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Berlin, New Hampshire

Berlin is a city along the Androscoggin River in Coös County in northern New Hampshire, United States. It is the northernmost city in New Hampshire and the only city in Coös County. The population was 9,425 at the 2020 census, down from 10,051 at the 2010 census.

It includes the village of Cascade in the south part of the city. Located in New Hampshire's Great North Woods Region or "North Country", Berlin sits at the edge of the White Mountains, and the city's boundaries extend into the White Mountain National Forest. Berlin is home to the Berlin and Coos County Historical Society's Moffett House Museum & Genealogy Center, Service Credit Union Heritage Park, the Berlin Fish Hatchery, and the White Mountains Community College, member of the Community College System of New Hampshire.

Berlin is the principal city of the Berlin Micropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Coös County, New Hampshire and Essex County, Vermont. Because Quebec is less than 60 mi away, Berlin has many people of French Canadian descent in its population. Around 65% of its residents speak a variant of New England French, which is known locally as "Berlin French".

The pronunciation of Berlin was changed to BUR-lin, instead of Ber-LIN (as in Berlin, Germany), during World War I as a patriotic stand against Germany.

History

Around 11,000 years ago, small groups of Native Americans camped around the area of what is now called Berlin. In later years, the Eastern Abenaki tribes came to Berlin to mine rhyolite in Mt. Jasper.

When English colonists came to America, Berlin was first granted on December 31, 1771, by Colonial Governor John Wentworth, as "Maynesborough" after Sir William Mayne. But the grantees did not take up their claims, which disappeared with the Revolution. In 1802, Seth Eames and Gideon Tirrell were sent by the descendants of Mayne to explore and mark lots for settlers, and still no one came. Maynesborough was settled in 1823–1824 by William Sessions and his nephew, Cyrus Wheeler. Both men were from Gilead, Maine. Farming was the first industry. With 65 inhabitants in 1829, the New England town was reincorporated on July 1 as Berlin with the help of Cyrus' father, Thomas Wheeler.

Situated in a heavily forested region, the community developed early into a center for logging and wood industries. Falls on the Androscoggin River provided water power for sawmills. In 1826, a road was built to Gorham by Thomas, Amos, and Daniel Green. In 1851, the St. Lawrence & Atlantic Railroad entered Berlin, connecting it to other markets. Acquiring water, timber, and rail rights in the early 1850s, the H. Winslow & Company built a large sawmill at the head of "Berlin Falls". In 1868, William Wentworth Brown and Lewis T. Brown bought a controlling interest in the business and changed its name to the Berlin Mills Company.

By 1885, the mill town was home to several pulp and paper mills, including the Riverside Mill, Forest Fibre Company and White Mountain Pulp & Paper Company. Because of the need for labor in the mills, immigrants arrived from Russia, Norway, Finland, Italy, Sweden, Ireland, and Germany. Many others were French Canadians from nearby Quebec.

In 1872, a group of Scandinavians founded the nation's oldest ski club, which still exists today. It was originally called the North American Ski Club (in Norwegian, Nordamerikansk Skiklubben), but later was renamed the Nansen Ski Club. This was in honor of Fridtjof Nansen, who in 1888 skied across Greenland. In 1897, Berlin was incorporated as a city, the northernmost in the state.

As of 1874, the Boston and Maine Railway passed through the eastern portion of the town and operated on this line until the 1980s. The old railroad bed has since been converted for usage as an ATV trail.

Berlin's main industry in the early 20th century was the pulp and paper industries, which have been in a long decline since that time. As jobs left the area, the population has decreased and is about half its peak of more than 20,000 in the 1930 census. In 1917, the Berlin Mills Company was renamed the Brown Company, because of World War I and anti-German feeling against the enemy of the time. A short time after the Great Depression, the Brown Company went into receivership. Surviving with governmental help, it was bought and sold several times after World War II.

In 2001, American Tissue filed for bankruptcy, before which it had stopped paying city taxes. Its facilities were purchased in 2002 by Fraser Papers of Canada. But in March 2006, Fraser Papers announced the closing of Berlin's pulp mill. On May 6, 2006, 250 employees were displaced, some moving to Cascade's paper finishing mill, but most were left unemployed.

On October 3, 2006, the North American Dismantling Corporation of Michigan announced that it had bought the 121 acre defunct pulp mill site of Fraser Paper, and would spend a year demolishing the property to allow redevelopment. Laidlaw Energy LLC has since purchased a portion of the former Fraser property, including a large recovery boiler which it intends to convert into a 66-megawatt biomass plant in 2010–2011.

In the 1990s, the local historian and author Paul "Poof" Tardiff began writing articles in The Berlin Daily Sun. He later collected these in a three-volume series titled Once Upon a Berlin Time, which documents local history. He continued to write articles for the newspaper every Tuesday and Thursday until his death in 2018.

Recent economic development has been based on the correctional industry. The 750-bed Northern New Hampshire Correctional Facility was built in 1999 and employs approximately 200 people. In 2012, the Federal Bureau of Prisons opened a federal, 1200-bed medium security facility, which employs approximately 350 people.

Geography
Berlin is located at 44.46861°N, -71.18389°W (44.4686, −71.1839), in northern New Hampshire, north of the White Mountains, in the state's North Country region. The city is bordered to the south by Randolph and Gorham, north by Milan, east by Success and west by Kilkenny. New Hampshire Route 16 passes through the center of the city, leading north to Errol and eventually to Rangeley, Maine, and leading south through Gorham and Pinkham Notch to North Conway and the Seacoast Region of New Hampshire. New Hampshire Route 110 leads northwest out of Berlin through West Milan to Groveton. NH 110 is known locally as the Berlin-Groveton Highway.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 161.1 sqkm, of which 158.9 sqkm are land and 2.2 sqkm are water, comprising 1.37% of the city. Berlin is situated at the confluence of the Androscoggin and Dead rivers. The Mahoosuc Range is to the southeast. Jericho Mountain State Park, created from a city park and from private land in 2005, is west of the city center and features a reservoir created in the 1970s and a network of ATV trails. The city's highest point is Mount Weeks, at 3901 ft above sea level. A prominent feature in the landscape of Berlin is 2031 ft Mount Forist, rising over the west side of the city. Approximately half of Berlin lies within the Connecticut River watershed, and half lies in the Androscoggin River watershed.

Rivers

 * Androscoggin River
 * Dead River
 * Upper Ammonoosuc River

Adjacent municipalities

 * Milan (north)
 * Success (east)
 * Gorham (southeast)
 * Randolph (south)
 * Kilkenny (west)

Climate
Like all of northern New England, except the highest mountains, Berlin has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) characterized by cold, snowy winters and warm summers. Warm southerly or easterly airflows from an anticyclone in the Atlantic occasionally moderate the winters: on December 7, 2001 Berlin reached as warm as 68 F. Blocks to the west, however, may drive very cold air from eastern Canada and the shallow, frozen Hudson Bay, providing extremely cold winters as occurred in 1917/1918, 1922/1923 and 1933/1934; the coldest temperature recorded in Berlin is −44 F on December 30 and 31, 1917. It can be expected that each year on average 68 afternoons will not top freezing, that 34.4 mornings will fall to or below 0 F, and that 180.5 mornings will fall to or below freezing point. The average window for days not topping freezing is November 14 to March 29, and for subzero lows from December 11 to March 12. Snowfall is typically heavy at 79.7 in, with the historical range being from 127 in between July 1995 and June 1996 to 34.2 in between July 1979 and June 1980.

Summer weather is generally moderate, though rain depressions moving from the tropics or strong frontal storms often produce heavy rainfall: the record daily rainfall is 6.50 in on September 17, 1999, beating the previous record of 5.15 in on the same day in 1932. The wettest month has however been September 1954 with 12.21 in and the driest January 1981 with 0.14 in actually consisting of 3.1 in of snow. Calendar year precipitation has ranged from a low of 29.47 in in 2001 to 58.00 in in 1954. Occasionally an offshore flow from the interior United States will produce very hot weather during the summer: the record high is 98 F on four occasions: three consecutive days from June 3 to 5 in 1919 and on July 5, 1983.

Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 10,051 people, 4,178 households, and 2,515 families residing in the town. There were 4,910 housing units, of which 732, or 14.9%, were vacant. The racial makeup of the town was 96.5% white, 0.8% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 0.0% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, 0.2% some other race, and 1.8% from two or more races. 1.5% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

Of the 4,178 households, 25.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.2% were headed by married couples living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.8% were non-families. 33.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.2% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.18, and the average family size was 2.71. 955 city residents lived in group quarters rather than households.

In the city, 18.4% of the population were under the age of 18, 7.8% were from 18 to 24, 24.3% from 25 to 44, 29.4% from 45 to 64, and 20.0% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44.7 years. For every 100 females, there were 111.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 110.6 males.

For the period 2011–2015, the estimated median annual income for a household was $35,523, and the median income for a family was $49,103. The per capita income for the town was $21,348. 20.3% of the population and 18.1% of families were below the poverty line. 34.3% of the population under the age of 18 and 11.0% of those 65 or older were living in poverty.

The population of Berlin rose rapidly from 1880 through 1930. The population went from 1,144 in 1880 to 20,018 in 1930. A slow decline began after 1930, interrupted only by a temporary increase around 1960. From 1960–present, the population of Berlin has decreased, from 17,821 in 1960 to 9,425 in 2020.

