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Question time

A question time in a parliament occurs when members of the parliament ask questions of government ministers (including the prime minister), which they are obliged to answer. It usually occurs daily while parliament is sitting, though it can be cancelled in exceptional circumstances. Question time originated in the Westminster system of the United Kingdom, and occurs in other countries, mostly Commonwealth countries, who use the system.

In practice, the questions asked in question time are often pre-arranged by the organisers of each party, although the questions are usually without notice. Questions from government backbenchers are either intended to allow the Minister to discuss the virtues of government policy, or to attack the opposition.

Australia
Question time, formally known as questions without notice, is an institution in the Commonwealth Parliament and in all state parliaments. Questions to government ministers normally alternate between government members and the opposition, with the opposition going first. Questions of ministers are generally asked by their counterpart shadow ministers (or in the case of a minister and corresponding shadow minister are each members of a different House of Parliament, then the shadow minister's representative in the other House asked questions to the relevant minister) in the opposition, and are always asked by backbenchers on the government side. In the House of Representatives, the first question is usually asked of the prime minister by the Leader of the Opposition. Similar arrangements apply in the Senate. To accommodate the distribution of ministers between both chambers, ministers also take on representative roles, answering questions relating to portfolios that are not their own because the responsible minister sits in the other chamber. This allows questioners to ask questions about any government portfolio in either chamber. This normally includes the Leader of the Government in the Senate representing the prime minister in response to questions asked by senators about general government policy. Sometimes a government Minister will arrange for a government backbencher to "ask" a question, commonly called a Dorothy Dixer, to enable the Minister to make a political speech or otherwise score political points.

Convention allows the prime minister in the House, and the Leader of the Government in the Senate, to terminate question time by asking that "further questions be placed on the Notice Paper". This is not a formal motion but an indication that, even if further questions were asked, ministers would not answer them since they are not compelled to do so. It is possible in this way to prematurely terminate question time, although this is rare in the House and essentially unheard of in the Senate. During the Keating Government, the prime minister attempted to limit the number of questions asked in a way the Liberal Opposition disapproved of. To protest the change, the Opposition made random quorum calls through the afternoon for every question they felt they had been denied that day. In the House, question time is generally scheduled from 2pm to 3:15 pm on every sitting day; in the Senate, it generally occurs from 2pm to 3pm. Apart from divisions, it is the only time the chamber is likely to be filled.

Tactically, it is considered an important defining characteristic for an Opposition Leader to be able ask a pertinent question of the prime minister or premier, or to single out perceived weak performers in the Ministry.

Interjections from both government and opposition members in the House of Representatives and the Senate are common, and broadly speaking are an accepted practice, although the speaker of the House or the president of the Senate will intervene if interjections become too frequent, if they contain inappropriate content, or if the member interjecting is disrupting debate. Given that question time is the only time of day when all members of Parliament are in their respective chambers, the appearance of question time can be rowdy and boisterous compared to the normally sedate activity during the rest of the day.

There is a 30-second time limit for questions by the Opposition and a four-minute time limit for answers in the House of Representatives. Crossbench MPs get a time limit of 30 seconds, the same as Government and Opposition members. This was reduced from 45 seconds when the standing orders were amended on 2 August 2022. In the Senate, a questioner may ask an initial question and two supplementary questions related to their initial question. Each question has a one-minute time limit. Answers to initial questions are limited to three minutes, and answers to supplementary questions are limited to one minute. A senator may also move to 'take note' of a minister's answer after question time, allowing questioners (generally Opposition senators) to respond to the answers provided by ministers.

It is very common for points of order to be raised during question time on the issue of relevance, as a Minister answering questions will normally attempt to redirect the answer to an attack on their opponents. However, as long as the Minister is talking on the general subject of the matter raised in the question, it is usually considered relevant to the question, even if it does not address the specific issue raised in the question at all.

State parliaments adopt similar practices to the federal Parliament with the exception of the Parliament of Victoria, where, since 2015, government backbenchers are no longer entitled to ask questions during question time. As a replacement, ministers can make two-minute ministerial statements to the chamber (see Dorothy Dixer).

Question time has been broadcast on ABC Radio since 1946 and televised since 1991 by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation.

There is a common misperception that question time is about asking questions to ministers as there are uncommon occurrences of questions being asked to members of Parliament who are not ministers.

Canada

Question time in the House of Commons of Canada, colloquially referred to as Question Period, and formally known as Oral Questions, occurs during each sitting day in the House of Commons. The questions may be posed to either the prime minister of Canada, or any minister of the Cabinet of Canada.

In addition to the House of Commons of Canada, question period is also a convention that is practiced in the various legislative bodies of the provinces and territories of Canada. Like the federal House of Commons, Question Period in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia, Legislative Assembly of Manitoba, and the Legislative Assembly of Ontario is formally known as Oral Questions. In the Quebec National Assembly, the practice is called Oral Questions and Answers.

Ireland
In the Oireachtas, Ireland's parliament, questions are asked in Dáil Éireann, the lower house, to which the government of Ireland is responsible. The Ceann Comhairle (speaker) has wide discretion on allowing questions, which are directed to the minister in charge of the relevant Department of State. A question may be answered by any cabinet minister due to cabinet collective responsibility, or by a (non-cabinet) Minister of State at the relevant Department of State. Questions requiring departmental research may not have an answer available within the three-day notice period; these tend to be submitted for written rather than oral response. The Ceann Comhairle may permit a supplementary question to an oral response. Reforms in 2016 at the start of the 32nd Dáil created separate time slots for different types of question, and empower the Ceann Comhairle to demand a further response if the initial one is deemed inadequate.

Japan
The Diet of Japan held its first question time (党首討論) on 10 November 1999; the first question asked to Prime Minister Keizo Obuchi was "Prime Minister, what did you have for breakfast this morning?". Japan's question time was closely modeled after that of the UK, and many Diet members travelled to the House of Commons to study the British application of the concept.

Question time is 45 minutes long and questions are limited to the leaders of parliamentary caucuses (which must consist of at least ten members of either house). Although it is generally held every week while the Diet is in session, it may be cancelled with the agreement of the opposition: this often happens during the budgeting period and at other times when the prime minister must sit in the Diet.

Malaysia
Speaker Johari Abdul of the Dewan Rakyat, the elected house of the Parliament of Malaysia, announced in February 2023 that the upcoming sitting would see the introduction of both Prime Minister's Questions and Minister's Questions: "We suggest that the session be held every Tuesday for Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim to answer questions that are addressed to him and on Thursday, there will be the Minister's Question Time (MQT) session." He described this as a pilot, and said that amendments to the house's standing orders would be required to make question time a regular part of parliamentary proceedings.

Oral questions
Questions asked to ministers must be concise and related to the area of the minister's responsibility. Questions require that all facts be authenticated. Before a question is asked it is checked that it meets the requirements of the House's standing orders, before being transmitted to the relevant ministers.

In New Zealand oral questions are asked at 2pm on each sitting day. Twelve principal oral questions are asked, with supplementary questions also given that must relate to the initial subject matter. The opportunity to ask questions is equally shared amongst the members of the house, excluding ministers. Urgent questions, while possible, are uncommon.

The question is addressed to the portfolio of the minister receiving the question, and the questioner must ask the question as written. Once a question is asked, supplementary questions can be asked.

SKY News New Zealand broadcasts this session from 2pm to the conclusion of questioning. Also, New Zealand's free-to-air digital television network, Freeview, provides live coverage of the debating chamber when it is in session on Parliament TV.

Written questions
There is no limit to the written questions that any MP can ask and can be submitted each working day before 10.30am. Submission and publication of the question is an electronic process with no hard copy record. Ministers have 6 days to respond to a question.

Singapore
Each day that the Parliament of Singapore sits has the first one and a half hours of the meeting allocated to Question Time. MPs submit questions in advance, and only questions listed on the Order Paper for the sitting day may be dealt with during Question Time. Questions which are not dealt with during the sitting may be "rolled over" to another sitting day, or answered in writing. After a question is answered orally in Parliament, MPs may raise supplementary questions. According to Speaker Tan Chuan-Jin, the sequencing of questions for Question Time is entirely at the Speaker's discretion: "As Speaker, I will decide the sequence of PQs on the Order Paper for a Sitting. No strict formula is involved, other than exercising reasonable judgement." Describing his approach to presiding over Question Time, Tan has said: "I will be permissive and expansive where possible to optimise productive exchanges. For instance, after the Minister’s verbal reply, I will let MPs continue asking Supplementary Questions (SQs) for further clarifications. I will remind both front and back benches to say more with less, so that as many MPs who wish to ask SQs can do so." He has called the tone of Singaporean Question Time "more measured" compared to similar proceedings in other countries.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, question time in the House of Commons lasts for an hour each day from Monday to Thursday (2:30 to 3:30pm on Mondays, 11:30am to 12:30pm on Tuesdays and Wednesdays, and 9:30 to 10:30am on Thursdays). Each Government department has its place in a rota which repeats every four to five weeks when the House is sitting. The larger Departments generally have the full hour for oral questions whereas smaller Departments will have less time allocated. In addition, Questions to the Prime Minister takes place each Wednesday from noon to 12:30pm, and questions are asked each Thursday (Questions to the Leader of House of Commons), about the business of the House the following week.

The larger departments also have a Topical question period for the last 15 minutes of their hour for questions, where the Secretary of State outlines recent developments in their department and then backbench MPs can ask any question relating to their department, for which ministers are not given prior notice. Topical questions have been part of each question time in the Commons since November 2007. For question time, Government whips organize "support groups" of government MPs whose duty it is to support the ministers who answer questions by asking questions helpful to the government and shouting in its support.

