text:
Clark County, Kansas

Clark County is a county located in the U.S. state of Kansas. Its county seat and most populous city is Ashland. As of the 2020 census, the county population was 1,991. The county was named after Charles Clarke.

History
For millennia, the Great Plains of North America were inhabited by nomadic Native Americans.

In 1854, the Kansas Territory was organized, then in 1861 Kansas became the 34th U.S. state.

In 1867, Clark County was established.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 977 sqmi, of which 975 sqmi is land and 2.6 sqmi (%) is water.

Adjacent counties

 * Ford County (north)
 * Kiowa County (northeast)
 * Comanche County (east)
 * Harper County, Oklahoma (southeast)
 * Beaver County, Oklahoma (southwest)
 * Meade County (west)

Major highways
Sources: National Atlas, U.S. Census Bureau
 * U.S. Route 54
 * U.S. Route 160
 * U.S. Route 183
 * U.S. Route 283
 * Kansas Highway 34

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 2,390 people, 979 households, and 676 families residing in the county. The population density was 2 /mi2. There were 1,111 housing units at an average density of 1 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 95.77% White, 0.25% Black or African American, 1.13% Native American, 0.08% Asian, 1.88% from other races, and 0.88% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.02% of the population.

There were 979 households, out of which 30.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.30% were married couples living together, 6.20% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.90% were non-families. 29.60% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.95.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 26.60% under the age of 18, 4.90% from 18 to 24, 23.10% from 25 to 44, 23.60% from 45 to 64, and 21.80% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 95.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.50 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $33,857, and the median income for a family was $40,521. Males had a median income of $27,321 versus $20,833 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,795. About 11.30% of families and 12.70% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.00% of those under age 18 and 10.20% of those age 65 or over.

Presidential elections
Prior to 1944, Clark County was a swing county, backing the national winner in every presidential election from 1900 to 1940. From 1944 on, it has become a Republican stronghold in presidential elections aside from 1964 when Lyndon B. Johnson won the county as part of a nationwide landslide victory.

Laws
The Kansas Constitution was amended in 1986 to allow the sale of alcoholic liquor by the individual drink with the approval of voters, either with or without a minimum of 30% of sales coming from food. Clark County is one of 35 counties in the state that allows for the sale of liquor by the drink without the minimum food sales stipulation.

Unified school districts

 * Minneola USD 219
 * Ashland USD 220

Communities
List of townships / incorporated cities / unincorporated communities / extinct former communities within Clark County.

Cities

 * Ashland (county seat)
 * Englewood
 * Minneola

Unincorporated communities

 * Acres
 * Letitia
 * Sitka

Ghost towns

 * Appleton
 * Cash City
 * Lexington
 * Vanham

Townships
Clark County is divided into six townships. None of the cities within the county are considered governmentally independent, and all figures for the townships include those of the cities. In the following table, the population center is the largest city (or cities) included in that township's population total, if it is of a significant size.

title: Clark County, Kansas


text:
Cheyenne County, Kansas

Cheyenne County is a county located in the northwest corner of the U.S. state of Kansas. Its county seat and most populous city is St. Francis. As of the 2020 census, the county population was 2,616. The county was named after the Cheyenne tribe.

19th century
In 1854, the Kansas Territory was organized, then in 1861 Kansas became the 34th U.S. state.

Cheyenne County was established by an act of the state legislature on 1873-03-06, which defined the original borders of the county as: "Commencing where the east line of range 37 west, intersects the fortieth degree of north latitude; thence south with said range line to the first standard parallel; thence west with said parallel to the west line of the State of Kansas; thence north with the state line to the fortieth degree of north latitude; thence east with said parallel to the place of beginning." The county was surveyed the following year, and its first settlers arrived in 1879.

Early settlement was in and around Wano, the "T" ranch (the county's first cattle ranch) being established 9 mile from there in 1876, and Jacob Buck and the families of A. M. Brenaman, L. R. Heaton, a man named Bateman all settling around the area. Brenaman was the first postmaster at Wano post office, established on 1880-08-23. The first storekeepers opened their store the following month, with the first school being Kepferle, and the first school district established on 1881-12-03. A dedicated school building, for 10 pupils, was donated by F. J. Graham and opened on 1882-01-10. By 1886 there were 5 school districts.

The name Wano was an Anglicization by the settlers of the Spanish word "bueno" meaning "good". It was not only the name of the post office but of its first newspaper, the Wano News, also run by Brenaman. Like the county's second newspaper, the Echo, the News was short lived and only had 5 issues. Later newspapers were the Cheyenne County Rustler, established on 1885-07-03 and originally published in Wano and later St Francis; the Frontiersman, the Cheyenne County Democrat, and the Bird City News, all published in Bird City; and the Plaindealer published in St Francis.

Independent county government was finally established in April 1886, by proclamation of Governor John A. Martin in response to a petition from the previous month. The appointed county commissioners were J. M. Ketcham, W. W. McKay and J. F. Murray; with B. W. Knott as the county clerk. Martin originally proclaimed Bird City as the county seat, as an initial temporary arrangement. An election for the county seat and for elected county and township officers was held in May 1886, and Wano was chosen as county seat. However, that first election was tainted by voter fraud and later voided by a judge. The current county seat of St. Francis was eventually chosen by an election in February 1889 and later approved by act of the state legislature on in February 1891.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1021 sqmi, of which 1020 sqmi is land and 1.1 sqmi (0.1%) is water.

Farming and biota
In 1886, 6890 acre of the county was fenced farms and 68807 acre unfenced farmland, comprising 12% of the county. There were 13413 acre of cultivated land, 8035 acre being devoted to corn, then the most lucrative crop, followed by 2042 acre to sorghum, its second most lucrative, and 480 acre of enclosed prairie land. However, most farmers were livestock farmers.

By 1910, the leading crops were (in descending order of value) wheat, corn, barley, hay, and broomcorn. There was not originally much native timberland in the county.

Geology and hydrolology
The county is crossed by the Republican River, whose tributaries include Bluff Creek, Cherry Creek, Plum Creek, and Hackberry Creek. Other trivers include Little Beaver Creek and a 3 mile reach of Big Beaver Creek in the south-east corner of the county, and the Arickaree River in the north-west corner.

The soil is mainly sandy, with limited amounts of limestone in some of the streams.

Adjacent counties

 * Dundy County, Nebraska (north/Mountain Time border)
 * Rawlins County (east)
 * Sherman County (south/Mountain Time border)
 * Kit Carson County, Colorado (southwest/Mountain Time border)
 * Yuma County, Colorado (west/Mountain Time border)

Major highways
Sources: National Atlas, U.S. Census Bureau
 * U.S. Route 36
 * Kansas Highway 27
 * Kansas Highway 161

Time Zones
The county is in the Central Time zone, but is bordered by the Mountain Time Zone in three directions; it is the only county in the United States to have this characteristic. Dundy County, Nebraska to the north, Yuma County, Colorado and Kit Carson County, Colorado to the west, and Sherman County to the south are all located in the Mountain Time Zone. As a result, Rawlins County is Cheyenne County's only neighbor to also observe Central Time.

Demographics

In 1886 there were 2607 people in the county. By 1910 this had risen to 4248.

As of the 2000 census, there were 3,165 people, 1,360 households, and 919 families residing in the county. The population density was 3 /mi2. There were 1,636 housing units at an average density of 2 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 97.91% White, 0.13% Black or African American, 0.09% Native American, 0.32% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.98% from other races, and 0.54% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.59% of the population.

There were 1,360 households, out of which 27.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.10% were married couples living together, 5.10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.40% were non-families. 30.80% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.85.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 23.80% under the age of 18, 5.10% from 18 to 24, 22.70% from 25 to 44, 21.80% from 45 to 64, and 26.60% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females there were 97.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.40 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $30,599, and the median income for a family was $34,816. Males had a median income of $24,976 versus $19,569 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,862. About 7.40% of families and 9.40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.80% of those under age 18 and 6.70% of those age 65 or over.

Presidential elections
Cheyenne County is a Republican stronghold. Only four Republican presidential candidates from 1888 to the present day have failed to carry the county, the most recent of which ironically being Kansas Governor Alf Landon in 1936 as he also failed to win the state's electoral votes.

Laws
Following amendment to the Kansas Constitution in 1986, the county remained a prohibition, or "dry", county until 2000, when voters approved the sale of alcoholic liquor by the individual drink with a 30% food sales requirement.

Unified school districts

 * Cheylin USD 103
 * St. Francis Schools USD 297

Communities
List of townships / incorporated cities / unincorporated communities / extinct former communities within Cheyenne County.

Cities

 * Bird City
 * St. Francis (county seat)

Unincorporated communities

 * Wheeler

Ghost towns

 * Marney

Post offices
In 1886 there were six post offices in the county: Bird City, Calhoun, Lawnridge, Marney, Orlando, and Wano. In 1888, four had been added — Clugh, Gurney, Jaqua, and Neville — and Wano had become St Francis. By 1910 this had shrunk to just four: Bird City, Jaqua, St. Francis, and Wheeler.

Townships
Cheyenne County is divided into seven townships. None of the cities within the county are considered governmentally independent, and all figures for the township include those of the cities. In the following table, the population center is the largest city (or cities) included in that township's population total, if it is of a significant size.

Cheyenne started off in 1883 as a single municipal township attached to Rawlins County for judicial and financial purposes. In the May 1886 election before any county or townships officers had been elected and the county seat had been chosen, there were intended to be three townships: Bird City, Wano, and a township named Hour-glass, dividing up what had by then become three municipal townships although swapping some parts of the municipal townships around for the proposed new townships.

