text:
Richard Greene

Richard Marius Joseph Greene (25 August 1918 – 1 June 1985) was a noted English film and television actor. A matinée idol who appeared in more than 40 films, he was perhaps best known for the lead role in the long-running British TV series The Adventures of Robin Hood, which ran for 143 episodes from 1955 to 1959.

Early life
Greene was of Irish and Scottish ancestry, and was born in Plymouth, Devon, England. He was raised Roman Catholic, attending Cardinal Vaughan Memorial School (Kensington, London), which he left at 18. His aunt was actress Evie Greene. His father, Richard Abraham Greene and his mother, Kathleen Gerrard, were both actors with the Plymouth Repertory Theatre. He was the grandson of Richard Bentley Greene and a descendant of four generations of actors.

It has been stated elsewhere that he was the grandson of the inventor William Friese-Greene, (credited by some as the inventor of cinematography) but this was found to be false, as a result of two parallel lines of genealogical research, conducted by the British Film Institute and Paul Pert respectively, the latter being subsequently published in 2009.

Career
He started his stage career as a spear carrier in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar in 1933. A handsome young man, Greene added to his income by modelling shirts and hats.

His professional career began at the age of 15, with a walk-on role in Julius Caesar at the Old Vic. He did some modelling work and appeared in a stage production of Journey's End and had a small role in Sing As We Go (1934), He joined the Jevan Brandon Repertory Company in 1936 with whom he appeared in Antony and Cleopatra. He won accolades in the same year for his part in Terence Rattigan's French Without Tears, which brought him to the attention of MGM, Alexander Korda and Darryl F. Zanuck, who all made offers for films. On 17 January 1938 Greene signed with Fox.

20th Century Fox
At 20, he joined 20th Century Fox as a rival to MGM's Robert Taylor. His first film for Fox was John Ford's Four Men and a Prayer (1938). Greene was a huge success, especially with female film goers, who sent him mountains of fan mail which at its peak rivalled that of Fox star Tyrone Power.

Greene co-starred with Sonia Henie in My Lucky Star (1938) and was reunited with Ford in Submarine Patrol (1939). Zanuck put him in Kentucky (1938) with Loretta Young and Walter Brennan.

Greene was the romantic male lead in the Shirley Temple vehicle The Little Princess (1939) and was Sir Henry Baskerville in the 1939 Sherlock Holmes film The Hound of the Baskervilles. The film marked the first pairing of Basil Rathbone and Nigel Bruce as Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson, but it was Greene who was top billed.

Greene had a support part in Stanley and Livingstone (1939) with Spencer Tracy and the lead in Here I Am a Stranger (1939). He co-starred with Alice Faye and Fred MacMurray in Little Old New York (1940) and supported Vera Zorina in I Was an Adventuress (1940). He had failed to become a major star but he was still playing leads in "A" movies when World War II began.

World War II
Greene tried to enlist in the Seaforth Highlanders in Vancouver, but they would not give him a commission. He obtained a release from Fox and travelled to England where he enlisted in the 27th Lancers, where he distinguished himself. After three months, he went to the Royal Military College, Sandhurst and was commissioned and given the service number of 184251. He was promoted to captain in the 27th Lancers in May 1944.

He was given leave in 1942 to appear in the British propaganda films Flying Fortress (1942) for Warners and Unpublished Story (1942) with Valerie Hobson. In 1943, he appeared in the Anna Neagle thriller Yellow Canary while on leave. He also appeared in a British comedy Don't Take It to Heart (1944).

He later toured in Shaw's Arms and the Man, entertaining the troops. Greene was discharged in December 1944 and appeared in the stage play Desert Rats.

Return to Hollywood
After the war he starred in a British musical, distributed by Warners, Gaiety George (1946), which was a flop.

He returned to Hollywood, and appeared in Fox's big budget Forever Amber (1947), but in support of Cornel Wilde. He went to Universal to play the villain in The Fighting O'Flynn (1948) with Douglas Fairbanks Jr. At Fox he was third billed in The Fan (1949), based on the play Lady Windermere's Fan.

Greene returned to England to appear in That Dangerous Age (1949) and Now Barabbas (1949). He went back to Universal in Hollywood to play the hero in a Yvonne de Carlo eastern, The Desert Hawk (1950). Director de Cordova said Greene was "everything a man or woman could want in a desert hero."

In Britain he was in My Daughter Joy (1950), and Shadow of the Eagle (1950). He went to Italy to make The Rival of the Empress (1951). In 1951, he divorced his wife, Patricia Medina, whom he had married in 1941.

In Hollywood Edward Small asked him to play the male hero of Lorna Doone (1951). He stayed on to star in The Black Castle (1952) and support Peter Lawford in Rogue's March (1952). For Small he made The Bandits of Corsica (1953), then he was in another swashbuckler, Captain Scarlett (1953) shot in Mexico.

The Adventures of Robin Hood
Greene returned to Britain looking for work. Reflecting on his career he said "I haven't had the big build-up part I expected. They turned me into a cloak-and-dagger merchant. After four dungeon pictures in a row I decided to throw it up."

Greene got a role on stage in a production of I Capture the Castle with Virginia McKenna. Then Yeoman Films of Great Britain approached him for the lead role in The Adventures of Robin Hood (1955–59). He was an immediate success in it. The series and a number of related marketing products bearing his likeness, such as comic books and "Robin Hood Shoes", solved his financial problems with success both in the United Kingdom and the United States.

During the series' run he made the occasional film such as Contraband Spain (1955), Beyond the Curtain (1960), and Sword of Sherwood Forest (1960), as Robin Hood.

He had a long love affair in the 1950s with Nancy Oakes, wealthy daughter of mining tycoon Sir Harry Oakes.

TV and Fu Manchu
Amongst other TV programmes, Greene was in A Man For Loving, The Doctors, The Morecambe and Wise Show, Dixon of Dock Green, Scarf Jack, as corrupt businessman Neil Turvey in The Professionals episode "Everest Was Also Conquered", and the Tales of the Unexpected episode "Mrs. Bixby and the Colonel's Coat".

Greene replaced Douglas Wilmer to play Sir Denis Nayland Smith in two of Harry Alan Towers's Fu Manchu films, The Blood of Fu Manchu (1968) and The Castle of Fu Manchu (1969). Both films were directed by Jess Franco and shot in Spain.

Later life and death
In 1972 Greene was unwittingly embroiled in the Lewis v Averay court case, after a fraudster pretending to be Greene had purchased a vehicle.

Greene died in 1985 of cardiac arrest at his home at Kelling Hall, Norfolk, England, aged 66. His daughter, Patricia, said he had never completely recovered from an injury sustained from a fall three years earlier. "He still had quite a fan club and was receiving letters requesting signed pictures", she said.

Filmography

 * Sing As We Go (1934) – Bit
 * Four Men and a Prayer (1938) – Geoffrey Leigh
 * My Lucky Star (1938) – Larry Taylor
 * Submarine Patrol (1938) – Perry Townsend III
 * Kentucky (1938) – Jack Dillon
 * The Little Princess (1939) – Geoffrey Hamilton
 * The Hound of the Baskervilles (1939) – Sir Henry Baskerville
 * Stanley and Livingstone (1939) – Gareth Tyce
 * Here I Am a Stranger (1939) – David Paulding
 * Little Old New York (1940) – Robert Fulton
 * I Was an Adventuress (1940) – Paul Vernay
 * Flying Fortress (1942) – James "Jim" Spence Jr.
 * Unpublished Story (1942) – Bob Randall
 * Yellow Canary (1943) – Lieutenant Commander Jim Garrick
 * Don't Take It to Heart (1944) – Peter Hayward
 * Gaiety George, also known as Showtime (1946) – George Howard
 * Forever Amber (1947) – Lord Harry Almsbury
 * The Fighting O'Flynn (1949) – Lord Philip Sedgemonth
 * The Fan (1949) – Lord Arthur Windermere

 * That Dangerous Age or If This Be Sin (1949) – Michael Barcleigh
 * Now Barabbas (1949) – Tufnell
 * The Desert Hawk (1950) – Omar aka The Desert Hawk
 * My Daughter Joy (Operation X) (1950) – Larry
 * Shadow of the Eagle (1950) – Count Alexei Orloff
 * The Rival of the Empress (1951) – Conte Alexei Orloff
 * Lorna Doone (1951) – John Ridd
 * The Black Castle (1952) – Sir Ronald Burton, alias Richard Beckett
 * Rogue's March (1953) – Capt. Thomas Garron
 * The Bandits of Corsica (1953) – Mario / Carlos
 * Captain Scarlett (1953) – Capt. Carlos Scarlett
 * Contraband Spain (1955) – Treasury Agent Lee Scott
 * Beyond the Curtain (1960) – Capt. Jim Kyle
 * Sword of Sherwood Forest (1960) – Robin Hood
 * Island of the Lost (1968) – Josh MacRae
 * The Blood of Fu Manchu (1968) – Sir Dennis Nayland-Smith
 * The Castle of Fu Manchu (1969) – Sir Dennis Nayland-Smith
 * Tales from the Crypt (1972) – Ralph Jason (segment 4 "Wish You Were Here")

title: Richard Greene


text:
Kamapuaʻa

In Hawaiian mythology, Kamapuaa ("hog child") is a hog-man fertility superhuman associated with Lono, the god of agriculture. The son of Hina and Kahikiula, the chief of Oahu, Kamapuaʻa was particularly connected with the island of Maui.

A kupua (demigod), Kamapuaa is best known for his romantic pursuit of the fire goddess Pele, with whom he shared a turbulent relationship. Despite Pele's power, Kamapuaa's persistence allows him to turn her lava rock into fertile soil.

He is linked with the humuhumunukunukuāpua'a (reef triggerfish), the state fish of Hawaiʻi.

Lilikalā Kameʻeleihiwa describes him as "defiant of all authority, bold and untamed," and states that he "recalls the pig nature that is dormant in most people . . . . Treacherous and tender, he thirsts after the good things in life—adventure, love, and sensual pleasure . . . ."

Early life
Kamapua’a was born to human parents, Kahikiula and Hina, on Oahu. He is recorded as having one brother, Kahikihonuakele. There are also many stories involving his grandmother, whom he seems to be very close to. There is not a lot of information on his childhood.

Growing up, Kamapuaʻa was never accepted by his step father Olopana. This hurt Kamapuaʻa because he wanted his father to love him and be proud of him, but Olopana never showed any love and mocked instead. Kamapuaʻa grew with anger and let rage take over his soul. This led to his reputation of being mischievous and rascal.

