text:
Talk:Maribor

Hitler speech
193.77.132.128 nice contributions. Can you give also the distressfully famous original Hitler's sentence when he visited Maribor. And try not to be anonymous. Best regards. (Lep pozdrav). --XJamRastafire 01:37 Oct 15, 2002 (UTC)

'The distressfully famous original Hitler's sentence when he visited Maribor' :

Naredite mi to de?elo spet nem?ko! Make this land (spodnja ?tajerska) german again!

I just removed some text from the page. Here's the explanation:
 * "Liberation" is "liberation after occupation by nazi Germany". That is the standard and entirely uncontroversial name for the event.
 * There was no loss of Eastern European market, and new market conditions applyed to whole of Slovenia. The reason for Maribor's downfall as a major industrial center is exactly that most of its products were produced for Yugoslav markets, a large part of them for the federal army. Zocky 13:41, 20 Aug 2004 (UTC)

BT2, what's your problem? Hitler's visit and allied bombing of the city were important historic events. And as the page says, there were many Germans living in the town who welcomed Hitler. Also, many local Slovenians at the time were nostalgic of Austria-Hungary and initially welcomed Germans. It's just a part of local history. Zocky 15:38, 8 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Ratipok (talk) 00:42, 10 March 2011 (UTC)== Disputed visit of Hitler ==

The article currently says that Hitler gave a popular speech in the town in which he stated "make this land German again". User:213.161.12.86 has stated that Hitler's visit to the city was low-key, while the quoted text was made in Graz prior to the visit. Does anyone have further information on this topic? Olessi 06:34, 5 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry for not seeing this earlier. Apart from there being no reason for Hitler to wish to make upper Styria (where Graz is) "German again" (since it was already German), i found this and this page (in Slovenian) say that it happened in Maribor, and more specificaly in the Castle. As for what kind of welcome he received, see this page at the Maribor Museom of National Liberation's web site. Zocky 22:31, 5 November 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry for so suddenly butting in like this, but I think this will help that in 1942-1943 the third Reich annexed northern Slovenia in the attempt to make Marburg and the surrounding areas 'German Again'.--Bezuidenhout (talk) 15:49, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Hitler never made the speech about 'making this land German again' from the balcony of the city main hall. How could he if he never had any speech from that balcony? This is just one of those popular folk anecdotes and nothing more. A common misconception if you will.Ratipok (talk) 00:44, 10 March 2011 (UTC)

HITLER'S SPEECH STILL DISPUTED
My remark was NOT about Hitler's visit to Maribor (which actually did happen), it was about HIS SPEECH, that DID NOT HAPPEN IN MARIBOR!

I have checked both links:

1st link (http://www.rtvslo.si/dobrojutro/dogodki.php?read=04-26). This link is no proof for Hitler's speech. Text in this link only says that a newspaper from Graz (Tagespost) reported Hitler's visit in Maribor and quoted his words. IT DOESN'T MENTION THAT HITLER SAID THOSE WORDS IN MARIBOR!!!

2nd link (http://maribor.uni-mb.si/vodnik/1250/grad.htm). This link mentions that Hitler made this speech in the castle. There are other links that say Hitler spoke those words on the balcony of the city hall (Rotovž - see http://uni-protokolle.de/Lexikon/Maribor.html). Neither of both is true. This link was created by amateurs who simply quoted what was being taught in primary school, it simply has no historical value.

About 3rd link: it's the only valuable link, link to Museum of national liberation (Muzej narodne osvoboditve - MNO) in Maribor. The article is written in english, so I think the admin of this page could read it and change the page according to it. The author of the text on this page (on MNO's site) is dr. Marjan Žnidarič, so I guess he has some kind of authority in this field (having PhD and being responsible for the page).

Text on this page says (quote):

"...By the Nazi occupation of Spring 1941, Slovenes in Maribor and Slovene Styria were condemned to physical extermination i.e. complete Germanization. That was discernible already from the istruction by the leader of the German Reich Adolf Hitler to Dr. Siegfried Uiberreither, the future chief of civil administration from Lower Styria, when the former ordered him at the end of March or beginning of April: »Make this land again German for me!« In order to convince himself personally, as to how the Germanization of Slovene Styria was bein carried out, Hitler had on 26 April, 1941, just three weeks after the attack upon Yugoslavia, visited Maribor..."

(Please note the stated time period: "...end of March or beginning of April..." When exactly was Hitler's visit to Maribor? ;)

and further

"...He concluded his visit to Maribor at Grad (the Castle), where Maribor Germans prepared a majstic reception. On that occasion, Hitler publicly thanked Pastor Hans Baron, the pre-War leader of the Kulturbund in Slovenia and his collaborators for the successful fifth column activity in Slovene Styria prior to April 1941. Separately, he received representatives of the Kočevje Germans, also commending the work of the German youth in Maribor. In early afternoon hours, Hitler returned to Gradec/Graz by special train, from where he continued towards Celovec/Klagenfurt..."

No words about his speech presumably being made in the castle (or elsewhere in Maribor).

There are more links and quotes, ie:

http://www.h-net.msu.edu/~ethnic/archives/logs/mar96/0114.html

"...The occupation and "re-Germanization" of Lower Styria occurred under their direction, with little interference from Berlin and according to elaborate plans they had developed in Graz during the 1930s..."

About Zocky's comment: "...Apart from there being no reason for Hitler to wish to make upper Styria (where Graz is) "German again" (since it was already German)..." It's plainly ignorant. I have never said that upper Styria was to be germanized, but the orders for this act were given in Graz - either spoken or given in letter, it doesn't matter (not in Maribor). "...this land..." from Hitler's speech means Lower Styria and not Upper Styria.

Just think logically and you'll see it couldn't have happened in Maribor. The link that even Zocky mentions says "...end of March beginning of April...". At the end of March there was no war going on in Kingdom of Yugoslavia (yet); Germany attacked Yugoslavia on April 6th, and Hitler visited Maribor on April 26th, to see for himself how his orders were carried out. The plans for re-germanization couldn't have been made just over night (just take a look at the upper 'edu' link).

 * I'm sorry, I never saw your original comment, just the above summary. Let me address the points as I see them:

 * The visit was obviously not low-key (the reception is described as "majestic", plus see the photos in upper links).
 * I don't know where he first said "make me this land German again". However, the fact that he may have gave that order orally or in writing before his visit to Maribor does not logically preclude him from repeating it in Maribor. We have some sources which say that he did say those words in Maribor (though the German one is useless, since it's a translation of an old version of this article), and no sources that specifically deny this. What's to be done? Zocky 03:40, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Maybe change the text to something like Hitler's visit to be "...in context with his orders to make this land German again...", leaving out the part where those words were actually said? That way, the text would be historically acceptable.

removed irrelevant information (german name)193.77.249.79 (talk) 15:59, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

 * IP 193.77.249.79, it is standard in Wiki articles to include the names of places in other languages once, at the beginning, to recognise those other names. Regarding Maribor, while I agree with Viator Slovenicus that it is relevant to the article (after all, Maribor was a majority German-speaking place after the 1st World War), that is not the point. The point is the standardisation of articles. Therefore, your removal of Marburg was correctly reverted. AlasdairGreen27 (talk) 22:52, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Hitler never made the speech about 'making this land German again' from the balcony of the city main hall. How could he if he never had any speech from that balcony? This is just one of those popular folk anecdotes and nothing more. A common misconception if you will.Ratipok (talk) 00:44, 10 March 2011 (UTC)

German name
OK, I accept that there should be the German name of Maribor, but not in the lead as it is neither its official name nor is there German minority in Maribor. The German name being a historical name I would move it further down the article, to the history section, where we can explain its proper context (as has also been done with Ljubljana/Laibach). --Eleassar my talk 08:31, 5 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I disagree. It's an accepted policy in wp to mention the most important alternative names in other languages (see Udine). Furthermore, the German name is the original one in this case, used for most of its history. I see no reason to omit it in the introduction. Viator slovenicus (talk) 09:46, 8 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Then at least explain it is a historical name. --Eleassar my talk 10:16, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

