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Stearns County, Minnesota

Stearns County is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2020 census, the population was 158,292. Its county seat and largest city is St. Cloud.

Included within the Minnesota Territory since 1849, the county was founded by European Americans in 1855. It was originally named for Isaac Ingalls Stevens, then renamed for Charles Thomas Stearns. Stearns County is part of the St. Cloud Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Minneapolis-St. Paul Combined Statistical Area.

History
The Stearns County area was formerly occupied by numerous indigenous tribes, such as the Sioux (Dakota), Chippewa (Ojibwe) and Winnebago (Ho-chunk). The first large immigration was of German Catholics in the 1850s. Early arrivals also came from eastern states. The Wisconsin Territory was established by the federal government effective July 3, 1836, and existed until its eastern portion was granted statehood (as Wisconsin) in 1848.

The federal government set up the Minnesota Territory effective March 3, 1849. The newly organized territorial legislature created nine counties across the territory in October of that year. The original counties had portions partitioned off in 1851 to create Cass County and in 1853 to create Sibley, Pierce, and Nicollet counties. In 1855 parts of those counties were partitioned off to create Stearns County. It was to be named Stevens County for territorial governor Isaac Ingalls Stevens, who had conducted an expedition through the area in 1853, but due to a clerical error, the county was named Stearns for Charles Thomas Stearns, a member of the Territorial Council. (To compensate for this error the area two counties west was later named Stevens County.)

The February 20, 1855, act that created the county directed the naming of three county commissioners and specified St. Cloud as the county seat.

Writing in 1997, Jewish-American historian of America's religious architecture Marilyn J. Chiat commented, "Father Francis X. Pierz, a missionary to Indians in central Minnesota, published a series of articles in 1851 in German Catholic newspapers advocating Catholic settlement in central Minnesota. Large numbers of immigrants, mainly German, but also Slovenian and Polish, responded. Over 20 parishes where formed in what is now Stearns County, each centered on a church-oriented hamlet. As the farmers prospered, the small frame churches were replaced by more substantial buildings of brick or stone such as St. Mary, Help of Christians, a Gothic Revival stone structure built in 1873. Stearns County retains in its German character and is still home to one of the largest rural Catholic populations in Anglo-America."

Furthermore, according to Kathleen Neils Conzen, "Stearns County Germans early established daughter settlements at West Union in Todd County, Millerville in Douglas County, and Pierz in Morrison County, later flooded into North Dakota (where 'Stearns County German' remains a recognized ethnicity today), and in 1905 negotiated with the Canadian authorities to establish the St. Peter Colony in north-central Saskatchewan."

The first courthouse was put into service on July 12, 1864, and it remained in use until the present courthouse was dedicated in 1922. In 1913 a campaign was mounted to shift the county seat to Albany, due to its more central location. The effort was not successful.

Stearns County was also founded off of farmers' markets and crop trades, making it one of the top grossing crop producing counties in the state of Minnesota.

Geography
Stearns County borders nine counties. The Mississippi River flows southeast along its northeast border, and the Sauk River drains the central part of the county into the Mississippi at St. Cloud. The county terrain consists of low rolling hills, lightly wooded, dotted with lakes and ponds, and carved with drainages. All available area is devoted to agriculture or has been developed. The terrain slopes to the east and south, with its highest point a local protuberance at 7.6 mi west and 1.6 mi south of St. Joseph, at 1,461 ft ASL. The county's total area is 1390 sqmi, of which 1343 sqmi is land and 47 sqmi (3.4%) is water.

The northeastern border of Stearns County is formed by the Mississippi River. The land consists of rolling hills, scenic lakes, prairies, savannas and woodlands of a mixture of coniferous and deciduous trees. Stearns is one of 17 Minnesota savanna region counties with more savanna soils than either prairie or forest soils. The county has 166 lakes.

Major highways

 * [[Image:I-94.svg|20px]] Interstate 94
 * [[Image:US 52.svg|20px]] U.S. Highway 52
 * [[Image:US 71.svg|20px]] U.S. Highway 71
 * [[Image:MN-4.svg|20px]] Minnesota State Highway 4
 * [[Image:MN-15.svg|20px]] Minnesota State Highway 15
 * [[Image:MN-22.svg|20px]] Minnesota State Highway 22
 * [[Image:MN-23.svg|20px]] Minnesota State Highway 23
 * [[Image:MN-24.svg|20px]] Minnesota State Highway 24
 * [[Image:MN-28.svg|20px]] Minnesota State Highway 28
 * [[Image:MN-55.svg|20px]] Minnesota State Highway 55
 * [[Image:MN-237.svg|20px]] Minnesota State Highway 237
 * [[Image:MN-238.svg|20px]] Minnesota State Highway 238
 * List of county roads

Airports
Source:
 * Brooten Municipal Airport (6D1) - east of Brooten
 * Paynesville Municipal Airport (PEX) - west of Paynesville
 * Sauk Centre Municipal Airport (D39) - south-southeast of Sauk Centre
 * St. Cloud Regional Airport (STC) - east-southeast of St. Cloud

Adjacent counties

 * Todd County - north
 * Morrison County - northeast
 * Benton County - northeast
 * Sherburne County - east
 * Wright County - southeast
 * Meeker County - south
 * Kandiyohi County - southwest
 * Pope County - west
 * Douglas County - northwest

Protected areas
Sources:

 * Avon Hills Forest Scientific and Natural Area
 * Birch Lakes State Forest
 * Christopher Kurilla Wildlife Management Area
 * Cold Spring Heron Colony Scientific and Natural Area
 * Crow River Wildlife Management Area
 * Edward Raymond Mohs Wildlife Management Area
 * Follies Wildlife Management Area (part)
 * Lake Koronis Regional Park
 * Legacy Marsh Wildlife Management Area
 * Miller Wildlife Management Area
 * Milton Kjedahl Wildlife Management Area
 * Norman T. Dahlman Wildlife Management Area
 * Oxcart Crossing Wildlife Management Area
 * Padua State Wildlife Management Area
 * Patch Woods Scientific and Natural Area
 * Quarry Park and Nature Preserve
 * Quarry Park Scientific and Natural Area
 * Rockville County Park and Nature Preserve
 * Roscoe Prairie Scientific and Natural Area
 * Saint Wendel Tamarack Bog Scientific and Natural Area
 * Sauk River Wildlife Management Area
 * Sedan Brook Prairie Scientific and Natural Area
 * Stearns Prairie Heritage Wildlife Management Area
 * Tamarack State Wildlife Management Area
 * Tower State Wildlife Management Area
 * Tribute Wildlife Management Area
 * Victor Winder Wildlife Management Area
 * Warner Lake County Park
 * Zion State Wildlife Management Area

2020 census
''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.''

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 133,166 people, 47,604 households, and 32,132 families in the county. The population density was 99.2 /mi2. There were 50,291 housing units at an average density of 37.4 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 95.99% White, 0.83% Black or African American, 0.26% Native American, 1.58% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.47% from other races, and 0.82% from two or more races. 1.37% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 56.9% were of German and 9.4% Norwegian ancestry.

There were 47,604 households, out of which 35.00% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.30% were married couples living together, 7.50% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.50% were non-families. 23.60% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.15.

The county population contained 25.70% under the age of 18, 16.10% from 18 to 24, 28.00% from 25 to 44, 19.10% from 45 to 64, and 11.00% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.80 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $42,426, and the median income for a family was $51,553. Males had a median income of $34,268 versus $23,393 for females. The per capita income for the county was $19,211. About 4.30% of families and 8.70% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.70% of those under age 18 and 8.60% of those age 65 or over.

Cities

 * Albany
 * Avon
 * Belgrade
 * Brooten (part)
 * Clearwater (part)
 * Cold Spring
 * Eden Valley (part)
 * Elrosa
 * Freeport
 * Greenwald
 * Holdingford
 * Kimball
 * Lake Henry
 * Meire Grove
 * Melrose
 * New Munich
 * Paynesville
 * Richmond
 * Rockville
 * Roscoe
 * Saint Anthony
 * Saint Augusta
 * Saint Cloud (county seat; partial)
 * Saint Joseph
 * Saint Martin
 * Saint Rosa
 * Saint Stephen
 * Sartell (part)
 * Sauk Centre
 * Spring Hill
 * Waite Park

Census-designated place

 * Fairhaven
 * St. John's University

Unincorporated communities

 * Collegeville
 * Farming
 * Five Points
 * Georgeville
 * Jacobs Prairie
 * Marty
 * Opole
 * Padua
 * Saint Anna
 * Saint Francis
 * Saint Nicholas
 * Saint Wendel

Townships

 * Albany Township
 * Ashley Township
 * Avon Township
 * Brockway Township
 * Collegeville Township
 * Crow Lake Township
 * Crow River Township
 * Eden Lake Township
 * Fair Haven Township
 * Farming Township
 * Getty Township
 * Grove Township
 * Holding Township
 * Krain Township
 * Lake George Township
 * Lake Henry Township
 * Le Sauk Township
 * Luxemburg Township
 * Lynden Township
 * Maine Prairie Township
 * Melrose Township
 * Millwood Township
 * Munson Township
 * North Fork Township
 * Oak Township
 * Paynesville Township
 * Raymond Township
 * Saint Joseph Township
 * Saint Martin Township
 * Saint Wendel Township
 * Sauk Centre Township
 * Spring Hill Township
 * Wakefield Township
 * Zion Township

Politics and government
In its early history Stearns County was heavily Democratic due to being largely German Catholic and opposed to the pietistic Scandinavian Lutheran Republican Party of that era. It did not vote Republican until Theodore Roosevelt swept every Minnesota county in 1904. Anti-Woodrow Wilson feeling from World War I caused the county to shift overwhelmingly to Warren G. Harding in 1920 before swinging to Robert M. La Follette, coreligionist Al Smith and fellow “wet” Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt.

In 1936 the county's isolationism gave strong support to William Lemke’s Union Party. Stearns County turned Republican until another Catholic nominee, John F. Kennedy, returned it to the Democratic ranks sufficiently to be one of only 130 counties nationwide to back George McGovern in 1972. Since the “Reagan Revolution”, Stearns County has voted reliably Republican, with no Democrat gaining a majority since Jimmy Carter in 1976, and Bill Clinton in 1996 the only one to manage a plurality. The county's growing social conservative bent has fueled the Republican trend.

In 2016 Donald Trump won the county with 59.8% of the vote, the highest percentage any presidential candidate has received since President Eisenhower in 1956. He improved on that in 2020 with 60.1% of the vote.

