text:
Mallee Cliffs National Park

The Mallee Cliffs National Park is a protected national park that is located in the Sunraysia region, in the south-west of New South Wales, Australia. The 57969 ha national park is situated approximately 790 km west of Sydney and 30 km east of the Murray River city of Mildura, Victoria.

The Mallee Cliffs National Park is managed to protect the sand plain and sand dune land systems and ecological communities known colloquially as Mallee Country. Emphasis is placed on its value as a wildlife conservation area and it was established primarily to protect the habitat of the malleefowl.

History
The park was established in 1977, when the entire property was purchased by the Foundation for National Parks & Wildlife.

Access
The park is closed to the public as part of an ongoing policy to protect malleefowl and other threatened animals, and to assist in meeting other conservation objectives. Access is limited to educational activities by schools and colleges, and research activities which are relevant to the management of the park and compatible with conservation policies.

Geography
The Mallee Cliffs National Park preserves the original clay red plains of south west New South Wales, protecting extensive areas of flat to undulating sandy red plains and linear sand dunes formed during arid periods from 350,000 to 500,000 years ago.

Flora
The park preserves undisturbed tracts of mallee vegetation, and rosewood-belah woodland. Mallee are small eucalyptus trees and shrubs with many small stems and thick underground roots that retain water. Before irrigation farming began, dense thickets of mallee characterized most of northwestern Victoria, and areas of south-western New South Wales. The park contains an important representation of mallee communities, including both bull mallee and whipstick mallee. These flora types are continuing to be extensively cleared on private property for grazing both immediately outside the park and throughout the country. The park contains a number of isolated, relict plant communities that demonstrate shifts in the pattern of vegetation arising from long-term environmental change.

In January 1975 a bushfire ravaged the region which later became national park, making the average age of the vegetation considerably younger than similar protected areas. This makes the park a less attractive option for release of certain animals such as the black-eared miner, which use older trees and mallee bushes as habitat.

Fauna
The park lies within the Southern NSW Mallee Important Bird Area, identified by BirdLife International as supporting a significant population of the vulnerable malleefowl. The park is the only reserve in New South Wales with malleefowl habitat. The malleefowl is found in arid areas only where the mallee grows. The males build a nest for the eggs by digging a large pit in winter and filling it with leaves and grass over the next four months. The female lays one egg per day for several days in the spring. The male then covers the resulting mound with sand. As the compost heap rots it generates heat. The male keeps watch over the mound, and tests the temperature of the mound with his tongue, adding or removing sand. When the chick hatches, it digs its way out, and once they emerge at the top of the mound are renowned for standing stationary at the top for up to twenty minutes before racing/staggering off into the bush. The chicks hatch with feathers and are immediately independent, never needing any parental care. Malleefowl grow to a length of around 60 cm.

Several species of small birds are found in the area, as well as emus. Mammals include a significant population of western grey kangaroos as well as pygmy possums and the little pied bat and greater long-eared bat which use older trees as nesting hollows. The mallee spinifex of the park is the main habitat for the western blue-tongue and southern spinifex slender blue-tongue lizards.

In 2020, the endangered numbat was re-introduced to the Mallee Cliffs. Future releases will help bring the population to an expected maximum of 270 numbats within the national park.

title: Mallee Cliffs National Park


text:
Maria National Park

Maria National Park is a national park in New South Wales, Australia, 341 km northeast of Sydney. Part of the Hastings-Macleay Important Bird Area lies within its boundaries. The park is at an elevation of 33.48 metres.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Maria National Park


text:
Marramarra National Park

Marramarra National Park is a protected national park that is located in the Hawkesbury region of northwestern Sydney, New South Wales, in eastern Australia. The 11785 ha national park is situated approximately 40 km northwest of the Sydney central business district.

Description
The park is bounded by the Hawkesbury River in the north; Berowra Creek in the east; and private land to the south and west. The national park may be accessed from via the Old Northern Road or from  via the Galston Road through the Galston Gorge.

The park is administered by Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park. It offers bushwalkers a wide range of environments, from the mangrove communities along Marramarra Creek to the drier, sclerophyll scrub along the ridges. Access is provided predominantly by fire trails and service roads, frequently alongside power lines, with no dedicated walking tracks.

Marramarra was a traditional area for the Aboriginal people of Darug. There are still places that testify to their traditional life here. Rock engravings, cave art, grinding grooves, scarred trees and other stone arrangements are part of this national park.

title: Marramarra National Park


text:
Maryland National Park

Maryland  is a national park in New South Wales, Australia, 746.2 km north of Sydney.

The average elevation of the terrain is 842 metres. Maryland National Park was established in January 1999. It occupies an area of 2283ha.

title: Maryland National Park


text:
Talk:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre/Archive 2

Death toll?
"The resulting crackdown on the protestors by the PRC government left many civilians dead, the figure ranging from 200–300 (PRC government figures)"

and

"Estimates of civilian deaths vary: 23 (Communist Party of China), 400–800 (Central Intelligence Agency), 2600 (Chinese Red Cross)"

Appear in the article. Was the official number 23 or 200-300?

Google vs Google.cn
550 000 hits: http://www.google.com/search?hl=fi&q=tiananmen+massacre&btnG=Google-haku&meta=

429 hits: http://www.google.cn/search?hl=zh-CN&q=tiananmen+massacre&btnG=搜索&meta=

should this be in the article? or perhaps under censorship, i dunno but i think people should be aware of this!

 * I think it belongs in 'Internet censorship in mainland China' rather than in this specific article - the Tiananmen protests are censored like any number of other controversial topics. --Artificialard 05:20, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Did you mean:

WETA
WETA has a good program on this; additionally the website has some good info. Someone might want to add this content. mcpaige
 * http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/tankman/

Picture problems
The picture under the section Crackdown does not appear and, if you click on it, apparently does not exist and under the section Future of Political Reforms, the picture of the broken bicycle and tank track obscure some text. I am unsure how to fix these problems, can someone help? Hydraton31 14:50, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I've moved the second picture to make it look a little better. But the first picture has been deleted because someone listed it for deletion and the relevant info wasn't provided. If you can find the picture again and give it the correct copyright tag (and sourcing info) then it can be put back in. Until then I'll remove the reference to it. John Smith's 15:00, 30 May 2006 (UTC)

US Involvement
I've reverted this addition three times now; twice it was unsourced, once it was only vaguely sourced with something that I could not locate. Obviously I think that if you're going to make claims like that it's going to have to be pretty-well documented. Does anybody else have a take on this? Fightindaman 02:35, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Wow .. whoever did the edits to this article either has a major problem or has a distinct propaganda intention .. sheesh Bob K 15:34, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

Hugely POV, inaccurate, and lack of sources
I cannot see how this article doesn't have the NPOV tag on it. Look at this one quote alone:

''At present, the Western world still uses this event, which occurred almost two decades ago to break down the Chinese unity. This is a propaganda still used by the West. It is clearly obvious that China is the world's next superpower and has changed a great deal since 1989. However the West still insists that nothing has changed, even though an immense change has taken place.''

The term propaganda is used numerous times by the pro-PRC author/editor(s) on the article page, with nary a citation in sight. The American/Western (see: Response of Western Powers) involvement portions also reek of actual propaganda, if not inaccuracy, as though the West was responsible for 100k people gathering in a foreign land.
 * An anon editor keeps making these changes. They've been reverted.  Fightindaman 21:59, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I can find more POV remarks though. "Bravely ventured" for one. These need to be cleaned up. --The1exile - Talk - Contribs -[[Image:Flag of Denmark.svg|15px]] 17:13, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I took out "bravely." Just fix what you see when you see it. The lack of sources is a bigger problem. I'm going to offer extra credit to my students if they help add citations. Sigrid 22:30, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

 * This is incorrect I am putting the first paragraph back in, because its fact. Shahathens 20:00, 13 April 2006

Accuracy
''Soldiers and tanks from the 27th and 28th Armies of the People's Liberation Army were sent to take control of the city. The 27th Army was led by a commander related to Yang Shankun. The army was well experienced and armed unlike the ones sent on May 20 that was reluctant to put down the students(Spence 1999, 701).* In his press conference of the 5th, announcing sanctions on Communist China in the face of threats to do the same from US Senator, Jesse Helms, President Bush also suggested intelligence he had received concerning not only some disunity in the military ranks, and even the possibility of some military on military clashes during those days, but that these units were brought in from outside provinces because the local PLA were considered to be somewhat sympathetic to the protest and the people of the city. Reporters described elements of the 27th as having been most responsible for the carnage, and after the attack on the square of having established defensive positions in the center and east in Beijing, not the sort against civilian uprising, but as if anticipating attack by other military units. The 38th Army, on the other hand, was said to be one sympathetic to the uprising. They had no ammunition. And it was they who were said to be torching their own vehicles, on various streets, as they abandoned them to join the protests.'' mcpaige 04:28, 12 April 2006 (UTC)
 * In his press conference of the 5th on the 5th of May ?  no other mention of 5th in the article    who Bush Sr. I guess, this could be better wrote.
 * 38th or 28th which was it ?
 * May 20 martial law was declared, no armys were sent. Although the government declared martial law on May 20, the government failed to enforce it and the demonstrations continued.

