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Talk:Coffee in Italy

Does this Italian word really have an acute accent? Shouldn't it be a grave accent (caffè)?

Or should this article just be at Italian coffee traditions or some such? - Montréalais

 * Both accents are used in Italian. Both forms are therefore correct. Perhaps. ;-)
 * The word was presumably introduced after the french "café", and this would explain why the classical form uses the same accent. The rules of pronounciation too, indeed, would confirm the acute accent as the needed one.
 * I personally use this form, given that the tradition of "caffé" (why should we call it differently, given that it indicates at the same time - in one word - the beverage and the related rites and traditions?) was mostly developed n 19th century, when this form was absolutely prevalent (the other one was perhaps unknown).
 * The modern addition of the grave version, is probably caused by a lesser attention that in our age is now given to accents, also due to the advent of mechanical writing (keyboards), that often forces or suggests to use one rather than the other accent for a quick composition. Purism in language is now a sort of "blaserie", unfortunately.
 * However, "caffè" (grave) is in frequent use, therefore it effectively entered the language and as such, it should be correct to use it because you will be generally understood if you call it this way. Still, I do believe that flavour is better preserved in the elder form.
 * As for the title, caffé is also the Italian word for what in many countries I have seen is called "cafeteria" (which would be wrong and misspelled in Italian - and would serve you an espresso, not a caffé), but primarily it is the complex of the beverage, the traditions, the related galateo, and of an endless source of ways of saying. So, I had used this title because one word could include all these meanings.
 * I hope you will be soon visiting our country to enjoy a fine "caffé" the Italian way. :-) --Gianfranco

 * The only true accent is Caffè. Caffé may be widely used, but is wrong indeed. Gspinoza 13.30 6 mar 2007 CET

Is the third paragraph of the section "Caffe Espresso" supposed to say "turn the cup upside-down onto the cup," or should it say something about the saucer? anon.

Coffe house & coffeeshop
Should this be coffee house, and what is a coffe(e) house anyway? - One where coffee beans dwell? -- SGBailey 06:33, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

Also is "coffeeshop" one word or two? -- SGBailey 06:35, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

merging into coffeeshop?

only if you replicate all the content there. The point is that Italian caffès have their own culture, which should be documented. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jucjuc (talk • contribs) 11:30, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

Does this article need it's own page?
I'm of the impression that it does not, and should be integrated into a more relevant article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Pafufta816 (talk • contribs) 17:11, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

Requested move 8 March 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: MOVED. (non-admin closure) Danski454 (talk) 20:36, 15 March 2019 (UTC)

Caffè → Coffee in Italy – Or alternatively Coffee culture in Italy. The bulk of this article is about coffee preparation and coffee culture in Italy. Caffè is Italian for coffee, so keeping the article at this name would imply the article is either about the word itself, which doesn't fit with WP:NOTDIC, or is about a foodstuff that is inherently distinct from coffee, which it isn't. Ibadibam (talk) 03:52, 8 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Redirect to Coffee - this article not even discuss the coffee culture in Italy, but is just a fork of content. --Gonnym (talk) 10:56, 8 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Support. Nomination makes sense, and the move will be compliant with WP:USEENGLISH, and with WP:CONSISTENCY (see other "foo in country" articles of all sorts). PS: I saw Gonnym's comment above, and looked at the article, and have to wonder if we're looking at the same article.  "The article can be improved in its topical focus and in being less redundant" isn't a deletion rationale; see WP:AADD. And WP:RM isn't a deletion procedure in the first place. If you're certain this page should merge out of existence, take it to WP:AFD, after you do WP:BEFORE.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  21:59, 9 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Support. The current title strikes me as a little bit pretentious. It's just about coffee in Italy, not about a specific type of coffee. -- Necrothesp (talk) 14:08, 13 March 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Coffee in Italy


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Wario

Wario (ワリオ) is a character in Nintendo's Mario franchise that was designed as an archnemesis to Mario. Wario first appeared as the main antagonist and final boss in the 1992 Game Boy game Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins. His name is a portmanteau of the name Mario and the Japanese word warui (悪い), meaning "bad". He is usually portrayed as a greedy treasure hunter who routinely loses the treasure or artifacts he ultimately finds. Since his debut, he has appeared in the majority of Mario video games. Hiroji Kiyotake designed Wario, and Charles Martinet voiced the character from 1993 to 2023.

Wario is also the main protagonist and antihero of the Wario Land platformer series and the WarioWare party game series. He makes regular appearances as a playable character in Mario spin-offs and other video game series, including Mario Sports games, Mario Kart, Mario Party, and the fighting game series Super Smash Bros..

Despite Wario being described as an unlikable character and being "greedy," "stinky," and "cheater," he has been described by video game publications as one of the best video game villains, and his confidence and personality have been lauded.

Concept and creation

The character Foreman Spike, a possible inspiration for Wario, first appeared in the 1985 game Wrecking Crew. Spike is a construction foreman who bears a slight resemblance to Wario. Game artist Hiroji Kiyotake designed Foreman Spike, whom Kiyotake imagined as "the Bluto to Mario's Popeye". Wario's first named appearance occurred in the 1992 game Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins. Wario's design arose from Super Mario Land's design team's distaste for making a game based around someone else's character. The creation of Wario allowed them their own character to "symbolize their situation".

Wario is portrayed as a caricature of Mario: he has a large head and chin; huge muscular arms; a wide, short, slightly obese body; short legs; a large, pointier, zig-zagging mustache; and a bellicose cackle. He wears a plumber outfit with a yellow-and-purple color scheme, which is a short-sleeved yellow shirt, purple overalls, and a blue "W" on his hat. He also wears green shoes and white gloves with blue "W" symbols. In his early appearances, Wario wears a yellow, long-sleeved shirt and fuchsia overalls. The name "Wario" is a portmanteau of "Mario" and the Japanese adjective warui (悪い), meaning "bad", hence "bad Mario", which is also symbolized by the "W" on his hat (an upside-down "M"). Waluigi was created to be the tennis partner of Wario in Mario Tennis and early material from Nintendo of Europe portrayed them as brothers, but their relationship has since been ambiguous. When asked whether Wario was a brother to Waluigi in 2008, voice actor Charles Martinet stated that while he did not know, he felt that they were just "two nice, evil guys who found each other".

Nintendo originally considered making Wario a German character before he developed into an Italian like Mario. Wario was intended to be German at one point; German translator Thomas Spindler gave him German lines when he was brought on to voice Wario. This part of Wario was eventually dropped; Martinet's Wario voice did not have any German influence. During his audition for the part, Martinet was told to speak in a mean-and gruff-sounding tone; he said voicing Wario is a looser task than voicing Mario, whose speaking manner and personality are freer-flowing, rising from the ground and floating into the air, while jealousy is one of Wario's characteristics.

Wario is often portrayed as a villain in video games in which he makes a cameo appearance. The development team for Wario Land: Shake It! stated he was not really a villain, and they did not consider him one during development. They focused on his behavior, which alternates between good and evil. Etsunobu Ebisu and Takahiro Harada, producers of Shake It!, considered Wario to be a reckless character who uses his strength to overwhelm others. Tadanori Tsukawaki, Shake It! design director, described Wario as manly and said he was "so uncool that he ends up being extremely cool." Because of this, Tsukawaki wanted Wario to act macho rather than silly and asked the art designers to emphasize his masculinity. During an interview with Kikizo, video game designer Yoshio Sakamoto, who was a member of R&D1 since its early days, stated the project centered around Wario because the team "couldn't think of anyone else best for the role", and he was then described as "unintelligent" and "always idiotic", which is the reason he was chosen as the star of the WarioWare series. According to an early 1990s Nintendo guide, Wario was Mario's childhood friend, which Kotaku later contested in a parody article. Afterward, it was stated that they were not related to each other and were considered childhood rivals.

In his earliest appearances in Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins and Wario's Woods, Wario displays considerable magical power, using spells on the population of islands to turn them into his minions, create duplicates, and grow very large. These traits were discontinued starting with Wario Land: Super Mario Land 3, in which he is rejuvenated by garlic in a similar manner to Mario being powered by mushrooms. In the WarioWare series, he became as a smelly slob, while in Mario Strikers: Battle League, his super shot special involves smashing his butt into the ball, followed by him devouring a giant clove of garlic. In WarioWare: Touched!, consuming garlic transforms Wario into "Wario-Man", a superhero with powers relating to garlic-induced flatulence and bad breath. In other games, he uses farts as his special attack. Wario prominently uses bombs as tools and weapons in the WarioWare series as a visual motif to represent the time limit of a microgame.

Wario Land series
Wario first appeared as a villain in the 1992 Game Boy video game Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins, in which he captures Mario's castle. Tatanga, the villain of the first Super Mario Land game, is a henchman of Wario in the second, implying Wario is responsible for the events of both games. Wario also serves as a villain in the 1993 Japan-only puzzle game Mario & Wario, in which Wario drops a bucket on the heads of Mario, Princess Peach, or Yoshi. This was followed by the first game in the Wario Land series, Wario Land: Super Mario Land 3 (1994), a platform game that marks Wario's first appearance as a protagonist and introduced his first villains, Captain Syrup and her Brown Sugar Pirates. In his next appearance in Virtual Boy Wario Land (1995), Wario plays similarly and has the ability to move in and out of the background. A sequel to the Game Boy game Wario Land II (1998) features Captain Syrup's return as the antagonist. This game introduces Wario's invulnerability, allowing him to be burned or flattened without sustaining damage.

In 2000, Wario Land 3 was released for the Game Boy Color; it is another sequel that uses the same mechanics and concepts as its predecessor. The following year, the sequel Wario Land 4 (2001) debuted on the Game Boy Advance and incorporates Wario's ability to become burned or flattened and reintroduces the ability to become damaged from standard attacks. In 2003, Wario World, the first console Wario platform game, was released for the GameCube. It has three-dimensional graphics and gameplay and does not incorporate major elements from previous platform games. Wario: Master of Disguise (2007) for the Nintendo DS introduces touch-screen control of Wario and incorporates puzzles into the gameplay. The series' most recent release, Wario Land: Shake It! (2008) for the Wii, reintroduces Captain Syrup. The game uses a hand-drawn animation style; Wario's design required more than 2,000 frames of animation.

WarioWare series

In 2003, the Wario franchise introduced a new series of games, the first of which was WarioWare, Inc.: Mega Microgames! for the Game Boy Advance. The game's premise involved Wario's decision to open a game development company to make money, creating short "microgames" instead of full-fledged games. The game's gameplay focused on playing a collection of microgames in quick succession. Mega Microgames! was later remade as WarioWare, Inc.: Mega Party Games! (2003) for the GameCube; it featured the same microgames but lacked a story mode and focused more on multi-player. In 2004, two sequels were released for the game. The first was the Game Boy Advance game WarioWare: Twisted!, which used the cartridge's tilt sensor to allow microgames to be controlled by tilting the handheld left and right. The second was the Nintendo DS release WarioWare: Touched!, which incorporates the DS's touch screen and microphone into its gameplay.

