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Archie Andrews

Archibald "Archie" Andrews, created in 1941 by publisher John L. Goldwater and artist Bob Montana in collaboration with writer Vic Bloom, is the main character in the Archie Comics franchise, including the long-running Archie Andrews radio series, a syndicated comic strip, The Archie Show, Archie's Weird Mysteries, and Riverdale. With the creation of Archie Andrews, publisher John Goldwater hoped to appeal to fans of the Andy Hardy films starring Mickey Rooney. Archie Andrews is the rhythm guitarist and one of the three singers of the fictional band The Archies. He is portrayed by KJ Apa on Riverdale and Agastya Nanda in The Archies. For his physical appearance, he has red hair, freckles on his cheeks, and light-colored skin. In Archie's Weird Mysteries, he appears to be of Scottish-American descent, as shown in the episode "The Day the Earth Moved", when his father wanted to keep with their family tradition and wear a kilt while ringing the bell of Riverdale.

Fictional character biography
Archie Andrews debuted in Pep Comics #22 (cover-dated Dec. 1941). He is the only child of Mary and Fred Andrews. His father works as a mid-level business executive. His mother, initially a homemaker, takes a job at a real estate agency in later years. His earlier life is revealed in the "Little Archie" stories when he had a dog named Spotty. Archie lives in Riverdale, where he attends Riverdale High School.

Archie is a typical small-town teenager. He is extremely clumsy and can be very stupid. His main crush is Veronica Lodge, but he is also fond of Betty Cooper, forming the love triangle driving many of the comic's plot lines. He has the best intentions, but often comes into conflict with Veronica's rich father, Hiram Lodge, and Riverdale High's principal, Waldo Weatherbee. As one of the three vocalists and the rhythm guitarist of The Archies, Archie performs with Betty and Veronica, as well as his nemesis Reggie Mantle, who battles him for Veronica and Betty’s heart, and his best friend Jughead Jones.

Mary and Fred Andrews are of Scottish descent. Archie's paternal grandfather, Andy Andrews, immigrated to the United States from Scotland and befriended Moose Mason's Russian ancestor, who had emigrated at the same time. Archie has been depicted wearing the traditional kilt of his ancestors and playing bagpipes (but not very well).

The Little Archie series, published from 1956 through the mid-1990s, chronicles the adventures of pre-teen Archie and his friends while in elementary school.

The 2010 revival of the Life with Archie series chronicles two alternate, parallel story lines, with Archie marrying Veronica in one and Betty the other.

He has orange hair, a face with a set of three freckles on each cheek, and light skin.

Love life
Archie and Betty have been best friends and love interests all their lives. When Veronica Lodge moved to Riverdale, however, he switched his attention to her, making Betty both angry and jealous. She began competing with Veronica for his affection.

In the comics, he sometimes thinks of Betty more as a close friend and confidante. He likes that she is always available as a back-up when he does not have a date with Veronica.

He dislikes it when Betty dates other boys, wanting her to stay available as his second choice. Now that Betty sporadically dates Jason Blossom and Adam Chisholm, Archie shows a tinge of jealousy. Archie is married to Betty in Archie Marries Betty: Life With Archie series and is married to Veronica in Archie Marries Veronica: Life with Archie series. Both scenarios produce different outcomes for Archie's overall life, as well as Betty's and Veronica's.

Archie often competes for the attention of Betty and Veronica with his rival, Reggie Mantle, and occasionally other boys. Veronica keeps Archie guessing, never letting him take her for granted. Betty, on the other hand, clearly lets Archie know she adores him. Archie chooses to keep fighting for Veronica.

A third love interest is a wealthy red-headed girl named Cheryl Blossom. At first, she was deemed too sexual and a bit promiscuous and was taken out of the series, but due to her popularity, she was brought back in Love Showdown, a four-part mini-series in which Archie attempts to make a decision between Cheryl, Betty, and Veronica.

On May 15, 2009, Archie Comics announced that Archie would finally pick one of the girls to marry, in a story arc in Archie #600–606 (Aug. 2009 – Feb. 2010). However, Archie Comics publicly revealed this to be a dream sequence to show two possible futures: one where Archie marries Veronica (issues 600–602), and the other Betty (603–605). In both, he has twins: a boy also named Archie who looks like him, and a girl named after and resembling whichever girl he married. Issue 606 was an epilogue to Archie Marries Veronica/Archie Marries Betty that returns to the comics' old format.

In Archie No. 608 (May 2010), Archie began a relationship with Valerie Brown, making her Archie's first girlfriend of African descent. The Archies and Josie and the Pussycats were touring together and, while rehearsing, Archie and Valerie secretly fell in love as they co-wrote the song "More Than Words" that described their feelings. Issue No. 609 revealed that this relationship had seeped into common knowledge by the end of the tour. Archie and Valerie were forced apart when the Pussycats were touring Europe without the Archies, but hoped to keep their relationship going. In the comic Archie Marries Valerie, Valerie is expecting a baby with Archie, whom they name Star.

In Archie No. 700 (July 2019), which signifies the start of another soft reboot, it is revealed that Archie got into a relationship with Sabrina Spellman over his summer break while everyone was on vacation after she had saved him from a pack of wolves.

Friends
Jughead Jones has been Archie's best friend ever since childhood. When Jughead first came to Riverdale, he was in a bad mood and tended to dismiss Archie. However, Archie, of good heart, tried to cheer up Jughead and the two have been inseparable ever since. Jughead wears a trademark clubhouse beanie (a Depression-era style of makeshift hatwear, crafted from an inverted fedora with a scallop-cut brim, and decorated with assorted pinbacks) and an inscrutable, closed-eyelid expression. Often Jughead has to help Archie out from a tricky situation. Jughead usually knows when Archie's ideas will not work, but is powerless to avoid getting involved.

Reggie Mantle is Archie's constant romantic and athletic rival. Each often makes attempts to separate the other from Veronica, occasionally exhibiting physical violence, and both have won their fair share of scrapes with each other. Reggie takes every opportunity to play practical jokes on Archie and make cynical wisecracks. However, Reggie is often shown as a companion to and of Archie despite his arrogance and competitive nature, and they are often seen together practicing athletics or pursuing dates.

Archie's other friends include Dilton Doiley, the local genius who gets Archie into and out of trouble through his experiments and inventions; Moose Mason, the dim-witted but likable star athlete of Riverdale High who is often Archie's teammate; Chuck Clayton, another of Archie's teammates who was originally shy and reclusive but came out of his shell when Archie befriended him; Moose and Chuck's girlfriends Midge Klump and Nancy Woods, two of the very few attractive girls Archie does not fall for; and Ethel Muggs, a girl with an enormous crush on Jughead, who often wins his heart with the use of fresh-baked cookies.

Sports
Outside of dating, Archie largely enjoys sports. He plays baseball, basketball, and football for the Riverdale High teams. Though often not as good an athlete as Moose Mason, Chuck Clayton or Reggie Mantle, he proves a valuable member of the school team. Coaches Kleats and Clayton value him for both his athletic abilities and his team spirit. However, Archie's athletic abilities vary from story to story, due to his frequent clumsiness. He also has a tendency to pay more attention to cheerleaders than to his playing. For this reason, Coach Kleats often tries to avoid resorting to use Archie in a game.

Cars
Automobiles are one of Archie's hobbies, and he is passionate about his car. For decades, he was shown driving a 1916 Ford Model T jalopy called "Betsy". In Archie double digest No. 192, it is said to be a Model A. In a story during which Archie tried to have his jalopy insured, he described it as being a "Ford, Chevy, Plymouth, Pierce-Arrow, Packard, DeSoto, Hudson ..." explaining that his jalopy was "a collection of replacement parts from several junkyards", some of which dated back to 1926.

Archie's jalopy was destroyed permanently in issue No. 238 of Life With Archie, which was published in 1983. In the newer comics, he drives a mid-1960s' Ford Mustang, which is more contemporary in appearance, but still unreliable and prone to breakdowns. Archie Digest 239, published in October 2007, included a new story in which the one and only Mr. Lodge owned an antique car that had a strong resemblance to Archie's jalopy. The story featured Archie's grandfather who, as a teenager, looked and dressed like Archie from the 1940s. It turned out that he owned the same jalopy that Mr. Lodge now owned.