Adult life
Kamapuaʻa grows up to be a handsome, talented man. His talents made Olopana very angry. Wounded at Olopanaʻs disapproval, Kamapuaʻa leaves for the hills to calm himself, where he spends time scavenging and growing stronger. Later he engages in many battles with Olopana and Pele, eventually killing Olopana brutally.

Mythology
In Maui the kukui is a symbol of enlightenment, protection and peace. It was said that Kamapua'a could transform into a kukui tree. One of the legends told of Kamapua'a: one day, a man beat his wife to death and buried her beneath Kamapua'a while he was in tree form. Because he saw that the woman had been a good person, he raised her to new life, but damned her husband to death. One well known myth involves Olopana and some birds. Being the Trickster that he was, one day Kamapua’a stole some chickens from Olopana, who was enraged at the theft. Olopana sent his warriors after Kamapua’a, who, along with his own followers, fought back, until it became clear they could not win. Kamapua’a took his followers and fled until they came up against a waterfall where they were seemingly cornered. It was at this point that Kamapua’a shifted into a hog which his followers used to climb to the next level of the falls and to freedom. His pig-form dammed up the water of Kaliuwa‘a where they were. Olopana's men pursued. As they trekked up Kaliuwa‘a, Kamapua‘a released the water killing all but Olopana. Olopana flees to Wai‘anae where he ultimately loses to Kamapua‘a.

Kamapua’a and Pele
There are contradictory stories depicting the relationship between Kamapua’a and Pele. In some versions they are described as enemies (Hawaiian Romance), in others they are depicted as lovers or husband and wife (Hawaiian folk tales). One story of how Pele and Kamapua’a met starts off with Kamapua’a on a journey to Pele's home. Kamapua’a tried to impress Pele and her sisters by looking like a handsome man. He impressed her sisters but Pele is not impressed, instead she insults Kamapua’a by calling him a pig. This upsets Kamapua’a, which then turned their conversation into an argument of insults to each other. Kamapua’a tried to get closer to Pele but Pele sent her flames to him leaving him in a pit of fire. Kamapua’a strikes back by summoning his sister Makahanaloa; she puts out the fire with fog and rain, and hogs run all over the place. All that is left are the fire sticks; Pele accepts her defeat. Kamapua’a takes the sticks and divides the districts giving Pele the districts overrun with lava flows; he takes the Windward districts with the most rain. Kamapua’a leaves Hawaii and starts a family in the ocean where he belongs; Pele now loves Kamapua’a and tries to get him back with a love chant. As Kamapua’a lives his life in the ocean, he still watches over his side of the island. He ventures through the ocean in his new form the humu-humu-nuku-nuku apua’a. He never steps foot on the island again because he doesn't want to run into Pele. Kamapuaʹa later returned to the island as a handsome man and made love with Pele. Their union produced a baby girl whom Pele named Kaʹowakaikalani.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kamapuaʻa


text:
Kāmohoaliʻi

In Hawaiian religion, Kamohoaliʻi is a shark god and a brother of Kāne Milohaʻi, Pele, Kapo, Nāmaka, and Hiʻiaka. He is also the father of Nanaue.

Kamohoaliʻi swam in the area around the islands of Maui and Kahoolawe. When a ship was lost at sea, Ka-moho-aliʻi shook his tail in front of the fleet and the kahuna would feed him awa, a narcotic drink, and Kamohoaliʻi would guide the men home. He is sometimes said to have guided the ships of the original inhabitants of Hawaii from the mainland to their island home in this way.

Kamohoaliʻi had the power to take on the form of any fish and is believed to own multiple underwater caves beneath the ocean where he dwells.

title: Kāmohoaliʻi


text:
Kanaka

Kanaka may refer to:

People

 * Kanaka (given name), an Indian name (including a list of persons with the name)
 * Kanaka (actress), Indian film actress
 * Kanaka (Pacific Island worker), workers from Pacific Islands employed in British colonies and in North American fur trade and goldfields
 * Kānaka Maoli, the traditional name native of the Hawaiian people

Places

 * Kanaka Bar, British Columbia, an unincorporated area in the Fraser Canyon of British Columbia
 * Kanaka Creek, British Columbia, a historical settlement and modern neighbourhood in the District of Maple Ridge, British Columbia, Canada
 * Kanaka Creek Regional Park, a regional park run by the Greater Vancouver Regional District, in Maple Ridge, British Columbia, Canada

Other uses

 * Kanaka pigeon, an extinct bird of New Caledonia and Tonga
 * Kanaka, the Sanskrit name for a species of Datura
 * Kanaka (film), a 2018 Indian romantic action film
 * Kanaka Bar First Nation, the Nlaka'pamux First Nations government at the Kanaka Bar, British Columbia
 * Kanaka Shree, an award instituted by the government of Karnataka, India

title: Kanaka


text:
Kapuku

In Hawaiian mythology, kapuku or kupaku is the magic of reincarnation (see necromancy). The former word means "to restore life" in Hawaiian while the later means "to recover from a nearly fatal illness."

title: Kapuku


text:
Kiwa

Kiwa or KIWA may refer to:

 * Kiwa, Mie, Japan
 * KIWA (music producer), Finland
 * Kiwa NV a European institution for Testing and Certification
 * Kiwa (artist), Estonian artist and writer
 * Kiwa (mythology), a guardian of the sea in Māori tradition
 * Kiwa (crustacean), a genus of deep-sea crustaceans
 * Koreatown Immigrant Workers Alliance, an immigrant worker organization in Los Angeles, United States
 * the ICAO airport code for Phoenix–Mesa Gateway Airport in Mesa, Arizona
 * KIWA (AM), a radio station (1550 AM) licensed to Sheldon, Iowa, United States
 * KIWA-FM, a radio station (105.3 FM) licensed to Sheldon, Iowa, United States

People with the surname

 * Teiko Kiwa (1902–1983), Japanese-Dutch opera singer

title: Kiwa


text:
Kohara

In Polynesian mythology, Kohara is the goddess of tuna and is considered the "mother of all tuna fish". The word also means "to throw a flash of lightning, as a deity". In Māori mythology, lightning begat tuna. In that sense, Kohara can be considered the "ancestor of tuna".

title: Kohara


text:
Burton

Burton, Burtons, or Burton's may refer to:

Companies

 * Burton (retailer), a clothing retailer
 * Burton's, Abergavenny, a shop built for the company in 1937
 * The Montague Burton Building, Dublin a shop built for the company between 1929 and 1930
 * Burton Brewery Company
 * Burton Snowboards
 * Burton's Biscuit Company

People

 * Burton (name) (includes list of people with the name)

Australia

 * Burton, Queensland
 * Burton, South Australia

Canada

 * Burton, British Columbia
 * Burton, New Brunswick
 * Burton Parish, New Brunswick
 * Burton, Prince Edward Island
 * Burtons, Nova Scotia

England

 * Burton (near Neston), on the Wirral Peninsula, Cheshire
 * Burton (near Tarporley), in the area of Cheshire West and Chester, Cheshire
 * Burton-in-Kendal, Cumbria
 * Burton, Dorset
 * Burton on the Wolds, Leicestershire
 * Burton, Lincolnshire
 * Burton-upon-Stather, North Lincolnshire
 * Burton in Lonsdale, North Yorkshire
 * Burton-on-Yore, North Yorkshire
 * Burton, Northumberland
 * Burton upon Trent, East Staffordshire, including:
 * Burton (UK Parliament constituency)
 * Burton, Staffordshire (civil parish)
 * Burton Pynsent, Somerset
 * Burton, Nettleton, Wiltshire
 * Burton, Mere, Wiltshire, in Mere parish

Wales

 * Burton, Pembrokeshire
 * Burton (Pembrokeshire electoral ward)
 * Burton, Wrexham

United States

 * Burton, Arizona
 * Burton, Georgia
 * Burton, Idaho
 * Burton, Illinois
 * Burton, Kentucky
 * Burton, Michigan
 * Burton, Missouri
 * Burton, Nebraska
 * Burton, Ohio
 * Burton, South Carolina
 * Burton, Texas
 * Burton, Washington
 * Burton, West Virginia
 * Burton, Wisconsin
 * Burton City, Ohio
 * Burton, an unincorporated community of Owosso Township, Michigan

Transportation

 * Burton (car)
 * Burton (steamboat)
 * HMS Burton, renamed Exmoor, a Royal Navy destroyer

Other uses

 * Burton (crater) on Mars
 * Burton (nut)
 * Burton Albion F.C., an English football club
 * Burton RFC, an English rugby union team
 * Burton v. Florida, 2010
 * Burton v. United States, 1905/6
 * Burton's Gentleman's Magazine, U.S., 1837–1840
 * Burton's gerbil, Gerbillus burtoni

title: Burton


text:
Kumu-Honua

In Hawaiian Religion, Kumu-Honua ("first on Earth") is the first man.

He was created from muddy water in the fashion of steam ascending upwards and married to Lalo-Honua; the couple was given a garden by Kāne and were forbidden from eating a particular fruit.

This story may be in whole or in part Christianized.

title: Kumu-Honua


text:
Lalo-Honua

In Hawaiian mythology, Lalo-Honua (Hawaiian for "below the Earth") is the first woman.

She was married to Kumu-Honua and formed out of his side parts; the couple was given a garden by Kāne and were forbidden from eating a particular fruit.

This story may be in whole or in part Christianized.

title: Lalo-Honua


text:
Kumulipo

In Hawaiian religion, the Kumulipo is the creation chant, first recorded by non-Hawaiians in the 18th century. It also includes a genealogy of the members of Hawaiian royalty and was created in honor of Kalaninuiamamao and passed down orally to his daughter Alapaiwahine.

Creation chant
In the Kumulipo the world was created over a cosmic night. This is not just one night, but many nights over time. The ancient Hawaiian kahuna and priests of the Hawaiian religion would recite the Kumulipo during the makahiki season, honoring the god Lono. In 1779, Captain James Cook arrived in Kealakekua Bay on the island of Hawaii during the season and was greeted by the Hawaiians reciting the Kumulipo. Some stories say Cook was mistaken for Lono, because of the type of sails on his ship and his pale skintone. In 1889, King Kalākaua printed a sixty-page pamphlet of the Kumulipo. Attached to the pamphlet was a 2-page paper on how the chant was originally composed and recited.