In the end, the county initially had 13 townships: Beaver, Benkelman, Bird City, Calhoun, Cherry Creek, Cleveland Run, Dent, Eureka, Jaqua, Lawn Ridge, Nuttycombe, Orlando, and Wano. At the start of the 20th century, there were 17 townships: the aforementioned 13 plus Alexander,  Evergreen, Jefferson, and Porter, all added some time between 1888 and 1890. There since has been some consolidation in the 1970s.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cheyenne County, Kansas


text:
Cherokee County, Kansas

Cherokee County is a U.S. county located in Southeast Kansas. Its county seat is Columbus, and its most populous city is Baxter Springs. As of the 2020 census, the county population was 19,362. The county was named for the Cherokee tribe.

19th century
In 1803, United States acquired from France the 828,000-square mile Louisiana Purchase, the former French lands west of the Mississippi River, for 2.83 cents per acre. This territory included most of the land for modern-day Kansas.

In the 1830s, the United States conducted Indian Removal of the Five Civilized Tribes from the Southeast region, to extinguish their land claims and allow European-American settlement in the area. They were given lands in what was called Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River, mostly in present-day Oklahoma. This part of Kansas was included at the time in the Cherokee Neutral Lands, and the county was named after this tribe.

In 1854, the U.S. organized the Kansas Territory. Settlers began to move into the territory, with violence breaking out between supporters of slavery and those who wanted to abolish it. In 1861, Kansas was admitted as the 34th U.S. state; its constitution prohibited slavery. In 1860, Cherokee County was established.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 591 sqmi, of which 588 sqmi is land and 3.5 sqmi (0.6%) is water.

Adjacent counties

 * Crawford County (north)
 * Jasper County, Missouri (east)
 * Newton County, Missouri (southeast)
 * Ottawa County, Oklahoma (south)
 * Craig County, Oklahoma (southwest)
 * Labette County (west)

Major highways
Sources: National Atlas, U.S. Census Bureau

 * U.S. Route 66 (decommissioned)
 * U.S. Route 69
 * U.S. Route 160
 * U.S. Route 166
 * Kansas Highway 7
 * Kansas Highway 26
 * Kansas Highway 57
 * Kansas Highway 66 (successor to the decommissioned U.S. 66)
 * Kansas Highway 96
 * Kansas Highway 102

Demographics

As of the 2000 census, there were 22,605 people, 8,875 households, and 6,239 families residing in the county. The population density was 38 /mi2. There were 10,031 housing units at an average density of 17 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 92.27% White, 0.61% Black or African American, 3.45% Native American, 0.23% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.50% from other races, and 2.90% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.29% of the population.

There were 8,875 households, out of which 32.40% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.60% were married couples living together, 9.70% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.70% were non-families. 26.30% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.02.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 26.50% under the age of 18, 8.40% from 18 to 24, 26.90% from 25 to 44, 23.10% from 45 to 64, and 15.20% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 94.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.70 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $30,505, and the median income for a family was $37,284. Males had a median income of $29,045 versus $19,675 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,710. About 11.40% of families and 14.30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.40% of those under age 18 and 10.60% of those age 65 or over.

Presidential elections
For most of its history, Cherokee County had more of a Democratic lean in presidential elections than the rest of the state, particularly before 1968. Since then, it has only voted for Democratic candidates twice. In 1976 & 1992, it was their second and fourth best county in the state, respectively. From 1996 on, the county has swung powerfully Republican similar to the rest of Southeast Kansas, with Hillary Clinton posting the worst percentage for a Democratic candidate ever at only 23.3%.

Laws
Although the Kansas Constitution was amended in 1986 to allow the sale of alcoholic liquor by the individual drink with the approval of voters, Cherokee County voters chose to remain a prohibition, or "dry", county on Sunday until 2012.

Unified school districts

 * Southeast USD 247
 * Riverton USD 404
 * Columbus USD 493
 * Galena USD 499
 * Baxter Springs USD 508

Communities
List of townships / incorporated cities / unincorporated communities / extinct former communities within Cherokee County.

Cities

 * Baxter Springs
 * Columbus (county seat)
 * Galena
 * Roseland
 * Scammon
 * Weir
 * West Mineral

Unincorporated communities
‡ means a community has portions in an adjacent county. † means a community is designated a Census-Designated Place (CDP) by the United States Census Bureau.

 * Carona
 * Cokedale
 * Crestline†
 * Empire City
 * Faulkner
 * Hallowell†
 * Keelville
 * Kniveton‡
 * Lawton
 * Lowell†
 * Melrose
 * Neutral
 * Riverton†
 * Sherman
 * Sherwin
 * Skidmore
 * Stippville
 * Turck

Ghost towns

 * Treece, officially disincorporated in 2012

Townships
Cherokee County is divided into fourteen townships. The cities of Baxter Springs, Columbus, Galena, Scammon, and Weir are considered governmentally independent and are excluded from the census figures for the townships. In the following table, the population center is the largest city (or cities) included in that township's population total, if it is of a significant size.

title: Cherokee County, Kansas


text:
Chautauqua County, Kansas

Chautauqua County is a county located in Southeast Kansas, United States. Its county seat and most populous city is Sedan. As of the 2020 census, the county population was 3,379. The county is named for Chautauqua County, New York, the birthplace of Edward Jaquins, a Kansas politician who was instrumental in getting the county established.

Early history
For many millennia, the Great Plains of North America was inhabited by nomadic Native Americans. The name is non-native, but is derived from the now-extinct Native Erie language, spoken near the Great Lakes. From the 16th century to 18th century, the Kingdom of France claimed ownership of large parts of North America. In 1762, after the French and Indian War, France secretly ceded New France to Spain, per the Treaty of Fontainebleau.

19th century
In 1802, Spain returned most of the land to France, but keeping title to about 7,500 square miles. In 1803, most of the land for modern day Kansas was acquired by the United States from France as part of the 828,000 square mile Louisiana Purchase for 2.83 cents per acre.

In 1854, the Kansas Territory was organized, then in 1861 Kansas became the 34th U.S. state. Chautauqua County was created by an act of the Kansas legislature on June 1, 1875, by the division of Howard County into Elk County (the northern half) and Chautauqua County (the southern half). At the time of its creation, the county's population was about 7,400.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 645 sqmi, of which 639 sqmi is land and 5.9 sqmi (0.9%) is water.

Adjacent counties

 * Elk County (north)
 * Montgomery County (east)
 * Washington County, Oklahoma (southeast)
 * Osage County, Oklahoma (south)
 * Cowley County (west)

Major highways
Sources: National Atlas, U.S. Census Bureau
 * U.S. Route 166
 * Kansas Highway 99

Demographics

As of the 2000 census, there were 4,359 people, 1,796 households, and 1,235 families residing in the county. The population density was 7 /mi2. There were 2,169 housing units at an average density of 3 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 93.83% White, 0.30% Black or African American, 3.58% Native American, 0.07% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.34% from other races, and 1.84% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.35% of the population.

There were 1,796 households, out of which 26.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.30% were married couples living together, 7.90% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.20% were non-families. 29.40% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.87.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 23.40% under the age of 18, 6.10% from 18 to 24, 20.90% from 25 to 44, 25.20% from 45 to 64, and 24.30% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females there were 93.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.20 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $28,717, and the median income for a family was $33,871. Males had a median income of $25,083 versus $21,346 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,280. About 9.00% of families and 12.20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.80% of those under age 18 and 10.60% of those age 65 or over.

Presidential elections
Chautauqua is an overwhelmingly Republican county. The only Republican to ever lose the county has been Herbert Hoover during his landslide 1932 election defeat when he carried fewer than fifty counties west of the Mississippi. Apart from never-Democratic, historically Yankee Doniphan County, it was the only Kansas county to give incumbent President William Howard Taft a plurality in 1912. The last Democrat to pass thirty percent of the county's vote was Michael Dukakis in 1988, and in 2020 Joe Biden received merely less than thirteen percent.

Laws
Although the Kansas Constitution was amended in 1986 to allow the sale of alcoholic liquor by the individual drink with the approval of voters, Chautauqua County remained a prohibition, or "dry", county, until 2008, when a county wide ballot measure was approved to allow individual liquor sales with a 30 percent food requirement.

Unified school districts

 * Cedar Vale USD 285
 * Chautauqua County USD 286

Communities
List of townships / incorporated cities / unincorporated communities / extinct former communities within Chautauqua County.

Cities

 * Cedar Vale
 * Chautauqua
 * Elgin
 * Niotaze
 * Peru
 * Sedan (county seat)

Unincorporated communities

 * Cloverdale
 * Grafton
 * Hale
 * Hewins
 * Jonesburg (originally spelled Jonesburgh)
 * Lowe (Gibbs)
 * Monett
 * Rogers
 * Wauneta

Ghost towns

 * Boston
 * Layton
 * Leeds
 * Matanzas
 * Moore
 * Osro

Townships
Chautauqua County is divided into twelve townships. None of the cities within the county are considered governmentally independent, and all figures for the townships include those of the cities. In the following table, the population center is the largest city (or cities) included in that township's population total, if it is of a significant size.

title: Chautauqua County, Kansas


text:
Chase County, Kansas

Chase County is a county located in the U.S. state of Kansas. Its county seat and most populous city is Cottonwood Falls. As of the 2020 census, the county population was 2,572. The county was named for Salmon Chase, a U.S. Senator from Ohio that was a Kansas statehood advocate.

Early history
For many millennia, the Great Plains of North America was inhabited by nomadic Native Americans. From the 16th century to 18th century, the Kingdom of France claimed ownership of large parts of North America. In 1762, after the French and Indian War, France secretly ceded New France to Spain, per the Treaty of Fontainebleau. In 1802, Spain returned most of the land to France, but keeping title to about 7,500 square miles.

