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List of people from Catalonia

This is a list of notable people from Catalonia.

Artists

 * Ferrer Bassa (1285–1348), Catalan Gothic master and miniaturist
 * Arnau Bassa (????–1348), altarpiece master and son of the previous
 * Jacint Rigau i Ros (1659–1743), portrait artist
 * Josep Tapiró i Baró (1836–1913), watercolour painter and fundamental member of Orientalism
 * Marià Fortuny i Marsal (1838–1874), painter
 * Josep Masriera (1841–1912), painter, goldsmith, and businessman
 * Étienne Terrus (1857–1922), painter considered one of the precursors of fauvisme
 * Eliseu Meifrèn (1857–1940), impressionist painter
 * Aristide Maillol (1861–1944), sculptor and painter
 * Santiago Rusiñol (1861–1931), painter, poet and playwright
 * Ramon Casas i Carbó (1866–1932), artist and painter
 * Ramon Pichot (1871–1925), painter
 * Joaquin Mir Trinxet (1873–1940), painter
 * Josefa Texidor i Torres (1875–1914), painter
 * Juli González i Pellicer (1876–1942), sculptor and painter
 * Josep Clarà (1878–1958), sculptor
 * Pau Gargallo i Catalán (1881–1934), sculptor and painter
 * Adelaida Ferré Gomis (1881–1955), lace-maker, folklorist, and teacher
 * Joan Miró (1893–1983), surrealist artist
 * Lola Anglada (1893–1984), illustrator and writer
 * Charlie Rivel (1896–1983), clown
 * Àngel Planells (1901–1989), surrealist painter

 * Salvador Dalí (1904–1989), surrealist artist
 * Marti Montserrat Guillemat (1906–1990), musician
 * Ceferí Olivé i Cabré (1907–1995), painter
 * Remedios Varo (1908–1963), surrealist painter
 * Angeles Santos Torroella (1911–2013), surrealist painter
 * Antoni Clavé (1913–2005), painter, printmaker, sculptor, stage designer and costume designer
 * Joan-Josep Tharrats (1918–2001), abstract artist and member of Dau al Set
 * Joan Brossa (1919–1998), poet, playwright, graphic designer and visual artist
 * Joan Colom (1921–2017), photographer
 * Manuel Carnicer i Fajó (1922–1998), hyperrealist colour pencil artist
 * Albert Ràfols-Casamada (1923–2009), artist
 * Antoni Tàpies (1923–2012), surrealist painter and member of Dau al Set
 * Xavier Valls (1923–2006), painter
 * Modest Cuixart (1925–2001), painter and member of Dau al Set
 * Marcel Martí (1925–2010), sculptor
 * Joan Ponç (1927–1984), painter and member of Dau al Set
 * Josep Guinovart (1927–2007), abstract expressionist painter
 * Josep Maria Subirachs (1927–2014), sculptor and painter
 * Josep Ponsatí (born 1947), sculptor
 * Jordi Bonet (1932–1979), painter, ceramist, muralist and sculptor
 * Antoni Pitxot (1934–2015), surrealist painter
 * Silvia Torras (1936–1970), informalist painter
 * Xavier Miserachs (1937–1998), photographer
 * Vicenç Caraltó (1939–1995), painter, draftsman and engraver
 * Fina Rifà (born 1939), illustrator
 * Isabel Steva i Hernández, "Colita" (born 1940), photographer
 * Josep Royo (born 1945), contemporary artist
 * Glòria Muñoz (born 1949), painter
 * Anna Manel·la (1950–2019), sculptor
 * Jaume Plensa (born 1955), sculptor
 * Pep Duran (born 1955], sculptor
 * Pere Jaume Borrell i Guinart, "Perejaume" (born 1957), contemporary artist
 * Enric Bug (born 1957), comic book artist and industrial designer
 * Carlos Grangel (born 1963), character designer
 * Neil Harbisson (born 1982), artist, founder of the Cyborg Foundation
 * Moon Ribas (born 1985), choreographer, dancer, cyborg activist, founder of the Cyborg Foundation
 * Laura Vila Kremer (born 1985), performance artist and intersex rights activist

Architects and Urban Planners

 * Ildefons Cerdà i Sunyer (1815–1876), urban planner who designed the 19th-century "extension" of Barcelona called the Eixample
 * Lluís Domènech i Montaner (1850–1927), modernist architect and politician, designed the Palau de la Música Catalana
 * Antoni Gaudí (1852–1926), modernist architect, designed the Catholic church of the Sagrada Família in Barcelona
 * Josep Puig i Cadafalch (1867–1956), architect, designed the urban gothic palace Casa Amatller
 * Cebrià de Montoliu i de Togores (1873–1923), town planner, architect, and social reformer
 * Josep Maria Jujol i Gibert (1879–1949), architect and designer; worked with Antoni Gaudí on many of his most famous works
 * Isidre Puig i Boada (1891–1987), architect
 * Carles Buïgas i Sans (1898–1979), architect, engineer, inventor and author; designed the Magic Fountain in Montjuïc, Barcelona
 * Josep Lluís Sert i López (1902–1983), architect, co-founder of the GATCPAC group, professor at Harvard
 * Josep Antoni Coderch (1913–1984), architect recognized as one of the most important post-World War II European architects
 * Antoni Bonet i Castellana (1913–1989), architect and urban planner
 * Alfons Milà i Sagnier (1924–2009), architect
 * Frederic de Correa i Ruiz (1924–2020), architect
 * Oriol Bohigas i Guardiola (1925–2021), architect and urban planner
 * Lluís Nadal i Oller (born 1929), architect
 * Josep Emili Donato i Folch (born 1934), architect
 * Lluís Cantallops Valeri (born 1934), architect
 * Joan Margarit (1938–2021), architect
 * Ricardo Bofill i Leví (1939–2022), architect
 * Carme Pigem Barceló (born 1962), architect and member of the Pritzker Prize-winning architectural firm RCR Arquitectes
 * Xavier Vilalta (born 1980), architect

Businesspeople

 * Facundo Bacardí (1814–1886), founder of Bacardi rum
 * Joseph Oller (1839–1922), founder of Moulin Rouge cabaret
 * Andrés Brugal Montaner (1850–1914), founder of Brugal & Co. rum
 * Enric Bernat (1923–2003), founder of Chupa Chups candy
 * Eusebi Güell (1846–1918), industrial entrepreneur and patronage
 * John Casablancas (1942–2013), founder of Elite Model Management (American from Catalan parents)

Cinema and Theater

 * Fructuós Gelabert (1874–1955), inventor, screenwriter, film director
 * Asunción Balaguer (1925–2019), actress
 * Rosa Maria Sardà (1941–2020), actress and comedian
 * Albert Boadella (born 1943), playwright, director, actor, political activist, and founder of Els Joglars
 * Ventura Pons (born 1945), film director
 * Bigas Luna (1946–2013), award-winning filmmaker
 * Vicky Peña (born 1954), actress
 * Assumpta Serna (born 1957), actress
 * Francesc Orella (born 1957), actor
 * Emma Vilarasau (born 1959), actress
 * Isabel Coixet (born 1960), film director
 * Eduard Fernandez (born 1964), actor
 * Jordi Sánchez (born 1964), actor, comedian, well-known thanks to his leading roles in the popular sitcoms, Plats Bruts and La que se Avecina
 * Sergi López (born 1965), actor, César's best actor winner in 2000
 * Andreu Buenafuente (born 1965), comedian, television host and founder of the television production company, El Terrat
 * Lydia Zimmermann (born 1966), filmmaker
 * Jaume Balagueró (born 1968), film director behind REC zombie horror films
 * Jordi Mollà (born 1968), actor, appeared in the Hollywood blockbusters Colombiana (2012) and Riddick (2013)
 * Ariadna Gil (born 1969), actress
 * Joel Joan (born 1970), actor, comedian, lead actor in the popular sitcom, Plats Bruts, filmmaker, founder of the television production company Kràmpack and former president of the Academy of Catalan Cinema
 * Silvia Abril (born 1971), actress, comedian and television host
 * David Selvas (born 1971), actor
 * Laia Costa (born 1985), actress
 * Laia Marull (born 1973), actress
 * Jaume Collet-Serra (born 1974), filmmaker known for directing the horror remake House of Wax (2005), The Shallows (2016) and the memorable action-thrillers Unknown (2011), Non-Stop (2014), Run All Night (2015) and The Commuter (2018)
 * Ingrid Rubio (born 1975), actress
 * Daniel Brühl (born 1978), actor, born in Barcelona and raised in Germany
 * Claudia Bassols (born 1979), actress
 * Leticia Dolera (born 1981), actress
 * Quim Gutiérrez (born 1981), actor
 * Àstrid Bergès-Frisbey (born 1986), actress, appeared in the Hollywood blockbusters Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides (2011) and King Arthur: Legend of the Sword (2017)
 * Carlos Cuevas (born 1995), actor
 * David Solans (born 1996), actor