In the 1930s, Berlin was at its peak for population and economic growth. The population in 1930 was over 20,000 people, the most the city has ever had. Main Street in downtown had many family-owned businesses which would attract many people in the city. The Nansen Ski Jump just north of the city limits in Milan was a highlight for Berlin. Built in 1936, it was the largest ski jump in the eastern United States for almost 50 years, until it closed in 1988. It was fully restored in the beginning of 2017.

Government
In the New Hampshire Senate, Berlin is included in the 1st District and is currently represented by Republican Erin Hennessey. In the New Hampshire House of Representatives, Berlin is included in the Coös 3rd District and is currently represented by Democrats Eamon Kelley, Larry Laflamme and Republican Robert Theberge. On the New Hampshire Executive Council, Berlin is in the 1st District and is represented by Republican Joseph Kenney. In the United States House of Representatives, Berlin is in New Hampshire's 2nd congressional district and is currently represented by Democrat Ann McLane Kuster.

Public schools
Public education is managed by Berlin Public Schools (Superintendent: Julie King, as of 2019–2020 school year):
 * Berlin Middle High School (Grades 6 through 12)
 * Berlin Elementary School (formerly the Middle and Hillside Elementary Schools) (Grades K through 5)

Higher education

 * White Mountains Community College (member of the Community College System of New Hampshire)

Law enforcement
Law enforcement is provided by the Berlin Police Department. The Berlin police station is currently located at 135 Green Street on the corner of Green and Gilbert Streets, and First Avenue. The present structure was completed in 1927, first serving as an armory for the New Hampshire Army National Guard. The building later became the police station when the current armory was erected, replacing the out-of-date, smaller Cole Street station.

The Berlin Police Department has 21 full-time officers, 17 part-time auxiliary/special enforcement officers, and ten civilian personnel. There is a communications specialist working dispatch at all times of the day.

Fire department
The Berlin Fire Department is currently located at 263 Main Street. Historically, the fire department had three fire stations, the Eastside station (below the former King School), the Berlin Mills station (on Upper Main Street, near Brown School), and the Central station (present building).

ATV/OHRV riding
The city of Berlin allows any ATV/OHRV to ride on city streets, as long as the operator is 18 years or older and can provide a driver's license.

Berlin is home to the Jericho Mountain ATV Festival that is held every year in the first weekend of August. The event draws thousands of people to ride through some of New Hampshire's trails that are offered to ATV riders.

Coos County offers a great amount of trails for ATV riders, connecting Berlin to the towns of Gorham, Milan, Errol, Groveton, Stratford, Colebrook, and Pittsburg. The Success trails lead riders from Berlin north to Milan and Errol. The Millsfield trails then go northwest from Errol, connecting with the North Country Trail from Groveton. From there, the Great North Woods Trails head north to the town of Pittsburg, the northernmost town in New Hampshire.

Trails throughout the city and Jericho Mountain State Park are closed from the end of snowboard season until May 23 of every year (mud season).

Transportation
The major roads serving Berlin are New Hampshire Routes 16 and 110. NH 16 connects Berlin with Gorham and eventually North Conway to the south and Milan and Errol to the north. NH 110 begins in downtown Berlin and travels northwest through West Milan and Stark, ending in Groveton.

Berlin serves as the northern terminus of the Berlin–Conway–New Hampton route of Concord Coach Lines.

Two airports are located nearby to Berlin, Berlin Regional Airport and Gorham Airport.

Radio stations

 * WKDR 1490 AM: Classic Hits and Classic Rock
 * WMOU 1230 AM: Hot Adult Contemporary (simulcast on 106.1 F.M..)
 * WVMJ 98.1 FM: Top 40 (simulcast on 104.5 FM)

Other stations that can be heard in the area can be found here:

Documentaries

 * At the River's Edge, an award-winning oral history of Berlin

Newspaper

 * The Berlin Daily Sun
 * The Berlin Reporter

Notable people

 * Gaston Allaire (1916–2011), music educator and composer in Canada
 * William Robinson Brown (1875–1955), corporate officer of the Brown Company and a noted horse breeder
 * Robert N. Chamberlain (1856–1917), Speaker of the New Hampshire House of Representatives, second Chief Justice of the New Hampshire Superior Court
 * James Gilbert Chandler (1856–1924), architect
 * Jacalyn "Jackie" Cilley (born 1951), member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives, former state senator
 * Lew Cody (1884–1934), actor during the 1920s and '30s
 * William E. Corbin (1869–1951), inventor of the Nibroc paper towel
 * Michael Durant (born 1961), U.S. Army Night Stalkers pilot, shot down and held prisoner after the Battle of Mogadishu
 * Dennis "Red" Gendron (1957–2021), head coach of the University of Maine Black Bear men's ice hockey team, former New Jersey Devils and Yale Bulldogs coach
 * Odore Joseph Gendron (1921–2020), former curate of Guardian Angel Roman Catholic Church who became Bishop of Manchester
 * Bruce Halle (1930–2018), founder of Discount Tire
 * Selden "Sel" Hannah (1913–1991), ski area designer
 * Norman Hansen (1924–2014), engineer, politician
 * George Hawkins, victim of a bad skin graft that led to the celebrated "Hairy Hand" case of Hawkins v. McGee
 * Ted Hodgdon (1902–1984), motorcycle journalist
 * James H. Horne (1874–1959), athletic director and coach at Indiana University
 * Archibald I. Lawrence (1869–1950), architect
 * Albert E. Martel (?–1965), former government official
 * John Ramsey (1927–1990), public address announcer
 * Elizabeth Raum (born 1945), Canadian oboist, composer
 * Lowell Reed (1886–1966), co-creator of the Reed–Frost model; seventh president of Johns Hopkins University
 * Joseph Royer (1884–1965), operatic baritone
 * Earl Silas Tupper (1907–1983), inventor of Tupperware
 * Bob Whitcher (1917–1997), pitcher with the Boston Braves during the 1945 season

In popular culture

 * Many scenes in the 1927 silent film The Masked Menace were shot in Berlin.
 * The main character in Thomas Williams' book The Hair of Harold Roux was born in Berlin.
 * Sean Bateman, the main character in Bret Easton Ellis' Rules of Attraction, vacationed in Berlin.
 * In the novel Last Night in Twisted River by John Irving, most of the characters are supposed to be employed by paper mills based in Berlin.
 * In Stephen King's novel The Shining, the character Jack Torrance grew up in Berlin and often describes his childhood there.
 * In Julian May's Galactic Milieu Series, the narrator Uncle Rogi grows up in Berlin. Many of the pivotal events in the series are set near Berlin, on Mount Washington.
 * In Lionel Shriver's novel So Much for That, the protagonist grew up in Berlin, and is obliged to return to his family home to help take care of his father.
 * The 2019 Endeavour podcast, Blackout, produced by Rami Malek, is based in Berlin.

Sports
The city's Notre Dame Arena had a team in the low-level professional Federal Hockey League called the Berlin River Drivers from 2015 to 2017. In 2018, the Quebec-based Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey minor professional league added the Berlin BlackJacks, but the team was relocated to Saint-Jérôme, Quebec, by December 2018.

Inventions

The following items were created in Berlin:

 * Bermico, a type of pipe that were produced by the Brown Company in the 1920s–1970s
 * Cellulose floc, developed by the Brown Company
 * Farrand Rapid Rule, created by Hiram A. Farrand Inc. but later sold to Stanley Works
 * Iron rigging, an object for skis made by Olaf Oleson and later sold to the Northland Ski Company of Minnesota
 * Kream Krisp, a substance like Crisco created by the Brown Company, which led to lawsuit known as "Procter and Gamble vs. the Brown Company"
 * Nibroc Paper Towels, developed by William E. Corbin and mass-produced by the Brown Company

Historic sites

Berlin is home to the following sites listed on the National Register of Historic Places:

 * Congregational Church, added in 1980
 * George E. Burgess School, added in 2015
 * Holy Resurrection Orthodox Church, added in 1979
 * Mt. Jasper Lithic Source, added in 1992
 * St. Anne Church, added in 1979

Sites of interest

 * Nansen Ski Jump
 * The Berlin & Coös County Historical Society (BCCHS)
 * Moffett House Museum and Genealogical Center
 * Notre Dame Arena
 * Service Credit Union Heritage Park
 * Jericho Mountain State Park

title: Berlin, New Hampshire


text:
Carroll, New Hampshire

Carroll is a town in Coös County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 820 at the 2020 census. The two largest villages are Twin Mountain and Bretton Woods. Carroll is an important access point for recreational areas in the White Mountains, including many 4,000-footers, the Zealand River area, the Presidential Range, and the Presidential Dry River Wilderness. The town is home to the Mount Washington Hotel at Bretton Woods and to the Highland Center at Crawford Notch, the Appalachian Mountain Club's four-season lodge.

Carroll is part of the Berlin, NH-VT Micropolitan Statistical Area.

History
Land was granted by Governor John Wentworth on February 8, 1772, to Sir Thomas Wentworth, Samuel Langdon, and 81 others. Sir Thomas Wentworth resided in West Bretton, England, on his estate called Bretton Hall, after which the township was named "Bretton Woods". On the 1816 Carrigain map of New Hampshire, it appears as "Breton Woods". On June 22, 1832, the town was incorporated by the General Court as Carroll, in honor of Charles Carroll, a signer of the Declaration of Independence.