In 1803, most of the land for modern day Kansas was acquired by the United States from France as part of the 828,000 square mile Louisiana Purchase for 2.83 cents per acre. In 1848, after the Mexican–American War, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo with Mexico brought into the United States all or part of land for ten future states, including southwest Kansas. In 1854, the Kansas Territory was organized, then in 1861 Kansas became the 34th U.S. state.

19th century
In 1806, Zebulon Pike led the Pike Expedition westward from St Louis, Missouri, of which part of their journey followed the Cottonwood River through modern Chase County.

In 1859, Chase County was established within the Kansas Territory.

In 1871, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway extended a main line from Emporia to Newton. In 1887, Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway built a branch line from Neva (3 miles west of Strong City) to Superior, Nebraska. This branch line connected Strong City, Neva, Rockland, Diamond Springs, Burdick, Lost Springs, Jacobs, Hope, Navarre, Enterprise, Abilene, Talmage, Manchester, Longford, Oak Hill, Miltonvale, Aurora, Huscher, Concordia, Kackley, Courtland, Webber, Superior. At some time, the line from Neva to Lost Springs was pulled but the right of way has not been abandoned. This branch line was originally called "Strong City and Superior line" but later the name was shortened to the "Strong City line". In 1996, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway merged with Burlington Northern Railroad and renamed to the current BNSF Railway.

The south-western border one mile "notch" into Marion County was established under unusual circumstances. A murder had occurred and Marion County didn't want to have the trial, so a section one mile wide and eighteen miles long was permanently ceded to Chase County to ensure the murder had occurred there.

20th century
In 1931, Notre Dame coach Knute Rockne died in a plane crash a few miles southwest of Bazaar, in Chase County, Kansas.

In 1991, the county was the subject of the book: PrairyErth: (A Deep Map).

In 1996, the Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve was established in the county.

The center of population of Kansas is located in Chase County, about four miles north of Strong City.

Historical markers

 * Landmark of Distinction - The Chase County Courthouse.
 * Chase County and The Bluestem Pasture Region of Kansas.
 * The Bluestem Pasture Region of Kansas.
 * W. B. Strong Memorial Railroad Park.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 778 sqmi, of which 773 sqmi is land and 4.7 sqmi (0.6%) is water.

Chase County is centrally located in the eastern half of the state in the Flint Hills geologic region. It's located in the Neosho River drainage basin.

Adjacent counties

 * Morris County (north)
 * Lyon County (east)
 * Greenwood County (southeast)
 * Butler County (southwest)
 * Marion County (west)

National protected area

 * Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve

Major highways
Sources: National Atlas, U.S. Census Bureau
 * Interstate 35 All of I-35 in Chase County is part of the Kansas Turnpike and inaccessible to the general public from within the county. The closest access points are via U.S. Route 50 in Emporia or Kansas Highway 177 in Cassoday. There is a private interchange located southeast of Bazaar for loading cattle. The overpass names the interchange the "Bazaar Cattle Crossing".
 * U.S. Route 50
 * K-150
 * K-177

2000 census
As of the 2000 census, there were 3,030 people, 1,246 households, and 817 families residing in the county. The population density was 4 /mi2. There were 1,529 housing units at an average density of 2 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 96.90% White, 1.02% Black or African American, 0.56% Native American, 0.13% Asian, 0.56% from other races, and 0.83% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.75% of the population.

There were 1,246 households, out of which 28.30% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.60% were married couples living together, 7.60% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.40% were non-families. 31.10% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.92.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 24.10% under the age of 18, 6.50% from 18 to 24, 26.60% from 25 to 44, 24.10% from 45 to 64, and 18.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.40 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $32,656, and the median income for a family was $39,848. Males had a median income of $27,402 versus $21,528 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,422. About 4.10% of families and 8.60% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.00% of those under age 18 and 6.30% of those age 65 or over.

Presidential elections
Chase County is a Republican stronghold. The last Democrat to carry this county was Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1936.

Laws
Following amendment to the Kansas Constitution in 1986, the county remained a prohibition, or "dry", county until 1988, when voters approved the sale of alcoholic liquor by the individual drink with a 30% food sales requirement.

Unified school districts

 * Chase County USD 284 (most of the county)

 * School district office in neighboring county
 * Centre USD 397
 * Peabody–Burns USD 398
 * Marion–Florence USD 408

Communities
List of townships / incorporated cities / unincorporated communities / extinct former communities within Chase County.

Cities

 * Cedar Point
 * Cottonwood Falls (county seat)
 * Elmdale
 * Matfield Green
 * Strong City

Unincorporated places

 * Bazaar
 * Clements
 * Saffordville
 * Toledo
 * Wonsevu

Ghost towns
‡ means a community has portions in an adjacent county.

 * Birley
 * Clover Cliff
 * Elk‡
 * Ellinor
 * Gladstone
 * Homestead
 * Hymer
 * Morgan
 * Neva
 * Rockland
 * Rural
 * Thurman

Townships
Chase County is divided into nine townships. None of the cities within the county are considered governmentally independent, and all figures for the townships include those of the cities. In the following table, the population center is the largest city (or cities) included in that township's population total, if it is of a significant size.

In popular culture
Made famous by William Least Heat-Moon's epic book PrairyErth: A Deep Map (1991).

NRHP sites
The following sites in Chase County are listed on the National Register of Historic Places:

title: Chase County, Kansas


text:
Butler County, Kansas

Butler County is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas and is the largest county in the state by total area. Its county seat is El Dorado and its most populous city is Andover. As of the 2020 census, the county population was 67,380. The county was named for Andrew Butler, a U.S. Senator from South Carolina who coauthored the Kansas–Nebraska Act.

Early history
For many millennia, the Great Plains of North America was inhabited by nomadic Native Americans. From the 16th century to 18th century, the Kingdom of France claimed ownership of large parts of North America. In 1762, after the French and Indian War, France secretly ceded New France to Spain, per the Treaty of Fontainebleau. In 1802, Spain returned most of the land to France, but keeping title to about 7,500 square miles.

In 1803, most of the land for modern day Kansas was acquired by the United States from France as part of the 828,000 square mile Louisiana Purchase for 2.83 cents per acre. In 1848, after the Mexican–American War, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo with Spain brought into the United States all or part of land for ten future states, including southwest Kansas. In 1854, the Kansas Territory was organized, then in 1861 Kansas became the 34th U.S. state.

19th century
In 1855, Butler County was founded. It was named in honor of a U.S. Senator from South Carolina, Andrew Butler (1796-1857), who was one of the authors of the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 and a strong advocate of Kansas becoming a slave state.

In 1877, the Florence, El Dorado, and Walnut Valley Railroad Company built a branch line from Florence to El Dorado, in 1881 it was extended to Douglass, and later to Arkansas City. The line was leased and operated by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. The line from Florence to El Dorado was abandoned in 1942. The original branch line connected Florence, Burns, De Graff, El Dorado, Augusta, Douglass, Rock, Akron, Winfield, Arkansas City.

In 1887, the Chicago, Kansas and Nebraska Railway built a branch line north–south from Herington to Caldwell. This branch line connected Herington, Lost Springs, Lincolnville, Antelope, Marion, Aulne, Peabody, Elbing, Whitewater, Furley, Kechi, Wichita, Peck, Corbin, Wellington, Caldwell. By 1893, this branch line was incrementally built to Fort Worth, Texas. This line is called the "OKT". The Chicago, Kansas and Nebraska Railway was foreclosed in 1891 and was taken over by Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railway, which shut down in 1980 and reorganized as Oklahoma, Kansas and Texas Railroad, merged in 1988 with Missouri Pacific Railroad, and finally merged in 1997 with Union Pacific Railroad. Most locals still refer to this railroad as the "Rock Island".

21st century
In 2010, the Keystone-Cushing Pipeline (Phase II) was constructed north to south through Butler County (near Potwin, Towanda, Augusta, Douglass), with much controversy over tax exemption and environmental concerns (if a leak ever occurs). A pumping station named Burns was built 2 miles north of Potwin, and new power lines were built from a high-voltage line 0.3 mile east of De Graff.

In an unusual technical glitch, a farmstead about 4 miles northeast of Potwin became the default site of 600 million IP addresses (due to their lack of fine granularity) when the Massachusetts-based digital mapping company MaxMind changed the putative geographic center of the contiguous United States from 39.8333333,-98.585522 to 38.0000,-97.0000.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1447 sqmi, of which 1430 sqmi is land and 17 sqmi (1.2%) is water. It is the largest county by area in Kansas.

Adjacent counties

 * Chase County (northeast)
 * Greenwood County (east)
 * Elk County (southeast)
 * Cowley County (south)
 * Sumner County (southwest)
 * Harvey County (west)
 * Sedgwick County (west)
 * Marion County (northwest)

Major highways
Sources: National Atlas, U.S. Census Bureau
 * Interstate 35
 * U.S. Route 54
 * U.S. Route 77
 * Kansas Highway 96
 * Kansas Highway 177
 * Kansas Highway 196
 * Kansas Highway 254

Demographics

Butler County is part of the Wichita, KS Metropolitan Statistical Area.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, 59,482 people, 21,527 households, and 16,059 families resided in the county. The population density was 42 PD/sqmi. There were 23,176 housing units at an average density of 16 /mi2. The county's racial makeup was 94.94% White, 1.38% Black or African American, 0.91% Native American, 0.40% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.66% from other races, and 1.69% two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.25% of the population.

There were 21,527 households, of which 37.90% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.60% were married couples living together, 8.30% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.40% were non-families. 21.90% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.13.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 28.60% under the age of 18, 8.30% from 18 to 24, 28.80% from 25 to 44, 21.70% from 45 to 64, and 12.60% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.80 males.

The county's median household income was $45,474, and the median family income was $53,632. Males had a median income of $38,675 versus $26,109 for females. The county's per capita income was $20,150. About 5.40% of families and 7.30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.00% of those under age 18 and 6.40% of those age 65 or over.