 * From WP:NCGN: "Relevant foreign language names (one used by at least 10% of sources in the English language or is used by a group of people which used to inhabit this geographical place) are permitted and should be listed in alphabetic order of their respective languages, i.e., (Armenian name1, Belarusian name2, Czech name3). or (ar: name1, be: name2, cs: name3)." Large city articles like Ljubljana and Bratislava have the alternate names listed in a separate etymology section; this is done to explain the various names in detail as well as streamline the introduction. This Maribor article is not long enough yet to require such condensing. NCGN also suggests labeling archaic names as such; AFAICT this is a reference to outdated English names such as "Leghorn" or "Spires", not for foreign language names (which are covered in the previous quotation). Olessi (talk) 11:52, 8 July 2008 (UTC)

For the record, highway signs in Austrian Styria still say "Marburg/Maribor", much as Slovenian ones say "Gradec/Graz". So it's fair to say that the old German name is still in use. Carniola (talk) 17:57, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

History section
Most of the history section looks something like history of mariborian demographics... First it goes through about 700 years of history in a single paragraph and then the period of some 20 years is written on a whole page with detailed demographic info. And every single city quarter has it's german name written alongside. The time after WW2 is practically nonexistant. I would suggest that the period before the collapse of Austria Hungary be extended, the part on demographics be shortened and a section on contemporary history of the city added. Rokpok (talk) 23:21, 20 March 2009 (UTC)

Population
I recently came across a paper of the Eurostat called State of Cities in the EU... I saw population numbers different from these here. About these numbers i must say they are odd when it comes to Urban and Metro area populations as Slovenia has no such official areas to my knowledge and i beleive i would have certainly heard about them given my interest for Slovene statistics :) So i will change the numbers accordingly. Regards. Rokpok (talk) 18:12, 21 February 2010 (UTC)
 * I can't manage to cite the population data. constantly some error... If someone wishes to cite instead of me,id be very happy. :) the info is on page 194 of this pdf http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docgener/studies/pdf/urban/stateofcities_2007.pdf

I also deleted the number for Urban category (140.000) as i couldn't find it on the referenced site.Rokpok (talk) 19:00, 21 February 2010 (UTC)

Nikola Tesla
Aparently, Nikola Tesla lived in Maribor for a year after quiting his studies in Graz. This is mentioned in the Tesla article. Perhaps he should included in the list of notable residents? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.157.252.92 (talk) 05:12, 7 June 2011 (UTC)

File:MariborMB.jpg Nominated for Deletion
Remove the german phrase of Maribor!! The german name of Maribor was an instrument from the Austrian to supress the slovenian culture and nation When you write the german name of maribor here in wikipedia it is like you support the nazi party in austria and germany and againts the slovenian nation it is adefamation.

PLEASE REMOVE THE GERMAN NAME OF MARIBOR — Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.158.255.203 (talk) 18:53, 5 July 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Wrong number of population in city
As a citizen of city of Maribor from the latest information about population in the city I have to say that city in year 2016 had 115,000 inhabitants and it is going up.So please correct that because it is one BIG mistake.

 * Nothing is wrong, the population is for the city only, not for the whole municipality, check sources. Snowflake91  (talk) 20:10, 25 July 2017 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Maribor


text:
Netscape Communicator

Netscape Communicator (or Netscape 4) is a discontinued Internet suite produced by Netscape Communications Corporation, and was the fourth major release in the Netscape line of browsers. It was first in beta in 1996 and was released in June 1997. Netscape Communicator addressed the problem of Netscape Navigator 3.x being used as both the name of the suite and the browser contained within it by renaming the suite to Netscape Communicator. It included more groupware features intended to appeal to enterprises.

In February 1998, Netscape announced that Mozilla.org would co-ordinate the development of Netscape Communicator 5 as "a dedicated team within Netscape with an associated Web site that will promote, foster and guide open dialog and development of Netscape's client source code." However, the aging Communicator code proved to be difficult to work with, so it was abandoned. The whole source code of Communicator was re-written by Mozilla, who were then testing it as Mozilla Application Suite. Netscape, now owned by AOL, finally released Communicator's successor Netscape 6 in November 2000, based on Mozilla Application Suite with changes and additions. Minor updates to Communicator continued to be issued, culminating in the release of Netscape Communicator 4.8 in August 2002.

Editions
Netscape Communicator was available in various editions, such as "Professional" and "Complete". The following components were included in Netscape Communicator (different editions had different components and some components were dropped in later editions):

Features

 * Netscape Navigator — Web browser
 * Netscape Messenger — e-mail client and (in version 4.5 and above) news client
 * Netscape Collabra — news client (merged into Messenger in version 4.5)
 * Netscape Address Book — address book
 * Netscape Composer — HTML editor
 * Netscape Netcaster — push technology client (dropped in version 4.5)
 * Netscape Conference — multi-user communication client (dropped in version 4.5)
 * Netscape Calendar — enterprise calendar client (dropped in version 4.72 because Netscape's license to use the underlying technology expired )

Updates
In October 1998, a major update to the program was released as Netscape 4.5. This included many improvements, mostly to the Messenger e-mail client, which now also took on the features of Collabra. However, some of the less popular components, such as Netcaster, were dropped. A feature called "Roaming Profiles" was added in version 4.5 that synchronized a user's bookmarks, address book and preferences with a remote server, so that a user's home and work browsers could have the same bookmarks. By the time version 4.5 was released, Netscape had started the Mozilla open source project and had ceased charging for Communicator.

The term "Navigator" referred to the browser component alone, while "Communicator" referred to the suite as a whole, as established in version 4.0. However, due to user confusion, the names were often used interchangeably. Also, because none of the applications besides Navigator were popular on their own, and because Netscape never produced any other desktop software that approached the popularity of Navigator, people would often refer to both the Communicator suite and the Navigator browser as simply "Netscape".

The Mozilla Foundation continued to develop the Netscape code base, providing the Mozilla Application Suite as a continuation of Netscape Communicator. The Mozilla Foundation decided in 2006 to discontinue development of the Application Suite. A community-maintained version called SeaMonkey has come to replace the Application Suite - maintaining such things as browser, integrated POP/IMAP/SMTP style E-mail client, IRC, and other similar features.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Netscape Communicator


text:
Gravitational binding energy

The gravitational binding energy of a system is the minimum energy which must be added to it in order for the system to cease being in a gravitationally bound state. A gravitationally bound system has a lower (i.e., more negative) gravitational potential energy than the sum of the energies of its parts when these are completely separated—this is what keeps the system aggregated in accordance with the minimum total potential energy principle.

For a spherical body of uniform density, the gravitational binding energy U is given by the formula $$U = -\frac{3GM^2}{5R}$$ where G is the gravitational constant, M is the mass of the sphere, and R is its radius.

Assuming that the Earth is a sphere of uniform density (which it is not, but is close enough to get an order-of-magnitude estimate) with M = $5.97 kg$ and r = $6.37 m$, then U = $2.24 J$. This is roughly equal to one week of the Sun's total energy output. It is $37.5 MJ/kg$, 60% of the absolute value of the potential energy per kilogram at the surface.

The actual depth-dependence of density, inferred from seismic travel times (see Adams–Williamson equation), is given in the Preliminary Reference Earth Model (PREM). Using this, the real gravitational binding energy of Earth can be calculated numerically as U = $2.49 J$.

According to the virial theorem, the gravitational binding energy of a star is about two times its internal thermal energy in order for hydrostatic equilibrium to be maintained. As the gas in a star becomes more relativistic, the gravitational binding energy required for hydrostatic equilibrium approaches zero and the star becomes unstable (highly sensitive to perturbations), which may lead to a supernova in the case of a high-mass star due to strong radiation pressure or to a black hole in the case of a neutron star.

Derivation for a uniform sphere
The gravitational binding energy of a sphere with radius $$R$$ is found by imagining that it is pulled apart by successively moving spherical shells to infinity, the outermost first, and finding the total energy needed for that.

