text:
Talk:Gaur

A gaur can weigh 1.7 tons
That's according to animal planet. Here's the video:

—The preceding unsigned comment was added by 138.130.141.70 (talk) 06:56, 16 April 2007 (UTC).

All the information on websites about gaur size is bullshit!!! Gaur bull 600 - 1000 kg, cow 450 - 800 kg. Give me a break!!! No water buffalo 1.7m tall weighs less than 1000 kg, and they lack the muscular and deep massive body of the gaur. These sites are more than willing to say a gaur can weigh "up to" a ton, and water buffalo: 1200 kg, and they call themselves wild cattle experts. It's an insult to the gaur. All of those sites have serious problems, never do their homework. Men, even a banteng bull 1.6m already weighs 800 kg, and they expect people to believe a 1.9m gaur weighed the same???

Removing a section
I'm removing the addition "The gaur is the third largest of all wild cattle, after the Yak, and the Cape Buffalo; however, it is bigger even than the Wild Asiatic Water Buffalo and Bison." As far as I know the Water Buffalo & the Gaur are the only two wild cattle to average at a weight in excess of 1,500 lb. (Unsigned comment by User:Sandhillcrane)

Existence in Borneo
I was born in Sabah, North Borneo and i grew up hearing stories from my dad and grandpa telling me of this beast that is bigger and more aggressive than a water buffalo but looks like a cow that every now and then someone shoots one on a hunting trip (My family are native of Borneo and it is tradition to hunt deer and wild boar). I had never seen one and i never knew what its name in english is. But i have only known it as "Tambadau". If this is the same animal then it definately does exist. For i have seen with my own eyes its fresh tracks and huge droppings that are definately not water buffallo tracks.

One story from a friend was when he went hunting in the jungle by himself he came across a whole pack/herd of these animals known to us as Tambadau and he was undetected by the pack. Because he was unexperienced and young he aimed with his shotgun loaded with a buck shot and shot one of the Tambadau that was laying on the ground directly in the face (he should have aimed for the breast/armpit area under the leg). The Tambadau got up and charged towards him, then started bashing its head into nearby hill-wall trying to get the buck shot pellets out. My friend dropped his gun and ran and never saw the beast again.

I really wonder if this is the animal we call Tambadau. It meets all the descriptions.

--Jandela 16:27, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

There are no gaurs in Borneo, but banteng does exist there. Belsavis 6 Apr 2009 —Preceding undated comment added 10:44, 6 April 2009 (UTC).

Scientific Name
Can a biologist please have a look at this article? -- JeLuF 10:45 Oct 6, 2002 (UTC)
 * AFAIK (and I'm only an undergrad biologist) the gaur is Bos gaurus. The Irish Cattle Breeding Federation agrees, and indicates that Bos frontalis is actually the gayal. So I'm changing this article now; if I'm wrong, please change it back. Thanks. -- Gaurav 12:52, 30 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * The Irish Cattle Breeding Federation is not the authority to decide, but you are correct. In 2003, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) "conserved the usage of 17 specific names based on wild species, which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic forms", confirming Bos gaurus for the Gaur. Because otherwise it need to be Bos frontalis according to ICZN rules, because that name is older.

I gather that Bos Gavaeus is another obsolete name? I created a redirect, but don't dare to mention the name here. dab (ᛏ) 08:19, 17 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Anthropophagy?!
Okay, I can believe that gaur have eaten chickens.

And I can believe that gaur have killed farmers.

But I refuse to believe that gaur have eaten humans. DS 22:21, 26 October 2005 (UTC)

Can a Gaur Moo?
I'm doing a high school research report on what people consider being a "cow.” Many people in my interview said that a "cow" has horns, are big and moo. I know a Gaur has horns, are big and looks like what most North Americans consider a "cow" but does it make a "mooing" noise? Yes, they do make a mooing noise. I live in a town called Masenagudi where you see gaur in numbers of 20 or more at all times. They make a moo like noise, loud snorting noise which is blaring and another yelp like noise calling out to the herd or a mating partner. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 61.3.122.251 (talk) 07:32, 22 August 2014 (UTC)

How do you pronounce Gaur?
Can someone who knows add it to the page?

 * Good question. Most readers don't read IPA well.  Let's add "Rhymes with "shower"" or some such after the IPA pronunciation.  Anyone object? Chrisrus (talk) 18:40, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

Banteng picture
The 2nd picture added to the end of the page is not a guar, but a banteng bull. A gaur is not that small, and lacks the white patches on its rumps. True, the image labels gaur, but many people can tell that it's a banteng bull. So, any idea?
 * Fixed. Rmhermen 13:02, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

Weight
The article had made claims of average weights to 1500 kg and a record weight of 1700 kg from Vietnam in 2003. I was not able to find sources for these extremes and added sourced average weights that are somewhat lower. Can anyone find references for the previous claims? Rmhermen 13:14, 7 September 2006 (UTC)

Good questions. Some china website has information on the weight of 1500 kg. About the 1700kg, that inf was written on this web site: www.vnexpress.net. But unluckily, this inf is in Vietnamese, so I'm quite unsure if it's worthwhile mentioning the site at all. But the 1500kg inf is in English, quite a relief. just type in google: gaur + 1500 kg, and u will get to the site. One more thing: 1500kg is not an average, but rather a quite heavy weight for the gaur.

KATTUPOTHU?
Is there any backing for this "name"? Is it just me, or does this scream "vandal!" Very sorry if it really is a local name. 66.42.173.205 22:28, 10 October 2006 (UTC) It is a local name for wild bison in tamil. Another name is Kattuerumu.

The biggest bovines in the world shun otters?
Can someone please check to see if gaurs actually shun otters, as stated in the Ecology and Behavior section, or if that needs to be corrected?

Actually shun here only means the gaur, on seeing an otter underwater, just moves elsewhere( gaur sometimes goes into river to bath), perhaps it doesn't like the presence of the otter nearby, the same for elephant on seeing a water buffalo in the vicinity. Nothing sensational here, but the word.

A thoughtful moment
This is truly a once-in-a-lifetime moment. Tiger and gaur face to face, contemplating each other. What are they thinking? What will they do?

http://www.indianaturewatch.net/displayimage.php?id=5352 // —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 203.88.245.41 (talk) 08:45, 16 December 2006 (UTC).

Southeast asian gaur
Southeast asian gaur is larger than indian gaur, which is already very large.

 * From where do you have this info? As far as i know, the indian gaur is the largest, but I am not shure about this.--Altaileopard 11:42, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

I seriously doubt this information about Indian gaur being smaller than the south east asian gaur. Normally for all large mammals (eg. tigers, elephants, sambars etc) the Indian subspecies are larger than their south east asian counterparts. It seems unlikely that gaurs would be any different. Please submit proof about this claim
 * As there is still now answer here about this question, I will delete this info from the article. --Altaileopard 12:01, 24 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Oh, I already did that.--Altaileopard 12:03, 24 July 2007 (UTC)

Gaur and Chianina
The largest of all wild cattles and the largest of all domestic cattles, which one is larger? Anyone knows?

There is NO EVIDENCE of tiger killing a fully grown Gaur!

A huge bull Gaur outweights a huge bull holsen fresian.

Tiger's can kill a fully grown bull if they manage to grab a hold of the neck, but the chances of being able to is remote. A lioness can kill a fully grown bull cape buffalo if it manages to block its windpipe.
 * Actually the gaur seems to be the major component of the diet of the Bengal tiger, especially those living in Nepal. In fact, scientists think that gaur abundance have contributed to this tiger's exceptional bulk, males average 520 pounds. Check out this website, since your asked for 'evidence' — http://www.lairweb.org.nz/tiger/hunting6.html

Actually, Bubalus arnee can defend iteself from tigers more effectively than Gaurs can. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.109.77.55 (talk) 00:27, 6 March 2008 (UTC) Based on what kind of info and source of info have you arrived at this conclusion??

Subspecies
Does anyone know the sources for the subspecies in this article? I would like to include them in the german wiki.--Altaileopard 17:13, 21 May 2007 (UTC) There are a lot of sites talking about gaur subspecies, you just use the keywords to search. But about their size, none of them mention, save for a printed journal published by the Bombay national history society of India, which states that southeast asian gaur > indian gaur > seladang.

Mithun is a domestic gaur?
Altaileopard, I don't see why you remove the externernal link articles. they are very reliable sources. Therefore, if no one disagrees, I'll put it back.
 * This two sites are not detailed enough for such a statement. If you write that the Mithun is not a domestic gaur, you need very good sources... papers ect... --Altaileopard 07:31, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

Please check for a RAR(Rapid action Report) called "Dog and Bull". It is about the mithun in Arunchal Pradesh(Eastern most province in india) and Dhole(wild dogs). It talks about the Human-Dhole conflict in Arunachal Pradesh. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 61.3.122.251 (talk) 07:39, 22 August 2014 (UTC)

Giraffe vs. Gaur
Recently, this article was edited to list the giraffe as one of the few land animals larger than the gaur. But if this is correct, this chart also must be edited : Largest_living_things, so let's get to the bottom of this, because we can't contradict ourselves. Chrisrus (talk) 04:50, 17 August 2010 (UTC)

 * The table (actually Largest organisms) is ordered by the average weights, not the maximums.  It does also give maximum weights, but that for gaur is listed as "unknown".  In this article we have a maximum for the gaur given as 2,000 kg, but with a citation needed.  So the average weight of the giraffe is less, and the maximum is also a bit less, or at best unknown, and either way roughly the same.

 * The exact maximum weight is anyway of very limited value, as individuals vary during their lives, captive animals are often overweight, and of course there may be individuals larger than those that happen to have been weighed (it's not that easy to weigh a giraffe!). This can apply to whole species: the kouprey (if still extant) may have populations averaging 1,700 kg, bigger than either gaur or giraffe.