Economists

 * Andreu Mas-Colell (born 1944), economist
 * Xavier Sala i Martin (born 1962), economist
 * Pol Antràs, economist

Writers and poets

 * Ramon Llull (c. 1232–c. 1315), philosopher, theologist, mystic, missionary, narrator, poet, logician and professor
 * Ramon Muntaner (c. 1270–1336), soldier and writer of the 14th century
 * Joanot Martorell (c. 1410–1465), knight and writer of the 15th century
 * Jaime Balmes (1810–1848), priest, philosopher and political writer
 * Àngel Guimerà, (1845–1924), writer
 * Jacint Verdaguer (1845–1902), poet
 * Narcís Oller (1846–1930), writer
 * Joan Maragall (1860–1911), writer and poet
 * Josep Carner (1884–1970), poet
 * Gaziel (1887–1964), journalist, writer and publisher
 * Carles Riba (1893–1959), poet
 * Josep Vicenç Foix (1893–1987), poet, essayist and writer
 * Josep Pla (1897–1981), writer
 * Joan Oliver i Sallarès (1899–1986), pseudonym Pere Quart, poet, playwright, translator, narrator, and journalist
 * Mercè Rodoreda (1909–1983), writer, known for novel The Time of the Doves (1962)
 * Miquel Martí i Pol (1929–2003), writer and poet
 * Pere Calders (1912–1994), writer
 * Josep Ferrater i Mora (1912–1991), philosopher, essayist and writer
 * Joan Sales (1912–1983), writer, poet, translator and editor
 * Salvador Espriu (1913–1985), writer and poet
 * Joan Vinyoli (1914–1984), poet
 * Manuel de Pedrolo (1918–1990), writer
 * Montserrat Abelló i Soler (1918–2014), poet and translator
 * Joan Brossa (1919–1998), poet, playwright, plastic artist and graphic designer
 * Gabriel Ferrater (1922–1972), poet, translator and scholar of linguistics
 * Maria Àngels Anglada (1930–1999), poet and novelist
 * Quima Jaume i Carbo (1934–1993), poet
 * Olga Xirinacs Díaz (born 1936), writer and pianist
 * Montserrat Roig (1946–1991), writer, journalist, feminist
 * Quim Monzó (born 1952), writer
 * Maria Mercè Marçal (1952–1998), poet, writer and translator
 * Sergi Pàmies (born 1960), writer, translator, journalist
 * Joan Carreras i Goicoechea (born 1962), journalist, screenwriter and writer
 * Anna Dodas i Noguer (1962—1986), poet
 * Màrius Serra (born 1963), writer, journalist, translator
 * Albert Sánchez Piñol (born 1968), writer, novelist and author of the international best-seller Victus: Barcelona 1714
 * Carla Herrero (born 1994), writer, blogger

Military

 * Abu-l-Hasan Ali ibn Ruburtayr (? – 1187), Muslim Catalan mercenary commander
 * Nunó Sanç I (c. 1185–1241), Catalan nobleman and military leader
 * Berenguer de Palou II (died 1241), bishop of Barcelona and led different crusades
 * Ramon Muntaner (1270–1336), commander and chronicler of the Catalan Company
 * Francesc de Tamarit i de Rifà (1600–1653), military leader during the Battle of Montjuïc (1641)
 * Rafael Casanova i Comes (1660–1743), Coronela leader during the Siege of Barcelona (1713–14)
 * Josep Moragues i Mas (1669–1715), Catalan general during the War of Spanish Succession
 * Manuel d'Amat i de Junyent (1707– 1782), military officer and colonial administrator
 * Gaspar de Portolà (1716–1786), Spanish officer and explorer, first Governor of the Californias
 * Pere Fages i Beleta (1734–1794), Spanish explorer, fifth Governor of the Californias
 * Francisco Milans del Bosch (1769–1834), Spanish general.
 * Llarg de Copons (1800–1839), Carlist warlord
 * Ramón Cabrera y Griñó (1806–1877), Carlist general from Tortosa
 * Joan Prim i Prats (1814 – 30 December 1870), Spanish general and statesman
 * Josep Masgoret i Marcó (1820–1883), Carlist warlord
 * Joseph Joffre (1852–1931), French general, born in Ribesaltes (Roussillon)
 * Domènec Batet (1872–1937), Spanish Army general
 * Ramon Vila Capdevila (1908–1963), anarchist and guerilla fighter
 * Ramon Mercader (1913–1978), soviet spy, murderer of Leon Trotsky
 * Sabaté brothers (fl. 1940s), three Maquis guerrillas of the Francoist post-Civil War period

Musicians and Singers

 * Guerau de Cabrera (1160–1161), troubadour
 * Jofre de Foixà (died 1300), troubadour, Benedictine and abbot of San Giovanni degli Eremiti in Palermo
 * Ferran Sor (1778–1839), composer
 * Josep Maria Moliné (1819–1883), composer
 * Felip Pedrell (1841–1922), composer, guitarist and musicologist
 * Isaac Albéniz (1860–1909), pianist and composer
 * Enric Morera i Viura (1865–1942), musician and composer
 * Enric Granados (1867–1916), musician
 * Pau Casals (1876–1973), cellist
 * Miguel Llobet (1878–1938), composer and guitarist
 * Maria Gay (1879–1943), mezzo-soprano
 * Enric Roig i Masriera (1892–1962), violinist, poet and musicologist
 * Frederic Mompou (1893–1987), composer
 * Conchita Supervía (1895–1936), soprano
 * Robert Gerhard (1896–1970), composer
 * Xavier Cugat (1900–1990), musician
 * Joan Magrané Figuera, composer
 * Xavier Montsalvatge (1912–2002), composer and music critic
 * Victòria dels Àngels (1923–2005), soprano
 * Alicia de Larrocha (1923–2009), pianist
 * Tete Montoliu (1933–1997), jazz pianist
 * Montserrat Caballé (1933–2018), soprano
 * Jaume Aragall (born 1939), tenor
 * Laura Almerich (1940–2019), classical guitarist
 * Jordi Savall (born 1941), musician
 * Joan Manuel Serrat (born 1943), singer and author
 * Josep Carreras (born 1946), tenor [[Image:Jose Carreras - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2011.jpg|thumb|100px|right|[[Josep Carreras]]]]
 * Lluís Llach (born 1948), singer and composer
 * Pau Riba (born 1948), singer and composer
 * Jaume Sisa (born 1948), singer-songwriter
 * Pascal Comelade (born 1955), musician
 * Carles Sabater (born 1962), singer and actor
 * Joan Chamorro (born 1962), jazz musician, teacher, big band leader
 * Adrià Puntí (born 1963), musician and singer-songwriter
 * Sergio Dalma (born 1963), singer
 * Gerard Quintana (born 1964), singer
 * Mónica Naranjo (born 1974), singer
 * Guillermo Scott Herren (born 1976), producer
 * Montse Cortés (born 1972), flamenco singer
 * Beth (born 1981), singer
 * Sílvia Pérez Cruz (born 1983), singer, musician
 * Álvaro Soler (born 1991), singer-songwriter
 * Rosalía (born 1993), singer-songwriter, musician
 * Andrea Motis (born 1995), jazz musician, singer
 * Aitana (born 1999), singer

Fashion Designers

 * Custo Dalmau (born 1959), fashion designer, founder of Custo Barcelona

Fashion Models

 * Judit Mascó (born 1969)
 * Vanessa Lorenzo (born 1977)
 * Andrés Segura (born 1978)
 * Oriol Elcacho (born 1979)
 * Mireia Lalaguna (born 1992), Miss World 2015 winner
 * Andres Velencoso (born 1978)

