard Center (also known as Ledyard Village) and the Gales Ferry section (including Christy Hill Estates, Devonshire Estates, Ferry View Heights, Glenwoods, Birdland, Sherwood Forest, and Woodridge Estates). Other minor communities and geographic areas are Aljen Heights, Barrett Park, Colonial Manor, Cranwood Homestead, Highlands, Lakeside, Lantern Hill, Long Pond, Parsonage Hill Manor, Presidential Estates, Quaker Town, and Stonehenge. The town also contains the Mashantucket Pequot Reservation, in the northeastern corner of the town.

Notable people

 * Frederick Ayer (1822–1918), industrialist born in Ledyard
 * Dennis Blair (born 1947), Admiral, USN retired; Director National Intelligence Agency; lived in Ledyard
 * Andy Dick (born 1965), actor/comedian, grew up in Ledyard
 * Doc Hammer (born 1967), painter and co-creator of The Venture Bros., born in Ledyard
 * Richard Arthur Hayward (born 1947), Chairman of the Mashantucket Pequot Tribe for twenty-three years, worked in Ledyard
 * Ron Jirsa (born 1959), men's college basketball coach born in Ledyard
 * Anna Matilda Larrabee (1842-1931), First Lady of Iowa
 * Lyn-Z (born 1977), bassist for Mindless Self Indulgence, grew up in Ledyard
 * Casey Neistat (born 1981), filmmaker, grew up in Ledyard
 * Jackalyne Pfannenstiel (1947–2017), US Assistant Secretary of the Navy, grew up in Ledyard
 * Fuller Potter (1910–1990), abstract expressionist artist, lived most of his life in town
 * Samuel Seabury (1729–1796), Second Presiding Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church, born in Ledyard
 * Gordon Waller (1945–2009), member of Peter & Gordon, lived in Ledyard

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 14,687 people, 5,286 households, and 4,101 families residing in the town. The population density was 385.1 PD/sqmi. There were 5,486 housing units at an average density of 143.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was:
 * 88.23% White
 * 3.51% Native American
 * 2.70% Hispanic or Latino of any race
 * 2.50% African American
 * 2.19% Asian
 * 0.07% Pacific Islander
 * 0.84% from other races
 * 2.66% from two or more races

There were 5,286 households, out of which 39.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.2% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.4% were non-families. 16.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.78 and the average family size was 3.12.

The ages of Ledyard's population were spread out, with:
 * 28.3% under 18
 * 6.3% from 18 to 24
 * 31.0% from 25 to 44
 * 25.4% from 45 to 64
 * 9.0% from 65 years of age or older.

The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.6 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $62,647, and the median income for a family was $69,214. Males had a median income of $46,582 versus $32,339 for females. The per capita income for the town was $24,953. About 2.9% of families and 4.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.5% of those under age 18 and 2.7% of those age 65 or over.

Schools
Ledyard has three elementary schools, a middle school and a high school. The superintendent of schools is Jason Hartling. The assistant superintendent of schools is Dr. Jennifer Byars, who previously served as principal and assistant principal of many of the town's schools. The superintendent is appointed by the board of education.

Elementary schools:
 * Gales Ferry School (Grades K through 2)
 * Gallup Hill School (Grades K through 5)
 * Juliet W. Long School (Grades 3 through 5)

Middle school:
 * Ledyard Middle School (Grades 6, 7 & 8)

High school:
 * Ledyard High School (Grades 9 through 12)

Former schools:
 * Ledyard Center School (Closed in 2019)

Government and emergency services
The Town of Ledyard is governed by the mayor–council form of government. The mayor is elected by registered voters and serves as the town's full-time administrator and chief executive; elected mayors serve for a term of 4 years and there are no term-limits. The mayor, with advice from the town council and voters appoints officials to positions such as: Town Clerk, Town Attorney, Director of Finance, Director of Public Works, and many of the other administrative positions. The town council has the power to appoint officials to boards and commissions, as fire marshals and town clerks. Registered voters also elect the members of the board of education.