The Archies
The Archies is a garage band containing Archie (vocals and rhythm guitar), Reggie (bass), Veronica (vocals and keyboards), Betty (vocals, lead guitar and percussion), and Jughead (drums). Archie founded the group himself. Although not as famous as Josie and the Pussycats, the band plays numerous gigs and has some notoriety. In the Little Archies series, the band just starts to form, although Archie, Betty, Jughead, Reggie, and Veronica start to play different kind of songs.

Death
In April 2014, 72 years after the character's first appearance, Archie Comics announced that the adult Archie would die in the July 2014 issue (#36) of Life with Archie, while the teenage Archie would continue in the other Archie comic series titles. Archie dies when he is shot in the abdomen while saving his friend, Senator Kevin Keller. The story is written so as to terminate both storylines, without committing to which girl Archie married, and contains several flashbacks to the Little Archie days. The final issue (#37) is set one year after Archie's death. All his friends memorialize him, and Riverdale High School is officially renamed Archie Andrews High School in his honor. The story ends with Jughead, owner of Juggie's (formerly Pop's Chock'lit Shoppe), serving a sundae to three children who resemble Little Archie, Betty, and Veronica.

Radio
Montana's characters were heard on radio in the early 1940s. Archie Andrews began on the NBC Blue Network on May 31, 1943, switched to Mutual in 1944, and then continued on NBC radio from 1945 until September 5, 1953. The program's original announcer was Kenneth Banghart, later succeeded by Bob Shepard (during the 1947–48 season, when Swift and Company sponsored the program) and Dick Dudley. Archie was first played by Charles Mullen (1943–1944), Jack Grimes (1944) and Burt Boyar (1945), with Bob Hastings (1945–1953) as the title character during the NBC years. Jughead was portrayed by Hal Stone, Cameron Andrews and later by Arnold Stang. Stone later wrote about his radio career in his autobiography,  (Bygone Days Press, 2003). During the NBC run, Rosemary Rice portrayed Betty, Gloria Mann portrayed Veronica, Alice Yourman portrayed Archie's mother, Mary Andrews and Arthur "Art" Kohl was Archie's father, Fred Andrews.

Animation

 * Archie Andrews appeared in The Archie Show, a 1968 cartoon series produced by Filmation. He also appeared in the various spin-offs produced in the same format from 1969 through 1977: Archie's TV Funnies, The U.S. of Archie, and others. He was voiced by Dallas McKennon.
 * Archie Andrews appeared in The New Archies, a 1987 re-imagining of Archie and the gang. Archie was portrayed as a pre-teen in junior high. He was voiced by J. Michael Roncetti.
 * Archie Andrews appeared in Archie's Weird Mysteries, voiced by Andrew Rannells. This version is a reporter for the local school newspaper.

Live-action

 * In 1962, Desilu produced an unaired pilot with Frank Bank as Archie.
 * In 1964, Screen Gems filmed a Harry Ackerman unaired pilot, with unknown actor John Simpson in the title role.
 * In 1976, Archie, a pilot for a proposed sitcom aired on ABC with Dennis Bowen as Archie Andrews, Gordon Jump as Mr. Andrews, Audrey Landers as Betty, Hilary Thompson as Veronica, and Whit Bissell as Mr. Lodge.
 * In 1978, The Archie Situation Comedy Musical Variety Show with the same cast as the 1976 pilot, appeared on ABC, which, like the previous pilot, was not picked up.
 * Archie was portrayed by Christopher Rich in the 1990 television film (and subsequent comic book), Archie: To Riverdale and Back Again. In the film, he is depicted as a successful lawyer with a fiancé named Pam, poised to move out of Riverdale and into the big city. However, upon attending his fifteen-year high school reunion, his old feelings for both Veronica and Betty start to reemerge.
 * Archie appears in Riverdale, a drama series for The CW with KJ Apa starring as the character.  Brock Brown plays the young Archie in the series' fourth season episode "Chapter Seventy-Five: Lynchian" and in some flashbacks shown in the sixth season.

Animation

 * Archie Andrews appeared in The Archies in JugMan, voiced by Andrew Rannells. The film was released direct-to-video and takes place after Archie's Weird Mysteries.

Live-action

 * Archie will make a film adaptation appearance in The Archies on Netflix. He is portrayed by Agastya Nanda.

Games

 * Archie appears as a character in the mobile game Crossy Road.

Audio

 * Archie Andrews on Way Back When

title: Archie Andrews


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Talk:Mbuti mythology

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There are various pygmy groups in both Africa and Asia - do they really share a common mythology, or is this page describing the mythology of just one pygmy group? --Camembert

 * Couldn't find a definitive answer. Pygmy with a capital "P" refers to an ethnic group in Africa; there are other ethnic groups in various places that are "pygmies" with a lower-case "p" because the adult males are below 4'11" or somesuch limit.  The Pygmies (capital P) come in a variety of tribes, and I haven't been able to find if the mythology is terribly different, but I theorize it's similar to Polynesian mythology, where the same gods had different names of Fiji, Hawaii, New Zealand, etc.  I'm not totally sure and couldn't find a definitive answer, but that's the assumption I'm going on right now.  If you discover I'm incorrect, feel free to change it. Tokerboy 02:04 Oct 5, 2002 (UTC)

The last sentence of the third paragraph is unfinished. Tore is possibly what? Or possibly not...

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Mbuti mythology


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Galactic empire

Galactic empires are a science fiction setting trope, in which most or all of the habitable planets in the setting's galaxy are ruled by a single centralized political entity. Galactic empires most frequently appear in works in the sub-genres of science fantasy and space opera, although they may appear in other sub-genres as well. Works featuring galactic empires may have them as the story's focus, chronicling the empire's growth and/or decline. Alternatively, they may merely serve as a backdrop against which the events of the story play out.

While depictions of galactic empires can vary wildly from work to work, most galactic empires share several key tropes:

 * The empire, or at least its wealthier and more powerful regions, has advanced considerably in science and technology compared to current human civilization.
 * Among these advances are some form of faster-than-light travel, which enables transit and communication across the empire's extent to occur in a reasonable time frame.
 * Habitable worlds are either directly administered by representatives of the centralized imperial government, or else their local leadership is ultimately subordinate to the central government.

Characterizations of these empires can vary wildly from work to work. They may be benevolent or malevolent; all-powerful or too weak or incompetent to exert power in anything but name; or anywhere in between.

Background
Most of these galaxy-spanning domains depend on some form of transportation capable of quickly or instantly crossing vast cosmic distances, usually measured in light-years, many times faster than familiar particles such as photons traveling at light speed. These, instantaneous or faster-than-light (FTL) (tachyonic) technologies invariably require some type of propulsion or displacement technology forbidden by Albert Einstein's theories on relativity. Described methods often rely on theories that circumvent or supersede relativity: for instance, the hypothesis of a warp drive (such as, more specifically, an Alcubierre drive) that bends the fabric of space-time.

In many cases, the term "galactic empire" is misleading. First, the "galactic" in "galactic empire" suggests an organization encompassing far more star systems than is actually described. This may come about as a result of propaganda exaggerating the spread of an imperial entity in order to appear stronger than is actually the case — just as historical nation-states such as the 'Holy Roman Empire' presented themselves; being roughly twice the size of modern Germany. While some of the noted fictional empires encompass a large portion of the galaxy, many other empires may be classified as interplanetary or interstellar empires, since they encompass only a local group of star systems.

When works feature galactic empires that truly do span most or all of their parent galaxy, they usually depict their capital as a "core world", a planet in a star system relatively close to a galaxy's supermassive black hole. Typically, "core worlds" will be portrayed as wealthier and more politically powerful than "rim worlds" closer to the edge of the galaxy. However, this portrayal, while common, is not universal; many works may invert this dynamic or reject it altogether.

