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Coltan

Coltan (short for columbite–tantalites and known industrially as tantalite) is a dull black metallic ore from which the elements niobium and tantalum are extracted. The niobium-dominant mineral in coltan is columbite (after niobium's original American name columbium), and the tantalum-dominant mineral is tantalite.

Tantalum from coltan is used to manufacture tantalum capacitors which are used for mobile phones, personal computers, automotive electronics, and cameras. Coltan mining is widespread in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Production and supply
Approximately 71% of the global tantalum supply in 2008 was newly mined, 20% was from recycling, and the remainder was from tin slag and inventory. Tantalum minerals are mined in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Colombia, Rwanda, Australia, Brazil, China, Ethiopia, and Mozambique,Kenya Tantalum is also produced in Thailand and Malaysia as a by-product of tin mining and smelting. Potential future mines, in descending order of magnitude, are being explored in Egypt, Greenland, China, Australia, Finland, Canada, Nigeria and Brazil.

Globally, 60% of all mining companies have registered with the highly regulated stock exchanges in Toronto and Vancouver. However, due to environmental regulations, no mining of coltan is currently taking place in Canada itself, with the exception of a single proposed mine in Blue River, British Columbia. In Canada, Tanco Mine near Bernic Lake in Manitoba has tantalum reserves, is the world's largest producer of caesium, and is operated by Global Advanced Metals Pty Ltd. A discussion of Canadian mining by Natural Resources Canada, updated in 2017, does not mention either coltan or tantalum. A Rwandan official discussing prospective mines in his country said that Canada had 4% of global production in 2009; but in rock so hard that the ore is too expensive to extract. In 2009, Rwanda had 9% of the world's tantalum production.

In 2016 Rwanda accounted for 50% of global tantalum production. In 2016, Rwanda announced that AB Minerals Corporation would open a coltan separation plant in Rwanda by mid-2017, the first to operate on the African continent. Uganda and Rwanda both exported coltan in the early 2000s after they invaded the DRC, but the bulk of this coltan was not mined within those countries but smuggled from Congolese mines, according to the final report of the UN Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

In 2013 Highland African Mining Company (HAMC), now Noventa, closed its Marropino mine in the Gilé District of Zambézia Province, Mozambique, citing poor-quality infrastructure and ore that was both very radioactive and mostly depleted. HAMC was losing US$3.00 on every ton extracted and had reported accumulated losses of around US$150 million by June 2013.

Reserves have been identified in Afghanistan, but the ongoing war there precludes either general exploration or exploring specifically for coltan for the foreseeable future. The United States does not produce tantalum due to the poor quality of its reserves.

Australian mining company Sons of Gwalia once produced half the world's tantalum but went into administration in 2004. Talison Minerals paid $205 million to buy the Wodgina and Greenbushes tantalum business of Sons of Gwalia but temporarily closed Wodgina because of falling tantalum prices. The mine re-opened in 2011 but closed again after less than a year. Atlas Iron began mining iron ore there in 2010 and ceased operations there in April 2017. Global Advanced Mining announced in 2018 that it planned to restart tantalum production at the Greenbushes mine within a year. Talison Lithium, 51% owned by Chinese company Tianqi Lithium Industries, Inc. (SZSE:002466) and 49% by the US-based Albemarle Corporation, will continue to mine lithium at Greenbushes in parallel with the GAM tantalum operation.

Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez announced in 2009 that a significant reserve of coltan was discovered in western Venezuela, although at least one coltan mining operation had previously been authorized in the area. Nonetheless, he outlawed private mines in the region and, saying that the FARC was financing itself with illegal mining, sent 15,000 troops in to deal with them. Technical advisers for the mining project were allegedly provided by a subsidiary of Khatam-al Anbiya Construction Headquarters, a fully owned enterprise of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard which had been under US sanctions since October 25, 2007.

Also in 2009, the Colombian government announced coltan reserves had been found in Colombia's eastern provinces. Director of the Colombian Police Oscar Naranjo Trujillo stated in October 2011 that the FARC and the Sinaloa Cartel are working together in the unlicensed coltan mining in Colombia. Colombia announced a joint operation with the United States to arrest three suspects who, according to Semana, inherited the illegal business run from their brother, Francisco Cifuentes Villa, alias 'Pancho Cifuentes', who once worked for Pablo Escobar. In 2012 Colombian police seized 17 tons of coltan in Guainía Department. The police said it had been mined on an indigenous reserve and bought for $10 a kilo and sold for $80 to 100 dollars a kilo, after smuggling it across the border into Brazil, where there are smelters, and sold on through the black market to buyers in Germany, Belgium, Kazakhstan and the United States. Colombia has 5% of global coltan reserves. One of the regions suffering from illegal gold and coltan mining in Colombia is the wetland known as Estrella Fluvial del Inírida (Inírida Fluvial Star), a Ramsar protected wetland.

Use and demand
Coltan is used primarily for the production of tantalum capacitors, used in mobile phones and almost every kind of electronic device. Niobium and tantalum have a wide range of uses, including refractive lenses for glasses, cameras, phones and printers. They are also used in semiconductor circuits, and capacitors for small electronic devices such as hearing aids, pacemakers, and MP3 players, as well as in computer hard drives, automobile electronics, and surface acoustic wave (SAW) filters for mobile phones.

Coltan is also used to make high-temperature alloys for jet engines, air-based turbines, and land-based turbines. More recently, in the late 2000s, the nickel-tantalum super-alloys used in jet engines account for 15% of tantalum consumption, but pending orders for the Airbus and the 787 Dreamliner may increase this proportion, as well as China's pending order for 62 787-8 airplanes.

In 2012, electronics companies that used coltan included Acer Inc., AMP, Apple Inc., Canon Inc., Dell, HP Inc., HTC, IBM, Intel, Lenovo, LG, Microsoft, Motorola, Nikon, Nintendo, Nokia, Panasonic, Philips, RIM (now Blackberry Limited), Samsung, Sandisk, Sharp Corporation, Sony, and Toshiba. Some companies have taken steps to reduce their use of conflict minerals by tracing the source of minerals in their supply chains, auditing smelters, and certifying conflict-free coltan mines. As of 2012, the companies that lagged behind these efforts the most were Nintendo, HTC, Sharp Corporation, Nikon, and Canon Inc.

Resource curse
Certain countries rich in natural resources have been said to suffer from the apparently paradoxical "resource curse" - showing worse economic development than countries with fewer resources. Wealth of resources may also correspond to "... the likelihood of weak democratic development, corruption, and civil war". High levels of corruption lead to great political instability because whoever controls the assets (usually the political leaders and the government, in the case of the Democratic Republic of the Congo) can use them for their own benefit. The resources generate wealth, which the leaders use to stay in power "... either through legal means, or coercive ones (e.g. funding militias)". The increased importance of coltan in electronics "occurred as warlords and armies in the eastern Congo converted artisanal mining operations ... into slave labour regimes to earn hard currency to finance their militias," as one anthropological study put it in 2008. When much of eastern Congo came under the control of Rwandan forces in the 1990s, Rwanda suddenly became a major exporter of coltan, benefiting from the weakness of the Congolese government. The soaring price "brought in as much as $20 million a month to rebel groups" and other factions trading coltan mined in northeastern Congo, according to a U.N. report.

Mining
For Congolese, mining is the readiest source of income, because the work is consistently available, even if only for a dollar a day. The work can be laborious; miners can walk for days into the forest to reach the ore, scratch it from the earth with hand tools, and pan it. About 90% of young men in Congo have done this. Research found that many Congolese leave farming because they need money quickly and cannot wait for crops to grow. Farming also presents its own obstacles. For example, the lack of roads in the Congolese interior makes it extremely difficult to transport produce to market and a harvest can be seized by militias or the military. With their food gone, people resort to mining to survive. But organized mines may be run by corrupt groups such as militias. The Congolese mine coltan with few tools, no safety procedures, and often no mining experience. No government aid or intervention is available in many unethical and abusive circumstances. Miners consider coltan mining a way to provide for themselves in the face of widespread war and conflict and a government that has no concern for their welfare.

A 2007 study of the radioactivity of the coltan mined in Masisi and other parts of the North Kivu Province found "that grinding and sieving coltan can give rise to high occupational doses, up to 18 mSv per year on average."

Ethics of mining in the Democratic Republic of Congo
Conflicts in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) have made it difficult for the DRC to benefit from the exploitation of its coltan reserves. Mining of coltan is mainly artisanal and small-scale and vulnerable to extortion and human trafficking. A 2003 UN Security Council report stated that much of the ore is mined illegally and smuggled across Congo's eastern border by militias from neighbouring Uganda, Burundi and Rwanda. All three countries named by the United Nations as coltan smugglers denied doing this. Austrian journalist however has documented links between multi-national companies like Bayer and the smuggling and illegal coltan mines. A United Nations committee investigating the plunder of gems and minerals from the Congo, listed in its final report in 2003 approximately 125 companies and individuals whose business activities breach international norms. Companies accused of irresponsible corporate behavior included Cabot Corporation, Eagle Wings Resources International the Forrest Group and OM Group. Some of the fighters were eventually tried before the International Criminal Court tribunal in The Hague on charges of crimes against humanity.

Income from coltan smuggling likely financed the military occupation of Congo, and prolonged the civil conflict afterwards. A UN panel studied the eastern Congo for months before releasing a remarkably sharp condemnation of the ongoing military occupation of eastern Congo by Ugandan, Rwandan, and other foreign military forces, as well as the many bands of Congolese rebels fighting with one another. The UN report accused the fighters of massively looting Congolese natural resources, and said that the war persisted because the fighters were enriching themselves by mining and smuggling out coltan, timber, gold, and diamonds. They also said that smuggled minerals financed the fighting and provided money for weapons. A 2005 report on the Rwandan economy by the South African Institute for Security Studies found that Rwanda official coltan production soared nearly tenfold between 1999 and 2001, from 147 tons to 1,300 tons, and for the first time provided more revenue than from the country traditional primary exports, tea and coffee. Similarly, Uganda exported 2.5 tons of coltan exports a year before the conflict broke out in 1997. In 1999 its export volume exploded to nearly 70 tons.