One of the Wii's launch games in 2006 was WarioWare: Smooth Moves, which used the Wii Remote's motion-sensing technologies in a variety of ways. The Nintendo DS and Nintendo DSi have offered two new releases: 2008's WarioWare: Snapped!, which can be downloaded with the DSiWare service and uses the DSi's built-in front camera in its gameplay, and 2009's WarioWare D.I.Y., which allows players to create microgames. Game & Wario for the Nintendo Wii U was released on June 23, 2013. Although it does not use the WarioWare name, it incorporates gameplay and characters from the WarioWare series. The game also pays tribute to the original Game & Watch games. In 2018, the Nintendo 3DS game WarioWare Gold was released, featuring 316 microgames and combining elements from Twisted and Touched. He also appeared in the 2021 Nintendo Switch game WarioWare: Get It Together! and the 2023 Nintendo Switch game WarioWare: Move It!, with 223 microgames.

Other video games
In Wario's Woods (1994), Wario is the main antagonist who wants to take over the forest and is defeated by Toad. The same year, Wario appeared in the video game Wario Blast: Featuring Bomberman! (1994), a remake of a Bomberman game for the Game Boy that includes Wario as a playable character. Wario is a playable character in the Mario Kart series, starting with Mario Kart 64 (1992). Wario has appeared in Mario sports games, including Mario Golf, Mario Tennis, Mario Baseball, Super Mario Strikers, and the Mario & Sonic series. Wario has also appeared in all installments of the Mario Party series, except Mario Party Advance (2005).

Wario is a playable character in two platform games for the Nintendo DS: the remake Super Mario 64 DS (2004) and Yoshi's Island DS (2006) as an infant version of himself, and the puzzle game Dr. Mario 64 (2001). He is also a playable character in the fighting game series Super Smash Bros. and has appeared in every game since being introduced in Super Smash Bros. Brawl (2008). He then reappears in Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U (2014) and Super Smash Bros. Ultimate (2018). Wario's cameos include in Mario's Super Picross (1995), Pilotwings 64 (1996), Densetsu no Stafy 3 (2004), and Dr. Mario World (2019).

Other media
The 1992 graphic novel Super Mario Adventures, which is a collection of comics originally serialized in the video-gaming magazine Nintendo Power, features Wario in two of the stories, one of which focuses on Wario's past and explains his rivalry with Mario.

Wario appears in South Park's "Imaginationland Episode III" (2007) as one of the characters from the "dark side" of Imaginationland. In 2010, Charles Martinet's Wario voice was used in an advertisement promoting WarioWare D.I.Y. for British supermarket chain Tesco. In a May 2021 episode of Saturday Night Live, host Elon Musk starred as Wario in a sketch in which he was put on trial for murdering Mario in a kart race. In February 2024, Homer Simpson portrayed Wario in the latest episode of The Simpsons, "Lisa Gets an F1". Wario has also received several of his own Amiibo, which can be used in a wide array of games, including his own.

Jack Black stated his interest in a potential sequel to The Super Mario Bros. Movie in which Pedro Pascal, who played Mario in a Saturday Night Live sketch, would voice Wario, the film's main villain.

Reception
Since his appearance in Wario Land: Super Mario Land 3, Wario has received a largely positive reception and has become a well-established mascot for Nintendo. Several gaming publications described Wario as one of the best video game villains. Computer and Video Games found the levity of Wario games "liberating" compared to big Nintendo franchises such as Mario and The Legend of Zelda. The writer could "empathise more with the hopelessly materialistic Wario than goody brown-shoes Mario. Deep down, we'd all rather chase pounds over princesses." IGN editor Travis Fahs said that while Wario is not the most likeable character, his strong confidence overshadows his flaws and makes him entertaining. Audrey Drake of IGN said of Wario, "[A]ll this weird dude seems to care about is amassing as many material possessions and shiny things as possible", KhalidEternalNigh of Destructoid praised the character, describing him as "fat, lazy, greedy, and a cheater" and said: "[D]espite all of this I can't help but love him. Wario is, in my humble opinion, the most perfect 'evil twin' in the history of video games. [...] During Wario's career he has worn many hats – a game designer, a biker, a treasure hunter, and a hat that spits fire for some reason. Yet no matter what he does, no matter how mean he is, somehow Wario manages to charm his way into our hearts while picking our pockets." Ryan Gilliam of Polygon described Wario as the "ultimate Italian American" and said the character "captures so much more of the Italian personality that resonates with me." He also said, "Wario trumps Mario as my family mascot, born with a crucial, relatable need to be louder and larger than life." According to Mike Sholars of Kotaku, "Wario Isn't Evil, He's Honest". Sholars concluded, "Wario was conceived out of a desire to put a twist on the familiar, but his creators tapped into a powerful, universal constant: The Unrepentant Asshole." Edwin Evans of Eurogamer praised Wario for being "repulsive" and "brilliant" and said, "In general, Wario isn't the star he used to be, [...] [b]ut he remains a crucial component of the Nintendo pantheon, the counterbalancing touch of malevolence and cunning without which Mario's star wouldn't shine quite so brightly." William Hughes of The A.V. Club described him as "Nintendo's stinky, cheating genius" and said the character "captures the split at the heart of Nintendo. [...] All we know if that Wario would have loved the possibilities the smash hit console presents, and that the absence of a new WarioWare game on the handheld remains a real shame to the legacy of all the things—good, bad, flatulent, weird, and more—that he means to the company", while Cass Marshall of Polygon said he "was institutionalized as a teen, and Wario was my only friend", and that he "find[s] Wario kind of soothing. He's just got a friendly face."

In the book A Parent's Guide to Nintendo Games: A Comprehensive Look at the Systems and the Games, Craig Wessel described Wario as a "sinister twist" on Mario. In Icons of Horror and the Supernatural: An Encyclopedia of Our Worst Nightmares, Volume 1, S. T. Joshi cites Waluigi and Wario as archetypal examples of alter egos. Wario was used by Todd Harper as an example of the cultural signifiers of fatness that were specifically being created as traits typical of fat characters in fighting games as a whole in a paper for the Journal of Electronic Gaming and Esports. They mentioned that Wario possesses a unique move in which he uses his teeth to efficiently chomp through anything, including other fighters, explosives, and even his own motorcycle. He was also being described as a "slob" archetype.

Magazines have also praised Wario's outfit, particularly in Mario Golf: Super Rush. In September 2021, Peter Nguyen, a professional stylist for "The Essential Man", commented on a Hiking Wario outfit in Mario Kart Tour, calling it "stylish" and saying, "I think this is the most wearable and strongest appearance for Wario". He was also described as a "fashion icon". A screenshot of Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games Tokyo 2020 showing Wario in swimwear appeared to depict him without nipples, leading fans and video game website Polygon to speculate about his lack of anatomical features.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Super Mario 64

Super Mario 64 is a 1996 platform game developed and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64. It was released in Japan and North America in 1996 and PAL regions in 1997. It is the first Super Mario game to feature 3D gameplay, combining traditional Super Mario gameplay, visual style, and characters in a large open world. In the game, Bowser, the primary antagonist of the Super Mario franchise, invades Princess Peach's castle and hides the castle's sources of protection, the Power Stars, in many different worlds inside magical paintings. As Mario, the player collects Power Stars to unlock enough of Princess Peach's castle to get to Bowser and rescue Princess Peach.

Director Shigeru Miyamoto conceived a 3D Super Mario game during the production of Star Fox (1993). Development lasted nearly three years: about one year on design and twenty months on production, starting with designing the virtual camera system. The team continued with illustrating the 3D character models—at the time a relatively unattempted task—and refining sprite movements. The sound effects were recorded by Yoji Inagaki and the score was composed by Koji Kondo.

Super Mario 64 was highly anticipated by video game journalists and audiences, boosted by advertising campaigns and showings at the 1996E3 trade show. It received critical acclaim, with reviewers praising its ambition, visuals, level design, and gameplay, though some criticized its virtual camera system. It is the best-selling Nintendo 64 game, with nearly twelvemillion copies sold by 2015.

Retrospectively, Super Mario 64 has been considered one of the greatest video games of all time. Numerous developers have cited it as an influence on 3D platform games, with its dynamic camera system and 360-degree analog control establishing a new archetype for the genre, much as Super Mario Bros. did for side-scrolling platform games. It was remade as Super Mario 64 DS for the Nintendo DS in 2004, and has been ported to other Nintendo consoles since. The game has attracted a cult following, spawning many fangames and mods, a large speedrunning presence, and enduring rumors surrounding game features.

Controls
Super Mario 64 is a 3D platformer in which the player controls Mario through various courses. Mario's abilities are far more diverse than in previous games. He can walk, run, jump, crouch, crawl, climb, swim, kick, grab objects, and punch using the game controller's analog stick and buttons. He can execute special jumps by combining a regular jump with other actions, including the double and triple jumps, long jump, backflip, and wall jump. The player can adjust the camera—operated by a Lakitu broadcasting Mario—and toggle between first-person and third-person view.

Health, lives, and power-ups
Unlike many of its predecessors, Super Mario 64 uses a health point system, represented by a pie shape consisting of eight segments. If Mario has taken damage, he can replenish his health either by collecting three types of coins—yellow, which replenishes one segment; red, equal to two yellow coins; and blue, equal to five yellow coins—or by walking through a spinning heart. Underwater, Mario's health instead represents how long he can hold his breath, slowly diminishing while underwater and replenishing when he surfaces. As in previous Super Mario games, he starts with a number of extra lives, lost when his health is depleted or he falls into a bottomless pit. The game ends if Mario loses all his lives. When Mario finishes a course, he gains a life for every fifty yellow coins the player collected, and extra life mushrooms are hidden in various places such as trees and may chase Mario through the air or fall to the ground and disappear shortly if not collected.

In absence of the power-ups normally found in previous games, such as the Super Mushroom and Fire Flower, three colors of translucent blocks—red, green, and blue—appear throughout many stages. Three switches of the same colors can be found in secret areas that turn their corresponding blocks solid and allow Mario to obtain three types of special cap power-ups. The Wing Cap allows Mario to fly after doing a triple jump or being shot from a cannon; the Metal Cap makes him immune to enemies, fire, noxious gases, allows him to withstand wind and water currents, perform on-land moves underwater, and have unlimited air capacity underwater; and the Vanish Cap renders him partially immaterial and invulnerable, and allows him to walk through some obstacles. A shell remains after stomping a Koopa Troopa, which Mario can use to surf on water, lava, and quicksand.

