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Fail Safe (1964 film)

Fail Safe is a 1964 Cold War thriller film directed by Sidney Lumet, based on the 1962 novel of the same name by Eugene Burdick and Harvey Wheeler. The film follows a crisis caused by a critical error that sends a group of U.S. bombers to destroy Moscow, and the ensuing attempts to stop the bomber group before it can deploy a nuclear first strike. The film features performances by actors Henry Fonda, Dan O'Herlihy, Walter Matthau, Frank Overton, Fritz Weaver, Edward Binns, Larry Hagman, Sorrell Booke, Dana Elcar, and Dom DeLuise.

In 2000, the novel was adapted again as a televised play starring George Clooney, Richard Dreyfuss and Noah Wyle, and broadcast live in black and white on CBS.

Plot
United States Air Force General Black has been having recurring dreams in which a Spanish matador kills a bull before a cheering crowd. Black flies to Washington, D.C. to attend a conference led by Dr. Groeteschele, a political scientist renowned for his expertise on the politics of nuclear weapons.

Groeteschele is a fervent anti-communist. At a dinner party the evening before, he dismisses the fears that such a war would destroy the human race. To Groeteschele, nuclear war, like any other war, must have a victor and a loser, and the millions who might die in such a war are the price to be paid to end the Soviet threat.

USAF early warning radar indicates that an unidentified aircraft has intruded into U.S. airspace. Shortly after, the intruder is identified as an off-course civilian airliner. However, a computer error causes one U.S. bomber group, Group 6, to erroneously receive apparently valid orders for a nuclear attack on Moscow. Attempts to rescind this order fail because a new Soviet countermeasure jams U.S. radio communications. Colonel Jack Grady, the group's commander, obeys the order, and Group 6 starts flying their "Vindicator" bombers over the Arctic towards Moscow.

The President of the United States attempts to recall the bombers or shoot them down. Groeteschele is called on to advise the President. Though the military — including Black — warns the President that the Soviets will retaliate with everything they have, Groeteschele insists that the Soviets will surrender when Group 6 reaches Moscow. U.S. fighters scramble to intercept the Vindicators but, using their afterburners, they run out of fuel before they can reach Group 6 and plunge into the Arctic waters.

Communications are opened with the Soviet Premier. The jamming ceases, but the crew follows their training, dismissing the counter-orders as a Soviet ruse. General Bogan advises the Soviets on how to trigger the Vindicators' defense missiles. The President struggles to find a solution that will avert a nuclear holocaust. He orders a U.S. nuclear bomber to fly towards New York City to bomb it if necessary, trading the largest American city for the largest Soviet city, despite knowing that the First Lady is there.

The Soviets destroy most of Group 6, but miss both Grady's plane and a second decoy plane, carrying only defensive weapons. The second plane draws Soviet aircraft away from Grady, despite Bogan's desperate pleas to the Soviets, allowing Grady to evade their defenses.

The Soviets, in desperation, fire all their weapons in the path of the remaining Vindicator. As Grady nears Moscow, the Americans are finally able to reach him via radio. Both the President and Grady's own wife desperately urge him to break off the attack. As Grady wavers, a salvo of Soviet missiles targets his plane. Grady decoys them with the last of his defensive missiles, causing them to detonate far above him, though Grady knows that his crew has received a fatal dose of radiation. Grady dismisses the pleas as a trick.

The President remains in contact with the U.S. ambassador in Moscow until the telephone line abruptly cuts off with a loud squeal. He then orders General Black, whose wife and children live in New York City, to fly over the city and bomb it, using the Empire State Building as ground zero. Black obeys, taking full responsibility by dropping the bomb himself, then commits suicide with a vial of poison hidden in his flight suit. As he dies, he calls out to his doomed wife telling her that he has at last learned the meaning of his recurring dream: "The Matador, the Matador, the Matador ... me ... me."

The last moments of the film show images of people in New York going about their daily lives, unaware of the coming disaster, followed by freeze-frames of their faces as the nuclear bomb explodes.

Cast

 * Henry Fonda as the President of the United States
 * Dan O'Herlihy as Brigadier General Warren A. "Blackie" Black, USAF
 * Walter Matthau as Professor Groeteschele
 * Frank Overton as General Bogan, USAF
 * Fritz Weaver as Colonel Cascio, USAF
 * Edward Binns as Colonel Jack Grady, USAF
 * Larry Hagman as Buck, the President's interpreter
 * William Hansen as Defense Secretary Swenson
 * Russell Hardie as General Stark
 * Russell Collins as Gordon Knapp
 * Sorrell Booke as Congressman Raskob
 * Nancy Berg as Ilsa Woolfe
 * John Connell as Thomas
 * Frank Simpson as Sullivan
 * Hildy Parks as Betty Black
 * Janet Ward as Helen Grady
 * Dom DeLuise as Master Sergeant Collins, USAF
 * Dana Elcar as Mr. Foster
 * Stewart Germain as Mr. Cascio
 * Louise Larabee as Mrs. Cascio
 * Frieda Altman as Mrs. Jennie Johnson

Production
The film was shot in black and white, in a dramatic, theatrical style with claustrophobic close-ups, sharp shadows and ponderous silences between several characters. Except for radio background during a scene at an Air Force base in Alaska, there is no original music score (only the electronic sound effects act as the film's main and end title music). With few exceptions, the action takes place largely in the White House underground bunker, the Pentagon war conference room, the SAC war room, and a single bomber cockpit (a "Vindicator bomber"). Shots of normal daily life are seen only after the title opening credits and in the final scene depicting an ordinary New York City day, its residents entirely unsuspecting of their imminent destruction, each scene ending with a freeze-frame shot at the moment of impact.

The character of Groeteschele was inspired, according to Lumet's audio commentary on the film, by military strategist Herman Kahn.

The "Vindicator" bombers (an invention of the novelists) are sometimes represented in the film with stock footage of Convair B-58 Hustlers. Fighters sent to attack the bombers are illustrated by film clips of the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter, Convair F-102 Delta Dagger, Dassault Mirage III and McDonnell F-101 Voodoo. Stock footage was used because the Air Force declined to cooperate in the production, disliking the premise of a lack of control over nuclear strike forces. The scene depicting bombers taking off was stock footage of a single B-58 takeoff edited to look like several bombers taking off in succession. A nightmare quality is imparted to many of the flying sequences by depicting the planes in photographic negative. In several of the negative sequences the "Soviet interceptors" were actually French-built Mirage fighters with Israeli markings.

Reception
When Fail Safe opened in October 1964, it garnered excellent reviews, but its box office performance was poor. Its failure rested with the similarity between it and the nuclear war satire Dr. Strangelove, which had appeared in theaters first, in January 1964. Still, the film later was applauded as a Cold War thriller. The novel sold through to the 1980s and 1990s, and the film was given high marks for retaining the essence of the novel. Over the years, both the novel and the movie were well received for their depiction of a nuclear crisis, despite many critical reviews rejecting the notion that a breakdown in communication could result in the erroneous go-command depicted in the novel and the movie.

The film was nominated at the 1966 BAFTA Awards for the United Nations Award category.

Lawsuit
Fail Safe and Dr. Strangelove were both produced in the period after the Cuban Missile Crisis, when people became much more sensitive to the threat of nuclear war. Fail Safe so closely resembled Peter George's novel Red Alert, on which Dr. Strangelove was based, that Dr. Strangelove screenwriter/director Stanley Kubrick and George filed a copyright infringement lawsuit. The case was settled out of court. The result of the settlement was that Columbia Pictures, which had financed and was distributing Dr. Strangelove, also bought Fail Safe, which had been an independently financed production. Kubrick insisted that the studio release his movie first.

title: Fail Safe (1964 film)


text:
Supreme Court of Canada

The Supreme Court of Canada (SCC; Cour suprême du Canada, CSC) is the highest court in the judicial system of Canada. It comprises nine justices, whose decisions are the ultimate application of Canadian law, and grants permission to between 40 and 75 litigants each year to appeal decisions rendered by provincial, territorial and federal appellate courts. The Supreme Court is bijural, hearing cases from two major legal traditions (common law and civil law) and bilingual, hearing cases in both official languages of Canada (English and French).