Years later Queen Liliuokalani described the chant as a prayer of the development of the universe and the ancestry of the Hawaiians. Liliuokalani translated the chant under house arrest in Iolani Palace. The translation was published in 1897, then republished by Pueo Press in 1978.

The Kumulipo is a total of 2,102 lines long, in honor of Kalaninuiamamao, who created peace for all when he was born. There was a lot of fighting between his ʻI and Keawe family, who were cousins so his birth stopped the two from feuding. The Kumulipo is a cosmogonic genealogy, which means that it relates to the creation of the universe and the descent of humans and other entities. Out of the 2102 lines, it has 16 "wā" which means era or age. In each wā, something is born whether it is a human, plant, or other creature.

Divisions
The Kumulipo is divided into sixteen wā, sections. The first seven wā fall under the section of pō (darkness), the age of spirit. The Earth may or may not exist, but the events described do not take place in a physical universe. The words show the development of life as it goes through similar stages as a human child. All plants and animals of sea and land, earth and sky, male and female are created. Eventually, it leads to early mammals.

These are the first twelve lines of the Kumulipo, in Hawaiian, in Liliuokalani's English translation and in Bastian's German translation. Two other significant English translations - Rock's translation of Bastian and Beckwith's translation - appear in Beckwith's 1951 book The Kumulipo.

 * {| border="0"

! Hawaiian language ! English (Liliuokalani) ! German (Bastian)
 * 1) O ke au i kahuli wela ka honua
 * 2) O ke au i kahuli lole ka lani
 * 3) O ke au i kukaʻiaka ka la
 * 4) E hoʻomalamalama i ka malama
 * 5) O ke au o Makaliʻi ka po
 * 6) O ka walewale hoʻokumu honua ia
 * 7) O ke kumu o ka lipo, i lipo ai
 * 8) O ke kumu o ka Pō, i po ai
 * 9) O ka lipolipo, o ka lipolipo
 * 10) O ka lipo o ka la, o ka lipo o ka po
 * 11) Po wale ho--ʻi
 * 12) Hānau ka pō
 * 13) At the time that turned the heat of the earth,
 * 14) At the time when the heavens turned and changed,
 * 15) At the time when the light of the sun was subdued
 * 16) To cause light to break forth,
 * 17) At the time of the night of Makaliʻi (winter)
 * 18) Then began the slime which established the earth,
 * 19) The source of deepest darkness, of the depth of darkness,
 * 20) The source of Night, of the depth of night
 * 21) Of the depth of darkness,
 * 22) Of the darkness of the sun in the depth of night,
 * 23) Night is come,
 * 24) Born is Night
 * 25) Hin dreht der Zeitumschwung zum Ausgebrannten der Welt,
 * 26) Zurück der Zeitumschwung nach aufwärts wieder,
 * 27) Noch sonnenlos die Zeit verhüllten Lichtes,
 * 28) Und schwankend nur im matten Mondgeschimmer
 * 29) Aus Makalii's nächt'gem Wolkenschleier
 * 30) Durchzittert schaftenhaft das Grundbild künft'ger Welt.
 * 31) Des Dunkels Beginn aus den Tiefen (Wurzeln) des Abgrunds,
 * 32) Der Uranfang von Nacht in Nacht,
 * 33) Von weitesten Fernen her, von weitesten Fernen,
 * 34) Weit aus den Fernen der Sonne, weit aus den Fernen der Nacht,
 * 35) Noch Nacht ringsumher.
 * }
 * 1) Von weitesten Fernen her, von weitesten Fernen,
 * 2) Weit aus den Fernen der Sonne, weit aus den Fernen der Nacht,
 * 3) Noch Nacht ringsumher.
 * }

The second section, containing the remaining nine wā, is ao and is signaled by the arrival of light and the gods, who watch over the changing of animals into the first humans. After that is the complex genealogy of Kalaninuiamamao that goes all the way to the late 18th century.

Births in each wā
The births in each age include:
 * 1) In the first wā, the sea urchins and limu (seaweed) were born. The limu was connected through its name to the land ferns. Some of these limu and fern pairs include: ʻEkaha and ʻEkahakaha, Limu ʻAʻalaʻula and ʻalaʻalawainui mint, Limu Manauea and Kalo Maunauea upland taro, Limu Kala and ʻakala berry. These plants were born to protect their sea cousins.
 * 2) In the second wā, 73 types of fish. Some deep sea fish include Naiʻa (porpoise) and the Mano (shark). Also reef fish, including Moi and Weke. Certain plants that have similar names are related to these fish and are born as protectors of the fish.
 * 3) In the third wā, 52 types of flying creatures, which include birds of the sea such as ʻIwa (frigate or man-of-war bird), the Lupe, and the Noio (Hawaiian noddy tern). These sea birds have land relatives, such as Io (hawk), Nene (goose), and Pueo (owl). In this wā, insects were also born, such as Peʻelua (caterpillar) and the Pulelehua (butterfly).
 * 4) In the fourth wā, the creepy and crawly creatures are born. These include Honu (sea turtle), Ula (lobster), Moʻo (lizards), and Pololia (jellyfish). Their cousins on land include Kuhonua (maile vine) and ʻOheʻohe bamboo.
 * 5) In the fifth wā, Kalo (taro) is born.
 * 6) In the sixth wā, Uku (flea) and the ʻIole (rat) are born.
 * 7) In the seventh wā, ʻĪlio (dog) and the Peʻapeʻa (bat) are born.
 * 8) In the eighth wā, the four divinities are born: Laʻilaʻi (Female), Kiʻi (Male), Kāne (God), Kanaloa (Octopus), respectively.
 * 9) In the ninth wā, Laʻilaʻi takes her eldest brother Kiʻi as a mate and the first humans are born from her brain.
 * 10) In the tenth wā, Laʻilaʻi takes her next brother Kāne as a mate after losing interest in Kiʻi, she then had four of Kāne's children: Laʻiʻoloʻolo, Kamahaʻina (Male), Kamamule (Male), Kamakalua (Female). Laʻilaʻi soon returned to Kiʻi and three children are born: Haʻi(F), Haliʻa(F), and Hākea(M). Having been born during their mothers being with two men they become "Poʻolua" and claim the lineage of both fathers.
 * 11) The eleventh wā pays homage to the Moa.
 * 12) The twelfth wā honors the lineage of Wākea, whose son Hāloa is the ancestor of all people.
 * 13) The thirteenth wā honors the lineage of Hāloa's mother Papahānaumoku.
 * 14) In the fourteenth wā Liʻaikūhonua mates with Keakahulihonua, and have their child Laka.
 * 15) The fifteenth wā refers to Haumeanuiʻāiwaiwa and her lineage, it also explains Māui's adventures and siblings.
 * 16) The sixteenth wā recounts all of Māui's lineage for forty-four generations, all the way down to the Moʻi of Māui, Piʻilani.

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, anthropologists Adolf Bastian and Roland Burrage Dixon interpreted a recurring verse of the Kumulipo as describing the octopus as the sole survivor of a previous age of existence. In her 1951 translation of the Kumulipo, ethnographer Martha Warren Beckwith provided a different translation of the verse, although she does discuss the possibility that "octopus" is the correct translation and describes the god Kanaloa.

Comparative literature
Comparisons may be made between marital partners (husband and wife often have synonymous names), between genealogical and flora-fauna names, and in other Polynesian genealogies.

Cultural impact
The supermassive black hole M87*, captured by the Event Horizon Telescope, was informally given the Hawaiian name "Pōwehi", a poetic description of generative darkness or the spirit world taken from the Kumulipo.

In 2009, the poet Jamaica Heolimeleikalani Osorio performed her poem, Kumulipo, at a poetry event at the White House.

title: Kumulipo


text:
Talk:Anna Kournikova

Useless and inappropriate reference
Reference 6, cited by the first sentence of the third paragraph is completely unrelated to Anna Kournikova's back injury. I think it needs to be replaced by a new correct reference.

The quality of the "article" linked as reference 6 is also sub-standard and the whole reference should probably go away. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Annakour (talk • contribs) 19:56, 17 January 2015 (UTC)

Why were some of her Niki commercials banned?
And where were they banned?

-G

IPA pronunciation of her name is wrong
The IPA for the pronunciation of her name is wrong. It doesn't show vowel reduction.

Nude Picture
Some one changed the picture of Anna to a nude one. I just shrunk it down, before I realized what they uploaded. I tried to revert it to the old image, though I am not sure I did it right. Can some one else please double check that I did it right, thanks.--Azathar 04:18, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Looks to me to be reverted correctly. I'll delete the topless one. (not relevant for article, and has a .com logo in corner) Tristanb 02:54, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

Oral sex rumor
Removed a reference to her supposedly having been "caught performing oral sex on Fred Durst." Whilst truth, accuracy, and completeness are important, surely we don't need to include every piece of inane tabloid gossip about people (for fsck's sake, I bet her family has baby pictures of her *in the nude*...). --Robert Merkel 04:52 Sep 30, 2002 (UTC)

 * Wait a minute... both Britney Spears *and* Anna Kournikova were caught performing oral sex on Fred Durst?? Wow. What a lucky fellow.

 * Not to mention Jessica Marie Alba. I suspect our fellow may have made a habit of this. --Brion 05:26 Sep 30, 2002 (UTC)

Birth place change
I changed

Kournikova was born in Moscow, Russia to

Kournikova was born in Moscow, Soviet Union (Now Russia)

I did this because the USSR had not broken up in 1981 but did so ten years later.

