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Talk:New York divorce law

Untitled
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Reform Proposals
This page should probably have a section on proposed reforms, as well as information about the arguments for/against reform. For instance, I seem to recall a number of women's groups being opposed to reforming the divorce law, but do not recall the specific arguments. --8.11.254.188 (talk) 15:43, 20 May 2009 (UTC)

Update
The new information about no-fault divorce, at the top of the article, needs to be incorporated into the body. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.64.125.136 (talk) 22:35, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

Added contradict tag —Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.74.124.95 (talk) 22:38, 29 August 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:New York divorce law


text:
Talk:Hazard (game)

Removed
Removed:

'I saw an old rook (gambler),' says the writer before quoted, 'take up a young fellow in a tavern upon this very bet. The bargain was made that the rook should have seven always, and the young gentleman six, and throw continually. To play they went; the rook won the first day L10, and the next day the like sum; and so for six days together, in all L60. Notwithstanding the gentleman, I am confident, had fair dice, and threw them always himself. And further to confirm what I alleged before, not only this gamester, but many more have told me that they desired no greater advantage than this bet of 7 to 6. But it is the opinion of most that at the first throw the caster hath the worst of it.

The text is not cited here, and this sort of "testimony" seems inappropriate, not to mention archaic. This article, I believe, requires much more updating, but I'm not up to it right now. -- April 16:46 Oct 2, 2002 (UTC)

Andrew Steinmetz
The original article, including the section removed by April, is a verbatim copy from Andrew Steinmetz's The Gaming Table. This is available on Project Gutenberg, and thus presumably out of copyright (it was written in 1870): but it's not the easiest reading. --Franey 14:11, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

OK, I've taken out the verbatim stuff, and replaced it with a (hopefully) more readable summary of the game. --Franey 17:02, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Odds payments in Hazard
I find it hard to believe that odds were paid off to the caster on his original stake if he made his chance. This would make the game quite favorable to the castor. According to http://heyerlist.org/theconvenientmarriage/hazard.html and other sources, side bets at those odds were made, much as they are done in craps. I have made a change to reflect this. Rjljr2 (talk) 22:43, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

Mathematical Analysis
I made a quick calculation of the probability of winning with each main. The calculations are very much like the standard calculation for craps. Unfortunately, I made the edits as anonymous (didn't know I wasn't logged in). Does anyone think more detail is needed? I think it is interesting that 7 is the best main. Rjljr2 (talk) 19:26, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

Pronunciation
I strongly suspect that with the French name "Hazard" and the Arabic name "Azar", the H and D are silent. It would be handy though if the article had a pronunciation guide at the start so English speakers know if the word was pronounced as an English word or a French word. Owen214 (talk) 09:35, 17 November 2010 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Hazard (game)


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London College of Communication

The London College of Communication is a constituent college of the University of the Arts London, a public art university in London, England. The college's origins are in education for the printing and retail industries; it now specialises in media-related subjects including advertising, animation, film, graphic design, photography and sound arts.

It has approximately 5000 students, and offers about sixty courses at foundation, undergraduate and postgraduate level. It is organised in three schools: media, design and screen; all are housed in a single building in Elephant and Castle. It received its present name in 2003; it was previously the London School of Printing and Graphic Arts, then the London College of Printing, and briefly the London College of Printing and Distributive Trades.

History
The school was formed in 1990 by the merger of the College for Distributive Trades with the London College of Printing.

The London College of Printing descended from the St Bride's Foundation Institute Printing School, which was established in November 1894 under the City of London Parochial Charities Act of 1883. The Guild and Technical School opened in Clerkenwell in the same year, but moved a year later to Bolt Court, and became the Bolt Court Technical School; it was later renamed the London County Council School of Photoengraving and Lithography.

Annual portfolios of student work were assembled during the years that the printing school was administered by St Bride Foundation. These, and other early documentation, form part of the permanent collections at St Bride Printing Library.

St Bride's came under the control of the London County Council in 1922 and was renamed the London School of Printing and Kindred Trades; in 1949 it was merged with the LCC School of Photoengraving and Lithography, forming the London School of Printing and Graphic Arts. In 1960 this was renamed the London College of Printing. The printing department of the North Western Polytechnic was merged into it in 1969. The London College of Printing became part of the London Institute in 1986.

The Westminster Day Continuation School opened in 1921, and was later renamed the College for Distributive Trades, providing practical education relating to retail, and later to the related area of marketing. It too became part of the London Institute in 1986. In 1990 it merged with the London College of Printing to form the London College of Printing and Distributive Trades, which in 1996 was renamed the London College of Communication.

In 2003 the London Institute received Privy Council approval for university status, and in 2004 was renamed University of the Arts London.

Cutbacks and closures
LCC had student protests and sit-ins in November 2009, as students expressed anger over proposed course closures and staff redundancies. About 100 students tried to occupy the office of Sandra Kemp, the head of the college at that time, in protest over the lack of supervision for dissertations. Students later occupied a lecture theatre and private security guards tried to remove protesting students. This failed when a member of academic staff questioned their right to touch the students and police were summoned who prevailed upon the protesters to leave the building. Several students faced disciplinary action, including suspension.

The director of the university's course in public relations resigned over the proposed cutbacks, saying that there weren't enough staff. Much of the teaching was then supplied by sessional lecturers on short-term contracts. A member of the teaching staff said that sackings resulted in cancelled lectures and students left without dissertation supervisors.

In 2011 an inquiry by the Quality Assurance Agency into restructuring at the LCC found standards were so badly affected by course closures that the marks of some students were raised to compensate. The report followed complaints by students relating to the restructuring, including claims that quality had been 'severely compromised' and that those studying were not informed of the plans before enrolment. The investigation was the first of its kind and is the QAA's revised “whistleblower” process for investigating concerns about academic standards and quality. The decision to investigate the complaints followed the closure of 16 courses and 26 full-time redundancies.

Alumni
Among the alumni of the college are Rebekah Brooks, former chief executive of News International; Jane Root, former controller of BBC Two; the advertising executive and art collector Charles Saatchi; and the cartoonist and illustrator Ralph Steadman.

title: London College of Communication


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Newcastle, County Down

Newcastle is a small seaside resort town in County Down, Northern Ireland, which had a population of 8,298 at the 2021 Census. It lies by the Irish Sea at the foot of Slieve Donard, the highest of the Mourne Mountains. Newcastle is known for its sandy beach, forests (Donard Forest and Tollymore Forest Park), and mountains. The town lies within the Newry, Mourne and Down District.

The town aims to promote itself as the "activity resort" for Northern Ireland. It has benefited from a multi-million pound upgrade to the promenade and main street. The town is twinned with New Ross, County Wexford, in the Republic of Ireland.

History
The name of the town is thought to derive from the castle built by Felix Magennis of the Magennis clan in 1588, which stood at the mouth of the Shimna River. This castle was demolished in 1830. The town is referred to as New Castle in the Annals of the Four Masters in 1433, so it is likely that he built on the site of an existing structure.

The Montgomery Manuscripts record that Newcastle was besieged and later captured by Sir James Montgomery of the Ards in April 1642 in the aftermath of the 1641 Rebellion (pp. 128–134). Prior to 1641 the Castle belonged to the Magennis', but after the rebellion the property was confiscated and granted to Robert Hawkins, great grandfather to Robert Hawkins who assumed the surname of Magill. The date 1588 was inscribed on a stone placed over the front entrance of the Castle, built by Felix Magenis. Newcastle passed from the Magills to the Mathews, and subsequently to the Annesleys. In the late 1700s the Castle was modernised by the Matthews and then the Annesleys, and rented by the Board of Customs for the accommodation of revenue officers. Around 1830 the castle was demolished and the 'Annesley Arms Hotel' was constructed within the original castle compound. The 3rd Earl Annesley built a new 'marine residence', called 'Donard Lodge' on the lower mountain slope above the town (it was demolished in 1966). St. John's Church was also opened on 'The Rock' in 1832 to accommodate the visitors and growing population in Earl Annesley's developing seaside resort.

The Newcastle fishing disaster occurred on 13 January 1843 when boats from Newcastle and Annalong set out for the usual fishing stations, and were caught in a gale. 14 boats were lost in the heavy seas including a boat which had gone to the rescue. Only two boats survived, the Victoria and the Brothers. 73 men perished, 46 of whom were from Newcastle. They left twenty-seven widows, one hundred and eighteen children, and twenty-one dependents. A public subscription was raised and the cottages, known as Widows Row, were built for the widows and dependents. A local song about the disaster says "Newcastle town is one long street entirely stripped of men"

In 1910 Harry Ferguson flew a small plane across Newcastle beach in one of the first engine powered flights by aircraft in Ireland. He completed the flight in an attempt to win a £100 prize offered by the town for the first powered flight along the strand. His first take off ended badly, but according to a modern newspaper report 'He flew a distance of almost three miles along the foreshore at a low altitude varying between fifty and five hundred feet'. This event is recorded by a plaque on the promenade.

Information on the town's history is available on signs throughout the forests and hills. The Mourne Mountains is the setting for many local myths and legends. There are stories of 'The Blue Lady', a woman abandoned by her husband whose ghost still haunts the mountains, and more recently the idea of a wild cat living in the Mournes. Many of the stories although have true origins are only folklore and give many of the towns attractions their names, such as Maggie's Leap being named after a local girl called Maggie, who leapt over the impressive chasm to her death while fleeing soldiers with a basket of eggs. Many other places in the Newcastle area get their names from other sources, 'The Brandy Pad', a path through the mountains, is named so because of the illegal brandy smuggling that took place through the area. Another example is Bogey Hill just above the harbour at the Southern end of the town, which is named after the carts that carried Mourne granite from the quarry on Thomas Mountain down to the harbour. In 1897, T.R.H. The Duke and Duchess of York (the future George V and Queen Mary), grandparents to Queen Elizabeth II, visited Newcastle to open the Slieve Donard Hotel. Afterwards they visited Hugh Annesley, 5th Earl Annesley at Castlewellan Castle.