Before the 19th Century

 * Belló I of Carcassonne (755–810), founder of the Bellonid Dynasty known as the cradle of the Catalan lords and people
 * Wilfred I the Hairy (died 897), 12th count of Barcelona, founder of the House of Barcelona
 * Jaume I the Conqueror (1208–1276), 8th king of Aragon and 26th count of Barcelona
 * Pere III the Great (1239–1285), 9th king of Aragon and 27th count of Barcelona
 * Martí I the Humane (1356–1410), 15th king of Aragon and last monarch of the House of Barcelona
 * Martí I the Younger (1374/1376–1409), king of Sicily dead at 32–35 in Cagliari
 * Bernat d'Oms i Santa Pau (????–1474), governor of Elna, killed and beheaded by the troops of Louis XI
 * Pau Claris i Casademunt (1586–1641), lawyer, 94th President of the Generalitat de Catalunya and leader at the Catalan Revolt (1635-1659)
 * Rafael Casanova i Comes (1660–1743), lawyer and Conseller en Cap of the Consell de Cent of Barcelona
 * Josep Moragues i Mas (1669–1715), Catalan patriot, led the insurgence against the Bourbonic troops after the War of the Spanish Succession until he was executed, decapitated, butchered and his head placed for 12 years hanging in the main entrance to Barcelona
 * Gaspar de Portolà i Rovira (1716–1784), soldier, governor of Baja California and Alta California, explorer and founder of San Diego and Monterey
 * Pere Fages i Beleta (1734–1794), soldier, explorer; second Spanish military Governor of New California, 1770–1774; Governor of the Californias, 1782-1791

Modern Politicians

 * Joan Prim i Prats (1814–1870), general and statesman, Captain-General of Puerto Rico, commander of the Spanish Army in Mexico and in Morocco, and president of the Spanish Council
 * Estanislao Figueras (1819–1882), first president of the First Spanish Republic
 * Francesc Pi i Margall (1824–1901), second president of the First Spanish Republic
 * Valentí Almirall (1841–1904), politician, author of Lo catalanisme, founder of the first daily periodical in the Catalan language, El diari català
 * Francesc Macià, (1859–1933), soldier, politician and 122nd President of the Generalitat de Catalunya
 * Josep Irla (1874–1958), politician, 124th President of the Generalitat de Catalunya
 * Francesc Cambó (1876–1947), politician
 * Enric Prat de la Riba (1879–1917), politician
 * Lluís Companys (1882–1940), politician, 123rd President of the Generalitat de Catalunya
 * Andreu Nin (1892–1937), heterodox communist politician
 * Federica Montseny (1905–1994), anarchist politician
 * José Figueres Ferrer (1906–1990), politician, President of Costa Rica in three occasions
 * Jordi Pujol (born 1930), politician, 126th President of the Generalitat de Catalunya
 * Pasqual Maragall (born 1941), politician, 127th President of the Generalitat de Catalunya
 * Jaime Nebot (born 1946), politician, current Mayor of Guayaquil, Ecuador
 * Josep Borrell (born 1947), former President of the European Parliament
 * Artur Mas (born 1956), politician and 129th President of the Generalitat de Catalunya
 * Carles Puigdemont i Casamajó, politician, 130th President of the Generalitat de Catalunya
 * Roger Albinyana i Saigí, Liberal politician
 * Salvador Illa, former Minister of Health of Spain, current Secretary for Organization of the Socialists' Party of Catalonia
 * Meritxell Batet, currently serving as President of the Congress of Deputies
 * Jaume Collboni, Deputy Mayor of Barcelona
 * Daniel Sirera (born 1967), chairman of the People's Party
 * Amadeu Altafaj (born 1968), journalist and present European Commission Vice President spokesman
 * Gabriel Boric (born 1986), President of Chile

Alpinism, Trail Running and Ski

 * Núria Picas (born 1976), sky runner and trail runner
 * Kílian Jornet Burgada (born 1987), long-distance runner and ski mountaineer
 * Jordi Font (born 1975), snowboarder
 * Laura Orgué (born 1986), cross country skier

Athletics

 * Reyes Estévez (born 1976), former 1500m runner
 * Javier García (born 1966), former Pole Vaulter, Olympic bronze medallist
 * Natalia Rodríguez (born 1979), 1500m runner

Basketball

 * Ignacio "Nacho" Solozabal (born 1958), former player for Barça
 * Jordi Villacampa (born 1963), former player and president from Joventut Badalona
 * Rafael Jofresa (born 1966), former player from Joventut Badalona, Barça and CB Girona
 * Roger Grimau (born 1978), former player from Joventut Badalona
 * Pau Gasol (born 1980), ACB basketball player, formerly for Barça and currently in the NBA for the San Antonio Spurs
 * Raúl López (born 1980), formerly for Joventut Badalona, NBA basketball player for Utah Jazz
 * Juan Carlos Navarro (born 1980), NBA basketball player for Memphis Grizzlies and ACB for Barça
 * Marc Gasol (born 1985), ACB basketball player for Barça and CB Girona and NBA for the Memphis Grizzlies; younger brother of Pau Gasol
 * Pau Ribas (born 1987), former player from Joventut Badalona, currently as playmaker for Barça
 * Ricky Rubio (born 1990), former player from Joventut Badalona; now with the Utah Jazz in the NBA
 * Pierre Oriola (born 1992), Spanish National Team Player currently playing for Barça
 * Álex Mumbrú (born 1979), former Real Madrid and Spanish National Team Player, current captain of Bilbao Basket
 * Xavi Pascual (born 1972), former Barça coach, winner of 2010 Euroleague and current coach of Panathinaikos

Cycling

 * David de la Cruz (born 1989), active
 * Melcior Mauri (born 1966), Vuelta a España winner (1991)
 * Maribel Moreno (born 1981)
 * José Pesarrodona (born 1946), Vuelta a España winner (1976)
 * Miguel Poblet (1928–2013)
 * Joaquim Rodríguez (born 1979)
 * Marc Soler (born 1993), active

Football

 * Jordi Alba (born 1989), Spanish international, 2012 European Championship winner
 * Marc Bartra (born 1991), Spanish international
 * Estanislau Basora (1926–2012), former Spanish international
 * Sergio Busquets (born 1988), Spanish international, 2010 World Cup winner & 2012 European Championship winner
 * Joan Capdevila (born 1978), former Spanish international, 2010 World Cup winner & 2008 European Championship winner
 * Gerard Deulofeu (born 1994), Spanish international
 * Cesc Fàbregas (born 1987), Spanish international, 2010 World Cup winner, 2008 & 2012 European Championship winner
 * Andreu Fontàs (born 1989), Spanish international
 * Sergio García (born 1983), Spanish international, 2008 European Championship winner
 * Pep Guardiola (born 1971), former Spanish international, former manager of Barcelona and Bayern Munich and currently of Manchester City
 * Roberto Martínez (born 1973), former manager of Everton and currently of Belgium
 * Fernando Navarro (born 1982), former Spanish international, 2008 European Championship winner
 * Gerard Piqué (born 1987), Spanish international, 2010 World Cup winner & 2012 European Championship winner
 * Carles Puyol (born 1978), former Spanish international, 2010 World Cup winner & 2008 European Championship winner
 * Antoni Ramallets (1924–2013), former Spanish international
 * Carles Rexach (born 1947), former Spanish international, former manager of Barcelona
 * Sergi Roberto (born 1992), Spanish international
 * Josep Samitier (1902–1972), former Spanish international
 * Raúl Tamudo (born 1977), former Spanish international
 * Víctor Valdés (born 1982), former Spanish international, 2010 World Cup winner & 2012 European Championship winner
 * Tito Vilanova (1969–2014), former manager of Barcelona
 * Xavi Hernández (born 1980), former Spanish international, 2010 World Cup winner, 2008 & 2012 European Championship winner
 * Ricardo Zamora (1901–1978), former Spanish international
 * Michał Żuk (born 2009), Polish footballer, born in Catalonia
 * Sercan Sararer
 * Alexia Putellas (born 1994), two time Ballon d'or winner and Barcelona captain