Setting and objective
The hub world takes place in Princess Peach's Castle, which consists of three floors, a tower, and a basement, plus a moat and a courtyard outside the castle. The player's main objective is to look for paintings that, when jumped into, bring them into courses containing Power Stars, which upon their collection unlock more of the castle hub world. Each of the fifteen courses has seven Power Stars, and an additional fifteen are hidden as secrets and as bonuses, for a total of 120 Power Stars in the game.

The courses are filled with enemies as well as friendly creatures that provide assistance or ask favors, such as Bob-omb Buddies, who will allow Mario to access cannons on request. Some Power Stars only appear after completing certain tasks, often hinted at by the name of the course. These challenges include collecting one hundred yellow coins or eight red coins on a stage, defeating a boss, racing an opponent, and solving puzzles. The final level of the game is blocked by "endless stairs" similar to the Penrose stairs concept, but Mario can bypass them by collecting seventy Power Stars. The music in the endless stairs before collecting seventy Power Stars resembles a Shepard scale. There are many hidden mini-courses and other secrets within the castle, which may contain extra Power Stars required for the full completion of the game. If the player returns to the game after collecting all 120 Power Stars, Yoshi can be found on the roof of Princess Peach's Castle, who will give the player a message from the developers, accompanied by one hundred extra lives and an improved triple jump.

Plot
The game begins with a letter from Princess Peach inviting Mario to come to her castle for a cake she has baked for him. When he arrives, Mario discovers that Bowser has invaded the castle and imprisoned the princess and her servants within its walls using the power of the castle's 120 Power Stars. The Power Stars are hidden in the castle's paintings, which serve as portals to other worlds where Bowser's minions keep watch over the Stars. Mario explores the castle and enters these worlds, gaining access to more rooms as he recovers more Stars. Mario unlocks two doors to different floors of the castle with keys obtained by defeating Bowser in hidden worlds. After getting at least 70 of the 120 Stars, Mario breaks the curse of the endless stairs that block the entrance to Bowser's final hiding place. After Mario defeats Bowser in the final battle, and Bowser escapes, swearing revenge, he obtains a special Power Star which gives him the Wing Cap, and he flies back to the castle's courtyard. Peach is released from the stained-glass window above the castle's entrance, and she rewards Mario by kissing him on the nose and baking the cake that she had promised him.

Development
In the early 1990s, Super Mario creator Shigeru Miyamoto conceived a 3D Mario design while developing the game Star Fox (1993) for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. Star Fox used the Super FX graphics chip, which added more processing power; Miyamoto considered using the chip to develop a Super NES game, Super Mario FX, with gameplay based on "an entire world in miniature, like miniature trains". According to engineer Dylan Cuthbert, who worked on Star Fox, Super Mario FX was never the title of a game, but was the codename of the Super FX chip itself. Miyamoto reformulated the idea for the Nintendo 64, not for its greater power, but because its controller has more buttons for gameplay. At the January1993 Consumer Electronics Show (CES), where Star Fox made its debut, Nintendo's booth demonstrated a talking 3D polygon animation of Mario's head; it returned in the start screen, programmed by Giles Goddard.

Production of Super Mario 64 began on September 7, 1994, at Nintendo's Entertainment Analysis & Development division, and concluded on May 20, 1996. According to Miyamoto, the development team consisted of around fifteen to twenty people. Development began with the characters and the camera system; months were spent selecting a view and layout. The original concept involved the fixed path of an isometric game such as Super Mario RPG, which moved to a free-roaming 3D design, with some linear paths, particularly to coerce the player into Bowser's lair, according to Giles Goddard.

Super Mario 64 is one of the first games for which Nintendo produced its illustrations internally instead of by outsourcing. The graphics were made using N-World, a Silicon Graphics (SGI)-based toolkit. The development team prioritized Mario's movement and, before levels were created, tested and refined Mario's animations on a simple grid. The 3D illustrations were created by Shigefumi Hino, Hisashi Nogami, Hideki Fujii, Tomoaki Kuroume, and Yusuke Nakano, and the game was animated by co-director Yoshiaki Koizumi and Satoru Takiwaza. Yōichi Kotabe, illustrator and character designer for the Mario series, made a 3D drawing of Mario from various angles and directed the creation of the character models. In an interview with The Washington Post, Yoshiaki Koizumi recalled that his challenge was animating the 3D models without any precedents. To assist players with depth perception, the team positioned a faux shadow directly beneath each object regardless of the area's lighting. Yoshiaki Koizumi described the feature as an "iron-clad necessity" which "might not be realistic, but it's much easier to play".

Miyamoto's guiding design philosophy was to include more details than earlier games by using the Nintendo 64's power to feature "all the emotions of the characters". He likened the game's style to a 3D interactive cartoon. Some details were inspired by the developers' personal lives; for example, the Boos are based on assistant director Takashi Tezuka's wife, who, as Miyamoto explained, "is very quiet normally, but one day she exploded, maddened by all the time Tezuka spent at work".

Super Mario 64 was first run on an SGI Onyx emulator, which only emulated the console's application programming interface and not its hardware. The first test scenario for controls and physics involved Mario interacting with a golden rabbit, named "MIPS" after the Nintendo 64's MIPS architecture processors; the rabbit was included in the final game as a Power Star holder. Super Mario 64 features more puzzles than earlier Mario games. It was developed simultaneously with The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time but, as Ocarina of Time was released more than two years later, some puzzles were taken for Super Mario 64. The developers tried to include a multiplayer cooperative mode, whereby players would control Mario and his brother Luigi in split-screen. Nevertheless, hardware constraints and the developers' inability to implement the mode satisfactorily led to its removal.

The music was composed by veteran composer Koji Kondo, who created new interpretations of the familiar melodies from earlier media as well as new material. Yoji Inagaki was responsible for the sound design, tasked with producing hundreds of sound effects. He and Kondo felt that music and sound effects were equally important. According to Inagaki, the average Nintendo 64 game had about 500 sound effects, and made comparisons to Ocarina of Time, with 1,200, and The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask, with 2,000.

Super Mario 64 is one of the first games to feature Charles Martinet as the voice of Mario, and Leslie Swan—then senior editor of Nintendo Power and English localizer for Super Mario 64—as the voice of Princess Peach.

Release
Super Mario 64 was first shown as a playable prototype in November1995 at Nintendo Space World. This version was only fifty percent complete, and only about two percent of texture mapping was finished. It featured thirty-two courses. Miyamoto had hoped to create more, possibly up to forty, but was ultimately reduced to fifteen. According to Nintendo of America chairman Howard Lincoln, Miyamoto's desire to add more was a major factor in the decision to delay the Nintendo 64 release from Christmas1995 to Summer 1996. Nintendo president Hiroshi Yamauchi later said: "Game creators can finish games quickly if they compromise. But users have sharp eyes. They soon know if the games are compromised. [Miyamoto] asked for two more months and I gave them to him unconditionally". The game was later shown at E31996 with multiple Nintendo 64s set up for people to play. According to Giles Goddard, the stress of the project caused some programmers to quit or move to different departments.

Advertising and sales
Peter Main, Nintendo's vice president of marketing at the time, stated Super Mario 64 was meant as the killer app for the Nintendo 64. The US$20million marketing campaign included videotapes sent to more than five hundred thousand Nintendo Power subscribers and advertisements shown on MTV, Fox, and Nickelodeon.

Super Mario 64 was officially released in Japan in June1996, North America in September, and in Europe and Australia in March1997. During its first three months of sale in North America, it sold more than twomillion copies and grossed $140million in the United States, becoming the best-selling video game of 1996. It was also the best-selling game overall from 1995 to 2002. During the first three months of 1997, it was the second-best-selling console game at 523,000 units. By early 2001, it had sold 5.5million units, and 5.9million by September2002.

At the 1999 Milia festival in Cannes, Super Mario 64 won a Gold ECCSELL prize for earning revenues above €21million in the European Union in 1998. It had become the second most popular game on Wii's Virtual Console by June2007, behind Super Mario Bros. By March2008, Super Mario 64 sold 11.8million copies worldwide, being the best-selling Nintendo 64 game. By 2015, Super Mario 64 was the 12th most sold Mario game, with 11.91million copies sold.

Super Mario 64 DS
An enhanced remake, Super Mario 64 DS, was released for the Nintendo DS in 2004. As with the original, the plot centers on collecting Power Stars and rescuing Princess Peach from Bowser. In contrast with the original, Yoshi is the starting character, with Mario, Luigi, and Wario as unlockable characters. It features improved graphics, slightly altered courses, new areas, powerups, and enemies, more Power Stars to collect, touchscreen mini-games, and a multiplayer mode. Reviews were mostly positive, with critics praising the graphics and add-ons to the original game but criticizing the controls and multiplayer mode. By September2021, 11.06million copies had been sold worldwide.

Other re-releases
A version of Super Mario 64 was used as a tech demo for the Nintendo 64 Disk Drive (64DD) floppy drive at the 1996 Nintendo Space World trade show. Like Wave Race 64, Super Mario 64 was re-released in Japan on July 18, 1997 as Super Mario 64 Rumble Pak Version (スーパーマリオ64 振動パック対応バージョン (lit. Super Mario 64 Vibration Pack Compatible Version)) which fixed various bugs, added support for the Rumble Pak peripheral, included the voice acting from the English version, among other changes.

In November2003, it was ported to China's iQue Player as a limited-release demo. In late 2006, it was released on the Wii Virtual Console service which added enhanced resolution and compatibility with the GameCube and Super Famicom Classic controllers. In September2020, Super Mario 64 was one of the three Super Mario games to be included in the Super Mario 3D All-Stars collection on Nintendo Switch. This version was based on the Rumble Pak iteration, and updated the game's presentation to display at 720p resolution in both the Switch's docked and handheld configurations, in addition to using upscaled user interface assets and textures. It also features a new control scheme that accommodates the wider button array of the Nintendo Switch Joy-Con and Pro Controller, and was later patched to add compatibility for the Nintendo 64 controller used with the Nintendo Switch Online service. It made another Nintendo Switch appearance in October2021 as part of the Nintendo 64 lineup for the Nintendo Switch Online + Expansion Pack.

Critical reviews
Super Mario 64 received enthusiastic pre-release reception. GamePro commented on the 1995 prototype's smoothness, and how the action "was a blast", despite the game being only fifty percent complete at the time. Ed Semrad of Electronic Gaming Monthly agreed, praising the new 3D animation of Mario characters shown in only 2D before. Larry Marcus, a source analyst for Alex. Brown & Sons, recalls Super Mario 64 being the most anticipated game of E31996, remembering a field of teenagers "jostling for a test run".