Request for page protection
Looking over the page history, I'm not inclined to protect this page. It's having to be reverted a few times a day, yes, but that appears to be being handled well enough. In the case where an article is being reverted multiple times by a single editor (or a few determined editors) awareness of the three revert rule is usually better than protection. - brenneman  {T}  {L}  02:02, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

Featured on CBS
As a note, this page was featured in an article on the Chinese censorship of the Internet that aired on the CBS Evening News, 2/14/06. 216.26.131.177 04:11, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

Not too neutral
I think the article is not too neutral, you'll have a feeling against the students after reading the article, it seems that someone should use better words to describe the protests. User:TonySapphire 15:31, 18 February 2006 (HKT)

This article is terrible. If it's going to stay this way, then we need to remove its featured article status. The text, particularly the "aftermath" and "present" sections, is very poorly written. I just went through killing a bunch of stub sections and restoring the lead section and image captions, but didn't manage to rewrite the prose or fill some jarring gaps in the chronology.--Jiang 09:12, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

Why delete paragraph on violence against PLA?
Hello. I noticed that Gabbe deleted a paragraph and photo on violence against the PLA in the final stages of the protest. Would you please explain why you removed it? The paragraph mentioned NSA documentation, and while the actual documents should have been cited, the content is certainly verifiable. (FYI: I didn't post the original content, but I am curious as to the reasons for its removal.) Sigrid 18:00, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I believe the photo was removed because it's out of copyright. John Smith's 00:46, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks to John and Gabbe for clarifying this. I noticed the deletion of the caption text (see below) and was concerned that people were trying to eliminate content that described violent behavior on the part of civilians.
 * Here's the caption again for the sake of reference: "This National Security Agency photo shows the results of violent resistance to the PLA. U.S. NSA documents state that both sides began resorting to violence on June 2, when arsonists burned government vehicles in an attempt to stop the advance of the tanks and crowds besieged troops with rocks, bottles, and Molotov cocktails." Sigrid 18:35, 19 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't buy it. Removing copyright does not mean the information should be deleted. Anyone saw the PBS Tank Man should note the Chinese government did investigate, and the released casualty figure of 240 some dead is in line with our NSA estimate of 180-500 some. bobby fletcher 17:00, 6 June 2006 (PST)
 * The caption itself was useless without the picture - it looked ridiculous. If someone wants to use the information in the main article that's different. I thought there was already a reference to the violence anyway. John Smith's 16:03, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

Creating a new article
I suggested someone to create a new article about the protests in other parts of China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan, Canada and Western Europe at the same time. This article mainly talks only the protests in Beijing, but there were many mass protests in other cities such as Shanghai. On June 4, besides a massacre in the Tiananmen Square, there was a massacre in Chongqing as well. This was not mentioned in this article. Tony Sapphire 02:01, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

Working for compromise on the issue of Yu Dongyue
This edit war should be resolved by addressing the issue of relevancy. I agree that tacking Yu Dongyue's release from prison onto the end of the article risks turning the page into a current events bulletin. On the other hand, the incident of the spattered ink was significant, not only in what it said about the ink-spatterers' opinions of Mao, but also in what it said about the students who helped police arrest them. For these reasons, I removed the blurb about Yu Dongyue at the end of the article and added a bit on the incident itself to an earlier section of the article (while also mentioning Yu Dongyue's time spent in prison). I hope this moves us toward consensus! Sigrid 23:54, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Fine. John Smith's 15:56, 28 February 2006 (UTC)

 * The article states that Yu Dongyue fled to Canada. I believe this is actually Lu Decheng.  heqs 00:57, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

The Simpsons
In an episode of the Simpsons, there are two references to the protests: in the square there is a sign: " On this spot, in 1989, nothing happened" and Selma stands in front of a tank like the Tank man. Can this go to the article? igordebraga ≠ 17:33, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

 * It's amusing, though I'm not sure it would add much by itself. If you created a section on "popular culture" or something then perhaps it could go in. John Smith's 21:26, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The first two lines of the System of a Down song "Hypnotize" are "Why don't you ask the kids at Tiananmen Square/Was fashion the reason why they were there"...do you think something about that should be in the article?

 * I think a section on its ripple effect through popular culture (perhaps in both the East and West?) might be interesting, and worth adding so long as people keep the list of references short and to the point. 169.139.190.6 20:55, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

Expanded on Computer firms/economic impact
Added information on how Yahoo, Google, Cisco, and Microsoft gave into the PRC's requirements, and that their technology has censored the internet, captured (and led to their torture and death) dissidents, enforcing police and PRC control over the populace, intercepting messages, and have violated US law concerning American companies and the PRC.

I have also added a sentence on economic "sectors", which have introduced business and led to the prosperity of many urban Chinese.

This is all information directly from Frontline by PBS

--64.75.187.197 04:50, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

EU Arms Embargo
Am I right in thinking this is no longer in place? I was under the impression that the arms embargo was removed during British Foreign Secretary Jack Straw's visit in 2005. There was quite a lot of media hubbub about the effectiveness of the EU embargo, including the suggestion that arms exports to the PRC from the EU actually increased under the embargo.

I cannot provide citations, so I leave it for someone else to have a crack at.

 * I don't know who said that, but their information is simply wrong. The embargo is still active and won't be lifted in the foreseeable future. The issue was still being discussed by Barroso after he became President, and he made it clear he wouldn't push for it to be lifted while China's human rights record was so poor. Also Angela Merkel made it very clear before she became Chancellor that she wouldn't back lifting it either. John Smith's 16:00, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

Casualties
There are a number of problems with this statement: "However, it is important to note that NSA documents declassified in 1999 show that their intelligence gives an estimate of 180-500 killed."
 * 1) Whether or not it is important to note is a matter of opinion.
 * 2) It's not clear that the documents were National Security Agency documents.
 * 3) The documents were made available by the National Security Archive... big difference!
 * 4) It's not clear that National Security Agency intelligence actually estimated 180-500 killed, but rather they passed along reports of that many killed after the first day.
 * To answer your question, the report was from the intelligence secretary of the US embassy in Beijing. He does not need to lie.

I'm preserving the comment here in case anyone wants to rework it, but I'm going to remove it from the article in that it is not entirely accurate and does not add new information about the figures. -AED 06:49, 28 April 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) A cable from the US Embassy in Beijing stated that "the true figure is probably over one thousand" . It also stated that "civilian deaths probably did not reach the figure of 3,000 used in some press reports" and that the Chinese Red Cross figures (2,600 military and civilian deaths, 7,000 wounded) were "not an unreasonable estimate."

The US source of the 180-500 death toll. http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB16/documents/13-01.htm

Nanjing Anti-African protests
Hello. The Nanjing Anti-African protests page states that it was the precursor to the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. But I find no reference of that event on this page. Can anyone verify that the information at that page is true? Ewlyahoocom 03:44, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I doubt the claims that it was a "pre-cursor" to the Tiananmen Square protests simply because the two events are about totally different themes, it would seem. I'm also not sure about the notability/infamy of these "Anti-African" protests, because I can't seem to find any reference to them outside of scholarly books/articles about racism/xenophobia in or outside of China. --Sumple (Talk) 10:13, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

 * It would certainly be an extreme irony if what many view as a great democratic uprising started out as a simple racist backlash. (Although I'm sure it wouldn't be the first time for that.) Ewlyahoocom 05:23, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

 * The Nanjing protests probably could have taught the students something about demonstrating and organising the masses (something they'd otherwise only learn from CPC organs, haha), but I doubt there is much direct correlation. --  Миборовский  00:50, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

Murdered?

 * According to universities, 23 students were murdered.

Murdered is a strong word. For consistency and balance, unless the universities actually claimed they were murdered (as opposed to killed) we should stick with killed as with most of the rest of the article. However as this claim is not cited, I can't check to see whether it says murdered or killed (although it could be in Mandarin or something anyway) Nil Einne 00:36, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

 * "Murdered" requires a mental element - intending to kill or to at least cause grievous injury. It really shouldn't be there. --Sumple (Talk) 07:12, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Well it depends who it's referring to. If you say the State murdered them, then that's debatable. But it isn't necessarily wrong to say they were murdered at all. From the reports they were deliberately fired at - they weren't accidental. So that would indicate mens rea and thus murder. John Smith's 09:10, 10 June 2006 (UTC)
 * For soldiers, killing is business. Where's the mens rea for that? --  Миборовский  00:43, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Even if the requisite mens rea exists, they have a valid defence (legally - note that I'm not condoning the suppression of the protests). In this case, state security. --Sumple (Talk) 00:56, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

I've sources available
Some time ago I got Amnesty International's report on this, it's not available online from their website, but if anyone wants it, I can scan it and email it to him. It's titled "Preliminary Findings on Killings of Unarmed Civilians, Arbitrary Arrests and Summary Arrests Since 3 June 1989", dated 30 August 1989. It is 49 pages long. As my only motivation for getting that report was to prove the protestors were commies, it's unlikely I'd be touching it any time soon. If anyone wants a detailed chronology and eyewitness reports of the incident (I've scanned through it, it's quite thorough) I'd be more than happy to get it to him. --  Миборовский  00:49, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

Rename
The title of this article is "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989". However, I've seen a lot of articles using a slightly different title notation for such events, such as the 2006 FIFA World Cup, for example. Maybe we should use this notation as well, since it seems to be the trend by now? It would mean a rename to "1989 Tiananmen Square protests". —Michiel Sikma (Kijken maar niet aanraken) 09:52, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

 * That sounds like a good idea, actually. John Smith's 12:01, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't know... the Communist tanks don't exactly drive onto the square and run down thousands of people once every four years... How are other historical events named? E.g. the 19xx Battle of Wherever?? --Sumple (Talk) 05:13, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

 * There's another protest at Tiananmen, Tiananmen Square protests of 1976, which is why there is a year in the article name. I would prefer to see Tiananmen Square protests (1989), to tell the truth. --  Миборовский  23:54, 24 June 2006 (UTC)

 * There was also the May Fourth movement of whenever (1918? 1919?). --Sumple (Talk) 00:22, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

 * The May Fourth Movement is at May Fourth Movement. --  Миборовский  01:04, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

Memorial at Tiananmen?
Has the Chinese government erected a monument to their victory over the people at Tiananmen Square? I am wondering because, after President Ronald Reagan fired all the striking Air Traffic Controllers, the Congress re-named Washington National Airport after him.
 * Ok let me break this down for you: when Reagan "fired" those people, they lost their jobs. When the PRC "fired" the students, the firing squad started shooting.
 * No, there is no monument to the victory of capitalism at Tiananmen Square. --  Миборовский  19:53, 12 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Of course there is no monument over the 1989 killings. After all, the Chinese government pretends nothing happened there. Rather lets the cat out of the bag if they had a monument there to commemorate an event they'd rather not talk about! John Smith's 10:10, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