 * It seems rather a pointless discussion to me anyway: there is some interest in what is the heaviest land animal, but what does it matter exactly what order the next few come in, especially when there is a lot of overlap? Richard New Forest (talk) 09:43, 17 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Perhaps the best approach is to remove the partial list from this article, and say something like 'one of the largest' with a wikilink to the table of heaviest terrestrial animals? MurfleMan (talk) 00:34, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

 * It would be unfortunate if we couldn't give the reader some kind of frame of reference as to just how big this animal is. Also, pictures with a better sense of scale would be nice. Nevertheless, a wikilink in the text is a good idea, as well as looking to ways to improve that table so that a curious reader could see how these two animals size up. Chrisrus ([[User

talk:Chrisrus|talk]]) 01:00, 18 August 2010 (UTC)

 * I see MurfleMan has removed the word "giraffe" from the article. I see the point; we don't seem to have enough evidence to confidently list it among the animals that grow larger than a gaur.  I can't say that I'm not disappointed, however.  I was really hoping we could get to the bottom of this issue for readers of not only this article but also for Largest_living_things and maybe some other places on Wikipedia.  If we could say something about how big a gaur is in comparison to an average adult male giraffe, it'd be an excellent way of helping readers know about how heavy the average male gaur is, readers would have an excellent frame of reference because the giraffe is a very common zoo animal, so most people probably have a pretty good idea how big a giraffe is, whereas a gaur is a popular zoo animal too, but, compared to a giraffe, not really all that common a zoo animal, actually, so most people probably have never seen one up close.  This would be expecially helpful for this article given the fact that the gaurs in the pictures aren't standing next to a human or a car or some such, so it's hard for readers to get a feel for their size.  Chrisrus (talk) 05:05, 2 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I like the latest wording from Chrisrus "the weight of gaur may equal or even surpass that of a giraffe" - qualified but clear. MurfleMan (talk) 05:10, 7 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks! I like it too.  Let's make sure that Largest_living_things is as good as it can be, too, as there're a few things there about the Gaur.  Many readers of this article link here from there because people interested in the biggest animals are often curious to find out about the only one that's not famous all over the world, the amazing badass tiger-fighting gaur! Chrisrus (talk) 04:03, 13 June 2011 (UTC)

Hello, my name is Prudhvi,i am currently working at keystone foundation(NGO based in kotagiri)on Gaur-Human conflict. A part of my job is to take photographs of gaur in an urban environment(Kotagiri is a town in the NILGIRIS). Though i cannot share all of my findings at the moment as it is an ongoing project, i would be able to share some pictures and as soon as our findings can go public,Wikipedia will be informed. I forgot to mention that i work for the conservation group in keystone. So, our info and pictures and news are all primary as i personally gather them and verify them. So, how can i help??

Ecology and behaviour: wallowing
Cite your source:

 * This is perhaps due to their increased ability to sweat through sweat glands that are better-distributed than those of modern cattle (Humphrey 1990) Incidentally this sweat may cover the animals with an possibly effective but odiferous natural parasite repellent in addition to providing thermal relief. Unlike bos taurus, bos frontalis digests rainforest plants other than grass effectively and, as a result, may offer a viable alternative to slash/burn agriculture in these regions.

BhagyaMani (talk) 19:35, 18 April 2011 (UTC)

Hey BhagyaMani

"Endangered animals of Thailand," by Humphrey, 1990, states the relevant sweat gland distribution information.

The rest was from (http://www.integratedconservationresearch.org/ICRIFiles/rainforestbeef.htm) and may not be correct since it cites no articles. However, the sweat gland stuff is true, and as a graduate student in Biology I wouldn't be surprised if they digest native plants quite well in comparison to European cows. We should probably (and unfortunately) take out "may offer a viable alternative to slash/burn agriculture in these regions" since that's an opinion. Though use of slash/burn agriculture and human-intiated annual burning during dry season are both common throughout much of Southeast Asia to create grassland for cows (and of course open space for the cultivation of common agricultural annuals). Also the current domesticated version, the Gayal, is mostly restricted to use by the Lhoba culture and prob. represents a cross between the two species, thus likely not displaying the same characteristics.

Also I think when I clicked the "talk" next to your name Wikipedia might have signed me in briefly AS YOU, though I can't be sure. Successfully Edited the page "USER:BhagyaMani" so.... Jgreeter (talk) 01:27, 27 April 2011 (UTC)

Weight varies between subspecies ??
Checked the ref'ed source for the following statement:
 * Weight varies between subspecies. Among the three subspecies, the southeast Asian gaur is the largest, and the Malayan gaur, or seladang, is the smallest. Male Malayan and Indian gaurs only exceed 1000 kg and 1140 kg in exceptionally heavy specimens, respectively, while these weight would rank as average in male gaurs from southeast Asia.

But did not find this claimed source text. Therefore, moved this paragraph here for the time being, the more so as the subspecies classification, based largely on differences in coloration and size, is no longer widely recognized -- see Gaur. -- BhagyaMani (talk) 21:14, 22 September 2011 (UTC)

Cloned Gaur Death
The linked reference clearly states that Noah, the cloned gaur, died of common dysentery "likely unrelated to cloning." However, the page states the dysentery was "most likely related to cloning," in conflict with the linked source. I have updated the page to correct this. --Kdice (talk) 20:03, 24 January 2012 (UTC)

Proposal to merge
Ujjwal234goel proposed to merge articles about two different species. Why? Does he perhaps know about taxonomic findings that previous authors overlooked ? -- BhagyaMani (talk) 17:13, 10 October 2013 (UTC)

 * I agree. Unless some reason for the proposed merge is given by someone, it's a very short discussion!  Can't see myself what such reason there might be.  Richard New Forest (talk) 18:28, 12 October 2013 (UTC)

I oppose because gaur and gayal are two discrete species and have been recognised as distinct for more than 100 years, corroborated by genetic analysis carried out in 2007. Hence, they warrant their own articles, in which case merging should be avoided even though articles might be short. See Wikipedia:Merging should be avoided if: 3. The topics are discrete subjects -- BhagyaMani (talk) 09:47, 13 October 2013 (UTC)

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Is 1500kg records reliable?
Are those Chinese records of 1500kg credible enough?

Several sources I found say 1225kg is the weight of a record bull (see list below).

The third one (The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society) even questions this; "The question of weight is discussed at pages 10 and 11. In view of the ascertained weight of the largest-ever bull seen by Morris in his South India area having seen 2,071 lb. (J.B.N.H.S., 47: 153) It would seem that the 'weight-clean 2,700 lb.' for a Cochin China bull can be reasonably questioned?"

Ideazend (talk) 08:01, 2 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Ghosh, A.K., 2002. Lesser Known Animal Resources of India, p.4
 * National Research Council. 1983. Little-Known Asian Animals With a Promising Economic Future, "Part II : Wild Bovine Species"
 * The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, Vol. 51, 1954, p480

title: Talk:Gaur


text:
Talk:Chives

Family
Welsh onion is grown for leaves too. What about leeks? are they in the same family? -- Oct 2002, Tarquin
 * Welsh onions and leeks are in the same family, indeed the same genus, Allium. -- WormRunner | Talk 06:53, 1 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Content source
It should be noted that the content introduced in this edit is from Andham2000's website and thus should not be removed as a copyright violation. -SCEhardt 00:23, 20 October 2005 (UTC)

Content problem
In the section History and Folklore in the first part it is said that Marco Polo brought chives from China to Europe. But later it is said that Romans (who lived some 1000 years before Marco Polo) believed that chives had this and that medical usage. So the content is self inconsistant.--Philopp 12:41, 9 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I've removed the inconsistencies - MPF 15:18, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

Japanese and Chinese cuisine
There was a paragraph about Japanese and Chinese cuisine in the article before i rewrote it, I couldn't find any references for that claim, all I found related to Chinese chives, which is a completely different species.

Anyone? - O bli (Talk) ? 20:01, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

Onion Family?
Not sure on this, but shouldn't the first line refer to onions as a genus rather than family? (Allium) 67.170.108.226 (talk) 07:16, 25 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Way back when, onions were considered to be lilies. Now days, lilies and onions are not considered to be even in the same order. Was this due to DNA studies on bulb producing plants? Seems that maybe bulb plants are a larger and more diverse group than origninally thought. I imagine that may be because the common ancestor of bulb plants evolved early in flowering plant history. I wonder if bulbs developed before the KT extinction. That would be a hell of a survival tactic. Bulbs would stay in the ground for a few years, then when the earth settled back to "normal", they would sprout and continue as if nothing happened. I have a new appreciation for bulb producing plants. Well, I'm just speculating. I'm going to look all that up and see if I came close. Sorry about typing out my thoughts, but this is fascinating.
 * Well, to answer your question, yes it is the onion family, now Alliaceae. 75.88.30.191 (talk) 05:44, 2 December 2009 (UTC)

Clumps or not?
First the article says the name is always plural because they always grow in clumps, not singly. Later it says that a species was found in Maine that grows singly, not in clumps.Tom NM (talk) 18:14, 15 June 2008 (UTC)
 * I thought we were talking about Allium schoenoprasum. If the other chives that grows in Maine is a species other than Allium schoenoprasum, then it should probably be mentioned in this article only as another species that is also called chives with a link to a page about that species. A similar thing was done on both the Yam article and the Sweet Potato article. 75.88.30.191 (talk) 06:40, 2 December 2009 (UTC)

Flowers on leaves?
This sentence seems dubious: "The leaves are hollow and tubular, up to 50 cm long, and 2–3 mm in diameter, with a soft texture, although, prior to the emergence of a flower from a leaf, they may appear stiffer than usual."

Surely flowers grow on stems, not leaves? Also, the flower stems are and remain stiff even after the head has gone to seed. Or is the meaning intended to be that the leaves around the flower stiffen for a while before the flower emerges? That would be hard to define; the flowers are quite dense within the clump. Madgenberyl (talk) 17:52, 24 November 2011 (UTC)

 * There's a bunch of odd terminology in there. It's been corrected.  --Juventas (talk) 03:57, 25 November 2011 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: not moved. Favonian (talk) 16:15, 8 June 2012 (UTC)

Chives → Chive – Move to singular name per WP:SINGULAR. 86.21.250.191 (talk) 00:04, 1 June 2012 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's policy on article titles.

 * Oppose this is almost always used in the plural. 70.24.251.208 (talk) 05:17, 1 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Oppose A Google ngram shows that this word is, as noted above, almost always used in the plural. Peter coxhead (talk) 08:39, 1 June 2012 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Any additional comments:
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Suggestion for video footage of cleaning chives
I would suggest adding a video of cleaning chives in preparation for cooking.

