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Intel 4004

The Intel 4004 is a 4-bit central processing unit (CPU) released by Intel Corporation in 1971. Sold for US$60, it was the first commercially produced microprocessor, and the first in a long line of Intel CPUs.

The 4004 was the first significant example of large-scale integration, showcasing the superiority of the MOS silicon gate technology (SGT). Compared to the incumbent technology, the SGT integrated on the same chip area twice the number of transistors with five times the operating speed. This step-function increase in performance made possible a single-chip CPU, replacing the existing multi-chip CPUs. The innovative 4004 chip design served as a model on how to use the SGT for complex logic and memory circuits, thus accelerating the adoption of the SGT by the world's semiconductor industry. The developer of the original SGT at Fairchild was Federico Faggin, who designed the first commercial integrated circuit (IC) that used the new technology, proving its superiority for analog/digital applications (Fairchild 3708 in 1968). He later used the SGT at Intel to obtain the unprecedented integration necessary to make the 4004.

The project traces its history to 1969, when Busicom Corp. approached Intel to design a family of seven chips for an electronic calculator, three of which constituted a CPU specialized for making different calculating machines. The CPU was based on data stored on shift-registers and instructions stored on ROM (read only memory). The complexity of the three-chip CPU logic design led Marcian Hoff to propose a more conventional CPU architecture based on data stored on RAM (random-access memory). This architecture was much simpler and more general-purpose and could potentially be integrated into a single chip, thus reducing the cost and improving the speed. Design began in April 1970 under the direction of Faggin, aided by Masatoshi Shima, who contributed to the architecture and later to the logic design. The first delivery of a fully operational 4004 was in March 1971 to Busicom for its 141-PF printing calculator engineering prototype (now displayed in the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California). General sales began July 1971.

A number of innovations developed by Faggin while working at Fairchild Semiconductor allowed the 4004 to be produced on a single chip. The main concept was the use of the self-aligned gate, made of polysilicon rather than metal, which allowed the components to be much closer together and work at higher speed. To make the 4004 possible, Faggin also developed the "bootstrap load", considered unfeasible with silicon gate, and the "buried contact" that allowed the silicon gates to be connected directly to the source and drain of the transistors without the use of metal. Together, these innovations doubled the circuit density, and thus halved cost, allowing a single chip to contain 2,300 transistors and run five times faster than designs using the previous MOS technology with aluminum gates.

The 4004 design was later improved by Faggin as the Intel 4040 in 1974. The naming convention continued with the Intel 8008 and 8080, which are 8-bit designs.

Original concept
In April 1969, Busicom approached Intel to produce a new design for an electronic calculator. They based their design on the architecture of the 1965 Olivetti Programma 101, one of the world's first tabletop programmable calculators. The key difference was that the Busicom design would use integrated circuits to replace the printed circuit boards filled with individual components, and solid-state shift registers for memory instead of the costly magnetostriction wire in the 101.

In contrast to earlier calculator designs, Busicom had developed a general-purpose processor concept with the goal of introducing it in a low-end desktop printing calculator, and then using the same design for other roles like cash registers and automatic teller machines. The company had already produced a calculator using TTL small-scale integration logic ICs and were interested in having Intel reduce the chip count using Intel's medium-scale integration (MSI) techniques.

Intel assigned the recently hired Marcian Hoff, employee number 12, to act as the liaison between the two companies. In late June, three engineers from Busicom, Masatoshi Shima and his colleagues Masuda and Takayama, traveled to Intel to introduce the design. Although he had only been assigned to liaise with the engineers, Hoff began studying the concept. Their initial proposal had seven ICs: program control, arithmetic unit (ALU), timing, program ROM, shift registers for temporary memory, printer controller and input/output control.

Hoff became concerned that the number of chips and the required interconnections between them would make Busicom's price goals impossible to meet. Combining the chips would reduce the complexity and cost. He was also concerned that the still-small Intel would not have enough design staff to make seven separate chips at the same time. He raised these concerns with upper management, and Bob Noyce, the CEO, told Hoff he would support a different approach if it seemed feasible.

Simplified design
A key concept in the Busicom design was that the program control and ALU were not aimed specifically at the calculator market, it was the program in ROM that turned it into a calculator. The original idea was that the company could use the same chips with different amounts of shift-register RAM and program ROM to produce a range of calculating machines. Hoff was struck by how closely the Busicom's instruction set architecture matched that of general-purpose computers. He began to consider whether a truly general-purpose processor could be made cheaply enough to be used in a calculator. When later asked where he got the ideas for the architecture of the first microprocessor, Hoff related that Plessey, "a British tractor company", had donated a minicomputer to Stanford, and he had "played with it some" while he was there. Tadashi Sasaki attributes the idea to break the calculator into four parts to an unnamed woman from the Nara Women's College present at a brainstorming meeting that was held in Japan prior to his first meeting with Intel.

Another development that allowed this design to be made practical was Intel's work on the earliest dynamic RAM (DRAM) chips. Shift registers at that time were among the only low-cost read and write memory devices. They do not allow random access, instead, with every clock pulse they move the stored data one cell along a chain of cells. The time to retrieve any given data, one byte for instance, is a function of the clock speed and the number of cells in a chain. If the processor had to wait for each bit to cycle through the register, the resulting effective speed would be far too low to be practical. DRAM, on the other hand, allowed random access to any data they stored, while also having roughly double the capacity and thus being less expensive.

Finally, Hoff noticed that much of the complexity of the program control chip was due to every instruction being implemented separately. He suggested that the chip instead support subroutine calls and instructions be implemented as subroutines where possible. The application naturally suggested a 4-bit design, as this allowed direct manipulation of binary-coded decimal (BCD) values used by calculators. Hoff worked on the overall design concept through July and August 1969 but found that the Busicom executives seemed uninterested in his proposal.

Mazor joins
Unknown to Hoff, the Busicom team were extremely interested in his proposal. However, there were a number of specific issues that they were concerned about. One key issue was that certain routines like decimal adjust and keyboard handling would use large amounts of ROM space if implemented as subroutines. Another was that the design did not feature any sort of interrupt, so dealing with real-time events would be difficult. Finally, storing the numbers as 4-bit BCD would require additional memory to store the sign and decimal place.

In September 1969, Stanley Mazor joined Intel from Fairchild. Hoff and Mazor quickly came up with solutions to the Busicom concerns. To address the complexity of the subroutines, originally solved in Busicom's design using one-byte macroinstructions and complex decoder circuitry, Mazor developed a 20-byte long interpreter that executed the same macroinstructions. Shima suggested adding a new interrupt that would be triggered by a pin, thereby allowing the keyboard to be interrupt-driven. He also modified the Branch Back (return from subroutine) instruction to clear the accumulator.

To reach the price goals, it was important that the chip be as small as possible and use the fewest number of leads. As data was 4 bits and the address space was 12 bits (4096 bytes), there was no way direct access could be arranged with anything fewer than about 24 pins. This was not small enough, so the design would use a 16-pin dual in-line package (DIP) layout and use multiplexing of a single set of 4 lines. This meant specifying which address in ROM to access required three clock cycles, and another two to read it from memory. Running at 1 MHz would allow it to perform math on the BCD values at about 80 microseconds per digit.

The result of the discussions between Intel and Busicom was an architecture that reduced the 7-chip Busicom design to a 4-chip Intel proposal composed of CPU, ROM, RAM and I/O (input-output) devices. The proposal was presented to a visiting team of Busicom executives in October 1969. They agreed that the new concept was superior and gave Intel the go-ahead to begin development. Hoff was upset to learn that the contract assigned all rights to the design to Busicom, in spite of it being designed entirely within Intel. The team then left for Japan, but Shima remained in California until December, developing many of the subroutines.

Faggin joins
Neither Hoff nor Mazor, who worked in the Applications Research group, had experience designing the actual silicon, and the design group was already overworked with the development of memory devices. In April 1970, Leslie Vadász, who ran the MOS design group, hired Federico Faggin from Fairchild Semiconductor to take over the project. Faggin had already made a name for himself by leading the entire development of the MOS silicon gate technology and the design of the first commercial integrated circuit (IC) made with it. The new technology was going to change the entire semiconductor market.

Integrated circuits consist of a number of individual components like transistors and resistors that are produced by mixing the underlying silicon with "dopants". This is normally accomplished by heating the chip in the presence of a chemical gas, which diffuses into the surface. Previously, the individual components were connected together to make a circuit using aluminum wires deposited on the surface. As aluminum melts at 600 degrees and silicon at 1000, the traces typically had to be deposited as the last step, which often complicated the production cycle.

In 1967, Bell Labs released a paper about making MOS transistors with self-aligned gates made of silicon rather than metal. These devices, however, were a proof-of-concept and could not be used to make ICs. Faggin and Tom Klein had taken what was a curiosity and developed the entire process technology needed to fabricate reliable ICs. Faggin also designed and produced the Fairchild 3708, the first IC made with SGT, first sold at the end of 1968, and featured on the cover of Electronics in September 1969. The silicon gate technology also reduced the leakage current by more than 100 times, making possible sophisticated dynamic circuits like DRAMs (dynamic random access memories). It also allowed the highly-doped silicon used for the gates to form the interconnections, greatly improving the circuit density of random-logic ICs like microprocessors.

This technique meant the interconnections could be performed at any time in the process. More importantly, the wiring was deposited using the same equipment that made the rest of the components. This meant that the slight differences in layout between different machine types was eliminated. Previously the interconnects had to be much larger than required in order to ensure the aluminum touched the silicon components which would be offset due to inaccuracies in the machinery. With this issue eliminated, the circuits could be placed much closer together, immediately doubling the density of the components, and thus reducing their cost by the same amount. Additionally, the aluminum wiring acted as capacitors which limited the signal speed; removing these allowed the chips to run at faster speeds.

At Intel, Faggin began design of the new processor using this self-aligned gate process. Only days after Faggin joined the company Intel, Shima arrived from Japan. He was disappointed to learn that no work on the project had taken place since he left in December, and expressed his concern original schedule was now impossible. Faggin responded by working well into the night every day, and Shima stayed on for another six months to help. Faggin himself immersed himself in workweeks that spanned 70 to 80 hours. Additional advances were needed to reach the required circuit density. One of these advances was the use of "buried contacts" that allowed the silicon connecting wires to be directly connected to the components. Another was figuring out how to make adding "bootstrap loads" with silicon gate as part of one of the masking steps, eliminating one step from the processing. Without these two innovations by Faggin, Hoff's architecture could not have been realized in a single chip.