In addition to government departments, there are also questions regarding the Church of England, House of Commons reform and Law Rulings.

Questions for oral answer are selected by ballot a few days before the question time takes place and published. Ministers therefore have advance warning of the initial questions, but after each question has been answered, the MP in whose name it appears may ask a supplementary question on the same subject area for which no notice is given (unless the MP chooses to do so privately). The Speaker will usually call other MPs to ask further supplementary questions and this will often include Opposition front bench spokespersons. A second ballot enables MPs to put forward their names to ask a topical question for which no notice is required.

Questions to the prime minister are usually tabled on a topical basis so that the name of the MP is published but not the question itself.

Additionally, each Member of Parliament is entitled to table an unlimited number of written questions. Usually a Private Member directs a question to a Secretary of State, and it is usually answered by a Minister of State or Parliamentary Under Secretary of State. Written Questions are submitted to the Clerks of the Table Office, either on paper or electronically, and are recorded in The Official Report (Hansard) so as to be widely available and accessible.

In the House of Lords, half an hour is put aside each afternoon at the start of the day's proceedings for "Lords Questions". A peer submits a query in advance, which then appears on the Order Paper for the day's proceedings. The Lord shall say: "My Lords, I beg leave to ask the Question standing in my name on the Order Paper". The Minister responsible then answers the query. Afterwards, for around ten minutes, any Lord can ask the Minister questions on the theme of the original put down on the order paper. (For instance, if the question regards immigration, Lords can ask the Minister any question related to immigration during the allowed period). The Lords usually do not have a call list, as the Commons does, so Peers rise to ask a question themselves and they alternate between the Government, opposition and crossbench sides of the chamber. Unlike the Commons, where only the Speaker can call a member to order, any Lord can call any other Lord to order, and on many occasions noble Lords intervene to ensure fair distribution of questions around the chamber. If unable to settle who the next speaker is, usually the Leader of the House will intervene. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, call lists had been in use in the Lords from April 2020 to December 2021 as some Peers participated virtually. A peer may also table up to six questions for written answer on any day the House is sitting.

Finland
In Finland's parliament Question hour (kyselytunti) is held every Thursday from 4 to 5 p.m. It consists of the Speaker of Parliament to giving all parliamentary groups the opportunity to put at least one question to the prime minister of Finland and his/her ministers. It is broadcast live on public television, particularly on Yle TV1.

Germany
Government ministers are made available to the Bundestag for 35 minutes each Wednesday after the weekly cabinet meeting, during which time they take questions on current matters before the government. This is followed by a further two-hour question-and-answer session consisting of questions that were submitted in advance in writing.

Hong Kong
The questions in the Legislative Council are aimed at seeking information on government actions on specific problems or incidents and on government policies, for the purpose of monitoring the effectiveness of the government.

Questions may be asked at any council meeting except the first meeting of a session, a meeting at which the president (the speaker) of the council is elected, or the Chief Executive delivers the annual policy address to the Council.

No more than 22 questions, excluding urgent questions that may be permitted by the president, may be asked at any one meeting. Replies to questions may be given by designated public officers, usually secretaries, orally or in written form. For questions seeking oral replies, supplementary questions may be put by any member when called upon by the president of the council for the purpose of elucidating that answer. Where there is no debate on a motion with no legislative effect at a meeting, no more than ten questions requiring oral replies may be asked; otherwise, no more than six questions may require an oral reply.

The Chief Executive, who is the head of the region and head of government, attends Question and Answer Session of the council which are held several times in a legislative year.

United States
The United States, which has a presidential system of government, does not have a question time for the president. However, Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution of the United States states: "[The president] shall from time to time give to Congress information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient." The exact meaning of this clause has never been worked out fully, although it is the constitutional basis for the modern State of the Union address. There was some discussion at various times about whether this clause would allow something similar to a Westminster style question time – for instance, having Department Secretaries being questioned by the House of Representatives or the Senate – but the discussions on this issue have never gotten past an exploratory stage.

President George H. W. Bush once said of PMQs, "I count my blessings for the fact I don't have to go into that pit that John Major stands in, nose-to-nose with the opposition, all yelling at each other." In 2008, Senator John McCain (Republican Party nominee for president of the United States in the 2008 presidential election) stated his intention, if elected, to create a presidential equivalent of the British conditional convention of Prime Minister's Questions. In a policy speech on 15 May 2008, which outlined a number of ideas, McCain said, "I will ask Congress to grant me the privilege of coming before both houses to take questions, and address criticism, much the same as the Prime Minister of Great Britain [sic] appears regularly before the House of Commons."

George F. Will of The Washington Post criticized the proposal in an op-ed piece, saying that a presidential question time would endanger separation of powers as the president of the United States, unlike the prime minister of the United Kingdom, is not a member of the legislature. Will ended the piece by saying, "Congress should remind a President McCain that the 16 blocks separating the Capitol from the White House nicely express the nation's constitutional geography."

In February 2009, just over a month after his inauguration, President Barack Obama invited serving members of the US Senate to a "fiscal responsibility" summit at the White House, during which Senators asked the president about his fiscal policies in an event which was compared to Prime Minister's Question. Eleven months later, Republican House Minority Leader John Boehner invited Obama to the annual House Issues Conference in Baltimore, Maryland, where the president answered questions and criticisms from Republican members of Congress. Commenting on the event, Peter Baker in The New York Times, said "[the] back and forth resembled the British tradition where the prime minister submits to questions on the floor of the House of Commons – something Senator John McCain had promised to do if elected president."

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Nefertem

Nefertem (possibly "beautiful one who closes" or "one who does not close"; also spelled Nefertum or Nefer-temu) was, in Egyptian mythology, originally a lotus flower at the creation of the world, who had arisen from the primal waters. Nefertem represented both the first sunlight and the delightful smell of the Egyptian blue lotus flower, having arisen from the primal waters within an Egyptian blue water-lily, Nymphaea caerulea. Some of the titles of Nefertem were "He Who is Beautiful" and "Water-Lily of the Sun", and a version of the Book of the Dead says: "Rise like Nefertem from the blue water lily, to the nostrils of Ra (the creator and sungod), and come forth upon the horizon each day."

Nefertem was eventually seen as the son of the creator god Ptah, and the goddesses Sekhmet and Bast were sometimes called his mother. In art, Nefertem is usually depicted as a beautiful young man having blue water-lily flowers around his head. As the son of Bastet, he also sometimes has the head of a lion or is a lion or cat reclining. The ancient Egyptians often carried small statuettes of him as good-luck charms.

One of the most notable depictions of Nefertem is the Head of Nefertem, a wooden bust depicting a young king Tutankhamun as Nefertem with his head emerging from a lotus flower.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Nefertem


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Bastet

Bastet or Bast (bꜣstjt, Ⲟⲩⲃⲁⲥⲧⲉ, Phoenician: 𐤀𐤁𐤎𐤕, romanized: ’bst, or 𐤁𐤎𐤕, romanized: bst) is a goddess of ancient Egyptian religion possibly of Nubian origin, worshipped as early as the Second Dynasty (2890 BC). Her name also is rendered as B'sst, Baast, Ubaste, and Baset. In ancient Greek religion, she was known as Ailuros.

Bastet was worshipped in Bubastis in Lower Egypt, originally as a lioness goddess, a role shared by other deities such as Sekhmet. Eventually Bastet and Sekhmet were characterized as two aspects of the same goddess, with Sekhmet representing the powerful warrior and protector aspect, and Bastet, who increasingly was depicted as a cat, representing a gentler aspect.

Name
Bastet, the form of the name that is most commonly adopted by Egyptologists today because of its use in later dynasties, is a modern convention offering one possible reconstruction. In early Egyptian hieroglyphs, her name appears to have been bꜣstt. James Peter Allen vocalizes the original form of the name as buʔístit or buʔístiat, with ʔ representing a glottal stop. In Middle Egyptian writing, the second t marks a feminine ending but usually was not pronounced, and the aleph ꜣ may have moved to a position before the accented syllable, ꜣbst. By the first millennium, then, bꜣstt would have been something like *Ubaste (< *Ubastat) in Egyptian speech, later becoming Coptic Oubaste.

What the name of the goddess means remains uncertain. Names of ancient Egyptian deities often were represented as references to associations or with euphemisms, being cult secrets. One recent suggestion by Stephen Quirke (Ancient Egyptian Religion) explains Bastet as meaning, "She of the ointment jar". This ties in with the observation that her name was written with the hieroglyph for ointment jar (bꜣs) and that she was associated with protective ointments, among other things. The name of the material known as alabaster might, through Greek, come from the name of the goddess. This association would have come about much later than when the goddess was a protective lioness goddess, however, and is useful only in deciphering the origin of the term, alabaster.James P. Allen instead derives the name as a nisba construction from a place name "Baset" (bꜣst) with the meaning "she of bꜣst".

Role in ancient Egypt
Bastet was originally a fierce lioness warrior goddess of the sun, worshipped throughout most of ancient Egyptian history. Later she became the cat goddess that is familiar today. She was then depicted as the daughter of Ra and Isis, and the consort of Ptah, with whom she had a son, Maahes.

As protector of Lower Egypt, she was seen as defender of the king, and consequently of the sun god, Ra. Along with other deities such as Hathor, Sekhmet, and Isis, Bastet was associated with the Eye of Ra. She has been depicted as fighting the evil snake named Apep, an enemy of Ra. In addition to her solar connections, she was also related to Wadjet, one of the oldest Egyptian goddesses from the Southern Delta who was dubbed "eye of the moon".

Bastet was also a goddess of pregnancy and childbirth, possibly because of the fertility of the domestic cat.