--hoshie

 * I note this has been changed back. Russia was the name for the Russian Federation even when it was one of the fifteen "full" Soviet Republics so it is not necessary to put this.  Dainamo 13:10, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

More famous for beauty or skill?
"she is perhaps more famous for her beauty than for her tennis skills" isn't this against NPOV or is it just a fact? Lenore 03:03, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I wouldn't say it's either - it's actually quite a nonsensical statement when you think about it. Within a tennis conext, she's more famous than other female players of equal ability because she's more attractive than they are, but it's her tennis talent that first brought her into the public eye and gave her a platform to be noticed for her looks.  For the above statement to make any sense, you'd have to prove that other women of equal attractiveness but with less tennis talent are equally famous, which is of course not true.  Think about it this way - following the logic of the above statement, you could say "Michael Jackson is more famous for sleeping with little boys than for being a singer", based on the fact that his activities with young boys accounts for most of his current media coverage.  But of course, his liking for young boys would not be talked about if he wasn't a famous singer.  I've removed the above sentence. Palefire 19:59, Jun 24, 2005 (UTC)

Sorry, Palefire, but that's sophistry. Of course it is a fact that Kournikova is far more famous for her appearance than her tennis accomplishments; how many female athletes who have never achieved a significant championship or milestone at the professional level have had a tenth of her publicity? Kournikova was a premier star at the junior level, but that has had no more import to her professional career than Ryan Leaf being a college star has had to his. It sounds more like you're trying to come up with reasons to discredit the obvious facts than to look at the facts and draw the obvious conclusions. RGTraynor 12:42, Jul 29, 2005

 * She's hot, so I will vote for the latter. She is certainly a beautiful girl, if I shall say so myself. :). It's not NPOV, because it is a fact. For Lord's sakes, she was mentioned in a commercial showcasing her beauty when a bunch of men, when hearing "Is that Anna Kournikova", they ran and trampled over each other to get to her; so it is very obvious her beauty had a lot to do with her success and her progressing in the industry. And to tell the truth, I don't give a hoot about tennis, I navigated to this page so I could get a picture, shows you how much people know about her beautiful appearance, doesn't it? I agree with RGTraylor. Oh yea, did I mention she is HOT!? She's certainly in my top 50 if not #1. Эйрон Кинни  04:01, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree with Palefire about the statement "Gaining reknown more for her beauty than for her tennis skills." You can't disentangle the two factors and weigh them against each other; she is as famous as she is because of a synergetic interaction between her skills and her beauty.  That's a philosophical point, though.  More relevant in terms of wikipedia policy is that Palefire and I challenge the factual accuracy of the statement, therefore, by both WP:NPOV and WP:RS, it needs to be attributed to a reliable source, as in, "According to so-and-so, Kournikova is known more for..."   I'm taking out that clause in the intro, but letting the similar statements later in the article stay for now.  --Allen 21:40, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I decided to just change the wording rather than take it out, but effectively it's the same thing. --Allen 21:43, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I think you have to say skill above beauty. She is a stunning woman, no doubt.  But if that girl never picked up a racquet she would likely be anonymous in Russia right now.  Plus, I think she came along before the era of really pretty female tennis players.  Face it, her contemporaries were Williams, Williams, Hingis, Davenport, Graf, Seles --- none of them show stoppers in the looks department.  In that era, Kournikova was so incredibly unique to possess talent and be truly beautiful.--Lindsay (talk) 04:20, 2 August 2008 (UTC)

Pictures
Hmmm... the pictures get changed from time to time. Maybe we should put the old ones into some sort if image gallery?

Anna Kournikova latest and amazing pics

Link suggestions
An automated Wikipedia link suggester has some possible wiki link suggestions for the Anna_Kournikova article, and they have been placed on this page for your convenience. Tip: Some people find it helpful if these suggestions are shown on this talk page, rather than on another page. To do this, just add to this page. — LinkBot 10:35, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Number of wins/finals
This article contradicts itself in two spots. In "Tennis Career" it states that she has won "two Grand Slam doubles titles" but in "Trivia" it says she has "won 16 doubles WTA titles, including 3 Grand Slams"

Also in "Tennis Career" it says "she only reached the finals four times in 130 singles tournaments" yet in "Finals" it says "Kournikova participated in three finals matches".

 * The Trivia and Finals sections are wrong; I'll go and make the edits. The WTA site has detailed information on Kournikova's senior career, down to every match she ever played, where, when, what ranking the tournaments had, and all the scores to boot.  RGTraynor 19:15, September 2, 2005 (UTC)

I don't believe she played 130 professional single tournaments in her career, not with the amount of injuries she had. And why cancel the fact the she was injured?

 * What you believe is irrelevant, I'm afraid; the 130 singles tournament total comes from the WTA's own website, which as cited above has a comprehensive and searchable database listing results from every match and tournament every one of its players has ever played, and which is linked on the Wiki entry if you care to look it over. RGTraynor 12:54, 17 November 2005 (UTC)

On the WTA website it is also stated that Kournikova spent three years in a row in the top-15 of the WTA tour ranking, which is quite a accomplishment, or that she won the Orange Bowl in 1995, THE world championships tournament for juniors. Yet you (RGTraynor) delete every post made on this. It's a fact on her career so post it. I don't know why you like to stress all the 'negative' parts of her career. Most of which are subjective views.

 * Not a single one of which are subjective views. If you wanted my actual view (which is subjective) it is that Kournikova was an average singles' player who neither you nor anyone else would care about if she wasn't model-pretty; there are many other tennis players whose accomplishments dwarf hers with articles a fraction of the size of this one.  (For instance, I rather doubt, without looking it up, that you have any notion who won said Orange Bowl -- which is not, in fact, "the" world champion tournament for juniors, but one of nine principal junior tournaments -- in 1994 or 1996, and I note that Kournikova's page is the only female tennis player's article to which you've contributed.)  It is far from insignificant that the pictures of her that hit this article are invariably bikini shots as opposed to action pictures of her in matches.  Are you this invested in Amelie Mauresmo's article?  Jelena Dokic's?  Martina Hingis'?  All three are former junior world champions who have gone on to successful singles careers.

 * As far as the "Top Fifteen" deal you keep posting, that fails under Wikipedia's rules concerning neologisms. No one ever cites "top fifteens" - "top ten" lists are the standard in the sports world, but of course Kournikova only cracked the Top Ten once in her career, so in effect you've created an artificial threshold under which she qualifies and declared that a significant fact.  There are few athletes who cannot be tricked out to be significant by means of similar and hitherto unrecognized constructions.  RGTraynor 23:10, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

For your information: I know the champions of the Orange Bowl of 1994 and 1996, and the other years as well, doesn't matter however. Nowadays the Orange Bowl is one of nine GA tournaments. However, in the nineties the Orange Bowl was considered the world championship tournament. I never posted pictures here, by the way. I am not going by Anna's looks as you like to state. I'm a female (hetero) tennisfan and I just loved the way she played. You can read I assume: the WTA site posts top-15, it's a common tennis term, but apparently you don't know that either. I don't feel the need to contribute to any pages on Amelie, Jelena or Martina. The first two are boring players IMO and Martina's piece is actually quite ok. It just disturbes me that you consider Anna as an average player. It shows the lack of tennis knowledge you have. Not everyone knows the game, you certainly don't, but that doesn't mean you can write your subjective views on here. The frequent use of the word model and bikini in all your writings show your limited view.

 * (shrugs) You're entitled to your (equally subjective) opinion, but in the sports world, how prettily you play matters a great deal less than whether you produce on the playing field.  Kournikova never won a senior singles tournament and made the finals of only four.  By contrast, "boring" Mauresmo has won nineteen singles titles -- and is the reigning WTA champion -- been a finalist in seventeen others, has over 400 career wins, and is ranked #3 in the world.  That's in the Top Ten, by the bye; the WTA site) doesn't list fifteen singles players in the Top Ten ranking featured prominently on their front page.  Mauresmo is, unfortunately, unlikely to win any modelling contracts in the foreseeable future.  That being said, I'm sure there are many discussion forums and bulletin boards upon which you can debate Kournikova's merits as a singles' player, but their advocacy isn't pertinent here.  In any event, a genuinely knowledgeable tennis fan familiar with the WTA site wouldn't have questioned whether Kournikova had played in 130 senior singles tournaments.  RGTraynor 21:41, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

Kournikova won 16 doubles tournaments and not 13. I don't know how to change it, can someone please do that ? Source: http://www.wtatour.com/players/playerprofiles/playerbio.asp?PlayerID=110375

Kournikova's fitness
"In a feature for Elle magazine's July 2005 issue, Kournikova stated that if she were 100% fit, she would like to come back and compete again."

She looks pretty fit to me!! Damiancorrigan 14:18, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

Anna Kournikova computer virus
Does anyone think that the article should mention the Anna Kournikova computer virus, which spread around the globe through e-mail and would infect user's computers if they clicked on a link promising pictures of her? Obviously the virus maker had to choose someone with worldwide popularity, and their choice of Anna I think is significant.
 * No. Utterly irrelevant. --kingboyk 15:07, 4 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Seems related to the sentence on Google in the introduction if you ask me... EditorInTheRye (talk) 16:12, 12 March 2009 (UTC)

Citation for "best-known"
Would the number of Google hits prove that she is/was the best-known woman tennis player in the world? Let's face it, anytime we say that something is the "best-known" in the world, we're at least verging on POV. (Is Christianity the world's best-known religion? Was John F. Kennedy the best-known U.S. President?  Is Coca-Cola the world's best-known product?  These are certainly the conventional wisdom, but all unprovable IMO, and probably Western-biased, as would the number of Google hits be.)  This is not like we're talking about something objective, like whether Mt. Everest is the highest mountain on earth, or Russia the world's largest country in area. Rlquall 21:00, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

Removed some marked unsourced statements
From the opener:

 * Based on their looks, Hingis and Kournikova facetiously referred to themselves as the "Spice Girls of Tennis".

From "Media publicity":
 * She has not posed topless or nude for any publications, but nude photos taken by paparazzi during a Caribbean vacation do exist.

I've removed these two statements, which were marked unsourced, in accordance with the Biographies of living persons policy.