A process of preserving the local history has begun since 2014 via a community Facebook page 'History of Newcastle, Co. Down'. Photographs and information on the area's history are being collected via the page, and a history of the town will be published. Greater historical detail about the town will be added to this page as part of this research process. It is hoped that this collective history will enhance the experience of both locals and tourists by promoting an informed historical appreciation for the area.

Newcastle was fortunate enough to escape the worst of the Troubles and its residents both Catholic and Protestant lived in relative peace with each other though there has been considerable objection to loyalist band parades in the town.

2021 Census
As of the 2021 census there were 8,298 people living in Newcastle. Of these:
 * 69.1% belong to or were brought up in the Catholic faith and 21.7% belong to or were brought up in a 'Protestant and Other Christian (including Christian related)' faiths.
 * 43.9% indicated that they had an Irish national identity, 37.4% had a Northern Irish national identity and an additional 25.7% had a British national identity (respondents could indicate more than one national identity).

2011 Census
Newcastle is classified as a small town by the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) (i.e. with population between 4,500 and 10,000 people). As of the 2011 census there were 7,672 people living in Newcastle. Of these:
 * 98% were white
 * 70.3% belong to or were brought up in the Catholic faith and 24.4% belong to or were brought up in a 'Protestant and Other Christian (including Christian related)' faiths.
 * 36% indicated that they had an Irish national identity, 36% had a Northern Irish national identity and an additional 33% had a British national identity (respondents could indicate more than one national identity)

Tourism
Newcastle is a popular seaside resort and attracts visitors from elsewhere in Ireland and from overseas. In 2006, the new promenade won a number of National awards including a Civic Trust Award for Excellence in the Public Realm. In recent years, the town has started a large Halloween festival, with a carnival-like atmosphere. The free event includes fireworks and a fancy dress competition. The crime rate in Newcastle remains relatively low, although there is a stronger police presence during peak holiday periods due to the increase in petty crimes.

Newcastle is close to Northern Ireland's highest mountain, Slieve Donard, which is nearby in the Mourne mountain range. Visitors come to walk in the Mourne Mountains, made famous by the song by Percy French. Another popular attraction in the town is Royal County Down Golf Club (venue for the 2007 Walker Cup and 2015 Irish Open), now recognised as the no.1 golf course in the world, and is said to be one of Tiger Woods' favourite golf courses. The town is also known for Mourne Granite, which was quarried here for many years and shipped all round the world. It was used to make paving stones in many cities including London and New York. Mourne granite was used to make the base of the 9/11 memorial in New York.

Since 2010, Newcastle has held an annual 'Festival of Flight' airshow which attracts upwards of 100,000 people to the event. The RAF Red Arrows are usually the star attraction of the show which is heavily supported by both the RAF and Irish Air Corps as well as the Irish Coast Guard. Many of the UK's top civilian air displays have also visited Newcastle on a regular basis.

Places of interest

 * The Mourne Mountains lie south of the town and the local area includes the Tollymore Forest Park and Donard Park. The Shimna River flows through Tollymore Park and enters the sea at Newcastle.
 * The Murlough Nature Reserve is situated between Dundrum and Newcastle. The rugged sand dunes and beach are National Trust property.
 * Slidderyford Dolmen is a neolithic portal tomb located near the entrance to Murlough Nature Reserve. It is composed of four stones, two granite and two slate.
 * Saint Patrick's Stream – in popular mythology, the Mourne Mountains was the site where Saint Patrick banished the 'snakes' from Ireland, and that in his first landings to Ireland he visited the Mournes and even converted the local hill folk to Christianity. The small stream is said to mark the boundary of the Kingdom of Mourne and legend has it that there is a rock in the stream with his hand print in it where he knelt down to drink the water.
 * Newcastle Harbour – In 1820, Lord Annesley created a pier as a loading point for the famous Mourne granite.
 * The Bloody Bridge – The bridge and the Bloody Bridge River, were so named because of an incident during the 1641 Rebellion, during which a massacre of Protestants took place. The bridge is sometimes visited by tourists who go to see the 'Brandy Pad', called after the trade of illegal brandy which was smuggled down this route and from there onwards at the dead of night to Hilltown. The remains of an ancient church and the old bridge which once carried the coast road can still be seen.
 * Widows Row. A set of listed cottages just south of the harbour, built by public subscription after the Newcastle Fishing disaster of 1843.

Education
There is one post-primary school in Newcastle, Shimna Integrated College, founded in 1994 as an all-ability, non-selective, 11-18 school. There are four primary schools. St. Mary's Primary School was formerly St. Mary's Boys Primary School and St. Mary's Girls Primary School. The school became mixed in September 2001 but remained split over the two sites, younger children at one and older children at the other until recent years. A new building, large enough to support all the students has since been built. All Children's Primary School was founded in 1986 and was the first primary school outside Belfast that was fully religiously integrated. The other two schools are Newcastle Primary School, founded in 1962, and St. Joseph's Primary School, founded in 1838. There is also a Technical College in the town.

Sport
Newcastle F.C. plays in the Northern Amateur Football League.

Tollymore United F.C plays in the Mid Ulster Football League.

Newcastle Harbour is home to Newcastle Yacht Club who regularly sail and race in Dundrum Bay.

Bryansford GAC are the local GAA team.

Newcastle and District A.C.- running club

Transport
Newcastle railway station began operating on 25 March 1869 and closed on 2 May 1955. The Belfast & County Down Railway Station and Clock Tower is a B1 listed, red brick building, built in 1905; It is currently a Lidl supermarket. The Great Northern Railway of Ireland Station Building is used by Ulsterbus, which runs buses to Belfast Grand Central station, as well as other towns in the area.

Media

 * The local newspaper is called The Mourne Observer.

Location
Newcastle is located at the foot of the Mourne Mountains on the east coast of Northern Ireland, and at the confluence of three rivers, the Shimna, the Burren, and the Tullybranigan. In relation to other settlements, Newcastle is 19 kilometres from Downpatrick and 51 kilometres from Belfast.

Notable people

 * Poet and writer, Richard Rowley (1877–1947), lived in Newcastle in later life. During World War II he founded, and ran from his Newcastle home, the short-lived Mourne Press, which failed in 1942. The poet's Newcastle home, Brook Cottage, has been demolished. In Newcastle his name is remembered through the Rowley Meadows housing development and the Rowley Path, which runs along the southern boundary of the Islands Park.
 * Florence Balcombe, wife of writer Bram Stoker.
 * Peter O'Sullevan: Broadcaster and Horse racing Sports commentator.
 * Eddie Polland, professional golfer, winner of four European Tour events.
 * Broadcaster Sean Rafferty spent his childhood in Newcastle.
 * Rigsy, broadcaster and popular DJ, was born in Newry but brought up in Newcastle, where his parents still live.
 * Simon Thornton, professional golfer.
 * Award-winning children's author Martin Waddell, although born in Belfast has lived most of life in the town.

title: Newcastle, County Down


text:
Newtownards

Newtownards is a town in County Down, Northern Ireland. It lies at the most northern tip of Strangford Lough, 10 miles (16 km) east of Belfast, on the Ards Peninsula. It is in the civil parish of Newtownards and the historic baronies of Ards Lower and Castlereagh Lower. Newtownards is in the Ards and North Down Borough. The population was 29,677 in the 2021 Census.

Irish settlement
In 540 AD, St. Finian founded Movilla Abbey, a monastery, on a hill overlooking Strangford Lough about a mile northeast of present-day Newtownards town centre. "Movilla" (Magh Bhile) means "the plain of the sacred tree" in Irish, which suggests that the land had previously been a sacred pagan site. It became a significant Christian settlement – a centre for worship, study, mission and commercial trade, well known throughout Ireland. It was sacked by the Vikings sometime after AD 824, though survived for a thousand years as a monastic settlement (becoming part of the Augustinian Order in 1135), until the dissolution of the monasteries in 1542.

The Normans conquered east Ulster in the 1170s, founding the Earldom of Ulster. Around 1226, they established a new town around Movilla, which became known as the "New Town of Blathewic", after the Irish territory of Uí Blathmhaic. A Dominican priory was built in 1244 by Walter de Burgh and was also dissolved in 1542.

In 1572, both monasteries were burned by the Clannaboy O'Neills under Sir Brian McPhelim O'Neill to deny buildings to the English, who were attempting to colonize the Ards. After this the urban settlement at Movilla disappeared and the area around it became known as "Ballylisnevin" ("the town of Nevin's fort").

The Scottish town
In 1605 (prior to the official Plantation of Ulster in 1610), Hugh Montgomery was granted the lands and set about rebuilding what was by then known as Newtown, later expanded to Newtownards. Official records show the town was established in 1606. Montgomery built a residence in the ruins of the old priory, the tower of which remains. Scottish Protestant settlers, particularly from Ayr, and to a lesser extent Irvine, in Ayrshire, arrived in large numbers and the town grew quickly.

Due to the shallow mud of Strangford Lough, Newtown never developed as a port, with goods instead transported from the nearby town of Donaghadee on the Irish Sea coast of the Ards Peninsula. Instead, it became a market town, with the Market House in Conway Square constructed in 1771.