Images of Bastet were often created from alabaster. The goddess was sometimes depicted holding a ceremonial sistrum in one hand and an aegis in the other—the aegis usually resembling a collar or gorget, embellished with a lioness head.

Bastet was also depicted as the goddess of protection against contagious diseases and evil spirits.

History
Bastet first appears in the third millennium BCE, where she is depicted as either a fierce lioness or a woman with the head of a lioness. Two thousand years later, during the Third Intermediate Period of Egypt (c. 1070–712 BC), Bastet began to be depicted as a domestic cat or a cat-headed woman.

Scribes of the New Kingdom and later eras began referring to her with an additional feminine suffix, as Bastet. The name change is thought to have been added to emphasize pronunciation of the ending t sound, often left silent.

Cats in ancient Egypt were highly revered, partly due to their ability to combat vermin such as mice, rats (which threatened key food supplies), and snakes—especially cobras. Cats of royalty were, in some instances, known to be dressed in golden jewelry and were allowed to eat from the plates of their owners. Dennis C. Turner and Patrick Bateson estimate that during the Twenty-second Dynasty (c. 945–715 BC), Bastet worship changed from being a lioness deity into being predominantly a major cat deity. Because domestic cats tend to be tender and protective of their offspring, Bastet was also regarded as a good mother and sometimes was depicted with numerous kittens.

The native Egyptian rulers were replaced by Greeks during an occupation of Ancient Egypt in the Ptolemaic Dynasty that lasted almost 300 years. The Greeks sometimes equated Bastet with one of their goddesses, Artemis. Bastet was depicted by Egyptians with the head of a cat and the slender body of a woman. Sometimes, Bastet was venerated as just a cat head.

Bubastis
Bastet was a local deity whose religious sect was centered in the city in the Nile Delta later named Bubastis. It lay near what is known today as Zagazig. The town, known in Egyptian as pr-bꜣstt (also transliterated as Per-Bastet), carries her name, literally meaning House of Bastet. It was known in Greek as Boubastis (Βούβαστις) and translated into Hebrew as Pî-beset, spelled without the initial t sound of the last syllable. In the biblical Book of Ezekiel 30:17, the town appears in the Hebrew form Pibeseth.

Temple
Herodotus, an ancient Greek historian who traveled in Egypt in the fifth century BCE, describes Bastet's temple at some length:

This description by Herodotus and several Egyptian texts suggest that water surrounded the temple on three (out of four) sides, forming a type of lake known as isheru, not too dissimilar from that surrounding the temple of the mother goddess Mut in Karnak at Thebes. These lakes were typical components of temples devoted to a number of lioness goddesses, who are said to represent one original goddess, Bastet, Mut, Tefnut, Hathor, and Sakhmet, and came to be associated with sun gods such as Horus and Ra as well as the Eye of Ra. Each of them had to be appeased by a specific set of rituals. One myth relates that a lioness, fiery and wrathful, was once cooled down by the water of the lake, transformed into a gentle cat, and settled in the temple.

At the Bubastis temple, some cats were found to have been mummified and buried, many next to their owners. More than 300,000 mummified cats were discovered when Bastet's temple was excavated. Turner and Bateson suggest that the status of the cat was roughly equivalent to that of the cow in modern India. The death of a cat might leave a family in great mourning and those who could, would have them embalmed or buried in cat cemeteries—pointing to the great prevalence of the cult of Bastet. Extensive burials of cat remains were found not only at Bubastis, but also at Beni Hasan and Saqqara. In 1888, a farmer uncovered a burial site of many hundreds of thousands of cats in Beni Hasan.

Festival
Herodotus also relates that of the many solemn festivals held in Egypt, the most important and most popular one was that celebrated in Bubastis in honor of this goddess. Each year on the day of her festival, the town was said to have attracted some 700,000 visitors, both men and women (but not children), who arrived in numerous crowded ships. The women engaged in music, song, and dance on their way to the place. Great sacrifices were made and prodigious amounts of wine were drunk—more than was the case throughout the year. This accords well with Egyptian sources that prescribe that lioness goddesses are to be appeased with the "feasts of drunkenness". A festival of Bastet was known to be celebrated during the New Kingdom at Bubastis. The block statue from the eighteenth dynasty (c. 1380 BC) of Nefer-ka, the wab-priest of Sekhmet, provides written evidence for this. The inscription suggests that the king, Amenhotep III, was present at the event and had great offerings made to the deity.

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Sokar

Sokar may refer to:

 * Seker, a falcon god in Egyptian mythology
 * Sokar (Stargate), a character in television series Stargate
 * Sokar (yacht) (formally the Jonikal), a yacht owned by Mohamed Al-Fayed

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Seker

Seker (also spelled Sokar, and in Greek, Sokaris or Socharis) is a hawk or falcon god of the Memphite necropolis in the Ancient Egyptian religion, who was known as a patron of the living, as well as a god of the dead. He is also in some accounts a solar deity as for The Temple of Seker in Memphis.

Name
Although the meaning of his name remains uncertain, the Egyptians in the Pyramid Texts linked his name to the anguished cry of Osiris to Isis 'Sy-k-ri' ('hurry to me'), or possibly skr, meaning "cleaning the mouth". In the underworld, Seker is strongly linked with two other gods, Ptah the Creator god and chief god of Memphis, and Osiris the god of the dead. In later periods, this connection was expressed as the triple god Ptah-Seker-Osiris.

The Faiyumic Coptic form ⲥⲓⲭⲟⲗ is possibly preserved in a personal name ⲥⲉⲛⲥⲓⲭⲟⲗ, "daughter of Sokar".

Appearance
Seker was usually depicted as a mummified hawk and sometimes as a mound from which the head of a hawk appears. Here he is called 'he who is on his sand'. Sometimes, he is shown on his hennu barque which was an elaborate sledge for negotiating the sandy necropolis. One of his titles was 'He of Restau' which means the place of 'openings' or tomb entrances. Like many other gods, he was often depicted with a Was-scepter.

In the New Kingdom Book of the Underworld, the Amduat, he is shown standing on the back of a serpent between two spread wings; as an expression of freedom this suggests a connection with resurrection or perhaps a satisfactory transit of the underworld. Despite this, the region of the underworld associated with Seker was seen as difficult, sandy terrain called the Imhet (also called Amhet, Ammahet, or Ammehet; meaning 'filled up').

Roles and cults
Seker, possibly through his association with Ptah, has a connection with artisans. In the Book of the Dead, he is said to fashion silver bowls and at Tanis a silver coffin of Sheshonq II has been discovered decorated with the iconography of Seker.

Seker's cult centre was in Memphis, and festivals in his honor were held there on the 26th day of the fourth month of the akhet (spring) season. While these festivals took place, devotees would hoe and till the ground, and drive cattle, which suggests that Seker could have had agricultural aspects about him.

Seker is mentioned in The Journey of Ra: the myth used to explain what happens during the night when Ra travels through the Underworld. According to the myth, Seker rules the Fifth Kingdom of Night, which is called "Hidden", and is tasked with punishing the souls of evildoers by throwing them into a boiling lake.

As part of the festivals in akhet, his followers wore strings of onions around their necks, showing the Underworld aspect of him. Onions were used in embalming people - sometimes the skin, sometimes the entire onion. When just the skin was used, it would be placed on the eyes and inside the ears to mask the smell.

Also, the god was depicted as assisting in various tasks such as digging ditches and canals. From the New Kingdom a similar festival was held in Thebes, which rivaled the great Opet Festival.

Other events during the festival including floating a statue of the god on a Henu barque, which was a boat with a high prow shaped like an oryx.

Popular culture
In the film The Ten Commandments (1956), the Pharaoh Rameses II invokes the same deity to bring his deceased firstborn son back to life, while wearing a dark blue robe with a silver bow.

In the show Stargate SG-1, the Goa'uld villain Sokar is named after Seker. Sokar appears as a powerful and sadistic Goa'uld who chose the role of the Devil rather than a god like the rest of his species. He is killed when the moon he uses as his own personal version of Hell is blown up, destroying Sokar's ship in orbit and Sokar himself.

American technical death metal band Nile wrote the title track of their album “Annihilation of the Wicked” about the domain, occupation, and appearance of Seker. Curiously, the lyrics seem to describe Seker in the form of Seker-Osiris, not Ptah-Seker-Osiris, deliberately excluding the aspects of Ptah. The lyrics call him "ancient and dead", a trait held by Osiris, but also describe him as being “shunned by Ra,” which would place the Seker they describe in the context of Heliopolis rather than Memphis.

The fantasy role playing game "Advanced Dungeons and Dragons" includes Seker in its 1st edition, "Deities and Demigods", and the "Legends and Lore" rulebooks. In this setting, Seker is described as the Egyptian lesser god of light and, among other details, he casts rays of light from his hands which destroy all undead. His Alignment is given as Neutral Good, and it is noted he protects Egyptian souls of the same Alignment after their death. No specific mention is made of the later triple persona, though his symbol is given as a hawk-headed mummy holding an ankh, which does at least indirectly suggest the connection.

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Ennead

The Ennead or Great Ennead was a group of nine deities in Egyptian mythology worshipped at Heliopolis: the sun god Atum; his children Shu and Tefnut; their children Geb and Nut; and their children Osiris, Isis, Set, and Nephthys. The Ennead sometimes includes Horus the Elder, an ancient form of the falcon god, not the son of Osiris and Isis.