As of 2020, two cities in the county lean Democratic: St. Cloud, the largest city, and neighboring Waite Park.

title: Stearns County, Minnesota


text:
Talk:Seine-et-Marne

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I'm wondering why the table below overlaps the table at right. Bug in wiki software? -Jwwalker 08:56, 27 Mar 2005 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Seine-et-Marne


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Sibley County, Minnesota

Sibley County is a county in the South Central part of the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2020 census, the population was 14,836. Its county seat is Gaylord.

History
The county was created on March 5, 1853. It was named for Henry Hastings Sibley.

The county seat was first established at Henderson. A courthouse was built there and placed into service in 1879. It was used in that capacity until 1915, when the county seat was moved to Gaylord (after Gaylord residents presented a petition to county supervisors). Now the Henderson Community Building, the original courthouse presently houses Henderson City offices.

Geography
The Minnesota River flows northeastward along Sibley County's eastern border. It is fed by the Rush River, whose three branches drain the lower part of the county before merging and then meeting the Minnesota below Henderson. Bevens Creek drains the upper part of the county, flowing northeastward into Carver County. The county terrain consists of rolling hills etched with drainages and dotted with lakes and ponds, with the area devoted to agriculture. The terrain slopes to the east and north, with its highest point near its northwest corner at 1,083 ft ASL. The county has an area of 601 sqmi, of which 589 sqmi is land and 12 sqmi (2.0%) is water. Most of the Rush River's watershed is in Sibley County.

Major highways

 * [[Image:US 169 (MN).svg|20px]] U.S. Highway 169
 * [[Image:MN-5.svg|20px]] Minnesota State Highway 5
 * [[Image:MN-15.svg|20px]] Minnesota State Highway 15
 * [[Image:MN-19.svg|20px]] Minnesota State Highway 19
 * [[Image:MN-22.svg|20px]] Minnesota State Highway 22
 * [[Image:MN-25.svg|20px]] Minnesota State Highway 25
 * [[Image:MN-93.svg|20px]] Minnesota State Highway 93

Adjacent counties

 * McLeod County - north
 * Carver County - northeast
 * Scott County - east
 * Le Sueur County - southeast
 * Nicollet County - south
 * Renville County - west

Lakes

 * Altnow Lake: in Dryden Township
 * Beatty Lake: in Dryden Township
 * Clear Lake: northern half is in Severance Township; southern half is in Nicollet County
 * Curran Lake: in Green Isle Township
 * Erin Lake
 * Hahn Lake: in New Auburn Township
 * High Island Lake: in New Auburn Township
 * Indian Lake: in Transit Township
 * Kerry Lake: in Faxon Township
 * Kirby Lake
 * Mud Lake: in Dryden Township
 * Mud Lake: there is another Mud Lake in New Auburn Township northwest of Hahn Lake
 * Mud Lake: there is a third Mud Lake in New Auburn Township southeast of Hahn Lake
 * Mud Lake: there is a fourth Mud Lake in Severance Township
 * Mud Lakes: three lakes in Washington Lake Township
 * Round Grove Lake
 * Sand Lake: western two thirds is in Cornish Township; the eastern third is in Alfsborg Township
 * Schauer Lake: in Green Isle Township
 * Schilling Lake: in New Auburn Township
 * Severance Lake: in Green Isle Township
 * Silver Lake: in Jessenland Township
 * Swan Lake: in Severance Township
 * Titlow Lake: in Dryden Township: the North Branch Rush River starts at this lake.
 * Ward Lake (part)
 * Washington Lake: in Washington Lake Township

Protected areas

 * Altnow Marsh State Wildlife Management Area
 * Indian Lake State Wildlife Management Area
 * Minnesota Valley National Wildlife Refuge (part)
 * Revanche Wildlife Management Area
 * Rush River County Park

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 15,356 people, 5,772 households, and 4,086 families in the county. The population density was 26.1 /mi2. There were 6,024 housing units at an average density of 10.2 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 95.57% White, 0.12% Black or African American, 0.26% Native American, 0.33% Asian, 3.09% from other races, and 0.62% from two or more races. 5.43% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 65.7% were of German and 6.3% Norwegian ancestry.

There were 5,772 households, of which 33.6% had children under 18 living with them, 61.1% were married couples living together, 5.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.2% were non-families. 25.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.0% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.14.

The county population was 27.7% under 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 27.1% from 25 to 44, 21.3% from 45 to 64, and 16.4% 65 or older. The median age was 37. For every 100 females there were 102.9 males. For every 100 females 18 and over, there were 99.9 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $41,458, and the median income for a family was $48,923. Males had a median income of $31,002 versus $22,527 for females. The per capita income was $18,004. About 5.1% of families and 8.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.8% of those under 18 and 7.8% of those 65 or over.

Cities

 * Arlington
 * Gaylord (county seat)
 * Gibbon
 * Green Isle
 * Henderson
 * Le Sueur (mostly in Le Sueur County)
 * New Auburn
 * Winthrop

Unincorporated communities

 * Assumption (partial)
 * New Rome
 * Rush River

Townships

 * Alfsborg Township
 * Arlington Township
 * Bismarck Township
 * Cornish Township
 * Dryden Township
 * Faxon Township
 * Grafton Township
 * Green Isle Township
 * Henderson Township
 * Jessenland Township
 * Kelso Township
 * Moltke Township
 * New Auburn Township
 * Severance Township
 * Sibley Township
 * Transit Township
 * Washington Lake Township

Politics
During the Third Party System, Sibley was a strongly Democratic county due its German Catholic populace's opposition to the Republican Party's pietism. It voted Democratic in every presidential election until William Jennings Bryan’s Populist-backed free silver campaign drove its voters to William McKinley. Except when voting for Robert La Follette in 1924 and Franklin D. Roosevelt during his two 1930s landslides, Sibley County has been strongly Republican since 1896. It was one of only four Minnesota counties to vote for Barry Goldwater over Lyndon Johnson in 1964, and in no presidential election since 1936 has the Democratic nominee won a majority. In 1992, Sibley was Ross Perot’s strongest county in Minnesota, losing by only 14 votes to Bill Clinton, whose pluralities in this and the 1996 election are the only Democratic victories in Sibley County since 1940.

title: Sibley County, Minnesota


text:
Sherburne County, Minnesota

Sherburne County is a county in Central Minnesota. At the 2020 census, the population was 97,183. The county seat is Elk River.

Sherburne County is included in the Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI Metropolitan Statistical Area.

History
The Wisconsin Territory was established by the federal government effective July 3, 1836, and existed until its eastern portion was granted statehood (as Wisconsin) in 1848. Therefore, the federal government set up the Minnesota Territory effective March 3, 1849. The newly organized territorial legislature created nine counties across the territory in October of that year. One of those original counties, Benton, had its southern section partitioned off on February 25, 1856, to form a new county. It was named Sherburne, to recognize Moses Sherburne (1808-1868), a prominent area attorney, associate justice of the Supreme Court of the Minnesota Territory (1853-1857), who retired to the county and spent his final year of life there (in Orono).

The area now delineated by Big Lake Township was first settled in 1848; the small village was named Humboldt. When the county creation was announced in 1856, Humboldt was named the county seat. The area now covered by Elk River was also first settled in 1848. Two villages grew up, fairly close together: Orono (platted 1855); and Elk River Village (platted 1865). Their growth was such that by 1867 a county vote moved the county seat from Humboldt to Elk River (designated as "The Lower Town" in the vote, to distinguish it from nearby Orono. The two villages merged under the name 'Elk River' in 1881). Also in 1867, the village of Humboldt changed its name to Big Lake.

The boundaries of Sherburne County have remained as created since 1856.

Geography
The Mississippi River flows southeast along the county's south border. The Rum River flows southeast through the county's upper east portion. The Elk River rises in nearby Benton County, and flows south-southeast through the western and southern part of Sherburne County, discharging into the Mississippi at Elk River. The Saint Francis River also rises in Benton and flows southward through the central part of Sherburne County, discharging into the Elk just north of Big Lake. The terrain of Sherburne County consists of low rolling hills, partially wooded, heavily sprinkled with lakes, ponds and depressions. The soil of Sherburne County contains considerable sand and gravel due to glacial activity in past epochs, and thus is less suitable for agriculture than much of Minnesota. The county terrain slopes to the south and east. The county's highest point lies 3 mi east-southeast of Saint Cloud, at 1,110 ft ASL. The county has a total area of 451 sqmi, of which 433 sqmi is land and 18 sqmi (4.0%) is water.

Major highways

 * [[Image:US 10.svg|20px]] U.S. Highway 10
 * [[Image:US 169 (MN).svg|20px]] U.S. Highway 169
 * [[Image:MN-24.svg|20px]] Minnesota State Highway 24
 * [[Image:MN-25.svg|20px]] Minnesota State Highway 25
 * [[Image:MN-101.svg|20px]] Minnesota State Highway 101
 * [[Image:MN-301.svg|20px]] Minnesota State Highway 301

Airports

 * Leaders Clear Lake Airport (8Y6) - 1 mi east of Clear Lake
 * Princeton Municipal Airport (PNM) - at SW edge of Princeton (on border between Mille Lacs and Sherburne counties)
 * St. Cloud Regional Airport (STC) - 2 mi east of Saint Cloud

Adjacent counties

 * Mille Lacs County - north
 * Isanti County - northeast
 * Anoka County - east
 * Hennepin County - southeast
 * Wright County - southwest
 * Stearns County - west
 * Benton County - northwest

Protected areas

 * Bridgeview Park Reserve
 * Clear Lake Scientific and Natural Area
 * Fremont Wildlife Management Area
 * Grams Regional Park
 * Harry W. Cater Homestead Prairie Scientific and Natural Area
 * Island View Regional Park
 * Oak Savanna Park
 * Rice Lake Savanna Scientific and Natural Area
 * Sand Dunes State Forest
 * Sand Prairie Wildlife Management Area
 * Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge
 * Uncas Dunes Scientific and Natural Area
 * William H. Houlton Conservation Area

2020 census
''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.''

2000 census
At the census of 2000, there were 64,417 people, 21,581 households and 16,746 families in the county. The population density was 148 /mi2. There were 22,827 housing units at an average density of 52.7 /mi2. The county's racial makeup was 96.73% White, 0.85% Black or African American, 0.45% Native American, 0.58% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.43% from other races, and 0.95% from two or more races. 1.10% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 40.1% were of German, 13.6% Norwegian, 7.5% Swedish and 6.2% Irish ancestry.

