text:
Newton County, Mississippi

Newton County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, the population was 21,291. Its county seat is Decatur.

History
The land that would become Newton County was purchased from the Choctaw under the terms of the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek. Newton County was split off from the southern part of Neshoba County and organized on February 26, 1836. The county is named for scientist Isaac Newton.

The Battle of Newton's Station was fought in the county on April 24, 1863, during Grierson's Raid of the American Civil War. Union troops pulled up railroad tracks and burned the depot at Newton's Station.

In February 1864, General William Tecumseh Sherman crossed the county, burning the county seat at Decatur and was nearly captured during the Meridian Campaign. Sherman stopped during the return trip from Meridian and slept at Boler's Inn in the town of Union.

On October 8, 1908, a black sharecropper named Shep Jones had a disagreement with his white employer, leading to the employer's death. While searching for Jones, a white mob destroyed property owned by black people, burned their church and meeting lodge, threatened black families, and hanged Jones' father-in-law and two other black men. Many black people fled Newton County. No arrests or restitution occurred.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 580 sqmi, of which 578 sqmi is land and 1.5 sqmi (0.3%) is water.

Major highways

 * [[Image:I-20.svg|20px]] Interstate 20
 * [[Image:US 80.svg|20px]] U.S. Highway 80
 * [[Image:Circle sign 15.svg|20px]] Mississippi Highway 15

Adjacent counties

 * Neshoba County (north)
 * Lauderdale County (east)
 * Jasper County (south)
 * Scott County (west)

National protected area

 * Bienville National Forest (part)

2020 census
As of the 2020 United States Census, there were 21,291 people, 8,037 households, and 5,697 families residing in the county.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 21,838 people, 8,221 households, and 6,001 families residing in the county. The population density was 38 /mi2. There were 9,259 housing units at an average density of 16 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 65.01% white, 30.37% black or African American, 3.68% Native American, 0.18% Asian, 0.33% from other races, and 0.44% from two or more races. 0.91% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 8,221 households, out of which 33.50% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.00% were married couples living together, 16.00% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.00% were non-families. 24.60% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.04.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 26.20% under the age of 18, 11.20% from 18 to 24, 26.00% from 25 to 44, 21.70% from 45 to 64, and 14.90% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 92.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.70 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $28,735, and the median income for a family was $34,606. Males had a median income of $27,820 versus $20,757 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,008. About 16.40% of families and 19.90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.30% of those under age 18 and 21.70% of those age 65 or over.

City

 * Newton

Towns

 * Chunky
 * Decatur (county seat)
 * Hickory
 * Lake (mostly in Scott County)
 * Union (partly in Neshoba County)

Census-designated place

 * Conehatta

Unincorporated communities

 * Battlefield
 * Cedar Grove
 * Duffee
 * Lawrence
 * Little Rock
 * Perdue
 * Stratton

Ghost towns

 * Volcan

Education
School districts include:
 * Newton County School District
 * Newton Municipal School District
 * Union Public School District

Conehatta Elementary School of the Choctaw Tribal School System is in the community.

title: Newton County, Mississippi


text:
Neshoba County, Mississippi

Neshoba County is a county located in the central part of the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, the population was 29,087. Its county seat is Philadelphia.

The county is known for the Neshoba County Fair and harness horse races. It is home of the Williams Brothers Store, which has been in operation since the early 1900s.

In June 1964, civil rights workers James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner were chased down, tortured, and murdered by members of the Ku Klux Klan. They were buried in an earthen dam on private property off of Highway 21; Goodman was still alive. Initially treated as a missing persons case, their disappearance provoked national outrage and contributed significantly to the July enactment of the Civil Rights Act by President Johnson.

The Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians (MBCI), a federally recognized tribe, is based here and has developed one of the largest casino complexes in the state on their reservation, the Pearl River Resort.

History
At the time of European encounter, this was part of the territory of the historic Choctaw people, who occupied most of what later was defined as Mississippi. Under President Andrew Jackson, the United States conducted Indian removal in the 1830s in the Southeast, and most of the Choctaw were removed to west of the Mississippi River, to land in Indian Territory, now part of Oklahoma.

Neshoba was founded by European American settlers in 1833.

Descendants of the Choctaw who remained in the state continued to identify as Choctaw. They lived in relatively distinct communities and reorganized in the 1930s, gaining federal recognition as the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians. Even in the 1970s, eighty percent of their people continued to speak Choctaw.

Late 19th century to present
The white-dominated state legislature passed a new constitution in 1890, that effectively disenfranchised most freedmen and other non-whites, such as Native Americans. This exclusion was maintained well into the 20th century, but activists in the 1960s increasingly worked to restore voting rights throughout the state.

At various times, 76 post offices were established within the county. Around the turn of the 20th century, 40 small post offices were operating at the same time. By 1971, only the post offices in Philadelphia and Neshoba were still operational. Today, only the one in Philadelphia remains.

Neshoba County is known as the site of the lynching murder of three young activists in July 1964 during Freedom Summer in Mississippi, a period of education and a voter registration drive to prepare African Americans for voting. The three young men, two from the North, disappeared at a time of heightened violence, and they became the subjects of a state and FBI search. White supremacists were found to have murdered three civil rights activists: James Cheney, Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner near Philadelphia, the county seat. During the investigation, searchers found the bodies of eight other young black men in nearby locations. Deputy Sheriff Cecil Price was implicated and charged with being part of the group that lynched the three young men and buried them in an earthen dam 15 miles northeast of Philadelphia. Outrage over the crime contributed to congressional passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965. The crime and decades-long legal aftermath of investigation and trials inspired the 1988 movie Mississippi Burning.

In 1980, Ronald Reagan launched his presidential campaign at the Neshoba County Fair to deliver a speech on economic policy and refer to states' rights. He was believed by some to be referring to southern conservative values, in an area associated with the 1964 murders and at a time when the Republican Party was attracting more white conservatives from the Democratic Party.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 572 sqmi, of which 570 sqmi is land and 1.5 sqmi (0.3%) is water.

Major highways

 * [[Image:Circle sign 15.svg|20px]] Mississippi Highway 15
 * [[Image:Circle sign 16.svg|20px]] Mississippi Highway 16
 * [[Image:Circle sign 19.svg|20px]] Mississippi Highway 19
 * [[Image:Circle sign 21.svg|20px]] Mississippi Highway 21

Adjacent counties

 * Winston County (north)
 * Kemper County (east)
 * Newton County (south)
 * Leake County (west)

2020 census
As of the 2020 United States Census, there were 29,087 people, 10,657 households, and 7,184 families residing in the county.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 28,684 people, 10,694 households, and 7,742 families residing in the county. The population density was 50 /mi2. There were 11,980 housing units at an average density of 21 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 65.50% White, 19.33% Black or African American, 13.80% Native American, 0.19% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.34% from other races, and 0.81% from two or more races. 1.16% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 28.6% identified as of American ancestry, 8.8% as Irish and 6.1% as English, according to Census 2000. Those who identify as having "American" ancestry are predominantly of English descent, but have ancestors who came to the US so long ago that they identify simply as American. 88.7% spoke English and 10.2% Choctaw as their first language.

There were 10,694 households, out of which 34.90% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.50% were married couples living together, 15.60% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.60% were non-families. 24.70% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.11.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 28.20% under the age of 18, 9.00% from 18 to 24, 27.00% from 25 to 44, 21.60% from 45 to 64, and 14.20% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 91.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.30 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $28,300, and the median income for a family was $33,439. Males had a median income of $28,112 versus $19,882 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,964. About 17.90% of families and 21.00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.20% of those under age 18 and 22.00% of those age 65 or over.

Cities

 * Philadelphia (county seat)

Town

 * Union (mostly in Newton County)

Census-designated places

 * Bogue Chitto (partly in Kemper County)
 * Pearl River
 * Tucker

Unincorporated communities

 * Burnside
 * Choctaw
 * Good Hope
 * Neshoba
 * Ocobla
 * Sandtown
 * Stallo

Education
School districts include:
 * Neshoba County School District
 * Philadelphia Public School District
 * Union Public School District

Choctaw Tribal School System maintains Bogue Chitto Elementary School, Pearl River Elementary School, Tucker Elementary School, Choctaw Central Middle School, and Choctaw Central High School in the county.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Neshoba County, Mississippi


text:
Monroe County, Mississippi

Monroe County is a county on the northeast border of the U.S. state of Mississippi next to Alabama. As of the 2020 census, the population was 34,180. Its county seat is Aberdeen.

History
The county is named in honor of James Monroe, the fifth President of the United States. Part of the county east of the Tombigbee River originally made-up part of the Alabama Territory, belonging to Marion County, until new lines of demarcation put it in the State of Mississippi in 1821.

In 1889, an African-American man, Keith Bowen was lynched by a mob in the Lebanon community six miles south of Aberdeen after he was found in a white girl's bedroom at 3:00 AM."

In 1922, William Baker, an 18-year-old African-American man was lynched in Monroe County by a white mob.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 772 sqmi, of which 765 sqmi is land and 7.0 sqmi (0.9%) is water.

In 1922, the Commissioner of Agriculture for the county published a report in a local newspaper which described in some detail the soil conditions and agriculture of the county. He described the areas as the Black Lands and the soil as black lime, a "stiff" soil, derived from the Selma chalk formation and extremely rich in potassium and phosphorus.

Flora
Sweet clover is an indigenous wild ground cover in the county.

