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Oro Valley, Arizona

Oro Valley, incorporated in 1974, is a suburban town located 6 mi north of Tucson, Arizona, United States, in Pima County. According to the 2020 census, the population of the town is 47,070, an increase from 29,700 in 2000. Dubbed the "Upscale Tech Mecca" of Southern Arizona by the Arizona Daily Star newspaper, Oro Valley is home to over 10 high tech firms and has a median household income nearly 50% higher than the U.S. median. The town is located approximately 110 mi southeast of the state capital of Phoenix.

Oro Valley is situated in the western foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains at the base of Pusch Ridge. The Tortolita Mountains are located north of the town, and vistas of the Tucson valley are to the south. The town occupies the middle Cañada del Oro Valley. Oro Valley hosts a large number of residents from around the US who maintain second or winter homes in the town.

The town hosted the 2006 Pac-10 Women's Golf Championships at the Oro Valley Country Club. Oro Valley Country Club was also the site for the 2006 Girls' Junior America's Cup, a major amateur golf tournament for the Western United States. Annual events in Oro Valley include the Oro Valley Festival of the Arts, El Tour de Tucson bicycle race, the Oro Valley Music Festival, the Tucson Marathon, the Cactus Speed Classic for inline skaters, the Oro Valley Triathlon, and the Arizona Distance Classic.

Pre-U.S. annexation period
The area of Oro Valley has been inhabited discontinuously for nearly two thousand years by various groups of people. The Native American Hohokam tribe lived in the Honeybee Village in the foothills of the Tortolita Mountains on Oro Valley's far north side around 450 A.D. Hohokam artifacts continue to be discovered in the Honeybee Village that the Hohokam inhabited continuously for nearly 800 years, and studied by archaeologists around the globe.

Early in the 16th century, Native American tribes known as the Apache arrived in the southern Arizona area, including Oro Valley. These tribes inhabited the region only a few decades prior to the arrival of the Spanish Conquistadors, including Francisco Coronado. The Spanish established forts in the area, including the Presidio at Tucson (1775) beginning in the late 16th century.

Arizona Territorial period
Beginning in the 19th century, Americans increasingly settled in the Arizona Territory, following the Mexican–American War and the subsequent Gadsden Purchase including Southern Arizona. Following the Civil War and several Army efforts to pacify the Apaches, Tucson settlers ventured north to settle Oro Valley. Francisco Romero, from a Hispanic family tracing its Tucson roots to the early nineteenth century, established a ranch in what is Catalina State Park today by 1869. He constructed ranch buildings on the foundations of the Hohokam ruins in the park. Romero lived there intermittently from 1869 to his death in 1905. Members of the Romero family occupied land in that same area until 1930.

George Pusch, a German immigrant, occupied land in the area of Oro Valley after 1874, establishing a cattle ranch. This ranch was unique because it utilized a steam pump to provide water, eventually popularizing Pusch's property as the Steam Pump Ranch on the Cañada del Oro. The steam pump was one of only two in the Arizona Territory. Pusch and his family never lived on the ranch. They visited frequently and employed caretakers to manage the property. George Pusch, and later the Pusch Land and Cattle Company, owned Steam Pump Ranch until 1925. Pusch's ranch provided respite for settlers and travelers entering and leaving the Tucson area. Pusch Ridge is named in honor of George Pusch.

Ranching continued to flourish in the area as greater numbers of Americans settled in the Arizona Territory and the state of Arizona. Federal homesteads became available after 1903 when surveys of land were completed. Homesteads were claimed by individuals from 1903 until the 1940s. Hispanic homesteaders included Francisco Romero, Jesus Elias, Francisco Marin, Francisco Aragon and others. Female homesteaders included Ina Gittings, Mabel Burke Johnson, Margaret Moodie and others. Other prominent homesteaders included William Sutherland, James Reidy and David Morgan.

Large ranching families came to the Oro Valley area in the period 1930–1960. Many of these were wealthy individuals from the Midwest and the East. They vacationed in Tucson during the period and became interested in living in the desert. They purchased many of the homesteads occupied by original settlers who sold out after 1930. These wealthy ranchers obtained properties of 1000 to 7000 acres. They usually lived on the ranches in the winter months and employed caretakers to manage the property and cattle. These wealthy ranchers included Walter McDonald, John Procter, Lawrence Rooney, Joseph McAdams and Lloyd and Betty Golder.

Gold rushers into the American West also were attracted to southern Arizona, where gold was said to be in abundance in and around the Santa Catalina Mountains north of Tucson. Fueled by the legend of the lost Iron Door Gold Mine in the mountains, those in search of gold trekked through the Oro Valley area focusing their attention along the Cañada del Oro washbed. No significant amounts of gold were found locally.

Post-World War II period
After World War II, the Tucson area experienced dramatic population growth, impacting Oro Valley as well. Property owners began subdividing local real estate for development in the early 1930s. Construction of Campo Bello, the first suburban development, began in 1948. Lots in the Linda Vista Citrus Tracts were sold from the late 1930s to the 1960s and occupied by residents. In the early 1950s the Oro Valley Country Club opened at the base of Pusch Ridge, affirming the area's future as an affluent community. The Suffolk Hills development was constructed in the period 1960–1962. Although one tract housing development was built in the area in the early 1950s, the majority of homes in the Oro Valley area were built by individual land owners on large lots in a low density residential style.

Founding of the town
The community continued to grow gradually, and area residents increasingly desired local control of the land in the area. In the late 1960s, incorporation became a greater focus in Oro Valley. Tucson mayor James M. Corbett, Jr. expressed great interest in expanding the Tucson city limits to the far north side of Pima County. Corbett vowed to bring the Oro Valley area into Tucson "kicking and screaming," alluding to the reservations Oro Valley residents expressed in joining Tucson.

A petition to incorporate began circulation in Oro Valley in 1968. The Pima County Board of Supervisors officially refused to allow Oro Valley to incorporate, and litigation followed. Ultimately, the Arizona Supreme Court ruled in favor of incorporation, and in 1974 the Town of Oro Valley was incorporated with only 2.4 sqmi. The original town limits included the Linda Vista Citrus Tracts, Campo Bello Estates, Shadow Mountain Estates, and Oro Valley Country Club Estates. Activity in Oro Valley centered primarily around the Oro Valley Country Club and Canyon del Oro High School. While originally referred to as Palo Verde, town founders proceeded with incorporation efforts with the official name of Oro Valley to garner support from influential residents of Oro Valley Country Club. The town began with a population of nearly 1,200.

Through the 1980s and particularly in the 1990s Oro Valley experienced significant residential and commercial growth. In 1990 the town had a population of 6,670, and by 2000 that figure had increased to 29,700 residents. During that time, residential communities of all housing-unit densities were developed in the town, including several master-planned communities. For several years in the 1990s Oro Valley was the fastest growing municipality in Arizona.

Current state of the town
Formed by citizens of Oro Valley, the not-for-profit Oro Valley Historical Society has a mission in "preserving the Town's heritage for future generations."

Geography

Oro Valley is located at 32.41667°N, -110.98333°W (32.4212, −110.9760) in the middle Cañada del Oro Valley. Oro Valley sits at an average elevation of 2620 ft above sea level.

According to the United States Census Bureau (2000), the town has a total area of 31.9 sqmi, of which 31.8 sqmi is land and 0.1 sqmi (0.31%) is water.

The topography of Oro Valley is distinguished by the Cañada del Oro riverbed bisecting the town. The eastern banks of the Cañada del Oro rise dramatically to the Santa Catalina Mountains. The western banks of the Cañada del Oro rise more gradually to a plateau and the foothills of the Tortolita Mountains farther north.

Notable geographic features include:
 * Pusch Ridge (peak elevation: 5,366 ft.) & Pusch Ridge Wilderness Area
 * Santa Catalina Mountains (peak elevation: 9,157 ft.)
 * Cañada del Oro
 * Tortolita Mountains (peak elevation: 4,696 ft.)

Parks
Major parks in Oro Valley include the oldest, James D. Kriegh Park (formerly Dennis Weaver Park), with an Olympic-sized swimming pool, recreational fields, and racquetball courts. The Cañada del Oro Riverfront Park features tennis and basketball courts, recreational fields, walking trails, and connections to equestrian trails along the Cañada del Oro wash. West Lambert Lane Park in Cañada Hills is a nature park with a number of hiking trails.

The largest park, Naranja Park, is a 213-acre regional park located in the middle of the town. The park features four multi-sport fields, a playground, a dog park, an archery range, multiple walking trails, and is home to the Sonoran Desert Flyers, an organization dedicated to radio control model aircraft. The park is currently undergoing a $25 million expansion that will add four new multi-sport fields, six pickleball courts, two basketball courts, a splash pad, a BMX track and a skate park.

Catalina State Park and the Coronado National Forest in the Santa Catalina Mountains form the eastern boundary of Oro Valley.

Linda Vista Trail, located east of Oracle Road on Linda Vista Drive, south of 1st Avenue, is a nature trail that provides views of Oro Valley, Pusch Ridge, and the surrounding vicinity.

The Oro Valley Historical Society (founded 2005), in cooperation with the Town of Oro Valley and Pima County, is working to maintain, restore, and interpret two park sites in Oro Valley.
 * Honeybee Village
 * Steam Pump Ranch

La Cholla Airpark, a private airport community, is also in northwestern Oro Valley. La Cholla Airpark was founded in 1972 and includes nearly 100 residential estates. A 4500 ft air strip is situated at the center of the community for member use.