These can be restored to the article if sourced. --Tony Sidaway 14:59, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

 * One other comment I'd like to have considered removed is ""Kournikova" is pronounced with the accent on the first syllable, English speakers sometimes mistakenly put the accent on the 3rd syllable."  There is no formal pronounciation in English as far as I can find.  This also seems a bit out of place.  Perhaps it can be changed to say "In the origin language, Kournikova is pronounced with the accent on the first syllable."  or best yet, just rely on a pronounciation key at the start of the article.  Thoughts? --67.124.90.59 (talk) 23:04, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

I've now got a source at a bottem of an artcle about this: * Based on their looks, Hingis and Kournikova facetiously referred to themselves as the "Spice Girls of Tennis".KnowIG 22:10, 5 May 2010 (UTC)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by KnowIG (talk • contribs)

Endorsements
I'm interested to know if there is information regarding how much Kournikova earned in endorsements and other non-tennis activities. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jaedglass (talk • contribs) 04:05, 26 January 2008 (UTC)

Pronunciation
The accent in Russian names causes a lot of problem for English speakers, as they are not predictable, they need to be known or told. See how the surnames of some Russian female tennis players have inconsistent accent: Kúrnikova (Kou-) (Курникова), Kuznetsóva (Kou-) (Кузнецова)), Deméntieva (Дементьева), Sharápova (Шарапова). Some commentators check the correct name pronunciation before using them but many don't. I think it's important to pronounce correctly. Apart from that the "Kour-" (or Kur-") is not pronounced as "cur" in "curtain" but as [Koo-rr-] --Atitarev (talk) 22:25, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

 * One other comment I'd like to have considered removed is ""Kournikova" is pronounced with the accent on the first syllable, English speakers sometimes mistakenly put the accent on the 3rd syllable."  There is no formal pronounciation in English as far as I can find.  (This article being in English.)  This also seems a bit out of place.  Perhaps it can be changed to say "In the origin language, Kournikova is pronounced with the accent on the first syllable."  or best yet, just rely on a pronounciation key at the start of the article.  Thoughts? --67.124.90.59 (talk) 23:06, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Removed the unsourced statement for now. If something is added back, it should be a simple pronunciation key and have a source sited; without making unnecessary and unverifiable comment regarding English speakers. Fcsuper (talk) 14:47, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

Caption for Photo in infobox
Can I just get a feel for whether people think the caption for her picture in the infobox is worthwhile or not? Do you think the article's better with or without it?--Jeff79 (talk) 14:40, 2 November 2008 (UTC)

Poker Hand
It's Ace-Queen  not Ace-King, the initials have nothing to do with it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Vujaa De (talk • contribs) 14:48, 22 November 2009 (UTC)

No it isn't. See http://www.texasholdem-poker.com/hand_nicknames for example. 82.1.148.7 (talk) 14:06, 11 August 2010 (UTC)

 * That shouldn't even be in the article in the first place since it's not encyclopedic. Anyone who plays poker knows that "Big Slick" is the far more common nickname for AK.  Another alternate nickname for AK is "Walking Back to Houston" but you wouldn't put that in the article for the city of Houston.  68.45.109.14 (talk) 03:34, 26 October 2010 (UTC)

childhood
She was on the graham norton show last night, and she made it sound like her parents were not as passive as this article makes them out to be. I know most of the stuff about her parents is in quotes, but it sounds like she was just being nice about it. In the interview i am talking about, she said that her parents made her practice from a very young age (not just for fun), and that she had to support the entire family as the moved from Russia. I don't have any sources, but it seems relevant if anyone else does! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.233.246.217 (talk) 21:15, 14 November 2010 (UTC)

Removed content (Influences on popular culture section)

 * The following is an archived discussion concerning one or more articles. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on an appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.

 * The result of the discussion was: Reword close paraphrasing and readd content with final consent by opposing bilateral discussant at his talk page. This discussion is being closed procedurally because neither discussant has the page on his watchlist.--TonyTheTiger (T/C/BIO/WP:CHICAGO/WP:FOUR) 14:44, 10 September 2011 (UTC)

Removed: A variation of a White Russian made with skim milk is known as an Anna Kournikova.

Source 1: Anna Kournikova--A White Russian with skim milk.
 * This is not a copy vio. It is a factual description. I am re-adding this portion now and will come back to look at sources for the rest momentarily. There is virtually no other encyclopedic way to summarize the source.--TonyTheTiger (T/C/BIO/WP:CHICAGO/WP:FOUR) 19:25, 8 September 2011 (UTC)
 * No, it's not a copyvio, it's just trivial garbage that has no place in a biography. It's trivia of the lowest order. Courcelles 00:34, 9 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Somewhat trivial, yes. However, consider comments on her place in pop culture below.--TonyTheTiger (T/C/BIO/WP:CHICAGO/WP:FOUR) 02:38, 9 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Trivia that was worth one throwaway line in a source that I'd argue is borderline of reliability? (And I'd never, ever use it in an article I was preparing to run through a FC candidacy, too questionable, like most "alternative newspaper"'s.)  Really, this is an article about someone's whose notability hinges on tennis, not an ephemeral subject like pop culture.  You want to include this stuff, you've got to show how is actually is relevant in a biography, and that you can throw a source at it isn't the standard. Actual relevance in the story of the person's life is. Courcelles 16:20, 9 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Alternate refs. Take your picks and I will swap in or augment. Maybe we should have 2 or 3 refs. I have to add these one at a time because something is triggering the spam filter.
 * Cocktails and drinking games--TonyTheTiger (T/C/BIO/WP:CHICAGO/WP:FOUR) 17:39, 9 September 2011 (UTC)
 * TV Guide--TonyTheTiger (T/C/BIO/WP:CHICAGO/WP:FOUR) 17:39, 9 September 2011 (UTC)
 * iFood.tv--TonyTheTiger (T/C/BIO/WP:CHICAGO/WP:FOUR) 17:40, 9 September 2011 (UTC)
 * cocktailgenius.com--TonyTheTiger (T/C/BIO/WP:CHICAGO/WP:FOUR) 17:41, 9 September 2011 (UTC)
 * In terms of biographical relevance, as stated before, she is pop culture. The "Anna Kournikova" "white russian" g-test is well over 20,000. When people have stuff named after them, it is considered relevant. Nothing further needed. Just look at the g-test.--TonyTheTiger (T/C/BIO/WP:CHICAGO/WP:FOUR) 17:39, 9 September 2011 (UTC)
 * 20,000 ghits? WP:GHITS.  They mean nothing as you are mainly searching Wiki mirrors and unreliable sources.  There is a very good reason the Google test is on the arguments to avoid, and it carries almost no weight in discussions here.  "When people have stuff named after them, it is considered relevant."  is not true at all.  When people have substantial things named after them, schools, stadiums, etc, it is relevant.  A single ingredient variation on a cocktail that was done long before anyone heard her name?  Not so much. As to this whole "she is pop culture", well, point not proven. Look at the article as it stands.  Lots about tennis, lots about notable magazines, about appearances.  Notable information.  And then this tagged on at the bottom? It's nothing but WP-in-2005 grade trivia, 20,000 ghits or not.  We're editors, not aggregators of Google.  Courcelles 05:41, 10 September 2011 (UTC)
 * I just presented some WP:RS. Basically, on WP we are not arbiters on what is relevant in a person's life.  We are a tertiary resource that summarizes secondary sources. Once one has a bunch of secondary sources to summarize, we put them in. You have gone from "Actual relevance in the story of the person's life is." to "When people have substantial things named after them, schools, stadiums, etc, it is relevant," which is quite arbitrary.  Admittedly, I am not the person to ask, but having a street or a bridge named after you doesn't affect your life much more than having a poker hand or cocktail named after you.  I think having a street named after you should be included. There is no comparison in terms of having stadiums, skyscrapers, counties and cities named after you, but let's look at something a little more relevant like a street in a far away city. That should be included in a bio.--TonyTheTiger (T/C/BIO/WP:CHICAGO/WP:FOUR) 06:26, 10 September 2011 (UTC)
 * I can't believe that you want to contest whether Anna Kournikova is the epitome of pop culture? Did you read the part of her bio that says she is among the most widely-searched subject in the world.  There is a good chance that in the history of Google, she is the number one most searched subject. How can you question whether she is a pop culture subject.--TonyTheTiger (T/C/BIO/WP:CHICAGO/WP:FOUR) 06:26, 10 September 2011 (UTC)

--- Removed: Anna's popularity has extended into Texas Hold 'em lingo, where the hole cards Ace–King (unsuited) are sometimes referred to as an "Anna Kournikova", a term introduced by the poker commentator Vince van Patton during a WPT tournament because "it looks great but never wins".

 * Source 2: Ace King was famously nicknamed after tennis player Anna Kournikova by Vince Van Patton during commentary during an episode of the WPT because the hand "looks great but never wins".
 * Source 3: "Anna Kournikova" (Ace and King in the hole - looks good but always loses)
 * Source 4: "hole" cards ace-king, a combination sometimes referred to as Anna Kournikova (AK) because it looks good but usually does not play well.

