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Joinery

Joinery is a part of woodworking that involves joining pieces of wood, engineered lumber, or synthetic substitutes (such as laminate), to produce more complex items. Some woodworking joints employ mechanical fasteners, bindings, or adhesives, while others use only wood elements (such as dowels or plain mortise and tenon fittings).

The characteristics of wooden joints—strength, flexibility, toughness, appearance, etc.—derive from the properties of the materials involved and the purpose of the joint. Therefore, different joinery techniques are used to meet differing requirements. For example, the joinery used to construct a house can be different from that used to make cabinetry or furniture, although some concepts overlap. In British English joinery is distinguished from carpentry, which is considered to be a form of structural timber work; in other locales joinery is considered a form of carpentry.

History
Many traditional wood joinery techniques use the distinctive material properties of wood, often without resorting to mechanical fasteners or adhesives. While every culture of woodworking has a joinery tradition, wood joinery techniques have been especially well-documented, and are celebrated, in the Indian, Chinese, European, and Japanese traditions. Because of the physical existence of Indian and Egyptian examples, we know that furniture from the first several dynasties show the use of complex joints, like the Dovetail, over 5,000 years ago. This tradition continued to other later Western styles. The 18th-century writer Diderot included over 90 detailed illustrations of wood joints for building structures alone, in his comprehensive encyclopedia published in 1765. While Western techniques focused on concealment of joinery, the Eastern societies, though later, did not attempt to "hide" their joints. The Japanese and Chinese traditions in particular required the use of hundreds of types of joints. The reason was that nails and glues used did not stand up well to the vastly fluctuating temperatures and humid weather conditions in most of Central and South-East Asia. As well, the highly resinous woods used in traditional Chinese furniture do not glue well, even if they are cleaned with solvents and attached using modern glues.

As the trade modernized new developments have evolved to help speed, simplify, or improve joinery. Alongside the integration of different glue formulations, newer mechanical joinery techniques include "biscuit" and "domino" joints, and pocket screw joinery.

Properties of wood
Many wood joinery techniques either depend upon or compensate for the fact that wood is anisotropic: its material properties are different along different dimensions.

This must be taken into account when joining wood parts together, otherwise the joint is destined to fail. Gluing boards with the grain running perpendicular to each other is often the reason for split boards, or broken joints. Some furniture from the 18th century, while made by master craftsmen, did not take this into account. The result is a masterful work that may suffer from broken bracket feet, which was often attached with a glued block, which ran perpendicular to the base pieces. The glue blocks were fastened with both glue and nails, resulting in unequal expansion and contraction between the pieces. This was also the cause of splitting of wide boards, which were commonly available and used during that period.

In modern woodworking it is even more critical, as heating and air conditioning causes more severe respiration demands between the environment and the wood's interior fibers. All woodworking joints must take these changes into account, and allow for the resulting movement. Each wood species has a general respiration rate; a generally-assumed time length for acclimating a board to its locale is 1 year per inch of thickness. In preparing raw wood for eventual usage as furniture or structures, one must account for uneven respiration and changes in the wood's dimensions, as well as cracking or checking.

Strength
Wood is stronger when stressed along the grain (longitudinally) than it is when stressed across the grain (radially and tangentially). Wood is a natural composite material; parallel strands of cellulose fibers are held together by a lignin binder. These long chains of fibers make the wood exceptionally strong by resisting stress and spreading the load over the length of the board. Furthermore, cellulose is tougher than lignin, a fact demonstrated by the relative ease with which wood can be split along the grain compared to across it.

Different species of wood have different strength levels, and the exact strength may vary from sample to sample. Species also may differ on their length, density and parallelism of their cellulose strands.

Dimensional stability
Timber expands and contracts in response to humidity, usually much less so longitudinally than in the radial and tangential directions. As tracheophytes, trees have lignified tissues which transport resources such as water, minerals and photosynthetic products up and down the plant. While lumber from a harvested tree is no longer alive, these tissues still absorb and expel water causing swelling and shrinkage of the wood in kind with change in humidity. When the dimensional stability of the wood is paramount, quarter-sawn or rift-sawn lumber is preferred because its grain pattern is consistent and thus reacts less to humidity.

Materials used for joining

 * Dowels can secure wood joints hold without the use of glue or mechanical fasteners, as in a pinned mortise and tenon.
 * Glue is highly effective for joining timber when both surfaces of the joint are edge grain. A properly glued joint may be as strong or stronger than a single piece of wood. Animal glue is soluble in water, producing joints that can be disassembled using steam to soften the bond.
 * Various mechanical fasteners may be used, the simplest being nails and screws. Glue and fasteners can be used together.

Reinforcing joints

 * Dowel: A small rod is used internal to a joint both to help align and to strengthen the joint. Traditional joints such as butt joints are used with natural timbers as they do not need materials other than the timber itself. Dowel joints are also useful for pegging together weaker, cheaper composite materials such as laminate-faced chipboard, and where limited woodworking tools are available (since only simple drilled holes are needed to take the dowels). The wood species of a dowel may be different from the overall piece to balance strength with cost, and some joinery may leave a dowel end visible as part of the piece's design.

 * Biscuit joints: A small preformed wooden 'biscuit' is inserted in a pre-cut slot to help align an edge or butt joint when gluing.
 * Domino joiner: A trademarked form of biscuit joiner, using a piece of preformed wood, larger than a traditional biscuit and referred to as a "domino"; has some of the advantages of dowels and of biscuits.

All reinforcements using wood as the introduced spanning material make use of the item's cellulose fibers to resist breakage. Biscuits or dominos may provide only slight strength improvement while still forming a strong alignment guide for the joint's pieces.

Traditional
Most-commonly referenced joints carried forward from historical Western traditions.

Joinery terms
When material is removed to create a woodworking joint, the resulting surfaces have the following names:
 * Cheek, the flat surface parallel to the face of the joint member which exposes long grain
 * Shoulder, the surface perpendicular to the face or edge of the joint member which exposes end grain

Joinery as a profession
A joiner is an artisan and tradesperson who builds things by joining pieces of wood, particularly lighter and more ornamental work than that done by a carpenter, including furniture and the "fittings" of a house, ship, etc. Joiners may work in a workshop, because the formation of various joints is made easier by the use of non-portable, powered machinery, or on job site. A joiner usually produces items such as interior and exterior doors, windows, stairs, tables, bookshelves, cabinets, furniture, etc. In shipbuilding a marine joiner may work with materials other than wood such as linoleum, fibreglass, hardware, and gaskets.

The terms joinery and joiner are in common use in Canada, UK, Australia, and New Zealand. The term is not in common use in America, although the main trade union for American carpenters is called the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America.

In the UK, an apprentice of wood occupations could choose to study bench joinery or site carpentry and joinery. Bench joinery is the preparation, setting out, and manufacture of joinery components while site carpentry and joinery focus on the installation of the joinery components, and on the setting out and fabrication of timber elements used in construction.

In Canada, joinery is considered a separate trade from carpentry. Both having their own apprenticeship path and red-seal certification.

History of joinery
In the history of technology in Europe, joinery was the medieval development of frame and panel construction, as a means of coping with timber's movement owing to moisture changes. Framed panel construction was utilised in furniture making. The development of joinery gave rise to "joyners", a group of woodworkers distinct from the carpenters and arkwrights (arks were an intermediate stage between a carpenter's boarded chest and a framed chest).

The original sense of joinery is only distantly related to the modern practice of woodworking joints, which are the work of carpenters. This new technique developed over several centuries and joiners started making more complex furniture and panelled rooms. Cabinetmaking became its own distinct furniture-making trade too, so joiners (under that name) became more associated with the room panelling trade.

By the height of craft woodworking (late 18th century), carpenters, joiners, and cabinetmakers were all distinct and would serve different apprenticeships.

In British English, a joiner is colloquially known as a "chippy".

Woodworking professions
The Institute of Carpenters recognizes the following professionals working in wood:
 * Carpenters
 * Furniture and cabinet makers
 * Boat builders (woodworking skills)
 * Joiners
 * Shopfitter
 * Structural post and beam carpenters (timber framing)
 * Wheelwrights
 * Wood carvers
 * Wood turners

title: Joinery


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Talk:Jethro Tull (band)

Live at the House of Blues (Jethro Tull album)
Some time ago, someone added an article for two bootleg albums. I cannot see any reason that article should exist. I have put is as an article for deletion.

If you have a view, please comment on Articles for deletion/Live at the House of Blues (Jethro Tull album).

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. -- Beardo (talk) 01:00, 20 September 2021 (UTC)

Why does the page refer to the band as plural?
Rush is a band. Motley Crue is a band. But Jethro Tull are a band? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1700:1904:3460:41FF:1A54:1F67:8138 (talk) 15:08, 4 October 2021 (UTC)
 * In British English, bands and other grouped entities that go by a single name, even if their proper name is singular, are referred to as a plural entity, which is different from US English which follow from the nature of the name itself. Since JT is 100% a British band and we us WP:ENGVAR that variety of English for them, that's why we refer to the band in a plural form. --M asem (t) 15:15, 4 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Well Doane Perry is American. And Florian Opahle is German. But you're right. Martinevans123 (talk) 15:22, 4 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Yes! Furthermore, "Fleetwood Mac are a British-American rock band..." -- because they're more British than American.  — Mudwater (Talk) 16:39, 4 October 2021 (UTC)
 * I had no idea. Thanks, that was driving me crazy. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Poppakap (talk • contribs) 17:25, 4 October 2021 (UTC)
 * I think it comes from not seeing a group as a separate entity but as a group of individuals. -- Beardo (talk) 16:43, 19 March 2022 (UTC)

50 million or 60 million?
The article says that Tull has sold 60 million albums worldwide, based on a 2014 reference. However, in a new article from 2022, the number has gone down to 50 million. https://jethrotull.com/new-jethro-tull-album-2023/

So have we been sending them back for refunds? Assambrew (talk) 22:12, 29 November 2022 (UTC)

 * I not gotten mine yet. 24.57.18.201 (talk) 06:46, 24 February 2023 (UTC)

Blackpool or Luton?
Over the years I've seen the band's origin in the infobox go back and forth between Blackpool or Luton.

You can make fair arguments for both. The band that released This Was in 1968 was formed in Luton, however that band's origins can be very clearly traced back to Blackpool. But, the Blackpool band went by a different name (John Evan Band/Smash), played different music and was composed mostly of different members, many of whom joined Tull later.

Does anyone have any strong feelings on this? Would be nice to have a consensus. Basil the Bat Lord (talk) 10:08, 20 March 2024 (UTC)

 * It's not clear cut. As Brian Rabey (2013) describes in his book, the original band members went to school together in Blackpool, but the band later moved to Luton "because Mick lived there". In his book "Blackpool" gets 35 mentions, while "Luton" gets only 7. But if we go just by the name, used at gigs and for the first record, we'd probably have to go with Luton? Martinevans123 (talk) 10:25, 20 March 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Jethro Tull (band)


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Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty

An Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB; Ardal o Harddwch Naturiol Eithriadol, AHNE) is one of 46 areas of countryside in England, Wales, or Northern Ireland that has been designated for conservation due to its significant landscape value.