Second, the "empire" in "galactic empire" is also misleading, as it suggests the empire's government is authoritarian to at least some degree, if not completely autocratic. While many galactic empires do correspond to this description, many do not: galactic empires may adhere to any real-world political philosophy, or a unique form of governance created by the work's author(s). A prominent example of a non-autocratic galactic empire is the Galactic Republic of the Star Wars prequel trilogy, which is a hybrid regime parliamentary democracy (albeit one that collapses into fascist dictatorship over the course of the story).

Star Wars
The best known such organization to the general public today is the Galactic Empire from Star Wars, which was formed in turn from the Galactic Republic.

Star Wars depicts an empire ruled autocratically by Darth Sidious, supported by a powerful space navy. It is stated in the original Star Wars film that there was an Imperial Senate that was later disbanded by the Emperor. There was a galactic empire called the Sith Empire founded by Darth Revan. This galactic power was close to overthrowing the Jedi's Republic during the Jedi Civil War.

As a military dictatorship based upon fear and terror, the Empire is an explicitly villainous force with linguistic and visual traits directly reminiscent of Nazi Germany. For example, their armored forces known as "stormtroopers" are named analogously to the Sturmabteilung (often known as the SA), a paramilitary entity created by the Nazis in 1920. Their best-known weapon is the iconic Death Star, a Moon-sized space platform that can destroy entire planets.

In the Star Wars universe, the fall of the Galactic Republic and its replacement by the Galactic Empire – as depicted in Revenge of the Sith – recall the historic fall of the Roman Republic and its replacement by the Roman Empire headed by Augustus.

The term "galactic empire" has, perhaps because of association with the Empire from Star Wars, gained a pejorative meaning.

Foundation and CoDominium
In contrast to Star Wars, the galactic empires from the Foundation universe and the CoDominium universe are relatively benign organizations. Much of the plot of the Foundation series, authored by Isaac Asimov, revolves around who can best and most quickly revive the fallen galactic empire; it is taken for granted that this is a positive and worthy aim. In writer Jerry Pournelle's CoDominium series, members of the empire often work to maintain the best interests of humanity despite efforts by violent political extremists to pursue their own ends.

Galactic empires are in many cases consciously modeled on historical Earth-bound empires. Asimov stated explicitly that the Galactic Empire whose fall is depicted in his Foundation books is also modeled on the Roman Empire, with the author taking direct inspiration from the historical writings of Edward Gibbon, even to the point of basing some individual characters on historical figures. Specifically, Pebble in the Sky, which is set on Earth – a poor and backward province of the Galactic Empire – is modeled on Roman-ruled Judea in the 1st century AD. Asimov's Earth – like the historical Judea – is sharply polarized between those who accept the Imperial authority and the fanatic "Zealots" who hatch violent plots of bloody rebellion and are the book's clear villains.

Foundation is depicted as having started life as a Foundation of scholars, taking up just one city on one faraway planet and setting up a modest municipal government headed, naturally, by a Mayor. Through a centuries-long series of developments which are the main subject matter of the Foundation Series, the Foundation gains enormous power and territory and comes to rule virtually as many stellar systems as the earlier fallen Empire - but continues to call itself "Foundation" rather than "Empire", and its ruler - though wielding as much power as any Emperor - retains the title of "Mayor".

Dominic Flandry
Writer Poul Anderson makes the point that the declining empire depicted in his Dominic Flandry series does not span the entire galaxy but only a fraction of one of its spiral arms. Nevertheless, the institution is vast beyond a regular human's ability to truly comprehend, and it is in the process of collapsing under its own weight. This series also consciously compares its imperial organization with the Roman Empire, to the point of tracing out the space equivalents of the Roman 'Principate' and 'Dominate' phases.

Dune
The universe established in Frank Herbert's Dune once again recalls the Holy Roman Empire, as well as the Byzantine and Islamic empires, especially given the role of hitherto disregarded desert-dwellers who, due to a powerful new religion, expand to topple an old empire and build a new one. For example, the Egyptian-Canadian commentator Khalid M. Baheyeldin has enumerated the obviously Islamic concepts and references appearing in Dune to the level of finding multiple similarities between the career of Herbert's Paul Atreides and that of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

In Dune, the empire's power is held within three organizations: the Imperial family; the Landsraad, representing the nobility; and the Spacing Guild, an interstellar travel monopoly.

Warhammer 40,000
Another notable example of a galactic empire is the Imperium of Man from the Warhammer 40,000 universe, which is a feudal theocratic industrial and militaristic totalitarian regime (nominally an absolute monarchy) that does in fact span almost the entirety of the Milky Way Galaxy. Despite massive strength, the institution's territories are constantly at risk due to unending conflicts with various alien races and rebel factions. The Imperium of Man is managed by a vast bureaucracy, ranging from the High Lords of Terra to various mostly-autonomous planetary governors (they can do whatever they like so long as they pay taxes), all of whom govern the Imperium's territories on behalf of the comatose God-Emperor. It is supported by several organisations, such as the Ecclesiarchy, its state church; and the Adeptus Mechanicus, which produces most of its military equipment, which also operate independently from each other and the central Terran government.

Others
In the final arc of the Sailor Moon manga series by Naoko Takeuchi, a fictional organization called Shadow Galactica has established an empire all over the Milky Way. Shadow Galactica is stealing "starseeds", the essence of sentient life in the galaxy. Its members come from different Star Systems and Sailor Galaxia, the self-proclaimed "Golden Queen of Shadow Galactica", has built her palace around the Galaxy Cauldron, the birthplace of all life in the Milky Way located in Galactic Center.

Bertram Chandler wrote two interstellar series – one featuring a Galactic Empire ruled by a series of non-hereditary Empresses while the other has a Republican Galactic Federation. Chandler's Empire and Federation, both relatively benign, have much in common – both covering the same volume of space, having much the same kind of Space Navy and both having the same commercial spaceflight company called "The Dog Star Line", suggesting that these are two alternate history timelines which branched off from the same original space travelling culture.

In Ursula K. Le Guin's Hainish Cycle, the interstellar entity known as "The League of All Worlds" and later as "The Ekumen" is in possession of the 'ansible' (a tachyonic device). Technology makes possible instantaneous interstellar communications, and the ability to send instantaneous unmanned ships carrying bombs to another planet is exploited as well. However, living beings cannot survive such travel, and thus humans are limited to space exploration at relativistic speeds. Correspondingly, this organization, despite on occasion waging war across interstellar distances, ends up being looser than a true empire.

Author Orson Scott Card's "Starways Congress", an organization featured in the work Speaker for the Dead (the follow-up to Ender's Game), similarly relies on the ansible. Yet it is more authoritarian and less benevolent than Le Guin's creation. Much of the story-line of the book and its sequels involves attempts to avoid interstellar bloodshed despite difficult circumstances.

title: Galactic empire


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User:Chas zzz brown

So, who am I, anyway? I suppose a perusal of the links below will have to do for now. I'm an autodidact for the most part; so take everything I say with a grain of salt ;).

I like seeing diagrams for both physics and mathematical topics; it often helps clarify text that otherwise would have to resort to tortuous verbiage along the lines of "now, imagine that there's a rod connecting A and B, rotate it through the 4th dimension...". If you have an article that you think could use a diagram, let me know on my talk page.

$$x^2+y^2=z^2$$

Places I frequent
Village pump -- Manual of Style -- List of mathematical topics -- List of group theory topics -- List of physics topics -- Current Events -- WikiProject Mathematics -- Rouse History of Mathematics --

Recent Changes to...
 * Mathematical Topics
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Physics/Sciences
Double-slit experiment  -- Michelson-Morley experiment  -- EPR paradox  -- Time  -- Causality  -- double pendulum  -- Kirlian photography  -- experiment  -- controlled experiment  -- natural experiment  -- experimental error  --