You point out that she has won two Grand Slams (both in women's doubles). BTW, she also has 16 Women's Tennis Association titles (all in doubles). Please note that this is not about the AKMH hand which would be known as the Anna Kournikova-Martina Hingis doubles team hand, which won two grand slams. You seem to be defending the AKMH hand and not the AK hand.--TonyTheTiger (T/C/BIO/WP:CHICAGO/WP:FOUR) 19:51, 8 September 2011 (UTC)
 * This is not a copyvio because the quote is properly attributed with inline citation.
 * It is a term that by its wide-spread use (as demonstrated in a variety of sources) is by its very nature of encyclopedic merit.
 * I am going to check through BLP. It seems to me to be mildly derogatory like say Mendoza Line, but not in violation of any BLP policy I know. It is not just a single commentator taking a shot, but rather a widespread, commonly-accepted poker term. Please present your BLP policy point.--TonyTheTiger (T/C/BIO/WP:CHICAGO/WP:FOUR) 19:41, 8 September 2011 (UTC)
 * It is not a BLP vio, IMO. I.E., it passes WP:BLPSOURCES. — Preceding unsigned comment added by TonyTheTiger (talk • contribs) 19:44, 8 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Also passes WP:WELLKNOWN.--TonyTheTiger (T/C/BIO/WP:CHICAGO/WP:FOUR) 19:49, 8 September 2011 (UTC)
 * No, it doesn't, WELLKNOWN says "If an allegation or incident is notable, relevant, and well-documented, it belongs in the article" Whatever it is, and it absolutely is closely paraphrased from the source, it is totally irrelevant to the article. Again, this isn't popular culture, it's the worst sort of trivia crammed into a biography. Someone takes a shot, it's slightly funny, maybe one reliable source picks it up, and it's here forever.  That's not how we treat BLP's.  We only put stuff into a BLP that actually matters to their bio, and this is irrelevant. Courcelles 00:37, 9 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Why are you pointing out that it is close to the sources, when it is in quotes with three inline citations? Are you making a point?--TonyTheTiger (T/C/BIO/WP:CHICAGO/WP:FOUR) 02:38, 9 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Her name as a reference to common things in pop culture is something that belongs in a bio. "How we treat BLP's" is to examine what is in the public domain and summarize it. In this case, her name has been widely, broadly, commonly and generally associated with a particular starting hand for good reason. It is not one guy. It is one guy who came up with a nickname that stuck. Go to any casino, online poker cite or home game and say you have Anna Kournikova. Everyone will know exactly what cards are in your hand. Google "Anna Kournikova poker" and you will find Anna Kournikova poker t-shirts on the first page of the results. You will find 13 million results. This is not one guy.--TonyTheTiger (T/C/BIO/WP:CHICAGO/WP:FOUR) 02:38, 9 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Well, that seems to come out of left field, and makes no sense at all. Who wins titles in doubles, players, not teams (check the WTA records, the records of grand slam titles in doubles are by individual, not by partnerships).  So it was a very silly shot by the person who first said it. Courcelles 00:39, 9 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Damn, you are making me dog out a person I really like and sort of respect. Here it is. Tennis is considered an individual sport that has some team events.  When we talk about the great champions of the sport, the great doubles teams are in a remote galaxy from the individual event champions.  Kournikova is not a champion of any sort in tennis as an individual. Not in the Olympics, not in any slam, not in any TWA event, not even your garden variety tour stop, not in Davis cup, not in anything that remotely matters.  In short, she has never won a championship that is regaled in the sport.  People who don't understand tennis may argue that she has 16 championships and two grand slams, but people almost through and through agree that she has not won anything even though she has won a lot of doubles tourneys including a couple of important ones. Don't confuse your personal opinion that she has won a lot with the generally accepted convention that she has not.  There is really no argument. Yes it is nice and egalitarian to talk about team achievements, but tennis is an individual sport.--TonyTheTiger (T/C/BIO/WP:CHICAGO/WP:FOUR) 02:38, 9 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Who has won the most grand slams in history? According to our own article it is Roy Emerson for the men, and Margaret Court overall. Not Federer, mind, who despite his 16 singles titles isn't even in the top 10 men.  (On the women's side, Court leads either way.)  Your argument inflates one discipline over the other two, and by your argument, one could easily take shots at Elizabeth Ryan or other legends of the game who never played well at singles.  Writing off the doubles discipline as irrelevant as you have done is a very modernist POV.  When you talk about Grand Slam champions, as recognised by the Slams themselves, Kournikova has to be on that list, and this article cannot present her career as a failure, as pot shots like this do. Courcelles 16:37, 9 September 2011 (UTC)
 * No one said her wins don't count. I know how to count grand slams and I can certainly count up to two. Yes she is on the list. It is mainly because she is one of many people fortunated enough and skilled enough to complement Hingis. Hingis won 10 Grand Slams doubles titles with seven different partners: Helena Suková, Natasha Zvereva, Mirjana Lučić, Jana Novotná, Kournikova, Mary Pierce and Mahesh Bhupathi. Yes the two with Kournikova count, but the 13.7 million g-test results are a testament to the fact that Kournikova is barely recognized for them. You are not arguing against me, but rather 13.7 million web pages that document her lack of recognition.--TonyTheTiger (T/C/BIO/WP:CHICAGO/WP:FOUR) 18:08, 9 September 2011 (UTC)
 * All that being said, Kournikova is the definitive persona of pop culture. She was the most entered search term for several years and for several years after that continued to be the most searched athlete. She continues to be one of the most searched athletes. As such, it is our responsibility as the keepers of her wikipedia biography to present encyclopedic content related to her place in pop culture.  This article presented commonly and widely accepted content.--TonyTheTiger (T/C/BIO/WP:CHICAGO/WP:FOUR) 02:38, 9 September 2011 (UTC)
 * And, you say all that, and the best we can source for such a section is a minor variation on a cocktail, and a minor nickname for a poker hand? Every poker player I know, and I know quite a few, would call AK "Big Slick', as the IP said a few sections above. If all that is true, then write about that, not this random, minor cruft. Courcelles 16:37, 9 September 2011 (UTC)
 * No doubt Big Slick is the primary nickname, but Anna gets a mention at List of playing-card nicknames. The pop culture is summarized in the TV guide reference above. That is all we have at this time. However, she is set to host The Biggest Loser this year. Who knows where that will take us.--TonyTheTiger (T/C/BIO/WP:CHICAGO/WP:FOUR) 18:08, 9 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Have a look at the Anna Kournikova poker Google books search. P.S. go to the 2nd page to see how many foreign languages the nickname applies to.--TonyTheTiger (T/C/BIO/WP:CHICAGO/WP:FOUR) 06:26, 10 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Not sure if my google book search foreign language argument was the final straw but the opposing discussant has withdrawn his opposition.--TonyTheTiger (T/C/BIO/WP:CHICAGO/WP:FOUR) 14:29, 10 September 2011 (UTC)

 * The above is preserved as an archive of the discussion. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the article's talk page or in a deletion review). No further edits should be made to this section.

Career ended when it ended.
If a citation can be added that says that her career ended prematurely that would certainly help matters. --Malerooster (talk) 23:26, 10 August 2013 (UTC)
 * It looks like she was a pro for 8 years? Probably longer than most, but again, that would be original research and subjective without sources, ect. --Malerooster (talk) 23:29, 10 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Show me at least a handful other pro athletes, whose career ended at 21 or younger; in other words, show me where this is not premature. Hearfourmewesique (talk) 01:02, 11 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Common on, you should know better than that. The owenous is on you because you want to include this subjective material. There are plenty of atheletes that never made it past 20, but that is neither here nor there. She played 8 years as a pro? Plenty of pros have had much shorter careers, but that is also neither here nor there. We relie on what reliable source say and what their determinations say, not what you or I think. Again, if you have a citation for this material, that would help. --Malerooster (talk) 01:13, 11 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Since in general, most sports figures have careers well into their 30s, "prematurely" is not an objective description. I have, however, found a source and inserted it into the article. Hearfourmewesique (talk) 02:48, 11 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Of course it is. Not sure that a non notable writer blog posting in the opinion section is the best source, but better than nothing I guess. --Malerooster (talk) 02:55, 11 August 2013 (UTC)

I hope someone is planning to go through all the articles of all sportsmen and insert a judgement as to whether their career ended prematurely, belatedly, or just about at the right time. And perhaps someone could add the information to this article about just exactly how long her career was supposed to go on for? Obviously just saying "prematurely" without saying exactly how premature is intolerably imprecise. I await this information with great interest. 200.104.245.226 (talk) 04:17, 13 November 2013 (UTC)

 * I've been waiting for quite some time for someone to come up with the verifiable date that her career should have ended, so that we can confirm that it did indeed end "prematurely". I certainly am surprised that this information has not been forthcoming.  Perhaps, as I argued a year ago, to say that a career ended "prematurely" is simply a point of view which contains no encyclopaedic information and adds absolutely nothing to the article.  Why, then, is it still in the article?  81.133.23.70 (talk) 18:07, 16 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Still waiting. 75.98.19.140 (talk) 12:36, 27 May 2014 (UTC)
 * I can't give you much, but there's an article here that discusses the increasing longevity of tennis players. Specifically: "Today's top 10 women average 25.1 years in age. That's up from 22.0 in 2002".  It doesn't answer the question directly, but it does indicate that the top players, on average played beyond 22.  In any case, data seems scarce, and the assertion questioned ("premature"?) is almost certainly too vague to directly support or refute. Speed8ump (talk) 20:25, 15 May 2015 (UTC)

Personal life section could use citations
Could anybody help "improve" this section by providing more reliable sources and copy editing it? I removed some unsourced material that had been around awhile, but it could use a lot more attention. Thank you, --Malerooster (talk) 01:21, 11 August 2013 (UTC)

Deleting questionable, poorly-placed info on WP enforceable grounds of missing cites
How the info on spelling of AK's last name fits into a paragraph about lifestyle is unfathomable. It also is not an accurate statement of Russian phonology or transliteration. For examples, U is not an accurate transliteration for Russian cyrillic Y. There are also no R, no N, no I, and no V in the Russian cyrillic name. However, the grounds on which I deleted the info is it lacks a valid (or any) source citation. The info about the family sometimes using the alternate spelling IS relevant to the article. If s.o. who wants it in the article has a valid source to cite for the info, please place that cite along with the info in a place where the info belongs, if necessary a new section or subsection. (If s.o. adds back this section in an appropriate place with citations, it might also be instructive to explain in a sentence or two why her name has an a at the end, unlike her dad's. Paavo273 (talk) 21:16, 4 November 2013 (UTC)

In the personal life section with regards to long-time boyfriend Enrique Iglesias.
They separated in October 2013, after almost 12 years together. http://hollywoodlife.com/interstitial/?ref=http%3A%2F%2Fhollywoodlife.com%2F2013%2F10%2F09%2Fanna-kournikova-enrique-iglesias-split%2F

Ekthelifeguard (talk) 02:45, 5 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. It's doubtful that hollywoodlife.com meets our reliable source guidelines. If you do find a reliable source, feel free to reopen this request and propose the exact change in wording you'd like to see. Rivertorch (talk) 21:07, 8 December 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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When did she retire?
This page needs to decide when she retired. It says, "Kournikova's professional tennis career ended prematurely at the age of 21," which would be 2002 or 2003. Later it says, "She continued to be the most searched athlete on the Internet through 2008 even though she had retired from the professional tennis circuit years earlier." However, the information bar on the right says "Retired May 2007," which doesn't seem to be consistent with either of those statements. 74.71.90.153 (talk) 18:04, 8 September 2016 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 8 October 2016
139.167.69.184 (talk) 08:53, 8 October 2016 (UTC) married life
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format. Topher385 (talk) 10:00, 8 October 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Pregnancy
Why is there no mention of her pregnancy and giving birth to twins?

They reportedly split in October 2013 but have since reconciled. The couple welcomed twins, Nicholas and Lucy, on Saturday, 16 December 2017, at South Miami Hospital.

2601:645:4300:B100:C073:DB63:2322:1FAE (talk) 08:55, 14 January 2018 (UTC)

The neutrality of the style of writing
This article has been tagged for over 7 months. Yet a talk section has never been added. The edit that added the tag has nothing in the edit summary. Since it is not clear what the neutrality issue is, and no satisfactory explanation has been given, I am removing the tag.---- Work permit (talk) 00:55, 1 September 2019 (UTC)

Lead nationality
Not disputing her American citizenship, but I thought only sport nationality was supposed to be identified at the top Scf1985 (talk) 22:12, 9 September 2019 (UTC)

Relationship with Iglesias
The paragraph about her relationship with Enrique Iglesias verges on incomprehensible. "She has consistently refused to directly confirm or deny the status of her personal relationships"- this is unsourced; surely a source saying something along the lines of "Kournikova prefers to keep her personal relationships private" or whatever exists? "In June 2008, Iglesias was quoted by the Daily Star as having married Kournikova the previous year and subsequently separated"- this is some actual useful information, but surely ought to be rephrased incorporating the later details of their children to something like "In June 2008, Iglesias was quoted by the Daily Star as having married Kournikova the previous year and subsequently separated; they later reunited [or "resumed their relationship", or something] and have three children: twins Nicholas and Lucy, born on 16 December 2017, and a daughter born, 30 January 2020." It stands to reason that their relationship obviously continued given that a decade after their "separation" they had children together, but the current flow of details is not clear enough. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.144.71.133 (talk) 23:17, 5 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anna Kournikova


text:
Kupua

In Hawaiian mythology, the Kupua are a group of supernatural entities which might be considered gods or spirits (see also Atua).