Super Mario 64 received critical acclaim, with a score of 94 out of 100 from review aggregator Metacritic based on thirteen reviews, and a score of 96% from review aggregator GameRankings, which ranked it the eighteenth best video game of all time based on twenty-two reviews.

The design, variety of controls and use of 3D gameplay received praise from video game publications. Maximum found its strongest points were the sense of freedom and its replayability, comparing it to Super Mario World and citing its similar gimmick of allowing access to new areas upon finding switches. One of GameFan four reviewers, E. Storm, cited the water levels as "overjoy[ing]" and showed how Super Mario 64 delved into an "entirely new realm of gaming". Official Nintendo Magazine called it "beautiful in both looks and design". Doug Perry of IGN agreed that it transitioned the series to 3D perfectly. Electronic Gaming Monthly discussed the levels in their initial review, praising them for their size and challenge, and later ranked it the fourth best console game of all time, arguing that it had breached the entire genre of 3D gaming while working virtually flawlessly.

Computer and Video Games editor Paul Davies praised the 3D environment, and said that it enhanced the interaction, and described the control scheme as intuitive and versatile. Total! hailed the gameplay as being so imaginative and having such variety that their reviewers were still "hooked" after one month. Writing for AllGame, Jonti Davies commented on the diversity of the gameplay and the abundance of activities found in each course. Nintendo Life Corbie Dillard agreed, calling the variety the game's "greatest genius". Writing for GameRevolution, Nebojsa Radakovic described Super Mario 64 as one of the few "true" 3D platform games. N64 Magazine likened it to an enormous playground which was a pleasure to experiment in, but opined that the exploration element was slightly brought down by how many hints and tips there were. Victor Lucas of EP Daily agreed, praising the freedom, but suggesting players "skip all the sign posts".

Super Mario 64 also received praise for its graphics. GameSpot praised the graphics for being "clean yet simple" and not detracting from the details of the game world. GamePro particularly praised the combination of unprecedented technical performance and art design, calling it "the most visually impressive game of all time". Paul Davies described the graphics as "so amazing to see, you find yourself stopping to admire [them]". Jonti Davies called the visuals phenomenal, and the frame rate respectable.  Doug Perry found the graphics simple but magnificent, a sentiment shared by Next Generation. Hyper reviewer Nino Alegeropoulos called it the best-looking console game to date and opined that its high resolution and frame rate for the time made it look "infinitely better than a cartoon". Total! said that the graphics' lack of pixellation and jagged edges made it look like they were from a "top of the range graphics workstation".

The camera system received mixed reviews. Next Generation found that Super Mario 64 was less accessible than previous Mario games, frustrated by the camera's occasional erratic movements and lack of optimal angle. Nebojsa Radakovic and Doug Perry added that the camera was sometimes blocked by or went through objects. Electronic Gaming Monthly Dan Hsu, Shawn Smith, and Crispin Boyer all removed half a point from their scores, claiming that the camera sometimes could not move to a wanted angle or rapidly shifted in an undesirable manner, a criticism that returned in Electronic Gaming Monthly 100 Best Games of All Time list. Game Informer stated in their 2007 re-review by present-day standards the camera "would almost be considered broken". Nintendo Power also noted the learning curve of the shifting camera. In contrast, Corbie Dillard claimed that the camera did not have any problems, and that it succeeded at helping the player traverse complex environments. This sentiment was shared by Total!, claiming that there were very few occasions where the camera was at a suboptimal angle. Paul Davies acknowledged that he was critical of the camera, saying that in some occasions it was difficult to position ideally, but ultimately dismissed it as "one hiccup" of a "revolutionary" game.

Awards
Super Mario 64 won numerous awards, including various "Game of the Year" honors by members of the gaming media, and in Nintendo's own best-selling Player's Choice selection. It has been placed high on "the greatest games of all time" lists by many reviewers, including IGN, Game Informer, Edge, Official Nintendo Magazine,  Electronic Gaming Monthly, and Nintendo Power. Electronic Gaming Monthly awarded it a Gold award in its initial review, and it won Electronic Gaming Monthly Game of the Year for both editors' pick and readers' pick, and Nintendo 64 Game of the Year, Adventure Game of the Year, and Best Graphics. At the 1997 Computer Game Developers Conference, it was given Spotlight Awards for Best Use of Innovative Technology, Best Console Game, and Best Game of 1996. Maximum gave it a "Maximum Game of the Month Award" before its international release, ranking it the greatest game the magazine had ever reviewed. Digitiser ranked it the best game of 1997, above Final Fantasy VII as runner-up.

Legacy
Super Mario 64 was key to the early success of and anticipation for the Nintendo 64. Lee Hutchinson, a former Babbage's employee, notes how the game was spurred by a feverish video game press, and how the success of the game defied the rule that a wide variety of launch games was necessary for broad appeal. Eventually, the Nintendo 64 lost much of its market share to Sony's PlayStation, partly due to its cartridge and controller design decisions, which were reportedly implemented by Miyamoto for Super Mario 64.

In 2012, Super Mario 64 was among the 80 entries in the Smithsonian American Art Museum's The Art of Video Games exhibit.

Influence
Super Mario 64 set many precedents for 3D platformers as one of the most influential video games. The game is known for its nonlinear, open freedom, which has been acclaimed by video game developers and journalists. 1Up.com wrote about its central hub world, which provides a safe tutorial and a level selector, and is now a staple of the 3D platformer genre. As the genre evolved, many of the series's conventions were rethought drastically, placing emphasis on exploration over traditional platform jumping, or "hop and bop" action. Though some disputed its quality, others argued that it established an entirely new genre for the series. Its mission-based level design inspired game designers such as GoldenEye 007 (1997) producer and director Martin Hollis and the development team of Tony Hawk's Pro Skater. Dan Houser, a prominent figure in the development of the Grand Theft Auto series, stated, "Anyone who makes 3D games who says they've not borrowed something from Mario or Zelda [of the Nintendo 64] is lying". Square Enix has stated that a coincidental meeting with Disney employees resulted in the creation of the Kingdom Hearts series, inspired by Super Mario 64 use of 3D environments and exploration. Chris Sutherland, who served as the lead designer for Banjo-Kazooie, agreed that Super Mario 64 set the benchmark for 3D platformers and claimed that any other game in the genre on the Nintendo 64 would inevitably be compared with Super Mario 64.

Super Mario 64 introduced a free-floating camera that can be controlled independently of the character. To increase freedom of exploration and fluid control in a 3D world, Super Mario 64 designers created a dynamic virtual video camera that turns and accelerates according to the character's actions. This camera system became the standard for 3D platformers. Nintendo Power praised the game's camera movements along with The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time addition of the lock-on camera and concluded that the two games were trailblazers for the 3D era. PC Magazine K. Thor Jensen considers Super Mario 64 to be the first truly realized 3D platformer with the integration of camera control into its core gameplay, which he called the medium's true evolutionary leap.

Super Mario 64 use of the analog stick was novel, offering more precise and wide-ranging character movements than the digital D-pads of other consoles. At the time, 3D games generally only allowed the player to either control the character in relation to a fixed camera angle or in relation to the character's perspective. Super Mario 64 controls, in contrast, are fully analog and interpret a 360-degree range of motion into navigation through a 3D space relative to the camera. The analog stick allows for precise control over subtleties such as running speed. In 2005, Electronic Gaming Monthly ranked Super Mario 64 the most important game since they began publication in 1989, stating that, while there were 3D games before it, "Nintendo's was the first to get the control scheme right".

In July2021, a pristine, sealed copy of Super Mario 64 was auctioned for US$1560000, the largest amount ever paid for a video game. Heritage Auctions's video games specialist said, "It seems impossible to overstate the importance of this title, not only to the history of Mario and Nintendo but to video games as a whole".

Successors
A sequel was planned for the disk drive add-on, under the codename Super Mario 128. In July1996, Nintendo insiders stated that Miyamoto was assembling a team consisting mostly of developers who had worked on Super Mario 64. Miyamoto affirmed that work on the sequel had only commenced at the time of the E31997 convention. The project was canceled due to its lack of progress and the commercial failure of the Nintendo 64 Disk Drive.

Super Mario 64 successors include Super Mario Sunshine for the GameCube and Super Mario Galaxy for the Wii, building on its core design of power-ups and its 3D, open-ended gameplay. Super Mario Galaxy 2 includes a remake of Super Mario 64 Whomp's Fortress level called Throwback Galaxy. Super Mario 3D Land and Super Mario 3D World are departures from the open-ended design, instead focused on platforming reminiscent of 2D games.

The Nintendo Switch game Super Mario Odyssey returns to Super Mario 64 open design; it includes numerous references to the latter. The Mario 64 Suit' and Mario 64 Cap', which change Mario's appearance to his in Super Mario 64, can be purchased after completing the main storyline. Additionally, Mario can travel to the Mushroom Kingdom, which includes Princess Peach's Castle and its courtyard. The Kingdom's Power Moons resemble Super Mario 64 Power Stars.

Rumors, conspiracy theories, and glitches
Rumors spread rapidly after the game's release. The most popular was a pervasive rumor that Luigi existed as an unlockable character. In 1996, IGN offered a prize of $100 if a player could find Luigi, to no avail. Fueling the rumor was a very blurry message on a statue in the courtyard of Princess Peach's Castle, thought to say "L is real 2401". This was disproved in 1998, when a fan received a letter from Nintendo that the programmers included the text as a joke and it was not supposed to say anything. In July2020, 24 years and 1 month after the initial release of Super Mario 64, unused assets for Luigi from the scrapped multiplayer mode were discovered in the game's development files, in an event known as the Nintendo Gigaleak.

Satirical conspiracy theories about the game became popular in 2020, and were grouped into the "Super Mario 64 iceberg", an Internet meme of an iceberg, with the less likely theories representing places closer to the bottom of the "ocean". One popular rumor involves a "Wario Apparition", based on an E31996 presentation with Charles Martinet voicing a disembodied Wario head. Some fans believed that the Wario head remained in some copies of the game. Conspiracy theorists also spread the rumor that "every copy of Super Mario 64 is personalized", claiming that certain bizarre phenomena existed in only certain copies of the game.

In the years since the game's release, players have used glitches to reach previously unreachable parts of the game, including, in 2014, a coin not meant to be collected. Speedrun techniques include the Lakitu skip, a glitch that disables a dialog box explaining camera movement; the Bob-omb clip, which uses a glitch in a Bob-omb's explosion animation to clip through walls; and the backwards long jump glitch, which involves the player performing a repetitive move, the "backwards long jump", allowing Mario to reach very high speed values and has numerous applications in speedrunning; the latter was patched in the 1997 "Shindō" re-release (Rumble Pak version). The Super Mario 3D All-Stars re-release also patched this as it was based on the Shindō version. In 2013, YouTuber Vinesauce posted a compilation of various corruptions of the game, replicated with a program named naughty. Another YouTuber, Pannenkoek2012, creates highly technical and analytical videos of Super Mario 64 glitches and mechanics, which have been covered many times by the video game press. The game has also inspired challenges that attempt to beat it with certain restrictions, such as not being able to press the A button, requiring deep understanding about the game's mechanics and bugs. In May 2024, a player named Marbler managed to beat the entire game without pressing the A button.