I'm involved with the Global Lives Project, a non-profit organization working to create an open video library of human experiences around the world. GLP has video footage of two men in China cleaning bunches of chives to prepare them for the kitchen. Here is the detailed footage, which can be edited down to 3-5 minutes. -FefeGong (talk) 20:54, 8 June 2012 (UTC)

AE template
Do we really need the American English template? I've read through the article and it seems to be completely free of Americanisms and other regional English signifiers. This is unusual and a Good Thing in Wikipedia articles, of course. --Ef80 (talk) 16:35, 2 April 2014 (UTC)

 * There are some American spellings, e.g. "flavor" rather than "flavour". So, yes, we do need the template to ensure current and future consistency. Peter coxhead (talk) 18:33, 2 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Actually you don't need the template. You just need to revert and refer to WP:RETAIN if it is questioned. Otherwise every English article in Wikipedia would need the template.MartinezMD (talk) 20:58, 2 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Personally I think every article should have an ENGVAR template; it would avoid a lot of time-wasting inappropriate copy-editing. At the least it does no harm to have the template here. Peter coxhead (talk) 21:44, 2 April 2014 (UTC)

oxalic acid
I find it strange that people are warned not to eat rhubarb leaves which are stated as having 0.5% oxalic acid and yet chives are listed as having 1.6% oxalic acid on the oxalic acid page. Why do we eat chives then? is the warning on the rhubarb page necessary? 198.103.184.76 (talk) — Preceding undated comment added 18:30, 9 June 2014 (UTC)
 * I'd suspect the rhubarb warning is unnecessary (and has been confused for antifreeze poisoning since that produces calcium oxalate crystals too). I'll see if I can find an appropriate source.MartinezMD (talk) 18:36, 9 June 2014 (UTC)

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Plural noun
IP user User: 2a02:2121:344:fe67:6137:67f1:b5d8:c548 reverted my change to the lede, aimed at getting some grammatical sense into referring to a plant that has only a plural noun. He cited, which indeed asserts that 'chives' is a plural-only noun. (Note that oxforddictionaries.com is entirely unrelated to The Oxford English Dictionary, and is just trading on that name)

Amusingly they then give two examples; the second is 'chive and garlic dressing'. If we're being pedantic, shouldn't that be 'chives and garlic dressing'?

At any rate, I accept the revert. I've tried to make sense of the plural/singular problem with a new edit. MrDemeanour (talk) 18:06, 13 August 2018 (UTC)

 * "Oxford Dictionaries is proud to publish the Oxford English Dictionary [...]." 2A02:2121:344:FE67:6137:67F1:B5D8:C548 (talk) 19:04, 13 August 2018 (UTC)

 * I am better-informed; thank you. MrDemeanour (talk) 03:45, 14 August 2018 (UTC)

 * I think that "chives" can also be used as a singular mass noun, with a meaning like "the herb chives", where a singular verb is correct, but I agree that for consistency it's better to use the plural.
 * Nouns in apposition are always(?) made singular in form. Compare "scissors", always plural, with "a scissor movement". Peter coxhead (talk) 13:30, 15 August 2018 (UTC)

Taxonomy
"Allium schoenoprasum subsp. latiorifolium (Pau) Rivas Mart., Fern.Gonz.& Sánchez Mata" and "Allium schoenoprasum subsp. gredense (Rivas Goday) Rivas Mart., Fern. Gonz. & Sánchez Mata" are listed as subspecies, cited to theplantlist.org.

Minor nit: The site theplantlist.org is currently showing a banner stating that citations should now be to worldofflowersonline.org. Both sites show rather skimpy information. The "About link doesn't work, so I'm unable to determine how these sites are funded; I expect by stuffing breeder's (subscriber's?) names into the listing titles.

Major nit: I have no idea what the meaning of "Pau" and "Rivas Goday" are; and I have even less understanding why the names of three people are appended to the name of the subspecies. I can't understand either plantlist.org or wortldofflowersonline.org; their listings are rather opaque - I'd go so far as to suggest they are primary sources.

As far as I'm aware, the subspecies should be called simply Allium schoenoprasum subsp. latiorifolium, and Allium schoenoprasum subsp. gredense. I don't believe it's customary to list the names of a series of breeders (or whatever those people are) as part of a subspecies name.

The article says the species has two known subspecies; the citation suggests that there are many more.

The claims look to me like spamming.

The change introducing thrse bizarre "subspecies names" seems to have arrived around November 2017; my bisect-fu hasn't been up to identifying the specific revision.

I propose to remove the lengthy list of trailing names, and change the citation link to point to worldofflowersonline, to the page for the relevant subspecies.

I've tried to find a better source to cite, but I've failed so far.

MrDemeanour (talk) 11:06, 11 July 2021 (UTC)
 * the names you refer to are the scientific authorities, and not the breeders. You will find them (or should find them) in every list of scientific names in any article. Do not remove them.
 * Plants of the World Online (PoWO) or the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) are, in my view, better substitutes for the Plant List.
 * None of these are primary sources; they are secondary taxonomic databases, drawing on the primary literature, but curated.
 * However, it's not clear that these subspecies are widely accepted, which is a different matter. Peter coxhead (talk) 06:36, 12 July 2021 (UTC)

 * If those trailing names are scientific authorities, then surely they should not be appended to the subspecies name, but rather appear as citations?

 * Since you've ordered me not to change the names, I won't change them. I'm obedient. (Not really; I just don't like editing articles with bossy gatekeepers in-place)

 * MrDemeanour (talk) 09:37, 12 July 2021 (UTC)
 * please look at any article that has a complete list of subdivisions – such as List of Allium species or List of Araneidae species: A, and you'll see authorities are included (in smaller font). It's not a question of me being "bossy" but this being the standard in the English Wikipedia. Author citation (botany) and Author citation (zoology) explain how author citation works and why it's needed (in large part because there are homonyms). Author citations are appended to the name or part of the name to which they apply. So in a list or in the final line(s) of a taxobox you might see:
 * Allium L. – shows authority for the genus
 * Allium decipiens Fisch. ex Schult. & Schult.f. – shows authority for the specific epithet within the genus
 * Allium decipiens subsp. quercetorum Seregin – shows authority for the subspecies epithet within the species
 * Peter coxhead (talk) 20:04, 12 July 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Chives


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Otago

Otago (, ; Ōtākou ) is a region of New Zealand located in the southern half of the South Island administered by the Otago Regional Council. It has an area of approximately 32000 km2, making it the country's second largest local government region. Its population was

The name "Otago" is the local southern Māori dialect pronunciation of "Ōtākou", the name of the Māori village near the entrance to Otago Harbour. The exact meaning of the term is disputed, with common translations being "isolated village" and "place of red earth", the latter referring to the reddish-ochre clay which is common in the area around Dunedin. "Otago" is also the old name of the European settlement on the harbour, established by the Weller Brothers in 1831, which lies close to Otakou. The upper harbour later became the focus of the Otago Association, an offshoot of the Free Church of Scotland, notable for its adoption of the principle that ordinary people, not the landowner, should choose the ministers.

Major centres include Dunedin (the principal city), Oamaru (made famous by Janet Frame), Balclutha, Alexandra, and the major tourist centres Queenstown and Wānaka. Kaitangata in South Otago is a prominent source of coal. The Waitaki and Clutha rivers provide much of the country's hydroelectric power. Vineyards and wineries have been developed in the Central Otago wine region. Some parts of the area originally covered by Otago Province are now administered by either Canterbury Regional Council or Southland Regional Council.

History
The Otago settlement, an outgrowth of the Free Church of Scotland, was founded in March 1848 with the arrival of the first two immigrant ships from Greenock on the Firth of Clyde — the John Wickliffe and the Philip Laing. Captain William Cargill, a veteran of the Peninsular War, was the secular leader. Otago citizens subsequently elected him to the office of provincial Superintendent after the New Zealand provinces were created in 1853.

The Otago Province was the whole of New Zealand from the Waitaki River south, including Stewart Island and the sub-Antarctic islands. It included the territory of the later Southland Province and also the much more extensive lands of the modern Southland Region. Initial settlement was concentrated on the port and city, then expanded, notably to the south-west, where the fertile Taieri Plains offered good farmland. The 1860s saw rapid commercial expansion after Gabriel Read discovered gold at Gabriel's Gully near Lawrence, and the Central Otago goldrush ensued.

Veterans of goldfields in California and Australia, plus many other fortune-seekers from Europe, North America and China, poured into the then Province of Otago, eroding its Scottish Presbyterian character. Further gold discoveries at Clyde and on the Arrow River around Arrowtown led to a boom, and Otago became for a period the cultural and economic centre of New Zealand. New Zealand's first daily newspaper, the Otago Daily Times, originally edited by Julius Vogel, dates from this period.

New Zealand's first university, the University of Otago, was founded in 1869 as the provincial university in Dunedin.

The Province of Southland separated from Otago Province and set up its own Provincial Council at Invercargill in 1861. After difficulties ensued, Otago re-absorbed it in 1870. Its territory is included in the southern region of the old Otago Province which is named after it and is now the territory of the Southland region. The provincial governments were abolished in 1876 when the Abolition of the Provinces Act came into force on 1 November 1876, and were replaced by other forms of local authority, including counties. Two in Otago were named after the Scottish independence heroes Wallace and Bruce. From this time the national limelight gradually shifted northwards.

Geography
Beginning in the west, the geography of Otago consists of high alpine mountains. The highest peak in Otago (and highest outside the Aoraki / Mount Cook area) is Mount Aspiring / Tititea, which is on the Main Divide. From the high mountains the rivers discharge into large glacial lakes. In this part of Otago glacial activity – both recent and very old – dominates the landscape, with large U-shaped valleys and rivers which have high sediment loads. River flows also vary dramatically, with large flood flows occurring after heavy rain. Lakes Wakatipu, Wānaka, and Hāwea form the sources of the Clutha / Matau-au, the largest river (by discharge) in New Zealand. The Clutha flows generally to the southeast through Otago and discharges near Balclutha. The river has been used for hydroelectric power generation, with large dams at Clyde and Roxburgh. The traditional northern boundary of the region, the Waitaki River, is also heavily utilised for hydroelectricity, though the region's current official boundaries put much of that river's catchment in Canterbury.