United Irishmen rebellion
North Down and the Ards were briefly held by United Irish insurgents in the Irish Rebellion of 1798. On the morning of 9 June, "Pike Sunday", United Irishmen, mainly from Bangor, Donaghadee, Greyabbey and Ballywalter, under the command of the Presbyterian licentiate (later American diplomat) David Bailie Warden, marched on the town. They were driven off with musket fire from the Market House, but the garrison, consisting of troops from the York Fencible Regiment of Foot subsequently withdrew, allowing the rebels to establish a French revolutionary-style Committee of Public Safety. The "Republic" in Newtownards did not survive the rout two days later of the main rebel force at Ballynahinch.

The Great Famine
During the Great Famine, which resulted from the dependence of small tenants and cottiers on a blighted potato crop, the largest local landowner, Lord Londonderry, rejected rent reductions on grounds of "personal inconvenience". By 1847 the 800 inhabitants of the town were witness to "emaciated and half-famished souls" queuing at soup kitchens and overflowing the newly built workhouse. Despite Lord Londonderry's objection, with the upgrading of the road to Donaghadee several public works programs for famine relief were instigated. In general, conditions on the land, not as acutely subdivided as in western districts of Ireland, and the availability of weaving and other employments, saved the town from the worst.

Victorian growth
The early 19th century saw the reclamation of the marshlands south of the town. At the same time, its growth was accelerated by integration into the Belfast and Lagan Valley industrial region and market. The Belfast and County Down Railway connected Newtownards to Belfast, via Comber and Dundonald, in 1850, and to Donaghadee in 1861. By the same year, the town's population had risen to 9,500. (This rail line was closed in 1950.) On 12 July 1867, despite the Party Processions Acts, the Orange Order paraded from Bangor to Newtownards. The parade was organised by William Johnston (sentenced to a short term in prison the next year for his actions) and about 30,000 took part.

As the nineteenth century progressed the economy became increasingly tied to the growing city of Belfast and the town continued to prosper and by the 20th century had increasingly become a commuter town. Newtownards' population reached 13,100 in 1961 and had doubled to 28,000 by 2011.

The Troubles
During the Troubles, Newtownards was the scene of a car bomb attack on 5 July 1993, when Roma's Bar in Regent Street was targeted. The pub was destroyed, but has since been rebuilt. The attack was carried out by the Provisional Irish Republican Army with a 700 kg (1,500 lb) device. There were no fatalities. Police said the 10-minute warning, telephoned to a local radio station, was "totally inadequate." The warning said the bomb contained 1,500 pounds of explosives.

Recent times
On 1 November 2021, a bus in the town was hijacked and set on fire by two masked assailants allegedly protesting the Northern Ireland Protocol.

Scrabo Tower
The town of Newtownards is overlooked by the 100 ft high Scrabo Tower. The tower is 41 metres high, and was erected on Scrabo Hill as a memorial to Charles Stewart, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry in 1857. Those loyal to the Stewart family suggested the inspiration lay in the gratitude of his tenantry for his solicitude during the famine. Given the popular criticism the Marquess in those years, this seems doubtful. In 1847 he and his wife made contributions of £20 and £10 to their local relief committees. The following year they expended £15,000 renovating their home in Mount Stewart. Only 450 subscribers were connected to the estate on which there were 1,200 tenants farmers and many associated employees. Two-thirds of the cost was met by 98 subscribers (on a list headed by Emperor Napoleon III of France), most of whom were fellow gentry.

The Scottish baronial-style tower is open to the public and houses a historical and local environment exhibition. The basalt-topped sandstone hill at Scrabo is one of the dominant features of north Down. The tower now stands in Scrabo Country Park with its woodland walks and parkland through Killynether Wood.

Movilla Abbey
The ancient ruins of Movilla Abbey, monastic settlement are situated within the grounds of Movilla Cemetery. Nothing visible remains today of Finnian's original Celtic Abbey, but the 15th Century Augustinian ruins still stand, and are worth seeing. They are a part of the St Patrick's Trail Tourist Route

Somme Heritage Centre
The Somme Heritage Centre, which is situated a little north of the town, is the Somme Association's flagship project. Situated adjacent to the Clandeboye Estate outside Newtownards, the centre is a unique visitor attraction of international significance showing the reality of the Great War and its effects on the community at home. The centre commemorates the involvement of the 36th (Ulster) and 16th (Irish) divisions in the Battle of the Somme, the 10th (Irish) Division in Gallipoli, Salonika and Palestine, and provides displays and information on the entire Irish contribution to the First World War.

Mount Stewart
On the east shore of Strangford Lough, a few miles outside Newtownards and near Greyabbey, stands Mount Stewart, an 18th-century house and garden – the home of the Londonderry family. The house and its contents reflect the history of the Londonderrys who played a leading role in British social and political life. The ninety-eight acre garden at Mount Stewart has been proposed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

2021 Census
On Census Day (21 March 2021) the usually resident population of Newtownards was 29,677. Of these:
 * 8.70% belong to or were brought up Catholic Christian and 70.97% belong to or were brought up in a 'Protestant and other (non-Catholic) Christian (including Christian related)'.
 * 72.17% indicated that they had a British national identity, 5.91% had an Irish national identity and 39.29% had a Northern Irish national identity. Respondents could indicate more than one national identity

2011 Census
On Census Day (27 March 2011) the usually resident population of Newtownards was 28,050 accounting for 1.55% of the NI total. Of these:
 * 98.67% were from the white (including Irish Traveller) ethnic group.
 * 8.32% belong to or were brought up Catholic Christian and 79.35% belong to or were brought up in a 'Protestant and other (non-Catholic) Christian (including Christian related)'.
 * 76.37% indicated that they had a British national identity, 4.86% had an Irish national identity and 31.39% had a Northern Irish national identity. Respondents could indicate more than one national identity

Sport
Ards Rugby Football Club plays at Lansdowne Road, south of the town along the main Comber road.
 * Rugby

Ards and Donaghadee Cricket Club currently plays its home games take place at Londonderry Park, which is on Portaferry Road.
 * Cricket

There are two local football teams: Ards F.C., who play in the NIFL's Danske Bank Premiership, and Ards Rangers F.C., who play in the Northern Amateur Football League.
 * Football

 * Ards motor racing Circuit

The Ards Circuit through Newtownards was a motorsport street circuit used for RAC Tourist Trophy sports car races from 1928 until 1936. At the time it was Northern Ireland's premier sporting event, regularly attracting crowds in excess of a quarter of a million people.

On 5 September 1936, in appallingly wet conditions, local driver Jack Chambers lost control of his Riley approaching the Strangford Arms in Newtownards at the Newtownards rail bridge and crashed into the crowd, killing eight spectators. This tragedy brought an end to nine years of racing over the Ards street circuit.

Notable natives/residents

 * Christine Bleakley, television presenter known for her work on ITV, was raised in Newtownards
 * Harry Cavan, senior VP of FIFA (1980–90), and president of the Irish Football Association from 1958 to 1994.
 * Sir Robert Colville (died 1697), politician and landowner, owned much property in and near Newtownards.
 * Jason Dunkerley, Canadian five-time paralympic medalist, was born and raised in Newtownards. His family emigrated to Canada when he was 14.
 * Nick Earls, a novelist born in 1963 in the area; he later moved to Brisbane, Australia.
 * Celia de Fréine, dramatist and poet, was born in the town in 1948 before later moving to Dublin and Galway.
 * Eddie Irvine, racing driver and runner-up in the 1999 Formula One World Championship for Ferrari, was born and lived in Conlig, near Newtownards.
 * William Jackson (1737–1795), political journalist, secret contact between the United Irishmen and the French Republic.
 * Martyn Irvine, former World Cycling Champion and two-time silver medalist, is from the town.
 * Steven Kane, racing driver
 * Michael Legge, stand-up comedian, was born and raised in the town.
 * Alex Lightbody, former Northern Ireland, Irish and British open lawn bowls singles champion
 * Robert Blair "Paddy" Mayne, SAS co-founder, was born and lived in Newtownards and attended Regent House Grammar School. A bronze statue of him stands outside the town hall. He played rugby for Ireland and for the Lions in the 1938 British Lions tour to South Africa.
 * Barry McClements, Commonwealth Games para swimming medallist
 * Rhys McClenaghan, Irish international gymnast, 2020 Tokyo Olympic pommel horse finalist, was born and lives in Newtownards.
 * Colin Nixon, former football player who managed Ards, is from Newtownards.
 * Ricky Warwick, best known as the frontman for the Scottish band The Almighty, is from the town.
 * Thomas Watters, British diplomat and scholar

title: Newtownards


text:
Strabane

Strabane   is a town in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland.

Strabane had a population of 13,172 at the 2011 Census. It lies on the east bank of the River Foyle. It is roughly midway from Omagh, Derry and Letterkenny. The River Foyle marks the border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. On the other side of the river (across Lifford Bridge) is the smaller town of Lifford, which is the county town of Donegal. The River Mourne flows through the centre of the town and meets the Finn to form the Foyle River. A large hill named Knockavoe, which marks the beginning of the Sperrin Mountains, forms the backdrop to the town.

Early history

The locale was home to a group of northern Celts known as the Orighella as far back as the fourth century when the territories of Owen (later Tír Eoghain) and Connail (later Tír Chonaill - mostly modern County Donegal) were established, and Orighella were assimilated into the Cenél Conaill. With the arrival of Saint Patrick, a mission established a church in the area near Castlefin, and having visited the Grianán Aileach for the conversion of Owen, returned along the Foyle river, establishing a further church at Leckpatrick (the name means 'the flagstone of St. Patrick'). A later church was established at Lifford/Clonleigh by a mission headed by St. Colmcille. In AD 586 St. Colgan established a monastery at Camus [from whence the parish of Camus-Juxta-Mourne gets its name]. Other monasteries and religious sites were established at this time at Urney, Ballycolman, Donagheady, and Artigarvan.