Major highways

 * [[Image:US 45.svg|20px]] U.S. Highway 45
 * [[Image:US 278.svg|21px]] U.S. Highway 278
 * [[Image:Circle sign 6.svg|20px]] Mississippi Highway 6
 * [[Image:Circle sign 8.svg|20px]] Mississippi Highway 8
 * [[Image:Circle sign 25.svg|20px]] Mississippi Highway 25
 * [[Image:Circle sign 145.svg|20px]] Mississippi Highway 145

Adjacent counties

 * Lowndes County (south)
 * Clay County (southwest)
 * Chickasaw County (west)
 * Lee County (northwest)
 * Itawamba County (north)
 * Lamar County, Alabama (east)
 * Marion County, Alabama (northeast)

2020 census
As of the 2020 United States Census, there were 34,180 people, 13,966 households, and 9,122 families residing in the county.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 38,014 people, 14,603 households, and 10,660 families residing in the county. The population density was 50 /mi2. There were 16,236 housing units at an average density of 21 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 68.37% White, 30.77% Black or African American, 0.10% Native American, 0.17% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.11% from other races, and 0.47% from two or more races. 0.69% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 14,603 households, out of which 34.70% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.00% were married couples living together, 17.20% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.00% were non-families. 24.70% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.07.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 27.20% under the age of 18, 8.70% from 18 to 24, 27.60% from 25 to 44, 22.50% from 45 to 64, and 14.00% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 89.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.70 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $30,307, and the median income for a family was $36,749. Males had a median income of $30,232 versus $20,411 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,072. About 13.60% of families and 17.20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.30% of those under age 18 and 21.70% of those age 65 or over.

Economy
both the largest creamery and the largest hog-feeding plant "in the South" were located in the county.

corn was the most important grain crop grown in the county. Corn was typically planted after the planting and harvest of a crop of clover or oats. At that time, oat crops typically yielded forty to sixty bushels per acre. Other crops grown, either for harvest or pasture, included wheat, rye, barley, rape, cotton, Japan clover. Monroe had the largest acreage devoted to alfalfa production and exported more alfalfa hay than any other county in the state.

As of 2021, US Silica operates a bentonite mine located several miles south of Aberdeen, near the community of Darracott, where bentonite is extracted before being refined into petrochemicals and animal feed.

Cities

 * Aberdeen (county seat)
 * Amory
 * Nettleton (partly in Lee County)

Towns

 * Hatley
 * Smithville

Village

 * Gattman

Census-designated places

 * Hamilton

Other unincorporated communities

 * Athens
 * Becker
 * Bigbee
 * Binford
 * Bristow
 * Central Grove
 * Darracott
 * Flinn
 * Gibson
 * Greenwood Springs
 * Lackey
 * Mormon Springs
 * Muldon
 * Parham
 * Prairie
 * Quincy
 * Riggins
 * Sipsey Fork
 * Splunge
 * Strong
 * Tranquil
 * Westville
 * Wise Gap
 * Wren

Ghost towns

 * Bolivar
 * Camargo
 * Cotton Gin Port

title: Monroe County, Mississippi


text:
Marshall County, Mississippi

Marshall County is a county located on the north central border of the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, the population was 33,752. Its county seat is Holly Springs. The county is named for Chief Justice of the United States John Marshall, who presided in the early nineteenth century.

Marshall County is part of the Memphis, TN-MS-AR Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 710 sqmi, of which 706 sqmi is land and 3.6 sqmi (0.5%) is water.

Major highways

 * [[Image:I-22.svg|20px]] Interstate 22
 * [[Image:I-269.svg|25px]] Interstate 269
 * [[Image:US 72.svg|20px]] U.S. Route 72
 * [[Image:US 78.svg|20px]] U.S. Route 78
 * [[Image:Circle sign 4.svg|20px]] Mississippi Highway 4
 * [[Image:Circle sign 7.svg|20px]] Mississippi Highway 7
 * [[Image:Circle sign 178.svg|20px]] Mississippi Highway 178
 * [[Image:Ellipse sign 302.svg|25px]] Mississippi Highway 302
 * [[Image:Ellipse sign 309.svg|25px]] Mississippi Highway 309
 * [[Image:Ellipse sign 310.svg|25px]] Mississippi Highway 310
 * [[Image:Ellipse sign 311.svg|25px]] Mississippi Highway 311
 * [[Image:Ellipse sign 349.svg|25px]] Mississippi Highway 349

Adjacent counties

 * Fayette County, Tennessee (north)
 * Benton County (east)
 * Union County (southeast)
 * Lafayette County (south)
 * Tate County (southwest)
 * DeSoto County (west)
 * Shelby County, Tennessee (northwest)

National protected area

 * Holly Springs National Forest (part)

2020 census
As of the 2020 United States Census, there were 33,752 people, 12,772 households, and 8,832 families residing in the county.

2010 census
As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 37,144 people living in the county. 50.1% were White, 46.9% Black or African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 1.7% of some other race and 0.8% of two or more races. 3.2% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race).

2000 census
At the 2000 census, there were 34,993 people, 12,163 households and 9,110 families living in the county. The population density was 50 PD/sqmi. There were 13,252 housing units at an average density of 19 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 50.36% Black or African American, 48.37% White, 0.17% Native American, 0.11% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.37% from other races, and 0.62% from two or more races. 1.21% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

According to the census of 2000, the largest ancestry groups in Marshall County were African 50.36%, English 31.87%, Scottish 7.1%, Scots-Irish 3.13%, Irish 1.2% and Welsh 1.1%

There were 12,163 households, of which 34.30% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.60% were married couples living together, 20.10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.10% were non-families. 22.00% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74 and the average family size was 3.19.

Age distribution was 26.60% under the age of 18, 11.80% from 18 to 24, 28.60% from 25 to 44, 22.00% from 45 to 64, and 11.10% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 98.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.50 males.

The median household income was $28,756, and the median family income was $33,125. Males had a median income of $28,852 versus $21,227 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,028. About 18.00% of families and 21.90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.70% of those under age 18 and 23.10% of those age 65 or over.

City

 * Holly Springs (county seat and largest municipality)

Towns

 * Byhalia
 * Potts Camp

Census-designated places

 * Bethlehem
 * Mount Pleasant
 * Red Banks
 * Victoria
 * Waterford

Unincorporated communities

 * Barton
 * Cayce
 * Chulahoma
 * Early Grove
 * Hudsonville
 * Mahon
 * Slayden

Politics
Democratic presidential candidates have carried the county in every election since 1976. The smallest percentage margin since then was in 2020, when Joe Biden won the county by 3.1% over incumbent Donald Trump.

title: Marshall County, Mississippi


text:
Marion County, Mississippi

Marion County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, the population was 24,441. Its county seat is Columbia. Marion County is named for American Revolutionary War guerrilla leader Francis Marion also known as The Swamp Fox.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 549 sqmi, of which 542 sqmi is land and 6.2 sqmi (1.1%) is water.

Major highways

 * US 98.svg U.S. Highway 98
 * Circle sign 13.svg Mississippi Highway 13
 * Circle sign 35.svg Mississippi Highway 35
 * Circle sign 43.svg Mississippi Highway 43
 * Circle sign 44.svg Mississippi Highway 44

Adjacent counties

 * Jefferson Davis County (north)
 * Lamar County (east)
 * Pearl River County (southeast)
 * Washington Parish, Louisiana (south)
 * Walthall County (west)
 * Lawrence County (northwest)

Demographics
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 24,441 people, 9,483 households, and 5,863 families residing in the county.

Government and infrastructure
The Mississippi Department of Human Services's Division of Youth Services operated the Columbia Training School in unincorporated Marion County. The facility was closed in 2008.

City

 * Columbia (county seat & only incorporated place)

Census-designated places

 * Foxworth
 * Kokomo

Unincorporated communities

 * Bunker Hill
 * Cheraw
 * Expose, an unincorporated area of Marion County that was founded by Harry Solomon Expose (born 1861), a community leader who owned a general store and served as postmaster. Monroe Work's Negro Yearbook listed it among "Negro Towns and Settlements in the United States." Football great Walter Payton's mom Alyne Sibley Payton was born in Expose on January 14, 1926.
 * Good Hope
 * Goss
 * Hopewell
 * Hub
 * Morgantown
 * Sandy Hook

Notable people

 * Earl W. Bascom (1906–1995), "Father of Modern Rodeo," Mississippi Rodeo Hall of Fame inductee, producer of Marion County's first rodeo in 1935
 * Charles C. Bass (1875–1975), "Father of Preventive Dentistry"; researcher in tropical medicine
 * Charles Coleman (American football) (born 1963), American football player
 * Logan Cooke - NFL punter
 * Peggy Dow, American actress
 * Walter Payton, American football player

title: Marion County, Mississippi


text:
Madison County, Mississippi

Madison County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, the population was 109,145. The county seat is Canton. The county is named for Founding Father and U.S. President James Madison.

Madison County is part of the Jackson, MS Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 742 sqmi, of which 715 sqmi is land and 27 sqmi (3.7%) is water. The southeastern border of the county is defined by the old course of the Pearl River before it was dammed to create the 33,000 acre Ross Barnett Reservoir.

In 1828 that part of Yazoo County, Mississippi east of the Big Black River (Mississippi) was organized as Madison County.

The boundaries of the county are set in Mississippi Code section 19-1-89 as: Madison County is bounded by beginning at a point on Big Black River, where the same crosses the center line in township twelve, range three, east; thence east to the old Choctaw boundary line; thence north on said boundary line to the center line of township twelve, range five, east; thence through the center of said township twelve, range five, east, to the range line between townships five and six, east; thence south on said range line to Pearl River; thence down said river, with its meanderings, to the line between townships six and seven, north; thence west on said township line to the basis meridian of the Choctaw survey; thence north on said meridian line to the line between townships seven and eight, north; thence west on said township line to the line between ranges two and three, west; thence north on said range line to Big Black River; thence up said river, with its meanderings, to the beginning.

