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Upton Sinclair

Upton Beall Sinclair Jr. (September 20, 1878 – November 25, 1968) was an American writer, muckraker, political activist and the 1934 Democratic Party nominee for governor of California. He wrote nearly 100 books and other works in several genres. Sinclair's work was well known and popular in the first half of the 20th century, and he won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1943.

In 1906, Sinclair acquired particular fame for his classic muck-raking novel, The Jungle, which exposed labor and sanitary conditions in the U.S. meatpacking industry, causing a public uproar that contributed in part to the passage a few months later of the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act. In 1919, he published The Brass Check, a muck-raking exposé of American journalism that publicized the issue of yellow journalism and the limitations of the "free press" in the United States. Four years after publication of The Brass Check, the first code of ethics for journalists was created. Time magazine called him "a man with every gift except humor and silence". He is also well remembered for the quote: "It is difficult to get a man to understand something, when his salary depends upon his not understanding it." He used this line in speeches and the book about his campaign for governor as a way to explain why the editors and publishers of the major newspapers in California would not treat seriously his proposals for old age pensions and other progressive reforms. Many of his novels can be read as historical works. Writing during the Progressive Era, Sinclair describes the world of the industrialized United States from both the working man's and the industrialist's points of view. Novels such as King Coal (1917), The Coal War (published posthumously), Oil! (1927), and The Flivver King (1937) describe the working conditions of the coal, oil, and auto industries at the time.

The Flivver King describes the rise of Henry Ford, his "wage reform" and his company's Sociological Department, to his decline into antisemitism as publisher of The Dearborn Independent. King Coal confronts John D. Rockefeller Jr., and his role in the 1914 Ludlow Massacre in the coal fields of Colorado.

Sinclair was an outspoken socialist and ran unsuccessfully for Congress as a nominee from the Socialist Party. He was also the Democratic Party candidate for governor of California during the Great Depression, running under the banner of the End Poverty in California campaign, but was defeated in the 1934 election.

Early life and education
Sinclair was born in Baltimore, Maryland, to Upton Beall Sinclair Sr. and Priscilla Harden Sinclair. His father was a liquor salesman whose alcoholism shadowed his son's childhood. Priscilla Harden Sinclair was a strict Episcopalian who disliked alcohol, tea, and coffee. Both of Upton Sinclair's parents were of British ancestry. His paternal grandparents were Scottish, and all of his ancestors emigrated to America from Great Britain during the late 1600s and early 1700s. As a child, Sinclair slept either on sofas or cross-ways on his parents' bed. When his father was out for the night, he would sleep in the bed with his mother. His mother's family was very affluent: her parents were very prosperous in Baltimore, and her sister married a millionaire. Sinclair had wealthy maternal grandparents with whom he often stayed. This gave him insight into how both the rich and the poor lived during the late 19th century. Living in two social settings affected him and greatly influenced his books. Upton Beall Sinclair Sr. was from a highly respected family in the South, but the family was financially ruined by the Civil War, the end of slavery causing disruptions of the labor system during the Reconstruction era, and an extended agricultural depression.

As he was growing up, Upton's family moved frequently, as his father was not successful in his career. He developed a love for reading when he was five years old. He read every book his mother owned for a deeper understanding of the world. He did not start school until he was 10 years old. He was deficient in math and worked hard to catch up quickly because of his embarrassment. In 1888, the Sinclair family moved to Queens, New York City, New York, where his father sold shoes. Upton entered the City College of New York five days before his 14th birthday, on September 15, 1892. He wrote jokes, dime novels, and magazine articles in boys' weekly and pulp magazines to pay for his tuition. With that income, he was able to move his parents to an apartment when he was seventeen years old.

He graduated from City College in June 1897. He subsequently studied law at Columbia University, but he was more interested in writing. He learned several languages, including Spanish, German, and French. He paid the one-time enrollment fee to be able to learn a variety of subjects. He would sign up for a class and then later drop it. He again supported himself through college by writing boys' adventure stories and jokes. He also sold ideas to cartoonists. Using stenographers, he wrote up to 8,000 words of pulp fiction per day. His only complaint about his educational experience was that it failed to educate him about socialism. After leaving Columbia without a degree, he wrote four books in the next four years; they were commercially unsuccessful though critically well-received: King Midas (1901), Prince Hagen (1902), The Journal of Arthur Stirling (1903), and a Civil War novel, Manassas (1904).

Sinclair did not get on with his mother when he became older because of her strict rules and refusal to allow him independence. Sinclair later told his son, David, that around Sinclair's 16th year, he decided not to have anything to do with his mother, staying away from her for 35 years because an argument would start if they met.

Upton became close with Reverend William Wilmerding Moir. Moir specialized in sexual abstinence and taught his beliefs to Sinclair. He was taught to "avoid the subject of sex." Sinclair was to report to Moir monthly regarding his abstinence. Despite their close relationship, Sinclair identified as agnostic.

Career
Sinclair considered himself a poet and dedicated his time to writing poetry. In 1904, Sinclair spent seven weeks in disguise, working undercover in Chicago's meatpacking plants to research his novel, The Jungle (1906), a political exposé that addressed conditions in the plants, as well as the lives of poor immigrants. When it was published two years later, it became a bestseller. In the spring of 1905, Sinclair issued a call for the formation of a new organization, a group to be called the Intercollegiate Socialist Society.

With the income from The Jungle, Sinclair founded the utopian—but non-Jewish white only—Helicon Home Colony in Englewood, New Jersey. He ran as a Socialist candidate for Congress. The colony burned down under suspicious circumstances within a year.

In 1913–1914, Sinclair made three trips to the coal fields of Colorado, which led him to write King Coal and caused him to begin work on the larger, more historical The Coal War. In 1914, Sinclair helped organize demonstrations in New York City against Rockefeller at the Standard Oil offices. The demonstrations touched off more actions by the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) and the Mother Earth group, a loose association of anarchists and IWW members, in Rockefeller's hometown of Tarrytown.

The Sinclairs moved to California in the 1920s and lived there for nearly four decades. During his years with his second wife, Mary Craig, Sinclair wrote or produced several films. Recruited by Charlie Chaplin, Sinclair and Mary Craig produced Eisenstein's ¡Qué viva México! in 1930–32.

Other interests
Aside from his political and social writings, Sinclair took an interest in occult phenomena and experimented with telepathy. His book Mental Radio (1930) included accounts of his wife Mary's telepathic experiences and ability. William McDougall read the book and wrote an introduction to it, which led him to establish the parapsychology department at Duke University.

Political career
Sinclair broke with the Socialist Party in 1917 and supported the First World War effort. By the 1920s, however, he had returned to the party.

In the 1920s, the Sinclairs moved to Monrovia, California, (near Los Angeles), where Sinclair founded the state's chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union. Wanting to pursue politics, he twice ran unsuccessfully for the United States Congress on the Socialist Party ticket: in 1920 for the House of Representatives and in 1922 for the Senate. He was the party candidate for governor of California in 1926, winning nearly 46,000 votes, and in 1930, winning nearly 50,000 votes.

During this period, Sinclair was also active in radical politics in Los Angeles. For instance, in 1923, to support the challenged free speech rights of Industrial Workers of the World, Sinclair spoke at a rally during the San Pedro Maritime Strike, in a neighborhood now known as Liberty Hill. He began to read from the Bill of Rights and was promptly arrested, along with hundreds of others, by the LAPD. The arresting officer proclaimed: "We'll have none of that Constitution stuff".

In 1934, Sinclair ran in the California gubernatorial election as a Democrat. Sinclair's platform, known as the End Poverty in California movement (EPIC), galvanized the support of the Democratic Party, and Sinclair gained its nomination. Gaining 879,000 votes made this his most successful run for office, but incumbent Governor Frank Merriam defeated him by a sizable margin, gaining 1,138,000 votes. Hollywood studio bosses unanimously opposed Sinclair. They pressured their employees to assist and vote for Merriam's campaign, and made false propaganda films attacking Sinclair, giving him no opportunity to respond. The negative campaign tactics used against Sinclair are briefly depicted in the 2020 American biographical drama film Mank. Upton Sinclair later stated that there was a "campaign of lying" against him during the campaign which was "ordered by the biggest businessmen in California and paid for with millions of dollars" that was carried out by newspapers, politicians, advertisers, and the film industry.

Sinclair's plan to end poverty quickly became a controversial issue under the pressure of numerous migrants to California fleeing the Dust Bowl. Conservatives considered his proposal an attempted communist takeover of their state and quickly opposed him, using propaganda to portray Sinclair as a staunch communist. Sinclair had been a member of the Socialist Party from 1902 to 1934, when he became a Democrat, though always considering himself a socialist in spirit. The Socialist party in California and nationwide refused to allow its members to be active in any other party including the Democratic Party and expelled him, along with socialists who supported his California campaign. The expulsions destroyed the Socialist party in California.

At the same time, American and Soviet communists disassociated themselves from him, considering him a capitalist. In later writings, such as his anti-alcohol book The Cup of Fury, Sinclair scathingly censured communism. Science-fiction author Robert A. Heinlein was deeply involved in Sinclair's campaign, although he attempted to move away from the stance later in his life. In the 21st century, Sinclair is considered an early American democratic socialist.

After his loss to Merriam, Sinclair abandoned EPIC and politics to return to writing. In 1935, he published I, Candidate for Governor: And How I Got Licked, in which he described the techniques employed by Merriam's supporters, including the then popular Aimee Semple McPherson, who vehemently opposed socialism and what she perceived as Sinclair's modernism. Sinclair's line from this book "It is difficult to get a man to understand something, when his salary depends upon his not understanding it" has become well known and was for example quoted by Al Gore in An Inconvenient Truth.

Of his gubernatorial bid, Sinclair remarked in 1951:

"The American People will take Socialism, but they won't take the label. I certainly proved it in the case of EPIC. Running on the Socialist ticket I got 60,000 votes, and running on the slogan to 'End Poverty in California' I got 879,000. I think we simply have to recognize the fact that our enemies have succeeded in spreading the Big Lie. There is no use attacking it by a front attack, it is much better to out-flank them."