The effects of any judicial decision on the common law, on the interpretation of statutes, or on any other application of law, can, in effect, be nullified by legislation, unless the particular decision of the court in question involves application of the Canadian Constitution, in which case, the decision (in most cases) is completely binding on the legislative branch. This is especially true of decisions which touch upon the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which cannot be altered by the legislative branch unless the decision is overridden pursuant to section 33 (the "notwithstanding clause").

History

The creation of the Supreme Court of Canada was provided for by the British North America Act, 1867, renamed in 1982 the Constitution Act, 1867. The first bills for the creation of a federal supreme court, introduced in the Parliament of Canada in 1869 and in 1870, were withdrawn. It was not until 8 April 1875 that a bill was finally passed providing for the creation of a Supreme Court of Canada.

However, prior to 1949, the Supreme Court did not constitute the court of last resort: litigants could appeal SCC decisions to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London. Some cases could bypass the Supreme Court and go directly to the Judicial Committee from the provincial courts of appeal. The Supreme Court formally became the court of last resort for criminal appeals in 1933 and for all other appeals in 1949. Cases that were begun prior to those dates remained appealable to the Judicial Committee, and the last case on appeal from the Supreme Court of Canada was not decided until 1959.

The increase in the importance of the Supreme Court was mirrored by the numbers of its members; it was established first with six judges, and these were augmented by an additional member in 1927. In 1949, the bench reached its current composition of nine justices.

Prior to 1949, most of the appointees to the court owed their position to political patronage. Each judge had strong ties to the party in power at the time of their appointment. In 1973, the appointment of a constitutional law professor Bora Laskin as chief justice represented a major turning point for the court. Laskin's federalist and liberal views were shared by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, who recommended Laskin's appointment to the court, but from that appointment onward appointees increasingly either came from academic backgrounds or were well-respected practitioners with several years' experience in appellate courts.

The Constitution Act, 1982, greatly expanded the role of the court in Canadian society by the addition of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which greatly broadened the scope of judicial review. The evolution from the court under Chief Justice Brian Dickson (1984–1990) through to that of Antonio Lamer (1990–2000) witnessed a continuing vigour in the protection of civil liberties. Lamer's criminal law background proved an influence on the number of criminal cases heard by the Court during his time as chief justice. Nonetheless, the Lamer court was more conservative with Charter rights, with only about a 1% success rate for Charter claimants.

Lamer was succeeded as the chief justice by Beverley McLachlin in January 2000. She was the first woman to hold that position. McLachlin's appointment resulted in a more centrist and unified court. Dissenting and concurring opinions were fewer than during the Dickson and Lamer courts. With the 2005 appointments of puisne justices Louise Charron and Rosalie Abella, the court became the world's most gender-balanced national high court with four of its nine members being female. Justice Marie Deschamps' retirement on 7 August 2012 caused the number to fall to three; however, the appointment of Suzanne Côté on 1 December 2014 restored the number to four. After serving on the court for ( as chief justice), McLachlin retired in December 2017. Her successor as the chief justice is Richard Wagner.

Along with the German Federal Constitutional Court and the European Court of Human Rights, the Supreme Court of Canada is among the most frequently cited courts in the world.

Canadian judiciary
The structure of the Canadian court system is pyramidal, a broad base being formed by the various provincial and territorial courts whose judges are appointed by the provincial or territorial governments. At the next level are the provincial and territorial superior trial courts, where judges are appointed by the federal government. Judgments from the superior courts may be appealed to a still higher level, the provincial or territorial superior courts of appeal.

Several federal courts also exist: the Tax Court, the Federal Court, the Federal Court of Appeal, and the Court Martial Appeal Court. Unlike the provincial superior courts, which exercise inherent or general jurisdiction, the jurisdiction of federal courts and provincially appointed provincial courts are limited by statute. In all, there are over 1,000 federally appointed judges at various levels across Canada.

Appellate process
The Supreme Court rests at the apex of the judicial pyramid. This institution hears appeals from the provincial courts of last resort, usually the provincial or territorial courts of appeal, and the Federal Court of Appeal, although in some matters appeals come straight from the trial courts, as in the case of publication bans and other orders that are otherwise not appealable.

In most cases, permission to appeal must first be obtained from the court. Motions for leave to appeal to the court are generally heard by a panel of three of its judges and a simple majority is determinative. By convention, this panel never explains why it grants or refuses leave in any particular case, but the court typically hears cases of national importance or where the case allows it to settle an important issue of law. Leave is rarely granted, meaning that for most litigants, provincial courts of appeal are courts of last resort. But leave to appeal is not required for some cases, primarily indictable criminal cases in which at least one appellate judge (on the relevant provincial court of appeal) dissented on a point of law, and appeals from provincial reference cases.

A final source of cases is the power of the federal government to submit reference cases. In such cases, the Supreme Court is required to give an opinion on questions referred to it by the Governor in Council (the Cabinet). However, in many cases, including the most recent same-sex marriage reference, the Supreme Court has declined to answer a question from the Cabinet. In that case, the court said it would not decide if same-sex marriages were required by the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, because the government had announced it would change the law regardless of its opinion, and subsequently did.

Constitutional interpretation
The Supreme Court thus performs a unique function. It can be asked by the Governor-in-Council to hear references considering important questions of law. Such referrals may concern the constitutionality or interpretation of federal or provincial legislation, or the division of powers between federal and provincial spheres of government. Any point of law may be referred in this manner. However, the Court is not often called upon to hear references. References have been used to re-examine criminal convictions that have concerned the country as in the cases of David Milgaard and Steven Truscott.

The Supreme Court has the ultimate power of judicial review over Canadian federal and provincial laws' constitutional validity. If a federal or provincial law has been held contrary to the division of power provisions of one of the various constitution acts, the legislature or parliament must either live with the result, amend the law so that it complies, or obtain an amendment to the constitution. If a law is declared contrary to certain sections of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Parliament or the provincial legislatures may make that particular law temporarily valid again against by using the "override power" of the notwithstanding clause. In one case, the Quebec National Assembly invoked this power to override a Supreme Court decision (Ford v Quebec (AG)) that held that one of Quebec's language laws banning the display of English commercial signs was inconsistent with the Charter. Saskatchewan has also used it to uphold its labour laws. This override power can be exercised for five years, after which time the override must be renewed or the decision comes into force.

In some cases, the court may stay the effect of its judgments so that unconstitutional laws continue in force for a period of time. Usually, this is done to give Parliament or a legislature sufficient time to enact a new replacement scheme of legislation. For example, in Reference Re Manitoba Language Rights, the court struck down Manitoba's laws because they were not enacted in the French language, as required by the Constitution. However, the Court stayed its judgment for five years to give Manitoba time to re-enact all its legislation in French. It turned out five years was insufficient so the court was asked, and agreed, to give more time.

Constitutional questions may, of course, also be raised in the normal case of appeals involving individual litigants, governments, government agencies or Crown corporations. In such cases the federal and provincial governments must be notified of any constitutional questions and may intervene to submit a brief and attend oral argument at the court. Usually the other governments are given the right to argue their case in the court, although on rare occasions this has been curtailed and prevented by order of one of the court's judges.

Sessions
The Supreme Court sits in three sessions in each calendar year. The first session begins on the fourth Tuesday in January, the second session on the fourth Tuesday in April, and the third session on the first Tuesday in October. The Court determines how long each session will be. Hearings only take place in Ottawa, although litigants can present oral arguments from remote locations by means of a video-conference system. Hearings are open to the public. Most hearings are taped for delayed telecast in both of Canada's official languages. When in session, the court sits Monday to Friday, hearing two appeals a day. A quorum consists of five members for appeals, but a panel of nine justices hears most cases. On the bench, the chief justice of Canada or, in his or her absence, the senior puisne justice, presides from the centre chair with the other justices seated to his or her right and left by order of seniority of appointment. At sittings, the justices usually appear in black silk robes but they wear their ceremonial robes of bright scarlet trimmed with Canadian white mink in court on special occasions and in the Senate at the opening of each new session of Parliament.

Counsel appearing before the court may use either English or French. The judges can also use either English or French. There is simultaneous translation available to the judges, counsel and to members of the public who are in the audience.