Into production

Intel's chip-naming scheme at that time used a four-digit number for each component. The first digit indicated the process technology used, the second digit indicated the generic function, and the last two digits specified the sequential number in the development of that component type. Using this convention, the chips would have been known as the 1302, 1105, 1507, and 1202. Faggin felt this would obscure the fact that they formed a coherent set, and decided to name them as the "4000 family". The four chips were the following: A fully expanded system could support 16 Intel 4001s for a total of 4 kB of ROM, 16 Intel 4002s for a total of 1,280 nibbles (640 bytes) of RAM, and an unlimited number of 4003s. The 4003s were connected to programmable input and output pins on the 4001 and to output pins on the 4002, not directly to the CPU.
 * the Intel 4001, a 256-byte 4-bit ROM;
 * the Intel 4002, DRAM with four 20-nibble registers (total size 40 bytes);
 * the Intel 4003, an I/O chip comprising a 10-bit static shift register with serial and parallel outputs; and
 * the Intel 4004 CPU.

With the design complete, Shima returned to Japan to begin building a prototype of the calculator. The first wafers of the 4001 were processed in October 1970, followed by the 4003 and 4002 in November. The 4002 proved to have a minor problem that was easily corrected. The first 4004s arrived at the end of December, and were completely non-functional. Probing the chip, Faggin found that the buried-contact fabrication step had been left out. A second run was fabricated in January 1971 and the 4004 worked perfectly except for two minor problems.

Faggin was sending samples of these chips to Shima as they arrived. In April, they learned the calculator prototype was operational. Later that month, Shima sent Intel the final masks for the 4001 ROMs, the design was now complete. It consisted of one 4004, two 4002, three 4003, and four 4001 chips. An additional 4001 supplied the optional square root function. One final change was added after Faggin found a frustrating problem in the 4001 that only occurred when the chips were hot. Adding a new register decoder circuit was Faggin's solution. The same problem was also seen in the 4002 and the same solution was used. Production began in quantity in August 1971.

Marketing the 4004

During a call to Shima, Faggin learned that Busicom was in financial difficulty and would likely fail if the chip price was not reduced. Faggin then convinced Noyce to lower the price in exchange for releasing Intel from the exclusivity agreement. In May 1971 Busicom agreed to this, on the condition that it not be used for any other calculator project and that Intel would repay their $60,000 development costs. With this change of marketing focus name of the chip family name was changed to MCS-4, short for Micro Computer System, 4-bit.

Intel management was skeptical that their sales team could explain the product to their customers. As Intel was now successful in the memory market, they were concerned the 4004 might confuse the market and were hesitant to advertise it. They feared current Intel customers might view the new product as competition, purchasing memory from competitors instead. Hoff and Mazor were also concerned that the design's limitations would make it less interesting to users who were accustomed to the new 16-bit minicomputers entering the market at that time.

This all changed in the summer of 1971, when Ed Gelbach, formerly of Texas Instruments, took over the marketing department and immediately began plans to publicly announce the product. This took place in the November 1971 when Intel ran ads "Announcing a new era of integrated electronics," first appearing in the November 15 edition of Electronic News.

The 8008
The 4004 became the first commercial microprocessor available for general use. This was almost not the case.

In December 1969, Intel was approached by Computer Terminal Corporation (CTC) to produce a custom bipolar memory chip for a computer terminal they were designing, the Datapoint 2200. Mazor and Hoff considered their CPU design and concluded it was not much more complicated than the 4004, and that it could be implemented as a single-chip 8-bit CPU. A few weeks before they hired Faggin, in March 1970 Intel hired Hal Feeney to design the Intel 8008, at that time called the 1201, following Intel's naming convention. However, CTC decided to initially proceed with a conventional TTL implementation of their CPU and the project was lowered in priority. Feeney was assigned to other projects and ultimately ended up helping Faggin with testing the 4000 family chips.

In January 1971, Feeney was reassigned back to the 1201 under Faggin's supervision and production chips were available in March 1972. In May, Hoff and Mazor went on a speaking tour to introduce the two CPU designs around the USA. The tradeoffs between the two designs were that with the 4004 and its memory and I/O chips it was much easier to build a complete computer system while the 8008 was more flexible, had a larger 16 kB address space, and offered more instructions. A significant difference is that while a minimal 4004 system could be built using only two chips, one 4004 and one 4001 (256-byte ROM), the 8008 would require at least 20 additional TTL components for interfacing with memory and I/O functions.

The two designs found themselves being used in different roles. The 4004 was used where the cost of implementation was the major concern, and became widely used in embedded controllers for applications like microwave ovens or traffic lights and similar roles. The 8008 instead found itself mostly used in user-programmable applications, such as computer terminals, microcomputers and similar roles. This split in functionality remains to this day, with the former being known as a microcontroller.

Contemporaneous CPU chips
Three other CPU chip designs were produced at about the same time: the Four-Phase Systems AL1, done in 1969; the MP944, completed in 1970 and used in the F-14 Tomcat fighter jet; and the Texas Instruments TMS-0100 chip, announced on September 17, 1971. The MP944 was a collection of six chips forming a single processor unit. The TMS0100 chip was presented as a "calculator on a chip" with the original designation TMS1802NC. This chip contains a very primitive CPU and can only be used to implement various simple four-function calculators. It is the precursor of the TMS1000, introduced in 1974, which is considered the first microcontroller—i.e., a computer on a chip containing not only the CPU, but also ROM, RAM, and I/O functions. The MCS-4 family of four chips developed by Intel, of which the 4004 is the CPU or microprocessor, was far more versatile and powerful than the single-chip TMS1000, allowing the creation of a variety of small computers for various applications.

Zilog, the first company entirely dedicated to microprocessors and microcontrollers, was started by Federico Faggin and Ralph Ungermann at the end of 1974.

Description

The 4004 employs an 10 μm process silicon-gate enhancement-load pMOS technology on a 12 mm2 die and can execute approximately $92,000$ instructions per second; a single instruction cycle is 10.8 microseconds. The original clock rate design goal was 1 MHz, the same as the IBM 1620 Model I.

The Intel 4004 was fabricated using masks produced by physically cutting each pattern at 500x magnification on a large sheet of Rubylith photo-reducing it, and repeating, a process made obsolete by current computer graphic design capabilities.

For the purpose of testing the produced chips, Faggin developed a tester for silicon wafers of MCS-4 family that was itself driven by 4004 chip. The tester also served as a proof for the management that Intel 4004 microprocessor could be used not only in calculator-like products, but also for control applications.

The 4004 includes functions for direct low-level control of memory-chip selection and I/O, which are not normally handled by the microprocessor; however, its functionality is limited in that it cannot execute code from RAM and is limited to whatever instructions are provided in ROM (or an independently loaded RAM working as ROM—in either case, the processor is itself unable to write or transfer data into an executable memory space). The RAM and ROM parts chips also unusual in their integration of I/O functions together with their primary memory function. This partitioning significantly reduced the minimum part count in an MCS-4 system, but required inclusion of a certain amount of processor-like logic on the memory chips themselves to accept, decode and execute relatively high-level data-transfer instructions.

The standard arrangement for a 4004 system is anything up to 16 × 4001 ROM chips (in a single bank) and 16 × 4002 RAM chips (in four banks of four), which together provide the 4 KB program storage, 1024 + 256 nibbles of data/status storage, plus 64 output and 64 input/output external data/control lines (which can themselves be used to operate, e.g. a 4003). Intel's MCS-4 documentation, however, claims that up to 48 ROM and RAM chips (providing up to 192 external control lines) "in any combination" can be connected to the 4004 "with simple gating hardware", but declines to give any further detail or examples of how this would actually be achieved.

Technical specifications

 * Maximum clock rate is 740 kHz. The 4004 had this maximum clock rating upon its initial 1971 release.
 * Instruction cycle time: minimum 10.8 μs (8 clock cycles per machine cycle).
 * Instruction execution time 1 or 2 machine cycles (10.8 or 21.6 μs), $46,250$ to $92,500$ instructions per second.
 * Adding two 8-digit decimal numbers (32 bits each, assuming 4-bit BCD digits) takes a claimed 850 μs, or approximately 79 machine cycles (632 clock ticks), for an average of just under 10 cycles (80 ticks) per digit pair and an operating speed of 1176 × 8-digit additions per second
 * Separate program and data storage. Contrary to Harvard architecture designs, however, which use separate buses, the 4004, with its need to keep pin count down, uses a single multiplexed 4-bit bus for transferring:
 * 12-bit addresses,
 * 8-bit instructions,
 * 4-bit data words.
 * Able to directly address 5120 bits (equivalent to 640 bytes) of RAM, stored as 1280 4-bit "characters" and organized into groups representing 1024 "data" and 256 "status" characters (512 and 128 bytes).
 * Able to directly address $32,768$ bits of ROM, equivalent to and arranged as 4096 8-bit words (i.e. bytes).
 * Instruction set contained 46 instructions (of which 41 were 8 bits wide and 5 were 16 bits wide).
 * Register set contains 16 registers of 4 bits each.
 * Internal subroutine stack, 3 levels deep.

Support chips

 * 4001: 256-byte ROM (256 8-bit program instructions) and one built-in 4-bit I/O port. A 4001 ROM+I/O chip cannot be used in a system along with a 4008/4009 pair.
 * 4002: 40-byte RAM (80 4-bit data words) and one built-in 4-bit output port; the RAM portion of the chip is organized into 4 "registers" of 20 4-bit words:
 * 16 data words (used for mantissa digits in the original calculator design), accessed in a relatively standard manner,
 * 4 status words (used for exponent digits and signs in the original calculator design), accessed using I/O type commands in place of the ROM's input channel.
 * 4003: 10-bit parallel output shift register for scanning keyboards, displays, printers, etc.
 * 4008: 8-bit address latch for access to standard memory chips and one built-in 4-bit chip-select and I/O port.
 * 4009: program and I/O access converter to standard memory and I/O chips.
 * 4269: keyboard/display interface.
 * 4289: memory interface (combined functions of 4008 and 4009).