Status within ancient Egypt
The Great Ennead was only one of several such groupings of nine deities in ancient Egypt. Claims to preeminence made by its Heliopolitan priests were not respected throughout Egypt, as each nome typically had its own local deities, whose priests insisted stood above all others; even in the nearby city of Memphis, which along with Heliopolis is contained within the limits of modern Cairo, the priests of Ptah celebrated him as singularly superior to the Nine — In addition to Memphis having its own creation myth, the contemporaneous city of Hermopolis had another creation story, the Ogdoad, that accounted for the physical creation of the universe by eight (different) primordial gods.

Name in Egyptian, Greek, and Latin
The English name ennead is a borrowing via Latin of the Greek name enneás ($ἐννεάς$), meaning "the nine". The term was a calque of the Egyptian name, written  and also meaning "the Nine". Its original pronunciation is uncertain, since hieroglyphs do not record vowels, but may have been in Old Egyptian,  in Middle Egyptian, and  in Late Egyptian. Egyptologists conventionally transcribe it as Pesedjet.

History
The ancient Egyptians created several enneads as their unification under Dynasty I brought numerous local cults into contact with one another. The ancient Egyptian mythology often had many different explanations for the same phenomenon. This concept is especially unique because no single story was more accurate than another, but rather the truth was a mix of them all. The Pyramid Texts of Dynasties V and VI mention the "Great Ennead", the "Lesser Ennead", the "Dual Ennead", and the "Seven Enneads". Some pharaohs established enneads that incorporated themselves as gods. The most notable case is Seti I of Dynasty XIX, whose mortuary temple at Redesiyah celebrated an ennead of six major gods and three deified forms of himself. The ennead mentioned in the Egyptian calendar of lucky and unlucky days, may reference the Pleiades.

The most important was the "Great" or "Heliopolitan Ennead" of Awanu (I͗wnw), known under the Greeks and Romans as Heliopolis. It celebrated the family of the sun god Atum (sometimes referred to as Atum-re ) and thrived from the Old Kingdom to the Ptolemaic period.

Its development remains uncertain, although it appears to have first appeared when Ra's cult – supreme under Dynasty V – declined in importance under Dynasty VI. Egyptologists have traditionally theorized that the Heliopolitan priesthood established it to establish the preeminence of Atum over the others, incorporating some major gods in lesser positions and omitting others entirely. The most prominent of such deities was Osiris, god of vegetation and the afterlife, who was incorporated into the ennead as Atum's great-grandson. However, in the 20th century, some Egyptologists question the whole scenario. After the Great Ennead was well established, the cult of Ra – identified with Atum – recovered much of its importance until superseded by the cult of Horus. The two were then combined as Ra-Horus of the Horizons.

Mythology
According to the creation story of the Heliopolitan priests, the world originally consisted of the primordial waters of precreation personified as Nun. From it arose a mound on the First Occasion. Upon the mound sat the self-begotten god Atum, who was equated with the sun god Ra. Atum evolved from Nun through self-creation. Atum either spat or masturbated, producing air personified as Shu and moisture personified as Tefnut. The siblings Shu and Tefnut mated to produce the earth personified as Geb and the nighttime sky personified as Nut.

Geb and Nut were the parents of Osiris and Isis and of Set and Nephthys, who became respective couples in turn. Osiris and Isis represent fertility and order, while Set and Nephthys represent chaos to balance out Osiris and Isis. Horus, the son of Osiris and Isis, is often included in this creation tradition. Due to the duality of Ancient Egyptian myths, this is only one of many creation stories. The Egyptians believed no specific myth was more correct than the other, rather that some combination of these myths was correct. This creation story, the Heliopolitan tradition, is one of physiological creation. The other major creation traditions are the Memphite Theology and Hermopolitian Ogdoad creation myth.

Variant hieroglyphs for the Ennead

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 * (properly )
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A dual Ennead (Psḏty) was written

In popular culture
Most of the Ennead are portrayed in Gods of Egypt (2016 movie); the main focus of the movie is the conflict between the protagonist god Horus versus the antagonist god Set.

In the first episode of the 2022 Marvel Cinematic Universe television miniseries Moon Knight, Steven Grant points out a problem with some of the museum's marketing material that seems to refer to the Ennead as a pantheon consisting of seven, rather than nine, gods.

In the BL manhwa ENNEAD, written and illustrated by Mojito, Set (using the name Seth) is the main character. It draws heavily upon classic Egyptian mythology and centers on the conflict between Horus and Seth.

title: Ennead


text:
Talk:Library

Wikipedia Ambassador Program assignment
This article is the subject of an educational assignment at University of Toronto supported by WikiProject Wikipedia and the Wikipedia Ambassador Program during the 2011 Q3 term. Further details are available on the course page.

Above message substituted from on 14:30, 7 January 2023 (UTC)

Incorrect lede definition
The lede section of the article states "A library is a curated collection of sources of information and similar resources, selected by experts and made accessible to a defined community for reference or borrowing, often in a quiet environment conducive to study" However, Webster's Dictionary defines a library as "a place in which literary, musical, artistic, or reference materials (such as books, manuscripts, recordings, or films) are kept for use but not for sale; a collection of such materials." It would appear that the dictionary definition is more authoritative than the relatively weak citations given, especially considering the fact that the article contains no disambiguation qualifiers such as "Library (accademic)" etc. Psychstudent007 (talk) 22:26, 17 April 2020 (UTC)

 * I don't see what the problem is. There is a disambiguation link in the hatnote. Dictionary definitions may differ, and you haven't provided a good reason why we should consider the definition that you quoted to be especially authoritative. The definition that you quoted seems to me to be close in meaning to the current first sentence in the article, and you haven't explained why you prefer it. Biogeographist (talk) 22:39, 17 April 2020 (UTC)

Merged sections "Digital libraries" and "Digital libraries"
Hi! I merged the two duplicate sections and removed information that is better suited to the digital library article itself. Aiue (talk) 14:46, 12 October 2023 (UTC)

"Libry" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Libry&redirect=no Libry] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Utopes (talk / cont) 07:17, 6 December 2023 (UTC)

The oldest libraries
The world’s oldest known library is the ancient library of Ebla which dates back to 2500 – 2250 BCE. It predates the library of Ashurbanipal. It is rather strange why that’s not mentioned in the history section.

Sources:

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/25541212.pdf?acceptTC=true

“The discovery of the ancient library of Ebla is much more recent than. Assurbanipal's, though the library itself is much more ancient”

https://brill.com/downloadpdf/book/edcoll/9789004305069/B9789004305069_006.xml

Whatsupkarren (talk) 09:44, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

Let's try not to perpetuate stereotypes
I posted this in the Public library but it does apply for other library articles as well. I am concerned that folks are choosing the photos of Western libraries that represent the best libraries with the best high-tech, while choosing "quant" library photos from non-Western counties that are not their best libraries or most high-tech services but perpetuate the myth of backwardness. We can do better. Myotus (talk) 15:58, 29 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Library


text:
Talk:Riboflavin

needed to make FAD
There was a question previously if riboflavin was necessary for the synthesis of FAD in all living cells. Looking at the structure of riboflavin, and then flavin mononucleotide, and then FAD, I see no way around it. Even if riboflavin is not an essential additive in species X, they'll have to synthesize riboflavin to be able to make FAD. David M

Beriberi
I believe beriberi is the result of a B1 defficiency, not B2... According to, "deficiency syndromes are characterized by sore throat, swelling of mucous membranes, mouth and/or lip sores, anemia, and dermatitis" - this doesn't sound like beriberi to me. Of course, I could be wrong - I'm not a doctor. User:nyh

After a lot of time with what I believe is a wrong fact (the beriberi connection) in the text, I decided to mark this as a factual dispute. I hope that someone can help me verify the correct fact. Nyh 08:53, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * You're right, it's wrong. Beriberi is caused by thiamine deficiency. A riboflavin deficiency doesn't have any "disease" name to go with it, probably because it almost invariably occurs in combination with deficiencies of other water-soluble vitamins. == Nunh-huh 08:58, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beriberi also shows it is B1 and not B2. Bryan 13:28, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

GM?
The author has left me wondering what GM stands for in the sentence: "In processed foods it is very likely to be GM ..." I would have edited the article to make it less vague, except I am hardly an authority on biochemestry.

 * It stands for Genetically Modified, I believe; meaning it is produced by an engineered bacteria. However, I'm not sure this is the best way to word that paragraph (and we need to clarify and wikilink something there). I'm not sure how to improce it either.RJFJR 01:22, Feb 12, 2005 (UTC)

Bright yellow urine
I added a comment on this, I hope it's cool.

E101?
The designation "E101" appears twice in the article, but with no reference. I'm curious what it means. Anastrophe 05:23, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

Florescence,
I think a comment on the “bright yellow color” actually showing florescence under black light should be added. This fact shows why this vitamin is used as a food additive (Because of it’s nutritional value, and it’s effectiveness as a natural dye)

Deficiency
"it is thought deficiency is common"

By whom? This needs a reference cited. Very doubtful it is correct, especially in Western countries.

Added clarification and reference. Mild deficiency common in third world countries that do not have grain fortification policies; uncommon in U.S. and Europe. Data for the U.S. from NHANES and WWEIA.David notMD (talk) 17:02, 11 February 2016 (UTC)

Contradiction
There seems to be a contradiction: the first sentence states that Riboflavin is easily absorbed, and water soluble, the last paragraph says that it is not, and is secreted in urin (turning it bright yellow) and is difficult to deliver in water as it is insoluble!? any citation on this would be insightful.

this contradiction was added on March 23, 2004 if you look in the history

IS water soluble, but less so compared to other B vitamins. If not water soluble, would not turn up in urine! Commercially, most products are fortified foods (flour, bread, pasta) and tablet or capsule dietary supplements, so solubility problem sidestepped.David notMD (talk) 17:06, 11 February 2016 (UTC)

Overdose?
It's good to have a section discussing overdose conditions and symptoms in any page discussing a 'healthy vitamin'. If anyone has this information it'd be good to place it here.