There were 21,581 households, of which 44.90% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.20% were married couples living together, 7.50% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.40% were non-families. 15.70% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.91 and the average family size was 3.27.

The county population contained 30.9% under the age of 18, 9.60% from 18 to 24, 33.90% from 25 to 44, 18.40% from 45 to 64, and 7.10% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females there were 104.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.20 males.

The median household income was $57,014 and the median family income was $61,790. Males had a median income of $41,601 and females $27,689. The per capita income for the county was $21,322. About 2.30% of families and 4.40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.50% of those under age 18 and 10.10% of those age 65 or over.

Cities

 * Becker
 * Big Lake
 * Clear Lake
 * Elk River (county seat)
 * Princeton (part)
 * St. Cloud (part)
 * Zimmerman

Unincorporated communities

 * Bailey
 * Briggs Lake
 * Cable
 * Orrock
 * Salida
 * Santiago

Townships

 * Baldwin Township
 * Becker Township
 * Big Lake Township
 * Blue Hill Township
 * Clear Lake Township
 * Haven Township
 * Livonia Township
 * Orrock Township
 * Palmer Township
 * Santiago Township

Politics
Sherburne County has traditionally voted Republican. Since 1980 the county has selected the Republican Party candidate in 80% of national elections (as of 2020).

title: Sherburne County, Minnesota


text:
Talk:Yvelines

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Château of Thoiry
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Scott County, Minnesota

Scott County is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2020 census, the population was 150,928. Its county seat is Shakopee. Shakopee is also the largest city in Scott County, the twenty-first-largest city in Minnesota, and the sixteenth-largest Twin Cities suburb. The county was organized in 1853 and named in honor of General Winfield Scott. Scott County is part of the Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is a member of the Metropolitan Council, and shares many of the council's concerns about responsible growth management, advocating for progressive development concepts such as clustering, open-space design, and the preservation of open space and rural/agricultural land.

The Shakopee-Mdewakanton Indian Reservation is entirely within the county and within the cities of Prior Lake and Shakopee. Due to its proximity to major cities, the tribe has earned revenues at its gaming casinos and hotel; it has used funds to reinvest in economic development for the tribe, founding numerous other enterprises. The tribe is also committed to philanthropy, having donated more than $350 million to organizations and causes in Scott County and across the country.

The Minnesota River had supported the county's fur trading, lumbering, and farming industries in the 19th century. Today, Scott County experiences a growing mix of commercial, industrial, and housing development, but is still primarily rural. Scott County is home to several historical, scenic, and entertainment destinations including Canterbury Park, The Landing, Minnesota's Largest Candy Store, Elko Speedway, Mystic Lake Casino run by the Shakopee-Mdewakanton Dakota; the Renaissance Festival, and Valleyfair Amusement Park.

History
Scott County was first inhabited by two bands of the Santee Sioux (Dakota) Indians, the Mdewakanton and Wahpeton. Their semi-nomadic life followed a seasonal cycle. They gathered food, hunted, fished, and planted corn. In the summer the Dakota villages were occupied but in the winter the groups separated for hunting. They had many permanent villages along the Minnesota River. They had many trails leading to these settlements and to the Red River Valley in the North, and the Prairie du Chien to the Southeast. These trails were later used by the fur traders and settlers, and were known as the "ox cart trails." The area of Scott County, as well as much of southern Minnesota, was opened for settlement by two treaties signed at Mendota and Traverse des Sioux, in 1851 and 1853. These treaties removed the Dakota Indians to reservations in upper Minnesota.

Scott County was established and organized by an Act passed in the legislature on March 5, 1853. The 369 sqmi county was named after General Winfield Scott. Settlers started entering the area in the mid-1850s. The Minnesota River and the ox cart trails were the primary transportation routes. The first settlers were Yankees, followed by groups of Germans, Irish, Czechs, and Scandinavians. They each brought their own traditions and religions. Most of these settlers became farmers. Fur trading, lumbering, and farming were Minnesota's major industries all throughout the 19th century. With the fast-growing farms, sprang up towns. Shakopee, the County Seat, began in 1851 as a trading post by the Dakota Village of Chief Shakopee (or Shakpay). Other towns were established alongside transportation routes. When the railroads came to Minnesota, they became the primary mode of transportation, and eventually highways were developed along the ox cart trails between the communities.

Due to urban sprawl and suburbanization this rural county is changing dramatically. Cities are continually growing, causing an increase in population from roughly 90,000 in 2000 to more than 150,000 today, making Scott County Minnesota's one of the fastest-growing counties.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has an area of 368 sqmi, of which 356 sqmi is land and 12 sqmi (3.2%) is water. It is the third-smallest county in Minnesota by land area and second-smallest by total area.

The Minnesota River is the county's boundary in both the north and the west. The broad river valley juts through glacial sediment into some of the oldest rock known. Now mostly farmland, it was an oak savanna and a mixture of grass and clusters of trees that grew parallel to the river valley. The savanna bordered the "Big Woods", a "closed-forest savanna" that covered most of Minnesota before it was logged in the mid-19th century. Scott is one of 17 Minnesota savanna counties with more savanna soils than either forest or prairie soils. One example of native vegetation in Scott County:

Lakes

 * Ahlswede Lake: in St. Lawrence Township
 * Blue Lake: in Jackson Township
 * Browns Lake: in St. Lawrence Township
 * Campbell Lake: in Spring Lake Township
 * Cedar Lake: western two-thirds is in Helena Township; eastern third is in Cedar Lake Township
 * Cedar Lake: there is a smaller Cedar Lake in the eastern part of Cedar Lake Township
 * Clark Lake: in Blakely Township
 * Cleary Lake: mostly in Credit River; the western part stretches into Spring Lake Township
 * Crystal Lake: in Spring Lake Township
 * Cynthia Lake: northern two thirds is in Spring Lake Township; the rest is in Cedar Township
 * Deans Lake: in Jackson Township
 * Fish Lake: in Spring Lake Township
 * Fisher Lake: in Jackson Township
 * Gifford Lake: in Jackson Township
 * Hanrahan Lake: in Jackson Township
 * Hickey Lake: eastern two thirds is in Helena Township; western third is in Cedar Lake Township
 * Horseshoe Lake: in St. Lawrence Township
 * Howard Lake: in Jackson Township
 * Kane Lake: in Spring Lake Township
 * Lennon Lake: in Cedar Lake Township
 * Lower Prior Lake: in the city of Prior Lake
 * Markley Lake: eastern half is in Credit River; the western half is in Prior Lake
 * McMahon Lake: in Spring Lake Township
 * Mud Lake: in Cedar Lake Township
 * Murphy Lake: in Credit River
 * O'Dowd Lake: western third is in Louisville Township; eastern two thirds is in Jackson Township
 * Pike Lake: in Jackson Township
 * Pleasant Lake: in Helena Township
 * Rice Lake: west half is in Cedar Lake Township; east half is in Dakota County
 * Rice Lake: there is another Rice Lake in Jackson Township
 * Rice Lake: there is a third Rice Lake in Spring Lake Township
 * Schneider Lake: in Louisville Township
 * Spring Lake: in Spring Lake Township and Prior Lake
 * St. Catherine Lake: in Cedar Lake Township
 * Thole Lake: in Louisville Township
 * Upper Prior Lake: in Prior Lake

Major highways

 * I-35.svg Interstate 35
 * US 169 (MN).svg U.S. Highway 169
 * MN-13.svg Minnesota State Highway 13
 * MN-19.svg Minnesota State Highway 19
 * MN-21.svg Minnesota State Highway 21
 * MN-25.svg Minnesota State Highway 25
 * MN-41.svg Minnesota State Highway 41
 * MN-282.svg Minnesota State Highway 282
 * County 42 (MN).svg County Road 42
 * County 101 (MN).svg County Road 101
 * Other County Roads

Adjacent counties

 * Hennepin County (north)
 * Dakota County (east)
 * Rice County (southeast)
 * Le Sueur County (southwest)
 * Sibley County (west)
 * Carver County (northwest)

National protected area

 * Minnesota Valley National Wildlife Refuge (part)

2020 census
''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.''

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, the county had 89,498 people, 30,692 households, and 23,970 families. The population density was 251 PD/sqmi. There were 31,609 housing units at an average density of 89 /sqmi. The county's racial makeup was 93.65% White, 0.92% Black or African American, 0.77% Native American, 2.17% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 1.24% from other races, and 1.21% from two or more races. 2.66% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 39.6% were of German, 12.6% Norwegian, 8.3% Irish and 5.1% Swedish ancestry.

There were 30,692 households, of which 45.40% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.90% were married couples living together, 7.40% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.90% were non-families. 16.00% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.89 and the average family size was 3.25.

31.20% of the county's population was under age 18, 6.70% was from age 18 to 24, 37.30% was from age 25 to 44, 18.60% was from age 45 to 64, and 6.20% was age 65 or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females there were 101.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.00 males.

The county's median household income was $66,612, and the median family income was $72,212 (these figures had risen to $80,968 and $90,489 respectively as of a 2007 estimate). Males had a median income of $46,593 versus $32,482 for females. The county's per capita income was $26,418. About 2.00% of families and 3.40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.40% of those under age 18 and 7.50% of those age 65 or over. However, in 2011, Scott County saw the steepest drop in median income of all the populous counties in Minnesota and household wealth fell by 10 percent.

Cities

 * Belle Plaine
 * Credit River
 * Elko New Market
 * Jordan
 * New Prague (partly in Le Sueur County)
 * Prior Lake
 * Savage
 * Shakopee (county seat)

Townships

 * Belle Plaine Township
 * Blakeley Township
 * Cedar Lake Township
 * Helena Township
 * Jackson Township
 * Louisville Township
 * New Market Township
 * Sand Creek Township
 * Spring Lake Township
 * St. Lawrence Township

Unincorporated communities

 * Blakeley
 * Cedar Lake
 * Helena
 * Lydia
 * Marystown
 * Mudbaden
 * Spring Lake
 * St. Benedict
 * St. Patrick
 * Union Hill

Politics
In its early history Scott County was heavily Democratic due to being largely German Catholic and opposed to the pietistic Scandinavian Lutheran Republican Party of that era. It would never vote Republican until Theodore Roosevelt swept every Minnesota county in 1904 but anti-Woodrow Wilson feeling from World War I caused the county to shift overwhelmingly to Warren G. Harding in 1920 before swinging to Robert La Follette, coreligionist Al Smith and fellow “wet” Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt.