Fan projects
Super Mario 64 has led to the creation of fan-made remakes, modifications and ROM hacks: In 2019, fans decompiled the original ROM image into C source code, allowing Super Mario 64 to be natively ported to any system. The next year, fans released a Windows port with support for widescreen displays and 4K resolution. Nintendo enlisted a law firm to remove videos of the port and its listings from websites. The port would allow for more graphical mods and forks, such as Render96, which implemented the original high-resolution source textures and created new character models and environments resembling those seen in the game's CG renders, and Super Mario 64 Plus, a fork of the Windows port featuring a new permanent death option, bug fixes, and an improved camera system. Fans created ports for several more platforms, including the Nintendo 3DS, PlayStation 2, PlayStation Vita, Dreamcast, and Android.
 * Super Mario 64: Chaos Edition, a PC-emulated version of the original that loads codes which cause bizarre behavior. The game received coverage after streaming ensemble Vinesauce posted a playthrough of the game.
 * Super Mario Run 64, converting the game into a 2.5D running game in the spirit of Super Mario Run
 * Super Mario 64 Online, enabling online multiplayer.  It was taken down after a copyright strike by Nintendo. It was later reuploaded and renamed to Net64.
 * Super Mario 64 Maker, a Super Mario Maker-like level editor
 * Super Mario 64 Odyssey, featuring levels based on Super Mario Odyssey and adding its mechanic of possessing enemies by throwing Mario's hat
 * Super Mario 64: Last Impact, an original game that incorporates elements from other Mario games, such as the Fire Flower from Super Mario Bros., the F.L.U.D.D. cannon from Super Mario Sunshine, and the Bee Mushroom from Super Mario Galaxy
 * Super Mario 64: Ocarina of Time, in which The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time world is recreated in Super Mario 64 engine, with new gameplay elements, puzzles, and a story
 * Open World Mario 64, a battle royale–style mod set on a huge map made up of all Super Mario 64 levels, in the style of Fortnite Battle Royale and PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds
 * First Person Mario 64, a modification that fixes the camera configuration on first-person, often making the game much more challenging due to how the game demands acrobatic movements, and how the game does not render objects when they're too close to the camera
 * Super Mario 64 FPS, a first-person shooter remake of the original, speedran by YouTubers Falsepog and Alpharad
 * Super Mario 64 HD, a high-definition remake of the first level of Super Mario 64, Bob-Omb Battlefield, using the Unity game engine. The project was taken down following a copyright claim by Nintendo.

Medical literature
In 2013, a study was conducted to see the plasticity effects on the human brain after playing Super Mario 64—chosen for its navigation element and the ability to play in a three-dimensional environment—for at least thirty minutes every day for two months. The study concluded that doing the previously mentioned activity caused the gray matter (a major part of the central nervous system) to increase in the right hippocampal formation and the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex—brain areas thought to contribute to spatial navigation, working memory, and motor planning.

Archived resources

 * Super Mario 64 profile (1996) – Nintendo (archived)
 * Super Mario 64 profile (1998) – Nintendo (archived)
 * Super Mario 64 profile (1996) – Nintendo (archived)
 * Super Mario 64 profile (1998) – Nintendo (archived)
 * Super Mario 64 profile (1998) – Nintendo (archived)

title: Super Mario 64


text:
Gossip columnist

A gossip columnist is someone who writes a gossip column in a newspaper or magazine, especially in a gossip magazine. Gossip columns are written in a light, informal style, and relate opinions about the personal lives or conduct of celebrities from show business (motion picture movie stars, theater, and television actors), politicians, professional sports stars, and other wealthy people or public figures. Some gossip columnists broadcast segments on radio and television.

The columns mix factual material on arrests, divorces, marriages and pregnancies, which are obtained from official records, with more speculative gossip stories, rumors, and innuendo about romantic relationships, affairs, and purported personal problems.

Gossip columnists have a reciprocal relationship with the celebrities whose private lives are splashed about in the gossip column's pages. While gossip columnists sometimes engage in (borderline) defamatory conduct, spreading innuendo about alleged immoral or illegal conduct that can injure celebrities' reputations, they also serve as an important part of the publicity machine that turns actors and musicians into celebrities and superstars that are the objects of the public's obsessive attention and interest. The publicity agents of celebrities often provide or "leak" information or rumors to gossip columnists to publicize the celebrity or their projects, or to counteract "bad press" that has recently surfaced about their conduct.

Libel and defamation
While gossip columnists' "bread and butter" is rumor, innuendo, and allegations of scandalous behavior, there is a fine line between the legally-acceptable spreading of rumors and the making of defamatory statements, the latter of which can provoke a lawsuit. Newspaper and magazine editorial policies normally require gossip columnists to have a source for all of their allegations to protect the publisher from lawsuits for defamation (libel).

In the United States, celebrities or public figures can sue for libel if their private lives are revealed in a gossip column and they believe that their reputation has been defamed – that is, exposed to hatred, contempt, ridicule, or pecuniary loss. Gossip columnists cannot defend against libel claims by arguing that they merely repeated but did not originate the defaming rumor or claim. Instead, a columnist must prove that the allegedly defaming statement was truthful or that it was based on a reasonably reliable source.

In the mid-1960s, rulings by the United States Supreme Court made it harder for the media to be sued for libel in the US. The Court ruled that libel occurs only if a publication prints falsehoods about a celebrity with "reckless disregard" for the truth. A celebrity suing a newspaper for libel must prove that the paper published the falsehood with actual malice or with deliberate knowledge that the statement was both incorrect and defamatory.

Moreover, the Court ruled that only factual misrepresentation, not expression of opinion, is libel. Thus, if gossip columnists write that they "think that Celebrity X is an idiot", the columnist does not face a risk of being sued for libel. On the other hand, if columnists invent an allegation that "Celebrity X is a wife beater" with no supporting source or evidence, the celebrity can sue for libel on the grounds that their reputation was defamed.

In some circumstances, however, gossip columnists do not fact-check the information that they receive from their sources before they publish their stories. Also, some gossip columnists who are not themselves reputable post articles about celebrities. As a result, there is a chance of published stories leading to the defamation of celebrities.

History

The precursors to gossip columns were the society columns of the 19th and early 20th centuries. James Gordon Bennett Sr. is credited with first creating this position at the New York Herald in 1840.

Walter Winchell, a gossip columnist famous in the 1930s and 1940s, was the first writer to have a syndicated gossip column. Winchell used his political, entertainment, and social connections to mine information and rumors, which he either published in his column On Broadway or traded to accumulate more power. He has been referred to as "the most feared journalist" of his era. From the 1930s to the 1950s, the two best-known Hollywood gossip columnists were the competing Hedda Hopper and Louella Parsons.

In Hollywood's "Golden Age" in the 1930s and 1940s, gossip columnists were courted by the movie studios so that the studios could use gossip columns as a powerful publicity tool. During that period, the major film studios had "stables" of contractually-obligated actors, and controlled nearly all aspects of the lives of their movie stars. Well-timed leaks about a star's purported romantic adventures helped movie studios to create and sustain public interest in their star actors. The studios' publicity agents also acted as unnamed "well-informed inside sources." In this capacity, agents could counteract whispers about celebrity secrets, such as homosexuality or an out-of-wedlock child, which could severely damage both the individual reputation of a movie star and their greater box office viability.

Having fallen into ill-repute after the heyday of Hopper and Parsons, gossip columnists saw a comeback in the 1980s. Many mainstream magazines such as Time, which once considered the hiring of gossip columnists as beneath their stature, now have sections titled "People" or "Entertainment". Such mainstream gossip columns provide a light, chatty glimpse into the private lives and misadventures of the rich and famous.

At the other end of the journalism spectrum, there are entire publications that deal primarily in gossip, rumor, and innuendo about celebrities, such as the British 'red-top' tabloids and the celebrity 'tell-all' magazines.

Notable gossip columnists

Notable gossip columnists include: • Cindy Adams

• Jani Allan

• Flo Anthony

• Army Archerd

• Rona Barrett

• Marilyn Beck

• A.J. Benza

• Jamie Foster Brown

• Ted Casablanca

• Claudia Cohen

• Mike Connolly

• Giles Coren

• Ana Marie Cox

• Nigel Dempster

• Matt Drudge

• Jinx Falkenburg

• Jimmy Fidler

• Luke Ford

• Sheilah Graham

• Charles Graves

• Lloyd Grove

• Ian Halperin

• Tanya Hart

• David Hartnell

• Courtney Hazlett

• Perez Hilton

• Hedda Hopper

• Arianna Huffington

• Micah Jesse

• Dorothy Kilgallen

• Irv Kupcinet

• Frances Lynn

• Isabel Mallon as "Bab" (1880s–90s)

• Elsa Maxwell

• Florabel Muir

• Michael Musto

• Louella Parsons

• Drew Pearson

• Rex Reed

• Sidney Skolsky

• Liz Smith

• Adela Rogers St. Johns

• Jimmy Starr

• Ed Sullivan

• Mike Walker

• Jeannette Walls

• Earl Wilson

• Walter Winchell

• Mila Ximénez

Columns not named for a columnist
Gossip columns that are not named after a specific columnist, along with the media source, include:

 * 3am — Daily Mirror, a British newspaper.
 * Access Hollywood — a syndicated television program
 * Bizarre — The Sun, a London newspaper
 * Page Six — New York Post, a New York City newspaper
 * Inside New York, in New York Post, New York City newspaper
 * Inside the Beltway — The Washington Times, a Washington, D.C. newspaper
 * Off the Record — The New York Observer, a New York newspaper
 * Vegas Confidential — Las Vegas Review-Journal, a Las Vegas newspaper

title: Gossip columnist


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Protected areas of New South Wales

The Protected areas of New South Wales include both terrestrial and marine protected areas. there are 225 national parks in New South Wales. A number established since the late 1970s followed campaigns by local residents and environmentalists.

Based on the Collaborative Australian Protected Area Database (CAPAD) 2020 data there are 2136 separate terrestrial protected areas with a total land area of 7696641 ha (9.61% of the state's area). CAPAD data also shows 18 marine protected areas with a total area of 348849 ha, covering 39.63% of NSW waters.

History
New South Wales established the first known protected area in Australia, Royal National Park in 1879. The formation of the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service in 1967 saw a bid in the conservation of the state's diversity of natural ecosystems and cultural heritage. Today New South Wales contains more than 16.4 million acres within 870 protected areas, as well as 225 different national parks, each with their own pristine beauty and tranquil scenery.