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User:chas_zzz_brown/polya enumeration -- User:chas_zzz_brown/predator prey -- Pólya enumeration theorem  -- Group (mathematics)  -- presentation of a group  -- Dihedral group -- generating set of a group -- simulated annealing  -- solvable group  -- graph theory  -- direct sum  -- direct sum of groups  -- semidirect product  -- general linear group  -- Hamiltonian group  -- Ordered group  -- Archimedean group  -- nilpotent group  -- torsion subgroup  -- Burnside's Lemma  -- Lattice theroem  -- Wreath product  -- Jordan-Holder Theorem  -- Simple group  -- Sporadic group  -- Centralizer and normalizer  -- conjugate closure  -- Sylow theorems  -- generating function  -- combinatorics  -- Burnside's problem  -- Function  -- Tarksi monster (group)  -- Tarksi monster  -- dicyclic group  -- derangement  -- combinatorics  -- convergence  -- Marriage theorem  -- Langston's Problem  --

 * Elliptic Curve Cryptography FAQ
 * Proof of AC -> Well-ordering via transfinite induction

Philosophies of Science and Mathematics

 * Kurt Gödel (1961), The modern development of the foundations of mathematics in the light of philosophy
 * Lej Brouwer (1951): Lectures on Intuitionism: Historical introduction and Fundamental Notions
 * Teun Koetsier : Lakatos' Philosophy of Mathematics, A Historical Approach, Amsterdam, North-Holland, 1991
 * Putnam, Hilary: Qu'est-ce que la vérité mathématique ? (extrait)
 * Lee, Joong Kwoen, PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES ON PROOF IN MATHEMATICS EDUCATION

pseudoscience  -- protoscience  -- information  --

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"Sometimes we sit and read other people's interpretations of our lyrics and think, 'Hey, that's pretty good.' If we liked it, we would keep our mouths shut and just accept the credit as if it was what we meant all along." John Lennon

"Voice or no voice, the people can always be brought to the bidding of the leaders. That is easy. All you have to do is tell them they are being attacked, and denounce the pacifists for lack of patriotism, and exposing the country to greater danger." Herman Goering

"I believe in an open mind, but not so open that your brains fall out." Arthur Hays Sulzberger, publisher of The New York Times from 1935 to 1961

"Every month, including September 2001, the U.S. highway death toll exceeds fatalities in the WTC, Pentagon, and four downed airliners combined. Just like the New York City firefighters and restaurant workers, last September's auto crash victims each had families, friends, critical job responsibilities, and valued positions in their churches and communities. Their surviving children, also, were left without one parent, with shattered lives, and much poorer than the 9/11 victims' families, who were showered with 1.5 million dollars, per fatality, from the federal government alone. The 9/11 victims died from malicious terrorism, arguably compounded by poor intelligence, sloppy airport security, and other failed procedures we imagined were protecting us. While few of September's auto deaths resulted from malice, neither were they "natural" deaths: most also resulted from individual, corporate, and societal choices about road safety engineering, enforcement of driving-while-drunk laws, safe car design, and so on." Clark R. Chapman and Alan W. Harris, "A Skeptical Look at September 11th; How We Can Defeat Terrorism by Reacting to It More Rationally", Skeptical Inquirer

"Spiritualists have sometimes seen scientific explanations of NDE's as dull and reductionist. However, the exploration of the mind-brain interface is one of the most exciting adventures which humans have ever undertaken. The real reductionism lies in attempts to draw a mystical shroud over the NDE, and to belittle the substantial evidence in favour of an scientific explanation." Dr. Karl Jansen, The Ketamine Model of the Near Death Experience: A Central Role for the NMDA Receptor

title: User:Chas zzz brown


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User talk:Chas zzz brown

Hello there, welcome to the 'pedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you ever need editing help visit How does one edit a page and experiment at Sandbox. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions or how to format them visit our manual of style. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. BTW, thanks for starting presentation of a group. Cheers! --maveric149

 * Thanks! I can already see that this can be a addicting habit :). I hope to add a few more entries for orphans in the group theory area.

Please use the "minor edit" checkbox when you are only changing formatting, so as to avoid clutter of the Recent Changes page. Thanks --KA

Hi there. Great work on the pictures for the five lemma and homology pages. -- Tarquin 10:03 Oct 26, 2002 (UTC)

 * Thanks - a picture is worth a thousand words sometimes. Chas zzz brown 19:07 Oct 26, 2002 (UTC)

Yes, great job on diagrams!!! Do you think that you could do a couple for Snake lemma??? ^_^ — Toby 14:27 Oct 29, 2002 (UTC)

 * Done (with a question on the Talk page). Feel free to request any others you see - they're not hard to set up. Chas zzz brown 21:30 Oct 29, 2002 (UTC)

 * Excellent, thanks! — Toby 10:39 Oct 31, 2002 (UTC)

Chas, could you take a look at Wreath product? I can't make any sense out of it. AxelBoldt 04:42 Nov 13, 2002 (UTC)

 * It's basically correct for the unrestricted wreath product, just a bit overly densely presented. I'll add a bit to it to make it a bit more comprehensible. Chas zzz brown 08:29 Nov 13, 2002 (UTC)

 * moved discussion with Eclecticology re: self-linking maintenance pages to Talk:List of group theory topics

All of the magnetospherical physics related stuff could use diagrams and clarification. Lir 11:43 Nov 18, 2002 (UTC)

Do you know any sexy easy to state open problems in group theory? AxelBoldt 19:53 Nov 18, 2002 (UTC)

I'm at my office; so I don't have time to really check, but there's a nice collection of Open Problems at. I'll see which tickle my fancy - let me know if any seem like fun to you. Cheers Chas zzz brown 01:10 Nov 19, 2002 (UTC)

Another open problem: does every finite group occur as the Galois group of some Galois extension of Q? This is called "the inverse problem of Galois theory." The best general result on this, due to Schafarevitch, is that every solvable group occurs as a Galois group over Q. Chas zzz brown 01:49 Nov 19, 2002 (UTC)

An old open problem, posed by William Burnside in 1902, and known as Burnside's problem, is as follows. Let Fr be a free group of rank r; and consider the normal subgroup N generated by the nth powers of elements in Fr. Define B(r,n) to be the factor group Fr/N. Burnside's problem is, for what values of r and n is B(r,n) finite? The answer is trivial for B(1,n), and is known for values of n in {2, 3, 4, 6}. Zelmanov got the Fields Medal in 1994 for his work on a restricted version of this problem. Chas zzz brown 01:43 Nov 20, 2002 (UTC)

Hi there. I'm puzzled about the large letters 'M' and 'N' which appear on the Changes pages - there's no adequate easy to find explanation of the Changes pages. Can you help? Or direct me to someone who can. Maybe we need an explanation of this. User:David Martland

Hi Chas. I was only editing those mathematics page because they link to differentiation, which redirected to derive, and I had turned that page into a disambiguation page...so I was correcting the links so that they pointed directly to "derive". My focus is on biology (cellular differentiation). adam

Thank you very much for your work on New Age. I started to refactor it a long time ago, but I didn't get past the introduction; it was too overwhelming. ;-) -- Stephen Gilbert 02:39 Dec 11, 2002 (UTC)

Glad to see someone help out on the New Age article. I haven't done much writing since wiki started using passwords for logins. That was over a year ago, and there is nobody to email for help. I could edit anonymously, but I wanted to use the same handle I always used. Wiki won't let me log in because it wants a password, but since there was no password for my handle originally(in 2000) it's a Catch-22. And, once again, nobody here to help out. Keep up the good work, and thanks. BF

I know you did a lot of work on New_Age. Some of the objectivity tends to have a condescending approach, which I corrected. I have no clue where this non NPOV came from, and am not suggesting you did this. btw, i got things "squared-away" again. BF 01:56 Dec 13, 2002 (UTC)

Chas, my answer to your issues raised in Talk:folk_mathematics re mathematical practice are now in Talk:mathematical_practice. The distinction between modern 'mathematics' (vs. calculation or science or weights and measures) as obeying a strict peer review and publication discipline re: its axiomatic proofs, and 'folk mathematics' <-- try to take that as a phrase, not as 'a branch of mathematics', is due in part to Putnam, who made it clear that Plato's ("folk") ontology was in no way part of any realist conception of mathematics, in his 1975 paper. That was a particularly fine distinction that others, notably User:AxelBoldt who finds group theory problems 'sexy' (hm), have failed to make.

