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Hard rock

Hard rock or heavy rock is a heavier subgenre of rock music typified by aggressive vocals and distorted electric guitars. Hard rock began in the mid-1960s with the garage, psychedelic and blues rock movements. Some of the earliest hard rock music was produced by the Kinks, the Who, the Rolling Stones, Cream, Vanilla Fudge, and the Jimi Hendrix Experience. In the late 1960s, bands such as Blue Cheer, the Jeff Beck Group, Iron Butterfly, Led Zeppelin, Golden Earring, Steppenwolf, and Deep Purple also produced hard rock.

The genre developed into a major form of popular music in the 1970s, with the Who, Led Zeppelin and Deep Purple being joined by Black Sabbath, Aerosmith, Kiss, Queen, AC/DC, Thin Lizzy and Van Halen. During the 1980s, some hard rock bands moved away from their hard rock roots and more towards pop rock. Established bands made a comeback in the mid-1980s and hard rock reached a commercial peak in the 1980s with glam metal bands such as Mötley Crüe, Bon Jovi and Def Leppard as well as the rawer sounds of Guns N' Roses which followed with great success in the later part of that decade.

Hard rock began losing popularity with the commercial success of R&B, hip-hop, urban pop, grunge and later Britpop in the 1990s. Despite this, many post-grunge bands adopted a hard rock sound and the 2000s saw a renewed interest in established bands, attempts at a revival, and new hard rock bands. In the 2000s, only a few hard rock bands from the 1970s and 1980s managed to sustain highly successful recording careers.

Definitions
Hard rock is a form of loud, aggressive rock music. The electric guitar is often emphasised, used with distortion and other effects, both as a rhythm instrument using repetitive riffs with a varying degree of complexity, and as a solo lead instrument. Drumming characteristically focuses on driving rhythms, strong bass drum and a backbeat on snare, sometimes using cymbals for emphasis. The bass guitar works in conjunction with the drums, occasionally playing riffs, but usually providing a backing for the rhythm and lead guitars. Vocals are often growling, raspy, or involve screaming or wailing, sometimes in a high range, or even falsetto voice.

In the late-1960s, the term heavy metal was used interchangeably with hard rock, but gradually began to be used to describe music played with even more volume and intensity. While hard rock maintained a bluesy rock and roll identity, including some swing in the back beat and riffs that tended to outline chord progressions in their hooks, heavy metal's riffs often functioned as stand-alone melodies and had no swing in them. In the 1980s, heavy metal developed a number of subgenres, often termed extreme metal, some of which were influenced by hardcore punk, and which further differentiated the two styles. Despite this differentiation, hard rock and heavy metal have existed side by side, with bands frequently standing on the boundary of, or crossing between, the genres.

History
The roots of hard rock can be traced back to the mid- to late-1950s, particularly electric blues, which laid the foundations for key elements such as a rough declamatory vocal style, heavy guitar riffs, string-bending blues-scale guitar solos, strong beat, thick riff-laden texture, and posturing performances. Electric blues guitarists began experimenting with hard rock elements such as driving rhythms, distorted guitar solos and power chords in the 1950s, evident in the work of Memphis blues guitarists such as Joe Hill Louis, Willie Johnson, and particularly Pat Hare, who captured a "grittier, nastier, more ferocious electric guitar sound" on records such as James Cotton's "Cotton Crop Blues" (1954). Other antecedents include Link Wray's instrumental "Rumble" in 1958, and the surf rock instrumentals of Dick Dale, such as "Let's Go Trippin'" (1961) and "Misirlou" (1962).

Origins (1960s)
In the 1960s, American and British blues and rock bands began to modify rock and roll by adding harder sounds, heavier guitar riffs, bombastic drumming, and louder vocals, from electric blues. Early forms of hard rock can be heard in the work of Chicago blues musicians Elmore James, Muddy Waters, and Howlin' Wolf, the Kingsmen's version of "Louie Louie" (1963) which made it a garage rock standard, and the songs of rhythm and blues influenced British Invasion acts, including "You Really Got Me" by the Kinks (1964), "My Generation" by the Who (1965) and "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" (1965) by the Rolling Stones. Soft rock was often derived from folk rock, using acoustic instruments and putting more emphasis on melody and harmonies. In contrast, hard rock was most often derived from blues rock and was played louder and with more intensity.

Blues rock acts that pioneered the sound included Cream, the Jimi Hendrix Experience, and the Jeff Beck Group. Cream, in songs like "I Feel Free" (1966), combined blues rock with pop and psychedelia, particularly in the riffs and guitar solos of Eric Clapton. Cream's best known-song, "Sunshine of Your Love" (1967), is sometimes considered to be the culmination of the British adaptation of blues into rock and a direct precursor of Led Zeppelin's style of hard rock and heavy metal. Jimi Hendrix produced a form of blues-influenced psychedelic rock, which combined elements of jazz, blues and rock and roll. From 1967, Jeff Beck brought lead guitar to new heights of technical virtuosity and moved blues rock in the direction of heavy rock with his band, the Jeff Beck Group. Dave Davies of the Kinks, Keith Richards of the Rolling Stones, Pete Townshend of the Who, Hendrix, Clapton and Beck all pioneered the use of new guitar effects like phasing, feedback and distortion. The Doors' debut album, released in 1967, included songs like "Soul Kitchen", "Twentieth Century Fox", and a cover version of "Back Door Man", which were what music journalist Stephen Davis characterized as "enough hard rock tracks". The Beatles began producing songs in the new hard rock style beginning with their 1968 double album The Beatles (also known as the "White Album") and, with the track "Helter Skelter", attempted to create a greater level of noise than the Who. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic has referred to the "proto-metal roar" of "Helter Skelter", while Ian MacDonald called it "ridiculous, with McCartney shrieking weedily against a massively tape-echoed backdrop of out-of-tune thrashing".

Groups that emerged from the American psychedelic scene about the same time included Iron Butterfly, MC5, Blue Cheer and Vanilla Fudge. San Francisco band Blue Cheer released a crude and distorted cover of Eddie Cochran's classic "Summertime Blues", from their 1968 debut album Vincebus Eruptum, that outlined much of the later hard rock and heavy metal sound. The same month, Steppenwolf released its self-titled debut album, including "Born to Be Wild", which contained the first lyrical reference to heavy metal and helped popularise the style when it was used in the film Easy Rider (1969). Iron Butterfly's In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida (1968), with its 17-minute-long title track, using organs and with a lengthy drum solo, also prefigured later elements of the sound.

By the end of the decade a distinct genre of hard rock was emerging with bands like Led Zeppelin, who mixed the music of early rock bands with a more hard-edged form of blues rock and acid rock on their first two albums Led Zeppelin (1969) and Led Zeppelin II (1969), and Deep Purple, who began as a progressive rock group in 1968 but achieved their commercial breakthrough with their fourth and distinctively heavier album, Deep Purple in Rock (1970). Also significant was Black Sabbath's Paranoid (1970), which combined guitar riffs with dissonance and more explicit references to the occult and elements of Gothic horror. All three of these bands have been seen as pivotal in the development of heavy metal, but where metal further accentuated the intensity of the music, with bands like Judas Priest following Sabbath's lead into territory that was often "darker and more menacing", hard rock tended to continue to remain the more exuberant, good-time music.

Expansion (1970s)
In the early 1970s the Rolling Stones further developed their hard rock sound with Exile on Main St. (1972). Initially receiving mixed reviews, according to critic Steve Erlewine it is now "generally regarded as the Rolling Stones' finest album". They continued to pursue the riff-heavy sound on albums including It's Only Rock 'n' Roll (1974) and Black and Blue (1976). Led Zeppelin began to mix elements of world and folk music into their hard rock from Led Zeppelin III (1970) and Led Zeppelin IV (1971). The latter included the track "Stairway to Heaven", which would become the most played song in the history of album-oriented radio. Deep Purple continued to define their unique brand of hard rock, particularly with their album Machine Head (1972), which included the tracks "Highway Star" and "Smoke on the Water". In 1975 guitarist Ritchie Blackmore left, going on to form Rainbow and after the break-up of the band the next year, vocalist David Coverdale formed Whitesnake. 1970 saw the Who release Live at Leeds, often seen as the archetypal hard rock live album, and the following year they released their highly acclaimed album Who's Next, which mixed heavy rock with extensive use of synthesizers. Subsequent albums, including Quadrophenia (1973), built on this sound before Who Are You (1978), their last album before the death of pioneering rock drummer Keith Moon later that year.

Emerging British acts included Free, who released their signature song "All Right Now" (1970), which has received extensive radio airplay in both the UK and US. After the breakup of the band in 1973, vocalist Paul Rodgers joined supergroup Bad Company, whose eponymous first album (1974) was an international hit. UK band Foghat also found success throughout the decade with their boogie and blues style. The mixture of hard rock and progressive rock, evident in the works of Deep Purple, was pursued more directly by bands like Uriah Heep and Argent. Scottish band Nazareth released their self-titled début album in 1971, producing a blend of hard rock and pop that would culminate in their best selling, Hair of the Dog (1975), which contained the proto-power ballad "Love Hurts". Having enjoyed some national success in the early 1970s, Queen, after the release of Sheer Heart Attack (1974) and A Night at the Opera (1975), gained international recognition with a sound that used layered vocals and guitars and mixed hard rock with heavy metal, progressive rock, and even opera. The latter featured the hit single "Bohemian Rhapsody".