Presidential elections
Like of most of Kansas’ counties, Butler county is solidly Republican. In 2008, John McCain carried the county by a nearly two-to-one margin over Barack Obama. Since 1992, no Democratic candidate has received so much as forty percent of the county's vote. The last Democratic candidate to carry the county was Jimmy Carter in 1976.

Laws
Butler County was a prohibition, or "dry", county until the Kansas Constitution was amended in 1986 and voters approved the sale of alcoholic liquor by the individual drink with a 30% food sales requirement.

College

 * Butler County Community College in El Dorado

Unified school districts

 * Bluestem USD 205
 * Remington USD 206
 * Circle USD 375
 * Andover USD 385
 * Rose Hill USD 394
 * Douglass USD 396
 * Augusta USD 402
 * El Dorado USD 490
 * Flinthills USD 492

 * School district office in neighboring county
 * Peabody–Burns USD 398
 * Central USD 462

Private schools

 * Berean Academy in Elbing

Communities
List of townships / incorporated cities / unincorporated communities / extinct former communities within Butler County.

Cities

 * Andover
 * Augusta
 * Benton
 * Cassoday
 * Douglass
 * Elbing
 * El Dorado (county seat)
 * Latham
 * Leon
 * Potwin
 * Rose Hill
 * Towanda
 * Whitewater

Unincorporated communities
† means a community is designated a Census-Designated Place (CDP) by the United States Census Bureau.

 * Beaumont†
 * Bois d'Arc
 * Brainerd
 * De Graff
 * Gordon
 * Haverhill
 * Keighley
 * Lorena
 * Midian
 * Pontiac
 * Rosalia†

Ghost towns

 * Aikman
 * Alki
 * Amador
 * Browntown
 * Chelsea (now lies under El Dorado Lake)
 * Durachen
 * Frazier
 * Lorena
 * Magna City
 * Midian
 * Oil Hill
 * Oil Valley
 * Ophir
 * Plum Grove
 * Providence
 * Ramsey
 * Salter
 * Vanora
 * Wingate

Townships
Butler County is divided into twenty-nine townships. The cities of Augusta and El Dorado are considered governmentally independent and are excluded from the census figures for the townships. In the following table, the population center is the largest city (or cities) included in that township's population total, if it is of a significant size.

title: Butler County, Kansas


text:
Brown County, Kansas

Brown County is a county located in the northeast portion of the U.S. state of Kansas. Its county seat and most populous city is Hiawatha. As of the 2020 census, the county population was 9,508. The county was named after Albert G. Brown, a U.S. Senator from Mississippi and Kansas statehood advocate. The Kickapoo Indian Reservation of Kansas, the majority of the Sac and Fox Reservation, and the majority of the Iowa Reservation of Kansas and Nebraska are located within the county.

Early history
For many millennia, the Great Plains of North America was inhabited by nomadic Native Americans. From the 16th century to 18th century, the Kingdom of France claimed ownership of large parts of North America. In 1762, after the French and Indian War, France secretly ceded New France to Spain, per the Treaty of Fontainebleau.

19th century
In 1802, Spain returned most of the land to France, but keeping title to about 7,500 square miles. In 1803, most of the land for modern day Kansas was acquired by the United States from France as part of the 828,000 square mile Louisiana Purchase for 2.83 cents per acre.

In 1854, the Kansas Territory was organized, then in 1861 Kansas became the 34th U.S. state. Brown County was founded in 1855, was named for Albert G. Brown.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 572 sqmi, of which 571 sqmi is land and 1.2 sqmi (0.2%) is water. The Wolf River has its source in the county. Brown State Fishing Lake, formerly known as "Brown County State Park" is in the county, 8 miles (13 km) east of Hiawatha.

Adjacent counties

 * Richardson County, Nebraska (north)
 * Doniphan County (east)
 * Atchison County (southeast)
 * Jackson County (southwest)
 * Nemaha County (west)

Major highways
Sources: National Atlas, U.S. Census Bureau
 * U.S. Route 36
 * U.S. Route 73
 * U.S. Route 75
 * U.S. Route 159
 * Kansas Highway 20
 * Kansas Highway 246

Demographics

As of the 2000 census, there were 10,724 people, 4,318 households, and 2,949 families residing in the county. The population density was 19 /mi2. There were 4,815 housing units at an average density of 8 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 86.87% White, 1.56% Black or African American, 8.82% Native American, 0.21% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.73% from other races, and 1.81% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.32% of the population.

There were 4,318 households, out of which 31.40% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.80% were married couples living together, 9.20% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.70% were non-families. 28.80% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.99.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 26.40% under the age of 18, 7.40% from 18 to 24, 24.00% from 25 to 44, 22.70% from 45 to 64, and 19.50% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 93.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.80 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $31,971, and the median income for a family was $39,525. Males had a median income of $29,163 versus $19,829 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,163. About 10.60% of families and 12.90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.40% of those under age 18 and 11.80% of those age 65 or over.

Presidential elections
Like all of Kansas outside the eastern cities, Brown County is overwhelmingly Republican, although its history of Yankee settlement means it has been thus for longer than certain other parts of the state. Brown was Alf Landon’s strongest county in his home state during his disastrous 1936 presidential campaign. FDR was never to win so much as 42 percent of the vote in any of his four Presidential elections; indeed no Democratic presidential nominee has ever won a majority in Brown County, with the highest percentage being 47 percent by William Jennings Bryan in 1896. A mortally divided Republican Party allowed Woodrow Wilson to win a plurality in 1912 with under 37 percent of the county’s vote – nonetheless since 1968 no Democrat has reached even that percentage.

Laws
Following amendment to the Kansas Constitution in 1986, the county remained a prohibition, or "dry", county until 2000, when voters approved the sale of alcoholic liquor by the individual drink without a food sales requirement.

Education

 * Unified school districts
 * Hiawatha USD 415
 * South Brown County USD 430

 * School district office in neighboring county
 * Doniphan West USD 111
 * Prairie Hills USD 113
 * North Jackson USD 335

 * Bureau of Indian Education-affiliated tribal schools:
 * Kickapoo Nation School

Communities
List of townships / incorporated cities / unincorporated communities / extinct former communities within Brown County.

Cities
‡ means a community has portions in an adjacent county.

 * Everest
 * Fairview
 * Hamlin
 * Hiawatha (county seat)
 * Horton
 * Morrill
 * Powhattan
 * Reserve
 * Robinson
 * Sabetha‡
 * Willis

Unincorporated communities
† means a community is designated a Census-Designated Place (CDP) by the United States Census Bureau.

 * Baker
 * Mercier
 * Padonia
 * Kickapoo Tribal Center†
 * Kickapoo Site 1†
 * Kickapoo Site 2†
 * Kickapoo Site 5†
 * Kickapoo Site 6†
 * Kickapoo Site 7†

Indian reservations

 * Ioway Reservation‡
 * Kickapoo Indian Reservation of Kansas‡
 * Sac and Fox Reservation‡

Townships
Brown County is divided into ten townships. The cities of Hiawatha, Horton, and Sabetha are considered governmentally independent and are excluded from the census figures for the townships. In the following table, the population center is the largest city (or cities) included in that township's population total, if it is of a significant size.

title: Brown County, Kansas


text:
Bourbon County, Kansas

Bourbon County is a county located in Southeast Kansas. Its county seat and most populous city is Fort Scott. As of the 2020 census, the county population was 14,360. The county was named after Bourbon County, Kentucky, the former home of many early settlers.

Early history
For many millennia, the Great Plains of North America was inhabited by nomadic Native Americans. From the 16th century to 18th century, the Kingdom of France claimed ownership of large parts of North America. In 1762, after the French and Indian War, France secretly ceded New France to Spain, per the Treaty of Fontainebleau.

19th century
In 1802, Spain returned most of the land to France, but keeping title to about 7,500 square miles. In 1803, most of the land for modern day Kansas was acquired by the United States from France as part of the 828,000 square mile Louisiana Purchase for 2.83 cents per acre.

In 1854, the Kansas Territory was organized, then in 1861 Kansas became the 34th U.S. state. In 1855, Bourbon County was established.

21st century
Bourbon virus, a new strain of thogotovirus, was first discovered in Bourbon County. In the spring of 2014 an otherwise healthy man was bitten by a tick, contracting the virus, dying 11 days later from organ failure.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 639 sqmi, of which 635 sqmi is land and 3.6 sqmi (0.6%) is water.

Adjacent counties

 * Linn County (north)
 * Vernon County, Missouri (east)
 * Crawford County (south)
 * Neosho County (southwest)
 * Allen County (west)
 * Anderson County (northwest)

National protected area

 * Fort Scott National Historic Site

Major highways
Sources: National Atlas, U.S. Census Bureau
 * U.S. Route 54
 * U.S. Route 69
 * Kansas Highway 3
 * Kansas Highway 7
 * Kansas Highway 31
 * Kansas Highway 39
 * Kansas Highway 65

Demographics

As of the 2000 census, there were 15,379 people, 6,161 households, and 4,127 families residing in the county. The population density was 24 /mi2. There were 7,135 housing units at an average density of 11 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 94.06% White, 3.08% Black or African American, 0.84% Native American, 0.36% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.28% from other races, and 1.33% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.29% of the population.

There were 6,161 households, out of which 30.50% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.50% were married couples living together, 9.20% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.00% were non-families. 29.00% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 3.01.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 25.80% under the age of 18, 9.50% from 18 to 24, 24.20% from 25 to 44, 22.30% from 45 to 64, and 18.20% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 93.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.50 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $31,199, and the median income for a family was $39,239. Males had a median income of $27,043 versus $20,983 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,393. About 9.50% of families and 13.50% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.00% of those under age 18 and 13.40% of those age 65 or over.