New conservation areas
In June 2020 the Government of New South Wales acquired 153,415 ha, or 1,534 km2 of private land for a new national park, when it purchased Narriearra station in the state's far north-west, subsequently named the Narriearra Caryapundy Swamp National Park. It is the largest ever purchase of private land for conservation in the state, and provides 90 percent of the habitat of the endangered grey grasswren. The Dingo Fence on the border with Queensland forms the northern boundary of the property.

The second largest acquisition ever was made in October 2021, Avenel/Mount Westwood station, north of Broken Hill, comprising 121,390 ha. A further 60,416 ha of private land, Langidoon and Metford stations, located 65 kilometres east of Broken Hill was also purchased and gazetted in 2021. Koonaburra station, 45,534 ha located between Ivanhoe and Cobar, was also purchased and gazetted in the same year.

National Parks
National parks are managed by the National Parks and Wildlife Service, an agency of the Department of Planning, Industry and Environment of New South Wales.

Central West & Orana

 * Abercrombie River National Park
 * Breelong National Park
 * Capertee National Park
 * Conimbla National Park
 * Coolah Tops National Park
 * Drillwarrina National Park
 * Gardens of Stone National Park
 * Garrawilla National Park
 * Goobang National Park
 * Goulburn River National Park
 * Kanangra-Boyd National Park
 * Lachlan Valley National Park
 * Marrangaroo National Park
 * Nangar National Park
 * Popran National Park
 * Turon National Park
 * Warrumbungle National Park
 * Weddin Mountains National Park
 * Wollemi National Park

Far West

 * Brindingabba National Park
 * Culgoa National Park
 * Gundabooka National Park
 * Kalyarr National Park
 * Kemendok National Park
 * Kinchega National Park
 * Koonaburra National Park
 * Mallee Cliffs National Park
 * Mungo National Park
 * Mutawintji National Park
 * Narriearra Caryapundy Swamp National Park
 * Paroo-Darling National Park
 * Sturt National Park
 * Toorale National Park
 * Yanga National Park

Hunter & Central Coast

 * Barakee National Park
 * Barrington Tops National Park
 * Belford National Park
 * Ben Halls Gap National Park
 * Biriwal Bulga National Park
 * Booti Booti National Park
 * Bouddi National Park
 * Brisbane Water National Park
 * Coolah Tops National Park
 * Coorabakh National Park
 * Crawney Pass National Park
 * Crowdy Bay National Park
 * Dharug National Park
 * Gir-um-bit National Park
 * Goulburn River National Park
 * Ghin-Doo-Ee National Park
 * Hunter Wetlands National Park
 * Karuah National Park
 * Middle Brother National Park
 * Mount Royal National Park
 * Myall Lakes National Park
 * Saltwater National Park
 * Scone Mountain National Park
 * Tapin Tops National Park
 * Tilligerry National Park
 * Towarri National Park
 * Tomaree National Park
 * Wallarah National Park
 * Wallingat National Park
 * Watagans National Park
 * Werakata National Park
 * Woko National Park
 * Wollemi National Park
 * Wyrrabalong National Park
 * Yengo National Park

Illawarra-Shoalhaven

 * Bimberamala National Park
 * Budawang National Park
 * Budderoo National Park
 * Bugong National Park
 * Conjola National Park
 * Dharawal National Park
 * Heathcote National Park
 * Jerrawangala National Park
 * Jervis Bay National Park
 * Macquarie Pass National Park
 * Meroo National Park
 * Morton National Park
 * Murramarang National Park
 * Royal National Park
 * Seven Mile Beach National Park

New England-North West

 * Bald Rock National Park
 * Barool National Park
 * Basket Swamp National Park
 * Boonoo Boonoo National Park
 * Ben Halls Gap National Park
 * Burral Yurrul National Park
 * Butterleaf National Park
 * Capoompeta National Park
 * Carrai National Park
 * Cascade National Park
 * Cataract National Park
 * Cathedral Rock National Park
 * Coolah Tops National Park
 * Cottan-Bimbang National Park
 * Couradda National Park
 * Crawney Pass National Park
 * Cunnawarra National Park
 * Dowe National Park
 * Gibraltar Range National Park
 * Guy Fawkes River National Park
 * Indwarra National Park
 * Kings Plains National Park
 * Koreelah National Park
 * Kwiambal National Park
 * Maryland National Park
 * Mount Clunie National Park
 * Mount Kaputar National Park
 * Mount Nothofagus National Park
 * Mummel Gulf National Park
 * New England National Park
 * Nowendoc National Park
 * Nullamanna National Park
 * Nymboida National Park
 * Oxley Wild Rivers National Park
 * Single National Park
 * Timbarra National Park
 * Tooloom National Park
 * Towarri National Park
 * Wallabadah National Park
 * Warra National Park
 * Warrabah National Park
 * Washpool National Park
 * Watsons Creek National Park
 * Werrikimbe National Park

North Coast

 * Arakwal National Park
 * Bago Bluff National Park
 * Bellinger River National Park
 * Bindarri National Park
 * Biriwal Bulga National Park
 * Bongil Bongil National Park
 * Border Ranges National Park
 * Broadwater National Park
 * Bundjalung National Park
 * Bungawalbin National Park
 * Carrai National Park
 * Chaelundi National Park
 * Cottan-Bimbang National Park
 * Crowdy Bay National Park
 * Dooragan National Park
 * Dorrigo National Park
 * Dunggir National Park
 * Fortis Creek National Park
 * Gibraltar Range National Park
 * Goonengerry National Park
 * Guy Fawkes River National Park
 * Hat Head National Park
 * Junuy Juluum National Park
 * Kumbatine National Park
 * Limeburners Creek National Park
 * Mallanganee National Park
 * Maria National Park
 * Mebbin National Park
 * Middle Brother National Park
 * Mooball National Park
 * Mount Jerusalem National Park
 * Mount Nothofagus National Park
 * Mount Pikapene National Park
 * New England National Park
 * Nightcap National Park
 * Nymboi-Binderay National Park
 * Nymboida National Park
 * Ramornie National Park
 * Richmond Range National Park
 * Sea Acres National Park
 * Toonumbar National Park
 * Ulidarra National Park
 * Washpool National Park
 * Werrikimbe National Park
 * Willi Willi National Park
 * Wollumbin National Park
 * Yabbra National Park
 * Yarrahapinni Wetlands National Park
 * Yarriabini National Park
 * Yuraygir National Park

Riverina-Murray

 * Benambra National Park
 * Brindabella National Park
 * Cocoparra National Park
 * Jimberoo National Park
 * Jindalee National Park
 * Kalyarr National Park
 * Kosciuszko National Park
 * Lachlan Valley National Park
 * Livingstone National Park
 * Minjary National Park
 * Murray Valley National Park
 * Murrumbidgee Valley National Park
 * Oolambeyan National Park
 * Willandra National Park
 * Woomargama National Park
 * Yanga National Park

Southeast & Tablelands

 * Abercrombie River National Park
 * Bangadilly National Park
 * Beowa National Park
 * Biamanga National Park
 * Blue Mountains National Park
 * Bournda National Park
 * Brindabella National Park
 * Budawang National Park
 * Budderoo National Park
 * Clyde River National Park
 * Deua National Park
 * Eurobodalla National Park
 * Gourock National Park
 * Gulaga National Park
 * Kooraban National Park
 * Kosciuszko National Park
 * Mares Forest National Park
 * Macquarie Pass National Park
 * Mimosa Rocks National Park
 * Monga National Park
 * Morton National Park
 * Mount Imlay National Park
 * Murramarang National Park
 * Nattai National Park
 * South East Forests National Park
 * Tallaganda National Park
 * Tarlo River National Park
 * Wadbilliga National Park
 * Yanununbeyan National Park

Sydney & Surrounds

 * Berowra Valley National Park
 * Blue Mountains National Park
 * Cattai National Park
 * Dharawal National Park
 * Dharug National Park
 * Garigal National Park
 * Georges River National Park
 * Heathcote National Park
 * Kamay Botany Bay National Park
 * Kanangra-Boyd National Park
 * Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park
 * Lane Cove National Park
 * Malabar Headland National Park
 * Marramarra National Park
 * Nattai National Park
 * Royal National Park
 * Scheyville National Park
 * Sydney Harbour National Park
 * Thirlmere Lakes National Park
 * Wollemi National Park
 * Yengo National Park

Nature Reserves
Nature Reserves are managed by the National Parks and Wildlife Service, an agency of the Department of Environment and Climate Change of New South Wales.

Central West & Orana

 * Avisford Nature Reserve
 * Barton Nature Reserve
 * Binnaway Nature Reserve
 * Boronga Nature Reserve
 * Coolbaggie Nature Reserve
 * Copperhannia Nature Reserve
 * Dapper Nature Reserve
 * Eugowra Nature Reserve
 * Evans Crown Nature Reserve
 * Freemantle Nature Reserve
 * Girralang Nature Reserve
 * Koorawatha Nature Reserve
 * Macquarie Marshes Nature Reserve
 * Munghorn Gap Nature Reserve
 * Pilliga Nature Reserve
 * Quanda Nature Reserve
 * South West Woodland Nature Reserve
 * Tollingo Nature Reserve
 * Wambool Nature Reserve
 * Weetalibah Nature Reserve
 * Winburndale Nature Reserve
 * Woggoon Nature Reserve
 * Wongarbon Nature Reserve

Far West

 * Kajuligah Nature Reserve
 * Kemendok Nature Reserve
 * Ledknapper Nature Reserve
 * Morrisons Lake Nature Reserve
 * Mutawintji Nature Reserve
 * Narran Lake Nature Reserve
 * Nearie Lake Nature Reserve
 * Nocoleche Nature Reserve
 * Nombinnie Nature Reserve
 * Paddington Nature Reserve
 * Round Hill Nature Reserve
 * Tarawi Nature Reserve
 * Yathong Nature Reserve