Motor Racing

 * Alfonso "Sito" Pons (born 1959), former world champion GP motorcycle racer, owner of MotoGP race team
 * Jordi Tarrés (born 1966), motorcycle trial rider, 7 times World Champion
 * Àlex Crivillé (born 1970), former GP motorcycle racer, 1999 500cc GP World Champion
 * Pedro Martínez de la Rosa (born 1971), former F1 driver
 * Nani Roma (born 1972), rally racing motorcycle rider and rally raid driver, winner of 2004 and 2014 Dakar Rally
 * Sete Gibernau (born 1972), former GP motorcycle racer
 * Emilio Alzamora (born 1973), former motorcycle racer, 1999 125cc GP World Champion
 * Marc Gené (born 1974), former F1 driver
 * Oriol Servià (born 1974), former ChampCar, IndyCar, and Formula E driver, 1999 Indy Lights champion
 * Marc Coma (born 1976), rally raid motorcycle racer, winner of 2006, 2009, 2011 and 2014 Dakar Rally
 * Adam Raga (born 1982), motorcycle trial rider, Outdoor Trial World Champion 2005, 2006; Indoor Trial World Champion 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006
 * Toni Elías (born 1983), first world champion of "Moto2"
 * Laia Sanz (born 1985), motorcycle trial rider and rally raid motorcycle racer; 13 times Women's Outdoor Trial World Champion; winner of the 2011 and 2012 Dakar Rally in the female class
 * Dani Pedrosa (born 1985), GP motorcycle racer, 125 and 250cc world champion
 * Toni Bou (born 1986), motorcycle trial rider; 8 time Indoor Trial World Champion; 7 time Outdoor Trial World Champion
 * Jaime Alguersuari (born 1990), former F1 driver
 * Marc Márquez (born 1993), motorcycle racer; 2010 125cc GP World Champion; 2012 Moto2 World Champion; 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019 MotoGP World Champion

Swimming

 * Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro (1924–2019), scuba diver pioneer who set the record of reaching 100m deep in 1957
 * Manuel Estiarte (born 1961), former water polo player
 * Gemma Mengual (born 1977), synchronised swimmer
 * Mireia Belmonte (born 1990), medley, freestyle and butterfly swimmer, first woman ever under 8 min in 800m freestyle

Tennis

 * Arantxa Sánchez Vicario (born 1971), 3-time French Open winner (1989, 1994 & 1998), US Open winner (1994)
 * Juan Aguilera (born 1962)
 * Sergi Bruguera (born 1971), 2-time French Open winner (1993 & 1994)
 * Àlex Corretja (born 1974)
 * Albert Costa (born 1975), French Open winner (2002)
 * Carlos Costa (born 1968)
 * Andrés Gimeno (1937–2019), French Open winner (1972)
 * Juan Gisbert (born 1942)
 * Marcel Granollers (born 1986), active
 * Marc López (born 1982), active
 * Félix Mantilla (born 1974)
 * Tommy Robredo (born 1982), active

Other

 * Carlos Rodríguez (born 1979), former professional darts player
 * Juan Antonio Samaranch (1920–2010), president of the IOC from 1980 to 2001
 * Dani Sánchez (born 1974), professional carom billiards player
 * José María Solé Chavero (born 1969), wheelchair basketball player

Scientists and engineers

 * François Arago (1786–1853), scientist
 * Ildefons Cerdà (1815–1876), urban planner
 * Narcís Monturiol (1819–1885), inventor of the first combustion-driven submarine
 * Josep Comas i Solà (1868–1937), astronomer, discoverer of the asteroid named 'Barcelona'
 * Ignacio Barraquer (Barcelona 1884–1965), ophthalmologist known for his contributions to the advancement of cataract surgery. Son of Josep Antoni Barraquer
 * Esteban Terradas i Illa (1883–1950), mathematician, scientist and engineer
 * Pere Bosch-Gimpera (1891–1974), anthropologist, archaeologist and prehistorian
 * Josep Trueta (1897–1977), doctor, professor of orthopedy at Oxford
 * Jose Barraquer (1916–1998), father of modern refractive surgery and son of Ignacio Barraquer; invented the cryolathe and microkeratome and developed many surgical procedures
 * Ramon Margalef (1919–2004), pioneer and outstanding researcher in limnology, marine biology, and ecology
 * Jordi Sabater Pi (1922–2009), primatologist
 * Joan Oró (1923–2004), biologist
 * Pere Alberch (1923–2004), biologist and embryologist, professor at Harvard University from 1980 to 1989 and director of the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid.
 * Valentín Fuster (born 1943), Doctor of Medicine, director of the Cardiology Institute in Mount Sinai Hospital, New York
 * Eudald Carbonell (born 1953), archaeologist, anthropologist and paleonthologist
 * Joan Massagué (born 1953), scientist and pharmacist, specialized in the study of cancer metastasis
 * Josep Baselga (1959–2021), oncologist
 * Josep Figueras (born 1959), health policy expert and founding director of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies
 * Ignacio Cirac (born 1965), physicist, best known for his contributions to quantum information science
 * Manel Esteller (born 1968), doctor, specialized in the study of cancer

Gastronomy

 * Carme Ruscalleda (born 1952), chef of Sant Pau
 * Santi Santamaria (1957–2011), chef of Can Fabes
 * Ferran Adrià (born 1962), chef of El Bulli
 * Joan Roca i Fontané (born 1964), chef of El Celler de Can Roca
 * Josep Roca i Fontané (born 1966), sommelier of El Celler de Can Roca
 * Jordi Roca i Fontané (born 1978), pastry chef of El Celler de Can Roca

Saints and religious figures

 * Raymond of Penyafort (1175–1275), Roman Catholic saint and Dominican
 * Vicent Ferrer (1350–1419), Valencian Dominican friar, who gained acclaim as a missionary and a logician.
 * Pope Callixtus III, Alfons de Borja (1378–1458), Valencian pope
 * Pope Alexander VI, Roderic de Borja (1431–1503), Valencian pope
 * Gertrudis Anglesola (1641-1727), Valencian Cistercian abbess and mystic
 * Joseph Oriol (1650–1702)
 * Juníper Serra (1713–1784), Roman Catholic saint and Franciscan missionary
 * Maria Pilar Bruguera Sábat (1906–1994), Roman Catholic nun and physician
 * Anthony Mary Claret (1807–1870), founder of the Missionary Sons of the Immaculate Heart of Mary
 * Francisco Coll Guitart (1812–1875), Roman Catholic saint and Dominican; founder of the Dominican Sisters of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin
 * Josep Sadoc Alemany (1814–1888), first Roman Catholic archbishop of San Francisco, California
 * Vicente Ferrer Moncho (1920–2009), Jesuit missionary; humanitarian
 * Jaime Hilario Barbal (1898–1937), Catalan priest and educator, canonized as a saint of the Roman Catholic Church in 1999.
 * Cassià Maria Just (1926–2008), Benedictine abbot, one of the people in the Spanish Catholic Church who opposed Francisco Franco
 * Lluís Martínez Sistach (born 1937), former Cardinal Archbishop of Barcelona (2004-2015); member of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura

Others

 * Nahmanides (1194–1270), Catalan-Jewish philosopher
 * Pompeu Fabra (1868–1948), grammarian
 * Rosa Sensat (1873–1961), early Doctor of Pedagogy
 * Alexandre Deulofeu (1903–1977), historian
 * Joan Gili (1907–1998), antiquarian book-seller, publisher and translator
 * Juan Pujol García (alias Garbo) (1912–1988), double agent who played a major role in the Invasion of Normandy during World War II
 * Rafael Marquina (1921–2013), designer and architect
 * Jordi Nadal (1929–2020), historian
 * Salvador Puig i Antich (1948–1974), Catalan anarchist, executed during Franco's regime
 * Jaume Marxuach i Flaquer (1906–1966), lawyer and writer
 * Joan Laporta i Estruch (born 1962), lawyer, president of FC Barcelona, and politician

title: List of people from Catalonia


text:
Gibbon

Gibbons are apes in the family Hylobatidae. The family historically contained one genus, but now is split into four extant genera and 20 species. Gibbons live in subtropical and tropical forests from eastern Bangladesh to Northeast India to southern China and Indonesia (including the islands of Sumatra, Borneo and Java).

Also called the lesser apes, gibbons differ from the great apes (chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans and humans) in being smaller, exhibiting low sexual dimorphism, and not making nests. Like all of the apes, gibbons are tailless. Unlike most of the great apes, gibbons frequently form long-term pair bonds. Their primary mode of locomotion, brachiation, involves swinging from branch to branch for distances up to 15 m, at speeds as fast as 55 km/h. They can also make leaps up to 8 m, and walk bipedally with their arms raised for balance. They are the fastest of all tree-dwelling, nonflying mammals.

Depending on the species and sex, gibbons' fur coloration varies from dark- to light-brown shades, and any shade between black and white, though a completely "white" gibbon is rare.

Etymology
The English word "gibbon" is a reborrowing from French and may originally derive from an Orang Asli word.