Although the surface is uneven and bounded by mountains, farmers found the soil "strong and deep". It has many small streams, tributaries of the Ammonoosuc River, which in the 19th-century were noted for abundant trout. By 1859, Carroll had a starch factory, and two lumber mills that produced boards, shingles, clapboards and laths. By 1874, the Wing Railroad, a branch of the Boston, Concord and Montreal Railroad, extended into the town.

It was, however, tourism that brought fame and prosperity to the area. Hannah and Abel Crawford turned their log cabin into an inn, then built the Notch House in 1828. In 1874, the Boston, Concord & Montreal Railroad reached Fabyan Station, an important junction joined the next year by the Portland & Ogdensburg Railroad. Here stood the Fabyan House, a grand hotel built by Sylvester Marsh and his colleagues, who also built the nearby Mount Washington Cog Railway. The hotel burned in 1951. The Mount Pleasant House was built in 1875, although demolished in 1939. But the grandest of all was the Mount Washington Hotel, built in 1902 and still operating. Here was held the 1944 International Monetary Conference, which resulted in the creation of the IMF and World Bank.

Zealand
Zealand was a logging community within Carroll, established by James Everell Henry (1831–1912) c. 1880. By 1884, Henry had started the Zealand Valley Railroad, which would extend about 11 mi into the forest. Zealand was a company town with various buildings including a boarding house, store, engine house, and a post office that operated from 1883 to 1897. After much lumber had been removed through clearcutting, Henry moved his operations to Lincoln in 1892. George Van Dyke then leased land and the Zealand mill from Henry, and constructed the Little River Railroad in 1893. Following a major fire in May 1897, and the removal of most remaining lumber, the railroad and ultimately Zealand were abandoned c. 1900. A few remnants of the Zealand community can still be found.

Geography
There are several villages in the town.

 * Twin Mountain, which has a small airstrip, is primarily a summer and winter resort located at the intersection of U.S. Route 3 from Franconia and U.S. Route 302 from Bethlehem.
 * Bretton Woods is a year-round recreational and resort area on Route 302, southeast toward Hart's Location.
 * Adjacent to Bretton Woods at the junction of the Mount Washington Cog Railway Base Station Road with Route 302 is the former train station of Fabyan.
 * Two miles north of Twin Mountain along Route 3 is the small village of Carroll proper.

New Hampshire Route 115 leads from Carroll to Jefferson, with scenic views of Whitefield, Lancaster and the northern White Mountains.

A substantial portion of the town is part of the White Mountain National Forest, including Cherry Mountain ("Mount Martha", at 3554 ft above sea level), which is traversed by the Cohos Trail; and part of the Dartmouth Range, which contains Mount Deception, the 3670 ft summit of which is the highest point in town. The southeastern corner of town boasts the Mount Washington Hotel and the height of land in Crawford Notch. The Ammonoosuc River rises at the confluence of several brooks and flows westward generally along Route 302 through town. The Saco River begins at Saco Lake in Crawford Notch and runs south-southeast to the Maine coast.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 130.3 km2, of which 0.06 km2 are water, comprising 0.05% of the town. Carroll lies almost fully within the Connecticut River watershed, leading south to Long Island Sound; the southernmost tip of the town surrounding Saco Lake, however, is part of the Saco River watershed, leading east to the Gulf of Maine.

Adjacent municipalities

 * Jefferson (north)
 * Low and Burbank's Grant (east)
 * Crawford's Purchase (southeast)
 * Bean's Grant (southeast)
 * Hart's Location (southeast)
 * Bethlehem (south)
 * Whitefield (northwest)

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 663 people, 279 households, and 189 families residing in the town. The population density was 13.2 PD/sqmi. There were 740 housing units at an average density of 14.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 98.79% White, 0.75% Asian, 0.15% from other races, and 0.30% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.60% of the population.

There were 279 households, out of which 24.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.3% were married couples living together, 7.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.9% were non-families. 25.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.76.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 21.0% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 26.7% from 25 to 44, 31.2% from 45 to 64, and 14.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107.9 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $39,286, and the median income for a family was $45,227. Males had a median income of $27,426 versus $20,781 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,734. About 3.1% of families and 6.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.8% of those under age 18 and 12.4% of those age 65 or over.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Carroll, New Hampshire


text:
Chandler's Purchase, New Hampshire

Chandler's Purchase is a township located in Coös County, New Hampshire, United States. The purchase lies entirely within the White Mountain National Forest. As of the 2020 census, the purchase had a population of zero. It is the smallest township by area in Coos County.

In New Hampshire, locations, grants, townships (which are different from towns), and purchases are unincorporated portions of a county which are not part of any town and have limited self-government (if any, as many are uninhabited).

History
Chandler's Purchase is named for Jeremiah Chandler of Conway, who purchased about 10000 acre from commissioner James Willey in 1835 for $300.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the purchase has a total area of 5.5 km2, all land, other than by streams such as the Ammonoosuc River, which flows through the purchase. The highest point is the summit of Mount Eisenhower, at 4780 ft above sea level.

Two roads cross the purchase. Base Station Road leads east to the Marshfield Base Station of the Mount Washington Cog Railway in neighboring Thompson and Meserve's Purchase and west to Bretton Woods. The hiker parking lot for the Jewell Trail and the Ammonoosuc Ravine Trail, both of which afford access to the summit of Mount Washington, is along the road in Chandler's Purchase. The second road in the purchase, Jefferson Notch Road, is a dirt road which leads north from Base Station Road over Jefferson Notch to the Israel River valley in the town of Jefferson.

Adjacent municipalities

 * Low and Burbank's Grant (north)
 * Thompson and Meserve's Purchase (northeast)
 * Sargent's Purchase (east)
 * Cutt's Grant (southeast)
 * Bean's Grant (west)
 * Crawford's Purchase (northwest)

Demographics
As of the 2020 census, there were no people living in the purchase.

title: Chandler's Purchase, New Hampshire


text:
Arden Hills, Minnesota

Arden Hills is a city in Ramsey County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 9,939 at the 2020 census. Bethel University and its seminary is located in the city. Also, the campus of University of Northwestern – St. Paul straddles the Arden Hills – Roseville border. The city contains the headquarters of Land O'Lakes and Catholic United Financial, a fraternal benefit society. Boston Scientific also has a large campus within Arden Hills as well.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 9.65 sqmi, of which 8.59 sqmi is land and 1.06 sqmi is water.

Interstate Highway 35W, Interstate Highway 694, U.S. Highway 10, Minnesota Highway 51/Snelling Avenue, and County Highway 96 are some of the main routes in the city.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 9,552 people, 2,957 households, and 2,019 families residing in the city. The population density was 1112.0 PD/sqmi. There were 3,053 housing units at an average density of 355.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 90.3% White, 1.7% African American, 0.2% Native American, 4.9% Asian, 1.0% from other races, and 1.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.8% of the population.

There were 2,957 households, of which 26.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.6% were married couples living together, 7.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 31.7% were non-families. 26.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 2.95.

The median age in the city was 34.8 years. 16.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 26.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 16.1% were from 25 to 44; 26.2% were from 45 to 64; and 15.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.9% male and 53.1% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 9,652 people, 2,959 households, and 2,228 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,087.3 PD/sqmi. There were 3,017 housing units at an average density of 339.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 92.81% White, 1.32% African American, 0.20% Native American, 3.64% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.54% from other races, and 1.46% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.36% of the population.

There were 2,959 households, out of which 33.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.6% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.7% were non-families. 19.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 2.98.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 20.0% under the age of 18, 20.3% from 18 to 24, 20.6% from 25 to 44, 25.2% from 45 to 64, and 13.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $64,773, and the median income for a family was $72,236. Males had a median income of $52,464 versus $38,906 for females. The per capita income for the city was $29,609. About 1.8% of families and 3.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.4% of those under age 18 and 0.8% of those age 65 or over.

Education
The following institutions are located in Arden Hills: Mounds View High School is a public Grade 9–12 school; it is one of two high schools in Independent School District 621; the other is Irondale High School.
 * Bethel University
 * University of Northwestern – St. Paul (The northern portion of the campus is located in Arden Hills, while the southern portion is in Roseville.)

Valentine Hills is the only elementary school in the city of Arden Hills; it is one of six elementary schools in Independent School District 621.

Government
Arden Hills uses a city council consisting of four councilmembers and a mayor. As of May 2023, the current mayor of Arden Hills is David Grant, who was re-elected with 51.71% of the vote on the November 8, 2022 election. Grant has served as mayor since 2011 and his current term will end in December 2026. The four councilmembers are as follows: Emily Rousseau (term expires Dec. 2026), Tena Monson (term expires Dec. 2026), Brenda Holden (term expires Dec. 2024), Thomas Fabel (term expires Dec. 2024).

Economy
The headquarters of Land O'Lakes is in the city.

Top employers
According to the City's 2022 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the largest employers in the city are:

Land Use
Any new development is expected to conform to the provisions of the very detailed (and sometimes contradictory) provisions of the Zoning Code, the primary stated purpose of which is to ensure fair application of City development regulations and to promote the public health, safety, and welfare.