Presidential elections
Bourbon County is a strongly Republican county. Only six presidential elections from 1888 to the present have resulted in Republicans failing to win the county, with the last of these being in 1964.

Laws
Following amendment to the Kansas Constitution in 1986, the county remained a prohibition, or "dry", county until 1992, when voters approved the sale of alcoholic liquor by the individual drink with a 30% food sales requirement.

Colleges

 * Fort Scott Community College

Unified school districts

 * Fort Scott USD 234
 * Uniontown USD 235

Communities
List of townships / incorporated cities / unincorporated communities / extinct former communities within Bourbon County.

Cities

 * Bronson
 * Fort Scott (county seat)
 * Fulton
 * Mapleton
 * Redfield
 * Uniontown

Unincorporated communities
† means a community is designated a Census-Designated Place (CDP) by the United States Census Bureau.

 * Barnesville
 * Berlin
 * Devon†
 * Garland†
 * Godfrey
 * Hammond
 * Harding
 * Hiattville
 * Marmaton
 * Pawnee Station
 * Porterville
 * Xenia

Townships
Bourbon County is divided into eleven townships. The city of Fort Scott is considered governmentally independent and is excluded from the census figures for the townships. In the following table, the population center is the largest city (or cities) included in that township's population total, if it is of a significant size.

Notable people

 * Richard Christy (b1974), drummer, radio personality; born and raised in Bourbon County
 * Jonathan Davis (1871–1943), 22nd Governor of Kansas; born in Bourbon County.
 * Sarah Hall (1832–1926), president of Bourbon County Equal Suffrage Association; lived in Fort Scott, Bourbon County 1870–1911
 * Gordon Parks (1912–2006), photographer, composer, author, poet, and film director, who became prominent in U.S. documentary photojournalism in the 1940s; born in Bourbon County

title: Bourbon County, Kansas


text:
Barton County, Kansas

Barton County is a county located in the U.S. state of Kansas. Its county seat and most populous city is Great Bend. As of the 2020 census, the county population was 25,493. The county is named in honor of Clara Barton, responsible for the founding of the American Red Cross, and the only county in Kansas to be named for a woman.

Early history
For many millennia, the Great Plains of North America was inhabited by nomadic Native Americans. From the 16th century to 18th century, the Kingdom of France claimed ownership of large parts of North America. In 1762, after the French and Indian War, France secretly ceded New France to Spain, per the Treaty of Fontainebleau.

19th century
In 1802, Spain returned most of the land to France, but keeping title to about 7,500 square miles. In 1803, most of the land for modern day Kansas was acquired by the United States from France as part of the 828,000 square mile Louisiana Purchase for 2.83 cents per acre.

In 1854, the Kansas Territory was organized, then in 1861 Kansas became the 34th U.S. state. In 1867, Barton County was established and named for Clara Barton. It is the only Kansas county named for a woman.

In 1878, Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway and parties from Marion County and McPherson County chartered the Marion and McPherson Railway Company. In 1879, a branch line was built from Florence to McPherson, in 1880 it was extended to Lyons, in 1881 it was extended to Ellinwood. The line was leased and operated by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. The line from Florence to Marion, was abandoned in 1968. In 1992, the line from Marion to McPherson was sold to Central Kansas Railway. In 1993, after heavy flood damage, the line from Marion to McPherson was abandoned. The original branch line connected Florence, Marion, Canada, Hillsboro, Lehigh, Canton, Galva, McPherson, Conway, Windom, Little River, Mitchell, Lyons, Chase, Ellinwood.

21st century
In 2001, an F4 tornado hit Hoisington during Hoisington High School's prom.

Geography
Barton County was drawn in the shape of a 30 by square. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 901 sqmi, of which 895 sqmi is land and 5.2 sqmi (0.6%) is water. The geographic center of Kansas is located in Barton County.

Adjacent counties

 * Ellis County (northwest)
 * Russell County (north)
 * Ellsworth County (northeast)
 * Rice County (southeast)
 * Stafford County (south)
 * Pawnee County (southwest)
 * Rush County (west)

Major highways
Sources: National Atlas, U.S. Census Bureau
 * U.S. Route 56
 * U.S. Route 281
 * Kansas Highway 4
 * Kansas Highway 96
 * Kansas Highway 156

Demographics

The Great Bend Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all of Barton County.

As of the 2000 census, there were 28,205 people, 11,393 households, and 7,530 families residing in the county. The population density was 32 /mi2. There were 12,888 housing units at an average density of 14 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 92.98% White, 1.15% Black or African American, 0.51% Native American, 0.23% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 3.51% from other races, and 1.60% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.31% of the population.

There were 11,393 households, out of which 31.30% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.10% were married couples living together, 7.80% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.90% were non-families. 30.20% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 3.01.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 26.00% under the age of 18, 9.00% from 18 to 24, 25.10% from 25 to 44, 22.00% from 45 to 64, and 17.90% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 93.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.10 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $32,176, and the median income for a family was $39,929. Males had a median income of $28,803 versus $20,428 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,695. About 9.90% of families and 12.90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.00% of those under age 18 and 10.90% of those age 65 or over.

Presidential elections
Prior to 1940, Barton County was a Democratic-leaning swing county in presidential elections, being a national bellwether from 1912 to 1936. From 1940 on, it has become a Republican Party stronghold, with the solitary Democratic Party presidential candidate to carry it since then being Lyndon B. Johnson in his national landslide of 1964.

Laws
Barton County was a prohibition, or "dry", county until the Kansas Constitution was amended in 1986 and voters approved the sale of alcoholic liquor by the individual drink with a 30% food sales requirement. The food sales requirement was removed with voter approval in 2004.

Colleges

 * Barton Community College

Unified school districts
The five school districts are part of the special education area of Barton County called Barton County Special Services.
 * Central Plains USD 112
 * Ellinwood USD 355
 * Great Bend USD 428
 * Hoisington USD 431
 * Otis-Bison USD 403 (Rush County)

Communities
List of townships / incorporated cities / unincorporated communities / extinct former communities within Barton County.

Cities

 * Albert
 * Claflin
 * Ellinwood
 * Galatia
 * Great Bend (county seat)
 * Hoisington
 * Olmitz
 * Pawnee Rock
 * Susank

Unincorporated communities
‡ means a community has portions in an adjacent county. † means a community is designated a Census-Designated Place (CDP) by the United States Census Bureau.

 * Beaver†
 * Boyd
 * Dubuque‡
 * Dundee
 * Heizer
 * Hitschmann
 * Odin†
 * Redwing
 * Stickney

Townships
Barton County is divided into twenty-two townships. The cities of Ellinwood, Great Bend, and Hoisington are considered governmentally independent and are excluded from the census figures for the townships. In the following table, the population center is the largest city (or cities) included in that township's population total, if it is of a significant size.

title: Barton County, Kansas


text:
Barber County, Kansas

Barber County is a county located in the south-central portion of the U.S. state of Kansas. Its county seat and most populous city is Medicine Lodge. As of the 2020 census, the county population was 4,228. The county was named for Thomas Barber, an abolitionist who was killed in Douglas County in 1855 during the Wakarusa War.

History
Barber County was formed in 1867 from parts of Washington County, Peketon County, and Marion County. Organized in 1873, it was named after Thomas Barber, a free-state man killed during Bleeding Kansas. The county's name was initially misspelled as “Barbour” before being officially changed to “Barber.”

The land that would become Barber County was formerly part of the "thirty mile" and "three mile" strips, previously owned by the Osages and the Cherokees respectively. These lands were ceded to the United States Government by the treaty of July 15, 1870, and were then offered for pre-emption, but not for homesteading or timber claim entry. Early settlers noted the numerous buffalo wallows in the county.

The first settler in the county, a man named Griffin, settled in the winter of 1871-72 near Sun City. Indian opposite to white settlement soon brought conflict, including an 1872 raid resulting in the death of trader E. H. Mosely. Defensive stockades were subsequently erected in Medicine Lodge and Sun City.

Settlements such as Kiowa and Medicine Lodge were established, with rapid settlement occurring in the summer of 1873. Notable events included the county's first child born in 1873 and its first wedding in 1874.

In the summer of 1874, an Indian raid resulted in the murder of several settlers along the Medicine Lodge River. Various accounts attribute the raid to Indian opposition to white settlement or the actions of disguised white assailants aiming to cover up their illegal activities in the county. To protect citizens, stockades were built, and militia groups were organized in Medicine Lodge and Sun City.

Buffalo once roamed abundantly in the county, but by the 1880s, their numbers had significantly diminished. Their former habitat, however, made excellent range for cattle, and in 1870, Barber and Comanche county ranchers formed a cooperative known as the Comanche cattle pool. The discovery of gypsum deposits along the Medicine Lodge River led to the establishment of a plaster company in Sun City in 1891.

The Medicine Lodge Bank was robbed in 1884 by a gang led by Henry Newton Brown, the marshal of Caldwell in nearby Sumner County. The bandits were pursued, captured, and thrown in jail. That night, a mob overpowered the Medicine Lodge sheriff, shot and killed Brown, and hanged the other men from a tree.

Temperance advocate Carrie Nation smashed her first saloon in Kiowa, Kansas in 1900. Today, her former residence is a National Historic Landmark.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1136 sqmi, of which 1134 sqmi is land and 2.1 sqmi (0.2%) is water.

The Medicine Lodge River flows through the county.