Now covered under Toxicity. Riboflavin is considered non-toxic for the reasons given (increasingly poor absorption as dose is increased; efficient excretion by kidneys into urine; lack of identified adverse effects).David notMD (talk) 19:51, 10 February 2016 (UTC)

Factual discrepancies and errors
There seem to be a couple of factual discrepancies on this article. Some of the statements that are made, e.g. "Vitamin B2 is also required for red blood cell formation and respiration, antibody production, and for regulating human growth and reproduction. It is essential for healthy skin, nails, hair growth and general good health, including regulating thyroid activity," are not substantiated in the reference cited, and some other statements, e.g. "Any excess is excreted in the urine, frequently imparting a bright yellow color," seem to contain factual errors. Not being a biochemist myself, I don't feel confident making substantial changes, but are those statements valid? Katechen 20:48, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

simple wikipedia
Comment by User:96.230.31.114 moved from article:
 * Riboflavin was on the Nutrition facts of our Life Cereal box, we didn't know what it was, and decided to look it up. We still don't understand what it is.

I "translated" the page: Riboflavin. I hope this helps. --Slashme 14:09, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

serum test
It's stated that measuring erythrocyte glutathione reductase reports on riboflavin levels. Any further comment/info on this? I have no reason to think it's incorrect, but it's clearly an indirect assay (presumably used in a standard clinical setting where more specialised analytical equipment is inappropriate?) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 155.198.148.173 (talk) 20:54, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

sreyhsegaef dvb Dg i dont no —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.66.92.50 (talk) 13:37, 27 March 2008 (UTC)

Vitamin G
Vitamin G redirects here. It should be mentioned, or better explained, in the article.--Srleffler (talk) 05:46, 2 October 2009 (UTC)

Confusing infos all over the places....
--222.67.219.51 (talk) 04:33, 2 December 2009 (UTC) --58.38.43.199 (talk) 05:42, 2 December 2009 (UTC)
 * http://www.nicnas.gov.au/Industry/AICS/ViewChemical.asp?SingleHit=1&Chemical_Id=3685&docVer=
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavin_mononucleotide
 * http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/newsroom/publications/choosingtherightstuff/foodadditivesnumeric1680.cfm
 * http://www.food-info.net/uk/e/e100-200.htm

 * Do you have a point, other than that you're confused? Yappy2bhere (talk) 00:01, 5 December 2009 (UTC)

Feb 2016: Text added in various places in attempt to make content clearer for people without a science background.David notMD (talk) 12:44, 10 February 2016 (UTC)

outside from text
This is outside from text: {{Chembox Hazards poop| FlashPt= Palapa (talk) 23:04, 22 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks. The vandalism has been fixed.--Srleffler (talk) 06:08, 23 September 2011 (UTC)

How get image to show where wanted
The Image:Riboflavinspectra.jpg specified in the middle of the discovery section shows (eg. in Firefox and IE) no higher than the bottom of the infobox, which if the browser window is wide can be two sections lower. Do other users see this problems, and if so how do we fix it ? - Rod57 (talk) 23:36, 10 September 2012 (UTC)
 * I don't see the problem. Where is it that you want this image to be, vs. where it shows up for you? S  B Harris 00:08, 11 September 2012 (UTC)
 * It is specified in the middle of the Discovery section which is where it would be logical and useful for it to be displayed; but if my browser window is wide it actually appears 2 sections lower so that the top of the image aligns with the bottom of the main infobox on the right. - Rod57 (talk) 23:18, 12 September 2012 (UTC)
 * But the spectra is a left thumb so I can't figure out how it gets to the right side of your display, where the infobox is. That doesn't happen on mine. Under the infobox on my display is the photo of fluorescent riboflavin solution in plastic tube. S  B Harris 00:06, 13 September 2012 (UTC)

Deficiency cancer?
The statement, "Riboflavin deficiency has been implicated in cancer,[15]" is not supported by the paper given in the footnote. The paper presents a complex situation regarding riboflavin and cancer. It only suggests that riboflavin deficiency may increase carcogenicity in a very narrow situation. In other cases the situation is more complex. The statement misrepresents the content of the paper. I suggest that it be removed. 7802mark (talk) 01:33, 1 January 2016 (UTC)

I agree, and did so. The cancer reference in question was a speculative review from 1973. A search on more recent science lit did not find support for riboflavin deficiency increasing risk of any types of cancer.David notMD (talk) 05:17, 12 February 2016 (UTC)

Dietary Reference Intakes
I am creating the same format for DRIs for all B vitamins. That is a U.S.- based system that identifies Estimated Average Requirements (EARs), Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), Adequate Intakes (AIs) if there is not enough information to establish EARs and RDAs, and Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs). Another major regulatory agency that has established ULs is the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). ULs for both are provided, as they often differ. If there is a UL (for some vitamins none has been determined) then rationale is covered in a Toxicity section. In addition to DRIs, the U.S. also established Daily Value, using it on food and dietary supplement labels as % DV. DVs were revised in May 2016. What I have written can be improved. It lacks EFSA or other major country RDAs. It lacks an estimate of what percentages of people are deficient - although that is often covered in a separate section on deficiency and consequences of deficiency. I am creating this Subject in all of the Talk pages of the vitamin and mineral entries I have edited. Comments and improvements are welcome. David notMD (talk) 14:13, 2 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Changed section title to Dietary recommendations because Dietary Reference Intakes is used only in U.S. and Canada; added European information, with citations. David notMD (talk) 12:56, 31 August 2017 (UTC)

Biosynthesis?
Shouldn't this article include a section on biosynthesis? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.106.231.248 (talk) 17:58, 18 April 2017 (UTC)

Why have mention of pricing?
In looking at the leads for all of the vitamins, most have no mention of cost. Would these articles be better if none mentioned cost? Or if all used the same source? Vitamin C states 3-7 cents per 100 mg tablet, referenced to: International Drug Price Indicator Guide. Management Sciences for Health, Arlington, VA. 2016. Folate and Vitamin B1 cite the same source, but the hyperlinks do not work. Vitamins B1 and B2 reference a text without a hyperlink [Hamilton, Richart (2015). Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 230. ISBN 9781284057560.] which appears to apply to hospital prescription pricing, as the costs are far higher than vitamin supplement pricing. My preference is for no mention of cost. David notMD (talk) 10:45, 5 August 2017 (UTC)
 * How much medications cost, especially those on the WHO List of Essential Medicines is important with respect to global health. Doc James  (talk · contribs · email) 23:15, 5 August 2017 (UTC)

Discovery
The article currently has "Riboflavin was discovered in 1920" but it does not mention where it was discovered. I have local notes that state "milk" which did not help me much because... what type of milk? I assume cow milk. Anyway, could the main article please also mention in what TYPE of milk it was discovered? 2A02:8388:1603:CB00:3AD5:47FF:FE18:CC7F (talk) 11:18, 4 November 2017 (UTC)

Review of entire article for consideration of upgrading to B-class
Checking refs, replacing very old refs with newer, ordering sections to be in sync with other vitamin articles, etc., as attempt to improve article so that it can be considered for upgrade to B-class. David notMD (talk) 18:41, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

Prep for GA nomination
Preparing article for GA nomination. All help welcome.
 * This will be my ninth effort to raise a vitamin to GA. If this succeeds, that will leave vitamin B1, A, D and E. I dread tackling vitamin D because of its existing length and high level of ongoing editing. David notMD (talk) 13:29, 4 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Replacing old refs when possible, and removing refs that are not WP:MEDRS. David notMD (talk) 09:43, 8 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Diagnosis subsection refs are all old and all clinical trials, some quite small (n=6)!, so replacing with use of newer review refs if possible. David notMD (talk) 20:09, 8 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Causes subsection being updated and enlarged. Removed mention of several diseases or diet patterns or medications as causing low riboflavin, as literature searches did not confirm. David notMD (talk) 11:56, 11 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Absorption, metabolism and excretion section being updated and enlarged. David notMD (talk) 12:36, 25 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Sources table added from USDA website. David notMD (talk) 17:50, 30 October 2021 (UTC)

Functions section
This edit replaced the previous version, here which was a bullet list with no sources. I used the NIH, LPI, and PubChem sources as main references, which are general, comprehensive, and plainly-written for a section with considerable underlying biochemistry (WP:NOTTEXTBOOK). Further editing may benefit from use of the LPI source which is a comprehensive review of riboflavin mainly in student-friendly language (I have no affiliation). Zefr (talk) 18:10, 15 October 2021 (UTC)

Nominated to GA review
Some work still needed, but consider it close enough to nominate for Good Article review. All editors welcome to help improve the article. David notMD (talk) 13:12, 28 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Achieved GA on 9 December 2021. David notMD (talk) 10:58, 11 December 2021 (UTC)

Animals
Function Normal growth

Deficiency symptoms Loss of appetite curled toe paralysis in chickens lower resistance to disease

Food sources Whole grains (ruminants do not require supplements in their ration because they an make their vitamin B2 41.115.4.205 (talk) 10:31, 1 February 2022 (UTC)
 * This could be a section or subsection somewhere, but would require reliable source references. See Vitamin A for an Animal requirements section. David notMD (talk) 11:02, 1 February 2022 (UTC)

