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Kahone

Kahone or Kawon is a town and urban commune near Kaolack, Senegal. It is primarily agricultural, but it is participating in industrial development plans. Also, the town is pursuing increased tourism based on its ancient Serer culture.

Kahone is the royal seat of the Serer Kingdom of Saloum which has ruled there since the 15th century after the Gelwar's defeat in c. 1335, and centuries previous to that. Kahone was originally a far more important town than Kaolack, but the roles have been reversed in recent years, and Kahone has been reduced to a sub-prefecture of Kaolack. An annual royal festival is celebrated in which the O Maad (Serer king), Djaraaf (Serer prime minister) and other dignitaries meet to decide kingdom issues and hold pageants celebrating the history of Saloum and the Serer people.

There is a mosque thanks to the Wolof and Fula Muslim settlers and a Catholic missions in Kahone. There are numerous ancient tombs, stone circles and megaliths in the vicinity as well as large burial mounds implanted with baobab trees.

Kahone is routinely involved in many administrative territorial disputes with neighboring communes, always emphasizing its earlier importance.

In 2007, according to official estimates, Kahone had 5,852 inhabitants.

title: Kahone


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Guaraní people

The Guarani are a group of culturally-related indigenous peoples of South America. They are distinguished from the related Tupi by their use of the Guarani language. The traditional range of the Guarani people is in what is now Paraguay between the Paraná River and lower Paraguay River, the Misiones Province of Argentina, southern Brazil once as far east as Rio de Janeiro, and parts of Uruguay and Bolivia.

Although their demographic dominance of the region has been reduced by European colonisation and the commensurate rise of mestizos, there are contemporary Guarani populations in Paraguay and parts of Argentina and Bolivia. Most notably, the Guarani language, still widely spoken across traditional Guarani homelands, is one of the two official languages in Paraguay, the other one being Spanish. The Paraguayan population learns Guarani both informally from social interaction and formally in public schools. In modern Spanish, Guarani also refers to any Paraguayan national in the same way that the French are sometimes called Gauls.

Name
The history and meaning of the name Guarani are subject to dispute. Before they encountered Europeans, the Guarani referred to themselves simply as Abá, meaning "men" or "people". The term Guarani was originally applied by early Jesuit missionaries to refer to natives who had accepted conversion to the Christian religion; Cayua or Caingua (ka'aguygua) was used to refer to those who had refused it. Cayua is roughly translated as "the ones from the jungle". While the term Cayua is sometimes still used to refer to settlements of indigenous peoples who have not well integrated into the dominant society, the modern usage of the name Guarani is generally extended to include all people of native origin regardless of societal status. Barbara Ganson writes that the name Guarani was given by the Spanish since it means "warrior" in the Tupi-Guaraní dialect spoken there. Guarinĩ is attested in 12th-century Old Tupi, by Jesuit sources, as "war, warrior, to wage war, warlord".

History, myth and legend
Early Guarani villages often consisted of communal houses for 10 to 15 families. Communities were united by common interest and language, and tended to form tribal groups by dialect. It is estimated that the Guarani numbered some 400,000 people when they were first encountered by Europeans. At that time, they were sedentary and agricultural, subsisting largely on manioc, maize, wild game, and honey.

Equally little is known about early Guarani society and beliefs. They practiced a form of animistic pantheism, much of which has survived in the form of folklore and numerous myths. According to the Jesuit missionary Martin Dobrizhoffer, they practiced cannibalism at one point, perhaps as a funerary ritual, but later disposed of the dead in large jars placed inverted on the ground. Guarani mythology is still widespread in rural Paraguay.

Much Guarani myth and legend were compiled by the Universidad Nacional de Misiones in northern Argentina and published as Myths and Legends: A Journey around the Guarani Lands, Anthology in 1870 (translated into the English language in 1906). Guarani myth and legend can roughly be divided into the following broad categories:

 * Cosmogonic and eschatological myths; the creation and destruction of all things as dictated by Ñamandu "the true father, the first one". After him comes a pantheon of gods, chief among them Yporú who is more frequently known as Tupã. Jasy is another "good" deity who rules the night while Aña is a malign deity who dwells at the bottom of the Iguazu River.
 * Animistic mythology, that is animals, plants and minerals being animated and capable of becoming anthropomorphic beings or in reverse the transmuted souls of people, either born or unborn, who have become animals, plants and minerals. The course of such anthropomorphism appears dictated by the pantheon of god-like deities because of their virtues or vices. Such animistic legends include that of the Lobizón, a werewolf-type being, and the Mainumby or hummingbird who transports good spirits that are resident in flowers back to Tupá "so he can cherish them". Isondú or glowworms are the reincarnated spirits of certain people, as are the Panambi (butterflies). Ka'a Jarýi was a woman who became the sacred herb Yerba; Irupé was a woman who was turned into the giant lily because she fell in love with the moon.
 * Pombero are goblin or elf-like spirits who dwell in the forest and must be appeased. They have never been human. Principal among these is Jasy Jatere who has never been human and like all Pombero is from a different realm. His characteristics are vague and uncertain, and his powers are badly defined as is the place where he resides. He is described in one legend as a "handsome, thickly bearded, blond dwarf" who is naked and lives in tree trunks. Other versions say he loves honey, his feet are backward, and he is an "ugly, lame, old man". Most legends agree that he snatches children and "licks them", wrapping them in climbing plants or drowning them in rivers. To appease him gifts, such as honey, are left in places in the forest associated with him. Another Pombero is Kuarahy Jára who whistles like birds and is their protector. He can be your friend but is known for abducting young boys who are alone and trying to catch birds. If necessary he can take the form of a person, a tree or a hyacinth. Finally, Kurupi is a phallic mythological figure who will copulate with young women. He has scaly skin like a lizard, hypnotic eyes, and an enormous penis.

The Iguazu Falls, considered sacred by the Guarani, hold special significance and are the inspiration for numerous myths and legends. They reveal the sound of ancient battles at certain times, they are also the place where I-Yara—a malign Pomboro spirit—abducted Angá—a fair maiden—and hid her. The swallows that inhabit the falls to this day vainly search for her.

European contact
In 1537, Gonzalo de Mendoza traversed through Paraguay to about the present Brazilian frontier. On his return, he made acquaintance with the Guarani and founded the city of Asunción, later the capital of Paraguay. The first governor of the Spanish territory of Guayrá initiated a policy of intermarriage between European men and indigenous women; the descendants of these matches characterize the Paraguayan nation today. The Laws of the Indies forbade slavery in Hispanic America.

The first two Jesuits, Father Barcena and Father Angulo, came to what is now the State of Paraná, Southern Brazil, in 1585, by land from the west. Others soon followed, and a Jesuit college was established at Asunción. In 1608, as a result of the Jesuit protest against the enslavement of the indigenous population, King Philip III of Spain gave authority to the Jesuits to convert and colonize the tribes of Guayrá. In the early period, the name Paraguay was loosely used to designate the entire river basin, including parts of what are now Uruguay, Argentina, Bolivia, and Brazil.

Exploring expeditions were accompanied by Franciscan friars. Early in the history of Asunción, Father Luis de Bolaños translated the catechism into the Guarani language and preached to Guarani people who resided in the area around the settlement. In 1588–89 St. Francis Solanus crossed the Chaco wilderness from Peru and stopped at Asunción, but gave no attention to the Guarani. His departure left the Jesuits alone with their missionary work, and to defend the natives against slave dealers. The Jesuit provincial Torres arrived in 1607, and "immediately placed himself at the head of those who had opposed the cruelties at all times exercised over the natives".

Cultural preservation
Today, the Guarani language is an official language of Paraguay and Bolivia. As of 2012, an estimated 90% of the people in Paraguay spoke Guarani.

Slavery
The center depot of the slave trade was the town of São Paulo. Originally a rendezvous place for Portuguese and Dutch pirates, it later became a refuge for criminals, who mixed with Native American and African women and actively participated in the capturing and selling of Guaranis as slaves.

To oppose these armed and organized robbers, the tribes had only their bows and arrows. Many Guaranis were slain or enslaved by the slave hunters active in Brazil during those years.