Climate

Oro Valley has very similar weather conditions to Tucson, due to their proximity to one another; however, there are small differences. Oro Valley sees slightly less rain throughout the year due to being west of the Santa Catalina Mountains and most of Tucson being to the south or southwest of the mountains. The general temperature of Oro Valley is slightly cooler than Tucson year round due to the higher elevation. Wind tends to flow in a north, northwesterly direction and the sun rises later than Tucson due to the Santa Catalina Mountains.

2020 census
As of the census of 2020, there were 47,070 people and 20,754 households in Oro Valley. The town's population increased by 14.7% between 2010 and 2020. The population density was 1,154.4 people per square mile. There were 22,346 housing units in Oro Valley. The racial makeup of the town was 84.2% non-Hispanic White, 2.3% Black or African American, 0.3% Native American, 3.6% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, and 6.6% from two or more races. 15.4% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 3.3% under the age of 5, 14.6% from 5 to 17, 52.5% from 18 to 64, and 34.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 54 years. Oro Valley was 48% male and 52% female.

The median income for a household in the town was $92,540, and the per capita income for the town was $53,411. 6.7% of the population was below the poverty line.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 41,011 people and 17,364 households in Oro Valley. The population density was 1,154.4 people per square mile. There were 20,340 housing units in Oro Valley. The racial makeup of the town was 81.9% non-Hispanic White, 1.5% Black or African American, 0.4% Native American, 3.1% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, and 2.4% from two or more races. 11.5% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 3.9% under the age of 5, 19.2% from 5 to 17, 50.8% from 18 to 64, and 26.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 50 years. Oro Valley was 47% male and 53% female.

The median income for a household in the town was $68,784, and the per capita income for the town was $39,397. 5.3% of the population was below the poverty line.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 29,700 people, 12,249 households, and 9,382 families residing in the town. The population density was 933.1 PD/sqmi. There were 13,946 housing units at an average density of 438.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 93.1% White, 1.1% Black or African American, 0.4% Native American, 1.9% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.8% from other races, and 1.6% from two or more races. 7.5% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 12,249 households, out of which 27.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.8% were married couples living together, 4.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.4% were non-families. 19.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 2.76.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 21.5% under the age of 18, 4.5% from 18 to 24, 23.5% from 25 to 44, 27.7% from 45 to 64, and 22.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.0 males.

According to a 2007 estimate, the median income for a household in the town was $74,015, and the median income for a family was $80,807. Males had a median income of $55,522 versus $31,517 for females. The per capita income for the town was $31,134. 3.1% of the population and 2.4% of families were below the poverty line. 2.0% of those under the age of 18 and 2.2% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

Economy
Innovation Park is the high-tech center of Oro Valley, featuring a number of medical and biotech campuses. Primary employers in Oro Valley include:
 * Sanofi-Aventis: The world's third largest pharmaceutical company finished construction on a new 110350 sqft facility in Innovation Park in 2009.
 * Ventana Medical Systems: The 182000 sqft international headquarters for the company are in Innovation Park. In 2008, Ventana was purchased by Roche Diagnostics. The firm has officially been renamed as Roche Tissue Diagnostics, maintaining "Ventana" as a brand.
 * Oro Valley Hospital: The 220000 sqft hospital, along with a 70000 sqft medical office building in Innovation Park opened in 2008.
 * Honeywell: Honeywell is the producer of electronic control systems and automation equipment. (The Honeywell facility is actually in unincorporated Pima County, completely surrounded by the town of Oro Valley.)

Golf and resorts
Oro Valley features several resorts and country clubs, including:

Arts
Each winter, Musical Magic for Kids is held at the Oro Valley Town Hall, along with multiple string quartet and choral performances throughout the town.

Every April, the Oro Valley Festival of the Arts is held celebrating all forms of art and artistic expression. Live musical performances are held throughout the spring in the open-air amphitheater at Cañada del Oro Riverfront Park.

The annual Independence Day celebration is one of the largest events in Oro Valley. The Tucson Symphony Orchestra performs, along with several choirs. Fireworks shows and concerts are also provided by the Hilton El Conquistador Resort.

The Oro Valley Music Festival is an annual outdoor music festival held over two days at the Golf Club at Vistoso, typically during the first weekend of October. The 2017 lineup included artists such as Gavin DeGraw, Lee Brice, LeAnn Rimes, Brothers Osborn and Echosmith.

Public art is exhibited throughout the year at the Oro Valley Hospital in Rancho Vistoso. A number of sculptures, murals, and statues of public art are featured throughout Oro Valley.

Law and government
The Town of Oro Valley employs the council-manager form of municipal government. Oro Valley is administered by the seven-member town council. The town council oversees all issues pertaining to Oro Valley, including residential and commercial development and natural preservation.

Oro Valley residents elect all seven members of the town council, including a directly elected mayor. The vice mayor is appointed by the council from amongst its elected Councilmembers. The mayor and vice mayor have no special powers and duties beyond chairing meetings, but rather serve as rank and file council members.
 * Mayor: Mr. Joseph C Winfield (term expires November 2026)
 * Vice mayor: Mrs. Melanie Barrett (term expires November 2026)

The remaining members of the Oro Valley Town Council include:
 * Mr. Timothy Bohen (term expires November 2024)
 * Mr. Harry "Mo" Green II (term expires November 2024)
 * Mrs. Joyce Jones-Ivey (term expires November 2026)
 * Mr. Josh Nicholson (term expires November 2026)
 * Mr. Steve Solomon (term expires November 2024)

The current Acting Town Manager is Mr. Chris Cornelison, who took over the position in 2022 after previous town manager Mary Jacobs resigned. The town manager's office provides executive-level leadership for the community by planning and directing town services. Communications, including Constituent Services, and Economic Development, are under the town manager's department.

The legal services director, Mr. Tobin Sidles, is appointed by the town manager to act as the chief legal advisor to the mayor and council, boards and commissions, the town manager and all town departments.

The town magistrate is the Honorable James Hazel.

The primary law enforcement agency in the town is the Oro Valley Police Department, headed by Chief of Police Kara M. Riley. As of 2014, the OVPD employed 100 sworn police officers, or 2.43 officers per 1,000 citizens. In 2022, Oro Valley ranked #1 safest place to live in the State of Arizona based upon FBI crime statistics. It also ranked #1 every year from 2001 through 2006 for the lowest levels of both violent crime and property crime, among cities with populations of 5,000+. The OVPD has received national recognition for being one of only a few communities in the country where police officers are present at every public school and some private schools. The OVPD holds many community events on a monthly basis, such as the Dispose-A-Med program where citizens can dispose of unused or expired prescription medications, the Shred-A-Thon where citizens can securely dispose of sensitive documents and records, Digital Child Identification which provides parents with a "biographical docket" of their child's information, the Citizen's Police Academy to increase the public knowledge of the Oro Valley Police Department, and the Darkhouse program where homeowners can request that police members check their vacant residences while they are out of town.

Fire protection and emergency medical service for the town is now entirely provided by the Golder Ranch Fire District. As of 2017, the GRFD covered a total of 241 square miles and employed 152 personnel with ten stations.

The town is in Arizona's 1st Congressional District, served by Representative Tom O'Halleran, a Democrat and Arizona's 11th State Legislative District, served by Representatives Mark Finchem and Vince Leach and Senator Steve Smith, all Republicans.

Education
Public schools in Oro Valley are administered by Amphitheater Public Schools of Tucson. Oro Valley is served by five public elementary schools, two K-8 schools, one middle school, and two high schools (Canyon del Oro High School and Ironwood Ridge High School).

Public schools serving Oro Valley include:

Oro Valley also has two charter schools, BASIS Schools Oro Valley (K-12) and Leman Academy of Excellence (K-8). The Basis school made Newsweek's list of the top ten high schools in the nation, coming in #3 in United States. Oro Valley also has three private schools, Casas Christian School (K-8), Pusch Ridge Christian Academy (K-12), and Immaculate Heart Preparatory School (K-12).

Transportation
Oro Valley is served by Sun Shuttle service to Tucson.

Sites of interest

 * Steam Pump Ranch: Located in the heart of Oro Valley, the Steam Pump Ranch dates back to the mid-1870s when George Pusch settled in the area. Pusch was an Arizona state legislator and delegate to the original Arizona Constitutional Convention in 1910. The ranch is in the process of being preserved by the town and includes several original buildings from the ranch itself. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in September 2009.
 * Catalina State Park: Located on N. Oracle Road (AZ State Hwy. 77). Catalina State Park has a number of hiking and backpacking trails, including Romero Ruin Trail, Nature Trail, Romero Canyon Trail, Sutherland Trail, Canyon Loop Trail, 50-Year Trail, Birding Trail, and the Bridle Trail. Specific trails are also open to equestrians. Certain trails also connect with other trails in the Coronado National Forest, continuing to Mount Lemmon, the highest peak in the Santa Catalina Mountains at 9157 ft. The park also features several campgrounds and an equestrian center.

 * Immaculate Heart Preparatory School: The school is in the former mansion of Margaret Howard, the Countess of Suffolk from the United Kingdom. Built in 1937 as her winter residence, the estate is situated in the Suffolk Hills neighborhood of Oro Valley.
 * Honey Bee Village: The Native American Hohokam people occupied a small community in the foothills of the Tortolita Mountains beginning around 500 AD, and the remaining ruins are preserved by the town at the original site on Oro Valley's far north side.
 * Bell House: The private estate was completed in the early 1940s. Located just south of Oro Valley, the estate affords expansive views of the Tucson valley to the south. Still privately owned by the Bell family, the estate is closed to the public. Despite their claims to the contrary, the Bell family of Tucson is not descended from Alexander Graham Bell, whose only living children were daughters.
 * Romero Ranch: The ruins of the large Romero Ranch are in Catalina State Park east of Oro Valley. Established in 1844 by Francisco Romero, Romero Ranch was one of the first cattle ranches near the Santa Catalina Mountains.
 * Canyon del Oro High School: Construction began on the school in the early 1960s before much of the area was developed. Located in south Oro Valley and directly adjacent to Pusch Ridge, CDO is an established community center for the town.
 * Oro Valley Public Library: Located in the heart of Oro Valley, on the golf course, with views of Pusch Ridge.