Areas are designated in recognition of their national importance by the relevant public body: Natural England, Natural Resources Wales, and the Northern Ireland Environment Agency respectively. On 22 November 2023, following a 2022 Landscapes Review policy paper, the AONBs in England and Wales adopted a new name, National Landscapes (Tirweddau Cenedlaethol), and are in the process of rebranding. The name "area of outstanding national beauty" is still the designated legal term.

In place of the term AONB, Scotland uses the similar national scenic area (NSA) designation. Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty enjoy levels of protection from development similar to those of UK national parks, but unlike national parks the responsible bodies do not have their own planning powers. They also differ from national parks in their more limited opportunities for extensive outdoor recreation.

History
The idea for what would eventually become the AONB designation was first put forward by John Dower in his 1945 Report to the Government on National Parks in England and Wales. Dower suggested there was need for protection of certain naturally beautiful landscapes that were unsuitable as national parks owing to their small size and lack of wildness. Dower's recommendation for the designation of these "other amenity areas" was eventually embodied in the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949 as the AONB designation.

Purpose
The purpose of an AONB designation is to conserve and enhance the natural beauty of the designated landscape.

There are two secondary aims: meeting the need for quiet enjoyment of the countryside and having regard for the interests of those who live and work there. To achieve these aims, AONBs rely on planning controls and practical countryside management. As they have the same landscape quality, AONBs may be compared to the national parks of England and Wales. National parks are well known in the UK; by contrast, there is evidence to indicate many residents in AONBs may be unaware of the status. However, the National Association of AONBs is working to increase awareness of AONBs in local communities, and, in 2014, successfully negotiated to have the boundaries of AONBs in England shown on Google Maps.

Statistical overview
There are 46 Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in the United Kingdom: 33 in England, four in Wales, one on the England–Wales border, and eight in Northern Ireland. The first AONB was established in 1956 on the Gower Peninsula in South Wales, and the most recent to be designated is the Tamar Valley AONB, established in 1995. More recent changes include the Clwydian Range AONB being extended in 2012 to form the Clwydian Range and Dee Valley AONB, and the Strangford Lough and Lecale Coast AONBs being merged to form a single AONB in 2010.

AONBs vary greatly in terms of size, type and use of land, and whether they are partly or wholly open to the public. The smallest AONB is the Isles of Scilly, 16 km2, and the largest is the Cotswolds, 2038 km2. AONBs cover around 15% of England and 4% of Wales.

Legal status and organisation
AONBs in England and Wales were originally created under the same legislation as the national parks, the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949. Unlike AONBs, national parks have special legal powers to prevent unsympathetic development. AONBs in general remain the responsibility of their local authorities by means of special committees that include members appointed by a minister and by parishes, and only very limited statutory duties were imposed on local authorities within an AONB by the original 1949 Act. However, further regulation and protection of AONBs in England and Wales was added by the Countryside and Rights of Way (CRoW) Act 2000, under which new designations are now made,

In the National Planning Policy Framework (March 2012), the government stated that AONBs and national parks have equal status when it comes to planning decisions on landscape issues. Two of the AONBs (the Cotswolds and the Chilterns), which extend into a large number of local authority areas, have their own statutory bodies, known as conservation boards. In 2019 the Glover Report made various recommendations regarding the future of AONBs – the report's 'central proposal' being to bring National Parks and AONBs together as part of one 'family of national landscapes' – but as at 1 November 2020 the government has yet to respond to those recommendations. However, the Cotswolds Conservation Board announced in September 2020 that they were re-styling the area name and it is now known as the Cotswolds National Landscape.

All English and Welsh AONBs have a dedicated AONB officer and other staff. As required by the CRoW Act, each AONB has a management plan that sets out the characteristics and special qualities of the landscape and how they will be conserved and enhanced. The AONBs are collectively represented by the National Association for Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (NAAONB), an independent registered charity acting on behalf of AONBs and their partners, which uses the slogan "Landscapes for Life".

AONBs in Northern Ireland was designated originally under the Amenity Lands (NI) Act 1965; subsequently under the Nature Conservation and Amenity Lands (NI) Order 1985.

Threats
There are growing concerns among environmental and countryside groups that AONB status is increasingly under threat from development. The Campaign to Protect Rural England said in July 2006 that many AONBs were under greater threat than ever before. Three particular AONBs were cited: the Dorset AONB threatened by a road plan, the threat of a football stadium in the Sussex Downs AONB, and, larger than any other, a £1 billion plan by Imperial College London to build thousands of houses and offices on hundreds of acres of AONB land on the Kent Downs at Wye. In September 2007 government approval was finally given for the development of a new football ground for Brighton and Hove Albion within the boundaries of the Sussex Downs AONB, after a fierce fight by conservationists. The subsequent development, known as Falmer Stadium, was officially opened in July 2011. The Weymouth Relief Road in Dorset was constructed between 2008 and 2011, after environmental groups lost a High Court challenge to prevent its construction.

Writing in 2006, Professor Adrian Phillips listed threats facing AONBs, which he says include uncertainty over future support for land management, increasing development pressures, the impacts of globalization, and climate change. More subtle threats include creeping suburbanization and horsiculture.

Celebration
Poet Laureate Simon Armitage wrote a poem "Fugitives", commissioned by the National Association of AONBs, which he read on Arnside Knott on 21 September 2019 to launch the celebration of the 70th anniversary of the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act.

Former Areas
South Hampshire Coast AONB

The establishment of the New Forest National Park in 2005 meant the subsumption of South Hampshire Coast AONB into it.

East Hampshire AONB and Sussex Downs AONB

East Hampshire and Sussex Downs AONBs were replaced in 2010 by the South Downs National Park.

Northern Ireland
Notes

Proposed areas in England
The following are formal proposals for new AONBs submitted to Natural England:
 * Cambs Ouse Valley
 * Churnet Valley
 * Forest of Dean
 * Herefordshire Marches
 * Northants Ironstone Uplands
 * Yorkshire Wolds

The 2019 Landscape Review Report additionally favourably mentions proposals not listed in Natural England's list: from Sandstone Ridge and the Vale of Belvoir. The Cheshire Sandstone Ridge was subsequently shortlisted for AONB designation in 2021.

title: Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty


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Hand saw

In woodworking and carpentry, hand saws, also known as "panel saws", are used to cut pieces of wood into different shapes. This is usually done in order to join the pieces together and carve a wooden object. They usually operate by having a series of sharp points of some substance that is harder than the wood being cut. The hand saw is a bit like a tenon saw, but with one flat, sharp edge.

Hand saws have been around for thousands of years. Egyptian hieroglyphics exist depicting ancient woodworkers sawing boards into pieces. Ancient bow saws have been found in Japan. The cut patterns on ancient boards may be observed sometimes to bear the unique cutting marks left by saw blades, particularly if the wood was not 'smoothed up' by some method. As for preservation of hand saws, twenty-four saws from eighteenth-century England are known to survive.

Materials for saw blades have varied over the ages. There were probably bronze saws in the time before steel making technology became extensively known and industrialized within the past thousand years or so.

The most popular material for handles of hand saws is applewood; in the early 1900s 2,000,000 board feet of applewood were used annually for this purpose.

Sometimes cultures developed two main types of saw teeth: the cross cut saw teeth and the rip saw teeth. These cut into the wood using different mechanisms. Wood is composed of many long cells running length-ways. Thus, crosscut saws have sawteeth that are usually shaped, often with a metal file, in such a way that they form a series of tiny knifelike edges. The wood cells are contacted by the knife-edge of the tooth and cut. Rip saws, on the other hand, are usually shaped so that they form a series of tiny chisel-like edges. The wood cells are contacted by the chisel and 'ripped' apart from the bundle of other cells. It is common that people do not recognize the difference and use saws both ways. However, a rip saw is much faster than a cross-cut saw when cutting with the grain but leaves a very rough cut, often with splinters on the surface, and has more difficulty maintaining a straight cut when cutting across the grain. The cross-cut saw can cut in any direction but is much slower than needs be when cutting with the grain.

The development of saws was also affected by several factors. The first was the importance of wood to a society, the development of steel and other saw-making technologies and the type of power available. These factors were, in turn, influenced by the environment, such as the types of ores available, the types of trees nearby and the types of wood which was in those trees. Finally, the types of jobs the saws were to perform was also important in the development of the technology.

Among Basques and Australians, traditional hand sawing has generated rural sports. The Basque variant is called tronral.

title: Hand saw


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Talk:Steel

Crystalline forms of steel, 2 or 3?
The introduction states "Depending on the temperature, it can take two crystalline forms (allotropic forms): body-centred cubic and face-centred cubic." However, the Properties section states "Depending on the carbon content, the martensitic phase takes different forms. Below 0.2% carbon, it takes on a ferrite BCC crystal form, but at higher carbon content it takes a body-centred tetragonal (BCT) structure."

Should the intro make note of this circumstantial BCT form? CopperGenie (talk) 19:49, 1 January 2023 (UTC)

Is "Electrical steel" a steel?
According to another article, electrical steel is an iron-silicon alloy with extremely low amounts of carbon - .005% or lower. My understanding is carbon has to eliminated from electrical steels, so I wonder if it isn't steel in the usual sense - an iron-carbon alloy.

This article discusses ultra-low carbon steels, also known as deep drawing steel. Sometimes phosphorus is added to help reduce carbides and nitrides and to increase strength.

Is it just common usage to describe an iron-silicon alloy or an iron-phosphorus alloy as a "steel"? Perhaps it's technically incorrect to do so. Or does the lede for this Steel article need to define steel a little more broadly? Should the lede say something like "Steel is usually an alloy of iron and carbon..." or perhaps "Steel is an iron-based alloy. Many varieties of steel have been created to achieve a range of desirable properties. Most steels include carbon for improved strength and fracture resistance compared to other forms of iron".

Should there be a section in the article on "ultra-low carbon steels" that includes electrical steel and DDS? There is no link to the article on Electrical steel from the article on Steel. Should there be?

Paul Foxworthy (talk) 01:45, 13 August 2023 (UTC)

What effect did steel have on the engineering world?
what got improved because of it Wiki user372 (talk) 21:58, 18 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Steel


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Talk:Parity

"Parity is deciding whether something is even or odd." So parity is a verb? Or is it a person with a rather odd occupation? No pun intended.

It has many meanings but in this article I think it is being used as a noun describing the even-ness or odd-ness of a number. IE: "The quantum-mechanical selection rule states that parity must change from odd to even or from even to odd." Rlee0001 16:57 Oct 19, 2002 (UTC)

 * the article is really confused. parity is not about whether a number is even or odd, but about whether the sum of all the bits is even or odd. In binary, the following number is odd parity even though it is an even number: 00001110; and this number is even parity even though it is an odd number: 00110011. Waveguy 01:34, 12 Sep 2003 (UTC)

Can anyone confirm that supposed mathematics definition of parity? Also, I like the random virus info but it doesn't fit, at least not under the mathematics entry.

