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Theatre director

A theatre director or stage director is a professional in the theatre field who oversees and orchestrates the mounting of a theatre production such as a play, opera, dance, drama, musical theatre performance, etc. by unifying various endeavors and aspects of production. The director's function is to ensure the quality and completeness of theatre production and to lead the members of the creative team into realizing their artistic vision for it. The director thereby collaborates with a team of creative individuals and other staff to coordinate research and work on all the aspects of the production which includes the Technical and the Performance aspects. The technical aspects include: stagecraft, costume design, theatrical properties (props), lighting design, set design, and sound design for the production. The performance aspects include: acting, dance, orchestra, chants, and stage combat.

If the production is a new piece of writing or a (new) translation of a play, the director may also work with the playwright or a translator. In contemporary theatre, after the playwright, the director is generally the principle visionary, making decisions on the artistic conception and interpretation of the play and its staging. Different directors occupy different places of authority and responsibility, depending on the structure and philosophy of individual theatre companies. Directors use a wide variety of techniques, philosophies, and levels of collaboration.

The director in theatre history
In ancient Greece, the birthplace of European drama, the writer bore principal responsibility for the staging of his plays. Actors were generally semi-professionals, and the director oversaw the mounting of plays from the writing process all the way through to their performance, often acting in them too, as Aeschylus for example did. The author-director would also train the chorus, sometimes compose the music, and supervise every aspect of production. The fact that the director was called didaskalos, the Greek word for "teacher," indicates that the work of these early directors combined instructing their performers with staging their work.

In medieval times, the complexity of vernacular religious drama, with its large scale mystery plays that often included crowd scenes, processions and elaborate effects, gave the role of director (or stage manager or pageant master) considerable importance. A miniature by Jean Fouquet from 1460 (pictured) bears one of the earliest depictions of a director at work. Holding a prompt book, the central figure directs, with the aid of a long stick, the proceedings of the staging of a dramatization of the Martyrdom of Saint Apollonia. According to Fouquet, the director's tasks included overseeing the erecting of a stage and scenery (there were no permanent, purpose-built theatre structures at this time, and performances of vernacular drama mostly took place in the open air), casting and directing the actors (which included fining them for those that infringed rules), and addressing the audience at the beginning of each performance and after each intermission.

From Renaissance times up until the 19th century, the role of director was often carried by the actor-manager. This would usually be a senior actor in a troupe who took the responsibility for choosing the repertoire of work, staging it and managing the company. This was the case for instance with Commedia dell'Arte companies and English actor-managers like Colley Cibber and David Garrick.

The modern theatre director can be said to have originated in the staging of elaborate spectacles of the Meininger Company under George II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen. The management of large numbers of extras and complex stagecraft matters necessitated an individual to take on the role of overall coordinator. This gave rise to the role of the director in modern theatre, and Germany would provide a platform for a generation of emerging visionary theatre directors, such as Erwin Piscator and Max Reinhardt. Simultaneously, Constantin Stanislavski, principally an actor-manager, would set up the Moscow Art Theatre in Russia and similarly emancipate the role of the director as artistic visionary.

The French regisseur is also sometimes used to mean a stage director, most commonly in ballet. A more common term for theatre director in French is metteur en scène.

Post World War II, the actor-manager slowly started to disappear, and directing become a fully fledged artistic activity within the theatre profession. The director originating artistic vision and concept, and realizing the staging of a production, became the norm rather than the exception. Great forces in the emancipation of theatre directing as a profession were notable 20th-century theatre directors like Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko, Vsevolod Meyerhold, Yevgeny Vakhtangov, Michael Chekhov, Yuri Lyubimov (Russia), Orson Welles, Peter Brook, Peter Hall (Britain), Bertolt Brecht (Germany), Giorgio Strehler, and Franco Zeffirelli (Italy).

A cautionary note was introduced by the famed director Sir Tyrone Guthrie who said "the only way to learn how to direct a play, is ... to get a group of actors simple enough to allow you to let you direct them, and direct."

A number of seminal works on directing and directors include Toby Cole and Helen Krich's 1972 Directors on Directing: A Sourcebook of the Modern Theatre, Edward Braun's 1982 book The Director and the Stage: From Naturalism to Growtowski, and Will's The Director in a Changing Theatre (1976).

Directing education
Because of the relatively late emergence of theatre directing as a performing arts profession when compared with for instance acting or musicianship, a rise of professional vocational training programmes in directing can be seen mostly in the second half of the 20th century. Most European countries nowadays know some form of professional directing training, usually at drama schools or conservatoires, or at universities. In Britain, the tradition that theatre directors emerge from degree courses (usually in English literature) at the Oxbridge universities has meant that for a long time, professional vocational training did not take place at drama schools or performing arts colleges, although an increase in training programmes for theatre directors can be witnessed since the 1970s and 1980s. In American universities, the seminal directing program at the Yale School of Drama produced a number of pioneering directors with D.F.A. (Doctor of Fine Arts) and M.F.A. degrees in Drama (rather than English) who contributed to the expansion of professional resident theaters in the 1960s and 1970s. In the early days such programmes typically led to the staging of one major thesis production in the third (final) year. At the University of California, Irvine, Keith Fowler (a Yale D.F.A. and ex-producer of two LORT companies) led for many years a graduate programme based on the premise that directors are autodidacts who need as many opportunities to direct as possible. Under Fowler, graduate student directors would stage between five and ten productions during their three-year residencies, with each production receiving detailed critiques.

As with many other professions in the performing arts, theatre directors would often learn their skills "on the job"; to this purpose, theatres often employ trainee assistant directors or have in-house education schemes to train young theatre directors. Examples are the Royal National Theatre in London, which frequently organizes short directing courses, or the Orange Tree Theatre and the Donmar Warehouse on London's West End, which both employ resident assistant directors on a one-year basis for training purposes.

Styles of directing
Directing is an art form that has grown with the development of theatre theory and theatre practice. With the emergence of new trends in theatre, so too have directors adopted new methodologies and engaged in new practices. Interpretation of the drama, by the late twentieth century, had become central to the director's work. Relativism and psychoanalytic theory influenced the work of innovative directors such as Peter Brook, Ingmar Bergman, Peter Stein, and Giorgio Strehler.

Kimberly Senior, director of Disgraced on Broadway, explains her role as director by saying “I get to take things that were previously in one dimension and put them into three dimensions using my imagination and intellect and people skills.”

Once a show has opened (premiered before a regular audience), theatre directors are generally considered to have fulfilled their function. From that point forward the stage manager is left in charge of all essential concerns.

title: Theatre director


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Scouting in Alabama

Scouting in Alabama has a long history, from the 1910s to the present day, serving thousands of youth in programs that suit the environment in which they live.

Early history (1910-1950)
In 1918 a council was formed in Selma, only to be dissolved in 1920. That area would be served later by the Tukabatchee Area Council.

Until 1948, some councils of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) were racially segregated. The National Office began a program of integrating local councils in 1940, which was largely complete in 1948.

Recent history (1950-1990)
Circa 1960, the BSA renumbered all local Councils in alphabetical order by state and headquarters city. That numbering system remains in use today. In this sequence, Council "Number 1" (not the 'oldest BSA Council') was the Council originally was called the Choccolocco Council that was headquartered in Anniston, Alabama. That Council, combined with two others, now forms the Greater Alabama Council, headquartered from Birmingham, Alabama.

Scouts BSA in Alabama today
In the 1990s, the Boy Scouts of America went through a restructuring in an attempt to reduce manpower, and in several states small historic Councils were merged into a larger supercouncil. The new Greater Alabama Council is an example of such a supercouncil. There are eight BSA local councils serving Scouts in Alabama today.

As of Feb 1, 2019, The "Boy Scouts" program under the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) changed its name to "Scouts BSA." This change was reflective of the organization's acceptance of girls as members of the program who wanted to experience the outdoor leadership program enjoyed by boys for over 100 years, including the coveted rank of Eagle Scout.

Alabama-Florida Council
The eponymously named Alabama-Florida Council serves Scouts in Alabama and Florida, with the council office located in Dothan, Alabama. It was founded in 1935 as the Southeast Alabama Council and changed its name in 1963 to its current name.

Organization

 * Menawa District
 * Muskoke District

Camps

 * Camp Alaflo

Order of the Arrow

 * Cowikee Lodge #224

Black Warrior Council
The Black Warrior Council office is located in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, and the council's name refers to Chief Tuskaloosa whose name means Black Warrior''.

In 1925, and again in 1932, the Walker-Lamar Council was formed in Jasper. In 1938 that council was reformed into the current Black Warrior Council.

Organization

 * Chickasaw District - Tuscaloosa County (North of the River), Fayette, Pickens and Lamar Counties
 * Choctaw District - Tuscaloosa County (South of the River), Bibb County and the City of Moundville
 * Mountain District - Walker, Winston and Marion Counties
 * Prairie District - Marengo, Sumter, Hale and Greene Counties

Camps

 * Camp Horne
 * Camp O'Rear
 * White Bluff Scout Reservation

Order of the Arrow

 * Aracoma Lodge #481

Chattahoochee Council
Chattahoochee Council serves Scouts in Georgia and Alabama, with the Council office located in Columbus, Georgia. The council's name refers to the Chattahoochee River, which flows through Georgia, Alabama, and Florida.

Choctaw Area Council
Choctaw Area Council serves Scouts in Mississippi and Alabama, with the council office located in Meridian, Mississippi. The council's name refers to the Choctaw nation.

Greater Alabama Council
The Greater Alabama Council is located in northern and central Alabama. The new council is a supercouncil. The council office is located in Birmingham, Alabama.

History
The Greater Alabama Council was formed by a merger of the Choccolocco Council, Tennessee Valley Council and the Central Alabama Council in 1998. The Choccolocco Council was formed in 1921. The Etowah County Council was formed in 1919 and changed its name to Northeastern Alabama in 1925; the council merged into Choccolocco in 1933. The Central Alabama council was formed as the Birmingham Area Council in 1915, changing its name in 1996. The Tennessee Valley Council was formed in 1924. Tennessee Valley absorbed Muscle Shoals Council in 1928 and the Andrew Jackson Council in 1930.

