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Virus classification

Virus classification is the process of naming viruses and placing them into a taxonomic system similar to the classification systems used for cellular organisms.

Viruses are classified by phenotypic characteristics, such as morphology, nucleic acid type, mode of replication, host organisms, and the type of disease they cause. The formal taxonomic classification of viruses is the responsibility of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) system, although the Baltimore classification system can be used to place viruses into one of seven groups based on their manner of mRNA synthesis. Specific naming conventions and further classification guidelines are set out by the ICTV.

In 2021, the ICTV changed the International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature (ICVCN) to mandate a binomial format (genus|| ||species) for naming new viral species similar to that used for cellular organisms; the names of species coined prior to 2021 are gradually being converted to the new format, a process planned for completion by the end of 2023.

As of 2022, the ICTV taxonomy listed 11,273 named virus species (including some classed as satellite viruses and others as viroids) in 2,818 genera, 264 families, 72 orders, 40 classes, 17 phyla, 9 kingdoms and 6 realms. However, the number of named viruses considerably exceeds the number of named virus species since, by contrast to the classification systems used elsewhere in biology, a virus "species" is a collective name for a group of (presumably related) viruses sharing certain common features (see below). Also, the use of the term "kingdom" in virology does not equate to its usage in other biological groups, where it reflects high level groupings that separate completely different kinds of organisms (see Kingdom (biology)).

Virus definition
The currently accepted and formal definition of a 'virus' was accepted by the ICTV Executive Committee in November 2020 and ratified in March 2021, and is as follows:

"Viruses sensu stricto are defined operationally by the ICTV as a type of MGE that encodes at least one protein that is a major component of the virion encasing the nucleic acid of the respective MGE and therefore the gene encoding the major virion protein itself or MGEs that are clearly demonstrable to be members of a line of evolutionary descent of such major virion protein-encoding entities. Any monophyletic group of MGEs that originates from a virion protein-encoding ancestor should be classified as a group of viruses."

Species definition
Species form the basis for any biological classification system. Before 1982, it was thought that viruses could not be made to fit Ernst Mayr's reproductive concept of species, and so were not amenable to such treatment. In 1982, the ICTV started to define a species as "a cluster of strains" with unique identifying qualities. In 1991, the more specific principle that a virus species is a polythetic class of viruses that constitutes a replicating lineage and occupies a particular ecological niche was adopted.

As at 2021 (the latest edition of the ICVCN), the ICTV definition of species states: "A species is the lowest taxonomic level in the hierarchy approved by the ICTV. A species is a monophyletic group of MGEs (mobile genetic elements) whose properties can be distinguished from those of other species by multiple criteria", with the comment "The criteria by which different species within a genus are distinguished shall be established by the appropriate Study Group. These criteria may include, but are not limited to, natural and experimental host range, cell and tissue tropism, pathogenicity, vector specificity, antigenicity, and the degree of relatedness of their genomes or genes. The criteria used should be published in the relevant section of the ICTV Report and reviewed periodically by the appropriate Study Group."

Below species rank (named viruses/virus strains/isolates)
Many individually named viruses (sometimes referred to as "virus strains") exist at below the rank of virus species. The ICVCN gives the examples of blackeye cowpea mosaic virus and peanut stripe virus, which are both classified in the species Bean common mosaic virus, the latter a member of the genus Potyvirus that will in due course receive a binomial name as Potyvirus [species...]. As another example, the virus SARS-CoV-1, that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is different from the virus SARS-CoV-2, the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic, but both are classified within the same virus species, a member of the genus Betacoronavirus that is currently known as Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus which, per the 2021 mandate from the ICTV, will also receive a binomial name in due course. As set out in the ICVCN, section 3.4, the names [and definitions] of taxa below the rank of species are not governed by the ICTV; "Naming of such entities is not the responsibility of the ICTV but of international specialty groups. It is the responsibility of ICTV Study Groups to consider how these entities may best be classified into species." Using the example given above, the virus causing the COVID-19 pandemic was given the designation "SARS-CoV-2" by the Coronaviridae Study Group (CSG) of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses in 2020; in the same publication, this Study Group recommended a naming convention for particular isolates of this virus "resembl[ing] the formats used for isolates of avian coronaviruses, filoviruses and influenza virus" in the format virus/host/location/isolate/date, with a cited example as "SARS-CoV-2/human/Wuhan/X1/2019".

ICTV classification

The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses began to devise and implement rules for the naming and classification of viruses early in the 1970s, an effort that continues to the present. The ICTV is the only body charged by the International Union of Microbiological Societies with the task of developing, refining, and maintaining a universal virus taxonomy, following the methods set out in the International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature. The system shares many features with the classification system of cellular organisms, such as taxon structure. However, some differences exist, such as the universal use of italics for all taxonomic names, unlike in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants and International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.

Viral classification starts at the level of realm and continues as follows, with the taxonomic suffixes in parentheses:

 * Realm (-viria)
 * Subrealm (-vira)
 * Kingdom (-virae)
 * Subkingdom (-virites)
 * Phylum (-viricota)
 * Subphylum (-viricotina)
 * Class (-viricetes)
 * Subclass (-viricetidae)
 * Order (-virales)
 * Suborder (-virineae)
 * Family (-viridae)
 * Subfamily (-virinae)
 * Genus (-virus)
 * Subgenus (-virus)
 * Species

In parallel to the system of binomial nomenclature adopted in cellular species, the ICTV has recently (2021) mandated that new virus species be named using a binomial format (Genus species, e.g. Betacoronavirus pandemicum), and that pre-existing virus species names be progressively replaced with new names in the binomial format. A mid-2023 review of the status of this changeover stated: "...a large number of proposals [concerning virus nomenclature, submitted to the ICTV Executive Committee (EC) for its consideration] renamed existing species for compliance with the recently mandated binomial nomenclature format. As a result, 8,982 out of the current 11,273 species (80%) now have binomial names. The process will be concluded in 2023, with the remaining 2,291 species being renamed."

As of 2021, all levels of taxa except subrealm, subkingdom, and subclass are used. Six realms, one incertae sedis class, 22 incertae sedis families, and two incertae sedis genera are recognized:

Realms: Incertae sedis classes: Incertae sedis families:
 * Adnaviria
 * Duplodnaviria
 * Monodnaviria
 * Riboviria
 * Ribozyviria
 * Varidnaviria
 * Naldaviricetes

 * Alphasatellitidae
 * Ampullaviridae
 * Anelloviridae
 * Avsunviroidae
 * Bartogtaviriformidae
 * Bicaudaviridae
 * Brachygtaviriformidae
 * Clavaviridae
 * Fuselloviridae
 * Globuloviridae
 * Guttaviridae
 * Halspiviridae
 * Itzamnaviridae
 * Ovaliviridae
 * Plasmaviridae
 * Polydnaviriformidae
 * Portogloboviridae
 * Pospiviroidae
 * Rhodogtaviriformidae
 * Spiraviridae
 * Thaspiviridae
 * Tolecusatellitidae

Incertae sedis genera:
 * Dinodnavirus
 * Rhizidiovirus

Structure-based virus classification
It has been suggested that similarity in virion assembly and structure observed for certain viral groups infecting hosts from different domains of life (e.g., bacterial tectiviruses and eukaryotic adenoviruses or prokaryotic Caudovirales and eukaryotic herpesviruses) reflects an evolutionary relationship between these viruses. Therefore, structural relationship between viruses has been suggested to be used as a basis for defining higher-level taxa – structure-based viral lineages – that could complement the ICTV classification scheme of 2010.

The ICTV has gradually added many higher-level taxa using relationships in protein folds. All four realms defined in the 2019 release are defined by the presence of a protein of a certain structural family.

Baltimore classification
Baltimore classification (first defined in 1971) is a classification system that places viruses into one of seven groups depending on a combination of their nucleic acid (DNA or RNA), strandedness (single-stranded or double-stranded), sense, and method of replication. Named after David Baltimore, a Nobel Prize-winning biologist, these groups are designated by Roman numerals. Other classifications are determined by the disease caused by the virus or its morphology, neither of which are satisfactory due to different viruses either causing the same disease or looking very similar. In addition, viral structures are often difficult to determine under the microscope. Classifying viruses according to their genome means that those in a given category will all behave in a similar fashion, offering some indication of how to proceed with further research. Viruses can be placed in one of the seven following groups:

DNA viruses
Viruses with a DNA genome, except for the DNA reverse transcribing viruses, are members of three of the four recognized viral realms: Duplodnaviria, Monodnaviria, and Varidnaviria. But the incertae sedis order Ligamenvirales, and many other incertae sedis families and genera, are also used to classify DNA viruses. The domains Duplodnaviria and Varidnaviria consist of double-stranded DNA viruses; other double-stranded DNA viruses are incertae sedis. The domain Monodnaviria consists of single-stranded DNA viruses that generally encode a HUH endonuclease; other single-stranded DNA viruses are incertae sedis.
 * Group I: viruses possess double-stranded DNA. Viruses that cause chickenpox and herpes are found here.
 * Group II: viruses possess single-stranded DNA.

RNA viruses
All viruses that have an RNA genome, and that encode an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), are members of the kingdom Orthornavirae, within the realm Riboviria.
 * Group III: viruses possess double-stranded RNA genomes, e.g. rotavirus.
 * Group IV: viruses possess positive-sense single-stranded RNA genomes. Many well known viruses are found in this group, including the picornaviruses (which is a family of viruses that includes well-known viruses like Hepatitis A virus, enteroviruses, rhinoviruses, poliovirus, and foot-and-mouth virus), SARS virus, hepatitis C virus, yellow fever virus, and rubella virus.
 * Group V: viruses possess negative-sense single-stranded RNA genomes. Ebola and Marburg viruses are well known members of this group, along with influenza virus, measles, mumps and rabies.

Reverse transcribing viruses
All viruses that encode a reverse transcriptase (also known as RT or RNA-dependent DNA polymerase) are members of the class Revtraviricetes, within the phylum Arterviricota, kingdom Pararnavirae, and realm Riboviria. The class Blubervirales contains the single family Hepadnaviridae of DNA RT (reverse transcribing) viruses; all other RT viruses are members of the class Ortervirales.
 * Group VI: viruses possess single-stranded RNA viruses that replicate through a DNA intermediate. The retroviruses are included in this group, of which HIV is a member.
 * Group VII: viruses possess double-stranded DNA genomes and replicate using reverse transcriptase. The hepatitis B virus can be found in this group.

Holmes classification
Holmes (1948) used a Linnaean taxonomy with binomial nomenclature to classify viruses into 3 groups under one order, Virales. They are placed as follows:
 * Group I: Phaginae (attacks bacteria)
 * Group II: Phytophaginae (attacks plants)
 * Group III: Zoophaginae (attacks animals)

The system was not accepted by others due to its neglect of morphological similarities.