Changes to physics/mathematics definitions
Current:

 * Parity (physics), the name of the symmetry of interactions under spatial inversion
 * Parity (mathematics), indicates whether a number is even or odd

Proposed:

 * Parity (physics), a symmetry property of physical quantities or processes under spatial inversion
 * Mathematically this property relates to the concept of even and odd functions
 * Parity (mathematics), indicates whether a number is even or odd

Reasons:

 * I feel it does the concept an injustice to describe parity as a "name" rather than a "property"
 * The concept of even and odd functions is a glaring absence from this list and is the basis for Parity (physics)

I am interested to know what people think of these changes.--DJIndica (talk) 13:14, 31 August 2009 (UTC)

 * First of all, I think you need to read MOS:DAB, the ideas on what a disambiguation page should consist of has changed over the years and may currently be different to what you understood it to be when you joined Wikipedia. The stuff about even and odd functions needs to be removed, dab pages should be as minimalist as possible, just enough to direct the user to the article they are searching for.  I agree even and odd functions are intimately connected with parity but it does not mean parity and is a very unlikely search term for that article.  However, there absolutely should be a link to even and odd functions in parity (mathematics).  Just put it in the "see also" section if you can't think of a way to smoothly work it into the article.  Sp in ni  ng  Spark  15:02, 31 August 2009 (UTC)

not here
Why is cubing parity not hereTheRandomMan (talk) 23:54, 24 June 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Parity


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List of Austrians

This is a list of notable Austrians.

Actors/actresses

 * Helmut Berger (1944–2023), actor
 * Senta Berger (born 1941), actress
 * Klaus Maria Brandauer (born 1943), actor
 * Wolfgang Cerny (born 1984), actor
 * Marie Geistinger (1836–1903), actress and opera singer
 * Gilla (born 1950), also known as Gisela Wuchinger; singer and actor from the disco era
 * Käthe Gold (1907–1997), stage actress
 * Liane Haid (1895–2000), first Austrian movie star
 * Attila Hörbiger (1896–1987), actor
 * Christiane Hörbiger (1938–2022), actress
 * Paul Hörbiger (1894–1981), actor
 * Maria Hofstätter
 * Brigitte Kren
 * Boris Kodjoe (born 1973), actor
 * Melanie Kogler (born 1985), television and theatre actress
 * Hedy Lamarr (1914–2000), actress; also co-inventor of spread spectrum radio technology; became U.S. citizen
 * Karl Merkatz (1930–2022), actor (most notable for his role as a Viennese in "Mundl")
 * Birgit Minichmayr (born 1977), actress
 * Hans Moser (1880–1964), comedy actor
 * Reggie Nalder (1907–1991), actor
 * Maximilian Schell (1930–2014), actor
 * Ursula Strauss
 * Nina Proll
 * Arnold Schwarzenegger (born 1947), bodybuilder, actor, became U.S. citizen, governor of the U.S. state of California (2003–2011)
 * Erich von Stroheim (1885–1957), actor and film director
 * Christoph Waltz (born 1956), actor
 * Maria Weiss, mezzo-soprano and actress
 * Oskar Werner (1922–1984), actor

Artists/architects

 * Felix de Weldon (1907–2003), sculptor
 * Maria Auböck (born 1951), landscape architect
 * Bernhard Cella (born 1969), conceptual artist
 * Karl Duldig (1902–1986), Austrian-Australian sculptor
 * Albin Egger-Lienz (1868–1926), painter
 * Karl Ehn (1884–1957), architect, designer of the Karl-Marx-Hof
 * Trude Fleischmann (1895–1990), photographer
 * Ernst Fuchs (1930–2015), artist
 * Xenia Hausner (born 1951), painter
 * Gottfried Helnwein (born 1948), artist, born in Vienna
 * Kurt Hentschlager (born 1960), new media artist
 * Friedensreich Hundertwasser (1928–2000), artist
 * Gustav Klimt (1862–1918), artist, helped found Vienna Secession
 * Oskar Kokoschka (1886–1980), painter
 * Alfred Kubin (1877–1959), graphic artist
 * Adolf Loos (1870–1933), architect, born in Brno (Moravia, present-day Czech Republic)
 * Hans Makart (1840–1884), history painter, designer and decorator
 * Inge Morath (1923–2002), photographer
 * Richard Neutra (1892–1970), architect
 * Wolf Prix (born 1942), architect, co-founder of Coop Himmelb(l)au
 * Willy Puchner (born 1952), photographer
 * Arnulf Rainer (born 1929), painter
 * Johann Michael Rottmayr (1656–1730), Baroque painter
 * Egon Schiele (1890–1918), painter
 * Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky (1897–2000), architect and political activist
 * De Es Schwertberger (born 1942), artist
 * Harry Seidler (1923–2006), architect
 * Helmut Swiczinsky (born 1944), architect, co-founder of Coop Himmelb(l)au
 * Aloys Wach (1892–1940), painter
 * Otto Wagner (1841–1918), Jugendstil architect behind much of turn-of-the-century Viennese architecture
 * Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller (1793–1865), painter
 * Franz West (1947–2012), artist
 * Olga Wisinger-Florian (1844–1926), painter

Composers/musicians

 * Wolfgang Ambros (born 1952), pop musician
 * Louie Austen (born 1946), composer and musician
 * Ernst Bachrich (1892/1893–1942), composer and conductor
 * Caroline Bayer (1758–1803), 18th-century violinist and composer
 * Alban Berg (1885–1935), composer
 * Alfred Brendel (born 1931), pianist
 * Anton Bruckner (1824–1896), composer
 * RAF Camora (born 1984), hip-hop musician and producer
 * Friedrich Cerha (1926–2023), composer and conductor
 * Carl Czerny (1791–1857), pianist and composer
 * Anton Diabelli (1781–1858), publisher, editor and composer
 * Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf (1739–1799), composer
 * Karlheinz Essl (born 1960), composer and electronic musician
 * Falco (1957–1998), pop musician
 * Christian Fennesz (born 1962), electronic musician
 * Bernhard Gál (born 1971), composer and artist
 * Georg Friedrich Haas (born 1953), composer
 * Natascha Hagen (born 1974), singer-songwriter
 * Nikolaus Harnoncourt (1929–2016), conductor
 * Joseph Haydn (1732–1809), composer
 * Michael Haydn (1737–1806), composer, younger brother of Joseph Haydn
 * Yung Hurn (born 1995), hip-hop musician
 * Udo Jürgens (1934–2014), singer-songwriter
 * Herbert von Karajan (1908–1989), conductor
 * Bernhard Lang (born 1957), composer
 * Thomas Lang (born 1967), drummer and composer
 * Joseph Lanner (1801–1843), composer
 * Left Boy (born 1988), singer
 * Elisabeth Leonskaja (born 1945), pianist, Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, First Class, in 2006
 * Gustav Mahler (1860–1911), composer
 * Penny McLean (born 1948), singer with the disco group Silver Convention
 * Marianne von Martinez (1744–1812), composer, singer
 * Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791), musician and composer
 * Olga Neuwirth (born 1968), composer
 * Gerhard Potuznik, electronic musician
 * Franz Schmidt (1874–1939), composer
 * Arnold Schoenberg (1874–1951), composer
 * Franz Schubert (1797–1828), composer and musician
 * Parov Stelar (born 1974), electronic musician
 * Eduard Strauss (1835–1916), composer
 * Johann Strauss Jr. (1825–1899), composer
 * Johann Strauss Sr. (1804–1849), composer
 * Josef Strauss (1827–1870), composer
 * Franz von Suppé (1819–1895), composer
 * Anton Webern (1883–1945), composer
 * Franz Welser-Möst (born 1960), conductor
 * Hugo Wolf (1860–1903), composer
 * Conchita Wurst (born 1988), pop musician
 * Joe Zawinul (1932–2007), jazz musician, composer
 * Eric Zeisl (1905–1959), composer
 * Alexander von Zemlinsky (1871–1942), composer

Entrepreneurs

 * Hannes Androsch (born 1938), former minister of finance in the government of Bruno Kreisky
 * Hikmet Ersek, CEO of The Western Union Company, a Fortune 500 company
 * Ignaz Glaser (1853–1916), entrepreneur
 * Gaston Glock (1929-2023), inventor, founder of Glock Ges.m.b.H.
 * Niki Lauda (1949–2019), Formula One race car driver and aviation entrepreneur
 * Richard Lugner (born 1932), entrepreneur and society figure
 * Dietrich Mateschitz (1944–2022), businessman behind the Red Bull brand
 * Ludwig (Louis) von Nathaniel (1882–1955), banker
 * Ferdinand Porsche (1875–1951), automotive engineer, designed the Volkswagen (the "people's car"), born in Vratislavice nad Nisou (Austria-Hungary, Bohemia, present-day Czech Republic)
 * Ferdinand Anton Ernst Porsche (1909–1998), automotive engineer and entrepreneur, he expanded the sports car manufacturer Porsche AG to what it is now
 * Johann Puch (1862–1914), inventor, mechanic, co-founder of Steyr-Daimler-Puch
 * Albert Salomon von Rothschild (1844–1911), banker
 * Anselm von Rothschild (1803–1874), banker
 * Ferdinand James von Rothschild (1839–1898), investor
 * Nathaniel Mayer Anselm von Rothschild (1836–1905), banker
 * Salomon Mayer von Rothschild (1774–1855), banker
 * Robert Schlumberger (1814–1879), entrepreneur
 * Frank Stronach (born in Austria, 1932), entrepreneur
 * Daniel Swarovski (1862–1956), founder of Swarovski AG, world-famous crystals, born in Jiřetín pod Bukovou, (Bohemia, present-day Czech Republic)

Filmmakers

 * Barbara Albert (born 1970), film director, producer and writer
 * Franz Antel (1913–2007), director, actor and writer
 * Axel Corti (1933–1993), director
 * Elfi von Dassanowsky (1924–2007), film producer, singer, pianist
 * Andrea Maria Dusl (born 1961), film director and writer
 * Amir Esmann (born 1965), director, director of photography, writer
 * Max Fleischer (1883–1972), animator
 * Michael Haneke (born 1942), film director (born in Germany, however lives and works in Austria)
 * Fritz Lang (1890–1976), film director
 * Francis Lawrence (born 1971), Austrian-American film director
 * Otto Preminger (1905–1986), film director
 * Stefan Ruzowitzky (born 1961), film director and writer
 * Arnold Schwarzenegger (born 1947), actor and politician
 * Ulrich Seidl (born 1952), film director and writer
 * Josef von Sternberg (1894–1969), film director
 * Erich von Stroheim (1885–1957), film director
 * Wolfgang Suschitzky (1912–2016), director of photography
 * Edgar G. Ulmer (1904–1972), film director
 * Hans Weingartner (born 1977), film director, producer and writer
 * Virgil Widrich (born 1967), film director, producer and writer
 * Billy Wilder (1906–2002), film director, born in Austria-Hungary
 * Fred Zinnemann (1907–1977), film director