Assuming a constant density $$\rho$$, the masses of a shell and the sphere inside it are: $$m_\mathrm{shell} = 4\pi r^{2}\rho\,dr$$ and $$m_\mathrm{interior} = \frac{4}{3}\pi r^3 \rho$$

The required energy for a shell is the negative of the gravitational potential energy: $$dU = -G\frac{m_\mathrm{shell} m_\mathrm{interior}}{r}$$

Integrating over all shells yields: $$U = -G\int_0^R {\frac{\left(4\pi r^2\rho\right)\left(\tfrac{4}{3}\pi r^{3}\rho\right)}{r}} dr = -G{\frac{16}{3}}\pi^2 \rho^2 \int_0^R {r^4} dr = -G{\frac{16}{15}}{\pi}^2{\rho}^2 R^5$$

Since $$\rho$$ is simply equal to the mass of the whole divided by its volume for objects with uniform density, therefore

$$\rho=\frac{M}{\frac{4}{3}\pi R^3}$$

And finally, plugging this into our result leads to $$U = -G\frac{16}{15} \pi^2 R^5 \left(\frac{M}{\frac{4}{3}\pi R^3}\right)^2 = -\frac{3GM^2}{5R}$$

$$

Negative mass component
Two bodies, placed at the distance R from each other and reciprocally not moving, exert a gravitational force on a third body slightly smaller when R is small. This can be seen as a negative mass component of the system, equal, for uniformly spherical solutions, to: $$M_\mathrm{binding}=-\frac{3GM^2}{5Rc^2}$$

For example, the fact that Earth is a gravitationally-bound sphere of its current size costs $2.494 kg$ of mass (roughly one fourth the mass of Phobos – see above for the same value in Joules), and if its atoms were sparse over an arbitrarily large volume the Earth would weigh its current mass plus $2.494 kg$ kilograms (and its gravitational pull over a third body would be accordingly stronger).

It can be easily demonstrated that this negative component can never exceed the positive component of a system. A negative binding energy greater than the mass of the system itself would indeed require that the radius of the system be smaller than: $$R\leq\frac{3GM}{5c^2}$$ which is smaller than $\frac{3}{10}$ its Schwarzschild radius: $$R\leq\frac{3}{10} r_\mathrm{s}$$ and therefore never visible to an external observer. However this is only a Newtonian approximation and in relativistic conditions other factors must be taken into account as well.

Non-uniform spheres
Planets and stars have radial density gradients from their lower density surfaces to their much denser compressed cores. Degenerate matter objects (white dwarfs; neutron star pulsars) have radial density gradients plus relativistic corrections.

Neutron star relativistic equations of state include a graph of radius vs. mass for various models. The most likely radii for a given neutron star mass are bracketed by models AP4 (smallest radius) and MS2 (largest radius). BE is the ratio of gravitational binding energy mass equivalent to observed neutron star gravitational mass of M with radius R, $$BE = \frac{0.60\,\beta}{1 - \frac{\beta}{2}}$$ $$\beta = \frac{G M}{R c^2} .$$

Given current values and the star mass M expressed relative to the solar mass, $$M_x = \frac{M}{M_\odot} ,$$
 * $$G = 6.6743\times10^{-11}\, \mathrm{m^3 \cdot kg^{-1} \cdot s^{-2}}$$
 * $$c^2 = 8.98755\times10^{16}\, \mathrm{m^2 \cdot s^{-2}}$$
 * $$M_\odot = 1.98844\times10^{30}\, \mathrm{kg}$$

then the relativistic fractional binding energy of a neutron star is

$$BE = \frac{885.975\,M_x}{R - 738.313\,M_x}$$

title: Gravitational binding energy


text:
Oscar II

Oscar II (Oscar Fredrik; 21 January 1829 – 8 December 1907) was King of Sweden from 1872 until his death in 1907 and King of Norway from 1872 to 1905.

Oscar was the son of King Oscar I and Queen Josephine. He inherited the Swedish and Norwegian thrones when his brother died in 1872. Oscar II ruled during a time when both countries were undergoing a period of industrialization and rapid technological progress. His reign also saw the gradual decline of the Union of Sweden and Norway, which culminated in its dissolution in 1905. In 1905, the throne of Norway was transferred to his grandnephew Prince Carl of Denmark under the regnal name Haakon VII. When Oscar died in 1907, he was succeeded in Sweden by his eldest son, Gustaf V.

Oscar II is the paternal great-great-grandfather of King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden. King Frederik X of Denmark is Oscar II's descendant through his son Gustaf V. King Harald V of Norway; King Philippe of the Belgians; and Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg are also descendants of Oscar II, all through his third son Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland.

Early life
Oscar Fredrik was born at the Royal Palace in Stockholm on 21 January 1829, the third of four sons of Crown Prince Oscar and Josephine of Leuchtenberg. Upon his birth, he was created Duke of Östergötland. At birth, he was fourth in the succession to the Swedish throne after his father and older brothers, but as a younger son had no immediate prospect of inheriting the throne. During his childhood he was placed in the care of the royal governess, Countess Christina Ulrika Taube.

Prince Oscar entered the Royal Swedish Navy as a midshipman at the age of eleven, and was appointed junior lieutenant in July 1845. Later he studied at Uppsala University, where he distinguished himself in mathematics. On 13 December 1848, was made an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

On 6 June 1857, Prince Oscar married Princess Sophia of Nassau at the Biebrich Palace, the ducal residence of the Duchy of Nassau. Princess Sophia was the youngest daughter of the deceased Wilhelm, Duke of Nassau, by his second wife Princess Pauline Friederike Marie of Württemberg, and a half-sister of Adolf, the then reigning Duke of Nassau and future Grand Duke of Luxembourg.

Upon the death of his father, King Oscar I, in 1859, Prince Oscar became heir-presumptive to the thrones of Sweden and Norway, as his eldest brother King Charles XV of Sweden/Charles IV of Norway was without a legitimate heir, having lost his only son, Prince Carl Oscar, Duke of Södermanland, to pneumonia in 1854. His second elder brother, Prince Gustaf, Duke of Uppland, had died of typhoid fever already in 1852.

Accession
Oscar II became King on 18 September 1872, upon the death of his brother, Charles XV who died without an heir. At his accession, he adopted as his motto Brödrafolkens väl / Broderfolkenes Vel ("The Welfare of the Brother Peoples"). His coronation as Swedish monarch was celebrated in Storkyrkan in Stockholm on 12 May 1873, and his coronation as Norwegian monarch two months later in the Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim on 18 July 1873. While the King, his family and the Royal Court resided mostly in Sweden, Oscar II made the effort of learning to be fluent in Norwegian and from the very beginning realized the essential difficulties in the maintenance of the union between the two countries.

Foreign and domestic statecraft
His acute intelligence and his aloofness from the dynastic considerations affecting most European sovereigns (both his paternal and maternal grandfathers were French military commanders who served under Napoleon I) gave the king considerable weight as an arbitrator in international questions. At the request of the United Kingdom, Germany, and the United States in 1889 he appointed the Chief Justice of Samoa under the Treaty of Berlin, and he was again called on to arbitrate in Samoan affairs in 1899.

In 1897 he was empowered to appoint a fifth arbitrator if necessary in the Venezuelan dispute, and he was called on to act as umpire in the Anglo-American arbitration treaty that was quashed by the United States Senate. He won many friends in the United Kingdom by his outspoken and generous support of Britain at the time of the Second Boer War (1899–1902), expressed in a declaration printed in The Times of 2 May 1900, when continental opinion was almost universally hostile.

He remained a strong supporter of the Navy throughout his life, and frequently visited ships of the fleet. When the coastal defence ship HSWMS Oscar II was launched, he even signed his name on the vessel's aft main gun tower.