Media
Oro Valley is served by the following publications:

"OV Style Magazine": A monthly lifestyle magazine is mailed to homes in Oro valley and highlights lifestyle topics, local events, businesses and current topics for Oro Valley residents.

Arizona Daily Star: A morning daily paper. Sold in 2005 by Pulitzer, Inc. to Lee Enterprises.

Tucson Citizen: was an afternoon daily paper. The Tucson Citizen was the oldest continuously published newspaper in Arizona, established in 1870 as the "Arizona Citizen". It was owned by Gannett but has since ceased publication as of late August 2009.

The Explorer: a free, weekly newspaper covering Northwest Tucson, Oro Valley, Marana and the communities of Catalina Foothills, Tortolita, Catalina and Oracle. The Explorer covers many aspects of suburban Tucson life, including high-school sports and performances, cultural events, features, and stories of political interest.

Tucson Weekly: an alternative publication that is distributed free at numerous locations around the greater Tucson area.

Oro Valley is also served by the following television networks: KVOA 4 (NBC), KGUN 9 (ABC), KOLD 13 (CBS), KMSB 11 (Fox), KTTU 18 (UPN), and KWBA 58 (WB). KUAT 6 is a PBS affiliate run by the University of Arizona.

Notable people

 * Alex Bowman – professional stock car racing driver
 * Ka'Deem Carey – professional football player
 * Eli Crane – U.S. representative for Arizona's 2nd congressional district
 * Brian Disbury – English first-class cricketer, lived in Oro Valley until his death in 2016
 * Chris Duncan – professional baseball player
 * Shelley Duncan – baseball player
 * Scott Hairston – professional baseball player
 * Ian Kinsler – Israeli-American professional baseball player
 * Blake Martinez – professional football player
 * E. William Quirin - businessman and Minnesota state legislator
 * Lionel Sanders – professional triathlete

title: Oro Valley, Arizona


text:
Picture Rocks, Arizona

Picture Rocks is a census-designated place (CDP) in Pima County, Arizona, United States, home of the Tucson artifacts. The population was 9,551 at the 2020 United States census.

Geography
Picture Rocks is located at 32.33083°N, -111.22972°W (32.330735, -111.229652).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 55.6 sqmi, of which 55.6 sqmi is land and 0.1 sqmi (0.09%) is water.

Demographics
At the 2000 census there were 8,139 people and 2,883 households residing in the CDP. The population density was 146.4 pd/sqmi. There were 3,088 housing units at an average density of 55.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 89.6% White, 0.6% Black or African American, 1.4% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 5.4% from other races, and 2.6% from two or more races. 13.8% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Of the 2,883 households 38.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.2% were married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.3% were non-families. 18.4% of households were one person and 4.2% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.82 and the average family size was 3.20.

The age distribution was 30.0% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 31.3% from 25 to 44, 24.5% from 45 to 64, and 7.9% 65 or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.8 males.

The median household income was $39,534 and the median family income was $43,026. Males had a median income of $30,752 versus $21,513 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $17,132. About 4.3% of families and 7.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.9% of those under age 18 and 1.8% of those age 65 or over.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Picture Rocks, Arizona


text:
Pisinemo, Arizona

Pisinemo (O'odham Pisin Moʼo name translates as "Buffalo Head") is a census-designated place (CDP) in Pima County, Arizona, United States. The population was 340 as of the 2020 census.

Geography
The village of Pisinemo is located at 32.04111°N, -112.31444°W (32.041078, -112.314459).

The name Pisinemo is actually a failed attempt by the Motor Vehicle Division to put the traditional name of Pisin Mo'o onto road side signs along Highway 86 which runs through the Tohono O'odham Nation. Pisin Mo'o is Tohono O'odham for "Buffalo Head". (The O'odham pronunciation of "Pisin Mo'o" is approximately, which is relatively close to the Anglicized spelling.)

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1.7 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
At the 2000 census there were 340 people, 85 households, and 61 families living in the CDP. The population density was 150 PD/sqmi. There were 122 housing units at an average density of 51.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 98% Native American and 2% White. 2% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Of the 70 households 36% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 23% were married couples living together, 31% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31% were non-families. 29% of households were one person and 9% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 3.4 and the average family size was 4.1.

The age distribution was 34% under the age of 18, 13% from 18 to 24, 24% from 25 to 44, 22% from 45 to 64, and 7% 65 or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.0 males.

The median household income was $17,826 and the median family income was $17,917. Males had a median income of $0 versus $28,750 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $7,920. About 49% of families and 50% of the population were below the poverty line, including 46% of those under the age of eighteen and none of those sixty five or over.

title: Pisinemo, Arizona


text:
Sahuarita, Arizona

Sahuarita is a town in Pima County, Arizona, United States. Sahuarita is located south of the Tohono O'odham Nation and abuts the north end of Green Valley, 15 mi south of Tucson. The 2022 population estimate was 35,638.

History
Sahuarita was founded in 1911 and incorporated in 1994.

Hohokam (200–1450)
The first known human inhabitants of the Sahuarita region were the Hohokam people, which may be the ancestors of the modern day Tohono O'odham nation. The Hohokam were known for their highly innovative and extensive use of irrigation. The Hohokam were a very peaceful people, they had extensive trade routes extending to Mesoamerica, and showed many cultural influences from their southern neighbors.

Sobaipuri (1400–1900)
The Sobaipuri were possibly related to the Hohokam, and occupied the Southern portion of the Santa Cruz, with the Pima to their North and South. While Coronado passed just east of Sahuarita in 1521, it was not until Eusebio Kino's 1691 journey along the Santa Cruz River that he met the leaders of the Sobaipuri people. Kino was a true champion of the indigenous Indians, opposing forced labor in mines by Spanish overseers. Kino would later go on to found the Mission San Xavier del Bac in 1699, just north of Sahuarita. In 1775, Francisco Garcés would follow the same path, laying the groundwork for the founding of Tucson.

Spanish and Mexican control (1775–1853)
In 1775, after building a series of missions in the region, the Spanish established a fort in the Tucson region to control the Native American settlements nearby. This just north of Sahuarita, which effectively placed the region under Spanish control. Eventually a town came to be and was named Tucson. After the Mexican War of Independence in 1821, the region came under Mexican control until they sold the land to the United States as part of the Gadsden Purchase.

Incorporation into the U.S. (1854–1874)
In 1854, following the Gadsden Purchase, Sahuarita would become a part of the Territory of New Mexico, in the United States of America. In the same year, Andrew B. Gray would travel the region on behalf of the Texas Western Railroad, in order to run a preliminary survey of the region. Meanwhile, the Native American peoples of the region were being pushed onto each other's land through American expansionism. In 1857, the Sobaipuri, who had acted as a buffer between the hostile Mexicans to the south and Apache to the north, finally collapsed under the pressure and vacated the area, generally moving westward to Papago territory. Sahuarita was part of the Confederate Arizona Territory between 1861 and 1862 before being captured by the Union and incorporated into Arizona Territory in 1863. In 1867, Fort Crittenden was created between Sonoita and Patagonia in order to support the establishment of American settlements in the Santa Cruz Valley. In 1874, the San Xavier reservation was created, now called the Tohono O'odham Reservation, and Native Americans were forcibly relocated to the reservation.

Sahuarita on the map (1870–1925)
An 1870 map of Arizona shows an "Indian Village" just north of Sahuarita. The earliest known reference to the town can be found on a German map from 1875, which labels the town "Sahuarito". The first known US map to list the town came in 1879, by the US Department of Interior, calling the town "Saurita". The Saurita town name would continue to be found on successive maps of 1880 and 1890. Finally, a 1925 map of "Auto Trails" (e.g. roadways) of Arizona and New Mexico lists "Continental" instead of Sahuarita. The roadway at the time was an "improved road", one step inferior to a "paved road", laying the route to what today is called the Old Nogales Highway.

Sahuarita Ranch (1879–1886)
In 1879 Sahuarita Ranch was created by James Kilroy Brown. Brown chose the name Sahuarita due to the preponderance of saguaros in the area. The ranch was used as a staging area between Tucson, Arivaca, and Quijotoa. A small community developed in the area named Sahuarito, while the railroad laid tracks through the area (which remain to this day) and established a station and post office. Although originally surveyed by the Texas Western Railroad, the route would soon be run by the Southern Pacific Railroad up until the late 20th century. Brown sold his ranch in 1886 which caused the region to stagnate for three decades.

During this time, the hub of Sahuarita commerce was at the intersection of Sahuarita Road and Nogales Highway, in the form of the One Stop Market and Sahuarita Bar and Grill. These 130-year-old buildings which remained intact were demolished for a road expansion in 2013.

Continental Farm (1915–present)
The Continental Farm of Sahuarita plays a central role in town history. In 1915, worried about the possibility of a German blockade of rubber imports, Bernard Baruch, Joseph Kennedy and J.P. Morgan founded the farm along the Santa Cruz River with hopes of growing guayule: plants that provide rubber. The project was abandoned after the end of World War I, and in 1922, was sold to Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands. The Queen rented the land to cotton farmers, in what would be the primary crop for the following four decades. In 1948, R. Keith Walden relocated the Farmers Investment Co. (FICO) from California to Arizona, buying the Continental Farm lands from the Queen. In 1965, over fears of a fall in demand for cotton resulting from the advent of synthetic fibers, Walden switched his crop to pecans. Today, the FICO pecan orchard is the largest in the world, with over 6000 acre and 106,000 trees.