Mountaineers

 * Peter Aufschnaiter (1899–1973), mountaineer and co-traveller of Heinrich Harrer (Seven Years in Tibet)
 * Karl Blodig (1859–1956), mountaineer (first to climb all alpine mountains above 4,000 m)
 * Hermann Buhl (1924–1957), first ascent of Nanga Parbat on the 1953 German–Austrian Nanga Parbat expedition, first ascent of Broad Peak
 * Kurt Diemberger (born 1932), first ascents of Broad Peak (1957) and Dhaulagiri (1960)
 * Peter Habeler (born 1942), first ascent of Mount Everest without oxygen (together with Reinhold Messner)
 * Heinrich Harrer (1912–2006), mountaineer (first ascent of the Carstensz Pyramid) and writer (Seven Years in Tibet)
 * Gerlinde Kaltenbrunner (born 1970), first woman to ascend all eight-thousanders without oxygen (2011)
 * Fritz Moravec (1922–1997), first ascent of Gasherbrum II (1956)
 * Ludwig Purtscheller (1849–1900), first ascent of Kilimanjaro in 1889
 * Marcus Schmuck (1925–2005), first ascent of Broad Peak in 1957 as expedition leader
 * Herbert Tichy (1912–1987), geologist, journalist and mountaineer (first ascent of Cho Oyu)
 * Luis Trenker (1892–1990), mountaineer, film director and writer (born in the southern part of Tyrol, then in Austria-Hungary)
 * Fritz Wintersteller (1927–2018), first ascent of Broad Peak in 1957

Military leaders

 * Haim Bar-Lev (1924–1994), Israeli general and government minister
 * Leopold Josef Graf Daun (1705–1766), field marshal
 * Joseph Radetzky von Radetz (1766–1858), military leader
 * Prince Eugene of Savoy (1663–1736), general in the war against the Turks (17th–18th century)
 * Philipp von Stadion und Thannhausen (1799–1868), field marshal
 * Wilhelm von Tegetthoff (1827–1871), admiral
 * Georg von Trapp (1880–1947), navy officer
 * Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz (1787–1862), general
 * Archduke Charles of Austria (1771–1847), fought against Napoleon

Politicians

 * Kasimir Felix Graf Badeni, statesman and diplomat
 * Leopold Graf Berchtold, foreign minister at the outbreak of the First World War
 * Brigitte Bierlein, Chancellor 2019–2020
 * Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi, politician and writer
 * Engelbert Dollfuß, Chancellor 1932–1934 (First Republic), established Austrofascism
 * Leopold Figl, Chancellor 1945–1953, foreign minister 1953–1959
 * Heinz Fischer, former President
 * Werner Faymann, former Chancellor
 * Jörg Haider, politician, governour of Carinthia until his death in 2008
 * Adolf Hitler, leader of Nazi Germany 1933–1945, gained German citizenship in 1932, and became German Chancellor in 1933. In 1938, he annexed Austria with the Anschluß
 * Joseph Hormayr Freiherr zu Hortenburg, statesman and historian
 * Theodor Innitzer, cardinal archbishop of Vienna 1932–1955, minister of social affairs 1929–1930
 * Ernst Kaltenbrunner, NSDAP politician
 * Wenzel Anton Graf Kaunitz, statesman
 * Christian Kern, Chancellor 2016–2017
 * Rudolf Kirchschläger, judge, diplomat and President 1974–1986
 * Thomas Klestil, diplomat, President 1992–2004
 * Teddy Kollek, Israeli Mayor of Jerusalem
 * Bruno Kreisky, Chancellor 1970–1983, foreign minister 1959–1966
 * Sebastian Kurz, Chancellor 2017–2019, 2020–2021
 * Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, diplomat and statesman
 * Julius Raab, Chancellor 1953–1961
 * Karl Renner, Chancellor 1918–1920 and 1945, first President of the Second Republic 1945–1950
 * Adolf Schärf, President 1957–1965
 * Anton von Schmerling, statesman (liberal movement of the 19th century)
 * Kurt Schuschnigg, Chancellor 1934–1938
 * Wolfgang Schüssel, Chancellor 2000–2007
 * Arnold Schwarzenegger, former governor of California
 * Ignaz Seipel, Catholic priest, Chancellor 1922–1924 and 1926–1929
 * Arthur Seyß-Inquart, NSDAP politician, last Chancellor before the Anschluss in 1938
 * Johann Philipp von Stadion, statesman, foreign minister and diplomat 1763–1824
 * Alexander Van der Bellen, former chairman of the Austrian Green Party and President since 2017
 * Kurt Waldheim, diplomat and politician, UN Secretary-General 1972–1982, President of Austria 1986–1992

Religious leaders

 * Theodor Innitzer, cardinal archbishop of Vienna 1932–1955, minister of social affairs 1929–1930
 * Franz König (1905–2004), Cardinal Archbishop of Vienna (1956–1985)
 * Christoph Schönborn, archbishop and cardinal
 * Ignaz Seipel, Catholic priest, Chancellor 1922–1924 and 1926–1929

Royalty

 * Elisabeth, Empress-Consort of Austria, wife of Francis Joseph I
 * Ferdinand I, Emperor of Austria
 * Francis Joseph I, Emperor of Austria
 * Francis II/I, Holy Roman Emperor, first Emperor of Austria
 * Franz Ferdinand, Archduke (assassinated in 1914)
 * Frederick II of Austria, last Babenberger duke of Austria
 * Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, reformer (abolished the death penalty) 1780–1790
 * Karl I, last Emperor of Austria
 * Karl V, Holy Roman Emperor (1500–1558)
 * Leopold V, Babenberg duke of Austria, participated in the Third Crusade
 * Maria Leopoldina, Archduchess, became Empress of Brazil
 * Maria Theresia, Archduchess of Austria, Holy Roman Empress-Consort, last male-line Habsburg
 * Marie Antoinette, Archduchess, became Queen of France
 * Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (1459–1519)
 * Maximilian I, Emperor of Mexico, Archduke of Austria
 * Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria, Archduke of Austria
 * Rudolph I, King of Germany, first Habsburg king
 * Rudolf IV of Austria, Duke of Austria, self-styled archduke 1358–1365 (Privilegium Maius)

Economists

 * Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk (1851–1914), economist and early member of the Austrian School of Economics
 * Gottfried von Haberler (1900–1995), Austrian-American economist, born in Purkersdorf, Austria-Hungary
 * Friedrich Hayek (1899–1992), economist and social scientist, Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1974 (became a British citizen in 1938)
 * Leopold Kohr (1909–1994), economist, jurist and political scientist
 * Fritz Machlup (1902–1983), Austrian-American economist, born in Wiener Neustadt, Austria-Hungary
 * Carl Menger (1840–1921), founder of the Austrian School of economics
 * Ludwig von Mises (1881–1973), free-market economist
 * Oskar Morgenstern (1902–1977), co-founder of game theory
 * Otto Neurath (1882–1945), socialist, economist and philosopher
 * Joseph Schumpeter (1883–1950), economist, born in Triesch, Austria-Hungary
 * Friedrich von Wieser (1851–1926), economist of the Austrian School

Engineers/inventors

 * Thomas Feichtner (born 1970), industrial designer
 * Anselm Franz (1900–1994), pioneer in jet engine engineering, designed the world's first turbojet
 * Gaston Glock (born 1929), inventor, founder of firearms company GLOCK GmbH
 * Eduard Haas (1897–1989), inventor of the Pez candy
 * Hedy Lamarr (1914–2000), co-inventor of spread spectrum wireless communications, along with George Antheil
 * Viktor Kaplan (1876–1934), inventor of turbines for river power plants
 * Wilhelm Kress (1836–1913), aviation pioneer, inventor of the stick control for airplanes
 * Ernst Lauda (1859–1932), hydraulic and bridge engineer
 * Josef Madersperger (1768–1850), invented the sewing machine in 1818
 * Siegfried Marcus (1831–1898), automobile pioneer, inventor of the first gasoline powered automobile (vehicles of 1870 and 1889)
 * Alois Negrelli (1799–1858), engineer and railroad pioneer (created the plans for the Suez Canal)
 * Ferdinand Porsche (1875–1951), automotive engineer, designed the Volkswagen (the "people's car"), inventor of the hybrid car, contributed to the design of the Tiger I and Tiger II tanks (born in Austria-Hungary)
 * Josef Ressel (1793–1857), inventor of the marine screw propeller, pneumatic post and ball bearing
 * Alois Senefelder (1771–1834), inventor of the printing technique of lithography
 * Josef Singer (1923–2009), Israeli aeronautical engineer and President of Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
 * Max Valier (1895–1930), rocketry pioneer
 * Carl Auer von Welsbach (1858–1929), inventor of gaslight
 * Theodor Scheimpflug (1865–1911), inventor of Scheimpflug photography

Philosophers

 * Franz Brentano (1838–1917), philosopher and psychologist
 * Martin Buber (1878–1965), philosopher
 * Christian von Ehrenfels (1859–1932), philosopher
 * Herbert Feigl (1902–1988), philosopher (member of the Vienna Circle)
 * Paul Feyerabend (1924–1994), philosopher
 * Philipp Frank (1884–1966), philosopher and physicist (member of the Vienna Circle)
 * Edmund Husserl (1859–1938), philosopher (born in Prossnitz, Austria-Hungary)
 * Wilhelm Jerusalem (1854–1923), philosopher, born in Drenitz, died in Vienna
 * Hans Köchler (born 1948), philosopher, born in Schwaz
 * Georg Kreisel (1923–2015), philosopher and mathematician
 * Alexius Meinong (1853–1920), philosopher (theory of objects)
 * Otto Neurath (1882–1945), socialist, economist and philosopher
 * Karl Popper (1902–1994), philosopher (born in Austria, became British)
 * Friedrich Waismann (1896–1959), mathematician, philosopher and physicist (member of the Vienna Circle)
 * Otto Weininger (1880–1903), philosopher
 * Felix Weltsch (1884–1964), journalist, philosopher, student of Christian von Ehrenfels
 * Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1951), philosopher, born in Vienna

Physicists, mathematicians and chemists

 * Emil Artin, mathematician (Artin's conjecture)
 * Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906), physicist, born in Vienna
 * Fritjof Capra
 * Carl Cori, born in Prague, Austria-Hungary, biochemist, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1947
 * Christian Doppler (1803–1853), physicist, born in Salzburg (See Doppler effect)
 * Paul Ehrenfest, physicist and mathematician
 * Felix Ehrenhaft (1879–1952), maverick physicist
 * Josef Finger, physicist and mathematician
 * Heinz von Foerster (1911–2002), cyberneticist
 * Kurt Gödel, mathematician (born in Austria-Hungary, became naturalized U.S. citizen)
 * Hans Hahn, mathematician (member of the Vienna Circle)
 * Friedrich Hasenöhrl, physicist
 * Victor Franz Hess, physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics
 * Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin, chemist
 * Walter Kohn, Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1998
 * Georg Kreisel, philosopher and mathematician
 * Richard Kuhn, chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1938
 * Johann Josef Loschmidt, physicist and chemist
 * Ernst Mach, physicist and philosopher (Mach number)
 * Lise Meitner, physicist
 * Richard von Mises, physicist (younger brother of Ludwig von Mises)
 * John von Neumann, mathematician (Hungarian, Budapest-born)
 * Wolfgang Pauli, physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics 1945
 * Max Ferdinand Perutz, chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1962
 * Johanna Piesch (1898–1992), physicist, mathematician, pioneer in switching algebra
 * Fritz Pregl, chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1923
 * Erwin Schrödinger, physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics
 * Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze, mathematician
 * Carl Auer von Welsbach, chemist
 * Gernot Zippe, physicist (developed Zippe-type centrifuge to extract uranium-235 for nuclear weapons)
 * Richard Adolf Zsigmondy, chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1925 (Hungarian origin)