The country's fourth-longest river, the Taieri, also has both its source and outflow in Otago, rising from rough hill country and following a broad horseshoe-shaped path, north, then east, and finally southeast, before reaching the Pacific Ocean. Along its course it forms two notable geographic features – the broad high valley of the Strath-Taieri in its upper reaches, and the fertile Taieri Plains as it approaches the ocean.

Travelling east from the mountains, the Central Otago drylands predominate. These are Canterbury-Otago tussock grasslands dominated by the block mountains, upthrust schist mountains. In contrast to Canterbury, where the Northwest winds blow across the plains without interruption, in Otago the block mountains impede and dilute the effects of the Nor'wester.

The main Central Otago centres, such as Alexandra and Cromwell, are found in the intermontane basins between the block mountains. The schist bedrock influence extends to the eastern part of Otago, where remnant volcanics mark its edge. The remains of the most spectacular of these are the Miocene volcanics centred on Otago Harbour. Elsewhere, basalt outcrops can be found along the coast and at other sites.

Comparatively similar terrain exists in the high plateau land of the Maniototo Plain, which lies to the east of Central Otago, close to the upper reaches of the Taieri River. This area is sparsely populated, but of historical note for its importance during the Central Otago Gold Rush of the 1860s. The townships of Ranfurly and Naseby lie in this area.

In the southeastern corner of Otago lies The Catlins, an area of rough hill country which geologically forms part of the Murihiku terrane, an accretion which extends inland through the Hokonui Hills in the Southland region. This itself forms part of a larger system known as the Southland Syncline, which links to similar formations in Nelson (offset by the Alpine Fault) and even in New Caledonia, 3500 km away.

The Catlins ranges are strike ridges composed of Triassic and Jurassic sandstones, mudstones and other related sedimentary rocks, often with a high incidence of feldspar. Fossils of the late and middle Triassic Warepan and Kaihikuan stages are found in the area.

Climate
Weather conditions vary enormously across Otago, but can be broken into two broad types: the coastal climate of the coastal regions and the more continental climate of the interior.

Coastal regions of Otago are subject to the alternating warm and dry/cool and wet weather patterns common to the interannual Southern oscillation. The Southern Hemisphere storm track produces an irregular short cycle of weather which repeats roughly every week, with three or four days of fine weather followed by three or four days of cooler, damp conditions. Drier conditions are often the result of the northwesterly föhn wind, which dries as it crosses the Southern Alps. Wetter air is the result of approaching low-pressure systems which sweep fronts over the country from the southwest. A common variant in this pattern is the centring of a stationary low-pressure zone to the southeast of the country, resulting in long-lasting cool, wet conditions. These have been responsible for several notable historical floods, such as the "hundred year floods" of October 1878 and October 1978.

Typically, winters are cool and wet in the extreme south areas and snow can fall and settle to sea level in winter, especially in the hills and plains of South Otago. More Central and Northern Coastal areas winter is sunnier and drier. Summers, by contrast, tend to be warm and dry, with temperatures often reaching the high 20s and low 30s Celsius.

In Central Otago cold frosty winters are succeeded by hot dry summers. Central Otago's climate is the closest approximation to a continental climate anywhere in New Zealand. This climate is part of the reason why Central Otago vineyards are successful in this region. This inland region is one of the driest regions in the country, sheltered from prevailing rain-bearing weather conditions by the high mountains to the west and hills of the south. Summers can be hot, with temperatures often approaching or exceeding 30 degrees Celsius; winters, by contrast, are often bitterly cold – the township of Ranfurly in Central Otago holds the New Zealand record for lowest temperature with a reading of −25.6 °C on 18 July 1903.

Population
Otago Region covers 31186.16 km2. The population is as of  which is approximately 0/0*100 percent of New Zealand's total population of 0/1000000 million. The population density is people per km2. About 0/0*100 percent of the population resides in the Dunedin urban area—the region's main city and the country's sixth largest urban area. For historical and geographical reasons, Dunedin is usually regarded as one of New Zealand's four main centres. Unlike other southern centres, Dunedin's population has not declined since the 1970s, largely due to the presence of the University of Otago – and especially its medical school – which attracts students from all over New Zealand and overseas.

Other significant urban centres in Otago with populations over 1,000 include: Queenstown, Oamaru, Wānaka, Port Chalmers, Cromwell, Alexandra, Balclutha, Milton and Mosgiel. Between 1996 and 2006, the population of the Queenstown Lakes District grew by 60% due to the region's booming tourism industry.

Otago had a population of 240,900 in the 2023 New Zealand census, an increase of 15,714 people (7.0%) since the 2018 census, and an increase of 38,430 people (19.0%) since the 2013 census. There were 112,473 dwellings. The median age was 38.4 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 37,752 people (15.7%) aged under 15 years, 53,532 (22.2%) aged 15 to 29, 106,929 (44.4%) aged 30 to 64, and 42,693 (17.7%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 85.2% European/Pākehā, 9.9% Māori, 3.4% Pasifika, 8.5% Asian, 2.2% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders, and 1.3% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

Otago Region had a population of 225,186 at the 2018 New Zealand census. There were 85,665 households, comprising 110,970 males and 114,219 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.97 males per female.

The percentage of people born overseas was 21.7, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 55.8% had no religion, 33.4% were Christian, 0.2% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.8% were Hindu, 0.7% were Muslim, 0.7% were Buddhist and 2.1% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 42,816 (22.8%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 31,122 (16.6%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $30,000, compared with $31,800 nationally. 26,988 people (14.4%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 92,418 (49.2%) people were employed full-time, 30,396 (16.2%) were part-time, and 6,048 (3.2%) were unemployed.

The majority of the population of European lineage is of Scottish stock—the descendants of early Scottish settlers from the early 19th century. Other well-represented European groups include those of English, Irish, and Dutch descent. A large proportion of the Māori population are from the Ngāi Tahu iwi or tribe. Other significant ethnic minorities include Asians, Pacific Islanders, Africans, Latin Americans and Middle Easterners. Otago's early waves of settlement, especially during and immediately after the gold rush of the 1860s, included a substantial minority of southern (Guangdong) Chinese settlers, and a smaller but also prominent number of people from Lebanon. The region's Jewish population also experienced a small influx at this time. The early and middle years of the twentieth century saw smaller influxes of immigrants from several mainland European countries, most notably the Netherlands.

In line with the region's Scottish heritage, Presbyterianism is the largest Christian denomination with 17.1 percent affiliating, while Catholicism is the second-largest denomination with 11.5 percent affiliating.

Local government
The seat of the Otago Regional Council is in Dunedin. The council is chaired by Andrew Noone.

There are five territorial authorities in Otago:
 * Queenstown-Lakes District
 * Central Otago District
 * Dunedin City
 * Clutha District
 * Waitaki District

Parliamentary representation
Otago is represented by four parliamentary electorates. Dunedin and nearby towns are represented by the Dunedin electorate, held by Rachel Brooking, and the Taieri electorate, occupied by Ingrid Leary. Both MPs are members of the Labour Party, and Dunedin has traditionally been a Labour stronghold. Since 2008 the rest of Otago has been divided between the large rural electorates of Waitaki, which also includes some of the neighbouring Canterbury Region, and Clutha-Southland, which also includes most of the rural part of the neighbouring Southland Region. The Waitaki electorate has traditionally been a National Party stronghold and is currently held by Miles Anderson. The Southland electorate, also a National Party stronghold, is currently represented by Joseph Mooney. The earlier Otago electorate existed from 1978 to 2008, when it was split and merged into Waitaki and Clutha-Southland.

Two list MPs are based in Dunedin – Michael Woodhouse of the National Party and Rachel Brooking of the Labour Party. One-time Labour Party Deputy Leader David Parker is a former MP for the Otago electorate and currently a list MP.

Under the Māori electorates system, Otago is also part of the large Te Tai Tonga electorate, which covers the entire South Island and surrounding islands, and is currently held by Te Pati Maori Party MP Takuta Ferris.

Ngāi Tahu governance
Three of the 18 Ngāi Tahu Rūnanga (councils) are based in the Otago Region. Each one is centred on a coastal marae, namely Ōtākou, Moeraki and Puketeraki at Karitane. There is also the Arai Te Uru Marae in Dunedin.

Economy
The subnational gross domestic product (GDP) of Otago was estimated at NZ$14.18 billion in the year to March 2020, 4.38% of New Zealand's national GDP. The regional GDP per capita was estimated at $58,353 in the same period. In the year to March 2018, primary industries contributed $1.25 billion (9.8%) to the regional GDP, goods-producing industries contributed $2.38 billion (18.6%), service industries contributed $8.05 billion (63.0%), and taxes and duties contributed $1.10 billion (8.6%).

Otago has a mixed economy. Dunedin is home to manufacturing, publishing and technology-based industries. Rural economies have been reinvigorated in the 1990s and 2000s: in Clutha district, farms have been converted from sheep to more lucrative dairying. Vineyard planting and production remained modest until the middle of the 1990s when the New Zealand wine industry began to expand rapidly. The Central Otago wine region produces wine made from varieties such as the Pinot noir, Chardonnay, Sauvignon blanc, Merlot and Riesling grapes. It has an increasing reputation as New Zealand's leading Pinot noir region.

Education
Otago has numerous rural primary schools, several small town primary and secondary schools, and some larger schools in Dunedin. Most are state schools which do not charge tuition, except for international students. Some are state integrated schools, former private schools with a special character based on a religious or philosophical belief that has been integrated into the state system, but still charge "attendance dues" to cover the building and maintenance of school buildings. These schools are not owned by the government, but otherwise they like state schools cannot charge fees for tuition of domestic students but may request a donation. As Dunedin was founded by Presbyterian Scottish settlers there are a Presbyterian girls' and boys' school in the city. Unlike other major cities in New Zealand, Dunedin does not have any private intermediate or high schools, as all remaining private intermediate and high schools have been integrated into the state system.

title: Otago


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Marc Okrand

Marc Okrand (born July 3, 1948) is an American linguist. His professional work is in Native American languages, and he is well known as the creator of the Klingon language in the Star Trek science fiction franchise.

Career
As a linguist, Okrand worked with Native American languages. He earned a bachelor's degree in linguistics from the University of California, Santa Cruz in 1970. His 1977 doctoral dissertation from the University of California, Berkeley, was on the grammar of Mutsun, an extinct Ohlone language formerly spoken in the coastal areas of north-central California. His dissertation was supervised by pioneering linguist Mary Haas. From 1975 to 1978, he taught undergraduate linguistics courses at the University of California, Santa Barbara, before taking a post-doctoral fellowship at the Smithsonian in Washington, D.C., in 1978.