Subviral agents
Infectious agents are smaller than viruses and have only some of their properties. Since 2015, the ICTV has allowed them to be classified in a similar way as viruses are.

Viroids

 * Family Avsunviroidae
 * Genus Avsunviroid; type species: Avocado sunblotch viroid
 * Genus Pelamoviroid; type species: Peach latent mosaic viroid
 * Genus Elaviroid; type species: Eggplant latent viroid
 * Family Pospiviroidae
 * Genus Pospiviroid; type species: Potato spindle tuber viroid
 * Genus Hostuviroid; type species: Hop stunt viroid
 * Genus Cocadviroid; type species: Coconut cadang-cadang viroid
 * Genus Apscaviroid; type species: Apple scar skin viroid
 * Genus Coleviroid; type species: Coleus blumei viroid 1

Satellites
Satellites depend on co-infection of a host cell with a helper virus for productive multiplication. Their nucleic acids have substantially distinct nucleotide sequences from either their helper virus or host. When a satellite subviral agent encodes the coat protein in which it is encapsulated, it is then called a satellite virus.

Satellite-like nucleic acids resemble satellite nucleic acids, in that they replicate with the aid of helper viruses. However they differ in that they can encode functions that can contribute to the success of their helper viruses; while they are sometimes considered to be genomic elements of their helper viruses, they are not always found within their helper viruses.
 * Satellite viruses
 * Single-stranded RNA satellite viruses
 * (unnamed family)
 * Aumaivirus – Maize white line mosaic satellite virus
 * Papanivirus – Panicum mosaic satellite virus
 * Virtovirus – Tobacco mosaic satellite virus
 * Albetovirus – Tobacco necrosis satellite virus
 * Family Sarthroviridae
 * Macronovirus – Macrobrachium satellite virus 1 (extra small virus)
 * (unnamed genus) – Nilaparvata lugens commensal X virus
 * (unnamed genus) – Chronic bee-paralysis satellite virus
 * Double-stranded DNA satellite viruses
 * Family Lavidaviridae – Virophages
 * Single-stranded DNA satellite viruses
 * Genus Dependoparvovirus – Adeno-associated virus group
 * Satellite nucleic acids
 * Single-stranded satellite DNAs
 * Family Alphasatellitidae (encoding a replication initiator protein)
 * Family Tolecusatellitidae (encoding a pathogenicity determinant βC1)
 * Double-stranded satellite RNAs
 * Single-stranded satellite RNAs
 * Subgroup 1: Large satellite RNAs
 * Subgroup 2: Small linear satellite RNAs
 * Subgroup 3: Circular satellite RNAs (virusoids)
 * Genus Deltavirus
 * Polerovirus-associated RNAs
 * Satellite-like RNA
 * Satellite-like DNA

Defective interfering particles
Defective interfering particles are defective viruses that have lost their ability to replicate except in the presence of a helper virus, which is normally the parental virus. They can also interfere with the helper virus.
 * Defective interfering particles (RNA)
 * Defective interfering particles (DNA)

Viriforms
Viriforms are a polyphyletic category of endogenous viral elements. Sometime in their evolution, they became "domesticated" by their host as a key part of the host's lifecycle. The prototypical example is members of the (also polyphyletic) Polydnaviriformidae, which are used by wasps to send pieces of immunity-blunting DNA into the prey by packing them into virion-like particles. Other members are so-called gene transfer agents (GTAs) found among prokaryotes. GTA particles resemble tailed phages, but are smaller and carry mostly random pieces of host DNA. GTAs are produced by the host in times of stress; releasing GTAs kills the host cell, but allows pieces of its genetic material to live on in other bacteria, usually of the same species. The three known clades of GTAs, Rhodogtaviriformidae, Bartogtaviriformidae, and Brachygtaviriformidae, all arised independently from different parts of the Caudoviricetes family tree.

title: Virus classification


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Tolworth

Tolworth is a suburban area in the Surbiton district, Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames, Greater London. It is 11 mi southwest of Charing Cross. Neighbouring places include Berrylands, Chessington, Epsom, Ewell, Hinchley Wood, Kingston, Long Ditton, New Malden, Surbiton and Worcester Park. Surbiton is the nearest, about a mile to the northwest. Tolworth is divided in two by the A3 Kingston Bypass and is situated slightly north of the Greater London-Surrey border.

History
Tolworth, in the Domesday Book, was called Taleorde. Its Domesday assets were held partly by Picot from Richard de Tonebrige and partly by Radulf (Ralph) from the Bishop of Bayeux. It rendered: $2 1/2$ hides; also 4 hides with Long Ditton; 1 mill without dues, 8 ploughs, $10 1/2$ acres and $1/2$ rod of meadow. It rendered £6.

The Evelyn family, who had settled in Surrey, played a prominent role and established gunpowder mills at Tolworth, probably in 1561.

In 1870–72, John Marius Wilson's Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales described Tolworth like this: "TALWORTH, a hamlet in Long Ditton parish, Surrey; 2½ miles SSE of Kingston upon Thames. Acres, 1,190. Pop., 434. Houses, 81. An ancient manor-house here was held by the Earl of Kent, uncle of Edward III.; and is now a farmhouse." For much of the 19th century, the Earls of Egmont were Tolworth's principal landowners

By 1908 things were changing: the population growth was accelerating due to the development of the brickfields and the construction of Tolworth Sewage Farm (which opened in 1891), both in Red Lion Lane (now Red Lion Road). With a proper sewerage system Tolworth was ready for development. St Matthew's Church had been built for a congregation of 800 and trams now ran from the Red Lion.

In 1919 the Medical Officer of Health reported that Surbiton was a residential neighbourhood with no dominating factories or works. The only new feature of late, he said, is the springing up of a few "Motor Garages," each employing a few hands on the care and repair of cars. He advised that the Electric Light Works and a belated resuscitation of the Tolworth Brickfields represented the leading "Works" in Surbiton. The reference to the brickworks probably relates to it being owned by William Alen until his bankruptcy in 1881. The urban district council entered into an agreement with Callenders Cables & Construction (later to become British Insulated Callender's Cables) under which the company laid electrical supply cables around Surbiton. In 1916 the council sold the Surbiton and District Electricity Co, based in Hollyfield Road, to Callenders. The opening of the Kingston by Pass (A3 road) in 1927 was a major catalyst for expansion which included six and a half miles of new residential roads, containing 2000 houses. This period also saw the construction of Tolworth Broadway, aligning with the Kingston Road, on the former Tolworth Lodge Farm.

In the 1930s and '40s the clay extraction requirements of a brickworks north of the A3 off Red Lion Road (now Red Lion Industrial Park) produced a large water-filled pit (known locally as "The Bluey") which was used as a landfill site for bomb-damage and industrial material removed from bomb-sites resulting from the "Blitz". The Civil Defence Corps used to have a training site with a full-size mock-up of a bomb-damaged housing estate. This land has been reclaimed and is now a recreation ground. The Tolworth Brickworks Company Ltd. decided in September 1946 that the company should be voluntarily wound up – a process that continued until at least 1951. Clay extraction also took place at "The Wood" near Surbiton Station, Fishponds Park as well as in Claygate

Off Worcester Park Road/Old Malden Lane was the access to Tolworth Hall and nearby, along the Hogsmill River, were watercress beds.

The Station Estate
"The Estate that never was": plans for the Station Estate were approved by Surbiton Corporation and Surrey County Council in January 1940, comprising 459 houses and 10 shops on four sites, separated by the Kingston Road and the Southern Railway Chessington Branch Line (which was to be extended to Leatherhead).

As part of the agreement the owners gave up part of the land to form the wider and re-aligned Kingston Road. Dean Court and Drayton Court were constructed in 1959 on part of the "Station Estate" land and the Developer "Lansdowne Court Investments" is acknowledged in the naming of Lansdowne Close. Earlier plans had envisaged six semi detached and one detached house between the Toby Jug and Tolworth Station.

Wartime Bomb Damage
During World War II a number of V1 flying bombs came down on Surbiton and Tolworth, including the notorious "Derby Day Disaster" of June 1944 when 12 people were killed by a V1 at Tolworth Park Road. Between 7 October 1940 and 6 June 1941, 25 high explosive bombs dropped on the current Tolworth and Hook Rise ward but there were as many again in the few adjacent streets around Douglas Road which is now part of Surbiton Hill ward.

The Ace of Spades
A short distance away is the Ace of Spades (junction) at Hook, named after the famous "Ace of Spades Roadhouse" which became a popular venue following the opening of the Kingston by Pass in 1927 by the Minister of Transport, Stanley Baldwin. This was described as a pioneer roadhouse, with meals served at any time in a restaurant with seating for 700 to 800, dancing until 3 am, a swimming pool, miniature golf course, polo ground, riding school, and an air strip. The pub was burnt down in the 1950s.

Historic bus stop
Until 2011, the green at the junction of Ewell Road, Red Lion Road and King Charles Road opposite the former Red Lion Public house was the site of an extremely rare double fronted wooden bus stop, located at the former Tolworth turning point of the 603 trolleybus service, which ceased in May 1962. (It was previously served by trams between 1906 and 1931.) The shelter was removed after Transport for London decided that it was the only bus stop they were not prepared to maintain, on the basis that it was wooden.

Musical heritage
David Bowie launched his Ziggy Stardust stage show with the Spiders from Mars at the Toby Jug pub in Tolworth on 10 February 1972. Other bands to play there included Led Zeppelin, Fleetwood Mac, The Yardbirds, John Lee Hooker, Black Sabbath, King Crimson, Blodwyn Pig, John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers, Free, Jethro Tull, Taste, Family, Chicken Shack, Genesis and Ten Years After. The Toby Jug pub was demolished in the year 2000, becoming part of the controversial Tesco site (detailed later in this article). It is reported that there was a Maestrovox electronic organ attached to the piano in the pub dining room and dance hall. The pub is remembered by the naming of the adjacent Toby Way.

During the 1980s gigs were occasionally held at Tolworth Recreation Centre, including on 12 March 1983 a gig by New Order.

Description
Architecturally, Tolworth consists mainly of low-density 1930s semi-detached properties, and small to medium commercial and retail developments. There is a concentration of industrial activity in an area bounded on the north by A3 London-to-Portsmouth trunk route, which runs through the area. The access junction for the A3, linking it on the north with the Broadway and on the south with the A240 Kingston Road toward Epsom, is known as the Toby Jug Roundabout, named after the public house which stood beside it until it was closed and demolished in 2002 under the ownership of Tesco and its partners. The area is also served by a branch railway line running from London Waterloo to Chessington South two stops to the south, with services run by South Western Railway.