The Paraguayan Reductions
In 1607, Spanish King Philip III sent a letter to the governor of Rio de Plata Hernandarias de Saavedra to instruct him to send the newly arrived Jesuits to begin their missionary work. With Spanish royal protection, the first Guayrá mission, Loreto, was established on the Paranapanema by Father Joseph Cataldino and Father Simon Macerata in 1610. The Jesuit priest Father Ruiz de Montoya discussed the difficulties of spreading the missions and his interactions with the Guarani in his book The Spiritual Conquest. Ruiz de Montoya wrote that one of the Guarani caciques Miguel Artiguaye initially refused to join the missions until threatened by another Indigenous group. Artiguaye then returned to the mission and begged for protection. As the mission provided the only real possible protection against enslavement, the Guarani flocked there in such numbers that twelve more missions were created in rapid succession, containing all 40,000 Guaranis. The Jesuits were seen as intermediaries between the Spanish authorities and the Guarani caciques. The Jesuit missions needed new converts and required workers to assist in the maintenance of the missions. The Guarani helped grow the crops to sustain the missions' populations and also produce goods to sell and trade to fund the missions. Stimulated by this success, Father González and two companions journeyed to the east bank of the Uruguay River (now the country of Uruguay) and established two or three small missions in 1627. The local tribes killed the priests and the neophytes and burned the missions.

Slave raiders saw the Guarani missions as "merely an opportunity of capturing more Indians than usual at a haul". In 1629, an army of Paulistas surrounded the San Antonio mission, set fire to the church and other buildings, killed those who resisted or were too young or too old to travel, and carried the rest into slavery. San Miguel and Jesus Maria quickly met the same fate. Eventually, reinforcements gathered by Father Cataldino drove off the slavers. Within two years, all but two of the establishments were destroyed, and 60,000 Christian converts were carried off for sale to São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The attacks usually took place on Sunday, when the whole mission population was gathered for Mass. The priests were usually spared, but several were killed.

Only a few thousand natives were left of nearly 100,000 just before the Paulista invasion. Father Antonio Ruiz de Montoya purchased 10,000 cattle, and was able to convert the natives from farmers to stock raisers. Soon under Fathers Rançoncier and Romero the Uruguay missions were re-established. In 1632 the Mamelucos discovered a new line of attack from the south. In 1638, despite some successful resistance, all twelve of the missions beyond the Uruguay River were abandoned and their people consolidated with the community of the Missions Territory. In the last raid Father Alfaro was killed.

In the same year Father Montoya, after having successfully opposed the attempts of the governor and the bishop of Asunción to reduce the natives' liberties and the mission administration, sailed for Europe. On this trip he was successful in obtaining letters from Pope Urban VIII forbidding the enslavement of the missionaries under the severest church penalties, and from King Philip IV of Spain, permitting Guaranis to carry firearms for defense and to be trained in their use by veteran soldiers who had become Jesuits.

When the next Paulista army, 800 strong, attacked the missions in 1641 they were met by a body of Christian Guarani armed with guns on the Acaray River. In two battles, the Paulista army suffered a defeat that warded off invasions for ten years. In 1651, the war between Spain and Portugal encouraged another Paulista attack to gain territory for Portugal. Before Spanish troops could arrive to help defend the missions, the fathers themselves led a Guarani army against the enemy. In 1732, at the time of their greatest prosperity, the Guarani missions were guarded by a well-drilled and well-equipped army of 7,000 Guaranis. On more than one occasion this mission army, accompanied by their priests, defended the Spanish colony.

In 1732, there were 30 Guarani missions with 141,252 converted Guaranis. Two years later a smallpox epidemic killed approximately 30,000 of them. In 1765, a second outbreak killed approximately 12,000 more, and then spread westward through the tribes of the Chaco.

Uruguay missions saved
In 1750 the Treaty of Madrid between Spain and Portugal transferred to Portugal the territory of the seven missions on the Uruguay River, and the Guaranis were ordered to leave; they refused, being familiar with the Portuguese as slave hunters. Seven years of guerrilla warfare killed thousands of them (see Guarani War). The Jesuits secured a royal decree restoring the disputed mission territory to Spanish jurisdiction. Two missions in 1747 and a third in 1760 were established in the sub-tribe of the Itatínes, or Tobatines, in central Paraguay, far north of the older mission group. In one of these, San Joaquín, Paraguay (founded 1747), Martin Dobrizhoffer ministered for eight years.

Jesuits expelled
In 1767, the Jesuits were expelled from Spanish dominions by royal edict. Fearing the outcome of this decision, viceroy Antonio María Bucareli y Ursúa entrusted the execution of the mandate in 1768 to two officers with a force of 500 troops. Despite their mission army of 14,000, the Jesuits submitted without resistance. Guarani caciques from Mission San Luis wrote a letter to the Governor of Buenos Aires on February 28, 1768, to ask for the Jesuits to stay. They wrote, "The fathers of the Company of Jesus know how to get along with us, and we with them, we are happy serving God and the King." The Guarani request was denied, but the letter highlights the value of the relationship the Jesuits and Guarani had established in the region.

Decline of the reductions
The missions were turned over to priests of other orders, chiefly Franciscans, but under a code of regulations drawn up by the viceroy and modeled largely on the Jesuit system. Under chaotic political regulation, the missions rapidly declined. Most Guaranis returned to the countryside. According to the official census of 1801, fewer than 45,000 Guaranis remained; cattle, sheep, and horses had disappeared; the fields and orchards were overgrown or cut down, and the churches were in ruins. The long period of revolutionary struggle that followed completed the destruction. In 1814, the mission Indians numbered 8,000, and in 1848 the few who remained were declared citizens.

Aftermath
A 2018 study in The Quarterly Journal of Economics found that "in areas of former Jesuit presence—within the Guarani area—educational attainment was higher and remains so (by 10–15%) 250 years later. These educational differences have also translated into incomes that are 10% higher today. The identification of the positive effect of the Guarani Jesuit missions emerges after comparing them with abandoned Jesuit missions and neighboring Franciscan Guarani missions. The enduring effects observed are consistent with transmission mechanisms of structural transformation, occupational specialization, and technology adoption in agriculture."

Eastern Bolivian Guarani
The Guarani people in Bolivia, called Chiriguanos, lived in the foothills of the Andes and had a different history than most other Guarani people. Noted for their warlike character, the Chiriguanos were hostile in turn to the Inca Empire, the Spanish, and the independent state of Bolivia from the late 15th to the late 19th century. The Jesuit missions had little success among the Chiriguanos, although Franciscans in the 19th century attracted numerous converts. The Chririguanos were not finally pacified until the defeat in 1892 of forces led by their messianic leader Apiaguaiki Tumpa in the Battle of Kuruyuki.

Argentina
Indigenous Guarani in Argentina fight to protect their ancestral lands from illegal logging and government neglect. A group formed by members of the Guarani community called "Los Rumberos," or “The Patrollers,” safeguard the forest to deter further encroachment.

Paraguay
The Guarani people and culture persist. Many are descendants of mission exiles. In Paraguay, Guarani lineage predominates in the population and the Guarani language is spoken in most departments to this day.

Bolivia
The Eastern Bolivian Guarani, being one of many indigenous peoples in Bolivia, live in the Gran Chaco, near the Pilcomayo River, in southeastern Bolivia close to the Paraguayan and Argentine borders, including portions of Santa Cruz, Chuquisaca, Tarija Departments. This region reaches nearly as far north as Santa Cruz de la Sierra and includes portions of the Guapay, Parapetí, and Ɨtɨka Guasu (or Pilcomayo) River valleys. The Bolivian Guarani are represented by the Assembly of the Guarani People. Some Guarani placenames in Bolivia: Yacuiba, Paraimiri, Itaimbeguasu, Tatarenda, Saipurú, Capirenda, Itay, Ibamiragera, Carandaytí, Ipaguasú, Abapó, Timboy, Caraparí, Urubichá, Kuruguakua, Guanay, Yaguarú and Rogagua.

There are three principal subgroups of Guarani in Bolivia, marked by dialectical and historical differences:
 * Around fifty thousand Ava Guarani principally in the Andean foothills. Ava means man in Guarani, and thus Ava Guarani has become the name for numerous Guarani ethnic groups in Paraguay and Brazil.
 * Simba (Quechua: braid) Guarani who live near the Pilcomayo River and have been identified by men maintaining a tradition of braided hair, although most young men no longer uphold this practice. They are sometimes called Guarani katui (Guarani: Guarani par excellence)
 * The Izoceño Guarani or Tapɨi of Izozog who live in the region of Ɨsoso or Izozo on the Parapetí River

Language

Today, the Standard Paraguayan Guarani is flourishing in Paraguay and is taught in 12 countries;

The growing Paraguayan immigration to Argentina has led to a cultural enhancement of the Guarani peoples in Argentina. It can also be seen in Spain, due to the intense Paraguayan immigration to Spain

The language was also used by other tribes in regions like the Paraguayan Chaco and Northern Argentina.