Proposed deviations from the Zoning Code require the approval of a "variance" by the City Council, which takes into consideration the recommendations of the Planning Commission, staff, and members of the public. Requests for variances are required to address the criteria in Minnesota State Statutes 462.357 Subd. 6. Variances are intended to be used to address unique lot situations when the literal application of the Code would restrict reasonable use of the land and create an undue hardship as defined in Minnesota State Statutes. The undue hardship cannot be created by the landowner or be based entirely on economic reasons. Variance applications are reviewed by the Planning Commission, which is responsible for determining what constitutes "undue hardship."

Members of the Planning Commission are appointed by the City Council. Commission members are to represent the interests of the community and evaluate development applications based on established City Codes and State Statutes. Planning Commission members must be City residents, and they are unpaid volunteers.

In July 2006 the city reached a tentative agreement with the U.S. Government to purchase a large portion of the former Twin Cities Army Ammunition Plant site for $45 million, a deal that could lead to a major new development that would include 2,400 new homes and 3200000 sqft of commercial space.

Environmental protection
The City has a Shoreland Ordinance, which is typical of communities in Minnesota with lakes. The text of the Ordinance states that uncontrolled use of shorelands of the City affects the public health, safety and general welfare by contributing to pollution of public waters. The purpose of the ordinance is to protect the public's health, safety, and welfare, and to provide for the wise development of shorelands of public waters. The Minnesota Legislature has delegated responsibility to the municipalities of the State to regulate the subdivision, use, and development of the shorelands of public waters, and thus preserve and enhance the quality of surface waters, preserve the economic and natural environmental values of shorelands, and provide for the wise utilization of waters and related land resources. The State has not, however, required that the delegated responsibility be exercised with respect to enforcement of the corresponding laws, ordinances, and regulations, nor does the State require that the municipality have an established administrative sanction (fine) process at its disposal for the punishment of violators.

The City is located within the Rice Creek Watershed District. In its effort to minimize storm water runoff, the District encourages minimization of impervious surfaces in developed areas.

Sports
The Twins Cities Titans of the NEFL are a semi-pro football team who play in Arden Hills.

New Minnesota Stadium
Ramsey County officials announced in May 2011 that they had reached an agreement with the Minnesota Vikings to be the team's local partner for a new stadium. The site of the stadium would be the former Twins Cities Army Ammunitions Plant in Arden Hills, which is about 10 miles from the Metrodome in Minneapolis. The agreement called for an $884 million stadium and an additional $173 million for on-site infrastructure, parking and environmental costs.

Ramsey county said the Vikings would commit $407 million to the project, which was about 44% of the stadium cost and 39% of the overall cost. The county's cost would have been $350 million, financed by a half-cent sales tax increase. The remaining amount of $300 million would be paid by Minnesota taxpayers.

Governor Mark Dayton said fixing the roads near the location would likely cost between $175 and 240 million.

This plan fell through, however, on March 1, 2012 when Governor Dayton announced the stadium would be built on the site of their former home, the Metrodome.

title: Arden Hills, Minnesota


text:
Clarksville, New Hampshire

Clarksville is a town in northern Coös County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 294 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Berlin, NH-VT Micropolitan Statistical Area.

History
The area was originally known as "Dartmouth College Grant" and was part of a tract granted to Dartmouth College; sections were sold off by the college to raise money. It was purchased by Benjamin Clark of Boston and Joseph Murdock of Norwich, Vermont. The first census taken was in 1830, at which time there were 88 residents. It was incorporated in 1853, and renamed Clarksville in 1872 for the Clark family.

In the late 19th century, major industries included starch and maple sugar. Logging companies have been the primary employers in town for many years.

Geography
Clarksville is bordered to the north and west by Pittsburg, and to the west by one mile of waterfront on the Connecticut River (across from the village of Beecher Falls, in the town of Canaan, Vermont). The 45th parallel north passes through the town.

New Hampshire Route 145 traverses the western end of the township, running south from Pittsburg village into Stewartstown. Prior to the construction of U.S. Route 3 along the Connecticut River, this was the only road north to Pittsburg.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 161.5 km2, of which 156.3 km2 are land and 5.2 km2 are water, comprising 3.24% of the town. The highest point in Clarksville is Crystal Mountain, at 3230 ft above sea level, near the town's southern border. Significant water bodies include portions of Lake Francis, Clarksville Pond, Carr Pond and Dead Water Stream. The western two-thirds of Clarksville lies within the Connecticut River watershed and the eastern third in the Androscoggin River watershed. Clarksville's town hall, elevation 1980 ft, is the highest town hall in the state. (The town hall of Washington is located at a lower elevation—1507 ft—but has other village development there, and is therefore the highest town center in the state.)

Adjacent municipalities

 * Pittsburg (north)
 * Atkinson and Gilmanton Academy Grant (east)
 * Dix's Grant (southeast)
 * Dixville (south)
 * Stewartstown (southwest)
 * Canaan, Vermont (west)

Demographics
At the 2000 census (and again, informally, in 2004), there were 294 people, 118 households and 88 families living in the town. The population density was 4.9 per square mile (1.9/km$2$). There were 307 housing units at an average density of 5.1 per square mile (2.0/km$2$). The racial makeup of the town was 95.92% White (i.e., all but 12), none African American, 1.02% Native American, none Asian, none Pacific Islander, none from other races, and 3.06% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 1.70% of the population.

There were 118 households, of which 30.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.9% were married couples living together, 2.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.4% were non-families. 19.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 2.80.

22.8% of the population were under the age of 18, 4.1% from 18 to 24, 23.5% from 25 to 44, 38.1% from 45 to 64, and 11.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 111.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.7 males.

The median household income was $40,179 and the median family income was $44,688. Males had a median income of $32,750 compared with $21,111 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,090. About 5.4% of families and 3.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under the age of eighteen and 8.7% of those sixty-five or over.

title: Clarksville, New Hampshire


text:
Falcon Heights, Minnesota

Falcon Heights is a suburb of Saint Paul and a city in Ramsey County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 5,321 at the 2010 census. It became a village in 1949 and a city in 1973.

Falcon Heights is the home of the University of Minnesota's St. Paul Campus; the Gabbert Raptor Center and Les Bolstad Golf Course, the Minnesota State Fairgrounds, and the Gibbs Museum of Pioneer and Dakotah Life. Its University Grove neighborhood is known for its modern architecture.

History
Heman Gibbs settled in the 1850s near the modern intersection of Cleveland and Larpenteur Avenues. His homestead is on the National Register of Historic Places and his home is a county museum.

On September 2, 1901, then-Vice President Theodore Roosevelt first publicly used the African proverb "Speak softly and carry a big stick" in a speech at the Minnesota State Fairgrounds, which was still a part of St. Paul at the time. Roosevelt became president just two weeks later, upon the assassination of William McKinley, and built the phrase into his concept of Big Stick Diplomacy.

Between the 1910s and 1930s, Curtiss Northwest Airport was located at the intersection of Snelling and Larpenteur Avenues. The airfield was important in Minnesota aviation history, hosting Charles Lindbergh, Speed Holman, and Phoebe Fairgrave. Part of the land is now a city park named Curtiss Field.

In the 1930s, a real estate agent named Faulkner developed land owned by a 3M executive and named this development—Falcon Heights—after himself. The first house arose in 1937.

In 1949 residents rejected annexation by Roseville or St. Paul, and voted to incorporate themselves. The expanded Falcon Heights included the University of Minnesota Golf Course and Test Fields as well as the Minnesota State Fairgrounds. Two-thirds of Falcon Heights is public land, chiefly the university and state fair (Minnesota State Fair).

Parks
Falcon Heights Community Park and Curtiss Field have recreational sports in the summer for kids and an ice rink and warming house in the winter. The community park also has a soccer field and a fitness course. Grove Park, in University Grove, also has a temporary warming house and ice rink in the winter.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.24 sqmi, of which 2.23 sqmi is land and 0.01 sqmi is water.

Minnesota Highway 51 / Snelling Avenue serves as a main route in the community.

Falcon Heights is bordered by Lauderdale to the west, St. Paul to the south and east and Roseville to the north and east.

2020 census
''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.''

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 5,321 people, 2,131 households, and 1,259 families living in the city. The population density was 2386.1 PD/sqmi. There were 2,254 housing units at an average density of 1010.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 73.3% White, 8.0% African American, 0.5% Native American, 15.0% Asian, 0.7% from other races, and 2.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.0% of the population.

There were 2,131 households, of which 26.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.7% were married couples living together, 7.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.9% were non-families. 30.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.91.

The median age in the city was 31.8 years. 19.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 16.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 29.7% were from 25 to 44; 21.8% were from 45 to 64; and 12.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.9% male and 53.1% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 5,572 people, 2,103 households, and 1,434 families living in the city. The population density was 2,487.9 PD/sqmi. There were 2,136 housing units at an average density of 953.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 77.66% White, 3.36% African American, 0.43% Native American, 14.95% Asian, 0.13% Pacific Islander, 1.33% from other races, and 2.15% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.09% of the population.