 * 24, please note that you are banned from this site. AxelBoldt 01:42 Jan 24, 2003 (UTC)

Hi, there's one last step when making disambiguation pages: put a link to the page on Links to disambiguating pages. (I already did this for Function (disambiguation).) Otherwise, it looks like you did a good job combining Function and Function (mathematics)! -- Toby 06:48 Mar 4, 2003 (UTC)

Good luck dealing with Fwappler. :-) I have found it impossible to communicate with him/her -- Tarquin 11:47 Mar 11, 2003 (UTC)

Hi Chas, about User:Fwappler's edits to Uncertainty principle, I don't see anything really wrong, except that I can't find any useful info about 'Robertson-Schrödinger relation'. Also I think that the the reference to the Schwarz inequality altough true, is not really relevant (encyclopedia, not a physics textbook). The rest is just small corrections or improvements. -- looxix 23:03 Mar 11, 2003 (UTC)

Hey, Was just wondering how you made the image for Double slit experiment. Looks really nice and one of the more clear diagrams of the experiment I've seen. Laura Scudder 23:44, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Karl Jansen and NDE's
The quote on your page from Karl Jansen and NDE's should probably be qualified, or at least updated. Dr. Jansen has, more recently, stated the following:

'I am no longer as opposed to spritual explanations of these phenomena as this article would appear to suggest. Over the past two years (it is quite some time since I wrote it) I have moved more towards the views put forward by John Lilly and Stan Grof. Namely, that drugs and psychological disciplines such as meditation and yoga may render certain 'states' more accessible. The complication then becomes in defining just what we mean by 'states' and where they are located, if indeed location is an appropriate term at all. But the apparent emphasis on matter over mind contained within this particular article no longer accurately represents my attitudes. My forthcoming book 'Ketamine' will consider mystical issues from quite a different perspective, and will give a much stronger voice to those who see drugs as just another door to a space, and not as actually producing that space'.

(http://www.mindspring.com/~scottr/nde/jansen1.html)

Enigma
Chas,

I was wandering thru Engima talk, and found your original query and my (belated answer), though someone has deranged the ordering. I don't recall ever hearing back from you, so thought to enquire as to whether I actually helped. Did I? ww 14:52, 19 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Hi Chas,

I've (just barely) started filling out the geometric group theory page. How about a diagram of the Cayley graph of F2 on the free group page? The Cayley graph page could link to it as an example.

Thanks, David (Dbenbenn 20:23, 3 Nov 2004 (UTC))

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

Image tag
Hi! Thanks for uploading the following image:

 * Image:ECexamples01.png

I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status?

You can use   if you wish to release your own work under the GNU Free Documentation License,    if you wish to release your own work to the public domain,    if you claim fair use of someone else's work, and so on. Click here for a list of the various tags.

If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know at my talk page, and I'll tag it for you. Thanks so much. Denni ☯ 03:59, 2004 Dec 16 (UTC)

P.S. You can help tag other images at Untagged_Images. Thanks again.

Here are some more images that you have uploaded, that also don't have image copyright tags: Silverfish 13:36, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Image:SnakeLemma01.png
 * Image:SnakeLemma02.png
 * Image:SnakeLemma03.png

New Mathematics Wikiportal
I noticed you've done some work on Mathematics articles. I wanted to point out to you the new Mathematics Wikiportal- more specifically, to the Mathematics Collaboration of the Week page. I'm looking for any math-related stubs or non-existant articles that you would like to see on Wikipedia. Additionally, I wondered if you'd be willing to help out on some of the Collaboration of the Week pages.

I encourage you to vote on the current Collaboration of the Week, because I'm very interested in which articles you think need to be written or added to, and because I understand that I cannot do the enormous amount of work required on some of the Math stubs alone. I'm asking for your help, and also your critiques on the way the portal is set up.

Please direct all comments to my user-talk page, the Math Wikiportal talk page, or the Math Collaboration of the Week talk page. Thanks a lot for your support! ral315 02:54, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC)

Four color map
Hi, I was wondering if you could provide a version of your four colour map image Image:FourColorMapEx.png without the textured surface (i.e., just solid color regions). The texture greatly increases the filesize of the thumbnails, which we want to keep small if we can. Thanks. Deco 4 July 2005 23:43 (UTC)

Please vote on list of lists, a featured article candidate
Please vote at Featured list candidates/List of lists of mathematical topics. Michael Hardy 20:22, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

image tool
hi, i was wandering what tool you use to create your wonderful images, particularly the one on Curvature. do you use xy? --Tob 16:17, 9 November 2005 (UTC)

Images
I noticed your picture, Image:ECexamples01.png, and I'm wondering what program you use to create such fine examples. Do you mind telling the rest of us? { Slash -|- Talk } 03:17, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

Inflected wikilinks and pipes
FYI, there is no point in changing something like subsets into subsets. Both have exactly the same effect: subsets and subsets, that is, the text subsets as a wikilink to subset. The former of the two is easier on the editors, in writing and reading. --Lambiam 18:37, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

Five Lemma
The Five Lemma is false in the category of groups, look at my counterexample in the discussion of that article. --Polfborekstraat —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.12.72.244 (talk) 16:24, 15 October 2007 (UTC)
 * See my response there; your example does not commute. Chas zzz brown 21:42, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

Enumerating Ternary Trees
Chas,

I have been reading your article about Polya enumeration theorem here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Chas_zzz_brown/polya_enumeration I am particularly interested in the enumeration of ternary trees that you describe there. Sadly, I am lost by your final conclusions. You state that it follows that the functional generation formula for T3 is ..., and it seems to me that the value of n has changed by factoring out a z. I do not follow what is being done to generate this formula though. Even more perplexing is the genesis of the recurrence relation that rounds out the example. Please hold my hand.

Thank you,

Keith —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.2.126.78 (talk) 10:52, 15 November 2009 (UTC)

Dumb question
Hello Chas - I just posted a "dumb question" on the talk page for Liouville numbers. I see that you seem to know something about this topic. Maybe you could take a look at the post. My question must be truly stupid - no one else has asked it, but it would be glaringly obvious if I were right, so I know that's not it. Thanks Fred1939 (talk) 21:58, 14 December 2009 (UTC)

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User:Randal Leavitt

I have been fascinated by computers and their networked potential since 1965.

I have built a career on this obsession.

I like Linux, GNU, Ada, and the Internet.

I believe that collaborative methods can be used to create genuinely beneficial computing applications. These approaches are disruptive and will change the status quo, and consequently will be opposed by those currently established in privileged positions. We live in intersting times.

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User talk:Randal Leavitt

Hello there Randal, welcome to the 'pedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you ever need editing help visit How does one edit a page and experiment at Sandbox. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions or how to format them visit our manual of style. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. BTW, nice work on Near-Earth asteroid. Cheers! --maveric149

title: User talk:Randal Leavitt


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Bushongo religion

The Bushongo are an ethnic group from the Congo River and surrounding areas. The creator god (or chembe) in Bushongo religion is called Bumba. Other names for him include M'Bombo and M'Bomba. He is said to have originally existed alone in darkness, in a universe consisting of nothing but primordial water. M'Bombo was said to appear like a gigantic man in form and white in colour. The creation took place when he vomited the sun, moon, animals and then humanity.

Modern influence
David Adams Leeming in The World of Myth, states:"'The dominant theme in this myth is that of creation out of the male principle. Bumba [M'Bombo]'s vomiting reminds us of the Egyptian High God's creation by spitting and seed spilling. The absence of the female principle here suggests a patrilineal culture. The fact that Bumba [M'Bombo] is white suggests that this is a late myth, affected, like so much African mythology, by the presence of the white race in colonial Africa.'" Thus Bushongo religion has been heavily influenced by modern cultures. However, as traditional African mythology and the bulk of indigenous civilizations worldwide do not associate the colour white with any particular race, it is definitely untouched by Europeans or the "white" race. The idea that white symbolises Europeans is a relatively recent development in Europe.

Cosmology
According to the Bushongo creation myth, the only thing that existed in the world originally was a god named M'Bombo. Having become ill, M'Bombo vomited: out the sun, the moon, the stars, various animals and Tsetse the lightning. Finally, M'Bombo vomited out humans. The animals that M'Bombo had vomited out earlier created other animals.