Notable Guarani people

 * Juliana, a 16th-century woman known for killing her Spanish master and urging other indigenous women to do the same
 * Sepé Tiarayú, Guarani War leader popularly venerated as a saint in Brazil and Argentina

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Guaraní people


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Talk:Small-C

Does this really merit inclusion in an encyclopedia? We can't have a page for every random C dialect implemented for every random, obscure computer platform. — Preceding unsigned comment added by K.lee (talk • contribs) 19:19, 7 October 2002 (UTC)

Authors
Are the authors Ron Cain and James E. Hendrix known? Are they computer scientists? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Weberjn (talk • contribs) 15:38, 19 February 2011 (UTC)
 * For the code they wrote, and the rest of us who used their works, they are VERY Well Known! They both published their works in several computer-related magazines and went on to receive (at least from me) silent gratitude and thanks for their fine endeavors. /idknow 06apr2015/

Small-c's relevance
"Small-C was important for tiny computers in a manner somewhat analogous to the importance of GCC for larger computers." Hardly. Small computers in the eighties were typically not programmed in C. CP/M itself was written in PL/0. Assembler was still often used not only for system software but also for applications, chiefly due to the very limited amount of available memory. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.142.72.54 (talk) 10:24, 2 January 2024 (UTC)

is that it's important to development of the language on small machines.
 * It's objections like these which really disappoint me. All computing activity which leads to further development in the field is important! /idknow 06apr2015/

Not mentioning it in a history of C development would be IMO a major over-sight.

Besides, as for Wikipedia, it must include the character of being a place for recording events and things of historical significance. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Idknow (talk • contribs) 19:28, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

In the vastness that is Wikipedia, there are already more than 2 million pages; surely, there are articles that are COMPLETE in their content about a particular facet of some over-arching subject?

Why should a modestly sized page about Smallc be targeted for redaction when even GCC warrants full discussion?

This isn't right that a small language of Small-C's caliber shouldn't be mentioned; it is still being hacked and improved and ported now. It's neither dead nor forgotten: it is a language for learning a particular facet of programming and its inclusion in Wikipedia does merit as complete a report as possible.

By way of thanks to the author of the comment above, I include my agrement with his comment. Thanks.

idknow 02:10, 5 November 2007 (UTC) idknow

Small C for Apple DOS
Its mentioned that Small C was implemented under Apple DOS (Apple II series of Computers) However, I can't even find a trace of information on it other than the passing mention. If anyone has more info, please update the article! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.190.148.32 (talk) 17:13, 21 September 2006 (UTC

An important piece of history.
Small-C is an important bit of computer history, being one of the first open source compilers (and one of the first open source applications of any sort) available for the IBM PC.

A group of us at IBM in Rochester MN keyed in the original Dr. Dobb's source and ported it to the PC, shortly after the original publication. Simultaneously Hendrix ported the better known PC version. I don't know if the version we worked on (I did most of the porting) survives in any form -- I don't believe that I still have a copy. drh (talk) 19:38, 18 November 2007 (UTC)

Small-C specs and features
It would be nice to see a little bit on exactly how Small-C differs from regular C. 194.150.244.67 (talk) 16:11, 4 March 2008 (UTC)

On 05Apr2015, I saw an Interview with someone from Wikipedia on CBS's 60 Minutes television show. The gentleman's tone and words indicated that in the years since I wrote the expanded article about Small-C attitudes have changed. The comments then were a castigation directed at me for wasting space and detail on a small and useless subject. Such foolishness but I couldn't do anything, and had to wait. After seeing the interview, and in that light, I determined to review the article and restore it to its original completeness, which I authored. I am pleased to have learned of the subsequent growth of the people who watch over the articles; hopefully this restored article will be accepted in the spirit in which it is intended. /idknow, 06Apr2015/.

title: Talk:Small-C


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Talk:Jethro Tull

Disambiguation
Wasn't Jethro Tull the man who developed crop rotation in England? Perhaps it might be better to use a topic heading of Jethro Tull (Band) or a disambiguation page. - 206.15.46.129

Good point. I was wondering about that. - DrewT2

 * I think he invented the seed drill or something didn't he? Some kind of agricultural fellow anyway. But really, I think the band is better known today than the man - personally I wouldn't worry too much about this until somebody decides to write about JT himself (although there are plenty who would disagree with me). --Camembert

 * I agree. The band is far more widely known. --mav

 * Is the person also known by a middle name? That would be an easy way to naturally disambiguate. Otherwise the person will just have to be at a parenthetical title. --mav

 * Okay, I just wrote Jethro Tull (agriculturist) and put in a link to Jethro Tull (band). If no one else will do it, I will perform the rest of the disambiguation, but since I really don't like Jethro Tull's music I'd prefer that a fan take care of it.  The seed man was really important to the whole world, the band isn't, except to its fans. In other words, I think this is a case for a real dismbiguation and not an apologetic aside off this article. Ortolan88 00:49 Oct 8, 2002 (UTC)

I just want to say that just because I moved the page and made the disambiguation doesn't mean I am necessarily a fan of the band... I'll let someone else remove the "one legged flute playing" comment, by the way. I've got to entertain myself somehow ;) --Camembert

Jethro Tull wasn't the guy who introduced a crop rotation idea in England; that was Charles Townshend. (At least that's what my text book says)  -Kyle — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.141.49.2 (talk • contribs)

 * Quite right, Kyle, and thanks for your contributions. I hope you've created a userid and will keep contributing, as unfortunately some of your fellow students have been so disruptive that your school (former school by now I guess) has been blocked for anonymous edits. Andrewa (talk) 17:54, 10 January 2013 (UTC)

Excellent result, people. I came here sure I'd find the band at Jethro Tull (undisambiguated). This is a classic case where a two-way DAB is the way to go. Andrewa (talk) 17:54, 10 January 2013 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Jethro Tull (band) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 07:43, 15 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jethro Tull


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User talk:HollyAm

Hello there Holly, welcome to the 'pedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you ever need editing help visit How does one edit a page and experiment at Sandbox. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions or how to format them visit our manual of style. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. Cheers! --maveric149

 * Thanks for the help; I like it here already! --HollyAm

 * Not a problem. If you need help or get lost just ask for help. --mav

Mark Belling
I noticed you improved the Mark Belling article by explaining his significance (frequently number one in his time-slot, has substituted for Limbaugh) as suggested by the Template:Explain-significance that was on the stub. Currently there's a discussion about actually deleting this template, at Templates for deletion. Would you feel like saying a few words in the template's defense there? -- Antaeus Feldspar 11:53, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Good job
I've noticed that you've been active in recent days on articles concerning Wisconsin and Milwaukee. Although I'm too busy at the moment with other topics to create a wikiproject on the state, which might help us all focus on Wisconsin-related articles, I wanted to let you know that your contributions haven't gone unnoticed, and I applaude your contributions. Cheers. --BaronLarf 20:29, Jun 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your comment regarding Wisconsin articles. You're right, a Wisconsin/Milwaukee Wikiproject is in order someday. I created the Milwaukee article many moons ago, so I have tried to stay with it somewhat. (It was more of a shell or list, but prior to that all the page talked about was beer and partying...) I have seen your editing at the Milwaukee article; hope you can continue in between your other contributions. Keep up the good work! HollyAm 21:52, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * Wow... I hadn't done enough research into your contributions. I see you took about a three year wikibreak from mid-October 2002 until mid-May of 2005.  Well, welcome back! :^)  --BaronLarf 22:19, Jun 26, 2005 (UTC)
 * Okay, I started a project at WikiProject Wisconsin, but it's only in its beginning stages. You're welcome to join and give any input you have.  Cheers.  --BaronLarf 04:11, July 25, 2005 (UTC)

Chicago
Hi. As you seem to be interested in Chicago, I just wanted to let you know about WikiProject Chicago. Our goal is to improve the quality of the Chicago and Chicago related articles. In doing so, we hope Chicago will become a featured article. To read more or join us in our efforts, please see the WikiProject Chicago page. Thanks!