Hawaiian myths and legends abound with such characters. They are traditionally described as monsters having the power of appearing in different kinds of bodies. They usually have cruel and vindictive characters and are ready to destroy and devour any persons they can catch. There are, however, many kupuas of kindly spirit who give watchful care to the members of their own families.

Many Hawaiian kupua are considered as gods having a double body, sometimes appearing as a man and sometimes being able to change shape, into an animal, vegetable, or mineral form. The latter form always possesses supernatural powers. William Westervelt mentions the following classification for kupua:
 * Ka-poe-kino-lau (the people who had leaf bodies)
 * Ka-poe-kino-pua (the people who had flower bodies)
 * Ka-poe-kino-manu (the people who had bird bodies)
 * Ka-poe-kino-laau (trees of all kinds, ferns, vines, etc.)
 * Ka-poe-kino-pupu (all shells)
 * Ka-poe-kino-ao (all clouds)
 * Ka-poe-kino-maani (all winds)
 * Ka-poe-kina-ia (all fish)
 * Ka-poe-kina-mano (all sharks)
 * Ka-poe-kina-limu (all sea-mosses)
 * Ka-poe-kina-pokaku (all peculiar stones)
 * Ka-poe-kina-hiwa-hiwa (all dangerous places of the pali)

Famous kupua in Hawaiian legends
Mamala the surf-rider was a chieftess of kupua character. She might appear as a shark, a lizard, or a woman. Her surfing skills were so impressive that people would gather on the beach to applaud her performance. She was married to the shark-man Ouha, but later left him for a chief named Hono-kau-pu.

In an old Honolulu legend, a kupua, who is a dog-man, overthrows the government of Kahanai and becomes the ruling power between Nuuanu Valley and the sea. He is a cannibal, and many of the people are killed and eaten by him. He can appear at will either as a man or a dog.

In Maui, the king once had a kupua, a rooster, which was very cruel and destructive. He could assume a different bird form for each magic power he possessed. This, with his miraculous human powers, made him superior to all the roosters which had ever been his antagonists in cock-fighting.

In Kauai, Akua-pehu-ale (god-of-the-swollen-billow) was a kupua who devoured his enemies and was greatly feared and hated even by his own tribe.

In the legend of the bread-fruit tree, Papa, one of the ancestors of the people living in all the islands now known as Polynesia, is described as a kupua. Her daughter Kap-ula-kinau also has kupua, or magic power.

Other Hawaiian kupua mentioned in the mythology include the famous tricksters Māui and Kamapua'a, Iwa, Ono, and Pekoi, amongst others.

title: Kupua


text:
Talk:Two-spirit

Removed terms

 * Blackfeet
 * Male: Aki-skassi
 * Female: Aki-Gwan

I removed the above terms as there is no source and no indication of which group called "Blackfeet" uses those terms. It is not the Blackfoot of the Blackfoot Nation located in Montana. Hyacinth 20:20, 1 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * See http://www.nwtwospiritsociety.org/history.html Ronabop 12:47, 24 Jul 2004 (UTC)

The article linked to above doesn't specify any more than the wikipedia article does. Hyacinth 22:30, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * See: Blackfoot. WHICH Blackfoot group uses the terms?
 * 1) According to Bruno Nettl (1989) there is no documentation of MTF (for lack of a better term) Two-Spirit folks, while there are well documented FTM or "manly hearted women".

a'kiikoan ~ aakiikoan, which is probably what was meant by "Aki-Gwan", simply is the word for "girl", composed of a'kii ~ aakii "woman" and -koan "person" (the latter as in siksikakoan "Blackfoot person" etc.). So, sorry, no "manly hearted woman" here. The terms (Siksika A a'kiihka'si "acting like a woman", aawoowa'kii "misaligned woman"), with dialectal variation (Siksika A/B, Kainaa-Piikani A/B/C), are in use with all groups. In case of doubt, you may look up words in Frantz/Russell's dictionary, curricula and researchers' fieldnotes. Heike B.22:25, 10 Apr 2006 (CEDT)

Wiki Education assignment: History of Sexuality
— Assignment last updated by Nyxtingale (talk) 16:47, 9 November 2023 (UTC)

List of two-spirit people
I think List of two-spirit people might be a helpful list. Thoughts? --- Another Believer ( Talk ) 22:32, 13 January 2024 (UTC)

Lead tweak
Since there's a note making the request, I just wanted to specify that I changed "modern" to "contemporary" since they are essentially synonymous in this context as far as I can tell, and it flows better in the sentence in my opinion. Cheers. Remsense 诉  08:55, 2 April 2024 (UTC)

1990 Date
I personally knew a Native American who self-identified the term two-spirit in 1980, so I wonder about the source of using 1990 as the date this term was created.

REF: "Coined in 1990 as a primarily ceremonial term promoting community recognition ..." Nemanistatoo (talk) 19:08, 15 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Two-spirit


text:
Flannery O'Connor

Mary Flannery O'Connor (March 25, 1925 – August 3, 1964) was an American novelist, short story writer and essayist. She wrote two novels and 31 short stories, as well as a number of reviews and commentaries.

She was a Southern writer who often wrote in a sardonic Southern Gothic style and relied heavily on regional settings and grotesque characters, often in violent situations. An unsentimental acceptance or rejection of the limitations, imperfections or differences of these characters (whether attributed to disability, race, crime, religion or sanity) typically underpins the drama.

Her writing reflects her Roman Catholic faith and frequently examines questions of morality and ethics. Her posthumously compiled Complete Stories won the 1972 U.S. National Book Award for Fiction and has been the subject of enduring praise.

Childhood
O'Connor was born on March 25, 1925, in Savannah, Georgia, the only child of Edward Francis O'Connor, a real estate agent, and Regina Cline, both of Irish descent. As an adult, she remembered herself as a "pigeon-toed child with a receding chin and a you-leave-me-alone-or-I'll-bite-you complex". The Flannery O'Connor Childhood Home museum is located at 207 E. Charlton Street on Lafayette Square.

In 1940, O'Connor and her family moved to Milledgeville, Georgia, where they initially lived with her mother's family at the so-called 'Cline mansion', in town. In 1937, her father was diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus; it led to his eventual death on February 1, 1941. O'Connor and her mother continued to live in Milledgeville. In 1951, they moved to Andalusia Farm, which is now a museum dedicated to O'Connor's work.

School
O'Connor attended Peabody High School, where she worked as the school newspaper's art editor and from which she graduated in 1942. She entered Georgia State College for Women (now Georgia College & State University) in an accelerated three-year program and graduated in June 1945 with a B.A. in sociology and English literature. While at Georgia College, she produced a significant amount of cartoon work for the student newspaper. Many critics have claimed that the idiosyncratic style and approach of these early cartoons shaped her later fiction in important ways.

In 1945, she was accepted into the prestigious Iowa Writers' Workshop at the University of Iowa, where she first went to study journalism. While there, she got to know several important writers and critics who lectured or taught in the program, among them Robert Penn Warren, John Crowe Ransom, Robie Macauley, Austin Warren and Andrew Lytle. Lytle, for many years editor of the Sewanee Review, was one of the earliest admirers of her fiction. He later published several of her stories in the Sewanee Review, as well as critical essays on her work. Workshop director Paul Engle was the first to read and comment on the initial drafts of what would become Wise Blood. She received an M.F.A. from the University of Iowa in 1947. She remained at the Iowa Writers' Workshop for another year after completing her degree on a fellowship. During the summer of 1948, O'Connor continued to work on Wise Blood at Yaddo, an artists' community in Saratoga Springs, New York, where she also completed several short stories.

In 1949 O'Connor met and eventually accepted an invitation to stay with Robert Fitzgerald (a well-known translator of the classics) and his wife, Sally, in Ridgefield, Connecticut.

Career
O'Connor is primarily known for her short stories. She published two books of short stories: A Good Man Is Hard to Find (1955) and Everything That Rises Must Converge (published posthumously in 1965). Many of O'Connor's short stories have been re-published in major anthologies, including The Best American Short Stories and Prize Stories.

O'Connor's two novels are Wise Blood (1952) (made into a film by John Huston) and The Violent Bear It Away (1960). She also has had several books of her other writings published, and her enduring influence is attested by a growing body of scholarly studies of her work.

Fragments exist of an unfinished novel tentatively titled Why Do the Heathen Rage? that draws from several of her short stories, including "Why Do the Heathen Rage?," "The Enduring Chill," and "The Partridge Festival".

Her writing career can be divided into four five-year periods of increasing skill and ambition, 1945 to 1964:
 * Postgraduate student: Iowa Writers' Workshop, first published stories, drafts of Wise Blood. Literary influences include Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, and Henry James.
 * Early: Wise Blood completed and published. In this period, satirical elements dominate. Influences include Jacques Maritain.
 * Middle: A Good Man Is Hard to Find published, The Violent Bear It Away written and published. Influences include Friedrich von Hügel. In this period, the mystical undercurrents begin to have primacy.
 * Mature: Everything That Rises Must Converge written. Influences include Pierre Teilhard de Chardin and Mary Anne Long (a childhood victim of facial tumors whose story Flannery edited for the Dominican Sisters of Hawthorne ). In this period, the notion of grotesque is expanded to include the good as grotesque, and the grotesque as good.

Characteristics
Regarding her emphasis of the grotesque, O'Connor said: "[A]nything that comes out of the South is going to be called grotesque by the northern reader, unless it is grotesque, in which case it is going to be called realistic." Her fiction is usually set in the South and features morally flawed protagonists who frequently interact with characters with disabilities or are disabled themselves (as O'Connor was by lupus). The issue of race often appears. Most of her works feature disturbing elements, although she did not like to be characterized as cynical. "I am mighty tired of reading reviews that call A Good Man brutal and sarcastic", she wrote. "The stories are hard but they are hard because there is nothing harder or less sentimental than Christian realism ... When I see these stories described as horror stories I am always amused because the reviewer always has hold of the wrong horror."