Evolutionary history
Whole genome molecular dating analyses indicate that the gibbon lineage diverged from that of great apes around 16.8 million years ago (Mya) (95% confidence interval: 15.9–17.6 Mya; given a divergence of 29 Mya from Old World monkeys). Adaptive divergence associated with chromosomal rearrangements led to rapid radiation of the four genera 5–7 Mya. Each genus comprises a distinct, well-delineated lineage, but the sequence and timing of divergences among these genera has been hard to resolve, even with whole genome data, due to radiative speciations and extensive incomplete lineage sorting. An analysis based on morphology suggests that the four genera are ordered as (Symphalangus, (Nomascus, (Hoolock, Hylobates))).

A coalescent-based species tree analysis of genome-scale datasets suggests a phylogeny for the four genera ordered as (Hylobates, (Nomascus, (Hoolock, Symphalangus))).

At the species level, estimates from mitochondrial DNA genome analyses suggest that Hylobates pileatus diverged from H. lar and H. agilis around 3.9 Mya, and H. lar and H. agilis separated around 3.3 Mya. Whole genome analysis suggests divergence of H. pileatus from H. moloch 1.5–3.0 Mya. The extinct Bunopithecus sericus is a gibbon or gibbon-like ape, which until recently, was thought to be closely related to the hoolock gibbons.

Taxonomy

The family is divided into four genera based on their diploid chromosome number: Hylobates (44), Hoolock (38), Nomascus (52), and Symphalangus (50). Also, three extinct genera currently are recognised: Bunopithecus, Junzi, and Yuanmoupithecus.

Family Hylobatidae: gibbons
 * Genus Hoolock
 * Western hoolock gibbon, H. hoolock
 * Eastern hoolock gibbon, H. leuconedys
 * Skywalker hoolock gibbon, H. tianxing
 * Genus Hylobates: dwarf gibbons
 * Lar gibbon or white-handed gibbon, H. lar
 * Bornean white-bearded gibbon, H. albibarbis
 * Agile gibbon or black-handed gibbon, H. agilis
 * Western grey gibbon or Abbott's grey gibbon, H. abbotti
 * Eastern grey gibbon or northern grey gibbon, H. funereus
 * Müller's gibbon or southern grey gibbon, H. muelleri
 * Silvery gibbon, H. moloch
 * Pileated gibbon or capped gibbon, H. pileatus
 * Kloss's gibbon, Mentawai gibbon or bilou, H. klossii
 * Genus Symphalangus
 * Siamang, S. syndactylus
 * Genus Nomascus: crested gibbons
 * Northern buffed-cheeked gibbon, N. annamensis
 * Concolor or black crested gibbon, N. concolor
 * Eastern black crested gibbon or Cao Vit black crested gibbon, N. nasutus
 * Hainan black crested gibbon, N. hainanus
 * Northern white-cheeked gibbon, N. leucogenys
 * Southern white-cheeked gibbon, N. siki
 * Yellow-cheeked gibbon, N. gabriellae

Extinct genera

 * Genus Bunopithecus
 * Bunopithecus sericus
 * Genus Junzi
 * Junzi imperialis
 * Genus Yuanmoupithecus
 * Yuanmoupithecus xiaoyuan

Hybrids
Many gibbons are hard to identify based on fur coloration, so are identified either by song or genetics. These morphological ambiguities have led to hybrids in zoos. Zoos often receive gibbons of unknown origin, so they rely on morphological variation or labels that are impossible to verify to assign species and subspecies names, so separate species of gibbons commonly are misidentified and housed together. Interspecific hybrids, within a genus, are also suspected to occur in wild gibbons where their ranges overlap. No records exist, however, of fertile hybrids between different gibbon genera, either in the wild or in captivity.

Description
One unique aspect of a gibbon's anatomy is the wrist, which functions something like a ball-and-socket joint, allowing for biaxial movement. This greatly reduces the amount of energy needed in the upper arm and torso, while also reducing stress on the shoulder joint. Gibbons also have long hands and feet, with a deep cleft between the first and second digits of their hands. Their fur is usually black, gray, or brownish, often with white markings on hands, feet and face. Some species such as the siamang have an enlarged throat sac, which inflates and serves as a resonating chamber when the animals call. This structure can become quite large in some species, sometimes equaling the size of the animal's head. Their voices are much more powerful than that of any human singer, although they are at best half a human's height.

Gibbon skulls and teeth resemble those of the great apes, and their noses are similar to those of all catarrhine primates. The dental formula is. The siamang, which is the largest of the 18 species, is distinguished by having two fingers on each foot stuck together, hence the generic and species names Symphalangus and syndactylus.

Behavior

Like all primates, gibbons are social animals. They are strongly territorial, and defend their boundaries with vigorous visual and vocal displays. The vocal element, which can often be heard for distances up to 1 km, consists of a duet between a mated pair, with their young sometimes joining in. In most species, males and some females sing solos to attract mates, as well as advertise their territories. The song can be used to identify not only which species of gibbon is singing, but also the area from which it comes.

Gibbons often retain the same mate for life, although they do not always remain sexually monogamous. In addition to extra-pair copulations, pair-bonded gibbons occasionally "divorce".

Gibbons are among nature's best brachiators. Their ball-and-socket wrist joints allow them unmatched speed and accuracy when swinging through trees. Nonetheless, their mode of transportation can lead to hazards when a branch breaks or a hand slips, and researchers estimate that the majority of gibbons suffer bone fractures one or more times during their lifetimes. They are the fastest of all tree-dwelling, nonflying mammals. On the ground, gibbons tend to walk bipedally, and their Achilles tendon morphology is more similar to that of humans than that of any other ape.

Diet
Gibbons' diets are about 60% fruit-based, but they also consume twigs, leaves, insects, flowers, and occasionally birds' eggs.

Genetics
Gibbons were the first apes to diverge from the common ancestor of humans and apes about 16.8 Mya. With a genome that has a 96% similarity to humans, the gibbon has a role as a bridge between Old World monkeys, such as macaques, and the great apes. According to a study that mapped synteny (genes occurring on the same chromosome) disruptions in the gibbon and human genome, humans and great apes are part of the same superfamily (Hominoidea) with gibbons. The karyotype of gibbons, however, diverged in a much more rapid fashion from the common hominoid ancestor than other apes.

The common ancestor of hominoids is shown to have a minimum of 24 major chromosomal rearrangements from the presumed gibbon ancestor's karyotype. Reaching the common gibbon ancestor's karyotype from today's various living species of gibbons will require up to 28 additional rearrangements. Adding up, this implies that at least 52 major chromosomal rearrangements are needed to compare the common hominoid ancestor to today's gibbons. No common specific sequence element in the independent rearrangements was found, while 46% of the gibbon-human synteny breakpoints occur in segmental duplication regions. This is an indication that these major differences in humans and gibbons could have had a common source of plasticity or change. Researchers view this unusually high rate of chromosomal rearrangement that is specific in small apes such as gibbons could potentially be due to factors that increase the rate of chromosomal breakage or factors that allow derivative chromosomes to be fixed in a homozygous state while mostly lost in other mammals.

The whole genome of the gibbons in Southeast Asia was first sequenced in 2014 by the German Primate Center, including Christian Roos, Markus Brameier, and Lutz Walter, along with other international researchers. One of the gibbons that had its genome sequenced is a white-cheeked gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys, NLE) named Asia. The team found that a jumping DNA element named LAVA transposon (also called gibbon-specific retrotransposon) is unique to the gibbon genome apart from humans and the great apes. The LAVA transposon increases mutation rate, thus is supposed to have contributed to the rapid and greater change in gibbons in comparison to their close relatives, which is critical for evolutionary development. The very high rate of chromosomal disorder and rearrangements (such as duplications, deletions or inversions of large stretches of DNA) due to the moving of this large DNA segment is one of the key features that are unique to the gibbon genome.

A special feature of the LAVA transposon is that it positioned itself precisely between genes that are involved in chromosome segregation and distribution during cell division, which results in a premature termination state leading to an alteration in transcription. This incorporation of the jumping gene near genes involved in chromosome replication is thought to make the rearrangement in the genome even more likely, leading to a greater diversity within the gibbon genera.

In addition, some characteristic genes in the gibbon genome had gone through a positive selection and are suggested to give rise to specific anatomical features for gibbons to adapt to their new environment. One of them is TBX5, which is a gene that is required for the development of the front extremities or forelimbs such as long arms. The other is COL1A1, which is responsible for the development of collagen, a protein that is directly involved with the forming of connective tissues, bone, and cartilage. This gene is thought to have a role in gibbons' stronger muscles.