The minimum system specification described by Intel consists of a 4004 with a single 256-byte 4001 program ROM; there is no explicit need for separate RAM in minimal-complexity applications thanks to the 4004's large number of onboard index registers, which represent the equivalent of 16 × 4-bit or 8 × 8-bit characters (or a mixture) of working RAM, nor for simple interface chips thanks to the ROM's built-in I/O lines. However, as project complexity increases, the various other support chips start to become useful.

Packaging
Numerous versions of the Intel MCS-4 line of processors were produced. The earliest versions, marked C (like C4004), were ceramic and used a zebra pattern of white and gray on the back of the chips, often called "grey traces". The next generation of the chips was plain white ceramic (also marked C), and then dark gray ceramic (D). Many of the more recent versions of MCS-4 family were also produced with plastic (P).

Use
The first commercial product to use a microprocessor was the Busicom calculator 141-PF. The 4004 was also used in the first microprocessor-controlled pinball game, a prototype produced by Dave Nutting Associates for Bally in 1974.

In 1996, The US Patent Office officially recognized Mr. Gary W. Boone and his employer, Texas Instruments, as the inventors of the single-chip microcontroller, overturning the patent grant to Gilbert P. Hyatt in 1990. Even though the patent had expired, it was thought to have potential financial impact depending on the details of previous contracts with Gilbert Hyatt. According to Nick Tredennick, a microprocessor designer and expert witness to that Boone/Hyatt patent case:

"Here are my opinions from [the] study [I conducted for the patent case]. The first microprocessor in a commercial product was the Four Phase Systems AL1. The first commercially available (sold as a component) microprocessor was the 4004 from Intel."

A popular myth has it that Pioneer 10, the first spacecraft to leave the solar system, used an Intel 4004 microprocessor. According to Dr. Larry Lasher of Ames Research Center, the Pioneer team did evaluate the 4004, but decided it was too new at the time to include in any of the Pioneer projects. The myth was repeated by Federico Faggin himself in a lecture for the Computer History Museum in 2006.

Legacy and value

Federico Faggin signed the 4004 with his initials because he knew that his silicon gate design embodied "the essence of the microprocessor". A corner of the die reads "F.F."

In November 1996 – the 25th anniversary of the microprocessor – Intel gave out to its U.S. employees a brass clock containing a 4004 Microprocessor Chip.

On November 15, 2006, the 35th anniversary of the 4004, Intel celebrated by releasing the chip's schematics, mask works, and user manual. A fully functional 41 × 58 cm, 130× scale replica of the Intel 4004 was built using discrete transistors and put on display in 2006 at the Intel Museum in Santa Clara, California.

On October 15, 2010, Faggin, Hoff, and Mazor were awarded the National Medal of Technology and Innovation by President Barack Obama for their pioneering work on the 4004.

Patents

 * August 14, 1973. Faggin, Federico: Power supply settable bi-stable circuit.
 * June 28, 1974. Hoff, Marcian; Mazor, Stanley; Faggin, Federico: Memory system for multi-chip digital computer.

Earliest documents on the gate technology that enabled the 4004

 * Faggin, F., Klein, T., and Vadasz, L.: Insulated Gate Field Effect Transistor Integrated Circuits with Silicon Gates.Cover and abstract of the IEDM (International Electron Devices Meeting) Program (October 1968). The Silicon Gate Technology (SGT), created at Fairchild Semiconductor in 1968, was first presented by its co-inventor and developer, Federico Faggin, at the IEDM on October 23, 1968, in Washington, D.C. It was the only commercial process technology for the fabrication of MOS integrated circuits with self-aligned gate that was later universally adopted by the semiconductor industry. The SGT was the first technology to produce commercial dynamic RAMs, CCD image sensors, non volatile memories and the microprocessor, providing for the first time all the fundamental elements of a general purpose computer with LSI integrated circuits.
 * Federico Faggin and Thomas Klein.: "A Faster Generation of MOS Devices with Low Thresholds is Riding the Crest of the New Wave, Silicon-Gate IC's".Cover of Electronics Magazine (29 September 1969). The Electronics article introduces the Fairchild 3708, designed by Federico Faggin in 1968. It was the world's first commercial integrated circuit using the Silicon Gate Technology, proving its viability, and it was the first application of the new technology.
 * F. Faggin, T. Klein: Silicon-Gate Technology. "Solid State Electronics", 1970, Vo. 13, pp. 1125–1144

Earliest documents on the Intel 4004

 * Initials F.F. (Federico Faggin) on the 4004 design (1971). The 4004 bears the initials F.F. of its designer, Federico Faggin, etched on one corner of the chip. Signing the chip was a spontaneous gesture of proud authorship and was also an original idea imitated after him by many Intel designers.
 * F. Faggin and M. E. Hoff: "Standard parts and custom design merge in four-chip processor kit". Electronics/April 24, 1972, pp. 112–116. Reprinted on pp. 6–27 to 6–31 of The Intel Memory Design Handbook: August 1973.
 * F. Faggin, M. Shima, M. E. Hoff Jr., H. Feeney, S. Mazor: "The MCS-4—An LSI micro computer system". IEEE '72 Region Six Conference. Reprinted on pp. 6–32 to 6–37 of The Intel Memory Design Handbook: August 1973.
 * Busicom 141-PF Printing Calculator Engineering Prototype (1971). (Gift of Federico Faggin to the Computer History Museum, Mountain View, CA). The CHM collection catalog shows pictures of the engineering prototype of the Busicom 141-PF desktop calculator. The engineering prototype used the world's first microprocessor to have ever been produced. This one-of-a-kind prototype was a personal present by Busicom's president Mr. Yoshio Kojima to Federico Faggin for his successful leadership of the design and development of the 4004 and three other memory and I/O chips (the MCS-4 chipset). After keeping it in his home for 25 years, Faggin donated it to the CHM in 1996.
 * Faggin, F.; Capocaccia, F. "A New Integrated MOS Shift Register", Proceedings XV International Electronics Scientific Congress, Rome, April 1968, pp. 143–152. This paper describes a novel static MOS shift register, developed at SGS-Fairchild (now ST Micro) at the end of 1967, before Federico Faggin joined Fairchild's R&D in Palo Alto (Ca) in February 1968. Faggin later used this new shift register in the MCS-4 chips, including the 4004(1970).

title: Intel 4004


text:
Intel 4040

The Intel 4040 ("fourty-fourty") is the second 4-bit microprocessor designed and manufactured by Intel. Introduced in 1974 as a successor to the Intel 4004, the 4040 was produced with a 10 μm process and includes silicon gate enhancement-load PMOS logic technology. The 4040 contained 3,000 transistors and could execute approximately 62,000 instructions per second.

General performance, bus layout and arithmetic logic unit (ALU) were identical to the 4004. The main improvement was to use a larger 24-pin dual inline package, giving it 8 more pins than the 16-pin 4004. Two of these were used to implement interrupts, which were lacking in the 4004 and considered a major oversight. Two more implemented a halt/stop system, which put the processor into a low-power mode and also allowed for single-step operation that made debugging much easier. Another pin was used to bank select a second read only memory (ROM), doubling the amount of ROM the processor could address compared to the 4004.

To make use of these new pins, the instruction set was expanded, increasing it to 60 instructions from the original 46. Additionally, the internal register file and pushdown stack were expanded to support rapid interrupt processing.

4004
The 4004 was designed to be used in an electronic calculator and many of its design notes are related to this role. For instance, program code can only be read from an area dedicated to read only memory, not RAM. Although one could implement the "ROM space" using RAM chips, there were no instructions able to write to that area of memory, and no instructions able to read program code from RAM space. The idea was that systems would supply the system program on ROM, and small amounts of RAM would be used only for data, if at all. In typical use, the internal "index registers" would be used for storage during calculations, with the 16 4-bit registers able to hold a single 8-digit binary coded decimal value, the data format used by calculators. It also had four 12-bit registers for holding addresses, the top-most was the program counter and the next three operated as a push-down stack for subroutine calls.

To reduce pin count to only 16, the original 4004 had only four data pins, multiplexed for both data and addresses. Additional pins indicated whether the address was in ROM or one of several "banks" of RAM. As addresses were 12 bits long, expressing an address took three cycles along with the subsequent read or write, and external circuitry had to latch each 4 bit part of the address between cycles. Instructions were 8 bits, so loading the next instruction required many cycles, which led to the slow performance in spite of what was a relatively fast cycle time for the era.

4040
The 4040 was essentially an expansion of the 4004, with additional pins, more registers and new instructions to take advantage of both.

The 4004 had a single ROM pin, whereas the 4040 added another ROM pin to allow two banks of ROM. This effectively increased the ROM address from 12 to 13 bits, or 8 kB. Unlike later designs where the two lines could be binary encoded and thus support four banks, the ROM chips used with the 4004 and 4040 used these lines like chip select pins, and thus the two lines could only support two banks.

The 4004 lacked interrupts, a serious limitation. The 4040 added a new input pin for calling an interrupt, as well an output pin to indicate the interrupt signal had been noticed and was being acted on. As interrupts also need to save a return address, the stack register file was expanded to seven entries, up from three.

Interrupt handler code normally starts by saving out values in the registers to allow the interrupt code to use them, and then at the end it copies the values back from memory so that the processor returns to its original pre-interrupt state. With the multi-cycle memory access of the design, this would have been extremely slow. To address this, eight additional registers were added in a new "bank 1", the original sixteen registers retroactively becoming "bank 0". The idea was that programmers would attempt to place their critical data in the first eight registers of bank 0. When an interrupt was received, the handler code would call an instruction to swap banks, which would cause bank 1's registers to override bank 0's registers 0 through 7. The handler code would then use these eight registers for any local data, leaving the original values untouched. When the handler completed, it simply swapped bank 0 back in. This reduced the switching time to a single instruction, greatly improving interrupt response times.

Another addition was the input stop pin, and the associated output stop acknowledge. These could be used to stop the processor while the system performed input/output or other non-CPU tasks, but was more widely used for debugging by allowing the processor to be single-stepped. When the processor was in stopped mode, most of the chip hardware put into a low-drain, high-impedance condition, reducing power use. The machine cycle clocks were kept running for the benefit of external devices, including any interrupt controllers needed to wake the chip back up, which relied on these controllers staying in sync.