The Middle Ages
Vikings arrived at Lifford in AD 832 and maintained a presence on the Foyle until AD 863 when they were expelled by Áed Findliath. The regional seat of power was to be the Grianán Aileach until 1101, when it was destroyed by the O'Briens of Thomond, and was then moved to Urney, three miles outside Strabane. In 1243, the seat of power for all Tyrone and the O'Neill dynasty was moved to Cookstown. It was during this epoch, in AD 1231, that Franciscan friars established a religious foundation on what is now the old graveyard at St. Patrick's Street, Strabane.

Seventeenth century
The town was settled by Scottish families in the 1600s, an action that preceded the Plantation of Ulster. In 1608, during O'Doherty's Rebellion, most of the inhabitants fled to the safety of the fort of Lifford following Sir Cahir O'Doherty's Burning of Derry and Burning of Strabane.

Twentieth century
In 1921, Strabane became a border town following the partition of Ireland. Sitting directly astride the border, Strabane suffered extensive damage during the Troubles from the early 1970s: Strabane Town Hall was destroyed in a bomb attack in 1972. The damage continued throughout much of the 1990s, with bombings and shootings commonplace; Irish Republican paramilitary groups, mainly the Provisional Irish Republican Army, regularly attacked the town's British Army and Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) bases. Strabane was once the most bombed town in Europe in proportion to its size, and was the most bombed town in Northern Ireland.

Many civilians and members of the security forces were killed or injured in the area over the course of the Troubles. Many British Army regiments from England, Scotland and Wales served in Strabane at various times during the Troubles in the barracks at the locally named "Camel's hump" beside Lifford Bridge. As a result of the Good Friday Agreement, there is no longer any British Army presence in the town. Strabane became involved in the Ulster Project International, sending Catholic and Protestant teenagers to the United States for prejudice-reduction work.

At the height of The Troubles, Strabane garnered the dubious distinction of the highest unemployment rate in the industrial world. It is one of the most economically deprived towns in the United Kingdom. Huge economic damage occurred when much of the town centre flooded in 1987.

In August 2005, a Channel 4 television programme presented by property experts Kirstie Allsopp and Phil Spencer named Strabane the eighth-worst place to live in the UK, largely owing to unemployment. Strabane had been moved out of the top 20 in the 2007 edition.

As a result, the Strabane Community Unemployed Group, was founded to find solutions to long-term unemployment and combat the causes for unemployment. Sister Mary Carmel Fanning, a retired Catholic girls school principal who had been awarded the MBE for her services to education in 1997, became a director of the Group later that year.

Railways
The Irish gauge Londonderry and Enniskillen Railway (L&ER) reached Strabane in 1847, Omagh in 1852 and Enniskillen in 1854. The Great Northern Railway (Ireland) took over the L&ER in 1883.

The Finn Valley Railway (FV) opened from Strabane to Stranorlar in 1863. The FV was originally Irish gauge but in 1892 it merged with the narrow gauge West Donegal Railway (WD) to form the Donegal Railway and was reduced to the same narrow gauge for through running. The Donegal Railway opened its own line to Derry in 1900. In 1906 the GNR and Northern Counties Committee jointly took over the Donegal Railway, making it the County Donegal Railways Joint Committee. The gauge Strabane and Letterkenny Railway opened in 1909 and was worked by the Joint Committee.

The partition of Ireland in 1922 turned the boundary with County Donegal into an international frontier. This changed trade patterns to the railways' detriment and placed border posts on the Joint Committee's FV and S&L lines and on the GNR line to Derry. Stops for customs inspections greatly delayed trains and disrupted timekeeping. Over the next few years customs agreements between the two states enabled GNR trains between Strabane and Derry to pass through the Free State without inspection unless they were scheduled to serve local stations on the west bank of the Foyle, and for goods on all railways to be carried between different parts of the Free State to pass through Northern Ireland under customs bond. The Joint Committee's Strabane-Derry line was closed in 1954, followed by the remainder of the narrow gauge system in 1960. In 1958 the Ulster Transport Authority took over the remaining GNR lines on the Northern Ireland side of the border. In accordance with The Benson Report submitted to the Northern Ireland Government in 1963, the UTA closed the former GNR line through Strabane to Derry in 1965.

Little trace remains of Strabane's railways except for one old railway building that survives in the town. The nearest railway is operated by Northern Ireland Railways and runs from Derry~Londonderry railway station via Coleraine to Belfast Lanyon Place railway station and Belfast Grand Central station. The Belfast-Derry railway line has been upgraded to facilitate more frequent trains.

2021 Census
On Census day 2021 there were 13,507 people living in Strabane. Of these:
 * 20.93% were aged under 16, 62.89% were aged between 16-65, and 16.18% were aged 66 and over;
 * 51.83% of the usually resident population were female and 48.17% were male;
 * 91.96% (12,241) belong to or were brought up in the Catholic faith, 5.46% (738) belong to or were brought up in a 'Protestant and Other Christian (including Christian related)' denominations, 0.65% (88) belong to other religions and 1.92% (260) had no religious background.
 * 6.77% only identified as 'British', 63.98% only identified as 'Irish', 21.60% only identified as 'Northern Irish', 0.4% identity as 'both Irish and British', 0.64% identified as 'both British and Northern Irish', 2.39% identified as 'both Irish and Northern Irish', 0.38% identified as 'Irish, British and Northern Irish', and 3.83% identified as 'Other';
 * 19.57% had some knowledge of Irish (Gaeilge), and 2.65% had some knowledge of Ulster-Scots;

2011 Census
On Census day (27 March 2011) there were 13,172 people living in Strabane (5,123 households), accounting for 0.73% of the NI total, representing a decline of 2.2% on the Census 2001 population of 13,456. Of these:

 * 23.00% were aged under 16 years and 13.19% were aged 65 and over;
 * 52.32% of the usually resident population were female and 47.68% were male;
 * 91.57% belong to or were brought up in the Catholic Christian faith and 7.22% belong to or were brought up in a 'Protestant and Other Christian (including Christian related)' denominations;
 * 56.03% had an Irish national identity, 33.54% had a Northern Irish national identity and 12.03% had a British national identity (respondents could indicate more than one national identity);
 * 36 years was the average (median) age of the population;
 * 17.43% had some knowledge of Irish (Gaeilge) and 3.49% had some knowledge of Ulster-Scots.

Politics
As of 2015, Strabane and Derry councils joined to form Derry City and Strabane District Council, and have a strong nationalist majority. At the local elections in May 2011, members of Strabane District Council were elected from the following political parties: 8 Sinn Féin, 4 Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), 1 Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP), 1 Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) and 2 Independent Nationalist. The council chairperson for 2013-14 was Ruairí McHugh of Sinn Féin.

Since 1997 Strabane has been part of the United Kingdom parliamentary constituency of West Tyrone, held since 2001 by Sinn Féin's Pat Doherty. From 1983 to 1997 it was part of the Foyle constituency, held during that time by the then-SDLP leader John Hume.

Sport
The local Gaelic football team is Strabane Sigersons.

Strabane Cricket Club and Fox Lodge Cricket Club are members of the North West Senior League.

Strabane Athletic F.C. play in the Northern Ireland Intermediate League.

The town has three golf courses prominent among which is the 18-hole Strabane Golf Course.

Angling has historically been popular in the Strabane area. The town and immediate countryside is served by several good game fishing rivers and lough fishing at Moorlough and Lough Ash.

Geography

Strabane is situated at the confluence of the rivers Mourne and Finn where they meet to form the Foyle. The foothills of the Sperrin Mountains rise immediately behind the town and it is surrounded by hills and uplands. There are many picturesque small glens and wooded valleys immediately adjacent to the town including Strabane Glen, a steep wooded gorge , which is a designated ASSI.

Irish language
Strabane has an Irish-medium nursery, Naíscoil an tSratha Báin, which was founded in 1994, and a Gaelscoil (primary school).

A common greeting in Strabane and the wider North West is "Have ye any bars?" This means "What's the news?" or "What's the latest gossip?" This may derive from Irish, from the phrase "barr nuachta," meaning "titbit," referring to a tasty piece of news.

Music and arts
In 2007, the Alley Arts and Conference Centre (designed by architects Glenn Howells and AJA) opened to the general public, offering a 270-seat theatre, art gallery, tourist information centre and cafe-bar. The Alley was Northern Ireland Building of the Year in 2008, and won the Allianz Arts and Business Award 2009 and The Green Apple Award 2008. The venue has hosted the All Ireland Confined Drama Finals (2008) and is the current home of the North West Music Festival, The Stage Write Schools Drama Festival, Sounds Like Summer Music Festival, Strabane Drama Festival, and the Johnny Crampsie Music Festival.

Strabane plays host to a Saint Patrick's Day Parade each year. One of Strabane's most notable features are five 20 ft steel structures on the banks of the river. Designed by Maurice Harron, they consist of two dancers and a fiddle player on the Lifford side, a flute player on the Strabane side and a drummer in the middle.

Religion

According to the 2011 census, 91.57% of the residents were from a Catholic background and 7.22% were from a Protestant background. There are a number of places of worship for the residents of Strabane and the surrounding district. The three main Catholic churches are the Church of the Immaculate Conception, Barrack Street, Sacred Heart Church, Derry Road and St. Mary's Church, Melmount Road.

The main Church of Ireland church is Christ Church, Bowling Green. The main Presbyterian Church is located on the Derry Road while the main Methodist Church is located on Railway Street.