The decision of the court is sometimes – but rarely – rendered orally at the conclusion of the hearing. In these cases, the court may simply refer to the decision of the court below to explain its own reasons. In other cases, the court may announce its decision at the conclusion of the hearing, with reasons to follow. As well, in some cases, the court may not call on counsel for the respondent, if it has not been convinced by the arguments of counsel for the appellant. In very rare cases, the court may not call on counsel for the appellant and instead calls directly on counsel for the respondent. However, in most cases, the court hears from all counsel and then reserves judgment to enable the justices to write considered reasons. Decisions of the court need not be unanimous – a majority may decide, with dissenting reasons given by the minority. Justices may write separate or joint opinions for any case.

A puisne justice of the Supreme Court is referred to as The Honourable Mr/Madam Justice and the chief justice as Right Honourable. At one time, judges were addressed as "My Lord" or "My Lady" during sessions of the court, but it has since discouraged this style of address and has directed lawyers to use the simpler "Justice", "Mr Justice" or "Madam Justice". The designation "My Lord/My Lady" continues in many provincial superior courts and in the Federal Court of Canada and Federal Court of Appeal, where it is optional.

Every four years, the Judicial Compensation and Benefits Commission makes recommendations to the federal government about the salaries for federally appointed judges, including the judges of the Supreme Court. That recommendation is not legally binding on the federal government, but the federal government is generally required to comply with the recommendation unless there is a very good reason to not do so. The chief justice receives $370,300 while the puisne justices receive $342,800 annually.

Appointment of justices
Justices of the Supreme Court of Canada are appointed on the advice of the prime minister.

The Supreme Court Act limits eligibility for appointment to persons who have been judges of a superior court or members of the bar for ten or more years. Members of the bar or superior judiciary of Quebec, by law, must hold three of the nine positions on the Supreme Court of Canada. This is justified on the basis that Quebec uses civil law, rather than common law, as in the rest of the country. As explained in the reasons in Reference Re Supreme Court Act, ss. 5 and 6, sitting judges of the Federal Court and Federal Court of Appeal cannot be appointed to any of Quebec's three seats. By convention, the remaining six positions are divided in the following manner: three from Ontario; two from the western provinces, typically one from British Columbia and one from the prairie provinces, which rotate among themselves (although Alberta is known to cause skips in the rotation); and one from the Atlantic provinces, almost always from Nova Scotia or New Brunswick. Parliament and the provincial governments have no constitutional role in such appointments, sometimes a point of contention.

In 2006, an interview phase by an ad hoc committee of members of Parliament was added. Justice Marshall Rothstein became the first justice to undergo the new process. The prime minister still has the final say on who becomes the candidate that is recommended to the governor general for appointment to the court. The government proposed an interview phase again in 2008, but a general election and minority parliament intervened with delays such that the Prime Minister recommended Justice Cromwell after consulting the leader of the Opposition.

As of August 2016, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau opened the process of application to change from the above-noted appointment process. Under the revised process, "[any] Canadian lawyer or judge who fits specified criteria can apply for a seat on the Supreme Court, through the Office of the Commissioner for Federal Judicial Affairs." Functional bilingualism is now a requirement.

Justices were originally allowed to remain on the bench for life, but in 1927 a mandatory retirement age of 75 was instituted. They may choose to retire earlier, but can only be removed involuntarily before that age by a vote of the Senate and House of Commons.

Current members
The current chief justice of Canada is Richard Wagner. He was appointed to the court as a puisne judge on 5 October 2012 and appointed chief justice, 18 December 2017. The nine justices of the Wagner Court are:

Length of tenure
The following graphical timeline depicts the length of each current justice's tenure on the Supreme Court (not their position in the court's order of precedence) as of.

Andromache Karakatsanis has had the longest tenure of any of the current members of the court, having been appointed in October 2011. Richard Wagner's cumulative tenure is — as puisne justice, and as chief justice. Mary Moreau has the briefest tenure, having been appointed ago. The length of tenure for the other justices are: Suzanne Côté, ; Malcom Rowe, ; Sheilah Martin, ; Nicholas Kasirer, ; Mahmud Jamal, ; and Michelle O'Bonsawin,.

Rules of the court
The Rules of the Supreme Court of Canada are located on the laws-lois.justice.gc.ca website, as well as in the Canada Gazette, as SOR/2002-216 (plus amendments), made pursuant to subsection 97(1) of the Supreme Court Act. Fees and taxes are stipulated near the end.

Law clerks
Since 1967, the court has hired law clerks to assist in legal research. Between 1967 and 1982, each puisne justice was assisted by one law clerk and the chief justice had two. From 1982, the number was increased to two law clerks for each justice. Currently, each justice has up to three law clerks.

Building
The Supreme Court of Canada Building (L’édifice de la Cour suprême du Canada) is located just west of Parliament Hill, at 301 Wellington Street. It is situated on a bluff high above the Ottawa River in downtown Ottawa and is home to the Supreme Court of Canada. It also contains two courtrooms used by the Federal Court and the Federal Court of Appeal.

The building was designed by Ernest Cormier and is known for its Art Deco style —including two candelabrum-style fluted metal lamp standards that flank the entrance and the marble walls and floors of the lobby —contrasting with the châteauesque roof. Construction began in 1939, with the cornerstone laid by Queen Elizabeth, consort of King George VI and later known as the Queen Mother. In her speech, she said, "perhaps it is not inappropriate that this task should be performed by a woman; for woman's position in a civilized society has depended upon the growth of law." The court began hearing cases in the new building by January 1946.

In 2000, the edifice was named by the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada as one of the top 500 buildings produced in Canada during the last millennium. Canada Post issued a commemorative stamp on 9 June 2011, as part of the Architecture Art Déco series.

Two flagstaffs have been erected in front of the building. A flag on one is flown daily, while the other is hoisted only on those days when the court is in session. Also located on the grounds are several statues, including one of Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent, by Elek Imredy in 1976, and two—Veritas (Truth) and Justitia (Justice)—by Canadian sculptor Walter S. Allward. Inside there are busts of several chief justices: John Robert Cartwright (1967–1970), Bora Laskin (1973–1983), Brian Dickson (1984–1990), and Antonio Lamer (1990–2000), all sculpted by Kenneth Phillips Jarvis, a retired Under Treasurer of the Law Society of Upper Canada.

The court was previously housed in the Railway Committee Room and a number of other committee rooms in the Centre Block on Parliament Hill. The court then sat in the Old Supreme Court building on Bank Street, between 1889 and 1945. That structure was demolished in 1955 and the site used as parking for Parliament Hill.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Supreme Court of Canada


text:
Finley Point, Montana

Finley Point (Salish: sčc̓méple ) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Lake County, Montana, United States. As of the 2010 census the population was 480.

Geography
The Finley Point CDP is located in north-central Lake County at 47.75083°N, -114.075°W (47.750877, -114.074974). It occupies a peninsula named Finley Point that extends into Flathead Lake from the southeast, separating Skidoo Bay to the north from East Bay to the south. The CDP is bordered to the east by Montana Highway 35, which follows the eastern shore of Flathead Lake, leading north 25 mi to Bigfork and southwest 8 mi to Polson, the Lake county seat.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 29.5 km2, of which 11.1 km2 are land and 18.5 km2, or 62.56%, are water.

Near Finley Point is nccm̓esšn, "place with small rocks."

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 493 people, 213 households, and 142 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 115.0 PD/sqmi. There were 637 housing units at an average density of 148.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 80.93% White, 14.00% Native American, 0.20% Asian, 0.61% from other races, and 4.26% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.22% of the population.

There were 213 households, out of which 20.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.7% were married couples living together, 4.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.9% were non-families. 29.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.76.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 18.7% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 20.5% from 25 to 44, 35.3% from 45 to 64, and 19.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48 years. For every 100 females, there were 110.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 112.2 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $30,987, and the median income for a family was $49,063. Males had a median income of $40,714 versus $17,639 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $19,575. About 7.9% of families and 8.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.0% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

title: Finley Point, Montana


text:
Kerr, Montana

Kerr is a census-designated place (CDP) in Lake County, Montana, United States. The population was 251 at the 2010 census, up from 17 in 2000.

Geography
Kerr is located in north-central Lake County at 47.67778°N, -114.1925°W (47.677998, -114.192717), bordering the southwest side of Polson, the county seat. The western edge of the Kerr CDP is formed by the Flathead River as it exits Flathead Lake.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2.63 km2, of which 2.36 km2 are land and 0.28 km2, or 10.49%, are water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 17 people, 6 households, and 6 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 69.9 PD/sqmi. There were 9 housing units at an average density of 37.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 82.35% White and 17.65% Native American. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11.76% of the population.