Many of the corporations participating in the 1999-2000 business stampede caused by $400 coltan were in fact participants in the conflict. The Rwandan army, as Rwanda Metals, exported at least 100 tons per month. A UN panel estimated that the Coltan extraction causes problems that adjoin or overlap those caused by blood diamonds and uses similar methods such as smuggling across the porous Rwandan border, environmentalists and human rights workers began to speak of "conflict minerals" or "conflict resources" more generally. It is difficult to verify the sourcing of fungible materials like ores, so some processors, Cabot Corporation (USA) for example, have announced that they would avoid unsourced Central African coltan altogether. The Rwandan army could have made $20 million a month, and must have made at least $250 million over 18 months. "This is substantial enough to finance the war," the panel noted in its report.

In 2009, DRC coltan was going to China to be manufactured into wires and electronic-grade tantalum powder. Coltan imports from the DRC into Europe usually went to Russia or Central/Eastern Europe, via the route through Dar es Salaam in Tanzania and Piraeus in Greece to the Balkans. An offshore consortium registered in the British Virgin Islands named Nova Dies controlled most of the trans-Balkan trade route. This export pipeline mostly carries unprocessed coltan mined in unsafe artisanal mines, so this market hinders development of safer extraction infrastructure in the DRC. The Balkan trade route, therefore, poses a long-term threat to the DRC's economy; it finances and validates the vast harm done to DR Congo by the violent and corrupt past and current system.

Estimates of Congo's coltan deposits range upwards from 64% of global reserves. but estimates at the high end of the range are difficult to trace to reliable data. Professional bodies like the British Geological Survey estimate that Central Africa as a whole has 9% of global assets. Tantalum, the primary element extracted from coltan, can also be obtained from other sources, but Congolese coltan represented around 10% of world production in 2008.

The United States responded to conflict minerals with section 1501 of the 2010 Dodd-Frank Act, which required companies that might have conflict minerals including Coltan in their supply chain to register with the US Securities and Exchange Commission and disclose their suppliers. The legislation appears to have had limited success. Based on extensive qualitative fieldwork conducted from 2014 to 2016 with coltan buyers operating in Bukama Territory, Kalemie and Lubumbashi, Katanga Province, one researcher suggested that conflict mineral reforms resulted in better oversight and organization of supply chains, but that inaction by the Congolese government had led to locally negotiated solutions and territorialization, leading to secretive mining activities.

Environmental concerns
Uncontrolled mining in the DRC causes soil erosion and pollutes lakes and rivers, affecting the hydrology and ecology of the region.

The eastern mountain gorilla's population has diminished as well. Miners, far from food sources and often hungry, hunt gorillas. The gorilla population in the DRC fell from 17,000 to 5,000 in the decade prior to 2009, and Mountain Gorillas in the Great Lakes region numbered only 700, UNEP said in 2009. Hunted for bushmeat, a prized delicacy in western Africa, and threatened by logging, slash-and-burn agriculture and armed conflict, the gorilla population was critically endangered, they said. The population of Grauer's gorillas were particularly threatened by changes in their environment, with a population in January 2018 of only about 3,800.

An estimated 3–5 million tons of bushmeat is obtained by killing animals, including gorillas, every year. Demand for bushmeat comes from urban dwellers who consider it a delicacy, as well as from remote populations of artisanal miners. Environmentalists who interviewed miners in and around Kahuzi-Biéga National Park and the Itombwe Nature Reserve found that the miners did confirm that they had been eating bushmeat and that they did think that the practice had caused a decline in primate numbers. Since the miners said they would cease the practice if they had another food supply, the authors suggested that efforts to stop the gorilla population decline should consider addressing this issue to reduce the depredations of subsistence hunting. The mines in these nature reserves were producing cassiterite, gold, coltan and wolframite, and "most mines were controlled by armed groups."

Health concerns
There is a high prevalence of respiratory complaints in Congolese informal coltan miners. It has been suggested that efficient occupational safety measures be implemented. Also, there is a need to regulate the informal mining business due to a high death toll.

Price increases and changes in demand
The production and sale of coltan and niobium from African mines dropped significantly after the dramatic price spike in 2000 from the dot-com frenzy, from $400 to the current price level of around $100. Figures from the United States Geological Survey partially confirm this. The Tantalum-Niobium International Study Centre in Belgium, the country that colonized the DRC, has encouraged international buyers to avoid Congolese coltan on ethical grounds: "take care in obtaining ... raw materials from lawful sources. Harm, or the threat of harm, to local people, wildlife or the environment is unacceptable."

In addition to environmental harm caused by erosion, pollution and deforestation, agriculture and as a result food security suffered in the DRC as a result of mining. A follow-up UN report in 2003 noted a sharp increase in 1999 and 2000 in the global price of tantalum, which naturally increased coltan production. Some of the increased production came from eastern DC where there are "rebel groups and unscrupulous business people" forcing farmers and their families to leave land where the rebels wanted to mine, "forcing them to work in artisanal mines...widespread destruction of agriculture and devastating social effects occurred, which in a number of instances were akin to slavery."

A shift also took place from traditional sources such as Australia to new suppliers such as Egypt, perhaps because of the bankruptcy of the world's biggest supplier, Australia's Sons of Gwalia may have caused or contributed to this change. The operations previously owned by Gwalia in Wodgina and Greenbushes continue to operate in some capacity.

title: Coltan


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Solna

Solna (Solna kommun or Solna stad, ) is a primary settlement (or village) and a municipality in Stockholm County, Sweden, located just north of Stockholm City Centre. Its seat is located in the town of Solna, which is a part of the Stockholm urban area. Solna is one of the richest municipalities in Sweden.

The municipality is a part of Metropolitan Stockholm. None of the area is considered rural, which is unusual for Swedish municipalities, which normally are of mixed rural/urban character. Solna is the third smallest municipality in Sweden in terms of area, after nearby Sundbyberg, as well as Burlöv, Scania County.

Solna borders Stockholm Municipality to the south, southeast and northwest; to Sundbyberg Municipality to the west; to Sollentuna Municipality to the north; and to Danderyd Municipality to the northeast. The boundary with Danderyd Municipality is delineated by the Stocksundet strait.

There are two parishes in Solna Municipality: Råsunda (population 29,677) and Solna (population 28,317). Solna Parish once included parts of present-day City of Stockholm.

Solna is divided into eight traditional parts with no administrative functions: Bergshamra, Haga, Hagalund, Huvudsta, Järva, Råsunda, Skytteholm and Ulriksdal. The largest districts are Råsunda, Hagalund and Huvudsta, with the Solna Centrum in between them.

With few exceptions, Solna's built-up areas have a suburban character, but there are also several large parks and Friends Arena, Sweden's new national football stadium adjacent to the Solna station of Stockholm commuter rail.

The final matches of both the 1958 FIFA (men's) World Cup and the 1995 FIFA Women's World Cup were played at Råsunda Stadium, the national football stadium from 1937 to 2012 (demolished in 2013).

Solna has attracted a wide range of businesses and authorities, making it a major place of work in Greater Stockholm. Among the most important employers are the medical university Karolinska Institutet and the Karolinska University Hospital. The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) are also located in Solna.

2022 by district
This is a demographic table based on Solna Municipality's electoral districts in the 2022 Swedish general election sourced from SVT's election platform, in turn taken from SCB official statistics.

In total there were 83,972 residents, including 60,293 Swedish citizens of voting age. 53.9% voted for the left coalition and 44.4% for the right coalition. Indicators are in percentage points except population totals and income.

Income and education
The population in Solna Municipality has the 16th highest median income per capita in Sweden, and the share of highly educated persons, according to Statistics Sweden's definition: persons with post-secondary education that is three years or longer, is 46.0% (national average: 27.0%) and the 5th highest in the country.

Residents with a foreign background
On 31 December 2017 the number of people with a foreign background (persons born outside of Sweden or with two parents born outside of Sweden) was 30 601, or 38.39% of the population (79 707 on 31 December 2017). On 31 December 2002 the number of residents with a foreign background was (per the same definition) 14 986, or 26.02% of the population (57 585 on 31 December 2002). On 31 December 2017 there were 79 707 residents in Solna, of which 23 597 people (29.60%) were born in a country other than Sweden. Divided by country in the table below – the Nordic countries as well as the 12 most common countries of birth outside of Sweden for Swedish residents have been included, with other countries of birth bundled together by continent by Statistics Sweden.

Local government
As with all 290 municipalities of Sweden, Solna has a municipal assembly (kommunfullmäktige), holding 61 members elected by proportional representation for a four-year term. An executive committee (kommunstyrelse) is appointed by its members.

List of mayors since 1943

 * 1943–1956 CA Andersson (S)
 * 1956–1967 KA Larsson (S)
 * 1968–1976 CG Eklund (L)
 * 1977–1982 Sune Berglund (M)
 * 1983–1988 Gösta Fagerberg (S)
 * 1989–1991 Karl Gustav Svensson (S)
 * 1991–1994 Anders Gustâv (M)
 * 1994–1998 Karl Gustav Svensson (S)
 * 1998–2006 Anders Gustâv (M)
 * 2006 Anders Ekegren (L)
 * 2006–2011 Lars-Erik Salminen (M)
 * 2011 Anders Ekegren (L) – 8 June – 24 July
 * 2011–2012 Lars-Erik Salminen (M)
 * 2012-2022 Pehr Granfalk (M)
 * 2022- Sara Kukka-Salam (S)
 * (M) = Moderate Party
 * (S) = Social Democratic Party
 * (L) = Liberal Party

Public transport
Solna is centrally located in the Stockholm area and is well served by the Stockholm public transport system with two commuter train stations and six metro stations as well as a dense bus network run by SL. It was served by trams until 1959. Light rail returned after 54 years of absence when Tvärbanan was extended from Alvik to Solna centrum. A further extension to Solna Station opened in 2014.

Economy
Skanska, NextJet, and Vattenfall have their head offices in Solna. Mall of Scandinavia has opened in November 2015 and is located in Solna.

The head office of Scandinavian Airlines and SAS Group is located in Solna. The airline head office was formerly located on the property of Stockholm Arlanda Airport in Sigtuna Municipality, but now it is back in Solna.

Sights

 * Haga Park, part of the Royal National City Park, was initiated by king Gustav III (1771–1792), planned and carried out in the English landscaping style.
 * The city features three of Sweden's royal palaces: Haga Palace, Ulriksdal Palace, and Gustav III's Pavilion.
 * Friends Arena, the Swedish national arena of association football, and home of local football club AIK.
 * Mall of Scandinavia, Scandinavia's biggest shopping mall
 * The Solna Church was constructed in the 12th century. For defensive purposes, it was built as a round church, and is one of a few of that kind in Sweden.