Organization
The Greater Alabama Council is divided into 13 districts:

Camps
Camp Westmoreland, a historic BSA summer camp located in Lauderdale County. This is one of the oldest operating camps in the Southeastern United States; it first opened in the 1920s. Camp Westmoreland ceased operations as a summer camp in the 1980s, but it is still widely used to this day for both council and district activities. Camp Westmoreland's old Order of the Arrow lodge was once home to Kaskanampo Lodge 310, which merged with Coosa Lodge 50 in the year 1999. Westmoreland District was once a part of the Tennessee Valley Council of the Boy Scouts of America before this council was merged with two other councils to form the Greater Alabama Council.

Camp Comer is located four miles South of Mentone, Alabama. According to "Mentone Alabama: A History" by Zora Shay Strayhorn: "The land was purchased in 1962 and named after Hugh Ross Corner of Sylacauga, a longtime scout worker, who was serving as president of the Choccolocco Council at that time. M. M. Beck, council vice-president, suggested the name.                 In 1965 a fund-raising campaign was successful in developing the lake and camping area. Stumps were removed from the lake and the dam was raised. The lake was named Lake Republic in honor of Republic Steel of Gadsden, a financial supporter of the camp.                  On June 8, 1965, Camp Comer was officially opened. Work continued on the reservation and a year later 3,000 scouts and leaders attended camp." Camp Sequoyah is nestled among 1,447 acres for woodlands in east central Alabama, near Cheaha State Park. It has been in operation since it was dedicated on June 29, 1972 and is a part of the Frank Spain Scout Reservation, which encompasses 1,447 acres.

Order of the Arrow
 Coosa Lodge #50 is the Order of the Arrow lodge associated with the Greater Alabama Council. , the lodge has 12 chapters:
 * Achunanchi Chapter, Choccolocco District
 * Cahaba Chapter, Birmingham District
 * Cheaha Chapter, Cheaha District
 * Cherokee Chapter, Cherokee District
 * Kaskanampo Chapter, Talakto District
 * Koasati Chapter, Mountain Lake District
 * Lookout Mountain Chapter, Lookout Mountain District
 * Muscogee Chapter, Shelby District
 * Nacha Sipo Chapter, Three Rivers District
 * Nischamawat Chapter, Arrowhead District
 * Nunne Hi Chapter, Vulcan District
 * Yuchi Chapter, Westmoreland District

Gulf Coast Council
Gulf Coast Council serves Scouts in Florida and Alabama, with the council office located in Pensacola, Florida. The council's name refers to the Gulf Coast of the United States.

Mobile Area Council
The Mobile Area Council office is located in Mobile, Alabama. The council was formed in 1919 as the Mobile Council. It changed its name to Mobile Area in 1924. In 1926 the name was changed to Mobile and Baldwin Counties, and in 1927 changed back to Mobile Area.

Organization

 * Baldwin District
 * Five Rivers District

Camps
The council owns and operates one long term summer camp at the Maubila Scout Reservation. This also serves as unit camping, Cub Scout event and training facility. Camp Maubila has 680 acre and a private lake.

Order of the Arrow

 * Woa Cholena Lodge #322

Tukabatchee Area Council
Formed in 1919 as the Montgomery Council, the council would change its name to Montgomery County in 1923, and then to Tukabatchee Area in 1946.

Organization
As of 2015, the Council consists of:
 * Crane District
 * Ecunchatee District
 * Frontier District
 * Muskogee District

In addition, the Council's Exploring program is considered a district for organizational purposes, though it consists solely of Exploring and Venturing units and not traditional Scouting Troops or Packs.

Camps
The council is home to two camps, both located on the 1000-acre Warner Scout Reservation in northeast Autauga County.
 * Camp Tukabatchee opened in the summer of 2000 and currently serves as the primary facility for Boy Scout events.
 * Camp Dexter C. Hobbs is built on the site of the original Camp Tukabatchee, and operates as a Cub Scout camp and family camp.

Order of the Arrow
The council's Order of the Arrow Lodge, Alibamu #179, was formally chartered in 1940 and is Alabama's oldest lodge. It is home to the Order of the Arrow's 1999 National Chief, Will Parker, and the 2007 National Vice Chief, Larry Newton. The lodge comprises 5 chapters, each corresponding to one of the council's districts:
 * Cahaba Chapter, Crane District
 * Chilitauga Chapter, Frontier District
 * Cholocco Litabixie Chapter, College students and others living outside council boundaries
 * Pinhoti Chapter, Muscogee District
 * Towassa Chapter, Ecunchatee District

Girl Scouting in Alabama today
There are two Girl Scout councils with headquarters in Alabama. In addition Girl Scouts of Historic Georgia serves Russell County, Alabama.

Girl Scouts of North-Central Alabama
The Girl Scouts of North-Central Alabama Council serves over 3,500 girls. It owns and operates six camps. Camp Gertrude Coleman, established in 1925, is a 140 acre site located east of Trussville on the Cahaba River in Jefferson County. Kanawahala Program Center (KPC) is a 600 acre site with a 45 acre lake, called Lake Alice. KPC is located in Shelby County. Camp Trico is a beautiful 109 acre wooded lot on the shore of Lake Guntersville. Camp Anderel, near Rogersville is a wooded 187 acre site nestled between Anderson Creek and the Elk River. Camp Tombigbee in Greene County was purchased in 2001, and has a beautiful 97 acre site. Camp Cottaquilla is located in Calhoun County.

The Fehr Fowler Service Center serves as headquarters and include the Council's shop. It is located in the Inverness area of Birmingham. The Council also operates service centers in Anniston, Huntsville, Gadsden, Florence and Tuscaloosa.

Girl Scouts of Southern Alabama
Girl Scouts of Southern Alabama covers 30 counties and serves over 9,000 girl members.

GSSA runs three campsites: Camp Scoutshire Woods, Camp Sid Edmonds and Kamp Kiwanis. There are two resident camps in the summer at Kamp Kiwanis and Camp Scoutshire Woods. Camp Scoutshire Woods is located on 56 acre of rolling wooded hills about 30 mi northwest of Mobile. Kamp Kiwanis is located on 110 acre 45 minutes north of Montgomery, on Lake Martin. Both camps have boating and swimming areas.

There are two Service Centers. One is located in Mobile, the other in Montgomery and each has a shop.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Scouting in Alabama


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Comic Relief

Comic Relief is a British charity, founded in 1985 by the comedy scriptwriter Richard Curtis and comedian Sir Lenny Henry in response to the famine in Ethiopia. The concept of Comic Relief was to get British comedians to make the public laugh, while raising money to help people around the world and in the United Kingdom. A new CEO, Samir Patel, was announced in January 2021.

The highlight of Comic Relief's appeal is Red Nose Day, an annual (previously biennial) telethon held in March. The first live fundraising evening, held on 4 April 1986, featured comedians and pop stars, including Rowan Atkinson, Billy Connolly, Stephen Fry, Kate Bush and co-founder Lenny Henry.

A prominent annual event on British television, Comic Relief is one of two high-profile telethon events held in the UK, the other being Children in Need, held annually in November. At the end of the Red Nose Day telethon on 14 March 2015, it was announced that in the 30-year history of Comic Relief, the Red Nose Day and Sport Relief appeals had raised in excess of £1.4 billion.

Red Nose Day history
Comic Relief was launched live on Noel Edmonds' Late, Late Breakfast Show on BBC1, on Christmas Day 1985 from a refugee camp in Sudan. The idea for Comic Relief came from the charity worker Jane Tewson, who established it as the operating name of Charity Projects, a registered charity in England and Scotland.

On 4, 5 and 6 April 1986 the inaugural live fundraising show, "Comic Relief Utterly Utterly Live", was staged at the Shaftesbury Theatre in London featuring popular alternative comedians and pop stars (including Rowan Atkinson, Billy Connolly, Stephen Fry, Lenny Henry, Kate Bush and Cliff Richard ). An audio recording was released on WEA which included a live performance of the charity single "Living Doll" by Cliff Richard and the Young Ones.

The highlight of Comic Relief is Red Nose Day. On 8 February 1988, Lenny Henry went to Ethiopia and celebrated the very first Red Nose Day telethon. Over 150 celebrities and comedians participated. The event raised £15 million and attracted 30 million television viewers on BBC1. To date, Richard Curtis and Lenny Henry are still active participants of the Red Nose Day telethon which continues to raise funds for numerous charities that help children in need and tackle worldwide poverty.

The charity states that its aim is to "bring about positive and lasting change in the lives of poor and disadvantaged people, which we believe requires investing in work that addresses people's immediate needs as well as tackling the root causes of poverty and injustice".

One of the fundamental principles behind working at Comic Relief is the "Golden Pound Principle" where every single donated pound (£) is spent on charitable projects. All operating costs, such as staff salaries, are covered by corporate sponsors, or interest earned on money waiting to be distributed.

Currently, its main supporters are the BBC, BT, TK Maxx and British Airways. The BBC is responsible for the live television extravaganza on Red Nose Day; BT provides the telephony, and TK Maxx sells merchandise on behalf of the charity.

Until 2022, Sainsbury's sold Red Noses in their Supermarkets, Local Stores and Petrol Stations.

In 2002, Comic Relief and BBC Sport teamed up to create Sport Relief, a new initiative, aiming to unite the sporting community and culminate in a night of sport, entertainment and fundraising on BBC One. Sport Relief was a biennial charity event, and the campaign deliberately alternated years with Red Nose Day, Comic Relief's flagship event. Red Nose Day occurs in odd-numbered years, and Sport Relief in even-numbered years.

In 2009, Comic Relief launched a website calling for a financial transaction tax, the "Robin Hood" tax.

On 14 March 2015, at the end of that year's Red Nose Day telethon it was announced that in the 30-year history of Comic Relief, the Red Nose Day and Sport Relief appeals had raised in excess of £1bn (£1,047,083,706).