Adjacent counties

 * Pratt County (north)
 * Kingman County (northeast)
 * Harper County (east)
 * Alfalfa County, Oklahoma (southeast)
 * Woods County, Oklahoma (southwest)
 * Comanche County (west)
 * Kiowa County (northwest)

Major highways
Sources: National Atlas, U.S. Census Bureau
 * U.S. Route 160
 * U.S. Route 281
 * Kansas Highway 2

Demographics

As of the 2000 census, there were 5,307 people, 2,235 households, and 1,510 families residing in the county. The population density was 5 /mi2. There were 2,740 housing units at an average density of 2 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 97.06% White, 0.38% Black or African American, 0.58% Native American, 0.09% Asian, 0.89% from other races, and 1.00% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.02% of the population.

There were 2,235 households, out of which 28.70% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.70% were married couples living together, 6.50% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.40% were non-families. 29.90% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.91.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 25.00% under the age of 18, 5.80% from 18 to 24, 23.20% from 25 to 44, 24.50% from 45 to 64, and 21.50% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females there were 92.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.40 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $33,407, and the median income for a family was $40,234. Males had a median income of $29,806 versus $20,046 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,627. About 7.50% of families and 10.10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.60% of those under age 18 and 4.90% of those age 65 or over.

Government
Barber County Is a Republican stronghold. The last Democrat to carry this county was Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964.

Laws
Barber County allows the sale of liquor at not only liquor stores but also in restaurants.

Economy
RSI Corporation

Unified school districts

 * Barber County North USD 254
 * South Barber USD 255

Communities
List of townships / incorporated cities / unincorporated communities / extinct former communities within Barber County.

Cities

 * Hardtner
 * Hazelton
 * Isabel
 * Kiowa
 * Medicine Lodge (county seat)
 * Sharon
 * Sun City

Unincorporated communities

 * Aetna
 * Deerhead
 * Eldred
 * Elm Mills
 * Forest City
 * Gerlane
 * Lake City
 * Mingona
 * Pixley
 * Stubbs

Ghost towns

 * Lasswell
 * Mingona
 * Pixley

Townships
Barber County is divided into eighteen townships. None of the cities within the county are considered governmentally independent, and all figures for the townships include those of the cities. In the following table, the population center is the largest city (or cities) included in that township's population total, if it is of a significant size.

title: Barber County, Kansas


text:
Atchison County, Kansas

Atchison County is a county located in the northeast portion of the U.S. state of Kansas. Its county seat and most populous city is Atchison. As of the 2020 census, the county population was 16,348. The county was named in honor of David Atchison, a U.S. Senator from Missouri and border ruffian during the "Bleeding Kansas" era.

Early history
For many millennia, the Great Plains of North America was inhabited by nomadic Native Americans. From the 16th century to 18th century, the Kingdom of France claimed ownership of large parts of North America. In 1762, after the French and Indian War, France secretly ceded New France to Spain, per the Treaty of Fontainebleau.

19th century
In 1802, Spain returned most of the land to France, but keeping title to about 7,500 square miles. In 1803, most of the land for modern day Kansas was acquired by the United States from France as part of the 828,000 square mile Louisiana Purchase for 2.83 cents per acre.

In 1854, the Kansas Territory was organized, then in 1861 Kansas became the 34th U.S. state. In 1855, Atchison County was established.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 434 sqmi, of which 431 sqmi is land and 2.6 sqmi (0.6%) is water. It is the fourth-smallest county by area in Kansas.

On July 4, 1804, to mark Independence Day, the Lewis and Clark Expedition named Independence Creek (River) located near the city of Atchison (see Timeline of the Lewis and Clark Expedition).

Adjacent counties

 * Doniphan County (north)
 * Buchanan County, Missouri (northeast)
 * Leavenworth County (southeast)
 * Platte County, Missouri (east)
 * Jefferson County (south)
 * Jackson County (west)
 * Brown County (northwest)

Major highways
Sources: National Atlas, U.S. Census Bureau
 * U.S. Route 59
 * U.S. Route 73
 * U.S. Route 159
 * Kansas Highway 7
 * Kansas Highway 9
 * Kansas Highway 116

Demographics

Atchison County comprises the Atchison, KS Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Kansas City-Overland Park-Kansas City, MO-KS Combined Statistical Area.

As of the 2000 census, there were 16,774 people, 6,275 households, and 4,279 families residing in the county. The population density was 39 /mi2. There were 6,818 housing units at an average density of 16 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 91.62% White, 5.32% Black or African American, 0.55% Native American, 0.34% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.51% from other races, and 1.59% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.95% of the population.

There were 6,275 households, out of which 32.40% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.30% were married couples living together, 10.00% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.80% were non-families. 27.60% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.05.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 26.70% under the age of 18, 11.30% from 18 to 24, 24.50% from 25 to 44, 21.40% from 45 to 64, and 16.20% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 93.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.30 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $34,355, and the median income for a family was $40,614. Males had a median income of $29,481 versus $20,485 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,207. About 7.90% of families and 13.30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.80% of those under age 18 and 17.90% of those age 65 or over.

Presidential elections
Atchison County has been a swing county for most of its history. It has had multiple extended streaks of being a bellwether county, the first running from 1896 to 1936. After voting more Republican than the nation in the 1940s & voting for losing candidate Richard Nixon in 1960, another bellwether streak ran from 1964 to 2004. Since then, the county has become significantly more Republican, with Barack Obama failing to win the county in both of his victories & Hillary Clinton losing it by over 30 percent to Donald Trump in 2016.

Laws
Atchison County was a prohibition, or "dry", county until the Kansas Constitution was amended in 1986 and voters approved the sale of alcoholic liquor by the individual drink with a 30% food sales requirement.

Unified school districts

 * Atchison County USD 377
 * Atchison USD 409

Communities
List of townships / incorporated cities / unincorporated communities / extinct former communities within Atchison County.

Cities

 * Atchison (county seat)
 * Effingham
 * Huron
 * Lancaster
 * Muscotah

Unincorporated communities
‡ means a community has portions in an adjacent county.

 * Arrington
 * Cummings
 * Eden
 * Farmington
 * Good Intent
 * Kennekuk
 * Larkinburg‡
 * Monrovia
 * Oak Mills
 * Parnell
 * Port Williams
 * Potter
 * St. Pats
 * Shannon

Ghost towns

 * Mount Pleasant
 * Pardee

Indian reservations

 * Kickapoo Indian Reservation of Kansas‡

Townships
Atchison County is divided into eight townships. The city of Atchison is considered governmentally independent and is excluded from the census figures for the townships. In the following table, the population center is the largest city (or cities) included in that township's population total, if it is of a significant size.

title: Atchison County, Kansas


text:
Anderson County, Kansas

Anderson County is a county located in East Central Kansas, in the Central United States. Its county seat and most populous city is Garnett. As of the 2020 census, the county population was 7,836. The county was named for Joseph C. Anderson, a Kansas territorial legislator and border ruffian during the "Bleeding Kansas" era.

Early history
For many millennia, the Great Plains of North America was inhabited by nomadic Native Americans. From the 16th century to 18th century, the Kingdom of France claimed ownership of large parts of North America. In 1762, after the French and Indian War, France secretly ceded New France to Spain, per the Treaty of Fontainebleau.

19th century
In 1802, Spain returned most of the land to France, but keeping title to about 7,500 square miles. In 1803, most of the land for modern day Kansas was acquired by the United States from France as part of the 828,000 square mile Louisiana Purchase for 2.83 cents per acre.

In 1854, the Kansas Territory was organized, then in 1861 Kansas became the 34th U.S. state. In 1855, Anderson County was established, named for territorial legislator Joseph C. Anderson.

In 1884, the first photograph of a tornado was taken in Anderson county.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 584 sqmi, of which 580 sqmi is land and 4.1 sqmi (0.7%) is water.

Adjacent counties

 * Franklin County (north)
 * Miami County (northeast)
 * Linn County (east)
 * Bourbon County (southeast)
 * Allen County (south)
 * Woodson County (southwest)
 * Coffey County (west)

Major highways
Sources: National Atlas, U.S. Census Bureau
 * U.S. Route 59
 * U.S. Route 169
 * Kansas Highway 31
 * Kansas Highway 52
 * Kansas Highway 58

Demographics

As of the 2000 census, there were 8,110 people, 3,221 households, and 2,264 families residing in the county. The population density was 14 /mi2. There were 3,596 housing units at an average density of 6 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 97.41% White, 0.32% Black or African American, 0.74% Native American, 0.22% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.33% from other races, and 0.95% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.09% of the population. 35.0% were of German, 20.4% American, 10.4% English and 9.9% Irish ancestry.

There were 3,221 households, out of which 31.00% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.90% were married couples living together, 6.90% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.70% were non-families. 26.80% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.00.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 26.20% under the age of 18, 7.00% from 18 to 24, 24.60% from 25 to 44, 22.10% from 45 to 64, and 20.00% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 96.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.50 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $33,244, and the median income for a family was $39,101. Males had a median income of $30,102 versus $20,705 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,458. About 10.60% of families and 12.80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.30% of those under age 18 and 11.00% of those age 65 or over.

Laws
Following amendment to the Kansas Constitution in 1986, the county remained a prohibition, or "dry", county until 1996, when voters approved the sale of alcoholic liquor by the individual drink with a 30 percent food sales requirement.

Unified school districts

 * Garnett USD 365
 * Crest USD 479

Communities
List of townships / incorporated cities / unincorporated communities / extinct former communities within Anderson County.

Cities

 * Colony
 * Garnett (county seat)
 * Greeley
 * Kincaid
 * Lone Elm
 * Westphalia

Unincorporated communities
† means a community is designated a Census-Designated Place (CDP) by the United States Census Bureau.

 * Bush City
 * Glenlock
 * Harris†
 * Mont Ida†
 * Scipio
 * Selma
 * Welda†

Ghost towns

 * Hyattville

Townships
Anderson County is divided into fourteen townships. The city of Garnett is considered governmentally independent and is excluded from the census figures for the townships. In the following table, the population center is the largest city (or cities) included in that township's population total, if it is of a significant size.