After that, Okrand took a job at the National Captioning Institute, where he worked on the first closed-captioning system for hearing-impaired television viewers. Until his retirement in 2013, Okrand served as one of the directors for Live Captioning at the National Captioning Institute and as President of the board of directors of WSC Avant Bard (formerly the Washington Shakespeare Company) in Arlington County, Virginia, which planned to stage "an evening of Shakespeare in Klingon" in 2010.

Star Trek
While coordinating closed captioning for the Oscars award show in 1982, Okrand met the producer for the movie Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan. His first work was dubbing in Vulcan language dialogue for Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, since the actors had already been filmed talking in English. He was then hired by Paramount Pictures to develop the Klingon language and coach the actors using it in Star Trek III: The Search for Spock, Star Trek V: The Final Frontier, and Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country. Okrand was later hired to create the Romulan and Vulcan dialogue for the 2009 Star Trek film, but these lines were cut from the final release. He was also involved in Star Trek Into Darkness, but only during post-production.

Okrand is the author of three books about Klingon – The Klingon Dictionary (first published 1985, revised enlarged edition 1992), The Klingon Way (1996), and Klingon for the Galactic Traveler (1997) – as well as two audio courses: Conversational Klingon (1992) and Power Klingon (1993). He has also co-authored the libretto of an opera in the Klingon language: ’u’, debuting at The Hague in September 2010. He speaks Klingon, but notes that others have attained greater fluency.

In 2018 he developed the language for the Kelpien race in the second season of Star Trek: Discovery (first appearing in the third Short Treks episode "The Brightest Star").

Atlantis: The Lost Empire
In 2001, Okrand created the Atlantean language for the Disney film Atlantis: The Lost Empire. He was also used as an early facial model for the protagonist's character design.

title: Marc Okrand


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Strumpshaw

Strumpshaw is a village and civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. It is located on the northern bank of the River Yare around 6 mi south-east of Norwich. The parish covers an area of 11.69 km2 and had a population of 602 in 245 households at the 2001 census, increasing to a population of 634 in 261 households at the 2011 Census. For the purposes of local government, it falls within the district of Broadland.

The villages name means 'stump wood'.

The village lies a little distance from the river, on the slopes of Strumpshaw Hill, the highest area of land in the Norfolk Broads. Because of its elevation, Strumpshaw hosted, from the late 1790s through to the mid-1810s, a repeater station in the shutter telegraph chain linking the Admiralty in London with Great Yarmouth. The Wherry Lines railway line running between Norwich and Great Yarmouth and Lowestoft runs through the parish. Trains call at Buckenham railway station at weekends only.

The small villages of Buckenham and Hassingham, formally both parishes in their own right, lie within the civil parish of Strumpshaw.

Strumpshaw Hall
Strumpshaw Hall lies closer to the river, next to the railway line. It is the home of the Strumpshaw Hall Steam Museum, with a collection of traction engines and steam rollers. It also has a showman's engine, a steam wagon and a narrow-gauge railway with a Simplex diesel disguised as a steam engine.

Natural environment
The Strumpshaw Fen RSPB reserve is operated by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. It caters for up to 20000 visitors annually. It is bordered to the east by Buckenham Marshes RSPB reserve and lies within the Mid-Yare National Nature Reserve and Yare Broads and Marshes Site of Special Scientific Interest.

Rail Access
The nearest station is Buckenham railway station on the Wherry Line.

title: Strumpshaw


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Irregular chess opening

In chess, an irregular opening is an opening considered unusual or unorthodox. In the early 19th century the term was used for any opening not beginning with 1.e4 e5 (the Open Game) or 1.d4 d5 (the Closed Game). As opening theory has developed and openings formerly considered "irregular" have become standard, the term has been used less frequently.

Because these openings are not popular with chess players, the standard opening references such as Modern Chess Openings (MCO) and Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings (ECO) do not cover them in detail.

Usage of the term
While the term has frequently been used in chess literature, its meaning has never been precise and has varied between writers.

One of the earliest references to "irregular openings" in chess literature was made by William Lewis in his 1832 work Second Series of Lessons on the Game of Chess. Lewis classified openings under the headings "King's Bishop's Game" (1.e4 e5 2.Bc4), "King's Knight's Game" (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3), "Queen's Bishop's Pawn Game" (1.e4 e5 2.c3), "King's Gambit" (1.e4 e5 2.f4), "Queen's Gambit" (1.d4 d5 2.c4) and "Irregular Openings" (all other openings). Lewis comments that the irregular openings are "seldom played, because they are generally dull and uninteresting". Among the openings he analyzes under this heading are the French Defence and English Opening (both now considered standard), Bird's Opening and a few 1.d4 d5 lines without the Queen's Gambit. Lewis assigns no names to these openings.

Carl Jaenisch, who was an early advocate of the French and Sicilian defences, rejected this use of the term "irregular", saying that openings should rather be classified as "correct", "incorrect" or "hazardous". In The Chess-Player's Handbook (1847), for many years the standard English-language reference book on the game of chess, Howard Staunton accepted Lewis's overall classification system while tacitly acknowledging Jaenisch's objections. He wrote "Those methods of commencing the game, in which the first or second player moves other than (1.e4 e5 or 1.d4 d5) are usually designated "Irregular". Without assenting to the propriety of this distinction, I have thought it advisable, for the sake of perspicuity, to adopt a general and well known classification in preference to arranging these peculiar débuts under separate and less familiar heads." Under this heading, Staunton considers the French Defence, Sicilian Defence, Scandinavian Defence, Owen's Defence, Dutch Defence, Benoni Defence, Bird's Opening and English Opening.

Strategic considerations
Irregular openings are usually considered somewhat weaker than standard openings if both players play "perfectly". An element that many irregular openings share in common to their favor, however, is that many players have not studied the resulting positions in depth. As such, they can be a useful tool when played intentionally, similar to chess traps, to throw the other player off their preferred openings they've prepared for and played many times, and force the game onto a path that only the irregular opening player has studied. This advantage can offset the theoretical weakness; even if the other player avoids any direct blunders, they may be forced to spend time deriving the correct move through personal analysis, rather than instantly knowing the "correct" reply from a memorized opening book. In the same way, such strategies could be effective against older and weaker computer chess programs from the 1980s and 1990s: a chess program that heavily relied on memorized opening books from games of top players could be set adrift quickly by an irregular opening, and forced to calculate moves for itself. Such tactics no longer work on modern chess programs, however, which are significantly stronger.

Unusual first moves by White
The vast majority of high-level chess games begin with either 1.e4, 1.d4, 1.Nf3, or 1.c4. Also seen occasionally are 1.g3, 1.b3, and 1.f4. Other opening moves by White, along with a few non-transposing lines beginning 1.g3, are classified under the code "A00" by the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings and described as "uncommon" or "irregular". Although they are classified under a single code, these openings are unrelated to each other.

The openings classified as A00 are:
 * 1.a3 – Anderssen's Opening
 * 1.a4 – Ware Opening
 * 1.b4 – Sokolsky Opening, also known as the Polish Opening or Orangutan Opening
 * 1.c3 – Saragossa Opening
 * 1.d3 – Mieses Opening
 * 1.e3 – Van 't Kruijs Opening
 * 1.f3 – Barnes Opening, also known as Gedult's Opening
 * 1.g3 – King's Fianchetto Opening or Benko's Opening
 * 1.g4 – Grob's Attack
 * 1.h3 – Clemenz Opening, or Basman's Attack
 * 1.h4 – Desprez Opening, or Kadas Opening
 * 1.Na3 – Durkin Opening, also known as Durkin's Attack or the Sodium Attack
 * 1.Nc3 – Dunst Opening
 * 1.Nh3 – Amar Opening, also known as the Paris Opening, Ammonia Opening, or Drunken Knight Opening

The Nimzowitsch-Larsen Attack (1.b3, ECO code A01) and Bird's Opening (1.f4, ECO codes A02–A03) have also been described as "irregular", particularly in older books.

Unusual responses by Black
Openings in which Black makes an unconventional response to 1.e4 are classified as B00 (King's Pawn Game). Included in this code are:
 * 1.e4 a6 – St. George Defence
 * 1.e4 b6 – Owen's Defence
 * 1.e4 f6 – Barnes Defence
 * 1.e4 h6 – Carr Defence
 * 1.e4 Na6 – Lemming Defence
 * 1.e4 Nc6 – Nimzowitsch Defence
 * 1.e4 Nh6 – Adams Defence
 * 1.e4 a5 – Cornstalk Defence
 * 1.e4 b5 – O'Neill Gambit (loses pawn to 2. Bxb5)
 * 1.e4 f5 – Fred Defence
 * 1.e4 g5 – Borg Defence
 * 1.e4 h5 – Goldsmith Defence

Of these, 1...Nc6, 1...b6, 1...a6, and 1...g5 have received the most theoretical attention. Tony Miles famously used 1...a6 to defeat Anatoly Karpov.

title: Irregular chess opening


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Sokolsky Opening

The Sokolsky Opening, also known as the Orangutan and the  Polish Opening, is an uncommon chess opening that begins with the move:
 * 1. b4

According to various databases, out of the twenty possible first moves from White, the move 1.b4 ranks ninth in popularity. It is considered an irregular opening, so it is classified under the A00 code in the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings.

Origins
One of the earliest opening plays of b4 was by Bernhard Fleissig playing against Carl Schlechter in 1893, although Fleissig was handily defeated in just 18 moves. Nikolai Bugaev defeated former world champion Wilhelm Steinitz with it in a simul exhibition game, and later published an analysis of the opening in 1903 in a Russian magazine article. Savielly Tartakower defeated Richard Réti using b4 in a match in 1919 when both were top-level players, and Reti himself defeated Abraham Speijer in Scheveningen 1923 using the opening.

The most famous use came in a game between Tartakower and Géza Maróczy at the New York 1924 chess tournament on March 21, 1924. The name "The Orangutan" originates from that game: the players visited the Bronx Zoo the previous day, where Tartakower consulted an orangutan named Susan. She somehow indicated, Tartakower insisted, that he should open with b4. Also, Tartakower was impressed with the climbing skills of the orangutan, and thought that the "climb" of the b-pawn was similar. In that particular game, Tartakower came out of the opening with a decent position, but the game was ultimately drawn.