There were 6 households, out of which 50.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 100.0% were married couples living together, and 0.0% were non-families. No households were made up of individuals, and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.83 and the average family size was 2.83.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 23.5% under the age of 18, 11.8% from 18 to 24, 23.5% from 25 to 44, 29.4% from 45 to 64, and 11.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 70.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.7 males.

title: Kerr, Montana


text:
Kicking Horse, Montana

Kicking Horse is a census-designated place (CDP) in Lake County, Montana, United States. The population was 286 at the 2010 census, up from 80 in 2000.

Geography
Kicking Horse is located in south-central Lake County at 47.46194°N, -114.08444°W (47.461892, -114.084475). It covers all of Kicking Horse Reservoir and land to the east and south. The CDP extends west to U.S. Route 93, south to Eagle Pass Trail, and east to Hillside Road. The northwest boundary follows Kicking Horse Road and the northwest side of Kicking Horse Reservoir up to Mollmann Pass Trail, which forms the short northern border of the CDP. Kicking Horse is 19 mi south of Polson, the Lake county seat, 5 mi south of Ronan, and 15 mi north of Ravalli via US 93.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the Kicking Horse CDP has a total area of 9.2 km2, of which 6.3 km2 are land and 3.0 km2, or 32.06%, are water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 80 people, 27 households, and 19 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 32.4 PD/sqmi. There were 29 housing units at an average density of 11.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 47.50% White, 46.25% Native American, 2.50% from other races, and 3.75% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.25% of the population.

There were 27 households, out of which 48.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.9% were married couples living together, 7.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.6% were non-families. 18.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.96 and the average family size was 3.32.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 33.8% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 35.0% from 25 to 44, 21.3% from 45 to 64, and 2.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 112.0 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $28,906, and the median income for a family was $60,078. Males had a median income of $38,750 versus $7,500 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $16,524. There were 22.6% of families and 41.8% of the population living below the poverty line, including 100.0% of under eighteens and 50.0% of those over 64.

title: Kicking Horse, Montana


text:
Kings Point, Montana

Kings Point is a census-designated place (CDP) in Lake County, Montana, United States. The population was 151 at the 2010 census, down from 169 in 2000.

Geography
Kings Point is located in north-central Lake County at 47.77111°N, -114.14556°W (47.771010, -114.145468). It occupies the western shore of Flathead Lake from Black Point in the north to the community of Rocky Point in the south. Physical features along the lake that are in the CDP from north to south include Safety Bay, The Narrows, Lansing Point, Kings Point, Stone Quarry Bay, and Wolf Point. Black Point Road, Kings Point Road, and Rocky Point Road form the western edge of the CDP. The community is 6 mi north of Polson, the county seat.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3.5 km2, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 169 people, 82 households, and 60 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 120.4 PD/sqmi. There were 295 housing units at an average density of 210.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 85.21% White, 8.28% Native American, 1.78% Asian, and 4.73% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.18% of the population.

There were 82 households, out of which 12.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.9% were married couples living together, 6.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.8% were non-families. 19.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.06 and the average family size was 2.32.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 9.5% under the age of 18, 3.0% from 18 to 24, 14.2% from 25 to 44, 37.3% from 45 to 64, and 36.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 57 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.0 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $19,750, and the median income for a family was $73,281. Males had a median income of $0 versus $12,292 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $22,827. None of the families and 13.2% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 18.9% of those over 64.

title: Kings Point, Montana


text:
Ravalli, Montana

Ravalli (Salish: sk̓ʷɫólqʷe, sk̓ʷɫʔó ) is an unincorporated community in Lake County, Montana, United States. The population was 76 at the 2010 census, down from 119 in 2000. For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined Ravalli as a census-designated place (CDP). In the early 1900s, the Pablo-Allard herd in Ravalli was said to be the largest collection of the bison remaining in the U.S. and played a critical role in the conservation of bison.

History
A post office called Ravalli was established in 1887 and remained in operation until 1983. The community was named for Antonio Ravalli, a Jesuit missionary to the Indians.

Geography
Ravalli is located in southern Lake County at the junction of U.S. Route 93 and Montana Highway 200, at the bottom of a big hill near the CSKT Bison Range. US 93 leads north 33 mi to Polson, the Lake county seat, and south 36 mi to Missoula. MT 200 leads west 7 mi to Dixon.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 6.8 km2, of which 0.03 sqkm, or 0.42%, are water. The community is in the valley of the Jocko River, which flows northwest to the Flathead River at Dixon.

Climate
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Ravalli has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 119 people, 48 households, and 30 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 44.8 PD/sqmi. There were 52 housing units at an average density of 19.6 per square mile (7.6/km$2$). The racial makeup of the CDP was 71.43% White, 27.73% Native American, and 0.84% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.72% of the population.

There were 48 households, out of which 33.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.7% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.5% were non-families. 25.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.03.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 27.7% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 33.6% from 25 to 44, 20.2% from 45 to 64, and 10.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.0 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $26,750, and the median income for a family was $29,688. Males had a median income of $4,750 versus $32,708 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $14,094. There were 16.0% of families and 24.0% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and none of those over 64.

title: Ravalli, Montana


text:
Rocky Point, Montana

Rocky Point is a census-designated place (CDP) in Lake County, Montana, United States. The population was 97 at the 2010 census.

Geography
Rocky Point is located in north-central Lake County at 47.73222°N, -114.1825°W (47.732361, -114.182570), along the west shore of the south end of Flathead Lake. It is bordered to the northeast by the Kings Point CDP and to the southwest by the Jette CDP. It is 3 mi north of Polson, the county seat.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1.6 km2, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 107 people, 45 households, and 34 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 174.8 PD/sqmi. There were 66 housing units at an average density of 107.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 95.33% White, 0.93% Native American, and 3.74% from two or more races.

There were 45 households, out of which 26.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.2% were married couples living together, 4.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.4% were non-families. 17.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.71.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 21.5% under the age of 18, 4.7% from 18 to 24, 19.6% from 25 to 44, 35.5% from 45 to 64, and 18.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.7 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $41,364, and the median income for a family was $54,643. Males had a median income of $47,969 versus $26,250 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $17,576. There were no families and 20.0% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and none of those over 64.

title: Rocky Point, Montana


text:
Rollins, Montana

Rollins is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Lake County, Montana, United States. The population was 209 at the 2010 census, up from 183 in 2000.

The community began in the 1880s as Bay View. It was renamed when the post office was opened in 1904.

Geography
The town is just north of the Flathead Indian Reservation on the west shore of Flathead Lake.

Rollins is located in northern Lake County at 47.90778°N, -114.19528°W (47.907804, -114.195343), along the west side of Flathead Lake. Topographic features along the lakeshore of Rollins include, from south to north, Crescent Bay, Canal Bay, Sessions Point, Deweys Bay, Bennetts Bay, Hyde Bay, Zelezny Bay, and Painted Rocks.

U.S. Route 93 runs through Rollins, leading north 23 mi to Kalispell and south 28 mi to Polson, the Lake county seat.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the Rollins CDP has a total area of 7.5 km2, all land.

Climate
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Rollins has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 183 people, 83 households, and 60 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 62.5 PD/sqmi. There were 218 housing units at an average density of 74.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 98.36% White, 0.55% Native American, and 1.09% from two or more races.

There were 83 households, out of which 14.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.1% were married couples living together, 1.2% had a female householder with no spouse present, and 27.7% were non-families. 26.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.62.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 15.3% under the age of 18, 3.8% from 18 to 24, 13.7% from 25 to 44, 34.4% from 45 to 64, and 32.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 54 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.2 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $31,875, and the median income for a family was $34,821. Males had a median income of $19,583 versus $33,750 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $27,255. About 7.5% of families and 7.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under the age of eighteen or sixty five or over.

title: Rollins, Montana


text:
St. Ignatius, Montana

St. Ignatius (Salish: snyél̓mn, Ktunaxa: ʔa·kikqǂaǂaǂuk̓pǂiʔit ) is a town in Lake County, Montana, United States. The population was 768 at the 2020 census. The town is located on the Flathead Indian Reservation.