Sports

The following football clubs are located in Solna:
 * AIK
 * Råsunda IS
 * Vasalunds IF

The bandy department of AIK has been very successful on the women's side, with several national titles in recent years. The men's team has gotten promoted to Elitserien 2019–20.

Newcastle and Premier League star Alexander Isak was born here.

Education
Solna Gymnasium is the senior high school/sixth form college of Solna.

Twin towns – Sister cities
Solna is twinned with:
 * Gladsaxe, Denmark
 * 🇳🇴 Ski, Norway
 * 🇫🇮 Pirkkala, Finland
 * 🇱🇻 Valmiera, Latvia
 * 🇺🇸 Burbank, California, USA

In addition to this, Solna has two cooperating cities,
 * Partnerships
 * Kalamaria, Greece
 * 🇵🇱 Bemowo, Poland

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Auriaria

In the mythology of Kiribati, Auriaria is a red-haired giant chieftain and demigod from Samoa.

According to legend, Auriaria fell in love with the beautiful red-haired woman, Nei Tituaabine, but had no children. She died, and from her grave grew three trees: a coconut from her head, a pandanus from her heels and an almond from her navel. She became a tree goddess.

title: Auriaria


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Nei Tituaabine

Nei Tituaabine, is a red-haired maiden with eyes bright as lighting in Micronesian mythology, specifically in Kiribati. Her appearance in mythology is heralded by a flash of lightning.

She fell in love with the giant, red-haired chief, Auriaria, but they had no children. After her death, three trees grew from her grave: a coconut from her head, a pandanus from her heels, and an almond from her navel. She became a tree goddess.

title: Nei Tituaabine


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Drottningholm

Drottningholm, literally "Queen's Islet", is a locality situated in Ekerö Municipality, Stockholm County, Sweden, with 398 inhabitants in 2010.

It is on the island Lovön in lake Mälaren on the outskirts of Stockholm. Drottningholm Palace, the residence of the Swedish royal family since 1981, is here. The village was planned and built in the mid-18th century for the people working at the palace. It is a good example of how a Swedish village would have looked like in the 18th and 19th centuries, containing many picturesque houses and villas.

Drottningholm is accessible with public transport by taking the metro to Brommaplan, then an Ekerö-bound SL bus.

Ships
At least two ships have been named Drottningholm. One is the former ferry SS Drottningholm (1909) that was built in 1909 and is now a listed historic ship of Sweden. Another was the transatlantic ocean liner RMS Virginian, which Swedish American Line bought in 1920 and renamed SS Drottningholm.

Among English speakers, the liner's unfortunate tendency to roll inspired the nicknames "Rollingholm" or "Rollinghome". In the Second World War she was chartered to repatriate thousands of released prisoners of war, civilian internees and diplomats. Among them the English speakers nicknamed her "Trotting Home".

title: Drottningholm


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Avatea

In Cook Islands mythology, Avatea (also known as Vatea; meaning 'noon' or 'light') was a lunar deity and the father of gods and men in Mangaian myth of origin. His eyes were thought to be the Sun and the Moon; he was also known as the god of light.

Mythology
According to one myth, Vari-Ma-Te-Takere (The primordial mother) created six children from her body. Three were plucked from her right side and three from her left. The first of which was Avatea, the first man, who was perceived as a moon god. As he grew he divided vertically into a hybrid being; the right half was a man and the left half a fish.

In song, the gods are called "children of Vatea". The same shortened phrase is in use at Rarotonga: at Aitutaki and Atiu the full form "Avatea" is used, e.g. kia kakā te mata o Avatea Nui meaning "when the eye of Great Avatea is open;" in other words "when the sun is in its full glory;" still in contrast with the darkness and gloom of Avaiki, or the Underworld.

In Mangaian myth, a beautiful woman visits Vatea in his dreams, and he is certain that she ascends from the underworld to his side, but when he wakes he can never find her. He strews scraped coconut about, and, at last, watchers see a slender hand reach for the delicious food. Vatea catches her and discovers that her name is Papa, and marries her. Tangaroa and Rongo are their twin sons. Rongo's wife bears a daughter named Tavake. Tavake gives birth to Rangi, Mokoiro, and to Akatauira. Rangi pulls up Mangaia from the underworld, and becomes the first king of the island. His wife's name is Te-po-tatango.

title: Avatea


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Pulotu

Pulotu is the resting place of those passed on in the Polynesian narrative of Tonga and Samoa, the world of darkness "lalo fonua" (as opposed to the human world of light).

Name
The term is related to Fijian Burotu. It goes back to Proto-Polynesian *pulotu, from Proto-Central Pacific *burotu.

Tonga
In the Tongan narrative, Pulotu is presided over by Havea Hikuleʻo. In Tongan cosmology the sky, the sea, and Pulotu existed from the beginning, and the gods lived there. The first land they made for the people was Touiaʻifutuna "trapped in Futuna", which was only a rock. There are suggestions that for Tonga and Samoa, Pulotu refers to a real country, in fact Matuku Island in the Lau Islands. The old name of Matuku Island is Burotu. However, there is no signs of underwater civilization in the Matuku waters where they said that Burotu once laid. But new evidence suggest Pulotu is situated in Moturiki belonging to Fiji’s Lomaiviti Archipelago.

After the independence struggle by Hikuleʻo and his cousins Maui Motuʻa and Tangaloa ʻEiki, they renamed Touiaʻifutuna into Tongamamaʻo. Only after that the other islands were made (the volcanic islands by Hikuleʻo and the coral islands by Maui). Finally, Tongamamaʻo was renamed, for the last time, as Tonga.

Hikuleʻo is supposed to have married a daughter of Tangaloa ʻEiki.

Samoa
In the mythology of Samoa, Pulotu is presided over by the god Saveasi'uleo (also referred to as Elo), whose name reveals a similarity to the Tongan god Havea Hikuleo. Saveasi'uleo is the father of Nafanua the Goddess of War in Samoa, from the village of Falealupo, the site of the entryway into Pulotu.

Spirits enter Pulotu at Le Fafa at Falealupo village.

title: Pulotu


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Bulu

Bulu may refer to:

 * Bulu (bread) (or Bolo), a sweet, round bread of Sephardi Jewish origin
 * Bulu (Fijian mythology), the underworld in the mythology of Fiji
 * A subgroup of the Beti-Pahuin people of Cameroon
 * Bulu language, spoken by the Bulu people of Cameroon
 * Bulu, Zimbabwe, found in Matabeleland South, Zimbabwe
 * Bulu, Rembang, on Indonesian National Route 1 in Central Java, Indonesia
 * Bulu, Sukoharjo, part of Sukoharjo Regency in Central Java, Indonesia
 * Bulu, Temanggung, on Indonesian National Route 9 in Central Java, Indonesia
 * Tapu Bulu, a Pokémon species introduced in Pokémon Sun and Moon

title: Bulu


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Maxima (software)

Maxima is a powerful software package for performing computer algebra calculations in mathematics and the physical sciences. It is written in Common Lisp and runs on all POSIX platforms such as macOS, Unix, BSD, and Linux, as well as under Microsoft Windows and Android. It is free software released under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL).

History
Maxima is based on a 1982 version of Macsyma, which was developed at MIT with funding from the United States Department of Energy and other government agencies. A version of Macsyma was maintained by Bill Schelter from 1982 until his death in 2001. In 1998, Schelter obtained permission from the Department of Energy to release his version under the GPL. That version, now called Maxima, is maintained by an independent group of users and developers. Maxima does not include any of the many modifications and enhancements made to the commercial version of Macsyma during 1982–1999. Though the core functionality remains similar, code depending on these enhancements may not work on Maxima, and bugs which were fixed in Macsyma may still be present in Maxima, and vice versa. Maxima participated in Google Summer of Code in 2019 under International Neuroinformatics Coordinating Facility.

Symbolic calculations
Like most computer algebra systems, Maxima supports a variety of ways of reorganizing symbolic algebraic expressions, such as polynomial factorization, polynomial greatest common divisor calculation, expansion, separation into real and imaginary parts, and transformation of trigonometric functions to exponential and vice versa. It has a variety of techniques for simplifying algebraic expressions involving trigonometric functions, roots, and exponential functions. It can calculate symbolic antiderivatives ("indefinite integrals"), definite integrals, and limits. It can derive closed-form series expansions as well as terms of Taylor-Maclaurin-Laurent series. It can perform matrix manipulations with symbolic entries.

Maxima is a general-purpose system, and special-case calculations such as factorization of large numbers, manipulation of extremely large polynomials, etc. are sometimes better done in specialized systems.

Numeric calculations
Maxima specializes in symbolic operations, but it also offers numerical capabilities such as arbitrary-precision integer, rational number, and floating-point numbers, limited only by space and time constraints.

Programming
Maxima includes a complete programming language with ALGOL-like syntax but Lisp-like semantics. It is written in Common Lisp and can be accessed programmatically and extended, as the underlying Lisp can be called from Maxima. It uses gnuplot for drawing.

For calculations using floating point and arrays heavily, Maxima has translators from the Maxima language to other programming languages (notably Fortran), which may execute more efficiently.

Interfaces

Various graphical user interfaces (GUIs) are available for Maxima:
 * wxMaxima is high-quality graphical front-end using the wxWidgets framework. wxMaxima provides a cell structure similar to the Mathematica notebook as shown in the figure to the right.
 * There is a kernel for Project Jupyter, a flexible, notebook-style GUI written in Python.
 * GMaxima is a Maxima interface using GTK+.
 * Cantor, using Qt, can interface with Maxima (along with SageMath, R, and KAlgebra)
 * The GNU TeXmacs and LyX mathematical editor programs can be used to provide an interactive GUI for Maxima, as can SageMath. Other options include the Imaxima front end, as well as an Emacs and XEmacs interaction mode which is activated by Imaxima.
 * Kayali
 * Climaxima, a CLIM-based front-end.