I would like to add this statement - It is now generally accepted that few, if any, students were killed or injured in Tiananmen Square. There was violent confrontation between the citizens of Beijing and the army in the streets leading to the Square and there were deaths and injuries here. The Tiananmen Square Massacre Myth was a creation of the Western Media subsequently used to damage the CPR in the West. I have inserted it at the relevant page a couple of times but it is being removed by persons unknown. Can someone help me with this?
 * Came here via RC Patrol, so I don't have experience with the article, but I can tell you right off the bat that you need to read one of our core policies: the threshold for inclusion on Wikipedia is not truth, but verifiability. Please find reliable sources to back up your desired edits; we're not a place for original research, but if other notable people or publications have made the argument, it may well be worth a mention. Luna Santin 09:21, 16 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm one of the apparently unknown persons. Luna Santin has it dead right about what you need to do to have your edits included. You may also want to read the neutral point of view policy. Kevin 10:30, 16 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm another of the "unknowns", and I concur with the comments above by Luna and Kevin. --Sumple (Talk) 11:12, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

The principle of verifiability is essential but much of the text in this section is unverifiable and there is no reference to the source. A neutral point of view is also important but much of the material here is far from neutral. It seems to me that western propaganda is ok here with no verification needed and no source required. The first part of my proposed edit is factually correct and can be supported. The second part is a statement which summarises the overall political consequences of the Tiananmen Square Myth which has been created around the actual events and which largely serves Western interests. Here is one example, there are many others. An unnamed BBC reporter spoke of "indiscriminate fire" within the square. --- I think this might refer to Kate Adie who was in Beijing but was a mile or so away from the square at the time of these events. This statement is far from neutral and is unsourced.

I think things have moved in my direction!

 * I thought it was already generally accepted that the Square itself was cleared peacefully? If not mentioned here, this article has serious POV issues. A FARC might be in order. --  Миборовский  18:42, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

 * "Generally accepted"? Well I believe that in itself is disputed. However I don't see what the problem with the article is. It doesn't say (as far as I can see) that the casualties occurred in the square. Those people did die and were injured. Where are the POV problems?
 * If it could be properly sourced that there is now a consensus/growing consensus that the casualties happened away from the square, a few sentences could easily point out the popular misconceptions about where they happened. The principle behind what went on was that the State used lethal force against unarmed civilians, not that blood was spilt in the Square. John Smith's 22:22, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I have heard of stories about citizens attacking the soldiers. I saw on TV the protesters throwing stones to a group of Liberation army soldiers, who were jogging/marching down the street.  I have seen photographs of  burnt Liberation Army vehicles and burnt soldiers.  But I haven't got the sources.Hillgentleman 11:25, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

 * PRC says, "Nothing to see here." Rest of the world says otherwise. I find it amusing that PRC agents are posting on wikipedia though.

Apologies for a Software Problem
Hi could someone revert my edits (Addhoc), as there appears to be a software problem and the end of the article has not been saved. Thanks. Addhoc 10:55, 22 July 2006 (UTC)
 * It's been taken care of by another user. Thanks for letting us know. Luna Santin 15:49, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

Google censorship
So, seems editors are warring a bit about whether to include mention that Google's censorship is against its "mission statement" (see and ). While the issue seemed to center on whether a blog is a WP:RS, I think the issue is different. This is an article about the protests, and the section in question is about how the topic is censored in China. It correctly notes that Google censors its results accordingly. That's all that needs to be said here. Whether or not this is against Google's mission statement (which, BTW, I think it is), is not a matter for this article. I'll provide a wikilink to the Google censorship article, which readers can link to for more information. --MichaelZimmer (talk) 12:30, 23 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I messed up my edits and reverted them all. Will start over after I have a cup of coffee. --MichaelZimmer (talk) 12:30, 23 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Ok, fixed it. I strongly feel that lengthy mention of "against Google's mission" is inappropriate in this article, and we should simply point readers to more detailed treatment elsewhere in WP. I added a "see also" link, but not sure if it works aesthetically or in terms of MoS. Improvements are welcome. --MichaelZimmer (talk) 12:36, 23 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I just tapped it down a line to look better.
 * I don't mind, just wanted to have a reference in to the censorship. John Smith's 17:40, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

Conceptual question
Is this article about the Tiananmen Square protests only (that is, the protests which occurred in and around Tiananmen Square, Beijing), or is it about the June Fourth movement generally (by which I mean the whole series of student and civil unrest across China in 1989)? In my edits I've proceeded on the footing that it is about the latter; and parts of the article, e.g. the last section about compensation, can only be about the movement generally. However, many parts of the article read like the former is the case. --Sumple (Talk) 09:55, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

"June Fourth Movement" is a misnomer
The protests did not take place on June the Fourth. We may call the series of protests 1989 movement. We may call the crack-down June Fourth Incident. They should not be confused. A correct way to phrase it is, The June Fourth Incident was the end/endgame/outcome of the 89 Movement. Please note that May Fourth Movement did take place on May the Fourth, 1919.Hillgentleman 11:06, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

 * WP:OR. --Sumple (Talk) 11:10, 11 September 2006 (UTC)
 * What is the relevance here?Hillgentleman 11:43, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

 * What I mean is, sure it might be a misnomer, but that's how it is referred to by ppl everywhere, so whether or not that name is inaccurate is irrelevant. --Sumple (Talk) 12:45, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

To be anal about it, I would say that "June Fourth Movement" is the translation of the common Chinese name for it - 六四運動. - Hong Qi Gong (Talk - Contribs) 14:59, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I mean what I said. The term is a misnomer.   We may use it out of habit, but it is still wrong. Hillgentleman 09:02, 28 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I have not seen the term June Fourth Movement in any serious news report. There are only June Fourth Incident (referring to the crackdown) or 89 Movement.  In this sense I say that the usage "June Fourth Movement" is a piece of original research.Hillgentleman 09:02, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

Quote
I just saw a brief piece on the Tiananmen Square protest on the History Channel. In the piece it quoted the "tank man" as having said afterwards "I think, not kill". Has anyone heard this before, and, if so, do you know it's original source? I searched the entire Wiki article, but couldn't find reference to it; but that doesn't mean it's not there. I'm going to do some more research on it and try to find out. ---Michael David 13:36, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I contacted the researchers at The History Channel about this, and this was their response:

 * "A year after the Tiananmen Square riots, American newsmen asked Chinese leader Xong Xiemen [sp?], what had been done to the man who had stood in front of the tanks. His only response was, I think not killed....".

 * The History Channel piece gave the impression that the quote was from the man himself, so I took the quote "I think, not kill" as meaning "I think. I don't kill."

 * What I gather from the Channel's researchers is the quote came from someone else, and actually meant, "I think [he was] not killed". I certainly hope this is the case.

 * Any thoughts?

 * Michael David 10:15, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Ah okay. That's actually a quote from Jiang Zemin, who said that (in English) in a TV interview. --Sumple (Talk) 10:25, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia and Tiananmen

 * In September 2006, Wikipedia refused to censor it's Chinese content site, resulting in it being blocked by the Chinese government. The Chinese Wikipedia's article on the Tiananmen Square protests and massacre continues to exist.

This is asserts a cause-effect relationship that has not been demonstrated to exist. Also, I suspect that this statement was used by the Guardian to print something highly incorrect.

Roadrunner 02:29, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

 * lol you must be joking 8 —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 69.140.5.249 (talk • contribs).

 * Agree. Now if Jimbo/the Wikimedia Foundation can produce a letter from some CPC honcho... -- Миборо в ский 05:50, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

 * What became of this incident? I see reporting by the Guardian from September 10, don't find any other sources, though at the time I saw it in other places.  I assume Wales actually made these statements? Castellanet 21:15, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

 * The guardian simply picked up a world news story, as it is listed here [] as well. The fact that China has blocked wikipedia does not necessarily belong in this article, rather in an article concerning China's position against free speech, or in some other article. --Mattarata 22:43, 2 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the response and cite. It helped me figure out where this stuff goes - Blocking of Wikipedia in mainland China. It seems the link shouldn't be so hard to find, since it took a bit of searching. Castellanet 21:42, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

Footnotes/Citations/Sources
I'm concerned that very large portions of this article are lacking sources. This seems particularly important since I would imagine this article is highly vulnerable to PRC propaganda efforts.

 * As hard as it may be for some to grasp, anti-PRC propaganda is what is plaguing this article. -- Миборо в ский 01:36, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Either way, the reader should be skeptical of anything without a source, and consideration should be given to deleting those portions that cannot be verified.

Illegal student riot
I put the following based on the fact that this student riot was illegal based on the law in China. Also, the main point is that a martial order was ignored by the illegal student organization for more than 2 weeks. Also we will need to mention that the students did possess weapons at that time.

 * The student riot, also known as the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, June 4th Incident, or Tiananmen Square Massacre, were a series of illegal protests and illegal occupation of Tiananmen Square led by students, intellectuals and labour activists in the People's Republic of China between April 15, 1989 and June 4, 1989. The protests centred on in Beijing, but protests also occurred in few cities in China, such as in Shanghai. The violences were put to an end after martial order being declared, but ignored by the illegal student organization for more than 2 weeks. -- Pingbal1 02:42, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Peaceful protest leads to 2000 dead students...OH BUT SPEAKING AGAINST THE PRC WAS ILLEGAL SO IT'S OK. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 69.140.5.249 (talk • contribs).
 * Please provide source for your claim WP:SR. As I stated above, those student did possess or used weapons including incendiary devices and guns. To see why it's not peaceful, please check all those following sub-topics. -- Pingbal1 02:25, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

 * What do you mean by June the Fourth Incident? The protests or the crackdown?--Hillgentleman 04:11, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
 * There is a problem here:
 * Quote--"The student riot, also known as the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, June 4th Incident, or Tiananmen Square Massacre"
 * For somebody who knows nothing about these events, the above quote sounds like that the students rioted and massacred some folks, all on 4th June 1989.--Hillgentleman 04:13, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

Illegal protests
The protests including those in Shanghai were illegal based on the various documents from Shanghai and Beijing city governments -- Pingbal1 02:15, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Moved comments to bottom. -- Миборо в ский 05:49, 30 September 2006 (UTC)
 * It is the POV of the Chinese government that the protests were illegal. Therefore we cannot present it as fact as you did. -- Миборо в ский 05:50, 30 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Miborovsky, it's a fact that this student riot was not legal as I stated above based on various points, and it's not only illegal in China, but also illegal in all the other nations including the U.S. If you think that this is just "POV of the Chinese government", please give your verifiable and reliable source: WP:V & WP:RS -- Pingbal1 02:21, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

 * If you are going to be talking illegal, then I think removing the de facto head of state without going through the People's Congress is tantamount to treason. --Sumple (Talk) 14:03, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Well pointed out, Sumple. And keeping him under house arrest without even so much as a warrant. John Smith's 14:43, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Since Sumple couldn't provide the source for his claim, you're obviously misled by him. --Give source pls 16:36, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Well pointed out? Sumple, please give source for your claim!? Based on my research, the decision was made by "中共十三届四中全会": -- Give source pls 17:19, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

 * 中国共产党第十三届中央委员会第四次全体会议于１９８９年６月２３日—２４日在北京召开. 出席这次全会的有中央委员１７０人，候补中央委员１０６人. 列席会议的有中央顾问委员会委员１８４人，中央纪律检查委员会委员６８人，以及有关方面负责同志２９人.