Physicians

 * Alfred Adler (1870–1937), psychiatrist, father of Individual Psychology
 * Hans Asperger (1906–1980), pediatrician who studied autism, person for whom Asperger syndrome is named
 * Leopold Auenbrugger (1722–1809), physician (method of percussion)
 * Robert Bárány (1876–1936), physician, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
 * Josef Breuer (1842–1925), physician (forerunner in psychoanalysis)
 * Ernst von Fleischl-Marxow (1846–1891), physician and physiologist (studies of nerves and the brain)
 * Viktor Frankl (1905–1997), psychiatrist, father of logotherapy
 * Sigmund Freud (1856–1939), psychiatrist, father of psychoanalysis
 * Karl von Frisch (1886–1982), physician, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
 * Leo Kanner (1894–1981), child psychiatrist
 * Helen Singer Kaplan (1929-1995), sex therapist
 * Karl Landsteiner (1886–1943), physician, serologist, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
 * Otto Loewi (1873–1961), pharmacologist (born in Germany, but spent 40 years of his life, from age 25, in Austria) Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
 * Karol Ignacy Lorinser (1796–1853), physician
 * Franz Mesmer (1734–1815), physician, developed an early form of hypnotism
 * Paracelsus (1493–1541), (real name: Theophrast von Hohenheim), alchemist and physician
 * Clemens von Pirquet (1874–1929), pediatrician and scientist in bacteriology and immunology
 * Wilhelm Reich (1897–1957), psychiatrist
 * Erwin Ringel (1921–1994), Austrian psychiatrist (presuicidal syndrome)
 * Ignaz Semmelweis (1818–1865), physician (born in Hungary, Austria-Hungary)
 * Julius Wagner-Jauregg (1857–1940), physician, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1927

Psychologists

 * Paul Watzlawick, communication theory
 * Sigmund Freud, psychoanalysis

Other scientists

 * Othenio Abel, paleontologist
 * Karl von Czyhlarz, Czech-Austrian jurist
 * Martin Gerzabek, ecologist and soil scientist
 * Helene Gröger-Wurm, Austrian-born Australian ecologist
 * Hans Hass, biologist and diving pioneer
 * Max Hecker (born 1879), Austrian-born Israeli President of the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
 * Hans Kelsen, jurist (father of the Austrian constitution)
 * Konrad Lorenz zoologist, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
 * Gregor Mendel, pioneer of genetics
 * Leo Reinisch (1832-1919), linguist, Africanist and Egyptologist
 * Julius Pokorny, linguist
 * Rupert Riedl, zoologist
 * Eric Kandel, neuroscientist

Sports

 * Margarete Adler (1896–1990), swimmer, Olympic bronze medalist (4x100m freestyle relay)
 * David Alaba (born 1992), footballer, winner of 2012–13 UEFA Champions League with FC Bayern Munich
 * Felix Baumgartner (born 1969), world record setting skydiver
 * Gunther (wrestler) (born 1987), professional wrestler signed to WWE
 * Gerhard Berger (born 1959), racing driver
 * Richard Bergmann (1919–1970), seven-time world table tennis champion, ITTF Hall of Fame
 * Albert Bogen (Albert Bógathy) (1882–1961), saber fencer, Olympic silver medalist
 * Fritzi Burger (1910–1999), figure skater, two-time Olympic silver medalist, two-time World silver medalist
 * Hans Dobida (born 1929), inductee into the IIHF Hall of Fame
 * Michaela Dorfmeister (born 1973), alpine skier
 * Eva Duldig (born 1938), Austrian-born Australian and Dutch tennis player, author
 * Erich Eliskases (1913–1997), chess grandmaster
 * Otto Fischer (1901–1941), footballer and coach
 * Siegfried Flesch (1872–1939), sabre fencer, Olympic bronze medalist
 * Marcel Sabitzer (born 1994), footballer
 * Toni Fritsch (1945–2005), soccer and football player who won the Super Bowl in 1972
 * Michael Grabner (born 1987), NHL player
 * Ernst Grünfeld (1893–1962), chess grandmaster
 * Hans Haas (1906–1973), Olympic champion weightlifter (lightweight), silver medalist
 * Tunç Hamarat (born 1946), correspondence chess world champion (2004)
 * Ernst Happel (1925–1992), football player and coach
 * Judith Haspel (born "Judith Deutsch"; 1918–2004), held every Austrian women's middle and long-distance freestyle record in 1935
 * Otto Herschmann (1877–1942), two-time Olympic silver medalist (in saber fencing/team sabre and 100m freestyle)
 * Hansi Hinterseer (born 1954), skier, singer, actor, entertainer
 * Nickolaus Hirschl (1906–1991), two-time Olympic bronze medalist in wrestling (heavyweight freestyle and Greco-Roman), shot put and discus junior champion, weightlifting junior champion, and pentathlon champion
 * Felix Kaspar (1915–2003), figure skater, Olympic bronze medalist
 * Franz Klammer (born 1953), Olympic alpine ski champion
 * Alfred König (1913–1987), Austrian-Turkish Olympic sprinter
 * Hans Krankl (born 1953), football player and coach
 * Niki Lauda (1949–2019), Formula One race car driver and aviation entrepreneur
 * Hermann Maier (born 1972), Olympic alpine ski champion
 * Alex Manninger (born 1977), professional footballer for Arsenal F.C., winner of 1997–98 FA Premier League title
 * Klara Milch (born 1970), swimmer, Olympic bronze medalist (4x100m freestyle relay)
 * Uberto De Morpurgo (1896–1961), Austrian-born Italian tennis player
 * Annemarie Moser-Pröll (born 1953), alpine skier
 * Thomas Muster (born 1967), tennis champion
 * Paul Neumann (1875–1932), Olympic champion swimmer (500m freestyle)
 * Fred Oberlander (born 1996), wrestler; world champion (freestyle heavyweight); Maccabiah champion
 * Eva Pawlik (1927–1983), European figure skating Champion, World and Olympic runner-up, show star, actress, the world's first female sports commentator on TV (from 1962–1972)
 * Felix Pipes (1887–1983), tennis player, Olympic silver medalist (doubles)
 * Maxim Podoprigora (born 1978), Olympic swimmer
 * Jakob Pöltl (born 1995), basketball player; played two seasons of U.S. college basketball at Utah before declaring for the 2016 NBA draft
 * Ellen Preis (1912–2007), foil fencer, three-time world champion (1947, 1949, and 1950), Olympic champion, 17-time Austrian champion
 * Herbert Prohaska (born 1955), football player and coach
 * Roland Ratzenberger (1960–1994), race car driver, Formula One driver
 * Jochen Rindt (1942–1970), race car driver, 1970 Formula One World Champion (posthumous)
 * Toni Sailer (1935–2009), Alpine skiier, earned the Triple Crown of Alpine Skiing (by winning all three gold medals) at 1956 Olympic Games
 * Otto Scheff (born "Otto Sochaczewsky"; 1889–1956), Olympic champion swimmer (400m freestyle) and two-time bronze medalist (400m freestyle, 1,500m freestyle)
 * Max Scheuer (1895–1941), footballer; national team
 * Werner Schlager (born 1972), 2003 Table Tennis World Champion
 * Carl Schlechter (1874–1918), chess grandmaster
 * Gregor Schlierenzauer (born 1990), ski jumper, Olympic bronze medalist, World and 4 Hills Tournament champion
 * Heinrich Schönfeld (1900–1976), football player
 * Matthias Sindelar (1903–1939), footballer
 * Wilhelm Steinitz (1836–1900), winner of first-ever world chess championship in 1886
 * Josephine Sticker (1894–1963), swimmer, Olympic bronze medalist (4x100m freestyle relay)
 * Rudolf Spielmann (1883–1942), chess grandmaster
 * Herma Szabo (1902–1986), Olympic and five-time World figure skating champion
 * Dominic Thiem (born 1993), top-20 tennis player and Grand Slam Champion (Men's Singles, US Open 2020)
 * Nicole Trimmel (born 1982), kickboxing champion
 * Thomas Vanek (born 1984), NHL hockey player for the Montreal Canadiens
 * Anita Wachter (born 1967 in Schruns), Olympic alpine ski champion
 * Otto Wahle (1879–1963), swimmer, two-time Olympic silver medalist (1,000m freestyle, 200m obstacle race) and Olympic bronze medalist (400m freestyle); inducted into International Swimming Hall of Fame
 * Walter Wasservogel (1919–1993), inductee into the IIHF Hall of Fame

Writers

 * Ingeborg Bachmann (1926–1973), poet
 * Hermann Bahr (1863–1934), playwright, novelist
 * Ludwig Bemelmans (1898–1962), author of the Madeline books
 * Thomas Bernhard (1931–1989), dramatist, novelist, poet, born in Cloister Heerlen, Netherlands
 * Hermann Broch (1886–1951), novelist
 * Max Brod (1884–1968), writer, born in Prague, Austria-Hungary, (Bohemia, present-day Czech Republic), wrote in German
 * Heimito von Doderer (1896–1966), writer, born in Hadersdorf-Weidlingau near Vienna
 * Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach (1830–1916), writer (style: psychological novelist)
 * Franz Grillparzer (1791–1872), poet, Vienna
 * Robert Hamerling (1830–1889), poet
 * Peter Handke (born 1942), author, born in Griffen (Carinthia)
 * Hugo von Hofmannsthal (1874–1929), dramatist, writer
 * Martin Horváth (born 1967), writer
 * Franz Kafka (1883–1924), novelist, born in Prague, Austria-Hungary
 * Marie-Thérèse Kerschbaumer (born 1936), novelist, poet
 * Werner Kofler (1947–2011), novelist and dramatist
 * Karl Gottfried Ritter von Leitner (1800–1890), poet, writer, born in Graz
 * Alexander Lernet-Holenia (1897–1976), novelist, poet, dramatist, critic
 * Olga Misař (1876–1950), peace activist, feminist, writer
 * Robert Musil (1880–1942), writer
 * Johann Nestroy (1801–1862), playwright
 * Christine Nöstlinger (1936–2018), writer (especially literature for children)
 * Ferdinand Raimund (1790–1836), writer and dramatist
 * Christoph Ransmayr (born 1954), writer
 * Rainer Maria Rilke (1875–1926), poet and novelist, born in Prague, (Bohemia, present-day Czech Republic)
 * Peter Rosegger (1843–1918), writer, teacher & Styrian hero and visionary
 * Joseph Roth (1894–1939), novelist
 * Arthur Schnitzler (1862–1931), novelist and playwright
 * Adalbert Stifter (1805–1868), poet and artist
 * Bertha von Suttner (1843–1914), writer and pacifist Nobel Peace Prize winner, born in Prague, (Bohemia, present-day Czech Republic)
 * Georg Trakl (1887–1914), poet
 * Josef Weinheber (1892–1945), poet and essayist
 * Stefan Zweig (1881–1942), novelist and playwright