The office of Prime Minister of Sweden was instituted in 1876. Louis De Geer became the first head of government in Sweden to use this title. The most known and powerful first minister of the Crown during the reign of Oscar was the conservative estate owner Erik Gustaf Boström. Boström served as Prime Minister in 1891–1900 and 1902–1905. He was trusted and respected by Oscar II, who had much difficulty approving someone else as prime minister. Over a period of time, the King gave Boström a free hand to select his own ministers without much royal involvement. It was an arrangement (unintentional by both the King and Boström) that furthered the road to parliamentarism.

Science and the arts
A distinguished writer and musical amateur himself, King Oscar did much to encourage the development of education throughout his dominions. In 1858 a collection of his lyrical and narrative poems, Memorials of the Swedish Fleet, published anonymously, obtained the second prize of the Swedish Academy. His "Contributions to the Military History of Sweden in the Years 1711, 1712, 1713", originally appeared in the Annals of the academy, and were printed separately in 1865. His works, which included his speeches, translations of Herder's Cid and Goethe's Torquato Tasso, and a play, Castle Cronberg, were collected in two volumes in 1875–76, and a larger edition, in three volumes, appeared in 1885–88.

His Easter hymn and some other of his poems are familiar throughout the Scandinavian countries. His work on Charles XII of Sweden were translated into English in 1879. In 1881 he founded the world's first open-air museum, at Bygdøy, located next to his summer residence near Oslo (back then known as Christiania). In 1885 he published his Address to the Academy of Music, and a translation of one of his essays on music appeared in Literature in May 1900. He had a valuable collection of printed and manuscript music, which was readily accessible to the historical student of music.

Being a theater lover, he commissioned a new opera house to be built by Axel Anderberg for the Royal Swedish Opera which was inaugurated on 19 September 1898. It remains as the home of that institution. Oscar II once told playwright Henrik Ibsen that his Ghosts was "not a good play". As he was dying, he requested that the theatres not be closed on account of his death. His wishes were respected.

Oscar was also particularly interested in mathematics. In 1889 he set up a contest, on the occasion of his 60th birthday, for "an important discovery in the realm of higher mathematical analysis". The contest listed four potential areas of research, one of which was the n-body problem in celestial mechanics, relevant to the stability of the solar system. Henri Poincare, a professor at the University of Paris, won by submitting an entry showing that even the 3-body problem was unstable, the seminal result in what is now called chaos theory.

King Oscar II was an enthusiast of Arctic exploration. Along with Swedish millionaire Oscar Dickson and Russian magnate Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Sibiryakov, he was the patron of a number of pioneering Arctic expeditions in the 1800s. Among the ventures the king sponsored, the most important are Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld's explorations to the Russian Arctic and Greenland, and Fridtjof Nansen's Polar journey on the Fram.

Oscar was also a generous sponsor of the sciences and personally funded the Vega Expedition, which was the first Arctic expedition to navigate through the Northeast Passage, the sea route between Europe and Asia through the Arctic Ocean, and the first voyage to circumnavigate Eurasia.

Death
The political events which led up to the peaceful dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905 could hardly have been attained but for the tact and patience of the king himself. He was dethroned on 7 June 1905 by the Storting and renounced the Norwegian throne on 26 October. He declined, indeed, to permit any prince of his house to become king of Norway, but better relations between the two countries were restored before his death. Oscar II died in Stockholm on 8 December 1907 at 9:10 am.

Marriage and children
On 6 June 1857 he married in Wiesbaden-Biebrich, Duchy of Nassau (located in present-day Hessen, Germany) Princess Sophia Wilhelmina, the youngest daughter of Duke William of Nassau and Princess Pauline of Württemberg. They had four sons:

 * 1) King Gustaf V (1858–1950)
 * 2) Prince Oscar, Duke of Gotland, later known as Prince Oscar Bernadotte, Count of Wisborg (1859–1953)
 * 3) Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland (1861–1951)
 * 4) Prince Eugen, Duke of Närke (1865–1947)

His eldest son Gustaf was Duke of Värmland and succeeded him as King Gustaf V of Sweden from 1907 until 1950, married Princess Victoria of Baden and they had three sons. His second son, Prince Oscar, lost his rights of succession to the throne upon his unequal marriage in 1888 to a former lady-in-waiting, Ebba Munck af Fulkila, and was granted the title of Prince Bernadotte first in Sweden, and from 1892 in Luxembourg, where he also was created Count of Wisborg as an hereditary title for his marital progeny (Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, was the half-brother of his mother, Queen Sophia). The other sons of Oscar II were Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland who married Princess Ingeborg of Denmark; and Prince Eugén, Duke of Närke, who was well known as an artist and remained a bachelor all his life.

Alleged extramarital children
Oscar II is also suspected to have had several extramarital children, of which at least five are named:
 * Anna Hofman-Uddgren (1868–1947) by Emma Hammarström (1849–1910)
 * Elin Esping Smitz (1878–1960) by Paulina Mathilda Esping (1858–1878)
 * Knut August Ekstam (born 1878, in U.S.A. 1903, death unknown) by Marie Friberg (1852–1934)
 * Florence Stephens (1881–1979) by Elisabeth Kreüger Stephens (1858–1911)
 * Nils Teodor Ekstam (1889–1954) also by Friberg above

However, unlike his father, Oscar II never officially recognized any illegitimate children of his.

Honours

 * National
 * Knight and Commander of the Seraphim, 21 January 1829
 * Knight of the Order of Charles XIII, 21 January 1829
 * Commander Grand Cross of the Sword, 21 January 1829
 * Commander Grand Cross of the Polar Star, 21 January 1829
 * Commander Grand Cross of the Order of Vasa, 15 June 1866
 * Grand Cross of St. Olav, with Collar, 21 August 1847
 * Founder and Master of the Order of the Norwegian Lion, 21 January 1904 – 26 October 1905

• Anhalt: Grand Cross of the Order of Albert the Bear
 * Foreign

•  undefined: Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen, 1866

•  Baden:

• * Knight of the House Order of Fidelity, 1877

• * Knight of the Order of Berthold the First, 1877

•  undefined: Knight of St. Hubert, 1862

• 🇧🇪 Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold, 17 May 1856

•  undefined: Grand Cross of the Southern Cross

• 🇩🇰 Denmark:

• * Knight of the Elephant, 3 June 1848

• * Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog, 5 October 1863

•  undefined:

• * Honour medal for Courage and Devotion, 23 March 1862

• * Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour

• * Gold Médaille militaire

• 🇬🇷 Greece: Grand Cross of the Redeemer

•  undefined: Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order, 1852

•  undefined: Grand Cross of the Order of Kamehameha I

•  Hesse-Darmstadt: Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order, 20 September 1881

•  undefined: Knight of the Annunciation, 10 January 1862

•  undefined: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum, 27 July 1881

•  Mecklenburg: Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown, with Crown in Ore

• 🇲🇨 Monaco: Grand Cross of St. Charles, 16 January 1862

•  Nassau: Knight of the Gold Lion of Nassau, July 1858

• 🇳🇱 Netherlands: Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion

• 🇱🇺 Luxembourg: Grand Cross of the Oak Crown

•  Ottoman Empire:

• * Order of Osmanieh, 1st Class

• * Order of Distinction

•  Beylik of Tunis: Husainid Family Order

•  undefined:

• * Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword

• * Grand Cross of the Sash of the Three Orders

•  Persia: House Order of the Imperial Effigy, 1st Class

•  Prussia:

• * Knight of the Black Eagle, 28 September 1861; with Collar

• * Grand Cross of the Red Eagle

• * Grand Commander's Cross of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, 12 June 1875

•  undefined:

• * Grand Cross of the Star of Romania

• * Grand Cross of the Crown of Romania

•  undefined:

• * Knight of St. Andrew, 9 July 1846

• * Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky

• * Knight of the White Eagle

• * Knight of St. Anna, 1st Class

• * Knight of St. Stanislaus, 1st Class

•  undefined: Knight of the Rue Crown, 1875

•  Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: Grand Cross of the White Falcon, 26 May 1862

•  undefined: Grand Cross of the Cross of Takovo

• 🇹🇭 Siam:

• * Knight of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri, 29 October 1888

• * Grand Cross of the White Elephant

•  undefined: Knight of the Golden Fleece, 14 July 1872

•  undefined: Stranger Knight Companion of the Garter, 17 May 1881

• Flag of Venezuela (1863–1905).svg Venezuela: Collar of the Order of the Liberator

•  Württemberg: Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown, 1879

Legacy
The name and portrait of Oscar II have been used as a trademark for King Oscar sardines in Norway since 1902 (which remains the only brand to have once obtained his "royal permission" ) as well as gingerbread cookies (pepparkakor) and other bakery products made by Göteborgs Kex in Sweden.

title: Oscar II


text:
Unseen University

The Unseen University (UU) is a school of wizardry in Terry Pratchett's Discworld series of fantasy novels. Located in the fictional city of Ankh-Morpork, the UU is staffed by mostly indolent and inept old wizards. The university's name is a pun on the Invisible College, and many aspects of the university are references to Oxford and Cambridge University. The exploits of the head wizards of the Unseen University are one of the main plot threads in the long-running fantasy series, and have played a central role in 13 novels to date, as well as the four supplementary Science of Discworld novels and the short story, A Collegiate Casting-Out of Devilish Devices.