Major highways

 * I-55.svg Interstate 55
 * I-220.svg Interstate 220
 * US 49.svg U.S. Highway 49
 * US 51.svg U.S. Highway 51
 * Circle sign 16.svg Mississippi Highway 16
 * Circle sign 17.svg Mississippi Highway 17
 * Circle sign 22.svg Mississippi Highway 22
 * Circle sign 43.svg Mississippi Highway 43
 * Natchez Trace Parkway

Adjacent counties

 * Attala County (north)
 * Leake County (east)
 * Scott County (southeast)
 * Rankin County (south)
 * Hinds County (southwest)
 * Yazoo County (west)

National protected area

 * Natchez Trace Parkway (part)

History
Madison County was the site of the Mississippi Slave Insurrection Scare of 1835 at Beatties Bluff.

2020 census
As of the 2020 United States Census, there were 109,145 people, 40,046 households, and 28,374 families residing in the county.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 74,674 people, 27,219 households, and 19,325 families residing in the county. The population density was 104 PD/sqmi. There were 28,781 housing units at an average density of 40 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 60.29% White, 37.48% Black or African American, 0.11% Native American, 1.30% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.27% from other races, and 0.53% from two or more races. 0.99% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 27,219 households, out of which 37.40% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.90% were married couples living together, 15.60% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.00% were non-families. 25.00% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.23.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 28.60% under the age of 18, 8.90% from 18 to 24, 32.40% from 25 to 44, 20.30% from 45 to 64, and 9.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.20 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $46,970, and the median income for a family was $58,172. Males had a median income of $41,460 versus $29,170 for females. The per capita income for the county was $23,469. About 10.60% of families and 14.00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.30% of those under age 18 and 13.20% of those age 65 or over.

Madison County has the highest per capita income in the State of Mississippi. It is the only county in Mississippi with a per capita income higher than the national average.

Cities

 * Canton (county seat)
 * Gluckstadt
 * Jackson (mostly in Hinds County, also in Rankin County)
 * Madison
 * Ridgeland

Town

 * Flora

Census-designated place

 * Kearney Park

Other unincorporated communities

 * Camden
 * Farmhaven
 * Livingston
 * Sharon
 * Vernon
 * Way

Ghost town

 * Beatties Bluff

Government and infrastructure
The county operates the Madison County Jail. Normally pre-trial federal inmates from central Mississippi are held at this jail.

Education
There are two school districts: Madison County School District and Canton Public School District.

Private schools:
 * Canton Academy
 * Madison-Ridgeland Academy
 * St. Andrew's Episcopal School (Secondary school campus)
 * St. Joseph Catholic School (of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Jackson)
 * Veritas School (CLOSED)

The local community college is Holmes Community College.

Tougaloo College is in Madison County.

title: Madison County, Mississippi


text:
Lowndes County, Mississippi

Lowndes County is a county on the eastern border of the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 United States Census, the population was 58,879. Its county seat is Columbus. The county is named for U.S. Congressman William Jones Lowndes.

Lowndes County comprises the Columbus, MS Micropolitan Statistical Area. Since the late 20th century, it has been designated as one of three counties in the Golden Triangle region of the state.

History
This upland area was settled by European Americans who wanted to develop cotton plantations to produce what became the largest commodity crop in the state.

In the period from 1877 to 1950, Lowndes County had 19 documented lynchings of African Americans, third to Carroll and Leflore counties, which had 29 and 48, respectively. This form of racial terrorism was at its height in the decades around the turn of the 20th century, which followed the state's disenfranchisement of most blacks in 1890 through creating barriers to voter registration.

Geography
Lowndes County lies on the east side of Mississippi, bordering the U.S. state of Alabama. Its terrain was completely wooded before settlement; at present its more level areas have been cleared and turned to agricultural or urban use, with the drainages (about 40% of the total area) still wooded. The Tennessee−Tombigbee Waterway flows south-southeastward through the center of the county, with a significant lock system (John C. Stennis Lock and Dam) near Columbus. The county's highest point (450 ft ASL) is a small rise near the county's NE corner.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 516 sqmi, of which 506 sqmi is land and 11 sqmi (2.1%) is water.

Major highways

 * [[Image:US 45.svg|19px]] U.S. Highway 45
 * [[Image:US 45.svg|19px]] U.S. Route 45 Alternate
 * [[Image:US 82.svg|19px]] U.S. Highway 82
 * [[Image:Circle sign 12.svg|19px]] Mississippi Highway 12
 * [[Image:Circle sign 50.svg|19px]] Mississippi Highway 50
 * [[Image:Circle sign 69.svg|19px]] Mississippi Highway 69
 * [[Image:Circle sign 182.svg|21px]] Mississippi Highway 182

Adjacent counties

 * Noxubee County - south
 * Oktibbeha County - west
 * Clay County - northwest
 * Monroe County - north
 * Lamar County, Alabama - northeast
 * Pickens County, Alabama - southeast

2020 census
As of the 2020 United States Census, there were 58,879 people, 22,436 households, and 14,654 families residing in the county.

2010 census
As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 59,779 people in the county. 54.0% were White, 43.5% Black or African American, 0.7% Asian, 0.2% Native American, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.6% of some other race and 1.1% of two or more races. 1.5% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race).

2000 census
As of the 2000 United States Census, there were 61,586 people, 22,849 households, and 16,405 families in the county. The population density was 123 /mi2. There were 25,104 housing units at an average density of 50 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 56.47% White, 41.56% Black or African American, 0.17% Native American, 0.54% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.39% from other races, and 0.85% from two or more races. 1.11% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 22,849 households, out of which 36.50% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.20% were married couples living together, 18.70% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.20% were non-families. 24.60% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.13.

The county population contained 28.60% under the age of 18, 10.60% from 18 to 24, 29.20% from 25 to 44, 20.40% from 45 to 64, and 11.20% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females there were 89.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.20 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $32,123, and the median income for a family was $38,248. Males had a median income of $31,792 versus $20,640 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,514. About 18.00% of families and 21.30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.80% of those under age 18 and 16.80% of those age 65 or over.

Primary and secondary schools
Portions of Lowndes County are served by the Columbus Municipal School District, Lowndes County School District, and the Mississippi Association of Independent Schools – Lowndes County Division.

The Columbus Municipal School District includes:

 * Columbus High School
 * Columbus Middle School
 * McKellar Technology Center
 * Joe Cook Elementary Fine Arts Magnet School
 * Fairview Elementary Aerospace and Science Magnet School
 * Franklin Academy Elementary Medical Sciences and Wellness Magnet School
 * Sale Elementary International Studies Magnet School
 * Stokes-Beard Elementary Communication and Technology Magnet School
 * Columbus Alternative School

The Lowndes County School District has three areas, each with an elementary school, a middle school, and a high school The Mississippi Association of Independent Schools – Lowndes County Division has provided five private and parochial schools for Lowndes County
 * Caledonia Schools
 * New Hope Schools
 * West Lowndes Schools
 * Heritage Academy High School
 * Heritage Academy Elementary School
 * Columbus Christian Academy
 * Victory Christian Academy
 * Annunciation Catholic School

Colleges and universities
Mississippi University for Women is located in Columbus. Lowndes County is within the service area of the East Mississippi Community College system. The Golden Triangle Campus is located in Mayhew, an unincorporated area in Lowndes County. The system also offers classes at the Columbus Air Force Base Extension in Columbus.

City

 * Columbus (county seat)

Town

 * Artesia
 * Caledonia
 * Crawford ("Crawfordsville" 1852–1870; "Crawfordville 1870–1879)

Census-designated places

 * Columbus Air Force Base
 * New Hope

Unincorporated communities

 * Bent Oak
 * Billups
 * Flint Hill
 * Forreston
 * Kolola Springs
 * Mayhew
 * McCrary
 * Penns
 * Plum Grove
 * Steens
 * Trinity
 * Wells
 * Whitebury
 * Woodlawn

Ghost towns

 * Moores Bluff
 * Nashville
 * Plymouth

title: Lowndes County, Mississippi


text:
Lincoln County, Mississippi

Lincoln County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, the population was 34,907. Its county seat is Brookhaven.

The county was created by the legislature on April 7, 1870, during the Reconstruction Era. It was formed from portions of Lawrence, Pike, Franklin, Copiah, and Amite counties. It was named for Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States.

Lincoln County comprises the Brookhaven, MS Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Jackson–Vicksburg–Brookhaven Combined Statistical Area. The county is southwest of the state capital of Jackson.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 588 sqmi, of which 586 sqmi is land and 2.1 sqmi (0.4%) is water.

Major highways

 * I-55.svg Interstate 55
 * US 51.svg U.S. Highway 51
 * US 84.svg U.S. Highway 84
 * [[Image:Circle sign 184.svg|20px]] Mississippi Highway 184
 * [[Image:Circle sign 583.svg|20px]] Mississippi Highway 583

Adjacent counties

 * Copiah County (north)
 * Lawrence County (east)
 * Walthall County (southeast)
 * Pike County (south)
 * Amite County (southwest)
 * Franklin County (west)
 * Jefferson County (northwest)

National protected area

 * Homochitto National Forest (part), supervised by the United States Forestry Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 34,907 people, 12,699 households, and 9,054 families residing in the county.