To take advantage of these new features, the instruction set added 14 new instructions, bringing the total to 60.

Characteristics

 * Data bus: 4-bit
 * Address bus: 12-bit for ROM (multiplexed onto data bus; addresses took three bus cycles to transmit, same as in the 4004), effectively 13-bit with use of bank-switching commands; effectively 10-bit or 8-bit for RAM (8-bit direct address plus one-of-four, i.e. 2-bit equivalent, bank select; the additional 256 "status" memory locations required use of I/O commands to read or write, from an overall 8-bit address space)
 * Voltage: −15 V DC
 * Operating frequency: 500 to 740 kHz main clock (2-phase, overlapping); 62500 to 92500 8-clock machine cycles per second, each instruction requiring either one or two machine cycles to read and execute, meaning a rough average of 62 kIPS at 740 kHz with an equal mix.
 * Performance: Claimed execution time of ~850 μs to add two 32-bit (8-digit BCD) numbers, or around 1175 such operations per second and about 10 machine cycles per digit pair.

Designers
Federico Faggin proposed the project, formulated the architecture and led the design. The detailed design was done by Tom Innes.

New support chips

 * 3216 and 3226 4-bit parallel bus drivers
 * 4101 – 256 x 4-bit Static RAM
 * 4201 – Clock Generator, 500 to 740 kHz, using 4.000 to 5.185 MHz crystals
 * 4207 – General Purpose 8-bit Output port
 * 4209 – General Purpose 8-bit Input port
 * 4211 – General Purpose 8-bit I/O port
 * 4265 - Programmable general-purpose I/O. It contains four 4-bit I/O ports. It has 14 software-selectable modes that can be programmed to interface with these ports.  Not only this can interface with this processor and 8080A processor as well.  It was available in sample quantities in stock in March (1976).
 * 4269 - Programmable keyboard/display. It has system software configuration in this chipset via instructions that controls how these ports can be handled. It was available in sample quantities in March (1976).
 * Keyboard Features: It generates an interrupt when the key is pressed. It stores up to 8 characters FIFO buffer prior servicing the CPU.  It can be interfaced with sensors, panel switches and keyboards which it supports full teletypewriter size.  That can be key input encoding, polling, character input buffer storage, and keyboard over-entry recovery.
 * Display Features: It operates and refresh displays or indicator arrays up to 128 elements or lights. It also supports gas-discharge display such as Burroughs Self-Scan display up to 20 characters can be driven.
 * 4289 – Standard Memory Interface (replaces 4008/4009)
 * 4308 – 1K x 8-bit ROM plus 4 x 4-bit IO ports
 * 4316 – 2K x 8-bit ROM
 * 4702 – 256 x 8-bit EPROM

Use in computers
According to Byte magazine, the first microcomputer designed around the Intel 4040 was the Micro 440, released by Comp-Sultants of Huntsville, Alabama, in 1975.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Intel 4040


text:
Dayanara Torres

Dayanara Torres Delgado (born October 28, 1974) is a Puerto Rican actress, singer, model, and beauty queen who won Miss Universe 1993.

Torres was discovered at age 17 while walking through the Plaza de Toa Alta in her hometown, and was invited to represent Toa Alta in the annual Miss Puerto Rico pageant. She won the pageant and the right to represent Puerto Rico in the 1993 Miss Universe pageant. In 1992, she participated in the Miss International pageant and became a semi-finalist. The same year, she earned second place at the Queen of the World contest.

Torres won the crown in the Miss Universe pageant held in Mexico in May 1993. Torres's victory in the pageant caused some controversy because of the claim that she was still a minor;  however, Torres had turned 18 several months before the contest. Her victory also raised some eyebrows, as she did not top any of the pageant's segments. When Torres returned home to Puerto Rico, she was received with a parade.

During and after her reign as Miss Universe, she became an ambassador for UNICEF, traveling through Asia and Latin America in support of the organization. She created the Dayanara Torres Foundation which has provided scholarships to poor students in Puerto Rico and the Philippines. In 1994, she went to Manila to crown the new Miss Universe and during the ceremony, she sang "A Whole New World" as a duet with Peabo Bryson.

Torres in the Philippines
After the 1994 Miss Universe pageant, Torres landed several movie roles, made television appearances, and received offers to endorse products. She became a celebrity in the Philippines and lived in the country for five years. During her time in the Philippines, Torres learned to speak Tagalog, the national language of the country. Torres endorsed Pantene Shampoo in 1998-1999.

She appeared in more than 10 movies, including Hataw Na, a film with Filipino actor and singer Gary Valenciano (who is half-Puerto Rican). During that time, she also filmed Linda Sara (1994), a Puerto Rican film directed by Jacobo Morales in which she was paired with fellow Puerto Rican singer, Chayanne. She also became a staple figure on Philippine television every Sunday on the show ASAP Mania, where her dancing skills gained her the informal title "Dancing Queen."

Return to Puerto Rico
Torres returned to Puerto Rico in 1998 and as a singer released her only album called Antifaz. It reached the top of Billboard charts in Latin America and the Philippines. She also starred in several theater productions on the island. That same year, a "Dayanara" doll was released and sold out in both Puerto Rico and the Philippines.

On September 1, 2005, Torres debuted in an American soap opera, playing a small role in The Young and the Restless. The program's producers expressed an interest in future appearances. To date, Torres has not made any other appearances on the show. Torres later starred in Watch Over Me, a MyNetworkTV primetime drama.

In 2008, Torres was included in People magazine's "Most Beautiful People" list. During the celebration ceremony, Torres stated she authored the self-help book Married to Me when she failed to find a book to help her with her 2003 separation from Marc Anthony in bookstores.

Return to the Philippines
In 2017, Torres made a return to the country as a judge for Miss Universe 2016, along with various guest appearances on Philippine television.

In February 2017, Torres was asked whether or not she would be willing to do a romantic TV series with her former boyfriend and leading man Aga Muhlach; she said she was more than willing to do so.

Personal life
Torres has two older brothers, José and Joey, and a younger sister, Jeannette. Upon completion of her high school studies at Colegio Santa Rosa, in Bayamón, Torres had expressed interest in going to dentistry college to become an orthodontist.

While she was living in the Philippines, Torres had a four-year relationship with Filipino actor Aga Muhlach (who is now married to Charlene Gonzalez, a Miss Universe 1994 top six finalist); Torres and Muhlach first met on the set of her first Philippine movie, Basta't Kasama Kita ("As Long As I'm with You").

Torres married singer Marc Anthony on May 9, 2000, in Las Vegas, Nevada. The marriage resulted in two sons, Cristian Anthony Muñiz (b. February 5, 2001) and Ryan Anthony Muñiz (b. August 16, 2003). Their marriage was allegedly "rocky", and the two separated, after just two years of marriage, in the summer of 2002. They later reconciled and renewed their vows in a ceremony, held in Puerto Rico, in December 2002.

The couple's final separation was one year later, in October 2003, with Torres filing for divorce in January 2004. The divorce was finalized June 1, 2004.

In June of 2014, a judge ruled in Torres's favor when they approved a two-fold increase in Marc Anthony's monthly child support payments (from $13,400 to $26,800); Torres had initially sought to receive monthly payments totaling $123,426 when it was alleged that Anthony had spent only 35 days with their children in 2012, but the Court discovered that he had spent 71 days.

On February 4, 2019, Torres announced she was diagnosed with skin cancer.

Accolades

 * Press Club of the Philippines 1995 (a.k.a. PMPC Star Awards for TV) – "Best New TV Personality Award" for ASAP on ABS-CBN 2 (Winner)
 * Premios Juventud 2006 – "Chica Que Me Quita El Sueño" (Winner)
 * Premios Juventud 2007 – "Supermodelo Latina" (Winner)
 * Premios Juventud 2008 – "Quiero Vestir Como Ella / Ella Tiene Estilo" (Nominated)
 * Leading Ladies of Entertainment in 2019.

Discography

 * Album
 * Antifaz (1998)

Books

 * 2006 – Sonrisas Sanas y Hermosas de Ricky y Andrea (co-author with Steven Fink)
 * 2008 – Married To Me: How Committing To Myself Led to Triumph After Divorce (co-author with her sister Jeannette Torres-Álvarez)
 * 2009 – Casada Conmigo Misma: Como Triunfé Despues Del Divorcio (Spanish translation of her book "Married To Me:...")

title: Dayanara Torres


text:
G.723.1

G.723.1 is an audio codec for voice that compresses voice audio in $6.3 kbit/s$ frames. An algorithmic look-ahead of $30 ms$ duration means that total algorithmic delay is $7.5 ms$. Its official name is Dual rate speech coder for multimedia communications transmitting at 5.3 and $37.5 ms$. It is sometimes associated with a Truespeech trademark in coprocessors produced by DSP Group.

This is a completely different codec from G.723.

There are two bit rates at which G.723.1 can operate:
 * $6.3 kbit/s$ (using 24-byte frames) using a MPC-MLQ algorithm (MOS 3.9)
 * $6.3 kbit/s$ (using 20-byte frames) using an ACELP algorithm (MOS 3.62)

Use
G.723.1 is mostly used in Voice over IP (VoIP) applications due to its low bandwidth requirement. Music or tones such as DTMF or fax tones cannot be transported reliably with this codec, and thus some other method such as G.711 or out-of-band methods should be used to transport these signals. The complexity of the algorithm is below 16 MIPS. 2.2 kilobytes of RAM is needed for codebooks.

G.723.1 is a required audio codec in the H.324 ITU-T recommendation for H.324 terminals offering audio communication. In 3GPP 3G-324M specification support for G.723.1 is not mandatory, but recommended.