 * 全会分析了近两个月来全国的政治形势，指出极少数人利用学潮，在北京和一些地方掀起了一场有计划、有组织、有预谋的政治动乱，进而在北京发展成了反革命暴乱. 全会审议并通过了李鹏同志代表中央政治局提出的《关于赵紫阳同志在反党反社会主义的动乱中所犯错误的报告》；决定撤销赵紫阳的中央委员会总书记、中央政治局常务委员会委员、中央政治局委员、中央委员会委员和中共中央军事委员会第一副主席的职务，对他的问题继续进行审查.

 * Hah! and where is your source for that? Since when can a political party impeach a head of state? What do you think would happen if the Democratic Party national conference declared that President Bush was "deposed"? Do you think anyone would give a shit what they say?
 * I also note the distinct lack of sources in your post, which is surprising, given your user name. --Sumple (Talk) 00:02, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Mr. Sumple, you may use Google to find out easily the source for "Give source pls"' claim. It's HERE actually. By the way, I've also tried to search something for your claim "removing the de facto head of state without going through the People's Congress is tantamount to treason", but I found none. Could you kindly point me to your source? Remember WP:V && WP:RS, otherwise, everything is BS. -- Pingbal1 04:22, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Oh, this is an article page all of a sudden is it? What about WP:SOCK and single purpose accounts, my friend? Your understanding of "source" is indeed twisted if you think that something that can be found via Google is as good as referenced. Try that in your next academic paper, see how it goes. For more information on what I said, see treason, Constitution of the People's Republic of China, and Zhao Ziyang. As to why I will not reply to your messages again, see Troll (Internet). --Sumple (Talk) 05:54, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

 * It's obvious that Sumple couldn't provide source for his claim period. -- Give source pls 16:36, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

Illegal organization
The newly formed student organization called "北京市高校学生自治联合会" was illegal based on the law in China. -- Pingbal1 02:15, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

Illegal occupation of public property
The occupation of public property "Tiananmen Square" was illegal based on the law in China -- Pingbal1 02:15, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

Illegal possession of weapons
It's illegal to possess incendiary devices and guns, but those students did possess or used those against the government. -- Pingbal1 02:15, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

Illegal student riot
The student riot was illegal based on the martial order -- Pingbal1 02:15, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I reverted again. The point about it being a "student riot" is mostly POV. It was really a protest first that turned into a riot second, and overall most people were probably there to protest and were probably forced to fight back against those forcing them out. Either way, the article cannot simply be changed in this manner without lots of discussion and consensus, which will be hard to achieve on such a hot button topic.--Mattarata 17:15, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

 * Based on List of riot, almost all riots started in a peaceful way. Anyway, the Wikipedia policy requires that all verifiable POVs with reliable sources be presented -- Give source pls 16:36, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I am against using the term "student riot" first and other references to the event second, as "student riot" does not begin to summarize the entire event. Use of the word "illegal" 3 times in the summary section of the article is unwarranted and very much against WP:POV. I am against removal of mention of the labour activists as from everything I have read, they were a very large part of the event. I am against using terms such as "in few cities" to downplay the significance of the event. Basically the entire re-wording that Give source pls, Pingbal1 and Flow m are trying to change to is very POV and I will not allow it to be inserted. As Sumple said above, all three of you are WP:SOCKs or single purpose accounts and that combined with your multiple reverts is enough to get all of you banned. All of this being said, the only thing I can see that might be able to be changed is the wording "by the government of the People's Republic of China" which is a little POV. If that is how that government refers to the event, then it should be included as an alternate name without the POV slant. --Mattarata 22:59, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

 * If you think mentioning the term "illegal" is against WP:POV, then I would think you know nothing about Wikipedia: Wikipedia states that WP:POV should be neutral, and all POVs should be INCLUDED, but they need to be reliable & verifiable. Also please provide source for "labour activists". -- Pingbal1 02:20, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Your claims of illegality fundamentally violate Wikipedia's prohibition against Original Research, because they are based on your interpretation of the laws. While that may be all the rage in your particular socioeconomic context, personal interpretation does not judicial interpretation make.
 * More specifically, because no-one at Tiananmen 1) received a fair trial with due process, and 2) even in the Chinese courts they were not convicted of your allegations, they did not break the law in the manner you described.
 * Finally, illegality as alleged by Mr Pingbal1, Supreme High Chief Justice of Absolutely No Court Whatsoever, is not notable. --Sumple (Talk) 02:56, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
 * One more point, even your interpretation of the Chinese law at the time is totally wrong. Do you even have any legal training at all, to be spewing forth such declarations on the guilt of others? I recommend that you read the following article, for a start: WP:OR; WP:V; Self-defense (theory); Necessity; Provocation; Martial law; Due process; andJudiciary. --Sumple (Talk) 03:00, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Sumple, Many activities are known to be illegal even without a trial.
 * For example, crossing the street when the light is red is illegal, yet it is rare
 * that one would be arrested and tried for doing that.--Hillgentleman 19:23, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

 * There is a difference between a criminal act, and the manifestation of that criminal act. To use your jaywalking analogy:
 * In general, to cross the street when the light is red is illegal, which we know by virtue of traffic regulations. However, whether it was illegal for me to cross the street when I did, while the lights were red, yesterday at 9am outside the local train station, is debatable, since it may be that I had a valid defence (necessity, self defence, malfunctioning lights, or some other kind of exception). Because of Wikipedia's insistence on verifiability and citations, it would not be proper to label my particular act as illegal unless you had a source or citation to back it up - e.g. a conviction, a fine, or some published opinion on this fact.
 * In my discussion with the sockpuppets above, I sought to point out that 1) there is insufficient verifiable evidence to point out that the protests were an "illegal riot". Just saying "I think this law makes it illegal" is not enough, unless you are the judge. 2) even if the protests were illegal, that factor may not be notable enough to be included in the definitional sentence or paragraph, which I have tried to illustrate with the Rosa Parks example below.
 * To give another analogy, some people would view certain recent military actions in the Middle East as illegal, based on their reading of the international law. However, if there are no reliable sources to back up that claim, do you think that view should make its way into a Wikipedia article? Furthermore, even if there are reliable sources to back up that claim, it is a separate question whether that opinion, that the military actions are illegal, is notable enough to be inserted into the definitional sentence.
 * I welcome your discussion. Sorry if I don't reply quickly to your further replies - I'm "officially" on "wikibreak" until mid-November. --Sumple (Talk) 12:37, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Mr. Sumple, for whatever you mentioned, please provide source, claims without source are simply BS, and unknowledgeable people will get misled. If you think that these are only someone's interpretations, then you're totally wrong, these are facts, please see the following sources. -- Pingbal1 02:38, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Maybe we would have more of those "asked for" (human) resources to our avail right now if the Chinese government didn't had them all locked up for the time being. Oh wait, that's not right... a few actually made it out of China in time. But those're all notorious self-mutilating liars anyway, so you better don't trust their word. -- Pingbal1 02:10, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

 * "The wanted list of rioter" published by Beijing Police Department:

 * http://www.64memo.com/pub/uploads/wpId1497.jpg

 * "Rethink about June Forth Event", published by a historian in HK.

 * http://h9902485.mysinablog.com/index.php?op=ViewArticle&articleId=195249
 * http://h9902485.mysinablog.com/index.php?op=ViewArticle&articleId=262204

 * In English Law, riot forms part of the Public Order Act 1986 under section 1. The Public Order Act 1986 s.1 states:

 * 1) Where twelve or more persons who are present together use or threaten unlawful violence for a common purpose and the conduct of them (taken together) is such as would cause a person of reasonable firmness present at the scene to fear for his personal safety, each of the persons using unlawful violence for the common purpose is guilty of riot.

 * 2) It is immaterial whether or not the twelve or more use or threaten unlawful violence simultaneously.

 * 3) The common purpose may be inferred from conduct.

 * 4) No person of reasonable firmness need actually be, or be likely to be, present at the scene.

 * 5) Riot may be committed in private as well as in public places.

 * You are certainly on the right track, having provided two blog entries, and an irrelevant piece of English (or so you claim) statute as sources for your claims. If I am not mistaken, Beijing is not in England. Now try harder.
 * And while you are trying, consider this: what has illegality got to do with it? By your argument, the second paragraph of Rosa Parks should read like this (additions in bold):

 * "Parks is famous for her illegal refusal on 1 December 1955 to obey bus driver James Blake's legal demand that she legally give up her seat to a white passenger. Her subsequent legal arrest and legal trial for this illegal act of illegal civil disobedience triggered the illegal Montgomery Bus Boycott, one of the largest and most successful illegal mass movements against legal racial segregation in history, and launched Martin Luther King, Jr., one of the illegal organizers of the illegal boycott, to the forefront of the illegal civil rights movement. Her illegal role in American history earned her an iconic status in illegal American culture, and her illegal actions have left an enduring legacy for illegal civil rights movements around the world."