Education
Education in Strabane is provided by a mixture of infant, primary and secondary schools. The central location of the town allows parents the choice of schools in Derry, Omagh and Donegal.

There are two secondary schools in the town: Holy Cross College and Strabane Academy. Holy Cross College was created in 2003 with the amalgamation of Strabane's three Catholic post-primary schools, the Convent Grammar School, St Colman's High School and Our Lady of Mercy High School. The college had been operating across the three sites until its £29 million state-of-the-art new building opened in September 2009, catering for 1,400 pupils. Holy Cross is a co-ed bilateral college, which means it offers grammar status education within an all-ability school. It is regarded as a blueprint for the future of education in Northern Ireland because it caters for both academic and vocational paths. The other secondary school is Strabane Academy which was formed in 2011 when Strabane Grammar School merged with Strabane High School.

The North West Regional College which has campuses in Derry, Limavady as well as Strabane offers a range of vocational and non-vocational courses for post 16 year olds.

Places of interest
The National Trust owns a Strabane shop in which John Dunlap learnt the printing trade. Dunlap went on to print the United States Declaration of Independence.

Dergalt, the ancestral home of Woodrow Wilson, 28th President of the United States, is near Strabane. On 8 May 2008 it was severely damaged by a fire.

In 2014, a mural was painted in Townsend Street with the intention of showing support for the people of Palestine following Israeli military action in Gaza.

Other
Strabane transmitting station is a broadcasting and telecommunications facility owned and operated by Arqiva. It includes a 305.5 metre (1,002 ft) high guyed steel lattice mast, which is the tallest structure in Ireland. The transmission antennas surmounting the structure are contained within a fibreglass cylinder. Constructed in 1963, it came into service on 18 February of that year.

Notable people

 * Paul Brady, singer-songwriter
 * William Burke, 19th century serial killer, from Urney, a Strabane townland
 * Sir Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester), Governor of the Province of Quebec & Governor General of British North America
 * Declan Curry, BBC One correspondent
 * Adrian Doherty, former footballer for Manchester United and Derry City FC
 * Kathleen Dolan, RTÉ Radio's first female radio announcer
 * Ryan Dolan, singer for Ireland at the Eurovision Song Contest 2013
 * Brian Dooher, member of the 2003, 2005 and 2008 All-Ireland winning Tyrone Gaelic football teams.
 * Hugo Duncan, popular entertainer and BBC Radio Ulster presenter
 * John Dunlap, printer of the United States Declaration of Independence
 * Andrew Frederick Gault (1833–1903), merchant, industrialist, and philanthropist known as the Cotton King of Canada.
 * Matthew Hamilton Gault, financier and politician at Montreal
 * Matthew Holmes, New Zealand runholder and politician
 * Niamh Houston, better known as Chipzel, is a musician known for her 8-bit music
 * Annie Russell Maunder, astronomer
 * Pearse McAuley, IRA member jailed for the killing of Detective Garda Jerry McCabe
 * Flann O'Brien, best known pseudonym of Brian O'Nolan, 20th century bilingual (but Irish-mother-tongue) satirist and humourist.
 * Stephen O'Neill, member of the Tyrone Gaelic football team.
 * Robert Patterson (1792–1881), Irish-American major general
 * Rory Patterson, Football striker currently playing for Derry City F.C in the Irish League of Ireland.
 * Dr George Sigerson, Gaelic activist; namesake of the Sigerson Cup.
 * H.G. Simms, Chairman of the Shanghai Municipal Council (1922–23)
 * Robert Welch, photographer and conchologist

title: Strabane


text:
Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway

Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway (Haakon Magnus; born 20 July 1973) is the heir apparent to the Norwegian throne. He is the only son of King Harald V and Queen Sonja.

Haakon represents the fourth generation of the sitting Norwegian royal family of the House of Glücksburg. He married Mette-Marit Tjessem Høiby, with whom he has two children, Princess Ingrid Alexandra and Prince Sverre Magnus.

Haakon has been a member of the Young Global Leaders network, its Foundation, a Goodwill Ambassador for the United Nations, and a philanthropist. He is a trained naval officer and, as crown prince, a top military official in the Norwegian Armed Forces. He holds a BA in Political Science from the University of California, Berkeley, as well as an MSc in Development Studies from the London School of Economics.

Early life and family
Haakon was born on 20 July 1973 at The National Hospital in St Hanshaugen, Oslo, the only son and younger child of Crown Prince Harald and Crown Princess Sonja. His father was the son of the reigning Norwegian monarch, Olav V. At birth he was named Haakon Magnus, and it was stressed in the announcement that he would go by the name Haakon. He was baptised in the Church of Norway on 20 September 1973 in the chapel of the Royal Palace. He was named in honour of his paternal great-grandfather, Haakon VII, and his maternal uncle Haakon Haraldsen. And Magnus for the Norwegian saint and martyr. When Haakon was only 17, his grandfather Olav died on 17 January 1991, leading to the accession of his father as King Harald V and his own advancement to crown prince.

Haakon has one sibling, Princess Märtha Louise of Norway (born 1971). In 1990, the Norwegian constitution was altered, granting absolute primogeniture to the Norwegian throne, meaning that the eldest child, regardless of gender, takes precedence in the line of succession. This was not, however, done retroactively (as, for example, Sweden had done in 1980), meaning that Haakon continues to take precedence over his older sister.

Education and military
Haakon served in the Royal Norwegian Navy. He graduated from the Norwegian Naval Academy in 1995, followed with a year aboard missile torpedo boats and navy vessels.

He attended and received a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science from the University of California, Berkeley in 1999. Haakon later attended lectures at the University of Oslo and took the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs' civil servant introductory course in 2001. He completed his education in 2003 at the London School of Economics, where he was awarded an MSc in development studies, specializing in international trade and Africa.

As of 15 November 2013, in the Royal Norwegian Navy his officer rank is Admiral, and in the Norwegian Army and the Royal Norwegian Air Force his rank is General.

In 2016 he completed the Norwegian Army's paratrooper course and was certified as a military paratrooper. The course attended was administered by the Special Operations Commando.

Marriage and children
Haakon married a commoner and single mother, Mette-Marit Tjessem Høiby, on 25 August 2001, at Oslo Cathedral. Frederik, (then Crown Prince, and now King) of Denmark was the best man. When the engagement between Crown Prince Haakon and Høiby was announced, many Norwegians felt that his choice of wife was inappropriate. This was primarily about her being a single mother, but information concerning her involvement in the rave scene in Oslo, which included a significant drug-subculture, also added to the controversy. In addition, the father of her child was convicted of drug-related offences. In a heartfelt press conference before the wedding the bride explained her past, saying among other things that her youthful rebelliousness might have been stronger than most young people. The issue of Mette-Marit's past was an ongoing discussion in Norwegian public discourse in the early years after their engagement and marriage.

The couple have two children together: Princess Ingrid Alexandra of Norway (born 21 January 2004 at Oslo University National Hospital in Oslo) and Prince Sverre Magnus (born 3 December 2005 in Oslo University National Hospital in Oslo). Haakon is also the stepfather to Mette-Marit's son, Marius Borg Høiby. The Skaugum Estate, situated in the area of Semsvannet, is their official residence.

Activities

From 25 November 2003 to 12 April 2004, Haakon was regent during the King's treatment for cancer and the subsequent convalescence period. Likewise, Haakon was regent from 29 March 2005 until the King had fully recovered from the heart surgery he underwent on 1 April. This period ended on 7 June. Haakon served as regent a third time during 2024 during the King's hospitalization due to an infection and pacemaker implantation surgery.

In addition to his official duties, Haakon has a strong interest in cultural matters. He also has given patronage to a number of organisations. In 2006, Haakon was one of three founders of Global Dignity, alongside Pekka Himanen and John Hope Bryant.

In 2003, the Crown Prince was appointed as Goodwill Ambassador for the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). In 2013, Crown Prince Haakon established the SIKT conference. The Crown Prince attends the annual conference of the Confederation of Norwegian Enterprise (NHO), and met the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions (LO) for an introduction in the Tripartite cooperation in 2016.

Crown Prince Haakon was a member of the Young Global Leaders network from 2005 until 2010. From 2010 until 2017, the Crown Prince served as a member of the Young Global Leaders Foundation Board.

Crown Prince Haakon and Crown Princess Mette-Marit established The Crown Prince and Crown Princess's Foundation. He is a patron of 4H Norge, ANSA, The Ibsen Stage Festival, Nordland Music Festival, and several other organizations. In 2017, he became a patron of the Norwegian Refugee Council.

In May 2022 Haakon joined an expedition from the University of Tromsø aimed at disseminating knowledge about polar history and the critical scientific research taking place in the Arctic for two weeks and crossed the Greenland ice sheet using a snowkite.

In response to the 2022 Oslo shooting, Haakon told reporters, "We must protect the right in Norway to love whomever we want."

Personal interests
Haakon was involved in several sports and seemed to take a particular liking to windsurfing and surfing, although he has not engaged in serious competitions. Haakon is known as a big music fan. When he was younger, he attended music festivals all over Europe, including the Roskilde Festival in Denmark and the Quart Festival in Kristiansand, Norway.

He has also been part of Olympics ceremonies. In 1994, the Crown Prince and his father played roles during the opening ceremony in Lillehammer: while the King declared the Games opened, the Crown Prince lit the cauldron, paying tribute to his father and grandfather having served as Olympians. In 2016, his daughter Princess Ingrid Alexandra did the same at the II Winter Youth Olympics, which was also held in Lillehammer. In 2010, Haakon attended the opening ceremony of the Winter Olympics in Vancouver.