Chicago Main Page Picture Vote
Hi Holly, thank you for supporting my picture on Talk:Chicago, Illinois. I have now added my picture as an official choice. I would appreciate it if you go back and vote for my picture (Picture #4) in the voting area for that picture. Thanks! Shoffman11 23:08, 20 July 2005 (UTC)

Chicago Picture Vote
Hi, I noticed that you have made comments regarding the vote for the Chicago main page picture. As you might have seen, User:Shoffman11 interpreted your comment as a vote, which I reverted as I saw it as not a vote but just a comment voiceing support for the image. Therefore, you no longer have a recorded vote on the page, and I invite you to go back and officially vote for whichever picture you prefer. Thanks, --Gpyoung talk 21:52, 23 July 2005 (UTC)

Chicago municipality infoboxes
Great job on adding those infoboxes! It's certainly a time consuming task and I'm glad to see you took time to find all that info. One thing concerning the townships, the way I understand it, a municipality may span serval township borders, but unlike with counties, they only affiliate themselves with one township. If I'm completely wrong here let me know but I'm fairly sure about this. I'll call a few township supervisors about this tomorrow to make sure. — oo64eva (Alex) (U @ 00:53, July 27, 2005 (UTC)

Many Thanks
Many thanks for your welcome, perhaps you would appreciate some poetry? 蘭花排行您的路, 遠航與微風在您的後面, 在家再來到美好. 內布拉斯加 02:23, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

Man Hours
Hi HollyAm, Have just been looking at your edits to man hours and learning a bit. I'm very new, UK based, but do teach in this subject area. So yes, I've already had a go at Wikifying it. I'm glad there was as little wrong as you seem to have found, but I've learned from what you did find. I still feel this item needs some decent References though, and I plan to check out my US and UK text books to see what I can suggest, at least from an engineering perspective. (Ynysgrif 01:22, 3 August 2005 (UTC))

BaronLarf's RFA
HollyAm — Thanks for you support on my recent RFA. Please let me know if I can help with any particular administrative responsibilities, or if you have any problems with the way I use the admin tools. I look forward to continuing to working with you on WP:WPWI. :^) Cheers.  --BaronLarf 00:51, August 11, 2005 (UTC)

Jesse White(s)
Kudos. Now, the Big Question: Are you old enough to remember actor Jesse White? Wahkeenah 00:07, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

If you like old movies, watch the Jimmy Stewart classic "Harvey". Jesse has a small supporting role as a kind of smart-alecky worker at a mental hospital, i.e. a "man in a white coat". The way he played that was typical of his character roles. I'll see what I can do about adding something to his page. :) Wahkeenah 01:00, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

George Harrison
I don'T know how this work but i really hope you get this message. I want to know how can I find out if George Harrison had a cat and if so what cind. Marica

Social Technology
Dear friend,

Thank you for redirecting my article on Social Technology and marking it as a stub. I will try and extend this in the next few days. I am adding a section today.

I feel like Alice in Wonderland. Please correct any mistakes that I make. I have lot to learn yet.

Best regards, Nirupma Kapoor neeray 17:26, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

Hi Thank you for the message. You see how green I am. Please watch my article, edit it and advise.

Best regards, Nirupma Kapoor neeray 18:34, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

A Question
Hi. Thanks for the welcome. I had a question about "editing" a page. If a page has the note on top that it needs to be cleaned up, what does that mean? Should I just try to do a general copy edit or is it more than that?

"This article needs to be cleaned up to conform to a higher standard of quality. This article has been tagged since August 2005"

Sreed1234 21:31, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

Zorka Janu
Hi Holly, Thank you for your help wikifying the Zorka Janu article. When I came to your page, I couldn't restrain myself from translating the Chinese verses above...
 * ''Orchids line the wake behind you
 * ''Gentle breeze moves you away
 * Return home to walk in beauty

Best Wishes, David Cruise 05:25, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Removing "Stub" Designation
When is it okay to remove the "stub" label?

I've added a bunch of things to The Biggest Loser page. Is it okay to remove the stub label?

Sreed1234 04:54, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

Request
Dear friend,

I need to post this message where many people can read it. Can you please tell me how to do this.

Best regards Nirupma Kapoor

neeray 15:19, 18 October 2005 (UTC)

Dear folks,

Please, if you know of any one who has fought against “Poorly differentiated embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma“, or has a child suffering from this disease, request them to mail me at nirupama.kapoor@gmail.com

I know this young teenager who is fighting very bravely against this disease. The original malignant tumors have disappeared. Now there is a follow up every 3 months.

Is there any thing that can be done to prevent recurrence?

I have gone through the material on the net. It is mostly technical, meant for doctors. I need to get in touch with people who have won against this or are fighting against this. We need practical advice.

I hope and pray that no child ever suffers from this disease. If you have children or teenagers around, please ask them to inform you of any unusual growth or lumps. Early detection increases the chance of cure. Growing children may be painfully sensitive and shy. Please encourage them to communicate.

Please pass this message to as many people as possible.

Thanking you, Nirupma Kapoor

Dear Splash and HollyAm,

Thank you, I do understand. I think I have found two very good and compassionate people on Wikipedia.

He is under proper medical care at one of the best hospitals in India. He has had chemo and radiotherapy for a year. He is fine now and has to go for follow ups every 3 months.

The disease is not very common and the real danger is recurrence. That is why we are trying to get in touch with people who have been through this. I am going to try the group that you have suggested.

He is 16 now, very creative, very brave. He paints and writes very well. He is now preparing for his class 10 National Level examinations.

Please rest assured that we will not take any step without consulting the doctors.

Thanking you, Nirupma Kapoor

61.0.120.166 14:46, 19 October 2005 (UTC)

Governors of Wisconsin-
There is an important correction concerning the list of Governors of Wisconsin:Governor Julius Heil was not succeeded by Walter Goodland in 1942.Orland Steen Loomis defeated Julius Heil;however,Loomis died before he took office.The Wisconsin Supreme Court ruled Goodland having been reelected Lieutenant Governor would acting governor during Loomis's term.The Wisconsin Blue Book listed Orland Steen Loomis among the list of Wisconsin's governors but without numbering him.Also a biography of Orland Loomis is included in the Wisconsin Blue Book 1960.I did do an article about Orland Steen Loomis.Thank you- Richard Dungar-

 * Richard, thanks for this information, and your work on Wisconsin articles in general. I hesitate to put Loomis in the table of governors since he never took office, but maybe we could have a footnote after Goodland's name, explaining that Loomis was governor-elect and Goodland was ruled acting governor upon his death. What do you think? HollyAm 17:18, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Okay, I went ahead and did that to show you what I was thinking; have a look. HollyAm 17:34, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

tl|Uncategorized
I've noticed your good work at Category:Category needed, and kudos for that. Thanks for the message, but I'll give you the same response I have made previously. A basic rule at Template namespace is that "Templates that provide information only of service to editors belong on an article's talk page." Uncategorized is unquestionably more meant for editors than readers, and thus should go on the talk page. - SimonP 21:18, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

cleaning up
I've been noticing you are being kind to some of the entries that I would question as to their place in wiki! thanks for what youre doing anyways, I do hope I havent given you a hard time by my random search 'cleanup' tags vcxlor 03:54, 9 November 2005 (UTC)

Lake Forest High School (Illinois) references
Hi, HollyAm! Thank you for adding some much-needed references to the alumni section. I did spend a fair amount of time poking around on their website without finding anything, but now that I know it's there, it's suddenly easy to find. :) Thanks again! — HorsePunchKid →龜 2005-10-21 03:28:46Z

hey thanks!

Hey ! Thanks for your support on my RfA. The final outcome was (57/4/3), so I am now an administrator. If you need help, have a question, or just want to chat (or if I get out of line!), please don't hesitate to let me know! Again, thanks! :D  Tom e rtalk

Necedah Shrine
Hi Holly-I added a link to the Necedah Shrine article about the Diocese of La Crosse views of Mrs. Mary Van Hoof's visions of the Blessed Virgin Mary.The link finally took hold, but after I had tried to experiment in the sandbox.However,it is not completely right.I needed to balance the Necedah Shrine article out.The Necedah Shrine is one of the many reasons Roman Catholic Bishop Raymond Leo Burke had founded the Shrine of Our Lady of Guadalupe in La Crosse,when he headed the Diocese of La Crosse. Would you please go to the Necedah Shrine and see if you could fix the link about the apparitions of the the Blessed Virgin Mary?It still not right. Thank you-RFD 14:27, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

Raymond Leo Burke
Hi Holly-Many thanks for the help with the Necedah Shrine article.I hope additional information on the Necedah Shrine will provide some sort of balance.You may want to look at the Raymond Leo Burke article;I wrote some comments about the Guadalupe and Necedah Shrines.I do need some minor editing on the Raymond Leo Burke article;I wikified some additional items in the article.One of them is about the Cathedral of St. Joseph in La Crosse.There is an article about the Cathedral a stub in Wikipedia,but when I wikified this,it remain red and did not turn blue thus registering the article about the Cathedral of St. Joseph in La Crosse.Help!What went wrong? Thanks again for your help. RFD 22:32, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