In the United States, shock-rock pioneer Alice Cooper achieved mainstream success with School's Out (1972), and followed up with Billion Dollar Babies, which reached the No. 1 position on the Billboard 200 albums chart in 1973. Also in 1973, blues rockers ZZ Top released their classic album Tres Hombres and Aerosmith produced their eponymous début, as did Southern rockers Lynyrd Skynyrd and proto-punk outfit New York Dolls, demonstrating the diverse directions being pursued in the genre. Montrose, including the instrumental talent of Ronnie Montrose and vocals of Sammy Hagar released their first album in 1973. Former bubblegum-pop family act the Osmonds recorded two hard rock albums in 1972 and had their breakthrough in the UK with the hard rock hit "Crazy Horses." Kiss built on the theatrics of Alice Cooper and the look of the New York Dolls to produce a unique band persona, achieving their commercial breakthrough with the double live album Alive! in 1975 and helping to take hard rock into the stadium rock era. In the mid-1970s Aerosmith achieved their commercial and artistic breakthrough with Toys in the Attic (1975) and Rocks (1976), Blue Öyster Cult, formed in the late 1960s, picked up on some of the elements introduced by Black Sabbath with their breakthrough live gold album On Your Feet or on Your Knees (1975), followed by their first platinum album, Agents of Fortune (1976), containing the hit single "(Don't Fear) The Reaper". Journey released their eponymous debut in 1975 and the next year Boston released their highly successful début album. In the same year, hard rock bands featuring women saw commercial success as Heart released Dreamboat Annie and the Runaways débuted with their self-titled album. While Heart had a more folk-oriented hard rock sound, the Runaways leaned more towards a mix of punk-influenced music and hard rock. The Amboy Dukes, having emerged from the Detroit garage rock scene and most famous for their psychedelic hit "Journey to the Center of the Mind" (1968), were dissolved by their guitarist Ted Nugent, who embarked on a solo career that resulted in four successive multi-platinum albums between Ted Nugent (1975) and his best selling Double Live Gonzo! (1978). "Goodbye to Love" by the Carpenters, a duo whose music was otherwise almost exclusively soft rock, drew hate mail for its incorporation of a hard rock fuzz guitar solo by Tony Peluso.

From outside the United Kingdom and the United States, the Canadian trio Rush released three distinctively hard rock albums in 1974–75 (Rush, Fly by Night and Caress of Steel) before moving toward a more progressive sound with the 1976 album 2112. Also from Canada, Triumph released their debut album in 1976 before their breakthrough came in the form of the Just a Game album in 1979. Later, the band's streak of popularity continued with the Allied Forces album in 1981. The Irish band Thin Lizzy, which had formed in the late 1960s, made their most substantial commercial breakthrough in 1976 with the hard rock album Jailbreak and their worldwide hit "The Boys Are Back in Town". Their style, consisting of two duelling guitarists often playing leads in harmony, proved itself to be a large influence on later bands. They reached their commercial, and arguably their artistic peak with Black Rose: A Rock Legend (1979). The arrival of the Scorpions from Germany marked the geographical expansion of the subgenre. Australian-formed AC/DC, with a stripped back, riff heavy and abrasive style that also appealed to the punk generation, began to gain international attention from 1976, culminating in the release of their multi-platinum albums Let There Be Rock (1977) and Highway to Hell (1979). Also influenced by a punk ethos were heavy metal bands like Motörhead, while Judas Priest abandoned the remaining elements of the blues in their music, further differentiating the hard rock and heavy metal styles and helping to create the new wave of British heavy metal which was pursued by bands like Iron Maiden, Saxon, and Venom.

With the rise of disco in the US and punk rock in the UK, hard rock's mainstream dominance was rivalled toward the later part of the decade. Disco appealed to a more diverse group of people and punk seemed to take over the rebellious role that hard rock once held. Early punk bands like the Ramones explicitly rebelled against the drum solos and extended guitar solos that characterised stadium rock, with almost all of their songs clocking in under three minutes with no guitar solos. However, new rock acts continued to emerge and record sales remained high into the 1980s. 1977 saw the début and rise to stardom of Foreigner, who went on to release several platinum albums through to the mid-1980s. Midwestern groups like Kansas, REO Speedwagon and Styx helped further cement heavy rock in the Midwest as a form of stadium rock. In 1978, Van Halen emerged from the Los Angeles music scene with a sound based around the skills of lead guitarist Eddie Van Halen. He popularised a guitar-playing technique of two-handed hammer-ons and pull-offs called tapping, showcased on the song "Eruption" from the album Van Halen, which was highly influential in re-establishing hard rock as a popular genre after the punk and disco explosion, while also redefining and elevating the role of electric guitar. In the 1970s and 80s, several European bands, including the German Michael Schenker Group, the Swedish band Europe, and Dutch bands Golden Earring, Vandenberg and Vengeance experienced success in Europe and internationally.

Glam metal era (1980s)
The opening years of the 1980s saw a number of changes in personnel and direction of established hard rock acts, including the deaths of Bon Scott, the lead singer of AC/DC, and John Bonham, drummer with Led Zeppelin. Whereas Zeppelin broke up almost immediately afterwards, AC/DC pressed on, recording the album Back in Black (1980) with their new lead singer, Brian Johnson. It became the fifth-highest-selling album of all time in the US and the second-highest-selling album in the world. Black Sabbath had split with original singer Ozzy Osbourne in 1979 and replaced him with Ronnie James Dio, formerly of Rainbow, giving the band a new sound and a period of creativity and popularity beginning with Heaven and Hell (1980). Osbourne embarked on a solo career with Blizzard of Ozz (1980), featuring American guitarist Randy Rhoads. Some bands, such as Queen, moved away from their hard rock roots and more towards pop rock, while others, including Rush with Moving Pictures (1981), began to return to a hard rock sound. The creation of thrash metal, which mixed heavy metal with elements of hardcore punk from about 1982, particularly by Metallica, Anthrax, Megadeth and Slayer, helped to create extreme metal and further remove the style from hard rock, although a number of these bands or their members would continue to record some songs closer to a hard rock sound. Kiss moved away from their hard rock roots toward pop metal: firstly removing their makeup in 1983 for their Lick It Up album, and then adopting the visual and sound of glam metal for their 1984 release, Animalize, both of which marked a return to commercial success. Pat Benatar was one of the first women to achieve commercial success in hard rock, releasing four consecutive US Top Five albums between 1980 and 1983.

Often categorised with the new wave of British heavy metal, in 1981 Def Leppard released their second album High 'n' Dry, mixing glam-rock with heavy metal, and helping to define the sound of hard rock for the decade. The follow-up Pyromania (1983) was a big hit and the singles "Photograph", "Rock of Ages" and "Foolin'", helped by the emergence of MTV, were successful. It was widely emulated, particularly by the emerging Californian glam metal scene. This was followed by US acts like Mötley Crüe, with their albums Too Fast for Love (1981) and Shout at the Devil (1983) and, as the style grew, the arrival of bands such as Ratt, White Lion, Twisted Sister and Quiet Riot. Quiet Riot's album Metal Health (1983) was the first glam metal album, and arguably the first heavy metal album of any kind, to reach number one in the Billboard music charts and helped open the doors for mainstream success by subsequent bands.

Established bands made something of a comeback in the mid-1980s. After an 8-year separation, Deep Purple returned with the classic Machine Head line-up to produce Perfect Strangers (1984) which was a platinum-seller in the US and reached the top ten in nine other countries. After somewhat slower sales of its fourth album, Fair Warning, Van Halen rebounded with Diver Down in 1982, then reached their commercial pinnacle with 1984. Heart, after floundering during the first half of the decade, made a comeback with their eponymous ninth studio album which contained four hit singles. The new medium of video channels was used with considerable success by bands formed in previous decades. Among the first were ZZ Top, who mixed hard-edged blues rock with new wave music to produce a series of highly successful singles, beginning with "Gimme All Your Lovin'" (1983), which helped their albums Eliminator (1983) and Afterburner (1985) achieve diamond and multi-platinum status respectively. Others found renewed success in the singles charts with power ballads, including REO Speedwagon with "Keep on Loving You" (1980) and "Can't Fight This Feeling" (1984), Journey with "Don't Stop Believin'" (1981) and "Open Arms" (1982), Foreigner's "Waiting for a Girl Like You" (1981) and "I Want to Know What Love Is" (1984), Scorpions' "Still Loving You" (1984), Heart's "What About Love" (1985) and Boston's "Amanda" (1986).