Personal life

In April 1900, Sinclair went to Lake Massawippi in Quebec to work on a novel, renting a small cabin for three months and then moving to a farmhouse where he was reintroduced to his future first wife, Meta Fuller (1880–1964). A childhood friend descended from one of the First Families of Virginia, she was three years younger than he and aspired to be more than a housewife, so Sinclair instructed her in what to read and learn. Though each had warned the other against it, on October 18, 1900, they married. The couple having used abstinence as their main form of contraception, Meta became pregnant the following year. Despite Meta's several attempts to terminate the pregnancy, the child, David, was born on December 1, 1901. Meta and her family tried to convince Sinclair to give up writing and get "a job that would support his family."

Sinclair was opposed to sex outside of marriage and viewed it as necessary only for reproduction. He told his first wife Meta that only the birth of a child gave marriage "dignity and meaning". Despite his beliefs, Sinclair had a love affair with Anna Noyes during his marriage to Meta. He wrote a novel about the affair called Love's Progress, a sequel to Love's Pilgrimage. It was never published. His wife later had a love affair with John Armistead Collier, a theology student from Memphis; they had a son together named Ben.

In 1910, the Sinclairs moved to the single-tax village of Arden, Delaware, where they built a house. In 1911, Sinclair was arrested for playing tennis on the Sabbath and spent eighteen hours in the New Castle County prison in lieu of paying a fine. Earlier in 1911, Sinclair invited Harry Kemp, the "Vagabond Poet", to camp on the couple's land in Arden. Meta soon became enamored of Kemp, and in late August she left Sinclair for the poet. Sinclair, unable to obtain a divorce in New York, traveled to the Netherlands for a migratory divorce.

In 1913, Sinclair married Mary Craig Kimbrough (1882–1961), a woman from an elite Greenwood, Mississippi, family who had written articles on Winnie Davis, the daughter of Confederate States of America President Jefferson Davis. They met when she attended one of his lectures about The Jungle. In 1914 he moved to Croton-on-Hudson, New York, joining the local community of prominent socialists. In the 1920s, the couple moved to California. They remained married until her death in 1961.

Later that same year, Sinclair married his third wife, Mary Elizabeth Willis (1882–1967). They moved to Buckeye, Arizona, before returning east to Bound Brook, New Jersey, where Sinclair died in a nursing home on November 25, 1968, a year after his wife. He is buried next to Willis in Rock Creek Cemetery in Washington, D.C.

Writing
Sinclair devoted his writing career to documenting and criticizing the social and economic conditions of the early 20th century in both fiction and nonfiction. He exposed his view of the injustices of capitalism and the overwhelming effects of poverty among the working class. He also edited collections of fiction and nonfiction.

The Jungle
His novel based on the meatpacking industry in Chicago, The Jungle, was first published in serial form in the socialist newspaper Appeal to Reason, from February 25, 1905, to November 4, 1905. It was published as a book by Doubleday in 1906. Sinclair had spent about six months investigating the Chicago meatpacking industry for Appeal to Reason, the work which inspired his novel. He intended to "set forth the breaking of human hearts by a system which exploits the labor of men and women for profit". The novel featured Jurgis Rudkus, a Lithuanian immigrant who works in a meat factory in Chicago, his teenaged wife Ona Lukoszaite, and their extended family. Sinclair portrays their mistreatment by Rudkus' employers and the wealthier elements of society. His descriptions of the unsanitary and inhumane conditions that workers suffered served to shock and galvanize readers. Jack London called Sinclair's book "the Uncle Tom's Cabin of wage slavery". Domestic and foreign purchases of American meat fell by half.

Sinclair wrote in Cosmopolitan in October 1906 about The Jungle: "I aimed at the public's heart, and by accident I hit it in the stomach." The novel brought public lobbying for Congressional legislation and government regulation of the industry, including passage of the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act. At the time, President Theodore Roosevelt characterized Sinclair as a "crackpot", writing to William Allen White, "I have an utter contempt for him. He is hysterical, unbalanced, and untruthful. Three-fourths of the things he said were absolute falsehoods. For some of the remainder there was only a basis of truth." After reading The Jungle, Roosevelt agreed with some of Sinclair's conclusions, but was opposed to legislation that he considered "socialist." He said, "Radical action must be taken to do away with the efforts of arrogant and selfish greed on the part of the capitalist."

Bertolt Brecht's play, Saint Joan of the Stockyards, transporting Joan of Arc to the environment of the Chicago stockyards, is clearly inspired by "The Jungle".

The Brass Check
In The Brass Check (1919), Sinclair made a systematic and incriminating critique of the severe limitations of the "free press" in the United States. Among the topics covered is the use of yellow journalism techniques created by William Randolph Hearst. Sinclair called The Brass Check "the most important and most dangerous book I have ever written."

According to the Brass Check, "American Journalism is a class institution, serving the rich and spurning the poor." This bias, Sinclair felt, had profound implications for American democracy:

"The social body to which we belong is at this moment passing through one of the greatest crises of its history .... What if the nerves upon which we depend for knowledge of this social body should give us false reports of its condition?"

Sylvia novels

 * Sylvia (1913) was a novel about a Southern girl. In her autobiography, Mary Craig Sinclair said she had written the book based on her own experiences as a girl, and Upton collaborated with her. According to Craig, at her insistence, Sinclair published Sylvia (1913) under his name. In her 1957 memoir, she described how her husband and she had collaborated on the work: "Upton and I struggled through several chapters of Sylvia together, disagreeing about something on every page. But now and then each of us admitted that the other had improved something." When it appeared in 1913, The New York Times called it "the best novel Mr. Sinclair has yet written–so much the best that it stands in a class by itself."
 * Sylvia's Marriage (1914), Craig and Sinclair collaborated on a sequel, also published by John C. Winston Company under Upton Sinclair's name. In his 1962 autobiography, Upton Sinclair wrote: "[Mary] Craig had written some tales of her Southern girlhood; and I had stolen them from her for a novel to be called Sylvia."

I, Governor of California, and How I Ended Poverty
This was a pamphlet he published in 1934 as a preface to running for office in the state of California. In the book he outlined his plans to run as a Democrat instead of a Socialist, and imagines his climb to the Democratic nomination, and then subsequent victory by a margin of 100,000 votes.

Lanny Budd series
Between 1940 and 1953, Sinclair wrote a series of 11 novels featuring a central character named Lanny Budd. The son of an American arms manufacturer, Budd is portrayed as holding in the confidence of world leaders, and not simply witnessing events, but often propelling them. As a sophisticated socialite who mingles easily with people from all cultures and socioeconomic classes, Budd has been characterized as the antithesis of the stereotyped "Ugly American".

Sinclair placed Budd within the important political events in the United States and Europe in the first half of the 20th century. An actual company named the Budd Company manufactured arms during World War II, founded by Edward G. Budd in 1912.

The novels were bestsellers upon publication and were published in translation, appearing in 21 countries. The third book in the series, Dragon's Teeth (1942), won the Pulitzer Prize for the Novel in 1943. Out of print and nearly forgotten for years, ebook editions of the Lanny Budd series were published in 2016.

The Lanny Budd series includes:

 * World's End, 1940
 * Between Two Worlds, 1941
 * Dragon's Teeth, 1942
 * Wide Is the Gate, 1943
 * Presidential Agent, 1944
 * Dragon Harvest, 1945
 * A World to Win, 1946
 * Presidential Mission, 1947
 * One Clear Call, 1948
 * O Shepherd, Speak!, 1949
 * The Return of Lanny Budd, 1953

Other works
Sinclair was keenly interested in health and nutrition. He experimented with various diets, and with fasting. He wrote about this in his book, The Fasting Cure (1911), another bestseller. He believed that periodic fasting was important for health, saying, "I had taken several fasts of ten or twelve days' duration, with the result of a complete making over of my health".

Sinclair favored a raw food diet of predominantly vegetables and nuts. For long periods of time, he was a complete vegetarian, but he also experimented with eating meat. His attitude to these matters was fully explained in the chapter, "The Use of Meat", in the above-mentioned book. In the last years of his life, Sinclair strictly ate three meals a day consisting only of brown rice, fresh fruit and celery, topped with powdered milk and salt, and pineapple juice to drink.

Representation in popular culture

 * Sinclair Lewis refers to Upton Sinclair and his EPIC plan in the novel It Can't Happen Here (1935).
 * Sinclair appears in T. C. Boyle's novel The Road to Wellville (1993), which is built around a historical fictionalization of John Harvey Kellogg, the inventor of corn flakes and the founder of the Battle Creek Sanitarium. In the book, Sinclair and his first wife, Meta, appear as patients at the Sanitarium. Later, Kellogg is outraged when he discovers that another of his patients has been fasting after reading a typescript of Sinclair's The Fasting Cure.
 * Sinclair appears in the American Empire trilogy (2001–2003), part of the wider Southern Victory series of alternate history novels by Harry Turtledove. In the series, Sinclair becomes president of the United States, serving from 1921 to 1929, as the first president from the Socialist Party. During his administration, he builds up social welfare programs at home and tries to foster peace abroad. Sinclair takes a more lenient stance towards the Confederacy than his predecessor Theodore Roosevelt did, cancelling Great War reparations following the assassination of Confederate President Wade Hampton V in 1922.
 * Sinclair is featured as one of the main characters in Chris Bachelder's satirical novel, U.S.! (2005). Repeatedly, Sinclair is resurrected after his death and assassinated again, a "personification of the contemporary failings of the American left". He is portrayed as a quixotic reformer attempting to stir an apathetic American public to implement socialism in America.
 * Joyce Carol Oates refers to Sinclair and his first wife, Meta, in her novel The Accursed (2013).
 * Sinclair was portrayed by Bill Nye in David Fincher's biopic Mank (2020).

Films

 * The Jungle (1914) is a silent film adaptation of the 1906 novel, with George Nash playing Jurgis Rudkus and Gail Kane playing Ona Lukozsaite. The film is considered lost. Sinclair appears at the beginning and end of the film as a form of endorsement.
 * The Wet Parade (1932) is a film adaptation of Sinclair's eponymous 1931 novel, directed by Victor Fleming and starring Lewis Stone, Walter Huston, Dorothy Jordan, Neil Hamilton, Robert Young, and Jimmy Durante. Myrna Loy appears very briefly as an actress who runs an elegant speakeasy.
 * Walt Disney Productions adapted The Gnomobile (1937) into the 1967 musical motion picture The Gnome-Mobile.
 * Oil! (1927) was adapted as the film There Will Be Blood (2007), starring Daniel Day-Lewis and Paul Dano, and directed by Paul Thomas Anderson. The film received eight Oscar nominations and won two.
 * In David Fincher's film drama Mank (2020), Bill Nye has a small role as Sinclair running for California governor in 1934 as the Democratic nominee.