In 2021 it was announced that Red Nose Day would become an annual event and, starting from 2022, there would be no more Sport Relief telethons. From the same year onwards, the appeal shows of Red Nose Day would now take place at the former Sport Relief studio at Dock10, MediaCityUK in Salford.

In 2024, on Lenny Henry’s final telethon as a presenter, he revealed that the overall £1 billion announced in 2015 had risen to £1.14 billion (£1,140,064,067).

On television
The television programming begins in the afternoon, with CBBC having various related reports, money raising events and celebrity gunging. This is all in-between the regular programmes, but after the six o'clock news, the normal BBC One schedule is suspended at 7 pm in favour of a live show, with a break at 10 pm for the regular news programme. Whilst the BBC News at Ten is aired on BBC One, Comic Relief continues on BBC Two, and then resumes on BBC One at 10:35 pm, with each hour overseen by a different celebrity team. These celebrities do the work for free, as do the crew, with studio space and production facilities donated by the BBC.

Regular themes throughout the shows include parodies of recent popular shows, films and clips, events, and specially filmed versions of comedy shows. Smith and Jones, and a parody sketch starring Rowan Atkinson were both regularly featured.

Presenters

 * Lenny Henry (1988–2007, 2011–2022, 2024)
 * Griff Rhys Jones (1988–1993, 1999)
 * Jonathan Ross (1989–1995, 1999–2013, 2017)
 * Chris Evans (1995, 2005–2007)
 * Ant & Dec (2001–2003)
 * Zoe Ball (2001, 2019, 2022–2023)
 * Davina McCall (2003–2015, 2021, 2024)
 * Adam Buxton (2003)
 * Joe Cornish (2003)
 * Bob Mortimer (2003)
 * Graham Norton (2003–2011, 2017)
 * Vic Reeves (2003)
 * Dermot O'Leary (2005, 2011–2013)
 * Fearne Cotton (2007–2011, 2015)
 * Russell Brand (2007, 2013, 2017)
 * Jeremy Clarkson (2007)
 * Nick Frost (2007)
 * Richard Hammond (2007)
 * James May (2007)
 * Paul O'Grady (2007)
 * Simon Pegg (2007)
 * Kate Thornton (2007)
 * Alan Carr (2009–2013)
 * James Corden (2009)
 * Tess Daly (2009, 2015)
 * Noel Fielding (2009, 2017)
 * Mathew Horne (2009)
 * David Tennant (2009, 2013, 2019–2024)
 * Claudia Winkleman (2009–2015)
 * Reggie Yates (2009)
 * Kevin Bridges (2011)
 * Jimmy Carr (2011)
 * Michael McIntyre (2011–2013)
 * Jack Whitehall (2011–2013)
 * John Bishop (2013–2015)
 * Rob Brydon (2013)
 * David Walliams (2013–2015)
 * Sarah Millican (2015)
 * Greg James (2015)
 * Rob Beckett (2017–2019)
 * Greg Davies (2017)
 * Warwick Davis (2017)
 * Miranda Hart (2017)
 * Joe Lycett (2017)
 * Sally Phillips (2017)
 * Romesh Ranganathan (2017–2019, 2024)
 * Luisa Omielan (2017)
 * Richard Osman (2017)
 * Clara Amfo (2019)
 * Alesha Dixon (2019–2022)
 * Paddy McGuinness (2019–2024)
 * Joe Sugg (2019)
 * Emma Willis (2019)
 * Jason Manford (2021)
 * Amanda Holden (2021)
 * AJ Odudu (2022–2023)
 * Vernon Kay (2022)
 * Joel Dommett (2023–2024)
 * Maya Jama (2024)
 * Rosie Ramsay (2024)

1988
The First Red Nose Day was held on Friday 5 February 1988 with the slogan: "The Plain Red Nose", and raised £15million.

1989
The Second Red Nose Day was held on Friday 10 March 1989 with the slogan: "Red Nose Day 2", and raised £27million. This is also when the event would start generally being scheduled in mid-March, often close to, or on 17 March – St Patrick's Day.

1991
The Third Red Nose Day was held on Friday 15 March 1991 with the slogan "The Stonker", and raised £20 million. The charity song was a double A-sided single featuring "The Stonk" performed by Hale & Pace and "The Smile Song" performed by Victoria Wood.

1993
The Fourth Red Nose Day was held on Friday 12 March 1993 with the slogan "The Invasion of the Comic Tomatoes", and raised £18 million.

1995
The Fifth Red Nose Day was held on Friday 17 March 1995, with the slogan "What A Difference A Day Makes", and raised £22 million.

1997 event
The 1997 Red Nose Day event was held on 14 March with the slogan "Small Change – Big Difference". The event raised over £27m for charitable causes. The Spice Girls song "Who Do You Think You Are?" was the official Comic Relief single with 672,577 physical copies sold. The telethon featured an appearance from Father Ted Crilly (Dermot Morgan) and Father Dougal McGuire (Ardal O'Hanlon), characters from the sitcom Father Ted.

1999 event
The 1999 Red Nose Day was held on 12 March and raised over £35m. Perennial hosts Jonathan Ross and Lenny Henry were joined by Davina McCall, Chris Evans, Ben Elton, Jack Dee and Julian Clary, with Peter Snow providing regular updates on donations. Angus Deayton hosted a live cross-over panel game, Have I Got Buzzcocks All Over. A parody of the Doctor Who series starring Rowan Atkinson as the Doctor, Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death, was featured during the show, as was Wetty Hainthropp Investigates (a Victoria Wood parody of Hetty Wainthropp Investigates), The Naughty Boys (a mock 1967 pilot for Men Behaving Badly) and guest appearance by Rex the Runt.

On Radio 1, Simon Mayo set the record of 37 hours of consecutive broadcasting (which was later broken in March 2011 by Chris Moyles on the same station for 52 hours, "BBC Radio 1's Longest Show Ever with Chris Moyles and Comedy Dave for Comic Relief", the world record for the longest show in radio history). The 1999 Comic Relief song was "When the Going Gets Tough" by Boyzone.

2001 event
The 2001 Red Nose Day was held on 16 March. The total raised was £55 million. As well as donations on the night of the TV show, money is raised from countrywide sponsored events and from merchandising, particularly of the red noses themselves. 5.8 million red noses were sold, approximately one-tenth of the UK population. Celebrity Big Brother 1 was produced in honour of Comic Relief, with the finale airing as part of the Red Nose Day festivities.

2003 event
The 2003 Red Nose Day was held on 14 March. The fund raising activities included Lenny Henry providing the voice of the speaking clock between 10 and 23 March with the cost of the call going to Comic Relief. On the night of the live show itself, £35m was raised, an on-the-night record. A total of £61.6 million was raised that year, setting a new record.

Jack Dee stood outside at the top of a pole for the duration of the show, parodying the acts of David Blaine. Celebrity Driving School led up to the event, with the test results announced during the telethon: they all failed.

The hosts of Red Nose Day 2003 were: Jonathan Ross, Lenny Henry, Anthony McPartlin, Declan Donnelly, Vic Reeves, Bob Mortimer, Graham Norton, Adam Buxton and Joe Cornish.

Shows included
As usual a variety of specially filmed versions of television shows were made. Popular BBC talent show Fame Academy returned as Comic Relief does Fame Academy. Other shows included EastEnders, Auf Wiedersehen, Pet, University Challenge and Celebrity Driving School.

Harry Potter and the Secret Chamberpot of Azerbaijan, a parody of Harry Potter, starring Dawn French as Harry Potter, Jennifer Saunders as Ron Weasley and Miranda Richardson as Hermione Granger.

2005 event
The 2005 Red Nose Day was held on 11 March, and was hosted by a collection of television stars: these were Chris Evans, Lenny Henry, Davina McCall, Graham Norton, Dermot O'Leary and Jonathan Ross. The 2005 event was also noteworthy for supporting the Make Poverty History campaign – many of the videos recorded for the MPH campaign (including videos by Bono and Nelson Mandela) were shown throughout the evening. £65m was raised.

Shows included
As usual a variety of specially filmed versions of television shows were made. Popular BBC talent show Comic Relief does Fame Academy was attended by celebrities singing cover versions of songs. Viewers voted for their favourite, with the proceeds going to the cause and the celebrity. Other shows included Absolutely Fabulous, Little Britain I Want That One, The Vicar of Dibley, Green Wing, Spider-Plant Man, a parody of Spider-Man starring Rowan Atkinson, and My Family.

McFly released the official single, a double A-side of "All About You/You've Got a Friend" which reached Number 1 in the UK Singles Chart, and also Number 1 in the Irish Singles Chart. The cover is predominantly red and features the members of McFly dressed in red, wearing red noses, in honour of Red Nose Day.

2007 event
2007's Red Nose Day was held on 16 March. Its tagline was "The Big One" which was also representative of the novelty nose. Walkers, Kleenex and Andrex also promoted the charity, as well as Sainsbury's. The event raised £67.7 million.

2009 event
The 2009 event took place on Friday 13 March 2009. Fundraisers had three different nose designs to choose from: "this one", "that one" and "the other one" – all with different facial expressions. The Saturdays provided the official single, a cover of 'Just Can't Get Enough'. The event raised £82.3 million.

2011 event
The 2011 event took place on Friday 18 March 2011. £74.3 million was raised on the night, the highest ever 'on the night' total. This was subsequently beaten by £0.8 million on Red Nose Day 2013's on-the-night event. The total for the whole campaign was £108.4 million, the then highest raised for one event.

In addition to the continued absence of Rowan Atkinson, two more prominent supporters of the charity were absent for 2011 – this was the first ever Comic Relief event to feature no input from Dawn French, and the first for over 10 years to not feature input from Matt Lucas. Similarly, several other frequent contributors from previous years appeared only in appeal films or as part of the 24 Hour Panel People event. Lenny Henry however finally returned after an absence to perform comedic material.

2013 event
The 2013 event took place on Friday 15 March 2013. By the end of the night, Comic Relief raised £75,107,852. In total that year Comic Relief raised £100.3 million.