World War II (1941–1945)
During World War II, Sahuarita was home to the Sahuarita Airstrip which was used to train bomber pilots for service in the war. Camp Continental, a labor camp for German prisoners of war was also located in Sahuarita. The location of the camp was around what is now Continental Ranch, West of the Nogales Highway and the Quail Crossing Boulevard intersection. It was established around November 1944, as one of 21 "branch" POW camps established throughout the state. The population of 250 prisoners primarily worked in agriculture, tending to cotton and vegetable crops. More than one escape attempt was made by the Germans, all of which failed.

Sahuarita Bombing and Gunnery Range (1942–1978)
The United States Army Air Corps, from Davis–Monthan Air Force Base, first used this 27046 acre range in April 1942 for practice bombing runs. The Sahuarita Flight Strip was completed in 1943, with a 5540 ft paved runway, and the bombing runs ceased shortly thereafter. The site included 12 buildings in addition to the airstrip, and four observational towers. In 1950, bomber crews operating out of Carswell AFB, Texas, restarted bombing runs on the range, which would last until 1962, with the airway strip remaining in use as an emergency landing strip thereafter. The Federal government soon released the land to the State of Arizona in 1978, who in turn leased the land to a cattle rancher. The former airstrip has been converted into a roadway that leads to "Sahuarita Park", while the remaining land remains in use for cattle grazing. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is continuing its longstanding efforts of identifying remaining munitions, preventing environmental contamination, and protecting several endangered species in the area, including jaguars, spotted owls, among others. Several different types of expended ammunition rounds can be found throughout the range, most of which found are 10 to 20 mm anti-aircraft rounds. Shrapnel from the dropped ordnance also litters the range, as well as dozens of crushed olive drab ammunition boxes. Shell casings and magazine clips can also be found, along with JATO tanks and large cross targets, constructed of wood with orange reflectors for visibility from the air. The crosses were used as targets for the airmen in training. Many United States Tobacco Company tins have been found, discarded by the several different aviators who occupied the area during its military days. The actual airstrip is now used as a road leading to Sahuarita Park and the Edge Charter School, both of which were built among the remains of the older air force buildings.

Cold War
Sahuarita contains the Titan Missile Museum, built in 1963 during the height of the Cold War, which is the only Titan Missile site in the world accessible to the public. The actual Titan II missile, the most powerful nuclear missile on standby in the US, remains in the silo for visitors to see. The Sahuarita Airstrip continued to be used by the U.S. Air Force throughout most of the Cold War.

Population
The population of the town was 1,629 in the 1990 census, while at the 2000 census, the population rose to 3,242. By 2010, the population rose to 25,259. The U.S. Census Bureau estimated that it had a population of 26,870 in 2013.

Geography
Sahuarita is located at 31.92917°N, -110.98222°W (31.929245, -110.982241). According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 15.2 mi2, all land. Since the most recent census was taken in 2000, the town has annexed more land; its area is now approximately 30 mi2. The Santa Cruz River (Arizona) runs through the desert town, flowing north towards Tucson, mostly during the monsoons, or extended climatic wet periods. Late 19th century and early 20th century still contained beaver in the river from Tucson, southwards. Madera Canyon, located just southeast of the town, is another important landmark, day trip site, and a birdwatching point.

Water sustainability
In the desert southwest, water sustainability is a major concern. According to a 2007 report by Pima County, 76000 acre.ft of water was pumped from the aquifer in the Upper Santa Cruz Valley in 2006 [in the report referred to as the Green Valley area, which includes Sahuarita], with 85 percent of that water being used for mining and agriculture. The remaining 15 percent was split between water used for golf courses and residential/commercial water use. The report explains that "The Green Valley area does not have a sustainable water supply given current groundwater pumping rates... the water table in Green Valley has been declining in past years, and is expected to decline even faster as water demands [continue to increase]...". The report concludes that "Water supplies will become critical within the next ten years."

The Upper Santa Cruz Valley has several "major water users", all pumping water out of the same aquifer. None of these are owned by Pima County, the town of Sahuarita, nor Green Valley. The major water users are all private companies: ASARCO-Mission Mine, Phelps Dodge Sierrita Mine; Farmers Water Company; Sahuarita Water Company, Las Quintas Serenas Water Company, Quail Creek Water Company, Community Water Company of Green Valley, and the Green Valley Water District. The proliferation of water companies can be partially explained by the fact that the actual water in the aquifer is not owned by anyone, thus any amount of water can be pumped out, with costs limited only to drilling, pumping, distribution, etc.

Sahuarita Lake
Sahuarita Lake is an artificial lake that was completed on June 22, 2001, by Rancho Sahuarita. The lake surface area is 435600 sqft, with a 1 mi long perimeter and maximum depth of 10 ft, holding approximately 70 acre.ft of water. This reflects a water amount equivalent to less than one tenth of one percent (<0.1%) of the 76000 acre.ft of water used by all of Sahuarita and Green Valley in 2006. The lake is a "managed lake", which means that natural ecological changes within the lake that do "not fit within the parameters set by man", are cause for remedial action to return to the goals of the management plan. Air compressors located at various points under the lake continually inject air through diffusers which aids the movement of water in a process called vertical mixing. This system of continual aeration enables the circulation of all water in the lake on a daily basis, and therefore creates an ecological balance and uniform appearance. The lake also contains fish and frogs, the former of which are regularly stocked by the Arizona State Department of Game and Fish, and is an attraction to ducks and various kinds of birds.

The lake consumes water to the extent that all the water in the lake must be replenished every year. Regarding water evaporation, lake documents state that according to the USDA Water Conservation Laboratory in Phoenix, the mean annual evaporation rate for Sahuarita is 69 in per year. This results in a mean water loss of 57.5 acre.ft per year. Regarding water loss due to seepage, initial estimates indicated an annual loss of 10 acre.ft of water, or 17% of total capacity per year. The J. Harlan Glenn Engineers that provided this estimate indicated that this equates to an "extremely low seepage rate". On average, 65 gpm (gallons of water per minute) must be pumped into the lake to maintain its current level. A nearby well site that draws on the shared Upper Santa Cruz Valley aquifer is used to refill the lake. In 2006, 105.3 acre.ft of water was used for the entire Sahuarita lake park, which includes water for the 5 acre of grass and restroom facilities.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 25,259 people and 13,425 households residing in Sahuarita (a 679% increase since 2000). The population density was 841.9 people per square mile (841.9 /sqmi). The racial makeup of the town was 57.5% non-Hispanic White, 2.9% Black or African American, 1.3% Native American, 2.0% Asian, 9.1% from other races, and 4.2% from two or more races. 32.0% of the population were Hispanic or Latino.

In Sahuarita, the population had 29.7% under the age of 18, 55.5% from age 18 to age 64, and 14.7% who were 65 years of age or older. Sahuarita is 51.2% female, and 48.8% male.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,242 people, 1,155 households, and 927 families residing in the town. The population density was 213.2 PD/sqmi. There were 1,247 housing units at an average density of 82.0 /mi2. The racial makeup of the town was 87.9% White, 0.6% Black or African American, 1.1% Native American, 1.0% Asian, 7.4% from other races, and 2.1% from two or more races. 24.2% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 1,155 households, out of which 33.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70.6% were married couples living together, 6.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.7% were non-families. 15.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.78 and the average family size was 3.09.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.6% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 27.1% from 25 to 44, 24.7% from 45 to 64, and 15.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.4 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $53,194, and the median income for a family was $55,338. Males had a median income of $42,258 versus $26,174 for females. The per capita income for the town was $22,075. About 4.0% of families and 5.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.6% of those under age 18 and 7.0% of those age 65 or over.

2007 workforce survey
In April 2007, the Eller College of Management conducted an assessment survey of Sahuarita residents due to the town's 529% growth since the 2000 Census, because data from that census "on workforce and community characteristics is no longer applicable." The survey was mailed to 7,805 households and was weighted by area to ensure a representative sampling.

The survey reported that in educational attainment 19.7% of residents are high school graduates; 32.4% have an associate degree or some college; 26.9% have a bachelor's degree, and 14.6% have a master's degree, and 3.3% have a Doctoral degree. These statistics lead to the finding that "demonstrates significantly higher concentrations in associate’s, bachelor’s and graduate/professional degrees than the county as a whole, or the state."

For places of work, 57% of residents reported working in Tucson, with 16.6% working in Sahuarita, and 12.7% in Green Valley. It found that local workers specialized more than workers elsewhere in Pima County, being most concentrated in the following occupations:
 * Management
 * Business and financial
 * Computer and mathematics
 * Architecture and engineering
 * Healthcare practitioner and technical
 * Protective service

Economy
Grupo México Asarco's Mission Complex mine is located in Sahuarita and is one of the town's largest employers.

Principal employers
According to Sahuarita's 2018 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the principal employers in the city are;

Law and government
The Town of Sahuarita operates under the council-manager form of government. The Sahuarita town council is responsible for the policy matters of the town, and the management of a town manager to oversee staff and carry out the day-to-day functions of the town.

Sahuarita is administered by the seven member town council, which includes a Mayor and Vice Mayor. The Mayor and Vice Mayor are not elected into those positions, but are instead chosen among elected council members. The town council oversees all issues pertaining to Sahuarita, including residential and commercial development and natural preservation.