Tolworth Tower
The principal shopping centre is situated west of the A3 in Tolworth Broadway, with the landmark Tolworth Tower, at its junction with the A3. Tolworth Tower, built on the site of the former Tolworth Odeon Cinema is an office block designed by George Marsh of R. Seifert and Partners and opened in 1963. The tower is 265 feet high with 22 floors. The ground floor of the building is occupied largely by a single retail unit, originally a Fine Fare supermarket which traded until the early 1980s, and is currently a Marks and Spencer supermarket – and smaller retail units along the Broadway, the remainder taken up with access to the other floors. The remaining floors of the building were originally occupied by commercial and government offices, but the north wing has recently re-opened as a Travelodge hotel. The building is a local landmark and is the tallest building for miles around.

The offices and studios of 107.8 Radio Jackie, a commercial radio station broadcasting to south-west London and north Surrey, can be found on the Broadway in what had been the Crown Post Office. The broadcast mast is sited, with many other antennas, atop Tolworth Tower.

The Tolworth Greenway
The Tolworth Greenway was a public space planning scheme, the Mayor's "Great Outdoors" initiative. The barrier on the central reservation was removed, which itself has been widened. The stripey green "sureset" resin surface allows users to walk the length of Tolworth Broadway on the Greenway and to cross the Kingston ByPass (A3) at street level. The scheme aimed to revitalise Tolworth Broadway, improve safety and reduce traffic speeds. Critics believed that the area would be more dangerous, as pedestrians would cross the road wherever they chose.

Tolworth Court Farm
This historic farm site dates back to Norman times. Tolworth Court Farm Fields is now a Local Nature Reserve, and consists of a system of fields and hedgerows. Previously owned by the London Borough of Lambeth, it was purchased by the Royal Borough of Kingston in the 1980s. There is access from Kingston Road (A240) near Jubilee Way.

Community Centre
Tolworth is the home of the arts centre: The CornerHOUSE (Previously known as the Douglas Centre).

Police Stations
Surbiton Police station was opened in 1888 on the site of the previous Toll House on the corner of Ditton Road/Ellerton Road and Ewell Road. The red brick building was demolished many years ago but the site continued with police related use as a car compound and with staff operating from temporary cabins. The site was developed into Watton Point flats by CNM Estates. The Police station moved to the former St Matthew's School building on the other side of the Ewell Road in 1977 where there was vehicle parking. It was also near the Metropolitan Police Garage in Hollyfield Road acquired in 1968 – formerly used by the Cooper Car Company. All have now been vacated by the Police. The building has been sympathetically restored to its previous educational use and is currently a venue for London Tutorial College, offering GCSE and A level programmes as well as language courses for domestic and international students. The Neighbourhood Office in Millbank House, Surbiton, which opened in 2011 has also now closed.

Tolworth Hospital
Tolworth Hospital originally built as an isolation Hospital provides services for South West London and St George's Mental Health NHS Trust. The Trust provides mental health and social care service to the residents of Kingston, Richmond, Merton, Sutton and Wandsworth boroughs, as well as a number of specialist regional and national services.

Churches
Tolworth has two parish churches; an Anglican one in Hamilton Avenue, dedicated to Saint George, which was built in 1934 and not given its own parish until 2015; and a Roman Catholic one in Ewell Road, dedicated to Our Lady Immaculate, which was completed in 1958 and consecrated in 1963, replacing an earlier 1930s chapel. There is also a United Reformed Church in Elgar Avenue.

Development
CNM Estates have obtained planning permission for a 142-bed hotel, conferencing facility and associated parking close to Tolworth Station

Tesco-owned former green fields
An 11-acre site bounded by the railway line serving Tolworth to the east, the A240 to the north and Hook Rise South & the A3 to the West. Plans were drawn up in the 1930s for the site to be used for circa 130 family homes in a similar style to much of Tolworth – this was part of a larger development to be known as the "Station Estate" (see above).

As part of the war effort, the land was taken over by the Ministry of Works and developed from green fields in the 1940s. It became an extensive but discreet development of low single-story brick building covering the majority of the site. It remained in Government hands for a variety of uses from the MAFF and Ministry of Defence to the Directorate of Overseas Surveys; in its heyday it was reported to have employed over 1,000 people. It was finally vacated by the last 370 MAFF staff in October 1998 in preparation for sale.

Tesco purchased the site by private treaty in 2002, meaning it was never offered for sale on the open market. In 2000 the vacant possession value of the site was stated in Hansard as being £9.6 million. A number of surrounding buildings were purchased by Chinacorp, a developer working with Tesco.

The site is zoned by the local authority, Kingston Council, for residential and community use. The site has been subject to a number of planning applications for the construction of a retail store of up to 89,000 sq feet and up to 660 dwellings in buildings up to 12 storeys high.

Tesco sold the site in 2015 to developer Meyer Homes, who got permission from the Planning Inspectorate in July 2019 for a 950-home development (including a new nursery, doctor's surgery and police building).

National Rail
Tolworth railway station is served by South Western Railway services direct to London Waterloo (northbound) and Chessington South (southbound). Trains come to the station every half-hour from a little after 06:30 until 21:00 after which it is hourly until the last train a little after 23:00. Trains also stop at Raynes Park, Wimbledon, Clapham Junction and Vauxhall.

London Buses
Tolworth is served by London Buses routes 265, 281, 406, 418, K1 and K2.

Road
Standing on the A3 from London to Guildford, Tolworth has good connections to London and to the M25 motorway. Epsom town centre (which includes the Ashley Centre) is just 4 miles distant. Kingston town centre (which includes Marks & Spencer, John Lewis and the Bentall Centre) is just 2 miles distant. Surbiton town centre is just under 1 mile away.

Nearby attractions
Also nearby are Rose Theatre, Kingston, Chessington World of Adventures, Richmond Park, Sandown Park, Hampton Court, Mercedes-Benz World, Brooklands Museum, Kempton Park Racecourse, Kingstonian F.C., AFC Wimbledon, Harlequin F.C., Ham House, Horton Country Park, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Bushy Park, and Morden Hall Park.

In the area
Tolworth Broadway has various shops, banks, cafes, an M&S supermarket, Tolworth Tower, a Travelodge hotel and 'Hollywood Bowl'. Also near Tolworth railway station there is a Goals Soccer Centre and a Carting track. Alexandra Park. Fishponds Park in Surbiton sits on the Tolworth border (Fishponds was a Georgian house built between 1740 and 1742, part of the estate of Sir Frederick Butler of the tobacco family, bought by Surbiton Urban District Council in 1935).

A chicken shop on Tolworth Broadway, Chicken King, gained recognition after the Chicken Connoisseur reviewed it on an episode of The Pengest Munch. It was rated a 3.5/5 overall and dubbed "fairly decent".

Industry
Apart from the MoD and DOS sites on the south side of the A3, Gala Cosmetics had a large production facility (at the start of Oakcroft Road) as did Andre Rubber Co (who specialised in bonding rubber to metal and made components for cars, docks, armoured fighting vehicles, hospitals, warships and diving helmets) – now the site of the Hook Rise South Industrial Park. Founded by Theodore Bernard Andre they boasted of having three acres of specialised rubber technology.

Prior to the construction of Sundial Court there was a camping goods supplier – the previous building having been partially demolished due to road widening. Siebe Gorman a company that developed diving and breathing equipment purchased 6 acres of land at Tolworth in 1938 – the new building was named Neptune Works, on Davis Road (off Cox Lane) and near to King George's Field – although this would probably be regarded as Chessington nowadays. Local businessman Eric Miller recalls a part-time job filling breathing masks with carbon granules at Siebe Gorman and also with the nearby J. Lyons and Co. bakery in Cox Lane.

Hillaldam and Galleon
Hillaldam Coburn (previously known as E. Hill Aldam and Co) a sliding door gear manufacturer operated from Earlsfield before moving to Brittanic Works, Red Lion Road, Tolworth in 1959 where they remained until 1989

They were a sister company of English Fireplaces (Wimbledon) Ltd set up by Ernest Hill Aldam, Kenneth Aldam and Donald Aldam using the Galleon Trade Mark. The company was established in May 1938 operating from Haslsemere Avenue, Earlsfield, SW18. In September 1953 the company resolved to purchase the former Brickworks in Tolworth as tenants in common with E Hill Aldam & Co for a cost of £30,000 being shared between the companies. (The Tolworth Brickworks Company Ltd. had opted to be voluntarily wound up – see above). English Fireplaces and Hillaldam then set about redeveloping the site demolishing existing buildings – there had previously been buildings with 5 chimneys on the site. In 1955 the company became English Fireplaces (Galleon) Ltd. and in 1979 became Galleon Claygate Ltd. Galleon now have showrooms in the Ewell Road. The leases of cottages at 220–236 Red Lion Road were purchased in 1961 and a number of properties fronting Red Lion Road were subsequently demolished to form car parking.

Radar
Decca Radar's Radar Research and Development laboratories moved to the Tolworth roundabout in the former Fox and Nicholl factory. Decca's standards department was located at 456 Ewell Road. Decca's well-resourced sports ground existed until recently as "Deckers" but has now become a 5-a-side football centre.

Motor Industry
Fox and Nicholl were a pre-war Lagonda car specialist based adjacent to the Tolworth roundabout. HRG Engineering Company also known as HRG, was a British car manufacturer based in Oakcroft Road, (then Tolworth) which had been founded in 1936 by Major Edward Halford, Guy Robins and Henry Ronald Godfrey. They ceased trading in 1966 although production had finished 10 years earlier. Nearby at 243 Ewell Road and in Hollyfield Road was the Cooper Car Company founded in 1947 – according to an article by Phil Cooper in "The Good Life" newspaper during the 1950s, F1 cars were regularly driven along the Ewell Road by Cooper Car Company. Other motoring connections nearby included Jack Brabham whose workshop was in Chessington and AC Cars in Thames Ditton owned by (William) Derek Hurlock who lived in Long Ditton.

Aircraft and Armaments Manufacture
Fox and Nicholl moved to wartime aircraft industry production – handling large quantities of sheet metal work, sub-assemblies. LF Peatty and Southborough Sheet Metal also manufactured parts for the de Havilland Mosquito

Nash and Thompson was a British engineering firm established by Archibald Frazer-Nash and Henry Ronald Godfrey. (See also HRG). They were based in Oakcroft Road and specialised in the production of hydraulically operated gun turrets for aircraft. The company was also an important manufacturer of hydraulic powered radar scanners

United Insulator Co manufactured capacitors and were suppliers to the aircraft industry. They were based in Oakcroft Road.

Commerce
The Co-op (RACS), Woolworths, Victor Towler had 8 shops in the Broadway at their peak and Bryants along with others, including Beswicks, Bata, Edmund Goodrich, Hallewells, Beths and Veritys, had shops. There was a Blue Star garage and milk was delivered by Jobs Dairy from 432 Ewell Road – (the company was sold to Unigate in 1987). In Lenelby Road was the Royal Windsor Laundry employing 100 girls by 1920.

Sport and recreation
Tolworth has King George's Field, a memorial to King George V. Corinthian-Casuals F.C., a non-league football team, plays its home games at the playing fields, the site was formerly the home ground of Tolworth Football Club before it merged with Corinthian-Casuals in the late 1980s. Tolworth is also the home of amateur football teams Tolworth Athletic (who play in the Surrey South Eastern Combination League) and West London Blues.