One Direction recorded the official single "One Way or Another", a medley of Blondie's "One Way or Another" and "Teenage Kicks" by The Undertones. The single was released on 17 February 2013.

2015 event
The 2015 event took place on Friday 13 March 2015. It was broadcast live for the first time at the London Palladium, with £99.4 million being raised.

2017 event
The 2017 event took place on Friday 24 March 2017, broadcast live from Building Six at The O2 in London. It was widely criticised, for both the quality of sound, sketches, and going from films on poverty to a biscuit competition. The event raised £82.1 million.

2019 event
The 2019 event took place on Friday 15 March 2019 live from BBC Elstree Centre. The event raised £63,548,668.

2021 event
The 2021 event took place on Friday 19 March 2021. The event raised £52 million and was once again hosted by Sir Lenny Henry alongside Davina McCall, Paddy McGuinness, David Tennant and Alesha Dixon.

Sketches included a crossover between Catherine Tate's Nan character and James Bond (Daniel Craig), a Comic Relief Zoom meeting featuring Jack Whitehall and various celebrities and a trailer for 2020 - The Movie featuring Keira Knightley, Michael Sheen, Jodie Whittaker, KSI, Anna Friel and Dame Joan Collins. Sheen and Tennant also starred in a special edition of their TV show Staged while McGuinness and his Top Gear co-stars, Freddie Flintoff and Chris Harris were asked questions by children in a segment hosted by Radio 1's Jordan North. The Vicar of Dibley's Geraldine Granger (played by Dawn French) appeared alongside the Reverend Kate Bottley to open the show. There were musical performances from The Proclaimers, Gabrielle and the cast of Back to the Future the Musical. After the main show, Amanda Holden and Jason Manford presented The Great Comic Relief Prizeathon.

2022 event
Red Nose Day took place on 18 March 2022.

Some of 2022's fundraising challenges that took place prior to the main televised event included a 100-mile river challenge, which saw BBC Radio 1 presenter Jordan North rowing from London to Burnley, and Tom Daley's Homecoming Challenge which involved rowing, swimming, cycling and running. Footage of the latter challenge, which took place between the Aquatics Centre in London and Plymouth, was featured in a BBC One documentary called Tom Daley's Hell of a Homecoming which was broadcast on 14 March 2022.

The main Red Nose Day programming was split into three sections with the three-hour comedy special and The Great Comic Relief Prizeathon appearing on BBC One before and after the news, whilst Comic Relief at the Movies took a 10pm slot on BBC Two.

The 2022 Comic Relief show featured parodies of The Repair Shop (with Dawn French, Jennifer Saunders and Dame Judi Dench) as well as various popstars in David Walliams and Matt Lucas' Rock Profile sketches, whilst Tim Vine and Kiri Pritchard-McLean took part in a One Man and His Dog competition. The late-night programme The Great Comic Relief Prizeathon was presented by Vernon Kay and AJ Odudu, with an hour-long Best Bits compilation being transmitted a couple of days after the event.

2023 event
The 2023 event was held on 17 March 2023. Lenny Henry did not appear as the telethon's main presenter due to commitments with another project. Instead, the role was filled by David Tennant. An open sketch saw Henry regenerating into Tennant as a parody of Doctor Who. £34 million was raised from donations.

2024 event
The 2024 event was held on 15 March 2024. This was the last telethon for Lenny Henry, the fundraiser's founder after 39 years of being the presenter of the telethon. As part of the tributes to Henry, co-host David Tennant, who also hosted the previous year's telethon, thanked Henry for "an amazing tour of duty". The event raised £38 million from donations.

Fundraising

 * Including only funds raised during the telethon
 * Including money raised by Sport Relief

Merchandise
Various items of merchandise have been sold to promote and raise money for Comic Relief. In 1991, The Totally Stonking, Surprisingly Educational And Utterly Mindboggling Comic Relief Comic was published by Fleetway. Conceived, plotted and edited by Neil Gaiman, Richard Curtis, Grant Morrison and Peter K. Hogan, it featured contributions from a vast array of British comics talent, including Jamie Delano, Garth Ennis, Dave Gibbons, Mark Millar, Simon Bisley, Mark Buckingham, Steve Dillon, D'Israeli, Jamie Hewlett and Bryan Talbot. (Alan Moore, arguably Britain's most famous comics writer, was not credited as working on the book having sworn never to work for Fleetway again, but was said to have worked with partner Melinda Gebbie on her pages.) The comic was unique in that it featured appearances by characters from across the spectrum of comics publishers, including Marvel and DC superheroes, Beano, Dandy, Eagle and Viz characters, Doctor Who, the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, in addition to a cavalcade of British comedy figures (both real and fictional). These were all linked by the twin framing narratives of the Comic Relief night itself, and the tale of "Britain's meanest man" Sir Edmund Blackadder being persuaded to donate money to the event. The comic "sold out in minutes", raising over £40,000 for the charity, and is now a highly prized collectors' item. Comic Relief have also sold Fairtrade Cotton Socks from a number of vendors. This is mainly for their Sport Relief charity.

In 1993 a computer platform game was released, called Sleepwalker. The game featured voice overs from Lenny Henry and Harry Enfield, and several other references to Comic Relief and tomatoes; the theme for the 1993 campaign.

In 2001 J. K. Rowling wrote two books for Comic Relief based on her famous Harry Potter series, entitled Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them and Quidditch Through the Ages. The Fantastic Beasts book, would ultimately lead to the mid-late 2010s series of films of the same name as part of the expanded "Potterverse".

In 2007, Walkers complemented the usual merchandise by adding their own take on the red nose, promoting red ears instead. The large ears, dubbed 'Walk-ears', are based on a very old joke involving the actual ears of ex-footballer Gary Lineker, who has fronted their ad campaign since the early 1990s. Walkers previously promoted the charity in 2005, making four limited edition unusual crisp flavours.

The 2007 game for Red Nose Day, "Let It Flow", could be played online. This game was developed by Matmi, worldwide viral marketeers, and set in the African wilderness. Mischievous hyenas had messed up the water irrigation system which fed the crops. You had to help re-arrange the pipes to let the water flow to the crops to keep them alive. Once the pipes were arranged, you needed to operate the elephant's trunk to pump the water through the water pipes.

For the 2007 campaign Andrex, known for their ad campaign fronted by a Labrador puppy, gave away toy puppies with red noses.

As a Supporting Partner Jackpotjoy has launched two Red Nose Day Games for Red Nose Day 2011.

Red nose
The most prominent symbol of Comic Relief is a "red nose", which is given in various supermarkets and charity shops such as Oxfam in exchange for a donation to the charity and to make others laugh. People are encouraged to wear the noses on Red Nose Day to help raise awareness of the charity. The design of the nose has been changed each year, beginning with a fairly plain one, which later grew arms, turned into a tomato and even changed colour. This regular re-design was in part to stop people from re-using previous years designs, and having to buy the latest version, as for example some people may re-use the same Poppy, repeatedly, rather than buying a new one each year. In 2007, the red nose was made of foam; this was to facilitate the "growing" of the nose (by rolling it in the user's hands) to keep in line with that year's tagline, The Big One (see the table below). Larger noses are also available and are designed to be attached to the fronts of cars, buildings and, in 2009, a 6 m diameter inflatable nose was attached to the DFDS Seaways cruiseferry King of Scandinavia. However, the nose's material used for buildings was classed as a fire hazard and was banned from the Comic Relief Does Fame Academy shows.

Chronology of noses
, Comic Relief has sold 50 different red noses over 19 Red Nose Days. In 1988, It started with one nose. Two noses were available for the 1995 event. Three noses per event were available from 2009 to 2013. In 2015, nine noses were released, and in 2017, there were 10 different noses available—for both these years, this included a rare collector's nose. For 2019, 11 different noses were available to buy, including "rare" and "ultra-rare" noses. Ten different plastic-free noses were available for Red Nose Day 2021. In 2022, There were 8 noses. In 2023, It went back to only one. In 2024, there were four plastic noses, including the golden "rare" nose.

Chronology of car noses
A selection of Red Nose Day "car noses" have been produced over the years, to show support for the charity while out on the road. They have traditionally been a curved nose which attaches to the car's radiator grille. In 2009, this was replaced with a magnetic design owing to safety concerns. The original grill-attachable design returned for 2011, for the first time since 1999.

2014 saw the new release of 2 Flip Flap noses, the Poppy and England flag red nose designs and the first paper noses for cars and the 1st year for 2 car noses.

Charity singles
In April 1986, the first Comic Relief charity record was released. It featured Cliff Richard and the cast of The Young Ones in a rendition of Richard's late 50s hit "Living Doll".

Some of the money raised from the sale of each single is donated to Comic Relief. Normally, a song is released just before the official Red Nose Day. There have been exceptions, such as "(I Want To Be) Elected" which was released to coincide with the 1992 UK general election. Before the single released in 1995, Comic Relief records were all more-or-less comedy releases, mostly involving an actual band or singer teamed up with a comedy group. From 1995 on, they have been generally more serious, although the promo videos still feature comical moments.

2003 saw a return to the format of old. From 2005 to 2011, two Comic Relief singles were released each Red Nose Day, a song by a mainstream artist and also a comedy song.

In 1991, a music video was created called "Helping Hands", which included numerous children's television puppet personalities, including characters from The House of Gristle, Fraggle Rock, Rainbow, Roland Rat, Thunderbirds, Round the Bend!, Bill & Ben, The Gophers, Spitting Image, Jim Henson's Tale of the Bunny Picnic and more. In 1993 a follow-up single happened, this time featuring the biggest stars of children's television at the time called "You Can Be a Hero". Neither song was ever released.

The biggest-selling Comic Relief single is Tony Christie and Peter Kay's "Is This the Way to Amarillo", with 1.28 million copies sold. Westlife's 2001 cover of Billy Joel's "Uptown Girl" is the second biggest-seller, followed by 1986's "Living Doll" and the Spice Girls' 1997 double-A side single "Mama"/"Who Do You Think You Are?", with Boyzone's 1999 cover of "When the Going Gets Tough, The Tough Get Going" rounding up the top five.