In 1936 the county's isolationism gave a powerful vote to William Lemke’s Union Party, and apart from Harry Truman’s Farm Belt appeal in the 1948 election Scott County would turn Republican until another Catholic nominee, John F. Kennedy, returned it to the Democratic ranks. However, since the “Reagan Revolution”, Scott County has become solidly Republican voting, with no Democrat gaining a majority of the county's vote since Jimmy Carter in 1976, although Carter in 1980 and Bill Clinton in 1992 and 1996 won pluralities.

Although a conservative stronghold in modern times, the suburban voters of Scott County, like those elsewhere, tend to be more liberal on social issues. For example, while Mitt Romney handily won Scott County in 2012, voters also rejected a proposed amendment to the Minnesota constitution that would have banned same-sex marriage.

Federal government
U.S. House
 * Angie Craig (D-MN-2)

State government
MN Senate

The Majority of Scott County is in the 55th Senate District. Small portions of the county are in the 20th and 56th Districts.
 * Rich Draheim (R-SD-20)
 * Eric Pratt (R-SD-55)
 * Lindsey Port (DFL-SD-56)

MN House

The Majority of the County take place within the 55A & 55B Districts. Shakopee is in the 55A district and most of the rest of the county is within the 55B District. Small portions of the county are in the 20A & 56A House Districts.
 * Brian Pfarr (R-HD-20A)
 * Erik Mortensen (R-HD-55A)
 * Tony Albright (R-HD-55B)
 * Jessica Hanson (DFL-HD-56A)

Scott County is Located in the First Judicial District of Minnesota District Court

County government
Executive
 * Attorney's Office: Ron Hocevar
 * Sheriff's Office: Luke Hennen

Hennepin County, Dakota County, and Scott County share a joint Medical Examiner

There are also many departments in the county

Legislative: Scott County Board of Commissioners
 * Barb Brekke (1) – Vice Chair
 * Tom Wolf (2) – Chair
 * Jody Brennan (3)
 * Dave Beer (4)
 * Jon Ulrich (5)

Judicial
 * Scott County's court system is Scott County District Court.

title: Scott County, Minnesota


text:
St. Louis County, Minnesota

St. Louis County is a county located in the Arrowhead Region of the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2020 census, the population was 200,231. Its county seat is Duluth. It is the largest county in Minnesota by land area, and the largest in the United States by total area east of the Mississippi River. St. Louis County is included in the Duluth, MN–Superior, WI Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Major industries include pulpwood production and tourism. Open pit mining of taconite and processing it into high grade iron ore remains an important part of the economy of the Iron Range and is directly tied to shipping in the twin ports of Duluth and Superior. Parts of the federally recognized Bois Forte and Fond du Lac Indian reservations are in the county.

History
This area was long inhabited by Algonquian-speaking tribes: the Ojibwe (Chippewa), Ottawa and Potawatomi peoples were loosely affiliated in the Council of Three Fires. As American settlers entered the territory, the Native Americans were pushed to outer areas.

The Minnesota Legislature established St. Louis County on February 20, 1855, as Doty County, and changed its name to Newton County on March 3, 1855. It originally consisted of the area east and south of the St. Louis River, while the area east of the Vermilion River and north of the St. Louis River was part of Superior County. Superior County was renamed St. Louis County.

On March 1, 1856, that St. Louis County was renamed as Lake County. Newton County was renamed as St. Louis County and had that eastern area added to it; it was also expanded westward by incorporating parts of Itasca County, which then also included most of Carlton County. On May 23, 1857, St. Louis County took its current shape when Carlton County was formed from parts of St. Louis and Pine counties.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 6860 sqmi, of which 6247 sqmi is land and 612 sqmi (8.9%) is water. It is the largest county in Minnesota and the largest (by total area) in the United States east of the Mississippi River.

Voyageurs National Park, established in 1975, is located in its northwestern corner, on the south shore of Rainy Lake on the Canada–US border; it is popular with water enthusiasts and fishers. The county includes parts of Superior National Forest, established in 1909, and the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness on the border, established in 1978. The BWCAW is a 1090000 acre wilderness area designated for fishing, camping, hiking, and canoeing, and is one of the most visited wilderness areas in the United States. St. Louis County has more than 500 lakes. The largest lakes are Pelican and Vermilion.

The "Hill of Three Waters" on the Laurentian Divide lies northeast of Hibbing. Rainfall on this hill runs to three watersheds: Hudson Bay to the north, the Gulf of Saint Lawrence to the east (via Lake Superior), or the Gulf of Mexico to the south and west (via the Mississippi River). The county is drained by the St. Louis, Vermilion, and other rivers.

Duluth on Lake Superior is one of the most important fresh-water ports in the United States.

The county encompasses part of the Iron Range. It has had a significant taconite mining industry, with active mines located in Hibbing, Mountain Iron, Eveleth, Virginia, and Babbitt, in addition to Keewatin in Itasca County.

Major highways

 * [[Image:I-35.svg|20px]] Interstate 35
 * [[Image:I-535.svg|24px]] Interstate 535 – John Blatnik Bridge
 * [[Image:US 2.svg|20px]] U.S. Highway 2
 * [[Image:US 53.svg|20px]] U.S. Highway 53
 * [[Image:US 169 (MN).svg|20px]] U.S. Highway 169
 * [[Image:MN-1.svg|20px]] Minnesota State Highway 1
 * [[Image:MN-23.svg|20px]] Minnesota State Highway 23
 * [[Image:MN-33.svg|20px]] Minnesota State Highway 33
 * [[Image:MN-37.svg|20px]] Minnesota State Highway 37
 * [[Image:MN-39.svg|20px]] Minnesota State Highway 39 – McCuen Street
 * [[Image:MN-61.svg|20px]] Minnesota State Highway 61 – North Shore
 * [[Image:MN-73.svg|20px]] Minnesota State Highway 73
 * [[Image:MN-135.svg|20px]] Minnesota State Highway 135
 * [[Image:MN-169.svg|20px]] Minnesota State Highway 169
 * [[Image:MN-194.svg|20px]] Minnesota State Highway 194
 * [[Image:MN-210.svg|20px]] Minnesota State Highway 210
 * St Louis County Route 4 MN.svg St. Louis County Road 4 - Rice Lake Road
 * St Louis County Route 13 MN.svg St. Louis County Road 13 – Midway Road

Adjacent counties

 * Rainy River District, Ontario, Canada (north)
 * Lake County (east)
 * Douglas County, Wisconsin (southeast)
 * Carlton County (south)
 * Aitkin County (southwest)
 * Itasca County (west)
 * Koochiching County (northwest)

National protected areas

 * Superior National Forest (part)
 * Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness (part)
 * Voyageurs National Park (part)

Climate and weather
The county has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb), slightly moderated by its proximity to Lake Superior. Winters are long, snowy, and very cold, normally seeing maximum temperatures remaining below 32 F on 106 days. Due to global warming, in January 2019 Tracy Twine, professor at the University of Minnesota's Department of Soil, Water and Climate, said "we just don't expect temperatures to be below 10 degrees Fahrenheit in Duluth anymore." Public schools and other government offices shut down on January 29–30, 2019 because of wind chills of -70 °F. This apparent anomaly was attributed to changes in the global jet stream due to the climate change.

2020 census
''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.''

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 200,226 people in the county. The racial makeup of the county was 94.0% White, 2.2% Native American, 0.4% Black or African American, 0.9% Asian, 0.2% of some other race and 2.3% of two or more races. 1.2% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race). According to the 2010–2015 American Community Survey, the ancestral makeup was 24.3% German, 15.9% Norwegian, 13.0% Swedish, and 10.2% Irish.

2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 200,528 people, 82,619 households, and 51,389 families in the county. The population density was 32 /mi2. There were 95,800 housing units at an average density of 15 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 94.9% White, 0.9% Black or African American, 2.0% Native American, 0.7% Asian, nil% Pacific Islander, 0.2% from other races, and 1.4% from two or more races. 0.8% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

27.6% of households included children under the age of 18, 49.3% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.8% were non-families. 31.2% of all households consisted of individuals, and 13.0% of individuals 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.90.

The population contained 22.4% under the age of 18, 11.4% from 18 to 24, 25.9% from 25 to 44, 24.3% from 45 to 64, and 16.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 96.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.8 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $36,306, and the median income for a family was $47,134. Males had a median income of $37,934 versus $24,235 for females. The per capita income for the county was $18,982. About 7.2% of families and 12.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.1% of those under age 18 and 8.9% of those age 65 or over.

Government
St. Louis County is governed by an elected and nonpartisan board of commissioners. In Minnesota, county commissions usually have five members, but St. Louis, Hennepin, and Ramsey counties have seven-member boards. Each commissioner represents a single-member district of equal population.

The county commission elects a chair who presides at meetings.

Commissioners as of January 2023:

Politics
In 2007, St. Louis County considered doing a study about dividing into two counties, but the proposal was not acted on.

This county is one of the most reliably Democratic counties in the state, as no Republican or Independent candidate has won the county in a statewide election since 1992. The only time a Democrat obtained less than 50% of the vote was in 1998, when Jesse Ventura of the Reform ticket won statewide; some 24% of the county voted for him. Since 1992, the only time when a Republican obtained more than 34% of the vote was in the elections of 1994 (the year of the Republican Revolution) when the incumbent Independent-Republican governor won the statewide vote by a landslide of more than 60%, and when the Independent-Republican senatorial candidate won election with 49% statewide, both of which are rare occurrences in Minnesota.

Presidential elections
St. Louis County has long been one of the strongest Democratic bastions in the state outside of the Twin Cities. The Democrats have carried the county for 23 consecutive presidential elections; the last Republican candidate to carry the county was Herbert Hoover in 1928, before the Great Depression. In recent elections, Republicans have received about 1/3rd of the county's vote. In 2016, Donald Trump earned 39.7% of the county's vote, while the Democratic vote deteriorated to 51.4% (the lowest percentage since 1932); according to exit polls, this was due to residents' concerns about the decline of mining and forestry in the county. This was the closest that a Republican had come to winning the county since 1932. In 2020, Trump became the first Republican since Herbert Hoover to get more than 40% of the vote in St. Louis County, but Joe Biden bolstered the Democratic margin of victory from 11.7% to 15.6%.