Deleted page
Thanks for deleting my page, I soooo appriciated it. NOT!!! —the preceding unsigned comment is by 4.238.171.202 (talk • contribs) 22:48, Dec 22, 2005
 * If it was the talk page full of gobbledygook, then you're most welcome. HollyAm 06:00, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

Thanks for your work
Thanks for your work on the Charles Allen Culberson page. Travb 09:17, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

Proposed merge
I propose merging The Week Magazine into The Week. Since you are a contributor to one or both of these articles, please comment if you have thoughts on the matter at Talk:The Week. Thanks! ++Lar: t/c 17:34, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

Wausau
thanks for the edit help. i was planning on going back and doing it, but got caught up with things. as far as the images are concerned on official city sites, as long as they are used in an information/educational way, the city usualy doesn't have a problem with it. that has been the case, at least, with the houston page that i have been working on. i didn't see any copyright info on the city of wausau's website. maybe it should be confirmed that its okay to use those images...i also wish there was a better picture database that can be used. the downtown image, unfortuntely, is the best image i have found so far compared to others... Urban909

Raymond Leo Burke
Hi Holly!This is a SOS on the Archbishop Raymond Leo Burke article.First of all,I added a sentence about the Archbishop growing up in Stratford,Wisconsin. However,people are hijacking the article cocerning St. Stanislaw parish problem. Therefore,I recommended the following: 1.The Archbishop Burke should be reverted to the neutral point of view especially with the St Stanislaw problem 2.The Archbishop Raymond Leo Burke should be protected until these editing wars,etc.,are resolved.Thanks-RFD 18:48, 31 December 2005 (UTC)

Mel Laird-
Hi Holly-Mel Laird lived in Marshfield not Stevens Point so I made the change.Also the Marshfield Clinic has the Melvin Laird Center and I put in the external link in the articles about Marshfield,Wisconsin and Mel Laird.On the Archbishop Burke article,it is still a mess.I hope a adminisrator will step in.Archbishop Burke is not very popular in St. Louis or La Crosse. Thanks-RFD 15:24, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

Many Thanks
Hi Holly!Happy New Year.Many thanks for your comments. Bishop Burke is very controversial especially with the Shrine of Our Lady of Guadalupe in La Crosse.He also reorganized the catholic school system in the La Crosse Diocese.One item of note:reportedly,Pope Benedict XVI is rumored to create Cardinals sometime this year.Most of the Archbishops of St Louis were created Cardinals. Stay tune.Again many thanks-Holly,RFD 20:54, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

The Diocese of Madison-
Hi Holly-Many thanks for creating the articles about the Dioceses of Superior&Green Bay.I did tried to write an article about the Diocese of Superior in late October(???), but it got stuck for it never took hold. I made a change in the Diocese of Madison article.Pope Pius XII formerly erected the diocese in January of 1946.However,Bishop McGavick of the La Crosse Diocese got a private telegram in December of 1945 from the papal nuncio.To make up for the lost territory,the Diocese of La Crosse got Portage County(Stevens Point) from the Green Bay Diocese,hence the confusion in the Madison Diocese article about receiving territory from the Green Bay Diocese.If you have time,would you please wikified the counties mention in the Madison Diocese article.Thanks-RFD 18:16, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

Hezekiah Smith
Thank you for the help with Hezekiah Bradley Smith. Its a great story. How did you come across the article? (preceding unsigned comment by Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ))

merging of "consentual reality"
You merged an article without any discussion what-so-ever? I actually have reasons for making them two separate articles. (Signed: J.Smith) 06:09, 17 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Replied on user's talk page. HollyAm

Wausau
you need to give better reasons for deleting pictures. city websites do not mind the use of their photos as long as its used for informational reasons, such as this site... —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 70.240.99.8 (talk • contribs) 16:47 Jan 17, 2006.

 * Are you the uploader User:Urban909, or simply an anonymous user? In either case...First, thanks for the information, but since I am not a copyright expert it would help if you could give a reference for the assertion you made about city websites. Second, for clarity, understand that I did not delete the images; an administrator did. So s/he must have agreed with the the reason. And that reason was, that the images had no source and no copyright information listed on the image's description page. If an image is OK to use, the user should articulate why on the images' description page. This is done in part with image tags. As a courtesy, I notified User:Urban909 of this but apparently the user did not go back and add the info to the images' pages as now they are deleted. Wikipedia is being careful to ensure its content does not violate others' copyright. HollyAm 02:10, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

Episcopal Church in Wisconsin-etc.
Hi Holly!Welcome back! As you can see I started the articles concerning the 3 Episcopal Dioceses in Wisconsin.Why stop at the Roman Catholic Church.The user Rockhopper who knows about the Episcopal Church was a big help. Also I started articles on Alvin Baldus and William A. Steiger.There is an article about his wife Janet Dempsey Steiger, but none of her husband-Bill Steiger. Finally, I started an article about Ken Behring, because, he grew up in Monroe, Wisconsin. Again, my thanks for the help and encouragement you give people including myself with Wikipedia.RFD 13:52, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite)
Hi Holly- The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite) have their headquarters in Burlington, Wisconsin ,so I added the church to the Religion in Wisconsin category. In the Wisconsin Territorial governors section I made a minor change and Nathaniel P. Tallmadge is now included.All of Wisconsin's territorial and state governors are now included.Thank you-RFD 13:06, 31 January 2006 (UTC) PS-I also added Voree, Wisconsin article to the Category:Churches in Wisconsin.Thanks-RFD 16:45, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

I added a website about Voree, Wisconsin.It is an very interesting website.I also added the same one to the Burlington, Wisconsin article along with the Burlington Chamber of Commerce website.RFD 15:03, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

Angus Cameron-
I started an article about Angus Cameron who was in the United States Senate from Wisconsin.Thanks-RFD 23:05, 31 January 2006 (UTC)

Davidson copyright violation
Hi Holly,

User:Mortalseraphim reinserted the material on the Scottish clan Davidson that you had removed as a copyright violation. I see that it's taken verbatim from the ScotClans site, but I couldn't find a copyright notice there. If you're sure this is copyrighted, please remove it again and make a note on the talk page. Joriki 08:22, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

Wisconsin Territory-Delegates to Congress-
I started articles about Morgan Lewis Martin and John Hubbard Tweedy who were delegates to Congress from Wisconsin Territory.The articles can always be expanded.I figure just to complete the Congressional delegation from Wisconsin Territory, since there only 2 of them.Thanks207.230.211.19 12:29, 1 February 2006 (UTC)Sorry-I forgot to log in!RFD 12:31, 1 February 2006 (UTC) I added an article about Gardner R. Withrow;he was in Congress and was born in La Crosse, Wisconsin. RFD 14:40, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

Cleanup Tags
It's nice to see that you put clean up tags on articles, however if you are going to do so, I suggest you make darn sure you put something about it in the article's talk page. It isn't helpful if you just go around tagging articles with no explination. It would be much appreciated if you would write in the article's talk page. Anonym1ty 15:57, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

John Abner Race
Hi I added 2 articles:John Abner Race who was in Congress for 1 term until he got beated by William A. Steiger and an article about St Paul's Episcopal Cathedral in the Episcopal Diocese of Fond du Lac.Thanks-RFD 14:57, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

comment request
Since you're the only one who took the time to comment on the friendly dispute I had with Dhmachine31 on Template talk:Eau Claire, Wisconsin, I was wondering if you could review the issue and then look over the changes I've made to the templates (I haven't done Duluth, Madison or Milwaukee yet...they're gonna be real pains...) and comment somewhere. Thanks for your time. Tom e rtalk 02:06, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

Sinsinawa Dominican Sisters
I started an article about the Sinsinawa Dominican Sisters.It was needed.Also I created an article about Sinsinawa, Wisconsin in Grant County, Wisconsin.Thanks-RFD 14:34, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

Family History
I am proposing a Family History Wiki. I hope you are interested enough to add your name in support at Wikimedia. --Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ) 07:49, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

Wisconsin RCL list "update"
What was your source for this edit? You say "update", but unless you wrote all those articles or worked on them, I can't figure out how you got ahold of their names in order to add them to the insanely huge list. Any pointers would be great... Tom e rtalk 03:52, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

Hello?
Are you OK? Tom e rtalk 21:04, 9 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Hi HollyAm. I see that you're probably taking a wikibreak, like I did for about seven months.  Too bad that I came back from mine about a month after you left; coincidentally, I was spurred to come back after Tshilo12 (Tomer) left me a message on my talk page asking if I knew where you were.  Hope everything it going well for you, and we look forward to working with you again whenever the wikibug bites again. --BaronLarf 16:20, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

Hi Holly-I hope you are doing well-RFD 18:11, 13 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Hey Holly, welcome back. I was actually more than just a little concerned...not to be morbid, but if I'd known your real name, I'd have searched the obits. :-\  I'm more than glad you're back, I'm outright relieved!  :-)  If you look at my contribs, you'll see I've been less than stellarly-active myself of late, but that's what happens when a woman [yay!] and a job [yay!] start taxing your time.  :-D  Anyhoo, I'm happy to hear you're alright, and your family member, and look forward to seeing more of you around here again in the future.  :-)  Cheers, Tom e rtalk  03:27, 25 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Hi Holly! Welcome! I miss you. As I wrote Baron, I like being part of WikiProject Wisconsin.Thank you for your work!RFD 17:48, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

U.S. Bank Center
I just remembered that though Firstar changed it's retail branches to that name in 1992, they did change the corporate name in 1988. Thanks for clearing that up, I remember the changeover but I forgot they changed from First Wisconsin to Firstar four years earlier, I misread the sentence. Thanks for clarifying. Nate 09:45, 12 June 2006 (UTC)

request for help
I'm not sure if you're around to help, but a couple of people hijacked the Snuh page, specifically the UseNet reference part. I think this page explains it:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:List_of_neologisms_on_The_Simpsons#Boni

How can they call a vote to merge the page, lose the vote, yet change the page anyway?