Arbitrary-precision arithmetic
$$1.41421356237309504880168872420969807857 \cdot 10^0$$

Function
$$64$$

Expand
$$-b^3+3 ab^2-3a^2b+a^3$$

Factor
$$(x-1)(x+1)$$

Solving equations
$$x^2+a \ x + 1=0$$ $$[x=-\Biggl(\frac{\sqrt{a^2-4}+a}{2}\Biggr),x=\frac{\sqrt{a^2-4}-a}{2}]$$

Solving equations numerically
$$\cos x = x$$ $$0.7390851332151607$$ $$7.3908513321516064165531208767387340401341175890076 \cdot 10^{-1}$$

Indefinite integral
$$\int x^2+\cos x\ d x$$ $$\sin x + \frac{x^3}{3}$$

Definite integral
$$\int_{0}^{1}\frac{1}{x^3+1}\, dx$$ $$\frac{\sqrt3 \log2+\pi}{3^{\frac{3}{2}}}$$

Numerical integral
$$\int_{0}^{2} \sin(\sin (x)) \, dx$$ $$1.247056058244003$$

Derivative
$${d^3 \over d x^3} \cos^2 x$$ $$8 \cos{x}\sin{x}$$

Limit
$$\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{1+\sinh{x}}{e^{x}}$$ $$\frac{1}{2}$$

Number theory
$$[11,13,17,19]$$ $$55$$

Series
$$\sum_{x=1}^\infty \frac{1}{x^2} $$ $$\frac{\pi^2}{6}$$

Series expansion
$$x-\frac{x^3}{6}+\frac{x^5}{120}-\frac{x^7}{5040}+\frac{x^9}{362880}$$ $$\sum_{i=0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^ix^{2i}}{(2i)!}$$

Special functions
$$-0.3205425089851214$$ $$0.07174949700810543$$

title: Maxima (software)


text:
Burotu

In the Melanesian mythology of Fiji, Burotu is the paradise-underworld. Newly dead souls are judged by Degei, and a few go to Burotu. The rest go to Murimuria.

title: Burotu


text:
Las Vegas Outlaws (XFL)

The Las Vegas Outlaws were an American football team in the XFL. They played in the Western Division with the Los Angeles Xtreme, San Francisco Demons and Memphis Maniax. They played their home games at Sam Boyd Stadium. On February 3, 2001, The Outlaws hosted the first nationally televised XFL game on NBC against the New York/New Jersey Hitmen.

History
Before the 2001 season began there was already question if Las Vegas could support a professional sports team due to past failed attempts with: Las Vegas Americans (Soccer-MISL- 1984-85), Las Vegas Dustdevils (Soccer-CISL-1994-1995), Las Vegas Posse (Football-CFL-1994) Las Vegas Quicksilvers (Soccer-NASL-1976-1978), Las Vegas Seagulls (Soccer-ASL-1979), Las Vegas Sting (Football-Arena Football League-1994-1995) and Las Vegas Thunder (IHL-1993-1999) The Outlaws were sponsored by Cox Communications, New York-New York Hotel & Casino, Station Casinos, PacifiCare Health Systems and Findlay Toyota. Just like the Posse (and the later Locomotives), the Outlaws had a difficult time selling tickets. For the home opener against the Hitmen 13,700 tickets were sold for a stadium that seats 36,000. There were only 7,000 estimated season ticket holders. Compared to the rest of the league, the Outlaws' attendance was about average, at 22,000 fans per game. They were one of two teams (the league-leading San Francisco Demons being the other) to consistently play in a stadium that was more than half full. The league-leading defense, led by Defensive Coordinator Mark Criner, was nicknamed "The Dealers of Doom."

Players
Among the team's players were the XFL's most well-known, Rod Smart (later with the National Football League's Philadelphia Eagles, Carolina Panthers, and the Oakland Raiders), who went by the nickname of "He Hate Me", which appeared on the back of his jersey. (He was originally going to put "They Hate Me", but there wasn't enough room.) Coached by former Boise State and Scottish Claymores head coach Jim Criner, the Outlaws competed in the XFL's only season, held in the spring of 2001. The team encouraged their fans to come up with a nickname. They selected the "Dealers of Doom Defense". After a strong start, the Outlaws suffered repeated injuries to their quarterbacks (by the midpoint of the season they were on their fourth-string quarterback) and lost their last three games to finish in last place in the division with a record of 4-6-0, just one game out of a playoff spot.

Despite having a two-year contract, NBC announced shortly after the season that it was getting out, as the season's later games had garnered the lowest ratings for a major American television network since the Nielsen ratings had begun tracking them, and the league folded shortly afterwards.

The team was the centerpiece of the 2003 book about the XFL, Long Bomb: How the XFL Became TV's Biggest Fiasco. It was written by Brett Forrest of Details magazine.

Notable Las Vegas Outlaws players

 * 87 Werner (Verne) Hippler, a German-born tight end who played 11 years in the NFL Europe League and has also been on the practice squads of the San Diego Chargers and Detroit Lions.
 * 10 Mike Cawley (James Madison) - The quarterback played in the NFL for five seasons with four teams, a season in the CFL with two teams, a season in NFLE with the Amsterdam Admirals, and one year with the Af2 Quad City Steamwheelers.
 * 81 Todd Floyd (UNLV) - The wide receiver played for the Frankfurt Galaxy of NFLE and was on the preseason rosters of the Jacksonville Jaguars and Buffalo Bills.
 * 22 Chrys Chukwuma(Arkansas) -The running back was briefly on the Dallas Cowboys' roster.
 * 30 Rod Smart (Western Kentucky) - "He Hate Me" would go on to become the first former XFL player to appear in a Super Bowl: Super Bowl XXXVIII for the Panthers.
 * 82 Mike Furrey (Ohio State/Northern Iowa) - Like Smart, the receiver has enjoyed a long NFL career.
 * 17 Paul McCallum - Kicker who played for NFLE's Scottish Claymores. Most recently played in 2016 as a member of the BC Lions franchise, in the Canadian Football League; McCallum was the last active former XFL player in any professional league.
 * 92 Kelvin T.G. Kinney (Virginia State) - The defensive end has spent time with the Detroit Lions and Washington Redskins.
 * 31 Kelly Herndon (Toledo) - The cornerback later landed with the Seattle Seahawks. In Super Bowl XL, he returned an interception for a then record of 76 yards. Since then it has been broken by Pittsburgh Steelers linebacker James Harrison.
 * 16 Mark Grieb - The quarterback would go on to win two ArenaBowls with the San Jose SaberCats. In the XFL, Grieb only got his chance when the starting quarterback Ryan Clement was injured.

Season-by-season

 * 2001 || 4 || 6 || 0 || 4th Western || --
 * }
 * }

Team leaders

 * Rushing yards: 555, Rod "He Hate Me" Smart
 * Receiving yards: 273, Yo Murphy
 * Passing yards: 804, Ryan Clement

title: Las Vegas Outlaws (XFL)


text:
Z shell

The Z shell (Zsh) is a Unix shell that can be used as an interactive login shell and as a command interpreter for shell scripting. Zsh is an extended Bourne shell with many improvements, including some features of Bash, ksh, and tcsh.

Zsh was created by Paul Falstad in 1990 while he was a student at Princeton University. It combines features from both ksh and tcsh, offering functionality such as programmable command-line completion, extended file globbing, improved variable/array handling, and themeable prompts.

Zsh is available for Microsoft Windows as part of the UnxUtils collection and has been adopted as the default shell for macOS and Kali Linux. The "Oh My Zsh" user community website provides a platform for third-party plug-ins and themes, featuring a large and active contributor base.

History
Paul Falstad wrote the first version of Zsh in 1990 while a student at Princeton University. The name zsh derives from the name of Yale professor Zhong Shao (then a teaching assistant at Princeton University) – Paul Falstad regarded Shao's login-id, "zsh", as a good name for a shell.

Zsh was at first intended to be a subset of csh for the Amiga, but expanded far beyond that. By the time of the release of version 1.0 in 1990 the aim was to be a cross between ksh and tcsh – a powerful "command and programming language" that is well-designed and logical (like ksh), but also built for humans (like tcsh), with all the neat features like spell checking, login/logout watching and termcap support that were "probably too weird to make it into an AT&T product".

Zsh is available for Microsoft Windows as part of the UnxUtils collection of native Win32 ports of common GNU Unix-like utilities.

In 2019, macOS Catalina adopted Zsh as the default login shell, replacing the GPLv2 licensed version of Bash, and when Bash is run interactively on Catalina, a warning is shown by default.

In 2020, Kali Linux adopted Zsh as the default shell since its 2020.4 release.

Features

Features include:

 * Programmable command-line completion that can help the user type both options and arguments for most used commands, with out-of-the-box support for several hundred commands
 * Sharing of command history among all running shells
 * Extended file globbing allows file specification without needing to run an external program such as find
 * Improved variable/array handling (non-zero-based numbering)
 * Editing of multi-line commands in a single buffer
 * Spelling correction and autofill of command names (and optionally arguments, assumed to be file names)
 * Various compatibility modes, e.g. Zsh can pretend to be a Bourne shell when run as
 * Themeable prompts, including the ability to put prompt information on the right side of the screen and have it auto-hide when typing a long command
 * Loadable modules, providing among other things: full TCP and Unix domain socket controls, an FTP client, and extended math functions.
 * The built-in  command. Works like the   command but shows all locations of the target command in the directories specified in   rather than only the one that will be used.
 * Named directories. This allows the user to set up shortcuts such as, which then behave the way   and   do.
 * Widgets. Both built and implemented by ordinary functions widgets can be bound to hotkeys.

Community

A user community website known as "Oh My Zsh" collects third-party plug-ins and themes for the Z shell. As of 2024, their GitHub repository has over 2300 contributors, over 300 plug-ins, and over 140 themes. It also comes with an auto-update tool that makes it easier to keep installed plug-ins and themes updated.

title: Z shell


text:
Talk:Wisconsin Gamma chapter of Phi Kappa Psi

This page was listed on Votes for deletion, and the consensus was merge into Phi Kappa Psi and redirect: see Votes for deletion/Wisconsin Gamma chapter of Phi Kappa Psi

This appears to be non-NPOV advocacy of this organization, presumably by its members.


text:
Murimuria

In pre-Christian Fijian mythology, Murimuria is part of the underworld. According to Fijian religion, after a man dies, his soul is brought over a stretch of water by a ferryman, and has to face many dangers on the other side by going through the Path of the Souls (Sala Ni Yalo). For unmarried men, there seems to be no chance of surviving this path, because even if they escape the Great Woman, they would be killed by the monster Nangganangga, since no one ever got away from it, while married men could survive, if they withstand the Pandanus tree and the armed giant Killer of Souls. The survivors are judged by the god called Degei. Those who had the favor of Degei (chiefs with great wealth and many wives, who were destroyers of many towns, killers of many enemies and rulers over a powerful people) are instructed not to try to cross the lake. These go to Burotu. The rest inevitably try cross the lake by a boat that always capsizes. They eventually sink to the bottom, Murimuria, and are rewarded and punished appropriately.