Works
Fiction
 * Sinclair, Upton. Upton Sinclair Anthology (1947) online
 * Engs, Ruth Clifford, ed. Unseen Upton Sinclair: Nine Unpublished Stories, Essays and Other Works. (McFarland & Co. 2009).

 * Courtmartialed – 1898
 * Saved By the Enemy – 1898
 * The Fighting Squadron – 1898
 * A Prisoner of Morro – 1898
 * A Soldier Monk – 1898
 * A Gauntlet of Fire – 1899
 * Holding the Fort – 1899
 * A Soldier's Pledge – 1899
 * Wolves of the Navy – 1899
 * Springtime and Harvest – 1901, reissued the same year as King Midas
 * The Journal of Arthur Stirling – 1903
 * Off For West Point – 1903
 * From Port to Port – 1903
 * On Guard – 1903
 * A Strange Cruise – 1903
 * The West Point Rivals – 1903
 * A West Point Treasure – 1903
 * A Cadet's Honor – 1903
 * Cliff, the Naval Cadet – 1903
 * The Cruise of the Training Ship – 1903
 * Prince Hagen – 1903
 * Manassas: A Novel of the War – 1904, reissued in 1959 as Theirs be the Guilt
 * A Captain of Industry – 1906
 * The Jungle – 1906
 * The Overman – 1907
 * The Industrial Republic – 1907
 * The Metropolis – 1908
 * The Moneychangers – 1908, reprinted as The Money Changers
 * Samuel The Seeker – 1910
 * Love's Pilgrimage – 1911
 * Damaged Goods – 1913
 * Sylvia – 1913
 * Sylvia's Marriage – 1914
 * King Coal – 1917
 * Jimmie Higgins – 1919
 * Debs and the Poets – 1920
 * 100% - The Story of a Patriot – 1920
 * The Spy – 1920
 * They Call Me Carpenter: A Tale of the Second Coming – 1922
 * The Millennium – 1924
 * The Spokesman's Secretary – 1926
 * Money Writes! – 1927
 * Oil! – 1927
 * Boston, 2 vols. – 1928
 * Mountain City – 1930
 * Roman Holiday – 1931
 * The Wet Parade – 1931
 * American Outpost – 1932
 * The Way Out (novel) – 1933
 * Immediate Epic – 1933
 * The Lie Factory Starts – 1934
 * The Book of Love – 1934
 * Depression Island – 1935
 * Co-op: a Novel of Living Together – 1936
 * The Gnomobile – 1936, 1962
 * Wally for Queen – 1936
 * No Pasaran!: A Novel of the Battle of Madrid – 1937
 * The Flivver King: A Story of Ford-America  – 1937
 * Little Steel – 1938
 * Our Lady – 1938
 * Expect No Peace – 1939
 * Marie Antoinette (novel) – 1939
 * Telling The World – 1939
 * Your Million Dollars – 1939
 * World's End – 1940
 * World's End Impending – 1940
 * Between Two Worlds – 1941
 * Dragon's Teeth – 1942
 * Wide Is the Gate – 1943
 * Presidential Agent –  1944
 * Dragon Harvest – 1945
 * A World to Win – 1946
 * A Presidential Mission – 1947
 * A Giant's Strength – 1948
 * Limbo on the Loose – 1948
 * One Clear Call – 1948
 * O Shepherd, Speak! – 1949
 * Another Pamela – 1950
 * Schenk Stefan! – 1951
 * A Personal Jesus – 1952
 * The Return of Lanny Budd – 1953
 * What Didymus Did – UK 1954 / It Happened to Didymus – US 1958
 * Theirs Be the Guilt – 1959
 * Affectionately Eve – 1961
 * The Coal War – 1976

Autobiographical

 * The Autobiography of Upton Sinclair. With Maeve Elizabeth Flynn III. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1962.
 * My Lifetime in Letters. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 1960) online.
 * The Cup of Fury – 1956

Non-fiction

 * Good Health and How We Won It: With an Account of New Hygiene (1909) – 1909
 * The Fasting Cure – 1911
 * The Profits of Religion – 1917
 * The Brass Check – 1919
 * The McNeal-Sinclair Debate on Socialism – 1921
 * The Book of Life – 1921
 * The Goose-Step – 1923
 * The Goslings: A Study of the American Schools – 1924
 * Mammonart. An essay on economic interpretation. – 1925
 * Letters to Judd, an American Workingman – 1925
 * Mental Radio: Does it work, and how? – 1930, 1962
 * Upton Sinclair Presents William Fox – 1933
 * We, People of America, and how we ended poverty : a true story of the future – 1933
 * I, Governor of California – and How I Ended Poverty – 1933
 * The Epic Plan for California – 1934
 * I, Candidate for Governor – and How I Got Licked – 1935
 * Epic Answers: How to End Poverty in California (1935) – 1934
 * What God Means to Me – 1936
 * Upton Sinclair on the Soviet Union – 1938
 * Letters to a Millionaire – 1939

Drama

 * Plays of Protest: The Naturewoman, The Machine, The Second-Story Man, Prince Hagen – 1912
 * The Pot Boiler – 1913 (Not published in book form until 1924 - as Little Blue Book 589, issued by E. Haldeman-Julius.)
 * Hell: A Verse Drama and Photoplay – 1924
 * Singing Jailbirds: A Drama in Four Acts – 1924
 * Bill Porter: A Drama of O. Henry in Prison – 1925
 * The Enemy Had It Too: A Play in Three Acts – 1950

As editor
 * The Cry for Justice: An Anthology of the Literature of Social Protest – 1915

Electronic editions

 * The Cry for Justice: An Anthology of the Literature of Social Protest, Bartleby.com
 * "Upton Sinclair's 1929 letter to John Beardsley", Upton Sinclair to John Beardsley
 * The Cry for Justice: An Anthology of the Literature of Social Protest, Bartleby.com
 * "Upton Sinclair's 1929 letter to John Beardsley", Upton Sinclair to John Beardsley
 * The Cry for Justice: An Anthology of the Literature of Social Protest, Bartleby.com
 * "Upton Sinclair's 1929 letter to John Beardsley", Upton Sinclair to John Beardsley
 * The Cry for Justice: An Anthology of the Literature of Social Protest, Bartleby.com
 * "Upton Sinclair's 1929 letter to John Beardsley", Upton Sinclair to John Beardsley

title: Upton Sinclair


text:
Grammatical particle

In grammar, the term particle (abbreviated ) has a traditional meaning, as a part of speech that cannot be inflected, and a modern meaning, as a function word (functor) associated with another word or phrase in order to impart meaning. Although a particle may have an intrinsic meaning and may fit into other grammatical categories, the fundamental idea of the particle is to add context to the sentence, expressing a mood or indicating a specific action.

In English, for example, the phrase "oh well" has no purpose in speech other than to convey a mood. The word "up" would be a particle in the phrase "look up" (as in "look up this topic"), implying that one researches something rather than that one literally gazes skywards. Many languages use particles in varying amounts and for varying reasons. In Hindi, they may be used as honorifics, or to indicate emphasis or negation. In some languages, they are clearly defined; for example, in Chinese, there are three types of zhùcí (助詞; particles): structural, aspectual, and modal. Structural particles are used for grammatical relations. Aspectual particles signal grammatical aspects. Modal particles express linguistic modality. However, Polynesian languages, which are almost devoid of inflection, use particles extensively to indicate mood, tense, and case.

Modern meaning
In modern grammar, a particle is a function word that must be associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning, i.e., it does not have its own lexical definition. According to this definition, particles are a separate part of speech and are distinct from other classes of function words, such as articles, prepositions, conjunctions and adverbs. Languages vary widely in how much they use particles, some using them extensively and others more commonly using alternative devices such as prefixes/suffixes, inflection, auxiliary verbs and word order. Particles are typically words that encode grammatical categories (such as negation, mood, tense, or case), clitics, fillers or (oral) discourse markers such as well, um, etc. Particles are never inflected.

Afrikaans
Some commonly used particles in Afrikaans include: Sy is nie1 moeg nie2
 * nie2: Afrikaans has a double negation system, as in:

She is not tired PTCL.NEG

'She is not tired'
 * The first nie1 is analysed as an adverb, while the second nie2 as a negation particle.

Jy moet onthou om te eet
 * te: Infinitive verbs are preceded by the complementiser om and the infinitival particle te, e.g.

You must remember COMP PTCL.INF eat

'You must remember to eat' Peter se boek
 * se or van: Both se and van are genitive particles, e.g.

Peter PTCL.GEN book

'Peter's book' die boek van Peter

the book PTCL.GEN Peter

'Peter's book' so groot soos 'n huis
 * so and soos: These two particles are found in constructions like

PTCL.CMPR big PTCL.CMPR a house

'as big as a house'

Arabic
Particles in Arabic can take the form of a single root letter before a given word, like "-و" ('and'), "-ف" ('so') and "-ل" ('to'). However, other particles like "هل" (which marks a question) can be complete words as well.

Chinese
There are three types of (助詞; particles) in Chinese: Structural, Aspectual, and Modal. Structural particles are used for grammatical relations. Aspectual particles signal grammatical aspects. Modal particles express linguistic modality. Note that particles are different from (助動詞; modal verbs) in Chinese.

English
Particle is a somewhat nebulous term for a variety of small words that do not conveniently fit into other classes of words. The Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language defines a particle as a "word that does not change its form through inflection and does not fit easily into the established system of parts of speech". The term includes the "adverbial particles" like up or out in verbal idioms (phrasal verbs) such as "look up" or "knock out"; it also includes the "infinitival particle" to, the "negative particle" not, the "imperative particles" do and let, and sometimes "pragmatic particles" (also called "fillers" or "discourse markers") like oh and well.

German
A German modal particle serves no necessary syntactical function, but expresses the speaker's attitude towards the utterance. Modal particles include ja, halt, doch, aber, denn, schon and others. Some of these also appear in non-particle forms. Aber, for example, is also the conjunction but. In Er ist Amerikaner, aber er spricht gut Deutsch, "He is American, but he speaks German well," aber is a conjunction connecting two sentences. But in Er spricht aber gut Deutsch!, the aber is a particle, with the sentence perhaps best translated as "What good German he speaks!" These particles are common in speech but rarely found in written language, except that which has a spoken quality (such as online messaging).