Features

 * Sampling frequency $5.3 kbit/s$/16-bit (240 samples for $8 kHz$ frames)
 * Fixed bit rate ($30 ms$ with 20 byte $5.3 kbit/s$ frames, $30 ms$ with 24 byte $6.3 kbit/s$ frames)
 * Fixed frame size for each rate ($30 ms$ with 20 byte $5.3 kbit/s$ frames, $30 ms$ with 24 byte $6.3 kbit/s$ frames)
 * Algorithmic delay is $30 ms$ per frame, with $37.5 ms$ look-ahead delay
 * G.723.1 is a hybrid speech coder, with high bit rate using multi-pulse maximum likelihood quantization (MP-MLQ) and low bit rate using algebraic code-excited linear prediction (ACELP)
 * The complexity of the algorithm is rated at 25, using a relative scale where G.711 is 1 and G.729a is 15.
 * G.723.1 Annex A defines 4 byte silence insertion descriptor (SID) frame for Comfort Noise Generation
 * PSQM testing under ideal conditions yields mean opinion scores of 4.08 for G.723.1 ($7.5 ms$), compared to 4.45 for G.711 (μ-law)
 * PSQM testing under network stress yields mean opinion scores of 3.57 for G.723.1 ($6.3 kbit/s$), compared to 4.13 for G.711 (μ-law)

Licensing
As of January 1, 2017, the patent terms of most patents applying to G.723.1 have expired. With regard to the unexpired licensed patents of their G.723.1 patent license agreement, the licensors of G.723.1 patents, namely AudioCodes, Orange SA, and Université de Sherbrooke have agreed to license their patents under the existing terms on a royalty-free basis starting January 1, 2017.

The authorized intellectual property rights licensing administrator for G.723.1 technology is Sipro Lab Telecom.

Members of the G.723.1 patent pool are AudioCodes, France Telecom, Université de Sherbrooke, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation and Nokia.

title: G.723.1


text:
List of kidnappings

The following is a list of kidnappings summarizing the events of each case, including instances of celebrity abductions, claimed hoaxes, suspected kidnappings, extradition abductions, and mass kidnappings.

Modern kidnappings of celebrities or their relatives
Kidnappers interested in getting a large ransom or a political effect often target celebrities or their relatives. Here are some of the people affected by these crimes:
 * Mordechai Oren was a European politician who was taken hostage in Czechoslovakia during the Cold War in 1951 and sentenced to 15 years in prison, before being released.
 * Leon Ames: Film and television actor who, together with his wife, was held hostage at their home on 12 February 1964. They were rescued by police, who had been alerted to the case by his business partner.
 * Leonard Firestone (57–58), American businessman, philanthropist, diplomat was the target of an aborted kidnapped plan that was to take place in 1966.
 * Cindy Birdsong: A member of the Motown supergroup The Supremes. Birdsong was kidnapped in December 1969, aged 30, at knife-point from her Hollywood apartment and escaped two hours later by jumping from the car at a freeway exit. Charles Collier, the handyman at Birdsong's apartment, was later convicted of the kidnapping.
 * Karl von Spreti: West-Germany's ambassador to Guatemala, was kidnapped in 1970 in Guatemala City and later murdered.
 * Yoko Ono: Her second husband Anthony Cox abducted their daughter Kyoko Chan Cox in 1971. Ono and her daughter were finally reunited in 1997.
 * Escort Ian Ball had attempted to kidnap Anne, Princess Royal on 20 March 1974 while she and Mark Phillips had left a charity event and were returning home to Buckingham Palace. His plan to do so proved unsuccessful.
 * Chris Cramer: British news journalist and executive for BBC who was one of the 25 hostages held during the Iranian Embassy siege. Cramer was released on 1 May 1980, after falsely complaining that he felt ill, and later provided information on the situation.
 * Jorge and Juan Born (1974), scions of the Bunge y Born business, were kidnapped in September by the Montoneros and only released after the payment of a $60 million ransom.
 * Cory Quirino (42), Filipino TV host and broadcaster who was abducted on 24 September 1995 in Laguna, Philippines by five armed gunmen who killed her driver. She was eventually rescued when the getaway car ran into a police roadblock, and her kidnappers fled the scene.
 * Jessica Alba, actress and businesswoman who was kidnapped and held captive for 14 hours in 1996. She was later discovered bound, blindfolded and gagged, but her kidnapper was never brought to trial and the case was dropped.
 * Jorge Campos (footballer): In 1999, his father was kidnapped and later found alive in Acapulco, Mexico.
 * Rajkumar (born Singanalluru Puttaswamayya Muthuraju), an actor and singer in Kannada film industry, was kidnapped from the actor's house at Gajanur in Tamil Nadu on 30 July 2000, along with his son-in-law Govindaraju and two others. He was released unharmed on 15 November 2000, after 108 days of captivity.
 * Françoise Claustre: French archaeologist who was kidnapped in Chad by guerillas led by Hissène Habré. Her husband, Pierre, was the head of the French foreign aid mission in Chad and was also taken hostage when he tried to secure her release.
 * Baron Édouard-Jean Empain: Industrialist who was kidnapped for ransom. His captors cut off one of his fingers in order to bring proof that they held him. He was later released.
 * John Paul Getty III, kidnapped in Italy in 1973. His grandfather, the then world's richest man, American multi-billionaire oil tycoon, J. Paul Getty, refused to pay his $3 million ransom until one of the boy's ears was cut off and sent to a newspaper.
 * Freddy Heineken (1983): Chairman of the board of directors and CEO of the brewing company Heineken International and his driver Ab Doderer, were kidnapped between 9 and 30 November 1983 in Amsterdam.
 * Jennifer Hudson: Her nephew was kidnapped after her mother and brother were shot to death. He was later found dead.
 * Julio Iglesias: His father was kidnapped in 1985, but was found alive and healthy.
 * Charles Lindbergh: The aviator's two-year-old son, Charles Jr., was kidnapped in 1932 and was killed. Bruno Hauptmann was arrested and executed for the crime, but concerns remain regarding Hauptmann's guilt and the fairness of the trial (see Lindbergh kidnapping).
 * Madonna: American singer-songwriter and actress who was supposedly tied to a chair and held captive by ex-husband Sean Penn at their house in Malibu, California home on 28 December 1989. She has categorically denied that this incident has occurred, and the couple later separated.
 * Adi Koila Mara Nailatikau: First daughter of Fiji and senator, was kidnapped during a coup against her father. Her kidnappers had threatened to kill her, but she was returned alive.
 * Veruska Ramirez, former Miss Venezuela, kidnapped in 2003 and released three hours later after signing fifteen autographs for her captors.
 * David Letterman: In 2005, FBI agents and Montana authorities foiled a kidnapping of Letterman's son from his Choteau, Montana home.
 * Riddick Bowe (boxer): Former world heavyweight champion kidnapped his estranged wife, Judy, and their five children from North Carolina in February 1998, hoping to reconcile his marriage. Police captured Bowe in South Hill, Virginia, freeing his family.
 * Cesar Rosas: Member of Los Lobos whose wife, Sandra, was kidnapped on 23 October 1999 and later found dead. Gabriel Gómez was accused and sentenced for her kidnapping and murder.
 * Georgiy Gongadze: Prominent Ukrainian journalist kidnapped and later found beheaded in 2000. His disappearance has triggered a major political and diplomatic scandal also involving the United States and other Western countries. No details of the crime have been revealed yet.
 * Susan Enriquez, a Filipina journalist, news presenter, radio and television host who was kidnapped on 20 April 2000 in Basilan by Abu Sayyaf, but was later released.
 * Daryush Shokof: The artist-filmmaker was kidnapped after he screened his films Iran Zendan and Hitler's Grave that portrayed the horrible situations of Iranian political prisoners in Iran and under the Islamic republic Regime of Iran in Berlin, Germany. He said he was held by Arabic speaking men for 12 days and was released after agreeing not to publicize the films. He was later thrown into the Rhine river in Cologne, Germany. The German Police debates the validity of the incident up to this date.
 * Frank Sinatra Jr. (1963), son of Frank Sinatra, was kidnapped by Barry Keenan and Joe Amsler and released after a ransom of $240,000 was paid a few days later. Most of the ransom money was recovered.
 * Johnny Tapia: The world boxing champion saw his mother raped and kidnapped when he was 8 years old. He was hiding when he witnessed the assault. His mother's body was found on a road days later.
 * Thalía: The Mexican diva's sisters, Ernestina Sodi and actress Laura Zapata, were kidnapped, but later both released alive.
 * Benedict Cumberbatch and two acquaintances were kidnapped by six armed men in South Africa in 2005 while filming the miniseries To the End of the Earth. The trio were released unharmed shortly thereafter.
 * Rubén Omar Romano, Argentine soccer coach, was kidnapped in Mexico on 19 July 2005 and rescued two months later.
 * Steven Adler (42), former Guns N' Roses drummer was kidnapped by his brother Jamie Adler on 22 March 2007 and taken to Los Angeles, California and held and released after 30 days in an attempt to get him off drugs.
 * Thiago da Silva (25), Brazilian footballer who was kidnapped in Rio de Janeiro on 24 September 2008 and while trying to escape was shot multiple times which caused him to die six days later.
 * Duffy (25), a singer-songwriter, had alleged that in 2010 she had been kidnapped, raped, and drugged, and managed to escape. She has not revealed the kidnappers' identities or the location of the alleged crimes.
 * Alex Band: Singer-songwriter best known as the guitarist for The Calling, Band was reportedly robbed, beaten and then abandoned near some train tracks by two unidentified assailants on 18 August 2013. He was rushed to a nearby hospital, where he was treated and later released.
 * Victor Li Tzar-kuoi, son of the Hong Kong tycoon, Li Ka Shing: Kidnapped by Cheung Chi Keung, AKA "Big Spender". He was released after the world record payment of a HK$1,000,000,000 (US$134,000,000) ransom. Cheung was later captured and executed in Guangzhou in 2000.
 * Pai Hsiao-yen, daughter of Taiwanese artiste Pai Bing-bing, was kidnapped and subsequently murdered in April 1997. In a year-long hunt, with the kidnappers committing a further series of crimes and suicide upon arrest, Chen Chien-hsing, the mastermind of the kidnapping, was finally arrested in November after perpetrating a hostage incident, and was subsequently executed. The case received notoriety due to the poor media ethics conducted, among these which resulted in unsuccessful ransom negotiations.
 * Daisy McCrackin (37), was kidnapped on 3 May 2017 while in Los Angeles and held hostage in her own car while be driven around. McCrackin later escaped and her kidnappers are now facing charges.
 * Einár: Swedish rapper who was kidnapped by gang members associated with rival rapper Yasin in April 2020. He was later released, but was killed the following year when he was scheduled to testify in the case.
 * Thirteen adult males were arrested on 8 October 2020 by the FBI as they were plotting to kidnap American politician Gretchen Whitmer who is the current Governor of Michigan. Another man was later arrested after being accused of having a part in the planned kidnapping. All men were later charged in court.
 * A man from Harlow was attempting to kidnap and murder English television presenter, author and model Holly Willoughby (42), but his plan was foiled as he was arrested on 4 October 2023.
 * A man has threatened to kidnap a U.S. senator from Alaska on 3 November 2023 who is thought to be Lisa Murkowski (66), but his plans to do so have not happened.