Kingston University has a sports ground at Tolworth Court, Old Kingston Road.

Tolworth has a Scouting movement, and is today represented by 1st Tolworth Scouts.

A 32 lane bowling alley is situated near the Toby Jug roundabout: this was a joint venture between Excel Bowling and Bass Charrington. The original name "Excel Bowl" was changed in 1974, when Charrington & Co. took over Excel Bowling. This has now been renamed to Hollywood Bowl.

The 2012 and 2016 Irish Olympian Kieran Behan is a member of Tolworth Gymnastics Club, which is based in Fullers Way North.

Notable residents

 * Muriel Box – Oscar winner and screenwriter, The Seventh Veil (1945), second wife of Lord Gardiner
 * Eric Clapton – musician, used to live in Tolworth, attending Hollyfield School
 * Elvis Costello – musician, lived locally in the 1970s
 * James Follett – science fiction author and screenwriter
 * Allan Ganley – jazz musician
 * David Hemmings – actor and director, lived on the Sunray Estate in the 1950s while attending Glyn Grammar School in Ewell
 * Richard Jefferies – rural writer and journalist, moved to 2, Woodside Villas, (now No. 296), Ewell Road in 1877
 * Debbie McGee – magician's assistant and radio presenter, attended Our Lady Immaculate School and Tolworth Girls School
 * C. H. Middleton ("Mr Middleton") – radio and TV gardening show presenter, lived at 17, Princes Avenue, Tolworth
 * Austin Partner – First Class passenger on RMS Titanic, stockbroker, lived at 352, Ewell Road; buried at St Mary's Church, Long Ditton
 * Bob and Alf Pearson – musical performing duo moved from Sunderland to Tolworth when their father was working on the Tolworth by-pass
 * Cesar Picton – coal merchant, former slave, moved to Tolworth in 1807.
 * Alan Wheatley – actor, played the Sheriff of Nottingham in the TV series The Adventures of Robin Hood in the 1950s, was born in Tolworth. He was also the first person killed by a Dalek in an episode of Doctor Who in 1964.
 * Leila Williams – TV presenter, one of the first on Blue Peter, ran the Royal Oak Public House in Ewell Road

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tolworth


text:
Tooting

Tooting is a district in South London, forming part of the London Borough of Wandsworth. It is located 5 mi south south-west of Charing Cross.

History

Tooting has been settled since pre-Saxon times. The name is of Anglo-Saxon origin but the meaning is disputed. It could mean the people of Tota, in which context Tota may have been a local Anglo-Saxon chieftain. Alternatively it could be derived from an old meaning of the verb to tout, to look out. There may have been a watchtower here on the road to London and hence the people of the look-out post.

The Romans built a road, which was later named Stane Street by the English, from London (Londinium) to Chichester (Noviomagus Regnorum), and which passed through Tooting. Tooting High Street is built on this road. In Saxon times, Tooting and Streatham (then Toting-cum-Stretham) was given to the Abbey of Chertsey. Later, Suene (Sweyn), believed to be a Viking, may have been given all or part of the land. In 933, King Athelstan is thought to have confirmed lands including Totinge (Tooting) to Chertsey Abbey.

Tooting appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Totinges: Lower Tooting was held from Chertsey Abbey by Haimo the Sheriff (of Kent) when its assets were 1 church, $2 1/2$ ploughlands of land and 5 acre of meadow. Its people were called to render £4 per year to their overlords. Later in the Norman period, it came into the possession of the De Gravenel family, after whom it was named Tooting Graveney. Until minor changes in the 19th century it consisted of 2 km2. The ancient parish of Tooting Graveney included the southern part of what is now Streatham.

Upper Tooting, or Tooting Bec (for centuries administered as part of Streatham), appears as a manor held by the Abbey of Hellouin Bec, in Normandy, thus acquiring the "Bec" in its name. Its domesday assets were 5 hides. It had $5 1/2$ ploughlands and so was assessed as rendering £7.

As with many of South London's suburbs, Tooting developed during the late Victorian period. Some development occurred in the Edwardian era but another large spurt in growth happened during the 1920s and 30s.

 * 1902: Tooting Library opened as a one-storey structure. A second storey was added in 1906. In 2012 the library was extended and refurbished
 * 1906: Tooting Bec Lido opened
 * 1930: St Benedict's Hospital established by the London County Council
 * 1931: Granada cinema opened with the film Monte Carlo
 * 1954: St George's Hospital begins to relocate to Tooting from Hyde Park Corner, taking over the old Grove Fever and Fountain Hospitals
 * 2003: Redevelopment of St George's Hospital buildings completed

Politics
The Member of Parliament for Tooting is Dr Rosena Allin-Khan of the Labour Party, who was first elected in a 2016 by-election to represent the parliamentary constituency of Tooting. This followed the election of her predecessor Sadiq Khan to the role of Mayor of London in May 2016.

Since the creation of the Tooting seat, it has been held by Labour, often with a marginal result against a Conservative Party challenge. Although the constituency boundaries include wards represented by both Labour and the Conservatives, the Tooting ward itself can be regarded as a Labour stronghold, electing a full slate of councillors from the party.

Demographics
Tooting has a large British Asian community and has gained the nickname "land of the curry mile" due to the concentration of South Asian restaurants.

In the 2011 census, Tooting was White or White British (47%), Asian or Asian British (28.8%), Black or Black British (15.5%), Mixed/multiple ethnic groups (5%), and Other ethnic group (2.9%). The largest single ethnicity is White British (32.4%).

The main spoken first languages are English, followed by Urdu, Punjabi, Polish and Gujarati.

Transport

Tooting is positioned on the Northern line—with stations at the top and the bottom of the hill that slopes down the High Street, Tooting Bec and Tooting Broadway. Tooting is also served by National Rail at Tooting railway station providing a direct link south to Sutton via Wimbledon, and north to Farringdon, St Pancras and on to Luton.

It also has several bus links, with routes to and from Central London, Richmond, Croydon, Sutton and Kingston amongst others.

Tooting Broadway tube station is currently being considered by TfL as a stop on the future Crossrail 2 development. In addition to relieving congestion on the Northern Line, this would provide Tooting with a rapid and direct connection to major London stations such as Clapham Junction, Victoria, Tottenham Court Road and Euston.

Conservation area
Totterdown Fields estate was designated a conservation area on 19 September 1978. It was the first London County Council cottage estate built between 1901 and 1911, containing 1244 individual houses over 38 acre. It was influenced by Ebenezer Howard's Garden city movement and the Arts and Crafts movement.

Social housing estates
As previously mentioned, Totterdown Fields estate has considerable historical significance, being the first "cottage estate" within London and later protected from redevelopment through its designation as a conservation area. Within the London Borough of Wandsworth, Tooting has the fourth-highest number of social housing accommodation after Roehampton, Battersea and Southfields in that order. Notable large post-modern estates within the area are the: Aboyne/Holborn and Hazelhurst with smaller estates including: Bevill Allen Close, Burtop Road, Copeland House, Flowersmead, Newlands and Tooting Grove.

Open spaces
A large open area, popularly known as the Tooting Commons, lies at the northern end of Tooting. Historically this was two separate open spaces: Tooting Graveney Common (formerly part of Tooting Graveney parish), and Tooting Bec Common (formerly part of Streatham parish). The commons are home to Tooting Bec Lido, which is 91.5 x.

Sport
Tooting shares two football clubs with nearby Mitcham: Tooting & Mitcham FC and Tooting & Mitcham Wanderers FC.

A greyhound racing track, the 'Wimbledon Stadium', was narrowly in Tooting on Plough Lane. AFC Wimbledon moved to the site in 2021.

Markets
Tooting has two indoor markets, with numbers of permanent stalls. The entrances of both are situated on the same street, Tooting High Street, only a few metres apart. They both have many types of outlets, but since the 2010s have also developed a focus on street food stalls. Tooting Market is the smaller of the two; the other, The Broadway Market, is one of the largest of London's indoor markets, having more than ninety stalls, and has been active since 1936.

Notable people

 * Stephen K Amos (b. 1967), comedian
 * Raymond Austin, aka Raymond DeVere-Austin, Baron of Delvin, film stuntman, actor, TV and film director, author
 * Darren Bent (b. 1984), professional footballer
 * Jamie Bulloch (b. 1969), translator
 * Jeremy Bulloch (1945–2020), actor, best known for playing Boba Fett in the early Star Wars films
 * Dave Clement (1948–1982), professional footballer
 * George Cole (1925–2015), actor
 * Sadie Crawford (1885–1965), stage musician
 * Fuse ODG (b. 1988), rapper
 * Girlschool, band
 * Milton Jones (b. 1965), comedian
 * Rachel Agatha Keen, (b. 1997), also known as Raye, Pop & R&B singer, notable for songs like "Secrets" & "You Don't Know Me"
 * Sadiq Khan (b. 1970), Labour politician (Mayor of London, former Tooting MP)
 * Ramona Marquez (b. 2001), actress
 * Tony Meo (b. 1959), professional snooker player
 * Paul Merton (b. 1957), comedian
 * Clinton Morrison (b. 1979), professional footballer
 * New Musik, band
 * Natasha O'Keeffe (b. 1986), actress
 * Gino Rea (b. 1989), motorcycle racer
 * Leroy Rosenior (b. 1964), professional football coach
 * Sangharakshita, writer, Buddhist commentator, and founder of the Triratna Buddhist Community, born Dennis Lingwood in Tooting
 * Bas Savage (b. 1982), professional footballer
 * Tony Selby (b. 1938), actor
 * Paul Sinha (b. 1970), comedian and broadcaster
 * Snakefinger (1949–1987), musician
 * Richard Strange (b. 1951), musician
 * Jay Tabb (b. 1984), professional footballer
 * Quade Taylor (b. 1993), professional footballer
 * UK Subs, band
 * Henning Wehn (b. 1974), comedian
 * Jimmy White (b. 1962), professional snooker player
 * Matt Willis (b. 1983), musician

Cultural references
In André Charlot's West End revue The Charlot Show of 1926, Jessie Matthews and Henry Lytton, Jnr. sang "Silly Little Hill", which features the lyric "there's no fishing, there’s no shooting dear / and no cyclists fresh from Tooting dear", which they also recorded that year.

The Ealing Studios film Kind Hearts and Coronets (1949), starring Alec Guinness, references Tooting Bec as the residence of one of the characters.

The BBC comedy series Hugh & I (1962–67) was set in the fictional Lobelia Avenue in Tooting.

The BBC comedy series Citizen Smith (1977–80) was set in Tooting and popularised the cry "Freedom for Tooting!". The lead character in the series, Wolfie Smith (Robert Lindsay), was the founder of a fictional revolutionary socialist political organisation, the Tooting Popular Front.