Hindi
There are different types of particles present in Hindi: emphatic particles, limiter particles, negation particles, affirmative particles, honorific particles, topic-marker particle and case-marking particles. Some common particles of Hindi are mentioned in the table below:

Japanese and Korean
The term particle is often used in descriptions of Japanese and Korean, where they are used to mark nouns according to their grammatical case or thematic relation in a sentence or clause. Linguistic analyses describe them as suffixes, clitics, or postpositions. There are sentence-tagging particles such as Japanese question markers.

Polynesian languages
Polynesian languages are almost devoid of inflection, and use particles extensively to indicate mood, tense, and case. Suggs, discussing the deciphering of the rongorongo script of Easter Island, describes them as all-important. In Māori for example, the versatile particle e can signal the imperative mood, the vocative case, the future tense, or the subject of a sentence formed with most passive verbs. The particle i signals the past imperfect tense, the object of a transitive verb or the subject of a sentence formed with "neuter verbs" (a form of passive verb), as well as the prepositions in, at and from.

Tokelauan
In Tokelauan, ia is used when describing personal names, month names, and nouns used to describe a collaborative group of people participating in something together. It also can be used when a verb does not directly precede a pronoun to describe said pronouns. Its use for pronouns is optional but mostly in this way. Ia cannot be used if the noun it is describing follows any of the prepositions e, o, a, or ko. A couple of the other ways unrelated to what is listed above that ia is used is when preceding a locative or place name. However, if ia is being used in this fashion, the locative or place name must be the subject of the sentence. Another particle in Tokelauan is a, or sometimes ā. This article is used before a person's name as well as the names of months and the particle a te is used before pronouns when these instances are following the prepositions i or ki. Ia te is a particle used if following the preposition mai.

Russian
In Russian particles play sometimes an important role making an additional nuance for a meaning of a phrase or of a whole sentence. One example is particle бы which imparts conditional mood (subjunctive) to a verb it is being applied to or to a whole sentence. Another examples are -то and же which are usually used to emphasise or accent other words. Generally there are lot of different particles in Russian of many kinds. Some of them are complex, consisting of other particles, others are as simple as one letter (б, -с).

Turkish
In some sources, exclamations and conjunctions are also considered Turkish particles. In this article, exclamations and conjunctions will not be dealt with, but only Turkish particles. The main particles used in Turkish are:

 * ancak
 * başka, another
 * beri, since
 * bir, one
 * bir tek, only
 * dair, regarding
 * doğru, right
 * değil, not
 * değin, mention
 * denli, as much
 * dek, until

 * dolayı, due
 * diye, so
 * evvel, before
 * gayri, informal
 * gibi, like
 * göre, by
 * için, for
 * ile, with
 * kadar, until
 * karşı, against
 * karşın, although or despite

 * mukabil, corresponding
 * önce, prior to
 * ötürü, due to
 * öte, beyond
 * rağmen, despite
 * sadece, only
 * sanki, as if
 * sonra, then
 * sıra, row
 * üzere, to
 * yalnız, alone

Particles can be used with the simple form of the names to which they are attached or in other cases. Some of particles uses with attached form, and some particles are always used after the relevant form. For examples, -den ötürü, -e dek, -den öte, -e doğru:

 * Bu çiçekleri annem için alıyorum. (anne is nominative)
 * Yarına kadar bu ödevi bitirmem lazım. (dative)
 * Düşük notlarından ötürü çok çalışman gerekiyor. (ablative)

Turkish particles according to their functions. Başka, gayrı, özge used for 'other, another, otherwise, new, diverse, either'.
 * Senden gayrı kimsem yok. No one other than you.
 * Yardım istemekten başka çaremiz kalmadı. We have no choice but to ask for help.

Göre, nazaran, dâir, rağmen used for 'by, in comparison, about, despite'.
 * Çok çalışmama rağmen sınavda hedeflediğim başarıyı yakalayamadım.
 * Duyduğuma göre bitirme sınavları bir hafta erken gerçekleşecekmiş.
 * Şirketteki son değişikliklere dâir bilgi almak istiyorum.

İçin, üzere, dolayı, ötürü, nâşi, diye used for 'for, with, because, because of, how'.
 * Açılış konuşmasını yapmak üzere kürsüye çıktı.
 * Bu raporu bitirebilmek için zamana ihtiyacım var.
 * Kardeşim hastalığından nâşi gelemedi.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Grammatical particle


text:
Ku

Ku, KU, or Kū may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * Ku (fictional language), a constructed language created for the 2005 film The Interpreter
 * Esther Ku, a Korean-American comedian
 * Shawn Ku, U.S. choreographer and motion picture director
 * Kumi Koda, Japanese pop star nicknamed Ku or Kuu
 * In an alien language in the movie Kin-dza-dza!, "ku" replaces most conventional words, with its meaning guessed from context
 * In the Discworld, Ku or The Lost Continent of Ku is a satirical parody of Atlantis

Political

 * Kommunistisk Ungdom (Communist Youth), the former name of the Young Left (Sweden)
 * Young Conservatives (Denmark) (Konservativ Ungdom), the Young Conservatives (Denmark)
 * Konstitutionsutskottet, the Committee on the Constitution (Parliament of Sweden)
 * Ku Klux Klan, a white supremacy group in the US

Africa

 * Kampala University in Kampala, Uganda
 * Kismayo University in Kismayo, Somalia

Japan

 * Kyoto University, a national research university
 * Kyushu University, a national research university
 * Kobe University, a national university
 * Kanagawa University, a national university
 * Kagoshima University, a national university
 * Kagawa University, a national university
 * Kumamoto University, a national university
 * Kochi University, a national university
 * Korea University (Japan), a private university

Asia

 * Kabul University in Kabul, Afghanistan
 * Kakatiya University in India
 * Kandahar University in Kandahar, Afghanistan
 * Karnavati University in Gujarat, India
 * Karunya University in Tamil Nadu, India
 * Kathmandu University in Dhulikhel, Nepal
 * Khulna University in Khulna, Bangladesh
 * Kuvempu University in Karnataka, India
 * Konkuk University in South Korea
 * Korea University in South Korea
 * Karachi University in Pakistan
 * Kasetsart University in Thailand
 * Kuwait University in Kuwait
 * Kashmir University in Kashmir, India.

Europe

 * Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt (Katholische Universität) in Eichstätt and Ingolstadt, Germany
 * Klaipėda University in Klaipėda, Lithuania
 * KU Leuven in Belgium
 * University of Copenhagen (Københavns Universitet) in Copenhagen, Denmark

United States

 * Kean University in Union Township, New Jersey
 * Keiser University, main campus and headquarters in Fort Lauderdale, Florida
 * Kettering University in Flint, Michigan
 * Kutztown University in Kutztown, Pennsylvania
 * University of Kansas in Lawrence, Kansas or its athletic program, the Kansas Jayhawks

Other businesses and organizations

 * Kentucky Utilities, an American electric utility company based in Lexington, Kentucky
 * Kuwait Airways (IATA code)

Language

 * Ku (kana), romanization of the Japanese kana く and ク
 * Kurdish language (ISO 639 (alpha-2) code KU)
 * Ku (fictional language), fictional language in the 2005 film The Interpreter

People

 * Emperor Ku of ancient China, of Three August Ones and Five Emperors
 * Georgia Ku, English singer and songwriter
 * Khonds, an aboriginal tribe of India

Science

 * K-U ratio, the ratio between potassium and uranium
 * Ku band, a band of microwave radio frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum
 * Ku (protein), a protein involved in DNA repair
 * Ku, the proposed chemical symbol for kurchatovium (later named rutherfordium)
 * KU, Krebs units, a measure of viscosity of paint

Other uses

 * Wards of Japan (区), a type of city subdivision
 * Kū or Kū-ka-ili-moku, the Hawaiian god of politics, agriculture, war and fishing
 * Ku, the original name of the Privilege Ibiza nightclub
 * Kose-Uuemõisa, Estonia, a village
 * Mount Ku, Kazakhstan
 * Kindle Unlimited, e-book service from Amazon
 * Kū, another form for the Japanese kyū, the number nine, and a term in martial arts

title: Ku


text:
Maru

Maru may refer to:

People

 * Maru (given name), a Spanish given name, a shortened form of Maria Eugenia
 * Maru (surname), a surname of Indic origin
 * Maru (mythology), a Māori war god
 * Ngāti Maru (disambiguation), several Māori tribes of New Zealand

Fiction

 * Maru (Heavenly Delusion) (マル), a character from the anime and manga series Heavenly Delusion

Places

 * Maru, Shwegu, a village in Kachin State, Burma
 * Maru, Estonia, a village in Halliste Parish, Viljandi County, Estonia
 * Maru, Iran (disambiguation)
 * Maru (Irbid), a village in Irbid, Jordan
 * Maru, Kathmandu, a market and ceremonial square in Kathmandu, Nepal
 * Maru, Nigeria, a Local Government Area in Zamfara State
 * Maru-Aten, a palace or sun-temple in Armarna, Egypt
 * Maru Sthal or the Thar Desert, a desert in India and Pakistan
 * Maru Pradesh or Maru Sthali, a region of the Indian state of Rajasthan in the Thar Desert
 * Māru-Gurjara architecture, an architectural style of Rajasthan, India
 * Mount Maru (disambiguation) (丸山), the name for several mountains on Hokkaidō, Japan

Language

 * In Japanese maru (kanji: 丸, hiragana: まる), means circle; see
 * Marujirushi (丸印, correct mark); the opposite of batsu (×)
 * Handakuten (半濁点, a Japanese diacritical mark ( ゜)
 * Maru language, one of several languages spoken among the Kachin people in Myanmar/Burma and China

Other uses

 * Maru (cat), a Japanese Internet celebrity cat
 * Maru, a 1971 novel by Bessie Head
 * Maru, a common suffix to Japanese ship names; See Japanese ship-naming conventions
 * Maru code (JN-39), a World War II code used by Japanese merchant ships
 * An alternate term for the Ancient Indian weapon maduvu
 * One of the ragas of the Sikh religion
 * One layer in a kuruwa, a Japanese castle wall system

title: Maru


text:
Tūmatauenga

Tūmatauenga (Tū of the angry face) is the primary god (atua) of war and human activities such as hunting, food cultivation, fishing, and cooking in Māori mythology.