2000 census
As of the United States Census of 2000, (which precedes the large changes and increases reflected in the figures, resulting from the substantial annexations and tripling of the size of the City of Brookhaven, the county seat, from late 2007, which would be reflected in the newer United States Census of 2010)—there were 33,166 people, 12,538 households, and 9,190 families residing in the county. The population density was 57 /mi2. There were 14,052 housing units at an average density of 24 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 69.38% White, 29.67% Black or African American, 0.17% Native American, 0.24% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.16% from other races, and 0.37% from two or more races. 0.69% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 12,538 households, out of which 34.90% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.90% were married couples living together, 14.70% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.70% were non-families. 24.40% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.08.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 26.70% under the age of 18, 9.50% from 18 to 24, 27.60% from 25 to 44, 22.30% from 45 to 64, and 13.90% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 92.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.60 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $27,279, and the median income for a family was $33,552. Males had a median income of $29,060 versus $18,877 for females. The per capita income for the county was $13,961. About 16.00% of families and 19.20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.80% of those under age 18 and 17.10% of those age 65 or over.

The offices of president and vice-president on the county supervisors rotate annually.

This county does not have "home rule;" thus, the legislature reserved to itself power over the county. Its representatives and state senators help serve its residents.

Economy
The telecommunications company MCI Worldcom was located in Lincoln County. Its chief executive officer (CEO) and founder Bernard Ebbers resided near Brookhaven prior to his conviction; he was sentenced to prison.

Education
The county is served by two separate public school districts, a private school, and a couple of smaller Christian or religious/private schools. The Lincoln County Public School District consists of four K–12 schools of elementary, middle school, and high school levels. These include Loyd Star hornets, Bogue Chitto bobcats, West Lincoln bears and the Enterprise yellowjackets. Through annexations, the City tripled its size in 2007. As well a Brookhaven Academy cougars which is a part of the MAPS or MAIS.

Media
Lincoln County is served by the local newspaper Daily Leader, printed daily except Monday and Saturday. Residents may also purchase the larger daily newspaper from the state capital of Jackson, The Clarion-Ledger, which serves the central state metropolitan area and the entire State of Mississippi.

City

 * Brookhaven (county seat)

Town

 * Wesson (partly located in Copiah County)

Hamlet

 * Bogue Chitto

Unincorporated communities

 * Auburn
 * Caseyville
 * East Lincoln
 * Norfield
 * Ruth

Ghost towns

 * Woolworth

title: Lincoln County, Mississippi


text:
Leflore County, Mississippi

Leflore County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, the population was 28,339. The county seat is Greenwood. The county is named for Choctaw leader Greenwood LeFlore, who signed a treaty to cede his people's land to the United States in exchange for land in Indian Territory. LeFlore stayed in Mississippi, settling on land reserved for him in Tallahatchie County.

Leflore County is part of the Greenwood, MS Micropolitan Statistical Area. It is located in the Mississippi Delta region, with its southern border formed by the Yazoo River. Its riverfront lands were developed before the Civil War as cotton plantations. More inland areas were developed in the later 19th century.

Leflore County, which is still largely rural, is noted for having the highest level of child poverty of any county in the United States. Mechanization of agriculture reduced jobs available for many workers in the 20th century, and there are few opportunities. The population has declined dramatically since its peak in 1930 as people continue to leave for opportunities elsewhere.

History
Leflore County was formed in 1871 during the Reconstruction era from portions of Carroll, Sunflower and Tallahatchie counties. It was named for Greenwood LeFlore, a Choctaw chief. During the period of Indian Removal in the 1830s, he was one of the chiefs who signed the Treaty of Dancing Creek of 1830, by the terms of which the Choctaw sold to the US their remaining lands east of the Mississippi River. Most Choctaw migrated to the Indian Territory (now Oklahoma), but Leflore and some others remained in Mississippi. He became a state and US citizen, a planter who owned African-American slaves, and at times served as a politician.

Following the American Civil War, during Reconstruction the majority-black population of freedmen in the county gained emancipation and suffrage, participating for the first time in formal politics. They supported the Republican Party, as President Abraham Lincoln had gained their freedom. In the mid-1870s, the Red Shirts, a white paramilitary organization working on behalf of the Democratic Party, developed chapters in Mississippi. They worked to disrupt Republican meetings, suppress the black vote, and turn Republicans out of office so that white Democrats could regain control of the state legislature.

One particular act of mass violence stands out: In September 1889, organizing by the Colored Farmers' Alliance sparked false rumors of an impending Black "uprising." Mississippi Governor Robert Lowry ordered the state militia to Leflore County. Militia troops killed an estimated 25 Black people.

In the period from 1877 to 1950, Leflore County had 48 documented lynchings of African Americans, by far the highest number in the state and third highest in the United States. Most occurred around the turn of the 20th century, as part of white imposition of Jim Crow conditions and suppression of black voting. Mississippi had more lynchings than any other state and used violence as a means to terrorize and retain control the African-American population. In 1890 the state legislature passed a new constitution that had a variety of devices to disenfranchise blacks; they developed ways around court cases that tried to dismantle these, and kept blacks excluded from the political system and racially segregated into the 1960s.

20th century to present
In the first half of the 20th century, many blacks left rural counties such as Leflore, in the Great Migration to northern and midwestern industrial cities to escape racial violence, and in search of jobs and education: many people went north by train to Chicago, taking their music with them and changing the big city forever. Many more people left Mississippi from 1940 to 1970, often migrating to the West Coast for defense industry jobs.

As with other parts of the majority-black Delta, Leflore County was a major site of activism and white violence during the Civil Rights Movement. In 1955, the events leading up to the lynching of 14-year-old Emmett Till unfolded in the unincorporated community of Money, Mississippi. Till, a teenage African-American, was visiting from Chicago and staying with relatives in Money, where Bryant's Grocery and Meat Market was located. Here Till encountered Carolyn Bryant, who later said that he had behaved flirtatiously toward her. Bryant's husband, Roy Bryant, and another white man, J.W. Milam, abducted Till later that evening. They beat and tortured him at several locations in Leflore and neighboring counties before shooting him and dumping his body in the river in Tallahatchie County, Mississippi. Bryant and Milam were acquitted by an all-white jury of Till's murder at the Tallahatchie County Courthouse, in Sumner, Mississippi.

During a 2007 interview, not made public until 2017, Carolyn Bryant had disclosed that she had fabricated her testimony about Till's actions.

In 1963, the county had more than 13,000 blacks of legal voting age, but fewer than 270 were registered because of discrimination and suppression by whites. Blacks had been essentially disfranchised since implementation of Mississippi's new constitution in 1890, establishing poll taxes, literacy tests and other voter registration barriers. Meanwhile, 95% of eligible white voters were registered.

The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee had moved its headquarters to Greenwood in early 1963, and by late March of that year, eight SNCC members were arrested while trying to register voters. The United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division filed suit against the city of Greenwood and Leflore County to obtain their release. The petition was denied by a local court, but the city of Greenwood entered into a voluntary agreement to release the students. In June 1963, 45 residents of Itta Bena were arrested in Leflore County while protesting an attack on churches where voter registration drives were being held. The Civil Rights Division of DOJ filed suit against the county to obtain their release as well, but to no avail. Passage of national civil rights legislation by Congress in 1964 and 1965 began to change the ground rules, especially as it authorized federal oversight and enforcement in counties with a history of an under-representation of minority voters.

Organizers and marchers returned to the county in 1966 as part of the March Against Fear, initiated by James Meredith. He was shot and wounded by a white man two days into the march. Major civil rights leaders and marchers from a variety of organizations vowed to continue his march of more than 220 miles from Memphis, Tennessee to Jackson, Mississippi. By the time they reached Greenwood, several hundred persons were in the group. They worked to organize and register voters, as most blacks in the county still lived in fear and had not registered. After previous registration drives, the white county board had cut off federal commodity subsidies to the black community, threatening the survival of numerous poor families. SNCC helped organize a national gathering of food for county residents to overcome the boycott.

In 1966, Stokley Carmichael, a new leader of SNCC, spoke in Greenwood for "Black Power", saying that blacks had to build their own bases of political and economic power, as had communities of Irish, Italian and Jewish immigrants to the United States.

Blues musicians
L.C. Green was one of several notable blues guitarists who came from Leflore County, Mississippi. Other notable natives and one-time residents of the county were (in alphabetical order) David "Honeyboy" Edwards, Guitar Slim, Richard "Hacksaw" Harney, Luther Johnson (Guitar Junior), Robert Johnson, Rubin Lacey, Furry Lewis, Tommy McClennan, Dion Payton, Robert Petway, Brewer Phillips, Fenton Robinson, Hubert Sumlin, and Hound Dog Taylor.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 606 sqmi, of which 593 sqmi is land and 14 sqmi (2.3%) is water.

Major highways

 * US 49.svg U.S. Route 49E
 * US 82.svg U.S. Route 82
 * Circle sign 7.svg Mississippi Highway 7
 * Circle sign 8.svg Mississippi Highway 8

Adjacent counties

 * Tallahatchie County (north)
 * Grenada County (northeast)
 * Carroll County (east)
 * Holmes County (southeast)
 * Humphreys County (southwest)
 * Sunflower County (west)

National protected area

 * Mathews Brake National Wildlife Refuge
 * Theodore Roosevelt National Wildlife Refuge (part)

2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 28,339 people, 9,962 households, and 6,050 families residing in the county.

2010 census
As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 32,317 people living in the county. 72.2% were Black or African American, 24.9% White, 0.6% Asian, 0.2% Native American, 1.5% of some other race and 0.6% of two or more races. 2.3% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race).