 * Even though "Living Doll" is a song featuring the cast of The Young Ones, this does not include Alexei Sayle
 * This was a double-A side single, even though the Official Charts Company only credit one side with the hit
 * "Who Do You Think You Are" is the Comic Relief side
 * On this release, comedians only appear in the video
 * "Is This the Way to Amarillo", though released expressly with the intent of proceeds going to Comic Relief, was not an official Comic Relief single. The song was originally performed by Peter Kay (lip-synching to the voice Tony Christie) during the evening, and was later released as a single. It was No. 1 in the UK charts for seven weeks, and in its first week, it outsold the rest of the Top 20 combined.
 * In 2007, a version of The Proclaimers' song "500 Miles", released on 19 March, featured Peter Kay and Matt Lucas as their respective wheelchair-using characters Brian Potter and Andy Pipkin. Before its official release, the song reached No. 3 based on downloads alone. The single itself reached No. 1 on 25 March, knocking official Comic Relief single "Walk This Way" off the top spot.
 * In 2009, the comedy release took prominence over the single release by a mainstream recording artist. Gavin & Stacey's Ruth Jones and Rob Brydon covered "Islands in The Stream" for the event, with this being released on the week of Comic Relief. The Saturdays had released their record a week earlier.
 * "Gold Forever" is the lead single from The Wanted's second studio album, Battleground. It is also a promo single on their 2012 American debut, The Wanted EP.
 * This was listed as a separate hit with the original version of "Lay Me Down" peaking at number 15.

In addition, the first Red Nose Day schools' song ("Make Someone Happy") was published in 2007. A CD of the song, together with backing tracks and fundraising ideas, was sent free of charge to all primary schools in the UK - during February - by the education music publisher 'Out of the Ark Music'. Schools would be free to use the song in assemblies, singathons, or other fundraising activities. A second Red Nose Day Song has been released for every school in the UK, to use free of charge. It can be downloaded from the Red Nose Day 09 website, or watched on YouTube, and a copy has been sent to every primary school in the UK. It was again published by 'Out of the Ark' music, and contained a more upbeat melody than the version released in 2007. It was recorded at Hook Studios, Hook, Surrey, by the Out of the Ark Choir, which is completely made up of children. The children in the video wear Stella McCartney's special edition Comic Relief T-shirts, and was filmed in black and white so that only the red stood out.

Criticism
There has been some concern about the lack of gender equality in the causes supported by Comic Relief, with much funding going to politicised women's charities or charities focusing on women. Writing in The Spectator, Ross Clark raised the question, 'Why do all these women's charities...feel the need to disguise their fundraising in the prat-fest that is Comic Relief, rather than appealing directly to the public?' He added, 'Are they worried that if the British public realised where their money was going, they would be less inclined to be so generous?'

The British Stammering Association criticised comedian Lenny Henry over his opening sketch for the 2011 telethon, during which he spoofed the film The King's Speech and grew impatient with Colin Firth in his portrayal of King George VI as he stammered over his speech. The Sun reported that the British Stammering Association had branded the sketch as 'a gross and disgusting gleefulness at pointing out someone else's misfortune'.

In December 2013, an edition of the BBC One series Panorama pointed out that between 2007 and 2009, millions of pounds donated to Comic Relief had been invested in funds which appeared 'to contradict several of its core aims', with shares in tobacco, alcohol and arms firms.

The 2017 event was strongly criticised by viewers for various technical issues, glitches and having two adult-orientated skits shown before the 9 pm watershed, one where Vic Reeves showed a fake penis to Good Morning Britain presenter Susanna Reid, and another featuring a scene in which presenter Graham Norton asks model Cara Delevingne why she had sex on a plane. The event was also criticised for two pre-watershed instances of profanity, one involving a Mrs. Brown's Boys skit where the titular character does a V sign (a gesture that is deemed profane in the United Kingdom), and another involving Russell Brand after a technical blunder caused him to swear and say "Fuck" after being cut off. In total 338 complaints were made to Ofcom, however the regulator chose not to investigate because the comedy sketches "were inexplicit and consistent with the live, unpredictable format of this established charity programme", whilst recognising that some "were not to everyone's taste".

In 2017, a video featuring Ed Sheeran meeting and rescuing a child in Liberia for Comic Relief was criticised as 'poverty porn' and was given the 'Rusty Radiator' award for the 'most offensive and stereotypical fundraising video of the year'.

Writing in The Guardian in 2017, Labour MP David Lammy argued that Comic Relief perpetuated problematic stereotypes of Africa, and that they had a responsibility to use its powerful position to move the debate on in a more constructive way by establishing an image of African people as equals.

In 2018, in response to Lammy's comments and the backlash to Sheeran's video, Comic Relief announced they would take steps towards change by halting their use of celebrities for appeals.

However, in February 2019, Lammy also criticised Stacey Dooley for posting on social media about her trip to Uganda for Comic Relief, saying that 'the world does not need any more white saviours', and that she was perpetuating 'tired and unhelpful stereotypes' about Africa. The pressure group 'No White Saviours' argued that Comic Relief had pledged to make changes to their celebrity campaigns in the past, and now needed to put them into practice.

The remarks by Lammy were believed to have damaged coverage of Red Nose Day; viewership dropped and the donations received for the broadcast in March 2019 fell by £8 million and the money raised that year was the lowest since 2007. In 2020, as a result of Lammy's intervention, Comic Relief announced that it would no longer send celebrities to Africa nor portray Africa with images of starving people or critically ill children. Instead, they would be using local film makers to provide a more "authentic" perspective and give agency back to African people.

Similar events outside the United Kingdom

 * United States: In 2015, Red Nose Day was formally brought to the United States under the auspices of Comic Relief, Inc., an organisation unrelated to the defunct Comic Relief USA. The 2015 Red Nose Day Special aired on NBC on 21 May 2015 and was hosted by David Duchovny, Seth Meyers and Jane Krakowski, raising $23 million. The 2016 NBC special aired on 26 May with Craig Ferguson as the host. Sponsored by Walgreens, Red Nose Day has since become an annual event.
 * Inspired by the British charity, a United States Comic Relief charity was founded in 1986 by Bob Zmuda. Comic Relief was an irregularly held event, televised on Home Box Office (HBO), which has raised and distributed nearly US$50 million towards providing health care services to homeless people throughout the United States. Comedians Robin Williams, Billy Crystal and Whoopi Goldberg were hosts of the event. The 1989 HBO Comic Relief show debuted the song "Mr. President", written by Joe Sterling, Ray Reach and Mike Loveless. The song was sung by Al Jarreau and Natalie Cole. On 18 November 2006, the event was revived as a fundraiser for those affected by Hurricane Katrina, and was simulcast on TBS. Richard Curtis also created the Idol Gives Back special for American Idol, which follows the same basic premise as Comic Relief, with specially filmed shorts, performances and footage of the stars of the show visiting impoverished countries.
 * Australia: In 1988, the Red Nose Day concept was adopted by the SIDS and Kids organisation to help raise funds for research into sudden infant death syndrome. Since then, Red Nose Day in Australia is held annually on the last Friday of June. An Australian version of Comic Relief, Comic Relief Australia, has also been set up. It plans to divide the money raised between Australian causes (at least 40%) and overseas charities largely in Asia Pacific (at least 40%). Following a campaign encouraging people to buy articles such as red wristbands, the first telethon-style event was held on 6 November 2005 on the Seven Network. It followed the established format, with comedy interspersed with examples of the sorts of charities to benefit. According to its website, this raised over A$800,000. Another telethon was broadcast on 27 November 2006 on Seven Network. The 2006 Comic Relief Show was held under the title '50 Years of Laughs' celebrating 50 years of Television in Australia. It was hosted by Colin Lane, and featured presenters such as Amanda Keller, Mikey Robins, Ugly Dave Gray and Derryn Hinch interviewing Kylie Mole.
 * Germany: The German TV station Pro 7 initiated a similar event in 2003. By selling red noses, money is collected for the charity foundations PowerChild, Deutsche Kinder- und Jugendstiftung (lit., German Child and Youth Foundation), and Comic Relief. The event is called 'Red Nose Day', and took place annually in March or April from 2003 to 2006. However, ratings and the collected donations fell far short of expectations in 2006, resulting in no main show being produced in 2007 and 2008. In 2003, Nena (who is famous for her hit song 99 Red Balloons) released an updated version of her song Wunder Gescheh'n (Miracles Happen) for the charity. In 2010, the Red Nose Day returned on Pro7. It took place on 25 November.
 * Russia: A similar charity campaign, entitled "Red Nose, Kind Heart", was launched in Russia on 1 April 2007. The main goal of the drive, held between 1 April and 19 May 2007 by the Liniya Zhizni (Life Line) foundation, is raising money to help children afflicted with serious diseases (such as heart diseases).
 * Finland: In 2002, the Finnish national broadcaster YLE started an annual charity event, which initially went under the title "Ylen hyvä". In 2007, the event adopted the name "Nenäpäivä" (Nose day), and the use of red noses to more closely follow the example of the British event.
 * Iceland: Dagur rauða nefsins (Red Nose Day) has been held in support of UNICEF since 2006. It has featured the sale of red noses to raise funds and has enjoyed support and publicity from many local celebrities and televised events on the national broadcaster, RÚV.
 * Belgium: "Rodeneuzendag" (Red Nose Day) was held in Belgium for the first time in 2015 to raise money for children with psychiatric problems, and aired on VTM.
 * Ireland: RTÉ Does Comic Relief was launched in June 2020, to raise funds for charities and local community initiatives within Ireland. The event took place to raise funds that were lost during the COVID-19 pandemic with all proceeds going to The Community Foundation for Ireland who will distribute the funds raised to over 4,000 non-profit organisations at a national, regional, and local level throughout Ireland. The event was broadcast live on RTÉ One and the RTÉ Player for over 4 hours on Friday, 26 June 2020 raising millions of euro for local charities with appearances by Paul Mescal, Aisling Bea, Hozier, Roy Keane, Westlife, Samantha Mumba, Amy Huberman and a host of other Irish and international celebrities, comedians, actors, and musicians. The event was hosted by Deirdre O'Kane, Nicky Byrne, Baz Ashmawy, Jennifer Zamparelli, and Eoghan McDermott. During the live event the Government of Ireland issued a statement stating it would match all proceeds donated by doubling the amount and a number of Irish and international companies also donated large sums of money to the fund.

title: Comic Relief


text:
Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid

Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid is a 1982 American neo-noir mystery comedy film directed, co-written by, and co-starring Carl Reiner and co-written by and starring Steve Martin. Co-starring Rachel Ward, the film is both a parody of and a homage to film noir and the pulp detective films of the 1940s. The title refers to Martin's character telling a story about a woman obsessed with plaid in a scene that was ultimately cut from the film.