People of the Nazi Party and regime

 * Amon Göth, commandant of the Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp and executed Nazi war criminal
 * Aribert Heim, physician ("Dr. Death") in the Mauthausen concentration camp
 * Adolf Hitler, leader of the Nazi Party and Nazi Germany
 * Ernst Kaltenbrunner, high ranking SS officer and Nazi war criminal
 * Arthur Seyss-Inquart, Reich Commissioner of the Netherlands

Other notables

 * Maria Altmann, niece of Adele Bloch-Bauer
 * Walter Wolf, business person
 * Oscar Baumann, explored the interior of German East Africa (present-day Tanzania, Rwanda and Burundi)
 * Robert Bernardis, resistance fighter during WW2 (July 20 Plot)
 * Edward Bernays, Austrian-American pioneer in public relations, referred to in his obituary as "the father of public relations"
 * Adele Bloch-Bauer, subject of famous painting by Gustav Klimt
 * Josef Fritzl, notorious rapist
 * Otto von Habsburg, politician, writer, heir to the thrones of Austria-Hungary
 * Theodor Herzl, "father of Zionism", lived most of his life in Austria
 * Alois Hitler, father of Adolf Hitler
 * Klara Hitler, mother of Adolf Hitler
 * Andreas Hofer, Tyrolian freedom fighter (against Napoleon)
 * Sylvie di Giusto, professional Speaker, Consultant and Author
 * Heinrich Kanner, journalist and editor of the newspaper "Die Zeit" in the k.u.k. Monarchy
 * Alma Mahler, wife and muse to Mahler, Gropius, Werfel
 * Andreas Maislinger, founder of the Austrian Holocaust Memorial Service
 * Erna Patak (1871–1955), Zionist, social worker
 * Julius von Payer, polar explorer
 * Wolfgang Puck, celebrity chef and restaurateur
 * Max Reinhardt, renowned theatre director
 * Sister Maria Restituta, nun and nurse murdered by the Nazis
 * Günther Schifter, radio personality
 * Oskar Schindler (1908–1974), industrialist and famous World War II hero (saved his Jewish factory workers from Auschwitz), born in Svitavy, Moravia
 * Otto Skorzeny, Nazi commando (rescuer of Benito Mussolini)
 * Carl Szokoll, resistance fighter ("saviour of Vienna"), author and film producer
 * Georg Ludwig von Trapp, head of The Sound of Music family
 * Franz Viehböck, cosmonaut
 * Hede von Trapp, painter artist
 * Karl Weyprecht, polar explorer
 * Georg Weissacher, fashion designer
 * Simon Wiesenthal (1908–2005), pre-eminent Nazi hunter

title: List of Austrians


text:
Adze

An adze or adz is an ancient and versatile cutting tool similar to an axe but with the cutting edge perpendicular to the handle rather than parallel. Adzes have been used since the Stone Age. They are used for smoothing or carving wood in hand woodworking, and as a hoe for agriculture and horticulture. Two basic forms of an adze are the hand adze (short hoe)—a short-handled tool swung with one hand—and the foot adze (hoe)—a long-handled tool capable of powerful swings using both hands, the cutting edge usually striking at foot or shin level. A similar tool is called a mattock, which differs by having two blades, one perpendicular to the handle and one parallel.

Africa
The adze is depicted in ancient Egyptian art from the Old Kingdom onward. Originally the adze blades were made of stone, but already in the Predynastic Period copper adzes had all but replaced those made of flint. Stone blades were fastened to the handle by tying and early bronze blades continued this simple construction. It was not until the later Bronze Age that the handle passes through an eye at the top of the blade. Examples of Egyptian adzes can be found in museums and on the Petrie Museum website.

A depiction of an adze was also used as a hieroglyph, representing the consonants stp, "chosen", and used as: ...Pharaoh XX, chosen of God/Goddess YY...

The ahnetjer (Manuel de Codage transliteration: aH-nTr) depicted as an adze-like instrument, was used in the Opening of the Mouth ceremony, intended to convey power over their senses to statues and mummies. It was apparently the foreleg of a freshly sacrificed bull or cow with which the mouth was touched.

As Iron Age technology moved south into Africa with migrating ancient Egyptians, they carried their technology with them, including adzes. To this day, iron adzes are used all over rural Africa for various purposes—from digging pit latrines, and chopping firewood, to tilling crop fields—whether they are of maize (corn), coffee, tea, pyrethrum, beans, millet, yams, or a plethora of other cash and subsistence crops.

New Zealand
Prehistoric Māori adzes from New Zealand were for wood carving, typically made from pounamu sourced from the South Island. During the Māori Archaic period found on the North Island were commonly made from greywacke from Motutapu Island or basalt from Ōpito Bay in the Coromandel, similar to adzes constructed on other Pacific Islands. Early period notched adzes found in Northland were primarily made of argillite quarried from locations around the Marlborough and Nelson regions. At the same time on Henderson Island, a small coral island in eastern Polynesia lacking any rock other than limestone, native populations may have fashioned giant clamshells into adzes.

Northwest Coastal America
American Northwest coast native peoples traditionally used adzes for both functional construction (from bowls to canoes) and art (from masks to totem poles). Northwest coast adzes take two forms: hafted and D-handle. The hafted form is similar in form to a European adze with the haft constructed from a natural crooked branch which approximately forms a 60% angle. The thin end is used as the handle and the thick end is flattened and notched such that an adze iron can be lashed to it. Modern hafts are sometimes constructed from a sawed blank with a dowel added for strength at the crook. The second form is the D-handle adze which is basically an adze iron with a directly attached handle. The D-handle, therefore, provides no mechanical leverage. Northwest coast adzes are often classified by size and iron shape vs. role. As with European adzes, iron shapes include straight, gutter and lipped. Where larger Northwest adzes are similar in size to their European counterparts, the smaller sizes are typically much lighter such that they can be used for the detailed smoothing, shaping and surface texturing required for figure carving. Final surfacing is sometimes performed with a crooked knife.

New Guinea and Melanesia
Ground stone adzes are still in use by a variety of people in Western New Guinea (Indonesia), Papua New Guinea and some of the smaller Islands of Melanesia and Micronesia. The hardstone is ground on a riverine rock with the help of water until it has got the desired shape. It is then fixed to a natural grown angled wood with resin and plant fibers. The shape and manufacture of these adzes is similar to those found from the Neolithic Stone Age in Europe. A variety of minerals are used. Their everyday use is on a steady decline, as it is much more convenient to cut firewood using imported steel axes or machetes. However, certain ceremonial crafts such as making canoes, ceremonial shields, masks, drums, containers or communal houses etc. may require the use of traditional-made stone adzes.

Modern adzes
Modern adzes are made from steel with wooden handles, and enjoy limited use: occasionally in semi-industrial areas, but particularly by "revivalists" such as those at the Colonial Williamsburg cultural center in Virginia, United States. However, the traditional adze has largely been replaced by the sawmill and the powered plane, at least in industrialised cultures. It remains in use for some specialist crafts, for example by coopers. Adzes are also in current use by artists such as Northwest Coast American and Canadian Indigenous sculptors doing totem pole carving, as well as masks and bowls.

Foot adze
"Adzes are used for removing heavy waste, leveling, shaping, or trimming the surfaces of timber" and boards. Generally, the user stands astride a board or log and swings the adze downwards between his feet, chipping off pieces of wood, moving backwards as they go and leaving a relatively smooth surface behind.

Foot adzes are most commonly known as shipbuilder's or carpenter's adzes. They range in size from 00 to 5 being 3+1//4 to(-) with the cutting edge 3 to(-) wide. On the modern, steel adze the cutting edge may be flat for smoothing work to very rounded for hollowing work such as bowls, gutters and canoes. The shoulders or sides of an adze may be curved called a lipped adze, used for notching. The end away from the cutting edge is called the pole and be of different shapes, generally flat or a pin pole.

 * Carpenter's adze A heavy adze, often with very steep curves, and a very heavy, blunt pole. The weight of this adze makes it unsuitable for sustained overhead adzing.
 * Railroad adze A carpenter's adze which had its bit extended in an effort to limit the breaking of handles when shaping railroad ties (railway sleepers). Early examples in New England began showing up approximately in the 1840s–1850s. The initial prototypes clearly showed a weld where the extension was attached.
 * Shipwright's adze A lighter, and more versatile adze than the carpenter's adze. This was designed to be used in a variety of positions, including overhead, as well as in front on waist and chest level.
 * Lipped shipwright's adze A variation of the shipwright's adze. It features a wider than normal bit, whose outside edges are sharply turned up, so that when gazing directly down the adze, from bit to eye, the cutting edge resembles an extremely wide and often very flat U. This adze was mainly used for shaping cross grain, such as for joining planks.
 * Another group of adzes can be differentiated by the handles; the D-handled adzes have a handle where the hand can be wrapped around the D, close to the bit. These adzes closely follow traditional forms in that the bit or tooth is not wrapped around the handle as a head.
 * The head of an ice axe typically possesses an adze for chopping rough steps in ice.
 * A firefighter tool called the Halligan bar has a dull adze on one end of the bar. This bar is a multipurpose tool for forcible entry of a structure and demolition with a forked pry-bar on one end and an adze and spike on the other, called the adze-end.
 * Demolition adze A demolition adze has a dull edge and is used for separating materials in the demolition or salvage of old buildings.

Hand adze
There are a number of specialist, short-handled adzes used by coopers, wainwrights, and chair makers, and in bowl and trough making. Many of these have shorter handles for control and more curve in the head to allow better clearance for shorter cuts.

Bulgarian adze
During the communist period of Bulgaria, a new multi-use woodworking adze, called Теслà, emerged. It has a sharpened edge perpendicular to the handle, resembling an adze, but it is also used like a carpenter's hammer. On the back of the head is a textured poll for driving nails, and on the front is a V-shaped hole used for prying, to extract the bent nails.

Some urban legends say that Bulgarian migrant workers always carry their adzes with them so they can do construction work more efficiently due to the lack of Western equivalent of the tool. The Bulgarian adze is often mistaken for a hammer.

There is a popular Bulgarian folk song called "На теслата дръжката" (eng: The tesla's handle) about a craftsman and the masculinity of his tool.