Staff
The staff usually come in a group in the books in which they appear, though Rincewind initially followed his own storyline, only being a part of the group in the Science of Discworld books and Unseen Academicals, and the Librarian makes solo appearances in several books. Ridcully and Ponder also appeared in Going Postal and Night Watch. Ridcully alone appears in Thud!. The wizards are referred to by their offices (e.g. "ancient runes"), rather than names. There is a slight reference to this in The Last Continent, when the wizards notice that they not only don't know the Librarian's name, but they also don't know the names of one another. In Unseen Academicals, Ridcully has difficulty remembering the Dean's name, despite having started at UU around the same time.

Archchancellor
The head of Unseen University is the archchancellor, considered an important figure and holds a seat on the Ankh-Morpork council, in which he acts as a magical advisor to the Patrician of Ankh-Morpork.

The archchancellor of UU is considered the leader of all wizards on the Disc (by those at the UU), the first among equals. Unseen University has existed for thousands of years, and the average Archchancellor remains in office for about eleven months.

As of the final novel, the archchancellor is Mustrum Ridcully who assumed the post in Moving Pictures and held it for the rest of the novels.

At the time he became archchancellor, Ridcully had not been seen at the university for forty years, having left the university to look after his family's land.

Ridcully has shown the occasional flash of magical skill. For example, in Moving Pictures, the Bursar is surprised to discover Ridcully's adeptness at using a magic mirror, which, like most Discworld scrying devices, is hard to steer. In Soul Music Ridcully improvises, at short notice and with minimal assistance, a slimmed-down version of the rite of AshkEnte for summoning Death. It is also implied that he has some degree of practical magic knowledge (The Last Continent).

Lords and Ladies reveals that he and a young Esme Weatherwax were in a relationship some fifty years before Ridcully became Archchancellor. He is deeply affected by her death (The Shepherd's Crown).

In the Cosgrove Hall animation of Soul Music he was voiced by Graham Crowden. In 2006's miniseries adaptation of Hogfather he was played by Joss Ackland, and in the 2010 adaptation of Going Postal he was portrayed by Timothy West.

Bursar
Professor A.A. Dinwiddie. The Bursar is a quiet, reserved person. He took over the job from the previous Bursar, Spelter, after the latter was killed trying to save the library from destruction in Sourcery.

Dinwiddie reacts to the stress of the events in the series by becoming less and less tethered to reality. By the events of Reaper Man, Dr. Dinwiddie is almost completely insensible. The Bursar's insanity has become a byword in Ankh-Morpork: "to go Bursar" is "to go crazy".

Dean
The Dean of Pentacles/Archchancellor Henry of Brazeneck College. An obese man (Moving Pictures) who is generally found in his study reading a grimoire or in the great hall. He attends some of the functions that are held by guilds or clubs around the city on behalf of the university.

According to Ponder Stibbons, he is "normally never nice". He is often susceptible to any occult or semi-magical occurrence happening in the university, as well as any fads or trends – most notably in Soul Music. When roused into action he can be very enthusiastic and violent, and is a part-time Watch Special Constable – on the proviso that he not use magic in the course of his duties.

He and Archchancellor Ridcully have been friends since their first days at the university. Their friendship is tested in Unseen Academicals, when the Dean leaves to become Archchancellor of the rival Brazeneck College. The Dean became the first person to voluntarily resign from the university – something previously considered unthinkable (as people usually left "in disgrace, in a box or, in a few cases, in bits").

Librarian
The Librarian appeared in the second novel of the series, The Light Fantastic, where he was transformed into an orang-utan. This had certain advantages for a librarian, such as being able to use his hands and feet for re-shelving books. The other wizards have gradually become used to the situation, to the extent that, from Night Watch: "if someone ever reported that there was an orang-utan in the Library, the wizards would probably go and ask the Librarian if he'd seen it."

He is known for his violent reaction to most people calling him a "monkey", as he is technically an ape. He primarily uses the word Ook, inflected for simple affirmations and negations, though he occasionally uses Eeek in moments of panic or rage. Nonetheless, most people seem able to understand him.

As with other members of the UU faculty, the Librarian is referred to by his office and not by a name. There are rumours that, pre-transformation, he was named Dr. Horace Worblehat, though no one speaks about it.

The Librarian is a member of the Librarians of Time And Space, a group who have the knowledge and ability to travel through L-Space, an extradimensional space that connects all libraries and other large accumulations of books.

The Librarian appears in orangutan form in the video games Discworld and Discworld II. In the 2008 TV adaptation of The Colour of Magic and The Light Fantastic by Sky One, he appears in both human and orang-utan form. His human form is played by Nicolas Tennant, who had previously played Corporal Nobbs in Terry Pratchett's Hogfather.

Ponder Stibbons
Professor Stibbons is, among other things, Head of Inadvisably Applied Magic, Praelector and Reader in Invisible Writings, the Master of Traditions, the Camerlengo of Unseen University, the keeper of Hex (the university's computer), and the right-hand man of Archchancellor Ridcully.

His entry in The New Discworld Companion states:
 * originally rather lazy by nature, he seems to have blossomed to become the youngest and most depressingly keen member of the faculty ... as one of the few wizards at the University with his head screwed on in any fashion, he appears, quite against his will, to be in the front line.

In the film version of Hogfather he is portrayed by Ed Coleman.

Stibbons also appears in the video game Discworld II, in the High Energy Facility. He is characterized differently than in the books, evidenced by his erratic speech patterns and verbal tics, as well as his denials that he is being adversely affected by working on Hex.

Rincewind
Rincewind holds the Chair of Experimental Serendipity, the Chair for the Public Misunderstanding of Magic, and the positions of Professor of Virtual Anthropology, Egregious Professor of Cruel and Unusual Geography, Reader in Slood Dynamics, Fretwork Teacher, Lecturer in Approximate Accuracy, and Health and Safety Officer. These apparently unwanted positions were awarded to Rincewind provided that he does not receive any salary. Prior to receiving these titles, Rincewind held the post of Assistant Librarian, but it is unclear whether or not he retains the office. Rincewind is often concerned with his life, as many people all across Discworld have attempted to take it.

In the film version of The Colour of Magic he is portrayed by David Jason.

Doctor Hix
 Dr. John Hix – 'Hicks with an X' in Unseen Academicals, after changing his name from Hicks because it didn't suit his position. Dr Hix is a necromancer. Since necromancy is officially banned in Ankh-Morpork, he is instead the Head of the Department of Postmortem Communications (although he acknowledges this is just a fancy way of saying necromancy). Hix has one member of staff, a reanimated skeleton called Charlie. He previously had another member of staff, the late Professor Flead, but Hix bound him to a club at the end of Making Money.

Hix frequently misbehaves, performs evil deeds and makes comments in bad taste as he is required to under university statute, a fact which the other members of UU grudgingly accept. He uses the phrase "Skull ring, remember?" as an excuse for his misbehavior, much like the Patrician's use of the phrase, "Tyrant, remember?".

