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Generation

A generation is all of the people born and living at about the same time, regarded collectively. It also is "the average period, generally considered to be about 20–30 years, during which children are born and grow up, become adults, and begin to have children." In kinship, generation is a structural term, designating the parent–child relationship. In biology, generation also means biogenesis, reproduction, and procreation.

Generation is also a synonym for birth/age cohort in demographics, marketing, and social science, where it means "people within a delineated population who experience the same significant events within a given period of time." The term generation in this sense, also known as social generations, is widely used in popular culture and is a basis of sociological analysis. Serious analysis of generations began in the nineteenth century, emerging from an increasing awareness of the possibility of permanent social change and the idea of youthful rebellion against the established social order. Some analysts believe that a generation is one of the fundamental social categories in a society; others consider generation less important than class, gender, race, and education.

Etymology
The word generate comes from the Latin generāre, meaning "to beget". The word generation as a group or cohort in social science signifies the entire body of individuals born and living at about the same time, most of whom are approximately the same age and have similar ideas, problems, and attitudes (e.g., Beat Generation and Lost Generation).

Familial generation
A familial generation is a group of living beings constituting a single step in the line of descent from an ancestor. In developed nations the average familial generation length is in the high 20s and has even reached 30 years in some nations. Factors such as greater industrialisation and demand for cheap labour, urbanisation, delayed first pregnancy and a greater uncertainty in both employment income and relationship stability have all contributed to the increase of the generation length from the late 18th century to the present. These changes can be attributed to social factors, such as GDP and state policy, globalization, automation, and related individual-level variables, particularly a woman's educational attainment. Conversely, in less-developed nations, generation length has changed little and remains in the low 20s.

An intergenerational rift in the nuclear family, between the parents and two or more of their children, is one of several possible dynamics of a dysfunctional family. Coalitions in families are subsystems within families with more rigid boundaries and are thought to be a sign of family dysfunction.

Social generation
Social generations are cohorts of people born in the same date range and who share similar cultural experiences. The idea of a social generation has a long history and can be found in ancient literature, but did not gain currency in the sense that it is used today until the 19th century. Prior to that, the concept "generation" had generally referred to family relationships and not broader social groupings. In 1863, the French lexicographer Emile Littré had defined a generation as "all people coexisting in society at any given time."

Several trends promoted a new idea of generations, as the 19th century wore on, of a society divided into different categories of people based on age. These trends were all related to the processes of modernisation, industrialisation, or westernisation, which had been changing the face of Europe since the mid-18th century. One was a change in mentality about time and social change. The increasing prevalence of enlightenment ideas encouraged the idea that society and life were changeable, and that civilization could progress. This encouraged the equation of youth with social renewal and change. Political rhetoric in the 19th century often focused on the renewing power of youth influenced by movements such as Young Italy, Young Germany, Sturm und Drang, the German Youth Movement, and other romantic movements. By the end of the 19th century, European intellectuals were disposed toward thinking of the world in generational terms—in terms of youth rebellion and emancipation.

One important contributing factor to the change in mentality was the change in the economic structure of society. Because of the rapid social and economic change, young men particularly were less beholden to their fathers and family authority than they had been. Greater social and economic mobility allowed them to flout their authority to a much greater extent than had traditionally been possible. Additionally, the skills and wisdom of fathers were often less valuable than they had been due to technological and social change. During this time, the period between childhood and adulthood, usually spent at university or in military service, was also increased for many white-collar workers. This category of people was very influential in spreading the ideas of youthful renewal.

Another important factor was the breakdown of traditional social and regional identifications. The spread of nationalism and many of the factors that created it (a national press, linguistic homogenisation, public education, suppression of local particularities) encouraged a broader sense of belonging beyond local affiliations. People thought of themselves increasingly as part of a society, and this encouraged identification with groups beyond the local. Auguste Comte was the first philosopher to make a serious attempt to systematically study generations. In Cours de philosophie positive, Comte suggested that social change is determined by generational change and in particular conflict between successive generations. As the members of a given generation age, their "instinct of social conservation" becomes stronger, which inevitably and necessarily brings them into conflict with the "normal attribute of youth"—innovation. Other important theorists of the 19th century were John Stuart Mill and Wilhelm Dilthey.

Generational theory
The sociologist Karl Mannheim was a seminal figure in the study of generations. He elaborated a theory of generations in his 1923 essay The Problem of Generations. He suggested that there had been a division into two primary schools of study of generations until that time. Firstly, positivists such as Comte measured social change in designated life spans. Mannheim argued that this reduced history to "a chronological table". The other school, the "romantic-historical" was represented by Dilthey and Martin Heidegger. This school focused on the individual qualitative experience at the expense of social context. Mannheim emphasised that the rapidity of social change in youth was crucial to the formation of generations, and that not every generation would come to see itself as distinct. In periods of rapid social change a generation would be much more likely to develop a cohesive character. He also believed that a number of distinct sub-generations could exist. According to Gilleard and Higgs, Mannheim identified three commonalities that a generation shares:

 * Shared temporal location: generational site or birth cohort
 * Shared historical location: generation as actuality or exposure to a common era
 * Shared sociocultural location: generational consciousness or entelechy

Authors William Strauss and Neil Howe developed the Strauss–Howe generational theory outlining what they saw as a pattern of generations repeating throughout American history. This theory became quite influential with the public and reignited an interest in the sociology of generations. This led to the creation of an industry of consulting, publishing, and marketing in the field (corporations spent approximately 70 million dollars on generational consulting in the U.S. in 2015). The theory has alternatively been criticized by social scientists and journalists who argue it is non-falsifiable, deterministic, and unsupported by rigorous evidence.

There are psychological and sociological dimensions in the sense of belonging and identity which may define a generation. The concept of a generation can be used to locate particular birth cohorts in specific historical and cultural circumstances, such as the "Baby boomers". Historian Hans Jaeger shows that, during the concept's long history, two schools of thought coalesced regarding how generations form: the "pulse-rate hypothesis" and the "imprint hypothesis." According to the pulse-rate hypothesis, a society's entire population can be divided into a series of non-overlapping cohorts, each of which develops a unique "peer personality" because of the time period in which each cohort came of age. The movement of these cohorts from one life-stage to the next creates a repeating cycle that shapes the history of that society. A prominent example of pulse-rate generational theory is Strauss and Howe's theory. Social scientists tend to reject the pulse-rate hypothesis because, as Jaeger explains, "the concrete results of the theory of the universal pulse rate of history are, of course, very modest. With a few exceptions, the same goes for the partial pulse-rate theories. Since they generally gather data without any knowledge of statistical principles, the authors are often least likely to notice to what extent the jungle of names and numbers which they present lacks any convincing organization according to generations."

Social scientists follow the "imprint hypothesis" of generations (i.e., that major historical events—such as the Vietnam War, the September 11 attacks, the COVID-19 pandemic, etc.—leave an "imprint" on the generation experiencing them at a young age), which can be traced to Karl Mannheim's theory. According to the imprint hypothesis, generations are only produced by specific historical events that cause young people to perceive the world differently than their elders. Thus, not everyone may be part of a generation; only those who share a unique social and biographical experience of an important historical moment will become part of a "generation as an actuality." When following the imprint hypothesis, social scientists face a number of challenges. They cannot accept the labels and chronological boundaries of generations that come from the pulse-rate hypothesis (like Generation X or Millennial); instead, the chronological boundaries of generations must be determined inductively and who is part of the generation must be determined through historical, quantitative, and qualitative analysis.

While all generations have similarities, there are differences among them as well. A 2007 Pew Research Center report called "Millennials: Confident. Connected. Open to Change" noted the challenge of studying generations:

"Generational analysis has a long and distinguished place in social science, and we cast our lot with those scholars who believe it is not only possible, but often highly illuminating, to search for the unique and distinctive characteristics of any given age group of Americans. But we also know this is not an exact science. We are mindful that there are as many differences in attitudes, values, behaviors, and lifestyles within a generation as there are between generations. But we believe this reality does not diminish the value of generational analysis; it merely adds to its richness and complexity."

Another element of generational theory is recognizing how youth experience their generation, and how that changes based on where they reside in the world. "Analyzing young people's experiences in place contributes to a deeper understanding of the processes of individualization, inequality, and of generation." Being able to take a closer looks at youth cultures and subcultures in different times and places adds an extra element to understanding the everyday lives of youth. This allows a better understanding of youth and the way generation and place play in their development. It is not where the birth cohort boundaries are drawn that is important, but how individuals and societies interpret the boundaries and how divisions may shape processes and outcomes. However, the practice of categorizing age cohorts is useful to researchers for the purpose of constructing boundaries in their work.

Generational tension
Norman Ryder writing in American Sociological Review in 1965 shed light on the sociology of the discord between generations by suggesting that society "persists despite the mortality of its individual members, through processes of demographic metabolism and particularly the annual infusion of birth cohorts". He argued that generations may sometimes be a "threat to stability" but at the same time they represent "the opportunity for social transformation". Ryder attempted to understand the dynamics at play between generations.

Amanda Grenier in a 2007 essay published in Journal of Social Issues offered another source of explanation for why generational tensions exist. Grenier asserted that generations develop their own linguistic models that contribute to misunderstanding between age cohorts, "Different ways of speaking exercised by older and younger people exist, and may be partially explained by social historical reference points, culturally determined experiences, and individual interpretations".