General and cited references

 * Attribution

 * The section about types of adzes is based on a Quicksilver Wiki article at A Glossary of Terms For Traditional Timber Framing (Timberbee) under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, last accessible 25 July 2006.

title: Adze


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Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in Wales

There are five Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONBs) in Wales, known from November 2023 as National Landscapes (Tirwedd Cenedlaethol). AONBs are areas of countryside that have been designated for statutory protection, due to their significant landscape value, by initially the Government of the United Kingdom and later Welsh devolved bodies. Of the current five areas designated, four are wholly in Wales, with another spanning the Wales-England border, and in total AONBs account for 4% of Wales' land area.

The responsibility of designating areas in recognition of their national importance is devolved to Wales and performed by Natural Resources Wales (formerly the Countryside Council for Wales), on behalf of the Welsh Government. The designation is also used in England, and Northern Ireland. Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty enjoy levels of protection from development similar to those of Welsh national parks, but unlike national parks, the responsible AONB bodies do not have their own planning powers, instead are performed by local authorities. They also differ from national parks in their more limited opportunities for extensive outdoor recreation. The Welsh Government had proposed that the designation be renamed to National Landscapes of Wales, however, they did not follow through with the proposals. In November 2023, all AONBs across England and Wales were to be renamed "National Landscapes". Of the five, the Gower AONB was the first area to be designated in Wales in 1956, and the Clwydian Range and Dee Valley AONB is the most recent, designated as the Clwydian Range AONB in 1985, and expanded to the Dee Valley in 2011.

History
The Hobhouse Report by Sir Arthur Hobhouse, published in July 1947 to the Ministry of Town and Country Planning, proposed 52 conservation areas in England and Wales, of which under the term "Western", eleven are wholly in Wales, and a further three are situated around the Wales-England border. These areas were selected for their "outstanding landscape beauty" and home to "great scientific interest", which was deemed worthy of protection and management through statutory designation. The Hobhouse Report alongside the 1945 Report to the Government on National Parks in England and Wales by John Gordon Dower, would contribute to the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949 which created the National Parks and set up the designation later to become "Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty".

Conservation areas proposed in the 1947 Hobhouse Report; with their proposed size; likely to be wholly in Wales: • Anglesey Coast 76 sqmi (in comparison the Anglesey AONB; spans 85 sqmi)

• Lleyn Coast  34 sqmi (in comparison the Llŷn AONB; spans 60 sqmi)

• Denbigh Moors  146 sqmi

• Clwydian Range  120 sqmi (in comparison the Clwydian Range AONB; spanned 61 sqmi between 1985-2011)

• Berwyn  205 sqmi

• Plynlimon  520 sqmi

• Elenith Mountains  484 sqmi

• Epynt  179 sqmi

• Cardigan Coast  18 sqmi

• Gower  48 sqmi (in comparison the Gower AONB; spans 73 sqmi)

• South Glamorgan Coast  14 sqmi

Conservation areas proposed in the 1947 Hobhouse Report; with their proposed size; but extent into Wales unknown, may be only in England or extend into Wales: • Clun and Radnor Forests 474 sqmi (England & Wales)*

• Shropshire Hills  192 sqmi (existing Shropshire Hills AONB stops at England-Wales border, may been proposed as cross border; existing AONB spans 310 sqmi)

• Forest of Dean and Wye Valley  232 sqmi (existing Wye Valley AONB crosses the England-Wales border; spanning 126 sqmi in both countries) (Forest of Dean was not designated as AONB at the time, and if designated separately would be wholly in England )
 * May be wholly in Wales or extend further through the Clun Forest into England.

Designation of the AONBs
AONBs were first designated under the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949, and prior to devolution, were designated on behalf of the UK Government.

The first AONB to be designated with the status in Wales was the Gower AONB in 1956, designated for its classic limestone coast and local natural habitats, it was also the first AONB designated in the UK. This was followed by parts of the Llŷn Peninsula to be designated an AONB in 1957, with 55 mi of the AONB's coastline also designated as a Heritage coast. The coasts of Anglesey were designated as an AONB in 1966, with its status confirmed the following year, the status was awarded to the Anglesey Coast to protect its aesthetic appeal and the various landscapes and habitats from inappropriate development. The Wye Valley, spanning parts of both Wales and England, was designated in 1971, to protect the AONBs various features including: limestone gorges, native woodlands, hillforts, castles and the first Cistercian Abbey in Wales. The Clwydian Range was designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty in 1985 by the Secretary of State for Wales Nicholas Edwards MP; with proposals to extend it to the Dee Valley by the Countryside Council for Wales and local councils announced in 2010, and approved in November 2011 expanding the AONB to become the current Clwydian Range and Dee Valley.

2015 review
In 2014, Carl Sargeant AM, then Minister for Natural Resources, commissioned for a Review of the Designated Landscapes in Wales, to "ensure that [Wales'] designated landscapes are best equipped to meet current and future challenges while building upon their internationally recognised status".

In July 2015, the Welsh Government commissioned review paper, produced by an independent panel chaired by Professor Terry Marsden of Cardiff University ("Marsden review") was published, providing 69 recommendations

The initial report called for grouping the AONBs with National Parks as "The National Designated Landscapes of Wales", but opposed any plans to make AONBs and National Parks a single designation, and instead, both designations are "the equivalent designations" with identical Statutory Purposes and Duties, with a further initial recommendation for renaming AONBs to "National Landscapes".

The review detailed three "statutory purposes":

 * Conservation — "To conserve and enhance the distinctive landscape and seascape qualities of the area"
 * Human Well-being — "To promote physical and mental well-being through the enjoyment and understanding of the landscape of the area"
 * Sustainable Resource Management — "To promote sustainable forms of natural resource management and economic and community development which support the cultural heritage of the area."

and recommended a reclarified Statutory Duty, replacing the current "have regard to" duty in existing public bodies, to be replaced with a "single and clear duty" — "To contribute to the delivery of the three Purposes of the National Designated Landscapes". The Sandford Principle was also recommended to be retained in the review, which confirms the primacy of conservation in the AONBs should conflict with other duties arise.

It also proposed that AONBs should become statutory consultees on planning applications that are considered to have an impact on the "special qualities" of the AONBs. The authors of the report recommended that the management bodies of the AONBs and national parks should maintain their purposes, in conserving the landscape, promoting physical well-being, and promoting sustainable economic and community development. But the report states that the bodies have to improve their understanding of the local economy, in particular the tourism sector.

Lesley Griffiths AM, then Cabinet Secretary for Environment and Rural Affairs, would describe the crux of the report to be the promotion of the authorities' duty to consider the socio-economic well-being of the AONBs.

The Marsden review also recommended that the Welsh Government empower AONBs and national parks to become centres of innovation and a catalyst for development for regions of rural Wales, but within the designated landscapes' "environmental limits", and to set performance targets for the managing bodies of the designated landscapes.

Other recommendations in the report include: extending AONB boundaries to cover adjacent sea areas, reducing the regulatory burden of audit, creation of bodies (including a National Landscape Committee, National Partnership Board and Local Partnerships), the introduction of a Partnership Plan for each area, remove the political balance requirement on AONB boards (revised to have local authority, national and “local” appointees allocated proportionally), and finally provide a core grant from Welsh Government for all designated landscape areas (whilst increasing scrutiny and diversity of their overall revenue budget through pan-Wales strategy using indicators and targets).

A final report of the Review of Designated Landscapes in Wales was published in November 2015. The report's new recommendations include; no change of name (as mentioned below) or legal status of AONBs or national parks in Wales, strengthening the supporting and delivery role of other bodies, and creating a National Landscape Committee.

In March 2018, Hannah Blythyn AM, then Minister for Environment, stated no changes were to be made on how AONBs operate in Wales, including the proposed name change.

Proposed renaming
The initial Marsden review proposed that Wales' five AONBs be renamed to the "National Landscapes of Wales".

The proposals met criticism from AMs, MPs, volunteer groups, and tourist trade organisations, with South Wales West AM Peter Black describing the move to be "misguided" and "should be ignored". Black also questioned how redesignating would work on the Wye Valley AONB, shared with England where renaming may not be applied. With opposition from Gower (home to Wales' first AONB) being increasingly vocal in their opposition. Critics describe the re-branding to be a potential turn off for tourism to the areas, and describe the AONB naming to have years of brand integrity. A Welsh Government spokesperson said that any renaming of the areas would be subject to a full public consultation. Supporters of renaming describe the term "AONB" to be "unusual" due to it being overly descriptive and emotive. Other supporters support the rename to include "Wales" in the title to provide some distinction to Wales' areas over AONBs remaining in England and Northern Ireland. The renaming was also proposed for AONBs elsewhere in the United Kingdom, and followed through by the Cotswolds AONB which rebranded itself to the Cotswolds National Landscape in 2020. In November 2023, all AONBs across England and Wales were to be renamed "National Landscapes".

A later published finalised review by Marsden removed the recommendation for renaming AONBs, recommending instead that "The Welsh Government should retain the names of National Parks and Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONBs) as the key designations of the National Landscapes of Wales". With the existing designations being within a consistent and resilient nomenclature, coined in the report to potentially be "The National Landscapes of Wales", reaffirming as initially recommended, that both AONBs and National Parks be "The Equivalent Designations" within this one group.

2017 review
In 2015, Carl Sargeant AM, then Minister for Natural Resources, set up a Future Landscape Working Group, chaired by Dafydd Elis-Thomas AM for Dwyfor Meirionnydd, and aimed to explore the recommendations from the Marsden review and report findings in 2016. The group included representatives from the AONBs, National Parks, various environmental groups, and business and government officials.

The "Future Landscapes" review was published in May 2017. It set out a new plan for AONBs and National Parks, advocating that they should go beyond their current duties for improving conservation and amenities, by becoming "drivers" of sustainable natural resource management (as set out in Welsh legislation), provide a benefit for the wider public and private within and beyond their designated areas, realising the economic potential of local communities, promote green growth and ecosystem resilience. For governance of the areas, the review recommended that bodies and partnerships of the AONBs work across their boundaries together with Natural Resources Wales and local partnerships to promote the social, cultural, and economic value of the areas, and improve sustainable usage of the areas. Following publication, Lesley Griffiths, then Cabinet Secretary for Environment and Rural Affairs, thanked the group for their work, and stated that "the next step is to deliver against the ambition, not in isolation, but together as part of the collaborative approach".

Critics of the report state that, it fails to mention the "Sandford Principle" which was a key recommendation in the Marsden review. The principle means that whenever there is a conflict between recreation in designated landscapes and the authorities' duty for the conservation of the area, conservation takes priority over recreation. Some AMs have voiced their fears that the report can lead to legislation that removes the extra protections awarded to designated landscapes, and could allow developments, in particular, focused on green infrastructure such as wind farms, to be built within the protected areas. Which critics describe would "detract from the purpose" of the areas' designated status. The Snowdonia Society, stated the report lacked clarity and echoed the concerns that the report lacked an emphasis on the primacy of conservation, noting that the word "Conservation" was absent in the Future Landscapes document.