Hix may be a parody of Peter Higgs.

Hex
Hex is the UU's first mainframe computer, though instead of RAM, it is powered by a waterwheel inside a ram skull, and its mouse is an actual mouse. Its "brain" consists of a series of glass tubes filled with ants, which form its processor, and a beehive in a back room, which constitutes its hard drive. It bears a sticker up front saying that there is an anthill inside (a parody of the advertising slogan "Intel Inside"). Initially just a computer, it has gradually developed more of a personality over the course of the series. Ponder Stibbons has by default become the person in charge of developing and operating Hex, though he admits that Hex largely develops itself.

Past archchancellors

 * Alberto Malich, the first archchancellor and founder of UU. He went to the land of Death when he performed the Rite of AshkEnte backwards, and remained in Death's Domain as Death's assistant and butler. He also appeared in Mort, Soul Music, and in Hogfather where he appeared as Pixie Albert to Death's Hogfather. In the film version of Hogfather he is portrayed by David Jason.
 * Chancellor Galder Weatherwax, a distant cousin of Granny Weatherwax, is chancellor for the first half of The Light Fantastic. He is the 304th Chancellor of the university. In the film version of The Colour of Magic he is portrayed by James Cosmo.
 * Archchancellor Ymper Trymon is archchancellor for the second half of The Light Fantastic. In the film version of The Colour of Magic he is portrayed by Tim Curry.
 * Coin the Sourcerer is the archchancellor during Sourcery.

Others include Cutangle (Equal Rites), Virrid Wayzygoose (Sourcery), Ezrolith Churn (Eric), Sloman, who discovered the Special Theory of Slood, and Preserved Bigger (Unseen Academicals).

Past students

 * Eskarina Smith, known as Esk, is the main character in Equal Rites, and was the Unseen University's first and only known female graduate. She did not appear again in the series until I Shall Wear Midnight, in which she was described as being both old and young due to her mastery of time travel. She becomes a close friend of the adult Tiffany Aching. Esk is mentioned briefly again in The Shepherd's Crown with an (unnamed) son.
 * Victor Tugelbend (in Moving Pictures)
 * Adrian Turnipseed (appears in Soul Music, The Last Continent, Hogfather and others). In Unseen Academicals, Adrian Turnipseed was working for Braseneck College.
 * Mr. Sideney, a member of Teatime's gang. In the film adaptation of Hogfather, the character is portrayed by Nigel Planer.

Past wizards

 * Drum Billet, a wizard appearing in Equal Rites, later reincarnated as an ant living under Unseen University.
 * Windle Poons, a very old wizard, first appearing in Moving Pictures. He died at the age of 130, before returning briefly as a zombie.

title: Unseen University


text:
Talk:Unseen University

Devolving?
Uhm... Is this project devolving to the point of fiction?

Close. It's a project about an evolving work of fiction. Haunti 17:34, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Eta Beta Pi
I thought that was "Eat-a Bit-a Pie" in a stereotypical Italian accent. Could be wrong though. Vitriol 19:16, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

In one of the Susan Sto Helit books she tells someone it's "Eat a Better Pie." I could have sworn it was in Thief of Time, that she's telling Lobsang, but I just leafed through it and that's not the one.Dvallere (talk) 17:00, 29 October 2009 (UTC)

It's in Hogfather - Susan explains it to the Oh God of Hangovers. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.193.214.132 (talk) 10:59, 10 January 2011 (UTC)

"The Cunning Artificer" sculpture ?
Should there be mention of the Bernard Pearson/"The Cunning Artificer" sculpture of the UU somewhere in this entry ? IIRC it was sold in 7 or 8 parts, in a limited edition of 250 complete sets ... sold out many years ago, so an entry can't be considered an advert. There is a mention of the scuplture on Bernard Pearson's page, but no mention of it when you get here - IanG, 18:18, 3 Dec 2006 (UTC)

Address of UU?
Does the UU have an official and known street address in Ankh Morpork? If yes, it should IMHO be mentioned in the article.

Tower of Art Inaccuracy
Whomsoever wrote the segment about the Tower of Art made an understandable but rather glaring error in calculation. Yes, 800 feet of height divided by 8,888 steps yields a step height of 1.08"...but that's a linear scale. The steps are described as a winding staircase on the interior of the tower, much akin to a lighthouse. This being the case, the step height depends greatly on pitch between spiral levels and step depth. Since these variables are presently unknown, I would humbly suggest that the mention of step height be removed as the present assertion is incorrect and no viable corrective method exists. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 199.107.67.88 (talk) 19:12, 11 April 2007 (UTC). 199.107.67.88 19:12, 11 April 2007 (UTC)

The height of each step is declared in at least one book - The Colour of Magic to say the least - as being just over one inch high. While I do agree with the general principle of your calculations, don't forget that the tower is inherently magical and thus the laws of physics do not generally apply, or if they do, are severely bent. Magical construction (since it is also presumed that the Tower may even be older than the Discworld) doesn't always pay heed to normal universal laws. LudBob (talk) 23:35, 25 May 2010 (UTC)

And even without magical effects, the whole argument of the anonymous first commenter is fallacious. The spiral shape affects the width (left-right) and depth (front-back) of each step, but not the height (up-down). The linear scale is precisely along the vertical dimension of the Tower. --Thnidu (talk) 08:38, 24 December 2018 (UTC)

Double Former Archchancellor list
In this article, there are two lists, one of the "Former Archchancellors" and one of the "Previous Archchancellors". Maybe I don't get the joke there, but as far as I see it, the two lists should be merged. 141.76.40.160 13:22, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

Making Terry Pratchett a Featured Article
This is a call to arms to make the Terry Pratchett article a Featured Article. It will greatly help the cause if all the side articles that link from it are of a reasonable standard. Terry Pratchett has around 40 side articles (ie the ones relating to his work) - I don't think they are all expected to be GA (Good Article) standard for TP to become featured, but certain basic elements will be looked at for sure.

A full list of the sub articles is here on the TP talk page: I'm posting this comment on the talk pages of each article on the list. Editors reading may also like to help with the TP article too?

The main issue, especially with smaller articles, is often a finding reasonable amount of citations, and prose can sometimes be a little POV too. Coverage of the topic is probably less important, but of course it needs to be reasonably good. --Matt Lewis (talk) 14:56, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

Flead
Isn't Dead Flead acting as a bouncer also for the club he is haunting? Noteable? Lots42 (talk) No, he's not. He was insorcized in Making Money - presumably the reverse of an exorcism. He's not acting as a bouncer, though - he inhabits one of the chairs in the front row. Since Lipwig's paper money is so popular, the "management didn't mind the loss of one seat, although the record for anyone staying in it was 10 seconds" (paraphrasal). —Preceding unsigned comment added by LudBob (talk • contribs) 23:30, 25 May 2010 (UTC)

Size and pleasaunce
The prose style of this article is very nice, and I'm reluctant to muck about with it. I am, for that reason, inclined to make the very contrawikipedian suggestion that whomever has so delightfully penned this piece insert a further couple of points of fact, rather than I. Namely, while the comparison between UU, and Cambridge and Oxford, has been hinted at, two direct allusions are overlooked here, and ought to be included somehow.

The Bridge of Size is a reference not to the Bridge of Sighs in Venice, but to its counterparts, or perhaps more correctly its imitators, in Oxford and Cambridge. The Oxford bridge crosses a street, whereas the Cambridge bridge crosses the Cam, connecting between the colleges and the Backs (the area on the opposite side of the river from the many old college buildings on Trinity Street and King's Parade). The bridge forms a part of St. John's College. Sourcery places the UU bridge in a similar setting.

Secondly, "Wizard's Pleasaunce" is a direct reference to "Scholar's Piece", right down to the corresponding misspellings of the words Pleasance and Peace. The Piece is a meadow, featuring heifers in the warmer months, forming a part of the Backs on the property of King's College. This is a short way down the river from John's, where the Bridge of Sighs is located, and the whole corresponds nicely with the UU layout, and is clearly the inspiration for its Ankhian counterpart.