Faked kidnappings

 * Tawana Brawley, African-American teenager who claimed in November 1987 that she had been abducted, held prisoner and gang-raped by a group of four white men over a four-day period. A grand jury ruled that Brawley had fabricated her story and one of the men accused successfully sued her for defamation.
 * Jules Croiset, Dutch actor who faked being kidnapped by neo-Nazis in 1987 in order to stir enough outrage to prevent a play he considered to be antisemitic from being performed.
 * Dar Heatherington, Alberta city councillor who claimed to have been abducted in Montana.
 * Audrey Seiler, a college student from Wisconsin who disappeared on March 27, 2004. She was found four days later after an extensive search. It was later revealed she had fabricated her "abduction".
 * Jennifer Wilbanks, American woman who alleged that she was kidnapped as an excuse for her running away from her own wedding in late April 2005, in the Runaway bride case.
 * Quinn Gray, resident of Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida who disappeared over Labor Day weekend in 2009 and left a ransom note behind demanding $50,000 for her return. Was found four days later and revealed to have used the hoax for extortion in collusion with her boyfriend, Jasmin Osmanovic. Osmanivoc pleaded guilty, Gray no contest; both sentenced to probation with fines to repay the cost of the investigation.
 * Somália, Brazilian footballer who falsely claimed in 2011 that he had been kidnapped. It was proved that he was running late for a training session and tried to avoid a 40% wage cut for tardiness.
 * Sherri Papini, California woman whose 2016 disappearance became a national news story, later arrested and convicted of faking her abduction.
 * Breana Harmon Talbott, 19-year-old white woman who falsely claimed to have been kidnapped and gang-raped by three black men. She confessed to faking her kidnapping two weeks later after inconsistencies in her story were highlighted and pleaded guilty to tampering with evidence.
 * Carlee Russell, Alabama nursing student who disappeared for 49 hours in July 2023 and contacted police claiming she had been abducted. She later admitted to faking her abduction and was convicted of false reporting.

Suspected kidnappings

 * Sodder children, five children reported missing after a suspicious fire at their family home. They were officially declared dead, but it is widely believed that they survived and were abducted by persons unknown.
 * Helen Brach, millionaire owner of a candy company; an informant claimed she was kidnapped after leaving the Mayo Clinic, then murdered; her remains have never been located.
 * Hassani Campbell, 5-year-old boy with cerebral palsy, went missing in Oakland, California on 10 August 2009. Hassani's foster father, Louis Ross, said he left Hassani waiting at the back of the shoe store where Hassani's aunt, Jennifer Campbell, worked while he went around to the front of the store with Hassani's younger sister.
 * Haleigh Cummings, the child, according to news reports from CNN and other major television news sources, was being watched by the girlfriend, later wife, of her father, Ronald Cummings, when she disappeared from her mobile home in Satsuma, Florida in February 2009. Two persons of interest in the still unsolved kidnapping were implicated in a drug sting in January 2010, renewing interest in the case.
 * Jimmy Hoffa, disappeared and declared legally dead. Several rumors and theories, including an alleged kidnapping, surfaced in later years.
 * Aimee Semple McPherson, evangelist who maintained she was kidnapped and held for ransom from 18 May through 23 June 1926 until she escaped. A grand jury inquiry instead charged her with fabricating it. Charges against McPherson were dropped for lack of evidence. No indictments against her described kidnappers were pursued.
 * Cédrika Provencher, 10-year-old girl from Trois-Rivières, Canada went missing on 31 July 2007. Her remains were discovered on 11 December 2015.
 * Tabitha Tuders, 13-year-old girl fom Nashville, Tennessee disappeared on her way to board the school bus on April 29, 2003. An neighbour claims to have seen her getting in a car with a man. She has not been seen nor heard from since then.

Kidnapping in lieu of extradition

 * See main article: Extradition and abduction

 * Humberto Álvarez Machaín, from Mexico to the United States by locals hired by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration in 1990.
 * Jabez Balfour, from Argentina to the United Kingdom in 1895.
 * Ronnie Biggs, from Brazil to the United Kingdom by independent bounty hunters in 1981.
 * Adolf Eichmann, from Argentina to Israel in 1960.
 * Mir Aimal Kansi, from Pakistan to the United States in 1997.
 * Andrew Luster, from Mexico to the United States by Duane Chapman ("Dog the Bounty Hunter") in 2003.
 * Martin Mubanga, from Zambia to Guantanamo Bay by the United States in 2002.
 * Hassan Mustafa Osama Nasr, from Italy to Egypt by the CIA in 2005.
 * Morton Sobell, from Mexico to the United States in 1950.
 * Mordechai Vanunu, from Italy to Israel in 1986.

Mass kidnappings

 * Bisbee kidnappings: 1,300 striking miners were unlawfully detained by a deputized posse on orders from Sheriff Harry C. Wheeler before being loaded onto cattle cars and transported 200 miles to New Mexico. A Federal investigation found that the victims had been illegally kidnapped.
 * 1976 Chowchilla kidnapping: 26 children on a school bus and the bus driver were held in a buried moving van, in a quarry.
 * December 1998 kidnapping of western tourists in Yemen: 16 western tourists were kidnapped while on vacation in Yemen. Four were killed in a botched rescue operation by Yemeni authorities the following day.
 * 2010 Kurram agency mass kidnapping: 60 people were taken from the Kurram Tribunial Agency in Pakistan by militants dressed as police officers.
 * 2014 Chibok kidnapping: More than 200 schoolgirls were taken from their school during an exam. The Boko Haram terrorist group is suspected to have perpetrated the attack.
 * 2014 Iguala mass kidnapping: 43 male students from a rural school in Mexico were planning to go to a protest in Mexico City when they were shot at by police and taken into custody.
 * 2015 Malari kidnapping: 40 boys and young men were kidnapped by Boko Haram.
 * 2018 Dapchi kidnapping: 110 schoolchildren from their school were kidnapped by Boko Haram.
 * 2020 Kankara kidnapping: 334 schoolchildren from their school were kidnapped by a criminal gang.
 * 2021 Kagara kidnapping: 27 schoolchildren from their school were kidnapped and one killed, three members of the school's staff and 12 of their relatives were also abducted.
 * 2021 Jangebe kidnapping: 279 schoolchildren from their school were kidnapped by armed bandits in Jangebe.
 * 2021 Afaka kidnapping: 39 students (23 females and 16 males) were kidnapped by armed bandits in Afaka.
 * 2021 Pantelhó mass kidnapping: 21 residents of Pantelhó, Chiapas, Mexico, were kidnapped by El Machete under the pretext that the abductees were involved in organized crime.
 * 2021 Haitian missionary kidnappings: 17 Christian missionaries, most from United States, one from Canada, were kidnapped for ransom by members of the 400 Mawozo gang.
 * Kidnappings during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war: around 200 people, mostly Israeli civilians, were kidnapped by Hamas militants on October 7, 2023, and another 50 by other Palestinian militant groups.

title: List of kidnappings


text:
Talk:Foreplay

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 23 August 2021 and 8 December 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Ezacarias01. Peer reviewers: Cjames2020, YamilBar, Uambra, Sdesilva11.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 21:24, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 19 August 2019 and 29 November 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Gstock1. Peer reviewers: SrushtiPai, Mxrlena.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 21:40, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

foreplay
This article needs to be partially rewritten - not all of these activities are a prelude to intercourse. For a gay or lesbian couple (and, though I'm not an expert, I assume for some straight couples too), oral sex can constitute the "main event," if you want. I would rewrite it, but I'm going to bed. (Alone, smart mouth.) - Montréalais
 * What about sucking and light nipping of breasts? 24.54.208.177 02:13, 4 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, if you're in a relationship that's still progressing, whatever point you reach before calling a halt is, by default, the "main event". -MBlume 18:22, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

- are the last two paragraphs ok??

 * I've removed the junk. TPK 18:09, 12 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Reverted POV additions
I don't know if the additions made by the anonymous author where serious additions or not but they where certainly not either POV or in some cases accurate. Describing sex as a violent act or referring to "overt and dirty" sexual acts is not POV. That foreplay is always intended to bring about a "screaming" orgasm (as opposed to a less vocal orgasm) is inaccurate. The rest of the added words create similar problems. --Cab88 16:26, 20 March 2006 (UTC)

Inhibition and Comfort
In the second paragraph "Psychologically, foreplay lowers inhibitions and increases the emotional comfort of the partners"

I am now thoroughly convinced that foreplay is essentially this - to lower inhibition and increase comfort. But inhibition and comfort are too mild to properly describe the importance of foreplay as a prelude to intercourse. Its essential role is to reduce fear. Fear of a stranger in some cases, fear of invading personal space, fear of penetration or castration, perhaps fear of pain and fear of the unknown (particularly for virgins both male and females), but also fear of being a personal or socially proscribed activity. Shyness is a fear too (I say a fear of saying Hello) so even going so far as making the introductory moves towards foreplay is a fear to be overcome.

Unless these fears are properly resolved before intercourse it may actually be unpleasurable or painful, and further more may lead to a more pathological, general fear of the opposite sex or even intercourse. This is the case when there is little or no foreplay accompanied by threats of harm or helplessness as in the case of rape.

But as some people fear the thrills of the big dipper rides others find them enjoyable, so it seems that some people find the fear of helplessness, as in bondage, enjoyable part of foreplay. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.32.87.250 (talk) 19:12, 14 September 2006

 * Eh, I disagree. As a female, the only reason I want foreplay is because if I'm not aroused before sex, god it hurts.  People who are "good to go" don't normally bother with it.  128.84.58.89 13:45, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

 * There is a distinction to be made in courting, which is seeking a mate with whom to establish a long-term relationship (for the purposes of reproduction – sex and children), and foreplay (sex only). An example is two neighbours already in established relationships, who wink with a view to some “extra-marital” or occasional sex and no view to establishing a long term relationship. In this case there is a risk, a fear, that discovery will disturb or destroy the existing relationship and responsibilities if there are children. The distinction between courtship and foreplay though is not necessarily mutually exclusive. While courting, foreplay may seen as opportunistic - you may get lucky. Here though one is more careful not to upset the primary goal of establishing a longer-term relationship. But then again opportunity may be the essence of all foreplay - wink and see if there is any chance of taking things further.