The opening received sporadic play in the decades that followed. Tartakower had more success in 1926 when he used it against Edgard Colle for a victory. One of the most notable proponents was the Soviet player Alexei Pavlovich Sokolsky (1908–1969), who often used it in high-level play. Sokolsky wrote a monograph on the opening in 1963, Debyut 1 b2–b4, which would lead to the opening being called the "Sokolsky Opening". Sokolsky's work defended the viability of the opening even at the highest levels of professional play.

The final term, and the one used in contemporary books and chess websites such as Chess.com and Lichess, is the Polish Opening. This is by analogy to the Polish Defense (1. d4 b5), where Black's Queen's Knight pawn is advanced two spaces.

Notable later usage
In general, the opening is not popular at the top level. Alexander Alekhine, who played in the same 1924 New York tournament as Tartakower and the Orangutan game, wrote that the problem is that it reveals White's intentions before White knows what Black's intentions are. That said, it still sees sporadic use among top level grandmasters. Boris Spassky used it against Vasily Smyslov in a 1960 match, albeit having to settle for a draw. In May 2021, world champion Magnus Carlsen essayed the opening against GMs Hikaru Nakamura and Wesley So in the online FTX Crypto Cup rapid tournament.

Details
The opening is largely based upon tactics on the or the f6- and g7-squares. Black can respond in a variety of ways: For example, a common response is for Black to make a claim on the, which White's first move ignores, with 1...e5 (it is normal for White to ignore the attack on the b-pawn and play 2.Bb2, where 2...d6, 2...f6, and 2...Bxb4 are all playable), 1...d5 (possibly followed by 2.Bb2 Qd6, attacking b4 and supporting ...e7–e5), or 1...f5. Less ambitious moves like 1...Nf6, 1...c6 (called the Outflank Variation, preparing ...Qb6 or ...a5), and 1...e6 are also reasonable. Rarer attempts have been made with 1...a5 or 1...c5. Black's reply 1...e6 is usually followed by ...d5, ...Nf6 and an eventual ...c5. After 1...a5 White will most likely play 2.b5 and take advantage of Black's queenside weakness. Black's 1...c5 is much sharper and more aggressive and is normally used to avoid theory. After the capture Black will generally place pressure on the c5-square and will develop an attack against White's weak queenside structure at the cost of an inferior central position.

Named variations

 * 1…b5 (Symmetrical Variation)
 * 2.a4 (Queen's Knight's Gambit)
 * 1...c5 (Birmingham Gambit)
 * 1...c6 (Outflank Variation)
 * 1...c6 2.Bb2 a5 3.b5 cxb5 4.e4 (Schuhler Gambit)
 * 1...d5 2.Bb2 c6 3.a4 (Myers Variation)
 * 1...d5 2.Bb2 Qd6 3.a3 e5 4.Nf3 e4 5.Nd4 Nf6 6.c4! dxc4 7.e3 Be7 8.Bxc4 O-O 9.Nc3 (German Defense)
 * 1...e5 2.a3 (Bugayev Attack)
 * 1...e5 2.Bb2 c5 (Wolferts Gambit)
 * 1...e5 2.Bb2 f6 3.e4 Bxb4 (Tartakower Gambit)
 * 1...e5 2.Bb2 f6 3.e4 Bxb4 4.Bc4 Nc6 5.f4 Qe7 6.f5 g6 (Brinckmann Variation)
 * 1...Na6 (Bucker Defense Kingsley Variation)
 * 1...Nc6 (Grigorian Variation)
 * 1...Nf6 2.Bb2 g6 3.g4 (Polish Spike)
 * 1...Nh6 (Karniewski Variation)

title: Sokolsky Opening


text: Talk:Krypton

title: Talk:Krypton


text:
Halvergate

Halvergate is a village and civil parish in the English county of Norfolk, north of Reedham, between the Rivers Bure and Yare, within The Broads. To the east of the village is the hamlet of Wickhampton and the Halvergate Marshes, an area of drainage marsh which was the site of the first Environmentally Sensitive Area in the United Kingdom in 1987.

The villages name origin is uncertain possibly, 'land costing half a heriot'.

The parish covers an area of 24.65 km2 and had a population of 468 in 202 households at the 2001 census, increasing to a population of 607 in 243 households at the 2011 Census. For the purposes of local government, it falls within the district of Broadland. The civil parish includes the village of Tunstall.

The long distance footpath named the Weavers' Way passes through Halvergate, and this provides one of the few modes of access to Berney Arms.

The village has a cricket team that plays in the East Anglian Premier League.

title: Halvergate


text:
Federico García Lorca

Federico del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús García Lorca (5 June 1898 – 19 August 1936), known as Federico García Lorca, was a Spanish poet, playwright, and theatre director. García Lorca achieved international recognition as an emblematic member of the Generation of '27, a group consisting mostly of poets who introduced the tenets of European movements (such as symbolism, futurism, and surrealism) into Spanish literature.

He initially rose to fame with Romancero gitano (Gypsy Ballads, 1928), a book of poems depicting life in his native Andalusia. His poetry incorporated traditional Andalusian motifs and avant-garde styles. After a sojourn in New York City from 1929 to 1930—documented posthumously in Poeta en Nueva York (Poet in New York, 1942)—he returned to Spain and wrote his best-known plays, Blood Wedding (1932), Yerma (1934), and The House of Bernarda Alba (1936).

García Lorca was homosexual and suffered from depression after the end of his relationship with sculptor Emilio Aladrén Perojo. García Lorca also had a close emotional relationship for a time with Salvador Dalí, who said he rejected García Lorca's sexual advances.

García Lorca was assassinated by Nationalist forces at the beginning of the Spanish Civil War. His remains have never been found, and the motive remains in dispute; some theorize he was targeted for being gay, a socialist, or both, while others view a personal dispute as the more likely cause.

Early years
Federico del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús García Lorca was born on 5 June 1898, in Fuente Vaqueros, a small town 17 km west of Granada, southern Spain. His father, Federico García Rodríguez, was a prosperous landowner with a farm in the fertile vega (valley) near Granada and a comfortable villa in the heart of the city. García Rodríguez saw his fortunes rise with a boom in the sugar industry. García Lorca's mother, Vicenta Lorca Romero, was a teacher. In 1905 the family moved from Fuente Vaqueros to the nearby town of Valderrubio (at the time named Asquerosa). In 1909, when the boy was 11, his family moved to the regional capital of Granada, where there was the equivalent of a high school; their best-known residence there is the summer home called the Huerta de San Vicente, on what were then the outskirts of the city of Granada. For the rest of his life, he maintained the importance of living close to the natural world, praising his upbringing in the country. All three of these homes—Fuente Vaqueros, Valderrubio, and Huerta de San Vicente—are today museums. In 1915, after graduating from secondary school, García Lorca attended the University of Granada. During this time his studies included law, literature, and composition. Throughout his adolescence, he felt a deeper affinity for music than for literature. When he was 11 years old, he began six years of piano lessons with Antonio Segura Mesa, a harmony teacher in the local conservatory and a composer. It was Segura who inspired Federico's dream of a career in music. His first artistic inspirations arose from scores by Claude Debussy, Frédéric Chopin and Ludwig van Beethoven. Later, with his friendship with composer Manuel de Falla, Spanish folklore became his muse. García Lorca did not turn to writing until Segura's death in 1916, and his first prose works, such as "Nocturne", "Ballade", and "Sonata", drew on musical forms. His milieu of young intellectuals gathered in El Rinconcillo at the Café Alameda in Granada. In 1916 and 1917, García Lorca traveled throughout Castile, León, and Galicia, in northern Spain, with a professor of his university, who also encouraged him to write his first book, Impresiones y paisajes (Impressions and Landscapes—printed at his father's expense in 1918). Fernando de los Rios persuaded García Lorca's parents to let him move to the progressive, Oxbridge-inspired Residencia de Estudiantes in Madrid in 1919, while nominally attending classes at the University of Madrid.

As a young writer
At the Residencia de Estudiantes in Madrid, García Lorca befriended Luis Buñuel and Salvador Dalí and many other creative artists who were, or would become, influential across Spain. He was taken under the wing of the poet Juan Ramón Jiménez, becoming close to playwright Eduardo Marquina and Gregorio Martínez Sierra, the Director of Madrid's Teatro Eslava.

In 1919–20, at Sierra's invitation, he wrote and staged his first play, The Butterfly's Evil Spell. It was a verse play dramatising the impossible love between a cockroach and a butterfly, with a supporting cast of other insects; it was laughed off the stage by an unappreciative public after only four performances and influenced García Lorca's attitude to the theatre-going public for the rest of his career. He would later claim that Mariana Pineda, written in 1927, was, in fact, his first play. During the time at the Residencia de Estudiantes, he pursued degrees in law and philosophy, though he had more interest in writing than in study.

García Lorca's first book of poems, Libro de poemas, was published in 1921, collecting work written from 1918, and selected with the help of his brother Francisco (nicknamed Paquito). They concern the themes of religious faith, isolation, and nature that had filled his prose reflections. Early in 1922, at Granada García Lorca joined the composer Manuel de Falla in order to promote the Concurso de Cante Jondo, a festival dedicated to enhance flamenco performance and its cante jondo style. The year before, García Lorca had begun to write his Poema del cante jondo ("Poem of the Deep Song", not published until 1931), so he naturally composed an essay on the art of flamenco, and began to speak publicly in support of the Concurso. At the music festival in June he met the celebrated Manuel Torre, a flamenco cantaor. The next year in Granada he also collaborated with Falla and others on the musical production of a play for children, La niña que riega la albahaca y el príncipe preguntón (The Girl that Waters the Basil and the Inquisitive Prince) adapted by Lorca from an Andalusian story. Inspired by the same structural form of sequence as "Deep Song", his collection Suites (1923) was never finished and was not published until 1983.