History
It was named for and is the site of the St. Ignatius Mission, established by Fr. Pierre-Jean De Smet, a Belgian Jesuit Catholic missionary who worked for his entire career in the American Midwest and West.. The mission is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In July 1919 the town was all but wiped out by raging forest fire. Only a bank, one store and a hotel, remained standing.

Geography
U.S. Route 93 passes through town.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.56 sqmi, all land.

Climate
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, St. Ignatius has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 842 people, 333 households, and 210 families living in the town. The population density was 1503.6 PD/sqmi. There were 369 housing units at an average density of 658.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 48.3% White, 0.2% African American, 42.4% Native American, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.2% from other races, and 8.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.2% of the population.

There were 333 households, of which 37.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.0% were married couples living together, 21.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36.9% were non-families. 31.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.18.

The median age in the town was 35 years. 30.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.6% were from 25 to 44; 24.6% were from 45 to 64; and 14.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 48.2% male and 51.8% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 788 people, 307 households, and 194 families living in the town. The population density was 1,509.1 PD/sqmi. There were 328 housing units at an average density of 628.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 52.54% White, 44.67% Native American, 0.13% Asian, 0.13% Pacific Islander, 0.25% from other races, and 2.28% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.19% of the population.

There were 307 households, out of which 34.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.4% were married couples living together, 18.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.8% were non-families. 31.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.27.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 32.1% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 24.6% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 12.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females there were 84.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 74.8 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $25,682, and the median income for a family was $34,250. Males had a median income of $30,804 versus $24,844 for females. The per capita income for the town was $12,336. About 15.5% of families and 19.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.2% of those under age 18 and 17.6% of those age 65 or over.

Education

 * St. Ignatius High School
 * Glacier Lake School, a private alternative school
 * Pinehaven Christian Children's Ranch

The St Ignatius School-Community Library is a public library which serves the area.

Media
The Valley Journal provides local news to Arlee, Charlo, Pablo, Polson, Ronan, and St. Ignatius.

Notable people

 * Sam Burley, middle-distance track athlete; born in St. Ignatius
 * Corwin Clairmont, artist and educator
 * Tim Ryan, country singer
 * Diane Sands, member of the Montana House of Representatives; born in St. Ignatius
 * Stephanie Trudeau, 2007 Miss Montana USA; grew up in St. Ignatius

title: St. Ignatius, Montana


text:
Turtle Lake, Montana

Turtle Lake (Salish: čɫqq̓liʔ ) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Lake County, Montana, United States. The population was 209 at the 2010 census.

Geography
Turtle Lake is located in central Lake County at 47.6728°N, -114.07276°W (47.672799, -114.072758). It is a residential community sited around Turtle Lake, a small water body that seasonally drains north to Flathead Lake. It is 5 mi southeast of Polson, the Lake county seat.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the Turtle Lake CDP has a total area of 1.7 km2, of which 1.5 km2 are land and 0.2 km2, or 9.37%, are water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 194 people, 55 households, and 43 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 373.2 PD/sqmi. There were 60 housing units at an average density of 115.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 7.73% White, 89.18% Native American, and 3.09% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.09% of the population.

There were 55 households, out of which 49.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.0% were married couples living together, 30.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.8% were non-families. 16.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.53 and the average family size was 3.93.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 46.9% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 23.7% from 25 to 44, 17.5% from 45 to 64, and 3.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 21 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.0 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $36,250, and the median income for a family was $23,125. Males had a median income of $16,042 versus $14,861 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $9,838. About 46.5% of families and 54.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including all of those under the age of 18 and none of those 65 or over.

title: Turtle Lake, Montana


text:
Woods Bay, Montana

Woods Bay is a census-designated place (CDP) in Lake County, Montana, United States. The population was 661 at the 2010 census, down from 748 at the 2000 census.

Geography
Woods Bay is located in northern Lake County at 48.00667°N, -114.06306°W (48.006749, -114.063121), on the eastern shore of the northern end of Flathead Lake. It is bordered to the north by the community of Bigfork in Flathead County. Montana Highway 35 passes through the community, leading north 5 mi into Bigfork and south 28 mi to Polson, the Lake county seat. Kalispell is 22 mi northwest of Woods Bay via highways 35, 82, and 93.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the Woods Bay CDP has a total area of 3.6 km2, of which 0.04 km2, or 1.15%, are water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 661 people living in the CDP. There were 496 housing units, 287 occupied with 233 of those being owner-occupied and 209 were vacant. 524 of the total population reside in the 233 owner-occupied housing units. 172 of the vacant properties were for seasonal/recreational/occasional use.

There were 287 households, out of which 74 had children under the age of 18 living with them, 174 were married couples living together, 20 had a female householder with no husband present, and 88 were non-families. 74 of all households were made up of individuals living alone. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.75.

The racial makeup of the CDP was 639 (96.67%) White, 5 (0.76%) Native American, 1 (0.15%) Asian, 1 (0.15%) from other races, and 15 (2.27%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 14 (2.12%) out of the total.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 19.4% under the age of 18, 6.2% from 18 to 24, 20.6% from 25 to 44, 33.4% from 45 to 64, and 20.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48.1 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.1 males.

The median income for a household in the past 12 months (2006-2010 5 year estimate) in the CDP was $26,875, and the median income for a family was $78,295. Males had a median income of $12,100 versus $4,536 for females in non-family households. About 13.5% of families and 31.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 51.2% of those under age 18 and 0% of those age 65 or over. Approximately 91 households have received SNAP (food stamps) in the past 12 months.

Note: The margin of error in these statistics is rather high, so the accuracy may be in question, partially because it appears in Woods Bay CDP people are either very rich and live there in their vacation home seasonally or they are fairly poor and live there year-round.

title: Woods Bay, Montana


text:
Augusta, Montana

Augusta is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Lewis and Clark County, Montana, United States. The population was 309 at the 2010 census and rose to 316 in the 2020 census. The most accepted version in the naming of this town is after Augusta Hogan, thought to be the first child born in this town, the daughter of J. D. Hogan, an early rancher.

Augusta is part of the Helena Micropolitan Statistical Area.

The original townsite was dedicated on May 8, 1893. A fire on April 4, 1901, destroyed part of the town.

Geography
Augusta is located in northern Lewis and Clark County on the north side of Elk Creek (or the South Fork of the Sun River), which flows out of the Lewis and Clark Range to the southwest and leads northeast to the Sun River, part of the Missouri River watershed.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the Augusta CDP has a total area of 2.4 km2, all land.

Augusta is a gateway to the Bob Marshall Wilderness and Scapegoat Wilderness areas and the Lewis and Clark National Forest.

Climate
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Augusta has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps.

Demographics
As of the 2020 census, there were 316 people, and 142 households in the CDP. There were 205 housing units (161 occupied). 25.2% of people were under 18 and 23.3% were 65 and over.

As of the census of 2000, there were 284 people, 142 households, and 83 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 509.1 PD/sqmi. There were 193 housing units at an average density of 346.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 92.61% White, 2.46% Native American, 1.41% from other races, and 3.52% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.76% of the population.

There were 142 households, out of which 19.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.6% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.5% were non-families. 38.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.00 and the average family size was 2.63.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 19.4% under the age of 18, 4.2% from 18 to 24, 16.9% from 25 to 44, 33.5% from 45 to 64, and 26.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 50 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 112.0 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $24,688, and the median income for a family was $30,956. Males had a median income of $23,125 versus $15,536 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $14,608. About 9.6% of families and 14.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.5% of those under the age of eighteen and 6.1% of those 65 or over.

Education
Augusta has a public school system serving grades K-12. The CDP is covered by two school districts: Augusta Elementary School District and Augusta High School District. Both districts are a part of Augusta Public Schools. Augusta High School is a Class C school. The mascot is the Elks.

Augusta has a public library, a branch of the Lewis & Clark Library.

Media
The Augusta Breeze is an online newspaper, published through the Great Falls Gazette.

Infrastructure
U.S. Route 287 passes through Augusta as the northern part of its Main Street, and leads north 26 mi to its northern terminus at Choteau and south 38 mi to Interstate 15 near Wolf Creek. Helena, the state capital, is 76 mi south of Augusta via US 287 and I-15. Montana Highway 21 leads east from Augusta 22 mi to Simms and is the first in a series of highways that lead east 54 mi to Great Falls.

title: Augusta, Montana


text:
East Helena, Montana

East Helena is a city in Lewis and Clark County, Montana, United States, approximately 5 mi east of downtown Helena. The population was 1,944 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Helena Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Lewis and Clark and Jefferson counties; its population is 83,058 according to the 2020 Census.