In creation stories, Tū suggests to kill his parents to allow light into the world. After they are instead separated. One of his brothers Tāwhirimātea was not happy with this and had declared war against his brothers and Tū was the only one who fought while the other brothers hid away avoiding the fight. Because of his brothers actions and having to fight Tāwhiri alone, he wars with his brothers and becomes the origin of humanity's activities, and the reasons for their behaviour when interacting with the creations of his brothers.

As the god of war, all taua were dedicated to him and he was treated with the greatest respect and awe. Tūmatauenga inspires the New Zealand Army's Māori name: Ngāti Tūmatauenga where all soldiers are deemed of the same iwi ("tribe") under the deity's patronage regardless of racial heritage. The marae is often considered the umu pokapoka a Tūmatauenga – fiery ovens of Tūmatauenga – the realm of Tūmatauenga, whereas all areas where battles take place become Te Marae Ātea a Tūmatauenga – the battle domain of Tūmatauenga.

Names and epithets
After his victories over his brothers, Tū assumed many names; one name for each of the characteristics he displayed in his victories over his brothers, including:
 * Tū-kā-riri (Tū the angry)
 * Tū-ka-nguha (Tū the fierce fighter)
 * Tū-kai-tangata (Tū who destroys humankind)
 * Tū-kai-taua (Tū the destroyer of armies)
 * Tū-mata-whāiti (Tū the cunning)
 * Tū-mata-uenga (Tū of the angry face)
 * Tū-tawake (Tū who hastens)
 * Tū-te-ngaehe (Tū who tears apart)
 * Tū-whakaheke-tangata (Tū the demoter of personages)
 * Tū-whakamoana-ariki (Tū who enriches the sea)

Earth's creation
A traditional creation story tells that all the children of Rangi and Papa, the sky father and earth mother, lay in a tight embrace together, their children forced to crawl in the darkness between the two. One day, their children become so sick of this that they discuss a plan to separate them and allow light into the world. Tū advises his brothers to kill their parents, but the kinder proposal of Tāne is accepted and he instead forces the primordial pair apart. In a Te Arawa version, Tū thinks about the actions of Tāne in separating their parents, and makes snares to catch the birds, the children of Tāne, who can no longer fly free. He then makes nets, and traps the children of Tangaroa. He makes holes to dig the ground, capturing his brothers Rongo-mā-Tāne and Haumia-tiketike, heaping them into baskets to be eaten. Of all the children of Ranginui and Papatūānuku, Tāwhirimātea fought Tūmatauenga to a standstill and forced him to withdraw, making him the only brother that Tūmatauenga cannot subdue completely, whose storms and hurricanes attack humankind to this day because of his indignation at the actions of his brothers.

Although Ranginui and Papatūānuku were not human in form, Tūmatauenga and his brothers were. Humankind - the descendants of Tūmatauenga - increased upon the earth, until the generation of Māui and his brothers.

Tūmatauenga's actions against his brothers provide a pattern for human activities. Because Tūmatauenga defeated his brothers, people can now, if they perform the appropriate rituals, kill and eat birds (the children of Tāne), fish (the children of Tangaroa), cultivate and harvest plants for food (the children of Rongo-mā-Tāne and Haumia-tiketike), and generally harness the resources of the natural world. Tūmatauenga is also the originator of warfare, and people make war now because Tūmatauenga provided the example. When rituals were performed over warriors before a battle, or when an infant was dedicated to a future role as a fighter, Tūmatauenga was invoked as the source of their duty. The body of the first warrior to fall in a battle was often offered up to Tūmatauenga. While Tūmatauenga is the origin of war, powerful local deities such as Kahukura, Maru, or Uenuku were also called upon during times of war.

In popular culture
A song by Alien Weaponry, Kai Tangata (eat people), from the album Tū constantly refers to Tūmatauenga, as the god of war; cannibalism was a part of warfare for the Māori. Kai tangata also referred to the people eaters - taua or groups of men tasked with fighting and gathering food. In addition, Kaitangata was a mortal who was taught how to fish.

Tūmatauenga is mentioned by name in the 2022 Thor: Love and Thunder, when Thor lists the gods who reside in Omnipotent City.

title: Tūmatauenga


text:
Talk:Subwoofer

Death burp
This is not a common term on Google. I mostly found this Wikipedia article and its reverberations. The source given for death burp is itself kind of rummy, what appears to be an offhand remark in an enthusiast forum, even if it is straight from the horse's mouth. This term is a neologism so far as I can see with respect to sources of record, and probably should be removed. — MaxEnt 19:29, 2 April 2010 (UTC)

 * I added that bit, where Danley says "target 94 dB at 250 meters is not the essentially fictional 'burst' or 'peak SPL' nonsense in pro sound, or like the 'death burp' signal used in car sound contests." I know that those words you question are not enough for an article on Wikipedia, which is why you do not see me trying to start Death burp. In context, though, their appearance is perfectly suitable—the phrase captures Danley's opinion very colorfully and the whole sentence conveys his disgust with subwoofer contests in which the drivers destroy themselves trying to get loud. It is a measure of why he designed the way he did. As far as it being a neologism, Danley himself placed the quotes around the parts he wanted to emphasize as worthy of contempt, so his use of the term is equivalent to his dismissal of it. Me, I love the full quote, and wouldn't change a hair. Binksternet (talk) 19:52, 2 April 2010 (UTC)

Mythbusters Subwoofer
Should anything about the giant 50 inch subwoofer that the mythbusters built (that hit 160db) go into this article? It was pretty epic

Wildm4n (talk) 19:17, 26 June 2010 (UTC)

Servo good? Sez whom?
"An advantage of a well-implemented servo subwoofer design is reduced distortion making smaller enclosure sizes possible."

Is that so? The footnote on that assertion refers to a web page that contains no evidence. I have seen actual tests by disinterested parties in which servo subwoofers came off rather badly in the harmonic distortion category. http://www.hometheatershack.com/forums/subwoofer-tests-archived/5756-diy-rythmik-audio-direct-servo-12-sealed-56l.html

I think the claim of reduced distortion should be removed or prefaced with "some say" weasel words. Jive Dadson (talk) 13:01, 10 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Above the mid 30s, it (a 12" servo sub) equals a 15" sub that costs three times as much as it. Compare to the tests shown here, although admittedly he doesn't label the dB levels as he should have (they were talking about 100 dB levels, however): http://www.avforums.com/forums/subwoofers-tactile-transducers/943658-how-much-thd-total-harmonic-distortion-acceptable.html

 * Considering that virtually all musical content is at or above the high thirties (excepting the lowest of the low - low organ, piano, some synthesizers, and rumble effects [where distortion isn't exactly a major issue]), I'd say that the Rythmik sub does absolutely excellent. And it's the least expensive servo sub available today AFAIK.

 * Rythmik also has a white paper on the topic: http://www.rythmikaudio.com/memory.html

 * Blackbeard Ben - 90.225.86.124 (talk) 17:40, 16 January 2011 (UTC)

 * The AV Forums test results are not verifiable as the author only goes by Ilkka, a guy from Finland. What's verifiable is the Ralph Calabria review of the Rythmik DirectServo kit, published in April 2004. Binksternet (talk) 18:40, 16 January 2011 (UTC)

 * It's true that neither is verifiable, although I didn't notice that both measurements are taken by the same guy. In fact, he has a ton of subwoofer tests: http://www.hometheatershack.com/forums/subwoofer-tests-archived/6015-index-subwoofer-tests-manufacturer-model.html

 * And he explains his testing procedure in great depth (as good as Stereophile or another publication would, although without an anechoic chamber) here: http://www.hometheatershack.com/forums/subwoofer-tests-archived/971-subwoofer-tests-explained.html  Perhaps someone with expertise on acoustics and audio testing could peer review his methods?  That seems a whole lot better than just inserting a weasel word...

 * Oh, there is some verifiable (I think; I'm still new to this) info in the Jan 1995 Stereophile interview of Arnie Nudell - he talks about the design of servo subwoofers: https://docs.google.com/leaf?id=0Bycr3PSuxse4OWY2MmM4M2EtY2NiMi00NjRjLWIxNTQtMWUwOGIzMTc0OTdm&sort=name&layout=list&num=50

 * Blackbeard Ben - 90.225.86.124 (talk) 00:22, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

First Subwoofer
I'm not so sure about the accuracy of the claim that Ken Kreisel developed the first subwoofer. Infinity's Servo-Statik 1, which contains an 18" servo controlled separate subwoofer, was created in 1968 - before Ken had even met Jonas Miller in 1969. (He also graduated high school in that year) He never says when he designed his first subwoofer, although he does say that the first K&M subwoofer was the one for the Steely Dan recording sessions in 1973.  I have no idea what he says in Reference 6 in the article, the review in Audio - it may say otherwise.  But as far as I've read, there's all the evidence for Infinity having developed the first subwoofer (actually, it's referenced as a "bass speaker" in the Stereophile Servo-Statik 1 review), first servo sub, and first dedicated subwoofer amp/crossover in 1968.

http://www.stereophile.com/interviews/136/

http://www.stereophile.com/floorloudspeakers/845

http://www.kkprofessionalsound.com/timeline.htm

http://www.bobbyshred.com/infinity/servo.html

http://www.infinity-classics.de/infinity/models/Electrostatic-series-since-1968/index-Electrostatic.htm

The January 1995 Stereophile interview of the founders of Infinity also covers the Servo-Statik 1. I uploaded it to Google Docs for everyone to see: https://docs.google.com/leaf?id=0Bycr3PSuxse4OWY2MmM4M2EtY2NiMi00NjRjLWIxNTQtMWUwOGIzMTc0OTdm&sort=name&layout=list&num=50

Also, not a reliable source, but interesting nonetheless:

http://www.martinloganowners.com/forum/showpost.php?s=643cf80340aec482172fe578474f263b&p=60065&postcount=4

Blackbeard Ben - 90.225.86.124 (talk) 18:20, 16 January 2011 (UTC)

 * I was always wondering about the accuracy of the claim about who designed the first subwoofer. I came to this article to fix it up for GA status and it had some seemingly good text with seemingly good cites which I did not disturb much. I have never seen the Daniel J. Levitin piece about Kreisel that he wrote for Audio in 1996, so I don't know exactly what it says. I doubt it predates the Infinity servo. Is there a public domain photo of it? Binksternet (talk) 03:53, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

 * I couldn't find any with searching; and I certainly don't have access to one to take any myself. However, this guy owns a Servo-Statik and has his own photos of it; perhaps he can be contacted and convinced to release them in a CC-SA license.  Considering that those photos are copied on the other two most widely read vintage Infinity information websites, I think that there's a very good chance he would agree to do so - if he still responds to the e-mail address on his site: http://www.davidsaudio.com/html/infinity__speakers_and_audio.html

 * Or, did you mean a photo/scan/transcript of the 1996 Audio article? :D  No, I couldn't find anywhere with it.  The 1997 Stereophile interview does say at the very beginning that he had "25 years of experience in sound recording, audio retailing, and loudspeaker design and manufacturing", which reads as if it was 1971 or 1972 when he began his speaker design work.  That would make sense considering his influential 1971 trip to the east coast.  Again, it's not entirely unambiguous.  It's possible to contact someone on Ken's site, but that would constitute original research unless the webmaster were to publish it on his site.