I'm a total Wiki n00b, I'd appreciate your help. I can be emailed at h0plibbb_oili@hotmail.com. Thanks in advance. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 71.140.225.62 (talk • contribs) 07:27, July 7, 2006.

 * Hi. A look at the contributions of the folks voting "oppose" about the SNUH merge here shows that they (basically) have no history at Wikipedia. "Votes" from such entities may be discounted. The last person who voted "oppose" obviously meant to support the merge, or at least a merge. So, I would have to say it seems that this merge was supported by at least four and opposed by no one of permanence in the Wikipedia community. HollyAm 03:47, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

Joe Thomas (Offensive tackle)
Please delete that one.--MP123 00:25, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

Marc Bell
Hi, way back on 2005-09-03T17:08:42 you edited the Marc Bell II. Before it contained "Marc Bell", and you modified it to "Marc Bell II". Do you recall what information you had for this? Or was that the article namespace? I ask, because I fear that it could be false information, and this article should be moved into the Marc Bell space, or at the very least the Marc Bell (artist) space. Please validate your reasoning for adding "II" on the talk page, thanks. +Mwtoews 04:52, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

IfD
I see that you nominated your own image for deletion in Images and media for deletion/2006 August 31 with reason of no rationale. Is it that you want that image to be deleted? If so please orphaned it first. Many thanks. --WinHunter (talk) 06:49, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

Smile...

has smiled at you! Smiles promote WikiLove and hopefully this one has made your day better. Spread the WikiLove by smiling to someone else, whether it be someone you have had disagreements with in the past or a good friend. Smile to others by adding {{subst:smile}}, {{subst:smile2}} or {{subst:smile3}} to their talk page with a friendly message. Happy editing!

Stadium articles
Just wanted to say thanks for reverting/correcting the rest of those edits where the seating capacity for various NFL stadiums were misleadingly changed. Strange that no one noticed those edits sooner, the anon stopped vandalising after one warning. Go Packers! --Nebular110 06:29, 5 November 2006 (UTC)

CHICOTW
I see your user name listed as a member of the WikiProject_Chicago. I do not know if you are aware that we are attempting to revive the CHICOTW. See our results history. We could use additional input in nominating future articles, voting on nominees and editing winning nominees. Should you contribute you will receive weekly notices like the following:

TonyTheTiger 00:51, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

New WikiProject Illinois Collaboration Division
Hey, saw you were a participant in the Illinois WikiProject. I thought I would let you know that there is a new Collaboration Division up for the project. The goal of the division is to select an article or articles for improvement to Good article standard or higher. There is a simple nomination process, which you can check out on the division subpage, to make sure each candidate for collaboration has enough interested editors. This is a good way to get a lot of articles to a quality status quickly. Please consider participating. More details can be seen at the division subpage. IvoShandor 11:23, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Illinois 2007 Census
IvoShandor 11:09, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

Great contributions
Hello HollyAm. Thank you for your contributions. I was looking at the biographies of Governors of Wisconsin and I noticed that you have created the biographies of some Governors of Wisconsin. Great contributions. Regards, Masterpiece2000 12:59, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

Hi Holly
Hi Holly! Howa are you doing? I hope everything is going well.Thank you-RFD (talk) 22:10, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

WP:CHICAGO
You have been marked as an inactive member of WP:CHICAGO since you have not updated your status at WikiProject Chicago/members. If you consider yourself either an active or semi-active member of the project please correct your status. If you consider yourself a member you may want to get involved in the Meetup/Chicago 3. Also, if you are a member, be advised that the project is now trying to keep all the project's WP:PR, WP:FAC, WP:FAR, WP:GAR, WP:GAC WP:FLC, WP:FLRC, WP:FTC, WP:FPOC, WP:FPC, and WP:AFD discussion pages in one location at the new WikiProject Chicago/Review page. Please help add any discussion you are aware of at this location.--TonyTheTiger (t/c/bio/WP:CHICAGO/WP:LOTM) 16:22, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

WP:CHICAGO
You have been not signed up as an active member of WP:CHICAGO, but you have a userspace page linked to User WPChicago. If you consider yourself either an active or semi-active member of the project please sign up as such at WikiProject Chicago/members where you may currently be listed as inactive. Also, if you are a member, be aware of Meetup/Chicago 3 and be advised that the project is now trying to keep all the project's WP:PR, WP:FAC, WP:FAR, WP:GAR, WP:GAC WP:FLC, WP:FLRC, WP:FTC, WP:FPOC, WP:FPC, and WP:AFD discussion pages in one location at the new WikiProject Chicago/Review page. Please help add any discussion you are aware of at this location.--TonyTheTiger (t/c/bio/WP:CHICAGO/WP:LOTM) 18:33, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

Hello
Hi HollyAm. I just returned from a three-year-long wikibreak, and was sad to see that you also have gone on one. Hope all is well! --BaronLarf 07:49, 19 January 2010 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Niuseal.jpg
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Proposed deletion of P. A. Starck Piano

The article P. A. Starck Piano has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * does not appear notable

While all contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. The speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion.  Chzz  ► 05:08, 14 November 2010 (UTC)

Hi
Hi I saw you came back briefly. Hope you are well-Thanks-RFD (talk) 16:20, 21 December 2010 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Niuseal.jpg
 Thanks for uploading File:Niuseal.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently orphaned, meaning that it is not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

If you have uploaded other unlicensed media, please check whether they're used in any articles or not. You can find a list of "file" pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Skier Dude2 (talk) 05:44, 12 April 2011 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Niuseal.jpg
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Hello!
Hi HollyAm! Many thanks for the message! I am doing okay healthwise but do have my ups and downs! I hope you can come back to Wikipedia. Editors have been leaving the project and it is sad. I hope there would be changes to have editors stay and encouraged the older editors to return and give Wikipedia another try. Again my thanks-RFD (talk) 10:11, 23 October 2013 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:51, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Edit-a-thon in Madison

 * ART+FEMINISM EDIT-A-THON

 * Saturday, March 5th, 9:30 a.m. – noon
 * Madison Public Library (Madison, Wisconsin)
 * Bring a laptop! There will be snacks and daycare

RSVP on the event page if you plan to attend or have any suggestions. czar 00:53, 1 February 2016 (UTC)

 * You received this message because you are a member of Category:Wikipedians in Wisconsin. To opt-in to future Madison event messages, add yourself to the mailing list.

Wikipedia:WikiProject United States/The 50,000 Challenge
--MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 02:40, 8 November 2016 (UTC)

Hi
Hi HollyAm! I hope you are doing well-RFD (talk) 20:34, 10 December 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:HollyAm


text: User:Sy~enwiki

title: User:Sy~enwiki


text:
User talk:Sy~enwiki

Hello there Sy, welcome to the 'pedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you ever need editing help visit How does one edit a page and experiment at Sandbox. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. BTW, nice work on Kahone. Cheers! --maveric149

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Sy! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is an  Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. Please note that all biographies of living persons must be sourced. If you were to add reliable, secondary sources to this article, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 20:09, 2 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) King Mbaye Badiane I -

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Sy. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Sy~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

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Jethro Tull (agriculturist)

Jethro Tull (baptised 30 March 1674 – 21 February 1741, New Style) was an English agriculturist from Berkshire who helped to bring about the British Agricultural Revolution of the 18th century. He perfected a horse-drawn seed drill in 1701 that economically sowed the seeds in neat rows, and later developed a horse-drawn hoe. Tull's methods were adopted by many landowners and helped to provide the basis for modern agriculture.