History
In 1864 gold was discovered in a gulch off the Prickly Pear Creek. This led to the founding of a mining camp along a small creek in the area which the prospectors called "Last Chance Gulch". In 1876 Drumlummon Mine opened and it produced a rich bounty of gold and silver worth millions of dollars.

In 1888, the Helena & Livingston Smelting & Reduction Company’s smelter was built. Workers and their families moved to the area. The settlement officially became the town of East Helena in 1889.

The smelter plant operated from 1888 to 2001. It processed silver-lead ore. From 1927 to 1972, the Anaconda Company had a zinc recovery plant which supplied their Great Falls zinc refinery.

In 1984 East Helena was declared a Superfund Cleanup Site by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The lead and zinc smelting led to deposits of heavy metals, arsenic, and other hazardous chemicals in both the soil and water.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.74 sqmi, of which 1.73 sqmi is land and 0.01 sqmi is water.

East Helena is located in the Helena Valley, an area marked by the Missouri River. The Big Belt Mountains are to the east. The Elkhorn Mountains and Boulder Hills are to the south.

Several wilderness and recreation areas are around East Helena. Canyon Ferry Lake, 13 mi east, is Montana's third largest body of water. The Gates of the Mountains Wilderness, 28 mi north, is part of the Helena National Forest. Lake Helena is 9 mi north and Hauser Lake is 10 mi north-east. Spring Meadow Lake State Park, 9 mi east, features a man-made spring-fed lake.

Climate
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, East Helena has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 1,984 people, 875 households, and 528 families living in the city. The population density was 1146.8 PD/sqmi. There were 916 housing units at an average density of 529.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 91.0% White, 0.5% African American, 3.3% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 0.4% from other races, and 4.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.6% of the population.

There were 875 households, of which 29.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.7% were married couples living together, 13.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 39.7% were non-families. 32.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.85.

The median age in the city was 36.3 years. 22.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 28.6% were from 25 to 44; 26% were from 45 to 64; and 13.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.7% male and 51.3% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,642 people, 694 households, and 462 families living in the town. The population density was 1,963.8 PD/sqmi. There were 728 housing units at an average density of 870.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 94.70% White, 0.18% African American, 3.11% Native American, 0.06% Asian, 0.55% from other races, and 1.40% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.83% of the population. 22.3% were of German, 13.8% Irish, 12.8% Norwegian, 8.2% English, 6.1% American and 6.1% French ancestry according to Census 2000.

There were 694 households, out of which 30.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.7% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.4% were non-families. 29.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.92.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.2% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 22.1% from 45 to 64, and 16.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.4 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $31,071, and the median income for a family was $35,455. Males had a median income of $28,472 versus $19,828 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,893. About 7.5% of families and 8.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.7% of those under age 18 and 5.5% of those age 65 or over.

Arts and culture
East Helena is the location of the annual Independence Day celebration for the greater Helena area. It has been a tradition since 1957.

The East Helena Rodeo Association celebrated 60 years of rodeo competitions. The local chapter of the Veterans of Foreign Wars spearheaded the creation of the rodeo grounds and produced the first rodeo.

East Helena has a public library, a branch of the Lewis & Clark Library.

Government
East Helena is a Mayor-council form of government. The elected mayor and the four elected councilmembers serve four year terms. The current mayor is Kelly Harris with a term ending on 31 December 2025.

Education
East Helena Public Schools, the unified K-12 school district for the community, educates students from pre-kindergarten to 12th grade. During the 2021-2022 school year, the district had a total of 1,739 students.

There are five public schools in the town. Eastgate Elementary School has students who are pre-kindergarten and kindergarten. Prickly Pear Elementary School has 1st and 2nd grade students. Radley Elementary School covers 3rd through 5th grade. East Valley Middle School has students from 6th grade through 8th grade. East Helena High School is 9th to 12th grade.

Media
The newspaper covering news for East Helena is the Independent Record based in Helena.

Three radio stations are licensed in East Helena. KGLZ is part of Yellowstone Public Radio. KJPZ is owned by Hi-Line Radio Fellowship and broadcasts a Christian format. The AM station KKGR airs a classic hits music format.

Infrastructure
US Route 12/Montana Highway 287 travels east to west through East Helena. Nearly the entire town is on the northern side of the highway. Highway 282 exits town toward the south.

East Helena is served by Helena Regional Airport.

title: East Helena, Montana


text:
Helena Valley Northeast, Montana

Helena Valley Northeast is a census-designated place (CDP) in Lewis and Clark County, Montana, United States. The population was 2,995 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Helena Micropolitan Statistical Area.

Geography
Helena Valley Northeast is located in southern Lewis and Clark County at 46.67167°N, -111.94139°W (46.671590, -111.941337). It is bordered to the southwest by the city of Helena, the state capital. It is bordered to the south by the Helena Valley Southeast CDP, to the west by the Helena Valley West Central CDP, and to the northwest by the Helena Valley Northwest CDP, all unincorporated. Interstate 15 forms the western edge of the Helena Valley Northeast CDP, with access from Exit 200 (East Lincoln Road), which is approximately 10 mi north of downtown Helena.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 132.4 km2, of which 120.4 km2 are land and 12.0 km2, or 9.06%, are water. Lake Helena, an arm of Hauser Lake, is in the center of the CDP. Hauser Lake is an impoundment on the Missouri River, and Lake Helena connects to it via Prickly Pear Creek, all at the same elevation as Hauser Lake.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,122 people, 776 households, and 619 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 45.4 PD/sqmi. There were 830 housing units at an average density of 17.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.74% White, 0.09% African American, 1.23% Native American, 0.05% Asian, 0.19% from other races, and 0.71% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.90% of the population.

There were 776 households, out of which 37.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.8% were married couples living together, 5.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.2% were non-families. 16.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.00.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 26.0% under the age of 18, 5.5% from 18 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 28.9% from 45 to 64, and 9.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.0 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $50,804, and the median income for a family was $54,728. Males had a median income of $32,140 versus $26,563 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $20,283. About 1.4% of families and 3.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.6% of those under age 18 and 7.5% of those age 65 or over.

Education
For the vast majority of the CDP, Helena Elementary School District and Helena High School District are the respective school districts. A small portion is covered by a unified K-12 school district, East Helena K-12.

title: Helena Valley Northeast, Montana


text:
Helena Valley Northwest, Montana

Helena Valley Northwest is a census-designated place (CDP) in Lewis and Clark County, Montana, United States. The population was 3,482 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Helena Micropolitan Statistical Area.

Geography
Helena Valley Northwest is located at 46.72139°N, -112.04389°W (46.721256, -112.044004).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 16.4 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,082 people, 741 households, and 603 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 127.3 PD/sqmi. There were 769 housing units at an average density of 47.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 96.06% White, 0.10% African American, 1.78% Native American, 0.72% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.43% from other races, and 0.86% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.44% of the population.

There were 741 households, out of which 41.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.8% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.5% were non-families. 14.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.81 and the average family size was 3.09.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 29.4% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 32.3% from 25 to 44, 26.9% from 45 to 64, and 4.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.9 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $45,385, and the median income for a family was $50,714. Males had a median income of $33,906 versus $24,773 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $17,910. About 5.6% of families and 8.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.6% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

Education
For almost all of the CDP, Helena Elementary School District is the elementary school district, while Trinity Elementary School District covers a small part of the CDP. Helena High School District covers the entire CDP.

title: Helena Valley Northwest, Montana


text:
Helena Valley Southeast, Montana

Helena Valley Southeast is a census-designated place (CDP) in Lewis and Clark County, Montana, United States. The population was 8,227 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Helena Micropolitan Statistical Area.

Geography
Helena Valley Southeast is located in southern Lewis and Clark County at 46.61139°N, -111.92333°W (46.611392, -111.923425). It is bordered to the southwest by the city of Helena, the state capital, and to the south by the city of East Helena. To the north it is bordered by the Helena Valley Northeast CDP.