Bon Jovi's third album, Slippery When Wet (1986), mixed hard rock with a pop sensitivity selling 12 million copies in the US while becoming the first hard rock album to spawn three hit singles. The album has been credited with widening the audiences for the genre, particularly by appealing to women as well as the traditional male dominated audience, and opening the door to MTV and commercial success for other bands at the end of the decade. The anthemic The Final Countdown (1986) by Swedish group Europe was an international hit. This era also saw more glam-infused American hard rock bands come to the forefront, with both Poison and Cinderella releasing their multi-platinum début albums in 1986. Van Halen released 5150 (1986), their first album with Sammy Hagar on lead vocals, which sold over 6 million copies. By the second half of the decade, hard rock had become the most reliable form of commercial popular music in the United States.

Established acts benefited from the new commercial climate, with Whitesnake's self-titled album (1987) selling over 17 million copies, outperforming anything in Coverdale's or Deep Purple's catalogue before or since. It featured the rock anthem "Here I Go Again '87" as one of 4 UK top 20 singles. The follow-up Slip of the Tongue (1989) went platinum, but according to critics Steve Erlwine and Greg Prato, "it was a considerable disappointment after the across-the-board success of Whitesnake". Aerosmith's comeback album Permanent Vacation (1987) would begin a decade long revival of their popularity. Crazy Nights (1987) by Kiss was the band's biggest hit album since 1979 and the highest of their career in the UK. Mötley Crüe with Girls, Girls, Girls (1987) continued their commercial success and Def Leppard with Hysteria (1987) hit their commercial peak, the latter producing six hit singles (a record for a hard rock act). Guns N' Roses released the best-selling début of all time, Appetite for Destruction (1987). With a "grittier" and "rawer" sound than most glam metal, it produced three hits, including "Sweet Child O' Mine". Some of the glam rock bands that formed in the mid-1980s, such as White Lion and Cinderella experienced their biggest success during this period with their respective albums Pride (1987) and Long Cold Winter (1988) both going multi-platinum and launching a series of hit singles. In the last years of the decade, the most notable successes were New Jersey (1988) by Bon Jovi, OU812 (1988) by Van Halen, Open Up and Say... Ahh! (1988) by Poison, Pump (1989) by Aerosmith, and Mötley Crüe's most commercially successful album Dr. Feelgood (1989). New Jersey spawned five hit singles. In 1988 from 25 June to 5 November, the number one spot on the Billboard 200 album chart was held by a hard rock album for 18 out of 20 consecutive weeks; the albums were OU812, Hysteria, Appetite for Destruction, and New Jersey. A final wave of glam rock bands arrived in the late 1980s, and experienced success with multi-platinum albums and hit singles from 1989 until the early 1990s, among them Extreme, Warrant Slaughter and FireHouse. Skid Row also released their eponymous début (1989), but they were to be one of the last major bands that emerged in the glam rock era.

Grunge and Britpop (1990s)
Hard rock entered the 1990s as one of the dominant forms of commercial music. The multi-platinum releases of AC/DC's The Razors Edge (1990), Guns N' Roses' Use Your Illusion I and Use Your Illusion II (both in 1991), Ozzy Osbourne's No More Tears (1991), and Van Halen's For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge (1991) showcased this popularity. Additionally, the Black Crowes released their debut album, Shake Your Money Maker (1990), which contained a bluesy classic rock sound and sold five million copies. In 1992, Def Leppard followed up 1987's Hysteria with Adrenalize, which went multi-platinum, spawned four Top 40 singles and held the number one spot on the US album chart for five weeks.

While these few hard rock bands managed to maintain success and popularity in the early part of the decade, alternative forms of hard rock achieved mainstream success in the form of grunge in the US and Britpop in the UK. This was particularly evident after the success of Nirvana's Nevermind (1991), which combined elements of hardcore punk and heavy metal into a "dirty" sound that made use of heavy guitar distortion, fuzz and feedback, along with darker lyrical themes than their "hair band" predecessors. Although most grunge bands had a sound that sharply contrasted mainstream hard rock, several, including Pearl Jam, Alice in Chains, Mother Love Bone and Soundgarden, were more strongly influenced by 1970s and 1980s rock and metal, while Stone Temple Pilots managed to turn alternative rock into a form of stadium rock. However, all grunge bands shunned the macho, anthemic and fashion-focused aesthetics particularly associated with glam metal. In the UK, Oasis were unusual among the Britpop bands of the mid-1990s in incorporating a hard rock sound. Welsh band Manic Street Preachers emerged in 1991 with a sound Stephen Thomas Erlewine proclaimed to be "crunching hard-rock". By 1996, the band enjoyed remarkable vogue throughout much of the world, but were commercially unsuccessful in the U.S.

In the new commercial climate glam metal bands like Europe, Ratt, White Lion and Cinderella broke up, Whitesnake went on hiatus in 1991, and while many of these bands would re-unite again in the late 1990s or early 2000s, they never reached the commercial success they saw in the 1980s or early 1990s. Other bands such as Mötley Crüe and Poison saw personnel changes which impacted those bands' commercial viability during the decade. In 1995 Van Halen released Balance, a multi-platinum seller that would be the band's last with Sammy Hagar on vocals. In 1996 David Lee Roth returned briefly and his replacement, former Extreme singer Gary Cherone, was fired soon after the release of the commercially unsuccessful 1998 album Van Halen III and Van Halen would not tour or record again until 2004. Guns N' Roses' original lineup was whittled away throughout the decade. Drummer Steven Adler was fired in 1990, guitarist Izzy Stradlin left in late 1991 after recording Use Your Illusion I and II with the band. Tensions between the other band members and lead singer Axl Rose continued after the release of the 1993 covers album The Spaghetti Incident? Guitarist Slash left in 1996, followed by bassist Duff McKagan in 1997. Axl Rose, the only original member, worked with a constantly changing lineup in recording an album that would take over fifteen years to complete. Slash and McKagan eventually rejoined the band in 2016 and went on the Not in this Lifetime... Tour with them.

Some established acts continued to enjoy commercial success, such as Aerosmith, with their number one multi-platinum albums: Get a Grip (1993), which produced four hit singles and became the band's best-selling album worldwide (going on to sell over 10 million copies), and Nine Lives (1997). In 1998, Aerosmith released the hit "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing". AC/DC produced the double platinum Ballbreaker (1995). Bon Jovi appealed to their hard rock audience with songs such as "Keep the Faith" (1992), but also achieved success in adult contemporary radio, with the hit ballads "Bed of Roses" (1993) and "Always" (1994). Bon Jovi's 1995 album These Days was a bigger hit in Europe than it was in the United States, spawning four hit singles in the UK. Metallica's Load (1996) and ReLoad (1997) each sold in excess of 4 million copies in the US and saw the band develop a more melodic and blues rock sound. As the initial impetus of grunge bands faltered in the middle years of the decade, post-grunge bands emerged. They emulated the attitudes and music of grunge, particularly thick, distorted guitars, but with a more radio-friendly commercially oriented sound that drew more directly on traditional hard rock. Among the most successful acts were the Foo Fighters, Candlebox, Live, Collective Soul, Australia's Silverchair and England's Bush, who all cemented post-grunge as one of the most commercially viable subgenres by the late 1990s. Similarly, some post-Britpop bands that followed in the wake of Oasis, including Feeder and Stereophonics, adopted a hard rock or "pop-metal" sound.

Survivals and revivals (2000s)
A few hard rock bands from the 1970s and 1980s managed to sustain highly successful recording careers. Bon Jovi were still able to achieve a commercial hit with "It's My Life" from their double platinum-certified album Crush (2000). and AC/DC released the platinum-certified Stiff Upper Lip (2000) Aerosmith released a platinum album, Just Push Play (2001), which saw the band foray further into pop with the hit "Jaded", and a blues cover album, Honkin' on Bobo. Heart achieved their first hit album since the early 90s with Red Velvet Car in 2010, becoming the first female-led hard rock band to earn Top 10 albums spanning five decades. There were reunions and subsequent tours from Van Halen (with Hagar in 2004 and then Roth in 2007), the Who (delayed in 2002 by the death of bassist John Entwistle until 2006) and Black Sabbath (with Osbourne 1997–2006 and Dio 2006–2010) and even a one-off performance by Led Zeppelin (2007), renewing the interest in previous eras. Additionally, hard rock supergroups, such as Audioslave (with former members of Rage Against the Machine and Soundgarden) and Velvet Revolver (with former members of Guns N' Roses, punk band Wasted Youth and Stone Temple Pilots singer Scott Weiland), emerged and experienced some success. However, these bands were short-lived, ending in 2007 and 2008, respectively. The long-awaited Guns N' Roses album Chinese Democracy was finally released in 2008, but only went platinum and failed to come close to the success of the band's late 1980s and early 1990s material. More successfully, AC/DC released the double platinum-certified Black Ice (2008). Bon Jovi continued to enjoy success, branching into country music with "Who Says You Can't Go Home", and the rock/country album Lost Highway (2007). In 2009, Bon Jovi released The Circle, which marked a return to their hard rock sound.