Police
The Town of Ledyard operates an independent police force, administered by Chief of Police John Rich. The town previously had provided police services through the Resident State Trooper Program. The department employs 22 highly trained personnel, including the chief, an administrative assistant, and one detective.

The Town of Ledyard Police Department is also tasked with operating the Ledyard Animal Control Division and the Ledyard Emergency Communications Center. The LECC has 7 full-time 911 Dispatchers and provides 911 service to both the Town of Ledyard and the Town of Preston.

Fire and EMS service
There are two fire departments in the Town of Ledyard. They are the Ledyard Fire Company and the Gales Ferry Fire Company. Both departments rely on volunteers for staffing, along with paid firefighters that staff both departments Monday thru Friday. EMS service is the responsibility of American Ambulance Service, Inc. American Ambulance took over EMS service on July 1, 2018, following the disbanding of the Ledyard Volunteer Emergency Squad. American Ambulance houses 1 ambulance within the Town of Ledyard, which is staffed 24 hours a day.

Employers
The Naval Submarine Base New London, located immediately south of Ledyard in Groton, is a significant employer of Ledyard residents. Other major employers include Foxwoods Resort Casino, Electric Boat, and Pfizer.

Television
Ledyard was featured on an episode of the MTV show MADE, in which Katherine, a shy, book-loving teenager, is made into Miss Congeniality in her town's beauty pageant for Miss Ledyard Fair.

Points of interest

 * Allyn's Point on the Thames River

National Register of Historic Places

 * Applewood Farm – founded in 1826, it was listed on the NRHP in 1987.
 * Gurdon Bill Store – built in 1818, it was added to the NRHP in 1982.
 * Nathan Lester House – built in 1793, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.
 * Main Sawmill – built in 1869, it was added to the NRHP in 1972.
 * Mashantucket Pequot Reservation Archeological District – added to the NRHP and declared a U.S. National Historic Landmark in 1993.
 * Perkins-Bill House – built in 1781, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.
 * Capt. Mark Stoddard Farmstead – built in 1770, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.

title: Ledyard, Connecticut


text:
Lisbon, Connecticut

Lisbon is a town in New London County, Connecticut, United States, 7.3 mi by road northeast of Norwich. The town is part of the Southeastern Connecticut Planning Region. The population was 4,195 at the 2020 census. The town center is also known as the village of Newent. The town school is Lisbon Central School. Its only postal code, 06351, is Jewett City, Connecticut, which is a village of the town of Griswold, Connecticut and encompasses all of Lisbon and Griswold.

History
The town incorporated from Norwich in 1786. The community was named after Lisbon, the capital of Portugal.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 16.6 sqmi, of which 16.3 sqmi is land and 0.4 sqmi, or 2.29%, is water.

The Taft Tunnel carries the Providence and Worcester Railroad through the hills along the Quinebaug River.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,069 people, 1,525 households, and 1,181 families living in the town. The population density was 250.3 PD/sqmi. There were 1,563 housing units at an average density of 96.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 96.71% White, 0.32% African American, 0.42% Native American, 0.47% Asian, 0.37% from other races, and 1.72% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.57% of the population.

There were 1,525 households, out of which 36.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.9% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.5% were non-families. 18.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.03.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.0% under the age of 18, 6.1% from 18 to 24, 30.4% from 25 to 44, 26.0% from 45 to 64, and 11.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.7 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $55,149, and the median income for a family was $61,888. Males had a median income of $40,043 versus $25,833 for females. The per capita income for the town was $22,476. About 1.8% of families and 3.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.4% of those under age 18 and 3.4% of those age 65 or over.

Listed on the National Register of Historic Places

 * Andrew Clark House – built in 1740, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.
 * Anshei Israel Synagogue – built in 1936, a rare example of a rural synagogue.
 * Lathrop-Mathewson-Ross House – built in 1761, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.
 * John Palmer House
 * Taft Tunnel – Built in 1837, Taft Tunnel is the oldest railroad tunnel in America and continues to serve a line of the Providence and Worcester Railroad.