Murimuria is considered a place neither of happiness, nor of unhappiness. As such, residence in Murimuria is characterized by both punishment and peace. Some of the souls in Murimuria are punished for sins committed while alive. However, these sins do not necessarily correspond to Christian notions of sin. Those who did not kill an enemy in life are forced to pound muck with clubs, which is regarded as the most degrading punishment. Those who did not have their ears pierced are forced to carry upon their shoulders for ever logs of wood upon which tapa cloth is beaten out, jeered by all who see them. Women who were not tattooed are chased by ghosts who use sharp shells to tear at their skin or turn them into bread. Anyone who has done an act which displeases the gods are laid in rows on their faces and turned into taro beds.

title: Murimuria


text:
Warren County, Iowa

Warren County is a county located in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 52,403. The county seat is Indianola.

Warren County is included in the Des Moines–West Des Moines, IA Metropolitan Statistical Area.

History
Warren County was formed in 1846. It was named after General Joseph Warren, a hero in the American Revolutionary War. The present Warren County Court House was opened in 1939.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 573 sqmi, of which 570 sqmi is land and 3.5 sqmi (0.6%) is water.

Major highways

 * [[Image:I-35.svg|x20px]] Interstate 35
 * [[Image:US 65.svg|x20px]] U.S. Highway 65
 * [[Image:US 69.svg|x20px]] U.S. Highway 69
 * [[Image:Circle sign 5.svg|x20px]] Iowa Highway 5
 * [[Image:Elongated circle 28.svg|x20px]] Iowa Highway 28
 * [[Image:Elongated circle 92.svg|x20px]] Iowa Highway 92
 * [[Image:Elongated circle 316.svg|x20px]] Iowa Highway 316

Adjacent counties

 * Polk County (north)
 * Marion County (east)
 * Lucas County (southeast)
 * Clarke County (southwest)
 * Madison County (west)

2020 census
The 2020 census recorded a population of 52,403 in the county, with a population density of. 95.46% of the population reported being of one race. There were 20,857 housing units, of which 19,616 were occupied.

2010 census
The 2010 census recorded a population of 46,225 in the county, with a population density of. There were 18,371 housing units, of which 17,262 were occupied.

2000 census
At the 2000 census there were 40,671 people, 14,708 households, and 11,207 families in the county. The population density was 71 PD/sqmi. There were 15,289 housing units at an average density of 27 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 98.08% White, 0.27% Black or African American, 0.17% Native American, 0.38% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.29% from other races, and 0.76% from two or more races. 1.08%. were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

Of the 14,708 households 37.80% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.50% were married couples living together, 8.80% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.80% were non-families. 19.90% of households were one person and 8.70% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.65 and the average family size was 3.05.

The age distribution was 27.00% under the age of 18, 9.70% from 18 to 24, 28.20% from 25 to 44, 23.20% from 45 to 64, and 11.80% 65 or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.80 males.

The median household income was $50,349 and the median family income was $56,344. Males had a median income of $36,983 versus $26,768 for females. The per capita income for the county was $20,558. About 3.70% of families and 5.10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.40% of those under age 18 and 5.20% of those age 65 or over.

Cities

 * Ackworth
 * Bevington
 * Carlisle
 * Cumming
 * Des Moines (part)
 * Hartford
 * Indianola
 * Lacona
 * Martensdale
 * Milo
 * New Virginia
 * Norwalk
 * Sandyville
 * Spring Hill
 * St. Marys
 * West Des Moines

Unincorporated communities

 * Beech
 * Churchville
 * Medora
 * Cool
 * Liberty Center
 * Prole

Townships
Warren County has sixteen townships:

 * Allen
 * Belmont
 * Greenfield
 * Jackson
 * Jefferson
 * Liberty
 * Lincoln
 * Linn
 * Otter
 * Palmyra
 * Richland
 * Squaw
 * Union
 * Virginia
 * White Breast
 * White Oak

Population ranking
The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2020 census of Warren County.

† county seat

title: Warren County, Iowa


text:
Wapello County, Iowa

Wapello County is a county located in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 35,437. The county seat is Ottumwa. The county was formed on February 17, 1843, and named for Wapello, a Meskwaki chief.

Wapello County is included in the Ottumwa, IA Micropolitan Statistical Area.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 436 sqmi, of which 432 sqmi is land and 4.2 sqmi (1.0%) is water.

Major highways

 * US 34.svg U.S. Highway 34
 * US 63.svg U.S. Highway 63
 * Elongated circle 16.svg Iowa Highway 16
 * Elongated circle 137.svg Iowa Highway 137
 * Elongated circle 149.svg Iowa Highway 149

Transit

 * Ottumwa station
 * Ottumwa Transit Authority
 * List of intercity bus stops in Iowa

Adjacent counties

 * Mahaska County (northwest)
 * Keokuk County (northeast)
 * Jefferson County (east)
 * Davis County (south)
 * Monroe County (west)

2020 census
The 2020 census recorded a population of 35,437 in the county, with a population density of. There were 15,734 housing units, of which 14,167 were occupied.

2010 census
The 2010 census recorded a population of 35,625 in the county, with a population density of. There were 16,098 housing units, of which 14,552 were occupied.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 36,051 people, 14,784 households, and 9,801 families residing in the county. The population density was 84 /mi2. There were 15,873 housing units at an average density of 37 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 96.28% White, 0.93% Black or African American, 0.28% Native American, 0.65% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 1.05% from other races, and 0.79% from two or more races. 2.22% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 14,784 households, out of which 28.80% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.70% were married couples living together, 9.90% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.70% were non-families. 28.20% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.89.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 23.30% under the age of 18, 9.70% from 18 to 24, 26.00% from 25 to 44, 23.30% from 45 to 64, and 17.80% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 94.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.70 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $32,188, and the median income for a family was $39,224. Males had a median income of $31,346 versus $21,286 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,500. About 9.40% of families and 13.20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.00% of those under age 18 and 7.90% of those age 65 or over.

Cities

 * Agency
 * Blakesburg
 * Chillicothe
 * Eddyville
 * Eldon
 * Kirkville
 * Ottumwa

Unincorporated communities

 * Ashland
 * Bladensburg
 * Dahlonega
 * Dudley
 * Farson
 * Munterville
 * Phillips
 * Pickwick
 * Ottumwa Junction
 * Rutledge

Townships

 * Adams
 * Agency
 * Cass
 * Center
 * Columbia
 * Competine
 * Dahlonega
 * Green
 * Highland
 * Keokuk
 * Pleasant
 * Polk
 * Richland
 * Washington

Population ranking
The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2020 census of Wapello County.

† county seat

Politics
Between 1864 and 1928, Wapello County backed the Republican candidate in every election except 1912, when former Republican Theodore Roosevelt ran as the Progressive candidate, fracturing the Republican party and allowing Democrat Woodrow Wilson to take the county with a plurality of the vote of less than 37%. From 1932 to 2012, the county voted Democratic in every election except two, the nationwide Republican landslides of Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952 and Richard Nixon in 1972. Beginning in 2016, Wapello County has shifted back to the Republican column, as Donald Trump carried the county in both 2016 and 2020, winning by a margin of over 20% in 2016 and over 23% in 2020. Also in 2020, Trump became the first candidate from any party to obtain at least 60% of the county's vote since Michael Dukakis in 1988, and the first Republican to do so since Herbert Hoover in 1928.

title: Wapello County, Iowa


text:
Van Buren County, Iowa

Van Buren County is a county located in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census the population was 7,203, making it the state's tenth-least populous county. The county seat is Keosauqua, which contains the oldest continuously operational courthouse in the state of Iowa, and second oldest in the United States.

History
Van Buren County was formed on December 7, 1836, as a part of Wisconsin Territory, and was split off from Des Moines County. It was named for President Martin Van Buren. It became a part of Iowa Territory (later the state of Iowa) when that territory was organized on July 4, 1838.

The county's courthouse was built in September 1843 in the style of Greek Revival and stands as Iowa's oldest, and the nation's second oldest, courthouse in operation.

"The Honey War" refers to a colorful episode in Van Buren County's history when the State of Missouri and Wisconsin Territory border came into dispute. Missouri attempted to collect taxes from residents north of the disputed Sullivan Line of 1816, which residents said was not rightfully theirs to tax. The sheriff of Van Buren County subsequently arrested and jailed the sheriff from Kahoka, Missouri, and Missourians were charged with "stealing honey from bee trees" in what is now Lacey-Keosauqua State Park. Each governor sent troops to resolve the problem but no bloodshed resulted. The matter was turned over to the U.S. Congress for arbitration. The dispute, however, was not resolved until 1846, when Iowa became a state. Congress ruled "in favor of Iowa, allowing the original Sullivan line of 1816 to remain intact".

Van Buren County is also home to Iowa's oldest community theater group still in operation, the "Van Buren Players," founded in 1963.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 491 sqmi, of which 485 sqmi is land and 5.7 sqmi (1.2%) is water.

Major highways

 * [[Image:Circle sign 1.svg|x20px]] Iowa Highway 1
 * [[Image:Circle sign 2.svg|x20px]] Iowa Highway 2
 * [[Image:Elongated circle 16.svg|x20px]] Iowa Highway 16
 * [[Image:Elongated circle 98.svg|x20px]] Iowa Highway 98

Adjacent counties

 * Jefferson County (north)
 * Henry County (northeast)
 * Lee County (east)
 * Clark County, Missouri (southeast)
 * Scotland County, Missouri (southwest)
 * Davis County (west)

2020 census
The 2020 census recorded a population of 7,203 in the county, with a population density of. 97.24% of the population reported being of one race. 94.53% were non-Hispanic White, 0.39% were Black, 1.58% were Hispanic, 0.10% were Native American, 0.33% were Asian, 0.00% were Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander and 3.07% were some other race or more than one race. There were 3,500 housing units, of which 2,984 were occupied.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 7,570 people, 3,108 households, and 2,058 families residing in the county. The population density was people per square mile. There were 3,670 housing units at an average density of per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 98.3% White, 0.2% Black or African American, 0.1% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 0.2% from other races, and 0.7% from two or more races. 1.2% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 3,108 households, out of which 25.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.4% were married couples living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.8% were non-families. 27.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 33.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.97.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 24.1% under the age of 18 and 19.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43.3 years. For every 100 females there were 100.6 males.