Well, something of this ought to be included, and I'll do so if the principal author is not so inclined to expand on his or her contributions. I pray nobody gets over-eager with the tabs, as I can find no suitable citation for this. I contend that it's clear, but that's 'Original Research', isn't it? Perhaps a permissiveness will prevail here. Let it be hoped. Should citations be demanded, I dare say that a reference to "Sourcery", and to a map of Cambridge, would suffice.

Cmsg 01:55, 18 June 2008 (UTC)

 * You make points I tend to agree with; but then the 'other' side of me -wants- citation needed tags. I don't know what to think. Which goes with the whole spirit of the University. Heh. Lots42 (talk) 04:10, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

missing staff member
i would like to point out that the list of staff is missing the lecturer in recent runes. As a character mentioned in many books, i think it would be appropriate if he was included —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kangaroosrule (talk • contribs) 07:17, 11 December 2009 (UTC)

Please don't delete
I see this page is up for deletion. Please don't. It's a good one, just needs tidying.--WestwoodMatt (talk) 20:27, 12 February 2010 (UTC)
 * The deletion discussion is actually located at Articles for deletion/Unseen University (2nd nomination), where you are welcome to comment. Jclemens (talk) 20:31, 12 February 2010 (UTC)

I've reduced this article by about 40%
Hopefully, that should keep it from being deleted for the time being.  Serendi pod ous  20:05, 3 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Well, it's back to where it was, since I merged two new articles with it. Still, I think it can be trimmed again.  Serendi pod ous  19:23, 17 June 2010 (UTC)

Notes on the Library
In case there's space for it, it may be worth noting the Libraries roots in Borges "Library of Babel" and earlier ideas.
 * ??? Lots42 (talk) 17:26, 17 September 2010 (UTC)

Eskarina Smith
Why is Eskarina Smith on the Witch page and not the Wizard's? It's explicitly stated every time she's mentioned that she's not a witch, but the only female wizard. It's noted in one of the books (The Discworld companion-encyclopedia thing, I believe) that the method of magic is more important than gender in the classification. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.86.120.10 (talk) 16:40, 16 December 2010 (UTC)
 * You're right. Go ahead and move her. Jclemens (talk) 17:58, 16 December 2010 (UTC)
 * I've removed some of the more recent edits to Witches (Discworld); however the individual who added them is somewhat... insistent, and if this sparks another edit war I would appreciate some backup.  Serendi pod ous  19:40, 16 December 2010 (UTC)

Flead
Flead deserves his own entry. Lots42 (talk) 19:20, 28 January 2011 (UTC)

Other Staff
Shouldn't some of the other staff who ain't wizards be included in this section such as Glenda, Mr Nobbs (no relation), Mister Nutt etc? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.244.72.7 (talk) 19:39, 30 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Well, the whole Discworld coverage is sort of a poor hodgepodge right now, and it could certainly benefit from someone who feels like helping clean it up. Are you that someone? :-) Jclemens (talk) 21:47, 30 January 2011 (UTC)

"Plot summary"
The "issues" header includes a "plot summary" complaint dated September 2009. This is probably a dead issue by now; someone remove it? And anyway these sections aren't plot summaries in the usual sense, though maybe they are in Wikipedianese: they don't describe plot so much as settings, characters, etc. --Thnidu (talk) 07:13, 30 March 2014 (UTC)

Other staff
This section was a single very long sentence listing titles and names, all joined with commas. This made it very hard to read. In addition, the apparent appositions were ambiguous. E.g., when we read
 * ...the Professor of Recondite Architecture and Origami Map-Folding, Ladislav Pelc, Prehumous Professor of Morbid Bibliomancy, Professor Goitre, Posthumous Professor of Morbid Bibliomancy,...

we can't tell whether this means or or or After checking on the L-Space Wiki, I've changed the format to a bulleted list. --Thnidu (talk) 04:53, 15 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Pelc is the Professor of Recondite Architecture and Origami Map-Folding and Goitre is Prehumous Professor of Morbid Bibliomancy
 * Pelc is the Prehumous Professor of Morbid Bibliomancy and Goitre is Posthumous Professor...
 * Pelc is Prehumous Professor, Goitre's position is not given, and the Posthumous Professor's name is not given
 * some other combination.

L-Space....
The Librarian also utilized L-space in Guards! Guards! to retrieve a stolen book about summoning dragons. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.37.218.179 (talk) 10:42, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

Time for a 4th deletion nomination?
How has this article gone a decade without a fourth delete nomination? Did it simply get forgotten whilst similar entries for other franchises were being reduced, culled or otherwise banished to Wikia/Fandom? Was it shielded by Wikipedians' partiality for the source material? I'm a Pratch lover myself but there's no justification for this article's continued existence in its present form. The dearth of citations or a 'references in popular culture/other media' pretty much affirms its dubious notability. --Danish Ranger (talk 02:46, 11 March 2022 (UTC)
 * WP:SOFIXIT. More specifically, feel free to focus it better by removing less important or redundant information. Jclemens (talk) 03:51, 11 March 2022 (UTC)
 * I can't very well fix an article I think should, at best, be merged with Witches (Discworld) and Ankh-Morpork City Watch into an "Organisations of Discworld" super-article (other article names are available). Shan't do any unilateral editing in that direction, however. --Danish Ranger (talk 15:09, 11 March 2022 (UTC)
 * You can trim some stuff down and incorporate references. It's what the encyclopedia needs more of, really. Few people are really interested in doing the hard work of taking an article and making it a good article, or a great article. It's far less work to just ignore policy, cite WP:TNT, and nominate something for deletion. This is why Wikipedia is failing to attract new non-partisan editors, but that's a topic for another discussion. Jclemens (talk) 00:37, 12 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Alternatively, feel free to go look at the sources I found for the second AfD a dozen years ago, and incorporate them. Jclemens (talk) 06:44, 11 March 2022 (UTC)

Improving vs. eviscerating
, thanks for trying to improve things, but your edits are not taking into account the reality that in cleaning up other Discworld articles, much of their content has been merged here. Do have a look at what links here. There are over 200 pages, with many of them being substantial redirects. Thus, we can't really just hack out whole sections that seem out of place without losing content: the reason they seem out of place or excessive is that often little effort was made to integrate the merged articles into a coherent whole. THAT, rather than wholesale removal of sections, is what is needed here. Jclemens (talk) 23:01, 26 May 2023 (UTC)
 * , a year later, and it appears you missed this part of the talk page. Feel free to actually improve sections or engage in thoughtful reorganizations of the material that reflect implementing past mergers. Jclemens (talk) 04:51, 2 April 2024 (UTC)
 * , I didn't miss it. I'm afraid the reasoning is wrong. Nothing I removed was sourced in any way. As you surely well know, verifiability is one of the unconditional requirements of any material on Wikipedia. How many other unsourced articles have been merged here in the past is irrelevant. In addition, the text I removed was overwhelming written with a sniggering, in-universe fan's perspective, which is not appropriate for wikipedia articles. As I mentioned in the edit summary, the whole thing needs to be rewritten using third-party sources, in an encylopedic tone and style. The fact that this argument has been going on for 15 years, according to the past afd discussions, makes clear that interested editors are well aware of this article's issues, but have done very little to address them. Therefore, it's slightly strange to object to others removing this material on the grounds that it should be "improved". You can't thoughtfully reorganise reams of unsourced trivia. Jdcooper (talk) 12:39, 2 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry, but your reasoning is incorrect. Yes, it's unsourced. No, it's not entirely unverifiable, just unverified: there's a difference. We're agreed verifiability it's a requirement, but if verification were a requirement cn would be against policy. Ditto, nothing you say about how the information should be presented is incorrect... but the starting point is the consensus article--the result of multiple mergers and AfDs--not your idea of a minimialist stubbification. By all means, feel free to tag things, entire sections if appropriate... but deleting multiple entire sections (which are themselves merge targets, in most cases) without any attempt at improvement is neither required by policy nor supported by consensus, including current consensus in light of the below comment. Jclemens (talk) 15:11, 2 April 2024 (UTC)
 * From Verifiability: "Any material lacking an inline citation to a reliable source that directly supports the material may be removed and should not be restored without an inline citation to a reliable source. Whether and how quickly material should be initially removed for not having an inline citation to a reliable source depends on the material and the overall state of the article. In some cases, editors may object if you remove material without giving them time to provide references. Consider adding a citation needed tag as an interim step." -- The first AfD highlighting the poor state of this article was 14 years ago. How much more time do you think you will need to provide references?
 * I'll add again that the discussion of what has been merged here is irrelevant if that content itself is unsourced. Jdcooper (talk) 15:30, 2 April 2024 (UTC)
 * It does appear a lil like throw the baby out with the bathwater. Some of the erased content ought to be put back, some not. It'll require work.Halbared (talk) 14:32, 2 April 2024 (UTC)
 * All the material is preserved in the edit history, just waiting to be re-added with third-party sourcing :) Jdcooper (talk) 14:35, 2 April 2024 (UTC)
 * ... and on the basis of this additional objection to the wholesale removal, it is being readded again per consensus, so that improvements can be made on the basis of the article which correctly lays out the required (or at least, expected based on past mergers) subtopics. Jclemens (talk) 15:11, 2 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Hate to do this to you,, but I'm reverting your improvements as they aren't enough to restore the article to its consensus state. Please don't hesitate to work down from the maximal article, as we're agreed much of it needs trimming. Jclemens (talk) 15:11, 2 April 2024 (UTC)