The three sons of M'Bombo attempted to finish the creation of the world. The first, Nyonye Ngana, made white ants but was not equal to the task and died as a result. The ants, however, thankful for life, went searching for black earth and covered the barren sands to bury and honour their creator. Chonganda, the second son, brought forth a plant from which all other plants in the world are descended. The third son, Chedi Bumba, only succeeded in creating the bird called the kite.

Tsetse the lightning, proved to be a trouble-maker. Consequently, M'Bombo chased her into the sky, leaving mankind without fire until he later showed people how to draw fire out of trees.

When the work of creation was completed, M'Bombo walked through the villages and said to the people, "Behold these wonders, they belong to you"

title: Bushongo religion


text: User:Nwhyman

title: User:Nwhyman


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User talk:Nwhyman

Hello there Nwhyman, welcome to the 'pedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you ever need editing help visit How does one edit a page and experiment at Sandbox. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions or how to format them visit our manual of style. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. Cheers! --maveric149

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title: User:Xavic69


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New Jersey Route 5

Route 5 is a 3.18-mile (5.12 km) state highway located entirely in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. It runs from U.S. Route 1/9 (US 1-9) in Ridgefield east down the New Jersey Palisades to end at County Route 505 (CR 505, River Road) at the Hudson River in Edgewater, forming a “wavy” path. The route is a two- to four-lane undivided highway its entire length, passing mostly through wooded residential neighborhoods. The route passes under Route 63 in Palisades Park, with access to that route provided by Bergen Boulevard, and intersects the southern terminus of Route 67 in Fort Lee.

The route was designated in 1916 as part of pre-1927 Route 10, which was to run from Paterson east to the terminal of the Fort Lee Ferry in Edgewater, using the Paterson and Hackensack Turnpike between Paterson and Hackensack, the Bergen Turnpike from Hackensack to Ridgefield, and a new alignment between Ridgefield and Edgewater. In 1927, the route was renumbered to Route 5, with initial plans to build a new alignment for the route between Ridgefield and Little Ferry. Route 5 was also planned to run concurrent with Route 6 (now US 46) between Paterson and Ridgefield. However, the plans were modified in 1929 to build Route 6 on a new alignment and have Route 5 end at Route 1 (now US 1/9) in Ridgefield. The former alignment was designated as Route 10N with maintenance eventually turned over to the county. The eastern terminus of Route 5 was moved to its current location by the 2000s. In 2007, construction began to improve the route in Palisades Park by replacing bridges and widening the road, with work completed in late 2009.

Route description
Route 5 begins at an intersection with US 1-9 (North Broad Avenue) in Ridgefield, heading east as a two-lane undivided road through residential areas. It crosses CR 31 (Maple Avenue) and enters Palisades Park. In Palisades Park, the road passes over Delia Avenue and turns south as it heads through wooded residential neighborhoods. Route 5 passes under Route 63 and enters Fort Lee, where the route immediately intersects Bergen Boulevard, which provides access to Route 63. From there, the road heads east through wooded neighborhoods before turning north onto Glen Road.

Route 5 comes to an intersection with County Route 29 (Anderson Avenue) and County Route 54 (Central Boulevard), where the route continues east on Central Boulevard as a four-lane undivided road through inhabited areas. It meets the southern terminus of Route 67 (Palisade Avenue) and continues south along that road. After 0.36 mi of following Palisade Avenue, Route 5 makes a left turn onto a two-lane road, with County Route 27 continuing south on Palisade Avenue. The route descends the New Jersey Palisades on a winding road with hairpin turns, crossing into Edgewater. In Edgewater, the road briefly heads through commercial areas before ending at CR 505 (River Road) along the Hudson River.

History
Pre-1927 Route 10 was legislated in 1916 to run from Paterson east by way of Hackensack and Ridgefield to the Public Service Railway's Fort Lee Ferry at Edgewater. From Paterson it used the existing Paterson and Hackensack Turnpike (Market Street and Essex Street, legislated in 1815) to Hackensack and the Bergen Turnpike (Hudson Street) to Ridgefield. Rather than use existing roads from Ridgefield down the Palisades to Edgewater, a whole new route was surveyed with better grades. This road was built by 1922. At its east end, Route 10 ran south several blocks on River Road to the ferry, just south of Dempsey Avenue. In Ridgefield, Broad Avenue was used to get between the new alignment and Bergen Turnpike.

In the 1927 New Jersey state highway renumbering, Route 10 was renumbered to Route 5. Plans at the time were to build a new alignment from east of Ridgefield to Little Ferry southeast of Hackensack and form Route S5 (now locally maintained) along the old road from Little Ferry to Ridgefield. The new Route 6 would share the alignment of Route 5 from Paterson to west of Hackensack, where it would turn southeast onto a new alignment to Little Ferry, then run with Route 5 again to east of Ridgefield and split onto its own alignment to the George Washington Bridge.

In 1929, the routes were redefined. Route 6 would be a completely new alignment from Paterson to the George Washington Bridge, and Route 5 would only run east from Route 1 (Broad Avenue, now US 1/9) in Ridgefield. The alignment of Route 10 west of Ridgefield was designated Route 10N until it was eventually turned over to the county. Route 5 retained its routing in the 1953 New Jersey state highway renumbering. By the 2000s, the section of Route 5 along River Road to the former ferry was removed. In June 2007, construction began on a $24.6 million project to improve the route through Palisades Park. This project, which was completed in late 2009, involved the replacement of the bridge over Delia Boulevard, the removal of a bridge over an abandoned rail line, and the widening of the two-lane road to include a shoulder.

title: New Jersey Route 5


text:
Tumbuka mythology

The Tumbuka are an ethnic group living in Malawi, Zambia, and Tanzania. In Tumbuka mythology, Chiuta (meaning "Great Bow") is the Supreme Creator and is symbolised in the sky by the rainbow.

Tumbuka has many myths that constitute part of the Tumbuka cultural heritage. These myths, told around fires at night, often to the accompaniment of drumming and choral responses, aim to teach children moral behavior and to entertain.

Most of these myths have been weakened or lost over time, but many still remain; these vidokoni (stories) have a moral behind them.

There are three animals mentioned more than any others in Tumbuka mythology and these are fulu (tortoise), kalulu (hare), and chimbwi (hyena). Fulu is considered the wisest animal, chimbwe the villain, and kalulu the clever trickster and manipulator who can only be defeated by fulu.

Chiuta
Chiuta, is the supreme deity figure in the traditional religions of the Tumbuka people, who resides in present-day Malawi. Chiuta is also sometimes known by the following names: Mulengi, Mwenco, and Wamtatakuya.

Chiuta is omnipresent, though shapeless. Though prayers can be made directly to Chiuta, ancestors and spirits play a large part in determining whether these prayers would be fulfilled. Offerings and appeals to ancestors and spirits can help sway their favors. Chiuta is associated with several natural phenomena that occurs from the sky, such as rain and thunderstorm.

Creation of the universe
In the beginning, it is said that only earth and Chiuta existed. The earth was empty, and there was no body of water in its surface. Then Chiuta summoned the clouds, rain, and lightning to fall on earth. Later, Chiuta also went down to earth, followed by the first humans and all the animals.

Origin of death
There are two versions of the origins of death associated with Chiuta. According to Lynch and Roberts (2010), the first version involved a chameleon and lizard. The chameleon was supposed to bring a message to humans, that when they die, they would be reincarnated. On the other hand, the lizard's message would instead tell humans that their deaths are permanent. Unfortunately, the lizard was faster than the chameleon, and thus death became a permanent state.

In the second version, told by Harvey (2005), the connection between the heavens, represented by the sky, and earth was cut when the humans discovered fire. Since all animals feared what the humans could do, they asked for Chiuta's help. Chiuta settled the issue, and tired from the conflict, decided to retreat to heavens and sever the connection between earth and heaven.

title: Tumbuka mythology


text:
User talk:Xavic69

Hello there Xavic69, welcome to the 'pedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you ever need editing help visit How does one edit a page and experiment at Sandbox. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions or how to format them visit our manual of style. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. BTW, thanks for starting Gascon language. Cheers! --maveric149

Question on the Sephirah article
Just a clarification... The Sephirah are the emanations of God, i.e. the nodes, and the Tree of Life is the whole thing, right? So the whole diagram (and concept) is not called "The Sephirah"?