As of the 2000 census, the median income for a household in the county was $31,094, and the median income for a family was $36,420. Males had a median income of $27,379 versus $20,925 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,748. About 8.70% of families and 12.70% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.00% of those under age 18 and 15.60% of those age 65 or over.

Cities

 * Birmingham
 * Bonaparte
 * Cantril
 * Farmington
 * Keosauqua
 * Milton
 * Stockport

Census-designated places

 * Douds
 * Leando
 * Mount Sterling

Unincorporated communities

 * Iowaville
 * Lebanon
 * Mt. Zion
 * Pittsburg
 * Selma
 * Winchester

Townships
According to the 1850 US Census Records.

 * Birmingham Township
 * Bonaparte Township
 * Cedar Township
 * Chequest Township
 * Des Moines Township
 * Farmington Township
 * Harrisburg Township
 * Jackson Township
 * Keosauqua Township
 * Lick Creek Township
 * Union Township
 * Van Buren Township
 * Vernon Township
 * Village Township
 * Washington Township

Population ranking
The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2020 census of Van Buren County.

† county seat

Politics
Van Buren County has been predominantly Republican throughout its history, voting for the Democratic candidate only six times in presidential elections from 1896 onward. However, the county was a national bellwether between 1964 & 2004, but voted Republican by wide margins in years the nation went Republican. Aside from Lyndon B. Johnson's landslide victory in 1964, the margins of victory Democrats won the county by in this 40-year period were incredibly narrow, with the difference being less than one hundred votes when Jimmy Carter (being a mere 3 vote margin) & Bill Clinton won the county. From 2000 on, the county has trended strongly Republican, particularly in 2016 where Hillary Clinton received the lowest percentage by a Democratic candidate in 60 years. Clinton also failed to win even 1,000 votes, a feat which every major party candidate prior to 2016 had been able to accomplish in the county.

Education
School districts include:
 * Cardinal Community School District
 * Davis County Community School District
 * Fairfield Community School District
 * Mount Pleasant Community School District
 * Van Buren County Community School District

Former school districts:
 * Harmony Community School District

title: Van Buren County, Iowa


text:
Union County, Iowa

Union County is a county located in the southern part of the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 Census, the population was 12,138. The county seat is Creston. Organized at a time of tensions before the Civil War, the county was named in 1853 for the union that people wanted to preserve. Union County peaked in population at the 1900 Census. Its economy is based on agriculture and related industries.

History
The first permanent European-American settlers came in 1849 and 1850. Mormons had earlier established Mt. Pisgah in the eastern part of the county as a way station as they traveled west, but had left this area by 1848. Settlers used Pisgah as a base to establish farms along the Grand and Platte rivers that run through the county. They found a market for their produce with the emigrants traveling overland to California to take part in the Gold Rush. Travelers often sought shelter with the settlers along the way. In 1851 one settler counted 2,600 teams driven by emigrants to California; they often drove herds of sheep and cattle, trying to get animals to the gold fields to feed the miners, but many died along the way.

The first village was Petersville, founded in 1853, the same year that the county was organized. The county was named for the union which many people wanted to preserve, at a time of rising tensions between the North and the South.

After the American Civil War, railroad construction linked the areas of the county, giving rise to new towns, and gave access to other markets. In 1868 the railroad reached Afton, Iowa, and the next year Creston, the county seat, was made a division point. The railroad built service facilities there, a roundhouse and related structures. The railroad brought immigrants and migrants to the area, who were attracted to the fertile soil as farmland. Immigrants came from across central and eastern Europe, as well as from eastern states of the US. The Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railroad (BNSF) continues to be important in the area, serving as the chief network for hauling grain and coal. Over the years, it drew workers from industrial cities such as Chicago to Creston.

The county has a fair each year. In the late 19th century, southwestern Iowa claimed the title of Bluegrass Capital, having cultivated bluegrass throughout the area. In 1889 the Bluegrass Association was founded, made up of representatives of the 18 counties in this region. They built a Bluegrass Palace on the Union County Fairgrounds. It was designed by Louis Syberkro, an artist, and constructed by J. C. Woodruff, both of Creston. Made of sod and baled hay on a wood frame, the building was 100 feet square, with corner turrets and a central tower 92 feet high. It held exhibits of farm products and resource commodities from counties of the association, including wood, coal, sandstone, and marble. The palace was such a success that the Bluegrass Association commissioned a larger one the following year, which supplied about three times as much space. In a separate wing was an auditorium large enough to hold 2,000 people.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 426 sqmi, of which 424 sqmi is land and 2.2 sqmi (0.5%) is water.

Major highways

 * [[Image:US 34.svg|x20px]] U.S. Highway 34
 * [[Image:US 169.svg|x20px]] U.S. Highway 169
 * [[Image:Elongated circle 25.svg|x20px]] Iowa Highway 25

Adjacent counties

 * Adair County (northwest)
 * Madison County (northeast)
 * Clarke County (east)
 * Ringgold County (south)
 * Adams County (west)

2020 census
The 2020 census recorded a population of 12,138 in the county, with a population density of. 96.37% of the population reported being of one race. 90.34% were non-Hispanic White, 0.97% were Black, 3.29% were Hispanic, 0.31% were Native American, 0.54% were Asian, 0.06% were Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander and 4.49% were some other race or more than one race. There were 5,784 housing units, of which 5,169 were occupied.

2010 census
The 2010 census recorded a population of 12,534 in the county, with a population density of. There were 5,937 housing units, of which 5,271 were occupied.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 12,309 people, 5,242 households, and 3,354 families residing in the county. The population density was 29 /mi2. There were 5,657 housing units at an average density of 13 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 98.44% White, 0.23% Black or African American, 0.17% Native American, 0.25% Asian, 0.32% from other races, and 0.58% from two or more races. 1.02% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 5,242 households, out of which 27.50% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.10% were married couples living together, 8.00% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.00% were non-families. 31.30% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.87.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 23.30% under the age of 18, 8.70% from 18 to 24, 25.30% from 25 to 44, 24.00% from 45 to 64, and 18.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 92.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.00 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $31,905, and the median income for a family was $41,453. Males had a median income of $27,700 versus $20,760 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,690. About 7.40% of families and 11.40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.80% of those under age 18 and 9.30% of those age 65 or over.

Cities

 * Afton
 * Arispe
 * Creston
 * Cromwell
 * Lorimor
 * Shannon City
 * Thayer

Unincorporated communities

 * Talmage

Townships

 * Dodge
 * Douglas
 * Grant
 * Highland
 * Jones
 * Lincoln
 * New Hope
 * Platte
 * Pleasant
 * Sand Creek
 * Spaulding
 * Union

Census-designated place

 * Kent

Population ranking
The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2020 census of Union County.

† county seat

Politics
Union County was a bellwether county from 1952 to 2016, backing the nationwide winner in every election in that span except for 1960 and 1988. The county is now safely Republican, as Donald Trump won it in 2020 with nearly 65% of the vote and a margin of victory of nearly 32%, turning in the best performance and margin of victory for a candidate of any party since Dwight D. Eisenhower won the county in 1952 during his nationwide landslide.

title: Union County, Iowa


text:
Taylor County, Iowa

Taylor County is a county located in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 5,896, making it the fourth-least populous county in Iowa. The county seat is Bedford. The county was formed in 1847 and named after General and President Zachary Taylor.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 535 sqmi, of which 532 sqmi is land and 2.8 sqmi (0.5%) is water.

A portion of Taylor County at one time was part of Missouri.

Major highways

 * Circle sign 2.svg Iowa Highway 2
 * Elongated circle 25.svg Iowa Highway 25
 * Elongated circle 148.svg Iowa Highway 148

Adjacent counties

 * Adams County (north)
 * Ringgold County (east)
 * Worth County, Missouri (southeast)
 * Nodaway County, Missouri (southwest)
 * Page County (west)

2020 census
The 2020 census recorded a population of 5,896 in the county, with a population density of. 95.76% of the population reported being of one race. There were 2,885 housing units, of which 2,506 were occupied.

2010 census
The 2010 census recorded a population of 6,317 in the county, with a population density of. There were 3,107 housing units, of which 2,679 were occupied.

2000 census
At the 2000 census there were 6,958 people, 2,824 households, and 1,911 families in the county. The population density was 13 /mi2. There were 3,199 housing units at an average density of 6 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 97.71% White, 0.03% Black or African American, 0.10% Native American, 0.30% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 1.14% from other races, and 0.66% from two or more races. 3.81%. were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

Of the 2,824 households 28.00% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.00% were married couples living together, 5.90% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.30% were non-families. 27.80% of households were one person and 16.10% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.94.

The age distribution was 23.90% under the age of 18, 7.50% from 18 to 24, 23.40% from 25 to 44, 22.80% from 45 to 64, and 22.40% 65 or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 94.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.00 males.

The median household income was $31,297 and the median family income was $37,194. Males had a median income of $26,631 versus $19,162 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,082. About 8.50% of families and 12.10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.10% of those under age 18 and 15.20% of those age 65 or over.

Cities

 * Bedford
 * Blockton
 * Clearfield (partially)
 * Conway
 * Gravity
 * Lenox (partially)
 * New Market
 * Sharpsburg

Census-designated place

 * Athelstan

Townships

 * Bedford
 * Benton
 * Clayton
 * Dallas
 * Gay
 * Grant
 * Grove
 * Holt
 * Jackson
 * Jefferson
 * Marshall
 * Mason
 * Nodaway
 * Platte
 * Polk
 * Ross
 * Washington

Population ranking
The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2020 census of Taylor County.

† county seat

title: Taylor County, Iowa


text:
Fati (god)

In Tahiti and Society Islands mythology, Fati (or Faiti) is the god of the Moon and a son of Taonoui and Roua.

title: Fati (god)


text:
Tama County, Iowa

Tama County is a county located in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 17,135. Its county seat is Toledo. The county was formed on February 17, 1843 and named for Taimah, a leader of the Meskwaki people.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 722 sqmi, of which 721 sqmi is land and 1.1 sqmi (0.1%) is water.