The term "retro-metal" has been applied to such bands as Texas based the Sword, California's High on Fire, Sweden's Witchcraft and Australia's Wolfmother. Wolfmother's self-titled 2005 debut album combined elements of the sounds of Deep Purple and Led Zeppelin. Fellow Australians Airbourne's début album Runnin' Wild (2007) followed in the hard riffing tradition of AC/DC. England's the Darkness' Permission to Land (2003), described as an "eerily realistic simulation of '80s metal and '70s glam", went quintuple platinum in the UK. The follow-up, One Way Ticket to Hell... and Back (2005) was also a hit, but the band broke up in 2006, becoming active again in 2011. Los Angeles band Steel Panther managed to gain a following by sending up 80s glam metal. A more serious attempt to revive glam metal was made by bands of the sleaze metal movement in Sweden, including Vains of Jenna, Hardcore Superstar and Crashdïet.

Although Foo Fighters continued to be one of the most successful rock acts, with albums like In Your Honor (2005), many of the first wave of post-grunge bands began to fade in popularity. Acts like Creed, Staind, Puddle of Mudd and Nickelback took the genre into the 2000s with considerable commercial success, abandoning most of the angst and anger of the original movement for more conventional anthems, narratives and romantic songs. They were followed in this vein by new acts including Shinedown and Seether. Acts with more conventional hard rock sounds included Andrew W.K., Beautiful Creatures and Buckcherry, whose breakthrough album 15 (2006) went platinum and spawned the single "Sorry" (2007). These were joined by bands with hard rock leanings that emerged in the mid-2000s from the garage rock, Southern Rock, or post punk revival, including Black Rebel Motorcycle Club and Kings of Leon, and Queens of the Stone Age from the US, Three Days Grace from Canada, Jet from Australia and The Datsuns from New Zealand. In 2009 Them Crooked Vultures, a supergroup that brought together Foo Fighters' Dave Grohl, Queens of the Stone Age's Josh Homme and Led Zeppelin bass player John Paul Jones attracted attention as a live act and released a self-titled debut album that was a hit the US and UK.

title: Hard rock


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Saginaw, Missouri

Saginaw is a village in Newton County, Missouri, United States. The population was 297 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Joplin, Missouri Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.83 sqmi, all land.

The terrain is rolling hills and bluffs and features the Ozark hickory and oak forest which are typical of the region. Shoal Creek, the third-largest tributary of the ecologically important Spring River watershed, straddles its southern boundary.

History
Saginaw was originally named Thurman, after one Mr. Thurman the proprietor of a local country store. A post office called Thurman was established in 1873, and the name was changed to Saginaw in 1889. The present name is after Saginaw, Michigan.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 297 people, 129 households, and 81 families living in the village. The population density was 357.8 PD/sqmi. There were 138 housing units at an average density of 166.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 94.3% White, 0.3% African American, 3.4% Native American, 0.3% Pacific Islander, 0.3% from other races, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.0% of the population.

There were 129 households, of which 26.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.6% were married couples living together, 9.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.2% were non-families. 24.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.80.

The median age in the village was 45.2 years. 20.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24% were from 25 to 44; 36.1% were from 45 to 64; and 14.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 53.2% male and 46.8% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 276 people, 115 households, and 77 families living in the village. The population density was 337.2 PD/sqmi. There were 126 housing units at an average density of 153.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 93.12% White, 0.72% African American, 3.99% Native American, and 2.17% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.09% of the population.

There were 115 households, out of which 27.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.0% were married couples living together, 5.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.2% were non-families. 23.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.88.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 22.1% under the age of 18, 6.2% from 18 to 24, 31.2% from 25 to 44, 27.9% from 45 to 64, and 12.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.8 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $42,083, and the median income for a family was $51,250. Males had a median income of $31,250 versus $21,250 for females. The per capita income for the village was $22,639. About 7.2% of families and 9.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.7% of those under the age of eighteen and 19.4% of those 65 or over.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Saginaw, Missouri


text:
Silver Creek, Missouri

Silver Creek was a village in Newton County, Missouri, United States. The population was 623 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Joplin, Missouri Metropolitan Statistical Area. On August 7, 2012, residents of the Village of Silver Creek and the City of Joplin voted to consolidate and become part of the city of Joplin.

History
Silver Creek once contained a schoolhouse. The school took its name from nearby Silver Creek.

Geography
Silver Creek is located southeast of the intersection of U.S. Route 71 and I-44. The community of Saginaw lies one mile south The stream Silver Creek flows past the west side of the community.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.80 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 623 people, 249 households, and 202 families living in the village. The population density was 778.8 PD/sqmi. There were 260 housing units at an average density of 325.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 95.3% White, 2.1% Native American, 1.0% from other races, and 1.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.9% of the population.

There were 249 households, of which 21.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.9% were married couples living together, 7.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 18.9% were non-families. 14.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 2.70.

The median age in the village was 50.5 years. 17.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 19.3% were from 25 to 44; 32.5% were from 45 to 64; and 25.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 46.7% male and 53.3% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 608 people, 238 households, and 191 families living in the village. The population density was 776.2 PD/sqmi. There were 248 housing units at an average density of 316.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 95.39% White, 1.15% Native American, 0.99% Asian, 0.33% from other races, and 2.14% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.16% of the population.

There were 238 households, out of which 25.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.0% were married couples living together, 6.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.7% were non-families. 16.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 2.83.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 20.9% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 19.4% from 25 to 44, 34.9% from 45 to 64, and 17.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.0 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $45,781, and the median income for a family was $50,313. Males had a median income of $31,923 versus $25,104 for females. The per capita income for the village was $24,677. About 3.2% of families and 3.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under the age of eighteen or sixty-five or over.

title: Silver Creek, Missouri


text:
Allenstown, New Hampshire

Allenstown is a town in Merrimack County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 4,707 at the 2020 census, up from 4,322 at the 2010 census. Allenstown includes a portion of the village of Suncook. Just over one-half of the town's area is covered by Bear Brook State Park.

History
Allenstown takes its name from 17th-century provincial governor Samuel Allen. It was granted in 1721 but not incorporated until July 2, 1831. A part of neighboring Bow was annexed to Allenstown in 1815, and a portion of Hooksett was annexed in 1853.

Most of the town's earliest settlement occurred in the eastern part of town along Deerfield Road, around the area now mostly occupied by Bear Brook State Park, and where the Old Allenstown Meeting House is located. Following the Civil War, the town's population shifted from the east to the west part of town, centered around the confluence of the Merrimack and Suncook rivers, in the area now known as Suncook.

Railroads were instrumental to the development of Allenstown. First, the Concord and Portsmouth Railroad running from Candia and points east arrived in the 1852, but that line was subsequently torn up from Candia to Allenstown, with a new branch being built from the Suncook River down to the Hooksett Falls in 1862. The Suncook Valley Railroad would follow in 1869, which ran northeast along the river, first to Pittsfield and later, to Center Barnstead. While the Suncook depot was just across the river in Pembroke, the Suncook Valley Railroad built Allenstown another depot in the northern part of town, along what is now Verville Road. In 1902, the Concord & Manchester Electric Railway came to town, connecting its two namesakes. It crossed the Suncook Valley track adjacent to the Catholic Church on Main Street; the Blodgett depot was built at that location to facilitate transfers between the steam road and the interurban.

Allenstown, at the junction of the Suncook and Merrimack rivers, proved a prime location in which to harness the Suncook's power for manufacturing. The China Mill, the only large textile mill in the Allenstown part of Suncook, was built in 1868. At this time, a large number of French Canadians, mostly from Quebec, began emigrating to the area to work in the mills. Eventually, Suncook became one of many New England industrial villages known to locals as "le petit Canada."

In 2006, Allenstown was hit hard by the Mother's Day Flood. More than 10 in of rainfall caused the Suncook River to overflow, inundating homes, roads, and other low-lying areas. As a result of the flood, 14 flood-prone homes in Allenstown were bought out with federal money and demolished in order to avoid more flooding and evacuations in the future.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 53.3 sqkm, of which 53.0 sqkm are land and 0.3 sqkm are water, comprising 0.55% of the town. The highest point in Allenstown is Bear Hill in the southeastern section of town, at 835 ft above sea level. Allenstown lies fully within the Merrimack River watershed. The Merrimack River forms the western border of the town, and its tributary the Suncook River forms the northwest border.

Bear Brook State Park occupies 6740 acre in the central and southeastern parts of town, extending from the town's northern corner to its southern corner. (An additional 3200 acre of the park are in the neighboring towns of Deerfield, Candia, and Hooksett.)

Adjacent municipalities

 * Epsom (north)
 * Deerfield (east)
 * Candia (southeast)
 * Hooksett (south)
 * Bow (west)
 * Pembroke (northwest)

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,843 people, 1,902 households, and 1,253 families residing in the town. The population density was 235.9 PD/sqmi. There were 1,962 housing units at an average density of 95.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 97.83% White, 0.50% African American, 0.23% Native American, 0.37% Asian, 0.27% from other races, and 0.81% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.18% of the population.