The reason I ask is that I want to make sure a Tree of Life (Kabbala) article would not be redundant.

Thanks!

lunaverse 01:31, 22 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Geometric algebra
Hello. You put a link to clausure in geometric algebra. I don't know what that word means, but it redirects to closure, which is (as you would probably expect) a disambiguation page. I've pointed it at closure (mathematics) after surmising that that's probably what you intended.

 * closure (mathematics) was what I meant. I misspelt the word when translating it.

You're using too many Capital Letters. See my recent edits to that article and you'll see what I mean. Michael Hardy 20:32, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Talk:Tibet
Xavic69,

Please let me know what you think and if you agree on my comment on Talk:Tibet. If you do, would you be able to help me in changing User:Nathan Hill's edits so that it has both methods of spelling with Wylie not as the default? ---User:Hottentot

---

Adiu!
Ai vist que parlas occitan! Avem besonh d'ajuda e de contribucions per far avançar lo projècte en lenga d'òc... Ès benvengut se vòls participar! :)

A lèu! [|Oiquipedià]

Cedric31 21:11, 21/02/06 (UTC)

Distiction between optical density and absorbance
In the article on optical absorbance you made the edit that it is absorbance/pathlength. However, I can't find a source that verifies this. I agree that your definition makes more sense than simply saying absorbance and optical density are synonymous but it would be good to cite a reference.

Where does your definition come from, and could you add it to the reference?

-Justin

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Italics
We don't italicize biological family names in Wikipedia. See MOS:LIFE. Peter coxhead (talk) 19:04, 9 July 2013 (UTC)

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Proposed deletion of Bottomness

The article Bottomness has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Article says 'This term is rarely used' so I think it is not notable"

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text: User:Flying pi

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User talk:Flying pi

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User talk:Allahades

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New Jersey Route 7

Route 7 is a state highway in the northern part of New Jersey in the United States. It has two sections, an east–west alignment running from U.S. Route 1/9 Truck in Jersey City to Route 21 in Belleville, and a north–south alignment running from the Newark/Belleville to the Nutley/Clifton border. The New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT) lists Route 7 as a single north–south highway with a small gap between the alignments. The entire highway has a combined length of 9.46 mi.

The southern section of Route 7, which runs from Jersey City west-northwest to Belleville, passes through industrial areas, the New Jersey Meadowlands, Arlington Memorial Park, and some residential and business areas. West of the interchange with County Route 508 in Kearny, Route 7 is the Belleville Turnpike, a historic road created in 1759. The northern section of Route 7 runs north through residential and business areas of Belleville and Nutley into Clifton, where it turns west and crosses back into Nutley, briefly turning to the north to come to its northern terminus. A portion of the route in Nutley is municipally maintained while the portion within Clifton is maintained by Passaic County. The two separate sections of Route 7 are linked by County Route 506 (Rutgers Street) in Belleville, which is signed as Route 7 despite the fact it is not officially part of the route. There is inconsistency between the official NJDOT diagram and what is signed on the road; the signage suggests that Route 7 is really one continuous route that also extends even further north to Route 3 via Kingsland Road and Cathedral Ave, and many navigation systems also indicate this. However, the NJDOT has not updated the definition of Route 7 past a 2-segment highway.

Route 7 was established in 1927 to run from Jersey City to Paterson, replacing pre-1927 Route 11 between Belleville and Paterson. The routing was amended in 1929 to head to Route 3 in Wallington and was extended north to Route 6 (now U.S. Route 46) in East Paterson in 1949. In 1953, the route was modified to follow its current alignment.

Southern section
The first section of Route 7 begins at an intersection with U.S. Route 1-9 Truck and County Route 645 (Charlotte Avenue) in Jersey City, Hudson County, heading to the west on a four-lane highway that is signed east–west. The route crosses the Hackensack River on the Wittpenn Bridge parallel to Conrail Shared Assets Operations' Passaic and Harsimus Line into Kearny. Route 7 interchanges with County Route 659 (Fish House Road) and widens to a six-lane divided highway. The route then passes by industrial areas and a Conrail Shared Assets Operations railroad yard before it passes over NJ Transit's Morris & Essex Lines and reaches an interchange with County Route 508. Past this interchange, Route 7 becomes the four-lane, divided Belleville Turnpike, with the eastern end of the Newark Turnpike running in the division between the two sides of Route 7. It then becomes an undivided two-lane road, heading northwest, narrowing to two lanes before it crosses under Amtrak's Northeast Corridor and passes through the New Jersey Meadowlands. The route crosses under the Eastern Spur of the New Jersey Turnpike (Interstate 95) and then the Western Spur of the turnpike a short distance later before passing over Norfolk Southern's Boonton Line.

Route 7 continues northwest, widens, with a painted median, as it passes through two large cemeteries on the border of Hudson County (Kearny) to the south and Bergen County (North Arlington) to the north, though the route itself is signed north–south along that border.

After an intersection with Schuyler Avenue (which runs as Hudson County Route 507 to the south of Route 7 and Bergen County Route 130 to the north of Route 7), the road turns NNW, narrowing again to two lanes undivided. In this portion of the route, it had a concurrency with County Route 507 (both Bergen and Hudson counties). It keeps this configuration for about a half mile, as it still runs along the Kearny/North Arlington border. At that point, it meets the southern terminus of Route 17 (Ridge Road) and the northern terminus of County Route 697 (Kearny Avenue).

Past this intersection, County Route 507 turns away from Route 7, becoming concurrent with Route 17. by heading north on River Road, while Route 7 continues along Belleville Turnpike for another half mile, Route 7 continues another half mile west, crossing the Passaic River on a lift bridge, known as the Belleville Turnpike Bridge or Rutgers Street Bridge, into Belleville, Essex County, where the local street name changes from Belleville Turnpike to Rutgers Street. The first section of Route 7 ends at an intersection with Main Street underneath the Route 21 freeway.

Gap in the route
The intersection of Main St and Rutgers Street in Belleville forms the end of one section of Route 7 (signed north, directionally west). Rutgers Street is named for Colonel Henry Rutgers, an American Revolutionary War hero and benefactor of what is now Rutgers University. For its entire length, Rutgers carries Essex County Route 506, which ends, like Rutgers Street itself, at the Rutgers Street Bridge.

Prior to turning onto Rutgers Street, CR-506 runs along Washington Street concurrent with the northern section of Route 7. Though the northern section of Route 7 begins a few blocks south, it is not readily recognized (minimal signing). As CR-506 runs concurrently with it here, and then turns down Rutgers for the short distance that bridges the gap between the two Route 7 sections, Rutgers/506 is often viewed as if it continues Route 7, while the short portion of the northern section that lies south of Rutgers is sometimes seen as a spur, even though it is part of the main route.

Rutgers' identity has become so closely aligned with Route 7, that though it is not officially part of Route 7, Rutgers, from Washington Avenue to Main Street, is signed as if it is part of Route 7.

Northern section

The second section of Route 7, designated a north–south road, heads north on Washington Avenue from the Second River crossing on the Newark/Belleville border, passing through a business district. The route intersects County Route 506 (Belleville Avenue), and that county route then forms a concurrency with Route 7 along the next block of Washington Avenue, to the intersection with Rutgers Street. At that point, County Route 506 heads to the east, ending at the intersection of Main Street, Rutgers Street, and bridge to Belleville (which is also the other section of Route 7).

Route 7 is not signed on Washington Avenue between the Second River bridge and Rutgers Street, except on some overhead signs suspended from traffic signals.