Congress
St. Louis County is in Minnesota's 8th congressional district. For 36 years it was represented by Democrat Jim Oberstar. He was defeated in 2010 by Republican Chip Cravaack. Two years later Cravaack was defeated by Democrat Rick Nolan, who represented the district until his retirement in 2019. Republican St. Louis County commissioner Pete Stauber succeeded Nolan in one of three Democrat-to-Republican district flips in 2018, two of which happened in Minnesota.

Cities

 * Aurora
 * Babbitt
 * Biwabik
 * Brookston
 * Buhl
 * Chisholm
 * Cook
 * Duluth (county seat)
 * Ely
 * Eveleth
 * Floodwood
 * Gilbert
 * Hermantown
 * Hibbing
 * Hoyt Lakes
 * Iron Junction
 * Kinney
 * Leonidas
 * McKinley
 * Meadowlands
 * Mountain Iron
 * Orr
 * Proctor
 * Rice Lake
 * Tower
 * Virginia
 * Winton

Townships

 * Alango Township
 * Alborn Township
 * Alden Township
 * Angora Township
 * Arrowhead Township
 * Ault Township
 * Balkan Township
 * Bassett Township
 * Beatty Township
 * Biwabik Township
 * Breitung Township
 * Brevator Township
 * Camp 5 Township
 * Canosia Township
 * Cedar Valley Township
 * Cherry Township
 * Clinton Township
 * Colvin Township
 * Cotton Township
 * Crane Lake Township
 * Culver Township
 * Duluth Township
 * Eagles Nest Township
 * Ellsburg Township
 * Elmer Township
 * Embarrass Township
 * Fairbanks Township
 * Fayal Township
 * Field Township
 * Fine Lakes Township
 * Floodwood Township
 * Fredenberg Township
 * French Township
 * Gnesen Township
 * Grand Lake Township
 * Great Scott Township
 * Greenwood Township
 * Halden Township
 * Industrial Township
 * Kabetogama Township
 * Kelsey Township
 * Kugler Township
 * Lakewood Township
 * Lavell Township
 * Leiding Township
 * Linden Grove Township
 * McDavitt Township
 * Meadowlands Township
 * Midway Township
 * Morcom Township
 * Morse Township
 * Ness Township
 * New Independence Township
 * Normanna Township
 * North Star Township
 * Northland Township
 * Owens Township
 * Pequaywan Township
 * Pike Township
 * Portage Township
 * Prairie Lake Township
 * Sandy Township
 * Solway Township
 * Stoney Brook Township
 * Sturgeon Township
 * Toivola Township
 * Van Buren Township
 * Vermilion Lake Township
 * Waasa Township
 * White Township
 * Willow Valley Township
 * Wuori Township

Unorganized territories

 * Angleworm Lake
 * Bear Head Lake
 * Birch Lake
 * Camp A Lake
 * Crab Lake
 * Dark River
 * Gheen
 * Hay Lake
 * Heikkala Lake
 * Hush Lake
 * Janette Lake
 * Leander Lake
 * Linwood Lake
 * Marion Lake
 * McCormack
 * Mud Hen Lake
 * Nett Lake
 * Northeast St. Louis
 * Northwest St. Louis
 * Pfeiffer Lake
 * Picket Lake
 * Potshot Lake
 * Sand Lake
 * Slim Lake
 * Sturgeon River
 * Sunday Lake
 * Tikander Lake
 * Whiteface Reservoir

Census-designated places

 * Mahnomen
 * Nett Lake
 * Soudan

Unincorporated communities

 * Alborn
 * Angora
 * Ash Lake
 * Bassett
 * Bear River
 * Bengal
 * Brimson
 * Britt
 * Burnett
 * Burntside
 * Buyck
 * Canyon
 * Celina
 * Central Lakes
 * Cherry
 * Clover Valley
 * Cotton
 * Crane Lake
 * Culver
 * Cusson
 * Eldes Corner
 * Elmer
 * Embarrass
 * Fairbanks
 * Florenton
 * Forbes
 * Four Corners
 * French River
 * Gheen
 * Gheen Corner
 * Glendale
 * Gowan
 * Greaney
 * Idington
 * Independence
 * Island Lake
 * Kabetogama
 * Keenan
 * Kelsey
 * Linden Grove
 * Makinen
 * Markham
 * McComber
 * Meadow Brook
 * Melrude
 * Munger
 * Palmers
 * Palo
 * Payne
 * Peary
 * Petrel
 * Peyla
 * Pineville
 * Prosit
 * Ramshaw
 * Robinson
 * Rollins
 * Saginaw
 * Sax
 * Shaw
 * Sherman Corner
 * Side Lake
 * Silica
 * Simar
 * Skibo
 * Sturgeon
 * Taft
 * Toivola
 * Twig
 * Vermilion Dam
 * Wakemup
 * Whiteface
 * Wolf
 * Zim

Ghost towns

 * Carson Lake
 * Costin Village
 * Elcor
 * Fermoy
 * Spina

title: St. Louis County, Minnesota


text:
Luger pistol

The Pistole Parabellum or Parabellum-Pistole (Pistol Parabellum), commonly known as just the Luger or Luger P08, is a toggle-locked recoil-operated semi-automatic pistol. The Luger was produced in several models and by several nations from 1898 to 1949.

The design was first patented by Georg Luger. It was meant to be an improvement of the Borchardt C-93 pistol, and was initially produced as the Parabellum Automatic Pistol, Borchardt-Luger System by the German arms manufacturer Deutsche Waffen- und Munitionsfabriken (DWM). The first production model was known as the Modell 1900 Parabellum. It was followed by the "Marinepistole 1904" for the Imperial German Navy.

The Luger was officially adopted by the Swiss military in 1900, the Imperial German Navy in 1906 and the German Army in 1908. The Luger was the standard service pistol of Switzerland, Portugal, the Netherlands, Brazil, Bolivia, and Bulgaria. It was widely used in other countries as a military service pistol and by police forces. In the German Army service, it was adopted in a slightly modified form as the Pistole Modell 1908 (Pistole 08) in caliber 9×19mm Parabellum. The Model 08 was eventually succeeded by the Walther P38.

The Luger is well known for its wide use by Germany during World War I and World War II, along with the interwar Weimar Republic and the postwar East German Volkspolizei.

The name Parabellum, which also featured in DWM's telegraphic address, comes from the Latin phrase Si vis pacem, para bellum; "If you wish for peace, prepare for war."

History
In 1897, after the success of the Borchardt C-93, as the first mass-produced semi-automatic pistol, the Swiss military began to look for a semi-automatic pistol to replace their issued pistol, the Ordonnanzrevolver 1872. Georg Luger, working for the German company Deutsche Waffen- und Munitionsfabriken, provided the Borchardt-Luger design, which during Swiss military trials, was found to be more accurate and reliable than competing designs such as the Mannlicher M1901 and Mauser C96. 20 examples of the Borchardt-Luger were sent to Switzerland in 1899, and after a revision to reduce its weight, was adopted the following year as the Ordonnanzpistole 1900. The Luger remained in Swiss service until 1949, when it was replaced by the SIG P210.

German adoption trials
In 1898, Germany adopted a total of 145 C96 pistols, but found that it jammed too often to be effective. In 1901, testing of the Luger commenced, alongside an improved version of the C96, in which the Luger was found to be both lighter and more reliable. Following a change in caliber from 7.65×21mm Parabellum to 9×19mm Parabellum, the Luger was adopted by the Imperial German Navy as the Selbstlade-Pistole Modell 1904, and later simply the Pistole 1904. The Army delayed their adoption, as Mauser requested time to develop a new pistol of their own, which was finished in 1907. However, the new pistol was still found to be less desirable than the Luger, and on 22 August 1908, Kaiser Wilhelm II signed an order for 50,000 Lugers for the German Army, with orders to produce a total of 170,000.

U.S. trials
In 1901, DWM sent two Lugers to the United States, who were also interested in a semi-automatic pistol. After doing well in testing, a total of 1,000 pistols and 200,000 rounds were purchased for use by the Military Academy at West Point, and several other forts. The Luger was unpopular, with most troops preferring their .38 Long Colt revolvers, resulting in the Luger being recalled in 1905.

In 1906, the United States evaluated several domestic and foreign-made semi-automatic pistols, including the Colt M1900, Steyr Mannlicher M1894, and an entry from Mauser. This was in response to combat reports which stated that the .38 caliber revolvers used in the 1899–1902 Philippine Insurrection lacked stopping power. Due to the findings in the Thompson–LaGarde Tests, the military required a handgun in .45 (11.25mm) caliber.

In 1906 and 1907, the U.S. Army held trials for a large-caliber semi-automatic pistol. At least two, and possibly three, Parabellum Model 1902/1906 pattern pistols were brought to the U.S. by Georg Luger for the 1907 trials, each chambered in .45 ACP caliber. Prior to his arrival, the U.S. Frankford Arsenal had provided Luger with 5,000 rounds of .45 ammunition for experimentation and to serve as a guide for chambering measurements. Finding numerous defects in this prototype ammunition (U.S. authorities later were forced to produce new ammunition for the 1907 trials), Luger had DWM pull the bullets of these cartridges and had them re-loaded with a special faster-burning powder in new brass cases. Luger brought 746 rounds of this new ammunition to the March 1907 trials with his .45 Luger pistol. Two test .45 Luger pistols, bearing serial numbers 1 and 2, are known to have been used in the 1907 tests. Although the .45 Luger passed the firing tests, it was ranked below the Colt/Browning and Savage pistols in number of malfunctions and misfires, though Army officials conceded that the .45 Luger performed satisfactorily with the DWM-loaded ammunition: "The Luger automatic pistol, although it possesses manifest advantages in many particulars, is not recommended for service tests because its certainty of action, even with Luger ammunition, it is not considered satisfactory, because of the final seating of the cartridge is not by positive spring action, and because the powder stated by Mr. Luger to be necessary, for its satisfactory use is not now obtainable in this country." DWM and Luger later rejected an invitation by Army officials to produce 200 pistols in .45 caliber for further competition against the Colt and Savage submissions, at which point DWM effectively withdrew from the U.S. trials.

The fate of the .45 Luger, serial number 1 is unknown, as it was not returned and is believed to have been destroyed during testing. The .45 Luger prototype serial number 2, believed to have been a back-up to Serial Number 1, survived the 1907 trials and is in private ownership. Its rarity gives its value of around US$1 million at the time the "Million Dollar Guns" episode of the History Channel's Tales of the Gun was filmed, recheck by Guns & Ammo as of 1994. At least two .45 caliber Luger pistols were manufactured later for possible commercial or military sales; one is exhibited at the R. W. Norton Art Gallery, in Shreveport, Louisiana. The other was sold in 2010 and remains in a private collection. A single .45 Luger carbine is also known to exist.