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 37,947 people, 12,956 households, and 8,887 families living in the county. The population density was 64 PD/sqmi. There were 14,097 housing units at an average density of 24 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 67.73% Black or African American, 30.00% White, 0.11% Native American, 0.65% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.98% from other races, and 0.50% from two or more races. 1.90% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

According to the census of 2000, the largest ancestry groups in Leflore County were African 67.73%, English 19%, and Scots-Irish 9.4%

There were 12,956 households, out of which 35.40% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.00% were married couples living together, 27.60% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.40% were non-families. 28.20% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.33.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 29.70% under the age of 18, 13.10% from 18 to 24, 27.00% from 25 to 44, 18.20% from 45 to 64, and 11.90% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.50 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $21,518, and the median income for a family was $26,059. Males had a median income of $25,959 versus $18,497 for females. The per capita income for the county was $12,553. About 29.10% of families and 34.80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 48.00% of those under age 18 and 24.50% of those age 65 or over.

Government and infrastructure
The Delta Correctional Facility, operated by the Corrections Corporation of America on behalf of the Mississippi Department of Corrections, is located in Greenwood in Leflore County.

Colleges and Universities
Mississippi Valley State University is located 1 mi northwest of Itta Bena in an unincorporated area.

Additionally the county is in the district for Mississippi Delta Community College. The main campus is in Moorhead in Sunflower County.

Primary and secondary schools

 * Public School District: Greenwood-Leflore Consolidated School District, formed on July 1, 2019, from the consolidation of the Greenwood Public School District and the Leflore County School District The district is the only school district in Leflore County.
 * Greenwood High School (formerly of the Greenwood District)
 * Amanda Elzy High School (formerly of the Leflore Co. District)
 * Leflore County High School (formerly of the Leflore Co. District)
 * Private Schools
 * Delta Streets Academy
 * Pillow Academy — formerly a segregation academy.

Cities

 * Greenwood (county seat)
 * Itta Bena

Towns

 * Morgan City
 * Schlater
 * Sidon

Census-designated place

 * Mississippi Valley State University CDP

Unincorporated communities

 * Berclair
 * Browning
 * McNutt
 * Minter City (partly in Tallahatchie County)
 * Money
 * Quito
 * Rising Sun
 * Ruby
 * Shellmound
 * Sunnyside
 * Swiftown
 * Wildwood

Ghost town

 * Colony Town

title: Leflore County, Mississippi


text:
Lee County, Mississippi

Lee County is a county in U.S. state of Mississippi. At the 2020 census, the population was 83,343. Its county seat is Tupelo. Lee County is included in the Tupelo Micropolitan Statistical Area.

History
Lee County was established by the Mississippi Legislature on October 26, 1866, and named for General Robert E. Lee, General in Chief of the Armies of the Confederate States. It was formed from Itawamba and Pontotoc counties; therefore, the record and list of early settlers mentioned in those counties embrace a great number who were residents of what is present day Lee County.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 453 sqmi, of which 450 sqmi is land and 3.2 sqmi (0.7%) is water.

Major highways

 * [[Image:I-22.svg|20px]] Interstate 22
 * [[Image:US 45.svg|20px]] U.S. Highway 45
 * [[Image:US 78.svg|20px]] U.S. Highway 78
 * [[Image:US 278.svg|20px]] U.S. Route 278
 * [[Image:Natchez Trace Parkway Logo.svg|20px]] Natchez Trace Parkway
 * [[Image:Circle sign 6.svg|20px]] Mississippi Highway 6

Adjacent counties

 * Prentiss County (north)
 * Itawamba County (east)
 * Monroe County (southeast)
 * Chickasaw County (southwest)
 * Pontotoc County (west)
 * Union County (northwest)

National protected areas

 * Brices Cross Roads National Battlefield Site
 * Natchez Trace Parkway (part)
 * Tupelo National Battlefield

2020 census
As of the 2020 United States Census, there were 83,343 people, 30,378 households, and 21,437 families residing in the county.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 75,755 people, 29,200 households, and 20,819 families residing in the county. The population density was 168 PD/sqmi. There were 31,887 housing units at an average density of 71 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 73.66% White, 24.51% Black or African American, 0.13% Native American, 0.52% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.43% from other races, and 0.74% from two or more races. 1.16% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 29,200 households, out of which 36.10% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.60% were married couples living together, 14.60% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.70% were non-families. 25.00% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.05. In the county, the population was spread out, with 27.70% under the age of 18, 8.50% from 18 to 24, 30.50% from 25 to 44, 21.80% from 45 to 64, and 11.50% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.50 males. The median income for a household in the county was $36,165, and the median income for a family was $43,149. Males had a median income of $31,039 versus $22,235 for females. The per capita income for the county was $18,956. About 10.50% of families and 13.40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.90% of those under age 18 and 15.50% of those age 65 or over. Lee County has the ninth highest per capita income in the state of Mississippi.

Cities

 * Baldwyn (partly in Prentiss County)
 * Saltillo
 * Tupelo (county seat)
 * Verona

Towns

 * Guntown
 * Nettleton (partly in Monroe County)
 * Plantersville
 * Shannon
 * Sherman (partly in Pontotoc County and Union County)

Census-designated places

 * Mooreville

Unincorporated communities

 * Barrett Ridge
 * Belden
 * Brewer
 * Eggville
 * Jug Fork

Education
Lee County is served by the Baldwyn, Lee County, Nettleton, and Tupelo school districts.

Politics
Lee County has been a Republican stronghold since the mid-1980s. The last Democratic candidate who carried this county was Jimmy Carter in the election of 1980.

title: Lee County, Mississippi


text:
Leake County, Mississippi

Leake County is a county in the center of the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, the population was 21,275. Its county seat is Carthage. The county is named for Walter Leake, the Governor of Mississippi from 1822 to 1825.

In 2010, the center of population of Mississippi was located in Leake County, near the town of Lena.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 585 sqmi, of which 583 sqmi is land and 2.5 sqmi (0.4%) is water.

Major highways

 * [[Image:Circle sign 13.svg|20px]] Mississippi Highway 13
 * [[Image:Circle sign 16.svg|20px]] Mississippi Highway 16
 * [[Image:Circle sign 25.svg|20px]] Mississippi Highway 25
 * [[Image:Circle sign 35.svg|20px]] Mississippi Highway 35
 * [[Image:Circle sign 43.svg|20px]] Mississippi Highway 43
 * Natchez Trace Parkway

Adjacent counties

 * Attala County (north)
 * Neshoba County (east)
 * Scott County (south)
 * Madison County (west)

National protected area

 * Natchez Trace Parkway (part)

2020 census
As of the 2020 United States Census, there were 21,275 people, 8,105 households, and 5,591 families residing in the county.

2010 census
As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 23,805 people living in the county. 49.5% were White, 40.6% Black or African American, 6.0% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 2.8% of some other race and 0.8% of two or more races. 4.3% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race).

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 20,940 people, 7,611 households, and 5,563 families living in the county. The population density was 36 /mi2. There were 8,585 housing units at an average density of 15 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 56.14% White, 37.42% Black or African American, 4.56% Native American, 0.15% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 1.14% from other races, and 0.57% from two or more races. 2.10% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 7,611 households, out of which 34.30% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.20% were married couples living together, 16.50% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.90% were non-families. 24.30% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.65 and the average family size was 3.13. In the county, the population was spread out, with 26.90% under the age of 18, 10.10% from 18 to 24, 27.00% from 25 to 44, 21.70% from 45 to 64, and 14.30% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 98.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.20 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $27,055, and the median income for a family was $32,147. Males had a median income of $27,367 versus $18,307 for females. The per capita income for the county was $13,365. About 18.10% of families and 23.30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.90% of those under age 18 and 23.90% of those age 65 or over.

Government and infrastructure
The county is quite rural, with Carthage the only city and three towns.

The Mississippi Department of Corrections contracted for development of the Walnut Grove Youth Correctional Facility, which opened in 2001 in the town of Walnut Grove. The facility was operated by the private Management and Training Corporation (MTC).

By 2006, the Town of Walnut Grove annexed the land of the prison, resulting in an apparent increase in population, which was chiefly associated with prisoners. MTC was repeatedly cited for problems with poor treatment of prisoners, and abuses within the facility. The state closed it in 2016.

Education
The Leake County School District is the sole school district of the county. It includes Leake Central High School.

Choctaw Tribal School System has two tribal schools in the county: Red Water Elementary School and Standing Pine Elementary School.

East Central Community College is the area community college, including Carthage Career Advancement Center in Leake County.

Racial segregation
Most white students attend private schools while black and Hispanic children attend the local public schools. Although, children of all races have the same opportunity to private school as well.

City

 * Carthage (county seat)

Towns

 * Lena
 * Sebastopol (mostly in Scott County)
 * Walnut Grove

Census-designated places

 * Redwater
 * Standing Pine

Unincorporated communities

 * Bolatusha
 * Coosa
 * Edinburg
 * Good Hope
 * Hopoca
 * Madden
 * Midway
 * Ofahoma
 * Thomastown
 * Tuscola
 * Wiggins

title: Leake County, Mississippi


text:
Indra

Indra (इन्द्र) is the king of the devas and Svarga in Hinduism. He is associated with the sky, lightning, weather, thunder, storms, rains, river flows, and war.

Indra is the most referred deity in the Rigveda. He is celebrated for his powers based on his status as a god of order, and as the one who killed the great evil, an asura named Vritra, who obstructed human prosperity and happiness. Indra destroys Vritra and his "deceiving forces", and thereby brings rain and sunshine as the saviour of mankind.

Indra's significance diminishes in the post-Vedic Indian literature, but he still plays an important role in various mythological events. He is depicted as a powerful hero.