Over the next few years, García Lorca became increasingly involved in Spain's avant-garde. He published a poetry collection called Canciones (Songs), although it did not contain songs in the usual sense. Shortly after, Lorca was invited to exhibit a series of drawings at the Galeries Dalmau in Barcelona, from 25 June to 2 July 1927. Lorca's sketches were a blend of popular and avant-garde styles, complementing Canción. Both his poetry and drawings reflected the influence of traditional Andalusian motifs, Cubist syntax, and a preoccupation with sexual identity. Several drawings consisted of superimposed dreamlike faces (or shadows). He later described the double faces as self-portraits, showing "man's capacity for crying as well as winning," in line with his conviction that sorrow and joy were as inseparable as life and death.

Romancero gitano (Gypsy Ballads, 1928), part of his Cancion series, became his best known book of poetry. It was a highly stylised imitation of the ballads and poems that were still being told throughout the Spanish countryside. García Lorca describes the work as a "carved altar piece" of Andalusia with "gypsies, horses, archangels, planets, its Jewish and Roman breezes, rivers, crimes, the everyday touch of the smuggler and the celestial note of the naked children of Córdoba. A book that hardly expresses visible Andalusia at all, but where the hidden Andalusia trembles." In 1928, the book brought him fame across Spain and the Hispanic world, and it was only much later that he gained notability as a playwright. For the rest of his life, the writer would search for the elements of Andaluce culture, trying to find its essence without resorting to the "picturesque" or the clichéd use of "local colour".

His second play, Mariana Pineda, with stage settings by Salvador Dalí, opened to great acclaim in Barcelona in 1927. In 1926, García Lorca wrote the play The Shoemaker's Prodigious Wife, which would not be shown until the early 1930s. It was a farce about fantasy, based on the relationship between a flirtatious, petulant wife and a hen-pecked shoemaker.From 1925 to 1928, he was passionately involved with Dalí. Although Dali's friendship with Lorca had a strong element of mutual passion, Dalí said he rejected the erotic advances of the poet. With the success of "Gypsy Ballads", came an estrangement from Dalí and the breakdown of a love affair with sculptor Emilio Aladrén Perojo. These brought on an increasing depression, a situation exacerbated by his anguish over his homosexuality. He felt he was trapped between the persona of the successful author, which he was forced to maintain in public, and the tortured, authentic self, which he could acknowledge only in private. He also had the sense that he was being pigeon-holed as a "gypsy poet". He wrote: "The gypsies are a theme. And nothing more. I could just as well be a poet of sewing needles or hydraulic landscapes. Besides, this gypsyism gives me the appearance of an uncultured, ignorant and primitive poet that you know very well I'm not. I don't want to be typecast."

Growing estrangement between García Lorca and his closest friends reached its climax when surrealists Dalí and Luis Buñuel collaborated on their 1929 film Un Chien Andalou (An Andalusian Dog). García Lorca interpreted it, perhaps erroneously, as a vicious attack upon himself. At this time Dalí also met his future wife Gala. Aware of these problems (though not perhaps of their causes), García Lorca's family arranged for him to make a lengthy visit to the United States in 1929–30.

In June 1929, García Lorca travelled to the US with Fernando de los Rios on the RMS Olympic, a sister liner to the RMS Titanic. They stayed mostly in New York City, where Rios started a lecture tour and García Lorca enrolled at Columbia University School of General Studies, funded by his parents. He studied English but, as before, was absorbed more by writing than by study. At Columbia, he lived in room 617 in Furnald Hall before moving to room 1231 in John Jay Hall. He also spent time in Vermont and later in Havana, Cuba.

His collection Poeta en Nueva York (Poet in New York, published posthumously in 1940) explores alienation and isolation through some graphically experimental poetic techniques and was influenced by the Wall Street crash which he personally witnessed.

This condemnation of urban capitalist society and materialistic modernity was a sharp departure from his earlier work and label as a folklorist. His play of this time, El público (The Public), was not published until the late 1970s and has never been published in its entirety, the complete manuscript apparently lost. However, the Hispanic Society of America in New York City retains several of his personal letters.

The Second Republic
García Lorca's return to Spain in 1930 coincided with the fall of the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera and the establishment of the Second Spanish Republic. In 1931, García Lorca was appointed director of a student theatre company, Teatro Universitario La Barraca (The Shack). It was funded by the Second Republic's Ministry of Education, and it was charged with touring Spain's rural areas in order to introduce audiences to classical Spanish theatre free of charge. With a portable stage and little equipment, they sought to bring theatre to people who had never seen any, with García Lorca directing as well as acting. He commented: "Outside of Madrid, the theatre, which is in its very essence a part of the life of the people, is almost dead, and the people suffer accordingly, as they would if they had lost their two eyes, or ears, or a sense of taste. We [La Barraca] are going to give it back to them." His experiences traveling through impoverished rural Spain and New York (particularly amongst the disenfranchised African-American population), transformed him into a passionate advocate of the theatre of social action. He wrote "The theatre is a school of weeping and of laughter, a free forum, where men can question norms that are outmoded or mistaken and explain with living example the eternal norms of the human heart."

While touring with La Barraca, García Lorca wrote his now best-known plays, the "Rural Trilogy" of Blood Wedding, Yerma and The House of Bernarda Alba, which all rebelled against the norms of bourgeois Spanish society. He called for a rediscovery of the roots of European theatre and the questioning of comfortable conventions such as the popular drawing-room comedies of the time. His work challenged the accepted role of women in society and explored taboo issues of homoeroticism and class. García Lorca wrote little poetry in this last period of his life, declaring in 1936, "theatre is poetry that rises from the book and becomes human enough to talk and shout, weep and despair." Travelling to Buenos Aires in 1933, to give lectures and direct the Argentine premiere of Blood Wedding, García Lorca spoke of his distilled theories on artistic creation and performance in the famous lecture Play and Theory of the Duende. This attempted to define a schema of artistic inspiration, arguing that great art depends upon a vivid awareness of death, connection with a nation's soil, and an acknowledgment of the limitations of reason.

As well as returning to the classical roots of theatre, García Lorca also turned to traditional forms in poetry. His last poetic work, Sonetos de amor oscuro (Sonnets of Dark Love, 1936), was long thought to have been inspired by his passion for Rafael Rodríguez Rapún, young actor and secretary of La Barraca. Documents and mementos revealed in 2012, suggest that the actual inspiration was Juan Ramírez de Lucas, a 19-year-old with whom Lorca hoped to emigrate to Mexico. The love sonnets are inspired by the 16th-century poet San Juan de la Cruz. La Barraca's subsidy was cut in half by the rightist government elected in 1934, and its last performance was given in April 1936.

Lorca spent summers at the Huerta de San Vicente from 1926 to 1936. Here he wrote, totally or in part, some of his major works, among them When Five Years Pass (Así que pasen cinco años) (1931), Blood Wedding (1932), Yerma (1934) and Diván del Tamarit (1931–1936). The poet lived in the Huerta de San Vicente in the days just before his arrest and assassination in August 1936.

Although García Lorca's drawings do not often receive attention, he was also a talented artist.

Assassination
Political and social tensions had greatly intensified after the July 1936 murder of prominent monarchist and anti-Popular Front spokesman José Calvo Sotelo by Republican Assault Guards (Guardias de asalto). García Lorca knew that he would be considered abhorrent by the rising right wing for his outspoken socialist views. Granada was so tumultuous that it had not had a mayor for months; no one dared accept the job. When García Lorca's brother-in-law, Manuel Fernández-Montesinos, agreed to accept the position, he was assassinated within a week. On the same day he was shot, 19 August 1936, García Lorca was arrested.

It is thought that García Lorca was shot and killed by Nationalist militia on 19 August 1936. The author Ian Gibson in his book The Assassination of García Lorca argues that he was shot with three others (Joaquín Arcollas Cabezas, Francisco Galadí Melgar and Dióscoro Galindo González) at a place known as the Fuente Grande ('Great Spring') which is on the road between Víznar and Alfacar. Police reports released by radio station Cadena SER in April 2015, conclude that Lorca was executed by fascist forces. The Franco-era report, dated 9 July 1965, describes the writer as a "socialist" and "freemason belonging to the Alhambra lodge", who engaged in "homosexual and abnormal practices".

Significant controversy exists about the motives and details of García Lorca's murder. Personal, non-political motives have been suggested. García Lorca's biographer, Stainton, states that his killers made remarks about his sexual orientation, suggesting that it played a role in his death. Ian Gibson suggests that García Lorca's assassination was part of a campaign of mass killings intended to eliminate supporters of the Leftist Popular Front. However, Gibson proposes that rivalry between the right-wing Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right (CEDA) and the fascist Falange was a major factor in Lorca's death. At the time of his arrest, Lorca was hiding in the house of Luis Rosales, two of whose brothers were high-ranking Falange members. Former CEDA Parliamentary Deputy Ramón Ruiz Alonso arrested García Lorca at the Rosales's home, and was the one responsible for the original denunciation that led to the arrest warrant being issued.

It has been argued that García Lorca was apolitical and had many friends in both Republican and Nationalist camps. Gibson disputes this in his 1978 book about the poet's death. He cites, for example, Mundo Obrero's published manifesto, which Lorca later signed, and alleges that García Lorca was an active supporter of the Popular Front. García Lorca read out this manifesto at a banquet in honour of fellow poet Rafael Alberti on 9 February 1936.

Many anti-communists were sympathetic to García Lorca or assisted him. In the days before his arrest, he found shelter in the house of the artist and leading Falange member, Luis Rosales. Indeed, evidence suggests that Rosales was very nearly shot as well by the Civil Governor Valdés for helping García Lorca. Poet Gabriel Celaya wrote in his memoirs that he once found García Lorca in the company of Falangist José Maria Aizpurúa. Celaya further wrote that Lorca dined every Friday with Falangist founder and leader José Antonio Primo de Rivera. On 11 March 1937, an article appeared in the Falangist press denouncing the murder and lionizing García Lorca; the article opened: "The finest poet of Imperial Spain has been assassinated." Jean-Louis Schonberg also put forward the 'homosexual jealousy' theory.

Search for remains
The later 20th, and particularly the 21st centuries have seen numerous, unsuccessful attempts to locate García Lorca's remains. The first published account is in a 1949 book by the British Hispanist Gerald Brenan, The Face of Spain. By the 21st century advances in technology gave scope for identifying remains of victims of Francoist repression. The year 2000 saw the foundation of the Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory, which grew out of the quest by a sociologist, Emilio Silva-Barrera, to locate and identify the remains of his grandfather, who was shot by Franco's forces in 1936.