There were 2,103 households, out of which 32.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.9% were married couples living together, 7.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.8% were non-families. 25.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 2.91.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.5% under the age of 18, 17.0% from 18 to 24, 32.1% from 25 to 44, 17.3% from 45 to 64, and 12.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $51,382, and the median income for a family was $59,415. Males had a median income of $43,693 versus $34,757 for females. The per capita income for the city was $25,370. About 8.8% of families and 9.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.4% of those under age 18 and 5.2% of those age 65 or over.

Education
Falcon Heights is served by the Roseville Area School District. Falcon Heights Elementary is the only school within the city boundary. The elementary school features a park with two playgrounds, one of them built in 2006.

In popular culture
The 2001 film Sugar & Spice was partly filmed in Falcon Heights.

A small part of the 1996 film Jingle All the Way starring Arnold Schwarzenegger was filmed at Falcon Heights Elementary.

title: Falcon Heights, Minnesota


text:
Mounds View, Minnesota

Mounds View is a city in Ramsey County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 13,249 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area.

U.S. Highway 10, County Road 10, and Interstate Highway 35W are three of the main routes in the city.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.12 sqmi, of which 4.03 sqmi is land and 0.09 sqmi is water.

Rice Creek flows through the southeast part of Mounds View.

Nearby places include Shoreview, Arden Hills, New Brighton, Fridley, Spring Lake Park, and Blaine. The boundary line between Ramsey and Anoka counties is nearby.

History
The city of Mounds View is located in the former Mounds View Township, which was organized in 1858. In 1958, 100 years after Minnesota became a state, the village of Mounds View was incorporated. Post-World War II growth was partially fueled by the proximity of the Twin Cities Arsenal.

The city is primarily residential, with several business parks and businesses located in Mounds View. The bulk of businesses are located along the County Road 10 corridor, with most residential areas flanking it to the north and south. Some of the businesses include Sysco Distributing and Mermaid Entertainment & Event. Former notable businesses include Muldoon's Off 10 and Totino's.

A petroleum pipeline exploded in Mounds View on July 8, 1986. Two-hundred people had to evacuate their homes and two people, a mother and her young daughter, were killed. The Minnesota Office of Pipeline Safety was created in 1987 in response to the tragedy.

In 1987, Mounds View became a Tree City USA-recognized Tree City. As of 2024, it is still a Tree City USA-recognized Tree City.

In 2005, the Mounds View City Council voted to sell the city-owned golf course, "The Bridges of Mounds View," to Medtronic, to become its new campus. The new campus is located in the north east corner of the city and opened Fall of 2007.

In June 2016, the Mounds View city council voted to change the name of County Road 10 to Mounds View Blvd for the city’s portion of the road.

Prior to the passage of the Fair Housing Act of 1968, racial covenants were used to exclude African Americans and other people of color from Mounds View. The unenforceable covenants remain in the deeds for over 500 houses. In June 2024, Mayor Zach Lindstrom announced a draft ordinance that would require property owners to discharge these covenants before sale.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 12,155 people, 4,954 households, and 3,236 families residing in the city. The population density was 3016.1 PD/sqmi. There were 5,221 housing units at an average density of 1295.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 81.3% White, 5.5% African American, 0.8% Native American, 7.0% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 2.3% from other races, and 3.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.0% of the population.

There were 4,954 households, of which 31.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.5% were married couples living together, 12.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.7% were non-families. 27.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 2.98.

The median age in the city was 37.8 years. 23.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.9% were from 25 to 44; 27.6% were from 45 to 64; and 12.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50.1% male and 49.9% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 12,738 people, 5,018 households, and 3,387 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,096.6 PD/sqmi. There were 5,130 housing units at an average density of 1,247.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 90.65% White, 2.40% African American, 0.66% Native American, 3.12% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 1.02% from other races, and 2.09% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.62% of the population.

There were 5,018 households, out of which 33.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.8% were married couples living together, 12.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.5% were non-families. 23.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.02.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 25.8% under the age of 18, 10.5% from 18 to 24, 32.4% from 25 to 44, 22.4% from 45 to 64, and 8.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.5 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $51,974, and the median income for a family was $60,685. Males had a median income of $37,418 versus $29,196 for females. The per capita income for the city was $24,271. About 4.4% of families and 5.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.4% of those under age 18 and 5.2% of those age 65 or over.

Schools
Calvin Academy, a private school for children with behavioral disabilities, relocated to the area in 1999. The school was no longer in operation by the end of 2005. Since the 2014-2015 school year, the Mounds View Public Schools Area Learning Center has operated from the former location of Calvin Academy.

Other schools in Mounds View include public schools Edgewood Middle School and Pinewood Elementary School, both operated by Mounds View Public Schools.

Notable people

 * Amanda Lee, naval aviator in the United States Navy
 * Meghan Lorence, forward for the Minnesota Whitecaps
 * Oliver Moore, hockey player.

title: Mounds View, Minnesota


text:
Colebrook, New Hampshire

Colebrook is a town in Coös County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 2,084 at the time of the 2020 census, down from 2,301 at the 2010 census. Situated in the Great North Woods Region, it is bounded on the west by the Connecticut River and home to Beaver Brook Falls Natural Area.

The main village of the town, where 1,201 people resided at the 2020 census, is defined as the Colebrook census-designated place (CDP), and is located at the junction of U.S. Route 3 with New Hampshire Route 26. The town also includes the villages of Kidderville, Upper Kidderville, and Factory Village.

Colebrook is part of the Berlin, New Hampshire micropolitan area.

History
First granted in 1762 by New Hampshire's colonial Governor Benning Wentworth, the territory was named "Dryden", after English poet and playwright John Dryden. Due to the inability of its original grantees to settle the remote area, however, it was regranted in 1770 by Colonial Governor John Wentworth, who renamed it "Colebrook Town" after Sir George Colebrooke, the East India Company's chairman of the board. It was settled that same year by a single family by the name of Rosebrook, but the family was driven out by the Revolutionary War, and further settlement did not occur until after the war's end. The 1790 census recorded a population of 29, and the town was incorporated as Colebrook on June 11, 1796. For many years, it was the shire town of the Northern Judicial District of Coos County. Today, it has a district branch of the Lancaster Superior Court.

A conflicting account holds that the town "was originally called Coleburne and was granted to Sir George Colebrook and others. It was incorporated June 11, 1795."

The first road through the town was known as River Road, taking a route that is roughly followed today by U.S. Route 3, the Daniel Webster Highway. The first surveyed lots in the town comprised about 100 acre each, running from River Road to the Connecticut River. Settlement then proceeded up two new roads, Titus Hill Road and what is now Pleasant Street. Titus Hill leads southeast out of the town center up to high ground in the neighboring town of Columbia that supports farming, while Pleasant Street, now a short road in Colebrook village, led east up the valley of the Mohawk River (now the route of New Hampshire Route 26) to the area of East Colebrook, the present-day village of Kidderville, and what was known as "Factory Village", which grew about 2 mi east of the present village of Colebrook around a woolen mill constructed in 1816.

In 1803, seven years after the incorporation of the town, historian Timothy Dwight wrote, "Everything in this township exhibits the activity and enterprise of its inhabitants; their roads, plantations, barns and schoolhouses are well built. Their dwelling houses are principally of logs; but they are beginning to form better, and will soon be lodged very comfortable. Mills they have already." The first sawmill and gristmill in the town were constructed around 1800 by Andrew McAllaster and his son, William, on the west side of the Beaver Brook bridge on what is now Main Street (Route 3) at the north end of the present village. The first brick maker was the Loomis kiln, located north of the current village approximately where the IGA grocery store now stands. A larger brickmaker, Pratt & Smith, constructed a large kiln about 1826 in the Factory Village area. In 1822 a new brick woolen mill was constructed in Factory Village along the Mohawk River and produced at its peak 6000 to 7000 lb of finished wool per year. It was capable of producing 50 yd of cloth per day, including flannel and blankets.

What is now Colebrook village, located on the eastern edge of the Connecticut River bottomlands where the Mohawk River enters, began to grow in the decade following 1811, when the Walker House was constructed at the corner of present-day Main and Pleasant streets. Commercial buildings began to appear in 1816 on the block of Main Street between Pleasant Street and Parsons Street.

The area was noted for excellent farming soil. After the Coos Trail through Dixville Notch was created in 1803, farmers loaded sleds each winter with potash, pearlash, wheat and other produce, including potato whiskey, to exchange in Portland, Maine, for molasses, saltfish and other necessities. According to the 1874 Gazetteer, Colebrook was the Potato Capital of New Hampshire, producing over 120,000 bushels per year, most of which were milled into potato starch. Some were distilled into "potato whiskey." This industry dated back to 1848, when Sherburn R. Merrill bought land in Factory Village along the Mohawk River to build a starch mill, originally with 150 tons capacity. Other starch factories soon followed. At its peak, the town was producing, according to James O. Adams in 1877, "approximately one third of the potato starch in the state. Considered another way, one twentieth of all the starch produced in the United States came from the Colebrook area during this period." The starch industry began to decline after 1880, due to lack of fertilization in the area's potato farms. Gradually, the area turned to dairy farming.

Abundant regional forests helped Colebrook become a lumbering center, with the first sawmill established at Beaver Brook in 1800. Between 1868 and 1915, the town was witness to great log drives.

Other local manufacturing businesses, including blacksmiths, bobbin mills, boot- and shoemakers, carriage shops, cheesemakers, and tanneries, grew in the area through the 1800s, until the arrival of the railroad in 1887 connected the town to larger suppliers of goods.