Biography
Tull was born probably in Basildon, Berkshire, to Jethro Tull, Sr, and his wife Dorothy, née Buckeridge. His mother Dorothy was the daughter of Thomas Buckeridge of Basildon and his wife Elizabeth, née Clarke. He was baptised at Basildon on 30 March 1674. He grew up in Bradfield, Berkshire and matriculated at St John's College, Oxford, at the age of 17. He trained for the legal profession, but appears not to have taken a degree. He became a member of Staple Inn, and was called to the bar on 11 December 1693 by the benchers of Gray's Inn.

Tull married Susanna Smith of Burton Dassett, Warwickshire, daughter of John Smith of the same place. They settled on his father's farm at Howberry, near Crowmarsh Gifford, Oxfordshire, where they had one son and two daughters.

Soon after his call to the bar, Tull became ill with a pulmonary disorder and travelled to Europe in search of a cure. He was for a considerable period at Montpellier in the south of France. During his tour, Tull carefully compared the agriculture of France and Italy with that of his own country, and omitted no occasion to observe and note everything which supported his own views and discoveries. On more than one occasion, he alluded in his work to the similarity of his own horse-hoe husbandry to the practice followed by the vine-dressers of the south of Europe in constantly hoeing or otherwise stirring their ground. Finding that they did not approve of dunging their vineyards, Tull readily adduced the fact in favour of his own favourite theory: that manuring soil is an unnecessary operation. Returning to England, in 1709 he took into his own hands the farm called Prosperous, at Shalbourne (then in Berkshire, now in Wiltshire). Here, resuming the agricultural efforts he had commenced earlier, he wrote his book Horse-hoeing Husbandry (1731).

Tull died on 21 February 1741 at Prosperous Farm and is buried in the graveyard of St Bartholomew's Church, Lower Basildon, Berkshire (now redundant), where he had been baptised. His modern gravestone bears the burial date 9 March 1740 using the Old Style calendar, which is equivalent to the modern date 20 March 1741.

Work
In his travels, Tull found himself seeking more knowledge of agriculture. Influenced by the early Age of Enlightenment, he is considered to be one of the early proponents of a scientific – and especially empirical – approach to agriculture. He helped transform agricultural practices by inventing or improving numerous implements.

Tull made early advances in planting crops with his invention of the seed drill (1701) – a mechanical seeder that sowed efficiently at the correct depth and spacing and then covered the seed so that it could grow. Before the introduction of the seed drill, the common practice was to plant seeds by broadcasting (evenly throwing) them across the ground by hand on the prepared soil and then lightly harrowing the soil to bury the seeds to the correct depth.

At a later period (1730–1740), Tull devoted all his energies to promote the introduction of this machine, "more especially as it admitted the use of the hoe."

In his book Horse-hoeing Husbandry (published in 1731), Tull described how the motivation for developing the seed-drill arose from conflict with his servants. He had struggled to enforce his new methods upon them, in part because they resisted the threat to their position as labourers and their skill with the plough.

Drill husbandry
Tull invented some machinery for the purpose of carrying out his system of drill husbandry, about 1733. His first invention was a drill-plough to sow wheat and turnip seed in drills, three rows at a time. There were two boxes for the seed, and these, with the coulters, were placed one set behind the other, so that two sorts of seed might be sown at the same time. A harrow to cover in the seed was attached behind.

Tull also invented a turnip-drill somewhat similar to the other in general arrangement, but of lighter construction. The feeding spout was so arranged as to carry one half of the seed backwards after the earth had fallen into the channel; a harrow was pinned to the beam; and by this arrangement one half of the seed would spring up sooner than the other, allowing part to escape the turnip fly.

When desirable to turn the machine, the harrow was to be lifted and the feeding would stop. The manner of delivering the seeds to the funnels in both the above drills was by notched barrels, and Tull was the first to use cavities in the surfaces of solid cylinders for the feeding. Nothing material in the history of the drill then occurred until 1782.

Growing soil
Tull considered soil to be the sole food of plants. "Too much nitre," Tull wrote, "corrodes a plant, too much water drowns it, too much air dries the roots of it, too much heat burns it; but too much earth a plant can never have, unless it be therein wholly buried: too much earth or too fine can never possibly be given to their roots, for they never receive so much of it as to surfeit the plant." Again, he declares elsewhere, "That which nourishes and augments a plant is the true food of it. Every plant is earth, and the growth and true increase of a plant is the addition of more earth." And in his chapter on the "Pasture of Plants", Tull told his readers with great gravity that "this pasturage is the inner or internal superficies [sic] of the earth; or, which is the same thing, it is the superficies of the pores, cavities, or interstices of the divided parts of the earth, which are of two sorts, natural and artificial. The mouths or lacteals of roots take their pabulum, being fine particles of earth, from the superficies of the pores or cavities, wherein their roots are included."

Tull wrote with enthusiasm and carried his admiration of the powers of the earth to support vegetation too far; he was deceived, in fact, by the effects of his finely pulverising system of tillage, and did not sufficiently attend to the fact that there are many other substances in the commonly cultivated soils of the farmer besides the earths, and that so far from their being always the chief constituents of the soil, they very often form the smallest portion of even a highly productive field.

That the four earths of which all cultivated soils are composed are all the necessary food or constituents of vegetables has, long since Tull wrote, been decided by accurate investigations of chemists. Of these, lime, either as a carbonate or an acetate or a sulphate, is by far the most generally present in plants; indeed, in one form or another, it is rarely absent from them. The presence of silica (flint) is almost equally general. Magnesia is less usually present, or, at least, it exists in smaller proportions; and the same remark applies to alumina (clay).

Hoeing by hand
The operation of hoeing is beneficial, not only as being destructive of weeds, but as loosening the surface of the soil, and rendering it more permeable to the gases and aqueous vapour of the atmosphere. Hoeing, therefore, not only protects the farmer's crops from being weakened by weeds, but it renders the soil itself as more capable of supplying the plants with their food. Tull was the first who inculcated the advantages of hoeing cultivated soils. He correctly enough told the farmers of his time, that as fine hoed ground is not so long soaked by rain, so the dews never suffer it to become perfectly dry. This appears by the plants which flourish in this, whilst those in the hard ground are starved. In the driest weather good hoeing procures moisture to the roots of plants, though the ignorant and incurious fancy it lets in the drought.

Legacy
Tull's work on agriculture initiated a new movement in 18th-century agriculture called "horse-hoeing husbandry" or "new husbandry". His system was supported by Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau in France, Michel Lullin de Chateauvieux in Switzerland, John Mills in England, and many others. It offered two major innovations:

 * Scarifiers and horse hoes: These implements were unknown until the 18th century. "Hoeing by manual labour had, in very early ages, been partially practised; for the earliest writers [...] recommended particular attention to the cutting down and destroying of weeds. But to Jethro Tull, is indisputably due the honour of having first demonstrated the importance of frequent hoeing, not merely to extirpate weeds, but for the purpose of pulverizing the soil, by which process the gases and moisture of the atmosphere are enabled more freely to penetrate to the roots of the crop."
 * The use of drills: In Roman agriculture the endeavour was "to attain the advantages incident to row-culture by ploughing in their seeds. A rude machine [has] been used immemorially in India for sowing in rows. The first drill for this purpose introduced into Europe seems to have been the invention of a German, who made it known to the Spanish court in 1647." "It was first brought much into notice in this country by Tull, in 1731; but the practice did not come into any thing like general adoption till the commencement of the [19th] century." By then there were "several improved machines adapted to the sowing of corn, beans, and turnips."

The influence of the atmosphere on the soil and the increased fertility produced by pulverising and stirring heavy lands led to the notion adopted by Tull that labour might entirely supersede the necessity of manure: hence the origin of the horse-hoeing husbandry, which at one time was so highly thought of as to be called, by way of distinction, the new husbandry.

Fallows and manuring were both discarded as unnecessary; the seed was sown in rows with wide intervals, which were continually kept worked and stirred. At first the result was highly satisfactory; all the humus, by exposure to the air, was converted into soluble extract and taken up by the plants, which thrived well as long as the supply lasted: but in the end the soil was exhausted; and the warmest admirers and supporters of Tull's system, Du Hamel and De Chateauvieux, besides many others, found in practice that pulverising alone will not restore fertility. However, the system of drilling and horse-hoeing, when united with judicious manuring, has been found a great improvement in agriculture.