--Sumple (Talk) 04:19, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Rosa Parks was a heroine, that there is no dispute. As far as I know what she did was not illegal in US federal law, so it was the state law that was illegal, and it was this point which needed to be clarified. When asked why she did it, Rosa Parks simply said that she was tired and had enough. And she was right. What the subsequent movement wanted was not privilege for the Negro, but equality.

 * The demands of the Chinese students were totally opposite to that of movement supporting Rosa Parks. The Chinese students demanded privilege for themselves because they saw themselves as the elite, and not equality for the entire Chinese population. The students were not asking for democracy; the democracy part came from foreign correspondents. The students wanted guaranteed good jobs after they finished university, because they saw that the good jobs went to all with the right connections. In the confusion that followed, the students thought that in a democracy they would have good jobs automatically, why, because that was the impression they had from foreigners. So a demand for good jobs became a demand for democracy.

 * It is a pity that within the discussion here, some 17 years after the incident, there was no mention of how the students lost their lives because of the manipulation of information and expectations by the foreign communities.

 * Every country has its own set of emergency laws. Take the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in the US. If anyone left destitude by the hurricane took a loaf of bread from a shop, he could be classified as a looter, and could be shot on the spot, and indeed people were shot on the spot. There were pictures of people sitting down with nothing (no food and no water) and armed troops watching them, without trying to help them in any way. In the Chinese case, emergency law was declared well in advance before any military action was taken. If people did not know what emergency law was about then, they unfortunately found out the hard way.

 * As for the so called student leaders, their real life abilities were naive and limited. It is true that people like Mao and Deng in their twenties were already identifiable as potential great leaders, but in their time they already had over 10 years of hard work experience and organisational experience. These students and the student leaders were puppies in comparison, and although they did not think it, they led privileged, sheltered and protected lives away from the toil and sweat of the ordinary Chinese, and given time they were expected to manage China. But they wanted more, quickly, without going through the process of learning society's ways.

 * Does democracy bring good jobs for the so-called 'highly educated'? Wu'er Kaixi found out that in America he was only good enough to be a gas-station attendant and a bus-boy in restaurants. He very soon realised that to have a life he wanted, he could only get it on Chinese soil. Cai Ling found out that for a young woman, to get what she wanted for herself, to have the 'American Dream' she had to sleep with an older, rich and powerful American man; what in Chinese is called selling the spring of your youth.

 * So after 17 years, and looking back, what was it that the student leaders actually wanted for themselves? It would appear that certainly, some of them just wanted a (much)better life for themselves. In that they are no different from any other student from around the world. However, their method was wrong. In the process they got many of their fellows killed. The students did not show any concern for the wealth of the rest of the Chinese population, only more privileges for themselves; that was their mistake.

 * The irony is that after 17 years, the West is doing more business with China than ever, because, in a capitalist world (which the students demanded implicitly), political stability is one of the most important things. Tiananmen demonstrated that the the government of China is extremely stable. I just hope the so-called student leaders know what they have done, so that they could live with the many hungry ghosts that must roam through their consciousness for the rest of their lives. 16 Nov 06 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.60.106.5 (talk)

That's a pretty cynical (and possibly libellous) view. Wuer Kaixi's limited opportunities in the USA may have arisen from his lack of good English rather than a lack of marketable skills. As for Chai Ling, you are free to criticise her political views and actions, but your suggestion that she is little more than a whore should either be supported by evidence or withdrawn.

And if you think China is stable now, you haven't been paying attention. There are numerous factors (the wealth gap, unemployment, regional separatism, corruption, the perilous financial situation of many banks and state enterprises) that could plunge the country into chaos again, which is exactly why the Party keeps such a tight rein on things. Rodparkes 09:40, 17 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually you are the one who is using libellous words. May be 'good English' is a marketable skill in itself? Going by your definition of stability, then there probably are not many places that are stable- just take a look at the US financial deficit, wealth gap, racial separation, Enron, etc. 17 Nov 06. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.60.106.5 (talk)

 * Good illustration, Sumple. :)
 * As to the Public Order Act. 1986. Well I'm sure you guys didn't realise this, but any such law has to be read considering Article 11 of European Convention on Human Rights, which gives the right of freedom of assembly (implied peaceful). Any other law on that topic has to be read to be compatible with the ECHR, or it's declared incompatible. The Chinese constitution also gave (and still gives) the right of assembly. So any Chinese law couldn't ban assembly just because the leaders felt uncomfortable. It was peaceful until martial law was declared, and the violence was started by troops. John Smith's 09:13, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Has the UK law been tested in the European Court in for example the Northern Ireland scenarios? 20 Nov 06 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.60.106.5 (talk)

wikiapologia?
article should be titled Tiananmen Square Massacre of 1989 —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 69.140.5.249 (talk • contribs).
 * First, please should put your signature. Second, you should read about the meaning of "Martial Law", in China, it was called "Martial Order". --Pingbal1 02:28, 1 October 2006 (UTC)

 * If no one claims the responsibility for this section, the section SHOULD be removed. -- Give source pls 16:38, 1 October 2006 (UTC)
 * John Smith, please state clearly why this article should be titled Tiananmen Square Massacre of 1989 and also provide the source for this. -- Pingbal1 03:31, 2 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I don't have to do anything like that, because the article has not been changed in such a manner. Everyone is entitled to their opinion, even if they don't back it up and thus cannot get people to agree with them to make such a change. John Smith's 13:21, 2 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I was not the person who brought this up, but I had actually never heard of the term "Tiananmen Square protests" until I came to wikipedia--I thought that people had always referred to the event as the Tiananmen Square Massacre. It seems to me 2 main factors come into play in whether we should call this article "...Protests" or "...Massacre": 1) What is the common name to which this event is referred to?, and 2) Historical accuracy. Regarding point 1), I got curious, and quickly googled both the phrases "Tiananmen Square protests" and "Tiananmen Square massacre", and got 73,600 hits for protests, and 242,000 hits for massacre. This is certainly not proof, but my quick-and-lazy test does seem to give us reason to think that "...massacre" might actually be the more common name to which the event is referred, so maybe we should do a more detailed study on that. As for 2), all I am saying is that we should take into account whether the term "massacre" or "protest" better reflect the actual event. I do think that both factors have influence as to how we should name this article. -- Notveryfunny 07:07, 8 October 2006 (UTC)
 * The term "massacre" is somewhat POV, whereas the term "protests" is more encompassing of the entire event. Overall the event was a protest and during part of the protest a massacre occurred. Just because the world takes a POV stance that it was overall a massacre, does not mean that wikipedia has to take that stance, as long as there is reference to it being, in large part, a massacre. Oh and it certainly was more than a riot. --Mattarata 17:21, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

Should be in Massacres category?
Should this article be included in the Massacres category? The criterion for inclusion is defined as "A mass killing of a number of people done for some aim". Although the killings (which certainly fit this definition) largely occurred (as the current form of the article correctly states) in the surrounding streets and not the Square itself, they were clearly related to and arising out of the protests in the Square, and any reader searching for details of what has become known as the Tiananmen Square Massacre would be led to this article. I approached this by way of the category listing and was surprised to not find it there. Rodparkes 04:15, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

In the absence of any objection here, I have added the categorisation. Rodparkes 01:45, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

Why traditional Chinese spelling?
Why do we have traditional Chinese spelling for the names here? As far as I know, the traditional spelling isn't used anywhere near Beijing. --Apoc2400 10:56, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Because it is Wikipedia convention to use both forms. -- Миборо в ский 18:16, 12 October 2006 (UTC)

 * That is not right. someone should change it to PinYin. That is how the names are spelt in China. Otherwise, it will cause confusion due to different spellings.

3rd paragraph
The third paragraph of "Arrests and Purges" appears to have been written by a non-English speaker and needs some sprucing up, particularly the sentence that includes the text "the need for Taiwan issue", as it is unclear what that phrase is supposed to mean.


text:
Mebbin National Park

Mebbin  is a national park located in New South Wales, Australia, 633 km north of Sydney. It is part of the Shield Volcano Group of the World Heritage Site Gondwana Rainforests of Australia inscribed in 1983 and added to the Australian National Heritage List in 2007. It is also part of the Scenic Rim Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International because of its importance in the conservation of several species of threatened birds.

This is a paradise for nature lovers, a great place for hiking, picnicking, camping, cycling or horseback riding.

title: Mebbin National Park


text:
Meroo National Park

Meroo National Park is a national park in on South Coast of New South Wales, Australia.

History
Meroo has only recently been designated as a National Park. Previously it was a state forest which contained an unregulated camp ground with beautiful beaches and bushland. The area was badly damaged over ten years ago by bushfires. Because of this damage and its constant use by holiday goers the National Park lands authority decided to create a National Park on this State Forest land in an attempt to help regenerate the bushland.

Description
As well as the beaches there are tidal rockpools and a rocky island that can be reached at low tide. Many sea creatures can be found such as crabs, star fish, small fish and sea urchins. Since its creation as a National Park new rules and regulations have been brought in to increase care of the natural bushland and native fauna. Fenced off areas around the headlands to stop erosion have been created and areas for camping have been reduced. This has helped to increase the natural bush regenerate from the devastating fires. The park's wildlife appears to be increasing in numbers with wallabies and possums being seen regularly. The sound of native birds can be heard again too. The park forms part of the Ulladulla to Merimbula Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International because of its importance for swift parrots.

Meroo is home to 12 endangered wildlife species, including the nationally endangered green and golden bell frog.

The average elevation of the terrain is 55 metres above sea level.

title: Meroo National Park


text:
Mimosa Rocks National Park

Mimosa Rocks is a national park in New South Wales, Australia, 329 km southwest of Sydney near the towns of Tathra and Bermagui. The park is close to Bournda National Park and forms part of the Ulladulla to Merimbula Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International because of its importance for swift parrots.