Tourism has been a growing component of Colebrook's economy since the 19th century. As early as 1804, an inn was constructed by the McAllaster family on what is now North Main Street. Chamberlain's Tavern was built in 1816 and was for a time the meeting place of the town's militia; it is now the Jenkins/Jacoby Funeral Home. Three large hotels were built in Colebrook in the mid 1800s. The earliest was the Colebrook House, originally a large private home that was converted to an inn in the 1840s. After a series of conversions of use and two fires, a new hotel occupying the site was built in 1903 and still is in operation. The second hotel to be built in the town was the Parsons House (1862) on the south corner of Main and Parsons streets; it had a 75 ft dining room that could seat 125 guests. The Parsons House burned in 1890 and was not rebuilt. The Monadnock House, built in the late 1860s, burned in 1895 and was replaced with a new structure that had 70 guest rooms. By the late 1940s, it had been sold to the Daughters of Charity of the Sacred Heart of Jesus for a convent and boarding school. In 1971 it was sold to the town of Colebrook, and the building was torn down in 1977.

During the Gilded Age, a new grand hotel was planned for Colebrook. Called the Metallak after Native American chief Metallak, the imposing Victorian structure was designed by architect John Calvin Stevens, and intended to attract tourists arriving by railroad to escape the summer heat and pollution in big cities. Construction began on Lombard's Hill, but a violent windstorm in April 1893 destroyed the frame, and investors abandoned the project. Stevens then reused the building's scheme, while reducing its size by two-fifths, to become the Bay of Naples Inn at Naples, Maine, which opened in 1899. Although the Metallak itself was never finished, its extensive plans are preserved among the architect's papers at the Maine Historical Society, making the ill-fated Colebrook hotel perhaps the most thoroughly documented design of its type in the White Mountains.

The Balsams Grand Resort Hotel was built in neighboring Dixville Notch in 1874. The resort's golf course is located on land in Colebrook that overlooks the notch and the hotel. Another hotel, the Hampshire Inn, was located on the Colebrook/Columbia town line and enjoyed a heyday in the 1890s and 1900s. The building was demolished in the 1970s, and the land was part of the Shrine of Our Lady of Grace along U.S. Route 3, which itself closed in July 2014.

Serial killer Christopher Wilder's nationwide murder spree ended at a Colebrook gas station on April 13, 1984, when two New Hampshire state troopers attempted to apprehend him, but in a scuffle Wilder shot and killed himself as well as seriously wounding one of the troopers.

Geography
Colebrook is the hub of northern Coos County. Roads from Maine, Vermont, and Quebec all converge in the center of town. To the north is Stewartstown, to the east is Dixville and to the south is Columbia. Lemington, Vermont, is located to the west of town, across the Connecticut River.

U.S. Route 3 passes through the center of Colebrook, leading north to West Stewartstown and south through Columbia to Groveton. New Hampshire Route 145 has its southern terminus at US 3 in Colebrook and is the most direct route north to Pittsburg. New Hampshire Route 26 also runs through the center of Colebrook, leading west to its terminus in Lemington, Vermont, and east through Dixville Notch to Errol.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town of Colebrook has a total area of 105.5 sqkm, of which 104.9 sqkm are land and 0.5 sqkm are water, comprising 0.51% of the town. The highest point in Colebrook is Van Dyck Mountain, elevation 2760 ft, in the northeastern corner of the town. Colebrook's western view is dominated by Monadnock Mountain, elevation 3148 ft, in Lemington. Colebrook is drained by the Mohawk River, which flows into the Connecticut River. Beaver Brook joins the Mohawk from the north in Colebrook village. The town lies almost fully within the Connecticut River watershed, with a tiny portion of the northeastern corner of town lying in the Androscoggin River watershed.

Adjacent municipalities

 * Stewartstown (north)
 * Dixville (east)
 * Columbia (south)
 * Lemington, Vermont (southwest)
 * Canaan, Vermont (northwest)

Climate
Colebrook has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) with warm summer days and mild nights but severely cold winters with high diurnal temperature variation. Snowfall is high during winter, similar to most of Northeastern United States, but a long-lasting snow pack is formed due to the persistently cold temperatures. Average winter lows are only narrowly above 0 °F, according to NOAA's weather station normals.

Demographics
At the first census of 1790 there were 29 residents.

As of the census of 2010, there were 2,301 people, 1,073 households, and 612 families residing in the town. There were 1,429 housing units, of which 356, or 24.9%, were vacant. 245 of the vacant units were for seasonal or recreational use. The racial makeup of the town was 97.4% white, 0.2% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 0.0% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, 0.2% some other race, and 1.2% from two or more races. 1.2% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

Of the 1,073 households, 24.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.9% were headed by married couples living together, 9.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.0% were non-families. 36.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.9% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.14, and the average family size was 2.73.

In the town, 19.5% of the population were under the age of 18, 6.2% were from 18 to 24, 22.8% from 25 to 44, 31.9% from 45 to 64, and 19.6% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.7 males.

For the period 2011–2015, the estimated median annual income for a household was $45,375, and the median income for a family was $54,063. Male full-time workers had a median income of $38,295 versus $35,637 for females. The per capita income for the town was $25,383. 17.3% of the population and 8.5% of families were below the poverty line. 30.3% of the population under the age of 18 and 3.5% of those 65 or older were living in poverty.

Notable people

 * Irving W. Drew (1845–1922), US senator
 * Chester B. Jordan (1839–1914), 48th governor of New Hampshire
 * Horace White (1834–1916), co-owner and editor-in-chief of the Chicago Tribune

Sites of interest

 * Beaver Brook Falls Wayside
 * Colebrook Area Historical Society & Museum, located in the Town Hall building
 * Poore Family Homestead Farm Museum

title: Colebrook, New Hampshire


text:
Wylie Township, Red Lake County, Minnesota

Wylie Township is a township in Red Lake County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 72 at the 2000 census.

History
Wylie Township was named for a pioneer settler.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 12.1 square miles (31.3 km$2$), all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 72 people, 23 households, and 20 families residing in the township. The population density was 6.0 people per square mile (2.3/km$2$). There were 23 housing units at an average density of 1.9/sq mi (0.7/km$2$). The racial makeup of the township was 100.00% White.

There were 23 households, out of which 39.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 78.3% were married couples living together, 8.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 8.7% were non-families. No households were made up of individuals, and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.13 and the average family size was 3.19.

In the township the population was spread out, with 30.6% under the age of 18, 5.6% from 18 to 24, 26.4% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 16.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 108.3 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $36,250, and the median income for a family was $40,938. Males had a median income of $26,250 versus $21,250 for females. The per capita income for the township was $12,959. There were 10.5% of families and 10.9% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 20.0% of those over 64.


text:
Columbia, New Hampshire

Columbia is a town in Coös County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 659 at the 2020 census, down from 757 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Berlin, NH-VT micropolitan statistical area.

History
The township was originally chartered in 1762 and named "Preston", after Richard Graham, 1st Viscount Preston of Scotland. Settlers failed to meet the terms of the original grant, so the plantation was transferred in 1770 to grantees including Sir James Cockburn, 8th Baronet, after which it was named "Cockburn Town", incorporated on December 16, 1797. In 1811, in the lead-up to the War of 1812, Governor John Langdon changed the name to Columbia.

Although the surface is uneven and mountainous, the soil was of good quality. Maple sugar became an important product, and lumber was cut and transported on rafts down the Connecticut River to markets. By 1859, when the population was 762, Columbia had four sawmills, three gristmills, two clapboard machines, and a starch mill.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 158.3 sqkm, of which 157.4 sqkm are land and 0.9 sqkm are water, comprising 0.55% of the town. It is drained by the east and west branches of Simms Stream. The highest point is the summit of Blue Mountain, at 3720 ft above sea level. Columbia lies fully within the Connecticut River watershed.

The town is served by U.S. Route 3.

Adjacent municipalities

 * Colebrook (north)
 * Dixville (northeast)
 * Erving's Location (southeast)
 * Odell (southeast)
 * Stratford (south)
 * Bloomfield, Vermont (southwest)
 * Lemington, Vermont (northwest)

Climate
Blue Mountain, the highest point in the town, has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb), bordering on a subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc). There is no weather station at the summit, but this climate table contains interpolated data for an area around the summit.

Demographics
At the 2000 census there were 750 people, 300 households, and 218 families living in the town. The population density was 12.3 people per square mile (4.8/km$2$). There were 449 housing units at an average density of 7.4 per square mile (2.8/km$2$). The racial makeup of the town was 97.60% White, 0.13% African American, 0.27% Native American, 0.27% Asian, and 1.73% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.67%.

Of the 300 households 31.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.0% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.3% were non-families. 21.3% of households were one person and 8.0% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 2.82.

The age distribution was 24.8% under the age of 18, 4.4% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 29.1% from 45 to 64, and 15.2% 65 or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 113.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.4 males. The median household income was $36,964 and the median family income was $42,143. Males had a median income of $27,604 versus $19,732 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,859. About 4.0% of families and 7.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.8% of those under age 18 and 10.1% of those age 65 or over.