He accompanied the band Katzenjammer in their recording of the song "Vi tenner våre lykter" (i.e., 'We light our lanterns' for the 2011 Christmas-themed album of the same name). Proceeds benefited "Their Royal Highnesses The Crown Prince and Crown Princess funds."

Titles

 * 20 July 1973 – 17 January 1991: His Royal Highness Prince Haakon of Norway
 * Since 17 January 1991: His Royal Highness The Crown Prince of Norway

National honours and medals

 * Grand Cross with Collar of the Royal Norwegian Order of Saint Olav °
 * Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of Merit °
 * Defence Service Medal with Laurel Branch °
 * Royal House Centennial Medal °
 * Olav V's Commemorative Medal °
 * Olav V's Jubilee Medal °
 * Olav V's Centenary Medal °
 * King Harald V's Jubilee Medal 1991-2016
 * Royal Norwegian Navy Service Medal °
 * Norwegian Reserve Officers' Association Badge of Honour °
 * Naval Society Medal of Merit in gold °
 * Oslo Military Society Badge of Honour in Gold °

Foreign honours

 * 🇦🇹 Austria: Grand Decoration in Gold with Sash of the Order of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria
 * 🇧🇷 Brazil: Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross
 * 🇧🇬 Bulgaria: Grand Cross of the Order of the Balkan Mountains
 * 🇩🇰 Denmark: Knight of Order of the Elephant ° (20 July 1991)
 * 🇪🇪 Estonia: Member 1st Class of Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana ° (10 April 2002)
 * 🇪🇪 Estonia: Member 1st Class of Order of the White Star (26 August 2014)
 * 🇫🇮 Finland: Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose °
 * 🇩🇪 Germany: Grand Cross 1st Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany °
 * 🇮🇸 Iceland: Grand Cross of the Order of the Falcon.
 * 🇮🇹 Italy: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic ° (20 September 2004)
 * 🇯🇵 Japan: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum
 * 🇯🇴 Jordan: Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Renaissance
 * 🇱🇻 Latvia: Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Three Stars (20 September 2000) °
 * 🇱🇻 Latvia: Recipient of the 1st Class of Cross of Recognition ° (12 March 2015)
 * 🇱🇹 Lithuania: Grand Cross of the Order of Vytautas the Great ° (23 March 2011) °
 * 🇱🇺 Luxembourg: Grand Cross of the Order of Adolph of Nassau °
 * 🇳🇱 Netherlands: Knight Grand Cross with Swords of the Order of Orange-Nassau °
 * 🇳🇱 Netherlands: HM King Willem-Alexander Investiture Medal
 * 🇵🇱 Poland: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland ° (16 September 2003)
 * 🇵🇹 Portugal: Grand Cross of the Order of Infante Henry ° (13 February 2004)
 * 🇸🇮 Slovenia: Recipient of Golden Order for Merits ° (6 November 2019)
 * 🇪🇸 Spain: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III ° (26 May 2006)
 * 🇸🇪 Sweden: Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim °
 * 🇸🇪 Sweden: Recipient of the Golden Jubilee Badge Medal of King Carl XVI Gustaf

Awards

 * 14 August Committee's Bridge Building Prize 2011
 * Olympic Games : Lighter of the Olympic Cauldron; 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, opened by his father, King Harald V.
 * A horse race bears his name, Kronprins Haakons Pokalløp. It is held every year in June, at Drammen Travbane.

title: Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway


text: Wikipedia:Antiwikipedic

title: Wikipedia:Antiwikipedic


text:
Wikipedia talk:Antiwikipedic

I moved this page, due to its meta-nature. It's about Wikipedia, rather than being a general article. Don't worry, there's a redirect, so links to the "old" article won't be broken. --Ed Poor

 * Yeah well, he promptly moved the text back to Antiwikipedic. So I deleted it again. If he creates it again, I'll have to block his IP; we can unblock it after a short time, since it's a dynamic one.  128, if you don't follow policy and don't discuss matters in the appropriate places, your articles will be deleted, edits reverted, and/or IP blocked.  -- April 17:27 Oct 2, 2002 (UTC)

Brion and I had this battle with him yesterday, and blocked him twice already. He on a dynamic IP, though, so he's a moving target. Hopefully, he'll get a clue that his nonsense isn't welcome here and get tired of working around the blocks and decide to do something useful instead (in fact he has made useful contributions here as well). --LDC

"something useful instead" - Antiwikipedic is BY FAR the most useful of the many topics I've been working on. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 128.193.88.60 (talk • contribs) 17:46, 2 October 2002 (UTC).

More "article creation vs. deletion" exchanges; LDC has blocked another of the dynamic IP addresses, and I've blocked a third. I'd recommend someone with access to traceroute find his host, so they can be emailed if necessary. -- April 19:47 Oct 2, 2002 (UTC)

 * The hostnames for 128.193.88.XXX are ppp01-XXX.nws.orst.edu, looks like dialup via Oregon State University. (Also, you can look up what organization owns an IP block here). --Brion 20:02 Oct 2, 2002 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Antiwikipedic


text:
Queen Sonja of Norway

Sonja (born Sonja Haraldsen; 4 July 1937) is Queen of Norway as the wife of King Harald V.

Sonja and the then Crown Prince Harald had dated for nine years prior to their marriage in 1968. They had kept their relationship a secret due to the controversy of Sonja's status as a commoner. Harald had told his father, King Olav V, that he would remain unmarried if his father did not grant consent to marry Sonja. Upon their marriage, Sonja became crown princess and later the queen of Norway upon her husband's accession to the throne in 1991, becoming Norway's first queen consort in 52 years. The couple has two children together: Princess Märtha Louise and Crown Prince Haakon.

As queen, Sonja holds patronage of up to fifteen organisations. Sonja has also served as Vice President of the Norwegian Red Cross from 1987 to 1990. In 2005, she became the first queen to visit Antarctica. In 2017, she was awarded the Trysil-Knut Prize, making her the first woman to receive the award. She is also known for her interest in music, art and culture, having founded the Queen Sonja International Music Competition and the Queen Sonja Print Award. She is also a graphic artist and ceramicist, with many of her works being featured in exhibitions across Norway and other countries.

Early life
Sonja Haraldsen was born on 4 July 1937 in Oslo, the daughter of clothing merchant Karl August Haraldsen and Dagny Ulrichsen. She had three siblings, Haakon Haraldsen, Gry Henriksen and Karl Herman Haraldsen, who died in a boating accident. She grew up at Tuengen Allé 1B in the district of Vinderen in Oslo and completed her lower secondary schooling in 1954. She received a diploma in dressmaking and tailoring at the Oslo Vocational School, and a diploma from École Professionnelle des Jeunes Filles (a finishing school) in Lausanne, Switzerland. There, she studied accounting, fashion design, and social science. She returned to Norway for further studies and received an undergraduate degree (French, English and Art History) from the University of Oslo.

Marriage
In June 1959 she first met Crown Prince Harald (the future King Harald V) at a party hosted by Johan H. Stenersen. Later in August the Crown Prince invited her to his graduation ball, where they were photographed together for the first time. They dated for nine years, although their relationship had been kept secret because she was a commoner. The Crown Prince made it clear to his father, King Olav V, that he would remain unmarried for life unless he could marry her. This would in effect have put an end to the rule of his family, and likely to the monarchy in Norway, as Harald was the sole heir to the throne. Faced with having to choose one of his relatives from the Danish royal family, the Dukes of Schleswig-Holstein or even the Grand Dukes of Oldenburg as his new heir in place of his son, Olav V consulted the government for advice; as a result, Sonja became engaged to Crown Prince Harald on 19 March 1968. The couple married on 29 August 1968, at Oslo Cathedral. She thus acquired the style of Royal Highness and the title of Crown Princess of Norway.

Public life
Following the death of King Olav V on 17 January 1991, Sonja became Norway's first queen consort in 52 years. Queen Sonja accompanied King Harald V when he swore his oath to uphold the Constitution in the Storting on 21 January 1991. During Haakon VII of Norway's reign, his wife Queen Maud died in 1938 and his son Olav V was then crown prince when his wife Princess Märtha of Sweden died in 1954 before he became king three years later. It was also the first time in 69 years that a Norwegian queen had been present in the Storting. Since his accession, Queen Sonja has accompanied the King to the formal opening of the autumn session of the Storting and the reading of the Speech from the Throne.

In accordance with their own wishes, the King and Queen were consecrated in Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim on 23 June 1991. Following the consecration, the King and Queen conducted a 10-day tour of Southern Norway. In 1992, the entire royal family conducted a 22-day tour of Norway's four northernmost counties.

The Queen accompanies the King on official state visits abroad. She acts as the hostess when foreign heads of state officially visit Norway.

In 2005, Queen Sonja became the first queen ever to visit Antarctica. The Queen was there to open the Norwegian Troll research station in the country's Antarctic dependency, Queen Maud Land. The Queen flew in on one of the Royal Norwegian Air Force's C-130H Hercules transport aircraft, landing at Troll Airfield.

In 2017 Queen Sonja was awarded the Trysil-Knut Prize. She is the first woman to ever receive the award.

The Queen was appointed a Rear Admiral in the Royal Norwegian Navy and a Brigadier in the Norwegian Army. She has undergone a basic officer training course and has participated in exercises.

On 17 January 2021, Queen Sonja celebrated 30 years as Norway's queen consort.

Activities
In 1972 she was involved in establishing Princess Märtha Louise's Fund, which provides assistance to disabled children in Norway. She has taken active part in large-scale initiatives to raise funds for international refugees and spent time in the 1970s visiting Vietnamese boat refugees in Malaysia.