The Town of Sahuarita is a general law town, and does not have a town charter. As a result, Sahuarita operates fully under Title 9: Cities and Towns, of the Arizona Revised Statutes.

Neighborhoods
Sahuarita contains the master planned communities of Rancho Sahuarita & Resort, one of the newest communities, (north), Quail Creek (southeast) and Madera Highlands (south) in addition to the residential neighborhoods of La Joya (southwest), Valle Verde del Norte (established in 1979), Los Colonias and Los Arroyos (west). The town has 92 acre of public and private parks and recreation facilities, with approximately 125 acre more parkland proposed.

Town zoning
Since 2002, 30% of the land in the town is zoned for residential use, the majority of which (22%) is classed as medium density residential, defined as a single family suburban environment. Employment, commercial, institutional, and industrial land comprises 6.5% of town land, while mixed use zoning occupies 9% of land. The town has set aside 7% of land for resource conservation/open space, while 25% of land is designated flood plain.

Transportation
Sahuarita is served by Sun Shuttle service to Tucson.

title: Sahuarita, Arizona


text:
Santa Rosa, Arizona

Santa Rosa, or Kaij Mek (O'odham) name translates as "Burnt Seeds", is a census-designated place (CDP) in Pima County, Arizona, United States. The population was 671 as of the 2020 census. This makes Santa Rosa the most populated historical traditional village on the Tohono O'odham Nation reservation.

Geography
Santa Rosa is located at 32.32583°N, -112.04278°W (32.325904, -112.042709).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 5.7 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
At the 2020 census there were 671 people, 174 households, and 133 families living in the CDP. The population density was 103 PD/sqmi. There were 231 housing units at an average density of 26.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was <1% White, 99% Native American, <1% from other races, and <1% from two or more races. 1% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Of the 174 households 33% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 28% were married couples living together, 29% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27% were non-families. 22% of households were one person and 9% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 3 and the average family size was 4.

The age distribution was 34% under the age of 18, 9% from 18 to 24, 28% from 25 to 44, 19% from 45 to 64, and 11% 65 or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females, there were 92 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93 males.

The median household income was $9,243 and the median family income was $12,000. Males had a median income of $22,813 versus $23,438 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $6,090. About 50% of families and 51% of the population were below the poverty line, including 55% of those under age 18 and 69% of those age 65 or over.

title: Santa Rosa, Arizona


text:
Sells, Arizona

Sells (O'odham: Komkcʼeḍ ʼe-Wa:ʼosidk) is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Pima County, Arizona, United States. The population was 2,799 at the 2000 census. It is the capital of the Tohono O'odham Nation and the home of several of their tribal businesses, such as Tohono O'Odham Ki:Ki Association. Originally named Indian Oasis, by cattle-ranchers/businessmen brothers, Joseph and Louis Ménager in 1912. The Ménager brothers also built and ran the Indian Oasis Mercantile Store. The settlement took its present English name in 1918 to honor Indian Commissioner Cato Sells. The O'odham name means "Tortoise Got Wedged".

Sells is near the Kitt Peak National Observatory.

Geography
Sells is located at 31.915°N, -111.87556°W (31.914994, -111.875669).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 9.4 sqmi, of which 9.4 sqmi is land and 0.11% is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,799 people, 690 households, and 565 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 298.9 PD/sqmi. There were 810 housing units at an average density of 86.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 96% Native American, 3% White, <1% Black or African American, <1% Asian, <1% from other races, and <1% from two or more races. 3% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 690 households, out of which 42.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 26% were married couples living together, 44% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18% were non-families. 14% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.0 and the average family size was 4.3.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 42% under the age of 18, 11% from 18 to 24, 27% from 25 to 44, 16% from 45 to 64, and 5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 23 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.2 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $20,610, and the median income for a family was $20,294. Males had a median income of $25,278 versus $22,396 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $6,283. About 42% of families and 46% of the population were below the poverty line, including 51% of those under age 18 and 41% of those age 65 or over.

Education
Baboquivari Unified School District operates area public schools, while Tohono O'odham High School is a Bureau of Indian Affairs high school.

title: Sells, Arizona


text:
South Tucson, Arizona

South Tucson is a city in Pima County, Arizona, United States and an enclave of the much larger city of Tucson. South Tucson is known for being heavily influenced by Hispanic, and especially Mexican, culture; restaurants and shops which sell traditional Mexican food and other goods can be found throughout the city. According to the 2010 census, the population of the city is 5,652.

Geography
South Tucson is located at 32.19611°N, -110.96889°W (32.196076, -110.968896). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.0 sqmi, all land. The city is an enclave entirely surrounded by the much larger city of Tucson.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 5,490 people, 1,810 households, and 1,125 families residing in the city. The population density was 5,446.6 PD/sqmi. There were 2,059 housing units at an average density of 2,042.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 43.46% White, 2.31% Black or African American, 9.14% Native American, 0.40% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 41.24% from other races, and 3.39% from two or more races. 81.24% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 1,810 households, out of which 33.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.9% were married couples living together, 20.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.8% were non-families. 31.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.94 and the average family size was 3.83.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 31.5% under the age of 18, 10.1% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 21.1% from 45 to 64, and 10.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 112.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 114.4 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $14,587, and the median income for a family was $17,614. Males had a median income of $20,504 versus $14,575 for females. The per capita income for the city was $8,920. About 43.5% of families and 46.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 61.2% of those under age 18 and 36.0% of those age 65 or over.

History
In 1936, Tucson officials took steps to expand Tucson's boundaries by moving to annex the unincorporated area along south Sixth Avenue from 25th Street south to the Veterans Hospital, which was south of Tucson city limits. Area auto court and other property owners on south Sixth Avenue objected, as they did not want to pay the higher business taxes imposed by Tucson or be subject to Tucson's building codes. As a recourse to prevent the annexation, south Sixth Avenue property owners submitted a petition to the Pima County Board of Supervisors asking for an incorporation election. On August 10, 1936, South Tucson residents voted 52 to 35 in favor of incorporation. In response, Tucson continued to require Tucson Water customers in South Tucson to obtain building permits from Tucson, or their water would be shut off. The South Tucson City Council responded by imposing a $500 annual franchise fee on Tucson Water, and the Tucson City Council retaliated by announcing that water service would be discontinued to South Tucson within 120 days. On January 18, 1938, 258 petition signatures from South Tucson residents were turned in to the Pima County Board of Supervisors, which dissolved South Tucson. Nonetheless, another incorporation drive was launched in South Tucson. On March 27, 1939, a second incorporation election was held and by a vote of 70 to 63, South Tucson was reincorporated.

In 1956, Tucson Mayor Hummel called for South Tucson to join Tucson. After that invitation went unanswered, the Tucson City Council held a surprise meeting and annexed land all around South Tucson. Later, in the 1990s, Tucson agreed to transfer to South Tucson a 25-acre slice of land between South Tucson and Interstate 10 as South Tucson reached its current city size.

Culture
South Tucson has many Mexican restaurants, colorful buildings and outdoor murals. The existing Mexican food restaurants on South Fourth Avenue have long been a draw. Some of the long-established eateries dotting South Fourth Avenue in South Tucson have grabbed national headlines, perhaps none more famously than Mi Nidito, where President Bill Clinton had lunch in 1999 and where "the President's Plate" is still on the menu.

The 1.2-square-mile city is gaining favor with businesses and residents and is attracting bohemians, artists, and musicians. The city is trying to attract more business through a new economic development plan and an incentive program. Local business owners and developers are eyeing properties in South Tucson as complementary projects to downtown Tucson with business parks, restaurants, retail shops, and multifamily investors moving into the city.

Crime
South Tucson has also been fighting a long, uphill battle with crime rates. For larceny, theft and aggravated assault, South Tucson ranks at about four times the national average.

However, there have been sizable advances in repressing criminal activity, due to use of "wolf pack" saturation tactics by the South Tucson Police Department in conjunction with the Arizona Department of Public Safety. Vigorous enforcement of liquor license laws has reduced the number of alcohol-related crimes. Neighborhood activism has considerably reduced the amount of open drug activity and a rising level of education of youth is making a slow impact on gang related activity.

Since 2021 South Tucson has been without a permanent city manager, leading to ineffective coordination between the judiciary and executives of the city.

Education
South Tucson residents attend Ochoa Community Magnet, Mission View Elementary, Holladay Magnet Elementary, Elizabeth Borton Magnet, Madge Utterback Magnet Middle, Safford K-8 Magnet Baccalaureate World, Tucson High Magnet, & Pueblo Magnet High Schools, all part of Tucson Unified School District.

Governmental representation
South Tucson is in Arizona's 3rd congressional district, represented by Representative Raúl Grijalva, a Democrat. The city is also in Arizona's 2nd State Legislative District, represented by Representatives Daniel Hernández Jr. and Rosanna Gabaldón and Senator Andrea Dalessandro, all Democrats.

title: South Tucson, Arizona


text:
Summit, Arizona

Summit is a census-designated place (CDP) in Pima County, Arizona, United States. The population was 3,702 at the 2000 census.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 10.1 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
At the 2000 census there were 3,702 people, 1,144 households, and 871 families living in the CDP. The population density was 365.8 PD/sqmi. There were 1,259 housing units at an average density of 124.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 65.9% White, 0.5% Black or African American, 2.2% Native American, 0.1% Asian, <0.1% Pacific Islander, 26.0% from other races, and 5.3% from two or more races. 63.5% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Of the 1,144 households 46.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.6% were married couples living together, 13.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.8% were non-families. 18.4% of households were one person and 5.9% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 3.24 and the average family size was 3.68.