Canyon Ferry Road is the main east-west street through the community. Downtown Helena is approximately 7 mi southwest of the center of the CDP.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 37.2 km2, of which 0.1 sqkm, or 0.37%, is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 7,141 people, 2,495 households, and 1,941 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 441.4 PD/sqmi. There were 2,590 housing units at an average density of 160.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 93.60% White, 0.27% African American, 2.86% Native American, 0.38% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.49% from other races, and 2.39% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.93% of the population.

There were 2,495 households, out of which 47.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.5% were married couples living together, 12.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.2% were non-families. 16.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.86 and the average family size was 3.23.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 34.4% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 33.7% from 25 to 44, 19.5% from 45 to 64, and 5.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.9 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $38,147, and the median income for a family was $41,993. Males had a median income of $32,343 versus $21,112 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $14,349. About 5.6% of families and 7.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.4% of those under age 18 and 5.9% of those age 65 or over.

Education
For the north and west portions, Helena Elementary School District and Helena High School District are the respective school districts. The south and east portions are covered by a unified K-12 school district, East Helena K-12.

title: Helena Valley Southeast, Montana


text:
Helena Valley West Central, Montana

Helena Valley West Central is a census-designated place (CDP) in Lewis and Clark County, Montana, United States. The population was 7,883 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Helena Micropolitan Statistical Area.

Geography
Helena Valley West Central is located in southern Lewis and Clark County at 46.65361°N, -112.04361°W (46.653748, -112.043667). It is bordered to the south by the city of Helena, the state capital. It is bordered to the southwest by the Helena West Side CDP, to the east by the Helena Valley Northeast CDP, and to the north by the Helena Valley Northwest CDP, all unincorporated areas. Interstate 15 forms the eastern border of the Helena Valley West Central CDP, with access from Exit 200 (East Lincoln Road). The center of the CDP is 5 mi north of downtown Helena.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 68.4 km2, of which 0.08 sqkm, or 0.11%, are water. The Scratchgravel Hills, with a summit elevation of 5252 ft, are in the western part of the CDP.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 6,983 people, 2,555 households, and 1,992 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 262.1 PD/sqmi. There were 2,667 housing units at an average density of 100.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 96.79% White, 0.16% African American, 1.42% Native American, 0.24% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.36% from other races, and 0.97% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.97% of the population.

There were 2,555 households, out of which 40.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.1% were married couples living together, 7.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.0% were non-families. 18.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.73 and the average family size was 3.09.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 29.1% under the age of 18, 6.2% from 18 to 24, 28.2% from 25 to 44, 27.3% from 45 to 64, and 9.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.5 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $43,881, and the median income for a family was $51,024. Males had a median income of $37,780 versus $23,703 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $18,920. About 4.5% of families and 6.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.3% of those under age 18 and 3.1% of those age 65 or over.

Education
For almost all of the CDP, Helena Elementary School District is the elementary school district, while Trinity Elementary School District covers a small part of the CDP. Helena High School District covers the entire CDP.

title: Helena Valley West Central, Montana


text:
Lincoln, Montana

Lincoln is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Lewis and Clark County, Montana, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 1,013.

History
Meriwether Lewis passed through the area on his return to St. Louis in 1806, following the famous "River of the Road to the Buffalo" created by Native Americans centuries before. Gold discoveries in the mid-1860s brought miners to a number of camps in the area, and Lincoln was eventually created when nearby Lincoln Gulch was abandoned in favor of the town's present location. Recreational, logging and mining activities along the Blackfoot River in the early 20th century made it a convenient commercial center. Nearby wilderness areas continue to attract visitors and residents.

The Lincoln Community Hall (1918) and the Hotel Lincoln (1914) are listed on the National Register of Historical Places.

"Unabomber" arrest
On April 3, 1996, federal officers arrested Ted Kaczynski at his remote cabin 5 mi south of Lincoln on Stemple Pass Road, under suspicion of being the "Unabomber", a domestic terrorist who placed pressure-sensitive bombs inside mailed packages. The bombing campaign resulted in three deaths and 23 wounded. Kaczynski was sentenced to eight life sentences without the possibility of parole. He died at FMC Butner Prison in North Carolina on June 10, 2023.

2017 earthquake
At 12:30 a.m. on July 6, 2017, there was a 5.8-magnitude earthquake about 6 mi south of Lincoln. The earthquake originated from a depth of nearly 3 mi underground, near a fault system known as the Lewis and Clark line, which runs 250 mi from northern Idaho to east of Helena, Montana. It was the eighth-strongest earthquake recorded in Montana. There were at least nine more tremors nearby within the first hour after the earthquake, with magnitudes between 3.1 and 4.9.

Geography and climate
Lincoln is located in western Lewis and Clark County at 46.95771°N, -112.67218°W (46.957713, -112.672178). The CDP contains the unincorporated center of Lincoln and extends 6 mi east up the Blackfoot River valley and 3 mi west, or down valley. Its elevation is 4536 ft above sea level. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 46.8 km2, of which 45.4 km2 are land and 1.3 km2, or 2.87%, are water.

Lincoln is located on Montana Highway 200, the longest route signed as a state highway in the United States, running 706.6 mi from Idaho to North Dakota. From Lincoln, the highway runs northeast up and over the Continental Divide 87 mi to Great Falls and west 77 mi to Missoula.

Lincoln has a humid continental climate (Dfb) bordering closely on a subarctic climate (Dfc). Summers are warm to hot while winters are cold and snowy, with annual average snowfall totaling 85.4 inches (217 cm).

Rogers Pass, 18 mi northeast of Lincoln on Highway 200, is known for being the location of the coldest recorded temperature in the United States outside of Alaska. On January 20, 1954, a temperature of −70 F was recorded. Lincoln has a humid continental climate bordering on semi-arid. Snow is usually dry powder, although strong Pacific Ocean storms sometimes bring moisture-laden snow to the area. Some sources list Lincoln as having November's record low of −53 F, but that never happened, Lincoln's real November record low is −45 F.

Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 1,013 people, 507 households, and 296 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 56.6 PD/sqmi. There were 846 housing units at an average density of 47.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 95.5% White, 2.2% Native American, 0.2% Asian, and 1.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.5% of the population.

There were 507 households, out of which 16.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.3% were married couples living together, 6.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.6% were non-families. 18.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 33.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.00 and the average family size was 2.55.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 16.3% under the age of 18, 3.7% from 18 to 24, 16.1% from 25 to 44, 41.2% from 45 to 64, and 22.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 53 years. For every 100 females, there were 108.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107.3 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $26,688, and the median income for a family was $32,784. Males had a median income of $24,583 versus $15,227 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $14,243. About 17.4% of families and 21.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.8% of those under age 18 and 9.8% of those age 65 or over.

Infrastructure
Lincoln Airport is a public use airport located two miles (4 km) east of town.

Education
Public education in Lincoln is administered by Lincoln Public School District #38, a unified PK-12 school district The district educates students from kindergarten to 12th grade. Lincoln High School's team name is the Lynx.

Lincoln has a public library, a branch of the Lewis & Clark Library.

In popular culture
Nearby Bugle Mountain (also known as "Bugle Peak"), located in the Scapegoat Wilderness, was the setting of a forest fire in the fictional 1952 motion picture Red Skies of Montana, based in part on the tragic 1949 Mann Gulch fire and filmed in Montana.

Media
The Blackfoot Valley Dispatch is an online newspaper in Lincoln. The town receives radio stations from the wider Helena area.

Notable people

 * Doug Swingley, four-time winner of the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race
 * Ted Kaczynski, aka "Unabomber"

title: Lincoln, Montana


text:
Chester, Montana

Chester is a town in and the county seat of Liberty County, Montana, United States. The population was 847 at the time of both the 2010 and 2020 U.S. Census.

History
The name “Chester” was chosen by the first telegraph operator here and named in honor of his hometown in Pennsylvania. It was incorporated in 1910.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.48 sqmi, all land.

Climate
Chester experiences a semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk) with long, cold, dry winters and short, hot, wetter summers. This type of a semi-arid climate is a dry continental variety with similar temperatures as the more humid ones, albeit with less precipitation.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 847 people, 395 households, and 223 families living in the town. The population density was 1764.6 PD/sqmi. There were 462 housing units at an average density of 962.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 97.3% White, 0.2% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.2% Asian, and 2.0% from two or more races.

There were 395 households, of which 21.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.4% were married couples living together, 7.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 0.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 43.5% were non-families. 41.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.09 and the average family size was 2.86.