Researchers have found a coincidence between major environmental changes in Southeast Asia about 5 Mya that caused a cyclical dynamic of expansions and contractions of their forest habitat, an instance of radiation experienced by the gibbon genera. This may have led to the development of a suite of physical characteristics, distinct from their great ape relatives, to adapt to their habitat of dense, canopy forest.

These crucial findings in genetics have contributed to the use of gibbons as a genetic model for chromosome breakage and fusion, which is a type of translocation mutation. The unusually high number of structural changes in the DNA and chromosomal rearrangements could lead to problematic consequences in some species. Gibbons, however, not only seemed to be free from problems but let the change help them effectively adapt to their environment. Thus, gibbons are organisms on which genetics research could be focused to broaden the implications to human diseases related to chromosomal changes, such as cancer, including chronic myeloid leukemia.

Conservation status
Most species are either endangered or critically endangered (the sole exception being H. leuconedys, which is vulnerable), primarily due to degradation or loss of their forest habitats. On the island of Phuket in Thailand, a volunteer-based Gibbon Rehabilitation Center rescues gibbons that were kept in captivity, and are being released back into the wild. The Kalaweit Project also has gibbon rehabilitation centers on Borneo and Sumatra.

The IUCN Species Survival Commission Primate Specialist Group announced 2015 to be the Year of the Gibbon and initiated events to be held around the world in zoos to promote awareness of the status of gibbons.

In traditional Chinese culture

Sinologist Robert van Gulik concluded gibbons were widespread in central and southern China until at least the Song dynasty, and furthermore, based on an analysis of references to primates in Chinese poetry and other literature and their portrayal in Chinese paintings, the Chinese word yuán (猿) referred specifically to gibbons until they were extirpated throughout most of the country due to habitat destruction (around the 14th century). In modern usage, however, yuán is a generic word for ape. Early Chinese writers viewed the "noble" gibbons, gracefully moving high in the treetops, as the "gentlemen" (jūnzǐ, 君子) of the forest, in contrast to the greedy macaques, attracted by human food. The Taoists ascribed occult properties to gibbons, believing them to be able to live for several hundred years and to turn into humans.

Gibbon figurines as old as from the fourth to third centuries BCE (the Zhou dynasty) have been found in China. Later on, gibbons became a popular subject for Chinese painters, especially during the Song dynasty and early Yuan dynasty, when Yì Yuánjí and Mùqī Fǎcháng excelled in painting these apes. From Chinese cultural influence, the Zen motif of the "gibbon grasping at the reflection of the moon in the water" became popular in Japanese art, as well, though gibbons have never occurred naturally in Japan.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gibbon


text:
Inter-city rail

Inter-city rail services are express trains that run services that connect cities over longer distances than commuter or regional trains. They include rail services that are neither short-distance commuter rail trains within one city area nor slow regional rail trains stopping at all stations and covering local journeys only. An inter-city train is typically an express train with limited stops and comfortable carriages to serve long-distance travel.

Inter-city rail sometimes provides international services. This is most prevalent in Europe because of the proximity of its 50 countries to a 10,180,000-square-kilometre (3,930,000-square-mile) area. Eurostar and EuroCity are examples. In many European countries, the word InterCity or Inter-City is an official brand name for a network of regular-interval and relatively long-distance train services that meet certain criteria of speed and comfort. That use of the term appeared in the United Kingdom in the 1960s and has been widely imitated.

Speed
The speeds of inter-city rail lines are quite diverse, ranging from 50 km/h in a mountainous area or on undeveloped tracks to 200 – on newly constructed or improved tracks. As a result, Inter-city rail may or may not fall into the category of higher-speed rail or high-speed rail. Ideally, the average speed of inter-city rail service would be faster than 100 km/h in order to be competitive with car, bus and other methods of transport.

Distance of inter-city rail

 * 50–100 km

The distance of an inter-city rail journey is usually at least 50 –, although in many large metropolitan areas commuter and regional services cover equal or longer distances. Examples of countries with relatively short intercity rail distances with service patterns comparable to regional rail include Belgium, Israel, The Netherlands, and Switzerland.

 * 100–500 km

A distance of 100 – is a common journey distance for inter-city rail in many countries. In many cases, railway travel is most competitive at about two to three hours journey time. Inter-city rail can often compete with highways and short-haul air travel for journeys of this distance. Most major intercity railway routes in Europe, such as London to Birmingham, Paris to Lyon, and Lisbon to Porto cover this range of distances.

 * 500–1,000 km

In journeys of 500 –, the role of inter-city rail is often replaced by faster air travel. Development of high-speed rail in some countries increases the share of railway for such longer-distance journeys. The Paris-Marseille TGV (750 km in 3 hours) and Tokyo-Aomori Shinkansen (675 km in 2 hours 59 minutes) are examples of this type of journey. In conventional non high-speed rail, overnight trains are common for this distance.

 * 1,000 km or more

In some countries with a dense rail network, large territory, or less air and car transport, such as China, India, and Russia, overnight long-distance train services are provided and used practically.

In many other countries, such long-distance rail journey has been replaced by air travel except for tourism or hobbyist purposes, luxury train journeys, or significant cost benefit. Amtrak long-distance services in the United States, Via Rail's Canadian service in Canada, and the Indian Pacific in Australia are examples.

Faster high-speed rail of at least 250 km per hour, such as the Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway in China (1300 km in 5 hours) and Tokyo-Sapporo in the proposed Hokkaido Shinkansen in Japan (1030 km in 4 hours), may play a significant role in long-distance travel in the future.

Africa
Railways in Africa are still developing or not practically used for passenger purposes in many countries, but the following countries have inter-city services between major cities:

 * Algeria: SNTF
 * Egypt: Egyptian National Railways
 * Kenya: Mombasa-Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway
 * Morocco: ONCF (in French - Office National des Chemins de Fer du Maroc, National Office for Railways of Morocco)
 * South Africa: Shosholoza Meyl
 * Tunisia: Tunisian Railways (SNCFT)

China
Trains run by China Railway link almost every town and city in the People's Republic of China, including Beijing, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Shenzhen, and Xi'an, and onwards from Shenzhen across the border to Kowloon, in Hong Kong. New high-speed lines from 200 – operation are constructed, and many conventional lines are also upgraded to 200 km/h operation. Currently there are seven High-Speed Inter-City lines in China, with up to 21 planned. They are operated independently from the often parallel High-Speed-Rail-Lines.

Japan
Japan has six main regional passenger railway companies, known collectively as Japan Railways Group or simply as JR. Five JR companies operate the "bullet trains" on very fast and frequent Shinkansen lines that link all the larger cities, including Tokyo, Yokohama, Nagoya, Kyoto, Osaka, Hiroshima, Fukuoka and many more.

Many other cities are covered by a network of JR's limited express inter-city trains on, narrow gauge, lines. Major cities are covered by convenient train services of every one hour or more frequent. In addition to the JR Group, Japan has major private rail operators such as the Kintetsu, Meitetsu, Tobu Railway and Odakyu Electric Railway that operate "limited express" inter-city services.

Hong Kong
Inter-city railway services crossing the Hong Kong-China border (often known as through trains) are jointly operated by Hong Kong's MTR Corporation Limited and the Ministry of Railways of the People's Republic of China. Currently, Hung Hom station is the only station in the territory where passengers can catch these cross-border trains. Passengers are required to go through immigration and customs inspections of Hong Kong before boarding a cross-border train or alighting from such a train. There are currently three cross-border train services on the conventional line:
 * Between Hong Kong and Beijing (Beijing–Kowloon through train)
 * Between Hong Kong and Shanghai (Shanghai–Kowloon through train)
 * Between Hong Kong and Guangzhou (Guangzhou–Kowloon through train)

A new border-crossing service, the Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link, has been approved and has been granted HKD 6.6 billion in funding by the Legislative Council's Finance Committee. The line has been opened in 2018 with a new station West Kowloon Terminus in the city centre.

Taiwan
Taiwan's coastline is connected by frequent inter-city train services by Taiwan Railway Administration. Taiwan High Speed Rail, opened in 2007, covers the most populated west-coast corridor. Chinese：對號列車

There are Chu-kuang express (莒光號) and Tze-chiang limited express (自強號).

South Korea
Almost every major town and city in South Korea is linked by railway, run by Korail. ITX-Saemaeul is operated in most Main railway lines like Japanese limited express or German Intercity. Also, Mugunghwa-ho is the most common and most popular type of intercity rail travel like German Regional-Express. In addition, Seoul and Busan are linked by a high-speed train line known as KTX, which was built using French TGV technology.

