text:
Rod Serling

Rodman Edward Serling (December 25, 1924 – June 28, 1975) was an American screenwriter and television producer best known for his live television dramas of the 1950s and his anthology television series The Twilight Zone. Serling was active in politics, both on and off the screen, and helped form television industry standards. He was known as the "angry young man" of Hollywood, clashing with television executives and sponsors over a wide range of issues, including censorship, racism, and war.

Early life
Serling was born on December 25, 1924, in Syracuse, New York, to a Jewish family. He was the second of two sons born to Esther (née Cooper, 1893–1958), a homemaker, and Samuel Lawrence Serling (1892–1945). Serling's father had worked as a secretary and amateur inventor before his children were born but took on his father-in-law's profession as a grocer to earn a steady income. Sam Serling later became a butcher after the Great Depression forced the store to close. Rod had an older brother, novelist and aviation writer Robert J. Serling.

Serling spent most of his youth 70 mi south of Syracuse in Binghamton, New York, after his family moved there in 1926. His parents encouraged his talents as a performer. Sam Serling built a small stage in the basement, where Rod often put on plays (with or without neighborhood children). His older brother, writer Robert, recalled that, at the age of six or seven, Rod entertained himself for hours by acting out dialogue from pulp magazines or movies he had seen. Rod would often ask questions without waiting for their answers. On an hour trip from Binghamton to Syracuse, the rest of the family remained silent to see if Rod would notice their lack of participation. He did not, and he talked nonstop through the entire car ride.

In elementary school, Serling was seen as the class clown and dismissed by many of his teachers as a lost cause. However, his seventh-grade English teacher, Helen Foley, encouraged him to enter the school's public speaking extracurriculars. He joined the debate team and was a speaker at his high school graduation. He began writing for the school newspaper, in which, according to the journalist Gordon Sander, he "established a reputation as a social activist". He was interested in sports, and excelled at tennis and table tennis. When he attempted to join the varsity football team, he was told he was too small at 5 ft tall.

Serling was interested in radio and writing at an early age. He was an avid radio listener, especially interested in thrillers, fantasy, and horror shows. Arch Oboler and Norman Corwin were two of his favorite writers. He also "did some staff work at a Binghamton radio station ... tried to write ... but never had anything published." He was accepted into college during his senior year of high school. However, the United States was involved in World War II at the time, and Serling decided to enlist rather than start college immediately after he graduated from Binghamton Central High School in 1943.

As editor of his high school newspaper, Serling encouraged his fellow students to support the war effort. He wanted to leave school before graduation to join the fight, but his civics teacher talked him into waiting for graduation. "War is a temporary thing," Gus Youngstrom told him. "It ends. Education doesn't. Without your degree, where will you be after the war?"

American military service
Serling enlisted in the US Army the morning after high school graduation, following his brother Robert.

Serling began his military career in 1943 at Camp Toccoa, Georgia, under General Joseph May Swing and Colonel Orin D. Haugen and served in the 511th Parachute Infantry Regiment of the 11th Airborne Division. He eventually reached the rank of Technician Fourth Grade (T/4).

Over the next year of paratrooper training, Serling and others began boxing to vent aggression. He competed as a flyweight and had 17 bouts, rising to the second round of the division finals before being knocked out. He was remembered for his Berserker style, and for "getting his nose broken in his first bout and again in the last bout." He tried his hand at the Golden Gloves, with little success.

On April 25, 1944, Serling received his orders and saw that he was being sent west to California. He knew that he would be fighting against the Empire of Japan rather than Nazi Germany. This disappointed him because he had hoped to help fight Chancellor Adolf Hitler. In May, he was assigned to the Pacific Theater in New Guinea and the Philippine islands.

In November 1944, his division first saw combat, landing in the Philippines. The 11th Airborne Division would not be used as paratroopers, however, but as light infantry during the Battle of Leyte. The division helped secure the area after the five divisions that had gone ashore earlier.

For a variety of reasons, Serling was transferred to the 511th's demolition platoon, nicknamed "The Death Squad" for its high casualty rate. According to Sergeant Frank Lewis, leader of the demolitions squad, "He screwed up somewhere along the line. Apparently he got on someone's nerves." Lewis also judged that Serling was not suited to be a field soldier: "he didn't have the wits or aggressiveness required for combat." At one point, Lewis, Serling, and others were in a firefight, trapped in a foxhole. As they waited for darkness, Lewis noticed that Serling had not reloaded any of his extra magazines. Serling sometimes went exploring on his own, against orders, and got lost.

Serling's time in Leyte shaped his writing and political views for the rest of his life. He saw death every day while in the Philippines, at the hands of his enemies and his allies, and through freak accidents such as that which killed another Jewish private, Melvin Levy. Levy was delivering a comic monologue for the platoon as they rested under a palm tree when a food crate was dropped from a plane above, decapitating him. Serling led the funeral services for Levy and placed a Star of David over his grave. Serling later set several of his scripts in the Philippines and used the unpredictability of death as a theme in much of his writing. In the 1960 Twilight Zone episode "The Purple Testament", a prologue written by Serling stated, "Infantry platoon, U.S. Army, Philippine Islands, 1945. These are the faces of the young men who fight, as if some omniscient painter had mixed a tube of oils that were at one time earth brown, dust gray, blood red, beard black, and fear—yellow white, and these men were the models. For this is the province of combat, and these are the faces of war."

Serling returned from the successful mission in Leyte with two wounds, including one to his kneecap, but neither kept him from combat when General Douglas MacArthur deployed the paratroopers for their usual purpose on February 3, 1945. Colonel Haugen led the 511th Parachute Infantry Regiment as it landed on Tagaytay Ridge, met the 188th Glider Infantry Regiment and marched into Manila. It met minimal resistance until it reached the city, where Vice Admiral Sanji Iwabuchi had arranged his 17,000 troops behind a maze of traps and guns and ordered them to fight to the death. During the next month, Serling's unit battled block by block for control of Manila.

When portions of the city were taken from Japanese control, local civilians sometimes showed their gratitude by throwing parties and hosting banquets. During one of these parties, Serling and his comrades were fired upon, resulting in many soldier and civilian deaths. Serling, still a private after three years, caught the attention of Sergeant Lewis when he ran into the line of fire to rescue a performer who had been on stage when the artillery started firing.

As it moved in on Iwabuchi's stronghold, Serling's regiment had a 50% casualty rate, with over 400 men killed or wounded. Serling was wounded and three comrades were killed by shrapnel from rounds fired at his roving demolition team by an antiaircraft gun. He was sent to New Guinea to recover but soon returned to Manila to finish "cleaning up".

Serling's final assignment was as part of the occupation force in Japan. During his military service, Private Serling was awarded the Purple Heart, the Bronze Star, and the Philippine Liberation Medal.

Serling's combat experience affected him deeply and influenced much of his writing. It left him with nightmares and flashbacks for the rest of his life. He said, "I was bitter about everything and at loose ends when I got out of the service. I think I turned to writing to get it off my chest."

Postwar life, education, and family
After being discharged from the Army in 1946, Serling worked at a rehabilitation hospital while recovering from his wounds. His knee troubled him for years. Later, his wife, Carol, became accustomed to the sound of him falling on the stairs when his knee would buckle.

When he was fit enough, he used the federal G.I. bill's educational benefits and disability payments to enroll in the physical education program at Antioch College in Yellow Springs, Ohio. He had been accepted to Antioch (his brother's alma mater) while in high school. His interests led him to the theater department and then to broadcasting. He changed his major to Literature and earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1950. "I was kind of mixed up and restless, and I kind of liked their work-for-a-term, go-to-school-for-a-term set-up," he recounted.

As part of his studies, Serling became active in the campus radio station, an experience that proved useful in his future career. He wrote, directed, and acted in many radio programs on campus, then around the state, as part of his work study. Here he met Carolyn Louise "Carol" Kramer, a fellow student, who later became his wife. At first, she refused to date him because of his promiscuous campus reputation, but she eventually changed her mind. He joined the Unitarian church in college, which allowed him to marry Kramer on July 31, 1948. They had two daughters, Jodi (born 1952) and Anne (born 1955).

Carol Serling's maternal grandmother, Louise Taft Orton Caldwell, had a summer home on Cayuga Lake in Interlaken, New York, which was the honeymoon destination for the newlyweds. The Serling family continued to use this house annually throughout Rod's life, missing only two summers in the years when his daughters were born.

For extra money in his college years, Serling worked part-time testing parachutes for the United States Army Air Forces. According to his radio station coworkers, he received $50 for each successful jump and had once been paid $500 (half before and half if he survived) for a hazardous test. His last test jump was a few weeks before his wedding. In one instance, he earned $1,000 for testing a jet ejection seat that had killed the previous three testers.

Radio
Serling volunteered at WNYC in New York as an actor and writer in the summer of 1946. The next year, he worked at that station as a paid intern in his Antioch work-study program. He then took odd jobs in other radio stations in New York and Ohio. "I learned 'time', writing for a medium that is measured in seconds," Serling later said of his early experiences.

While attending college, Serling worked at the Antioch Broadcasting System's radio workshop and was managing the station within a couple of years. He then took charge of full-scale radio productions at Antioch which were broadcast on WJEM, in Springfield. He wrote and directed the programs and acted in them when needed. He created the entire output for the 1948–1949 school year. With one exception (an adaptation), all the writing that year was his original work.