Notable people

 * Elias Perkins (1767–1845), congressman
 * Jeannine Phillips (born 1984), Miss Connecticut USA (2006)
 * John D. Read (1814-1864), Abolitionist

title: Lisbon, Connecticut


text:
Long Hill, Groton, Connecticut

Long Hill is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Groton in New London County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 4,205 at the 2010 census.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1.6 sqmi, of which 1.5 sqmi is land and 0.1 sqmi, or 5.10%, is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,534 people, 1,741 households, and 741 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 2,378.6 PD/sqmi. There were 1,924 housing units at an average density of 1,295.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 79.06% White, 6.48% African American, 1.25% Native American, 7.56% Asian, 0.34% Pacific Islander, 1.36% from other races, and 3.96% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.75% of the population.

There were 1,741 households, out of which 17.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 30.7% were married couples living together, 8.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 57.4% were non-families. 48.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.88 and the average family size was 2.72.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 15.9% under the age of 18, 9.0% from 18 to 24, 33.5% from 25 to 44, 19.1% from 45 to 64, and 22.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.6 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $41,268, and the median income for a family was $54,531. Males had a median income of $40,861 versus $32,865 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $23,982. About 5.2% of families and 6.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.1% of those under age 18 and 8.4% of those age 65 or over.

title: Long Hill, Groton, Connecticut


text:
Lyme, Connecticut

Lyme is a town in New London County, Connecticut, United States, situated on the eastern side of the Connecticut River. The town is part of the Lower Connecticut River Valley Planning Region. The population was 2,352 at the 2020 census. Lyme is the eponym of Lyme disease.

History
In February 1665, the portion of the territory of the Saybrook Colony east of the Connecticut River was set off as the plantation of East Saybrook, which included present-day Lyme, Old Lyme, and the western part of East Lyme. In 1667, the Connecticut General Court formally recognized the East Saybrook plantation as the town of Lyme, named after Lyme Regis, a coastal town in the south of England. The eastern portion of Lyme (bordering the town of Waterford) separated from Lyme in 1823 and became part of East Lyme. The southern portion of Lyme (along Long Island Sound) separated in 1855 as South Lyme (renamed Old Lyme in 1857). Both changes were consistent with the then-existing laws of the state of Connecticut.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 34.5 sqmi, of which 31.9 sqmi are land and 2.6 sqmi, or 7.63%, are water.

Principal communities

 * Hadlyme
 * Hamburg (town center)
 * North Lyme

Other minor communities and geographic areas are Becket Hill, Bill Hill, Brockway's Ferry (also known as Brockway Landing), Brush Hill, Elys Ferry, Grassy Hill, Gungy, Joshuatown, Lord Hill, Mt. Archer, Pleasant Valley, Rogers Lake West Shore, and Sterling City.

Coves along the Connecticut River

 * Hamburg Cove.
 * Lord Cove (a brackish tidal marsh, fed in part by Lord, Deep, and Mack creeks).
 * Selden Cove.
 * Whalebone Cove (aka Hadlyme Cove or North Cove).

Lakes and ponds

 * Cedar Lake ( formed by the damming of Cedar Pond Brook).
 * Joshua Pond – a.k.a. Lower Pond (east of Brockways Ferry Rd; formed by the damming of Joshua Creek).
 * Moulsons Pond (formed by the damming of Eightmile River).
 * Norwich Pond (formed by the damming of Falls Brook).
 * Rogers Lake (partly in Lyme; formed by the damming of Mill Brook).
 * Uncas Pond (formed by the damming of Falls Brook).
 * Upper Pond (along Tantumorantum Rd; formed by the damming of Joshua Creek).