Major highways

 * [[Image:US 30.svg|x20px]] U.S. Highway 30
 * [[Image:US 63.svg|x20px]] U.S. Highway 63
 * [[Image:Circle sign 8.svg|x20px]] Iowa Highway 8
 * [[Image:Elongated circle 21.svg|x20px]] Iowa Highway 21
 * [[Image:Elongated circle 96.svg|x20px]] Iowa Highway 96
 * [[Image:Elongated circle 146.svg|x20px]] Iowa Highway 146

Adjacent counties

 * Grundy County (northwest)
 * Black Hawk County (northeast)
 * Benton County (east)
 * Poweshiek County (south)
 * Marshall County (west)
 * Iowa County (southeast)
 * Jasper County (southwest)

2020 census
The 2020 census recorded a population of 17,135 in the county, with a population density of. 93.80% of the population reported being of one race. There were 7,575 housing units, of which 6,784 were occupied.

2010 census
The 2010 census recorded a population of 17,767 in the county, with a population density of. There were 7,766 housing units, of which 6,947 were occupied.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 17,767 people, 7,018 households, and 4,968 families residing in the county. The population density was 25 /mi2. There were 7,583 housing units at an average density of 10 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 90.38% White, 0.25% Black or African American, 6.09% Native American, 0.18% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 1.90% from other races, and 1.18% from two or more races. 3.75% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 7,018 households, out of which 31.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.20% were married couples living together, 8.00% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.20% were non-families. 25.30% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.01.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 26.60% under the age of 18, 7.00% from 18 to 24, 25.20% from 25 to 44, 22.50% from 45 to 64, and 18.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 96.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.50 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $37,419, and the median income for a family was $43,646. Males had a median income of $30,723 versus $22,597 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,097. About 7.60% of families and 10.50% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.50% of those under age 18 and 9.40% of those age 65 or over.

Education
School districts include:
 * Belle Plaine Community School District
 * Benton Community School District
 * East Marshall Community School District
 * GMG Community School District
 * Gladbrook-Reinbeck Community School District
 * Grundy Center Community School District
 * North Tama County Community School District
 * South Tama County Community School District
 * Union Community School District

There is also a Bureau of Indian Education (BIE)-affiliated tribal school, Meskwaki Settlement School.

The largest of which is South Tama Community School District, at the 3A designation. Second largest is North Tama Community Schools. Lastly both GMG and Meskwaki Settlement School with an eight-man designation.

Cities

 * Chelsea
 * Clutier
 * Dysart
 * Elberon
 * Garwin
 * Gladbrook
 * Le Grand
 * Lincoln
 * Montour
 * Tama
 * Toledo
 * Traer
 * Vining

Unincorporated communities

 * Buckingham
 * Long Point
 * Meskwaki Settlement

Townships
Tama County is divided into twenty-one townships:

 * Buckingham
 * Carlton
 * Carroll
 * Clark
 * Columbia
 * Crystal
 * Geneseo
 * Grant
 * Highland
 * Howard
 * Indian Village
 * Lincoln
 * Oneida
 * Otter Creek
 * Perry
 * Richland
 * Salt Creek
 * Spring Creek
 * Tama
 * Toledo
 * York

Population ranking
The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2020 census of Tama County.

† county seat

Notable people

 * George R. Struble (1836–1918). Iowa judge and politician from Toledo. Speaker of the Iowa House of Representatives, 1881–1883. Ardent prohibitionist. Brother of John T. Struble of Johnson County, and Congressman Isaac S. Struble of Plymouth County. Biography in the Journal of the House, memorial resolution of March 23, 1921.
 * Michael Emerson, born in Cedar Rapids and raised in Toledo, Emerson has been on Broadway and appeared on Lost.
 * Clifford Berry (1918-1963), born in Gladbrook, was a graduate student at Iowa State when he and John Vincent Atanasoff created the Atanasoff–Berry Computer (ABC), the first digital electronic computer, in 1939.

Politics
Between 1888 and 1984, Tama County was a reliable bellwether county, backing the nationwide winner in every presidential election except for 1916 and 1960. For the next seven election cycles, from 1988 to 2012, Tama County backed the Democratic candidate in each election, although George W. Bush came extremely close to winning the county in both 2000 and 2004, losing by slim margins of just 11 and 31 votes respectively. In 2016, Donald Trump moved the county back into the Republican camp, taking nearly 57% of the county's vote and winning it by more than 20%, the best margin in the county for any candidate since Ronald Reagan won the county during his 1980 landslide. Though Trump's margin of victory dropped slightly to just over 19% in 2020, he increased his vote share to almost 59%, the best vote share for a candidate of either party in Tama County since the 1964 landslide victory of Lyndon B. Johnson.

title: Tama County, Iowa


text:
Story County, Iowa

Story County is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 98,537, making it the ninth-most populous county in Iowa. The county seat is Nevada; the largest city is Ames. The geographical center of Iowa lies in Story County, 5 mi northeast of Ames. Story County comprises the Ames, IA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Des Moines-Ames-West Des Moines, IA Combined Statistical Area. The county is home to Iowa State University in Ames.

History
The land that today is known as Story County was originally prairie with the exception of some groves along the larger streams in the area. In 1846 the boundaries of Story County were established. The county has an area of 576 sqmi and is square in shape. The county was named after Joseph Story, a preeminent United States Supreme Court Justice, in 1853. The first settlers to the area came from Indiana, then from the New England states of New York and Pennsylvania. Later, many Norwegians, Germans and Danes came directly from overseas and inhabited the area. The first large population influx occurred during the 1850s. Story County was not mentioned in the Federal Census in 1850, but figures from the State of Iowa put the population at 214 in 1852. By 1860 the population had increased to 4,501.

Three commissioners were appointed by the Iowa legislature to determine the county seat location. On June 27, 1853, they announced Nevada as their choice. Nevada (pronounced Nuh-VAY-Dah) was named after the Sierra Nevada mountain range in California. Like many Midwestern towns, cities and counties, many prominent locations from the newly explored West and Mexican–American War of the late 1840s inspired the naming of towns and counties in Iowa during this period.

Railroad construction did more to develop Story County than any other single factor. The first railroad came to the county in 1864. Railroads were such a decisive factor in determining the location of towns that several communities in Story County moved to be closer to the rail line. Some flourishing little towns that were bypassed by the railroad soon disappeared. Although Nevada was long the population center of the county, Ames was the most widely known of the towns because of the busy railroad depot where travelers would transfer to their next train.

Story County has had five courthouses. The first, a two-level frame building, was erected in 1856. Fire destroyed it in 1863, and it was replaced by a similar structure, which was replaced by a larger three-level building in 1877, situated on the town square. This building's tower served as a vantage point to view the countryside; it was eventually removed for safety reasons. The fourth courthouse was built in 1967 and placed in service on May 18, 1968. That building is still in use as offices for the Board of Supervisors, Auditor, Treasurer, Recorder, Assessor, Information Technology, Facilities Management, Health and Planning & Development Offices. A cannon from the Civil War rests on the lawn. The current courthouse, the Story County Justice Center, opened in 2002. The Justice Center, comprising the law enforcement and judicial aspects of Story County Government. The Justice Center houses the Sheriff's Office & Jail, Attorney, and Clerk of Court.

Story County consists of 16 townships and 15 incorporated cities, and 4 unincorporated towns. The population of 79,981 in the 2000 census consisted of 71,114 in urban areas and 8867 in rural areas.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 574 sqmi, of which 573 sqmi is land and 0.8 sqmi (0.1%) is water.

The geographical center of Iowa lies in Story County, 5 mi northeast of Ames.

Adjacent counties

 * Hamilton County (northwest)
 * Hardin County (northeast)
 * Marshall County (east)
 * Jasper County (southeast)
 * Polk County (south)
 * Boone County (west)

Transit

 * CyRide
 * Jefferson Lines
 * List of intercity bus stops in Iowa

Airports
Story County is home to the Ames Municipal Airport, on the south side of Ames. The nearest large airport is the Des Moines International Airport, on the south side of Des Moines, some 30 miles from Story County.

Rail lines
Story County contains three rail lines, all controlled by the Union Pacific Railroad Company. The Overland Route runs east–west on its route from Chicago to California, passing near Ames, Colo and Nevada in Story County. The Spine Line runs north–south on its route from Minneapolis to Kansas City, Missouri, passing near McCallsburg, Nevada and Cambridge. The third line in Story County begins at Ames and runs near Gilbert and Story City.

2020 census
The 2020 census recorded a population of 98,537 in the county, with a population density of. 93.90% of the population reported being of one race. There were 41,361 housing units, of which 38,273 were occupied.

2010 census
The following Story County statistics were gathered by the 2010 U.S. Census.

Population Story County had a population of 89,542, a 12% increase from the 2000 Census. Of that number, 17.8% of those people are under the age of 18, and 10% are over the age of 65, 95.1% of those people (age 25+) are high school graduates, and 45.4% (age 25+) hold at least a bachelor's degree.

Commuting time Story County workers age 16 and older spent an average of 16.6 minutes traveling to work between 2005 and 2009.

Workforce data There were 45,010 individuals working in Story County and 81.5% of those people live in Story County. The remaining percentages break down as follows: 6.8% live in Boone County (directly west) 4.2% live in Polk County (directly south) 2.1% live in Hamilton County (directly north) 1.2% live in Hardin County (directly north) 1.1% live in Marshal County (directly east).

There were 43,839 working individuals who lived in Story County and worked anywhere, and 83.7% of those people worked in Story County.

Household data According to the 2010 U.S. Census, the median household income in 2009 was $48,165, with an average of 2.41 people per household between 2005 and 2009.

The per capita income in the past 12 months (2009 dollars) between 2005 and 2009 was $24,202.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 79,981 people, 29,383 households, and 17,042 families in the county. The population density was 140 /mi2. There were 30,630 housing units at an average density of 54 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 91.14% White, 1.83% Black or African American, 0.16% Native American, 5.10% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.60% from other races, and 1.14% from two or more races. 1.55% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

Of the 29,383 households 27.30% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.60% were married couples living together, 5.90% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.00% were non-families. 26.70% of households were one person and 7.60% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.94.