 * The issue of pain is not necessarily straightforward. Not all pain is conscious. And memory of pain is greater than the memory of pleasure. Within long-term relationship the role of foreplay in fear reduction is often largely not considered at all, so if pain or fear (physical or psychological – conscious or unconscious or imagined – personal or social in origin), comes with sex then there are serious risks not only to a maturing and growing sexual intimacy but to the relationship generally. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 210.11.233.243 (talk) 17:28, 17 September 2006

 * "Not all pain is conscious." WTF? How do you define "pain" then?  This is a bunch of bullshit. 128.84.58.89 13:46, 24 October 2007 (UTC)
 * YOU need therapy 139.180.117.137 (talk) 21:33, 7 July 2023 (UTC)

Exkayceedee
Looks like my external reference to the xkcd page was removed. I thought it was noteworthy enough to at least mention at the bottom of the page, but others apparently disagree. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.166.42.107 (talk) 05:35, 24 October 2007 (UTC)
 * This huge template at the top better then? --Kizor 10:52, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

It's funny! This wiki page deserves a bit of fun, if any does! Here it is, for posterity: http://xkcd.com/333/ and it's even creative-commons licensed! Emrys2 06:09, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

Randall kicks ass. 70.250.112.231 05:20, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

 * The page doesn't deserve that link I believe. The discussion page does, just so people would know why there are so many edits today.  – b_jonas 11:01, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I'm a fan of the XKCD comic, but it doesn't even deserve a link on the page, it doesn't add anything to the discussion of foreplay. I'm taking it off. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.41.94.238 (talk) 14:45, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree, by the way. It's sort of become funny how every time I draw a comic about something, it gets added to the Wikipedia article about that subject.  Sometimes it's actually noteworthy (like when I used the Hilbert curve to represent the IPv4 space) but generally it's not.  And sorry for any vandalism  :)  If anything, I expect my mention will lead to some needed cleanup.  --Xkcd 16:21, 24 October 2007 (UTC)xkcd

Agreed. XKCD, while cool, adds nothing to this article. Keep it off. 198.49.81.33 15:13, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

I think that if the vandalism continues, the page should be locked for a day or two. 198.49.81.33 15:16, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

Disagree, XKCD! I love your work! Thank you! BUT The xkcd cartoon depicts a geek who prefers wikipedia to having fun. He literally turns away from having fun to browse wiki. And here we geeks are on wiki solemnly agreeing to turn fun away from wikipedia. This cartoon, and this talk page, is so full of irony that entire PhD theses will be written about it! Put the cartoon on the entry page! But maybe the page should be locked for a few days. Emrys2 17:52, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I love XKCD, and loved the comic, but it has no place on this wikipedia entry. This entry is about foreplay, not about cartoons that reference the foreplay article. The infobox at the top of this talk page lets people who are interested know it was referenced inXKCD, but doesn't add irrelevant information to the article for people who are here researching foreplay. Improbcat 17:57, 24 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Shouldn't the comic be there just for people using wikipedia to research foreplay as a warning to them that there's something wrong with them? :-) Hansonc 18:42, 24 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Nope, Wikipedia is not a manual, guidebook, or textbook. Thanks to all the XKCD related vandalism, this article has been protected by an admin from editing. Improbcat 18:47, 24 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I smell a SIHULM in the works. In any case, I fully-protected it because registered accounts were also being reverted for the XKCD stuff. I'm keeping an eye on it in case it pops up again. -Jéské ( Blah v^_^v ) 22:49, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

Protection Should Be Lifted
Yesterday, this page was featured on XKCD, a high-traffic website. This sent a lot of eyes over to this page, and resulted in a *lot* of edits, most of them unproductive. This has led some admins to choose to protect the page. However, if we take a moment to compare the state of the page when it was protected to that before the comic was posted, it is easy to see that the page was improved, markedly, in those 15 hours. It is now a more polished, more professional article than it was before the comic appeared. And it is easy to see why this is the case. Wikipedia is coated in teflon - nothing sticks to it. Every act of vandalism was corrected by editors almost immediately. At the same time, the mention on the comic brought eyeballs to the page who weren't interested in vandalism, but could see things in the page that could be changed for the better. Though the acts of vandalism drastically outnumbered the productive edits, the vandalism was reverted, all of it, easilly, and we now have a better page than we had before. I firmly believe that we would have an even better page now if the page had never been protected.

When articles are featured on the Wikipedia front page, it leads to a large amount of traffic, and, inevitably, a large amount of vandalism. However, the articles are seldom protected, because the vandalism is easilly corrected, and the end result of all the attention to the article is positive. I think that when an external site directs attention to a Wikipedia page, we are wasting an oppurtunity if we do not respond in the same way. Looking back through the history, there have been few time periods in which the page has undergone as much improvement as it has as a result of the XKCD mention, and certainly none taking place in only 15 hours. If the protection were lifted right now, it might result in the article looking a bit odd from time to time in the coming hours and days, but it will result in a better article a week from now. It will benefit the long-term health of the Wikipedia project, and that should be our top priority.

MBlume 22:53, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Maybe whenever a wikipedia article needs editing, Randall should draw a comic about somebody consulting it. --131.193.179.146 07:41, 25 October 2007 (UTC)
 * That would be kind of awesome actually ^^ --MBlume 08:00, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

 * "it might result in the article looking a bit odd from time to time in the coming hours and days, but it will result in a better article a week from now" It could in fact be interesting to have a "self removing edit" feature in wikipedia, the first sensible person to edit some piece of "news vandalism" could simply turn it into a self-removing part. The "news vandals" would be pacified (they see the item they want in the page and therefore won't edit) and the sensible persons will not waste more time on it because they know it will disappear. But, oh, just think of the abuse possibilities (they just have to be out there somewhere, there goes another idea...) 88.65.216.229 02:06, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

Re: "citation needed"
In my opinion, that little macro is yelling for vandalism. "[1] Your momma!" anyone? It also seems that having the macro at the end of a paragraph triggers a bug in the parser. (88.235.173.69 16:57, 26 October 2007 (UTC))
 * As I recall, the MLA does have a format for citing information gained in a personal interview. -MBlume 18:21, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

OR
I added the OR tag back because not only is its section unsourced, I suspect it was written as an ad hoc essay, based on its terminology and style. Surely it is not difficult to find a source upon which the description can be based. Squee23 19:15, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

New study
Appparently, according to a new study in the Prague university of Charles, there is a result that foreplay for women has no effect on the orgasm, and that the single determinative factor is duration of coitus. I have trouble accepting this as a wholly well controlled study, because as presented on the (admittedly superficial) tabloids, it seems the focus is on two factors that have many undrelying issues affecting them... Really I have no idea if the study has any relevance to the subject, but just letting folks know this study is out there... -- Cimon Avaro; on a pogostick. (talk) 13:48, 10 November 2008 (UTC)

Anthropocentric?
Shouldn't this article talk about foreplay in other animals too? Dogs (http://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=foreplay+in+dogs&hl=en&btnG=Search&as_sdt=1%2C5&as_sdtp=on) for example. -- Sundar \talk \contribs
 * Agree; I am trying to find an appropriate link for mutual grooming as a precoital activity -- 'coital' won't do! ~E 74.60.29.141 (talk) 01:22, 10 October 2012 (UTC)

Why does "contrectation" redirect here?
Term not used or explained in article. 86.159.197.174 (talk) 03:57, 22 August 2014 (UTC)

Tantra principles....
...say nothing about there only having to be TWO people. Hopehoppy (talk) 18:35, 26 November 2015 (UTC)

 * Hopehoppy, as you know, I already commented on your talk page. I will not be taking your word on anything regarding tantra or tantric sex. Flyer22 Reborn (talk) 18:46, 26 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Me neither. If he wants to edit-war, let him. --Para Forts (talk) 18:47, 26 November 2015 (UTC)
 * @Hopehoppy 217.46.143.224 (talk) 09:05, 20 November 2022 (UTC)

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nope, nope, nope, nope
Thankfully, this page is brief — presently; certainly it has potential to become a fancruft pile — because it's flawed to the root. Lacking definition, the page is a rather random assortment of "things that someone once said aroused someone's interest in sex/love/romance/marriage." For instance, the half-naked girl (cute though she is) is most certainly NOT demonstrating "foreplay," any more than every stripper and streaker and calendar model and porn actor and good-looking person who's stepped out in public.
 * The key term foreplay is never clearly & concisely defined.
 * Recognition of the concept is not ascribed to some credible outside source.

If showing off in a quasisexual/erotic manner is foreplay, then where's the sex?

If nobody orgasms, is the setup still "foreplay"? Explain the answer fully.

If an attractive woman gives me her number at a party, but we never meet again, was that "foreplay"? If we happen to meet years later, and engage (once) in sex, does that initial contact retroactively become foreplay?

And as addressed above: if the sex to which the "foreplay" is leading is not standard PIV, then what is it that the play is happening before? Is it being presented here that (say) masturbating each other "isn't really sex" and if so are we now allowed to do it in public? Weeb Dingle (talk) 16:06, 6 April 2019 (UTC)

Sec drive
It really takes some time and patience on Both partner 2600:100F:A013:8315:BDCC:B3BA:CAF0:6915 (talk) 09:55, 23 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Foreplay


text:
Speedy Gonzales

Speedy Gonzales is an animated cartoon character in the Warner Bros. Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons. He is portrayed as "The Fastest Mouse in all Mexico" with his major traits being the ability to run extremely fast, being quick-witted and heroic while speaking with an exaggerated Mexican accent. He usually wears a yellow sombrero, white shirt and trousers (which was a common traditional outfit worn by men and boys of rural Mexican villages), and a red kerchief, similar to that of some traditional Mexican attires. There have been 46 theatrical shorts made either starring or featuring the character.