Rivers, creeks, and brooks

 * Eightmile River; a federally designated "Wild and Scenic River."
 * Beaver Brook (a tributary of Eightmile River).
 * Broad Swamp Brook (a tributary of Grassy Hill Brook).
 * Cedar Pond Brook (a tributary of Beaver Brook).
 * Cranberry Meadow Brook (a tributary of Eightmile River).
 * Deep Creek (a tributary of the Connecticut River).
 * East Branch Eightmile River (a tributary of Eightmile River).
 * Falls Brook (a tributary of Eightmile River and Hamburg Cove).
 * Grassy Hill Brook (mostly in Lyme, but crosses into Old Lyme before feeding into Rogers Lake).
 * Hemlock Valley Brook (a tributary of Whalebone Creek).
 * Hungerford Brook (a tributary of Whalebone Creek).
 * Joshua Creek – a.k.a. Rams Horn Creek (a tributary of the Connecticut River).
 * Lord Creek (a tributary of the Connecticut River).
 * Mack Creek (a tributary of the Connecticut River).
 * Mill Brook (enters Rogers Lake in Lyme and exits the lake in Old Lyme; a tributary of the Lieutenant River).
 * Roaring Brook (a tributary of Whalebone Creek).
 * Selden Creek (a tributary of the Connecticut River).
 * Whalebone Creek (mouth is located at the head of Whalebone Cove).

2010 and 2020 censuses
As of the 2010 census, Lyme had a population of 2,406. Its racial and ethnic makeup was 96.5% non-Hispanic white, 0.1% non-Hispanic black, 0.1% non-Hispanic Native American, 1.0% Asian, 0.1% non-Hispanic from some other race, 0.6% from two or more races and 1.7% Hispanic or Latino.

Voter registration
The number of Lyme residents registering with the Democratic party has grown in recent years, from 541 in 2015 to 757 in 2022.

Ancestry/Ethnicity
According to the United States Census Bureau, as of 2017 the largest (those over 1% of the population) self-identified ancestry/ethnic groups in Lyme were:

Civic and fraternal

 * Hadlyme Public Hall (63 Ferry Road)
 * Lyme Consolidated School (478 Hamburg Road)
 * Lyme Grange Hall (2 Sterling City Road)
 * Lyme Public Hall Association (249 Hamburg Road)
 * Lyme Public Library (482 Hamburg Road)
 * Lyme Volunteer Fire Co. Hadlyme Station (Norwich Salem Road)
 * Lyme Volunteer Fire Co. Lyme Station (213 Hamburg Road)

Governmental

 * Hadlyme Ferry Boat Launch (154 Ferry Road)
 * Hadlyme Post Office (1 Ferry Road)
 * Lyme Town Hall (480 Hamburg Road)

Religious

 * The First Congregational Church of Lyme (Sterling City Road)

State parks and forests
Selden Neck State Park and Becket Hill State Park Reserve are wholly located in Lyme. Nehantic State Forest and Gillette Castle State Park are partly located in Lyme.

On the National Register of Historic Places

 * Cooper Site, added November 15, 1987.
 * Gillette Castle (partly in Lyme), added July 31, 1986.
 * Hadlyme Ferry Historic District, added December 21, 1994.
 * Hamburg Bridge Historic District (Joshuatown Road and Old Hamburg Road), added April 10, 1983.
 * Hamburg Cove Site, added November 15, 1987.
 * Lord Cove Site, added November 15, 1987.
 * Selden Island Site, added November 15, 1987.

Public transportation
The Estuary Transit District provides public transportation throughout Lyme and the surrounding towns through its 9 Town Transit Service. Services include connections to Old Saybrook station, served by Amtrak and Shore Line East railroads.

Lyme in literature, art, and film

 * Sleep, Andy Warhol's 1964 movie, was filmed in Lyme.