Age spread: 19.10% under the age of 18, 28.30% from 18 to 24, 25.50% from 25 to 44, 17.30% from 45 to 64, and 9.80% 65 or older. The median age was 26 years. For every 100 females there were 104.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.40 males.

The median household income was $40,442 and the median family income was $55,472. Males had a median income of $36,756 versus $26,941 for females. The per capita income for the county was $19,949. About 5.50% of families and 14.10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.80% of those under age 18 and 4.30% of those age 65 or over.

Story County laborshed
Total potential labor force

According to the Story County Laborshed Analysis, which was analyzed and compiled by the Iowa Workforce Development in August 2011, Story County has a total potential labor force of 424,702 people, which breaks down as follows:
 * Employed – 75.3%
 * Unemployed – 8.37%
 * Homemakers – 7.8%
 * Retired – 8.2%

Likelihood to accept / change employment The estimated number of individuals who are very likely or somewhat likely to change or accept employment is 106,383, or 25%.
 * Employed – 87.6%
 * Unemployed – 3%
 * Homemakers – 5.2%
 * Retired – 4.2%

Unemployment Of those unemployed and willing to enter / re-enter employment:
 * Average age – 45
 * Male – 50%
 * Female – 50%
 * Have Education Beyond High School – 67.5%

Wages The estimated wage range to attract the upper 66-75% of qualified hourly wage applicants is $10 to $10.44 per hour, with a median of the lowest wage at $10 per hour.

Commute Those unemployed and willing to enter / re-enter employment are willing to commute an average of 24 miles one way for the right opportunity.

Law enforcement
Primary law enforcement for the county rests with the Story County Sheriff's Office. The department provides law enforcement services for the contract towns and unincorporated areas of Story County, as well as providing for courthouse security, operating the county jail, and performing civil procedures. Paul H. Fitzgerald has served as Sheriff since 1993.

Other law enforcement agencies in the county include:
 * Ames Police Department
 * Iowa State University Police Division
 * Nevada Police Department
 * Huxley Police Department
 * Story City Police Department

Cities

 * Ames
 * Cambridge
 * Collins
 * Colo
 * Gilbert
 * Huxley
 * Kelley
 * Maxwell
 * McCallsburg
 * Nevada
 * Roland
 * Sheldahl
 * Slater
 * Story City
 * Zearing

Unincorporated communities

 * Fernald
 * Iowa Center
 * Shipley

Townships

 * Collins
 * Franklin
 * Grant
 * Howard
 * Indian Creek
 * Lafayette
 * Lincoln
 * Milford
 * Nevada
 * New Albany
 * Palestine
 * Richland
 * Sherman
 * Union
 * Warren
 * Washington

Population ranking
The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2020 census of Story County.

† county seat

Politics
Prior to 1988, Story County was primarily Republican in presidential elections, only failing to back the Republican Party candidate three times between 1896 and 1984. Since 1988, Story County has voted reliably Democratic, mirroring the trend in counties dominated by college towns. Donald Trump's 2016 election performance in the county was over 3 points worse than Mitt Romney in 2012, despite Trump outperforming Romney statewide by nearly 5 percent and winning Iowa's electoral votes.

As Iowa shifted dramatically from competitive to firmly Republican during the Donald Trump era in the mid-to-late 2010s, this is one of the state's few remaining Democratic strongholds.

Education
School districts in the county include:
 * Ames Community School District
 * Ballard Community School District
 * Collins-Maxwell Community School District
 * Colo-Nesco Community School District
 * Gilbert Community School District
 * Nevada Community School District
 * North Polk Community School District
 * Roland-Story Community School District
 * United Community School District
 * West Marshall Community School District

title: Story County, Iowa


text:
Sioux County, Iowa

Sioux County is a county located in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 35,872. Its county seat is Orange City. Its largest city is Sioux Center.

History
Sioux County was formed on January 15, 1851. It has been self-governed since January 20, 1860. It was named after the Sioux tribe.

The first county seat was Calliope in 1860, then a small village with 15 inhabitants, and now part of Hawarden. The first courthouse was built here in 1860 and served as such until 1872. A larger immigration wave began in 1869, primarily of Dutch. In 1872, Orange City was declared the seat. In June 1902, the construction began on a new Sioux County courthouse designed by W.W. Beach. Of red sandstone, it was completed in 1904, and still serves as the courthouse. From 1976 until 1982 the building was completely restored, and in 1977, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 769 sqmi, of which 768 sqmi is land and 0.7 sqmi (0.09%) is water.

Western Sioux County drains to the south west to the Rock River or the Big Sioux River. Eastern Sioux County drains to the south east to the Floyd River.

Major highways

 * US 18.svg U.S. Highway 18
 * US 75.svg U.S. Highway 75
 * Elongated circle 10.svg Iowa Highway 10
 * Elongated circle 12.svg Iowa Highway 12
 * Elongated circle 60.svg Iowa Highway 60

Adjacent counties

 * Lyon County (north)
 * O'Brien County (east)
 * Plymouth County (south)
 * Union County, South Dakota (southwest)
 * Lincoln County, South Dakota (northwest)

2020 census
The 2020 census recorded a population of 35,872 in the county, with a population density of. 93.74% of the population reported being of one race. There were 13,000 housing units, of which 12,202 were occupied.

2010 census
The 2010 census recorded a population of 33,704 in the county, with a population density of. There were 12,279 housing units, of which 11,584 were occupied.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 31,589 people, 10,693 households, and 8,062 families residing in the county. The population density was 41 /mi2. There were 11,260 housing units at an average density of 15 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 97.33% White, 0.20% Black or African American, 0.13% Native American, 0.59% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 1.20% from other races, and 0.53% from two or more races. 2.56% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 10,693 households, out of which 36.80% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.40% were married couples living together, 4.20% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.60% were non-families. 22.20% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.71 and the average family size was 3.19.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 27.10% under the age of 18, 15.20% from 18 to 24, 23.50% from 25 to 44, 19.10% from 45 to 64, and 15.00% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females there were 96.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.50 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $40,536, and the median income for a family was $45,846. Males had a median income of $31,548 versus $19,963 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,532. About 4.60% of families and 6.40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.90% of those under age 18 and 6.80% of those age 65 or over.

At one time divorce was relatively uncommon. In 1980, 52 married people in the county existed per divorced person; this rate did not exist in the total United States since the 1930s. , this changed to 14 married persons per divorced person.

Religion
, 80% of the county residents belong to major denominational churches, compared to 36% of the total U.S. population.

Education
Sioux County is the home to two four-year liberal arts colleges; Northwestern College in Orange City and Dordt University in Sioux Center. Both of these schools have enrollments over 1,000. Northwest Iowa Community College is also in Sioux County, though it is most often associated with the community of Sheldon in O'Brien County.

Politics
Sioux County is overwhelmingly Republican in Presidential elections. The only Democratic presidential nominee to ever carry Sioux County since the Civil War has been Franklin D. Roosevelt, who did so in 1932 and 1936; however, Theodore Roosevelt won the county as a Progressive in 1912 and George B. McClellan carried the county in the wartime 1864 election. The Democrats have only garnered 40 percent of the county's vote once since Roosevelt. Further underlining the county's heavy Republican bent, in 1964 it was one of only seven counties in the state to support Barry Goldwater, who easily carried the county with almost 66 percent of the vote–a near-reversal of Lyndon Johnson's statewide margin. In addition, in 2008, when Barack Obama carried Iowa by 9.5 points, Sioux County was his weakest of all 99 counties in the state, with John McCain winning the county by 62 points. By 2020, the county at 66.5 point margin was Joe Biden's second-weakest county in Iowa, being overtaken by almost as equally Republican neighboring Lyon County at 67.5 points.

In 1992, Sioux County was one of only two counties in the nation, along with Jackson County, Kentucky, to give George H. W. Bush over seventy percent of its vote. In the six elections since then, the Republican candidates has never received less than 75 percent of the county's vote. It is located in what was, until 2013, Iowa's 5th congressional district which had a Cook Partisan Voting Index of R+9 and was represented by Republican Steve King. King won the seat in Iowa's new 4th congressional district in the 2012 election with 53% of the district's vote, and with 83% of Sioux County votes going for King.

Cities

 * Alton
 * Boyden
 * Chatsworth
 * Granville
 * Hawarden
 * Hospers
 * Hull
 * Ireton
 * Matlock
 * Maurice
 * Orange City
 * Rock Valley
 * Sheldon
 * Sioux Center

Townships

 * Buncombe
 * Capel
 * Center
 * Eagle
 * East Orange
 * Floyd
 * Garfield
 * Grant
 * Holland
 * Lincoln
 * Logan
 * Lynn
 * Nassau
 * Plato
 * Reading
 * Rock
 * Settlers
 * Sheridan
 * Sherman
 * Sioux
 * Washington
 * Welcome
 * West Branch

Population ranking
The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2020 census of Sioux County.

† county seat

Notable people

 * Vern Den Herder, member of the undefeated Miami Dolphins NFL team of 1972
 * Hope Emerson, American actress
 * Michael Franken, retired U.S. Navy Vice Admiral, won Iowa's 2022 U.S. Senate Democratic Primary
 * Stanley L. Greigg, member of the U.S. House of Representatives
 * Brian Hansen, former NFL punter
 * Charles B. Hoeven, U.S. Representative
 * Millie Jeffrey, pioneer for workers', civil and women's rights
 * James Kennedy, American historian
 * Stephen Mitchell
 * Nancy Metcalf, professional volleyball player
 * Albert Meyer
 * Dennis A. Muilenburg, Former Boeing President & CEO
 * Dennis Marion Schnurr, Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cincinnati
 * Robert H. Schuller, American televangelist, pastor, and author
 * Ruth Suckow, American author
 * Melvin D. Synhorst, former Iowa Secretary of State
 * Delwin Vriend, LGBT rights icon
 * Anna Johnson Pell Wheeler, American mathematician
 * Adam Gregg, Current Iowa Lieutenant Governor

title: Sioux County, Iowa


text:
Taonoui

In Tahiti and Society Islands mythology, Taonoui is the mother by Roua of Fati and all the stars.

title: Taonoui


text:
Roua

In Tahiti and Society Islands mythology, Roua (or Rahoua or Tubua), is the creator god of the Tuamotus. He is the father of Fati, the god of the Moon, and all the stars by Taonoui.

title: Roua