The Kitchens of Distinction (who formed in the area) recorded "On Tooting Broadway Station" on their album The Death of Cool (1992).

In 2005, a 28 km diameter crater on Mars was named after Tooting. A geologic map of Tooting Crater was published in 2015 by the U.S. Geological Survey.

The phrase "Ting Tong from Tooting" is associated with the character Ting Tong from the UK comedy sketch show Little Britain.

Tooting was the setting for the eponymous 2013 British-Tamil crime drama Gangs of Tooting Broadway.

In the film Johnny English Reborn, Agent Tucker lives in Tooting.

Channel 4's award-winning documentary series 24 Hours in A&E was filmed at St George's Hospital in Tooting.

In the BBC comedy drama Fleabag, the title character's sister Claire says she is from Tooting.

In the second season of Apple TV comedy Ted Lasso, Tooting is referenced as the home of a fictional Greek restaurant called A Taste of Athens.

title: Tooting


text:
Talk:Virus classification

Hantaviruses
What about Hantaviruses? -- Emperorbma 21:17, 31 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Nevermind, they are up where they should be now... -- Emperorbma 21:57, 31 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Orf, a parapox virus
This stub article is orphaned: orf - is there a home for it? Ancheta Wis 00:13, 20 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Potexvirus and Pomovirus genera misplaced
Wilke reverted a ViralQuest removal of Potexvirus from the dsDNA viruses, Family Polyomaviridae section. I am reversing that edit (and removing Genus Pomovirus) because these two genera are postive-strand ssRNA virus groups (not dsDNA). Genus Potexvirus is a member of the Family Flexiviridae and the Genus Pomovirus is an unassigned (+)ssRNA virus member. See said listings already in previous Virus Classification edits. See also: ICTV Genus Potexvirus ICTV Genus Pomovirus ICTV Family Polyomaviridae and ICTV Taxonomy Browser (Viruses) Thanks for allowing this edit. --ViralQuest 23:40, Nov 26, 2004 (UTC)

Virus taxonomy

 * Shouldn't Viruses appear at the WikiSpecies wiki?
 * http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Main/Classification/..%5CDetails%5C71304.htm
 * http://www.laureestan.unige.it/progr/botanica.html
 * http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Main/Classification/..%5CDetails%5C71303.htm
 * http://wiki.tatet.ru/pt/Biologia.html
 * http://www.bioproject.info/particular_biology/superkingdom_viruses.html
 * Acytota

132.205.15.43 04:57, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Possibly, although that's something for them to worry about. However, viruses are an odd case because they don't appear in the normal classification of living things. Kingdom Virus is rare, and Aphanobionta and Acyota are very obscure. More subtly, though, they shouldn't appear in the normal classification of living things because they don't form a phylogenetic hierarchy, and probably don't even have a single origin. So I'm not sure what we should do with them, but I'd say casually giving them a kingdom, domain, or empire isn't the solution. Josh

 * Though we wouldn't casually be giving them a kingdom/domain/empire. People already do that. A rankless taxobox would work as well, as anything above order is controversial, and they are all viruses, and the taxoboxes are nice to have on the virus pages. 132.205.15.43 05:38, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

A few people do that, but it is not very common, and I have not seen it done alongside three domains. As for the taxoboxes, I've moved my suggestion to Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Tree of Life. Josh

 * WikiSpecies seems to have a start: Virus 132.205.15.43 04:28, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

WikiProject?
Is there a WikiProject for viruses? 132.205.15.43 04:43, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * WikiProject Viruses has been tagged as inactive. 132.205.94.174 23:13, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

Virus family numbers?
Do the numbers in the "Virus Family" column of the DNA Viruses and RNA Viruses tables mean anything, or are they just kind of there? (E.g. is Parvoviridae always DNA virus family number 3, by some authoritative source?) I'd suggest removing them if they're not meaningful, or explaining and citing a source if they are meaningful. -Agyle 03:22, 20 September 2007 (UTC)

Abbreviation ICVCN
The abbreviation ICVCN (with piped link to this article) appears in the article Biology in the paragraph shown below, but does not appear here in this article.
 * The dominant classification system is called Linnaean taxonomy, which includes ranks and binomial nomenclature. How organisms are named is governed by international agreements such as the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN), the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), and the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (ICNB). A fourth Draft BioCode was published in 1997 in an attempt to standardize naming in these three areas, but it has yet to be formally adopted. The Virus International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature (ICVCN) remains outside the BioCode.

Could this please be added in proper context so that people redirected here will find some material in context to satisfy them. AshLin 04:29, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I am fairly sure ICVCN refers to the ICTV's classification system, although I can't find a good, clearcut reliable statement relating the two. It seems like the code is informally referred to as "the ICTV code," "the ICTV database," and is formally cited as "The Seventh Report of the ICTV" or something, and that ICVCN is used rarely (perhaps more commonly around 1998-2000). Examples of dual usage this abstract, and this website. I'm hesitant to add info to either article clarifying this without an unambiguous citation. -Agyle 18:29, 28 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Sorted as of now (only 16 years late!!) Tony 1212 (talk) 05:38, 6 January 2024 (UTC)
 * (@ Agyle) For a "good, clearcut reliable statement relating the ICVCN and ICTV taxonomy" see the paragraph 8.1 of the ICTV Statutes. Another relation: The Comment to the paragraph 1.2 of ICVCN refers to the Master Species List, which is also basis for the current ICTV Taxonomy. (ICVCN incl. the binomial nomenclature for the virus species is strictly applied for new taxon names.) --Petr Karel (talk) 09:31, 8 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Since the Code is now called "The International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature (ICVCN), March 2021 edition" on its own website and as now cited in the article, I believe that satisfies the requirement to explain the acronym :) Tony 1212 (talk) 17:06, 8 January 2024 (UTC)

Retroviridae in RNA virus table
It appears that the table under the RNA viruses heading is meant to list RNA viruses, but the Retroviridae are considered group VI in the Baltimore classification (whereas only groups III, IV, and V are listed as strictly RNA viruses here on this page). Should the Retroviridae be removed from the RNA virus table? Should the table include the Baltimore classifications?Scray (talk) 04:53, 11 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Here's a relevant link to ICTV that shows the reverse-transcribing viruses clearly distinct from the RNA virusesScray (talk) 11:11, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't really understand your question, but retroviruses eg HIV are RNA viruses. During replication they have a DNA intermediary, (pro-viral DNA), but they are RNA viruses nonetheless. Graham Colm Talk 15:27, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I checked out Scray's edit when it was made. He appears to be correct - see See Also link at bottom of page. In Baltimore's classification retroviruses belong to Group VI, and therefore don't belong in a list of taxa in Groups III-V. Lavateraguy (talk) 15:44, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

Positive/negative sense?
Could someone put a definition of what positive or negative sense RNA/DNA is?72.46.10.212 (talk) 21:14, 1 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I added a link to the sense article in the "Baltimore Classification" sectionPhantombantam (talk) 21:22, 1 August 2008 (UTC)

DNA viruses - summary table
What is the basis for the 'virus family' classification in the table in this section?

There are seven 'families' which is confusing since they echo the seven groups under Baltimore. At least it's confusing to me as a non-taxonomist... For instance it sort of suggests the Hepadnaviridae/HBV ('family 6') are in Group VI. ICTV isn't very helpful (Hepadnaviridae are an unassigned family) but i've not come across this system before so i'd like to know more about it (although it seems coherent enough.) If it's just a listing of recognised families, would it be helpful to list their baltimore groups s well, to make it clear where they fit in the overall ICTV scheme? ditto the equivalent table under RNA viruses section.

Can anyone enlighten me / give a reference for this system? I don't have Virus Taxonomy to hand... Cheers... Comrade jo (talk) 12:43, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

Table confusion
The tables in the "Baltimore Classification" system appear to be from a different taxonomy. I was very confused when I found the "Hepatitis B" entry in what appeared to be the "Group II" table.

I attempted to unscrew this mess by adding a column to each table giving the Baltimore group, but if the tables are in fact from some othre taxonomy, they should be removed fromt h eBaltimore section and added to a new "comparison of classificatins" section. -Arch dude (talk) 13:52, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

"But"
What does the word "but" refer to in the class VI description? --rmhermen

 * Shouldn't be there. Fixed now, I think, will also fix in Virus (Biology). Someone else

Any rulebooks....and the identifier of the document...???
--222.67.205.32 (talk) 10:59, 6 February 2010 (UTC)
 * http://www.ictvdb.rothamsted.ac.uk/ICTVWeb/rules.html
 * This is an old document from 1996 based on the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) guidelines. Their current (2010) website is here . Graham Colm Talk 11:44, 6 February 2010 (UTC)

"Which are not yet definitively classified as living or non-living"
I'm changing this at least until I see a source. Viruses are non-living particles with some life-like chemical characteristics, but still pretty definitively non-living. The Mysterious El Willstro (talk) 20:01, 1 June 2012 (UTC)

RT
Reverse Transcriptase is feature of Group VI as well. Unfortunately RT is present in many cells in the body and it not specific to "retroviruses" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:7:8500:982:E014:6DFA:5BEE:729C (talk) 01:49, 27 October 2014 (UTC)

Minor change?
Under "ICTV classification" it says: "Herpesvirales contain large eukaryotic dsDNA viruses." Wouldn't it be better to say: "Herpesvirales includes" (with an "s") "large dsDNA viruses which have eukaryotic hosts." - or something? -lifeform (talk) 03:59, 13 March 2016 (UTC)

Prions are not viruses
Prions are not viruses at all, as we have known for many years. I therefore propose the deletion of the prion paragraph. --Gfpaleorna (talk) 10:32, 13 August 2017 (UTC)

Agreed! Mvolz (talk) 13:56, 4 January 2021 (UTC)

 * But it never said they were viruses, but rather "Subviral agents", ie. beneath the complexity of viruses. If you read the ICTV 9th Report (2011) Subviral Agents (2011) it does list prions as being subviral agents. -- Jules (Mrjulesd) 22:07, 4 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Subviral agents are not viruses. Graham Beards (talk) 23:26, 4 January 2021 (UTC)
 * In that case why not remove the whole "subviral" section? Viroids aren't normally considered to be viruses either. Jules  (Mrjulesd) 00:23, 5 January 2021 (UTC)

Article omits discussion of the whole topic ??
So, how are viruses classified in the sense of organizing them into the ICTV hierarchy (realm, kingdom, phylum, and so on)? The article appears to say nothing at all on this subject. The Baltimore system is separate, and the LHT system appears to be an alternate system. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2603:9000:AC08:A600:F9A2:D64C:B3D4:6FBF (talk) 00:36, 10 June 2020 (UTC)