Karl Mannheim in his 1952 book Essays on the Sociology of Knowledge asserted the belief that people are shaped through lived experiences as a result of social change. Howe and Strauss also have written on the similarities of people within a generation being attributed to social change. Based on the way these lived experiences shape a generation in regard to values, the result is that the new generation will challenge the older generation's values, resulting in tension. This challenge between generations and the tension that arises is a defining point for understanding generations and what separates them.

Western world
The Western world includes parts of Western Europe, North America, and Australasia. Many variations may exist within these regions, both geographically and culturally, which means that the list is broadly indicative, but very general. The contemporary characterization of these cohorts used in media and advertising borrows, in part, from the Strauss–Howe generational theory and generally follows the logic of the pulse-rate hypothesis.
 * The Lost Generation, also known as the "Generation of 1914" in Europe, is a term originating from Gertrude Stein to describe those who fought in World War I. The Lost Generation is defined as the cohort born from 1883 to 1900 who came of age during World War I and the Roaring Twenties.
 * The Greatest Generation, also known in American usage as the "G.I. Generation", includes the veterans who fought in World War II. They were born from 1901 to 1927; older G.I.s (or the Interbellum Generation) came of age during the Roaring Twenties, while younger G.I.s came of age during the Great Depression and World War II. Journalist Tom Brokaw wrote about American members of this cohort in his book The Greatest Generation, which popularized the term.
 * The Silent Generation, also known as the "Lucky Few", is the cohort who came of age in the post–World War II era. They were born from 1928 to 1945. In the U.S., this group includes most of those who may have fought the Korean War and many of those who may have fought during the Vietnam War.
 * Baby boomers (often shortened to Boomers), are the people born following World War II from 1946 to 1964. Increased birth rates were observed during the post–World War II baby boom, making them a relatively large demographic cohort. See:
 * In the U.S., many older boomers may have fought in the Vietnam War or participated in the counterculture of the 1960s, while younger boomers (or Generation Jones) came of age in the "malaise" years of the 1970s.
 * Generation X (or Gen X for short) is the cohort following the baby boomers. The generation is generally defined as people born between 1965 and 1980. The term has also been used in different times and places for a number of different subcultures or countercultures since the 1950s. In the U.S., some called Xers the "baby bust" generation because of a drop in birth rates following the baby boom.
 * Millennials, also known as Generation Y (or Gen Y for short), are the generation following Generation X who grew up around the turn of the 3rd millennium. This generation is typically defined as those born from 1981 to 1996.  The Pew Research Center reported that Millennials surpassed the Baby Boomers in U.S. numbers in 2019, with an estimated 71.6 million Boomers and 72.1 million Millennials.
 * Generation Z (or Gen Z for short and colloquially as "Zoomers"), are the people succeeding the Millennials. Pew Research Center describes Generation Z as spanning from 1997 to 2012. Both the United States Library of Congress and Statistics Canada have cited Pew's definition of 1997–2012 for Generation Z. In a 2022 report, the U.S. Census designates Generation Z as those born 1997 to 2013. The Australian Bureau of Statistics uses 1996 to 2010 to define Generation Z in a 2022 publication.
 * Generation Alpha (or Gen Alpha for short) are the generation succeeding Generation Z. Researchers and popular media typically use 2013 as starting birth year and 2024 as ending birth year. Generation Alpha is the first to be born entirely in the 21st century. As of 2015, there were some two-and-a-half million people born every week around the globe, and Gen Alpha is expected to reach nearly two billion in size by 2025.
 * In the U.S., many older boomers may have fought in the Vietnam War or participated in the counterculture of the 1960s, while younger boomers (or Generation Jones) came of age in the "malaise" years of the 1970s.
 * Generation X (or Gen X for short) is the cohort following the baby boomers. The generation is generally defined as people born between 1965 and 1980. The term has also been used in different times and places for a number of different subcultures or countercultures since the 1950s. In the U.S., some called Xers the "baby bust" generation because of a drop in birth rates following the baby boom.
 * Millennials, also known as Generation Y (or Gen Y for short), are the generation following Generation X who grew up around the turn of the 3rd millennium. This generation is typically defined as those born from 1981 to 1996.  The Pew Research Center reported that Millennials surpassed the Baby Boomers in U.S. numbers in 2019, with an estimated 71.6 million Boomers and 72.1 million Millennials.
 * Generation Z (or Gen Z for short and colloquially as "Zoomers"), are the people succeeding the Millennials. Pew Research Center describes Generation Z as spanning from 1997 to 2012. Both the United States Library of Congress and Statistics Canada have cited Pew's definition of 1997–2012 for Generation Z. In a 2022 report, the U.S. Census designates Generation Z as those born 1997 to 2013. The Australian Bureau of Statistics uses 1996 to 2010 to define Generation Z in a 2022 publication.
 * Generation Alpha (or Gen Alpha for short) are the generation succeeding Generation Z. Researchers and popular media typically use 2013 as starting birth year and 2024 as ending birth year. Generation Alpha is the first to be born entirely in the 21st century. As of 2015, there were some two-and-a-half million people born every week around the globe, and Gen Alpha is expected to reach nearly two billion in size by 2025.

Other areas

 * In Armenia, people born after the country's independence from the Soviet Union in 1991 are known as the "Independence generation".
 * In Bulgaria, people born in the final years of communism and early years of capitalism (mid-1980s to mid-1990s) are known as "the children of the transition". They are believed to have had a difficult time adapting to the many changes in the country that occurred during the time they were growing into adulthood. Regime and economic changes and shifts from eastern to western cultural values and influences, among other factors, were things their parents, being from previous generations, could not prepare them for.
 * In the Czech Republic and Slovakia, the generation of people born in Czechoslovakia during the baby boom which started in the early 1970s, during the period of "normalization" are called "Husák's children". The generation was named after the President and long-term Communist leader of Czechoslovakia, Gustáv Husák. This was due to his political program to boost the growth of population.
 * In the People's Republic of China, the "Post-80s" (Chinese: 八零后世代 or 八零后) (born-after-1980 generation) are those who were born in the 1980s in urban areas of mainland China. Growing up in modern China, the Post-80s has been characterised by its optimism for the future, newfound excitement for consumerism and entrepreneurship and acceptance of its historic role in transforming modern China into an economic power. There is also the similarly named "Post-90s" (Chinese: 九零后), those born in the post-Tiananmen era of the 1990s. A broader generational classification would be the "one-child generation" born between the introduction of the one-child policy in 1979 and its softening into a "two-child policy" in 2015. The lack of siblings has had profound psychological effects on this generation, such as egoism due to always being at the centre of parents' attention as well as the stress of having to be the sole provider once the parents retire.
 * People born post-1980s in Hong Kong are for the most part different from the same generation in mainland China. The term "Post-80s" (zh: 八十後) came into use in Hong Kong between 2009 and 2010, particularly during the opposition to the Guangzhou-Hong Kong Express Rail Link, during which a group of young activists came to the forefront of Hong Kong's political scene. They are said to be "post-materialist" in outlook, and they are particularly vocal in issues such as urban development, culture and heritage, and political reform. Their campaigns include the fight for the preservation of Lee Tung Street, the Star Ferry Pier and the Queen's Pier, Choi Yuen Tsuen Village, real political reform (on 23 June), and a citizen-oriented Kowloon West Art district. Their discourse mainly develops around themes such as anti-colonialism, sustainable development, and democracy.
 * In Hungary, the re-criminalization of abortion and the childless-tax policies implemented by Anna Ratkó in the early-1950s resulted in a minor baby boom (roughly 1953–1956) known as the "Ratkó era" (hu:Ratkó-korszak) or the "Ratkó children."
 * In India, generations tend to follow a pattern similar to the broad Western model, although there are still major differences, especially in the older generations. One interpretation sees India's independence in 1947 as India's major generational shift. People born in the 1930s and 1940s tended to be loyal to the new state and tended to adhere to "traditional" divisions of society. Indian "boomers", those born after independence and into the early 1960s, witnessed events like the Indian Emergency between 1975 and 1977 which made a number of them somewhat skeptical of the government.
 * In Israel, where most Ashkenazi Jews born before the end of World War II were Holocaust survivors, children of survivors and people who survived as babies are sometimes referred to as the "second generation (of Holocaust survivors)" (Hebrew: דור שני לניצולי שואה, dor sheni lenitsolei shoah; or more often just דור שני לשואה, dor sheni lashoah, literally "second generation to the Holocaust"). This term is particularly common in the context of psychological, social, and political implications of the individual and national transgenerational trauma caused by the Holocaust. Some researchers have also found signs of trauma in third-generation Holocaust survivors.
 * In Northern Ireland, people born after the signing of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998, generally regarded as the end of the Troubles, are colloquially known as "Peace Babies".
 * In Norway, the term "the dessert generation" has been applied to the baby boomers and every generation afterwards.
 * In Russia, characteristics of Russian generations are determined by fateful historical events that significantly change either the foundations of the life of the country as a whole or the rules of life in a certain period of time. Names and given descriptions of Russian generations: the Generation of Winners, the generation of the Cold War, the generation of Perestroika, the first non-Soviet generation (the children of Perestroika, the Witnesses of Perestroika), the digital generation.
 * In Singapore, people born before 1949 are referred to as the "Pioneer Generation" for their contributions to Singapore during the nation's earliest years. Likewise, those born between 1950 and 1959 are referred to as the "Merdeka Generation" as their formative years were during the political turbulence of the 1950s to 1960s in Singapore.
 * In South Africa, people born after the 1994 general election, the first after apartheid was ended, are often referred to in media as the "born-free generation". People born after the year 2000 are often referred to as "Ama2000", a term popularized by music and a Coca-Cola advert.
 * In South Korea, generational cohorts are often defined around the democratization of the country, with various schemes suggested including names such as the "democratization generation", 386 generation (named after Intel 386 computer in the 1990s to describe people in their late 30s and early 40s who were born in the 1960s, and attended university/college in the 1980s, also called the "June 3, 1987 generation"), that witnessed the June uprising, the "April 19 generation" (that struggled against the Syngman Rhee regime in 1960), the "June 3 generation" (that struggled against the normalization treaty with Japan in 1964), the "1969 generation" (that struggled against the constitutional revision allowing three presidential terms), and the shin-se-dae ("new") generation. The term Shin-se-dae generation refers to the generation following Millennials in the Korean language. The Shin-se-dae generation are mostly free from ideological or political bias.
 * In Sweden, it is common to talk about people based on the decades of their births: "40-talist" (a person that was born in the 1940s), "50-talist" (a person that was born in the 1950s), etc.
 * In Taiwan, the term Strawberry generation refers to Taiwanese people born after 1981 who "bruise easily" like strawberries—meaning they can not withstand social pressure or work hard like their parents' generation; the term refers to people who are insubordinate, spoiled, selfish, arrogant, and sluggish in work.
 * In Turkey, it is common to talk about people based on the decades of the time they were teens.
 * In Spain, although in general terms there is a certain assimilation to the generational structure of Strauss and Howe (and uncritically the majority of the media use it), there are substantial differentials, for historical reasons that (as established by the Generations theory) have marked the successive age cohorts in the Century XX. Firstly, neutrality during the First World War, which prevented it from suffering that social and cultural impact. Secondly, the Civil War and the subsequent dictatorship, which lasted four decades and, especially during its first decades, imposed strong political, social and cultural repression. And thirdly, neutrality during World War II. Thus, the sociologists Artemio Baigorri and Manuela Caballero insert, between the Silent Generation and the Baby Boom Generation (which they also call the Protest Generation), what they call the Franco Generation (1929–1943), whose childhood and early youth was marked by war, post-war scarcity and repression.