German combat use
The first known instance of the Luger being used in combat was during the Maji Maji Rebellion in 1905-1907. Therein, it was somewhat poorly received, as it was thought to be too heavy to be used quickly, in particular because the grip safety had to be held tightly, reducing accuracy, leading to the removal of the safety in the P08 model.

At the beginning of World War I, not all units of the German Army had been equipped with the Luger, leading to an acceleration in production. Alongside the P08, Germany also developed the LP08, a version with a stock and longer barrel that could also accept drum magazines. The LP08 was used by the Luftstreitkräfte during the early days of the war, before planes were equipped with machine guns, although due to a lack of pre-war production, the LP08 was much less commonly used than the P08. The main user of the LP08 was the Army, who used its drum magazine to deliver a high rate of fire at a close range, a concept which would lead to the development of the Stormtroopers and the MP 18. After the end of the war, Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles, which restricted the size of their army – the treaty specified that the German Army could only have 50,000 pistols, and prohibited submachine guns and pistols with stocks altogether.

As the Luger was expensive to produce, Germany started to look for a replacement as early as 1927, settling on the Walther P38 in 1938, which offered similar performance to the Luger, but took almost half the time to produce. Moving the production lines to the P38 once World War II started took longer than expected, leading to the P08 remaining in production until September 1942, and pre-existing copies remained in service until the end of the war. In East Germany, the P08 was used by the Volkspolizei, mostly from ex-Nazi stocks, but they produced a small number up until 1953.

Design details

The Luger has a toggle-lock action that uses a jointed arm to lock, as opposed to the slide actions of many other semi-automatic pistols, such as the M1911. After a round is fired, the barrel and toggle assembly travel roughly 0.5 in rearward due to recoil, both locked together at this point. The toggle strikes a cam built into the frame, causing the knee joint to hinge and the toggle and breech assembly to unlock. The barrel strikes the frame and stops its rearward movement, but the toggle assembly continues moving, bending the knee joint upwards, extracting the spent casing from the chamber, and ejecting it. The toggle and breech assembly then travel forward under spring tension and the next round is loaded from the magazine into the chamber. The entire sequence occurs in a fraction of a second and contributes to the above average mud resistance of the pistol.

This mechanism works well for higher-pressure cartridges, but cartridges loaded to a lower pressure can cause the pistol to malfunction because they do not generate enough recoil to work the action fully. This results in the breech block either not clearing the top cartridge of the magazine or becoming jammed open on the cartridge's base. This malfunction with under-powered cartridges does occur with Browning-type and other pistol designs as well, but the Luger is sensitive to cartridges other than the brass-cased ammunition that it was designed to use.

Submachine guns were found to be effective in trench warfare during World War I, and experiments were conducted to convert various types of pistols to fully automatic machine pistols, including the P08. The Luger proved to have an excessive rate of fire in full-automatic mode, however, as did the Mauser C96. The 'snail drum' magazine for the MP 18, which was used by German Stormtroopers towards the end of the war, was originally designed for the Artillery Luger.

Production
Luger pistols were manufactured in Germany and Switzerland to very close tolerances and exacting standards using the highest quality materials of the day, and original pistols were known for having a long service life. The design requires hand fitting of certain parts for proper operation. Assembling the gun using a sideplate from another pistol, for example, may prevent the sear from working, making the pistol inoperable. The Luger barrel, which was rigidly fixed to the barrel extension and carried the front sight, provided excellent accuracy. William B. "Bill" Ruger praised the Luger's 145° (55° for Americans) grip angle and duplicated it in his .22 LR pistol. Handgun author and enthusiast Elmer Keith observed that the Luger design had been unfairly criticized by gun writers over the years as unreliable, partly due to poor experiences with Lugers constructed from salvaged parts. Keith noted that the Luger was a "natural pointer", one of the most accurate of all autoloading pistols—particularly at long ranges—and reminded critics that the Luger was the choice of more nations as their military sidearm than any other contemporary pistol or revolver.

Interwar period
From 1919 onwards, DWM rebuilt P08 frames with new parts or existing parts (including barrels) into complete pistols for sale to the civilian and export markets. These sales helped restore DWM to solvency after the Armistice. Most of these commercial pistols were in 7.65 Parabellum (.30 Luger) caliber, although a number of pistols were also re-barrelled to 9mm Parabellum (9×19mm). The new component parts were stamped with serial numbers to match the frame to ensure that all the fitted parts stayed together. Many thousands of these pistols were thought to have been assembled and sold between 1919 and 1923. Some of these pistols were fitted with new barrels of different lengths by the importer upon customer request. Many so-called 1919 and 1920 Commercial Lugers were imported to the United States by such firms as Abercrombie & Fitch, Pacific Arms Co., and A.F. Stoeger Inc. The latter importer sought and registered the name Luger in 1929, in the United States.

In 1923, A.F. Stoeger Inc., the predecessor to Stoeger, Inc. began importing commercial pistols from DWM stamped A.F.Stoeger Inc. – New York. and "Germany". These pistols were exported to the United States in both 7.65 Parabellum (.30 Luger) and 9mm calibers, with barrel lengths from 75 mm to 600  mm. These imported Parabellums were also the first pistols to bear the name "Luger", roll stamped on the right side of the receiver. That same year, DWM also signed contracts to supply small numbers of P08 pistols to the armed forces of Finland (8,000 pistols, designated m/23), the Netherlands, and Sweden.

Until 1930, DWM continued to export both P08 and commercial Parabellum pistols to nations in Europe and to overseas markets, including the United States and the Far East. Although never officially adopted by Nationalist forces, all variants of the Parabellum or Luger pistol were highly sought after by both Chinese Nationalist officers and irregular guerrilla forces. In 1924, just before the outbreak of the Chinese Civil War, a review of Chinese Nationalist small arms reported that "Among officers, bodyguards, and police, the German Parabellum (Luger) 9-mm automatic pistol was the weapon of choice...".

In 1930, Mauser took over the manufacture of P.08 from DWM. Additional P08s were produced by Simson and later Krieghoff. Many P04 and P08 pistols would continue in service with German army and navy personnel throughout World War II. Towards the end of 1937 (beginning with 't' & 'u' block pistols), Mauser phased out the rust blue process and "straw finishing" small parts and levers on the P08, choosing to salt blue all parts of the weapon at one time. In 1941, some of these pistols were fitted with inexpensive black Bakelite grip panels to cut production time and expense. Years after the war, these pistols would be given the name "Black Widow" by a postwar US arms dealer as a marketing ploy.

World War II
The P08 was technically replaced in service in 1938 by the Walther P38, but ever-growing wartime demands for handguns resulted in continued P08 production by Mauser until December 1943. Mauser production was supplemented by a small contract for Luger pistols given to Heinrich Krieghoff & Son of Suhl in 1935 to produce a Luger variant for the Luftwaffe; a second contract for 15,000 pistols was only partially completed when Krieghoff ceased Luger production in 1944. The German Army took their last delivery of 1,000 Mauser-made pistols in November 1943. A further 4,000 pistols assembled by Mauser in December of that same year were sold to Portugal, which renamed them the Model 943. German military authorities refused to take any more Luger pistols, leaving a large stock of parts at the factory in Oberndorf.

Captured Lugers were much prized by Allied soldiers during both of the world wars as war trophies. However, during World War II, German soldiers were known to sometimes use a discarded Luger pistol to lure unsuspecting trophy hunters, rigging it to detonate land mines or hidden booby traps when disturbed. Word also spread of accidental discharges and deaths of Allied troops by users unfamiliar with the P08 and its safety mechanisms, as well as stories circulating that American soldiers were being executed if captured in possession of German weapons.

Soviet forces captured tens of thousands of Lugers but they were never issued to their own troops, only kept in storage.

Post-World War II
Although Mauser P08 production terminated in 1943, the P08 re-appeared in postwar form because of the continuing demand for handguns for military and police requirements. In 1945, Mauser restarted Luger production under the control of the French occupation authority to supply the French military and occupation police forces. Assembly commenced under French control from June 1945 until mid-1946. In the second half of 1946, tooling and some Mauser personnel moved from Oberndorf to Châtellerault in France, the location of MAC (Manufacture d'Armes de Châtellerault) to continue assembly from existing parts stocks. About 4,000 Luger 'parts' pistols, including a few LP 08 models, are thought to have been assembled for French forces, a sufficient number to justify the production of new-manufacture Luger magazines in France for several years. Surviving examples of Lugers assembled under French supervision are sometimes found with a distinct, gray parkerized finish. A few early French control pistols bear a five-pointed star proof mark known to have been used by French Occupation authorities. Later pistols assembled in France often carry a French arsenal/manufacturer name, such as Manufacture Française d'Armes & Cycles de St. Etienne (Manufrance). Surviving French Control Lugers were retained in French storage depots of the paramilitary National Gendarmerie as late as 1970.

Pistols were also assembled under the direction of Soviet (and later, East German) authorities to arm military and MP units, as well as the Volkspolizei. During the immediate postwar period, complete Luger pistols were also assembled from rejected or salvaged parts with different serial numbers, then sold as souvenirs to occupation forces in Germany. Thousands of original Luger pistols were taken home by returning Allied soldiers after both world wars. Other Luger pistols were later assembled in the United States by gunsmiths of varying aptitude using secondhand, rejected, or salvaged parts imported from Germany and other countries. These pistols and their construction quality (or lack of it) would contribute to criticism of the Luger as a finicky and unreliable weapon. However, a well-maintained Luger with new springs and suitable cartridges is a very reliable weapon.

The Swiss Parabellum 06/29 continued in production until 1946. In 1969, after purchasing the Swiss 06/29 tooling, Mauser Werke in Oberndorf restarted Parabellum production, which ceased in 1986 when the last commemorative model was produced. While new Mauser Luger production ended at this time, pistols continued to be assembled and sold from parts on hand until the 1990s.

Aaron Davis, writing in The Standard Catalog of the Luger, claimed that "From its adoption, the Luger was synonymous with the German military through the end of World War II" and "Ask any World War II vet of the [European Theater of Operations] what the most prized war souvenir was and the answer will invariably come back, 'a Luger'." Colonel David Hackworth mentioned in his autobiography that it was still a sought-after sidearm in the Vietnam War. Vietnamese gunsmiths even copied the basic Luger design, producing a few crude "Luger" pistols with which to arm Viet Cong and other irregular forces.