History
Speedy's first appearance was in 1953's Cat-Tails for Two though he appeared largely in name (and super speed) only. It would be two years before Friz Freleng and layout artist Hawley Pratt redesigned the character into his modern incarnation for the 1955 Freleng short of the same name. The cartoon features Sylvester the Cat guarding a cheese factory at the international border between the United States and Mexico from starving Mexican mice. The mice call in the plucky, excessively energetic Speedy (voiced by Mel Blanc) to save them. Amid cries of "¡Ándale! ¡Ándale! ¡Arriba! ¡Arriba! ¡Epe! ¡Epe! ¡Epe! Yeehaw!" (Spanish for "Go on! Go on! Up! Up!", although "Ándale arriba" may have been intended as meaning "hurry up"), Sylvester soon gets his comeuppance. The cartoon won the 1955 Academy Award for Best Short Subject (Cartoons).

While Speedy's last name was given as Gonzalez in Cat-Tails (on a printed business card shown in the cartoon), it was spelled with an 's' from Speedy Gonzales onward. Today, the earlier spelling is sometimes used.

Freleng and McKimson soon set Sylvester up as Speedy's regular nemesis in a series of cartoons, much in the same way Chuck Jones had paired Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner in his Road Runner cartoons (and indeed, all four characters ended up competing with each other in the short "The Wild Chase"). Sylvester (often called "El Gringo Pussygato" by Speedy) is constantly outsmarted and outrun by the mouse, causing the cat to suffer all manner of pain and humiliation from mousetraps to accidentally consuming large amounts of Tabasco hot sauce. Other cartoons pair the mouse with his cousin, Slowpoke Rodriguez, the "slowest Mouse in all Mexico." Slowpoke regularly gets into all sorts of trouble that often require Speedy to save him—but one cat in Mexicali Shmoes says that as if to compensate for his slowness, "he pack a gun!" In the mid 1960s, Speedy's main rival and second nemesis became Daffy Duck, whom Speedy usually referred to as "the loco duck."

Speedy has the reputation of being a hit with the female mice. In many cartoons, when the mice decide to get Speedy to help them, one mouse will say words to the effect of "Speedy Gonzales is friend of my sister". Another mouse will say "Speedy Gonzales is friend of everyone's sister".

Notable cartoon appearances

 * Cat-Tails for Two (1953) – Early version
 * Speedy Gonzales (1955) – Debut, official, Academy Award-winner, 28th (1955) – Short Subject (Cartoon)
 * Tabasco Road (1957), Academy Award-nominated
 * Mexicali Shmoes (1959), Academy Award-nominated
 * The Pied Piper of Guadalupe (1961), Academy Award-nominated
 * A Message to Gracias (1964) – One of the rare Speedy Gonzales cartoons directed by Robert McKimson
 * It's Nice to Have a Mouse Around the House (1965) – first appearance with Daffy Duck.
 * See Ya Later Gladiator (1968) – final theatrical appearance.

Concern about stereotypes
Feeling that the character presented an offensive Mexican stereotype, Cartoon Network shelved Speedy's films when it gained exclusive rights to broadcast them in 1999 (as a subsidiary of Time Warner, Cartoon Network is a corporate sibling to Warner Bros.). In an interview with Fox News on March 28, 2002, Cartoon Network spokeswoman Laurie Goldberg commented, "It hasn't been on the air for years because of its ethnic stereotypes."

The Hispanic-American rights organization League of United Latin American Citizens called Speedy a cultural icon, and thousands of users registered their support of the character on the hispaniconline.com message boards. Fan campaigns to put Speedy back on the air resulted in the return of the animated shorts to Cartoon Network in 2002.

Speedy Gonzales remained a popular character in Latin America. Many Hispanic people remembered him fondly as a quick-witted, heroic Mexican character who always got the best of his opponents, at a time when such positive depictions of Latin Americans were rare in popular entertainment.

In 2006, Volkswagen licensed Speedy Gonzales for a series of Spanish-language commercials for the Volkswagen Golf, using footage from the cartoon of the same name.

In a March 2021 essay, Los Angeles Times columnist Gustavo Arellano wrote, “I love Speedy so much, I keep a large painting of him in my home office. His kind smile and brown skin takes me back to my childhood — and reminds me of where we as Mexicans exist today.”

Other appearances
In 1983, he co-starred with Daffy Duck once again in Daffy Duck's Movie: Fantastic Island. He also made a cameo appearance in the finale sequence of the 1988 film Who Framed Roger Rabbit. He had one appearance in the Tiny Toon Adventures episode segment "The Acme Acres Summer Olympics", as the coach, and serving as the mentor of Lightning Rodriguez. He had a minor role in the 1996 film Space Jam. He made a cameo appearance alongside Porky Pig in the 2003 film Looney Tunes: Back in Action, making fun of his politically incorrect status. At around the same time, he made a non-speaking cameo in an episode of ¡Mucha Lucha! titled "Lucha, Rinse and Repeat".

Volume 4 of the Looney Tunes Golden Collection DVD series, released on November 14, 2006, has an entire disc of Speedy shorts, although some of his other shorts had previously been released on Volumes 1 and 3. Speedy is mentioned in one Duck Dodgers episode, after Cadet sits on Dodgers, prompting him to say, "I knew I should've chosen Speedy Gonzales as a sidekick!"

Speedy Gonzales appears in Bah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas. He is an employee at the Lucky Duck Superstore for the greedy Daffy Duck where he confuses Daffy with the Feliz Navidad comment.

Speedy Gonzales also appeared occasionally on The Looney Tunes Show. He is seen living with Bugs and Daffy as their "mouse in the wall" and running the pizza parlor Pizzarriba. Speedy is shown to act as Daffy's conscience, which is a far cry from the antagonistic relationship they had in the old days. The episode "Sunday Night Slice" showed that Bugs bought his favorite restaurant, Girardi's, to prevent it from being closed and hired Speedy to help him. When Bugs decides he does not want to own a restaurant anymore, he hands ownership of it to Speedy. In "The Black Widow", Speedy Gonzales answers Daffy Duck's call and races to Tacapulco to convince his cousin Sheriff Slowpoke Rodriguez to let Daffy Duck and Porky Pig out of jail.

Speedy Gonzales appeared in the 2015 direct-to-video movie Looney Tunes: Rabbits Run. He is seen as Lola Bunny's landlord.

An elderly Speedy Gonzales (voiced by Carlos Alazraqui) was "interviewed" by Al Madrigal for Madrigal's one-hour comedic documentary special Half Like Me (currently available on YouTube and formerly on Hulu).

Speedy Gonzales appeared occasionally in New Looney Tunes, often as the leader of a gang of mice that also includes Hubie and Bertie, Sniffles, and "Minnesota Rats" (originally Minniesoda Fats; an aborted 1970s character revived and fleshed out in this series). He seems to have reverted to his personality from Merrie Melodies.

Speedy was featured in an episode of Bugs Bunny Builders titled "Speedy", voiced by Raul Ceballos. In the episode, he is a professional soccer player and hired the Looney Builders to fly to Mexico and build a soccer stadium for his soccer game with his four teammates.

In other media
In 1962, pop singer Pat Boone scored a top 10 hit in the United States with the song "Speedy Gonzales" which featured Mel Blanc samples as Speedy. It was also sung by Manolo Muñoz and several other artists.

In 1965, the movie Wild on the Beach included the song "Little Speedy Gonzales" which was written by Stan Ross and Bobby Beverly and performed by The Astronauts.

In 1995, he appeared in a video game, Speedy Gonzales: Los Gatos Bandidos, for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System.

In 2006, Volkswagen licensed Speedy Gonzales for a series of Spanish-language commercials for the Volkswagen Golf, using footage from the cartoon of the same name.

Speedy Gonzales starred in several video games: Cheese Cat-Astrophe Starring Speedy Gonzales for the Mega Drive/Genesis, Master System, and Game Gear, Speedy Gonzales: Los Gatos Bandidos for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, Speedy Gonzales for the Game Boy and Speedy Gonzales: Aztec Adventure for the Game Boy Color. He also appeared as an enemy in Looney Tunes: Back in Action, and Looney Tunes: Marvin Strikes Back! as both a miniboss and playable character. In the 2018 film Overboard, Eugenio Derbez has a tattoo of Gonzalez.

Film adaptation
In 2010, Warner Bros. and New Line Cinema announced a new Speedy Gonzales live action / animated feature film. George Lopez was attached to voice the character. In December 2015, it was reported that an animated film is in development at Warner Bros. In April 2016, it was announced that Eugenio Derbez will voice the character.

Voice actors

 * Mel Blanc (1953–1989)
 * Malcolm McNeill (Spin a Magic Tune)
 * Stan Freberg ("Day-O (The Banana Boat Song)" in Blue Peter)
 * Noel Blanc (You Rang? answering machine messages, Bugs Bunny's Birthday Ball, MetLife commercial )
 * Joe Alaskey (Tiny Toon Adventures, Looney Tunes River Ride, Yosemite Sam and the Gold River Adventure!, Sunsoft commercial, The Looney Tunes Kwazy Christmas, Looney Tunes: Cartoon Conductor)
 * Greg Burson (Acme Animation Factory, Speedy Gonzales: Los Gatos Bandidos, Bugs Bunny's Learning Adventures, Quest for Camelot promotion )
 * Keith Scott (Canon commercials, The Looney Tunes Radio Show, Looney Rock)
 * Jeff Bergman (Toon Biography: Speedy Gonzales)
 * Eric Goldberg (Looney Tunes: Back in Action)
 * Billy West (Looney Tunes: Back in Action – The Video Game)
 * James Arnold Taylor (Drawn Together)
 * Seth Green (Robot Chicken)
 * Bob Bergen (Bah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas,  A Looney Tunes Sing-A-Long Christmas, Volkswagen commercials )
 * Kerry Shale (Virgin Media commercials)
 * Fred Armisen (The Looney Tunes Show, Looney Tunes: Rabbits Run)
 * Tim Dadabo (singing voice in The Looney Tunes Show, speaking voice in Scooby Doo and Looney Tunes: Cartoon Universe)
 * Carlos Alazraqui (Half Like Me)
 * Eric Bauza (Looney Tunes Dash, Looney Tunes: World of Mayhem)
 * Dino Andrade (New Looney Tunes)
 * Gabriel Iglesias (Space Jam: A New Legacy)
 * Raul Ceballos (Bugs Bunny Builders)

title: Speedy Gonzales