Other terminology
The term generation is sometimes applied to a cultural movement, or more narrowly defined group than an entire demographic. Some examples include:

 * The Stolen Generations, refers to children of Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islander descent, who were forcibly removed from their families by Australian federal and state government agencies and church missions, under Acts of their respective parliaments between approximately 1869 and 1969.
 * The Beat Generation, refers to a popular American cultural movement widely cited by social scholars as having laid the foundation of the pro-active American counterculture of the 1960s. It consisted of Americans born between the two world wars who came of age in the rise of the automobile era, and the surrounding accessibility they brought to the culturally diverse, yet geographically broad and separated nation.
 * Generation Jones is a term coined by Jonathan Pontell to describe the cohort of people born between 1954 and 1965. The term is used primarily in English-speaking countries. Pontell defined Generation Jones as referring to the second half of the post–World War II baby boom. The term also includes first-wave Generation X.
 * MTV Generation, a term referring to the adolescents and young adults of the 1980s and early-mid 1990s who were heavily influenced by the MTV television channel. It is often used synonymously with Generation X.
 * In Europe, a variety of terms have emerged in different countries particularly hard hit following the financial crisis of 2007–2008 to designate young people with limited employment and career prospects.
 * The Generation of 500 is a term popularized by the Greek mass media and refers to educated Greek twixters of urban centers who generally fail to establish a career. Young adults are usually forced into underemployment in temporary and occasional jobs, unrelated to their educational background, and receive the minimum allowable base salary of €500. This generation evolved in circumstances leading to the Greek debt crisis and participated in the 2010–2011 Greek protests.
 * In Spain, they are referred to as the mileuristas (for €1,000, "the thousand-euro-ists").
 * In Portugal, they are called the Geração à Rasca (the "Scraping-By Generation"); a twist on the older term Geração Rasca ("the Lousy Generation") used by detractors to refer to student demonstrations in the 1990s against Education Ministers António Couto dos Santos and later Manuela Ferreira Leite.
 * In France, they are called Génération précaire ("The Precarious Generation").
 * In Italy the term "generation of 1,000 euros" is used.
 * Xennials, Oregon Trail Generation, and Generation Catalano are terms used to describe individuals born during Generation X/Millennial cusp years. Xennials is a portmanteau blending the words Generation X and Millennials to describe a microgeneration of people born from the late 1970s to late 1980s.
 * Zillennials, Zennials, Snapchat Generation, and MinionZ are terms used to describe individuals born during the Millennial/Generation Z cusp years. Zillennials is a portmanteau blending the words Millennials and Generation Z to describe a microgeneration of people born from the early 1990s to the early 2000s.

Criticism
Philip N. Cohen, a sociology professor at the University of Maryland, criticized the use of "generation labels", stating that the labels are "imposed by survey researchers, journalists or marketing firms" and "drive people toward stereotyping and rash character judgment." Cohen's open letter to the Pew Research Center, which outlines his criticism of generational labels, received at least 150 signatures from other demographers and social scientists.

Louis Menand, writer at The New Yorker, stated that "there is no empirical basis" for the contention "that differences within a generation are smaller than differences between generations." He argued that generational theories "seem to require" that people born at the tail end of one generation and people born at the beginning of another (e.g. a person born in 1965, the first year of Generation X, and a person born in 1964, the last of the Boomer era) "must have different values, tastes, and life experiences" or that people born in the first and last birth years of a generation (e.g. a person born in 1980, the last year of Generation X, and a person born in 1965, the first year of Generation X) "have more in common" than with people born a couple years before or after them.

In 2023, after a review of their research and methods, and consulting with external experts, Pew Research Center announced a change in their use of generation labels to "avoid reinforcing harmful stereotypes or oversimplifying people’s complex lived experiences", and said that, going forward, they will only conduct generational analysis when historical data is available that allows them to "compare generations at similar stage of life" and "won’t always default to using the standard generational definitions and labels."

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St. Francois County, Missouri

St. Francois County is a county in the Lead Belt region in the U.S. state of Missouri. At the 2020 census, the population was 66,922. The largest city and county seat is Farmington. The county was officially organized on December 19, 1821. It was named after the St. Francis River. The origin of the river's name is unclear. It may refer to St. Francis of Assisi. Another possibility is that Jacques Marquette, a Jesuit who explored the region in 1673, named the river for the Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier; Marquette had spent some time at the mission of St. François Xavier before his voyage and, as a Jesuit, was unlikely to have given the river a name honoring the Franciscans.

St. Francois County comprises the Farmington Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the St. Louis–St. Charles–Farmington–Illinois Combined Statistical Area.

Seal
A former county seal, used from 2018 to 2022, was posted on the subreddit r/CrappyDesign where it received considerable attention and was covered by local and national news organizations. It was criticized for being "overdone" and "amateurish," though some said they felt it stood out and was "spontaneous."

The seal was designed by county commissioner Harold Gallaher and incorporated components from an older 1982 seal designed by a high school student in needlework. The seal was unanimously approved by the county commission and was used on government signage and vehicles.

The seal featured clip art-style images of a bald eagle atop the American flag, a pickaxe and shovel, a Bible and Christian cross, and an outline of the county. It also featured the phrase "In God we trust" and the founding date of the county.

In response to the attention it received, the county held a contest to redesign the seal. Gallaher requested that the redesign make reference to the parks in the county as well as include elements from the old seal. The county received 264 or 282 entries from 33 counties and 35 states, of which three finalists were chosen. Some included the St. Francois County Courthouse and referenced the county's mining history. The winning design was submitted by Bryan Finch, a graphic designer from Farmington, Missouri, a city in St. Francois County.

Adjacent counties

 * Jefferson County (north)
 * Ste. Genevieve County (east)
 * Perry County (southeast)
 * Madison County (south)
 * Iron County (southwest)
 * Washington County (west)

Major highways

 * [[Image:US 67.svg|20px]] U.S. Route 67
 * [[Image:MO-8.svg|20px]] Route 8
 * [[Image:MO-32.svg|20px]] Route 32
 * [[Image:MO-47.svg|20px]] Route 47
 * [[Image:MO-221.svg|20px]] Route 221

National protected area

 * Mark Twain National Forest (part)

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 55,641 people, 20,793 households, and 14,659 families residing in the county. The population density was 124 PD/sqmi. There were 24,449 housing units at an average density of 54 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 96.14% White, 2.02% African American, 0.35% Native American, 0.31% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.23% from other races, and 0.92% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.80% of the population.

There were 20,793 households, out of which 32.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.90% were married couples living together, 11.30% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.50% were non-families. 24.90% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 2.94.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 24.00% under the age of 18, 9.20% from 18 to 24, 29.40% from 25 to 44, 22.50% from 45 to 64, and 14.90% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 103.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.90 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $39,551, and the median income for a family was $47,923. Males had a median income of $29,961 versus $19,412 for females. The per capita income for the county was $19,047. Approximately 14.90% of the population and 11.00% of families were below the poverty line, including 19.80% under the age of 18 and 11.50% over the age of 65.