Model 1900 and Swiss Luger
A number of countries purchased the Model 1900 Parabellum in 7.65×21mm Parabellum (.30 Luger) caliber and issued the pistol on a limited basis to officers, non-commissioned officers and mounted troops, including Germany, Switzerland, and the United States. The Model 1900 or Pistole Modell 1900 was issued to German officers and likely first saw combat in China during intervention by German troops in the aftermath of the Boxer Rebellion of 1900. On April 16, 1901, following a successful preliminary test of the Model 1900 at the Springfield Armory, the U.S. Board of Ordnance purchased 1,000 Model 1900 Parabellum pistols with 4.75-inch barrels, marked with what appear to be standard U.S. ordnance bomb proofs, but are not, and "American Eagle" stamps over the chambers, and issued them to each troop of mounted cavalry of the U.S. Army for field testing, with the remainder to the light artillery and officers at West Point. In 1902, U.S. Army officials purchased another 50 Model 1902 Parabellum pistols with 4-inch barrels, again in 7.65mm Parabellum, for further testing and evaluation. This was followed by a third test of 50 so-called "cartridge counter" Parabellum pistols in 9×19mm by Springfield Armory in 1904. Other nations either tested the Model 1900 or purchased small numbers for limited field service, including Austria, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Russia, Norway, Sweden, and Portugal.

Commercial models of the Model 1900 were exported in quantity as well. In the U.S., Model 1900 pistols in 7.65 Parabellum caliber (aka .30 Luger in the U.S.) were first imported by Georg Luger, then by a DWM sales agent, Hans Tauscher, until World War I. Referred to at the time as the 'Borchardt-Luger' by U.S. authorities, Tauscher consistently referred to the pistol in his marketing and advertising materials as the 'Luger', after its inventor. Model 1900 pistols shipped to the U.S. were typically stamped with an American Eagle atop the barrel extensions. 'American Eagle' 7.65 Model 1900 pistols were used by a variety of buyers, including American lawmen such as Stringer Fenton, outlaws, and Texas Rangers.

Swiss Luger
After testing, the Swiss Army adopted the Model 1900 on April 4, 1901, in 7.65×21mm caliber as its standard sidearm, designated Pistole 1900. This model uses a 120 mm barrel and incorporates a grip safety and leaf-type mainspring. A later Swiss military contract with DWM resulted in the latter supplying improved Model 1900/06 pattern pistols designated the Model 1906 or Pistole 1900/06. Commencing in 1918, these Model 1906 Parabellum pistols were manufactured and assembled at Waffenfabrik Bern, Switzerland.

In 1929, Swiss authorities adopted an improved version of the Modell 1900 designated the Modell 06/29 with improved sights, trigger and a stronger toggle link. Manufactured entirely at Waffenfabrik Bern, the 06/29 pistol served the Swiss Army until well after the adoption of the SIG Sauer P210 in 1949, and remained in limited service until the late 1960s.

Model 1902
In 1902, DWM introduced a slightly improved version of the Model 1900 Parabellum as the Model 1902. The Model 1902, with its shortened 4-inch barrel, was the first Parabellum pistol to be offered in 9×19mm Parabellum caliber, along with a change from four-groove to six-groove rifling.

Navy model

The Luger pistol was accepted by the Imperial German Navy in 1904 in 9mm Parabellum as the Pistole 04 (P04). The navy model had a 150 mm barrel and a two-position – 100 m or 200 m – rear sight. This version was also referred to as the "Marine Modell 1904" or, more colloquially in the US as the "navy Luger". The Pistole 04 was later updated with a coil mainspring to Model 1906 pattern as Luger continued to refine and improve his design.

Model 1906 (Neues Modell)
Georg Luger introduced a new version of the Parabellum pistol in 1906, which would become known as the Model 1906 or New Model (Neues Modell). This version of the Parabellum replaced the old flat laminated main spring with a more reliable coil design. As all models of the Luger built after 1906 have the coil mainspring, they are known as New Models. Older Parabellum pistols in German service were usually upgraded to the New Model specification.

Pistole Modell 1908 (P08)
In 1908, the German Army adopted the DWM Parabellum pistol as the Pistole Modell 1908 (P08) Parabellum to replace the Reichsrevolver in front-line service. The Pistole 08 (or P.08) had a 100 mm barrel and was chambered in 9×19mm Parabellum. This version of Georg Luger's design reflected a number of improvements requested by German military authorities. The grip safety used on earlier versions was omitted, while a lug was attached to the heel of the pistol frame for attachment of a shoulder stock. The barrel was reduced in length to 4 inches (102mm), and the caliber was 9×19mm Parabellum, and the 9×19mm DWM cartridge (Catalog No. 278F) initially adopted by the German Army featured a 123-grain truncated-nose bullet design intended to increase wounding effect of the fully jacketed bullet. With slight modifications, notably the addition of a stock mounting lug and a hold-open latch, the P08 would serve as the German Army's principal sidearm during World War I, augmented by Mauser C96 and Model 1914 pistols. Over 2 million Luger pistols were used by German forces from 1914 to 1918.

The Bolivian Army also adopted the DWM Luger in 9×19mm Parabellum as an officer's sidearm; 500 were bought in 1913. They bore the legend "Ejercito Boliviano" stamped on the chamber.

Lange Pistole 08 (Artillery Luger)

The adoption of the Lange Pistole 08 or LP 08, known as the "Artillery Luger", was authorised by the Kaiser on 2 July 1913. This P08 variation was equipped with a 200 mm barrel, an 8-position tangent rear sight (calibrated to 800 m) and a board-type shoulder stock with an attached leather holster. In the event of close combat, the pistol was intended to be used as a carbine with the shoulder stock attached to a lug mounted on the heel of the pistol frame. When set for long range use the rear sight element visibly moves to the left to compensate for spin drift. While initially intended for use by German artillery units who could not be encumbered by the long and heavy K.98 rifle, the LP 08 was also used by Aviation units (prior to equipping aircraft with machine guns) as well as the infantry, primarily on the Western front during World War I. Stoßtruppen (stormtrooper infantry) units frequently employed the Artillery Luger equipped with a new large magazine, the 32-round Trommelmagazin or 'snail' magazine. Production of the LP 08 ended in 1918 with the end of the war. By that time, German troops had begun using the newly developed MP 18 submachine gun in place of the LP 08 for their stormtrooper assault companies. However, by this time enough LP 08 barrels had been manufactured and stockpiled to fill LP 08 export orders into the 1930s.

Carbine versions of the LP 08 were also produced commercially, with yet longer barrels. The firm Armeria Belga of Santiago (Chile) also manufactured a detachable stock, the Benke Thiemann stock, that could fold out from the grip section.

In the early 1920s, carbine production was restarted. Under a small contract, LP 08 or Artillery P08s were assembled in the 1930s to fill an order from the Shah of Iran for his artillery troops, with some of these weapons ending up with Thai police forces. Existing LP 08 pistols that had remained in storage were re-issued in World War II with new-production board stocks for some German units such as artillerymen and Waffen-SS units, and these continued in use until the end of the war in 1945.

Luger rifle
The Luger rifle was an attempt by Georg Luger to make a full-powered semi-automatic rifle using the same toggle-bolt action of the pistol. A single rifle, serial number 4, exists in a private collection. The Luger rifle was protected under British patent No. 4126 of 1906. It was chambered in 7.92x57mm Mauser.

Maschinenpistole Senn
In 1916, Heinrich Senn of Bern designed and patented a modification of the standard Swiss Luger pistol to fire in single shots or in full-automatic. This was achieved through the implementation of a sloped trigger sear which allowed the breech block to pass over it uninterrupted when the trigger was held down. When the trigger was released, the sear would rise and catch the breech block. This system was tested by the Swiss Army during World War I. Georg Luger himself apparently demonstrated a similar Luger machine-pistol around the same time, which inspired the German Army to introduce a submachine gun into service. The Senn machine-pistol was, however, not successful and it was never adopted by any military.