According to the Vishnu Purana, Indra is the title borne by the king of the gods, which changes every Manvantara – a cyclic period of time in Hindu cosmology. Each Manvantara has its own Indra and the Indra of the current Manvantara is called Purandhara.

Indra is also depicted in Buddhist (Indā) and Jain mythologies. Indra rules over the much-sought Devas realm of rebirth within the Samsara doctrine of Buddhist traditions. However, like the post-Vedic Hindu texts, Indra is also a subject of ridicule and reduced to a figurehead status in Buddhist texts, shown as a god that suffers rebirth. In Jain traditions, unlike Buddhism and Hinduism, Indra is not the king of gods, but the king of superhumans residing in Svarga-Loka, and very much a part of Jain rebirth cosmology. He is also the one who appears with his consort Indrani to celebrate the auspicious moments in the life of a Jain Tirthankara, an iconography that suggests the king and queen of superhumans residing in Svarga reverentially marking the spiritual journey of a Jain. He is a rough equivalent to Zeus in Greek mythology, or Jupiter in Roman mythology. Indra's powers are similar to other Indo-European deities such as Norse Odin, Perun, Perkūnas, Zalmoxis, Taranis, and Thor, part of the greater Proto-Indo-European mythology.

Indra's iconography shows him wielding his Vajra and riding his vahana, Airavata. Indra's abode is in the capital city of Svarga, Amaravati, though he is also associated with Mount Meru (also called Sumeru).

Etymology and nomenclature
The etymological roots of Indra are unclear, and it has been a contested topic among scholars since the 19th-century, one with many proposals. The significant proposals have been:
 * root ind-u, or "rain drop", based on the Vedic mythology that he conquered rain and brought it down to earth.
 * root ind, or "equipped with great power". This was proposed by Vopadeva.
 * root idh or "kindle", and ina or "strong".
 * root indha, or "igniter", for his ability to bring light and power (indriya) that ignites the vital forces of life (prana). This is based on Shatapatha Brahmana.
 * root idam-dra, or "It seeing" which is a reference to the one who first perceived the self-sufficient metaphysical Brahman. This is based on Aitareya Upanishad.
 * roots in ancient Indo-European, Indo-Aryan deities. For example, states John Colarusso, as a reflex of proto-Indo-European *h₂nḗr-, Greek anēr, Sabine nerō, Avestan nar-, Umbrian nerus, Old Irish nert, Pashto nər, Ossetic nart, and others which all refer to "most manly" or "hero".

Colonial era scholarship proposed that Indra shares etymological roots with Avestan Andra, Old High German *antra ("giant"), or Old Church Slavonic jedru ("strong"), but Max Muller critiqued these proposals as untenable. Later scholarship has linked Vedic Indra to Aynar (the Great One) of Circassian, Abaza and Ubykh mythology, and Innara of Hittite mythology. Colarusso suggests a Pontic origin and that both the phonology and the context of Indra in Indian religions is best explained from Indo-Aryan roots and a Circassian etymology (i.e. *inra). Modern scholarship suggests the name originated at the Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex where the Aryans lived before settling in India.

Other languages
In other languages, he is also known as

 * Ashkun: Indra
 * Bengali: ইন্দ্র (Indro)
 * Burmese: MY သိကားမင်း
 * Chinese: 因陀羅 (Yīntuóluó) or 帝釋天 (Dìshìtiān)
 * Indonesian/Malay: (Indera)
 * Japanese: 帝釈天 (Taishakuten).
 * Javanese: ꦧꦛꦫꦲꦶꦤ꧀ꦢꦿ (Bathara Indra)
 * Kamkata-vari: Inra
 * Kannada: ಇಂದ್ರ (Indra)
 * Khmer: ព្រះឥន្ទ្រ (Preah In )
 * Korean: 제석천 (Jeseokcheon)
 * Lao: ພະອິນ (Pha In) or ພະຍາອິນ (Pha Nya In)
 * Malayalam: ഇന്ദ്രൻ (Indran)
 * Mon: ဣန် (In)
 * Mongolian: Индра (Indra)
 * Odia: ଇନ୍ଦ୍ର (Indrô)
 * Prasun: Indr
 * Sinhala: ඉඳු (In̆du) or ඉන්ද්‍ර (Indra)
 * Tai Lue: ᦀᦲᧃ (In) or ᦘᦍᦱᦀᦲᧃ (Pha Ya In)
 * Tamil: இந்திரன் (Inthiran)
 * Telugu: ఇంద్రుడు (Indrudu or Indra)
 * Tibetan: དབང་པོ་ (dbang po)
 * Thai: พระอินทร์ (Phra In)
 * Waigali: Indr

Epithets
Indra has many epithets in the Indian religions, notably Śakra (शक्र, powerful one),

 * Vṛṣan (वृषन्, mighty)
 * Vṛtrahan (वृत्रहन्, slayer of Vṛtra)
 * Meghavāhana (मेघवाहन, he whose vehicle is cloud)
 * Devarāja (देवराज, king of deities)
 * Devendra (देवेन्द्र, the lord of deities)
 * Surendra (सुरेन्द्र, chief of deities)
 * Svargapati (स्वर्गपति, the lord of heaven)
 * Śatakratu (शतक्रतु one who performs 100 sacrifices).
 * Vajrapāṇī (वज्रपाणि, wielder of Vajra, i.e., thunderbolt)
 * Vāsava (वासव, lord of Vasus)
 * Purandara (पुरंदर, the breaker of forts)
 * Kaushika (कौशिक, Vishvamitra was born as the embodiment of Indra)
 * Shachin or Shachindra (शचीन, the consort of Shachi).

 * Parjanya (पर्जन्य, Rain)

Origins
Indra is of ancient but unclear origin. Aspects of Indra as a deity are cognate to other Indo-European gods; there are thunder gods such as Thor, Perun, and Zeus who share parts of his heroic mythologies, act as king of gods, and all are linked to "rain and thunder". The similarities between Indra of Vedic mythology and of Thor of Nordic and Germanic mythologies are significant, states Max Müller. Both Indra and Thor are storm gods, with powers over lightning and thunder, both carry a hammer or an equivalent, for both the weapon returns to their hand after they hurl it, both are associated with bulls in the earliest layer of respective texts, both use thunder as a battle-cry, both are protectors of mankind, both are described with legends about "milking the cloud-cows", both are benevolent giants, gods of strength, of life, of marriage and the healing gods.

Michael Janda suggests that Indra has origins in the Indo-European *trigw-welumos [or rather *trigw-t-welumos] "smasher of the enclosure" (of Vritra, Vala) and diye-snūtyos "impeller of streams" (the liberated rivers, corresponding to Vedic apam ajas "agitator of the waters"). Brave and heroic Innara or Inra, which sounds like Indra, is mentioned among the gods of the Mitanni, a Hurrian-speaking people of Hittite region.

Indra as a deity had a presence in northeastern Asia minor, as evidenced by the inscriptions on the Boghaz-köi clay tablets dated to about 1400 BCE. This tablet mentions a treaty, but its significance is in four names it includes reverentially as Mi-it-ra, U-ru-w-na, In-da-ra and Na-sa-at-ti-ia. These are respectively, Mitra, Varuna, Indra and Nasatya-Asvin of the Vedic pantheon as revered deities, and these are also found in Avestan pantheon but with Indra and Naonhaitya as demons. This at least suggests that Indra and his fellow deities were in vogue in South Asia and Asia minor by about mid 2nd-millennium BCE.

Indra is praised as the highest god in 250 hymns of the Rigveda – a Hindu scripture dated to have been composed sometime between 1700 and 1100 BCE. He is co-praised as the supreme in another 50 hymns, thus making him one of the most celebrated Vedic deities. He is also mentioned in ancient Indo-Iranian literature, but with a major inconsistency when contrasted with the Vedas. In the Vedic literature, Indra is a heroic god. In the Avestan (ancient, pre-Islamic Iranian) texts such as Vd. 10.9, Dk. 9.3 and Gbd 27.6-34.27, Indra – or accurately Andra – is a gigantic demon who opposes truth. In the Vedic texts, Indra kills the archenemy and demon Vritra who threatens mankind. In the Avestan texts, Vritra is not found.

Indra is called vr̥tragʰná- (literally, "slayer of obstacles") in the Vedas, which corresponds to Verethragna of the Zoroastrian noun verethragna-. According to David Anthony, the Old Indic religion probably emerged among Indo-European immigrants in the contact zone between the Zeravshan River (present-day Uzbekistan) and (present-day) Iran. It was "a syncretic mixture of old Central Asian and new Indo-European elements", which borrowed "distinctive religious beliefs and practices" from the Bactria–Margiana Culture. At least 383 non-Indo-European words were found in this culture, including the god Indra and the ritual drink Soma. According to Anthony, "Many of the qualities of Indo-Iranian god of might/victory, Verethraghna, were transferred to the god Indra, who became the central deity of the developing Old Indic culture. Indra was the subject of 250 hymns, a quarter of the Rig Veda. He was associated more than any other deity with Soma, a stimulant drug (perhaps derived from Ephedra) probably borrowed from the BMAC religion. His rise to prominence was a peculiar trait of the Old Indic speakers."

Iconography
In Rigveda, Indra is described as strong willed, armed with a thunderbolt, riding a chariot:

"5. Let bullish heaven strengthen you, the bull; as bull you travel with your two bullish fallow bays. As bull with a bullish chariot, well-lipped one, as bull with bullish will, you of the mace, set us up in loot."