Religion
According to the Association of Religion Data Archives County Membership Report (2000), St. Francois County is a part of the Bible Belt with evangelical Protestantism being the majority religion. The most predominant denominations among residents in St. Francois County who adhere to a religion are Southern Baptists (45.48%), Roman Catholics (14.94%), and Methodists (8.37%). There is also a small Orthodox Christian presence in the county, an example being Nativity of the Holy Virgin Mary Orthodox Church in Desloge, MO.

Catholic Churches in the county are Immaculate Conception in Park Hills, St. Joseph in Farmington, St. Joseph in Bonne Terre, St. John in Bismarck, and St. Anne in French Village.

Local
The Republican Party predominantly controls politics at the local level in St. Francois County. Republicans hold all but two of the county's elected positions.

State
St. Francois County is divided into three legislative districts in the Missouri House of Representatives.

 * District 115 — Currently represented by Cyndi Buchheit-Courtway (R-Festus). It consists of the northern parts of the county, including Blackwell, French Village, and part of Park Hills.

 * District 116 — Currently represented by Dale Wright (politician) (R-Farmington). It consists of the southeastern section of the county, including part of Farmington.

 * District 117 — Currently represented by Mike Henderson (R-Bonne Terre). It consists of the western parts of the county and includes the communities of Bismarck, Bonne Terre, Desloge, Doe Run, Iron Mountain Lake, Leadington, Leadwood, and parts of Farmington and Park Hills.

All of St. Francois County is a part of Missouri's 3rd District in the Missouri Senate and is currently represented by Elaine Gannon (R-De Soto).

Federal
St. Francois County is included in Missouri's 8th Congressional District and is currently represented by Jason T. Smith (R-Salem) in the U.S. House of Representatives. Smith won a special election on Tuesday, June 4, 2013, to finish out the remaining term of U.S. Representative Jo Ann Emerson (R-Cape Girardeau). Emerson announced her resignation a month after being reelected with over 70 percent of the vote in the district. She resigned to become CEO of the National Rural Electric Cooperative.

Covid-19 controversy
During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, the head of the St. Francois County Public Health Department described being driven to resign from her position by residents who refused to "accept the reality of the pandemic" and made “cowardly“ anonymous threats against her and her family.

Education
Of adults 25 years of age and older in St. Francois County, 72.4% possess a high school diploma or higher while 10.2% hold a bachelor's degree or higher as their highest level of educational attainment.

Public schools

 * Bismarck R-V School District – Bismarck
 * Bismarck Elementary School (PK–06)
 * Bismarck High School (07–12)
 * Farmington R-VII School District – Farmington
 * Jefferson Elementary School (01–04)
 * Lincoln Intermediate School (05–06)
 * Roosevelt Elementary School (01–04)
 * Truman Learning Center (PK-K)
 * Washington-Franklin Elementary School (01–04)
 * Farmington Middle School (07–08)
 * Farmington High School (09–12)
 * W.L. Johns Administrative Office Building
 * North St. Francois County R-I School District – Bonne Terre
 * North St. Francois County Primary School (PK–02) – Bonne Terre
 * North St. Francois County Parkside Elementary School (03–04) – Desloge
 * North St. Francois County Intermediate School (05–06) – Desloge
 * North St. Francois County Middle School (07–08) – Desloge
 * North St. Francois County High School (09–12) – Bonne Terre
 * St. Francois County Central R-III School District – Park Hills
 * Park Hills Central Elementary School (K–02)
 * West Elementary School (03–05)
 * Park Hills Central Middle School (06–08)
 * Park Hills Central High School (09–12)
 * West St. Francois County R-IV School District – Leadwood
 * West St. Francois County Elementary School (PK–05) – Park Hills
 * West St. Francois County Middle School (06–08) – Leadwood
 * West St. Francois County High School (09–12) – Park Hills

Private schools

 * St. Paul Lutheran School – Farmington – (PK–12) – Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod
 * St. Joseph School – Farmington – (K–08) – Roman Catholic
 * St. Joseph Elementary School – Bonne Terre – (PK–06) – Roman Catholic

Vocational-technical and other schools

 * Juvenile Detention Center – Farmington – (04–12)
 * Midwest Learning Center – Farmington – (04–12)
 * Unitec Career Center – Bonne Terre – (10–12)

Colleges and universities

 * Mineral Area College – Park Hills – A public, two-year community college.

Public libraries
Farmington Public Library
 * Bonne Terre Memorial Library

Cities

 * Bismarck
 * Bonne Terre
 * Desloge
 * Farmington (county seat)
 * Iron Mountain Lake
 * Leadington
 * Leadwood
 * Park Hills

Census-designated places

 * Doe Run
 * Frankclay
 * Goose Creek Lake
 * Knob Lick
 * Lake Timberline
 * Terre du Lac
 * Wortham

Other unincorporated communities

 * Blackwell
 * Cross Roads
 * De Lassus
 * French Village
 * Gumbo
 * Halifax
 * Hamilton Town
 * Hazel Run
 * Hurryville
 * Iron Mountain
 * Koester
 * Libertyville
 * Loughboro
 * Mineral City
 * Middlebrook
 * Mitchell
 * Ogborn
 * Old Mines
 * Rock Springs
 * Settletown
 * Silver Springs
 * Syenite

Former community

 * Haggai

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: St. Francois County, Missouri


text:
Talk:Mitcham

Category:Towns in Surrey
I've added this category again because I know Mitcham is still thought of by many residents and former residents as a town of Surrey, and because its postal address still lists it as being in Surrey.

 * I understand what you are saying and this has been discussed on here before. However, this is an encyclopedia and needs to be based on current facts and not POV in order to be credible. I would suggest as a compromise removing the category but mentioning somewhere in the article that historically Mitcham was in Surrey. MRSC 11:30, 17 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Okay, fair play.Hiding 12:31, 17 May 2005 (UTC)

Map
The Wikimapia link seems to be for the wrong place? Not sure where Swanley-Hextable is but it's certainly nowhere near Mitcham. ;/

Mitcham Town Centre
Mitcham Town Centre is currently a short stub, and should probably be redirected to Mitcham although this article currently lacks information about the centre and it's unclear whether it is either a shopping centre as a building or just a town centre. — Snigbrook 22:08, 12 April 2009 (UTC)

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Requested move 27 March 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved — Wug·a·po·des 00:29, 14 April 2020 (UTC)

Mitcham, London → Mitcham – Mitcham already redirects here and there's a separate disambiguation page, so I see no point why this is called "Mitcham, London" instead of just "Mitcham". CastleCapt (talk) 18:17, 27 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes there's no point in having the base name redirect per WP:UKPLACE and WP:PRECISION, views[|Mitcham,_Victoria|Mitcham,_South_Australia|Mitcham_(surname)|Electoral_district_of_Mitcham_(South_Australia)|Electoral_district_of_Mitcham_(Victoria)|Mitcham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)|Mitcham_(London)_railway_station|Mitcham_railway_station,_Melbourne|Mitcham_railway_station,_Adelaide] might show a primary topic (if others are named after this one) but anyway this has been a stable primary topic even after the move.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 19:21, 27 March 2020 (UTC)

 * Oppose - considering there are so many more entries on the DAB related to Australia, I think this move leads to confusion. |Mitcham,_London|Mitcham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)|Mitcham_Industries|City_of_Mitcham|Electoral_district_of_Mitcham_(South_Australia)|Electoral_district_of_Mitcham_(Victoria)|Mitcham,_South_Australia Page views for the last year don't indicate that the London subject is dominantly primary nor should be a WP:PRIMARYREDIRECT. I'd support move Mitcham (disambiguation) to primary instead. -- Netoholic @ 19:23, 27 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Are you sure? When I look at page views analysis it is pretty clear that this article is much more popular compared to the second highest "Mitcham, South Australia". The Australian article has had a spike in Nov/Dec 2019 but it seems to be an anomaly. Mitcham London currently gets almost 6x more views, and without counting the spike in Oct 2019, got as much as 8x more at this point last year. That rings primary to me. --CastleCapt (talk) 00:01, 28 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Rather than simply being "more popular" than any one other topic, WP:PRIMARYTOPIC recommends the it should be "much more likely than any other single topic, and more likely than all the other topics combined". I do agree the London topic is the most popular, but due to all the other options available, I don't see it as more popular than all of them combined. I'm not basing this on raw page views alone... seeing that others topics have in the past for brief periods been close to parity with the London topic leads me to think that in the long-term we are better off keeping them all disambiguated. -- Netoholic @ 08:35, 28 March 2020 (UTC)
 * The point is to serve WP searchers best. If occasionally a topic is not more popular than all others combined, but usually is, then searchers are best served by having that topic’s article at the base name in question. —-В²C ☎ 22:24, 13 April 2020 (UTC)

 * Support. The page view stats provided by Netoholic suggests that the place in London meets the criterion "more likely than all the other topics combined". There is nothing else which otherwise suggests that the other topics, even if combined, may rival the London topic in significance. feminist Wear a mask to protect everyone 02:37, 11 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Support. Clear primary topic per Netaholic. I don’t see, nor can I imagine, a coherent oppose argument based on policy or conventions. —В²C ☎ 08:48, 13 April 2020 (UTC)

 * The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

title: Talk:Mitcham


text:
St. Clair County, Missouri

St. Clair County is a county located in the western portion of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, the population was 9,284. Its county seat is Osceola. The largest city is Appleton City. The county was organized in 1841 and named after General Arthur St. Clair, Governor of the Northwest Territory. St. Clair was also the 9th president of the United States in Congress Assembled. Under his presidency, the Northwest Ordinance and United States Constitution were passed.