While in college, Serling won his first accolade as a writer. The radio program, Dr. Christian, had started an annual scriptwriting contest eight years earlier. Thousands of scripts were sent in annually, but very few could be produced. Serling won a trip to New York City and $500 for his radio script "To Live a Dream". He and his new wife, Carol, attended the awards broadcast on May 18, 1949, where he and the other winners were interviewed by the star of Dr. Christian, Jean Hersholt. One of the other winners that day was Earl Hamner, Jr., who had also earned prizes in previous years. Serling's first job out of college was with WLW radio as copy writer. The position had just been vacated by Hamner who left to concentrate on his writing. Hamner later wrote scripts for Serling's The Twilight Zone.

In addition to earning $45 to $50 a week at the college radio station, Serling attempted to make a living selling freelance scripts of radio programs, but the industry at that time was involved in many lawsuits, which affected willingness to take on new writers (some whose scripts were rejected would often hear a similar plot produced, claim their work had been stolen, and sue for recompense). Serling was rejected for reasons such as "heavy competition", "this script lacks professional quality", and "not what our audience prefers to listen to".

In the autumn of 1949, Martin Horrell of Grand Central Station (a radio program known for romances and light dramas) rejected one of Serling's scripts about boxing, because his mostly female listeners "have told us in no uncertain terms that prize fight stories aren't what they like most". Horrell advised that "the script would be far better for sight than for sound only, because in any radio presentation, the fights are not seen. Perhaps this is a baby you should try on some of the producers of television shows."

Realizing the boxing story was not right for Grand Central Station, Serling submitted a lighter piece called Hop Off the Express and Grab a Local, which became his first nationally broadcast piece on September 10, 1949. His Dr. Christian script aired on November 30 of that year.

Serling began his professional writing career in 1950, when he earned $75 a week as a network continuity writer for WLW radio in Cincinnati, Ohio. While at WLW, he continued to freelance. He sold several radio and television scripts to WLW's parent company, Crosley Broadcasting Corporation. After selling the scripts, Serling had no further involvement with them. They were sold by Crosley to local stations across the United States.

Serling submitted an idea for a weekly radio show in which the ghosts of a young boy and girl killed in World War II would look through train windows and comment on day-to-day human life as it moved around the country. This idea was changed significantly but was produced from October 1950 to February 1951 as Adventure Express, a drama about a girl and boy who travel by train with their uncle. Each week they found adventure in a new town and got involved with the local residents.

Other radio programs for which Serling wrote scripts include Leave It to Kathy, Our America, and Builders of Destiny. During the production of these, he became acquainted with a voice actor, Jay Overholts, who later became a regular on The Twilight Zone.

Serling said of his time as a staff writer for radio: From a writing point of view, radio ate up ideas that might have put food on the table for weeks at a future freelancing date. The minute you tie yourself down to a radio or TV station, you write around the clock. You rip out ideas, many of them irreplaceable. They go on and consequently can never go on again. And you've sold them for $50 a week. You can't afford to give away ideas—they're too damn hard to come by. If I had it to do over, I wouldn't staff-write at all. I'd find some other way to support myself while getting a start as a writer.

Serling believed radio was not living up to its potential, later saying, "Radio, in terms of ... drama, dug its own grave. It had aimed downward, had become cheap and unbelievable, and had willingly settled for second best." He opined that there were very few radio writers who would be remembered for their literary contributions.

Television
Serling moved from radio to television, as a writer for WKRC-TV in Cincinnati. His duties included writing testimonial advertisements for dubious medical remedies and scripts for a comedy duo. He continued at WKRC after graduation and, amidst the mostly dreary day-to-day work, also created a series of scripts for a live television program, The Storm, as well as for other anthology dramas (a format which was in demand by networks based in New York). Following a full day of classes (or, in later years, work), he spent evenings on his own, writing. He sent manuscripts to publishers and received forty rejection slips during these early years.

In 1950, Serling hired Blanche Gaines as an agent. His radio scripts received more rejections, so he began rewriting them for television. Whenever a script was rejected by one program, he would resubmit it to another, eventually finding a home for many in either radio or television.

As Serling's college years ended, his scripts began to sell. He continued to write for television and eventually left WKRC to become a full-time freelance writer. He recalled, "Writing is a demanding profession and a selfish one. And because it is selfish and demanding, because it is compulsive and exacting, I didn't embrace it. I succumbed to it."

According to his wife, Serling "just up and quit one day, during the winter of 1952, about six months before our first daughter Jody was born—though he was also doing some freelancing and working on a weekly dramatic show for another Cincinnati station." He and his family moved to Connecticut in early 1953. Here he made a living by writing for the live dramatic anthology shows that were prevalent at the time, including Kraft Television Theatre, Appointment with Adventure and Hallmark Hall of Fame. By the end of 1954, his agent convinced him he needed to move to New York, "where the action is."

The writer Marc Scott Zicree, who spent years researching his book The Twilight Zone Companion, noted, "Sometimes the situations were clichéd, the characters two-dimensional, but always there was at least some search for an emotional truth, some attempt to make a statement on the human condition."

Gaining fame
In 1955, the nationwide Kraft Television Theatre televised a program based on Serling's 72nd script. To Serling, it was just another script, and he missed the first live broadcast. He and his wife hired a babysitter for the night and told her, "no one would call because we had just moved to town. And the phone just started ringing and didn't stop for years!" The title of this episode was "Patterns", and it soon changed his life.

"Patterns" dramatized the power struggle between a veteran corporate boss running out of ideas and energy and the bright, young executive being groomed to take his place. Instead of firing the loyal employee and risk tarnishing his own reputation, the boss enlists him into a campaign to push aside his competition. Serling modeled the character of the boss on his former commander, Colonel Orin Haugen.

The New York Times critic Jack Gould called the show "one of the high points in the TV medium's evolution" and said, "[f]or sheer power of narrative, forcefulness of characterization and brilliant climax, Mr. Serling's work is a creative triumph." Robert Lewis Shayon stated in Saturday Review, "in the years I have been watching television I do not recall being so engaged by a drama, nor so stimulated to challenge the haunting conclusions of an hour's entertainment." The episode was a hit with the audience as well, and a second live show was staged by popular demand one month later. During the time between the two shows, Kraft executives negotiated with people from Hollywood over the rights to "Patterns". Kraft said they were considering rebroadcasting "Patterns", unless the play or motion picture rights were sold first.

Immediately following the original broadcast of "Patterns", Serling was inundated with offers of permanent jobs, congratulations, and requests for novels, plays, and television or radio scripts. He quickly sold many of his earlier, lower-quality works and watched in dismay as they were published. Critics expressed concern that he was not living up to his promise and began to doubt he was able to recreate the quality of writing that "Patterns" had shown.

Serling then wrote "Requiem for a Heavyweight" for the television series Playhouse 90 in 1956, again gaining praise from critics.

In the autumn of 1957, the Serling family moved to California. When television was new, shows aired live from New York, but as studios began to tape their shows, the business moved from the East Coast to the West Coast. The Serlings would live in California for much of his life, but they kept property in Binghamton and Cayuga Lake as retreats for when he needed time alone.

Corporate censorship
The early years of television often saw sponsors working as editors and censors. Serling was often forced to change his scripts after corporate sponsors read them and found something they felt was too controversial. They were wary of anything they thought might make them look bad to consumers, so references to many contemporary social issues were omitted, as were references to anything that might compete commercially with a sponsor. For instance, the line "Got a match?" was deleted because one of the sponsors of "Requiem for a Heavyweight" was Ronson lighters.

The initial story-line of his teleplay Noon on Doomsday (aired April 25, 1956) was set in the Southern United States about the lynching of a Jewish pawnbroker. However, when Serling mentioned in a radio interview that it was inspired by the events and racism that led to the murder of Emmett Till, censorship by advertisers and the TV network resulted in significant changes. The program as shown was set in New England and concerned the killing of an unknown foreigner. He subsequently returned to the Till events when writing A Town Has Turned to Dust for 'Playhouse 90' but had to set it a century in the past and remove any inter-racial dynamics before it would be produced by CBS TV.

Gould, The New York Times reviewer, added this editorial note at the end of a glowing review for A Town Has Turned to Dust, a show about racism and bigotry in a small Southwestern town: "'Playhouse 90' and Mr. Serling had to fight executive interference ... before getting their play on the air last night. The theater people of Hollywood have reason to be proud of their stand in the viewers' behalf."

Frustrated by seeing his scripts divested of political statements and ethnic identities (and having a reference to the Chrysler Building removed from a script sponsored by Ford), Serling decided the only way to avoid such artistic interference was to create his own show. In an interview with Mike Wallace, he said, "I don't want to fight anymore. I don't want to have to battle sponsors and agencies. I don't want to have to push for something that I want and have to settle for second best. I don't want to have to compromise all the time, which in essence is what a television writer does if he wants to put on controversial themes."

Serling submitted "The Time Element" to CBS, intending it to be a pilot for his new weekly show, The Twilight Zone. Instead, CBS used the science fiction script for a new show produced by Desi Arnaz and Lucille Ball, Westinghouse Desilu Playhouse, in 1958. The story concerns a man who has vivid nightmares of the attack on Pearl Harbor. The man goes to a psychiatrist and, after the session, the twist ending (a device which Serling became known for) reveals the "patient" had died at Pearl Harbor, and the psychiatrist was the one actually having the vivid dreams. The episode received so much positive fan response that CBS agreed to let Serling go ahead with his pilot for The Twilight Zone.