India
India's inter-city trains are run by Indian Railways. With 68043 km of rail routes and 7,308 stations, the railway network in India is the third-largest in the world (after Russia and China) and the largest in the world in terms of passenger kilometres. The Vande Bharat Express, Gatimaan Express, Tejas Express, Tejas-Rajdhani Express, Rajdhani Express, Shatabdi Express, Jan Shatabdi Express and Duronto Express are the fastest inter-city services in India; of these, the Vande Bharat is the fastest one. All long-distance journeys generally require a reservation, although unreserved travel is allowed in some trains.

Cambodia
There is only one train service in Cambodia, from Phnom Penh to Sihanoukville, stopping at Doun Kaev (Takeo) and Kampot.

Indonesia
In Indonesia, PT Kereta Api operates inter-city services in many cities, especially in Java. Inter-city serves some of Indonesia's major cities like Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang, Yogyakarta, Surakarta, Surabaya, Medan, Padang, and Palembang. In Jakarta metropolitan area (or Jabodetabek), KRL Jabotabek operates the inter-city and commuter. Currently under construction is an elevated high-speed rail line between the Western Javanese cities of Jakarta and Bandung which aims to reduce travel times and alleviate congestion.

Laos
In recent years construction has started on a China-funded higher-speed railway link, the Boten–Vientiane railway, commonly referred to as the China-Laos Railway. A fully electrified higher-speed railway line, it is part of a long-term goal of connecting China with the rest of Southeast Asia. The line runs from Boten near the China-Laos border to Vientiane, the capital of Laos, using CRRC high/higher-speed EMU trains.

Malaysia
Keretapi Tanah Melayu (Malayan Railways) operates loco-hauled express trains called KTM Intercity along Peninsular Malaysia and into Singapore. At the Malaysia–Thailand border, connections to State Railway of Thailand trains are available. KTM Intercity trains are diesel-powered and run on a single-track system. The rail track is gradually being duplicated and electrified. On the completed Central to Northern section (border), KTM runs the higher-speed Electric Train Service (ETS).

Philippines
As of February 2020, the Philippine National Railways does not have a regular inter-city rail service although the agency is planning on rebuilding new railway lines. Prior to the 1970s, the main island of Luzon had a relatively expansive narrow-gauge railway network, but government prioritization towards highway construction and the effects of multiple natural disasters gradually led to the decline and abandonment of most intercity rail services. Until the 2000s, PNR had two inter-city rail services: the Bicol Express and the Mayon Limited. The Bicol Express leaves Manila and passes through Manila, Pasay, and Muntinlupa and the provinces of Laguna, Quezon, and Camarines Sur before arriving at Naga. The trip takes 10 hours, or 600 minutes. The Mayon Limited connects Minola and Ligao in $10 1/2$ hours. The Philippine government is planning the revival of inter-city rail with projects such as the PNR South Long Haul which aims to reconstruct the railway in Southern Luzon.

Thailand
Thailand has a sizable meter-gauge intercity rail network radiating outwards from Bangkok, transporting around 60 million passengers every year. Construction is underway to connect Bangkok with Nakhon Ratchasima using a dedicated high speed rail line.

Vietnam
Trains in Vietnam, run by Vietnam Railways, link Hanoi, Hué, Da Nang, Nha Trang, and Ho Chi Minh City.

Israel
Israel Railways operates inter-city services between all the four major metropolitan areas of Israel: Tel Aviv, Jerusalem, Be'er Sheva, and Haifa. However, due to the small geography of Israel, most of the railway services have a more suburban service pattern, with many short stops at stations between the major city centres.

Western and Central Europe
In Europe, many long-distance inter-city trains are operated under the InterCity (often simply IC) brand. InterCity (or, initially, "Inter-City" with a hyphen) was first conceived as a brand name by British Rail for the launch of its electrification of the major part of the West Coast Main Line in 1966, which brought new express services between London and the major cities of Manchester, Birmingham and Liverpool. It later became the name of one of British Rail's new business sectors in the 1980s and was used to describe the whole network of main-line passenger routes in Great Britain, but it went out of official use following privatisation. The introduction of the British Rail Class 43 (HST) helped InterCity become an iconic brand in the 1970s.

The principal network of international express trains in continental Europe is called EuroCity, even though some InterCity trains also cross borders.

High-speed railways have relatively few stops. The German high-speed train service was named InterCityExpress, indicating its evolution from older InterCity trains. Other high-speed lines include the TGV (France), AVE (Spain), Treno Alta Velocità (Italy), Eurostar (United Kingdom–France and Belgium), Thalys (Netherlands–Belgium–Germany and France), Lyria (France-Switzerland), and Railjet (Germany-Austria–Czechia/Hungary).

In Great Britain, the inter-city rail links are now operated by a number of private companies as well as Continental State owned railways such as Avanti West Coast, LNER, EMR, CrossCountry, TransPennine Express, Greater Anglia and GWR. Ireland's inter-city rail network is maintained by Iarnród Éireann and Northern Ireland's is run by Northern Ireland Railways.

Poland
The Polish State Railways (PKP), a state-owned corporate group, is the main provider of railway services. The PKP group holds an almost unrivaled monopoly over rail services in Poland since it is both supported and partly funded by the national government.

As of 2018, foreign services operate on the Polish Railways network. These include EuroCity and EuroNight trains operating between Western and Eastern European destinations, including by the EN 440/441 from Berlin via Warsaw to Moscow operated by Talgo train of Russian Railways company.

In 2019, new nightjet train from Wien to Berlin via Ostrava (CZ) and Wroclaw (PL) starts the service. .

Russia
Russia has a dense network of long-distance railways all over its vast territory, the longest and most famous being the Trans-Siberian Railway from Moscow to Vladivostok. Long-distance train routes of more than 1000 or are common, with many trips taking two or three days. Speed is relatively low: trains average 60 or.

Canada
Canada's inter-city trains are mostly run by Via Rail, a Canadian crown corporation mandated to operate inter-city passenger rail service in Canada. The majority of its services connect major cities in the most populous part of the country known as the Quebec City - Windsor Corridor, straddling the provinces of Ontario and Quebec. It also operates long-distance trains to western Canada and the Maritimes on the Canadian and Ocean lines and by smaller trains to more remote areas of Canada. Much like the United States, Canada previously had a larger intercity rail network prior to the 1970s; certain major cities such as Calgary and Regina lack connections to the extant Via Rail network, and passenger rail usage outside of the Quebec City - Windsor Corridor is infrequent and geared towards the tourism market.

International trains, run jointly by Amtrak and Via Rail, connect New York City with Toronto. Amtrak also operates the Adirondack between New York City and Montreal, and the Amtrak Cascades service linking Vancouver and Seattle. In addition, the White Pass and Yukon Route links Skagway and Whitehorse on an isolated northern route.

Other inter-city passenger rail operators include the Ontario Northland Railway, which operates passenger services between Cochrane and Moosonee in rural northern Ontario and luxury train operators such as the Royal Canadian Pacific and Rocky Mountaineer, which operate rail tours in Western Canada.

Mexico
In Mexico, the federal government discontinued almost all scheduled inter-city passenger trains in June 2001. Ferromex operates trains on three routes: Chihuahua City to Los Mochis, Torreón to Felipe Pescador, and Guadalajara to Amatitán. Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto has proposed intercity trains, including from Mexico City to Toluca (construction began July 7, 2014), the Peninsular train from Yucatán to Riviera Maya, and the Mexico-Querétaro high-speed train from Puebla to Tlaxcala and Mexico City with future expansion to Guadalajara. In recent years, passenger trains have seen a revival, with the construction of the tourist-oriented Tren Maya route traversing the Yucatan Peninsula.

United States
There was a dense system of inter-city railways in the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. After the decline of passenger railroads in North America in the 1960s, the inter-city lines decreased greatly and today the national system is far less dense. The most heavily used routes with the greatest ridership and schedule frequencies are in the Northeastern United States on Amtrak's Northeast Corridor. About one in every three users of mass transit in the United States and two-thirds of the nation's rail riders live in New York City. The two busiest passenger rail stations in the United States are Penn Station and Grand Central Terminal, both in Manhattan, New York City. Passenger rail outside the Northeast, Northwest, California, and the Chicago metropolitan area is infrequent and rarely used relative to networks in Europe and Japan.