According to the April 1907 issue of The Century Magazine, for well over 30 years (dating from 1870) St. Clair County was in open rebellion against the U.S. Government, refusing to pay interest on bonds which it had issued to assist in the building of a railroad, which was never built.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 702 sqmi, of which 670 sqmi is land and 32 sqmi (4.6%) is water.

Adjacent counties

 * Henry County (north)
 * Benton County (northeast)
 * Hickory County (east)
 * Polk County (southeast)
 * Cedar County (south)
 * Vernon County (southwest)
 * Bates County (northwest)

Major highways

 * US 54.svg U.S. Route 54
 * MO-13.svg Route 13
 * MO-52.svg Route 52
 * MO-82.svg Route 82

Transit

 * Jefferson Lines

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 9,652 people, 4,040 households, and 2,791 families residing in the county. The population density was 14 /mi2. There were 5,205 housing units at an average density of 8 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 97.36% White, 0.23% Black or African American, 0.75% Native American, 0.15% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.29% from other races, and 1.21% from two or more races. Approximately 0.98% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 4,040 households, out of which 26.30% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.60% were married couples living together, 7.70% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.90% were non-families. 27.40% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.83.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 23.00% under the age of 18, 5.60% from 18 to 24, 22.90% from 25 to 44, 27.20% from 45 to 64, and 21.30% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females there were 98.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.30 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $25,321, and the median income for a family was $31,498. Males had a median income of $23,231 versus $18,351 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,025. About 16.20% of families and 19.60% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.30% of those under age 18 and 17.60% of those age 65 or over.

Public schools

 * Appleton City R-II School District – Appleton City
 * Appleton City Elementary School (K–5)
 * Appleton City High School (06-12)
 * Hudson R-IX School District – Appleton City
 * Hudson Elementary School (PK–8)
 * Osceola Public Schools – Osceola
 * Osceola Elementary School (PK–6)
 * Osceola High School (7–12)
 * Roscoe C-1 School District – Roscoe
 * Roscoe Elementary School (PK–8)
 * Lakeland R-III School District – Lowry City & Deepwater
 * Lakeland Elementary School

Public libraries

 * Appleton City Public Library
 * St. Clair County Library-Main Library (Osceola)
 * St. Clair County Library-Lowry City Branch

Cities

 * Appleton City
 * Lowry City
 * Osceola (county seat)

Villages

 * Collins
 * Gerster
 * Roscoe
 * Vista

Unincorporated communities

 * Chalk Level
 * Cobb
 * Crooks Springs
 * Harper
 * Iconium
 * Johnson City
 * Monegaw Springs
 * Ohio
 * Oyer
 * Pape
 * Raney
 * Taberville
 * Tiffin

Townships
St. Clair County is divided into 16 townships:

Local
The Republican Party predominantly controls politics at the local level in St. Clair County.

State
All of St. Clair County is a part of Missouri's 125th District in the Missouri House of Representatives and is represented by Warren Love (R-Osceola).

All of St. Clair County is a part of Missouri's 28th District in the Missouri Senate. The seat is currently Held by Sandy Crawford.

Federal
All of St. Clair County is included in Missouri's 4th Congressional District and is currently represented by Vicky Hartzler (R-Harrisonville) in the U.S. House of Representatives.

title: St. Clair County, Missouri


text:
Talk:Morden

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Shelby County, Missouri

Shelby County is a county located in the northeastern portion of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, the population was 6,103. Its county seat is Shelbyville. The county was established on January 2, 1835, and named for Governor Isaac Shelby of Kentucky.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 502 sqmi, of which 501 sqmi is land and 1.5 sqmi (0.3%) is water.

Adjacent counties

 * Knox County (north)
 * Lewis County (northeast)
 * Marion County (east)
 * Monroe County (south)
 * Randolph County (southwest)
 * Macon County (west)

Major highways

 * [[Image:I-72.svg|20px]] Interstate 72 (Proposed)
 * [[Image:US 36.svg|20px]] U.S. Route 36
 * [[Image:MO-15.svg|20px]] Route 15
 * [[Image:MO-151.svg|20px]] Route 151
 * [[Image:MO-168.svg|20px]] Route 168

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 6,799 people, 2,745 households, and 1,847 families residing in the county. The population density was 14 /mi2. There were 3,245 housing units at an average density of 6 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 97.87% White, 0.97% Black or African American, 0.28% Native American, 0.10% Asian, 0.19% from other races, and 0.59% from two or more races. Approximately 0.63% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 30.4% were of American, 26.9% German, 14.9% English and 8.5% Irish ancestry.

There were 2,745 households, out of which 30.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.90% were married couples living together, 7.30% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.70% were non-families. 30.30% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.98.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 25.40% under the age of 18, 7.20% from 18 to 24, 24.40% from 25 to 44, 23.30% from 45 to 64, and 19.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 91.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.00 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $29,448, and the median income for a family was $35,944. Males had a median income of $25,759 versus $18,996 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,632. About 13.00% of families and 16.30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.70% of those under age 18 and 14.10% of those age 65 or over.

Public schools

 * North Shelby School District – Shelbyville
 * North Shelby Elementary School (K-06)
 * North Shelby High School (07-12)
 * Shelby County R-IV School District – Shelbina
 * South Shelby Elementary School (K-05)
 * South Shelby Middle School (06-08)
 * South Shelby High School (09-12)

Private schools

 * Shiloh Christian School – Shelbina (K-12) – Nondenominational Christian – Alternative School
 * Heartland Christian Academy (Official Site) – Bethel (PK-12) – Nondenominational Christian

Public libraries

 * Clarence Public Library
 * Shelbina Carnegie Public Library

Local
The Democratic Party predominantly controls politics at the local level in Shelby County. Democrats hold all but one of the elected positions in the county.

State
Shelby County is a part of Missouri's 5th District in the Missouri House of Representatives and is represented by Lindell F Shumake (R-Hannibal).

Shelby County is a part of Missouri's 18th District in the Missouri Senate and is currently represented by Brian Munzlinger (R-Williamstown).

Federal
Shelby County is included in Missouri's 6th Congressional District and is currently represented by Sam Graves (R-Tarkio) in the U.S. House of Representatives.

Missouri presidential preference primary (2008)
Former U.S. Senator Hillary Clinton (D-New York) received more votes, a total of 460, than any candidate from either party in Shelby County during the 2008 presidential primary.

Cities

 * Clarence
 * Hunnewell
 * Shelbina
 * Shelbyville (county seat)

Villages

 * Bethel
 * Leonard

Unincorporated communities

 * Burksville
 * Cherry Box
 * Elgin
 * Emden
 * Enterprise
 * Epworth
 * Hagers Grove
 * Kellerville
 * Kendall
 * Kirby
 * Lakeland
 * Lakenan
 * Lentner
 * Maud
 * Oakdale
 * Sigsbee
 * Walkersville

Notable people

 * Edward McKendree Bounds – clergyman and author
 * Norm Stewart, legendary University of Missouri basketball coach (from Shelbyville)
 * Randall Duke Cunningham, only U.S. Navy fighter ace of the Vietnam War, former Republican U.S. Representative from California (raised in Shelbina)
 * Frank Hamilton Short, conservationist and advocate for states' rights and private development of natural resources in the early 20th century (born in Shelby County in 1862)
 * Sam Walton, founder of Wal-Mart
 * James Earl Ray, assassin of Martin Luther King Jr, lived in Shelbina for a brief time.

title: Shelby County, Missouri


text:
Shannon County, Missouri

Shannon County is a county in the southern portion of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, the population was 7,031. Its county seat is Eminence. The county was officially organized on January 29, 1841, and was named in honor of George F. "Peg-Leg" Shannon, a member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. It is the second-largest county by area in Missouri.

Missouri's first copper mine was opened in Shannon County in 1846 and Missouri's only manganese mine was opened here during World War II.

As of the 2000 census, Shannon County ranked 78th on the list of counties with the lowest per capita income and 46th on the list of counties with the lowest median household incomes in the United States, making it the poorest county in Missouri.

History
The Great Tri-State Tornado of March 18, 1925, appears to have begun in Moore Township; most likely as constituent tornadoes of a tornado family preceding the infamous very long tack tornado that went on to kill 695 people across southeastern Missouri, southern Illinois, and southwestern Indiana over the next several hours.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1004 sqmi, of which 1004 sqmi is land and 0.2 sqmi (0.02%) is water.

Adjacent counties

 * Dent County (north)
 * Reynolds County (east)
 * Carter County (southeast)
 * Oregon County (south)
 * Howell County (southwest)
 * Texas County (west)

Major highways

 * [[Image:US 60.svg|20px]] U.S. Route 60
 * [[Image:MO-19.svg|20px]] Route 19
 * [[Image:MO-99.svg|20px]] Route 99
 * [[Image:MO-106.svg|20px]] Route 106

National protected areas

 * Mark Twain National Forest (part)
 * Ozark National Scenic Riverways (part)

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 8,324 people, 3,319 households, and 2,356 families residing in the county. The population density was 31 /mi2. There were 3,862 housing units at an average density of 1 /km2. The racial makeup of the county was 95.05% White, 0.17% Black or African American, 1.83% Native American, 0.05% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.19% from other races, and 2.69% from two or more races. Approximately 0.93% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Among the major first ancestries reported in Shannon County were 38.3% American, 13.4% Irish, 11.8% German, and 9.7% English.