The age distribution was 34.8% under the age of 18, 10.0% from 18 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 18.4% from 45 to 64, and 6.9% 65 or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females, there were 107.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.7 males.

The median household income was $28,485 and the median family income was $31,806. Males had a median income of $21,316 versus $21,333 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $11,274. About 22.0% of families and 26.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 42.9% of those under age 18 and 9.0% of those age 65 or over.

title: Summit, Arizona


text:
Tanque Verde, Arizona

Tanque Verde is a suburban unincorporated community in Pima County, Arizona, United States, northeast of Tucson. The population was 16,195 at the 2000 census. For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined Tanque Verde as a census-designated place (CDP).

History
Tanque Verde began as a small community, remote from Tucson, and settled by ranchers arriving to the American West around the 1860s. The name of the area, which means "green tank," is a reference to the algae in a large and prominent stock water tank in the area in the late 19th century.

The Tanque Verde Valley was used by the Apache, a Native American tribe throughout the 19th century. Soldiers from Fort Lowell operated by the U.S. Army in the late 19th century also frequented the Tanque Verde Valley.

In 1886, the residents of the Tanque Verde valley established the Tanque Verde School District as the first significant political entity of the community.

The army closed Fort Lowell in 1891, and when some Hispanic immigrants from Baja California and Sonora saw the fort's buildings standing empty, they moved into the abandoned adobes. Soon they began farming the rich floodplain northeast of the fort, where Pantano Wash feeds into Tanque Verde Creek to form the Rillito (Little River), and by the turn of the century the community they came to call El Fuerte was thriving. Upstream from El Fuerte, in the canyons and nooks (rincons) of the front range of the Santa Catalina Mountains and the Rincon range—the area they came to call Tanque Verde—Hispanic families with names like Escalante, Estrada, Andrade, Vindiola, Lopez, Riesgo, Benitez, Telles, Martinez, and Gallegos began establishing homes and ranches. Initially the largely self-sufficient community of homesteads thrived, but over time many of the smaller ranches were swallowed up by larger ones or sold to speculators. According to Frank Escalante, a descendant of Tanque Verde homesteaders, some non-Hispanic Americans robbed some of these families of their land titles and ranches by fraud or force. Some Hispanics who became Mexican Americans after the Gadsden Purchase had limited understanding of English and a naivete regarding American property law even four decades after the transition, and made easy marks for the unscrupulous. The infamous Arizona Rangers sometimes enforced interlopers' property claims. The First World War brought a rise in the market for cotton and the value of farmland, and still more of the original homesteaders felt pressured to sell. Ultimately the growth of Tucson and the demand for land for housing priced most of the remaining pioneers off their ranches.

In 1989, Tanque Verde was the main site for the Nickelodeon program Hey Dude.

By 2005, more than 1,600 students were enrolled in the school district's three schools, serving grades K–9. The Tanque Verde School District continues to register among the highest standardized test scores in Arizona.

As the Tucson area increased population, the Tanque Verde Valley did as well, but at a much slower rate. Much of the land in Tanque Verde is in covenants dictating land-use policies. These covenants strongly control growth and are considered by residents to ensure land preservation. By the 1960s, Tanque Verde had become a true suburb of Tucson.

Tanque Verde has become a community, with a significant equestrian presence.

Geography
The Tanque Verde Valley is characterized by the Santa Catalina Mountains to the north, and the Rincon Mountains to the east. The Tanque Verde Valley is traversed by two notable seasonal creeks, Tanque Verde and Agua Caliente.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Tanque Verde has a total area of 32.9 square miles (85.1 km2), all land. The river system in Arizona, including in Tanque Verde, is threatened by the increased pumping and diversion of water from the rivers and streams for agriculture, industrial, and domestic use.

Demographics
At the 2000 census, there were 16,195 people, 5,810 households and 4,903 families residing in Tanque Verde. The population density was 492.7 PD/sqmi. There were 6,056 housing units at an average density of 184.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of Tanque Verde is 94.3% White, 0.7% Black or African American, 0.6% Native American, 1.3% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.4% from other races, and 1.7% from two or more races. 7.3% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 5,810 households, of which 35.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 76.3% were married couples living together, 5.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 15.6% were non-families. 12.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.77 and the average family size was 3.01.

25.3% of the population were under the age of 18, 4.9% from 18 to 24, 22.7% from 25 to 44, 35.1% from 45 to 64, and 12.0% who were 65 years of age or older. For every 100 females, there were 101.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.9 males.

The median household income was $80,530 and the median family income was $84,228. Males had a median income of $60,257 compared with $35,356 for females. The per capita income for Tanque Verde is $36,467. About 1.5% of families and 2.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.6% of those under age 18 and 3.3% of those age 65 or over.

The median resident age is 53, v 37 in Pima County; 11.2% of the population is Hispanic v 34.6% in Pima County. The cost of living index is 91.3.

Education
The Tanque Verde area is served by two school districts: Tanque Verde Unified School District and Tucson Unified School District. The two high schools in the area are Sabino High School and Tanque Verde High School.

title: Tanque Verde, Arizona


text:
Three Points, Arizona

Three Points is a census-designated place (CDP) in Pima County, Arizona, United States. The population was 5,581 at the 2010 census.

History
Three Points, also known as Robles Junction was founded in 1882. Bernabe S. Robles, who was born in 1857, in Baviácora, Sonora, Mexico. His family relocated to Tucson in 1864, where he grew up. After spending sometime in Florence, Arizona, he returned to Tucson and accepted a mail route to Gunsight, Arizona, near Ajo. It was during this time he located what is now called Robles Pass, near Cat (Back) Mountain, while searching for a shorter route to Gunsight. In 1882, he had his brother Jesús homesteaded 160 acres at what is now Robles Junction/Three Points. The brothers dug a well to set up a watering stop and stage station so Bernabe could water his horses along his mail route. He eventually gave up his mail route, and moved to the former watering stop/stage station, which at that point was called the Robles Ranch. He and his family ran the ranch for many years, even after the family had moved back to Tucson. Robles died in 1945. The old ranch house is now the Three Points/Robles Junction Community Center.

Geography
Three Points is located at 32.04861°N, -111.28528°W (32.048652, -111.285174).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 44.5 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 5,273 people, 1,772 households, and 1,304 families living in the CDP. The population density was 118.4 PD/sqmi. There were 2,022 housing units at an average density of 45.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 70.6% White or European American, 0.7% Black or African American, 2.5% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 22.2% from other races, and 3.49% from two or more races. 40.8% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 1,772 households, out of which 38.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.9% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.4% were non-families. 19.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.98 and the average family size was 3.46.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 31.8% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 29.0% from 25 to 44, 23.6% from 45 to 64, and 7.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.4 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $31,486, and the median income for a family was $35,229. Males had a median income of $28,642 versus $22,857 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $13,088. About 18.0% of families and 22.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 30.0% of those under age 18 and 12.8% of those age 65 or over.

title: Three Points, Arizona


text:
Tortolita, Arizona

Tortolita was a census-designated place (CDP) in Pima County, Arizona, United States. The population was 3,740 at the 2000 census. Tortolita was situated between the growing incorporated towns of Oro Valley and Marana with most of the area previously part of the CDP having been annexed by the two towns during the 2000s. The remaining parts of the CDP that have not been annexed continue to be unincorporated portions of Pima County.

In 1997, the residents of Tortolita voted to incorporate as the Town of Tortolita. However, the 1997 law passed by the Arizona legislature that allowed cities and towns within six miles of other incorporated areas to incorporate without those neighboring cities' consent was overturned on constitutional grounds, and the incorporation was deemed invalid.

Geography
Tortolita was located at 32.40444°N, -111.04889°W (32.404322, -111.049006). According to the 2000 census taken by the United States Census Bureau, the CDP had a total area of 11.9 sqmi, of which 11.9 sqmi was land and 0.04 sqmi  (0.34%) was water.

Census tracts
Tortolita was divided by Census tract. There were four census tracts which were designated as 46.31, 46.32, 46.33 and 46.34. The census-designated place for these tracts has changed and as of the 2010 Census, they are now part of the CDP known as Casas Adobes

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,740 people, 1,332 households, and 1,057 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 314.9 PD/sqmi. There were 1,408 housing units at an average density of 118.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 92.5% White, 0.8% Black or African American, 0.8% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 2.7% from other races, and 2.5% from two or more races. 12.3% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 1,332 households, out of which 38.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.2% were married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.6% were non-families. 15.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.81 and the average family size was 3.15.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 27.6% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 29.7% from 45 to 64, and 8.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.9 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $57,136, and the median income for a family was $64,573. Males had a median income of $44,886 versus $24,271 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $25,550. About 5.7% of families and 5.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.0% of those under age 18 and 7.8% of those age 65 or over.

title: Tortolita, Arizona


text:
Tucson Estates, Arizona

Tucson Estates is a census-designated place (CDP) in Pima County, Arizona, United States. The population was 9,755 at the 2000 census.

Geography
Tucson Estates is located at 32.18083°N, -111.10972°W (32.180867, -111.109661).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 35.1 square miles (90.9 km$2$), all land.

The census area is made up of several housing developments. The primary ones are
 * Tucson Estates Property Owners Association
 * Tucson Estates II (Sometimes called the Foothills)
 * Other, smaller housing communities

Demographics
At the 2000 census there were 9,755 people, 4,222 households, and 2,883 families living in the CDP. The population density was 278.0 PD/sqmi. There were 4,891 housing units at an average density of 139.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 83.8% White, 0.7% Black or African American, 1.7% Native American, 0.3% Asian, <0.1% Pacific Islander, 11.5% from other races, and 2.0% from two or more races. 23.7% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Of the 4,222 households 19.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.2% were married couples living together, 7.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.7% were non-families. 27.1% of households were one person and 15.8% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.77.