Hunter & Central Coast

 * Awabakal Nature Reserve
 * Bandicoot Island Nature Reserve
 * Berrico Nature Reserve
 * Bird Island Nature Reserve
 * Boondelbah Nature Reserve
 * Bretti Nature Reserve
 * Brimbin Nature Reserve
 * Bugan Nature Reserve
 * Burning Mountain Nature Reserve
 * Bushy Island Nature Reserve
 * Camels Hump Nature Reserve
 * Camerons Gorge Nature Reserve
 * Cedar Brush Nature Reserve
 * Cockle Bay Nature Reserve
 * Coocumbac Island Nature Reserve
 * Coolongolook Nature Reserve
 * Corrie Island Nature Reserve
 * Coxcomb Nature Reserve
 * Darawank Nature Reserve
 * Durands Island Nature Reserve
 * Flat Island Nature Reserve
 * Goonook Nature Reserve
 * John Gould Nature Reserve
 * Karuah Nature Reserve
 * Khatambuhl Nature Reserve
 * Khappinghat Nature Reserve
 * Killabakh Nature Reserve
 * Killarney Nature Reserve
 * Lion Island Nature Reserve
 * Little Broughton Island Nature Reserve
 * Manobalai Nature Reserve
 * Mernot Nature Reserve
 * Mills Island Nature Reserve
 * Minimbah Nature Reserve
 * Moffats Swamp Nature Reserve
 * Monkerai Nature Reserve
 * Monkeycot Nature Reserve
 * Moon Island Nature Reserve
 * One Tree Island Nature Reserve
 * Pambalong Nature Reserve
 * Pelican Island Nature Reserve
 * Pulbah Island Nature Reserve
 * Regatta Island Nature Reserve
 * Rileys Island Nature Reserve
 * Saratoga Island Nature Reserve
 * Seaham Swamp Nature Reserve
 * Seal Rocks Nature Reserve
 * Snapper Island Nature Reserve
 * Spectacle Island Nature Reserve
 * Stormpetrel Nature Reserve
 * Talawahl Nature Reserve
 * The Glen Nature Reserve
 * Tilligerry Nature Reserve
 * Tingira Heights Nature Reserve
 * Towibakh Nature Reserve
 * Wallamba Nature Reserve
 * Wallis Island Nature Reserve
 * Wamberal Lagoon Nature Reserve
 * Wambina Nature Reserve
 * Watchimbark Nature Reserve
 * Weelah Nature Reserve
 * Wingen Maid Nature Reserve
 * Wingham Brush Nature Reserve
 * Yahoo Island Nature Reserve

Illawarra-Shoalhaven

 * Bamarang Nature Reserve
 * Barren Grounds Nature Reserve
 * Barrengarry Nature Reserve
 * Belowla Island Nature Reserve
 * Berkeley Nature Reserve
 * Brundee Swamp Nature Reserve
 * Brush Island Nature Reserve
 * Cambewarra Range Nature Reserve
 * Comerong Island Nature Reserve
 * Dharawal Nature Reserve
 * Five Islands Nature Reserve
 * Kangaroo River Nature Reserve
 * Narrawallee Creek Nature Reserve
 * Parma Creek Nature Reserve
 * Rodway Nature Reserve
 * Saltwater Swamp Nature Reserve
 * Tapitallee Nature Reserve
 * Triplarina Nature Reserve
 * Wogamia Nature Reserve
 * Woollamia Nature Reserve
 * Worrigee Nature Reserve
 * Yatteyattah Nature Reserve

New England-North West

 * Aberbaldie Nature Reserve
 * Arakoola Nature Reserve
 * Back River Nature Reserve
 * Bluff River Nature Reserve
 * Bolivia Hill Nature Reserve
 * Boomi Nature Reserve
 * Boomi West Nature Reserve
 * Booroolong Nature Reserve
 * Brigalow Nature Reserve
 * Budelah Nature Reserve
 * Burral Yurrul Nature Reserve
 * Captains Creek Nature Reserve
 * Careunga Nature Reserve
 * Demon Nature Reserve
 * Doctors Nose Mountain Nature Reserve
 * Donnybrook Nature Reserve
 * Dthinna Dthinnawan Nature Reserve
 * Duval Nature Reserve
 * Gamilaroi Nature Reserve
 * Georges Creek Nature Reserve
 * Gibraltar Nature Reserve
 * Guy Fawkes River Nature Reserve
 * Imbota Nature Reserve
 * Ironbark Nature Reserve
 * Jobs Mountain Nature Reserve
 * Kirramingly Nature Reserve
 * Linton Nature Reserve
 * Little Llangothlin Nature Reserve
 * Mann River Nature Reserve
 * Melville Range Nature Reserve
 * Midkin Nature Reserve
 * Mother Of Ducks Lagoon Nature Reserve
 * Mount Mackenzie Nature Reserve
 * Ngulin Nature Reserve
 * North Obelisk Nature Reserve
 * Pilliga Nature Reserve
 * Planchonella Nature Reserve
 * Serpentine Nature Reserve
 * Severn River Nature Reserve
 * Stony Batter Creek Nature Reserve
 * Taringa Nature Reserve
 * The Basin Nature Reserve
 * The Castles Nature Reserve
 * Tomalla Nature Reserve
 * Tuggolo Creek Nature Reserve
 * Wallabadah Nature Reserve
 * Watsons Creek Nature Reserve
 * Yina Nature Reserve

North Coast

 * Andrew Johnston Big Scrub Nature Reserve
 * Baalijin Nature Reserve
 * Bagul Waajaarr Nature Reserve
 * Ballina Nature Reserve
 * Banyabba Nature Reserve
 * Billinudgel Nature Reserve
 * Boatharbour Nature Reserve
 * Bollanolla Nature Reserve
 * Boonanghi Nature Reserve
 * Boorganna Nature Reserve
 * Bowraville Nature Reserve
 * Bridal Veil Falls Nature Reserve
 * Broken Head Nature Reserve
 * Brunswick Heads Nature Reserve
 * Bungabbee Nature Reserve
 * Bungawalbin Nature Reserve
 * Burnt-Down Scrub Nature Reserve
 * Byrnes Scrub Nature Reserve
 * Chambigne Nature Reserve
 * Chapmans Peak Nature Reserve
 * Clarence Estuary Nature Reserve
 * Cobaki Nature Reserve
 * Comboyne Nature Reserve
 * Cook Island Nature Reserve
 * Cooperabung Creek Nature Reserve
 * Coramba Nature Reserve
 * Couchy Creek Nature Reserve
 * Cudgen Nature Reserve
 * Cudgera Creek Nature Reserve
 * Cumbebin Swamp Nature Reserve
 * Davis Scrub Nature Reserve
 * Deer Vale Nature Reserve
 * Duroby Nature Reserve
 * Fifes Knob Nature Reserve
 * Fishermans Bend Nature Reserve
 * Flaggy Creek Nature Reserve
 * Gads Sugarloaf Nature Reserve
 * Ganay Nature Reserve
 * Garby Nature Reserve
 * Hattons Bluff Nature Reserve
 * Hayters Hill Nature Reserve
 * Hogarth Range Nature Reserve
 * Hortons Creek Nature Reserve
 * Iluka Nature Reserve
 * Inner Pocket Nature Reserve
 * Jaaningga Nature Reserve
 * Jagun Nature Reserve
 * Jasper Nature Reserve
 * Jinangong Nature Reserve
 * Jobs Mountain Nature Reserve
 * Julian Rocks Nguthungulli Nature Reserve
 * Juugawaarri Nature Reserve
 * Kattang Nature Reserve
 * Killabakh Nature Reserve
 * Koorebang Nature Reserve
 * Kororo Nature Reserve
 * Koukandowie Nature Reserve
 * Lake Innes Nature Reserve
 * Limpinwood Nature Reserve
 * Little Pimlico Island Nature Reserve
 * Macquarie Nature Reserve
 * Marshalls Creek Nature Reserve
 * Moonee Beach Nature Reserve
 * Moore Park Nature Reserve
 * Mororo Creek Nature Reserve
 * Mount Hyland Nature Reserve
 * Mount Neville Nature Reserve
 * Mount Nullum Nature Reserve
 * Mount Seaview Nature Reserve
 * Muckleewee Mountain Nature Reserve
 * Muldiva Nature Reserve
 * Munro Island Nature Reserve
 * Muttonbird Island Nature Reserve
 * Ngambaa Nature Reserve
 * North Rock Nature Reserve
 * North Solitary Island Nature Reserve
 * North-West Solitary Island Nature Reserve
 * Numinbah Nature Reserve
 * Pee Dee Nature Reserve
 * Queens Lake Nature Reserve
 * Rawdon Creek Nature Reserve
 * Richmond River Nature Reserve
 * Sherwood Nature Reserve
 * Skillion Nature Reserve
 * Snows Gully Nature Reserve
 * South West Solitary Island Nature Reserve
 * Split Solitary Island Nature Reserve
 * Stotts Island Nature Reserve
 * Susan Island Nature Reserve
 * Tabbimoble Swamp Nature Reserve
 * Tallawudjah Nature Reserve
 * The Castles Nature Reserve
 * Tuckean Nature Reserve
 * Tucki Tucki Nature Reserve
 * Tweed Estuary Nature Reserve
 * Tyagarah Nature Reserve
 * Ukerebagh Nature Reserve
 * Uralba Nature Reserve
 * Valla Nature Reserve
 * Verges Creek Nature Reserve
 * Victoria Park Nature Reserve
 * Waragai Creek Nature Reserve
 * Willi Willi Caves Nature Reserve
 * Wilson Nature Reserve
 * Woodford Island Nature Reserve
 * Wooyung Nature Reserve
 * Woregore Nature Reserve
 * Yaegl Nature Reserve
 * Yarravel Nature Reserve
 * Yarringully Nature Reserve
 * Yessabah Nature Reserve

Riverina-Murray

 * Big Bush Nature Reserve
 * Bimberi Nature Reserve
 * Bogandyera Nature Reserve
 * Boginderra Hills Nature Reserve
 * Buddigower Nature Reserve
 * Clarkes Hill Nature Reserve
 * Cocopara Nature Reserve
 * Courabyra Nature Reserve
 * Downfall Nature Reserve
 * Ellerslie Nature Reserve
 * Flagstaff Memorial Nature Reserve
 * Gubbata Nature Reserve
 * Ingalba Nature Reserve
 * Jerilderie Nature Reserve
 * Jingellic Nature Reserve
 * Lachlan Valley Nature Reserve
 * Lake Urana Nature Reserve
 * Langtree Nature Reserve
 * Loughnan Nature Reserve
 * Mudjarn Nature Reserve
 * Mullengandra Nature Reserve
 * Murrumbidgee Valley Nature Reserve
 * Nest Hill Nature Reserve
 * Nombinnie Nature Reserve
 * Pucawan Nature Reserve
 * Pulletop Nature Reserve
 * South West Woodland Nature Reserve
 * Tabletop Nature Reserve
 * The Rock Nature Reserve
 * The Charcoal Tank Nature Reserve
 * Ulandra Nature Reserve
 * Wiesners Swamp Nature Reserve
 * Yanga Nature Reserve