There were 3,319 households, out of which 32.50% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.80% were married couples living together, 8.20% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.00% were non-families. 25.80% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 2.97.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 26.40% under the age of 18, 7.20% from 18 to 24, 26.10% from 25 to 44, 25.30% from 45 to 64, and 15.00% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 95.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.60 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $24,835, and the median income for a family was $30,102. Males had a median income of $21,917 versus $16,024 for females. The per capita income for the county was $13,127. About 21.00% of families and 26.90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 35.10% of those under age 18 and 20.20% of those age 65 or over.

Religion
According to the Association of Religion Data Archives County Membership Report (2000), Shannon County is a part of the Bible Belt with evangelical Protestantism being the majority religion. The most predominant denominations among residents in Shannon County who adhere to a religion are Southern Baptists (56.22%), Methodists (12.03%), and Christian Churches & Churches of Christ (10.84%).

Local
The Republican Party predominantly controls politics at the local level in Shannon County. Republicans hold seven of the elected positions in the county.

State
In the Missouri House of Representatives, all of Shannon County is a part of Missouri's 143rd District and is currently represented by Jeff Pogue, (R- Salem).

In the Missouri Senate, all of Shannon County is a part of Missouri's 25th District and is currently represented by Doug Libla, (R- Poplar Bluff).

Federal
Shannon County is included in Missouri's 8th Congressional District and is currently represented by Jason T. Smith (R-Salem) in the U.S. House of Representatives. Smith won a special election on Tuesday, June 4, 2013, to finish out the remaining term of U.S. Representative Jo Ann Emerson (R-Cape Girardeau). Emerson announced her resignation a month after being reelected with over 70 percent of the vote in the district. She resigned to become CEO of the National Rural Electric Cooperative.

Political culture
At the presidential level, Shannon County was a Democratic stronghold from its founding in 1841 through 1996, voting Republican only in 1960, for Nixon over Kennedy, and in Nixon's 1972 and Reagan's 1984 landslides in this period. In 2000, George W. Bush became only the fourth Republican to carry the county, despite narrowly losing the national popular vote, and got a higher vote share than any of the three Republicans to carry the county previously. As of 2020, the county has voted Republican for six straight elections, with the Republican vote share increasing in every election save 2008, when McCain fell six points from Bush's 2004 level.

Like most rural areas throughout Southeast Missouri, voters in Shannon County generally adhere to socially and culturally conservative principles. In 2004, Missourians voted on a constitutional amendment to define marriage as the union between a man and a woman—it overwhelmingly passed Shannon County with 85.64 percent of the vote. The initiative passed the state with 71 percent of support from voters as Missouri became the first state to ban same-sex marriage. In 2006, Missourians voted on a constitutional amendment to fund and legalize embryonic stem cell research in the state—it failed in Shannon County with 55.87 percent voting against the measure. The initiative narrowly passed the state with 51 percent of support from voters as Missouri became one of the first states in the nation to approve embryonic stem cell research. Despite Shannon County's longstanding tradition of supporting socially conservative platforms, voters in the county have a penchant for advancing populist causes like increasing the minimum wage. In 2006, Missourians voted on a proposition (Proposition B) to increase the minimum wage in the state to $6.50 an hour—it passed Shannon County with 74.62 percent of the vote. The proposition strongly passed every single county in Missouri with 75.94 percent voting in favor as the minimum wage was increased to $6.50 an hour in the state. During the same election, voters in five other states also strongly approved increases in the minimum wage.

Missouri presidential preference primary (2008)
In the 2008 presidential primary, voters in Shannon County from both political parties supported candidates who finished in second place in the state at large and nationally.

Former U.S. Senator Hillary Clinton (D-New York) received more votes, a total of 914, than any candidate from either party in Shannon County during the 2008 presidential primary.

Education
Of adults 25 years of age and older, 44.9% possesses a high school diploma or higher while 9.6% holds a bachelor's degree or higher as their highest educational attainment.

Public Schools

 * Birch Tree Elementary School – Birch Tree
 * Eminence R-I School District – Eminence
 * Eminence Elementary School (PK-06)
 * Eminence High School (07-12)
 * Winona R-III School District – Winona
 * Winona Elementary School (PK-08)
 * Winona High School (09-12)

Public libraries

 * Birch Tree City Library
 * Eminence Public Library
 * Winona Public Library

Cities

 * Birch Tree
 * Eminence (county seat)
 * Summersville (partly in Texas County)
 * Winona

Census-designated place

 * Montier

Other unincorporated places

 * Akers
 * Alley Spring
 * Bartlett
 * Delaware
 * Deslet
 * Flatwood
 * Gang
 * Low Wassie
 * Midridge
 * Munsell
 * Not
 * Oakside
 * Owls Bend
 * Rat
 * Round Spring
 * Shannondale
 * Shawnee
 * Teresita
 * Timber
 * Venice
 * West Eminence

title: Shannon County, Missouri


text:
Talk:Mortlake

Bus garage
The following text:

"Mortlake bus garage, situated in Avondale Road, was closed in 1983. Much of the site was rebuilt as housing but a small area near the railway was retained as a turning point for buses, with toilet facilities and a small office. Mortlake garage had opened very early in the 20th century and originally catered for horse buses. In later years the stables were converted into the traffic office."

was replace with "Mortlake bus garage is situated in Avondale Road." by 90.198.218.161.

I am reinserting this as the text is correct: the present structure is not a garage and the deleted text correctly describes the site. DavidCh0 (talk) 14:06, 1 February 2010 (UTC)

Stag brewery - foundation date
The statement that "Mortlake Brewery ... had existed since the fifteenth century" may well be in Turton and Richmond's book, but unfortunately it's not true. There is NO evidence of a continual history of brewing on the site since the 15th century. Zythophile (talk) 16:12, 11 December 2012 (UTC)

Compulsive Law?
What does this mean? Compuslory law (as opposed to optional law)? The etymological claims or suggestions really need reliable sources, especially as there is so much uncertainty in this case. Norvo (talk) 03:26, 9 December 2013 (UTC)
 * Norvo: I don't understand what this is about. Headhitter (talk) 14:00, 9 December 2013 (UTC)

 * Sorry, Headhitter. I should have given the section or quoted in detail. The section on the etymology of Mortlake reads: "The name Mortlake may be derived from mortuus lacus, Latin for "dead lake". In Domesday Book (1086) it is referred to as Mortlage, which in the Saxon language signifies a compulsive law.[2]" The expression compulsive law doesn't make sense. I'd add that I think someone needs to look at a more recent source than one that appeared in 1792. I note the Oxford Dictionary of Place-Names is given as a source for the uncontroversial statement that Mortlake is in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames but is ignored in connection with the etymology. Norvo (talk) 22:46, 9 December 2013 (UTC)

Possible copyright problem
This article has been revised as part of a large-scale clean-up project of multiple article copyright infringement. (See the investigation subpage) Earlier text must not be restored, unless it can be verified to be free of infringement. For legal reasons, Wikipedia cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material; such additions must be deleted. Contributors may use sources as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously. Diannaa (talk) 21:45, 12 May 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mortlake


text:
Scott County, Missouri

Scott County is a county located in the southeastern portion of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, the population was 38,059. Its county seat is Benton. The county was organized in 1821 and named for U.S. Representative John Scott, the first federal representative from Missouri. Scott County comprises the Sikeston, MO Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Cape Girardeau-Sikeston, MO-IL Combined Statistical Area. The county is home to Scott County Central High School, which has won 18 state championships in boys basketball—the most of any high school in the state.

History
This area along the Mississippi River was long occupied by indigenous peoples. In historic times, the large and powerful Osage people dominated a large territory including this area and up and west from the later St. Louis, Missouri. Cape La Croix, a rock island in the Mississippi River, has a cross erected by Jesuit missionary Father De Montigny, who traveled with early French explorers in 1699. Some French colonists established trading relationships with the Osage; the traders were based in St. Louis, founded in the late 18th century.

Spain had taken control in 1763 after French lost to Britain in the Seven Years' War. They laid out the King's Highway (El Camino Real) in 1789, a north–south route crossing the county and extending through St. Louis, Missouri. In the late 1790s, Southerners were the first United States settlers on Spanish land grants in this area. France briefly took back the territory, then sold it to the United States in 1803 as part of the Louisiana Purchase.

Delaware (Lenape) and Shawnee people migrated into the area in the 1820s from territories east of the Mississippi, pushed by European-American encroachment on their lands.

The second county formed in Missouri's Southeast Lowland Region, Scott County was created by the Missouri state legislature on December 28, 1821. The county was named in honor of John Scott (1785–1861), the first congressman from Missouri.

One of the earliest settlements was Commerce, Missouri, long known as Tywapitty, derived from an Osage language term. It was an early French fur trading post. Under Spanish rule before 1800, Rezin Bowie was syndic of Tywappity Settlement. (He was the brother of Kentucky frontiersman Jim Bowie.) This was established as a river landing by 1803, and residents formed the first Baptist Church in Missouri there in 1805. Sergeant John Ordway of the Lewis and Clark expedition used the proceeds from his land grant bounty to purchase land in Tywapitty where he farmed cotton and had apple and peach orchards until devastated by the 1811-182 New Madrid earthquakes. The city was platted in 1823 and it served as the Scott county seat from 1864 to 1878.