The Storm
Before The Twilight Zone, Serling created a local television show in Cincinnati on WKRC-TV, The Storm, in the early 1950s. Several of these scripts were rewritten for later use on national network TV. A copy of an episode is located in the Cincinnati Museum Center Historical Cincinnati Library on videotape.

The Twilight Zone
On October 2, 1959, the Twilight Zone series, created by Serling, premiered on CBS.

For this series, Serling fought hard to get and maintain creative control. He hired scriptwriters he respected, such as Richard Matheson and Charles Beaumont. In an interview, Serling said the show's science fiction format would not be controversial with sponsors, network executives, or the general public and would escape censorship, unlike the earlier script for Playhouse 90.

Serling drew on his own experience for many episodes, frequently about boxing, military life, and airplane pilots. The Twilight Zone incorporated his social views on racial relations, somewhat veiled in the science fiction and fantasy elements of the shows. Occasionally, the point was quite blunt, such as in the episode "I Am the Night—Color Me Black", in which hatred caused a dark cloud to form in a small town in the American Midwest and spread across the world. Many Twilight Zone stories reflected his views on gender roles, featuring quick-thinking, resilient women as well as shrewish, nagging wives.

The Twilight Zone aired for five seasons (the first three presented half-hour episodes, the fourth had hour-long episodes, and the fifth returned to the half-hour format). It won many television and drama awards and drew critical acclaim for Serling and his co-workers. Although it had loyal fans, The Twilight Zone had only moderate ratings and was twice canceled and revived. After five years and 156 episodes (92 written by Serling), he grew weary of the series. In 1964, he decided not to oppose its third and final cancellation.

Serling sold the rights to The Twilight Zone to CBS. His wife later claimed he did this partly because he believed that his own production company, Cayuga Productions, would never recoup the production costs of the programs, which frequently went over budget.

The Twilight Zone eventually resurfaced in the form of a 1983 film by Warner Bros. Former Twilight Zone actor Burgess Meredith was cast as the film's narrator, but does not appear on screen. There have been three attempts to revive the television series with mostly new scripts. In 1985, CBS used Charles Aidman (and later Robin Ward) as the narrator. In 2002, UPN featured Forest Whitaker in the role of narrator. In 2019, CBS made a third attempt at a successful revival, with Jordan Peele taking on producing duties as well as being host and narrator.

A Carol for Another Christmas
A Carol for Another Christmas was a 1964 American television movie, scripted by Rod Serling as a modernization of Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol and a plea for global cooperation between nations. It was telecast only once, on December 28, 1964. The only television movie directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz, this was the film in which Peter Sellers gave his first performance after a series of near-fatal heart attacks in the wake of his marriage to Britt Ekland. Sellers portrayed a demagogue in an apocalyptic Christmas.

Night Gallery
In 1969, NBC aired a television film pilot for a new series, Night Gallery, written by Serling. Set in a dimly lit museum after hours, the pilot film featured Serling (as on-camera host) playing the curator, who introduced three tales of the macabre, unveiling canvases that would appear in the subsequent story segments. Its brief first season (consisting of only six episodes) was rotated with three other shows airing in the same time slot; this wheel show was entitled Four in One. The series generally focused more on horror and suspense than The Twilight Zone did. On the insistence of the producer Jack Laird, Night Gallery also began including brief comedic "blackout" sketches during its second season, which Serling greatly disdained. He stated "I thought they [the blackout sketches] distorted the thread of what we were trying to do on Night Gallery. I don't think one can show Edgar Allan Poe and then come back with Flip Wilson for 34 seconds. I just don't think they fit."

No longer wanting the burden of an executive position, Serling sidestepped an offer to retain creative control of content, a decision he would come to regret. Although discontented with some of the scripts and creative choices of Jack Laird, Serling continued to submit his work and ultimately wrote over a third of the series' scripts. By season three, however, many of his contributions were being rejected or heavily altered. Night Gallery was cancelled in 1973. NBC later combined episodes of the short-lived paranormal series The Sixth Sense with Night Gallery, in order to increase the number of episodes available in syndication. Serling was reportedly paid $100,000 to film introductions for these repackaged episodes.

Other television
After The Twilight Zone was canceled, Serling wrote an unsuccessful western television series called The Loner, which ran from the fall of 1965 to April 1966. CBS asked Serling to have more action and less character interaction. He refused to comply, even though the show had received poor reviews and low ratings.

In a stylistic departure from his earlier work, Serling briefly hosted the first version of the game show Liar's Club in 1969.

In the 1970s, Serling appeared in television commercials for Ford, Radio Shack, Ziebart and the Japanese automaker Mazda. He also made occasional acting appearances, all in material he didn't write. Serling appears as a version of himself (but named "Mr. Zone") in a comedic bit on The Jack Benny Program; he appears in a 1962 episode of the short-lived sitcom Ichabod and Me in the role of reclusive counterculture novelist Eugene Hollinfield; and in a 1972 episode of the crime drama Ironside entitled "Bubble, Bubble, Toil, and Murder" (which also featured a young Jodie Foster), in which he plays a small role as the proprietor of an occult magic shop.

The Zero Hour
Serling returned to radio late in his career with The Zero Hour (also known as Hollywood Radio Theater) in 1973. The drama anthology series featured tales of mystery, adventure, and suspense, airing in stereo for two seasons. Serling hosted the program but did not write any of the scripts. The series ended on July 26, 1974.

Fantasy Park
Serling's final radio performance was even more unusual: Fantasy Park was a 48-hour-long rock concert aired by nearly 200 stations in 1974 and 1975. The program, written and produced by McLendon National Productions Director Steve Blackson, featured performances by dozens of rock stars of the day, and even reunited the Beatles. It was also completely imaginary—as KNUS Program Director Beau Weaver put it, a "theatre-of-the-mind for the '70s". The concert used record albums, many recorded live in concert, plus crowd noise, interviews, schedule updates by host Fred Kennedy, and other sound effects. (Stations that aired the special were reportedly inundated by callers demanding to know how to get to the nonexistent concert.) KNUS general manager Bart McLendon recruited Serling to record the host segments, bumpers, custom promos, and television spots.

Serling wrote the disclaimers, which aired each hour: "Hello, this is Rod Serling and welcome back to Fantasy Park—the crowds here today are unreal." "This is Fantasy Park—the greatest live concert—never held."

Teaching
Serling kept his schedule full. When he was not writing, promoting, or producing his work, he often spoke on college campuses around the country. He taught week-long seminars in which students would watch and critique films. In the political climate of the 1960s, he often felt a stronger connection to the older students in his evening classes. Serling's critique of high school student writing was a pivotal experience for writer J. Michael Straczynski.

By the fourth season of Twilight Zone, Serling was exhausted and turned much of the writing over to a trusted stable of screenwriters, authoring only seven episodes. Desiring to take a break and clear his mind, he took a one-year teaching job as writer in residence at Antioch College, Ohio. He taught classes in the 1962–63 school year on writing and drama and a survey course covering the "social and historical implications of the media." He used this time to teach as well as work on a new screenplay, Seven Days in May.

Later he taught at Ithaca College, from the late 1960s until his death in 1975. He was one of the first guest teachers at the Sherwood Oaks Experimental College in Hollywood, California. Audio recordings of his lectures there are included as bonus features on some Twilight Zone home video editions.

Themes
According to his wife, Carol, Serling often said that "the ultimate obscenity is not caring, not doing something about what you feel, not feeling! Just drawing back and drawing in, becoming narcissistic." This philosophy can be seen in his writing. Some themes appear again and again in his writing, many of which are concerned with war and politics. Another common theme is equality among all people.

Antiwar activism
Serling's experiences as a soldier left him with strong opinions about the use of military force. He was an outspoken antiwar activist, especially during the Vietnam War. He supported antiwar politicians, notably U.S. senator Eugene McCarthy in his presidential campaign in 1968.

"The Rack" is an example of Serling's use of television to speak his mind on political issues. This script for The United States Steel Hour tells the story of an army captain charged with collaborating with the North Koreans. The New York Times reviewer J. P. Shanley called it "controversial and compelling". Serling tackled a question that was much in the media at the time: should veterans be charged with a crime if they cooperated with the enemy while under duress? In this courtroom drama, the accused is put on trial for helping the enemy by urging fellow prisoners of war to cooperate with their captors. Serling offers many valid arguments on behalf of both the defense and the prosecution. Each has a strong case, but in the end, the captain is found guilty. There is no Serling narration to conclude the drama, as he had become famous for in The Twilight Zone—instead, the audience is left to make their own conclusions after the verdict has been rendered.

"No Christmas This Year" was a script written early in Serling's career, around 1950, but was never produced. It told of a place that no longer celebrated Christmas, although none of the residents know why it has been canceled. Meanwhile, at the North Pole, the audience sees Santa Claus dealing with striking elves. Rather than creating toys and candy, the North Pole manufactures a diversity of bombs and offensive gases. Santa has been shot at on his route, and an elf was hit by shrapnel.