Media
Anderson County Review is a weekly newspaper.

title: Anderson County, Kansas


text:
Allen County, Kansas

Allen County is a county located in the southeast portion of the U.S. state of Kansas. Its county seat and most populous city is Iola. As of the 2020 census, the population was 12,526. The county was named for William Allen, a U.S. Senator from Ohio and prominent supporter of westward expansion.

Early history
For many millennia, the Great Plains of North America was inhabited by nomadic Native Americans. From the 16th century to 18th century, the Kingdom of France claimed ownership of large parts of North America. In 1762, after the French and Indian War, France secretly ceded New France to Spain, per the Treaty of Fontainebleau.

19th century
In 1802, Spain returned most of the land to France, but keeping title to about 7,500 square miles. In 1803, most of the land for modern day Kansas was acquired by the United States from France as part of the 828,000 square mile Louisiana Purchase for 2.83 cents per acre.

In 1854, the Kansas Territory was organized. Allen County is one of the 33 counties established by the first territorial legislature in August 1855, six years before Kansas statehood in 1861. It was named in honor of William Allen, a United States senator from Ohio. At the time of its creation, Charles Passmore was appointed probate judge; B.W. Cowden and Barnett Owen were appointed county commissioners, and William Godfrey was appointed sheriff. The appointments were temporary until the general election in 1857. The four men were authorized to appoint the county clerk and treasurer thus completing the county organization.

Richard J. Fuqua and his family are considered the first white settlers in the county, arriving in the valley of the Neosho River January 1855. Fuqua established a post for trading with the neighboring Indian tribes which became quite popular with the Sac and Fox Indians. B.W. Cowden and H.D. Parsons arrived in March of the same year and selected claims in the valley of the Neosho River, near the mouth of Elm Creek. The next settlement was made near the mouth of Deer Creek (so named for the abundance of deer in the area) by Major James Parsons, and his two sons, Jesse and James, and a Mr. Duncan. The population grew rapidly through the spring and summer of 1855, most of it located on or near the Neosho River.

Many of the early settlers were pro-slavery, but few slaves were actually brought into the county. The anti-slavery population expressed such antipathy toward their pro-slavery neighbors that slaves within the county there were either freed or taken elsewhere in Kansas by their masters. Immigration continued during the summer and fall of 1856, though in reduced numbers.

The first town and county seat was Cofachique. In the spring of 1855 pro-slavery settlers from Fort Scott laid out the town in a hilly area east of the Neosho River and south of the mouth of Elm Creek. The territorial legislature passed an act in July 1855 incorporating the Cofachique Town Association. It was the only town in Allen County for nearly two years and as such was quite successful; but in 1857 other towns were constructed and Cofachique began to decline almost immediately. One of the reasons for decline was accessibility, the other was a lack of good well water. Another possible contribution to the town's decline involved tensions between the pro and anti-slavery settlers. With the development of neighboring towns Humboldt and Iola the town of Cofachique all but disappeared by 1859. The county seat went briefly to Humboldt in 1857 where it remained until 1865, but with the election of that year Iola took the county seat and has retained this designation to the present.

After a series of disputes between residents in the county over where a county jail should be located, Allen County's first jail was constructed in Iola in 1869 at a cost of $8,400. It operated until a replacement jail house was opened in 1959. Since that time the original jail has been run as a museum.

The last year of the territorial period (1860) was one of the most difficult years since the initial settlement of the county. Periods of drought beginning as early as 1854 had plagued all of Kansas and though 1859 had seen a reprieve, by the end of 1859 and into 1860 the drought worsened. The St. Laurence newspaper reported: "No rain, no snow, and much open, thawing, mild weather, alternated with sharp, though brief [cold] snaps..." Most of the people who had moved to the county in the previous two years were still trying to establish their farms. With the prospect of starvation and hardship before them, many decided to return to the east.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 505 sqmi, of which 500 sqmi is land and 5.0 sqmi (1.0%) is water. Allen County is located in the southeastern part of the state, in the second tier of counties west of Missouri, and about fifty miles north of Oklahoma. In extent it is twenty-one miles from north to south and twenty-four miles from east to west.

Geographic features
The general surface of the country is slightly rolling, though much more level than the greater portion of eastern Kansas. The soil is fertile and highly productive. The bottom lands along the streams average one and one-half miles in width, and comprise one-tenth the area of the county. The remainder is the gently rolling or level upland prairie. The principal varieties of trees native to the county are black walnut, hickory, cottonwood, oak, hackberry and elm.

The main water course is the Neosho River, which flows through the western part of the county from north to south. Its tributaries are Indian, Martin's, Deer, Elm, Vegetarian Creek, and other small creeks. The Marmaton River rises east of the center of the county, and flows through the southeastern part of the county. The Little Osage River rises not far from the head of the Marmaton and flows northeast. Its tributaries are Middle Creek on the north and the South Fork on the south.

Adjacent counties

 * Anderson County (north)
 * Linn County (northeast)
 * Bourbon County (east)
 * Neosho County (south)
 * Wilson County (southwest)
 * Woodson County (west)
 * Coffey County (northwest)

Census 2010
As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 13,371 people living in the county. 93.3% were White, 1.9% Black or African American, 0.8% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 1.0% of some other race and 2.5% of two or more races. 2.9% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race). 31.7% were of German, 12.4% American, 11.1% Irish and 7.9% English ancestry.

Census 2000
As of the 2000 census, there were 14,385 people, 5,775 households, and 3,892 families residing in Allen County. The population density was 29 /mi2. There were 6,449 housing units at an average density of 13 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 94.80% White, 1.63% Black or African American, 0.78% Native American, 0.26% Asian, 0.86% from other races, and 1.68% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.93% of the population. 28.8% were of German, 20.3% American, 9.8% English and 8.6% Irish ancestry.

There were 5,775 households, out of which 29.80% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.60% were married couples living together, 8.90% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.60% were non-families. 28.50% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 2.98.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 25.20% under the age of 18, 9.80% from 18 to 24, 24.10% from 25 to 44, 22.90% from 45 to 64, and 18.00% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 95.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.70 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $31,481, and the median income for a family was $39,117. Males had a median income of $27,305 versus $19,221 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,640. About 11.30% of families and 14.90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.20% of those under age 18 and 12.70% of those age 65 or over.

Historical trends
During the years of the American Civil War the county continued to develop though at a slower rate. From 1860 to 1870 there was a steady increase in population from 3,082 to 7,022 residents. The next ten years brought a similar steady rise, from 7,022 to 11,303 residents. The county's largest growth period was between 1890 and 1910. At its peak in 1910, Allen County had 27,640 residents. Thereafter the county experienced a slow decline in population. By 2010, the population was slightly below the population in 1890 there being 13,371 residents. The population increase during the 1890/1910 period was likely due to the oil and gas discoveries and production near Iola.

Presidential elections
Allen County is a Republican stronghold. The last Democrat to carry this county was Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964, but Bill Clinton came within just 39 votes of carrying it in 1992.

Laws
Following amendment to the Kansas Constitution in 1986, the county remained a prohibition, or "dry", county until 2000, when voters approved the sale of alcoholic liquor by the individual drink with a 30% food sales requirement.

Unified school districts

 * Marmaton Valley USD 256
 * Iola USD 257
 * Humboldt USD 258

Colleges and universities

 * Allen County Community College

Major highways
U.S. Route 54 is an east–west route passing through (from east to west) the cities of Moran, La Harpe, Gas, and Iola (the county seat). Outside the county the route connects to Fort Scott in the east and Yates Center and eventually Wichita in the west. Passing through eastern portions of the county and the communities of Mildred and Moran, U.S. Route 59 is one of two north–south routes. It connects to Kincaid and eventually Ottawa and Lawrence in the north and Erie in the south. The other route is U.S. Route 169 which passes through western portions of the county and bypasses to the east of the cities of Iola, Bassett, and Humboldt. It connects to Chanute and eventually Coffeyville in the south. The segment between Iola and Chanute is a freeway with fully controlled access, although there is only one lane in each direction. US-169 provides a direct route for traveling between Kansas City and Tulsa, Oklahoma.

Bus

 * Jefferson Lines

Airports

 * Allen County Airport (K88), public
 * Croisant Airport (7KS5), private
 * Ensminger Airport (74KS), private
 * National Airport, public
 * Womack Airport, public

Communities
List of townships / incorporated cities / unincorporated communities / extinct former communities within Allen County.

Cities

 * Bassett
 * Elsmore
 * Gas
 * Humboldt
 * Iola (county seat)
 * La Harpe
 * Moran
 * Savonburg

Unincorporated communities
‡ means a community has portions in an adjacent county. † means a community is designated a Census-Designated Place (CDP) by the United States Census Bureau.

 * Bayard
 * Carlyle
 * Geneva
 * Leanna‡
 * Mildred†
 * Petrolia

Ghost towns

 * Cofachique
 * Octagon City

Townships
Allen County is divided into twelve townships. Because Humboldt, Iola, and La Harpe are cities of the second class, they are governmentally independent from the townships and are excluded from the census figures for the townships. In the following table, the population center is the largest city (or cities) included in that township's population total, if it is of a significant size.

title: Allen County, Kansas


text:
Menehune

Menehune are a mythological race of dwarf people in Hawaiian tradition who are said to live in the deep forests and hidden valleys of the Hawaiian Islands, hidden and far away from human settlements.

The Menehune are described as superb craftspeople. They built temples (heiau), fishponds, roads, canoes, and houses. Some of these structures that Hawaiian folklore attributed to the Menehune still exist. They are said to have lived in Hawaii before settlers arrived from Polynesia many centuries ago. Their favorite food is the maia (banana), and they also like fish. Legend has it that the Menehune appear only during the night hours to build masterpieces. But if they fail to complete their work in the length of the night, they will leave it unoccupied. No one but their children and humans connected to them can see the Menehune.