 * Perhaps, without having further evidence, the thing to say is that the first known subwoofer is the one for the Servo-Statik 1.  That leaves the possibility for earlier designs.

 * Blackbeard Ben - 90.225.86.124 (talk) 05:49, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

GA status
Neat to see that this is a good article. It seems like it lacks some referencing, which I am assuming was let go a little on this due to copious amounts of allegedly professional insight on the topic, as is common with these genre of articles here. Almost every such article here has some well formatted parameter equation worked into it that I'm sure helps it's dazzle as well as confuse any reader or reviewer. I do think that the main picture should be more generic, not showing a brand name product on a coffee table, and should include the enclosure as this is the one type of man-made noisemaker that is most absolutely dependent on the box it's in as well as the other parts of it's system, adding to it's nature as the most impractical, unnecessary, and inefficient member of it's family of apparatusses. Daniel Christensen (talk) 04:52, 29 June 2011 (UTC)

Also, aren't wind and air pressure masses in some way equivalent to extremely low frequency acoustic waves (i.e. .000000001 Hz), which means if the jet stream went crazy and 10 high and low pressure systems were passing each second there would be a phenominal 10 Hz acoustic wave? (and enough air moving fast enough to spell complete disaster to earth), because acoustic waves are, after all, nothing more than differences in air pressure. Whoops, this is not a forum; I added in small rooms to the localization statement, for even in an absorbent space that is fairly small the source is plainly localizable. Daniel Christensen (talk) 01:26, 5 July 2011 (UTC)

"Bass Cannon"
A search for the term "bass cannon" redirects to this page. I think people who search for it are looking for the song. Can we fix that? — Preceding unsigned comment added by FruitSalad4225 (talk • contribs) 06:29, 4 July 2012 (UTC)

help with relation in the size of drive/magnet
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Science#Question_about_subwoofers
 * Iskánder Vigoa Pérez (talk) 15:22, 25 November 2012 (UTC)

20hz
I think saying 20hz is standard in the consumer market is inaccurate. 20 hz would only be for very high end, expensive subs

 * I agree with this totally. Though it will be hard to find reputable sources, around 30Hz and up would be more accurate. B137 (talk) 23:01, 19 March 2014 (UTC)

Image

While this is also not an optimal image in terms of quality and relevence, I think it is better than the current one as it is more brand name neutral. Also "subwoofer" often refers to the enclosure as well as driver. B137 (talk) 23:00, 19 March 2014 (UTC)
 * I agree that the current image should be replaced. But I do not thing the proposed image is suitable as the main image for this article. It, again, does not show a subwoofer. It shows parts of one. (Another problem with the image may be that the background structure is hard to explain - probably not relevant as content or context of image content, but not neutral enough to be obviously not relevant.) - Volker Siegel (talk) 12:53, 7 May 2014 (UTC)

 * Working on a montage but still looking for a good "commercial" or DJ image to replace Flickr image with different license. B137 (talk) 21:18, 1 January 2016 (UTC)

Ambiguity
Under the cinema sound section, it should clarified whether or not it refers to high volumes in the middle and upper frequencies being too loud due to main speaker volume not being limited by low frequency performance. Furthermore, in the description of the cardioid pattern diagram, it should be further explained that this represents the two-dimensional theoretical space, in this case the x-y coordinate plane, and that in real life it would not be this symmetrical and perfect. B137 (talk) 20:43, 1 March 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Subwoofer. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120723231911/http://www.home-theater-designers.com/glossary.html to http://www.home-theater-designers.com/glossary.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 05:56, 28 August 2015 (UTC)

Audio hobbies category
Hi, I added the article to the Category:Audio hobbies category. This category was reverted. Of course, audio hobbyists build all sorts of loudspeakers and DIY audio projects, so I agree that we shouldn't tag every single audio article as an Audio hobby. But subwoofers have been the subject of DIY hobbyist interest, both for building DIY subwoofers for home audio listening, and for building huge subs in cars. I think adding the category helps readers to find this page, for which the following sources, just picked off Google's first search page, indicate hobbyist interest in DIY subwoofers OnBeyondZebrax • TALK :
 * [hometheaterhifi.com/volume_6_3/diy-11-sonotube-subwoofer-september-99.html]
 * [www.instructables.com/id/DIY-10-Home-Subwoofer/]
 * [www.rythmikaudio.com/diy.html]
 * [turbofuture.com › Home Theater & Audio › Speakers]

Evaluation
I think that all of the information of the page is adequately backed up by proper sources. The edits done to the page have also made it more accurate and more clear to the reader. The information is also neutral, one of the edits of the picture to not show a brand name helped with this. Great job! Robyduby (talk) 04:28, 30 January 2017 (UTC)

"Throw" of subwoofers
The Cerwin Vega website hosts a PDF guide that talks about long-, medium- and short-throw subwoofers. Their guide, written for musicians rather than sound engineers, is wrong about throw, and should be removed from this article. For the great majority of subs, low frequencies travel some distance through air depending on how much power was applied in the first place. The only variation on "throw" is when the subwoofer enclosure, or the arrangement of subwoofers into an array, has some amount of directionality, with more SPL sent forward, and less SPL sent to the sides and rear.

I don't have a source saying that CV's concept of "throw" is a bunch of nonsense, but on the other hand, the CV page can be seen as an outlier, and it can be removed as a very minor viewpoint, not supported by more authoritative sources. Binksternet (talk) 22:26, 8 January 2018 (UTC)

Tang Band RBM drivers, isobaric loading, transmission line enclosures, bass reflex tuning
I'm planning on adding these at some point. Thoughts...? Anamyd (talk) 10:22, 17 January 2020 (UTC)

OK my bad, make that Tang Band RBM drivers only, as the other things have their own articles. Anamyd (talk) 10:24, 17 January 2020 (UTC)

I'm going to link the isobaric loudspeaker article on this, though. Anamyd (talk) 10:50, 17 January 2020 (UTC)

Bass instrument amplification
Some misinformation here. The low E on a bass guitar is about 41Hz, but the pickup placement means that the first harmonic at ~80Hz typically dominates the sound, relatively little fundamental content is 'filled in' by the brain based on information in the other low order harmonics. This means that a relatively poor LF performance (e.g. from a 2x8 setup with a lower limit of 60-65Hz) can be acceptable for many types of music. That said, detuning (to D or lower) is commonplace, so the majority of larger bass speakers will handle notes with a 'significant' content below 41hz. Five-string basses with a low B, 31Hz are regularly encountered and any bass setup worthy of the name should be able to reproduce a reasonable sound from such a string but will rarely have a response right down to 31Hz - most quality bass cabs will be tuned to have a -3dB point between 41Hz and 35Hz. This will usually be achieved with the main driver, not with a separate subwoofer, possibly supplemented by a tweeter. Multi-speaker combinations such as 4x10 and 2x12 are popular, but this is usually to achieve higher efficiency rather than increased bass. Designs have greatly improved in the last decade or so and the use of 15" speakers is greatly declining as speakers with 10" and 12" drivers are proving more practical while equally suitable for bass guitar. High pass filters are chiefly used to reduce handling noise etc. and might have -3dB points ~30Hz with a slope of 12dB/octave. HPFs tuned higher are not unusual. Stub Mandrel (talk) 20:10, 1 August 2021 (UTC)

Leiden
Leiden is one of the best insulated tumbler in this world 118.101.171.156 (talk) 12:05, 15 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Subwoofer


text:
York County, Maine

York County is the southwesternmost county in the U.S. state of Maine, along the state of New Hampshire's eastern border. It is divided from Strafford County, New Hampshire, by the Salmon Falls River and the connected tidal estuary, the Piscataqua River. York County was permanently established in 1639. Several of Maine's earliest colonial settlements are found in the county, which is the state's oldest and one of the oldest in the United States. As of the 2020 census, its population was 211,972, making it Maine's second-most populous county. Its county seat is Alfred. York County is part of the Portland–South Portland, Maine Metropolitan Statistical Area.

1622 patent
The first patent establishing the Province of Maine was granted on August 10, 1622, to Ferdinando Gorges and John Mason by the Plymouth Council for New England, which itself had been granted a royal patent by James I to the coast of North America between the 40th and the 48th parallels "from sea to sea". This first patent encompassed the coast between the Merrimack and Kennebec rivers, as well as an irregular parcel of land between the headwaters of the two rivers. In 1629, Gorges and Mason agreed to split the patent at the Piscataqua River, with Mason retaining the land south of the river as the Province of New Hampshire.

Gorges named his more northerly piece of territory New Somersetshire. This venture failed, however, because of lack of funds and colonial settlement. Also failed was a venture by Capt. Christopher Levett, an agent for Gorges and a member of the Council for New England. With the King's blessing, Levett embarked on a scheme to found a colony on the site of present-day Portland. Levett was granted 6000 acre of land, the first Englishman to own the soil of Portland. There he proposed to found a settlement named York after the city of his birth in England. Ultimately, the project was abandoned, the men Levett left behind disappeared, and Levett died aboard ship on his return to England from the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630. One part of Levett's scheme did survive: the name of York, which now adorns the county.

The now-decommissioned Fort Levett on Cushing Island in Casco Bay is named for Capt. Levett.

1639 patent
In 1639, Gorges obtained a renewed patent, the Gorges Patent, for the area between the Piscataqua and Kennebec Rivers, in the form of a royal charter from Charles I of England. The area was roughly the same as that covered in the 1622 patent after the 1629 split with Mason. The second colony also foundered for lack of money and settlers, although it survived the death of Gorges in 1647.