Add a mention of two rare disorders?
I've found that two rare genetic disorders are highly responsive to treatment with riboflavin, and I propose to add a subsection mentioning this. In fact, I had already added the subsection, but my edits were reverted. Here are the disorders:
 * Riboflavin-responsive exercise intolerance - discovered in 2016, drastic improvement on riboflavin. Only several cases thus far in the literature, but the link to riboflavin is self-evident, expressed in the name of the disorder.
 * Glutaric acidemia type 2 - the majority of late-onset cases benefit greatly from riboflavin, this is mentioned in a 2008 review ("Lipid storage myopathies", by Bruno et al) and a 2014 case series/literature review: ("Riboflavin-responsive multiple Acyl-CoA dehydrogenation deficiency in 13 cases, and a literature review in mainland Chinese patients" by Zhu et al). A quote from the 2008 review: "Less severely affected patients might present with progressive muscle weakness and LSM mainly in adulthood and are responsive to riboflavin treatment (riboflavin-responsive MADD)." A couple of quotes from the 2014 case series/lit review: "Most patients with late-onset MADD are well responsive to treatment with riboflavin, which is also termed as riboflavin-responsive MADD (RR-MADD)." "Most patients with late-onset MADD can be totally or partly cured on treatment with riboflavin; hence, this clinical phenotype was called riboflavin-responsive MADD (RR-MADD).1, 5 Most cases of RR-MADD present with fluctuating muscle weakness, exercise intolerance, myalgia and dramatic riboflavin responsiveness; symptoms of cardiac or gastrointestinal disorders are occasionally observed in some patients.6" --CopperKettle (talk) 02:49, 7 July 2022 (UTC)

My opinion on this is that the references for rr-MADD justify adding that as a rare condition, but the evidence for RREI - a case study - does not meet MEDRS standards despite there being a Wikipedia article of that name. David notMD (talk) 12:29, 7 July 2022 (UTC)

Add more Chemistry tag
We need a Chemistry tag for more description for Riboflavin.

For example: Riboflavin has a benzene connected to 2 methyl groups, a ring with NH group and N group, connected by 2 Oxygen group. In between two rings is another cyclohexene with 1 nitrogen group and another nitrogen connected to hydroxyl side chains (in total of 4 -OH group)

I need a confirmed access to write the Chemistry tag, else someone will delete that and say something like "Do not add something that's unauthorized"

Cube26 (talk) 00:40, 16 July 2022 (UTC)

The amount absorbed via the active transport system
Is there any data of the amount absorbed via the active transport system for Vitamin B2? There is such data for B12 in the article Vitamin B12, but question is is there any data on the amount absorbed via the active transport system? Second question is what is the percentage of vitamin B2 absorbed by passive diffusion? Maxim Masiutin (talk) 10:40, 25 March 2024 (UTC)

Riboflavin is not found in which food
Riboflavin is not found in which foods

103.99.184.102 (talk) 05:44, 22 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Riboflavin is not found in which food 103.99.184.102 (talk) 05:45, 22 June 2024 (UTC)
 * The table shows examples of foods that are good sources and that are not. In addition, the reference for the table is to a government data table that can be searched for other foods. David notMD (talk) 10:33, 22 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Riboflavin


text:
Talk:Proofs of Fermat's little theorem

[Untitled]
In the first proof, we can allow a to be relatively prime to p, and we should, since that's the statement of the theorem. Furthermore, the step where we "divide out" (p-1)! has to justified. Normally, you cannot just divide if you work in modular arithmetic; here you can, because p and (p-1)! are coprime, but that has to be justified similar to the proof of the Lemma. 141.140.6.48 04:33 Oct 1, 2002 (UTC)

The first proof should be adapted so that it proves the same form of the theorem as the other proofs, the one that's also given on Fermat's little theorem. There is no need to restrict a to be between 1 and p-1. AxelBoldt 18:59 Oct 6, 2002 (UTC)

I am little confused about the second proof by induction. I have no backgorund in number theory there for I may be asking a wrong question. I would appreciate if anybody cares to explain to me. In the second proof it seems to me that the requirement of a,p being co-prime is not necessary and we can also prove it for cases for a,p not being co prime. Where am I making the mistake? -souvik

 * The second proof proves the first form of the theorem (ap = a (mod p), which holds whether or not p and a are co-prime. The other proofs prove ap-1 = 1 (mod p). Proving the first for all a and proving the second for a and p co-prime is equivalent, as the first part of the page says. Andre Engels 14:35 3 Jun 2003 (UTC)

big rewrite
This page is being rewritten at Proofs of Fermat's little theorem/Rewrite. Dmharvey Talk 4 July 2005 00:00 (UTC)

 * hi there guardian of light

 * i just noticed you are doing some edits to Proofs of Fermat's little theorem. Please join me at Proofs of Fermat's little theorem/Rewrite. I have been working on upgrading this page substantially. I had just started rewriting the proof that you appear to have been working on today (but it's in a real draft state at the moment and horribly incomplete). I have already done substantial work on the "combinatorial" "bracelets" proof. Let us continue this discussion at the relevant talk page. In particular, I think the proof that you were working on needs to be addressed at a lower-level audience, using far less notation, since it is certainly a result that could be made more accessible. Dmharvey Talk 2 July 2005 15:31 (UTC)

 * I agree that it is important to work collectively on this, but the notation is important. I think if we put up a word explanation after each step and the appropriate links to the meanings of the notation then it will be overall best.

 * Agree notation is important. (See KSmrq's edits concerning the unicode congruence symbol, IMO they're a real improvement on the previous inline TeX.)

 * However, we have to remember who our audience is for this article: mainly introductory number theory students, like someone taking a course say in a second or third year undergraduate program. It should be aimed there or lower. Therefore, I don't think it's good to have $$\exists$$ symbols floating around, and it's important to keep the mathematical vernacular to a minimum. That was my main aim in this rewrite. The only real change in content was replacing the fundamental theorem of arithmetic by Euclid's lemma, I can see there's potentially a debate there. Dmharvey Talk 5 July 2005 11:43 (UTC)

Reverting
A number of edits were made to replace wiki markup with TeX, for the sole purpose (apparently) of replacing an equal sign ("=") with a congruence sign ("≡"). This is not necessary, since we can directly insert the Unicode character. Therefore I have backed out those changes, inserted the Unicode, and made a few stylistic edits elsewhere.

However, given that this article is undergoing extensive rewriting elsewhere (as noted by that editor), it would seem wise to discuss any substantive changes here on the talk page, to achieve the best composite result. As this is a theorem that gets used a great deal, it would be nice to have it written up well. KSmrq

Response
I edited it with LaTeX for a purpose, though I probably should have explained it.

The main reason is readability. Much of what was done was to ensure that all mathematical parts are easily read. Another reason is that as it is a mathematical page, use of the math tags should be common. Whenever I read something on a mathematical page I like to have the size of the notation easy to read and that comes easy with LaTeX and is overall a more professional looking style for mathematical display.

At the same time, the text for the Unicode and normal "sup" tags looks rather messy in places.

I do however agree that the use of the $$\exists$$ symbol may be taking it a bit too far. Still, some of the notation such as $$x\in\mathbb{N}$$ should be something that anyone who is capable of understanding the theorem SHOULD know, though I take no position on exactly how many DO know this. As such I move that that be allowed to remain and that at least some of the math tags be restored in places where the style looks messy without it.

I also move that the minus sign just be put in as such. The use of the code for it is just confusing for an editor and it makes less sense overall IMO.

Now I must say that $${1\over 3}$$ is a bit much in terms of vertical alignment, so 1/3 would be best for that and other display style and overall neatness issues.

Guardian of Light 5 July 2005 14:07 (UTC)

 * Hmmm, there seem to be several different issues going on here, some to do with markup, others to do with audience.

 * First, are you familiar with How_to_write_a_Wikipedia_article_on_Mathematics? I generally agree with the discussion there. However, I do think that eventually (i.e. when MathML or something similar is widely implemented), it will be appropriate to use LaTeX inline the way you were doing. I desperately wish that were the present state of affairs, but unfortunately it's not.

 * Regarding audience. I've taught people at this level before, and although I sympathise with your statement that they SHOULD know the notation, unfortunately in general they do not, and I think it's more important to make the topic at hand accessible rather than convince readers of the need to learn new notation. Nothing turns people off more than unfamiliar notation. More importantly however is an issue of style. Mathematical writing is not strings of symbols, and it doesn't always make it easier to read if it's written that way. I spend many hours each week reading maths papers in academic journals, and it is just as common to see "If x is an integer" rather than "if x \in Z", even though presumably the audience in that case knows the notation. Dmharvey Talk 5 July 2005 14:43 (UTC)

 * The page How_to_write_a_Wikipedia_article_on_Mathematics also mentions preference on WP for using "for all" instead of $$\forall$$ and similarly for others. Dmharvey Talk 5 July 2005 14:45 (UTC)

 *
 * At the present time our technology imposes awkward choices. Using a Mozilla browser, I can view and edit Unicode characters without entity codes. On my finished page, there is a noticeable difference between a hyphen ("-") and a minus sign ("−"), and the latter is more readable in formulae. This is not universally true, because the appearance of a character depends on the font selected (among other things). This may differ from the screen font when the page is printed! Even so, a benefit of Unicode is that it allows us to say exactly what we mean, which is a Good Thing; a hyphen is not a minus, any more than "equal to" is the same as "congruent to".

 * As for TeX versus HTML versus Wiki markup, just be glad we're not typing MathML markup (which is shockingly bloated). For pages outside Wikipedia a concise alternative is ASCIIMathML, which has the same ease-of-editing spirit as Wiki markup. Until then, note that templates for sup and sub can help. For example:

 * ap−1 ≡ 1 (mod p)
 * produces
 * ap−1 ≡ 1 (mod p)

 * As for symbols versus words, the edit that changed "then" to a right arrow made the lemma almost completely unreadable for me, and I've got a lot of that fabled "mathematical maturity". It adds confusion, not clarity; and, as noted above, it contravenes the Wikipedia guidelines.
 * KSmrq 2005 July 5 18:04 (UTC)

displayed equations in TeX
This is a continuation of comments I made above.