Three efforts have been made in the 21st century to locate García Lorca's body. The first, in 2009, in the García Lorca Memorial Park; the second, in 2014, less than a kilometer from the first excavation, and the last, in 2016, in Alfacar. In 2008, a Spanish judge opened an investigation into García Lorca's death. The García Lorca family dropped objections to the excavation of a potential gravesite near Alfacar, but no human remains were found. The investigation was ultimately dropped and a further investigation was begun in 2016, but met with no more success.

In late October 2009, a team of archaeologists and historians from the University of Granada began excavations outside Alfacar. The site was identified three decades previously by a man who said he had helped dig Lorca's grave. Lorca was thought to be buried with at least three other men beside a winding mountain road that connects the villages of Víznar and Alfacar.

The excavations began at the request of another victim's family. Following a long-standing objection, the Lorca family also gave their permission. In October 2009, Francisco Espínola, a spokesman for the Justice Ministry of the Andalusian regional government, said that after years of pressure García Lorca's body would "be exhumed in a matter of weeks." Lorca's relatives, who had initially opposed an exhumation, said they might provide a DNA sample in order to identify his remains.

In late November 2009, after two weeks of excavating the site, organic material that was believed to be human bones were recovered. The remains were taken to the University of Granada for examination. But in mid-December 2009, doubts were raised as to whether the poet's remains would be found. The dig produced "not one bone, item of clothing or bullet shell", said Begoña Álvarez, justice minister of Andalucia. She added, "the soil was only 40 cm (16in) deep, making it too shallow for a grave." The failed excavation cost €70,000.

In January 2012, a local historian, Miguel Caballero Pérez, author of "The last 13 hours of García Lorca", applied for permission to excavate another area less than half a kilometre from the site, where he believes Lorca's remains are located.

Claims in 2016, by Stephen Roberts, an associate professor in Spanish literature at Nottingham University, and others that the poet's body was buried in a well in Alfacar have not been substantiated.

In 2021, it was reported that there would be an investigation of mass graves at Barranco de Víznar (a locality near Víznar where there is a memorial to Lorca). This project had the support of families who believed that relatives were buried there. The archaeologist directing the investigation explained that the poet was only one of hundreds of people whose remains might be there. Excavations at the site were still in progress in 2024.

Censorship
Francisco Franco's regime placed a general ban on García Lorca's work, which was not rescinded until 1953. That year, a (censored) Obras completas (Complete Works) was released. Following this, Blood Wedding, Yerma and The House of Bernarda Alba were successfully played on the main Spanish stages. Obras completas did not include his late heavily homoerotic Sonnets of Dark Love, written in November 1935 and shared only with close friends. They were lost until 1983/4 when they were finally published in draft form. (No final manuscripts have ever been found.) It was only after Franco's death that García Lorca's life and death could be openly discussed in Spain. This was not only because of political censorship, but also because of the reluctance of the García Lorca family to allow publication of unfinished poems and plays prior to the publication of a critical edition of his works.

South African Roman Catholic poet Roy Campbell, who enthusiastically supported the Nationalists both during and after the Civil War, later produced acclaimed translations of Lorca's work. In his poem "The Martyrdom of F. Garcia Lorca", Campbell wrote,

Not only did he lose his life By shots assassinated: But with a hammer and a knife Was after that—translated.

Memorials
In Granada, the city of his birth, the Park Federico García Lorca is dedicated to his memory and includes the Huerta de San Vicente, the Lorca family summer home, opened as a museum in 1995. The grounds, including nearly two hectares of land, the two adjoining houses, works of art, and the original furnishings have been preserved. There is a statue of Lorca on the Avenida de la Constitución in the city center, and a cultural center bearing his name was opened in 2015.

The Parque Federico García Lorca, in Alfacar, is near Fuente Grande; in 2009, excavations in it failed to locate Lorca's body. Close to the olive tree indicated by some as marking the location of the grave, there is a stone memorial to Federico García Lorca and all other victims of the Civil War, 1936–1939. Flowers are laid at the memorial every year on the anniversary of his death, and a commemorative event including music and readings of the poet's works is held every year in the park to mark the anniversary. On 17 August 2011, to remember the 75th anniversary of Lorca's assassination and to celebrate his life and legacy, this event included dance, song, poetry and dramatic readings and attracted hundreds of spectators. At the Barranco de Víznar, between Víznar and Alfacar, there is a memorial stone bearing the words "Lorca eran todos, 18-8-2002" ("All were Lorca ..."). The Barranco de Víznar is the site of mass graves and has been proposed as another possible location of the poet's remains.

Lorca is honored by a statue prominently located in Madrid's Plaza de Santa Ana. Political philosopher David Crocker reported in 2014 that "the statue, at least, is still an emblem of the contested past: each day, the Left puts a red kerchief on the neck of the statue, and someone from the Right comes later to take it off". In Paris Lorca is commeorated in the Federico García Lorca Garden on the Seine.

Lorca's one-time room at the Hotel Castelar in Buenos Aires, Argentina, where he lived for six months in 1933, has been kept as a museum. In 2014, Lorca was one of the inaugural honourees in the Rainbow Honor Walk, a walk of fame in San Francisco's Castro neighborhood noting LGBTQ people who have "made significant contributions in their fields". The Indonesian composer Ananda Sukarlan has composed music based on some of his poems in 2016 to commemorate the 80th anniversary of his death, commissioned by the Spanish Embassy in Indonesia and the Ubud Writers & Readers Festival (Bali) where it was premiered by soprano Mariska Setiawan.

The Fundación Federico García Lorca, directed by Lorca's niece Laura García Lorca, sponsors the celebration and dissemination of the writer's work and is currently building the Centro Federico García Lorca in Madrid. The Lorca family deposited all Federico documents in their possession with the foundation, which holds them on their behalf.

Poetry collections

 * Impresiones y paisajes (Impressions and Landscapes 1918)
 * Libro de poemas (Book of Poems 1921)
 * Poema del cante jondo (Poem of the Deep Song; written in 1921 but not published until 1931)
 * Suites (written between 1920 and 1923, published posthumously in 1983)
 * Canciones (Songs written between 1921 and 1924, published in 1927)
 * Romancero gitano (Gypsy Ballads 1928)
 * Odes (written 1928)
 * Poeta en Nueva York (written 1930 – published posthumously in 1940, first translation into English as Poet in New York 1940)
 * Llanto por Ignacio Sánchez Mejías (Lament for Ignacio Sánchez Mejías 1935)
 * Seis poemas galegos (Six Galician poems 1935)
 * Sonetos del amor oscuro (Sonnets of Dark Love 1936, not published until 1983)
 * Lament for the Death of a Bullfighter and Other Poems (1937)
 * Primeras canciones (First Songs 1936)
 * Diván del Tamarit (The Tamarit Divan, poems written 1931–34 and not published until after his death in a special edition of Revista Hispánica Moderna in 1940).
 * Selected Poems (1941)

Select translations

 * Poem of the Deep Song – Poema del Cante Jondo, translated by Carlos Bauer (includes original Spanish verses). City Lights Books, 1987 ISBN 0-87286-205-4
 * Poem of the Deep Song, translated by Ralph Angel. Sarabande Books, 2006 ISBN 1-932511-40-7
 * Gypsy Ballads: A Version of the Romancero Gitano of Federico García Lorca Translated by Michael Hartnett. Goldsmith Press 1973
 * "Poet in New York-Poeta en Nueva York," translated by Pablo Medina and Mark Statman (includes original Spanish, with a preface by Edward Hirsch), Grove Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-8021-4353-2; 0-8021-4353-9
 * Gypsy Ballads, bilingual edition translated by Jane Duran and Gloria García Lorca. Enitharmon Press 2016
 * Sonnets of Dark Love - The Tamarit Divan, bilingual edition translated by Jane Duran and Gloria García Lorca with essays by Christopher Maurer and Andrés Soria Olmedo. Enitharmon Press 2016
 * Yerma, translated by Kathryn Phillips-Miles and Simon Deefholts, 2020. ISBN 978-1-9996453-9-9
 * The Dream of Apples: Selected Poems of Federico García Lorca, bilingual edition translated by Rebecca Seiferle, winner of the Stephen Mitchell Prize for excellence in translation. Green Linden Press 2024.

Plays

 * Christ: A Religious Tragedy (unfinished 1917)
 * The Butterfly's Evil Spell: (written 1919–20, first production 1920)
 * The Billy-Club Puppets: (written 1922–5, first production 1937)
 * The Puppet Play of Don Cristóbal: (written 1923, first production 1935)
 * Mariana Pineda (written 1923–25, first production 1927)
 * The Curse of the Butterfly, first production 1927 in the Teatro Eslava, Madrid
 * The Shoemaker's Prodigious Wife: (written 1926–30, first production 1930, revised 1933)
 * The Love of Don Perlimplín and Belisa in the Garden: (written 1928, first production 1933)
 * The Public: (written 1929–30, first production 1972); only an incomplete draft is known
 * When Five Years Pass: (written 1931, first production 1945)
 * Blood Wedding: (written 1932, first production 1933)
 * Yerma (written 1934, first production 1934)
 * Doña Rosita the Spinster: (written 1935, first production 1935)
 * Play Without a Title: (only one act, written 1936, first production 1986)
 * The House of Bernarda Alba: (written 1936, first production 1945)
 * Dreams of my Cousin Aurelia: (unfinished)

Short plays

 * El paseo de Buster Keaton (Buster Keaton goes for a stroll 1928)
 * La doncella, el marinero y el estudiante (The Maiden, the Sailor and the Student 1928)
 * Quimera (Dream 1928)

Filmscripts

 * Viaje a la luna (Trip to the Moon 1929)

Operas

 * Lola, la Comedianta (Lola, the Actress/Comedian, unfinished collaboration with Manuel de Falla 1923)

Drawings and paintings

 * Salvador Dalí, 1925. 160 × 140 mm. Ink and colored pencil on paper. Private collection, Barcelona, Spain
 * Bust of a Dead Man, 1932. Ink and colored pencil on paper. Chicago, Illinois

title: Federico García Lorca


text:
User:Conrad.au

Hi There. I'm Conrad, from Canberra, Australia.

Might add more stuff here later. Probably won't though.

title: User:Conrad.au