Indra's weapon, which he used to kill the evil Vritra, is the Vajra or thunderbolt. Other alternate iconographic symbolism for him includes a bow (sometimes as a colorful rainbow), a sword, a net, a noose, a hook, or a conch. The thunderbolt of Indra is called Bhaudhara.

In the post-Vedic period, he rides a large, four-tusked white elephant called Airavata. In sculpture and relief artworks in temples, he typically sits on an elephant or is near one. When he is shown to have two, he holds the Vajra and a bow.

In the Shatapatha Brahmana and in Shaktism traditions, Indra is stated to be the same as the goddess Shodashi (Tripura Sundari), and her iconography is described similarly to that of Indra.

The rainbow is called Indra's Bow (Sanskrit:, indradhanus).

Vedic texts
Indra was a prominent deity in the Vedic era of Hinduism. In Vedic times Indra was described in Rig Veda 6.30.4 as superior to any other god. Sayana in his commentary on Rig Veda 6.47.18 described Indra as assuming many forms, making Agni, Vishnu, and Rudra his illusory forms.

Over a quarter of the 1,028 hymns of the Rigveda mention Indra, making him the most referred to deity. These hymns present a complex picture of Indra, but some aspects of Indra are often repeated. Of these, the most common theme is where he as the god with thunderbolt kills the evil serpent Vritra that held back rains, and thus released rains and land nourishing rivers. For example, the Rigvedic hymn 1.32 dedicated to Indra reads:

In the myth, Vṛtra has coiled around a mountain and has trapped all the waters, namely the Seven Rivers. All the gods abandon Indra out of fear of Vṛtra. Indra uses his vajra, a mace, to kill Vritra and smash open the mountains to release the waters. In some versions, he is aided by the Maruts or other deities, and sometimes cattle and the sun is also released from the mountain. In one interpretation by Oldenberg, the hymns are referring to the snaking thunderstorm clouds that gather with bellowing winds (Vritra), Indra is then seen as the storm god who intervenes in these clouds with his thunderbolts, which then release the rains nourishing the parched land, crops and thus humanity. In another interpretation by Hillebrandt, Indra is a symbolic sun god (Surya) and Vritra is a symbolic winter-giant (historic mini cycles of ice age, cold) in the earliest, not the later, hymns of Rigveda. The Vritra is an ice-demon of colder central Asia and northern latitudes, who holds back the water. Indra is the one who releases the water from the winter demon, an idea that later metamorphosed into his role as storm god. According to Griswold, this is not a completely convincing interpretation, because Indra is simultaneously a lightning god, a rain god and a river-helping god in the Vedas. Further, the Vritra demon that Indra slew is best understood as any obstruction, whether it be clouds that refuse to release rain or mountains or snow that hold back the water. Jamison and Brereton also state that Vritra is best understood as any obstacle. The Vritra myth is associated with the Midday Pressing of soma, which is dedicated to Indra or Indra and the Maruts.

Even though Indra is declared as the king of gods in some verses, there is no consistent subordination of other gods to Indra. In Vedic thought, all gods and goddesses are equivalent and aspects of the same eternal abstract Brahman, none consistently superior, none consistently inferior. All gods obey Indra, but all gods also obey Varuna, Vishnu, Rudra and others when the situation arises. Further, Indra also accepts and follows the instructions of Savitr (solar deity). Indra, like all Vedic deities, is a part of henotheistic theology of ancient India.

The second-most important myth about Indra is about the Vala cave. In this story, the Panis have stolen cattle and hidden them in the Vala cave. Here Indra utilizes the power of the songs he chants to split the cave open to release the cattle and dawn. He is accompanied in the cave by the Angirases (and sometimes Navagvas or the Daśagvas). Here Indra exemplifies his role as a priest-king, called bṛhaspati. Eventually later in the Rigveda, Bṛhaspati and Indra become separate deities as both Indra and the Vedic king lose their priestly functions. The Vala myth was associated with the Morning Pressing of soma, in which cattle was donated to priests, called dakṣiṇā.

Indra is not a visible object of nature in the Vedic texts, nor is he a personification of any object, but that agent which causes the lightning, the rains and the rivers to flow. His myths and adventures in the Vedic literature are numerous, ranging from harnessing the rains, cutting through mountains to help rivers flow, helping land becoming fertile, unleashing sun by defeating the clouds, warming the land by overcoming the winter forces, winning the light and dawn for mankind, putting milk in the cows, rejuvenating the immobile into something mobile and prosperous, and in general, he is depicted as removing any and all sorts of obstacles to human progress. The Vedic prayers to Indra, states Jan Gonda, generally ask "produce success of this rite, throw down those who hate the materialized Brahman". The hymns of Rigveda declare him to be the "king that moves and moves not", the friend of mankind who holds the different tribes on earth together.

Indra is often presented as the twin brother of Agni (fire) – another major Vedic deity. Yet, he is also presented to be the same, states Max Muller, as in Rigvedic hymn 2.1.3, which states, "Thou Agni, art Indra, a bull among all beings; thou art the wide-ruling Vishnu, worthy of adoration. Thou art the Brahman, (...)." He is also part of one of many Vedic trinities as "Agni, Indra and Surya", representing the "creator-maintainer-destroyer" aspects of existence in Hindu thought.

Rigveda 2.1.3 Jamison 2014

Parentage of Indra is inconsistent in Vedic texts, and in fact Rigveda 4.17.12 states that Indra himself may not even know that much about his mother and father. Some verses of Vedas suggest that his mother was a grishti (a cow), while other verses name her Nishtigri. The medieval commentator Sayana identified her with Aditi, the goddess who is his mother in later Hinduism. The Atharvaveda states Indra's mother is Ekashtaka, daughter of Prajapati. Some verses of Vedic texts state that Indra's father is Tvaṣṭar or sometimes the couple Dyaus and Prithvi are mentioned as his parents. According to a legend found in it, before Indra is born, his mother attempts to persuade him to not take an unnatural exit from her womb. Immediately after birth, Indra steals soma from his father, and Indra's mother offers the drink to him. After Indra's birth, Indra's mother reassures Indra that he will prevail in his rivalry with his father, Tvaṣṭar. Both the unnatural exit from the womb and rivalry with the father are universal attributes of heroes. In the Rigveda, Indra's wife is Indrani, alias Shachi, and she is described to be extremely proud about her status. Rigveda 4.18.8 says after his birth Indra got swallowed by a demon Kushava.
 * 1) You, Agni, as bull of beings, are Indra; you, wide-going, worthy of homage, are Viṣṇu.  You, o lord of the sacred formulation, finder of wealth, are the Brahman [Formulator]; you, o Apportioner, are accompanied by Plenitude.

Indra is also found in many other myths that are poorly understood. In one, Indra crushes the cart of Ushas (Dawn), and she runs away. In another Indra beats Surya in a chariot race by tearing off the wheel of his chariot. This is connected to a myth where Indra and his sidekick Kutsa ride the same chariot drawn by the horses of the wind to the house of Uśanā Kāvya to receive aid before killing Śuṣṇa, the enemy of Kutsa. In one myth Indra (in some versions helped by Viṣṇu) shoots a boar named Emuṣa in order to obtain special rice porridge hidden inside or behind a mountain. Another myth has Indra kill Namuci by beheading him. In later versions of that myth Indra does this through trickery involving the foam of water. Other beings slain by Indra include Śambara, Pipru, Varcin, Dhuni and Cumuri, and others. Indra's chariot is pulled by fallow bay horses described as hárī. They bring Indra to and from the sacrifice, and are even offered their own roasted grains.

Upanishads
The ancient Aitareya Upanishad equates Indra, along with other deities, with Atman (soul, self) in the Vedanta's spirit of internalization of rituals and gods. It begins with its cosmological theory in verse 1.1.1 by stating that, "in the beginning, Atman, verily one only, was here - no other blinking thing whatever; he bethought himself: let me now create worlds". This soul, which the text refers to as Brahman as well, then proceeds to create the worlds and beings in those worlds wherein all Vedic gods and goddesses such as sun-god, moon-god, Agni, and other divinities become active cooperative organs of the body. The Atman thereafter creates food, and thus emerges a sustainable non-sentient universe, according to the Upanishad. The eternal Atman then enters each living being making the universe full of sentient beings, but these living beings fail to perceive their Atman. The first one to see the Atman as Brahman, asserts the Upanishad, said, "idam adarsha or "I have seen It". Others then called this first seer as Idam-dra or "It-seeing", which over time came to be cryptically known as "Indra", because, claims Aitareya Upanishad, everyone including the gods like short nicknames. The passing mention of Indra in this Upanishad, states Alain Daniélou, is a symbolic folk etymology.

The section 3.9 of the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad connects Indra to thunder, thunderbolt and release of waters. In section 5.1 of the Avyakta Upanishad, Indra is praised as he who embodies the qualities of all gods.

Post-Vedic texts
In post-Vedic texts, Indra is depicted as an intoxicated hedonistic god. His importance declines, and he evolves into a minor deity in comparison to others in the Hindu pantheon, such as Vishnu, Shiva, or Devi. In Hindu texts, Indra is some times known as an aspect (avatar) of Shiva.

In the Puranas, Ramayana and Mahabharata, the divine sage Kashyapa is described as the father of Indra, and Aditi as his mother. In this tradition, he is presented as one of their thirty-three sons. Indra married Shachi, the daughter of the danava Puloman. Most texts state that Indra had only one wife, though sometimes other names are mentioned. The text Bhagavata Purana mention that Indra and Shachi had three sons named Jayanta, Rishabha, Midhusha. Some listings add Nilambara and Rbhus. Indra and Shachi also had two daughters, Jayanti and Devasena. Jayanti becomes the spouse of Shukra, while Devasena marries the war god Kartikeya. Indra is depicted as the spiritual father of Vali in the Ramayana and Arjuna in the Mahabharata. Since he is known for mastering over all weapons in warfare, his spiritual sons Vali and Arjuna also share his martial attributes. He has a charioteer named Matali.