 * I've listed this discussion at Third_opinion. Jdcooper (talk) 15:37, 2 April 2024 (UTC)

WP:3O
Hello, I'm responding to a request for a third opinion. This article, as of its current version, is written exclusively from an in-universe style. As such, it is fundamentally in need of a complete rewrite. It should be stubbified and rewritten from an out-of-universe standpoint, using reliable sources. It's worth noting that some of the arguments above refer to a local consensus to ignore the manual of style guidelines on in-universe perspective. This is not correct as a local consensus should not be used to override our style guidelines. Also as a reminder per WP:V, which is policy, material that has been challenged should not be restored without an inline citation to a reliable source. VQuakr (talk) 19:32, 2 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Unseen University


text:
Ozark, Alabama

Ozark is a city in and the county seat of Dale County, Alabama. As of the 2010 census, the population of the city was 14,907.

Ozark is the principal city of the Ozark Micropolitan Statistical Area, as well as a part of the Dothan-Ozark Combined Statistical Area. Ozark was originally a part of Enterprise–Ozark micropolitan area before being split, and for a longer while was part of the Dothan-Enterprise-Ozark combined statistical area but Enterprise later became its own separate primary statistical area in later censuses. Fort Novosel, the primary flight training base for Army Aviation, abuts Ozark.

History
The Ozark area was originally inhabited by the Muscogee people. It is said that Ozark received its name after a traveler visited and was reminded of the Ozark Mountains in Arkansas.

The first known European settler in Ozark was John Merrick Sr., a veteran of the Revolutionary War, in 1822. In honor of him, the town was named Merricks. It was later changed to Woodshop, which was its name when the town received its post office. The first appearance of the name Ozark was in 1855, when the citizens requested a name change.

The county seat was moved from Newton to Ozark 1870.

Ozark is home to four sites listed on the National Register of Historic Places: the Claybank Log Church, the Samuel Lawson Dowling House, the Old Train Depot, and the J. D. Holman House.

Geography
Ozark is located at 31.44806°N, -85.64194°W (31.448169, -85.642009). It is part of the Wiregrass Region.

Major highways that run through the city include U.S. Route 231 and Alabama State Routes 27 and 249. US 231 runs northwest to southeast through the city, leading northwest 34 mi to Troy and southeast 23 mi to Dothan. SR 27 leads east 31 mi to Abbeville and southwest 19 mi to Enterprise.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 34.5 sqmi of which 34.2 sqmi is land and 0.2 sqmi (0.70%) is water.

Climate
According to the Köppen climate classification, Ozark has a humid subtropical climate (abbreviated Cfa).

2010 census
At the 2010 census, there were 14,907 people, 6,209 households, and 4,064 families living in the city. The population density was 440 PD/sqmi. There were 6,920 housing units at an average density of 201.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 64.8% White, 30.2% Black or African American, 0.7% Native American, 0.9% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 0.8% from other races, and 2.6% from two or more races. 3.2% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

Of the 6,209 households 26.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.3% were married couples living together, 17.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.5% were non-families. 30.5% of households were one person and 12.0% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.91.

The age distribution was 23.1% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 23.1% from 25 to 44, 28.2% from 45 to 64, and 17.2% 65 or older. The median age was 41.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.6 males.

The median household income was $41,079 and the median family income was $52,061. Males had a median income of $41,513 versus $28,227 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,103. About 13.6% of families and 18.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.2% of those under age 18 and 14.4% of those age 65 or over.

2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 14,368 people, 5,946 households, and 3,651 families residing in the city.

Education
Ozark is served by the Ozark City Schools. Schools located in the city are Carroll High School (grades 9 through 12), Carroll Career Center (grades 9 through 12), D.A. Smith Middle School (grades 6 through 8), Harry N. Mixon Intermediate School (grades 3 through 5), and Joseph W. Lisenby Primary School (grades k through 2.)

Dale County School District is headquartered in Ozark, but does not include Ozark.

There is one private school in Ozark, Harvest Christian School for K-12.

Post-secondary education is available at Enterprise State Community College's Alabama Aviation Center at Ozark. Programs are offered in aviation maintenance technology.

Radio stations

 * WDBT 103.9 FM (News/Talk)
 * WOAB 104.9 FM (Adult standards)
 * WOZK 900 AM (MOR)

Newspaper

 * The Southern Star- weekly

Notable people

 * Steve Clouse, state representative
 * Larry Donnell, tight end for the New York Giants
 * Wilbur Jackson, National Football League running back, (1974–1982), SF49ers, Washington Redskins
 * Meg McGuffin, Miss Alabama 2015
 * Steve McLendon, nose tackle/defensive end, Pittsburgh Steelers
 * Byron Mitchell, former super middleweight boxing champion
 * Marc Ronan, Major League Baseball catcher
 * Naseeb Saliba, co-founder of Tutor-Saliba Corporation
 * Josh Savage, professional football player

title: Ozark, Alabama


text:
Pinckard, Alabama

Pinckard is a town in Dale County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census, the population was 582. Pinckard incorporated in 1893 and is part of the Ozark Micropolitan Statistical Area.

Geography
Pinckard is located in southeastern Dale County at 31.31278°N, -85.54583°W (31.312803, -85.545713). It is bordered to the east by the town of Midland City and to the northwest by the town of Newton. The northeast border of Pinckard follows the northeast side of U.S. Route 231, a four-lane highway which leads northwest to Ozark, the county seat, and southeast to Dothan.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the town of Pinckard has a total area of 13.8 km2, of which 0.02 km2, or 0.16%, is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 667 people, 270 households, and 197 families residing in the town. The population density was 125.0 PD/sqmi. There were 287 housing units at an average density of 53.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 78.56% White, 17.84% Black or African American, 0.75% Native American, 0.15% Asian, and 2.70% from two or more races. 3.15% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 270 households, out of which 26.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.7% were married couples living together, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.7% were non-families. 24.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 2.96.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 22.2% under the age of 18, 8.2% from 18 to 24, 25.0% from 25 to 44, 28.3% from 45 to 64, and 16.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.5 males. For every 100 women age 18 and over, there were 92.9 men.

The median income for a household in the town was $36,875, and the median income for a family was $41,176. Males had a median income of $27,083 versus $18,036 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,214. About 5.9% of families and 7.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.1% of those under age 18 and 14.5% of those age 65 or over.

title: Pinckard, Alabama