There were 1,902 households, out of which 34.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.7% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.1% were non-families. 27.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.06.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 27.3% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 34.3% from 25 to 44, 21.1% from 45 to 64, and 10.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.0 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $41,958, and the median income for a family was $51,659. Males had a median income of $35,520 versus $25,430 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,851. About 2.2% of families and 3.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.8% of those under age 18 and 4.7% of those age 65 or over.

Transportation
One New Hampshire state routes and one U.S. route cross Allenstown.

 * NH 28 enters alongside US 3 in the village of Suncook at the southwestern corner of town from Hooksett. It splits from US 3 and follows Pinewood Road north along the eastern shore of the Suncook River before crossing into the town of Pembroke.
 * US 3 enters alongside NH 28 in the village of Suncook at the southwestern corner of town from Hooksett. It is known as Allenstown Road through the Allenstown portion of Suncook before crossing the Suncook River into Pembroke.

title: Allenstown, New Hampshire


text:
Andover, New Hampshire

Andover is a town in Merrimack County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 2,406 at the 2020 census. Andover includes the villages of Cilleyville, Potter Place, East Andover, and West Andover, in addition to the town center. The town is home to Ragged Mountain State Forest and Proctor Academy, a private coeducational preparatory school.

History
Settled in 1761, the town was originally named "Emerisstown". In 1746 it was granted to Edward Brown and others as "New Breton" or "New Britton", having been granted primarily to soldiers who had taken part in the 1745 capture of Cape Breton during hostilities with the French in Canada. Among those soldiers was their regimental surgeon, Dr. Anthony Emery, a friend of Samuel Phillips Jr., who in 1778 founded the Phillips Andover Academy in Andover, Massachusetts. "New Breton" would be incorporated as "Andover" in 1779, the year Phillips Andover was completed.

In 1822, an academy was established in Andover, although it would close in 1828. Another school was founded in 1848 that would become Proctor Academy, the prestigious institution around which the town's economy is based. Andover is noted for its antique shops, Greek Revival architecture, and two covered bridges. Potter Place Railroad Station, built in 1874 by the Northern Railroad, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and today serves as a museum for the Andover Historical Society.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 106.3 km2, of which 104.0 km2 are land and 2.3 km2 are water, comprising 2.18% of the town. The central and western parts of Andover are drained by the Blackwater River, a tributary of the Contoocook River, while the eastern part, including Highland Lake, drains via Sucker Brook toward the Pemigewasset River in Franklin. Bradley Lake is in the southern part of the town. The entire town is within the Merrimack River watershed.

Ragged Mountain, elevation 2286 ft above sea level, is on the northern boundary. The northern slopes of Mount Kearsarge occupy the southernmost part of town and contain the town's highest point, 2460 ft above sea level.

Andover includes the villages of East Andover, West Andover, Cilleyville, and Potter Place, named for Richard Potter, an African-American illusionist who lived there in the early 19th century.

Adjacent municipalities

 * Hill (north)
 * Franklin (east)
 * Salisbury (south)
 * Warner (southwest)
 * Wilmot (west)
 * Danbury (northwest)

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,109 people, 823 households, and 609 families residing in the town. The population density was 52.1 PD/sqmi. There were 1,038 housing units at an average density of 25.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 98.20% White, 0.38% African American, 0.14% Native American, 0.05% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.05% from other races, and 1.14% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.19% of the population.

There were 823 households, out of which 33.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.7% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.0% were non-families. 20.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 2.90.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 24.3% under the age of 18, 6.2% from 18 to 24, 28.2% from 25 to 44, 28.6% from 45 to 64, and 12.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.8 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $47,093, and the median income for a family was $52,212. Males had a median income of $33,074 versus $25,927 for females. The per capita income for the town was $21,627. About 4.5% of families and 5.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.6% of those under age 18 and 6.3% of those age 65 or over.

Notable people

 * Nahum Josiah Bachelder (1854–1934), 49th governor of New Hampshire
 * Jacob Bailey Moore (1797–1853), newspaper editor, founder, first librarian of New Hampshire Historical Society
 * Richard Potter (1783–1835), magician, hypnotist, ventriloquist

Sites of interest

 * Potter Place Railroad Station, with the Andover Historical Society Museum
 * Northern Rail Trail

title: Andover, New Hampshire


text:
Boscawen, New Hampshire

Boscawen is a town in Merrimack County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 3,998 at the 2020 census.

History
The native Pennacook people called the area Contoocook, meaning "place of the river near pines". In March 1697, Hannah Duston and her nurse, Mary Neff, were captured by Abenaki Indians and taken to a temporary village on an island at the confluence of the Contoocook and Merrimack rivers, at the site of what is now Boscawen. In late April, Duston and two other captives killed ten of the Abenaki family members holding them hostage, including six children, and escaped by canoe to Haverhill, Massachusetts.

On June 6, 1733, Governor Jonathan Belcher granted the land to John Coffin and 90 others, most from Newbury, Massachusetts. Settled in 1734, the community soon had a meetinghouse, sawmill, gristmill and ferry across the Merrimack River. A garrison offered protection, but raiding parties during the French and Indian Wars left some dead or carried into captivity.

On April 22, 1760, Contoocook Plantation was incorporated as a town by Governor Benning Wentworth, who named it for Edward Boscawen, the British admiral who distinguished himself at the 1758 Siege of Louisbourg. With a generally level surface, the town provided good farmland, and became noted for its apple, pear and cherry orchards. Bounded by the Merrimack and Contoocook rivers, it had abundant sources of water power for mills.

Industries soon included a cotton mill, a woolen factory, nine sawmills, a gristmill, a saw manufacturer and machine shop, and a chair and match factory. A mill town village developed at Fisherville (now Penacook), which straddled the river border with Concord. In 1846, the Northern Railroad was built through Boscawen, opening the following winter.

Sometime around 1846, the town's postmaster became one of about a dozen in the country to issue provisional postage stamps before the official issue came out in 1847. The stamps were an adaptation of a postmark, simply reading PAID / 5 / CENTS, typeset in blue on a yellowish paper. These are extremely rare; in 2003, the estimated price at auction was US$225,000.

The 1915 Boscawen Public Library was designed by noted Boston architect Guy Lowell.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 66.1 km2, of which 64.5 km2 are land and 1.7 km2 are water, comprising 2.50% of the town. The highest point in Boscawen is an unnamed summit at Raleigh Farm near the town's northern border, where the elevation reaches approximately 930 ft above sea level. The town is drained by the Merrimack River, which forms the town's eastern border, and by the Contoocook River, a tributary.

The town is served by U.S. Route 3 and U.S. Route 4.

Adjacent municipalities

 * Franklin (north)
 * Northfield (northeast)
 * Canterbury (east)
 * Concord (south)
 * Webster (west)
 * Salisbury (northwest)

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,672 people, 1,260 households, and 913 families residing in the town. The population density was 148.5 PD/sqmi. There were 1,295 housing units at an average density of 52.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 97.74% White, 0.57% African American, 0.30% Native American, 0.46% Asian, 0.16% from other races, and 0.76% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.82% of the population.

There were 1,260 households, out of which 35.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.0% were married couples living together, 12.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.5% were non-families. 21.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 2.97.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 22.9% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 29.2% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 18.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.4 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $42,524, and the median income for a family was $45,850. Males had a median income of $31,350 versus $23,375 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,732. About 5.4% of families and 7.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.8% of those under age 18 and 10.7% of those age 65 or over.

Elektrisola Incorporated is the largest source of employment for Boscawen-area residents.

Sites of interest

 * Hannah Duston Memorial State Historic Site
 * NH State Veterans Cemetery

Notable people

 * Claire D. Clarke (died 2022), New Hampshire state representative
 * Moody Currier (1806–1898), 40th governor of New Hampshire
 * John Adams Dix (1798–1879), New York City Postmaster, 24th governor of New York, Major General in the US Civil War
 * Marion Dix Sullivan (1802–1860), songwriter, composer
 * Moses G. Farmer (1820–1893), electrical engineer, inventor
 * William P. Fessenden (1806–1869), US senator, Secretary of the Treasury
 * Charles Gordon Greene (1804–1886), journalist
 * Nathaniel Greene (1797–1877), journalist
 * Lucia Ames Mead (1856–1936), author
 * Lyndon A. Smith (1854–1918), politician, Minnesota attorney general
 * Bradford N. Stevens (1813–1885), US congressman
 * Daniel Webster (1782–1852), US congressman, senator, Secretary of State; unsuccessful presidential candidate

title: Boscawen, New Hampshire


text:
Bow, New Hampshire

Bow is a town in Merrimack County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 8,229 at the 2020 census, up from 7,519 at the 2010 census, an increase of 9.4%.