Strains versus variants, strain and variant classification
I'd like to see a section on this! Mvolz (talk) 13:55, 4 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Note: Classification of virus taxa below the rank of species is not ruled by The International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature:
 * "Par. 3.3: The ICTV is not responsible for classification and nomenclature of virus taxa below the rank of species. The classification and naming of serotypes, genotypes, strains, variants and isolates of virus species is the responsibility of acknowledged international specialist groups.
 * Comment: A variety of subspecific grouping may be identified within the members of a single virus species. These may be described as viruses with alternative names (e.g. blackeye cowpea mosaic virus and peanut stripe virus, which are both classified in the species Bean common mosaic virus, genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae), or as serotypes, genotypes, clades, strains, variants, isolates etc. Naming of such entities is not the responsibility of the ICTV but of international specialty groups. It is the responsibility of ICTV Study Groups to consider how these entities may best be classified into species."
 * I don't know any of the "acknowledged international specialist groups" for this topic; maybe some info could be found on a web site from the list of Virology Departments and Institutes or Virology Societies. --Petr Karel (talk) 08:42, 8 January 2021 (UTC)
 * I've done a little more research on this - Yeah, ICTV doesn't do naming of strains. However, they do have working groups that decide on naming /conventions/. The Coronaviridate Study Group of the ICTV did name SARS-CoV-2... Mvolz (talk) 12:37, 9 January 2021 (UTC)

 * Strains are the same as variants and they are not classified. They just have a designation. Influenza virus variants are a good example; InfluenzaNomenclatureDiagram.svg Graham Beards (talk) 14:27, 8 January 2021 (UTC)

 * My understanding now is that strains and variants are different. Generally a strain is biologically different in some way - so, different phenotype. Variant refers instead to genotype. (This is picked up from this paper: ~ Mvolz (talk) 12:35, 9 January 2021 (UTC)

What? "... about which species concept."
There's a template now that says, "This article is missing information about which species concept."

I sincerely have no idea what that means. IAmNitpicking (talk) 12:07, 8 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Since the species concept *is* covered in the article, I have removed this template... I too had no idea to what it was referring. Tony 1212 (talk) 05:40, 6 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Virus classification


text:
Totteridge

Totteridge is a residential area and former village in the London Borough of Barnet, England. It is a mixture of suburban development and open land (including some farmland) situated 8 miles (13 km) north north-west of Charing Cross. It is part of the Whetstone postal district (N20).

It gives its name to a ward in the borough and to the St Andrew, Totteridge ecclesiastical parish of the Diocese of St Albans.

History
This area was called Tataridge in the 13th century. It may have been named after someone called Tata. The ridge is the high ground between the valleys of the Dollis Brook and Folly Brook. Over the centuries the rural qualities of Totteridge have attracted well-to-do families. Cardinal Manning was born at Copped Hall in Totteridge in 1808. With the opening of the Great Northern Railway station in 1872, late-Victorian and Edwardian mansions were built around the old village. In line with overall trends in the late 1930s, following the conversion of the railway station (in operation from 1872 until 1941) into a London Underground station (from 1940) on the Northern line, smaller properties were built within walking distance of the station (Totteridge and Whetstone tube station). In 1968 much of Totteridge was designated a Conservation Area, and no major developments have taken place since then.

Totteridge was a civil parish of Hertfordshire covering an area of 1604 acre and formed part of a narrow salient into Middlesex. It became part of Barnet Rural District and had a parish council from 1894 to 1914. It then formed part of Barnet Urban District from 1914 to 1965. In 1965, the parish and urban district were abolished by the London Government Act 1963 and the area was transferred from Hertfordshire to Greater London, to become part of the London Borough of Barnet. In 1901 the parish had a population of 844 and by 1951 it had risen to 4,500.

Geography and landmarks
The boundary to the north and east is the Dollis Brook and the boundary to the south is that river's tributary, the Folly Brook. While these rivers define the area covered by the residents' association, the southern part of the area (with postcode N12 rather than N20) is often regarded as being in Woodside Park.

The main road is the A5109, which runs roughly east–west. The western part is called Totteridge Common, the next part is called Totteridge Village, the central part by the village green is called Totteridge Green, and the eastern part is called Totteridge Lane; the Lane continues into Whetstone, terminating at its junction with High Road, Whetstone (the A1000). At the western end of Totteridge Common is a set of traffic lights; the road to the north from these lights, Hendon Wood Lane, is just to the west of the western boundary.

St. Andrew's Church stands on the ancient circle site, with a chapel known to have been located here from 1250. The rounded boundaries of the churchyard imply an underlying mote and ancient meeting place. The ancient yew tree in the churchyard is about 2,000 years old (as estimated by Kew Gardens experts) and is the oldest tree in London (also included in the book "100 Greatest Trees of London). The Tithe Barn and the adjacent animal pound (for lost and strayed livestock), now both part of the Pound House (built in 1907 by prominent Arts & Crafts architect J L Williams), date from the 17th and 16th centuries respectively. In 1790–1791, during the church renovation, all church services were conducted in the Tithe Barn. The West End House barn and Laurel Farm barn were built in the 17th century, and have now been converted into private houses. Timber-framed buildings from the Tudor era also include Willow House and Rose Cottage.

Several important local houses were demolished by developers between the two World Wars, including Copped Hall and Poynters Hall.

Totteridge has many spacious detached properties in a green setting that are highly valued; some of them are among the most expensive houses in London. Its past and present residents have included the rich and famous, including Arsène Wenger, Frankie Vaughan, Des O'Connor, Cliff Richard, Mickie Most, Hank Marvin, David Dein, Mike Ashley, Bruce Forsyth, David Ginola, Lord Levy and other dignitaries. More modest housing, much of it semi-detached, predominates at the eastern end of Totteridge.

Buses
Transport for London bus route 251 towards Edgware bus/tube station (westbound), or towards Arnos Grove tube station (eastbound), passes through Totteridge Village along the A5109.

Route 326 towards Barnet (the Spires), or towards Brent Cross Shopping Centre, skirts the eastern fringe of the area, operating a service along the eastern section of Totteridge Lane, and a hail and ride service along Longland Drive.

Tube station
The nearest tube station is Totteridge and Whetstone – Northern line on Totteridge Lane, Both bus routes 251 and 326 stop outside the station, on either side of Totteridge Lane. Woodside Park tube station is also situated at the Southern edge, bordering North Finchley.

Railway station
Nearby:

 * Oakleigh Park – Govia Thameslink Railway (383 bus)

Demography
At the 2001 UK census, the Totteridge electoral ward had a population of 14,449. The ethnicity was 75% white, 2.5% mixed race, 14% Asian, 2.6% black and 5.9% other. The place of birth of residents was 69.3% United Kingdom, 1.8% Republic of Ireland, 4.2% other Western European countries, and 24.7% elsewhere. Religion was recorded as 47.2% Christian, 2.5% Buddhist, 5.6% Hindu, 0.6% Sikh, 16.7% Jewish, and 4.5% Muslim. 12.5% were recorded as having no religion, 1.8% had an alternative religion and 8.7% did not state their religion.

The economic activity of residents aged 16–74 was 38.3% in full-time employment, 9.9% in part-time employment, 14.7% self-employed, 2.3% unemployed, 1.9% students with jobs, 7.6% students without jobs, 11.1% retired, 8.8% looking after home or family, 2% permanently sick or disabled and 3.4% economically inactive for other reasons. The industry of employment of residents was 15.1% retail, 6.9% manufacturing, 3.2% construction, 23.2% real estate, 9.8% health and social work, 8.9% education, 6% transport and communications, 6.9% public administration, 3.5% hotels and restaurants, 8.5% finance, 0.4% agriculture and 7.6% other. Compared with national figures, the ward had a relatively high proportion of workers in finance and real estate. According to Office for National Statistics estimates, during the period of April 2001 to March 2002 the average gross weekly income of households was £880, compared with an average of £660 in South East England. Of the ward's residents aged 16–74, 39.2% had a higher education qualification or the equivalent, compared with 19.9% nationwide.

In the 2011 census, the population of Totteridge ward was 15,159. 66% of the population was white (49% British, 15% Other, 2% Irish), 10% Indian and 8% Other Asian. 40% of the population adhered to Christianity, 17% were irreligious and 16% were Jewish.

Sport and leisure
Totteridge Millhillians Cricket Club, formed by the merger of Totteridge Cricket Club and Old Millhillians Cricket Club over the winter of 2007/2008, forms a central part of the local community. Located just off Totteridge Green, it fields 4 teams in the Saracens Hertfordshire Cricket League, as well as a Ladies team, a Sunday XI and a Colts section for future players, which consists of the U15 Tornadoes, U13 Warriors and the U11 Sharks.

Nature reserves
The area has a number of Sites of Importance for Nature Conservation: Darland's Lake Nature Reserve, Totteridge Green, Totteridge Common, Totteridge Fields, Dollis Brook, Folly Brook and Totteridge Croft Field (or Dell's Down Acre).

Nearest tube stations

 * Totteridge and Whetstone tube station

Notable residents

 * Mike Ashley, businessman
 * David Dein, former Vice-Chairman of Arsenal FC, Premier League Ambassador
 * Edward Bulwer-Lytton, novelist and parliamentarian
 * Peter Meyer, merchant
 * Arsène Wenger, former Arsenal FC manager
 * Fiammetta Wilson, astronomer

title: Totteridge


text:
Tufnell Park

Tufnell Park is an area in north London, England, in the London boroughs of Islington and Camden.

The neighbourhood is served by Tufnell Park tube station on the Northern Line.

Origins and boundary
Tufnell Park Road, a straight of 1.24 km was sometimes conjectured by historians to follow the line of a Roman track. There is no evidence of Roman activity in the area and a supposed Roman camp marked on Dent's 1805 parish map has been shown by Museum of London Archaeology excavations to probably be a misidentified medieval moated site. The road has for centuries been an east–west connector between the roads from the hearts of Islington and Camden which converge into a major northern route at Archway market place, across 500 metres of Dartmouth Park district to the north.
 * Medieval and later manor

North-east of Tufnell Park Road the housing is closer to Upper Holloway railway station and so is popularly considered to be Upper Holloway district. On all other sides of the road is Tufnell Park based on nearest rail/tube station.
 * Boundaries

The road which Tufnell Park Road links have been greatly alleviated from sole principal status by diverting in the 20th century the A1 through Edgware where the M1 also runs instead of its old route through High Barnet, converging the route with the straighter A41 road from Marylebone. The A1 road in the east of Tufnell Park is therefore less arterial which reinforces the loss of its old name "the Great North Road", a historical coaching road. It specifically serves vehicles driven between the A1 or M1 and the City of London.