Description
Mimosa Rocks National Park starts at the northern end of Tathra Beach and runs north for about 16 km. The most recent addition to the park was the acquisition in 1999 of 260 acres subdivided from the Murrah Gardens Estate owned by the Hammond family, which includes the coastline of Bunga Beach and Goalen Head. It has five access roads from the Tathra-Bermagui main road. There are four main campsites in the Mimosa Rocks National Park; Gillards, Middle Beach, Aragannu, and Picnic Point. All campsites have barbecues and non-flush toilets available.

Traditionally this country belongs to the Yuin people. The recommended walk provides insight into the rich cultural heritage of Aboriginal people.

The average elevation of the terrain is 69 metres above sea level.

title: Mimosa Rocks National Park


text:
Mooball National Park

Mooball National Park is a national park located in New South Wales, Australia, 648 km northeast of Sydney. It is nearby to the town of Mooball and is 10 kilmetres south-east of Murwillumbah. It is on the traditional lands of the Bundjalung people.

It was established in January 1999 and covers an area of 1160 hectares and before this time it was managed by Forests NSW as the Mooball State Forest.

It is one of the largest lowland rainforests in Australia, and is a refuge for several animal species, where it sits in the predominantly clear Tweed and Brunswick Valleys.

Native flora and fauna
The park is home to a variety of native plants and within it theirs are at least 17 vulnerable or endangered plats. The endangered plant species present include:

 * Cassia brewsteri var. marksiana (Brush cassia)

The park also supports a number of threatened species including vulnerable mammals.
 * Dendrocnide moroides (Gympie stinger)
 * Drynaria rigidula (Basket ferm)
 * Elaeocarpus williamsianus (Hairy quandong)
 * Endiandra floydii (Crystal Creek walmut)
 * Endiandra muelleri subsp. bracteata (Green-leaved rose walnut)
 * Tarenna cameronii (Cameron’s Tarenna).

title: Mooball National Park


text:
Morton National Park

The Morton National Park is a 199745 ha national park located in the Southern Highlands, South Coast and Illawarra regions of New South Wales, Australia, situated approximately 170 km south southwest of Sydney.

Location and features
The most notable attractions are the Fitzroy Falls that are located adjacent to the main road linking the Southern Highlands with the upper South Coast and lower Illawarra regions, via Kangaroo Valley; and the Pigeon House Mountain that is located west of Milton. The NSW National Parks & Wildlife Servicemanaged park consists mostly of a flat plateau dissected by steep gorges, tilting gently to the northeast. The boundaries of the park extend from Bundanoon south to the west of Ulladulla and the park contains part of the Budawang Range. To the south of the park is the adjacent Budawang National Park. In the north section of the park, the Fitzroy Falls and the Belmore Falls plunge off the plateaux into rainforest gullies. The Shoalhaven River flows in the north and northwest sections of the park. In the east is Mount Tianjara, with an elevation of 768 m above sea level.

History
The Morton National Park was opened in 1938 and was named after Mark Morton, a state legislative assembly member, who passionately advocated for its establishment. It is estimated to have been inhabited by the aboriginal people almost 20,000 years ago. The Yuin people attach great significance to the park and its surrounding areas along with the Didthul mountain, which is a part of the aboriginal mythology.

title: Morton National Park


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Mount Clunie National Park

The Mount Clunie National Park is a protected national park that is located in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, Australia. The 1426 ha park is situated approximately 631 km north of Sydney and can be located via via the Bruxner Highway and the Summerland Way. The park's north-eastern limits define the state border between New South Wales and Queensland. The average elevation of the terrain is 634 metres above sea level.

The park is part of the Focal Peak Group World Heritage Site Gondwana Rainforests of Australia inscribed in 1986 and added to the Australian National Heritage List in 2007.

The park is also part of the Scenic Rim Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International because of its importance in the conservation of several species of threatened birds.

title: Mount Clunie National Park


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Mount Imlay National Park

 Mount Imlay  is a national park in New South Wales (Australia), 387 km south of Sydney, named after the Imlay brothers, who were early pioneers to the district. It is accessed from the Princes Highway, south of Eden, New South Wales. The mountain is called "Balawan" by Bidwell and Yuin peoples, and it is very important for their culture and spiritual teachings.

The vegetation is mostly eucalyptus forest. The Imlay Mallee and Imlay Boronia are rare plants growing near the mountain's summit. However, there is a 2 hectare rainforest remnant surviving in a fire-free gully. It consists mostly of Black Olive Berry trees. The park contains large populations of wombats and superb lyrebirds.

Geology
Most of Mt Imlay National Park was formed during the Ordovician Period, 500 to 435 million years ago, from sedimentary and metamorphosed rocks of the Mallacoota Beds, part of the Southern Highlands Fold Belt, including greywacke, sandstone and shale. The summit of Mt Imlay and the upper slopes are younger, with Devonian (395 to 345 Million years ago) rocks of the Merimbula Group, lying above the Ordovician sediments. The Merimbula Group includes sandstone, conglomerates, quartzite, siltstone and shale. Quaternary sediments form narrow river flats along the Towamba River on the northern edge of the park.

title: Mount Imlay National Park


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Mount Jerusalem National Park

Mount Jerusalem  is a national park in New South Wales, Australia, 635 km north of Sydney. It contains three river systems, Tweed River, Brunswick River and the Richmond River. The park forms the outer rim of Tweed Caldera, a volcano that was active 21 million years ago. Its establishment followed campaigns against logging in the area, including a blockade in the Nullum State Forest in 1995.

Important Bird Area
The park lies within the Nightcap Range Important Bird Area, so identified by BirdLife International because it contains the largest known population of Albert's lyrebirds, as well as several other significant bird species.

title: Mount Jerusalem National Park


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Mount Kaputar National Park

The Mount Kaputar National Park is a national park located in New South Wales, Australia, surrounding the proximities of Mount Kaputar, a volcano active between 17 and 21 million years ago. It is located 50 km east of Narrabri and 570 km northwest of Sydney. Millions of years of erosion have since carved the volcanic region into the lava terraces, volcanic plugs, and dykes of Nandewar Range. The central feature of the region is Mount Kaputar, the park's namesake, which rises to an altitude of 1510 m. The 360 degree view from the summit of the mountain encompasses one-tenth of New South Wales' area or 80,000 km2.

The park protects a wide range of biomes, including semi-arid woodland, subalpine heath, and eucalypt forests, and provides a habitat for a range of animals, including bats, birds, wallabies, quolls, and the unique red triangle slug (Triboniophorus graeffei), which is known to appear after rainfall.

History
Before it was a national park, the area was used largely as grazing land for domestic animals. The conditions in the park are very harsh, but several pioneering families lived there, and remnants of their occupation remain. Sheep and cattle continued to graze on the plateau until around the 1950s. It was an isolated place, and the stockmen in charge of the cattle often would not see another human for months at a time.

In 1925 some 775 ha of land around Mount Kaputar were declared a "Reserve for Public Recreation". Two years later, a trust, known as the Mount Kaputar Trust, was formed to give guidance on managing the park. The area was expanded to 14244 ha and proclaimed a full national park in 1959. Eight years later, in 1967, the Fund relinquished the duties of controlling the park to the newly established National Parks and Wildlife Service, and the park is still administered by a regional advisory board.

Facilities and activities
In 1965, two cabins were constructed at Dawsons Spring, providing accommodations including a permanent water supply for showers and toilets, and a picnic facility. Today there are 3 cabins, including the one facilitated from Bark Hut.

The park is popular with rockclimbers, and there are 11 walks in the park, as well as a camping ground. However, the most popular site in the park is Scutts Hut, located upward of Kurrawonga Falls. The hut is the former home of the Scutt family, a pioneer family living in the vicinity of the park. it is accessible via a fire trail from the Bark Hut camping grounds. The hut has been restored to its original livery, with an earthen floor and an open fireplace. The hut is built on the banks of Horsearm Creek, which flows into Kurrawonga Falls.

title: Mount Kaputar National Park


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Mount Nothofagus National Park

The Mount Nothofagus National Park is a protected national park located in the Northern Rivers region of New South Wales, Australia. The 2180 ha park is located approximately 634 km north of Sydney and can be located via via the Bruxner Highway and the Summerland Way.

The average elevation of the terrain is 746 metres above sea level.

The park is part of the Focal Peak Group World Heritage Site Gondwana Rainforests of Australia inscribed in 1986 and added to the Australian National Heritage List in 2007.

The park is also part of the Scenic Rim Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International because of its importance in the conservation of several species of threatened birds.

In November 2019 about three quarters of the park were burnt in a bushfire, during a period of drought that was so severe that most of the rainforest gullies, which are usually moist enough to act as buffers to fire, were destroyed.

title: Mount Nothofagus National Park


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Mount Pikapene National Park

Mount Pikapene is a national park located in New South Wales, Australia.

The part of the park that consists of tall moist rainforests, is dominated by gray gum, spotted gum, turpentine, pink bloodwood, and brush box.

The highest peak in the national park is Big Sugarloaf, rising 525 metres above sea level.

title: Mount Pikapene National Park


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Mount Royal National Park

The Mount Royal National Park is a protected national park located in the Hunter region of New South Wales, Australia. Gazetted in 1997, the 6920 ha park is situated approximately 187 km north of Sydney. Sections of the park had been subject to logging, which was disrupted by a blockade in 1989.

The park is part of the Barrington Tops group World Heritage Site Gondwana Rainforests of Australia inscribed in 1986 and added to the Australian National Heritage List in 2007.

During the 2019 Australian Bushfire Season, the park was damaged by the ‘Mount Royal 1’ fire.

Major Peaks
Mount Royal is the highest peak at 1,186m.

Pieres Peak is a major peak south of Mount Royal at 986m.

Fauna
The park is home to endangered animal species such as parma wallaby, rufous scrub bird, paradise riflebird, hastings river mouse and the glossy black-cockatoo.