Absorption by Massachusetts
In the 1650s the nearby Massachusetts Bay Colony asserted territorial claims over what is now southern Maine, and by 1658 had completely absorbed what is now southwestern Maine into York County, Massachusetts.

The first known and recorded offer for a purchase of land in York County is in 1668, when Francis Small traded goods with the Newichewannock tribe of this area. Their Chief Wesumbe, also known as Captain Sandy, was friendly with Small and warned him of a plot against his life. A group of renegade tribesmen planned on murdering Small instead of paying him with the furs that were owed to him. Small escaped after watching his house in what is now Cornish, Maine, burn to the ground. Small returned and rebuilt. The Chief made up the loss by selling Small all the lands bounded by the Great and Little Ossipee Rivers, the Saco River, and the New Hampshire border. Known now as the five Ossipee towns, the tract included all of Limington, Limerick, Cornish (formerly named Francisborough), Newfield and Parsonsfield.

The large size of the county led to its division in 1760, with Cumberland and Lincoln counties carved out of its eastern portions. When Massachusetts adopted its state government in 1780, it created the District of Maine to manage its eastern territories. In 1805 the northern portion of York County was separated to form part of Oxford County. When Maine achieved statehood in 1820 all of the counties of the District of Maine became counties of Maine.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1270 sqmi, of which 991 sqmi is land and 279 sqmi (22%) is water.

Adjacent counties

 * Oxford County – north
 * Cumberland County – northeast
 * Rockingham County, New Hampshire – southwest
 * Strafford County, New Hampshire – west
 * Carroll County, New Hampshire – northwest

National protected area

 * Rachel Carson National Wildlife Refuge (part)

2000 census
At the 2000 census, there were 186,742 people, 74,563 households and 50,851 families living in the county. The population density was 188 PD/sqmi. There were 94,234 housing units at an average density of 95 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 97.56% White, 0.42% Black or African American, 0.24% Native American, 0.73% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.17% from other races, and 0.85% from two or more races. 0.70% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. The most cited ethnicities were English (17.9%), French (14.5%), French Canadian (13.9%), Irish (12.5%), United States or American (9.6%) and Italian (5.1%). 90.84% of the population spoke English and 6.92% spoke French as their first language.

There were 74,563 households, of which 32.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.00% were married couples living together, 9.50% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.80% were non-families. 24.90% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 2.96.

Age distribution was 24.80% under the age of 18, 6.90% from 18 to 24, 30.00% from 25 to 44, 24.80% from 45 to 64, and 13.60% who were 65 years of age or older. For every 100 females, there were 94.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.40 males. The median age was 38 years.

The median household income was $43,630, and the median family income was $51,419. Males had a median income of $36,317 versus $26,016 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,225. About 5.90% of families and 8.20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.90% of those under age 18 and 8.50% of those age 65 or over.

2010 census
As of the 2010 United States census, there were 197,131 people, 81,009 households, and 53,136 families living in the county. The population density was 199.0 PD/sqmi. There were 105,773 housing units at an average density of 106.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the county was 96.4% white, 1.1% Asian, 0.6% black or African American, 0.3% American Indian, 0.3% from other races, and 1.4% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 1.3% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 22.3% were English, 19.3% were Irish, 9.8% were French Canadian, 8.1% were German, 7.9% were Italian, 5.8% were American, and 5.6% were Scottish.

Of the 81,009 households, 29.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.4% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 34.4% were non-families, and 26.5% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.89. The median age was 43.0 years.

The median income for a household in the county was $55,008 and the median income for a family was $65,077. Males had a median income of $47,117 versus $34,001 for females. The per capita income for the county was $27,137. About 5.6% of families and 8.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.4% of those under age 18 and 8.1% of those age 65 or over.

Politics
York County has trended Democratic in the second half of the 20th century and into the 21st century. Although home to the Bush family compound, it only supported the Bush family in one of its four presidential runs (that of George H. W. Bush in 1988). At the same time, it has voted for Republican Senator Susan Collins in all of her reelection campaigns, most recently in 2020.

 * }

Cities

 * Biddeford
 * Saco
 * Sanford

Towns

 * Acton
 * Alfred (county seat)
 * Arundel
 * Berwick
 * Buxton
 * Cornish
 * Dayton
 * Eliot
 * Hollis
 * Kennebunk
 * Kennebunkport
 * Kittery
 * Lebanon
 * Limerick
 * Limington
 * Lyman
 * Newfield
 * North Berwick
 * Ogunquit
 * Old Orchard Beach
 * Parsonsfield
 * Shapleigh
 * South Berwick
 * Waterboro
 * Wells
 * York

Census-designated places

 * Alfred
 * Berwick
 * Cape Neddick
 * Cornish
 * Kennebunk
 * Kennebunkport
 * Kezar Falls
 * Kittery
 * Kittery Point
 * Lake Arrowhead
 * North Berwick
 * South Berwick
 * South Eliot
 * West Kennebunk
 * York Harbor

Unincorporated villages or neighborhoods

 * Bald Head
 * Bar Mills
 * Bedell Crossing
 * Cape Porpoise
 * East Parsonsfield
 * East Waterboro
 * Felch Corner
 * Ocean Park
 * Springvale
 * York Beach
 * York Cliffs

title: York County, Maine


text:
Washington County, Maine

Washington County is a county located in the U.S. state of Maine. As of the 2020 census, its population was 31,095, making it the third-least populous county in Maine. Its county seat is Machias. The county was established on June 25, 1789. It borders the Canadian province of New Brunswick.

It is sometimes referred to as "Sunrise County" because it includes the easternmost point in the 48 contiguous United States. Claims have been made that Washington County is where the sun first rises on the 48 contiguous states. Many small seaside communities have small-scale fishing-based economies. Tourism is also important along the county's shoreline, but it is not as important as elsewhere in the state. The blueberry crop plays a major role in the county's economy.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 3258 sqmi, of which 2563 sqmi is land and 695 sqmi (21%) is water.

Adjacent counties

 * Hancock County – southwest
 * Penobscot County – northwest
 * Aroostook County – northwest
 * York County, New Brunswick, Canada – northeast
 * Charlotte County, New Brunswick, Canada – east

National protected areas

 * Cross Island National Wildlife Refuge
 * Moosehorn National Wildlife Refuge
 * Petit Manan National Wildlife Refuge
 * Saint Croix Island International Historic Site

Demographics
According to U.S. Census Bureau 2022 statistics, Washington County's population density equates to twelve people per square mile.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 33,941 people, 14,118 households, and 9,303 families living in the county. The population density was 13 /mi2. There were 21,919 housing units at an average density of 8 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 93.48% White, 0.26% Black or African American, 4.43% Native American, 0.30% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.44% from other races, and 1.07% from two or more races. 0.81% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 95.0% spoke English, 1.9% Passamaquoddy, 1.0% Spanish and 1.0% French as their first language.

There were 14,118 households, out of which 28.00% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.10% were married couples living together, 9.50% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.10% were non-families. 28.30% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.84.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 22.90% under the age of 18, 8.00% from 18 to 24, 26.30% from 25 to 44, 25.60% from 45 to 64, and 17.30% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 95.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.90 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $25,869, and the median income for a family was $31,657. Males had a median income of $28,347 versus $20,074 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,119. About 14.20% of families and 19.00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.40% of those under age 18 and 19.20% of those age 65 or over.

2010 census
As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 32,856 people, 14,302 households, and 8,847 families living in the county. The population density was 12.8 PD/sqmi. There were 23,001 housing units at an average density of 9.0 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 92.1% white, 4.9% American Indian, 0.5% Asian, 0.4% black or African American, 0.4% from other races, and 1.7% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 1.4% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 30.4% were English, 17.0% were Irish, 7.0% were German, 6.1% were Scottish, and 5.6% were American.

Of the 14,302 households, 25.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.1% were married couples living together, 9.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 38.1% were non-families, and 31.6% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.76. The median age was 46.1 years.

The median income for a household in the county was $34,859 and the median income for a family was $43,612. Males had a median income of $35,981 versus $27,336 for females. The per capita income for the county was $19,401. About 14.1% of families and 19.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.3% of those under age 18 and 12.4% of those age 65 or over.

Government
Washington County is considered to be a more conservative county in Maine. No Democrat has carried a majority of the county since Hubert Humphrey in 1968. In 2004, it was one of only two counties (the other being Piscataquis County) in Maine to vote for Republican George W. Bush over Democrat John Kerry. The county voted for the winning presidential candidate in every election since 1980 until 2020, when the county was carried by Donald Trump, who lost nationally to Joe Biden.

In the 2012 Maine Republican presidential caucuses, the majority of Washington County voters cast their votes for Republican Ron Paul, but votes from Washington County were not counted because of snow. Mitt Romney ultimately won the state by a narrow margin.

Voter registration

 * }

Cities

 * Calais
 * Eastport

Towns

 * Addison
 * Alexander
 * Baileyville
 * Beals
 * Beddington
 * Charlotte
 * Cherryfield
 * Columbia
 * Columbia Falls
 * Cooper
 * Crawford
 * Cutler
 * Danforth
 * Deblois
 * Dennysville
 * East Machias
 * Grand Lake Stream
 * Harrington
 * Jonesboro
 * Jonesport
 * Lubec
 * Machias (county seat)
 * Machiasport
 * Marshfield
 * Meddybemps
 * Milbridge
 * Northfield
 * Pembroke
 * Perry
 * Princeton
 * Robbinston
 * Roque Bluffs
 * Steuben
 * Talmadge
 * Topsfield
 * Vanceboro
 * Waite
 * Wesley
 * Whiting
 * Whitneyville

Plantations

 * Baring Plantation
 * Codyville Plantation

Unorganized territories

 * East Central Washington
 * North Washington

Indian reservations

 * Passamaquoddy Pleasant Point Reservation
 * Passamaquoddy Indian Township Reservation

Census-designated places

 * Danforth
 * Jonesport
 * Lubec
 * Machias
 * Milbridge
 * Vanceboro
 * Woodland

Public transportation
Washington County does not have a comprehensive public transportation system, despite having a year-round population of around 32,000. West Bus Services, based in Milbridge, serves several communities in northern Maine. The daily Coastal Connection route serves: Calais, Perry, Pembroke, Dennysville, Whiting, Lubec, East Machias, Machias, Jonesboro, Jonesport, Beals, Addison, Cherryfield, Columbia, Columbia Falls, Deblois (seasonal), Township 18 (seasonal), Township 19 (seasonal), Centerville, Gouldsboro, Winter Harbor, Sullivan, Steuben, Hancock, Ellsworth, Lucern, Holden and Bangor. The route takes around 3.5 hours. On the first Wednesday of each month, a return service runs between Lubec and Machias.