History
The town was granted by the authorities of New Hampshire to Jonathan Wiggin and others in 1727, and was originally 9 mi square, covering nearly all the territory granted to Ebenezer Eastman and others by the authorities of Massachusetts two years previous, under the name of "Pennacook" (now Concord). Massachusetts claimed to hold authority over a large portion of the territory of New Hampshire for many years, until the final boundary line was established in 1741, giving New Hampshire more territory than it had ever claimed. These complicated lines of the two towns coming from two different authorities were not settled decisively until after the final separation of the two colonial provinces. The government of New Hampshire gave Bow the preference in its grant of 1727, and did not recognize the title of the Pennacook grantees, and in the bill giving a charter for the parish of Concord, it was worded as "taking a part of the town of Bow," etc. Although Concord was granted and surveyed before Bow, its final organization was 38 years after it. Bow gained a victory over Concord in its original title; still it was obliged to yield over two-thirds of its territory to Concord, Pembroke and Hopkinton, establishing their final boundary lines at different times, from 1759 to 1765.

The town's name comes from its establishment along a bend, or "bow", in the Merrimack River. The first census, taken in 1790, reported 568 residents.

In 1874, the Concord Railroad passed along the eastern border of Bow. It is now the New England Southern Railroad.

On September 28, 2019, hundreds of climate activists protested in Bow against Merrimack Station, one of the last remaining coal-fired power plants in New England. 67 people, who carried buckets signifying their intent to physically remove coal from the site, were arrested by state police.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 73.9 km2, of which 73.0 km2 are land and 1.0 km2 is water, comprising 1.32% of the town. The highest point in Bow is Picked Hill, at 915 ft above sea level, in the southern part of town. Nearby, Wood Hill and Brown Hill also top 900 ft. Bow lies fully within the Merrimack River watershed. The Merrimack River forms the northeastern border of the town.

Demographics
At the 2000 census there were 7,138 people in 2,304 households, including 2,045 families, in the town. The population density was 254.3 PD/sqmi. There were 2,330 housing units at an average density of 83.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 97.79% White, 0.13% African American, 0.10% Native American, 1.04% Asian, 0.29% from other races, and 0.66% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.49%.

For the 2015-2019 period, the median household income was $122,230. The per capita income for the town was $48,900. About 2.0% of families and 1.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0.6% of those under age 18 and 4.2% of those age 65 or over.

Of the 2,304 households 49.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 81.0% were married couples living together, 5.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 11.2% were non-families. 8.6% of households were one person and 3.6% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 3.10 and the average family size was 3.28.

The age distribution was 32.6% under the age of 18, 4.4% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 27.2% from 45 to 64, and 8.4% 65 or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.7 males.

Government
Bow is a part of New Hampshire's 2nd congressional district, and is currently represented by Democrat Ann McLane Kuster (D-Hopkinton). In the New Hampshire Senate, Bow is a part of New Hampshire's 16th State Senate district, currently represented by Democrat Kevin Cavanaugh (D-Manchester). In the New Hampshire House of Representatives, Bow shares multi-member district Merrimack 23 with the neighboring town of Dunbarton, and Democrats currently hold 3/3 seats of the district.

Like many suburban communities in southeastern New Hampshire, Bow historically leaned Republican. Over the past decade Democrats have improved, with Hillary Clinton and Joe Biden greatly exceeding their statewide margins of victory in the town.

Education
In 1997, Bow built its first high school, Bow High School, along Turee Pond. Bow Memorial School (the middle school) and Bow Elementary School are located on Bow Center Road, less than a mile from the high school.

Transportation
Two New Hampshire State Routes and two Interstate Highways cross Bow: NH 3A, NH 13, Interstate 93, and Interstate 89.

Notable people

 * Jamie Aube (born 1953), NASCAR driver
 * Henry M. Baker (1841-1912), U.S. representative
 * Mary Baker Eddy (1821–1910), founder of the Church of Christ, Scientist; born in Bow
 * Sam Knox (1910–1981), American football player
 * John Ordway (1775–1817), member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition
 * Caleb Scofield (1978–2018), bassist/vocalist for Cave In, Old Man Gloom, Zozobra
 * Dick Swett (born 1957), former U.S. representative

title: Bow, New Hampshire


text:
Camden Point, Missouri

Camden Point is a city in Platte County, Missouri, United States and is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area. The population was 457 at the 2020 census.

History
A post office called Camden Point has been in operation since 1837. The name "Camden" most likely is a transfer from England, perhaps via another town in the United States.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.60 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 474 people, 174 households, and 133 families living in the city. The population density was 790.0 PD/sqmi. There were 189 housing units at an average density of 315.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 98.1% White, 0.6% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.6% from other races, and 0.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.3% of the population.

There were 174 households, of which 38.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.1% were married couples living together, 5.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 23.6% were non-families. 18.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the average family size was 3.14.

The median age in the city was 39.7 years. 26.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.8% were from 25 to 44; 29.7% were from 45 to 64; and 11% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50.2% male and 49.8% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 484 people, 179 households, and 146 families living in the city. The population density was 826.3 PD/sqmi. There were 182 housing units at an average density of 310.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 97.93% White, 0.21% Native American, 0.41% from other races, and 1.45% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.62% of the population.

There were 179 households, out of which 43.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72.6% were married couples living together, 6.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.4% were non-families. 14.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.02.

In the city the population was spread out, with 28.7% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 34.3% from 25 to 44, 22.7% from 45 to 64, and 7.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.9 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $55,089, and the median income for a family was $57,344. Males had a median income of $39,750 versus $30,357 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,429. About 4.4% of families and 5.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.9% of those under age 18 and 11.8% of those age 65 or over.

Education
North Platte County R-I School District operates one school in the community: North Platte Elementary School.

Camden Point has a public library, a branch of the Mid-Continent Public Library.

title: Camden Point, Missouri


text:
Bradford, New Hampshire

Bradford is a town in Merrimack County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 1,662 at the 2020 census. The main village of the town, where 372 people resided at the 2020 census, is defined as the Bradford census-designated place (CDP), and is located in the northeast part of the town, west of the junction of New Hampshire routes 103 and 114. The town also includes the village of Bradford Center.

History
Granted by Governor Benning Wentworth in 1765 to John Pierce and George Jaffrey of Portsmouth, it was settled in 1771 by Deacon William Presbury and family. Three years later other settlers arrived, several of them from Bradford, Massachusetts, after which the town was named "New Bradford". Later, it was called "Bradfordton", but upon incorporation by the General Court on September 27, 1787, it was officially named Bradford.

Parts of the town are hilly, but the largest portion is in a valley with varied soil. Streams provided water power for watermills. By 1859, when Bradford's population reached 1,341, industries included one woolen mill, one sash, blind and door factory, one wheelwright shop, two sawmills, one gristmill, one tannery, and one clothing mill. In 1850, the Concord & Claremont Railroad opened from Concord to Bradford, which would remain its terminus until the line was extended to Claremont in 1871–1872.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 93.1 km2, of which 91.3 km2 are land and 1.8 sqkm are water, comprising 1.92% of the town. The village of Bradford is located near the northern border of the town, at the intersection of routes 103 and 114, just north of the Warner River and adjacent to the outlet of Todd Lake. The largest water body in the town is Lake Massasecum, near the town's eastern border. The Warner River and its tributaries drain the northern and central parts of town, while the southern part is drained by tributaries of the Contoocook River. Bradford lies fully within the Merrimack River watershed.

The highest point in Bradford is an unnamed 2096 ft summit overlooking Ayers Pond on the town's western border. Knights Hill (1910 ft) and Rowes Hill (1950 ft) constitute a large, hilly mass occupying the southern portion of town.

Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 1,650 people, 667 households, and 471 families residing in the town. There were 917 housing units, of which 250, or 27.3%, were vacant. 203 of the vacant units were for seasonal or recreational uses. The racial makeup of the town was 97.5% white, 0.1% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.1% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, 0.2% some other race, and 1.6% from two or more races. 1.3% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

Of the 667 households, 29.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.7% were headed by married couples living together, 7.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.4% were non-families. 21.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.1% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47, and the average family size was 2.86.

In the town, 20.7% of the population were under the age of 18, 6.3% were from 18 to 24, 20.9% from 25 to 44, 38.9% from 45 to 64, and 13.2% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.6 males.

For the period 2011–2015, the estimated median annual income for a household was $59,783, and the median income for a family was $68,750. Male full-time workers had a median income of $55,119 versus $40,000 for females. The per capita income for the town was $28,152. 7.1% of the population and 4.8% of families were below the poverty line. 7.8% of the population under the age of 18 and 8.5% of those 65 or older were living in poverty.