I disagree with KSmrq's edits that change the "displayed" equations to HTML. For example, in the intro I think it should be
 * $$a^p \equiv a \pmod p \,\!$$

rather than
 * ap ≡ a (mod p)

I think we should only use HTML for inline equations where the PNG solution doesn't line up properly. Dmharvey Talk 5 July 2005 14:51 (UTC)

 * I agree with Dmharvey. Oleg Alexandrov 5 July 2005 15:55 (UTC)
 * As do I Guardian of Light 5 July 2005 19:12 (UTC)

 *
 * Although MediaWiki currently offers minimal help, my goals are readability, portability, and (to a much lesser degree) economy of bandwidth. Without MathML support, say, trying to get nice-looking mathematics here is going to involve compromises. Every TeX-set formula adds an image to the page bandwidth load, and is typographically inconsistent with the body text. For integrals, binomial coefficients, and the like, it clearly improves displayed equations. For displayed ap ≡ a (mod p), it's not so clear. I have no strong objection to displayed TeX, but lean the other way. With my browser and settings, the changes in size and font are jolting. (But MathML pages look lovely. Sigh.) A detail that seems to help for me is to include a space before the superscript, to avoid italic collisions; I did not try to do that when I edited for conguence symbols.

 * Anyway, let's not spend too much time on such formatting details; the content of the page is still a mess! KSmrq 2005 July 5 18:04 (UTC)

 * Certainly I agree that content is the focus here. It sounds like as long as people's browsers do significantly different things, us editors will disagree on the optimal choice of markup. One day, when MathML or something similar becomes mainstream, I look forward to participating in WikiProject:Rewrite Every Single Equation on Wikipedia :-) Dmharvey Talk 5 July 2005 18:56 (UTC)

 * Though I do agree that it adds to the bandwidth somewhat, it can be made to not be excessive. Some lines such as f(xn+1) is extremely awkward and takes a lot of coding whereas $$f(x_{n+1})\,$$ is so much faster and better rendered.  I ask you return the page to the way it was after my last edit, and I will personally remove the excessive TeX tags until we are able to further discuss this issue here on the talk board.Guardian of Light 5 July 2005 19:12 (UTC)

 * I realized I might step on your toes by backing out your edits, and let me here and now apologize if doing so offended you. I'm sure your intent is to contribute to a better page, as you see it. So is mine. Bold edits are part of the Wiki experience; so are bold mistakes. And, so are differences of opinion about which is which! :-)

 * By my count, f(xn+1) takes 27 characters, and $$f(x_{n+1})\,$$ takes 25 — a difference that hardly justifies the phrases extremely awkward and a lot of coding. As for much faster and better rendered, that's at best subjective, and I disagree. An alternative is to omit the "\," sequence that seems to be forcing creation of an image. For 23 characters and (in my browser) inline display, we can use $$f(x_{n+1})$$. As another test, the congruence of the theorem is either ap−1 ≡ 1 (mod p), for 37 characters (and inline), or $$a^{p-1}\equiv 1\pmod{p}$$, for 36 characters (and also inline for me). But I have to say, the Wiki markup gives me more readable results.

 * However, I have five objections to reverting to your edit.
 * The page was broken when I found it, displaying a Wiki parsing error!
 * It's time that would be better spent helping Dmharvey with his complete rewrite.
 * Changes like replacing "exists" and "then" with symbols need to be backed out.
 * For me and my browser, the readability before your changes is superior to that afterwards.
 * I incorporated a number of additional improvements to the content that had nothing to do with TeX versus Wiki markup.

 * Anyway, given that we expect the whole page will soon be replaced with a superior version, let's not waste any more time on the current page — and certainly not in TeX/Wiki edit wars.

 * To that end, should all the proofs carry over? The first proof using dynamical systems refers to rounding errors (!), and the second includes a request for review and cleanup (and I have done neither). Also, the base-n counting proof seems excessively … enthusiastic!, shall we say. Dmharvey's work on the bracelet proof is a huge improvement, with pictures even. That leaves the first three proofs, which all have their problems, including some handwaving. Also I see that the binomial proof ends with a last piece of dubious notation I thought I'd eradicated, but somehow didn't.

 * I rather like having a variety of proofs from different perspectives. Still, they must be made clear and correct, if not complete. (And omissions should be noted.) KSmrq 2005 July 6 02:33 (UTC)

 * I'd say no offense taken. I understand completely.  I'll work on the direct one in terms of ease of understanding.  However as to rendering, I guess I'll come back to that issue when the time is right.  Until then, content is the biggest issue.Guardian of Light 6 July 2005 13:10 (UTC)

 * My plan is to keep the "direct proof", the "proof by induction", the "bracelet proof", the second "dynamical systems" proof, and the "group theory" proof. I have already written up the "direct" one, the "bracelet" one and the "group theory" one. I'm not going to do the first dynamical systems one because it is basically subsumed by the second one. The "base-n" digits one is actually identical to the "bracelets" one, using different notation, so I'm leaving it out too.

 * I'm working on the dynamical systems one currently. Please go ahead and do the induction one if you want to help. What I had in mind is to expand a bit on why the relevant binomial coefficients are divisible by p. Dmharvey Talk 6 July 2005 13:04 (UTC)

What Content should we fix first?
I think the content is another huge issue to deal with here as has been graciously stated by others already. What should we focus on cleaning up first?Guardian of Light 5 July 2005 19:20 (UTC)

 * As far as I'm concerned, all the action is taking place at Proofs of Fermat's little theorem/Rewrite. You're welcome to join me there. When that's up to scratch, I'm just going to copy it wholesale over to Proofs of Fermat's little theorem. Dmharvey Talk 5 July 2005 19:34 (UTC)

big rewrite complete
The rewrite is "complete" in the sense that I judge the quality to be sufficient to make it back to the main article.

I hereby declare Proofs of Fermat's little theorem/Rewrite to be an inactive page. All editing should now take place here instead.

Please go ahead and make it even more complete. Thanks. Dmharvey Talk 7 July 2005 17:27 (UTC)

 * Well done! The illustrations alone are a big improvement.

 * Since the edit history of the copied page won't appear here, I'm going to tweak my minor contribution (a rewrite of the binomial proof) back to counting from 0, not because I care that much but in part so it's visibly connected to me, if anybody wants to complain. Doesn't everybody count 0, 1, 2, 3, … ? ;-)

 * I'm also going to try shrinking the "dynamical system" images, as an experiment. ;-) KSmrq 2005 July 8 00:49 (UTC)

 * Yeah, my images really are a piece of !@#$!. Have fun with them. Dmharvey Talk 8 July 2005 01:34 (UTC)

 * The nice thing about this experiment is that the images remain unaltered; just request them at a smaller size in the Wiki markup. This works for shrinking, but not necessarily for expanding. Of some interest is the fact that the server resamples the image and sends it at the requested size; it does not send the full-size original to let the browser resize it, which would probably look terrible and massively waste bandwidth. Some resampling algorithms are pretty bad, but this seems more careful; at least, these images scale down without ugly artifacts. For now, we can't upload SVG files, so I'm interested in putting a high-resolution version of some images (for other articles) in Commons, but requesting a smaller version in the article.

 * Truth to tell, I found the whole dynamical systems approach opaque until you added the images. My only concern was that they were so large they'd fill most of a small (640×480) screen, overwhelming the text.

 * While I was at it, I also removed uses of the template for subscripts, going back to the preferred HTML markup. For me it makes no visible difference on the page; I'd be curious to know if it affects you.

 * I hope you're happy with your work. To me, it looks much more like mathematics, and seems more accessible to less experienced readers. KSmrq 2005 July 8 03:58 (UTC)

 * Well if it were the main article I would agree, but a proof page seems more fit to be formal.Guardian of Light 8 July 2005 14:24 (UTC)

 * You are of course quite welcome to add a "formal" proof (although precisely what it would look like I'm not sure). However, I think you would do a great disservice to the intended audience of this page if you reduced the comprehensibility of the existing material for that audience. Just because it's a "proof", doesn't mean that the audience is any different. Dmharvey Talk 8 July 2005 15:57 (UTC)

 * No, sorry I was badly communicating. I meant to convey that I agree with the current style and that it has just the right amount of formality in it as well as a great deal of understandability.Guardian of Light 8 July 2005 16:16 (UTC)

Unfortunately I've just realised that the running example is complete nonsense. Now I'll have to go and fix it. Dmharvey Talk 8 July 2005 12:55 (UTC)

 * OK, well not complete nonsense. I had a and p the wrong way around. I've fixed it. Unfortunately this means p is rather small. But the smallest "interesting" case appears to be for 4^3 = 4 (mod 3), and I don't think 64 diagonal lines are going to be legible! Dmharvey Talk 8 July 2005 13:00 (UTC)

proof using a Field
The new proof, "Proof using a field", isn't that really the same thing as the proof by binomial theorem discussed earlier in the article? Dmharvey Talk 21:41, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

 * To me it seems that in fact the methods used in those paragraphs are basically different. What is now called 'by binomial theorem' is in fact a proof by induction. What is a called 'using a field' makes indeed use of the fact that a finite field has a characteristic. Bob.v.R 01:05, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

 * True, but your proof uses induction hidden in the line
 * $$a^p=(1+1+...+1)^p= 1^p+1^p+...+1^p=1+1+...+1=a\,\!$$
 * and uses the identity $$(x+y)^p = x^p + y^p$$ (in Fp) without proof. Its proof is in fact what is already written down in the binomial theorem version on this page. Dmharvey Talk 01:59, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

 * It is not 'my proof', I didn't put it there, but only made a small edit to it. And at the moment indeed I tend to agree with you that those proofs are basically the same; the counting of 1's has not really to do with the characteristic of the field, but merely with the number 'a'. Bob.v.R 10:18, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

 * My apologies, I had misread the edit history. Dmharvey Talk 01:54, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

if u learn more about linear algebra u will find the proof using a field is the easiest proof

 * I agree that the proof using a field is a nice proof. What exactly about linear algebra do I need to learn to see why it is the easiest proof? Dmharvey 12:52, 30 November 2005 (UTC)

how about learn some basic field propositions?