From the Rutgers Street intersection, Route 7 continues along Washington Avenue for about a mile and a half before reaching Nutley, still continuing on Washington Avenue into Nutley. The road crosses Norfolk Southern's Newark Industrial Track line at an intersection with County Route 648 (Centre Street). At the intersection with County Route 646 (Park Avenue), Route 7 turns into a municipally maintained road and enters a more residential area. Upon intersecting County Route 606 (Kingsland Road), Route 7 crosses into Clifton, Passaic County and heads to the west on county-maintained Kingsland Street signed east–west. Kingsland, carrying Route 7, crosses back into Nutley, regaining state maintenance. When Kingsland becomes County Route 644 at the intersection with Cathedral Avenue, Route 7 turns north from Kingsland onto Cathedral Avenue and comes to its terminus at Orange Street in Nutley. However, signage continues to indicate Route 7 up to the terminus of Cathedral Avenue at interchange with Route 3 at the intersection of Cathedral Avenue, Passaic Avenue, and Ward Avenue. Per NJDOT traffic regulations, the portion of Cathedral Avenue and Passaic Avenue within the vicinity of the Route 3 interchange in Clifton is under state jurisdiction.

History

The Belleville Turnpike, which is the majority of the southern portion of Route 7, was created in 1759 as a turnpike made out of cedar logs. This road was chartered in 1808. It served as a part of the Underground Railroad route for escaped slaves to get to Jersey City. The road west of modern County Route 508 was later incorporated into the William Penn Highway, which ran from Jersey City to Pittsburgh, PA. The northern segment of Route 7 was originally a part of pre-1927 Route 11, which was legislated in 1917 to run from Newark to Paterson. In the 1927 New Jersey state highway renumbering, Route 7 was designated to run from Jersey City to Paterson, replacing pre-1927 Route 11 between Belleville and Paterson.

In 1929, the routing was amended to run from Route 25 (now U.S. Route 1/9 Truck) in Jersey City to Route 3 in Wallington. Route 7 was extended north in 1949 to continue to Route 6 (now U.S. Route 46) in East Paterson (now Elmwood Park). In the 1953 New Jersey state highway renumbering, Route 7 was legislated onto its current alignment, with the northern terminus moved to the Nutley/Clifton border. The route was also realigned to head south on Washington Avenue between the Newark border and Rutgers Street in Belleville on what was Route 11N, a remnant of pre-1927 Route 11, making Route 7 discontinuous. County Route 506 used to follow the southern portion of Route 7 but has been truncated to the intersection with Routes 7 and 21 in Belleville.

title: New Jersey Route 7


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New Jersey Route 10

Route 10 is a 23.51 mi state highway in the northern part of the U.S. state of New Jersey. It runs from an intersection with U.S. Route 46 (US 46) in Roxbury Township, Morris County, east to County Route 577 (CR 577)/CR 677 (Prospect Avenue) in West Orange, Essex County. Route 10 is a major route through northern New Jersey that runs through Ledgewood, East Hanover, and Livingston. It is a four-lane highway for most of its length with the exception of the easternmost part of the route. Route 10 features intersections with many major roads including Route 53 and US 202 in Morris Plains and Interstate 287 (I-287) in Hanover Township.

Route 10 was designated in 1927 to run from Jersey City to Dover, following the former Newark and Mount Pleasant Turnpike west of Newark. The route continued east from its present-day routing on current CR 577, Park Avenue, CR 508, and Route 7 to end at US 1/9 at the Tonnele Circle. An alignment of Route 10 farther to the north of its current alignment in Essex County was proposed in 1952; however, it was never constructed with the route being designated to its present alignment a year later. Since 1953, Route 10 has seen improvements that eliminated the Ledgewood Circle at the western terminus in 1998 and improved safety along the portion of the route in Hanover and East Hanover Townships in the mid-2000s.

Route description
Route 10 begins at US 46 in the Ledgewood section of Roxbury Township, Morris County at the former Ledgewood Circle, heading to the southeast on a four-lane divided highway with some jughandles. The road passes by The Shops at Ledgewood Commons, the Roxbury Mall, and many other businesses, also crossing the Dover and Rockaway River Railroad's High Bridge Branch. The route crosses the Dover and Rockaway River Railroad's Chester Branch before it enters Randolph Township, where the road becomes less commercial in nature and passes Randolph Lake, reaching an interchange with CR 617. Past this interchange, Route 10 crosses over forested Mine Hill. The route crosses CR 513 and passes north of the County College of Morris past that intersection, with suburban development becoming more frequent again. Route 10 widens to six lanes and then runs through the southwestern corner of Denville before heading into the Mt. Tabor section of Parsippany-Troy Hills. The route then forms the border between Parsippany-Troy Hills to the north and Morris Plains to the south, passing over NJ Transit's Morristown Line before coming to an interchange with Route 53 and crossing US 202. The route fully enters Parsippany-Troy Hills again before crossing into Hanover Township, coming to an interchange with Dryden Way, where the route widens to eight lanes. Past Dryden Way, Route 10 features an interchange with I-287 and narrows to four lanes. The road heads through the Whippany section of Hanover Township, where it has an interchange with CR 511 and crosses the Morristown and Erie Railway's Whippany Line west of the Whippany Railway Museum. Route 10 enters East Hanover Township at the bridge over Whippany Brook. Along Route 10 in East Hanover, the road passes several businesses.

Route 10 crosses the Passaic River into Livingston, Essex County, where it becomes Mt. Pleasant Avenue. The route comes to the Livingston Circle, a realigned traffic circle, in the community of Morehousetown, with CR 508 and CR 609 (Eisenhower Parkway). Past this traffic circle, the divided highway becomes a four-lane undivided road with some businesses and homes along the road. The route crosses CR 527 and narrows to two lanes a short distance past that intersection. The route enters West Orange at the point it crosses Nance Road. In West Orange, Route 10 ends at the Prospect Avenue intersection where radio station 1560 WFME's studios and 94.7 WXBK's transmitter facilities are located. At this intersection, CR 577 heads east on Mt. Pleasant Avenue and north on Prospect Avenue while CR 677 (signed as CR 577 Spur) heads south on Prospect Avenue.

History
Route 10 roughly follows a portion of an old Lenape trail from the Passaic River to Whippany. The Newark and Mount Pleasant Turnpike was established along the present-day alignment of Route 10 east of Dover on March 12, 1806, existing as a turnpike until before 1833.

Route 10 was designated in 1927 to run from Jersey City west to Route 6 (now US 46) west of Dover, passing through Newark. This routing of Route 10 followed its current alignment and ran east along present-day CR 577, Mt. Pleasant Avenue, and Park Avenue to Newark, where it followed CR 508 and Route 7 to US 1/9 at the Tonnele Circle in Jersey City. By 1930, the road's western terminus had been moved to bypass Dover to terminate at Ledgewood. The earliest completed sections of an upgraded highway were completed from Livingston Circle to Whippany, with the bridge over the Passaic River completed in 1930. From there the road was extended to the Mount Tabor Road (Route 53), and finished at Ledgewood. In Essex County, the route that the highway would be constructed along was contentious from the start. In 1930 and 1931, three proposals for arteries were presented, all paralleling existing railroads. Though demands to decide a route and begin construction extended to at least 1937, no highway was ever constructed, and the road terminated at West Orange.

To solve this issue, a new route for Route 10 was designated in 1952 to run along a new, never-built alignment farther to the north, running through Belleville, Bloomfield, Glen Ridge, Montclair, West Orange, and along the Livingston/Roseland border, roughly along much of the routing of present-day CR 611 (Eagle Rock Avenue), and following its current alignment through Morris County to Ledgewood. A spur of the route was also planned in 1952 to run from Montclair south to Orange. A year later, in the 1953 New Jersey state highway renumbering, Route 10 was defined onto its current alignment, with its eastern terminus moved to Prospect Avenue in West Orange. In 1998, the Ledgewood Circle at the western terminus of the route was replaced with a signalized T-intersection. In the mid-2000s, an $11.5 million project was undertaken to improve safety on the portion of Route 10 in Hanover and East Hanover Townships by widening existing lanes and adding turning lanes to the road.

Joint Resolution No. 3, page 844, of the 160th Legislature (1936) designated Route 10 as the American Legion Memorial Highway in honor of the services of the members of the American Legion in World War I.

title: New Jersey Route 10