Notable person

 * Alma Carrie Cummings (1857–1926), American journalist; newspaper editor and proprietor

title: Columbia, New Hampshire


text:
Crawford's Purchase, New Hampshire

Crawford's Purchase is a township in Coös County, New Hampshire, United States. The purchase lies entirely within the White Mountain National Forest. As of the 2020 census, the purchase had a population of zero.

In New Hampshire, locations, grants, townships (which are different from towns), and purchases are unincorporated portions of a county which are not part of any town and have limited self-government (if any, as many are uninhabited).

History
Crawford's Purchase was granted by commissioner James Willey to Thomas Abbott, Nathaniel Abbott and Ethan Allen Crawford in 1834 for $8,000, and contained about 15712 acre.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the purchase has a total area of 21.2 sqkm, all land, except for streams such as the Ammonoosuc River, which flows across the purchase from east to west. The highest point is 2890 ft above sea level, on the southern slopes of the Dartmouth Range, at the northern corner of the purchase boundary.

Adjacent municipalities

 * Low and Burbank's Grant (north)
 * Chandler's Purchase (northeast)
 * Bean's Grant (east)
 * Carroll (west)

Demographics
As of the 2020 census, there were no people living in the purchase.

title: Crawford's Purchase, New Hampshire


text:
Bird Island, Minnesota

Bird Island is a city located on U.S. Route 212 in Renville County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 1,005 at the 2020 census.

History
Bird Island was platted in 1878, and named for a nearby bird sanctuary in a marsh. After the installation of ditches and tile, the area was converted to farmland, erasing the town's namesake.

A post office has been in operation at Bird Island since 1878. Bird Island was incorporated in 1881.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.53 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 1,042 people, 487 households, and 274 families living in the city. The population density was 681.0 PD/sqmi. There were 547 housing units at an average density of 357.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 97.2% White, 0.4% African American, 0.2% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 1.2% from other races, and 0.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.2% of the population.

There were 487 households, of which 21.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.8% were married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 43.7% were non-families. 38.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.11 and the average family size was 2.77.

The median age in the city was 48.4 years. 20.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 18.9% were from 25 to 44; 34.3% were from 45 to 64; and 20.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.8% male and 50.2% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,195 people, 499 households, and 303 families living in the city. The population density was 773.6 PD/sqmi. There were 530 housing units at an average density of 343.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 96.82% White, 0.25% Native American, 0.33% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 1.09% from other races, and 1.42% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.59% of the population.

There were 499 households, out of which 28.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.5% were married couples living together, 5.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.1% were non-families. 35.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 3.03.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 24.6% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 25.1% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 23.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.0 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $38,092, and the median income for a family was $48,750. Males had a median income of $31,063 versus $23,056 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,700. About 4.8% of families and 8.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.7% of those under age 18 and 12.5% of those age 65 or over.

Arts and culture
This town is where the Renville County Fair is held every August.

Notable people

 * Roger L. Dell, Chief Justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court
 * Alvin Setzepfandt, veterinarian and politician

title: Bird Island, Minnesota


text:
Cutt's Grant, New Hampshire

Cutt's Grant is a township in Coös County, New Hampshire, United States. The grant lies entirely within the White Mountain National Forest. As of the 2020 census, the grant had a population of zero.

In New Hampshire, locations, grants, townships (which are different from towns), and purchases are unincorporated portions of a county which are not part of any town and have limited self-government (if any, as many are uninhabited).

History
The township is named after Thomas Cutts of Maine, who received a land grant from the New Hampshire state legislature in 1810.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the grant has a total area of 11.3 sqmi, all land other than streams. The grant encompasses the valley of the Dry River, a south-flowing tributary of the Saco River. The east and west boundaries roughly parallel the river, each approximately one mile distant. The Dry River enters the valley of the Saco River in Crawford Notch at the southern end of the township, and the northern end is below Oakes Gulf on the southern slopes of Mount Washington. The highest point in Cutt's Grant is its northeastern corner, located just south of Gulf Peak on a southeast spur of Mount Washington, where the elevation reaches 4720 ft above sea level.

Adjacent municipalities

 * Sargent's Purchase (east)
 * Hadley's Purchase (south)
 * Hart's Location (southwest)
 * Bean's Grant (west)
 * Chandler's Purchase (northwest)

Demographics
As of the 2020 census, there were no people living in the grant.

title: Cutt's Grant, New Hampshire


text:
Dalton, New Hampshire

Dalton is a town in Coös County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 933 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Berlin, NH-VT Micropolitan Statistical Area.

History
Dalton was incorporated in 1764 under the name "Chiswick", named for the Duke of Devonshire's castle. The name was changed to "Apthorp" in 1770, after the Apthorp family. In 1784 Apthorp was divided into two towns, Littleton and Dalton. The name "Dalton" was chosen in honor of Tristram Dalton, merchant and senator from Massachusetts.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 72.7 sqkm, of which 71.3 sqkm are land and 1.4 sqkm are water, comprising 1.97% of the town. The town's highest point is the summit of Dalton Mountain, at 2150 ft above sea level. The town includes the hamlet of Cushman, located on the Connecticut River opposite Gilman, Vermont. Dalton lies fully within the Connecticut River watershed.

Approximately 82% of the town's land—14458 acre out of a total land area of 17624 acre—is undeveloped farm land, forest land or unproductive land enrolled in the state's current use program. The land enrolled in current use is owned by 216 property owners, resulting in an average parcel size of 66.94 acre per current use owner. According to the town's property ownership records, the town's largest landowner, together with family members, owns in excess of 1800 acre of land.

Adjacent municipalities

 * Lancaster (northeast)
 * Whitefield (east)
 * Bethlehem (south)
 * Littleton (southwest)
 * Concord, Vermont (west)
 * Lunenburg, Vermont (northwest)

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 927 people, 374 households, and 253 families living in the town. The population density was 33.7 /mi2. There were 520 housing units at an average density of 18.9 /mi2. The racial makeup of the town was 96.76% White, 0.76% African American, 0.54% Native American, 0.22% Asian, 0.22% from other races, and 1.51% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.94% of the population.

There were 374 households, out of which 28.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.1% were married couples living together, 6.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.1% were non-families. 24.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 2.95.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 24.4% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 27.2% from 25 to 44, 27.4% from 45 to 64, and 14.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.4 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $35,625, and the median income for a family was $41,667. Males had a median income of $29,097 versus $20,089 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,234. About 2.7% of families and 5.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.3% of those under age 18 and 10.8% of those age 65 or over.

title: Dalton, New Hampshire


text:
Webster Township, Rice County, Minnesota

Webster Township is a township in Rice County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 1,825 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated communities of Hazelwood, Little Chicago, and Webster are in Webster Township.

History
Webster Township was settled in the spring of 1855. It is named after Ferris Webster, who settled in the township a year later, and had a store in section 35. A post office was established in 1879, in section 8, and was later moved to section 10, in the same building as a store, with a creamery nearby.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has an area of 35.7 square miles (92.5 km$2$), of which 35.1 (91.0 km$2$) is land and 0.6 (1.5 km$2$, 1.60%) is water.

Interstate 35 and State Highway 19 (MN 19) are two of the township's main routes. Others include Rice County Roads 3, 5, 6, and 46.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,825 people, 599 households, and 503 families residing in the township. The population density was 51.9 PD/sqmi. There were 615 housing units at an average density of 17.5/sq mi (6.8/km$2$). The racial makeup of the township was 98.25% White, 0.05% African American, 0.77% Native American, 0.38% Asian, 0.16% from other races, and 0.38% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.66% of the population.

There were 599 households, out of which 41.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 78.1% were married couples living together, 3.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.0% were non-families. 10.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.03 and the average family size was 3.29.

In the township the population was spread out, with 30.2% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 30.5% from 25 to 44, 26.6% from 45 to 64, and 6.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 111.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 108.7 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $62,961, and the median income for a family was $66,912. Males had a median income of $42,367 versus $29,732 for females. The per capita income for the township was $23,040. About 2.1% of families and 3.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.6% of those under age 18 and 5.8% of those age 65 or over.

Baseball team
The Webster Sox represent Webster Township in the DRS Amateur Baseball League (DRS stands for Dakota, Scott, and Rice Counties). The DRS is a conference member of the Minnesota Amateur Baseball Association, which is divided into three classes (A, B, and C). The Sox Play at the Class C level. The team plays its home games at Webster Town Park at the Webster Coliseum. The team's players come from the Twin Cities and southern Minnesota.

Webster FC Soccer Club
Webster FC is the first Soccer club In Webster Townships history. Opening in 2023 Webster FC Hosts Recreational soccer camps, clinics and Spring and Fall soccer training programs for U5 to U10 players of all abilities. Webster FC plays all its home games at the 35th Street soccer complex. Webster FC is affiliated with MN Youth Soccer and US Club Soccer Players come from all over the Twin Cities and southern Minnesota including Rice county and Scott county to take part in programs at Webster FC.


text:
Wells Township, Rice County, Minnesota

Wells Township is a township in Rice County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 1,743 at the 2000 census.

Settled in the 1850s, Wells Township was named for James "Bully" Wells, an early settler.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 32.0 square miles (82.9 km$2$), of which 28.0 square miles (72.6 km$2$) is land and 4.0 square miles (10.2 km$2$)  (12.35%) is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,743 people, 650 households, and 501 families residing in the township. The population density was 62.2 PD/sqmi. There were 949 housing units at an average density of 33.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the township was 98.22% White, 0.34% African American, 0.23% Native American, 0.11% Asian, 0.75% from other races, and 0.34% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.64% of the population.