The current county seat of Benton was laid out in 1822; it is named after Thomas Hart Benton, one of Missouri's first U.S. Senators.

New Hamburg, the third town founded in the county, was settled by a wave of German immigrants in the late 1840s, who came to this country after the German revolutions of 1848. The first log church was St. Lawrence Catholic Church. Sikeston, the largest city in the county and the fourth settlement to be founded, was settled in 1800 and was laid out in 1860 by John Sikes on the Cairo & Fulton Railroad.

The county was devastated by guerrilla raids during the U.S. Civil War. Afterward, it developed rapidly from the 1870s to the early 1900s; its dense forests were lumbered off and numerous railroads were constructed. Towns founded during this period included Diehlstadt, Morley, Oran, Perkins, Blodgett, Crowder, Vanduser, Illmo, Fornfelt (Scott City), Chaffee, Ancell, and Kelso. The Thebes-Mississippi River Railroad Bridge at Illmo was built in 1905.

Located near Morley is the gravesite of Nathaniel W. Watkins, a state legislator and a general in the Missouri State Guards. He was a half-brother of statesman Henry Clay. Wilson Brown, the ninth lieutenant governor of Missouri, lived in the county for a time. Noted early legislators such as Joseph Hunter II and Abraham Hunter also lived here.

Cotton, soybeans, melon and grains were all common crops in rural Scott County. Between the Mississippi River and Little River District drainage ditches lies one of the oldest drainage systems in the United States, Crowley's Ridge, established in 1905, is a remnant of an old coastal floodplain and natural levee that crosses the country.

On January 25, 1942, an African American man named Cleo Wright was lynched in Sikeston. A Scott County all-white grand jury did not return any indictments for the crime after three hours of deliberation.

On January 28, 2004, the Scott County Courthouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 426 sqmi, of which 420 sqmi is land and 5.9 sqmi (1.4%) is water. The county's eastern border with Illinois is formed by the Mississippi River.

Adjacent counties

 * Cape Girardeau County (northwest)
 * Alexander County, Illinois (northeast)
 * Mississippi County (southeast)
 * New Madrid County (south)
 * Stoddard County (southwest)

Major highways

 * [[Image:I-55 (MO).svg|20px]] Interstate 55
 * [[Image:I-57 (MO).svg|20px]] Interstate 57
 * [[Image:US 60.svg|20px]] U.S. Route 60
 * [[Image:US 61.svg|20px]] U.S. Route 61
 * [[Image:US 62.svg|20px]] U.S. Route 62
 * [[Image:MO-77.svg|20px]] Route 77

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 40,422 people, 15,626 households, and 11,219 families residing in the county. The population density was 37 /mi2. There were 16,951 housing units at an average density of 16 /km2. The racial makeup of the county was 87.68% White, 10.50% Black or African American, 0.28% Native American, 0.23% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.40% from other races, and 0.90% from two or more races. Approximately 1.11% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 15,626 households, out of which 35.40% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.60% were married couples living together, 13.40% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.20% were non-families. 25.00% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.03.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 27.40% under the age of 18, 8.50% from 18 to 24, 27.50% from 25 to 44, 22.90% from 45 to 64, and 13.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 91.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.40 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $39,735, and the median income for a family was $48,847. Males had a median income of $30,169 versus $19,269 for females. The per capita income for the county was $19,363. About 12.30% of families and 16.10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.50% of those under age 18 and 13.60% of those age 65 or over.

Religion
According to the Association of Religion Data Archives County Membership Report (2000), Scott County is a part of the Bible Belt with evangelical Protestantism being the majority religion. The most predominant denominations among residents in Scott County who adhere to a religion are Southern Baptists (40.54%), Roman Catholics (27.12%), and Methodists (9.28%).

Education
Of adults 25 years of age and older in Scott County, 72.9% possesses a high school diploma or higher while 10.6% holds a bachelor's degree or higher as their highest educational attainment.

Public schools

 * Chaffee R-II School District – Chaffee
 * Chaffee Elementary School (K-06)
 * Chaffee Jr.-Sr. High School (07-12)
 * Oran R-III School District – Oran
 * Oran Elementary School (K-06)
 * Oran High School (07-12)
 * Scott County R-IV School District – Benton
 * Scott County Elementary School (K-05)
 * Scott County Middle School (06-08)
 * Thomas W. Kelly High School (09-12)
 * Scott City R-I School District – Scott City
 * Scott City Elementary School (K-04)
 * Scott City Middle School (05-08)
 * Scott City High School (09-12)
 * Scott County Central School District – Sikeston
 * Scott County Central Elementary School (PK-06)
 * Scott County Central High School (07-12)
 * Sikeston R-VI School District – Sikeston
 * Sikeston Kindergarten and Early Childhood Center (PK-K)
 * Lee Hunter Elementary (01-04)
 * Southeast Elementary (01-04)
 * Wing Elementary (01-04)
 * Sikeston 5th & 6th Grade Center (05-06)
 * Sikeston Jr. High School (07-08)
 * Sikeston Sr. High School (09-12)
 * Sikeston Alternative Education Center
 * Sikeston Career and Technology Center

Private schools

 * St. Denis School – Benton – (01-08) – Roman Catholic
 * St. Ambrose School – Chaffee – (K-08) – Roman Catholic
 * St. Augustine School – Kelso – (01-08) – Roman Catholic
 * Guardian Angel School – Oran – (K-08) – Roman Catholic
 * St. Joseph School – Scott City – (K-08) – Roman Catholic
 * St. Francis Xavier Christian Academy – Sikeston – (PK-08) – Roman Catholic
 * Southeast Missouri Christian Academy – Sikeston – (PK-K) Daycare Center – Non-denominational Christian
 * Solid Rock Christian Academy – Sikeston – Non-denominational Christian

Colleges and universities

 * Sikeston Area Higher Education Center (SAHEC) – Sikeston – A satellite campus of Southeast Missouri State University.
 * Sikeston Career & Technology Center – Sikeston – A technical school based out of the Sikeston R-VI School District.
 * Three Rivers College (Missouri) | Three Rivers College – Sikeston

Public libraries

 * Chaffee Public Library
 * Sikeston Public Library

Cities

 * Benton (county seat)
 * Cape Girardeau (mostly in Cape Girardeau County)
 * Chaffee
 * Miner (small part in Mississippi County)
 * Morley
 * Oran
 * Scott City (small part in Cape Girardeau County)
 * Sikeston (partly in New Madrid County)

Villages

 * Blodgett
 * Commerce
 * Diehlstadt
 * Haywood City
 * Kelso
 * Lambert
 * Vanduser

Unincorporated communities

 * Bleda
 * Browns
 * Crowder
 * Kagel
 * Lusk
 * McMullin
 * New Hamburg
 * Parker
 * Perkins
 * Porter
 * Rockview
 * Salcedo
 * Sargent
 * Tanner
 * Zewapeta

Former community

 * Illmo

Local
The Democratic Party has historically controlled politics at the local level in Scott County. In recent years, however, Republicans have made inroads, gaining control of several county offices in 2018 and 2020. Republicans now hold most elected positions in the county, while Democrats only control the offices of County Clerk, Collector, Commissioner (district 2), Coroner, Recorder, and Surveyor.

State
Scott County is divided into three legislative districts in the Missouri House of Representatives and one district in the Missouri Senate.

 * District 148 - Currently represented by Jamie Burger (R-Benton)

 * District 149 - Currently represented by Don Rone Jr. (R-Portageville)

 * District 151 - Currently represented by Herman Morse (R-Whitewater)

Federal
Scott County is included in Missouri's 8th Congressional District and is currently represented by Jason T. Smith (R-Salem) in the U.S. House of Representatives.

Political culture
At the presidential level, Scott County was historically a Democratic stronghold, voting Democratic in every election from 1872 through 1976 save Warren Harding's 1920 landslide and Richard Nixon's 1972 landslide. A shift began to become evident in the 1980s, as Scott County voted Republican thrice in a row for the first time, one of those times even being against Southerner Jimmy Carter; however, all three elections were nationally decisive Republican wins, and Bill Clinton was able to recapture the county, albeit not by large margins, in both of his wins. Since then, however, Scott County has transitioned to being a reliable Republican stronghold; as of 2020, it has voted Republican six times in a row, and the Republican vote share has not gone below 60% since 2000. Donald Trump exceeded three-quarters of the vote in both of his runs.

Like most rural areas throughout Southeast Missouri, voters in Scott County generally adhere to socially and culturally conservative principles. In 2004, Missourians voted on a constitutional amendment to define marriage as the union between a man and a woman—it overwhelmingly passed Scott County with 85.32 percent of the vote. The initiative passed the state with 71 percent of support from voters as Missouri became the first state to ban same-sex marriage. In 2006, Missourians voted on a constitutional amendment to fund and legalize embryonic stem cell research in the state—it failed in Scott County with 64.85 percent voting against the measure. The initiative narrowly passed the state with 51 percent of support from voters as Missouri became one of the first states in the nation to approve embryonic stem cell research. Despite Scott County's longstanding tradition of supporting socially conservative platforms, voters in the county have a penchant for advancing populist causes like increasing the minimum wage. In 2006, Missourians voted on a proposition (Proposition B) to increase the minimum wage in the state to $6.50 an hour—it passed Scott County with 67.99 percent of the vote. The proposition strongly passed every single county in Missouri with 75.94 percent voting in favor as the minimum wage was increased to $6.50 an hour in the state. During the same election, voters in five other states also strongly approved increases in the minimum wage.

title: Scott County, Missouri


text:
Scotland County, Missouri

Scotland County is a county in northeastern Missouri. As of the 2020 census, its population was 4,716, making it Missouri's seventh-least populous county. Its county seat is Memphis. The county was organized on January 29, 1841, and named for the country of Scotland.