Notable people

 * Jeremiah O'Brien, (1744-1818) Commander of the sloop Unity during the first naval battle of the Revolutionary War; Machias.
 * Henry Plummer (1832–1864), Sheriff and outlaw leader of The Innocents, in Bannock, Montana, Idaho Territory, born and raised in Addison.
 * Hiram Burnham (1814-1864), Civil War general; Cherryfield.
 * Reuben L. Snowe (1866-1942), Maine state legislator; born in Danforth.
 * Theodore Enslin (1925–2011), American poet; resident of Milbridge.
 * Carl Willey (1931 - 2009), American professional baseball player; Cherryfield.
 * Lyn Mikel Brown (b. 1956), American academic, author, feminist, and community activist; born in Vanceboro.
 * Katie Aselton (b. 1978), American actress, film director and producer; born in Milbridge.

title: Washington County, Maine


text:
Waldo County, Maine

Waldo County is a county in the state of Maine, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 39,607. Its county seat is Belfast. The county was founded on February 7, 1827, from a portion of Hancock County and named after Brigadier-General Samuel Waldo, proprietor of the Waldo Patent.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 853 sqmi, of which 730 sqmi is land and 123 sqmi (14%) is water.

Adjacent counties

 * Penobscot County – northeast
 * Hancock County – east
 * Knox County – south
 * Lincoln County – southwest
 * Kennebec County – west
 * Somerset County – northwest

National protected area

 * Carlton Pond Waterfowl Production Area

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 36,280 people, 14,726 households, and 10,057 families living in the county. The population density was 50 /mi2. There were 18,904 housing units at an average density of 26 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 97.89% White, 0.19% Black or African American, 0.40% Native American, 0.21% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.16% from other races, and 1.15% from two or more races. 0.59% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 24.8% were of English, 14.7% United States or American, 12.7% Irish, 8.5% French and 5.6% German ancestry. 97.1% spoke English and 1.5% French as their first language.

There were 14,726 households, out of which 30.70% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.20% were married couples living together, 9.00% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.70% were non-families. 24.90% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 2.88.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 24.20% under the age of 18, 7.50% from 18 to 24, 27.80% from 25 to 44, 26.80% from 45 to 64, and 13.60% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 96.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.80 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $33,986, and the median income for a family was $40,402. Males had a median income of $29,644 versus $23,816 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,438. About 10.90% of families and 13.90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.60% of those under age 18 and 12.20% of those age 65 or over.

2010 census
As of the 2010 United States census, there were 38,786 people, 16,431 households, and 10,627 families living in the county. The population density was 53.1 /mi2. There were 21,566 housing units at an average density of 29.5 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 97.1% white, 0.4% Asian, 0.4% American Indian, 0.4% black or African American, 0.2% from other races, and 1.4% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 0.9% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 26.3% were English, 21.0% were Irish, 19.0% were French, 9.2% American, 7.0% Scottish, 6.6% Italian, 2.7% Polish, and 2.2% Scotch-Irish.

Of the 16,431 households, 27.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 9.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 35.3% were non-families, and 27.7% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.81. The median age was 44.1 years.

The county's median household income was $41,312 and the median family income was $50,222. Males had a median income of $38,960 versus $30,321 for females. The county's per capita income was $22,213. About 10.2% of families and 14.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.9% of those under age 18 and 11.6% of those age 65 or over.

Politics
Prior to the late 20th century, Waldo County was a solidly Republican county, going for Democrats only once between 1920 and 1988. It was one of the counties that voted for Ross Perot in 1992. In each election since 2004, Waldo County has been won by a Democrat, but never with more than 55% of the vote.

Voter registration

 * }

City

 * Belfast (county seat)

Towns

 * Belmont
 * Brooks
 * Burnham
 * Frankfort
 * Freedom
 * Islesboro
 * Jackson
 * Knox
 * Liberty
 * Lincolnville
 * Monroe
 * Montville
 * Morrill
 * Northport
 * Palermo
 * Prospect
 * Searsmont
 * Searsport
 * Stockton Springs
 * Swanville
 * Thorndike
 * Troy
 * Unity
 * Waldo
 * Winterport

Census-designated places

 * Searsport
 * Unity
 * Winterport

Other unincorporated villages

 * East Thorndike
 * East Troy
 * Sandy Point

Cultural references
Waldo County features in Nathaniel Hawthorne's classic novel The House of the Seven Gables as the site of extensive landholdings once claimed by the formerly aristocratic Pyncheon family.

title: Waldo County, Maine


text:
Somerset County, Maine

Somerset County is a county in the U.S. state of Maine, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 50,477. Its county seat is Skowhegan.

History
Somerset County was established on March 1, 1809 from portions of Kennebec County and was named after Somerset County in England.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 4094 sqmi, of which 3924 sqmi is land and 169 sqmi (4.1%) is water. It is the third-largest county in Maine by area.

Mountains

 * Boundary Bald Mountain
 * Coburn Mountain
 * Mount Bigelow
 * Moxie Mountain
 * Sandy Bay Mountain

Bodies of water

 * Carrabassett River
 * Flagstaff Lake
 * Kennebec River
 * Moose River
 * Moxie Falls

Major highways

 * Interstate 95
 * Maine State Route 6
 * Maine State Route 8
 * Maine State Route 11
 * Maine State Route 15
 * Maine State Route 16
 * Maine State Route 27
 * Maine State Route 100
 * Maine State Route 104
 * Maine State Route 137
 * Maine State Route 139
 * U.S. Route 2
 * U.S. Route 201
 * Armstrong–Jackman Border Crossing
 * U.S. Route 201A

Adjacent counties and municipalities

 * Aroostook County – north
 * Penobscot County – east
 * Piscataquis County – east
 * Waldo County – southeast
 * Kennebec County – south
 * Franklin County – southwest
 * Le Granit Regional County Municipality, Quebec – west
 * Beauce-Sartigan Regional County Municipality, Quebec – west
 * Les Etchemins Regional County Municipality, Quebec – northwest
 * Montmagny Regional County Municipality, Quebec – northwest

Somerset County is one of few counties in the United States to border ten counties and county equivalents.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 50,888 people, 20,496 households, and 14,121 families living in the county. The population density was 13 /mi2. There were 28,222 housing units at an average density of 7 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 98.00% White, 0.24% Black or African American, 0.41% Native American, 0.34% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.11% from other races, and 0.89% from two or more races. 0.46% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 20.9% were of English, 17.7% French, 15.1% United States or American, 11.5% Irish and 8.8% French Canadian ancestry. 96.2% spoke English and 2.9% French as their first language.

There were 20,496 households, out of which 31.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.20% were married couples living together, 10.10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.10% were non-families. 24.60% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.87.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 24.70% under the age of 18, 7.00% from 18 to 24, 28.70% from 25 to 44, 25.30% from 45 to 64, and 14.30% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 96.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.30 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $30,731, and the median income for a family was $36,464. Males had a median income of $29,032 versus $20,745 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,474. About 11.10% of families and 14.90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.40% of those under age 18 and 12.50% of those age 65 or over.

2010 census
, there were 52,228 people, 21,927 households, and 14,353 families living in the county. The population density was 13.3 /mi2. There were 30,569 housing units at an average density of 7.8 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 97.1% white, 0.6% Asian, 0.5% American Indian, 0.4% black or African American, 0.1% from other races, and 1.3% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 0.8% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 25.1% were French, 24.2% were English, 15.8% were Irish, 8.0% were German, 7.9% were American, and 6.1% were French Canadian.

Of the 21,927 households, 28.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.7% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 34.5% were non-families, and 26.9% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.80. The median age was 43.6 years.

The median income for a household in the county was $36,647 and the median income for a family was $47,177. Males had a median income of $41,235 versus $30,029 for females. The per capita income for the county was $20,709. About 14.0% of families and 18.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.0% of those under age 18 and 12.7% of those age 65 or over.

Government and politics
Somerset County is part of Maine's 2nd congressional district and represented by Democrat Jared Golden since 2019.

A 'swing' or 'pivot' county, despite voting for Barack Obama in the 2008 and 2012 presidential elections, Somerset County voted for Donald Trump in 2016 and 2020, most recently by a margin of victory of 23.37%.

Voter registration

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Towns

 * Anson
 * Athens
 * Bingham
 * Cambridge
 * Canaan
 * Caratunk
 * Cornville
 * Detroit
 * Embden
 * Fairfield
 * Harmony
 * Hartland
 * Jackman
 * Madison
 * Mercer
 * Moose River
 * Moscow
 * New Portland
 * Norridgewock
 * Palmyra
 * Pittsfield
 * Ripley
 * St. Albans
 * Skowhegan
 * Smithfield
 * Solon
 * Starks

Census-designated places

 * Anson
 * Bingham
 * Fairfield
 * Hartland
 * Madison
 * Norridgewock
 * Pittsfield
 * Skowhegan

Plantations

 * Brighton Plantation
 * Dennistown
 * Highland Plantation
 * Pleasant Ridge Plantation
 * The Forks
 * West Forks

Unorganized territories

 * Central Somerset
 * Northeast Somerset
 * Northwest Somerset
 * Seboomook Lake

Villages

 * Flagstaff
 * North Anson
 * Rockwood

School administrative districts
The following school districts are located at least partly in Somerset County:
 * MSAD 4
 * MSAD 12
 * MSAD 13
 * MSAD 49
 * MSAD 53
 * MSAD 54
 * MSAD 59
 * MSAD 74

Secondary schools

 * Carrabec High School – North Anson
 * Faith Baptist Christian School – Skowhegan (serves multiple grades)
 * Forest Hills Consolidated School (K-12) – Jackman
 * Lawrence High School – Fairfield
 * Madison Area Memorial High School – Madison
 * Maine Academy of Natural Sciences – Hinckley
 * Maine Central Institute – Pittsfield
 * Skowhegan Area High School – Skowhegan
 * Upper Kennebec Valley Memorial High School – Bingham

Higher education

 * Kennebec Valley Community College

Miscellaneous

 * Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture
 * L.C. Bates Museum

title: Somerset County, Maine