Notable people

 * Robert Ballard (born 1942), lives in Lyme; oceanographer
 * Joan Bennett (1910–1990), buried in Lyme; film and television actress
 * Hiel Brockway (died 1842), born in Lyme; founder of Brockport, New York
 * Zebulon Brockway (1827–1920), born in Lyme; penologist; "Father of prison reform" in the United States
 * Daniel Chadwick (1825–1884), born in Lyme; lawyer and politician
 * Donald Barr Chidsey (1902–1981), lived in Lyme for many years; novelist and historian
 * Wequash Cooke (died 1642), buried in Lyme; Native American leader
 * William Diard (1924–2009), retired to Lyme and died there; operatic tenor
 * Dominick Dunne (1925–2009), owned a house in Lyme (Hadlyme); author, journalist, and film producer
 * John Ely (1737–1800), born in Lyme; surgeon and colonel in the American Revolution
 * Walker Evans (1903–1975), lived in Lyme 1940s to 1975; photographer
 * Gladys Kelley Fitch (1896–1971), lived in Lyme; artist; member Old Lyme Art Colony
 * Matthew Griswold (1714–1799), born in Lyme; governor of Connecticut (1784–1786)
 * Roger Griswold (1762–1812), born in Lyme; son of Mathew; US congressman (1785–1805), governor of Connecticut (1811–1812)
 * Roger Hilsman (1919–2014), lived in Lyme; member Lyme Democratic Committee; World War II hero, diplomat, and author
 * Harry Holtzman (1912–1987), lived in Lyme; abstract artist
 * Stephen Johnson (1724–1786), minister Lyme First Congregational; pamphleteer
 * Ezra Lee (1749–1821), born in Lyme; commander of the Turtle submarine during the Revolutionary War, and world's first submariner
 * Beatrice Lillie (1894–1989), lived on Grassy Hill Rd, Lyme in the 1970s; Canadian-born actress
 * Abijah Perkins Marvin (1813–1889), born in Lyme; minister, writer, and teacher; member of the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention of 1853
 * Dudley Marvin (1786–1856), born in Lyme; New York congressman
 * Charles J. McCurdy (1797–1891), born and died in Lyme; Lt. Governor of Connecticut
 * William Brown Meloney (1905–1971) and Rose Franken (1895–1988), lived in Lyme; husband-wife writing and play production team
 * Robert Mulligan (1925–2008), died at home in Lyme; film director; directed To Kill a Mockingbird
 * Jonathan Parsons (1705–1776), Lyme clergyman
 * Samuel Holden Parsons (1737–1789), born in Lyme; brigadier general in the Continental Army during the American Revolution
 * Jedediah Peck (1748–1821), born in Lyme; "Father of the Common School System" in New York state
 * John Sill Rogers (1796–1860), born in Lyme; physician and politician
 * Timothy Rogers (1756-1834), born in Lyme; Quaker leader and founder of Newmarket and Pickering, Ontario in Canada.
 * Sewell Sillman (1924–1992), lived in Lyme and died there; painter, educator, and art print publisher
 * Ansel Sterling (1782–1853), born in Lyme; congressman from Connecticut
 * Micah Sterling (1784–1844), born in Lyme; congressman from New York
 * Allen Tucker (1838–1903), born in Lyme; Medal of Honor recipient in the American Civil War
 * Henry Matson Waite (1787–1869), born in Lyme; Chief Justice of Connecticut Supreme Court
 * Morrison Remick Waite (1816–1888), born in Lyme; Chief Justice of the United States

title: Lyme, Connecticut


text:
Unijunction transistor

A unijunction transistor (UJT) is a three-lead electronic semiconductor device with only one junction. It acts exclusively as an electrically controlled switch.

The UJT is not used as a linear amplifier. It is used in free-running oscillators, synchronized or triggered oscillators, and pulse generation circuits at low to moderate frequencies (hundreds of kilohertz). It is widely used in the triggering circuits for silicon controlled rectifiers. In the 1960s, the low cost per unit, combined with its unique characteristic, warranted its use in a wide variety of applications like oscillators, pulse generators, saw-tooth generators, triggering circuits, phase control, timing circuits, and voltage- or current-regulated supplies. The original unijunction transistor types are now considered obsolete, but a later multi-layer device, the programmable unijunction transistor, is still widely available.