Sites of interest

 * Bement Covered Bridge, built 1854
 * Bradford Bog
 * Bradford Center Meetinghouse
 * Bradford Pines State Forest
 * Bradford Town Hall
 * Lake Massasecum
 * Lake Todd
 * Warner River
 * West Branch Warner River

Notable people

 * Odds Bodkin (born 1953), storyteller, musician
 * John Q. A. Brackett (1842–1918), 36th governor of Massachusetts
 * John Milton Hawks (1826–1910), abolitionist, physician
 * Thorkild Jacobsen (1904–1993), Danish-American historian
 * Ghislaine Maxwell (born 1961), socialite, founder of The TerraMar Project, associate of Jeffrey Epstein, daughter of Robert Maxwell
 * Mason Tappan (1817–1886), United States congressman, New Hampshire Attorney General
 * Bainbridge Wadleigh (1831–1891), United States senator

title: Bradford, New Hampshire


text:
Houston Lake, Missouri

Houston Lake is a city in Platte County, Missouri, and is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area within the United States. The population was 235 at the 2010 census.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.14 sqmi, of which 0.11 sqmi is land and 0.03 sqmi is water.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 235 people, 107 households, and 64 families living in the city. The population density was 2136.4 PD/sqmi. There were 119 housing units at an average density of 1081.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 94.0% White, 0.4% African American, 3.0% from other races, and 2.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.7% of the population.

There were 107 households, of which 22.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.0% were married couples living together, 13.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.2% were non-families. 34.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.77.

The median age in the city was 51.4 years. 16.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.8% were from 25 to 44; 42% were from 45 to 64; and 14% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.4% male and 53.6% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 284 people, 119 households, and 69 families living in the city. The population density was 2,055.1 PD/sqmi. There were 123 housing units at an average density of 890.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 96.83% White, 0.70% African American, 0.35% Asian, and 2.11% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.52% of the population.

There were 119 households, out of which 27.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.5% were married couples living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.2% were non-families. 32.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.16 and the average family size was 2.69.

In the city the population was spread out, with 18.7% under the age of 18, 4.2% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 35.9% from 45 to 64, and 12.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.4 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $53,750, and the median income for a family was $61,875. Males had a median income of $48,750 versus $24,063 for females. The per capita income for the city was $24,471. About 1.5% of families and 4.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.5% of those under the age of eighteen and none of those 65 or over.

title: Houston Lake, Missouri


text:
Canterbury, New Hampshire

Canterbury is a town in Merrimack County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 2,389 at the 2020 census. The Canterbury Shaker Village is in the eastern part of the town.

History
First granted by Lieutenant Governor John Wentworth in 1727, the town was named for William Wake, Archbishop of Canterbury. It was originally a militia timber fort and trading post of Capt. Jeremiah Clough located on a hill near Canterbury Center, where the Pennacook people came to trade. The town would be incorporated in 1741. There were several garrison houses or stockades in the area as late as 1758.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 115.8 sqkm, of which 113.6 sqkm are land and 2.1 sqkm are water, comprising 1.86% of the town. The town's highest point is an unnamed summit near Forest Pond and the town's northern border, where the elevation reaches approximately 1390 ft above sea level. Bounded by the Merrimack River on the west, Canterbury is drained on the east by the Soucook River. Canterbury lies fully within the Merrimack River watershed.

Adjacent municipalities

 * Northfield (north)
 * Gilmanton (northeast)
 * Loudon (east)
 * Concord (south)
 * Boscawen (west)

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,979 people, 749 households, and 590 families residing in the town. The population density was 45.1 PD/sqmi. There were 838 housing units at an average density of 19.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 98.59% White, 0.25% African American, 0.25% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.10% from other races, and 0.76% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.51% of the population.

There were 749 households, out of which 33.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.0% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.2% were non-families. 15.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 2.91.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 24.5% under the age of 18, 4.9% from 18 to 24, 25.6% from 25 to 44, 34.8% from 45 to 64, and 10.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.4 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $58,026, and the median income for a family was $62,583. Males had a median income of $41,302 versus $32,313 for females. The per capita income for the town was $27,374. About 2.0% of families and 2.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.7% of those under age 18 and 2.0% of those age 65 or over.

Annual cultural events
On the last Saturday in July, the town hosts the annual Canterbury Fair, which includes artisan performances, music performances and a 5K run.

The town hosts a regular Fourth of July parade as well a fireworks show by the town fire department.

Tourism
The biggest attraction in Canterbury is the Shaker Village, established in 1792. At its peak in the 1850s, over 300 people lived, worked and worshiped in 100 buildings on 4000 acre. They made their living by farming, selling seeds, herbs and herbal medicines; and by manufacturing textiles, pails, brooms and other products. The last resident, Sister Ethel Hudson, died in 1992, and the site is now a museum, founded in 1969, to preserve the heritage of the utopian sect. Canterbury Shaker Village is an internationally known, non-profit historic site with 25 original Shaker buildings, four reconstructed Shaker buildings and 694 acre of forest, fields, gardens and mill ponds under permanent conservation easement. It has been designated a National Historic Landmark for its architectural integrity and significance.

Canterbury has an active historical society hosting events throughout the year and maintaining the Elizabeth Houser Museum in the old Center Schoolhouse (original one-room school house) as well as an archive of Canterbury-related materials dating to the early 18th century. Among notable works in the archive are the Lunther Cody Collection of Glass Negatives, documenting classic life in New England.

Parks and recreation
Canterbury is home to Ayers State Forest and Shaker State Forest. Ayers State Forest covers 50 acre, and Shaker State Forest is 226.5 acre.

Notable people

 * Abiel Foster (1735–1806), US congressman, representative in the Continental Congress
 * Stephen Symonds Foster (1809–1881), radical abolitionist
 * Joseph M. Harper (1787–1865), US congressman, Acting Governor of New Hampshire
 * Kenneth MacKenna (1899–1962), actor, film director
 * Colby James West (born 1985), freestyle skier

Gallery
Images of Canterbury:

title: Canterbury, New Hampshire


text:
Iatan, Missouri

Iatan is a village in Platte County, Missouri within the United States. The population was 69 at the 2010 census. It is within the Kansas City metropolitan area.

History
The community is said to derive its name from Iatan, a chief of the Otoe tribe who supposedly derived his name from battles with the Comanche who were sometimes also referred to as Iatan. The town site was platted in 1842. A post office called Iatan was established in 1855, and remained in operation until 1964.

Iatan, first settled by John Dougherty in 1837, was one of the first communities to be established after the Platte Purchase allowed white settlement on former Native American land (which was proclaimed in February 1837). It was initially an important trading port on the Missouri River but was soon overtaken by Weston, Missouri five miles (8 km) to the south and St. Joseph, Missouri 20 mi to the north.

Iatan power plants
The community's name is applied to the Iatan 1 and Iatan 2 coal-fired power stations for Kansas City Power & Light which is the largest coal-fired generating plant in Missouri.

The Iatan 1 plant which opened in 1980 has a 651-megawatt capacity and had a 700 ft high chimney when it opened. The tower is higher than any occupied building in the state including the Gateway Arch.

The Iatan 2 plant opened in 2010 and can generate 850 Megawatts with a capacity to burn 494 tons of coal per hour. The new plant has a lower 60 ft high mechanical cooling tower.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.12 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 45 people, 18 households, and 11 families residing in the village. The population density was 375.0 PD/sqmi. There were 22 housing units at an average density of 183.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 91.1% White, 6.7% African American, and 2.2% from two or more races.

There were 18 households, of which 27.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.4% were married couples living together, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 38.9% were non-families. 27.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.18.

The median age in the village was 35.8 years. 26.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.7% were from 25 to 44; 28.8% were from 45 to 64; and 11.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 55.6% male and 44.4% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 54 people, 22 households, and 13 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,399.0 PD/sqmi. There were 24 housing units at an average density of 621.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 100.00% White.

There were 22 households, out of which 31.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.9% were married couples living together, 13.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.9% were non-families. 31.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.31.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 24.1% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 31.5% from 45 to 64, and 9.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.0 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $35,625, and the median income for a family was $36,250. Males had a median income of $22,188 versus $10,625 for females. The per capita income for the village was $8,895. There were 25.0% of families and 16.4% of the population living below the poverty line, including 15.6% of under eighteens and none of those over 64.

title: Iatan, Missouri


text:
Platte Woods, Missouri

Platte Woods is a city in Platte County, Missouri and is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area within the United States. The population was 394 as of the 2020 census.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.37 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 385 people, 163 households, and 113 families living in the city. The population density was 1040.5 PD/sqmi. There were 173 housing units at an average density of 467.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 95.1% White, 0.5% African American, 0.5% Native American, 2.1% Asian, and 1.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.6% of the population.

There were 163 households, of which 23.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.2% were married couples living together, 3.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 30.7% were non-families. 25.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.88.

The median age in the city was 49.8 years. 19.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 18.6% were from 25 to 44; 33.3% were from 45 to 64; and 23.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.6% male and 50.4% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 474 people, 220 households, and 137 families living in the city. The population density was 1,257.1 PD/sqmi. There were 262 housing units at an average density of 694.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 95.99% White, 2.53% African American, 0.21% Asian, 0.42% from other races, and 0.84% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.84% of the population.