From 1987 to 1990, Crown Princess Sonja served as Vice President of the Norwegian Red Cross. She was responsible for the organisation's international activities. She took part in a Red Cross delegation to Botswana and Zimbabwe in 1989.

Queen Sonja's School Award was established in 2006 and is awarded to schools who have "demonstrated excellence in its efforts to promote inclusion and equality".

In 2021, Frank Rossavik said that now she is starting an [art] gallery, to sell works by artists that she has given her prestigious prizes to.

Personal interests
Sonja established the Queen Sonja International Music Competition in 1988. It was originally for pianists, but in 1995 the competition became only for singers. The jury consists of diverse authoritative figures in opera and the winners receive a cash amount and prestigious engagements at Norwegian music institutions.

She is a longtime avid photographer and has a keen interest in art. She is a printmaker, and held exhibitions with artists Kjell Nupen and Ørnulf Opdahl in 2011 and 2013. The Queen Sonja Nordic Art Award was established in 2011 with Tiina Kivinen from Finland being the first recipient in 2012. The prize will be awarded every other year.

In 2017, The Queen Sonja Art Stable was opened, a venue which will function as a scene for arts and culture. Together with King Harald, the queen has for decades attempted to establish a palace museum in Oslo.

The Queen is a keen hiker, and this was marked by a sculpture unveiled for her 80th birthday as a gift from the Norwegian Trekking Association.

Honours
In 1982 she was awarded the Nansen Refugee Award. In 2007, she received the Holmenkollen medal with Simon Ammann, Frode Estil, Odd-Bjørn Hjelmeset, and her husband, King Harald V.

Queen Sonja also received an Honorary Doctorate from Heriot-Watt University in 1994

National orders

 * 🇳🇴 Norway: Grand Cross with Collar of the Royal Norwegian Order of Saint Olav °
 * 🇳🇴 Norway: Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of Merit °
 * 🇳🇴 The Royal House Centenary Medal °
 * 🇳🇴 Haakon VIIs Centenary Medal °
 * 🇳🇴 Olav Vs Commemorative Medal of 30. January 1991 °
 * 🇳🇴 Olav Vs Jubilee Medal 1957-1982 °
 * 🇳🇴 Olav Vs Centenary Medal°
 * 🇳🇴 Harald Vs Jubilee Medal 1991-2016 °
 * 🇳🇴 Royal Family Order of King Olav V of Norway °
 * 🇳🇴 Royal Family Order of King Harald V of Norway °
 * 🇳🇴 Norwegian Red Cross Badge of Honour °
 * 🇳🇴 The Nansen Medal °
 * 🇳🇴 Oslo Military Society Badge of Honour in Gold °

Foreign orders
Rem : The mark ° shows the honours mentioned on Queen Sonja's official website page
 * 🇦🇷 Argentina: Grand Cross of the Order of May °
 * 🇦🇹 Austria: Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (1978) °
 * 🇧🇪 Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold °
 * 🇧🇷 Brazil: Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross °
 * 🇧🇬 Bulgaria: Sash of the Order of the Balkan Mountains °
 * 🇨🇱 Chile: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit °
 * 🇭🇷 Croatia: Recipient of the Grand Order of Queen Jelena (12 May 2011)
 * 🇩🇰 Denmark: Knight of the Order of the Elephant (12 February 1973) °
 * 🇪🇪 Estonia: Member 1st Class of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana (24 August 1998) °
 * 🇪🇪 Estonia: Member 1st Class of the Order of the White Star (2 September 2014)
 * 🇫🇮 Finland: Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose of Finland °
 * 🇫🇷 France: Grand Cross of the Ordre national du Mérite °
 * 🇩🇪 Germany: Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany °
 * 🇬🇷 Greece: Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer °
 * 🇭🇺 Hungary: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary °
 * Olympic flag.svg IOC: Recipient of the Gold Olympic Order °
 * 🇮🇸 Iceland: Grand Cross of the Order of the Falcon (21 October 1981) °
 * 🇮🇹 Italy: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (19 October 2001) °
 * 🇯🇵 Japan: Grand Cordon (Paulownia) of the Order of the Precious Crown °
 * 🇯🇴 Jordan: Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Renaissance ° (Order of Al-Nahda)
 * 🇱🇻 Latvia: Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Three Stars (2 September 1998) °
 * 🇱🇻 Latvia: Recipient of the 1st Class of Cross of Recognition (12 March 2015) °
 * 🇱🇹 Lithuania: Grand Cross of the Order of Vytautas the Great (3 September 1998) °
 * 🇱🇺 Luxembourg: Grand Cross of the Order of Adolph of Nassau °
 * 🇱🇺 Luxembourg: Knight of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau °
 * 🇳🇱 Netherlands: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion °
 * 🇳🇱 Netherlands: Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown °
 * 🇳🇱 Netherlands: Recipient of Queen Beatrix's Inauguration Medal °
 * 🇵🇱 Poland: Knight of the Order of the White Eagle °
 * 🇵🇹 Portugal: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of Portugal (2 January 1981) °
 * 🇵🇹 Portugal: Grand Cross of the Order of Infante Dom Henrique (13 February 2004) °
 * 🇵🇹 Portugal: Grand Cross of the Order of Christ (26 May 2008) °
 * 🇸🇰 Slovakia: Member 2nd Class of the Order of the White Double Cross (2010)
 * 🇸🇮 Slovenia: Member of the Order for Exceptional Merits (2011) °
 * 🇰🇷 South Korea: Member 1st Class (Grand Gwanghwa Medal) of the Order of Diplomatic Service Merit °
 * 🇪🇸 Spain: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III (21 April 1995) °
 * 🇪🇸 Spain: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (12 April 1982) °
 * 🇸🇪 Sweden: Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim °
 * 🇸🇪 Sweden: Recipient of the 50th Birthday Badge Medal of King Carl XVI Gustaf (30 April 1996)
 * 🇸🇪 Sweden: Recipient of the Ruby Jubilee Badge Medal of King Carl XVI Gustaf (15 September 2013)
 * 🇸🇪 Sweden: Recipient of the Golden Jubilee Badge Medal of King Carl XVI Gustaf (15 September 2023)

title: Queen Sonja of Norway


text:
Hatmehit

Hatmehit or Hatmehyt (ḥꜢt-mḥyt) was an Ancient Egyptian goddess associated with the city in the Nile Delta known as Djedet (Ḏdt) or Mendes (Μένδης).

Etymology
Hatmehit's name is typically translated as "Foremost of Fish", literally from the words ḥꜢt "Chief, head, foremost" and mḥyt "fish" (as a mass noun). However, the word mḥyt in Hatmehit's name does not include the fish determinative, which allows it to have a double meaning. The root of mḥyt is mḥj, which also means "to flood". Therefore her name is sometimes considered to mean "Foremost of the Inundation", with a connection drawn between the floodwaters and the fish that come with them.

Iconography
In Ancient Egyptian art, Hatmehit was traditionally depicted either as a fish or a woman with a fish emblem or crown on her head. The fish can be directly above her head or presented on a standard, as in the nome symbol of Nome 16 of Lower Egypt. Due to that, it is difficult to distinguish images that depict Hatmehit from that of a female personification of the Mendesian nome.

The identification of the fish that is her symbol has been debated, with various researchers identifying it as a dolphin, a lepidotes, or a schilbe. However, the iconography of the creature was consistent, with a relatively small head, prominent dorsal spine, and a long anal fin which extends most of the way down its tail. More recent interpretations of the Mendes fish by the current excavation headed by Donald and Susan Redford describe it as Schilbe mystus.

In later periods Hatmehit takes on the iconography of Isis and Hathor, with her fish standard or crown replaced by the horns and sun disk that both shared.

Cult
Hatmehit was part of the Mendesian triad which consisted of her, the god Banebdjedet, and Harpocrates (Horus the child).

Her cult was localized mainly to Nome 16 of Lower Egypt around Mendes although there are depictions of her found widely around Egypt. She can be found in the temples at Behbeit El Hagar, Dendera, and Edfu, as well as in tombs in Abusir and Bahariya Oasis. The first evidence of her dates back to the Old Kingdom as part of the titulary of the official Hetepi, who was called "Inspector of the Estate 'Seat of the Goddess Hatmehit' of the Great phyle" as well as on the walls of the mortuary complex of Sahure.

Due to the identical iconography, Hatmehit may have originated as the tutelary goddess of the city of Mendes and its accompanying nome. Her spheres of influence corresponded with the concerns and lifestyle of those who resided within Mendes. For example, due to Mendes' role as a center for perfume production, Hatmehit gained an association with good scents and perfumery. Some of her epithets included "Lady of Punt", "Lady of myrrh", and "She who creates everyone's scent".

The only location of a shrine to Hatmehit discovered thus far in Mendes was one located near an ancient harbor. Several examples of stelae inscribed with fish as well as fish-shaped jars with the remains of juvenile schilbe were found. These represent votive offerings to the goddess, supported by the beer jug and bread molds that were also found in the area.

Outside of Mendes, Hatmehit appears as a deity overseeing the day on IV Akhet 22 in Dendera and II Peret 3 in Edfu. On IV Akhet 28, there is a Procession of Hatmehit recorded in the Cairo Calendar. This is accompanied by instructions to neither eat nor offer fish on that day, due to Hatmehit leaving Mendes in the form of an i͗tn fish.

Isis
In earlier periods, Hatmehit was considered her own goddess. However from the Third Intermediate Period onwards, Isis would begin to take the role of Hatmehit in the local cult, with Hatmehit being considered a form of Isis particular to Mendes. This was prompted by the growing association between Banebdjedet and Osiris, with Banebdjedet being considered the ba of Osiris. This is also evidenced by her epithets "She who looks for (the members of) her brother on the flow" and "The excellent Sister of He who wakes healthy (=Osiris)".