There were 650 households, out of which 32.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.4% were married couples living together, 4.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.9% were non-families. 17.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.04.

In the township the population was spread out, with 23.9% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 26.0% from 25 to 44, 30.6% from 45 to 64, and 11.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 108.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 112.7 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $52,155, and the median income for a family was $60,125. Males had a median income of $38,417 versus $25,850 for females. The per capita income for the township was $24,714. About 3.3% of families and 4.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.0% of those under age 18 and 12.1% of those age 65 or over.

title: Wells Township, Rice County, Minnesota


text:
Wheatland Township, Rice County, Minnesota

Wheatland Township is a township located in the northwest corner of Rice County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 1,358 at the 2000 census.

The unincorporated communities of Veseli and Wheatland are both located within Wheatland Township. The city of Lonsdale is located within the township geographically but is a separate entity.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 34.7 square miles (89.7 km$2$), of which 33.8 square miles (87.5 km$2$) is land and 0.9 square mile (2.3 km$2$)  (2.51%) is water.

Communities
The city of Lonsdale is located at the southeast corner of the township but is a separate entity. Lonsdale was platted by the railroad when it was constructed in 1902. Originally, the railroad was supposed to go through the community of Veseli, named after a town in the Czech Republic, and spelled Wessely in the early years, but the route was changed at the last minute. Veseli did not have a paved road to the community until 1970, but has had an amateur baseball team, the Veseli Warriors, since the 1940s.

The township was originally populated by a small French Canadian group that was replaced by immigrants from southern Bohemia starting as early as 1860.

The community of Wheatland is located at the northeast corner of Cody Lake, along the southern border of Wheatland Township.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,358 people, 437 households, and 370 families residing in the township. The population density was 40.2 PD/sqmi. There were 444 housing units at an average density of 13.1/sq mi (5.1/km$2$). The racial makeup of the township was 99.04% White, 0.15% African American, 0.15% Native American, 0.22% Asian, and 0.44% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.59% of the population.

There were 437 households, out of which 48.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 74.4% were married couples living together, 5.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 15.3% were non-families. 11.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.11 and the average family size was 3.36.

In the township the population was spread out, with 33.7% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 31.6% from 25 to 44, 21.3% from 45 to 64, and 7.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 113.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 111.5 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $54,286, and the median income for a family was $60,074. Males had a median income of $39,861 versus $29,063 for females. The per capita income for the township was $20,402. About 2.5% of families and 3.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.1% of those under age 18 and 12.7% of those age 65 or over.

Notable person

 * Louis Benedict Kucera, Roman Catholic bishop


text:
Dix's Grant, New Hampshire

Dix's Grant is a township in Coös County, New Hampshire, United States. As of the 2020 census, the grant had a population of zero. In New Hampshire, locations, grants, townships (which are different from towns), and purchases are unincorporated portions of a county which are not part of any town and have limited self-government (if any, as many are uninhabited).

Dix's Grant will fall within the path of totality during the solar eclipse of April 8, 2024.

History
Dix's Grant was originally part of adjacent Dixville, which was granted by the legislature to Timothy Dix Jr. in 1805 and contained about 29340 acre; the price was $4,500. The eastern portion of the original grant (north of Wentworth Location) became present-day Dix's Grant.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the grant has a total area of 52.0 sqkm, 0.11 sqkm of which is covered by water. The township is drained by the Swift Diamond River and its tributary, Fourmile Brook. The Swift Diamond is an east-flowing tributary of the Dead Diamond River and part of the Androscoggin River watershed. The grant's highest point is 3279 ft above sea level, along the ridge of Crystal Mountain.

Adjacent municipalities

 * Atkinson and Gilmanton Academy Grant (northeast)
 * Second College Grant (east)
 * Wentworth Location (south)
 * Dixville (west)
 * Clarksville (northwest)

Climate
Crystal Mountain is a mountain ridge in Dix's Grant. The mountain has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) bordering on subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc).

Demographics
As of the 2010 census, there was one person living in the grant.

title: Dix's Grant, New Hampshire


text:
Dixville, New Hampshire

Dixville is a township in Coös County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 4 as of the 2020 census, down from 12 at the 2010 census. In New Hampshire, locations, grants, townships (which are different from towns), and purchases are unincorporated portions of a county which are not part of any town and have limited self-government (if any, as many are uninhabited).

Dixville is the location of Dixville Notch State Park and The Balsams Grand Resort Hotel. It is part of the Berlin, NH-VT micropolitan statistical area. The village of Dixville Notch, consisting of development around the hotel, lies within Dixville.

History
Dixville was granted by the legislature to Timothy Dix Jr. in 1805 and contained about 29340 acre; the price was $4,500. It was organized for voting purposes in 1960, and the village of Dixville Notch is commonly known as the first place to cast votes in U.S. elections. The original grant included an eastern portion (north of Wentworth Location) now known separately as Dix's Grant.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 127.3 sqkm, of which 126.9 sqkm are land and 0.4 sqkm, or 0.35%, are water. Dixville Notch is in the southwest part of the township. With an elevation of 1887 ft above sea level, it is the height of land between west-flowing tributaries of the Connecticut River and east-flowing tributaries of the Androscoggin River. The notch lies within Dixville Notch State Park. (The term "notch" is the local equivalent of "pass" or "gap", and refers to a low place between mountains or mountain ranges.) Nearby Dixville Peak, at 3482 ft, is the highest point in the township.

New Hampshire Route 26 crosses the township, passing through Dixville Notch. The highway leads west to Colebrook on the Connecticut River and southeast to Errol on the Androscoggin.

Adjacent municipalities

 * Clarksville (north)
 * Dix's Grant (east)
 * Wentworth Location (southeast)
 * Errol (southeast)
 * Millsfield (south)
 * Erving's Location (southwest)
 * Columbia (southwest)
 * Colebrook (west)
 * Stewartstown (northwest)

Demographics
As of the 2000 census, there were 75 people, 10 households, and 10 families residing in the township. The population density was 1.5 PD/sqmi. There were 36 housing units at an average density of 0.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the township was 98.67% White, with there being only one person of any other race, a Hispanic.

There were 10 households, all composed of married couples living together, and 40.0% of which had children under the age of 18 living with them. No households were made up of individuals. The average household and family size was 2.80.

In the township the population was spread out, with 9.3% under the age of 18, 1.3% from 18 to 24, 16.0% from 25 to 44, 8.0% from 45 to 64, and 65.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 76 years. For every 100 females, there were 74.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 61.9 males.

title: Dixville, New Hampshire


text:
Badger, Minnesota

Badger is a city in Skagen Township of Roseau County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 375 at the 2010 census.

History
A post office called Badger has been in operation since 1889. The city was named after nearby Badger Creek. Amos Henry Fikkan (1894-1968), businessman, pharmacist, and Minnesota state representative, lived in Badger.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.33 sqmi, all land.

Badger is located along Minnesota State Highway 11.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 375 people, 181 households, and 103 families living in the city. The population density was 282.0 PD/sqmi. There were 235 housing units at an average density of 176.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 93.1% White, 0.3% African American, 1.1% Native American, 2.1% Asian, 1.1% from other races, and 2.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.1% of the population.

There were 181 households, of which 28.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.2% were married couples living together, 11.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 43.1% were non-families. 37.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.07 and the average family size was 2.69.

The median age in the city was 42.8 years. 23.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.2% were from 25 to 44; 27.2% were from 45 to 64; and 18.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.0% male and 52.0% female. The town's mayor is James Rinde.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 470 people, 207 households, and 127 families living in the city. The population density was 352.9 PD/sqmi. There were 228 housing units at an average density of 171.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 100.00% White. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.21% of the population.

There were 207 households, out of which 34.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.0% were married couples living together, 14.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.2% were non-families. 33.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.90.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 28.1% under the age of 18, 10.4% from 18 to 24, 31.3% from 25 to 44, 16.0% from 45 to 64, and 14.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $30,234, and the median income for a family was $35,833. Males had a median income of $28,646 versus $23,594 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,727. About 8.2% of families and 9.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.7% of those under age 18 and 11.5% of those age 65 or over.

title: Badger, Minnesota


text:
Barnett Township, Roseau County, Minnesota

Barnett Township is a township in Roseau County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 169 at the 2000 census.

Barnett Township was named for Myron E. Barnett, a pioneer settler.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 37.0 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 169 people, 62 households, and 51 families residing in the township. The population density was 4.6 people per square mile (1.8/km$2$). There were 71 housing units at an average density of 1.9/sq mi (0.7/km$2$). The racial makeup of the township was 99.41% White, and 0.59% from two or more races.

There were 62 households, out of which 32.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.5% were married couples living together, 6.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.7% were non-families. 17.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.73 and the average family size was 3.06.

In the township the population was spread out, with 26.0% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 25.4% from 25 to 44, 23.1% from 45 to 64, and 19.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 116.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 123.2 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $31,667, and the median income for a family was $32,083. Males had a median income of $29,375 versus $30,000 for females. The per capita income for the township was $13,255. About 20.0% of families and 24.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 38.5% of those under the age of eighteen and none of those sixty five or over.