Passenger lines in most of the United States are operated by the quasi-public corporation Amtrak. The separate Alaska Railroad, which is also government-owned, runs passenger trains in Alaska, and the privately owned Brightline rail service operates in Florida. The California High-Speed Rail system began construction in 2015 and aims to connect major job centers in California.

Multiple new rail corridors have been identified for private development throughout the country. These include the Brightline West corridor from Las Vegas to Los Angeles, California, the Texas Central Railway between Dallas and Houston in Texas, and others.

Australia
In Australia, the national interstate network operated by Journey Beyond connects all mainland Australian capital cities except Canberra. However, it is catered towards the luxury tourism market. NSW TrainLink operates interstate services from Sydney to Canberra, Melbourne and Brisbane. Intrastate inter-city trains that traverse shorter distances are operated by V/Line, NSW TrainLink, Queensland Rail and Transwa. Many of Australia's inter-city trains are not true inter-city services, given their leisurely average speed and primary role to transport people between regional areas and the nearest capital city or for the tourist market. As a result, Australian networks refer to these services as country or regional trains. The fastest intercity trains in regular service are the Queensland Rail Tilt Train, NSW TrainLink XPT, V/Line VLocity and Transwa WDA/WDB/WDC class, all of which have a top service speed of 160 km/h.

In Australia, electrified interurban commuter railway systems are used to connect urban areas separated by long distances and use heavy-rail equipment:

 * In New South Wales, NSW TrainLink operates an extensive interurban network of four main routes from Sydney. These run to Newcastle and the Central Coast, the Blue Mountains, the Southern Highlands and the South Coast. NSW TrainLink brand its interurban commuter services as "Intercity".
 * In Brisbane, QR's City network operates a smaller interurban commuter network of three lines which connect Brisbane to the Gold Coast in the south, Caboolture and the Sunshine Coast in the north and Rosewood in the west.
 * In Perth, an electric interurban rail line running down the middle of the Kwinana Freeway to serve Mandurah opened on December 23, 2007.

On these systems, services either run as limited-stop expresses in the suburban area or as shuttles terminating where the suburban lines end.

A large-scale non-electric project of four regional lines known as the Regional Fast Rail is operational in Victoria. Current interurban and intercity journeys outside the suburban area are often locomotive-hauled, particularly for longer distance services, due to Victoria's lack of electrification outside of Melbourne.

New Zealand
In New Zealand, there are currently three long-distance passenger services classed as inter-city: the Coastal Pacific, the Northern Explorer, and the TranzAlpine. Their slow average speed is limited by the rugged country traversed, particularly in the middle of the North Island, where the North Island Main Trunk has many sharp curves and steep gradients. Given these speeds, as well as the prioritization of the rail transport in New Zealand towards freight, these passenger services primarily cater the tourist market, similar to long-distance routes in Australia.

Other current commuter passenger services include the Capital Connection, Te Huia and the Wairarapa Connection. A network of regional and long-distance rail passenger services until the mid-twentieth century has largely been replaced by air or bus services.

South America
A few countries of South America were once interconnected by international train services, but today they are almost non-existent, with the noticeable exceptions of Argentina and Chile. Most governments in the continent have favored roads and automobile transportation since the mid-20th century.

Argentina
Argentina has inter-city services on a number of routes, run by Operadora Ferroviaria Sociedad del Estado. Trains in Argentina are experiencing a revival, since the government intends to re-establish long-distance passenger trains between major cities.

Bolivia
Inter-city train services in Bolivia are operated by two train companies: Eastern and Western. The western network runs daily trains from Oruro to Tupiza, with both espresso (fast) and WaraWara (slow) trains. The eastern rail hub is Santa Cruz de la Sierra, with connections to Puerto Suárez and Villamontes, and international lines to Brazil and Argentina.

Brazil
Brazil's inter-city services operate on two routes, one from Vitória to Belo Horizonte (Vitória-Minas Railway) and another from Parauapebas to São Luís. A third service was proposed by São Paulo state government to operate from São Paulo to Americana.

Chile
Chile has inter-city services connecting Santiago to Chillán and occasionally to Temuco, run by Empresa de los Ferrocarriles del Estado. The fastest in Chile (and South America) is TerraSur, reaching around 150 km/h.

title: Inter-city rail


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Arie Luyendyk

Arie Luijendijk (anglicized as Arie Luyendyk; born 21 September 1953), nicknamed "The Flying Dutchman," is a Dutch former auto racing driver, and winner of the 1990 and 1997 Indianapolis 500 races. He was inducted into the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Hall of Fame in 2009, and the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 2014.

Luyendyk won a total of seven Indy car races, including three in the CART series, all of them on ovals.

Career
Luyendyk started racing in the early 1970s, winning a number of Dutch national titles. In 1977, he won the European Super Vee championship, and switched to Formula Three. Further success eluded him until he moved to the United States in 1984, where he immediately won the Super Vee championship.

With the help of sponsor Provimi Veal, Luyendyk ran his first full Champ Car season in 1985, winning the rookie of the year title both for the season and the Indianapolis 500. Gaining additional sponsorship from Domino's Pizza (and changing his racing number to 30, as at the time Domino's guaranteed customers that delivery orders would arrive in 30 minutes or less), his first win in the series came five years later in 1990, at the most important race in the series, with a record average speed of 185.981 mph (299.307 km/h). Luyendyk won the 1990 Indianapolis 500 for Doug Shierson Racing. His average speed record, which stood for 23 years, was finally broken in the 2013 97th Indianapolis 500 by Tony Kanaan with an average speed of 187.433 mph (301.644 km/h).

Luyendyk continued to perform well at Indianapolis, scoring pole positions in 1993, 1997 and 1999, and retiring from the race while leading on three occasions. In 1995, Luyendyk controlled the race early until an incident with Scott Sharp put him several laps down. For the rest of the race, Luyendyk was able to make up all his laps and barely beat eventual winner Jacques Villeneuve at the stripe to get his final lap back and finish on the lead lap.

In 1996, he set the qualifying lap record at 237.498 mph (382.216 km/h), although he did not start on the pole because he qualified on the second day of time trials. He won the 1997 Indianapolis 500 from the pole over Treadway Racing teammate Scott Goodyear. The race ended in controversy when on the final restart the white and green flag waved to end a caution but the yellow lights stayed on with Luyendyk pulling away to the win while the other competitors were confused. A similar finish involving a similar mistake almost took away a win from Luyendyk two weeks later.

At the 1997 True Value 500 at Texas, a scoring error by the USAC resulted in Billy Boat being declared the race winner. Luyendyk protested in front of victory lane, only to be slapped by Boat's team owner A. J. Foyt. Following the incident, Foyt and Luyendyk were fined US$20,000 and US$14,000 respectively, for unsportsmanlike behaviour. IndyCar officials reviewed the race tape and discovered that Luyendyk had actually finished on a lap by himself and completed more laps than the scheduled race distance, thus he was declared the official winner. Because Foyt refused to surrender the trophy, a duplicate was awarded to Luyendyk.

Luyendyk also was selected to participate in the 1992, 1993, and 1998 editions of the International Race of Champions.

After his terrific run in 1997, Luyendyk had a washout year the following season. He only won one race, and had several races where he didn't finish the full distance. After 1998, Luyendyk decided to cut down to a part-time schedule, only racing in the 1999 Indianapolis 500 where he won the pole and dropped out because of a crash. He retired from racing after the 1999 season, and for a short time, joined ABC Sports as a color commentator. He returned to the Indy 500 in 2001 and 2002. In 2003, he entered at Indianapolis for the final time. He suffered a crash during practice, and did not make an attempt to qualify.

Other Luyendyk victories include the 24 Hours of Daytona and the 12 Hours of Sebring. His son, Arie Jr., is an off-road and Indy Lights racer.

The last corner of the Zandvoort track in the Netherlands carries his name. In 1999, he was presented with the Sagamore of the Wabash award, reflecting upon his Indy 500 career. In 2016, Luyendyk was selected as a chief steward for the IndyCar Series alongside fellow racer Max Papis and Dan Davis.

Complete European F5000 Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap.)

Complete European Formula Two Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete European Formula 3 results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

American open-wheel racing
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap.)

IndyCar Series

 * ''1 Luyendyk was listed as the primary entry and participated in practice; during practice, Luyendyk crashed, and decided to sit out the race due to injuries. Alex Barron replaced him in the car.

International Race of Champions
(key) ( Bold – Pole position. * – Most laps led. )

title: Arie Luyendyk