Edited by Bud Molin, Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid is partly a collage film, incorporating clips from 19 vintage films. They are combined with new footage of Martin and other actors similarly shot in black-and-white, with the result that the original dialogue and acting of the classic films become part of a completely different story.

Among the actors who appear from classic films are Ingrid Bergman, Humphrey Bogart, James Cagney, Joan Crawford, Bette Davis, Brian Donlevy, Kirk Douglas, Ava Gardner, Cary Grant, Alan Ladd, Veronica Lake, Burt Lancaster, Charles Laughton, Fred MacMurray, Ray Milland, Edmond O'Brien, Vincent Price, Barbara Stanwyck, and Lana Turner.

This was the last film for both costume designer Edith Head and composer Miklós Rózsa.

Plot
Juliet Forrest, daughter of scientist and cheesemaker John Forrest, asks private investigator Rigby Reardon to investigate her father's death. Searching Dr. Forrest's lab, Rigby finds two lists, "Friends of Carlotta" (FOC) and "Enemies of Carlotta" (EOC), and an autographed photo of singer Kitty Collins, whose name appears on one of the lists. A man shoots Rigby in the arm and takes the lists.

Rigby finds his way to Juliet's house, where she sucks out the bullet. Juliet also reveals a note to her father from her brother-in-law, Sam Hastings, which reveals that Dr. Forrest gave Sam a dollar bill "for safekeeping". When Juliet mentions her cleaning woman, Rigby goes berserk due to his father running off with his cleaning woman and Rigby's mother dying of a broken heart.

Rigby tracks down Sam and gets Dr. Forrest's dollar, which has FOC names scrawled on it — including Kitty and her boyfriend Swede Anderson. Rigby tracks down Kitty, asking her whether she is one of Carlotta's friends, which causes her to leave. He trails her to a restaurant, where she ditches her brooch into her soup. Rigby retrieves the brooch, which contains an EOC list on which all names are crossed out except Swede Anderson's. Rigby visits Swede, but Swede is killed. Rigby is shot in the same arm as before, causing Juliet to suck out another bullet. Rigby calls his mentor Philip Marlowe for assistance. Juliet hands over a key from Dr. Forrest's desk and a key to train station locker 1936. Marlowe picks up the EOC list to check for unsolved murders.

Rigby goes to the train station locker, which contains more lists. He finds F.X. Huberman, whose name was on one of the lists, throwing a party. She flirts with Rigby, then drugs his drink and steals the locker key. Juliet finds Rigby and informs him that Sam fell from a window reaching for a bottle of whiskey. She has an article from The New York Times about a cruise ship called Immer Essen; Sam Hastings was a passenger. When Marlowe calls, Rigby questions him about Walter Neff, the ship's owner, and learns that Neff cruises supermarkets for blondes.

Rigby disguises himself as a blonde and meets Neff. Rigby drugs him and finds a passenger manifest for the Immer Essen identical to an EOC list and articles about the ship's imprisoned captain, Cody Jarrett, who refuses to talk to anyone but his mother. Rigby dresses up as Jarrett's mother to visit Jarrett. He tries winning Jarrett's confidence, explaining that the FOC are after him. When that fails, Rigby impersonates a prisoner. Jarrett turns out to be a FOC and shoots Rigby.

After sucking out a third bullet, Juliet leaves for the drugstore. Marlowe informs Rigby that Carlotta is an island off Peru. At a cafe, Rigby finds Kitty. Carlos, a policeman, warns Rigby of the locals, including Kitty's new boyfriend, Rice. The next day, one of the locals approaches Rigby and tries to bribe him into leaving the island.

Kitty drops by Rigby's room. Carlos is telling him Rice is in town with a group of Germans when the telephone line is cut. Kitty drugs Rigby's drink, and he wakes up to find Rice choking him. After a chase, Rigby shoots Rice and frisks the corpse, leading him to a hideout where he finds Juliet, her father still alive, and her butler, Field Marshal Wilfried von Kluck.

Dr. Forrest divulged a secret cheese mold to Nazis posing as a humanitarian organization. Once he discovered their intention to use the mold's corrosive properties to destroy America with strategically placed cheese bombs, he assembled a list of Nazi agents, the FOC. Before he could divulge the names to the FBI, he was abducted and his death faked to prevent a police investigation. The Immer Essen, a cruise ship passing by, witnessed the mold tests, making all passengers EOC. Rigby is captured but Juliet gets Wilfried to say "cleaning woman", causing Rigby to go berserk, break his chains and overpower the Nazis. While Juliet gets Rodriguez, Wilfried pulls one of the switches, destroying Terre Haute, Indiana, before being killed by Rigby. Rodriguez rounds up the other Nazis while Rigby shares a kiss with Juliet.

Cast

 * Steve Martin as Rigby Reardon
 * Rachel Ward as Juliet Forrest
 * George Gaynes as Dr. John Hay Forrest
 * Reni Santoni as Carlos Rodriguez
 * Adrian Ricard as Mildred
 * Carl Reiner as Field Marshal Wilfried von Kluck
 * Francis X. McCarthy as Waiter
 * Gene LeBell as Hood
 * Cheryl Smith as Veronica Lake (uncredited)

Production
In mid-1980, comedian Steve Martin was having lunch with director Carl Reiner and screenwriter George Gipe. They were also discussing a screenplay Martin had written when he suggested that they use a clip from an old film. From this suggestion came the idea of using all sorts of clips from films throughout the entire feature. The three men left the lunch thinking about how they could incorporate all of these old clips into a story. Reiner planned to work Martin into the old footage via over-the-shoulder shots so that it looked like the comedian was talking to these vintage actors, a strategy used effectively several times in the film. In one scene, trick photography makes it appear that Martin is in the same shot (not over-the-shoulder) as Cary Grant in a clip from Suspicion. Reiner and Gipe spent countless hours looking through classic films for specific shots and "listening for a line that was ambiguous enough but had enough meat in it to contribute a line". They took lines of dialogue from clips they wanted to use and juxtaposed them while also trying to write a story based on them. Reiner and Gipe finally worked out a story and then met with Martin, who contributed some funny material of his own.

Martin purposely chose not to watch any classic films noir because he "didn't want to act like Humphrey Bogart … I didn't want to be influenced". The filmmakers enlisted some of the people that helped define many of the classic films from the 1940s. Costume designer Edith Head created over 20 suits for Martin in similar fashion to those worn by Cary Grant and James Stewart. Production designer John DeCuir, a veteran with 40 years of experience, designed 85 sets for the ten-week shooting schedule. Director of photography Michael Chapman studied the angles and lighting popular among '40s film noir, conducting six months of research with Technicolor to try to match the old film clips with his new footage.

Principal photography began on July 7, 1981, with the bulk of the shooting done on soundstages of Laird International Studios in Culver City and three exterior locations shot in and around Los Angeles. Martin usually acted opposite actors dressed exactly like the classic movie stars he was interacting with so that he had someone he could talk to and who would respond to his lines.

Edith Head died two weeks after finishing her work on this film. A dedication honoring her appears before the film's end credits.

Films used
The following films were used in Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid. Five films were already owned by Universal, and the rest were licensed from other studios. Of the five films owned by Universal, four were originally owned by Paramount. Note that some of the film license owners have changed since the original release of the films.

Universal

 * This Gun for Hire (1942)
 * The Glass Key (1942)
 * Double Indemnity (1944)
 * The Lost Weekend (1945)
 * The Killers (1946)

Warner Bros.*
* At the time of release, United Artists owned these films.
 * Deception (1946)
 * Humoresque (1946)
 * The Big Sleep (1946)
 * Dark Passage (1947)
 * White Heat (1949)

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer**
** These films are now owned by Warner Bros. as a result of their 1996 acquisition of Turner Entertainment Co., who owned the rights since 1986.
 * Johnny Eager (1941)
 * Keeper of the Flame (the car wreck scene) (1943) (uncredited)
 * The Postman Always Rings Twice (1946)
 * The Bribe (1949)

RKO Pictures***
***  Suspicion'' is now owned by Warner Bros. as a result of their 1996 acquisition of Turner Entertainment Co., who owned the rights since 1986. Notorious is now owned by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures as a result of their 1996 acquisition of American Broadcasting Company, who owned the rights to most of the films produced by David O. Selznick.''
 * Suspicion (1941)
 * Notorious (1946)

Paramount Pictures

 * I Walk Alone (1947)
 * Sorry, Wrong Number (1948)

Columbia Pictures

 * In a Lonely Place (1950)

Critical reception
Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 77% based on reviews from 26 critics with the consensus: "Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid is more elaborate pastiche than uproarious comedy, but the farce works thanks to the sly lampooning of Hollywood noir and Steve Martin's performance as a goofy gumshoe." The film received a rating of 64 on Metacritic.

In his review for Newsweek magazine, David Ansen wrote, "A one joke movie? Perhaps, but it's such an engaging joke that anyone who loves old movies will find it irresistible. And anyone who loves Steve Martin will be fascinated by his sly performance, which is pitched exactly between the low comedy of The Jerk and the highbrow Brechtianisms of Pennies from Heaven." Vincent Canby's review for The New York Times praised Martin's performance: "the film has an actor who's one of America's best sketch artists, a man blessed with a great sense of timing, who is also self-effacing enough to meet the most cockeyed demands of the material." Time magazine's Richard Corliss wrote, "The gag works for a while, as Martin weaves his own plot-web into the 18 old movies, but pretty soon he's traveling on old good will and flop sweat."

title: Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid


text:
Talk:Deconstruction

Recent edits by Byelf2007
1. The article ought to explain what the X is as soon as possible. Currently in the second sentence it says "Although he avoided defining the term directly, he sought to apply..." This is background info on *how* the concept came about by the creator but not *what it is*. Having "Derrida proposed the deconstruction of all texts where..." as the second sentence works much better in this respect.