Rising north of here at Mercers Road, Hackney Brook, culverted today, ran south to cross Holloway Road near Tufnell Park Road and then flowed to Lowman Road, where it turned north-east and ran along Gillespie Road to leave the traditional bounds of Islington at Mountgrove Road.
 * Hackney Brook

For centuries this northern part of the ancient parish of Islington was part of many square miles renowned for dairy farms which kept the City of London and neighbouring north and west parts supplied with milk. It kept a rural air well into the 19th century in its important role as a base for a number of dairies supplying the capital. In 1753 the area became the property of William Tufnell who was granted the manor of Barnsbury by his father-in-law Sir William Halton. The manor house (now demolished) stood on the site of the large Odeon cinema at the end of Tufnell Park Road where it meets the A1 (Holloway Road). The manor's gateposts survive along the west of Tufnell Park Road. Tufnell petitioned Parliament for authority to develop his estate but the Building Leases he was granted were left unused; his family had a set of rural estates nationwide.
 * Agricultural use

The Tufnell Park estate passed to his brother George Foster Tufnell, MP for Beverley (died 1798), then to George's son William Tufnell (died 1809), MP for Colchester, who married in 1804 heiress Mary Carleton (daughter of Thomas Carleton of South Carleton d.1829). Both are buried at St Mary's Islington, hence her maiden name appearing as two street names in N7.

The manor then passed to Henry Tufnell (d. 1854), MP for Ipswich and Devonport, Liberal chief whip whose three marriages included two daughters of earls.

The sparse remnants of the freehold passed to Henry Archibald Tufnell (d 1898) who died with no children, and then to Lt Col Edward Tufnell (d. 1909) HM Inspector of Schools, Factory Commissioner, Director Greenwich Hospital.

Development

Serious building began in 1845 with a scheme sponsored by Henry Tufnell and designed by John Shaw Jr., who had laid out the Eton Estate in Chalk Farm. This initial work was largely limited to the area around Carleton Road. In 1865 the scheme was taken up by George Truefitt who developed most of the local villas and St. George's Church (1865), built for Anglican secessionists. The housing stock was of a solid nature, and Tufnell Park kept its good name until the end of the century. Charles Booth in his survey of London Life and Labour reported that the older streets (Anson Road and Carleton Road) housed a mixture of retired merchants and music hall artistes who were rich enough to holiday abroad over winter. He believed that second wave of building around Celia, Hugo, Corinne, Huddleston and Archibald Roads threatened to create a metropolis "from which the rich would soon be going". The private girls' school established at the corner of Carleton and Brecknock Roads ceased in 1878 after many of its pupils drowned in the SS Princess Alice (1865) disaster.

Whereas arterial roads and railway lines sliced through Kentish Town and Camden in the 19th century, one neat east–west double track skirts the district. Junction Road railway station was an 1872-1943 direct link with central London, superseded in 1907 by the building of the tube station Tufnell Park. The shabby genteel reputation of Tufnell Park made it a standard comic reference in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. George and Weedon Grossmith locate their aspirational Mr Pooter in Tufnell Park (Upper Holloway) in Diary of a Nobody. Julian and Sandy the camp BBC home service comedians frequently referenced Tufnell Park as did The Guardian newspaper's Biff cartoon in the 1980s. Between 1999 and 2001, Tufnell Park was the location for Channel 4's comedy drama, Spaced.

Notable residents

 * Julian Barnes, writer
 * Demis Hassabis, creator of Deepmind
 * Siân Berry, activist and Green Party London Assembly member
 * Constance Bryer, suffragette
 * Jonny Buckland, musician
 * Laura Carmichael, actress
 * Jeremy Corbyn, former Leader of the Labour Party (2015–20) and Member of Parliament for Islington North
 * Hugh Cornwell, musician, founder of The Stranglers.
 * Joe Craig, author
 * Gavin Esler, journalist, television presenter, and author
 * William Gaminara, actor
 * Michael Garner, actor
 * Candy Gourlay, author
 * Sophie Habibis, singer and The X Factor finalist
 * Charlie Higson, comedian and author
 * Tessa Jowell, Baroness Jowell, former MP
 * Jack Karnehm, snooker commentator, was born in Tufnell Park
 * Glenys Kinnock, Baroness Kinnock of Holyhead, former MEP
 * Neil Kinnock, Baron Kinnock of Beddwellty, former MP for Islwyn and Leader of the Labour Party (1983–92)
 * Shazad Latif, actor
 * Sir Christopher Lee, actor
 * Damian Lewis, actor
 * Zane Lowe, DJ
 * Kwame Nkrumah, first Prime Minister (1957-60) and President (1960-1966) of Ghana
 * Helen McCrory, actress
 * Roger Michell, director
 * Ben Miller, actor
 * Bill Nighy, actor
 * Jill Pitkeathley, Baroness Pitkeathley, House of Lords life peer
 * A. R. Rahman, composer, singer, and songwriter
 * Fermin Rocker, painter
 * Jon Snow, journalist and television presenter
 * Suggs, singer
 * Professor Philip Tew, academic and writer, lived in Tufnell Park from 1988 to 2009
 * Cathy Tyson, actress

Transport
The focal point of defining the area is Tufnell Park on the Northern line (a London Underground station).

The nearest London Overground and Thameslink stations are the same distance from the centre of the area (as defined by nearest station), in neighbouring districts equally named after their stations:
 * Kentish Town (Thameslink, located towards Camden) (also on the Northern Line)
 * Upper Holloway (Overground, located towards Crouch End)
 * Gospel Oak (Overground, located towards Hampstead)

London Buses routes 4, 134 and 390 as well as Night Bus N20 serve the area.

Tufnell Park Playing Fields
This 5 acre space provide Islington's only full-size grass football pitch, shared by clubs. Adjoining this former home ground of Tufnell Park F.C., sectioned off are:
 * Cricket nets
 * Two tennis courts
 * A playground
 * A small public open space

In the arts

 * George and Weedon Grossmith set their aspirational Mr Pooter in Tufnell Park/Upper Holloway in Diary of a Nobody.
 * Kenneth Williams and Hugh Paddick played Julian and Sandy, camp out-of-work actors in the 1965-1968 Round the Horne radio hit who frequently revered Tufnell Park.
 * The cult sitcom Spaced, which was created, written by and starred Simon Pegg and Jessica Stevenson, is chiefly set in the area. The distinctive house at the fictional 23 Meteor Street is in fact on Carleton Road and was valued at £4,000,000 in 2018
 * Scenes from television series Killing Eve and Fleabag were filmed in the area.
 * Many Novels by Charlie Higson are set in the area in and around Tufnell Park and Upper Holloway

title: Tufnell Park


text:
London Borough of Barnet

The London Borough of Barnet is a local authority area on the northern outskirts of London. The borough was formed in 1965 from parts of the ceremonial counties of Middlesex and Hertfordshire. It is the second largest London borough by population with 389,344 inhabitants as of 2021, also making it the 17th largest district in England. The borough covers an area of 86.74 km2, the fourth highest of the 32 London boroughs, and has a population density of 45.8 people per hectare, which ranks it 25th.

Barnet borders the Hertfordshire district of Hertsmere to the north and five other London boroughs: Camden and Haringey to the southeast, Enfield to the east, as well as Harrow and Brent to the west of the ancient Watling Street (now the A5 road). The borough's major urban settlements are Hendon, Finchley, Golders Green, Friern Barnet, Chipping Barnet, Whetstone, and Edgware; there are also village settlements notably Totteridge and Arkley along with rural areas and countryside part of the Green Belt.

The local authority is Barnet London Borough Council, which meets at Hendon Town Hall and has its main offices in Colindale.

History
The area covered by the modern borough has a long history. Evidence of first-century Roman pottery manufacturing has been found at Brockley Hill and Roman coins from the third and fourth centuries were found at Burnt Oak. Both sites are on the Roman road Watling Street from London (Londinium) to St Albans (Verulamium) which now forms the western border of the borough.

Hendon is mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086, but the districts of Barnet, Edgware and Finchley were not referred to, possibly because these areas were included in other manors.

In 1471 the Battle of Barnet was fought in Monken Hadley, just within the present borough's boundary. It was here that Yorkist troops led by King Edward IV killed the "Kingmaker" Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick and his brother, John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu.

Administrative history
A local government district called Barnet was created in 1863 covering the town of Barnet, also known as Chipping Barnet. Such districts were subsequently also created for East Barnet Valley in 1874, Finchley in 1878, Hendon in 1879, and Friern Barnet in 1883. Barnet and East Barnet Valley both straddled Hertfordshire and Middlesex until 1889 when they were placed entirely in Hertfordshire; Hendon, Finchley and Friern Barnet were all in Middlesex.

All five districts were converted into urban districts under the Local Government Act 1894. Barnet was enlarged in 1914 to take in Totteridge, and Hendon was enlarged in 1931 to take in Edgware. Hendon was made a municipal borough in 1932, as was Finchley in 1933. East Barnet Valley was renamed East Barnet in 1935.

The modern borough was created in 1965 under the London Government Act 1963, covering the combined area of the former boroughs of Finchley and Hendon and urban districts of Barnet, East Barnet and Friern Barnet. The area was transferred from Middlesex and Hertfordshire to Greater London, to become one of the 32 London boroughs.

The 1963 Act did not include a name for the new borough. A joint committee of the councils due to be amalgamated suggested "Northgate" or "Northern Heights". Keith Joseph, the Minister of Housing and Local Government, eventually chose Barnet. The place name Barnet is derived from the Old English bærnet meaning "land cleared by burning". The old Barnet Urban District had been the least populous of the five predecessor districts at the 1961 census; nearly half the new borough's population lived in the old borough of Hendon.

When the present borough was created, it included part of Elstree. On 1 April 1993 Barnet's northern boundary was altered and some of its more rural northern parts, including Elstree, were transferred to Hertfordshire (and its district of Hertsmere).

Governance
The local authority is Barnet Council, which meets at Hendon Town Hall and has its main offices at 2 Bristol Avenue in the Colindale area of the borough.

Greater London representation
For elections to the Greater London Council, the borough formed the Barnet electoral division, electing four members. In 1973 it was divided into the single-member Chipping Barnet, Finchley, Hendon North and Hendon South. The Greater London Council was abolished in 1986.

Since 2000, Barnet Council along with the 31 other London boroughs and the City of London Corporation share local government powers with Greater London Authority. The Barnet and Camden London Assembly constituency covers the London Borough of Barnet and the London Borough of Camden and is represented on the London Assembly by one constituency Assembly Member.

Parliamentary constituencies
The residents of London Borough of Barnet are represented at Westminster by Members of Parliament (MPs) for three parliamentary constituencies. All three MPs are represented by Labour since 2024, overturning three previous Conservative MPs.

Chipping Barnet is represented by Dan Tomlinson. Finchley and Golders Green is represented by Sarah Sackman. Hendon, in 2024 the most marginal Labour-held seat in the country with a majority of 15 votes, is represented by David Pinto-Duschinsky.

Geography

The borough covers a group of hills on the northern edge of the London Basin. The bedrock is chalk which is covered with clay. Some of the hills are formed from glacial till deposited at the farthest extent of glaciers during the Anglian glaciation.

The pattern of settlement is somewhat diverse.