Users

 * 🇩🇿 Algeria: Used by the National Liberation Army, bought from Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia
 * 🇦🇺 Australia: Used captured examples in the North African campaign of World War II
 * 🇦🇹 Austria: Armed forces used Lugers after 1945, supplied from the French-controlled Mauser factory
 * 🇧🇴 Bolivia: delivered from 1912 and used during the Chaco War
 * 🇧🇷 Brazil: The 7.65 model 1900 Luger was adopted in 1906 after navy trials, but purchases failed to materialize due to problems in the economy. In 1908 the improved 1906 model in 7.65 was ordered by the army. The Lugers were delivered to Brazil in 1910 and issued primarily to military officers; following a 1919 law a number of those were lent to police forces.
 * 🇨🇦 Canada: 1900 commercial model bought for trials
 * 🇨🇱 Chile: 1900 commercial model bought for trials
 * Czechoslovakia:The Luger was in use with the Czechoslovak military after the declaration of independence in 1919
 * Kingdom of Bulgaria: Three types of pistols were purchased from DWM.: The 7,65mm obrazetz 1903 (Old Model) was acquired in comparatively small numbers in 1903-4 and featured the distinctively cutaway toggle grips and a 4.75-inch barrel. The 7,65mm Obrazetz 1908 (New Model) was supplied between 1908 and 1909, and had flat-face checkered toggles; around 1,500 were ordered. The 9mm obrazetz 1911, was a 9mm pistol with a 3.9-inch barrel similar to the German Pistole 08 but lacking a grip safety, stock lug and with a lanyard loop on the lower left side of the butt; around 10,000 were ordered.  After the Second Balkan War many of the 7,65mm Lugers were re-barreled to 9mm
 * Republic of China (1912–1949): Used by Chang Tso-lin's warlord army.
 * Democratic Republic of Georgia: Mainly issued to officers.
 * Empire of Japan: Used Luger pistols in a semi-official capacity taken from disarmed Dutch forces in Indonesia.
 * 🇫🇮 Finland: Small numbers of P08 Lugers acquired by Jägers and the Finnish White Army during the civil war; including 100 artillery lugers. 7.65 pistols with 95mm and 98mm barrels were ordered from DWM and designated m/23 pistol; 2,000 were delivered in 1922 and a further 2,000  in 1923, by 1929 the army had 8,000 m/23 pistols. During the Winter War those pistols were converted to use 9mm ammunition.
 * 🇫🇷 France: The French occupied and operated the Mauser factory 1945–46, then seized remaining Mauser parts stocks to assemble approximately 4,000 Luger pistols for French forces
 * 🇩🇪 Germany
 * German Empire
 * Weimar Republic
 * Nazi Germany
 * East Germany: Used until the 1960s by the Volkspolizei and Stasi agents. A small number were sold abroad to Ethiopia in the 1980s.
 * 🇬🇩 Grenada
 * 🇮🇩 Indonesia: Almost 14,000 Dutch KNIL M.11 Lugers were in Indonesia before the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies. As such, the Luger was widely used during the Indonesian National Revolution. General Sudirman is known to have personally carried an M.11.
 * Italian Social Republic: Supplied to forces collaborating with Germany in northern Italy.
 * Imperial State of Iran
 * 🇱🇻 Latvia: Purchased less than 1,000 between 1936 and 1939.
 * 🇱🇾 Libya
 * 🇱🇹 Lithuania
 * Luxemburg:1900 commercial model bought for trials
 * 🇲🇽 Mexico
 * 🇳🇱 Netherlands: Dutch arms factories made Lugers in 1912 for use by the Dutch East Indies Army. Other contracts were completed for the Dutch Navy commencing in 1923, and the Dutch Air Force in 1928
 * 🇳🇿 New Zealand: Captured P08 Lugers were carried unofficially by some servicemen during WWI and WWII. At the end of WWI many captured Lugers were brought to New Zealand and were surrendered under amnesty following the 1920 Arms Act which outlawed the civilian possession of 'semi‐automatic pistols'. In 1942 the surrendered P08s held in Government stores were issued to RNZAF officers in the Aerodrome Defence Squadrons.
 * 🇳🇴 Norway: In use from 1945 and phased out in 1987.
 * Palestine: the Palestine Liberation Organization received P08s from East Germany
 * 🇵🇹 Portugal: Around 1901, a commission tested various semiautomatic pistols, the 7.65 model 1900 Luger was considered superior. No immediate decision was taken and in 1907 another commission decided on the Luger. That same year 50 Model 1906 commercial pistols were bought for an expedition into Cuamato territory in Angola. In 1908, between 3.500 to 5.000 model 1906 pistols in 7.65 were delivered. In 1910 the navy bought 650 Lugers in 9mm. In 1935 564 Lugers in 7.65 were bought for the National Republican Guard. In 1942 4.500 P08 Lugers were purchased
 * 🇷🇴 Romania
 * 🇷🇺 Russia: 9mm Lugers were authorized as a sidearm in 1907; small amounts were privately purchased by officers.
 * Soviet Union: Used by the Red Army during the civil war; in September 1929, an agreement was signed under which about 300 pistols were delivered from the Weimar Republic, their assembly was carried out at the Sestroretsk arms factory. stored captured P08s but never used in combat
 * 🇸🇪 Sweden
 * 🇨🇭 Switzerland: The Swiss Army was the first to adopt the Luger. 1900–1950
 * 🇹🇷 Turkey
 * 🇹🇭 Thailand
 * 🇬🇧 United Kingdom: used by Special Operations Executive
 * 🇺🇸 United States: The U.S. Ordnance Board purchased 1,000 Model 1900 7.65mm pistols under an official military contract order in 1901 and issued them to active duty cavalry troops for field testing. Most were distributed to U.S. Cavalry troops involved in police actions in the Philippines and Cuba. As the American Cavalry troops had used .45 and .38 revolvers for over 30 years, the small caliber, complex Luger, was viewed with some suspicion and not readily accepted. There were complaints as to small caliber, safety while riding from horseback, and unreliable action. As a result of these reports 50 Lugers in caliber 9mm were briefly tested by the Army in 1904-1906 and three Lugers in .45 caliber were tested in 1907. The Luger was rejected by the U.S. Army in favor of the Colt M1911. In 1905-1907 the Springfield Armory called in most of the M1900 Test Lugers.
 * 🇺🇸 United States: The U.S. Ordnance Board purchased 1,000 Model 1900 7.65mm pistols under an official military contract order in 1901 and issued them to active duty cavalry troops for field testing. Most were distributed to U.S. Cavalry troops involved in police actions in the Philippines and Cuba. As the American Cavalry troops had used .45 and .38 revolvers for over 30 years, the small caliber, complex Luger, was viewed with some suspicion and not readily accepted. There were complaints as to small caliber, safety while riding from horseback, and unreliable action. As a result of these reports 50 Lugers in caliber 9mm were briefly tested by the Army in 1904-1906 and three Lugers in .45 caliber were tested in 1907. The Luger was rejected by the U.S. Army in favor of the Colt M1911. In 1905-1907 the Springfield Armory called in most of the M1900 Test Lugers.

Non-state entities

 * Ação Libertadora Nacional
 * Lebanese Forces
 * Organisation armée secrète
 * Provisional Irish Republican Army
 * Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
 * Viet Cong
 * Yugoslav Partisans
 * Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army

title: Luger pistol


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Roseau County, Minnesota

Roseau County (pronounced row - so) is a county in the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Minnesota, along the Canada–US border. As of the 2020 census, the population was 15,331. Its county seat is Roseau. Roseau County borders the Canadian province of Manitoba.

Part of the Red Lake Indian Reservation is in Roseau County.

History
Roseau County was once the home of many Ojibwe, Sioux, and Mandan tribes. Archeologists have found artifacts within the county belonging to these tribes that date back 7,200 years. More recent history includes fur trappers and European-based explorers. By 1822, a fur-trading post was established in the area. In 1885, the future Roseau City hosted four settlers; by 1895 there were 600, and the area was incorporated as Roseau City.

By the mid-1880s the early settlers of eastern Kittson County were feeling the disadvantage of their location, far from the county seat, and petitioned the government for a separate county. On December 31, 1894, Governor Knute Nelson proclaimed the eastern portion of Kittson a new county, to be named Roseau. On February 11, 1896, the next governor, David Marston Clough, added part of Beltrami County to Roseau County. Roseau City was named the county seat.

Geography
Roseau County is in far northern Minnesota. Its northern boundary abuts Canada. The Roseau River drains the upper part of the county, flowing west into Kittson County on its way to the Hudson Bay. The county terrain consists of low rolling hills, devoted to agriculture, and dotted with lakes and drainages. There is considerable wooded area, especially in the southeast portion. The county has an area of 1678 sqmi, of which 1672 sqmi is land and 6.5 sqmi (0.4%) is water. Roseau is one of 17 Minnesota savanna counties with more savanna soils than prairie or forest soils.

Airports

 * Warroad International Memorial Airport (KRRT) - two miles northeast of Warroad
 * Piney Pinecreek Border Airport - extends into Canada; serves as a limited airport of entry between the two nations.

Major highways

 * [[Image:MN-11.svg|20px]] Minnesota State Highway 11
 * [[Image:MN-32.svg|20px]] Minnesota State Highway 32
 * [[Image:MN-89.svg|20px]] Minnesota State Highway 89
 * [[Image:MN-308.svg|20px]] Minnesota State Highway 308
 * [[Image:MN-310.svg|20px]] Minnesota State Highway 310
 * [[Image:MN-313.svg|20px]] Minnesota State Highway 313

Adjacent counties and rural municipalities

 * Rural Municipality of Stuartburn, Manitoba - northwest
 * Rural Municipality of Piney, Manitoba - north
 * Buffalo Point First Nation, Manitoba - northeast
 * Lake of the Woods County - east
 * Beltrami County - southeast
 * Marshall County - south
 * Kittson County - west

Protected areas

 * Beltrami Island State Forest
 * Hayes Lake State Park
 * Lost River State Forest
 * Luxemburg Peatland Scientific and Natural Area
 * Roseau River State Wildlife Management Area
 * Sprague Creek Peatland Scientific and Natural Area
 * Two Rivers Aspen Park Scientific and Natural Area

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 16,338 people, 6,190 households, and 4,438 families in the county. The population density was 9.77 /mi2. There were 7,101 housing units at an average density of 4.25 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 95.92% White, 0.13% Black or African American, 1.42% Native American, 1.73% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.08% from other races, and 0.70% from two or more races. 0.43% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 41.0% were of Norwegian, 18.8% German and 10.7% Swedish ancestry.

There were 6,190 households, out of which 38.40% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.00% were married couples living together, 6.80% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.30% were non-families. 24.60% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.11.

The county population contained 29.80% under the age of 18, 6.80% from 18 to 24, 29.90% from 25 to 44, 20.80% from 45 to 64, and 12.60% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 105.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.00 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $39,852, and the median income for a family was $46,185. Males had a median income of $29,747 versus $23,630 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,053. About 4.60% of families and 6.60% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.50% of those under age 18 and 12.20% of those age 65 or over.

Government and politics
In presidential elections, Roseau is Minnesota's most reliably Republican-voting county. John McCain's and George W. Bush's best performances in Minnesota were in Roseau County. Bush won it twice, with over 65% of the vote. It was also one of the few Minnesota counties that George H. W. Bush won in 1992 and Bob Dole won in 1996.

Roseau County is less reliably Republican in senatorial and gubernatorial elections. The Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party has won two senatorial elections here since 1992. Independents do not perform as well in Roseau County as in the rest of Minnesota. In the 1998 gubernatorial election, Norm Coleman's best performance in Minnesota was in Roseau County, where he won with almost 50% of the vote.

Cities

 * Badger
 * Greenbush
 * Roosevelt (part)
 * Roseau (county seat)
 * Strathcona
 * Warroad

Unincorporated communities

 * Fox
 * Mandus
 * Pelan (part)
 * Pencer
 * Pinecreek
 * Ross
 * Salol
 * Skime
 * Swift
 * Wannaska

Ghost towns

 * Haug
 * Winner

Townships

 * Barnett Township
 * Barto Township
 * Beaver Township
 * Cedarbend Township
 * Deer Township
 * Dewey Township
 * Dieter Township
 * Enstrom Township
 * Falun Township
 * Golden Valley Township
 * Grimstad Township
 * Hereim Township
 * Huss Township
 * Jadis Township
 * Lake Township
 * Laona Township
 * Lind Township
 * Malung Township
 * Mickinock Township
 * Moose Township
 * Moranville Township
 * Nereson Township
 * Palmville Township
 * Pohlitz Township
 * Polonia Township
 * Poplar Grove Township
 * Reine Township
 * Ross Township
 * Skagen Township
 * Soler Township
 * Spruce Township
 * Stafford Township
 * Stokes Township

Unorganized territories

 * North Roseau
 * Northwest Roseau
 * Southeast Roseau

title: Roseau County, Minnesota