2. The lede is currently very unprofessional: "On the one hand..." and starting a paragraph with "but" are particularly bad. I think I've cleaned them up pretty well.

3. A bunch of separate sections on what deconstruction is is very weird. I think it's much better to put them under "On deconstruction".

4. "Definitions by other authors" seems unprofessional to me. I prefer "Alternative definitions".

5. "Developments after Derrida" also seems unprofessional to me. I prefer "Post-Derrida development".

6. I believe etymology sections are encouraged. Byelf2007 (talk) 1 June 2012

Who cares?
I've flagged many statements with {who} in my time, but there are cases where I find this teetering into obnoxiousness. Consequently, some critics[who?] have considered the exchange to be a series of elaborate misunderstandings rather than a debate, while others[who?] have seen either Derrida or Searle gaining the upper hand. Is it really not to be possible to indicate that distinct camps exist without having to name names in every instance?

Sometimes the problem with actually naming names is that you run smack into undue attention, in having to privilege given exemplars over others (all those whose names remain unspoken).

That's not perfection, either. — MaxEnt 21:19, 19 July 2022 (UTC)

Weird lede
The article currently begins:
 * The term deconstruction refers to approaches to understanding the relationship between text and meaning. It was introduced by the philosopher Jacques Derrida, who defined it as a turn away from Platonism's ideas of "true" forms and essences...

This sounds.... wrong. Based on that definition, one might say "Last year was the year of my deconstruction, by which of course I mean my turn away from Platonism's ideas of true forms and essences". But I really don't think Derrida meant to define deconstruction as a person's (or any other entity's) transition in that manner. And the first sentence is similarly weird: It seems to state that deconstruction comprises all such approaches taken together, but I think it meant to imply that any such approach, considered separately, is a deconstruction. Sneftel (talk) 13:04, 26 October 2022 (UTC)

Requested move 3 March 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: no consensus. After relisting and notification of projects, the discussion is tied though trending towards "oppose" since the relisting. Favonian (talk) 16:27, 18 March 2023 (UTC)

– There does not appear to be a WP:PRIMARYTOPIC with regards to faith deconstruction and, to a lesser extent, the album and form of real-life building demolition. ᴢxᴄᴠʙɴᴍ (ᴛ) 00:53, 3 March 2023 (UTC) — Relisting.  ❯❯❯  Raydann  (Talk)   17:11, 11 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Deconstruction → Deconstruction (philosophy)
 * Deconstruction (disambiguation) → Deconstruction
 * Support no PT as nom states. In ictu oculi (talk) 13:48, 3 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Support per nom ---   Tbf69   P • T 15:46, 3 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Support per nomination, In ictu oculi and Tbf69. There are 22 entries (including the three appearing under "See also") listed upon the Deconstruction (disambiguation) page, with no indication that the philosophical theory, postulated in 1967, has such a hold on this term that it overwhelms the combined uses within the remaining 21 entries. —Roman Spinner (talk • contribs) 19:34, 3 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose American Heritage Dictionary lists the philosophical movement and theory first, and the related school of criticism third. Merriam-Webster's primary definition is that of the philosophical or critical method. Brittanica only talks about deconstruction with respect to the philosophical and critical approaches. Oxford Languages (used by Google) puts the philosophy/critical analysis first. Unless I'm misunderstanding the Primary Topic stuff and the request for move —not impossible— this article is very much the anglophone primary topic. Usage of the word in Christianity (explicitly derived from the philosophy and analysis usages) and building trades post-dates its use in philosophy and critical analysis by a lot and Primary Topic gives weight to long-term usage in addition to volume of usage. The acceleration of use in Christianity and building trades may make this not the primary topic at some point, but I don't think we're there yet. Triplingual (talk) 05:39, 6 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose per Triplingual. No evidence that anything is broken. Again, we seem to be inventing ambiguities out of thin air. No such user (talk) 08:06, 6 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Philosophy has been notified of this discussion.  ❯❯❯  Raydann  (Talk)   17:12, 11 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Literature has been notified of this discussion.  ❯❯❯  Raydann  (Talk)   17:12, 11 March 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Oppose per Triplingual and page traffic. The philosophical theory is clearly the WP:PRIMARYTOPIC, as page traffic clearly indicates. Faith deconstruction should also be incorporated into and merged into the main page unless there is enough material to justify a WP:SPINOUT, these are both the same kind of deconstruction.  - car chasm (talk) 21:24, 11 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose per Triplingual, No such user, and Carchasm-- and Faith deconstruction is to Deconstruction as Literary modernism is to Modernism. :3 F4U (talk) 14:19, 13 March 2023 (UTC)

Example of the Structure/Genesis Problem
New here :) so apologies if I’m not quite doing this right… Conscious this is a minor suggestion, but it would be an essentially new contribution (although… haha) so I don’t want to play fast and loose with it while I’m still new to editing.

I was looking through the section explaining deconstruction is “not post-structuralist”, and I was struck by the examples of structure and of genesis given therein.

Currently, the examples given are “sensory ideas” and “binary oppositions such as good and evil.” What strikes me as unhelpful about this is that these two seem, at least superficially, to have little if anything to do with one another. This suggests that the problem of structure and genesis is more a matter of choice, emphasis, or preference (“structure or genesis?”), rather than the way the paradoxical relationship between structure and genesis both complicates the intelligibility of each on their own and resists a simple synthesis of the two. This is especially unhelpful as it may feed into persistent misconceptions about deconstruction and Derrida’s work (e.g. that it is a simple rejection of structuralism as distastefully totalising), which this

Fortunately, the latter of these two confusingly separate examples furnishes us with a better suggestion. My proposal would be to take instead the example of the Biblical ‘genesis’. On the one hand, you have the fall as the original act of sin/evil, and the act from which we are all cast into an economy of sin and from which all subsequent human evil flows; on the other, this genetic act was precisely to eat from the tree of knowledge of good and evil, i.e. to enter into the structure within which this act is intelligible as evil. While I’ve probably not put it as clearly or as pithily as possible, I think this does a better job of getting at the problem Derrida is concerned with, while also being accessible to most readers. At a guess, I think readers are more likely to have heard of the Garden of Eden than of empiricist epistemology, and I think many people who read that story are puzzled by essentially this problem. “If Adam and Eve only knew the difference between good and evil after eating the apple, then surely they didn’t know it was wrong to eat the apple? And if they didn’t know it was wrong, can we really say it was evil to do so?” Obviously, this isn’t the last theological word on the issue but I think it can help readers grasp both the precise nature of the problem and its (conceptual, cultural, ethical) stakes. It also has the additional benefit of being explicitly discussed by Derrida, if I recall correctly, in The Animal That Therefore I Am. Interested in people’s thoughts. BarryBoosta (talk) 18:40, 4 October 2023 (UTC)

"DeconstructionIsm" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DeconstructionIsm&redirect=no DeconstructionIsm] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Aaron Liu (talk) 21:29, 1 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Deconstruction


text:
Graded ring

In mathematics, in particular abstract algebra, a graded ring is a ring such that the underlying additive group is a direct sum of abelian groups $$R_i$$ such that $R_i R_j \subseteq R_{i+j}$. The index set is usually the set of nonnegative integers or the set of integers, but can be any monoid. The direct sum decomposition is usually referred to as gradation or grading.

A graded module is defined similarly (see below for the precise definition). It generalizes graded vector spaces. A graded module that is also a graded ring is called a graded algebra. A graded ring could also be viewed as a graded $\Z$-algebra.

The associativity is not important (in fact not used at all) in the definition of a graded ring; hence, the notion applies to non-associative algebras as well; e.g., one can consider a graded Lie algebra.

First properties
Generally, the index set of a graded ring is assumed to be the set of nonnegative integers, unless otherwise explicitly specified. This is the case in this article.

A graded ring is a ring that is decomposed into a direct sum
 * $$R = \bigoplus_{n=0}^\infty R_n = R_0 \oplus R_1 \oplus R_2 \oplus \cdots$$

of additive groups, such that
 * $$R_mR_n \subseteq R_{m+n}$$

for all nonnegative integers $$m$$ and $n$.

A nonzero element of $$R_n$$ is said to be homogeneous of degree $n$. By definition of a direct sum, every nonzero element $$a$$ of $$R$$ can be uniquely written as a sum $$a=a_0+a_1+\cdots +a_n$$ where each $$a_i$$ is either 0 or homogeneous of degree $i$. The nonzero $$a_i$$ are the homogeneous components of $a$.

Some basic properties are:
 * $$R_0$$ is a subring of $R$; in particular, the multiplicative identity $$1$$ is a homogeneous element of degree zero.
 * For any $$n$$, $$R_n$$ is a two-sided $R_0$-module, and the direct sum decomposition is a direct sum of $R_0$-modules.
 * $$R$$ is an associative $R_0$-algebra.

An ideal $$I\subseteq R$$ is homogeneous, if for every $a \in I$, the homogeneous components of $$a$$ also belong to $I$. (Equivalently, if it is a graded submodule of $R$; see .) The intersection of a homogeneous ideal $$I$$ with $$R_n$$ is an $R_0$-submodule of $$R_n$$ called the homogeneous part of degree $$n$$ of $I$. A homogeneous ideal is the direct sum of its homogeneous parts.

If $$I$$ is a two-sided homogeneous ideal in $R$, then $$R/I$$ is also a graded ring, decomposed as
 * $$R/I = \bigoplus_{n=0}^\infty R_n/I_n,$$

where $$I_n$$ is the homogeneous part of degree $$n$$ of $I$.