"24 Men to a Plane" recounts Serling's first combat jump into the area around Manila in 1945. The combat jump became a fiasco after the jumpmaster in the first plane dropped his men too early, causing every subsequent plane to drop in synchronization with the mistake.

Racial equality
A Town Has Turned to Dust received a positive review from the critic Jack Gould, who was known for being straightforward to the point of being harsh in his reviews. He called A Town Has Turned to Dust, "a raw, tough and at the same time deeply moving outcry against prejudice." Set in a Southwestern town in a deep drought, it sees poverty and despair turn racial tensions deadly when the ineffectual sheriff is unable to stand against the town. A young Mexican boy is lynched, and the town as a whole is to blame. A second lynching is in the works after a series of events leads again to the town turning against the Mexicans. This time, the sheriff stands strong, and the first boy's brother is saved, even as the town is not. "Mr. Serling incorporated his protest against prejudice in vivid dialogue and sound situations. He made his point that hate for a fellow being leads only to the ultimate destruction of the bigoted."

Serling took his 1972 screenplay for the film, The Man, from the Irving Wallace novel of the same title. The black senator from New Hampshire and president pro tempore of the Senate, played by James Earl Jones, assumes the U.S. presidency by succession.

Death
Serling was said to smoke three to four packs of cigarettes a day. On May 3, 1975, he had a heart attack and was hospitalized. He spent two weeks at Tompkins County Community Hospital before being released. A second heart attack two weeks later forced doctors to agree that open-heart surgery, though considered risky at the time, was required. The ten-hour-long procedure was performed on June 26, but Serling had a third heart attack on the operating table and died two days later at Strong Memorial Hospital in Rochester, New York. He was 50 years old.

His funeral and burial took place on July 2 at Lake View Cemetery, Interlaken, (Seneca County), New York. A memorial was held at Cornell University's Sage Chapel on July 7, 1975. Speakers at the Memorial included his daughter Anne and the Reverend John F. Hayward.

Television
Serling began his career when television was a new medium. The first public viewing of an all-electronic television was presented by inventor Philo Farnsworth at the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia on August 25, 1934, when Serling was nine years old. Commercial television officially started on July 1, 1941. At the time, there were fewer than seven thousand television sets in the United States, and very few of those were in private homes. Only five months later, the U.S. entered World War II, and the television business was put on hold until the war's end, as many of the unsold sets were obtained by the government and repurposed to train air-raid wardens. After World War II ended, money began flowing toward the new medium of television, coinciding with the beginning of Serling's writing career. Early programming consisted of newsreels, sporting events and what would be called public-access television today. It was not until 1948 that filmed dramas were first shown, beginning with a show called Public Prosecutor. Serling began having serious dramas produced in 1950 and is given credit as one of the first to write scripts specifically for television. As such, he is said to have helped legitimize television drama.

Serling worried that television was on the verge of suffering the same decline as radio. He encouraged sponsors to see television as a platform for the kind of dramatic entertainment that could address important social matters through subtle meanings, instead of being "an animated billboard".

The format of writing for television was changing rapidly in the early years, but eventually, it settled into a pattern of commercial breaks on each quarter-hour. Writers were forced to work these breaks into their scripts. Serling's response to this convention was, "How can you put out a meaningful drama when every fifteen minutes proceedings are interrupted by twelve dancing rabbits with toilet paper? No dramatic art form should be dictated and controlled by men whose training and instincts are cut of an entirely different cloth. The fact remains that these gentlemen sell consumer goods, not an art form." Throughout his career, Serling helped to mold the future of television.

Writing for multiple media
As early as 1955, Jack Gould, of the New York Times, commented on the close ties that were then being created between television and movies. Serling was among the first to use both forms, turning his early television successes, "Patterns" and "The Rack", into full-length movies. Up to that time, many established writers were unwilling to write for television because the programs were viewed only once and then stored in a vault, never to be seen again.

Beginning of the rerun
After the first showing of "Patterns", the studio received such positive feedback that it produced a repeat performance, the first time a television program had been replayed at the request of the audience. Although successful shows had sometimes been recreated after two years or more, this was the first time a show was recreated exactly—with the same cast and crew—as it had been originally broadcast. The second live performance, only a month later, was equally successful and inspired New York Times critic Jack Gould to write an essay on the use of replays on television. He stated that "Patterns" was a prime example of a drama that should be seen more than once, whereas a single broadcast was the norm for television shows of the day. Sponsors believed that creating new shows every week would assure them the largest possible audience, so they purchased a new script for each night. Gould suggested that as new networks were opened and the viewers were given more choices, the percentage of viewers would spread among the offerings. "Patterns" was proof that a second showing could gain more viewers because those who missed the first showing could see the second, thus increasing the audience for sponsors.

During his lifetime
In December 1966, the made-for-television movie The Doomsday Flight aired. The fictional plot concerned an airplane with a bomb aboard. If the plane landed without the ransom money being paid, the aircraft would explode. The bomb was set with an altitude trigger that would detonate it if the plane dropped below four thousand feet. The show was one of the highest-rated of the television season, but both Serling and his brother Robert, a technical advisor on the project (a specialist in aviation), regretted making the film. After the film was aired, a rash of copycats telephoned in ransom demands to most of the largest airlines. Serling was truly devastated by what his script had encouraged. He told reporters who flocked to interview him, "I wish to Christ that I had written a stagecoach drama starring John Wayne instead."

Legacy
Serling is indelibly woven into modern popular culture because of the enduring popularity of The Twilight Zone. Serling's widow, Carol, maintained that the cult status that surrounded both her husband and his shows continues to be a surprise, "as I'm sure it would have been to him." "It won't go away. It keeps bobbing up. ... Each year, I think, well, that's it—and then something else turns up." She survived him to the age of 90, dying on January 9, 2020, and participated in the continuing interest in Rod's work, sometimes preparing them for a new format and editing a publication about Rod that she founded, The Twilight Zone Magazine, as well as many activities to promote his legacy.

The Twilight Zone has been rerun, re-created and re-imagined since going off the air in 1964. It has been released in comic book form, as a magazine, a film, and three additional television series from 1985 to 1989, from 2002 to 2003, and from 2019 to 2020. In 1988, J. Michael Straczynski scripted Serling's outline "Our Selena Is Dying" for the 1980s Twilight Zone series.

Some of Serling's works are now available in graphic novels. Rod Serling's The Twilight Zone is a series of adaptations by Mark Kneece and Rich Ellis based on original scripts written by Serling. Several episodes were adapted into novel form for pulp fiction books by Serling himself.

The Twilight Zone is not the only Serling work to reappear. In 1994, Rod Serling's Lost Classics released two never-before-seen works that Carol Serling found in her garage. The first was an outline called, "The Theatre", which Richard Matheson expanded. The second was a complete script written by Serling, "Where the Dead Are".

Serling and his work on The Twilight Zone inspired the Disney theme park attraction The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror, which debuted at Disney's Hollywood Studios at the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida in 1994. Serling appears in the attraction through the use of repurposed archival footage, and voice actor Mark Silverman provides the dubbing of Serling's dialogue for the attraction at both Hollywood Studios and the defunct version at Disney California Adventure in Anaheim. The ride takes place in the once-elegant Hollywood Tower Hotel that was struck by lightning, which caused the mysterious disappearance of five guests. Riders enter an abandoned elevator shaft as they become part of a "lost episode" of The Twilight Zone, with the attraction taking guests up 13 stories and dropping them multiple times.

Annually since 1995, Binghamton High School, Serling's alma mater, primarily in partnership with WSKG-TV, hosts the Rod Serling Video Festival for students in kindergarten through grade 12. The festival encourages young people to engage in filmmaking.

More than 30 years after his death, Serling was digitally resurrected for an episode of the television series Medium that aired on November 21, 2005. Filmed partially in 3-D, it opened with Serling's introducing the episode and instructing viewers when to put on their 3-D glasses. This was accomplished using footage from The Twilight Zone episode "The Midnight Sun" and digitally manipulating Serling's mouth to match new dialogue spoken by voice actor Mark Silverman. The plot involved paintings coming to life, a nod to both The Twilight Zone and Night Gallery.

On August 11, 2009, the United States Postal Service released its Early TV Memories commemorative stamp collection honoring notable television programs. One of the 20 stamps honored The Twilight Zone and featured a portrait of Serling.

Through a mix of computer animation, a simulated version of Serling appeared at the end of the "Blurryman" episode of the 2019 revival of The Twilight Zone. This was done with a facial performance by Ryan Hesp, motion-capture by Jefferson Black, and a voice reprisal by Mark Silverman.