Tull's book upon husbandry also influenced cotton culture in the American Southern Colonies. Tull's system taught that to ensure a sufficient number of plants, they did not just need to increase the quantity of seed, but to plant the seed at regular distances.

Tull's farm
After Tull's death, his holdings of about 70 acre of freehold land in Berkshire found their way into Chancery, and were sold by order in 1784 to a Mr Blandy. Tull held about 130 acre of additional land by a different tenure. The old brew-house he dwelt in has been modernised, but remains largely intact – as late as 1840 it was said to be in very good condition. Of the outhouses, Tull's granary and his stables remain, although deteriorating. At the end of the granary, which Tull built, is an old well. When it was cleared out some years ago, there was found under the accumulated mud of nearly a century a three-pronged hoe, which is likely to have belonged to Tull and is now in the museum of the Royal Agricultural Society of England. It may have been thrown by his men, who adopted new types of tool with reluctance and reportedly thwarted him in many ways.

Tull's Prosperous Farm in the rural parish of Shalbourne, under the Coomb Hills about 4 mi south of Hungerford, long remained an object of interest to lovers of agriculture. Arthur Young made a pilgrimage there and William Cobbett did the same. The farmhouse was rebuilt in the 19th century.

Rejection of Virgilian husbandry: debate with Stephen Switzer
While supported by a number of powerful patrons, Tull's revolutionary claims regarding horse-hoeing husbandry and rejection of Virgilian, "old" husbandry presented in The Horse-Hoeing Husbandry drew fire from a variety of critics. One of his most vehement dissenters was Stephen Switzer, a contemporary landscape gardener and leader of the Private Society of Husbandmen and Planters. Following the publication of The Horse-Hoeing Husbandry: Or, An Essay on the Principles of Tillage and Vegetation in 1731, Switzer fiercely attacked Tull in the final two volumes of his own monthly publication, The Practical Husbandman and Planter, in 1734. He not only accused Tull of plagiarizing his technological inventions from others, namely the horse hoe and drill, but also attacked him for his criticism of farming techniques found in Virgil's Georgics and his rejection of traditional, "Virgilian" husbandry.

Throughout the 18th century, Georgics, a didactic poem written by the Roman poet Virgil in 37–30 BC, continued to hold great philosophical and cultural power in Britain, serving not merely as poetry but as manuals of husbandry and even scientific treatises. The sheer number of English translations and editions of Georgics between 1690 and 1820 highlights its cultural significance in British society. In the preface to his translation, William Benson declares his certainty that "the Husbandry of England in General is Virgilian." In a polemic chapter entitled "Remarks on the Bad Husbandry, that is so finely Express'd in Virgil's First Georgic," Tull derides it for several apparent deficiencies in farming techniques: He concludes with a declaration that his "New Husbandry," at odds with many of his contemporaries and differing "in all respects, warrants [him] calling it Anti-Virgilian."
 * Shallow and late ploughing of poor land: Tull disagrees vehemently, as hoeing to enrich the soil is at the crux of his "New Husbandry", and encourages frequent and early ploughing. Lacking modern scientific understanding of soil nutrition, he incorrectly imagined that the act of dividing soil into smaller and smaller particles through pulverization was what gave nutrition to vegetable roots. Thus he promoted the enrichment of soil by frequent ploughing, which he reasoned would also encourage absorption of dew moisture in the land.
 * Burning of stubble to enrich land: Tull derides Virgil's "unbecoming" foolishness for suggesting such a faulty method. Tull cites measurements of soil weight before and after stubble burning, noting that the decrease in soil weight must indicate loss of soil content and nutrition.
 * Tilling of land with harrows and cross-ploughing: again Tull scoffs at a method of ploughing which diverged from his own.

Tull's attack was not without consequences. Switzer leapt to Virgil's defence against what he saw as groundless and polemic attacks from Tull. He took offence at Tull's rejection not only of Virgil, but of any and all who practised husbandry in his style. Switzer criticized Tull for prescribing heavy ploughing to all regardless of soil type and condition, and for his dogmatic dismissal of the value of dung. He compared Tull to a quack who claims one medicine can cure all manners of diseases. For two more volumes, Switzer fine-combs through The Horse-Hoeing Husbandry, mining Virgil for authoritative statements on agriculture and pouncing on apparently erroneous claims. Tull's rejection of a traditional mode of agronomy in favour of self-experimentation, and Switzer's defence of classical authority marked the beginnings of an intellectual discussion around the field of agricultural science.

Selected publications
The works of Tull appeared between the years 1731 and 1739. A selection:
 * The new horse-houghing husbandry, or, An essay on the principles of tillage and vegetation wherein is shewn, a method of introducing a sort of vineyard-culture into the corn-fields, to increase their product, and diminish the common expence, by the use of instruments lately invented by Jethro Tull. 1731; Horse-hoeing husbandry 4th ed., (1762) from John Adams's library, Internet Archive
 * A supplement to the essay on horse-hoing husbandry. Containing explanations and additions both in theory and practice. Wherein all the objections against that husbandry, which are come to the author's knowledge are consider'd and answer'd. By Jethro Tull, Esq., 1736

Works on Jethro Tull

 * The relevant page in Robert Chambers: Chambers's Book of Days. A Miscellany of Popular Antiquities in connection with the Calendar. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1879. Digitised at the Libraries of the University of Wisconsin–Madison
 * Aaron Brachfeld, Mary Choate (2010) Jethro Tull's Horse Hoeing Husbandry 5th edition
 * N. Hidden (1989) "Jethro Tull I, II, III", Agric. Hist. Rev., 37 (1), pp. 26–35
 * Will MacDonald et al. Makers of Modern Agriculture. Chapter 1. "Jethro Tull: Founder of the principles of dry-farming." 1913. pp. 1–15
 * G. E. Fussell (1973) Jethro Tull: His Influence on Mechanized Agriculture, Osprey (The Great Innovators Series)
 * G. E. Fussell (1973) Jethro Tull: His Influence on Mechanized Agriculture, Osprey (The Great Innovators Series)

Literary legacy
Tull was referred to in Tobias Smollett's 1771 novel, The Expedition of Humphry Clinker.

Attribution
This article incorporates public domain material from: The farmer's encyclopædia, and dictionary of rural affairs. By Cuthbert W. Johnson, 1844

title: Jethro Tull (agriculturist)


text:
Jethro Tull

Jethro Tull may refer to:

 * Jethro Tull (agriculturist) (1674–1741), English agriculturist, often credited with inventing the seed drill
 * Jethro Tull (band), a British rock group named after the agriculturist

title: Jethro Tull


text:
Serer-Ndut people

The Serer-Ndut or Ndut also spelt (Ndoute or N'doute) are an ethnic group in Senegal numbering 38600. They are part of the Serer people who collectively make up the third largest ethnic group in Senegal. The Serer-Ndut live mostly in central Senegal in the district of Mont-Roland, northwest of the city of ancient Thiès.

Culture
Their language Ndut, is one of the Cangin languages, closely related to Palor. Like the other Cangin languages, the speakers are ethnically Serers but they do not speak the Serer-Sine language. Their language is not a dialect of Serer-Sine (or Serer proper). The people are agriculturalists and lake fishermen.

Religion
Serer-Ndut people traditionally and still practice the Serer religion which involves honouring the ancestors covering all dimensions of life, death, cosmology etc. Their name for the Supreme Deity (Roog - in Serer religion) is Kopé Tiatie Cac - (God the grandfather in the Ndut language). The Ndut initiation rite, a rite of passage in Serer religion takes its name from the Ndut language. Some Serer-Ndut are Catholic. The main Catholic mission is at the town of Tiin.

History
The Serer people to which they are a sub-group of are the oldest inhabitants of Senegambia along with the Jola people. Their ancestors were dispersed throughout the Senegambia Region and it is suggested that they built the Senegambian stone circles although other sources suggest it was probably the Jola.

The Ndut were also the original founders of Biffeche as well as the Mt Rolland. During the colonial period of Senegal, both the French administration and the Muslim communities of Senegal tried to annihilate the Serer-Ndut people. They failed to achieve their objectives.

title: Serer-Ndut people


text:
User:Ceaser

About
I'm a Software developer in living in Baltimore, MD and working at Goddard Space Flight Center. I'm a fan of Simpsons, Star Wars, Dune (novel), and Family Guy. I also currently run my own Mediawiki on an internerl network in an attempt to stream line the documentation of the process of developing software.

Wiki
If I had to classify my most common edit activity on Wikipedia, I would say that I like creating links to existing documents on the page that I am reading. While I don't add much content to the site, I think it is quite helpfull allow users easy access to terms they may not already be familiar with.

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November 2008
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title: User talk:Ceaser