The age distribution was 19.4% under the age of 18, 5.0% from 18 to 24, 20.1% from 25 to 44, 25.5% from 45 to 64, and 30.0% 65 or older. The median age was 50 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.5 males.

The median household income was $36,183 and the median family income was $40,212. Males had a median income of $30,833 versus $24,071 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $18,771. About 6.2% of families and 7.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.6% of those under age 18 and 5.9% of those age 65 or over.

title: Tucson Estates, Arizona


text:
Vail, Arizona

Vail is a census-designated place (CDP) in Pima County, Arizona, United States. It is 24 mi southeast of Tucson. The population was 10,208 at the 2010 census, up from 2484 in the 2000 census. The area is known for the nearby Colossal Cave, a large cave system, and the Rincon Mountains District of Saguaro National Park, a top tourism spot within Arizona.

Vail was originally a siding and water stop on the Southern Pacific Railroad. It was located on the last section of flat land before the train tracks followed the old wagon road into the Cienega Creek bed. Vail was named after pioneer ranchers Edward and Walter Vail, who established ranches in the area in the late 19th century. Vail deeded a right of way across his ranch to the railroad. Vail owned the Vail Ranch, his brother Walter Vail owned the nearby Empire Ranch, now part of the Las Cienegas National Conservation Area. Attempts to incorporate the town were defeated in 2013 and 2023.

Geography
Vail is located at 32.00194°N, -110.70028°W (32.001939, -110.700286).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 18.2 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 10,208 people residing in Vail, Arizona (a 248% increase from 2000). The population density was 561.2 people per square mile. According to the census, Vail is 69.8% non-Hispanic white, 3.3% Black or African American, 0.9% Native American, 2.4% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 5.0% from other races, and 4.1% were mixed race. People of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 19.4% of the population.

People from 0–4 years old were 7.5% of the population, children from ages 5–17 were 23.2% of the population, adults 18–64 were 62.0% of the total, and people 65 and over were 7.3% of the population.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,484 people, 842 households, and 675 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 136.4 PD/sqmi. There were 906 housing units at an average density of 49.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 87.2% White, 0.6% Black or African American, 0.5% Native American, 0.5% Asian, <0.1% Pacific Islander, 7.5% from other races, and 3.7% from two or more races. 16.6% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 842 households, of which 43.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.2% were married couples living together, 6.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.8% were non-families. 14.0% of all households had one occupant and 1.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.95 and the average family size was 3.25.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 31.8% under the age of 18, 5.6% from 18 to 24, 33.3% from 25 to 44, 23.6% from 45 to 64, and 5.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.3 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $46,202, and the median income for a family was $53,958. Males had a median income of $37,418 versus $28,594 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $19,892. About 6.1% of families and 6.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.5% of those under age 18 and 7.5% of those age 65 or over.

Notable People

 * Nick Gonzales - second baseman for the Pittsburgh Pirates

title: Vail, Arizona


text:
Valencia West, Arizona

Valencia West is a census-designated place (CDP) in Pima County, Arizona, United States. The population was 9,355 at the 2010 census, a 293% increase over the population of 2,380 in 2000.

Geography
Valencia West is located at 32.14083°N, -111.11361°W (32.140958, -111.113649).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 9.6 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
At the 2000 census there were 2,380 people, 676 households, and 548 families living in the CDP. The population density was 247.2 PD/sqmi. There were 738 housing units at an average density of 76.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 60.13% White, 1.34% Black or African American, 2.31% Native American, 0.13% Asian, 0.21% Pacific Islander, 32.94% from other races, and 2.94% from two or more races. 68.40% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Of the 676 households 50.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.8% were married couples living together, 17.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.8% were non-families. 15.1% of households were one person and 4.0% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 3.52 and the average family size was 3.91.

The age distribution was 38.2% under the age of 18, 9.9% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 16.8% from 45 to 64, and 6.2% 65 or older. The median age was 27 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.3 males.

The median household income was $28,323 and the median family income was $27,561. Males had a median income of $21,023 versus $22,955 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $9,740. About 26.1% of families and 27.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 35.4% of those under age 18 and 5.8% of those age 65 or over.

title: Valencia West, Arizona


text:
Ak-Chin Village, Arizona

Ak-Chin Village (O'odham: ʼAkĭ Ciñ) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Pinal County, Arizona, United States on the Ak-Chin (Maricopa) Reservation. The population was 862 at the 2010 census, up from 669 in 2000.

Geography
Ak-Chin Village is located at 33.03°N, -112.06222°W (33.029871, −112.062105).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 10.5 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
Ak-Chin Village first appeared on the 1990 U.S. Census as a census-designated place (CDP).

At the 2000 census there were 669 people, 197 households, and 157 families in the CDP. The population density was 63.8 PD/sqmi. There were 212 housing units at an average density of 20.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 4.0% White, 0.3% Black or African American, 91.6% Native American, 3.3% from other races, and 0.8% from two or more races. 9.0% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Of the 197 households 49.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.6% were married couples living together, 28.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.8% were non-families. 17.3% of households were one person and 1.5% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 3.40 and the average family size was 3.81.

The age distribution was 41.4% under the age of 18, 10.0% from 18 to 24, 30.5% from 25 to 44, 14.2% from 45 to 64, and 3.9% 65 or older. The median age was 24 years. For every 100 females, there were 83.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.8 males.

The median household income was $23,897 and the median family income was $28,125. Males had a median income of $19,545 versus $21,875 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $8,389. About 24.8% of families and 26.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 34.6% of those under age 18 and 22.2% of those age 65 or over.

title: Ak-Chin Village, Arizona


text:
Arizona City, Arizona

Arizona City is an unincorporated census-designated place (CDP) in southwestern Pinal County, Arizona, United States. It is located near the junction of Interstate 8 and Interstate 10 at the midpoint between Phoenix and Tucson, approximately 60 mi from the downtown of both cities. The population was 10,475 as of the 2010 U.S. Census. It is estimated to be approximately 11,030 as of a 2017 U.S. Census estimate. Arizona City is a rural, primarily residential community that features a 48-acre (19 ha) man-made lake These attributes make the community a popular snowbird destination, with the population increasing by as much as 5,000 people in the winter months to reach the census figure of 11,030. Most recently after the last Census, many full-time residents have relocated to the unincorporate town.

History
The area around what is now known as Arizona City was used as a resting area for Juan Bautista de Anza's expedition party after they emerged from Apache land in 1775. The area is considered an official part of the Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail. This historic trail begins in Sonora, Mexico, and ends at the Presidio in San Francisco, California.

The unincorporated census-designated place was founded in 1959 when Jack McRae, president of the Arizona City Development Corporation, purchased and developed 2.5 acre of land in the Santa Cruz Valley in the area that would eventually grow to become the 6.2 square-mile modern day townsite. The location was selected because of the abundance of deep water from the Santa Cruz River found in the valley. At the time, the water was considered some of the purest in Arizona; every 14 days samples were sent to the state Health Department and would come back consistently rated 100% pure. As the community grew, a Contracted United States Post Office with Free E-P.O Box was established on April 1, 1962, and Arizona City began appearing on Rand McNally road atlases in 1963. It is uncertain how the name of the community was chosen. Many attempts have been made to establish another form of mail delivery and do away with the outdated method of Free E-P.O Box, last vote being held several years ago (which had originally passed) but a re-vote was conducted in winter when part-time residence (winter visitors) returned and it was rejected. Many new full-time families have located in recent years (approximately 2018-2023) and the current method is inadequate. It has negatively affected residents for decades. USPS does not deliver to homes and is a contracted office that holds the bid. Petitions have been established on change.org to establish curbside mail delivery as surrounding areas receive. Many residents are unhappy with the current method. https://www.pinalcentral.com/arizona_city_independent/news/some-az-city-residents-unhappy-with-post-office/article_acac071f-d3c7-58cf-aadf-321b2ad9e7a3.html From time to time, most recently in 2007, attempts have been made to incorporate as a municipality, but they have so far always been defeated at the ballot box, except for the first effort in the early 1980s, which succeeded at the ballot box but was overturned in court because there were not enough residents at that time to incorporate.

The area in and around Arizona City contained several of the 272 concrete Corona Satellite Calibration Targets, which were used to calibrate cameras on the satellites in the Corona Satellite Program that lasted from 1959 to 1972. These satellites were used for espionage on the Soviet Union (USSR) and China during the Cold War. Many of these have since been removed, but one still exists at the corner of West Alsdorf Road and South Sunland Gin Road in the center of the community.

Geography
Arizona City is located at 32.75167°N, -111.67917°W (32.751641, −111.679283). According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 6.2 sqmi, of which 6.1 sqmi is land and 0.1 sqmi  (1.29%) is water.

The CDP is approximately 1,509 ft above sea level and located in an area of Pinal County known as the Santa Cruz Flats. According to the Arizona Geological Survey, the valley floor surrounding Arizona City and nearby Eloy has lowered by more than 20 ft in the past 50 years due to rapid depletion of the groundwater aquifers underneath the region. In 2017, a new earth fissure approximately 1.8 mi long and 30 ft wide opened up just south of Arizona City, another consequence caused by the rapid consumption of groundwater.

Arizona City itself is mostly flat, lying in the Santa Cruz Valley in the center of three low mountain ranges; the Sawtooth Mountains to the south, the Picacho Mountains to the east, and the Casa Grande Mountains to the north. Picacho Peak, a prominent peak with a summit elevation of 3,374 ft, is located approximately 20 mi to the southeast adjacent to Interstate 10. Directly to the west of the CDP is the expansive Tohono O'odham Indian Reservation, which stretches 80 mi south to the international border with Mexico.