There were 220 households, out of which 20.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.5% were married couples living together, 5.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.7% were non-families. 31.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.15 and the average family size was 2.69.

In the city the population was spread out, with 18.1% under the age of 18, 6.1% from 18 to 24, 27.0% from 25 to 44, 28.3% from 45 to 64, and 20.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.5 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $64,375, and the median income for a family was $76,937. Males had a median income of $45,938 versus $35,417 for females. The per capita income for the city was $32,704. None of the families and 1.7% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 3.5% of those over 64.

Community and government
Platte Woods is a fourth class city under Missouri statutes. Its governing body consists of the Mayor and a four-member Board of Aldermen that cover two wards. Other decision making bodies include the Planning and Zoning Commission, Board of Zoning Adjustment, Administration Committee, Finances Committee, Public Works Committee, and the Public Safety Committee. City Hall staff includes a City Clerk and a Municipal Court Clerk.

Platte Woods has its own police department whose staff includes the chief of police and eight officers. The Municipal Court Judge and Prosecutor serve on a contract basis.

Platte Woods has two churches located within its limits, Platte Woods United Methodist, and Christ Lutheran Church.

title: Platte Woods, Missouri


text:
Chichester, New Hampshire

Chichester is a town in Merrimack County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 2,665 at the 2020 census.

History
Chichester was granted in 1727 to Nathaniel Gookin and others, and was named for Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Earl of Chichester and England's Secretary of State for the Southern Department. The first settlement was commenced by Paul Morrill in 1758.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 55.1 km2, of which 54.9 sqkm are land and 0.3 sqkm are water, comprising 0.50% of the town. The highest point in Chichester is an unnamed summit at 1015 ft above sea level, midway between Garvin Hill (985 ft) to the east and Plausawa Hill (1000 ft) to the west in neighboring Pembroke. All three summits are less than one mile apart. The west side of Chichester drains to the Soucook River in Loudon, while the east side drains to the Suncook River, which forms the town's northeast border with Pittsfield. Both rivers are tributaries of the Merrimack River.

The town is sparsely populated, with most of the commercial development concentrated along US 202 (Dover Road) and NH 28 (Suncook Valley Road). The civic center of town, with the town hall, Methodist church, and town historical society, lies near the intersection of Main Street, Canterbury Road, and Center Road, about 1/2 mi northeast of US 202.

Adjacent municipalities

 * Loudon (northwest)
 * Pittsfield (northeast)
 * Epsom (east)
 * Pembroke (south)

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,236 people, 823 households, and 637 families residing in the town. The population density was 106.1 PD/sqmi. There were 849 housing units at an average density of 40.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 98.17% White, 0.18% African American, 0.36% Native American, 0.13% Asian, 0.18% from other races, and 0.98% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.67% of the population.

There were 823 households, out of which 37.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.6% were married couples living together, 6.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.5% were non-families. 17.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.71 and the average family size was 3.04.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.5% under the age of 18, 5.7% from 18 to 24, 33.1% from 25 to 44, 25.7% from 45 to 64, and 10.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.2 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $56,741, and the median income for a family was $60,333. Males had a median income of $38,403 versus $28,051 for females. The per capita income for the town was $24,115. About 2.3% of families and 3.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.2% of those under age 18 and 5.3% of those age 65 or over.

Transportation
Two New Hampshire state routes and two U.S. routes cross Chichester.

 * NH 9, U.S. Route 4, and U.S. Route 202 run concurrently through town, connecting the northern part of Pembroke in the west to Epsom in the east. It is known locally as Dover Road.
 * NH 28 crosses the eastern edge of town, roughly paralleling the Suncook River, connecting Epsom to Pittsfield along Suncook Valley Road.

Notable people

 * Gordon J. Humphrey (born 1940), U.S. senator from 1978 to 1990
 * Sally Kelly, member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives from 2006 to 2014

title: Chichester, New Hampshire


text:
Cairo, Missouri

Cairo is a village in Randolph County, Missouri, United States. The population was 292 at the 2010 census. The pronunciation is Kay-row, unlike the city in Egypt.

History
Cairo was originally called "Fairview", and under the latter name was founded in 1858. The village was named after Cairo, Egypt, perhaps via Cairo, Illinois. A post office called Cairo has been in operation since 1860.

The Mitchell Petroglyph Archeological Site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.31 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 292 people, 106 households, and 83 families living in the village. The population density was 941.9 PD/sqmi. There were 125 housing units at an average density of 403.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 96.2% White, 0.7% African American, 0.7% Native American, 0.7% Asian, and 1.7% from two or more races.

There were 106 households, of which 45.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.2% were married couples living together, 23.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 21.7% were non-families. 18.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.06.

The median age in the village was 35 years. 31.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.6% were from 25 to 44; 22.3% were from 45 to 64; and 15.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 48.3% male and 51.7% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 293 people, 117 households, and 80 families living in the village. The population density was 1,093.2 PD/sqmi. There were 127 housing units at an average density of 473.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 97.95% White, and 2.05% from two or more races.

There were 117 households, out of which 33.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.7% were married couples living together, 12.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.8% were non-families. 28.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.05.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 25.6% under the age of 18, 9.2% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 15.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 82.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.2 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $35,000, and the median income for a family was $39,464. Males had a median income of $35,417 versus $20,536 for females. The per capita income for the village was $14,905. About 11.4% of families and 10.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.3% of those under the age of eighteen and 26.3% of those 65 or over.

title: Cairo, Missouri


text:
Clark, Missouri

Clark is a city in Randolph County, Missouri, United States. The population was 298 at the 2010 census.

History
A post office called Clark has been in operation since 1887. The community has the name of John Bullock Clark Jr., a five-term U.S. Congressman from Missouri.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.58 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 298 people, 105 households, and 71 families residing in the city. The population density was 513.8 PD/sqmi. There were 120 housing units at an average density of 206.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 97.7% White, 0.3% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.3% Asian, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.3% of the population.

There were 105 households, of which 45.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.8% were married couples living together, 18.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 32.4% were non-families. 22.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.84 and the average family size was 3.35.

The median age in the city was 30 years. 32.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 12.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.8% were from 25 to 44; 22.4% were from 45 to 64; and 9.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.7% male and 50.3% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 275 people, 103 households, and 71 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,176.0 PD/sqmi. There were 117 housing units at an average density of 500.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 97.82% White, 0.36% Native American, and 1.82% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.09% of the population.

There were 103 households, out of which 37.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.2% were married couples living together, 8.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.1% were non-families. 27.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.22.

In the city the population was spread out, with 29.8% under the age of 18, 9.8% from 18 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 19.6% from 45 to 64, and 10.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females there were 83.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.8 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $31,875, and the median income for a family was $34,167. Males had a median income of $25,500 versus $17,500 for females. The per capita income for the city was $11,704. About 14.3% of families and 18.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 32.6% of those under the age of eighteen and 8.0% of those 65 or over.

Speed trap history
From 2009 to 2012 The City of Clark Police Department (CPD) operated almost constant traffic enforcement on US Highway 63 and Missouri Highway 22. In Spring of 2012, the entire police department was suspended due to complaints, then in May 2012 the City Council disbanded the CPD due to a pending investigation by the Missouri State Highway Patrol to which the department was cleared and given an excellent rating by the Missouri Auditors Office and reinstated.

Notable people

 * Omar Bradley (February 12, 1893 - August 8, 1981) One of the main U.S. Army field commanders in North Africa and Europe during World War II and a General of the United States Army.
 * Nathan Truesdell Documentary filmmaker, born and raised in Clark.

title: Clark, Missouri


text:
Jacksonville, Missouri

Jacksonville is a village in Randolph County, Missouri, United States. The population was 151 at the 2010 census.

History
A post office called Jacksonville has been in operation since 1837. The community takes its name from Jackson Township.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.11 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the 2010 census, there were 151 people, 56 households, and 41 families living in the village. The population density was 1372.7 PD/sqmi. There were 65 housing units at an average density of 590.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 98.0% White, 0.7% African American, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.0% of the population.

There were 56 households, of which 50.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.4% were married couples living together, 10.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 26.8% were non-families. 25.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.17.

The median age in the village was 32.8 years. 27.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.2% were from 25 to 44; 25.1% were from 45 to 64; and 11.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 47.0% male and 53.0% female.

2000 census
As of the 2000 census, there were 162 people, 57 households, and 44 families living in the village. The population density was 1,439.7 PD/sqmi. There were 59 housing units at an average density of 521.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 98.77% White and 1.23% Asian.

There were 57 households, out of which 35.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.4% were married couples living together, 12.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.8% were non-families. 19.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.86 and the average family size was 3.23.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 32.5% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 32.5% from 25 to 44, 16.0% from 45 to 64, and 11.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 123.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.4 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $24,500, and the median income for a family was $34,063. Males had a median income of $32,292 versus $19,583 for females. The per capita income for the village was $10,626. About 2.3% of families and 7.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.6% of those under the age of eighteen and 42.9% of those 65 or over.

title: Jacksonville, Missouri