In the north of the borough on the eastern side is Barnet, also known as High Barnet or Chipping Barnet, Totteridge, and Whetstone. In the north on the western side is Edgware and Mill Hill. The central northern part of the borough is largely countryside. This division is largely because the eastern side grew around what is now the High Barnet Underground branch of the Northern line. The western side grew around the Midland Railway and what is now the Edgware branch of the Northern line.

Further south, around the borough's centre, the development becomes steadily more intensive around the suburbs of Cricklewood, Colindale, Hendon and Finchley. Golders Green is renowned for its Jewish minority ethnic population and forms part of the south of the borough, along with Hampstead Garden Suburb and Childs Hill.

Much of the borough is within the Metropolitan Green Belt, and it has many parks and open spaces. In addition there are large areas taken over by cemeteries and golf courses, and part of Hampstead Heath, Hampstead Heath Extension and Golders Hill Park. Barnet describes its 16 main open spaces as 'premier parks', nine of which achieved a Green Flag Award for 2008–2009:

The borough has sixty-seven Sites of Importance for Nature Conservation, eight Local Nature Reserves, and it is jointly responsible with the London Borough of Brent for the Welsh Harp (Brent) Reservoir, which is a Site of Special Scientific Interest. These are listed in Nature reserves in Barnet.

The A5 (Edgware Road) forms the border between Barnet and the boroughs of Brent and Harrow, with an exception being the West Hendon area and part of the Welsh Harp.

Landmarks
Barnet has two Grade I listed buildings, both designed by Edwin Lutyens: the Church of St Jude, the parish church of Hampstead Garden Suburb with a Gothic spire and on the opposite side of Central Square, the Free Church, of similar design but with a concrete dome.

The Royal Air Force Museum is a large multi-building museum built on part of the site of Hendon Aerodrome, dedicated to the history of aviation, and the British Royal Air Force in particular.

Church Farmhouse Museum on Greyhound Hill in Hendon is a grade II* listed 17th-century farmhouse used by Barnet Council as an exhibition space and museum until the Council closed it to save money on 31 March 2011. Early in 2014 it was given the classification of "vulnerable" by English Heritage after having stood abandoned for almost three years. It now houses units of Middlesex University.

Friern Hospital was a large Victorian psychiatric hospital located in Friern Barnet, which has been converted into expensive apartments.

Sport
The borough is traditionally home to a professional football club, Barnet F.C. and non-League football clubs Wingate & Finchley F.C., Hendon F.C., London Lions and Edgware Town. Wingate is the last of these with a home ground in the Borough; Hendon and Edgware play in the Borough of Brent, and Barnet F.C. play in the Borough of Harrow.

Since 2013 rugby union Premiership outfit Saracens F.C. have called the borough home, playing matches at StoneX Stadium at Barnet Copthall which was previously a community sports stadium and is still used in this capacity thanks to Saracens using movable stands for their matches. As well as athletics facilities, the complex also has a swimming pool.

Demographics

In 1801, the civil parishes that form the modern borough had a total population of 6,404; and the area was characterised by farming and woodland — with settlement principally around the Great North Road. By 1830, a new turnpike, the Finchley Road was constructed and horse-drawn omnibuses introduced. The population rose dramatically with the arrival of the trams and railways in the middle of 19th century, and new estates were built to house commuters. As industry relocated away from London during the 1960s, the population entered a decline, that has begun to reverse with new housing developments on brownfield sites.

According to the 2001 census the borough then had a population of 314,564 though the most recent ONS projection for 2008 is 331,500. 67% of householders are owner-occupiers. 47.3% of people described themselves as Christian, with the second largest group being Jewish at 14.8%, the highest percentage in any local government area in the United Kingdom. The third largest was people who said they had no religion at 12.8%. Just over a quarter of people belonged to non-white ethnic groups, up from 18% in the 1991 census. 12.3% were Asian and 6.0% black. Barnet had the largest Chinese population of any London borough in 2001, at 6,379.

As of 2011, 13.3% of the borough's population is over 65 - the sixth-highest of London's boroughs. The 65+ population is 47,400, the second-highest after Bromley. The Jewish population is 54,084 and represents 15.5% of the population - the highest in the United Kingdom. 41.2% identify themselves as Christians, and 16.1% with no religion.

The following table shows the ethnic group of respondents in the 2001 and 2011 census in Barnet.

Economy
Chipping Barnet has been a market town since the thirteenth century, the rest of the area was agricultural. In 1588 Queen Elizabeth I granted a charter to the Lord of the Manor of Barnet to hold a twice yearly horse fair. The first example of an American style out-of-town shopping centre was built at Brent Cross in the 1970s. McDonald's has its UK headquarters at East Finchley. Argonaut Games once had its head office in Edgware.

Transport policy
Former mayor of London Ken Livingstone said once said that Barnet's transport agenda is "recklessly anti-public transport, anti-pedestrian and anti-cycling" and that Barnet has become a "laboratory experiment for some very ill-thought out policies". In 2004 cycle lanes were removed and cycle training funding cut by the controversial pro-motorist councillor Brian Coleman.

Road
The A5 is a major road in that forms much of the borough's western border. It is also the first Roman built road in England. It later took the Anglo-Saxon name Watling Street. The Great North Road passes through the borough starting at East Finchley and crossing into Hertfordshire at Monken Hadley. It was a coaching route used by mail coaches between London, York and Edinburgh. The many inns on the road provided accommodation, stabling for the horses and replacement mounts. A section of the A1 road was built to bypass this route through Mill Hill, eventually joining the Great North Road at Hatfield.

The Finchley Road was built as a turnpike in the 1830s linking the West End to Finchley. The A41 splits off from the Finchley Road just before it crosses the borough boundary, briefly merges with the A1 through Mill Hill, leaving the borough at Edgware.

The North Circular Road (or A406) is part of a north orbital route for London; it crosses the borough east–west linking all the other major routes. Junctions one, two and four of the M1 motorway are in the borough. London Gateway services is at the site of the abandoned third junction. The bus routes in the borough are managed by Transport for London.

Rail
The borough is served by the northernmost sections of the London Underground's Northern line, including all three of the line's northern termini (Edgware, High Barnet, and Mill Hill East). The surface sections of the High Barnet and Edgware branches are entirely in the borough. The High Barnet branch surfaces just before East Finchley station. At Finchley Central station there is a single-station spur to Mill Hill East station. The rest of the line continues north through West Finchley, Woodside Park and Totteridge and Whetstone stations to the terminus at High Barnet station.

The Edgware branch emerges at Golders Green station; the line continues on a series of viaducts through Brent Cross station to Hendon Central station. Here it goes through a tunnel before continuing above ground through Colindale and Burnt Oak stations to the terminus at Edgware station. The Piccadilly line, although in the Borough of Enfield, is very close to the border, with buses in Barnet connecting people to the stations.

There are two National Rail routes in Barnet. The Midland Main Line passes through the western edge of the borough, and is served by Thameslink at (from north to south): Mill Hill Broadway, Hendon and Cricklewood. The East Coast Main Line crosses the north-eastern corner of the borough, and is served by the Great Northern Route at New Barnet, Oakleigh Park and New Southgate (which straddles the border with the London Borough of Enfield).

There was a railway line joining the two sides of the borough, part of the Edgware, Highgate and London Railway which was going to be part of the Underground's Northern line "Northern Heights" expansion, but steam passenger services beyond Mill Hill East ended in 1939, and the completion of the electrification of this railway was eventually abandoned in the 1950s, primarily because the full extension would have breached the Town and Country Planning Act 1947 (10 & 11 Geo. 6. c. 51). What track was laid, was removed in the 1960s, with a small part of the trackbed used for the M1 motorway extension in the 1970s.

Travel to work
In March 2011, the main forms of transport that residents aged 16–74 used to travel to work were (expressed as percentages of all residents aged 16–74):

Health
Barnet Clinical Commissioning Group commissions NHS services for Barnet residents. Health care providers active within Barnet include the Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, which runs Barnet Hospital, Chase Farm Hospital and some clinics at Edgware Community Hospital, and Central London Community Healthcare NHS Trust, which runs Finchley Memorial Hospital and other services at Edgware Community Hospital.

Emergency services
The London Ambulance Service responds to medical emergencies in the area. Home Office policing in the borough is provided by the Metropolitan Police Service. There are two police stations in the borough at: Colindale and Barnet. Though only Colindale is open to the public. The Peel Centre at Hendon is the Metropolitan Police College.

Statutory emergency fire service is provided by the London Fire Brigade. There are four fire stations that operate in the Borough of Barnet. These are mobilised to protect around 330,000 people. The main risks identified in the borough include Brent Cross Shopping Centre, Coppetts Wood Hospital and Barnet Hospital. Between the four stations; six pumping appliances, One Operational Support Unit and a High Volume Pump are operated.

Education
The London Borough of Barnet has 86 primary schools, 22 secondary schools and four special schools. Woodhouse College is a single site state sixth form college in North Finchley. The main college in the borough is Barnet College, with five sites. Middlesex University has its main campus at Hendon. University College London has its teaching observatory at Mill Hill.

Libraries
There are 15 council-run libraries in the London Borough of Barnet, mobile library and home library services, and a local studies and archives library.

Twin towns and sister cities

 * 🇺🇸 Montclair Township, Essex County, New Jersey, United States
 * 🇫🇷 Chaville, Hauts-de-Seine, Île-de-France, France
 * 🇫🇷 Le Raincy, Seine-Saint-Denis, Île-de-France, France
 * 🇨🇾 Morphou, Cyprus
 * Pokhara, Nepal
 * 🇮🇱 Ramat Gan, Israel
 * 🇩🇪 Siegen-Wittgenstein, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
 * 🇩🇪 Tempelhof-Schöneberg, Berlin, Germany

Freedom of the Borough
The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the Borough of Barnet.

Individuals

 * Margaret Thatcher: 6 February 1980.

Military units

 * HMS Musketeer (G86), RN: 20 December 1941. (Awarded by the East Barnet Urban District Council)
 * HMS Cromer (J128), RN: 14 March 1942. (Awarded by the East Barnet Urban District Council)
 * HMS Fantome, RN: 28 March 1942. (Awarded by the Friern Barnet Urban District Council)
 * The Queen's Regiment: 16 April 1970.
 * 240 (Hertfordshire) Squadron Royal Corps of Transport (Volunteers): 21 October 1979.
 * B Company 6/7 (Volunteer) Battalion Queen's Regiment: 1979.
 * 3 Company 10th (Volunteer) Battalion Parachute Regiment: 1979.
 * The Corps of Royal Engineers: 24 July 1982.
 * RAF Hendon: 29 July 1986.
 * Royal Logistic Corps, Postal and Courier Services: 19 April 1994.
 * The Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment: 23 February 1998.

 * The Royal Air Force Museum: 26 October 2018.

Sports teams

 * Saracens Rugby Club: 20 February 2018.

title: London Borough of Barnet