History
The Missouri General Assembly organized Scotland County on January 29, 1841. At first its boundaries contained all the land now known as Knox County as well, but in 1843 the General Assembly divided it off. Stephen W. B. Carnegy suggested that the county be named after his native Scotland. He also gave several settlements in the area Scottish names.

The first white settlement in Scotland County was in 1833 by brothers Levi and George Rhodes and their families near a location known as Sand Hill. Sand Hill was in the southern part of the county, about 12 miles from present-day Memphis. A general store was opened there around 1835 by James l. Jones, who also served as Scotland County's first sheriff.

Slavery, while never as prevalent in Scotland County as in other counties further south in the state's Little Dixie region, existed from the county's earliest days. Robert T. Smith brought the first slaves, a group of three, to the county in 1834. In 1850 Scotland County had 157 slaves or other "non-free people of color", but by the 1860 census that number had dropped to 131.

Farming was Scotland County's primary economic lifeblood from its earliest times. Once the stands of timber were cleared and the tough prairie grass plowed aside, settlers found rich soil. Between 1850 and 1880 the number of farms in the county grew from 334 to 1,994. The value of the farmland, in 1880 dollars, was over $3.72 million. Corn was the major cash crop, followed by oats, wheat, and potatoes.

The Civil War
Scotland County was the scene of three notable engagements during the American Civil War. The first happened at Etna on July 21, 1861. The 1st Northeast Missouri Home Guards under Colonel David Moore with assistance from additional units from Iowa and Illinois attacked pro-Confederate Missouri State Guard (MSG) forces using Etna as a training and resupply point. The action was part of General Nathaniel Lyon's efforts to clear "rebels" from rural Missouri. After a brief battle the MSG forces, mostly lightly armed cavalry, were driven from the town and surrounding areas of Scotland County and Moore's unit returned to its main base at Athens, Missouri.

On July 13, 1862, Confederate Colonel Joseph C. Porter approached Memphis in four converging columns totaling 125–169 men and captured it with little or no resistance. They first raided the federal armory, seizing about 100 muskets with cartridge boxes and ammunition, and several uniforms. The Confederates rounded up all adult males, who were taken to the courthouse to swear not to divulge any information about the raiders for 48 hours. Porter freed all militiamen and suspected militiamen to await parole, a fact noted by champions of his character. Citizens expressed their sympathies variously; Porter gave safe passage to a physician, an admitted Union supporter, who was anxious to return to his seriously ill wife. One of Porter's troops threatened a verbally abusive woman with a pistol, perhaps as a bluff. Porter's troops entered the courthouse and destroyed all indictments for horse theft, an act variously understood as simple lawlessness, intervention on behalf of criminal associates, or interference with politically motivated, fraudulent charges.

At Memphis, a key incident occurred that darkened Porter's reputation, and which his detractors see as part of a behavioral pattern that put him and his men beyond the norms of warfare. According to the History of Shelby County, which is generally sympathetic to Porter, "Most conceded that Col. Porter’s purpose for capturing Memphis, MO. was to seize Dr. Wm. Aylward, a prominent Union man of the community." Aylward was captured during the day by Captain Tom Stacy's men and confined to a house. Stacy was generally regarded as a genuine bushwhacker; other members of Porter's command called his company "the chain gang" due to its behavior. After rousing Aylward overnight and removing him from his home, ostensibly to see Porter, guards claimed that he escaped. But witnesses reported hearing the sounds of a strangling, and his body was found the next day with marks consistent with hanging or strangulation. Supporters of Porter attribute Aylward's murder to Stacy. But a Union gentleman who came to inquire about Aylward and a captured officer before the discovery of the body said that when he asked Porter about Aylward, the response was, "He is where he will never disturb anybody else."

The next engagement in the county took place on July 18, 1862. Union Colonel (later General) John McNeil had been pursuing Porter and his forces across northeast Missouri for some time. Hearing of the capture of Memphis, McNeil sent a detachment of three companies (C, H, and I), about 300 men, of Merrill's Horse under Major John Y. Clopper from Newark, Missouri, to rescue the town. Porter and his Confederate forces, their strength estimated at anywhere between 125 men to 600, planned to ambush the Federals. This became known as the Battle of Vassar Hill in the History of Scotland County. Porter called it Oak Ridge, and Federal forces called it Pierce's Mill. By whatever name, it happened about ten miles southwest of Memphis on the south fork of the Middle Fabius River.

Porter's men were concealed in brush and stayed low when the Federals stopped to fire before each charge. Porter's men held their fire until the range was very short, increasing the volley's lethality. Clopper was in the Federal front, and of 21 men of his advance guard, all but one were killed or wounded. The Federals made at least seven mounted charges, doing little but adding to the body count. A battalion of roughly 100 men of the 11th Missouri State Militia Cavalry under Major Rogers arrived and dismounted. Clopper claimed to have driven the enemy from the field after this, but eyewitness Joseph Mudd said the Union troops fell back and ended the engagement, leaving Porter in possession of the field until he withdrew. Clopper's reputation suffered as a result of his poor tactics. Before the final charge, one company officer angrily asked, "Why don't you dismount those men and stop murdering them?" Union casualties were about 24 dead and mortally wounded (10 from Merrill's Horse and 14 from the 11th MSM Cavalry), and perhaps 59 wounded (24 from Merrill's Horse, and 35 from the 11th MSM Cavalry.) Porter's loss was as little as three killed and five wounded according to Mudd, or six killed, three mortally wounded, and 10 wounded left on the field according to the Shelby County History.

Postwar to present
In the 1880s, a group called The Tax-payers' Association of Scotland County formed to resist paying local taxes and intimidate any potential bidders on horses and mules that had been seized to cover those taxes. The handling of county debt collection went to the Supreme Court in Findlay v. McAllister.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 439 sqmi, of which 437 sqmi is land and 2.6 sqmi (0.6%) is water. Scotland County borders Iowa to the north.

Adjacent counties

 * Davis County, Iowa (northwest)
 * Van Buren County, Iowa (northeast)
 * Clark County (east)
 * Knox County (south)
 * Adair County (southwest)
 * Schuyler County (west)

Major highways

 * [[Image:US 136.svg|20px]] U.S. Route 136
 * [[Image:MO-15.svg|20px]] Route 15

Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 4,843 people, 1,902 households, and 1,302 families residing in the county. The population density was 11 /mi2. There were 2,292 housing units at an average density of 5 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 98.82% White, 0.20% Black or African American, 0.14% Native American, 0.08% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.16% from other races, and 0.58% from two or more races. Approximately 0.84% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. In the county, 5.72% report speaking Pennsylvania German, Dutch, or German at home, while 1.58% speak Spanish.

There were 1,902 households, of which 32.40% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.20% were married couples living together, 7.00% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.50% were non-families. 28.20% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.16.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 28.60% under the age of 18, 7.60% from 18 to 24, 24.10% from 25 to 44, 20.80% from 45 to 64, and 19.00% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 94.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.80 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $27,409, and the median income for a family was $33,529. Males had a median income of $23,836 versus $16,866 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,474. About 13.40% of families and 16.80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.70% of those under age 18 and 13.50% of those age 65 or over.

Public schools

 * Scotland County R-I School District – Memphis
 * Scotland County Elementary School (PK-06)
 * Scotland County High School (07-12)

Public libraries

 * Scotland County Memorial Library

Cities

 * Memphis (county seat)
 * South Gorin

Villages

 * Arbela
 * Granger
 * Rutledge

Unincorporated communities

 * Azen
 * Bible Grove
 * Brock
 * Crawford
 * Edinburg
 * Energy
 * Etna
 * Hitt
 * Kilwinning
 * Middle Fabius
 * Pleasant Retreat
 * Prospect Grove
 * Sand Hill
 * Unity

Notable people

 * Ella Ewing, world's tallest woman (in her era), lived much of her life (and died) near Gorin. Buried in the Harmony Grove church cemetery in Rutledge, MO.
 * Alexandre Hogue, realist painter, known mostly for landscapes.
 * Tom Horn, Old West lawman, scout, outlaw and assassin, born near Granger in 1860.
 * George Saling, gold medal winner at the 1932 Summer Olympics, 110m hurdles.
 * Adrienne Wilkinson, TV, film and voiceover actress. Notable roles on Xena: Warrior Princess and As If.
 * Sedona Schnebly, an Arizona pioneer and namesake of Sedona, Arizona, born in Gorin.

Local
The Democratic Party controls politics at the local level in Scotland County. Democrats hold all but five of the elected positions in the county.

State
Scotland County is in Missouri's 4th District in the Missouri House of Representatives and is represented by Craig Redmon (R-Canton).

Scotland County is a part of Missouri's 18th District in the Missouri Senate and is represented by Brian Munzlinger (R-Williamstown).

Federal
Scotland County is in Missouri's 6th Congressional District and is represented by Sam Graves (R-Tarkio) in the U.S. House of Representatives.

title: Scotland County, Missouri


text:
Talk:Mottingham

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title: Talk:Mottingham