In 2017, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) World Commission on Protected Areas' UK Assessment Panel, expressed concerns over the Future Landscapes report commissioned by the Welsh Government. The panel stated that the new report diluted the importance of conservation in the designated landscapes as recommended in the Marsden review, and stylises the landscapes as "catalysts for regional development in rural areas", rather than from an environmental point of view. The panel concluded, that if the report's recommendations are acted upon, it would be "impossible for the panel to continue to accord international recognition to Wales’s national parks and AONBs as protected areas", and that Wales' National Parks and AONBs would be less protected and weaker than those designated in the rest of the United Kingdom.

In March 2018, Minister for Environment Hannah Blythyn AM stated no changes were to be made on how AONBs operate in Wales.

Re-naming
On 22 November 2023, it was announced all AONBs in England and Wales would be renamed to "National Landscapes".

Management
Powers for the designation and management of AONBs are devolved to Wales, under the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 (CRoW Act). Under Section 82 of the CRoW Act, Natural Resources Wales (NRW) holds the right to designate any area of Wales, that is deemed to be of "outstanding natural beauty" worthy of conservation and enhancement that is not within a National Park, to be an AONB, following approval from the Welsh Government. NRW advises the government on any areas it deems suitable for AONB status, awards partnership funding to AONBs, and advises planning and development that may have an impact on the AONB.

Each AONB has a dedicated AONB officer, other staff, and alongside other AONBs in the United Kingdom are collectively represented by the "National Association for Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty" (NAAONB).

AONBs are classified as a Category V landscape by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

Natural Resources Wales (NRW) has overall responsibility for AONBs nationally in Wales but the AONBs are locally managed by local authorities with the support of Joint Advisory Committees (JAC), local communities and partnerships.

Under the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000, local authorities are responsible for developing an AONB management plan. This plan is constructed in consultation with the advisory committees and an AONB partnership–which reports and advises the local authorities–in the development and completion of the AONB Management Plan. The management plan sets out the policies the local authorities want to enact for the management of the AONB and how these policies would be implemented and achieved, providing a framework of permitted activities in the AONB. The management plan is required to take into consideration various issues of the AONB and not be limited to only environmental priorities, but also to analyse and address social and economic issues in the AONB. The 2000 act mandates that management plans have to be revised no less than every five years, with Natural Resources Wales (formed from a merger including the Countryside Council for Wales in 2013) providing funding for AONB management to the local authorities, allocated based on the AONB's management plan's policies. Local authorities or joint committees are required to notify NRW when they are intending to publish their management plan. The same act places a duty on public bodies; including private utility companies to respect efforts made to conserve, protect, and enhance the AONB's natural beauty.

The AONB designation shares the same status in terms of planning with national parks, however, unlike national parks, AONB's cannot undertake their own planning operations. Instead, the powers are awarded to the relevant planning authorities of the local unitary authorities on behalf of the AONB.

The National Association of AONBs as part of their efforts to increase awareness of AONBs in local communities, successfully negotiated in 2014 to have the boundaries of AONBs in England shown on Google Maps. The Welsh Government, as of 2021, has not released data of AONB boundaries to be used by Google on Google Maps.

List of areas
Five Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) have been designated in Wales, one of which, the Wye Valley AONB, straddles the Anglo-Welsh border. The areas are:

 * Gower AONB (AHNE Gŵyr) – which spans 188 km2 of the Gower peninsula. The AONB covers almost the entire peninsula (excluding some eastern urban areas), and is located within the City and County of Swansea on the south-west coast of Wales, on the north side of the Bristol Channel. Referred to colloquially as 'the Gower', it was the first area in the United Kingdom to be designated as an AONB in 1956.
 * Llŷn AONB (AHNE Llŷn) – which spans 155 km2 or around a quarter of the Llŷn Peninsula, covering much of the coastline and the ex-volcanic hills. The peninsula extends 48 km into the Irish Sea from mainland north-west Wales, and south-west of the Isle of Anglesey. The AONB was created in 1956, and is one of the most scientifically important in both Wales and the United Kingdom. 55 mi of the AONB's coastline is Heritage coast.
 * Anglesey AONB (AHNE Ynys Môn) – which was designated as a AONB in 1966, in order to protect the aesthetic appeal and variety of the island's coastal landscape and habitats from inappropriate development. The AONB covers most of Anglesey's 125 mi coastline, as well as inland areas, such as Holyhead Mountain and Mynydd Bodafon. The AONB covers around 221 km2, about a third of the county, making it Wales' second-largest AONB, and largest until 2011.
 * Wye Valley AONB (AHNE Dyffryn Gwy) – which was designated in 1971, is an internationally important protected landscape straddling the border between England and Wales, with the Welsh section wholly within Monmouthshire. It is one of the most dramatic and scenic landscape areas in Southern Britain. The River Wye (Afon Gwy) is the fifth-longest river in the United Kingdom. The upper part of the river passes through the settlements of Rhayader, Builth Wells and Hay-on-Wye, but the area designated as an AONB surrounds only the 58-mile stretch lower down the river, from just south of the English city of Hereford to Chepstow in Wales.
 * Clwydian Range and Dee Valley AONB (AHNE Bryniau Clwyd a Dyffryn Dyfrdwy) – is the largest AONB in Wales, located in the country's north-east, in Denbighshire, Flintshire and Wrexham. First designated in 1985 to cover only the Clwydian Range, a series of hills running from Prestatyn to Llandegla. The AONB was expanded to areas around the River Dee and Vale of Llangollen in 2011, including the Eglwyseg escarpment and Llantysilio Mountain. The highest point in the AONB is Moel Fferna in the Berwyns at 630 m, but the most popular summit, and prior to 2011 the highest peak, is Moel Famau in the Clwydian Range at 554 m. The AONB is 389 km2 in land area, increasing from 158 km2 before 2011, and it is also a proposed national park.

Proposed areas

 * Cambrian Mountains — launched in November 2006, the campaign by Cambrian Mountains Society to make the area an AONB, campaign on the basis that AONB status would "boost the local economy, and help agriculture, heritage and culture". The area's bid to become a national park has been in the works since the 1960s, reaching the Welsh Office in 1973, where it was ultimately rejected. The campaign continues to propose that the area should become a national park, advocating for any type of environmental protection for the area.  Welsh ministers expressed openness to the idea in 2023, however progress on the bid would be delayed to 2026 as ministers focus on a Clwydian Range and Dee Valley national park.
 * Ceiriog Valley and Y Berwyn — The Countryside Council for Wales (CCW) started the consideration of the area into an AONB in February 2011 alongside proposals for the then Clwydian Range AONB. A final report published in March 2012, concluded that AONB status for Y Berwyn (which includes the Ceiriog Valley) is "desirable for the statutory purpose of conserving and enhancing the area’s natural beauty", but further work is to be done by the CCW to investigate alternatives to AONB status before a final decision is to be made.
 * Expansion of the Gower AONB — first proposed in 2005, the Gower Society calls for an extension of the Gower AONB, and submitted a proposal to the National Assembly for Wales in March 2012. The Gower Society have also proposed for the AONB to become a national park, however such proposals have not been acted on by the Welsh Assembly Government.
 * Gwent Levels — In July 2019, John Griffiths AM for Newport East called for the area to be awarded AONB status following the scrapping of the proposed M4 relief road, which if followed through would've passed through the proposed area. Griffiths states that AONB status would protect the area from similar proposals. The Gwent branch of the Wales Green Party sponsored a petition to make the area an AONB.
 * Towy Valley (Tywi Valley) – In April 2023, the Carmarthenshire Residents Action Group launched a campaign for the Towy Valley to become an AONB to protect the area from "harmful developments", with proposed electricity pylons used as an example.
 * Mid Wales – In April 2023, a petition was launched for a Mid Wales AONB covering the Upper Wye Valley and the water catchment areas of at least the rivers Irfon, Ithon and Elan.

Rating
In November 2021, a Which? review listed Gower as the top-rated AONB in Wales (10th in the UK); followed by Wye Valley (15th), Llŷn (20th), Clwydian Range and Dee Valley (21st), and Anglesey (26th).


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Talk:Uninflected word

Untitled
I amd not sure what you mean by "word". Surely in plurals it takes the affix "s"? Did you mean "Word has it that ..."? --Dieter

 * Word is uninflected; words is inflected. -- Montréalais

Yes, I see that, but the original article was about "particles" which are never inflected unless they are changed to nouns or verbs, as in "ifs and buts" ("if" and "but" are sentence connectors here); or as in "humming and hawing" ("hum" is an interjection in this case). There is a separate item about grammatical particles. --Dieter Simon
 * Is this a good place to mention the declining use of inflection of words in English? --dgd

Is this the declining use of inflection over the last two centuries or a more recent phenomenon? --Dieter Simon

Intended merger of Uninflected word with lemma
For some reason or other it has been suggested that "uninflected word" should be merged into "lemma". I am afraid, I must disagree utterly. Although the word "go", for example, may be the lemma of all its other inflected forms "goes", "going", "went", etc., it is not an uninflected word. An uninflected word cannot be inflected under any circumstances, and therefore never has any affixes, ablauts, etc., whatsoever, and so does it change its morphology. We are talking about words such as "about", "then", "for", "hello", "Yes", etc., in English, and "fũr", "ja", "aha", etc., in German, just to take two languages as examples. Since we are talking about two entirely different concepts then, the need for a merger just would not arise. By all means, link them as "see also" items, but do not conflate them. Because of there being two entirely separate concepts I am removing the merger notice tag, since it obviates any need to discuss a merger. Dieter Simon 23:43, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

Opening sentence
That opening line is one of the least helpful I've encountered on these pages. Wikipedia is meant to assist the public in understanding and is not a platform for academics to show off their technical lexicon. The easiest thing in the world is to make something unintelligible. The clever people can make a difficult topic clear. Jonwoss00 (talk) 19:11, 13 April 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Uninflected word


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Broadaxe

A broadaxe is a large broad-headed axe. There are two categories of cutting edge on broadaxes, both are used for shaping logs into beams by hewing. On one type, one side is flat, and the other side beveled, a basilled edge, also called a side axe, single bevel, or chisle-edged axe. On the other type, both sides are beveled, sometimes called a double bevel axe, which produces a scalloped cut. On the basilled broadaxe the handle may curve away from the flat side to allow an optimal stance by the hewer in relation to the hewn surface, and to allow clearance for the hewer's hands. The flat blade is to make the surface flat but can only be worked from one direction and is right-handed or left-handed. The double bevel axe has a straight handle and can be swung with either side against the wood. A double-beveled broad axe can be used for chopping or notching as well as hewing. When used for hewing, notches are chopped in the side of the log down to a marked line, a process called scoring. The pieces of wood between these notches are removed with an axe, a process called joggling, and then the remaining wood is hewn to the line.

History
Broad axes have been used since ancient times until the end of the 19th century in Europe and North America. Broadaxes were commonly used in manufacture of square timbers for wooden shipbuilding, log building, timber framing, and railroad ties sometimes called axe ties. Some broad axes are of a shape where part of the axe is called a beard so the axe is called a long-bearded axe.

Modern uses
Since the introduction of sawmills and modern power tools, the use of this tool is now uncommon in manufacturing but still used in restoration carpentry or undeveloped regions.

title: Broadaxe