Climate
Arizona City has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh), normal for the Sonoran Desert. The community experiences long, extremely hot summers and mild winters. The area averages only 5.28 in of annual rainfall. Winter months are defined by frequent sunshine and consist of mild daytime highs between 65 and 75 °F. At nighttime, the temperature drops rapidly, with lows averaging between 35 and 45 °F. Nighttime lows at or below the freezing mark are not uncommon. During the winter, an occasional cold front will pass through the area sometimes containing a brief shower. The lowest temperature ever recorded in Arizona City was 13 °F. During the entirety of the summer and the second half of May, high temperatures are usually between 100 and 110 °F, with the occasional heat wave spiking daytime high temperatures above 115 °F. The highest temperature ever recorded in Arizona City was 119 °F.

Along with the rest of Arizona, the community is affected by the North American Monsoon during summer, which brings high winds and occasional heavy rain. A large portion of the community is located in Pinal County's floodplain, and is very susceptible to flash flooding during heavy monsoon rains. Due to extensive farmland in the valley, the area is also very prone to dust storms, which can occur any month of the year during windy conditions.

Demographics
Arizona City first appeared on the 1990 U.S. Census as a census-designated place (CDP).

The 2010 Census determined that Arizona City had a population of 10,475, a 126% increase from the 2000 Census figure of 4,385. The racial and ethnic composition of the population was 50.3% non-Hispanic white, 2.1% black or African American, 5.3% Native American, 0.3% Asian American, 0.0% Pacific Islander, and 40.9% Hispanic. Population density was 1,713.6 people per square mile. There were 4,296 housing units, with an average of 2.56 persons per household. 62.3% of households were owner-occupied, and the median value of these housing units was $99,300. The median gross rent in Arizona City was $844 per month.

7.5% of the population was under 5 years of age, 26.5% of the population was between the ages of 5 and 18, and 18.8% of the population was 65 or older. 7.4% of the Arizona City's population was born in a country other than the United States.

Only 13.4% of the population in Arizona City has a bachelor's degree or higher, although 83.4% of the population has at least a high school diploma. The mean travel time to work was 27.7 minutes, and the median household income was $42,853, with 20.4% of the population living below the poverty line.

Economy
Historically, Arizona City's only employers have been the farms that surround the area and the few service jobs that exist within the townsite. However, being located in the middle of the Arizona Sun Corridor region, Arizona City's economy may soon be impacted by several large proposed attractions and factories that will potentially add 30,000 new jobs and attract up to 4 million visitors annually.

One of these developments is the Dreamport Villages project, which is a $4 billion destination resort that will be located 3 mi north of Arizona City. This project will contain an extreme sports venue, water parks, restaurants, retail space, a residential area, and a fully themed amusement park comparable to Walt Disney World. Another approved project is the Attesa Motorsports Park, which will be a 2,360-acre (955 ha) motorsports complex featuring two 2.8 mi road courses, a driver experience center, and an event center. This project alone is expected to create more than 10,000 permanent jobs and will be located 10 mi to the northwest of Arizona City, adjacent to Interstate 8.

Phoenixmart was promised to boost the economy, the project never came to fruition and the site is just an empty building. Lucid Motors, a Silicon Valley electric car company startup, has confirmed that it will build a $700 million electric car manufacturing plant in the nearby city of Casa Grande that will employ 2,000 workers by 2022.

Services in the area are very limited and travel outside of area is required for basic necessities (30 minutes - 1 Hour) to surrounding cities. USPS in the area is a contracted post office which offers free e PO box to residents since they do not service the area (curbside delivery or home delivery) as surrounding areas do. Petitions have been established to change the current inefficient and inadequate method.

Transportation

 * I-8.svg Interstate 8
 * I-10.svg Interstate 10

Interstate 8 and transcontinental Interstate 10 intersect only 3 mi north of Arizona City, providing freeway access to major Arizona cities such as Phoenix, Tucson, and Yuma, as well as San Diego and Los Angeles in California. Both freeways can be accessed via Sunland Gin Road. The main east–west surface street through the CDP is Battaglia Drive, which has an intersection with the main north–south street, Sunland Gin Road, at the north end of Arizona City at the community's only signalized intersection. Other main north–south surface streets in the community include Henness Road, Lamb Road, and Overfield Road. Major east-west surface streets include Alsdorf Road and Milligan Road.

The closest major airports to Arizona City are Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport and Tucson International Airport. Casa Grande Shuttle provides an airport shuttle to Sky Harbor.

Attractions

 * Arizona City Golf Course, opened in 1963, is an 18-hole golf course located within Arizona City that includes a clubhouse, pro shop, and restaurant. However, the golf course has recently closed. It did reopen November 2021
 * Paradise Lake, a 48-acre (19 ha) man-made residential lake, is located in the southern portion of Arizona City and can be used for sailing and fishing.
 * Skydive Arizona, the world's largest skydiving center, is located 9 mi to the northeast.
 * Picacho Peak State Park is located approximately 20 mi east of Arizona City on Interstate 10 and features several miles of hiking trails, camping, and picnic areas.
 * Casa Grande Ruins National Monument is located 20 mi north of the CDP and features well-preserved Hohokam ruins and public tours during certain times of the year.

Events
Every February, the community is host to the Arizona City Daze, which is a street festival featuring vendor booths selling food and merchandise, a car show, a parade, carnival rides, and live entertainment. This annual event typically takes place on the final weekend of February.

Education
The only education facility located in the community is Arizona City Elementary School, and it is part of the Toltec School District. The nearest high schools are located in Casa Grande and accept students from Arizona Elementary School.
 * Arizona City Elementary School, a K–8 school located in the western part of the Arizona City.
 * Casa Grande Union High School, a high school located 16 mi north in Casa Grande.
 * Vista Grande High School, a high school located 11 mi north in Casa Grande.

title: Arizona City, Arizona


text:
Blackwater, Arizona

Blackwater is a native village and census-designated place (CDP) on the Gila River Reservation in Pinal County, Arizona, United States. The population was 1,062 at the 2010 census, up from 504 in 2000.

Geography
Blackwater is located at 33.03222°N, -111.59583°W (33.032359, -111.595938). It is located northeast of Coolidge.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 17.9 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
Blackwater first appeared on the 1990 U.S. Census as a census-designated place (CDP).

As of the census of 2000, there were 504 people, 135 households, and 110 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 76.5 PD/sqmi. There were 140 housing units at an average density of 21.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 95% Native American, 1% White, 3% from other races, and 1% from two or more races. 15% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 135 households, out of which 48% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34% were married couples living together, 34% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18% were non-families. 13% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.7 and the average family size was 4.0.

In the CDP the population was spread out, with 42% under the age of 18, 12% from 18 to 24, 23% from 25 to 44, 18% from 45 to 64, and 6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 22 years. For every 100 females there were 90.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.0 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $33,438, and the median income for a family was $28,854. Males had a median income of $35,909 versus $31,250 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $8,674. About 30% of families and 27% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22% of those under age 18 and 63% of those age 65 or over.

In 2010, Blackwater had the lowest median household income of all places in the United States with a population over 1,000.

Government
Blackwater is part of District 1 of the Gila River Indian Community.

Education
Blackwater Community School, a grade K–2 Bureau of Indian Education Grant School, and Akimel O'Otham Pee Posh Charter School Inc., a grade 3–5 state charter school, are co-located and operate de facto as a single school. Blackwater Community School opened in 1939 to serve Blackwater and Sacaton Flats. Initially the school had fewer than 100 students. In 2000 the charter school opened; the U.S. Congress had a moratorium on the expansion of BIE schools, and the Blackwater community wanted an expansion of the Blackwater Community School. The charter school opened as a way of expanding the school.

Blackwater is located in the Coolidge Unified School District. Its primary and secondary schools are: Heartland Ranch and West elementary schools; Hohokam Middle School, and Coolidge High School.

Transportation
Gila River Transit operates a service connecting Blackwater with Sacaton.

title: Blackwater, Arizona


text:
Gigolo (disambiguation)

A gigolo is a male escort or companion who is supported by a woman in a continuing relationship, or to a number of women serially, over a period of time.

Gigolo or gigolos may also refer to:

 * A male prostitute who is paid for sexual services to either women or men

Music

 * The Gigolo (album), a 1965 hard bop jazz album by trumpeter Lee Morgan
 * "Gigolo" (Elena Paparizou song), 2006
 * "Gigolo" (Mary Wells song), 1981
 * "Gigolo" (Nick Cannon song), 2003
 * "Gigolo" (The Damned song), 1987
 * "Gigolo", a song by Miss Kittin & The Hacker from Champagne
 * "Gigolo", a song by Thomas Anders and Uwe Fahrenkrog-Petersen, 2011

Films

 * Gigolo (1926 film), a silent film starring Rod La Rocque
 * Gigolo (1951 film), a French drama film
 * The Gigolo (1960 film)
 * The Gigolos, a 2006 film
 * The Gigolo (2015 film), Hong Kong film
 * The Gigolo 2

Other

 * Gigolo FRH (1983–2009), a dressage horse
 * Gigolos, a 2011 Showtime television series

title: Gigolo (disambiguation)


text:
Jerry Douglas (disambiguation)

Jerry Douglas (born 1956) is an American country and bluegrass musician.

Jerry Douglas may also refer to:
 * Jerry Douglas (actor) (1932–2021), American television and film actor
 * Jerry Douglas (director) (1935–2021), American director and writer of adult films

title: Jerry Douglas (disambiguation)