As creator

 * 1959–64: The Twilight Zone
 * 1965–66: The Loner
 * 1970–73: Night Gallery

As narrator

 * 1968–75: The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau
 * 1969–70: Liar's Club (host)
 * 1973–75: In Search of...
 * 1973: Encounter with the Unknown
 * 1974: Monsters! Mysteries or Myths?
 * 1974: UFOs: Past, Present, and Future

As writer (film)
• 1956. Patterns

• 1958: Saddle the Wind

• 1962: Requiem for a Heavyweight

• 1963: The Yellow Canary

• 1964: Seven Days in May

• 1964: A Carol for Another Christmas (TV film)

• 1966: Assault on a Queen

• 1966: The Doomsday Flight (TV film)

• 1968: Planet of the Apes (co-written with Michael Wilson)

• 1969: Night Gallery

• 1972: The Man

• 1976: Time Travelers (TV film)

• 1981: The Salamander (1976 screenplay)

• 1994: Rod Serling's Lost Classics (TV film, 1968 screenplay)

• 1997: In the Presence of Mine Enemies (TV film, 1960 screenplay)

• 2000: A Storm in Summer (TV film, 1970 screenplay)

As writer (television)
• 1953: A Long Time Till Dawn (Kraft Television Theatre)

• 1953: Old MacDonald Had a Curve (Kraft Television Theatre)

• 1955: Patterns (Kraft Television Theatre)

• 1955: The Director (The Jane Wyman Show)

• 1955: The Rack (The U.S. Steel Hour)

• 1956: The Arena (Studio One)

• 1956: The Champion (Climax!)

• 1956: Forbidden Area (Playhouse 90)

• 1956: Requiem for a Heavyweight (Playhouse 90)

• 1957: The Comedian (Playhouse 90)

• 1957: The Dark Side of the Earth (Playhouse 90)

• 1957: Panic Button (Playhouse 90)

• 1958: Nightmare at Ground Zero (Playhouse 90)

• 1958: Bomber's Moon (Playhouse 90)

• 1958: A Town Has Turned to Dust (Playhouse 90)

• 1958: The Velvet Alley (Playhouse 90)

• 1958: The Time Element (Westinghouse Desilu Playhouse)

• 1959: The Rank and File (Playhouse 90)

• 1960: In the Presence of Mine Enemies (Playhouse 90)

• 1969: Pilot (The New People)

• 1963: It's Mental Work (Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre)

• 1976: The Sad and Lonely Sundays (posthumously released)

Books

 * Patterns: Four Television Plays, Bantam, 1957 (also includes scripts for The Rack, Old MacDonald Had a Curve, and Requiem for a Heavyweight)
 * Stories from the Twilight Zone, Bantam (New York City), 1960
 * More Stories from the Twilight Zone, Bantam, 1961
 * New Stories from the Twilight Zone, Bantam, 1962
 * From the Twilight Zone, Doubleday (Garden City, NJ), 1962
 * Requiem for a Heavyweight: A Reading Version of the Dramatic Script, Bantam, 1962
 * Rod Serling's Triple W: Witches, Warlocks and Werewolves; A Collection,(Editor) Bantam, 1963
 * The Season to Be Wary (3 novellas, "Escape Route", "Color Scheme", and "Eyes"), Little, Brown (Boston, MA), 1967
 * Devils and Demons: A Collection, Bantam, 1967 (Editor and author of introduction)
 * Night Gallery, Bantam, 1971
 * Night Gallery 2, Bantam, 1972
 * Rod Serling's Other Worlds,(Editor) Bantam, 1978
 * Night Gallery 2, Bantam, 1972
 * Rod Serling's Other Worlds,(Editor) Bantam, 1978

Posthumous honors

 * 1985: Inducted into the Television Hall of Fame
 * 1985: A star honoring Serling can be found at 6840 Hollywood Blvd. on the Hollywood Walk of Fame
 * 2001: Nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award and Winner of a Writer Guild Award for the reusing of his script for the re-make of "A Storm in Century".
 * 2007: Ranked No. 1 on TV Guide's "25 Greatest Sci-Fi Legends" list (the only non-fictitious person on the list)
 * 2008: Inducted into the Science Fiction Hall of Fame

title: Rod Serling


text:
Talk:Osage County, Oklahoma

Untitled
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help.

Article classification
The History section has recently been greatly expanded. I think the article now deserves a "C" classification and have made this change.Bruin2 (talk) 17:37, 4 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Uprated to Class C for WikiProject U.S. Counties. Bruin2 (talk) 19:24, 28 September 2013 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Osage County, Oklahoma


text:
Talk:Ottawa County, Oklahoma

Untitled
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help.

Article classification
This article meets the requirements for Class C. Bruin2 (talk) 03:11, 2 October 2013 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Ottawa County, Oklahoma. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://www.webcitation.org/60DLuc16V?url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/40/40115.html to http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/40/40115.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121024013411/http://www.library.okstate.edu/okmaps/ to http://www.library.okstate.edu/okmaps/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 19:02, 22 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ottawa County, Oklahoma


text:
Talk:Pawnee County, Oklahoma

Untitled
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help.

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Pawnee County, Oklahoma. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx to http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX to http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 02:11, 2 July 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pawnee County, Oklahoma


text:
Talk:Payne County, Oklahoma

Untitled
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help.

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Payne County, Oklahoma. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx to http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX to http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Article reclassification
This article meets the requirements for Class C. I have made this change for WP: Oklahoma.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 03:04, 2 July 2016 (UTC)

History prior to the 1880s
In order to help make this article more properly encyclopedic, shouldn't we add information about Payne County's history prior to the 1880s, and the indigenous people(s) who originally lived there? 76.190.213.189 (talk) 16:37, 4 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Payne County, Oklahoma


text:
Talk:Pittsburg County, Oklahoma

Untitled
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help.

Article classification
This article meets the requirements for Class C. Bruin2 (talk) 02:45, 1 October 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pittsburg County, Oklahoma


text:
Talk:Pontotoc County, Oklahoma

Untitled
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help.

Article classification
This article meets the requirements for Class C. Bruin2 (talk) 02:43, 1 October 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pontotoc County, Oklahoma


text:
Talk:Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma

Editing
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help.

Burnett, Oklahoma
The ghost town Burnett was named after Potawatomi Chief Burnett. The town of Burnett was founded in the late 1880s by Greiffenstein and his wife, Catherine Burnett. http://www.kansas.com/2012/05/13/2333361/potawatomi-chief-left-his-mark.html •  Sbmeirow  •  Talk  •  13:13, 14 May 2012 (UTC)

Article classification
This article meets the requirements for Class C. Bruin2 (talk) 19:19, 28 September 2013 (UTC) little axe Oklahoma is in Cleveland county not, Pott county.

title: Talk:Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma


text:
Talk:Pushmataha County, Oklahoma

Untitled
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help.

Article reclassification
This article meets the requirements for Class C. Bruin2 (talk) 19:45, 21 December 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pushmataha County, Oklahoma


text:
Talk:Roger Mills County, Oklahoma

Untitled
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help.

Article classification
This article meets the requirements for Class C. Bruin2 (talk) 06:25, 21 September 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Roger Mills County, Oklahoma


text:
Talk:Rogers County, Oklahoma

Untitled
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help.

BLACK FOX
I have suggested that BLACK FOX be merged into Inola, Oklahoma. It could also be merged here, I guess. JoaoRicardo talk 20:51, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

Seat of the county?
Is Chelsea really the county seat? The Claremore page says Claremore is the county seat, which is confirmed by the official website of the county. In other words, why is Chelsea listed as a county seat? CheepnisAroma (talk) 00:19, 25 April 2010 (UTC)
 * This has already been corrected. Bruin2 (talk) 00:02, 2 January 2012 (UTC)

Article reclassification
This article satisfies requirements for "C" classification. Bruin2 (talk) 22:53, 25 September 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rogers County, Oklahoma


text:
Talk:Seminole County, Oklahoma

Editing This US County Entry
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry?
 * The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help.

Article classification
This article meets the requirements for Class C. Bruin2 (talk) 19:12, 28 September 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Seminole County, Oklahoma


text:
Talk:Sequoyah County, Oklahoma

Untitled
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help.

Additional Citations
If the article needs additional citations, Where are the citations needed? Relevantsus (talk) 01:35, 12 September 2009 (UTC)

Article reclassification
Removed refimprove banner, since the requirement has been satisfied. The article now satisfies the criteria for class C. I have made the change accordingly. Bruin2 (talk) 06:43, 14 December 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sequoyah County, Oklahoma


text:
Talk:Stephens County, Oklahoma

Untitled
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help.

Article classification
This article meets the requirements for Class C. Bruin2 (talk) 15:03, 28 September 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Stephens County, Oklahoma


text:
Talk:Texas County, Oklahoma

Untitled
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help.

Article reclassification
This article meets the requirements for Class C. Bruin2 (talk) 20:51, 16 February 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Texas County, Oklahoma


text:
Talk:Tillman County, Oklahoma

Untitled
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help.

Article reclassification
This article meets the requirements for Class C. Bruin2 (talk) 14:32, 17 July 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tillman County, Oklahoma


text:
Talk:Tulsa County, Oklahoma

Untitled
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help.

Founding Date of Tulsa County
When was the county first formed? Several different years are indicated by various sources, ranging from about 1850 to 1905.
 * The county was formed at the time of Oklahoma statehood, November 16, 1907. Earlier maps of Indian Territory, including the map for the proposed State of Sequoyah, do not show such an entity. At that time, the present county lay partly in the Cherokee Nation and the Creek Nation. Bruin2 (talk) 20:03, 26 May 2013 (UTC)

I find this a bit confusing
"In 1910, Tulsa County built a court house in Tulsa on the northeast corner of Sixth Street and South Boulder Avenue. The land had previously been the site of a mansion owned by George Perryman and his wife. Yule marble was used in its construction."
 * Which is to say, was the courthouse or the mansion built of Yule marble? Any takers? Einar aka Carptrash (talk) 16:26, 23 November 2011 (UTC)
 * The court house was built with Yule marble. I have moved the sentence about Yule marble to make this more clear. Thanks for your catching this.Bruin2 (talk) 16:16, 24 November 2011 (UTC)

Thanks B2. That was how I had figured it, but over a life time of figuring things wrong I no longer am as quick with my assumptions as I used to be. Carptrash (talk) 16:43, 24 November 2011 (UTC)

Article classification
This article now meets the requirements for Class C. I have made the change accordingly for WP:Oklahoma. Bruin2 (talk) 18:33, 12 December 2012 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tulsa County, Oklahoma


text:
Talk:Wagoner County, Oklahoma

Untitled
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help.