The median age in the town was 51 years. 21.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 17.2% were from 25 to 44; 29.3% were from 45 to 64; and 27.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 45.5% male and 54.5% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 871 people, 384 households, and 228 families living in the town. The population density was 1,668.2 PD/sqmi. There were 471 housing units at an average density of 1,010.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 98.74% White, 0.23% Native American, 0.57% Asian, and 0.46% from two or more races.

There were 384 households, out of which 24.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.5% were married couples living together, 7.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.6% were non-families. 37.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.11 and the average family size was 2.79.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 20.7% under the age of 18, 4.4% from 18 to 24, 20.1% from 25 to 44, 27.2% from 45 to 64, and 27.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47 years. For every 100 females there were 84.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.8 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $27,578, and the median income for a family was $42,639. Males had a median income of $26,154 versus $17,417 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,077. About 14.6% of families and 13.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.1% of those under age 18 and 13.5% of those age 65 or over.

Arts and culture
During the summer, the Liberty County Museum showcases the rich history of the area and its people. The Liberty Village Arts Center displays a variety of local and regional items for show and for purchase.

At the Liberty County Library, there are print and digital media and internet connected computers.

Parks and recreation
Lake Elwell, 15 mi southwest of Chester, offer opportunities for boating, skiing, camping, picnicking, and both freshwater fishing and ice fishing. Fishing and floating are also available on the Marias River downstream from Tiber Dam. The Sweet Grass Hills to the north are the highest elevation peaks east of Glacier Park within 30 mi of Highway 2. Hunting for deer, antelope, game birds, and elk is popular in the fall.

During the summer, the city operates the swimming pool, provides certified swim lessons, and hosts an annual swim meet drawing competitors from around the state. The city park provides a pavilion, picnic and playground area, and restrooms. In the winter, there is an ice skating rink.

Education
CJI (Chester-Joplin-Inverness) School was formed in 2005 and competes in the Class C division of the Montana High School Association.

Radio

 * KSEN AM 1150 "Good as Gold", Shelby, MT(Oldies)
 * KZIN FM 96.7 "Wide Open Country", Shelby, MT (Country music)
 * KPQX FM 92.5 "Your Kind of Country", Havre, MT (Country music)
 * KXEI FM 95.1 "Your Network of Praise", Havre, MT (Christian music)
 * KMON AM 560 Great Falls, MT(Classic Country)

Television
Stations available from the Great Falls market:
 * KRTV Ch. 3.1 (CBS), Ch 3.2 (CW), Ch 3.3 (Grit), Ch 3.4 (ION), Ch 3.5 (Laff)
 * KTVH Ch. 12.1 (NBC), Ch 12.2 (CW), Ch 12.3 (Cozi TV), 12.4 (Court TV), 12.5 (Court TV Mystery)
 * KUGF-TV Ch. 21.1 (PBS), Ch 21.2 (PBS Kids), Ch 21.3 (Create), Ch 21.4 (World)), Ch 21.5 (Legislature)
 * KFBB Ch. 5.1 (ABC), Ch 5.2 (FOX), Ch 5.3 (SWX Right Now)

Stations available from the Lethbridge, Alberta, market:
 * CISA-DT Ch. 7.1 (Global)
 * CFCN-DT Ch. 13.1 (CTV)

Satellite television providers are available to the entire area. Wired internet streaming available from Triangle Telephone ITS.

Newspapers
The Liberty County Times is a weekly newspaper from Chester. The Havre Daily News is regionally available. Its circulation is 3,500 papers daily, published Monday through Friday. It has a full online edition by subscription, as well as some free content online. The larger Great Falls Tribune is also available in most areas.

Infrastructure
U.S. Route 2 passes on the northern side of the town.

Liberty County Airport is a county-owned airport a mile west of Chester.

Amtrak’s Empire Builder, which operates between Seattle/Portland and Chicago, passes through the town on BNSF tracks, but makes no stop. The nearest station is located in Shelby, 43 mi to the west.

Liberty County Transit is available for all ages and provides transportation within Liberty County and to connect to Amtrak in Shelby or to the bus and planes in Great Falls. Transportation for medical appointments is also available.

Logan Health Chester is host to primary care physicians, nurses, and visiting medical specialists.

Notable people

 * Philip Aaberg, pianist, keyboardist, and composer was born in Chester in 1949
 * Michael Claxton (born 1976), basketball player and coach
 * Casey FitzSimmons, NFL tight end with Detroit Lions
 * William E. Hunt, Montana Supreme Court Justice (1985–2000)
 * Allen Kolstad, former Lieutenant Governor of Montana (1989–1991)

title: Chester, Montana


text:
Fortine, Montana

Fortine is a census-designated place (CDP) in Lincoln County, Montana, United States. The population was 206 at the 2021 census.

Geography
Fortine is located in northeastern Lincoln County at 48.76444°N, -114.90306°W (48.764516, -114.902945). U.S. Route 93 passes through the community, leading northwest 11 mi to Eureka and southeast 40 mi to Whitefish.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 18.5 km2, of which 18.4 km2 are land and 0.2 sqkm, or 0.99%, are water. The community is in the valley of Fortine Creek, where it is joined by Deep Creek from the east and Murphy Creek from the southeast. Fortine Creek flows northwest to the Tobacco River, a northwest-flowing tributary of the Kootenai River, part of the Columbia River watershed.

History
Fortine was named for an early settler, Octave Fortin. It was a station on the Great Northern Railway line. The first post office was established in 1905.

Like many other towns in northwestern Montana, Fortine prospered with the development of the timber industry between 1908 and 1928.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 169 people, 74 households, and 48 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 56.3 PD/sqmi. There were 85 housing units at an average density of 28.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 96.45% White, 0.59% African American, 0.59% Native American, and 2.37% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.59% of the population.

There were 74 households, out of which 23.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.4% were married couples living together, 10.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.8% were non-families. 28.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.82.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 24.3% under the age of 18, 3.0% from 18 to 24, 22.5% from 25 to 44, 33.7% from 45 to 64, and 16.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.9 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $26,500, and the median income for a family was $35,625. Males had a median income of $30,625 versus $31,250 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $13,140. About 6.0% of families and 11.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.8% of those under the age of eighteen and none of those 65 or over.

title: Fortine, Montana


text:
Rexford, Montana

Rexford is a town in Lincoln County, Montana, United States. The population was 78 at the 2020 census.

The town began with the construction of the Great Northern Railway’s branch line from Jennings to Fernie, British Columbia in 1901. Rexford incorporated in 1966 in order to negotiate with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers during construction of the Libby Dam.

Geography
Rexford is located at 48.89917°N, -115.16861°W (48.899254, -115.168681).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.10 sqmi, all land.

Rexford was originally located on the Kootenai River, but with the damming of the river in the 1970s the original townsite was flooded and the town was moved to its current location approximately 10 miles west of Eureka on Montana Highway 37. It is on the shore of Lake Koocanusa.

Climate
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Rexford has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 105 people, 50 households, and 31 families living in the town. The population density was 1050.0 PD/sqmi. There were 99 housing units at an average density of 990.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 94.3% White, 4.8% Native American, and 1.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.8% of the population.

There were 50 households, of which 16.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.0% were married couples living together, 4.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 10.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 38.0% were non-families. 20.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.10 and the average family size was 2.39.

The median age in the town was 57.6 years. 15.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 13.4% were from 25 to 44; 37.1% were from 45 to 64; and 31.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 51.4% male and 48.6% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 151 people, 70 households, and 45 families living in the town. The population density was 1,447.3 PD/sqmi. There were 81 housing units at an average density of 776.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 86.75% White, 7.95% Native American, 2.65% from other races, and 2.65% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.31% of the population.

There were 70 households, out of which 18.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.1% were married couples living together, 11.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.3% were non-families. 31.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.16 and the average family size was 2.59.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 17.9% under the age of 18, 11.3% from 18 to 24, 23.8% from 25 to 44, 28.5% from 45 to 64, and 18.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females there were 93.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.9 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $22,604, and the median income for a family was $22,917. Males had a median income of $38,333 versus $20,250 for females. The per capita income for the town was $12,355. There were 16.9% of families and 24.6% of the population living below the poverty line, including 54.3% of under eighteens and 6.5% of those over 64.

Recreation
The Pacific Northwest National Scenic Trail passes through Rexford.

title: Rexford, Montana