She felt deeply informed by the sacramental and by the Thomist notion that the created world is charged with God. Yet she did not write apologetic fiction of the kind prevalent in the Catholic literature of the time, explaining that a writer's meaning must be evident in his or her fiction without didacticism. She wrote ironic, subtly allegorical fiction about deceptively backward Southern characters, usually fundamentalist Protestants, who undergo transformations of character that, to her thinking, brought them closer to the Catholic mind. The transformation is often accomplished through pain, violence, and ludicrous behavior in the pursuit of the holy. However grotesque the setting, she tried to portray her characters as open to the touch of divine grace. This ruled out a sentimental understanding of the stories' violence, as of her own illness. She wrote: "Grace changes us and the change is painful."

She had a deeply sardonic sense of humor, often based on the disparity between her characters' limited perceptions and the extraordinary fate awaiting them. Another frequent source of humor is the attempt of well-meaning liberals to cope with the rural South on their own terms. O'Connor used such characters' inability to come to terms with disability, race, poverty, and fundamentalism, other than in sentimental illusions, to illustrate her view that the secular world was failing in the twentieth century.

In several stories, O'Connor explored a number of contemporary issues from the perspective of both her fundamentalist and liberal characters. She addressed the Holocaust in her story "The Displaced Person", racial integration in "Everything That Rises Must Converge" and intersexuality in "A Temple of the Holy Ghost". Her fiction often included references to the problem of race in the South; occasionally, racial issues come to the forefront, as in "The Artificial Nigger", "Everything that Rises Must Converge", and "Judgement Day", her last short story and a drastically rewritten version of her first published story, "The Geranium".

Despite her secluded life, her writing reveals an uncanny grasp of the nuances of human behavior. O'Connor gave many lectures on faith and literature, traveling quite far despite her frail health. Politically, she maintained a broadly progressive outlook in connection with her faith, voting for John F. Kennedy in 1960 and outwardly supporting the work of Martin Luther King Jr. and the civil rights movement. Despite this, she made her personal stance on race and integration known throughout her life, such as in several letters to playwright Maryat Lee under the pseudonym "Mrs Turpin" saying, "You know, I'm an integrationist by principle & a segregationist by taste. i don't like negroes. They all give me a pain and the more of them I see, the less and less I like them. Particularly the new kind". According to O'Connor biographer, Brad Gooch, there are also "letters where she even talks about a friend that she makes in grad school at the University of Iowa who is Black and she defends this friendship to her own mother in letters. It's complicated to look at and I don't think that we can box her in."

Illness and death

By the summer of 1952, O'Connor was diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus), as her father had been before her. She remained for the rest of her life on Andalusia. O'Connor lived for twelve years after her diagnosis, seven years longer than expected.

Her daily routine was to attend Mass, write in the morning, then spend the rest of the day recuperating and reading. Despite the debilitating effects of the steroid drugs used to treat O'Connor's lupus, she nonetheless made over sixty appearances at lectures to read her works.

In the PBS documentary Flannery, the writer Alice McDermott explains the impact lupus had on O'Connor's work, saying, "It was the illness, I think, which made her the writer she is."

O'Connor completed more than two dozen short stories and two novels while living with lupus. She died on August 3, 1964, at the age of 39 in Baldwin County Hospital. Her death was caused by complications from a new attack of lupus following surgery for a uterine fibroid. She was buried in Milledgeville, Georgia, at Memory Hill Cemetery.

Letters
Throughout her life, O'Connor maintained a wide correspondence with writers that included Robert Lowell and Elizabeth Bishop, English professor Samuel Ashley Brown, and playwright Maryat Lee. After her death, a selection of her letters, edited by her friend Sally Fitzgerald, was published as The Habit of Being. Much of O'Connor's best-known writing on religion, writing, and the South is contained in these and other letters.

In 1955, Betty Hester, an Atlanta file clerk, wrote O'Connor a letter expressing admiration for her work. Hester's letter drew O'Connor's attention, and they corresponded frequently. For The Habit of Being, Hester provided Fitzgerald with all the letters she received from O'Connor but requested that her identity be kept private; she was identified only as "A." The complete collection of the unedited letters between O'Connor and Hester was unveiled by Emory University in May 2007; the letters had been given to the university in 1987 with the stipulation that they not be released to the public for 20 years.

Emory University also contains the more than 600 letters O'Connor wrote to her mother, Regina, nearly every day while she was pursuing her literary career in Iowa City, New York, and Massachusetts. Some of these describe "travel itineraries and plumbing mishaps, ripped stockings and roommates with loud radios," as well as her request for the homemade mayonnaise of her childhood. O'Connor lived with her mother for 34 of her 39 years of life.

Catholicism
O'Connor was a devout Catholic. From 1956 through 1964, she wrote more than one hundred book reviews for two Catholic diocesan newspapers in Georgia: The Bulletin and The Southern Cross. According to fellow reviewer Joey Zuber, the wide range of books she chose to review demonstrated that she was profoundly intellectual. Her reviews consistently confronted theological and ethical themes in books written by the most serious and demanding theologians of her time. Professor of English Carter Martin, an authority on O'Connor's writings, notes simply that her "book reviews are at one with her religious life".

A prayer journal O'Connor had kept during her time at the University of Iowa was published in 2013. It included prayers and ruminations on faith, writing, and O'Connor's relationship with God.

Interest in birds
O'Connor frequently used bird imagery within her fiction.

When she was six, O'Connor experienced her first brush with celebrity status. Pathé News filmed "Little Mary O'Connor" with her trained chicken and showed the film around the country. She said: "When I was six I had a chicken that walked backward and was in the Pathé News. I was in it too with the chicken. I was just there to assist the chicken but it was the high point in my life. Everything since has been an anticlimax."

In high school, when the girls were required to sew Sunday dresses for themselves, O'Connor sewed a full outfit of underwear and clothes to fit her pet duck and brought the duck to school to model it.

As an adult at Andalusia, she raised and nurtured some 100 peafowl. Fascinated by birds of all kinds, she raised ducks, ostriches, emus, toucans, and any sort of exotic bird she could obtain, while incorporating peacock imagery in her writing. She described her peacocks in an essay titled "The King of the Birds".

Legacy, awards, and tributes
O'Connor's Complete Stories won the 1972 U.S. National Book Award for Fiction and, in a 2009 online poll, was named the best book ever to have won the National Book Awards.

In June 2015, the United States Postal Service honored O'Connor with a new postage stamp, the 30th issuance in the Literary Arts series. Some criticized the stamp as failing to reflect O'Connor's character and legacy.

She was inducted into the Savannah Women of Vision investiture in 2016.

The Flannery O'Connor Award for Short Fiction, named in honor of O'Connor by the University of Georgia Press, is a prize given annually since 1983 to an outstanding collection of short stories.

Killdozer published the song "Lupus", based on the disease that took O'Connor's life. Her name is mentioned many times in this song; it can be found on the 1989 album 12 Point Buck.

The Flannery O'Connor Book Trail is a series of Little Free Libraries stretching between O'Connor's homes in Savannah and Milledgeville.

The Flannery O'Connor Childhood Home is a historic house museum in Savannah, Georgia, where O'Connor lived during her childhood. In addition to serving as a museum, the house hosts regular events and programs.

Loyola University Maryland had a student dormitory named for O'Connor. In 2020, Flannery O'Connor Hall was renamed in honor of activist Sister Thea Bowman. The announcement also mentions, "This renaming comes after recent recognition of Flannery O’Connor, a 20th century Catholic American writer, and the racism present in some of her work."

The film, Flannery: The Storied Life of the Writer from Georgia has been described as the story of a writer "who wrestled with the greater mysteries of existence."

In 2023, the biographical film Wildcat was released. Co-written and directed by Ethan Hawke and starring his daughter as Flannery O'Connor, the film features a dramatization of O'Connor trying to publish Wise Blood, interspersed with scenes from her short fiction.

In 2024, O'Connor's unfinished novel Why Do the Heathen Rage? was published by Brazos Press. Jessica Hooten Wilson assembled scenes from O'Connor's drafts and supplied her own critical commentary.

Novels

 * Wise Blood (1952)
 * The Violent Bear It Away (1960)
 * Why Do The Heathen Rage (unfinished; published 2024)

Short story collections

 * A Good Man Is Hard to Find and Other Stories (1955)
 * Everything That Rises Must Converge (1965)
 * The Complete Stories (1971)

Other works

 * Mystery and Manners: Occasional Prose (1969)
 * The Habit of Being: Letters of Flannery O'Connor (1979)
 * The Presence of Grace: and Other Book Reviews (1983)
 * Flannery O'Connor: Collected Works (1988)
 * Flannery O'Connor: The Cartoons (2012)
 * A Prayer Journal (2013)

Library resources

 * Postmarked Milledgeville, a guide to archival collections of O'Connor's letters
 * Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University: Flannery O'Connor papers, 1832–2003
 * Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University: Flannery O'Connor collection, c. 1937–2003
 * Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University: Letters to Betty Hester, 1955–1964

title: Flannery O'Connor


text:
Norin 10 wheat

Norin 10 wheat (小麦農林10号) is a semi-dwarf wheat cultivar with very large ears that was bred by at an experimental station in Iwate Prefecture, Japan. Its parents were a semi-dwarf Japanese landrace that may have originated in Korea in the 3rd or 4th century AD, and two varieties from the USA. In 1935 it was registered as a numbered cultivar by the Japanese Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Nōrinshō (農林省).

Norin 10 grew to just two feet (60 - 100 cm) tall, instead of the usual four (150 cm). It provided two genes, Rht1 and Rht2, that resulted in reduced-height wheats, thus allowing better nutrient uptake and tillage, since when heavily fertilised with nitrogen, tall varieties grow too high, become top-heavy, and lodge.

The Rht1 and Rht2 genes have been used in wheat breeding programmes worldwide to provide shorter plants with higher yields. Cecil Salmon, a biologist and wheat expert on General Douglas MacArthur's team in Japan after 1945, collected 16 varieties of wheat including Norin 10. He sent these seeds to Orville Vogel at Washington State University and they were used within USA breeding programmes in the 1950s. Norin 10 was also provided to the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center in Mexico. It was used here by Norman Borlaug and collaborators in crosses with local varieties to produce dwarf varieties that were also daylight-insensitive and had resistance to rust disease. These were subsequently distributed worldwide. These included high-output varieties tested in India (Lerma Rojo 64 and Sonora 64) during the Green Revolution.

Norin 10 helped developing countries, such as India and Pakistan, to increase the productivity of their crops by approximately 60% during the Green Revolution.

title: Norin 10 wheat