Article classification
This article satisfies the criteria for Class C. Bruin2 (talk) 22:49, 25 September 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wagoner County, Oklahoma


text:
Talk:Washington County, Oklahoma

Untitled
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help.

Article classification
This article meets the requirements for Class C. I have made this change for WP: Oklahoma. Bruin2 (talk) 01:03, 15 September 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Washington County, Oklahoma


text:
Talk:Washita County, Oklahoma

Untitled
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help.

Article classification
This article meets the requirements for Class C. I have uprated it for both WP:Oklahoma and WP:United States Bruin2 (talk) 19:41, 25 September 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Washita County, Oklahoma


text:
Talk:Jef Raskin

Untitled
Here is an ideal example of how to turn lemons into lemonade. The original contents of this page was the following graffito:
 * bibity bobity boooooooooo

So I looked up Jef Raskin on Google and took a couple of minutes to throw together a stub. --Ed Poor

"His first computer program, a music program, was part of his master's thesis."

How likely is it that this was really his "first" program? Maybe something like "first large-scale program" or "first significant program"?

__________

Will be adding. He was the 31st employee of Apple and coined the name Macintosh and Information Appliance Jondel

Family
Despite the mention of his son's authorship of the photo included, there is no mention of family and children in the text. Ought this be rectified? ~ Dpr 06:49, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * You are right. However, I just e-mailed Aza on Jef's passing to request permission for Jef's photos. During that difficult time, he immediately got back to me and gave the permission (Aza also mentioned he'd taken over the technical leadership of the Archy Project and Raskin Center for Humane Interfaces to "push forward with his dream and vision". I couldn't ask more (about the family, etc) so I said "Thanks" and substituted that lovely photo with the one originally on the article. Here's what I've been able to find so far, from [| his homepage], ref: his family:

 * 1992 Daughter Aenea Hannah,
 * 1987 Daughter Aviva Frieda,
 * 1984 Son Aza Benjamin,
 * 1982 Married Linda S. Blum

 * May be someone closer to Raskins can build on this? mu5ti/✏ 02:49, Mar 3, 2005 (UTC)

Tribute
Should we move that tribute to the talk page? mu5ti/✏ 22:37, Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * I thought it was a good spot to put that tribute. it shows how he is still looked upon as an important member of the computer world.  ZeWrestler 23:15 Mar 6, 2005 (UTC)

Correction
The article says (as of 2005 Mar 14):

''Raskin takes credit for introducing Jobs and other Apple employees to the PARC concepts, but it appears this is not really the case. Raskin also claims to have had continued direct input into the eventual Mac design, including the decision to use a one-button mouse as part of the Apple interface, a departure from the Xerox PARC standard of a three-button mouse. Larry Tesler, among others, debates this claim.''

I will attempt an objective critique of the cited passage. Because Jef was such an early employee of Apple, I do believe he was one of the first people there to talk about PARC-developed concepts with his colleagues. In the summer of 1980, he helped me argue for reducing the number of buttons on the Lisa to one. In the summer of 2004, he told me in an email that he had concluded in the 1970's that a one-button mouse would reduce user errors. He said he did not know at the time that other people had reached that same conclusion a few years earlier. I think this was because the people at PARC who Jef met in the '70s only showed him software that relied on all three buttons on an early Xerox mouse. Although he helped the Lisa team to improve the Lisa mouse, Jef's Macintosh design was keyboard-centric. --Larry Tesler 06:33, 15 Mar 2005 (UTC)

As I recall, Jef told me that Jobs was not fond of him at the time, so he had to get other people to suggest that Jobs and others visit PARC. In the course of that, the visitors were primed with not widely known information about the PARC GUI work; the people they met with were very impressed with the quality of the Apple visitors' questions. Because of the looseness of the claims and counter claims for credit re introducing Jobs to PARC, I believe that both are quite true. --Dick Karpinski 19 Dec 2005 (If verifiability rules require documentation then this paragraph may have to be removed.)

jef.raskincenter.org unavailable
For months now I've noticed the main source of articles written by Raskin, the web site jef.raskincenter.org, has been down, and is either referred to in this article's references, or by other sites listed in references, such as usabilityviews.com. I've tried making contact with Aza to establish whether the content may be found elsewhere, so that the references could be updated, or alternatively whether the original site will be restored, but haven't been able to reach him. Anyone with suggestions on how to locate this valuable material, so that also the broken links in this article's references might be updated? CharlBarnard (talk) 06:20, 7 May 2009 (UTC)
 * You can always try and use the Internet Archive's Wayback Machine. There's a high chance the linked page will be backed up there. Diego (talk) 10:27, 7 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks Diego, I wasn't aware of this resource, and do find some of the content there, so will use that to reconstruct if I don't find an easier way! CharlBarnard (talk) 16:03, 7 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Nobody's going to step up and mirror jef raskin's site? archive.org is OK, unless their files suddenly become unavailable (as I've often seen occur.) -wbeaty  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.95.172.173 (talk) 20:43, 2 February 2010 (UTC)
 * As of September 2014, it seems like the domain's current owner has set a robots.txt to prevent crawls from indexing it, and it somehow has made past versions unavailable in the Archive. If anybody had a backup of the site, or at least of the articles that lived in it, it would be really valuable to put it online again. Ajgelado (talk) 22:58, 4 September 2014 (UTC)

Picture caption
The caption of the picture of Jef appears to be incorrect. At least, it appears that the model he is holding is that of the Swyft computer developed at IAI, rather than the Cat. The Cat got rid of the carrying handle feature in front of the keyboard. Now it is possible that this model represents some sort of proposed prototype for the Cat, just not the final design. In either case, the caption seems misleading. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jrsharp (talk • contribs) 02:30, 9 December 2010 (UTC)

It's an early model of the Swyft, made by Ralph Voorhees, prototype maker at IAI and fellow model airplane builder with Jef. It was non-functional but quite close in appearance to the final design, though smaller. The working Swyft was produced in a couple of hundred copies (if I remember correctly) by Sam Woo of South Korea. 24.154.34.36 (talk) 04:12, 8 September 2011 (UTC)R. Jeffrey Krause

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Jef Raskin. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20100620033144/http://www.prosperlogic.com:80/syntaxposter/ to http://www.prosperlogic.com/syntaxposter/
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20050311091729/http://www.laptopical.com:80/jef-raskin-07351.html to http://www.laptopical.com/jef-raskin-07351.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 21:33, 27 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Jef Raskin. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080120152125/http://www.humanized.com/weblog/2008/01/16/joining-mozilla to http://humanized.com/weblog/2008/01/16/joining-mozilla/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120222154314/http://www.upassoc.org/upa_publications/upa_voice/volumes/2007/october/kreitzberg.html to http://www.upassoc.org/upa_publications/upa_voice/volumes/2007/october/kreitzberg.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 18:41, 23 November 2017 (UTC)

Meanspirited
Some of Jef's friends originally expanded this article during the time that Jef was dying as well as after. (I was not part of that effort.) Several places, they were reaching, exaggerating. Later, individuals took them to task for this, and rightfully so. Unfortunately, the article has now ended up a strange stew of claims and counterclaims. The whole comes off as mean-spirited, somewhat literally, as the alterations took place after Jef was no longer here to counter them.

I'm in no way suggesting that the article does not now more closely reflect Jef's actual contributions. I am suggesting that someone ought to rewrite it so that the original claims——none false per my knowledge, just exaggerated——are carved back to their proper extent with the charges of Jef falsely claiming this and Jef falsely claiming that either removed or sectioned off into a single section documenting where Jef himself, in other publications, exaggerated. Jef is not responsible for his friends updating his Wikipedia page, so any exaggeration that exists on the page itself are not on him.

(Jef was my mentor and friend starting at Apple in 1978. I witnessed many of the events and evolutions involved.)

Bruce Tognazzini 17:37, 2 May 2022 (UTC)toghome — Preceding unsigned comment added by Toghome (talk • contribs)

title: Talk:Jef Raskin


text:
Talk:Woods County, Oklahoma

Untitled
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help.