 * OK. Which field propositions do you mean? Dmharvey 12:32, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

on the justification of using a prime
The example given is 2x2=5x2 (mod 6) which is all well and good, but six isn't even relatively prime to two, so I'd recommend a different example. If I can think of one in the next four minutes I'll do it myself, otherwise I have to leave and will probably forget.

 * Never mind, I'm an idiot. I seem to have forgotten division by a relative prime is well defined in modular arithmetic (I have been working WAY to hard if I've forgotten that). Still I think something concerning this fact should be mentioned in the article under why division using modular arithmetic is only justified when dividing by numbers relatively prime to the modulo.Guardian of Light 17:53, 22 December 2005 (UTC)

Group theory proof
I'm pretty sure that the group theory proof requires that every element of the group generate a cyclic subgroup. This should probably either be mentioned or proven.

Error in dynamical system proof
Lemma 1 proves that there are $$n$$ fixed points, not $$n+1$$: the fixed point 1 is counted twice. The proof still works given this correction since $$(a^p +1) - (a+1) = a^p - a$$. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 203.173.167.211 (talk) 04:37, 7 April 2007 (UTC).

Two bracelet proofs
While my last math class was high school math, it seems to me that the bracelet proof is included twice, once without illustrations, and once with. If I'm wrong, and these are two distinct proofs, then I think this needs to be clarified. Otherwise, I'd say, keep the one with pictures.

-- trlkly 12:35, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

dynamical system proof : do we need T_n(1) ?
I'm too tired now to fully check the details, but it looks to me like that the fact that T_n is defined at 1 is inessential; and since it's a special case, the proof would be simpler without it. That is, I suggest T_n to be defined on the half-closed interval [0,1) only. The count of fixed points will decrease by 1 but the proof should withstand it. Am i too optimistic ? --FvdP 18:14, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree with you; the inclusion of 1 is an ugliness there doesn't seem any reason for. -Chinju (talk) 05:26, 24 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Although I realize now that this makes the equivalence to the necklace-counting proof clearer! -Chinju (talk) 07:40, 27 February 2013 (UTC)

First authors of the proofs?
Please mention the first author who was the first person to come up with such an idea for each of the proofs offered.

just another one
I bounced this one off on IRC@ freenode, perhaps a more rigor oriented proof is: a^p mod p = (1+1+1..a times)^p mod p which can be expanded using the Multinomial_theorem

now since each term but the ones which are of the form 1^p have "p" in the numerator and p is prime, the terms of the form 1^p will not be divisible by p,while the rest will be divisble by p

so a^p mod p = (1^p+1^p ..a times) mod p = a mod p

Similar to what DmHarvey wrote above, but the multinomial expansion is well known and can be rigorously proven

Questionable step
The article states:

"We can prove the cancellation law easily using Euclid's lemma, which states that if a prime p divides a product rs (where r and s are integers), then either p divides r or p divides s."

But this is a questionable "proof", since most developments of number theory define the concept of prime in a ring by precisely this property: "An element p is prime if whenever p divides a product rs, then p divides r and/or p divides s."

For this reason, it would probably be better to use a different means of completing this proof.Daqu (talk) 00:24, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

gap in first proof
I am not a mathematician. I just read the first proof out of curiosity. I followed everything except where it says "One can use the following rule to work out how many friends a given string S has: If S is built up of several copies of the string T, and T cannot itself be broken down further into repeating strings, then the number of friends of S (including S itself) is equal to the length of T." There is no argument given why this rule always works, and I cannot prove to my satisfaction that it does (although I trust that it does). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.120.138.129 (talk) 09:19, 22 March 2011 (UTC)

Proof by Counting Necklaces
I cannot understand how it was proved that if p is prime, each string will have p friends. The statement

"If S is built up of several copies of the string T, and T cannot itself be broken down further into repeating strings, then the number of friends of S (including S itself) is equal to the length of T. "

does not say anything about this being the only way a string can have less than p friends. Please give a proof of this. I cannot think of any.

First Proof
In the first proof, it is important to demonstrate why the proof works for prime exponents and only for primes, the exponent being prime indeed a very important part of the statement of Fermat's little theorem. User:Wcherowi reverted my edit that highlights this important point, perhaps they think that demonstrating why the proof works when the exponent is prime and why it fails when it is not a prime is not important/is "extraneous" - they should explain themselves here. 203.187.238.154 (talk) 07:57, 28 June 2020 (UTC)
 * On Wikipedia talk pages new comments are placed at the bottom of the page (unlike other places on the web) so I have taken the liberty of moving your comment here.--Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 18:39, 28 June 2020 (UTC)

 * You wrote this:
 * There aren't any others, because $ABB$ is exactly 3 symbols long (ie the string is periodic with period 3) and 3 (the period) divides 12, the total length of the string. This is also the reason why the above proof doesn't work if the length of the string is not a prime number.

 * Starting with your parenthetical remark, while true, it is unrelated to the sentence you have attached it to, and the fact that 3 divides 12 is true for any period of any periodic string and says nothing about the current situation - hence, it is extraneous information. Finally, in the last sentence you have not given any reason for why the proof would fail! Consider, $ABBAABBAABBA$ a string of length 12 which is periodic of period 4 (namely, $ABBA$). By what little reasoning you have given, i.e., 4 divides 12, the proof should work! This is really unacceptable editing, and I will revert it again.--Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 19:04, 28 June 2020 (UTC)

 * Okay, but it seems important to demonstrate why the proof necessarily works for primes, and doesn't necessarily work for composite exponents! Someone should add that to the proof.2409:4041:2E9A:C695:5576:7A71:1DDA:EC9 (talk) 07:03, 29 June 2020 (UTC)

 * Also, "the proof doesn't work for composite exponents" means that there is some composite exponent for which it doesn't work, for a proof is only a proof if it works for ALL values. So your example is extraneous. 2409:4041:2E9A:C695:5576:7A71:1DDA:EC9 (talk) 10:14, 29 June 2020 (UTC)

 * The explanation of why this only works for primes is contained in the next section (Completing the proof). In the section under consideration, there is nothing essential about primeness. The statement is valid no matter what the length of the small string. The only place in this example that being a prime comes into play is the statement that $ABB$ can not be decomposed into smaller repetitive sequences (because 3 is prime, which is not explicitly stated). The example I gave you shows that this is the case.--Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 17:59, 29 June 2020 (UTC)

 * But I had stated nothing about the period being of prime length, only the whole string! Anyway, thanks for clarifying. 203.187.238.225 (talk) 18:59, 29 June 2020 (UTC)

Proof by geometric series
I don't understand the last proof in this article. Why is the sum in the first line divisible by p? KarlFrei (talk) 13:31, 24 June 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Proofs of Fermat's little theorem


text:
Talk:Upton Sinclair

Early Life and Education
Article states in paragraph 2 of this section that he entered City College of NY in 1892. Paragraph 3 states that he graduated from high school in 1897. Something’s wrong here. 67.83.154.28 (talk) 21:05, 18 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Evidently Jjazz76 corrected that detail.DocRuby (talk) 22:01, 18 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Upton Sinclair


text:
Wide-angle X-ray scattering

In X-ray crystallography, wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) or wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) is the analysis of Bragg peaks scattered to wide angles, which (by Bragg's law) are caused by sub-nanometer-sized structures. It is an X-ray-diffraction method and commonly used to determine a range of information about crystalline materials. The term WAXS is commonly used in polymer sciences to differentiate it from SAXS but many scientists doing "WAXS" would describe the measurements as Bragg/X-ray/powder diffraction or crystallography.

Wide-angle X-ray scattering is similar to small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) but the increasing angle between the sample and detector is probing smaller length scales. This requires samples to be more ordered/crystalline for information to be extracted. In a dedicated SAXS instrument the distance from sample to the detector is longer to increase angular resolution. Most diffractometers can be used to perform both WAXS and limited SAXS in a single run (small- and wide-angle scattering, SWAXS) by adding a beamstop/knife edge.

Applications
The WAXS technique is used to determine the degree of crystallinity of polymer samples. It can also be used to determine the chemical composition or phase composition of a film, the texture of a film (preferred alignment of crystallites), the crystallite size and presence of film stress. As with other diffraction methods, the sample is scanned in a wide-angle X-ray goniometer, and the scattering intensity is plotted as a function of the 2θ angle.

X-ray diffraction is a non destructive method of characterization of solid materials. When X-rays are directed at solids they scatter in predictable patterns based on the internal structure of the solid. A crystalline solid consists of regularly spaced atoms (electrons) that can be described by imaginary planes. The distance between these planes is called the d-spacing.

The intensity of the d-space pattern is directly proportional to the number of electrons (atoms) in the imaginary planes. Every crystalline solid has a unique pattern of d-spacings (known as the powder pattern), which is a fingerprint for that solid. Solids with the same chemical composition but different phases can be identified by their pattern of d-spacings.

title: Wide-angle X-ray scattering