Types
There are three types of unijunction transistor:
 * 1) The original unijunction transistor, or UJT, is a simple device that is essentially a bar of n-type semiconductor material into which p-type material has been diffused somewhere along its length, fixing the device parameter $$\eta$$ (the "intrinsic stand-off ratio"). The 2N2646 model is the most commonly used version of the UJT.
 * 2) The complementary unijunction transistor, or CUJT, is a bar of p-type semiconductor material into which n-type material has been diffused somewhere along its length, defining the device parameter $$\eta$$. The 2N6114 model is one version of the CUJT.
 * 3) The programmable unijunction transistor, or PUT, is a multi-junction device that, with two external resistors, displays similar characteristics to the UJT. It is a close cousin to the thyristor and like the thyristor consists of four p-n layers. It has an anode and a cathode connected to the first and the last layer respectively, and a gate connected to one of the inner layers. PUTs are not directly interchangeable with conventional UJTs but perform a similar function. In a proper circuit configuration with two "programming" resistors for setting the parameter $$\eta$$, they behave like a conventional UJT. The 2N6027, 2N6028 and BRY39 models are examples of such devices.

Applications
Unijunction transistor circuits were popular in hobbyist electronics circuits in the 1960s and 1970s because they allowed simple oscillators to be built using just one active device. For example, they were used for relaxation oscillators in variable-rate strobe lights. Later, as integrated circuits became more popular, oscillators such as the 555 timer IC became more commonly used.

In addition to its use as the active device in relaxation oscillators, one of the most important applications of UJTs or PUTs is to trigger thyristors (silicon controlled rectifiers (SCR), TRIACs, etc.). A DC voltage can be used to control a UJT or PUT circuit such that the "on-period" increases with an increase in the DC control voltage. This application is important for large AC current control.

UJTs can also be used to measure magnetic flux. The Hall effect modulates the voltage at the PN junction. This affects the frequency of UJT relaxation oscillators. This only works with UJTs. PUTs do not exhibit this phenomenon.

Construction
The UJT has three terminals: an emitter (E) and two bases (B1 and B2) and so is sometimes known a "double-base diode". The base is formed by a lightly doped n-type bar of silicon. Two ohmic contacts B1 and B2 are attached at its ends. The emitter is of heavily-doped p-type material. The single PN junction between the emitter and the base gives the device its name. The resistance between B1 and B2 when the emitter is open-circuit is called interbase resistance. The emitter junction is usually located closer to base-2 (B2) than base-1 (B1) so that the device is not symmetrical, because a symmetrical unit does not provide optimum electrical characteristics for most of the applications.

If no potential difference exists between its emitter and either of its base leads, there is an extremely small current from B1 to B2. On the other hand, if an adequately large voltage relative to its base leads, known as the trigger voltage, is applied to its emitter, then a very large current from its emitter joins the current from B1 to B2, which creates a larger B2 output current.

The schematic diagram symbol for a unijunction transistor represents the emitter lead with an arrow, showing the direction of conventional current when the emitter-base junction is conducting a current. A complementary UJT uses a p-type base and an n-type emitter, and operates the same as the n-type base device but with all voltage polarities reversed.

The structure of a UJT is similar to that of an N-channel JFET, but p-type (gate) material surrounds the N-type (channel) material in a JFET, and the gate surface is larger than the emitter junction of UJT. A UJT is operated with the emitter junction forward-biased while the JFET is normally operated with the gate junction reverse-biased. The UJT is a current-controlled negative resistance device.

Device operation
The device has a unique characteristic in that when it is triggered, its emitter current increases regeneratively until it is restricted by the emitter power supply. It exhibits a negative resistance characteristic and so it can be employed as an oscillator.

The UJT is biased with a positive voltage between the two bases. This causes a potential drop along the length of the device. When the emitter voltage is driven approximately one diode voltage above the voltage at the point where the P diffusion (emitter) is, current will begin to flow from the emitter into the base region. Because the base region is very lightly doped, the additional current (actually charges in the base region) causes conductivity modulation, which reduces the resistance of the portion of the base between the emitter junction and the B2 terminal. This reduction in resistance means that the emitter junction is more forward biased, and so even more current is injected. Overall, the effect is a negative resistance at the emitter terminal. This is what makes the UJT useful, especially in simple oscillator circuits.

Invention
The unijunction transistor was invented as a byproduct of research on germanium tetrode transistors at General Electric. It was patented in 1953. Commercially, silicon devices were manufactured. A common part number is 2N2646.

title: Unijunction transistor