The animals that live here do not seem to have evolved, today they look like their fossil remains.

title: Mount Royal National Park


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Wollumbin National Park

Wollumbin National Park (previously known as 'Mount Warning National Park') is a national park located in northern New South Wales, Australia, 642 km north of Sydney near the border with the state of Queensland. It surrounds Mount Warning, part of a remnant caldera of a much larger extinct volcano (the Tweed volcano). The park is administered by the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. The park is part of the Scenic Rim Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International because of its importance in the conservation of several species of threatened birds. In addition to numerous bird species, carpet python, land mullet, eastern small-eyed snake, lace monitor, black-bellied marsh snake and long-nosed potoroo can be found here.

Wollumbin rises to 1157 metres above sea level.

History
The park incorporates lands of traditional significance to the local Bundjalung people. The local Aboriginal name for the mountain is "Wollumbin"; meaning, "cloud-catcher", or alternatively "fighting chief of the mountains". The mountain's English name was bestowed on it by Lieutenant James Cook in May 1770, as his expedition in command of the Endeavour passed it by on their route northwards along the eastern coastline of Australia. The designation "Mount Warning" was meant to indicate the danger of the offshore reefs they encountered. The park was reserved for public recreation in 1928 and dedicated as a national park in 1966. The Park is part of the Shield Volcano Group of the World Heritage Site Gondwana Rainforests of Australia inscribed in 1986 and added to the Australian National Heritage List in 2007.

title: Wollumbin National Park


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Mummel Gulf National Park

Mummel Gulf is a national park located in New South Wales, Australia, approximately 487 km by road north of Sydney. It is situated approximately 50 km southeast of Walcha on the unsealed Enfield Forest Road and 12 km south of the Oxley Highway.

The Mummel River has formed the deep V-shaped gorge of the Mummel Gulf, which exceeds 400 m in the head of this gorge.

Flora and fauna
The Mummel Gulf National Park protects tall, open eucalypt forest on the south-eastern escarpment of the New England region. The park communities also include wet sclerophyll forest and snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora) forest in the higher parts of the park, around Porters Camp. Messmate (Eucalyptus obliqua) and less commonly Mountain Ribbon Gum (Eucalyptus nobilis) dominate old-growth forests in this area which drops from 1,450 metres down to 470 m. Other trees in the region include silvertop stringybark (Eucalyptus laevopinea), blue gum (Eucalyptus saligna), diehard stringybark (Eucalyptus cameronii) and New England blackbutt (Eucalyptus andrewsii). Broad-leaved pepperbush (Tasmannia purpurascens) is at its northern limit in the area. Many species of shrubs flower here during spring and summer.

Bushwalkers accessing the remote central and southern sections of the park's moist subtropical rainforest will find a mix of corkwood, sassafras (Doryphora sassafras), large tree ferns (Dicksonia) and silver sycamore (Cryptocarya glaucescens).

The park also protects threatened species such as the koala, tiger quoll, sugar glider, yellow-bellied glider, superb lyrebird, boobook owl, sooty owl, powerful owl, tawny frogmouth and parma wallaby.

History
This region and its escarpment served as the boundary between the Nganyaywana people of the Northern Tablelands and the Danggati who had the hinterland valleys leading up to the tableland.

The explorer John Oxley passed by the Apsley Falls in September 1818 and travelled eastwards through this area en route to Port Macquarie. Timber-getters and illegal settlers soon followed. The Wool Road (now the Oxley Highway), was built through here in 1842 with convict labour to link the wool-growing settlement of Walcha with Port Macquarie. Some of the park has been logged, although only small sections of the park have been cleared. Some areas have also been used for cattle grazing and for small-scale manganese mining.

In the 1970s Enfield and Riamukka State Forests were expanded over former Crown lands to include the steep areas of the Mummel River catchment.

The Bicentennial National Trail which was first used in the 1970s follows the Mummel Forest Road to the east of the park.

Porters (Camp) air navigation facility and Country Energy towers are situated at 1448 m in the northern portion of the park.

In 1992 North-East Forest Alliance Forest (NEFA) protesters set up a camp in what is now Mummel Gulf National Park. NEFA protested against logging here and won an agreement to delay logging to allow a joint study by NEFA and the New South Wales Forestry Commission. Mummel Gulf National Park was created in 1999, as part of the national regional forest agreement process.

Pest animals and weeds
Some wild pigs and wild dogs live in the park. The National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) staff conduct pig trapping and shooting programs. A ground-baiting program is run in conjunction with Forests NSW and private landholders to help control wild dogs.

Crofton weed (Ageratina adenophora) and blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) are the main weeds of concern in the park.

Access and facilities
The gravel road is accessible by all vehicles but it would be advisable to have a four-wheel drive (4WD) in wet conditions. The Panhandle Fire Trail is a 9.5 km four-wheel drive trail located within the park.

New Country Swamp has a basic camping area with toilets, picnic tables and barbecues situated 13 km from the highway and inside the National Park. Campsites are suitable for camper trailers or camping beside ones vehicle. Not suitable for caravans.

title: Mummel Gulf National Park


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Mungo National Park

Mungo National Park is a protected national park that is located in south-western New South Wales, in eastern Australia. The 110967 ha national park is situated approximately 875 km west of Sydney in the Balranald Shire. Mungo National Park is the traditional meeting place of the Muthi Muthi, Nyiampaar and Barkinji Aboriginal Nations. People are no longer able to climb the sand dunes by themselves as stricter rules have been enforced, all visitors groups need to be accompanied by an accredited tour guide to access the sand dunes.

The national park is part of the UNESCO World Heritagelisted Willandra Lakes Region, an area of 2400 km2 that incorporates seventeen dry lakes. The seventeen dry lakes are not all called Mungo but are all declared world heritage. The creek that used to flow into Mungo is being preserved as a sacred site. The national park is about 75 km south-east of Pooncarie, 110 km north-east of Mildura and approximately 145 km, 90 minutes drive south-west of. The roads to, in or around the park are unsealed and can be accessed in 2-wheel-drive cars, but councils will close the road in wet weather.

Features and location
The central feature of Mungo National Park is Lake Mungo, the second largest of the ancient dry lakes. The Mungo National Park is noted for the archaeological remains discovered in the park. The remains of Mungo Man, the oldest human remains discovered in Australia, and Mungo Lady, the oldest known human to have been ritually cremated, were both discovered within the park. They were buried on the shore of Lake Mungo, beneath the 'Walls of China', a series of lunettes on the South eastern edge of the lake.

A visitor centre, where further information and a map may be acquired, is located near the old Mungo woolshed and the entrance to the park. A 70 km signposted circular vehicle track allows visitors to drive to the spectacular Walls of China and around the lakes. The Shearers' Quarters can provide bunk accommodation and a communal kitchen for a daily fee. Camping and park access fees may be paid at the visitor centre.

Mungo National Park was acquired for the National Reserve System in 1979 by the Foundation for National Parks and Wildlife. This organisation fundraised the $101,000 required to purchase the property. The Foundation also funded a resident archaeologist to work on the site from 1979 to 1983. With funds donated by Dick Smith, the Foundation established the Mungo Visitors Centre and Laboratory in 1983. With further sponsorship from BHP, the Foundation implemented the Mungo National Park 60 km long guided vehicle drive in 1990. , the Foundation put together a prospectus to create a new Centre at Mungo for education and research. Glenn Murcutt, an Australian architect and winner of the 2002 Pritzker Prize and 2009 AIA Gold Medal, along with Wendy Lewin, were scheduled to design the building.

Accommodation
The National Park campground provides accommodation for visiting residents.

An Eco lodge provides cabin accommodation, caravan sites and glamping. There is also a restaurant and bar onsite, tours can be booked at the lodge.

title: Mungo National Park


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Murramarang National Park

Murramarang is a national park in New South Wales, Australia, 206 km southwest of Sydney. It follows the coastline from Long Beach north to Merry Beach near Ulladulla. It is surrounded by three state forests, Kioloa, South Brooman, and Benandarrah. The park forms part of the Ulladulla to Merimbula Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International because of its importance for swift parrots.

Murramarang National Park is of great cultural and historical significance for Aboriginal people.

Access and facilities
There are several entrances to the park off the Princes Highway. There are two major entrances, at the northern end via Bawly Point and Merry Beach and in the southern section off the highway near East Lynne to Pebbly Beach and Durras North. Roads in the park are generally unsealed. A campground is located just in the bush behind the beach.

Attractions

 * Pebbly Beach, one of the park's major attractions, lies between two headlands and forms a sand beach used for bathing and surfing, followed by hilly grassland towards the bush.
 * Kangaroos graze close to the beach. Birds, including parrots are plentiful. Goannas live in the area.
 * Walks and diving along the headlands.
 * Tidal rock pools.
 * Wasp Head, Depot, Pebbly and Merry Beaches are popular surfing spots. These beaches also include numerous walking trails.
 * Myrtle Beach is a popular beach for nudists.
 * Durras Mountain includes a steep but enjoyable hiking trail.
 * Murramarang Aboriginal Area is located in the northern region of the park and it encompasses the largest midden on the south coast.

title: Murramarang National Park


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Mutawintji National Park

The Mutawintji National Park, formerly the Mootwingee National Park, is a protected national park that is located in the Far West region of New South Wales, in eastern Australia. The 68912 ha national park is situated approximately 880 km west of Sydney and about 130 km north-east of.

Features and location
The rugged, mulga-clad Byngnano Range is dissected by colourful gorges, rockpools and creek beds lined with red gums. Scattered among the caves and overhangs are Aboriginal rock art and engravings.

In 1979, the Foundation for National Parks & Wildlife purchased and fenced 100 km2, in the Coturaundee Ranges, now part of Mutawintji National Park, for the conservation and protection of the yellow-footed rock wallaby.

Follow-up funding of fox eradication in the reserve ensured the survival of this last population of yellow-footed rock-wallabies in New South Wales. Of the wild animals, wedge-tailed eagle, peregrine falcon, short-billed correllas, zebra finches, budgerigars, apostle birds and magpies can also be found here.

The park also protects Mutawintji Historic Site, containing one of the best collections of Australian Aboriginal rock art.

title: Mutawintji National Park


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Myall Lakes National Park

Myall Lakes National Park is a national park located in New South Wales, Australia, 236 km north of Sydney. It encompasses one of the state's largest coastal lake systems Myall Lakes, and includes Broughton Island. The park includes 40 kilometres of beaches and rolling sand dunes. Myall Lakes is also one of the most visited parks in New South Wales.