Indra had multiple affairs with other women. One such was Ahalya, the wife of sage Gautama. Indra was cursed by the sage. Although the Brahmanas (9th to 6th centuries BCE) are the earliest scriptures to hint at their relationship, the 7th- to 4th-century BCE Hindu epic Ramayana – whose hero is Rama – is the first to explicitly mention the affair in detail.

Indra becomes a source of nuisance rains in the Puranas, caused out of anger with an intent to hurt mankind. Krishna, an avatar of Vishnu, comes to the rescue by lifting Mount Govardhana on his fingertip, and letting mankind shelter under the mountain till Indra exhausts his anger and relents. According to the Mahabharata, Indra disguises himself as a Brahmin and approaches Karna and asks for his kavacha (body armor) and kundala (earrings) as charity. Although being aware of his true identity, Karna peeled off his kavacha and kundala and fulfilled the wish of Indra. Pleased by this act, Indra gifts Karna a celestial dart called the Vasavi Shakti.

According to the Vishnu Purana, Indra is the position of being the king of the gods which changes in every Manvantara—a cyclic period of time in Hindu cosmology. Each Manvantara has its own Indra and the Indra of the current Manvantara is called Purandhara.

Sangam literature (300 BCE–300 CE)
The Sangam literature of the Tamil language contains more stories about Indra by various authors. In the Cilappatikaram, Indra is described as Malai venkudai mannavan, literally meaning, "Indra with the pearl-garland and white umbrella".

Sangam literature also describes Indra Vila (festival for Indra), the festival for want of rain, celebrated for one full month starting from the full moon in Uttrai (Chaitra) and completed on the full moon in Puyali (Vaisakha). This is described in the epic Cilappatikaram in detail.

In his work Tirukkural (before c. 5th century CE), Valluvar cites Indra to exemplify the virtue of conquest over one's senses.

In other religions
Indra is an important deity worshipped by the Kalash people, indicating his prominence in ancient Hinduism.

Buddhism
The Buddhist cosmology places Indra above Mount Sumeru, in Trayastrimsha heaven. He resides and rules over one of the six realms of rebirth, the Devas realm of Saṃsāra, that is widely sought in the Buddhist tradition. Rebirth in the realm of Indra is a consequence of very good Karma (Pali: kamma) and accumulated merit during a human life.

In Buddhism, Indra is commonly called by his other name, Śakra or Sakka, ruler of the Trāyastriṃśa heaven. Śakra is sometimes referred to as Devānām Indra or "Lord of the Devas". Buddhist texts also refer to Indra by numerous names and epithets, as is the case with Hindu and Jain texts. For example, Asvaghosha's Buddhacarita in different sections refers to Indra with terms such as "the thousand eyed", Puramdara, Lekharshabha, Mahendra, Marutvat, Valabhid and Maghavat. Elsewhere, he is known as Devarajan (literally, "the king of gods"). These names reflect a large overlap between Hinduism and Buddhism, and the adoption of many Vedic terminology and concepts into Buddhist thought. Even the term Śakra, which means "mighty", appears in the Vedic texts such as in hymn 5.34 of the Rigveda.

In Theravada Buddhism Indra is referred to as Indā in evening chanting such as the Udissanādiṭṭhānagāthā (Iminā).

The Bimaran Casket made of gold inset with garnet, dated to be around 60 CE, but some proposals dating it to the 1st century BCE, is among the earliest archaeological evidences available that establish the importance of Indra in Buddhist mythology. The artwork shows the Buddha flanked by gods Brahma and Indra.

In China, Korea, and Japan, he is known by the characters 帝釋天 (Chinese: 釋提桓因, pinyin: shì dī huán yīn, Korean: "Je-seok-cheon" or 桓因 Hwan-in, Japanese: "Tai-shaku-ten", kanji: 帝釈天) and usually appears opposite Brahma in Buddhist art. Brahma and Indra are revered together as protectors of the historical Buddha (Chinese: 釋迦, kanji: 釈迦, also known as Shakyamuni), and are frequently shown giving the infant Buddha his first bath. Although Indra is often depicted like a bodhisattva in the Far East, typically in Tang dynasty costume, his iconography also includes a martial aspect, wielding a thunderbolt from atop his elephant mount.

In some schools of Buddhism and in Hinduism, the image of Indra's net is a metaphor for the emptiness of all things, and at the same time a metaphor for the understanding of the universe as a web of connections and interdependences.

In China, Indra (帝釋天 Dìshìtiān) is regarded as one of the twenty-four protective devas (二十四諸天 Èrshísì zhūtiān) of Buddhism. In Chinese Buddhist temples, his statue is usually enshrined in the Mahavira Hall along with the other devas.

In Japan, Indra (帝釈天 Taishakuten) is one of the twelve Devas, as guardian deities, who are found in or around Buddhist temples (十二天Jūni-ten).

The ceremonial name of Bangkok claims that the city was "given by Indra and built by Vishvakarman."

Jainism
Indra in Jain mythology always serves the Tirthankara teachers. Indra most commonly appears in stories related to Tirthankaras, in which Indra himself manages and celebrates the five auspicious events in that Tirthankara's life, such as Chavan kalyanak, Janma kalyanak, Diksha kalyanak, Kevala Jnana kalyanak, and moksha kalyanak.

There are sixty-four Indras in Jain literature, each ruling over different heavenly realms where heavenly souls who have not yet gained Kaivalya (moksha) are reborn according to Jainism. Among these many Indras, the ruler of the first Kalpa heaven is the Indra who is known as Saudharma in Digambara, and Sakra in Śvētāmbara tradition. He is most preferred, discussed and often depicted in Jain caves and marble temples, often with his wife Indrani. They greet the devotee as he or she walks in, flank the entrance to an idol of Jina (conqueror), and lead the gods as they are shown celebrating the five auspicious moments in a Jina's life, including his birth. These Indra-related stories are enacted by laypeople in Jainism tradition during special Puja (worship) or festive remembrances.

In the South Indian Digambara Jain community, Indra is also the title of hereditary priests who preside over Jain temple functions.

Zoroastrianism
As the Iranian and Indian religions diverged from each other, the two main groupings of deities, the asuras (Iranian ahura) and daevas (Indian deva) acquired opposite features. For reasons that are not entirely clear, the asuras/ahuras became demonized in India and elevated in Iran while the devas/daevas became demonized among the Iranians and elevated in India. In the Vendidad, one part of the Avesta, Indra is mentioned along with Nanghaithya (Vedic Nasatya) and Sauvra (Śarva) as a relatively minor demon. At the same time, many of the features of Indra in the Rigveda are shared with the ahuras Mithra and Verethragna and the Iranian legendary hero Thraetona (Fereydun). It is possible that Indra, originally a minor deity who later acquired greater significance, acquired the traits of other deities as his importance increased among the Indo-Aryans.

title: Indra


text:
Talk:Cheam

Whitehall
Hello. The introduction refers to Whitehall Gallery but I can't find any other reference to Whitehall being a gallery but rather a historic house and museum. Curiositas42 (talk) 19:47, 7 May 2018 (UTC)

Tony Hancock
Shouldn't we mention Tony Hancock and Railway Cuttings, East Cheam ? -- Beardo 06:37, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree --Davelane (talk) 21:46, 26 May 2008 (UTC)

Cheam and North Cheam
Are you sure that Cheam and North Cheam are separate towns in different boroughs? I live in "North Cheam" and live in the London Borough of Sutton. Is Cheam not in the London Borough of Sutton? -- Realtaichi 12:15, 29 June 2006 (UTC) sdjbasjbjghkg djfjfydy — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.174.14.107 (talk) 19:31, 26 May 2011 (UTC)

World War One?
''During World War One, many of Cheam's historic buildings and character were destroyed. Only one major building survived, a small white timber framed cottage, called "Whitehall".''

This is surely not true, Cheam suffered no significant damage in either WW1 or WW2. Old buildings were replaced by natural development and 1930s road widening. Also numerous old buildings still exist in Cheam as old as Whitehall, such as Red Lion and the Old Cottage. ––richit 16:58, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

Small Village
The claim that Cheam is a "small village" is a little odd. In terms of size I'd say it was a large town. Mucky Duck 09:32, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree that Cheam is not small, however it is a village and not a town. –– richit 16:56, 11 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Oh yes, no argument about that: I meant it only in size terms. Your change hits the nail on the head. Mucky Duck 12:11, 12 August 2006 (UTC)

Nonsuch Palace
Shouldn't this also be mentioned or at least the pages linked to each other - or is this not in Cheam. --Davelane (talk) 21:45, 26 May 2008 (UTC)

UFO
Hello, On new year's day, 2009 (the very start of it), I witnessed a orange ball of light. Anyway, I have found an article about a UFO in North Cheam and I was wondering if we should include it here? :

http://www.suttonguardian.co.uk/news/4299744.Close_encounters_of_the_Cheam_kind/

Thank you (86.169.125.18 (talk) 01:05, 2 August 2009 (UTC))

Better photos needed
The photo of N Cheam in 2009 is not very representative of Cheam as a whole, especially as Woolworths closed down shortly thereafter. A couple of good photos of Cheam Village would be much better.

Have since added a couple myself (during February)

A P Monblat (talk) 03:42, 29 January 2012 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Cheam