Basic examples

 * Any (non-graded) ring R can be given a gradation by letting $R_0=R$, and $$R_i=0$$ for i ≠ 0. This is called the trivial gradation on R.
 * The polynomial ring $$R = k[t_1, \ldots, t_n]$$ is graded by degree: it is a direct sum of $$R_i$$ consisting of homogeneous polynomials of degree i.
 * Let S be the set of all nonzero homogeneous elements in a graded integral domain R. Then the localization of R with respect to S is a $$\Z$$-graded ring.
 * If I is an ideal in a commutative ring R, then $\bigoplus_{n=0}^{\infty} I^n/I^{n+1}$ is a graded ring called the associated graded ring of R along I; geometrically, it is the coordinate ring of the normal cone along the subvariety defined by I.
 * Let X be a topological space, H i(X; R) the ith cohomology group with coefficients in a ring R. Then H *(X; R), the cohomology ring of X with coefficients in R, is a graded ring whose underlying group is $\bigoplus_{i = 0}^\infty H^i(X; R)$ with the multiplicative structure given by the cup product.

Graded module
The corresponding idea in module theory is that of a graded module, namely a left module M over a graded ring R such that also
 * $$M = \bigoplus_{i\in \mathbb{N}}M_i ,$$

and
 * $$R_iM_j \subseteq M_{i+j}.$$

Example: a graded vector space is an example of a graded module over a field (with the field having trivial grading).

Example: a graded ring is a graded module over itself. An ideal in a graded ring is homogeneous if and only if it is a graded submodule. The annihilator of a graded module is a homogeneous ideal.

Example: Given an ideal I in a commutative ring R and an R-module M, the direct sum is a graded module over the associated graded ring $\bigoplus_0^{\infty} I^n/I^{n+1}$.

A morphism $$f: N \to M$$ between graded modules, called a graded morphism, is a morphism of underlying modules that respects grading; i.e., $f(N_i) \subseteq M_i$. A graded submodule is a submodule that is a graded module in own right and such that the set-theoretic inclusion is a morphism of graded modules. Explicitly, a graded module N is a graded submodule of M if and only if it is a submodule of M and satisfies $N_i = N \cap M_i$. The kernel and the image of a morphism of graded modules are graded submodules.

Remark: To give a graded morphism from a graded ring to another graded ring with the image lying in the center is the same as to give the structure of a graded algebra to the latter ring.

Given a graded module $$M$$, the $$\ell$$-twist of $$M$$ is a graded module defined by $$M(\ell)_n = M_{n+\ell}$$ (cf. Serre's twisting sheaf in algebraic geometry).

Let M and N be graded modules. If $$f\colon M \to N$$ is a morphism of modules, then f is said to have degree d if $$f(M_n) \subseteq N_{n+d}$$. An exterior derivative of differential forms in differential geometry is an example of such a morphism having degree 1.

Invariants of graded modules
Given a graded module M over a commutative graded ring R, one can associate the formal power series $P(M, t) \in \Z[\![t]\!]$:
 * $$P(M, t) = \sum \ell(M_n) t^n$$

(assuming $$\ell(M_n)$$ are finite.) It is called the Hilbert–Poincaré series of M.

A graded module is said to be finitely generated if the underlying module is finitely generated. The generators may be taken to be homogeneous (by replacing the generators by their homogeneous parts.)

Suppose R is a polynomial ring $k[x_0, \dots, x_n]$, k a field, and M a finitely generated graded module over it. Then the function $$n \mapsto \dim_k M_n$$ is called the Hilbert function of M. The function coincides with the integer-valued polynomial for large n called the Hilbert polynomial of M.

Graded algebra
An associative algebra A over a ring R is a graded algebra if it is graded as a ring.

In the usual case where the ring R is not graded (in particular if R is a field), it is given the trivial grading (every element of R is of degree 0). Thus, $$R\subseteq A_0$$ and the graded pieces $$A_i$$ are R-modules.

In the case where the ring R is also a graded ring, then one requires that
 * $$R_iA_j \subseteq A_{i+j}$$

In other words, we require A to be a graded left module over R.

Examples of graded algebras are common in mathematics:
 * Polynomial rings. The homogeneous elements of degree n are exactly the homogeneous polynomials of degree n.
 * The tensor algebra $$T^{\bullet} V$$ of a vector space V. The homogeneous elements of degree n are the tensors of order n, $T^{n} V$.
 * The exterior algebra $$\textstyle\bigwedge\nolimits^{\bullet} V$$ and the symmetric algebra $$S^{\bullet} V$$ are also graded algebras.
 * The cohomology ring $$H^{\bullet} $$ in any cohomology theory is also graded, being the direct sum of the cohomology groups $H^n$.

Graded algebras are much used in commutative algebra and algebraic geometry, homological algebra, and algebraic topology. One example is the close relationship between homogeneous polynomials and projective varieties (cf. Homogeneous coordinate ring.)

G-graded rings and algebras
The above definitions have been generalized to rings graded using any monoid G as an index set. A G-graded ring R is a ring with a direct sum decomposition
 * $$R = \bigoplus_{i\in G}R_i $$

such that
 * $$ R_i R_j \subseteq R_{i \cdot j}. $$

Elements of R that lie inside $$R_i$$ for some $$i \in G$$ are said to be homogeneous of grade i.

The previously defined notion of "graded ring" now becomes the same thing as an $$\N$$-graded ring, where $$\N$$ is the monoid of natural numbers under addition. The definitions for graded modules and algebras can also be extended this way replacing the indexing set $$\N$$ with any monoid G.

Remarks:
 * If we do not require that the ring have an identity element, semigroups may replace monoids.

Examples:
 * A group naturally grades the corresponding group ring; similarly, monoid rings are graded by the corresponding monoid.
 * An (associative) superalgebra is another term for a $\Z_2$-graded algebra. Examples include Clifford algebras. Here the homogeneous elements are either of degree 0 (even) or 1 (odd).

Anticommutativity
Some graded rings (or algebras) are endowed with an anticommutative structure. This notion requires a homomorphism of the monoid of the gradation into the additive monoid of $$\Z/2\Z$$, the field with two elements. Specifically, a signed monoid consists of a pair $$(\Gamma, \varepsilon)$$ where $$\Gamma$$ is a monoid and $$\varepsilon \colon \Gamma \to\Z/2\Z$$ is a homomorphism of additive monoids. An anticommutative $$\Gamma$$-graded ring is a ring A graded with respect to $$\Gamma$$ such that:
 * $$xy=(-1)^{\varepsilon (\deg x) \varepsilon (\deg y)}yx ,$$

for all homogeneous elements x and y.

Examples

 * An exterior algebra is an example of an anticommutative algebra, graded with respect to the structure $$(\Z, \varepsilon)$$ where $$\varepsilon \colon \Z \to\Z/2\Z$$ is the quotient map.
 * A supercommutative algebra (sometimes called a skew-commutative associative ring) is the same thing as an anticommutative $$(\Z, \varepsilon)$$-graded algebra, where $$\varepsilon$$ is the identity map of the additive structure of $\Z/2\Z$.

Graded monoid
Intuitively, a graded monoid is the subset of a graded ring, $\bigoplus_{n\in \mathbb N_0}R_n$, generated by the $$R_n$$'s, without using the additive part. That is, the set of elements of the graded monoid is $$\bigcup_{n\in\mathbb N_0}R_n$$.

Formally, a graded monoid is a monoid $$(M,\cdot)$$, with a gradation function $$\phi:M\to\mathbb N_0$$ such that $$\phi(m\cdot m')=\phi(m)+\phi(m')$$. Note that the gradation of $$1_M$$ is necessarily 0. Some authors request furthermore that $$\phi(m)\ne 0$$ when m is not the identity.

Assuming the gradations of non-identity elements are non-zero, the number of elements of gradation n is at most $$g^n$$ where g is the cardinality of a generating set G of the monoid. Therefore the number of elements of gradation n or less is at most $$n+1$$ (for $$g=1$$) or $\frac{g^{n+1}-1}{g-1}$ else. Indeed, each such element is the product of at most n elements of G, and only $\frac{g^{n+1}-1}{g-1}$ such products exist. Similarly, the identity element can not be written as the product of two non-identity elements. That is, there is no unit divisor in such a graded monoid.

Power series indexed by a graded monoid
This notions allows to extends the notion of power series ring. Instead of having the indexing family being $$\mathbb N$$, the indexing family could be any graded monoid, assuming that the number of elements of degree n is finite, for each integer n.

More formally, let $$(K,+_K,\times_K)$$ be an arbitrary semiring and $$(R,\cdot,\phi)$$ a graded monoid. Then $$K\langle\langle R\rangle\rangle$$ denotes the semiring of power series with coefficients in K indexed by R. Its elements are functions from R to K. The sum of two elements $$s,s'\in K\langle\langle R\rangle\rangle$$ is defined pointwise, it is the function sending $$m\in R$$ to $$s(m)+_Ks'(m)$$, and the product is the function sending $$m\in R$$ to the infinite sum $$\sum_{p,q \in R \atop p \cdot q=m}s(p)\times_K s'(q)$$. This sum is correctly defined (i.e., finite) because, for each m, there are only a finite number of pairs (p, q) such that pq = m.

Example
In formal language theory, given an alphabet A, the free monoid of words over A can be considered as a graded monoid, where the gradation of a word is its length.

title: Graded ring


text:
Talk:Thebe (moon)

Discovery
So was this discoverd by S synnot or voyager1?

 * Voyager did take the photo, but it was the human who noted that what the photo showed was a moon. andy

Jupiter's four first discovered moons were Io, Ganymede, Europa, and Callisto. Thebe could hardly be fourth. And I had thought that Thebe was a moon of Saturn...although I could be wrong on that point.

 * Fourth means not by discovery date, but by distance from the planet. Seems like the article needs a little clarification on this point. (Done) andy

adj.
The name is just the Greek form of 'Thebes' (Homeric poetic form of Thêbai), so the standard Latin adjectival form Theban is appropriate. kwami 2005 June 30 00:07 (UTC)

title: Talk:Thebe (moon)