History
The Worimi Aboriginal people had inhabited the Myall Lakes National Park land area for its abundance of natural resources. These natural resources had offered a traditional hunter-gatherer lifestyle for the Worimi people. The park includes important spiritual sites that are an important part of the identity of local Aboriginal people. Dark Point Aboriginal Place served as a location for the Worimi people to gather together for ceremonies and feasts and has been of significance to Worimi people for at least 4000 years.

Environment
Myall Lakes National Park incorporates a patchwork of freshwater lakes, the ocean, islands, native flora, dense littoral rainforest and beaches.

Since 1999, Myall Lakes has been listed under the Ramsar Convention.

Fauna
The lakes support a large variety of birds including bowerbirds, white-bellied sea eagle and tawny frogmouths.

Other native Fauna which can be seen in the park includes the nocturnal long-nosed bandicoot which has grey-brown fur and a pointed snout for which it uses to forage for worms and insects. The Striped marsh frog can be found near ponds and swamps and has a distinct sound which can be heard all year round. The Eastern swamp crayfish was first discovered here.

Climate
The average high temperature during the summer season averages between 19 °C and 27 °C. The highest temperature recorded at the park is 41.5 °C. The average temperature during the winter season averages between 10 °C and 19 °C with the lowest temperature on record being 1.1 °C. The wettest month typically occurs in May while the driest month occurs in November. The area's highest recorded rainfall in one day is 257.8mm.

title: Myall Lakes National Park


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Nangar National Park

Nangar is a national park in located New South Wales, Australia, 252 km west of Sydney. The park is located in the Nangar-Murga Range between Eugowra and Canowindra. It features Nangar Mountain, which rises to 778 m.

Trees consist of eucalyptus, blackpine, scribbly gum and ironbark. Shrubs include spider flowers, thyme spurge, nodding blue lily and waxlip orchids.

Birds recorded include wrens, thornbills, falcons, hawks, peregrine falcons and glossy black cockatoos. Eastern grey kangaroos and grey, redneck and swamp wallabies are common.

The park was originally established in 1983 when 1,550 hectares of bushland were declared a national park. "Dripping Rock" was added to the park in 1988 and, in 1994, the Nangar State Forest was added to the park to expand its size to 9,196 hectares. "Dripping Rock" was a grazing property established in 1928 and named after a local seasonal waterfall. The original "Dripping Rock" homestead was converted to a shearing shed and a new homestead, built in 1935, was destroyed by a bushfire in September 2009.

title: Nangar National Park


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Nattai National Park

The Nattai National Park is a protected area located in the Macarthur and Southern Highlands regions of New South Wales, Australia. The 48984 ha area is situated approximately 150 km southwest of the Sydney central business district and primarily encompasses the valley of the Nattai River, which is surrounded by sandstone cliffs. Part of the Southern Highlands Shale Forest and Woodland, the park is covered in dry sclerophyll (hard-leafed) forest – mostly eucalypt, and has frequent forest fires. As of May 2024, the park has no facilities.

The Nattai National Park is one of the eight protected areas that, in 2000, was inscribed to form part of the UNESCO World Heritage-listed Greater Blue Mountains Area. The Nattai National Park is the most southern of the eight protected areas within the World Heritage Site. The national park forms part of the Great Dividing Range.

The national park is bounded to the north by the Nattai State Conservation Area, the Burragorang State Conservation Area, and Lake Burragorang, inclusive of a 3 km exclusion zone surrounding the lake; to the east by the Bargo State Conservation Area and the now partly disused Picton – Mittagong loop railway line; to the south by the Wombeyan Caves Road; to the southwest by the Kanangra-Boyd National Park; and to the west by the Yerranderie State Conservation Area. Blue Mountains National Park does not directly adjoin the Nattai National Park, but is located on the northwestern shore of Lake Burragorang.

The Nattai National Park contains much of the course and catchment of the Little, Nattai, Allum and Wollondilly rivers.

History
The area now known as Nattai National Park has had a limited impact from Europeans. Several early expeditions attempting to cross the Blue Mountains passed through the area at the end of the 18th century, and settlers settled in the lower Nattai and Burragorang Valleys in 1827. Early conservationists Myles Dunphy and Herb Gallop went on bushwalks in the region from 1912 onward. An area of note was a forest of Eucalyptus saligna, commonly referred to as Sydney blue gum around Blue Gum Creek which was held in high regard.

Dunphy lobbied for the stand to be preserved upon becoming aware of plans to log the area but was unsuccessful, and the area was logged in the 1920s and 30s. Dunphy put forward a plan for a Greater Blue Mountains National Park, which incorporated what is now Nattai National Park in the southeast in 1932. The creation of Warragamba Dam in 1960 limited access for the development of land upstream, but it was not until 1991 that plans for permanent protection and national park status looked to become realised.

Access
The national park can be accessed via Wattle Ridge Fire Road, located northeast of the small town of Hill Top. Access to a small, unsealed car park situated at the edge of the park is through an unsealed road. There are no facilities available except for an information board and a logbook. Visitors are required to sign in and out of the logbook when entering and exiting the park.

Alternate access is via the Wombeyan Caves Road.

Bushwalking
Nattai National Park has several bushwalk trails. Backpack camping is allowed, with a remote campground by the Nattai River known as Emitts Flat at the end of the Starlights Trail.

The difficulties on the park's trails include: limited mobile reception, all trails requiring bushwalking experience and encounters with wildlife, such as snakes or wombats, being common.

Trails

 * The Starlights Trail: Starlights Trail is a scenic bushwalk in Nattai National Park, part of the Greater Blue Mountains trail network between Mittagong and Katoomba in Country NSW. Designed for experienced hikers, the trail spans 11 kilometers round trip and typically takes 4 to 5 hours to complete. It is classified as a Grade 4 hike, indicating a challenging route through varied landscapes in the Sydney surrounds.
 * Russells Needle: An extension of Starlights Trail from Emmetts Flat south along the Nattai River to a tall rock spire.
 * Katoomba to Mittagong Trail: A long-distance trail starting in the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area – 132 km in length.
 * Couridjah Corridor walk: Couridjah Corridor Walk is a 14-kilometer return trail that traverses both Thirlmere Lakes National Park and Nattai National Park in Sydney and surrounds, Country NSW. This trail is ideal for hiking, bushwalking, and birdwatching. The walk typically takes between 4 to 6 hours to complete and is classified as a Grade 4 hike, indicating a challenging route suited for experienced hikers.

title: Nattai National Park


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New England National Park

The New England National Park is a protected national park located on the Northern Tablelands in the New England region of New South Wales, Australia. The 67303 ha park was created in May 1935 and is situated approximately 560 km north of Sydney, and 10 km south of Waterfall Way, just 85 km east of Armidale and 65 km west of Coffs Harbour. The closest village to New England National Park is Ebor, located 20 km away.

The park is part of the New England Group World Heritage Site Gondwana Rainforests of Australia inscribed in 1986 and added to the Australian National Heritage List in 2007.

More than 1,000 plant species are found within the park, attracting prolific birdlife.

History
In the 1920s Phillip Wright of Wollomombi led the push to have this area declared a National Park. Most of the area was declared a reserve in 1931 and in 1935 dedicated for public recreation. Between 1934 and 1956 mining leases for antimony were granted.

The national park was officially opened by the Governor General Lord Gowrie in 1937, although the wilderness area was recognised for its beauty as early as the 1920s.

New England National Park (NENP) was World Heritage listed in 1986 and forms part of the New England Group of the Gondwana Rainforests of Australia (previously the Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves of Australia) (CERRA). In 1999 the Mount Killekrankie area, which had been subject to anti-logging blockade earlier in the decade, was added to the park. The Gondwana Rainforests of Australia was added to the Australian National Heritage List in 2007.

Geography
Located on the precipitous escarpment on the east of the undulating Northern Tablelands plateau, the wilderness consists of impressive cliffs, rugged ridges, spurs and streams. To the west the Nymboida, Guy Fawkes and Styx Rivers drain across the tablelands. To the east is the thickly forested Bellinger River valley.

The Cunnawarra National Park adjoins the New England National Park on the north-western boundary and the Bellinger River National Park joins it on the north-eastern corner.

Public access to the park focuses on the Point Lookout area, at 1563 m above sea level, from where on a clear day the Tasman Sea is visible. This lookout is the second tallest mountain in the region and one of the highest places north of the Snowy Mountains.

Flora and fauna
The park lies within the Eastern Australian temperate forests ecoregion. It is noted for the wide variety of plant and animal species. The diverse vegetation in the park includes sub-tropical, warm temperate and cool temperate rainforest in the higher altitudes. There are also areas of sclerophyll forest, sub-alpine woodland, heathland and swampland. In the eucalpyt forests Brush box, Sydney blue gum and Tallow-wood predominate.

Heathland is found at Wrights Lookout and in other patches. Previous estimates of the number of different plant species in the park place the figure at 500. This figure has been revised upwards to around 1,000. This includes snow gums (Eucalyptus pauciflora), Antarctic beech, tree ferns and red cedars (Toona ciliata).

Dingos, koalas, tiger quolls, common bentwing bats, brown antechinuses, and northern brown bandicoots are some of the mammals found in the park.

Birds
At least 100 species of birds have been recorded. Larger species include the wedge-tailed eagle, greater sooty owl, sulphur-crested cockatoo and superb lyrebird. Eastern whipbirds, eastern bristlebirds, crimson rosellas, Australian king parrots and several kinds of honeyeaters also inhabit the reserve.

The park has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA) because it supports one of five remaining populations of rufous scrub-birds, as well as of flame and pale-yellow robins, paradise riflebirds, green catbirds, regent bowerbirds and Australian logrunners.

Facilities
There is an extensive walking track system that traverses the higher areas of the park.

Limited accommodation is available in the park at Banksia Point. If visiting in winter it is a good idea to bring warm clothes because at such a high altitude the region experiences frequent snow falls and cold temperatures.

title: New England National Park