Article classification
This article meets the requirements for Class C. Bruin2 (talk) 19:03, 28 September 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Woods County, Oklahoma


text:
Talk:European Space Agency

Statistics
Includes the France launches (those before 1979)

 * Total number of launches: 286 in 56 years = 5.1 launches per year
 * Success: 266 (93%)
 * Failure: 20

 * Max launches in one year: 12 launches in 1997, 2000 and 2002
 * Max successful launches in one year: 12 launches in 2000
 * Max satellites on a single launch: 53 satellites on a Vega rocket on 3 September 2020
 * 95 consecutive successful launches between these two failures: 11 Dec 2002 - Ariane 5ECA - Hot Bird 7 - and - 25 Jan 2018 - Ariane 5ECA - Al Yah 3
 * 40 consecutive successful launches between these two failures: 30 Oct 1997 - Ariane 5G - TEAMSAT - and - 12 Jul 2001 - Ariane 5G - Artemis
 * 26 consecutive successful launches between these two failures: 22 Feb 1990 - Ariane 44L - Superbird B - and - 24 Jan 1994 - Ariane 44LP - Eutelsat 2 F5

Barecode (talk) 05:19, 5 January 2021 (UTC)

Statistics - excluding France launches

 * Total number of launches: 274 in 53 years = 5.1 launches per year
 * Success: 256 (93.4 %)
 * Failure: 18

Barecode (talk) 15:32, 5 January 2021 (UTC)

(Proposed) External links modified (February 2021)
Hello Fellow Wikipedians,

Posting these updates as proposals and ask that someone review and actually make the edits, as I wish to avoid updating the ESA page myself.

References 4, 14, and 34 under External Links should be updated to point to either:

1. The pocket edition publication: https://www.esa.int/About_Us/ESA_Publications/ESA_Publications_Monographs/ESA_Convention_booklet

or

2. About the Convention itself as a legal document: https://www.esa.int/About_Us/Law_at_ESA/ESA_Convention

Cheers! Danno612 09:06, 20 February 2021 (UTC)

— Preceding unsigned comment added by Danno612 (talk • contribs) 08:37, 17 February 2021 (UTC)

Logo showing flag of Slovenia instead of Slovakia
It's a story as old as time, or at least as old as 1992, but somebody confused Slovenia and Slovakia. The logo shows the flag of SlovENIA, although it isn't a member of ESA, SlovAKIA is. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.1.214.77 (talk • contribs)

reflist|group=note|refs=
In two different parts of the article, reflist|group=note|refs= is in the body rather than in the references section. I hadn't seen that before. If that type of setup is okay, then I'll leave that alone. It seems to work for this article. GBFEE (talk) 18:44, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

Requested move 19 December 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. Per consensus. (closed by non-admin page mover) – robertsky (talk) 14:47, 26 December 2022 (UTC)

European Space Agency → ESA – From a comparison at Google Trends linked here, there is a significant higher search of "ESA" compared with "European Space Agency". Thus, I find this move reasonable. Any objections to this move? Thanks, Wikiexplorationandhelping (talk) 14:32, 19 December 2022 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support: Seems reasonable per MOS:ACROTITLE. YorkshireExpat (talk) 23:35, 19 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Indeed often referred to as the ESA, but certainly not exclusively. This is a similar situation to not renaming Royal Air Force to RAF, United States Air Force to USAF, Special Air Service to SAS, etc. The abbreviation may be a little more commonly seen, but the full title is still very well-known. -- Necrothesp (talk) 13:44, 21 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The determination for when an initialism becomes dominant enough in usage to warrant being the article title is a bit subjective, but I don't think the ESA has quite reached that point yet. Rreagan007 (talk) 17:21, 21 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Oppose Britannica uses the full name.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 19:07, 24 December 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 20:52, 15 April 2023 (UTC)
 * ESA Patch 2022.png

Update ESA_Labs@ section
There are several more ESA_Labs@ created the last few years that should be added to the section. Roger (talk) 09:01, 28 August 2023 (UTC)

Argonaut
There is no information currently about this lunar lander approved by the ESA in 2022. Based on reporting it will launch on Ariane 6 73.210.30.217 (talk) 05:12, 14 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:European Space Agency


text:
Talk:Woodward County, Oklahoma

Untitled
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help.

title: Talk:Woodward County, Oklahoma


text:
Talk:Bristol County, Rhode Island

Untitled
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help.

Founded Date
I am not sure. Founded date in February 17, 1746? Not 1747? It was 1685? [Bristol County, RI Family Search https://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Bristol_County,_Rhode_Island_Genealogy] --Rossdegenstein (talk) 20:10, 15 March 2015 (UTC)
 * According to the Rhode Island Atlas of Historical County Boundaries here, It was 1747, although there seems to be some ambiguity in the date. When I put in 1685, I was incorrectly reading the Bristol County, Massachusetts entry. kennethaw88 • talk 21:51, 15 March 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Bristol County, Rhode Island. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2Fwww%2Fdecennial.html to http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov to http://factfinder2.census.gov

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 18:04, 8 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bristol County, Rhode Island


text:
Talk:Nuclear warfare

Removal of a section see-also list by user User:Mysterious Whisper
This user continually removes a see also list in this article. The following links have been included in a see also under the "survival" heading - Duck and cover, Fallout shelter, Ark Two Shelter and Continuity of government, but bizarrely this user doesn't feel that they're relevant and likes removing the whole "see also" list.

Perhaps the user should see WP:SEEALSO - "The links in the 'See also' section do not have to be directly related to the topic of the article because one purpose of 'See also' links is to enable readers to explore tangentially related topics."

86.46.184.167 (talk) 02:17, 8 October 2013 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia has a very specific definition of vandalism, and this isn't it.
 * The guidelines you've linked to are for a separate see also section, usually placed at the end of an article. The guidelines for what you've been adding are different, and can be found here. Of course, your edits are even in conflict with the guidelines you link to, for example, in that you linked to fallout shelter which is already linked in the body text.
 * For the record, I've twice attempted to initiate discussion about this. In the edit summary of this edit, IP 86... claims the links have been added "In preparation of expanding this section". While I couldn't see how the links would help, I nonetheless gave IP 86... the opportunity to expand the section, and left the links there for over a month. The section was not expanded, so I removed the links.
 * Of course, so far, only IP 86... and I have weighed in on this. If consensus favors piling all those links at the top of the section, I won't persist in removing them. However, per WP:BURDEN and WP:BRD, the links should be removed for the duration of the discussion (I believe IP 86... is at 3RR as of now, while I've reverted twice; even so, I'm not going to touch it for now).
 * ʍw 02:51, 8 October 2013 (UTC)

 * Erm, in nuclear and thermonuclear warfare, there are few survivors. Duck and cover gives one days at best. that isn't surviving. Surviving until you starve to death or die of dehydration isn't survival either. It all comes down to *actually* surviving or lingering death. The latter equals death. *No* plan offers true survival for the species in the event of a total nuclear war. And as all war plans I'm aware of, and I have had clearance to actually review said plans for two nations, it means something, no plan offers survival beyond a handful of years. Duck and cover is really cool until the building falls onto your head. Then, since advanced life support isn't available, let alone rescuers, your coma won't last long. It's a moot point.Wzrd1 (talk) 03:14, 8 October 2013 (UTC)
 * As the section explains, there are many persons and publications that suggest large numbers of people could survive even a global thermonuclear war (and many who disagree). But this dispute isn't about the entire section, just whether there needs to be a at the top of it. ʍw 03:20, 8 October 2013 (UTC)

Large numbers of people survived the 9-11 attack on the WTC. Only to be crushed and ground to nothing recognizable by modern science, to include my cousin. That is most certainly not what I'd call surviving. In this case, one has to consider species survival, especially in the consideration of massive ecosystem damage that would impact weather systems on top of the already present massive dust/smoke/ash condition. Ronnie Reagan was considered an idiot when he first pronounced nuclear war survival, he's since lost ground entirely to the point of being a proponent of a particular political party of the Dodo birds.Wzrd1 (talk) 03:39, 8 October 2013 (UTC)

 * What does any of that have to do with whether there needs to be a at the top of the "Survival" section? As near as I can tell, me and IP 86... both support having the section itself; we're just arguing about a single point of content/formatting within it. If you would like to suggest removing or reworking the section in it's entirety, please start a separate discussion, so we can keep this one on topic. ʍw 03:50, 8 October 2013 (UTC)

 * Let me get this straight. Survival for a minute, day or year means survival for the species, let alone family, hence it is cool. Did I get that one right? Go interview Dodo survivors. Dead genetically is dead. Period. Not surviving to eat yet again for a bit.Wzrd1 (talk) 03:56, 8 October 2013 (UTC)

Back on topic, I've incorporated the desired links into the text, leaving absolutely no need for the see also header, which I thus removed. I trust that's satisfactory?

I've also removed the accusation of vandalism from the section title. If you wish to continue these accusations, I encourage you to do so somewhere more public, like WP:AN/I.

ʍw 04:43, 8 October 2013 (UTC)

 * Re this - Someone please explain how my reversions of a bold edit, each followed by attempts at discussion, and now, edits attempting to effect a real compromise solution, could possibly be considered vandalism? If the accusation can't be substantiated, they're bad faith at best, and could even be considered personal attack, and thus should be removed. ʍw 17:16, 8 October 2013 (UTC)
 * I also want to point out that, while the section title and statement by the OP is a clear attempt to put me on the defensive, this discussion is about IP 86...'s edits at least as much as mine. They made the initial edit, and refused to comment at either discussion I started, instead just reverting the page to their desired version. And now that they've finally started discussing, their comments are laced with bad-faith and accusations of vandalism; such is absent in my comments on their talk pages. ʍw 17:31, 8 October 2013 (UTC)

 * Your edits were vandalism as they repeatedly removed all mention to the likes of continuity of government etc, you have now tried to rectify your dogged removal of the see also list by writing ad-hoc one liners that incorporate the links, which sure is better than your previous knee-jerk reaction to wipe them completely, but I wonder, if you thought such links were completely inadmissible before hand, why the sudden change of heart? Furthermore, if you have some kind of passionate disdain, or OCD against see also lists, then why didn't you write your one liners days ago, and save all this trouble?