Research
In Martha Warren Beckwith's Hawaiian AKA Ilenes Mythology, there are references to several other forest dwelling races: the ilene Irenes, who were large-sized wild hunters descended from Lua-nuu, the mu people, and the wa people.

Some early scholars hypothesized that there was a first settlement of Hawaii, by settlers from the Marquesas Islands, and a second, from Tahiti. The Tahitian settlers oppressed the "commoners", the manahune in the Tahitian language, who fled to the mountains and were called Menahune. Proponents of this hypothesis point to an 1820 census of Kauai by Kaumualii, the ruling alii aimoku of the island, which listed 65 people as menehune.

Folklorist Katharine Luomala believes that the legends of the Menehune are a post-European contact mythology created by adaptation of the term manahune (which by the time of the colonization of the Hawaiian Islands by Europeans had acquired a meaning of "lowly people" or "low social status" and not diminutive in stature) to European legends of brownies. It is claimed that "Menehune" are not mentioned in pre-contact mythology, but that is unproven since it was clearly an oral mythology; the legendary "overnight" creation of the Alekoko fishpond, for example, finds its equivalent in the legend about the creation of a corresponding structure on Oahu, which was supposedly indeed completed in a single day not by menehune but as a show of power by a local alii, who commanded all of his subjects to appear at the construction site and to assist in building.

Structures attributed to the Menehune

 * Menehune Fishpond wall at Niumalu, Kauai
 * Kīkīaola ditch at Waimea, Kauai
 * Necker Island structures
 * Pa o ka menehune, breakwater at Kahaluu Bay.
 * Ulupo Heiau at Kailua, Oahu

Other uses

 * In the experimental 1970s' ALOHAnet developed at the University of Hawaii, the packet controllers were called Menehune, a pun on the equivalent IMP (Interface Message Processor) in the early ARPANET. The modern Ethernet was based on the carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) methodology pioneered by ALOHA.
 * The Menehune is the school mascot of Waimea High School on Kaua'i and Makakilo Elementary School, Maunawili Elementary School, Moanalua High School, and Mililani Waena Elementary School on Oahu.
 * United Airlines used the Menehune in brand advertising for their service to Hawaii in the 1970s through the 1980s. The figurines and travel agency displays are now collectors' items.
 * Carl Barks wrote a story featuring Scrooge McDuck helped by Menehunes, "The Menehune Mystery".
 * The Menehune play a key role in the Rocket Power TV movie, Island of the Menehune.
 * The Menehune are key figures in the children’s story, "My Sister Sif", written by acclaimed Australian author, Ruth Park.
 * The Forerunner Saga, set in the Halo universe, identifies Menehune as members of the human subspecies Homo floresiensis settled on Hawaii following activation of the Halo Array 100,000 years ago. The floresiensis of this setting feature characteristics inspired by Menehune, such as shyness toward humans and a love for building clever structures.
 * The Full House season 3 episode "Tanner's Island" features Menehunes.

title: Menehune


text:
Paupueo

In Hawaiian mythology, Paupueo is the owl god. He sends his owls after the Menehune when they become too uncontrollable.

The owls chase away the Menehune, who are frightened of owls.

title: Paupueo


text:
ʻAhoʻeitu

In Tongan mythology, or oral history, Ahoeitu is a son of the god Eitumātupua and a mortal woman, Ilaheva Vaepopua. He became the first king of the Tui Tonga (Tonga king) dynasty in the early 10th century, dethroning the previous one with the same name but originating from the uanga (maggots) instead of divine; see Kohai, Koau, mo Momo.

Trip to the sky
When Ahoeitu was growing up, his ceaseless curiosity about his paternal heritage was repudiated by his mother, with his habitual inquiries gradually wearing down her resolve. His mother, Ilaheva Va'epopua, was an earthly woman living in what is now Popua (called after her name), a suburb of the capital city, Nuku'alofa, and located near the large lagoon of Tongatapu. She was once the mistress of the sky-god, Tangaloa 'Eitumatupu'a, enjoying his affections and cohabitating with him when he visited the earth, an affair that led to the conception of 'Aho'eitu, prompting the sky-god to leave before his son was born. After years of constant queries, Ahoeitu's mother finally revealed to him the identity of his father. She directed him to the great toa tree, which the lad scaled, landing in his father's realm. He followed the path to which his mother had directed him, and found his father catching doves. Eitumātupua was moved to see his son, and invited him to his house for kava and food.

Sibling treachery and murder
Afterwards, the god introduced him to his other sons, Ahoeitu's older half-brothers, who were the sons of celestial women. These other sons, who were also living in the sky, were at that moment playing sika-ulu-toa, a volley-throwing game with javelins made from the wood of the toa (ironwood) tree. When his brothers were introduced to their half-blooded sibling, they grew extremely envious of him. Once they were left alone with 'Aho'eitu, they challenged their brother to join in the game, during which the boy was mortally wounded by one of his brothers' well-aimed javelins. The boy died, and his remains were cooked (some sources say they were not) and cannibalised by his gleeful siblings, who tossed his head into a hoi bush, making it poisonous ever since.

Resurrection
Some time afterwards, Eitumātupua sent a woman to fetch Ahoeitu, but she returned with the message that the boy was not to be found. The god immediately deduced what had happened and confronted his other sons, forcing them to vomit their brother's remains into a kumete (a large wooden bowl, now widely used throughout the South Pacific islands for kava-drinking ceremonies) by tickling their throats. Noticing that the boy's head was missing, Eitumātupua sent a messenger to seek out the head and the bones. When the last of 'Aho'eitu's missing remains were located, everything was combined in the kumete, together with water and some leaves from the nonufiafia, which is a known medicinal plant able to revive people who were near death. The contents were then stirred and the bowl covered with banana leaves, and then the process repeated a second and third time, when Ahoeitu suddenly sat up, body reconstituted and very much alive.

Resolution
He and his brothers were then summoned into Eitumātupua's presence, where the god rebuked his elder sons for their treachery. He punished them by confining them to the sky, while Ahoeitu was sent back to the earth, with divine mandate to become the King of Tonga. The wicked half-brothers repented, and begged their father that they also be allowed to follow Ahoeitu onto the earth. Their father eventually relented, but stipulated that regardless of their divinity and seniority in age, they and their descendents were to serve Ahoeitu and his house forever.

Royal lineage
From 'Aho'eitu, the Tu'i Tonga Dynasty that once reigned over Tonga and its historical territories is descended. Although the Tu'i Tonga title itself now lies defunct, the succession continues through the noble title of Kalaniuvalu as of 1865, when the last Tu'i Tonga, His Majesty Sanualio Laufilitonga, died, leaving his son, the Lord Kalaniuvalu (né Viliami Fatafehi-'o-Lapaha), as the successor to a disgraced legacy. The current sovereign of Tonga, HM Tupou VI, is directly descended from Laufilitonga through the latter's daughter, the Lady Lavinia Veiongo, who was Kalaniuvalu's twin sister, which accords the Tupou Dynasty with customary seniority over Kalaniuvalu and his descendants courtesy of the old Fahu System of Tongan kinship. Apart from this, the House of Tupou are also directly descended from 'Aho'eitu as the rightful successors of the Tu'i Kanokupolu lineage, which was a junior branch of the royal bloodline tasked with governing the rebellious Hihifo district of Tongatapu. In this regard, it can be reasoned that the Tu'i Tonga dynasty and its kingship are still extant, making it the second oldest surviving royal dynasty after the imperial dynasty of Japan.

'Aho'eitu's older brothers were:
 * Talafale: he became the Tui Faleua (King [of the] Second House), a spare dynasty in case Ahoeitu's line would ever die out (which apparently has still not happened). He also became the Tui Pelehake (Favoured Ruler), another very high title. For years, Prince Fatafehi, brother to King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV, kept both titles, but after his death in 1999, only the Tui Pelehake title was inherited by his son, as the Tui Faleua title reverted to the Crown.
 * Matakehe: his line became extinct during the reign of the Tui Tonga, Tuʻitātui. He, and his younger brother, the Tui Folaha, were the guardians of the Tui Tonga's person.
 * Māliepō; his descendants are the matāpule, Lauaki, and the Kau Tufunga (Royal Undertakers).
 * Tui Loloko: his line is still extant. He and his younger brother were to govern in the name of the king.
 * Tui Folaha; his lineage came to end during the reign of the Tui Tonga, Tuʻitātui. Along with his brother, Matakehe, they were the guardians of the Tui Tonga's person, with the title ultimately having a bloodline directly connected to Houma, a village in the south-west of Tongatapu.

ʻAhoʻeitu has become the namesake for several other generations of his chiefly and royal descendants. The current king, Tupou VI, for instance, was baptised as Prince ʻAhoʻeitu ʻUnuakiʻotonga Tukuʻaho.

According to genealogy and Polynesian myth legend of Tonga Ahoeitu ( Aso Aitu ) was the grandson of Maui and Tangaloa’ilangi. They were the sons Taufulifonua ( Tutulangi, Tutarangi ) grandson o Touiafutuna and Ngana’eiki ( Ngana Te Ariki ) when Savaii and Upolu were ruled from Futuna and Uvea.

title: ʻAhoʻeitu


text:
'Ilaheva

In the mythology of Tonga, Ilaheva Vaepopua (Ilaheva, living at Vaepopua) was a mortal woman, the daughter of Seketoa. Seketo'a was either a chief of Tongatapu, or perhaps a god from Niuatoputapu, depending on the source. All accounts, however, agree that 'Ilaheva became the wife of Tangaloa and mother of ʻAhoʻeitu, the first divine king of the Tuʻi Tonga dynasty in Tonga, around 900 AD.

title: 'Ilaheva