The Dendera temple complex contains the most evidence of the connection between Isis and Hatmehit, where Isis is referred to explicitly as Hatmehit on two occasions. The first is on the wall of the mysterious hall in a series of inscriptions about Isis visiting the various nomes. When they get to Nome 16 of Lower Egypt it states:
 * "The king of Upper and Lower Egypt, the son of Ra comes to you, Isis the great, the mother of the god, mistress of Iatdi. He brings you to the capital of the Mendesian nome carrying his possessions, it garnishes your chapel, you are Hatmehit, sovereign in Mendes, who seeks (the members of) her brother on the flow."

The second was a shorter reference found on the doorjamb to a room called the Birthplace of Isis where as part of her titulary she was called by the name "Hatmehit, who protects ames-scepter".

As the connection between Isis and Hatmehit became stronger, eventually Isis was shown as part of the Mendesian triad without necessarily being explicitly identified as Hatmehit. For example, a stela from Mendes from the reign of Iuput II depicts an offering being given to a triad of Banebdjedet, Isis the Great, and Harpocrates. Another stela depicts Ptolemy II Philadelphus making an offering to the deified Arsinoe II, the ram of Mendes, Banebdjedet the ba of Osiris, and a figure with the inscription Ꜣst-wrt-ḥꜢt-mḥyt "Isis the Great Hatmehit".

Isis-Hatmehit remained an important part of life in the Mendesian nome into the Roman period. She featured on several coins from the reign of Trajan and Hadrian, typically wearing the sun disk and horns and holding a small goat or ram representing Banebdjedet.

Hathor
Hatmehit is considered by some Egyptologists to be connected with Hathor. Hathor is one of the oldest deities of Egypt who also went by the name Mehet-Weret, meaning "great flood". This may possibly be due to being seen as a remnant of the primal waters of creation from which all things arose. Other goddesses associated with the primal waters of creation are Mut and Naunet.

Nephthys
There is one note of a Nephthys-Hatmehit in a hieratic papyrus Book of Hours. Additionally, Herman de Meulenaere argues that due to Hatmehit's epithets describing her as one of the parties who search for the body of Osiris that pointed to a connection with Nephthys as well.

title: Hatmehit


text:
Aphotic zone

The aphotic zone (aphotic from Greek prefix ἀ- + φῶς "without light") is the portion of a lake or ocean where there is little or no sunlight. It is formally defined as the depths beyond which less than 1 percent of sunlight penetrates. Above the aphotic zone is the photic zone, which consists of the euphotic zone and the disphotic zone. The euphotic zone is the layer of water in which there is enough light for net photosynthesis to occur. The disphotic zone, also known as the twilight zone, is the layer of water with enough light for predators to see but not enough for the rate of photosynthesis to be greater than the rate of respiration.

The depth at which less than one percent of sunlight reaches begins the aphotic zone. While most of the ocean's biomass lives in the photic zone, the majority of the ocean's water lies in the aphotic zone. Bioluminescence is more abundant than sunlight in this zone. Most food in this zone comes from dead organisms sinking to the bottom of the lake or ocean from overlying waters.

The depth of the aphotic zone can be greatly affected by such things as turbidity and the season of the year. The aphotic zone underlies the photic zone, which is that portion of a lake or ocean directly affected by sunlight.

The Dark Ocean

In the ocean, the aphotic zone is sometimes referred to as the dark ocean. Depending on how it is defined, the aphotic zone of the ocean begins between depths of about 200 m to 800 m and extends to the ocean floor. The majority of the ocean is aphotic, with the average depth of the sea being 4267 m deep with the deepest part of the sea, being the Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench, is about 11,000 m deep. The depth at which the aphotic zone begins in the ocean depends on many factors. In clear, tropical water sunlight can penetrate deeper and so the aphotic zone starts at greater depths. Around the poles, the angle of the sunlight means it does not penetrate as deeply so the aphotic zone is shallower. If the water is turbid, suspended material can block light from penetrating, resulting in a shallower aphotic zone. Temperatures can range from roughly 0 C to 6 C.

The aphotic zone is further divided into the mesopelagic, bathyal, abyssal, and hadal zones. The mesopelagic zone extends from 200 m to 2000 m. The bathyal zone extends from 2000 m to 4000 m. The abyssal zone extends from 4000 m to 6000 m or 6500 m, depending on the authority. The hadal zone refers to the greatest depths, deeper than the abyssal zone. Some twilight occurs in the mesopelagic zone, but creatures below the mesopelagic must be able to live in complete darkness.

Life in the aphotic zone
Though photosynthesis cannot occur in the aphotic zone, it is not unusual to find an abundance of phytoplankton there. Convective mixing due to cooling surface water sinking can increase the concentration of phytoplankton in the aphotic zone and lead to under-estimations of primary production in the euphotic zone during convective mixing events.

Unusual and unique creatures dwell in this expanse of pitch black water, such as the gulper eel, giant squid, anglerfish, and vampire squid. Some life in the aphotic zone does not rely on sunlight at all. Benthic communities around methane seeps rely on methane-oxidizing microorganisms to supply energy to other microorganisms.

In some rare cases, bacteria use chemical energy sources such as sulfides and methane. Many of the animals in the aphotic zone are bioluminescent, meaning they can produce their light. Bioluminescence can be used both for navigation and luring small animals into their jaws. An excellent example of this is the angler fish, as it has a light lure protruding in front of its mouth from a unique appendage on its head which provides navigation and as bait for smaller animals.

Some animals can cross between the photic and aphotic zones in search of food. For example, the sperm whale and the southern elephant seal occasionally hunt in the aphotic zone despite the water pressure squashing their bodies; however, not fatally.

Aphotic zone migration
After sunset, millions of organisms swarm up from the depths to feed on the microorganisms floating in the warm epipelagic zone. Many copepods and invertebrate larvae come up to shallower waters to eat the phytoplankton, which attracts many predators like squid, hatchetfish, and lantern fish. The migration of the many bioluminescent animals is visible to the naked eye. This nightly vertical migration is the largest (in terms of the number of animals) on our planet.

title: Aphotic zone


text:
Baba

Baba and similar words may refer to:

Poland

 * Baba, Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
 * Baba, Mogilno County in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland)
 * Baba, Rypin County in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland)
 * Baba, Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)

Other countries

 * Achi Baba (Turkish: Alçıtepe), a height dominating the Gallipoli Peninsula in Turkey, located in Çanakkale Province
 * Baba mountain range, also known as Koh-i-Baba, in the Hindu Kush of Afghanistan
 * Baba Bakala, a historical town and tehsil in the Amritsar district in Punjab, India
 * Baba Canton, a canton in Los Ríos Province, Ecuador
 * Baba, Iran, a village in Kurdistan Province
 * Baba, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, a village in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran
 * Cape Baba, a cape in Turkey

People and characters

 * Ali Baba, a character in Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves

Titles and words for people

 * baba, a familiar term for 'father' in many languages; see Mama and papa
 * Baba (honorific), an honorific used in several South Asian and Middle Eastern cultures
 * Baba (Alevism), an Alevi religious leader

Persons

 * Baba (name), people with the name
 * Babá (disambiguation), people with the name
 * Gül Baba (disambiguation), people with the name
 * Yutaka Baba (disambiguation), Japanese people with the name
 * Baba Yaga (disambiguation), people with the name
 * Baba clan, a Japanese samurai family that was associated with Kai Province

Folklore

 * Baba (goddess) or Bau, a Sumerian goddess from Lagash
 * Baba (Egyptian god) or Babi, an Egyptian god in the shape of a baboon
 * Baba Yaga, a mythical older female in Slavic folklore

Fictional characters

 * Baba (The Kite Runner), in The Kite Runner media
 * Baba (Dragon Ball), in Dragon Ball media
 * Baba, in Redbeard comics
 * Baba (Baba Is You)

Films

 * Baba (2000 film), a Chinese film
 * Baba (2002 film), an Indian Tamil-language film
 * Bába (2008 film), a Czech short film
 * Baba (2012 film), an Egyptian film

Music

 * "Baba", a song from Supposed Former Infatuation Junkie by Alanis Morissette
 * "Baba", a song from the 2001 self-titled Kelly Key album

Food

 * Baba (cake) or Babka, a Polish yeast cake
 * Baba (bread), a type of bread made by the Naxi people of Yunnan, China

Other uses

 * Paopi or Baba, the second month of the Coptic calendar
 * Kurgan stelae, anthropomorphic stone stella commonly known as baba in the East Ukraine
 * Baba (yacht), a line of yachts built in Taiwan
 * Baba (Pillow Pal), a Pillow Pal lamb made by Ty, Inc.
 * beta-Aminobutyric acid (BABA), an isomer of Aminobutyric acid
 * Alibaba Group Holding Limited (New York Stock Exchange stock symbol BABA)
 * Takadanobaba, a neighborhood in Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan

title: Baba


text:
Beb

Beb or BEB may refer to:

 * Battery electric bus
 * Beach Erosion Board
 * Béb, Hungarian village
 * Bebele language of Cameroon ISO 639-3 code
 * Benbecula Airport IATA code
 * Best of European Business
 * Binary exponential backoff, a congestion avoidance technique

As a nickname

 * Beb Bakhuys (1941–1980), French jazz double-bassist
 * Beb Guérin (1909–1982), Dutch football player and manager
 * Beb Vuyk (1905–1991), Dutch writer
 * Beryl Hearnden (1897–1978), English progressive farmer, journalist and author
 * Herbert Asquith (poet) (1881–1947), English poet, novelist, and lawyer

title: Beb