 * All I was aiming for was that readers could have relevant links at hand, and could go forth and read further articles related to the topic of nuclear survival, but I was confronted by someone who's behaviour suggests they found such links contrary to your own personal philosophy or some such, and therefore moved to completely censor all mention to them. Moreover your new one-liners are horrible, for example radiogardase and potassium iodide aren't the only radio-protectants stockpiled, but by the wording of your edit readers come away thinking that only two substances are held by the USA, which is false.

 * Secondly, the Ark Two Shelter is notable not for being the biggest underground warehouse, most folks aren't concerned with such redundant pissing contests, but is notable for being completely privately funded and well equipped to survive a nuclear war, being able to operate autonomously for a considerable amount of time, it has decontamination showers etc. etc.

 * Lastly, on a separate point, who wrote that crap about nuclear ethics? it sounds so condescending I laugh every time I read it. Correct me if I'm wrong but most people regard the prospect of war, of ANY type as immoral, nuclear no more so, and secondly, what has morality got to do with how organizations plan to survive? The argument pushed by that paragraph is essentially - War is bad, and preparing to survive a war makes you a bad man m'kay. So the Swiss are immoral, are they?
 * 86.46.184.167 (talk) 18:23, 8 October 2013 (UTC)

 * "Even if misguided, willfully against consensus, or disruptive, any good-faith effort to improve the encyclopedia is not vandalism." (And I'll remind you to assume good faith). Also, there was still a link to continuity of government, in the ==See also== section proper (and there still is one in the text).
 * At no point did I suggest as much, and I even agreed that those links could be worked into the section. All the links you've suggested are exactly as relevant as anything in Category:Nuclear warfare; which ones to include in a see also header, if any, is a matter of editorial discretion, and a point at which we disagree.
 * Because you claimed you would be using them to expand the section, presumably removing see also links as you incorporated them. And, frankly, your combative attitude (coupled with ignoring my attempts to discuss) is not conductive to collaborative, constructive editing.
 * I do not. I just don't think one is appropriate here.
 * Ah, but much better than a see also, both by the usage guidelines and your own admission. I encourage you to edit and improve them to your liking.
 * ʍw 19:00, 8 October 2013 (UTC)
 * I do not. I just don't think one is appropriate here.
 * Ah, but much better than a see also, both by the usage guidelines and your own admission. I encourage you to edit and improve them to your liking.
 * ʍw 19:00, 8 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Ah, but much better than a see also, both by the usage guidelines and your own admission. I encourage you to edit and improve them to your liking.
 * ʍw 19:00, 8 October 2013 (UTC)

I'm still waiting for a policy-backed explanation of how my edits could be considered vandalism, or why the otherwise unsubstantiated accusations should be allowed to stay. For anyone new who happens upon this discussion, I've put together a timeline of all events I'm aware of leading up to this discussion and the accusations of vandalism:

 * IP 86... adds the see also header.
 * I revert.
 * IP 86... restores the see also, "In preparation of expanding this section"
 * I do not revert. Instead, I explain my concerns on the IP's talk page, and offer a grace period during which I left the links, expecting IP 86... to expand the section as promised.
 * My comment is (apparently) ignored.

Did I miss anything? ʍw 01:09, 9 October 2013 (UTC)
 * After over a month without comment or the promised expansion, I remove the see also.
 * IP 86... restores.
 * I remove it again.
 * IP 86... restores.
 * I again attempt to start a discussion, and am again ignored.
 * I again remove the see also.
 * IP 86... restores a third time, this time calling my edits "vandalism".
 * Ignoring my comment on their talkpage, IP 86... instead starts the discussion here, accusing me of vandalism etc.

I refuse to let unsubstantiated accusations of vandalism on my part be left on this page. Note that I created the Nuclear War section (not that I'm claiming ownership or the section or anything, just stating facts for the record), and I have made many other constructive edits to this and related articles, so any claim that my edits aren't a "good-faith effort to improve the encyclopedia" is going to need some significant evidence backing it.

ʍw 01:09, 9 October 2013 (UTC)
 * Comment by neutral editor: After having reviewed all the above-linked diff's, it is clear to me that User:Mysterious Whisper is not vandalizing the page, but that 86.46.184.167 is verging on edit-warring over "their" list of see also topics.  That being said, it should not be controversial to include the list that IP 86.46.184.167 advocates.  Indeed, it was once strenuously argued within both the Soviet and American military and civilian policy-making circles that nuclear war was survivable and that nuclear weapons were capable of being deployed in a superpower conflict with a clear winner.  See, for example, Gray and Payne, "Victory is Possible," Foreign Policy, 39 (Summer, 1980), pp. 14-27 or Arnett, "Soviet attitudes towards nuclear war: Do they really think they can win?", Journal of Strategic Studies, 2:1 (Spring, 1979), pp.172-191.  If these discussions were historically part of the debate of nuclear war, we can't ignore them because they make us uncomfortable or are considered ludicrous today.  Eggishorn (talk) 05:33, 9 October 2013 (UTC)
 * There is indeed no vandalism here. The IP has does not seem to understand what vandalism means.  MW is acting entirely in good faith.  I think a bit should be added as noted above, but if this IP continues on this path I think a trip to ANI will be in order.  Dbrodbeck (talk) 11:37, 9 October 2013 (UTC)

 * I quite agree with Dbrodbeck that i see no vandalism here, on anyone's part. I further agree that so describing MW's edits after the meaning of Vandalism on Wikipedia has been clearly explained (as it was above) is a violation of the no personal attacks policy.
 * As to the merits, including those links (which are I think relevant to the section) is in my view a good thing. I think that including them in prose is better than a see-also link as it allows context to be provided. in general I section-specific see-also links are poor style when another alternative is available. DES (talk) 14:39, 9 October 2013 (UTC)

Old Nuclear holocaust merge tag?
The Nuclear holocaust page has a merge tag that directs here. I am going to remove it as there seems to be no discussion here or on that page. The tag has been there since 2013. If anyone wants to discuss the subject, they can put the tag back, but it looks like a dead issue to me. (FWIW, I'm opposed to the idea because of how I am linking to it.) Dcs002 (talk) 07:48, 26 August 2014 (UTC)

 * I've since reinstated this merge tag. Nuclear holocaust or "apocalypse" is merely an emotionally grabbing tag, used by Bush etc-as the holocaust article notes, for a nuclear war. The unsubstantiated and wishful thinking notion that a nuclear war could kill all human life on earth is dealt with here in the nuclear war article, as is the appearance of post-nuclear war in fiction. So the nuclear "holocaust"/"apocalypse" tripe is an entirely redundant article. We weeded out the nuclear darkness article for the very same reason, and merged it into nuclear winter.
 * 92.251.216.191 (talk) 14:04, 27 August 2014 (UTC)

"North Korea (2006) are also thought to have developed stocks of nuclear weapons, but their governments have never admitted to having nuclear weapons"

Really?

101.98.150.50 (talk) 13:02, 2 May 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Nuclear warfare. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20130606090311/http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/China/Nuclear/5630.html/ to http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/China/Nuclear/5630.html
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.windowonheartland.net/2012/02/russias-top-secret-bases.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 00:30, 28 August 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Nuclear warfare. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110315084044/http://ocw.nd.edu:80/physics/nuclear-warfare/notes/lecture-17 to http://ocw.nd.edu/physics/nuclear-warfare/notes/lecture-17

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 02:19, 6 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Nuclear warfare. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20141010114324/http://ocw.nd.edu/physics/nuclear-warfare/notes/lecture-18 to http://ocw.nd.edu/physics/nuclear-warfare/notes/lecture-18

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 16:12, 22 March 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nuclear warfare


text:
Talk:Kent County, Rhode Island

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Kent County, Rhode Island. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://www.census.gov/popest/data/counties/totals/2015/CO-EST2015-alldata.html
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html to http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 13:08, 4 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Kent County, Rhode Island. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://www.webcitation.org/608gXkApf?url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/44/44003.html to http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/44/44003.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:38, 8 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kent County, Rhode Island


text:
Talk:Newport County, Rhode Island

Untitled
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help.

External links modified (February 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Newport County, Rhode Island. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://www.webcitation.org/60CNwwCuH?url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/44/44005.html to http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/44/44005.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:57, 17 February 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Newport County, Rhode Island


text:
Talk:Providence County, Rhode Island

Untitled
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help.

Founded Date
I am not sure. Founded date in June 22, 1703 on Wikipedia. It was June 16, 1729 on Family Search. Providence County, RI Family Search --Rossdegenstein (talk) 20:22, 15 March 2015 (UTC)
 * According to that website (which is a wiki), it's precursor was Providence Plantations County, founded in 1703. This agrees with the Rhode Island Atlas of Historical County Boundaries here. It seems it was only renamed in 1729 but continued as the same political entity. kennethaw88 • talk 21:43, 15 March 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Providence County, Rhode Island