Southeast & Tablelands

 * Araluen Nature Reserve
 * Badja Swamps Nature Reserve
 * Barunguba Montague Island Nature Reserve
 * Bees Nest Nature Reserve
 * Bell Bird Creek Nature Reserve
 * Bermaguee Nature Reserve
 * Binjura Nature Reserve
 * Black Andrew Nature Reserve
 * Bobundara Nature Reserve
 * Bondi Gulf Nature Reserve
 * Bournda Nature Reserve
 * Broulee Island Nature Reserve
 * Burnt School Nature Reserve
 * Burra Creek Nature Reserve
 * Burrinjuck Nature Reserve
 * Cecil Hoskins Nature Reserve
 * Coolumbooka Nature Reserve
 * Coornartha Nature Reserve
 * Cullendulla Creek Nature Reserve
 * Cuumbeun Nature Reserve
 * Dananbilla Nature Reserve
 * Dangelong Nature Reserve
 * Eagles Claw Nature Reserve
 * Egan Peaks Nature Reserve
 * Good Good Nature Reserve
 * Goorooyarroo Nature Reserve
 * Gungewalla Nature Reserve
 * Hattons Corner Nature Reserve
 * Illawong Nature Reserve
 * Illunie Nature Reserve
 * Ironmungy Nature Reserve
 * Jerralong Nature Reserve
 * Joadja Nature Reserve
 * Koorawatha Nature Reserve
 * Kuma Nature Reserve
 * Kybeyan Nature Reserve
 * Meringo Nature Reserve
 * Merriangaah Nature Reserve
 * Mount Clifford Nature Reserve
 * Mount Dowling Nature Reserve
 * Mundoonen Nature Reserve
 * Myalla Nature Reserve
 * Nadgee Nature Reserve
 * Nadgigomar Nature Reserve
 * Ngadang Nature Reserve
 * Nimmo Nature Reserve
 * Numeralla Nature Reserve
 * Oak Creek Nature Reserve
 * Paupong Nature Reserve
 * Queanbeyan Nature Reserve
 * Quidong Nature Reserve
 * Razorback Nature Reserve
 * Robertson Nature Reserve
 * Scabby Range Nature Reserve
 * Scott Nature Reserve
 * Stony Creek Nature Reserve
 * Strike-a-Light Nature Reserve
 * Tinderry Nature Reserve
 * Tollgate Islands Nature Reserve
 * Turallo Nature Reserve
 * Undoo Nature Reserve
 * Wadjan Nature Reserve
 * Wanna Wanna Nature Reserve
 * Wee Jasper Nature Reserve
 * Wollondilly River Nature Reserve
 * Wullwye Nature Reserve
 * Yanununbeyan Nature Reserve
 * Yaouk Nature Reserve
 * Young Nature Reserve

Sydney & Surrounds

 * Agnes Banks Nature Reserve
 * Castlereagh Nature Reserve
 * Dalrymple-Hay Nature Reserve
 * Dural Nature Reserve
 * Gulguer Nature Reserve
 * Kemps Creek Nature Reserve
 * Long Island Nature Reserve
 * Mulgoa Nature Reserve
 * Muogamarra Nature Reserve
 * Newington Nature Reserve
 * Pitt Town Nature Reserve
 * Prospect Nature Reserve
 * Towra Point Nature Reserve
 * Wallumatta Nature Reserve
 * Windsor Downs Nature Reserve
 * Wianamatta Nature Reserve

State Conservation Areas
State Conservation Areas, formerly referred to as State Recreation Areas, are managed by the Department of Environment and Climate Change.

Central NSW

 * Avondale State Conservation Area
 * Banyabba State Conservation Area
 * Berlang State Conservation Area
 * Bindarri State Conservation Area
 * Bundjalung State Conservation Area
 * Carrai State Conservation Area
 * Cascade State Conservation Area
 * Chaelundi State Conservation Area
 * Chatsworth Hill State Conservation Area
 * Coneac State Conservation Area
 * Corymbia State Conservation Area
 * Cottan-Bimbang State Conservation Area
 * Curracabundi State Conservation Area
 * Currys Gap State Conservation Area
 * Frogs Hole State Conservation Area
 * Gurranang State Conservation Area
 * Guy Fawkes River State Conservation Area
 * Jackywalbin State Conservation Area
 * Karuah State Conservation Area
 * Kooyong State Conservation Area
 * Kumbatine State Conservation Area
 * Kybeyan State Conservation Area
 * Laurence Road State Conservation Area
 * Livingstone State Conservation Area
 * Macanally State Conservation Area
 * Majors Creek State Conservation Area
 * Medowie State Conservation Area
 * Mount Canobolas State Conservation Area
 * Mugii Murum-ban State Conservation Area
 * Mullion Range State Conservation Area
 * Mummel Gulf State Conservation Area
 * Nymboi-Binderai State Conservation Area
 * Nymboida State Conservation Area
 * Oxley Wild Rivers State Conservation Area
 * Polblue State Conservation Area
 * Talawahl State Conservation Area
 * Tallaganda State Conservation Area
 * The Cells State Conservation Area
 * Toonumbar State Conservation Area
 * Washpool State Conservation Area
 * Wereboldera State Conservation Area
 * Wombat Creek State Conservation Area
 * Yarringully State Conservation Area
 * Yurammie State Conservation Area
 * Yuraygir State Conservation Area

Hunter & Mid North Coast

 * Arakoon State Conservation Area
 * Barrington Tops State Conservation Area
 * Black Bulga State Conservation Area
 * Copeland Tops State Conservation Area
 * Glenrock State Conservation Area
 * Gumbaynggirr State Conservation Area
 * Queens Lake State Conservation Area

New England Tablelands

 * Butterleaf State Conservation Area
 * Mount Hyland State Conservation Area
 * Torrington State Conservation Area

Northern Rivers

 * Cape Byron State Conservation Area
 * Whian Whian State Conservation Area
 * Wollumbin State Conservation Area

Outback NSW

 * Gundabooka State Conservation Area
 * Nombinnie State Conservation Area
 * Paroo-Darling State Conservation Area
 * Toorale State Conservation Area

South Coast & Highlands

 * Bargo State Conservation Area
 * Bargo River State Conservation Area
 * Barnunj State Conservation Area
 * Berlang State Conservation Area
 * Brindabella State Conservation Area
 * Bungonia State Conservation Area
 * Colymea State Conservation Area
 * Corramy State Conservation Area
 * Illawarra Escarpment State Conservation Area
 * Macquarie Pass State Conservation Area
 * Majors Creek State Conservation Area
 * Monga State Conservation Area
 * Morton State Conservation Area
 * Tumbalong State Conservation Area
 * Yanununbeyan State Conservation Area

Sydney & Surrounds

 * Bents Basin State Conservation Area
 * Burragorang State Conservation Area
 * Dharawal State Conservation Area
 * Garawarra State Conservation Area
 * Georges River State Conservation Area
 * Jilliby State Conservation Area
 * Lake Macquarie State Conservation Area
 * Munmorah State Conservation Area
 * Nattai State Conservation Area
 * Parr State Conservation Area
 * Yerranderie State Conservation Area

Regional Parks
Regional Parks are managed by the Department of Environment and Climate Change.

Hunter & Mid North Coast

 * Coffs Coast Regional Park

South Coast & Highlands

 * Bomaderry Creek Regional Park

Sydney & Surrounds

 * Berowra Valley Regional Park
 * Leacock Regional Park
 * Parramatta River Regional Park
 * Penrith Lakes Regional Park
 * Rouse Hill Regional Park
 * Western Sydney Parklands
 * William Howe Regional Park
 * Wolli Creek Regional Park
 * Yellomundee Regional Park

Aboriginal Areas
Aboriginal Areas are managed by local Aboriginal communities and the Department of Environment and Climate Change.

Hunter & Mid North Coast

 * Nambucca Aboriginal Area
 * Nunguu Mirral Aboriginal Area

New England Tablelands

 * Stonewoman Aboriginal Area

Northern Rivers

 * Lennox Head Aboriginal Area

Outback NSW

 * Pindera Downs Aboriginal Area

South Coast & Highlands

 * Murramarang Aboriginal Area

Sydney & Surrounds

 * Appletree Aboriginal Area
 * Finchley Aboriginal Area
 * Howe Aboriginal Area
 * Mooney Mooney Aboriginal Area
 * Mount Kuring-gai Aboriginal Area

Historic Sites
A number of Historic Sites are managed by the Department of Environment and Climate Change. Other historic sites in the state are managed by the Historic Houses Trust of New South Wales.
 * Stony Range Regional Botanic Garden

Central NSW

 * Hill End Historic Site
 * Innes Ruins Historic Site
 * Koonadan Historic Site
 * Maynggu Ganai Historic Site
 * Yuranighs Aboriginal Grave Historic Site

Hunter & Mid North Coast

 * Clybucca Historic Site

Northern Rivers

 * Tweed Heads Historic Site

Outback NSW

 * Mount Grenfell Historic Site
 * Mutawintji Historic Site

South Coast & Highlands

 * Davidson Whaling Station Historic Site
 * Throsby Park Historic Site

Sydney & Surrounds

 * Cadmans Cottage Historic Site
 * Hartley Historic Site
 * Maroota Historic Site
 * Wisemans Ferry Historic Site
 * Bantry Bay, New South Wales

State Parks
State Parks are managed by the Land and Property Management Authority.

 * Belmont State Park
 * Coffs Coast State Park
 * Burrinjuck Waters State Park
 * Copeton Waters State Park
 * Goolawah State Park
 * Grabine Lakeside State Park
 * Killalea State Park
 * Lake Burrendong State Park
 * Lake Glenbawn State Park
 * Lake Keepit State Park
 * Wyangala Waters State Park

Karst Conservation Reserves
Four Karst Conservation Reserves are managed by the Jenolan Caves Reserve Trust.

 * Abercrombie Caves
 * Borenore Caves
 * Jenolan Caves
 * Wombeyan Caves

Marine Parks
Marine Parks are managed by the New South Wales Marine Parks Authority.

 * Batemans Marine Park
 * Cape Byron Marine Park
 * Jervis Bay Marine Park
 * Lord Howe Island Marine Park
 * Port Stephens-Great Lakes Marine Park
 * Solitary Islands Marine Park

Aquatic reserves
Aquatic reserves are managed by the New South Wales Department of Primary Industries.

 * Cook Island Aquatic Reserve, Tweed Heads
 * Barrenjoey Head Aquatic Reserve, Hawkesbury River
 * Narrabeen Head Aquatic Reserve
 * Long Reef Aquatic Reserve
 * Cabbage Tree Bay Aquatic Reserve, Manly
 * North Harbour Aquatic Reserve, Sydney
 * Bronte-Coogee Aquatic Reserve
 * Cape Banks Aquatic Reserve, La Perouse
 * Boat Harbour Aquatic Reserve, Kurnell
 * Towra Point Aquatic Reserve, Botany Bay
 * Shiprock Aquatic Reserve, Port Hacking
 * Bushrangers Bay Aquatic Reserve, Shellharbour

title: Protected areas of New South Wales