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Osceola, Indiana

Osceola is a town in Penn Township, St. Joseph County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. The population was 2,463 at the 2010 Census. It is part of the South Bend–Mishawaka, IN-MI, Metropolitan Statistical Area.

History
Osceola was platted in 1837. The town was named after Osceola, leader of the Seminole. A post office has been in operation at Osceola since 1854.

Geography
According to the 2010 census, Osceola has a total area of 1.37 sqmi, of which 1.36 sqmi (or 99.27%) is land and 0.01 sqmi (or 0.73%) is water. Osceola is also home to Ferrettie/Baugo Creek County Park, a 214-acre park with an extensive trail network along Baugo Creek.

Demographics
Located in the Penn-Harris-Madison School Corporation, Osceola spans both sides of the St. Joseph River, although the majority is on the south side. Osceola is divided once again by the railroad.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 2,463 people, 905 households, and 672 families living in the town. The population density was 1811.0 PD/sqmi. There were 979 housing units at an average density of 719.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 95.5% White, 1.4% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 0.3% from other races, and 1.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.1% of the population.

There were 905 households, of which 39.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.9% were married couples living together, 12.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 25.7% were non-families. 19.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the average family size was 3.09.

The median age in the town was 35.7 years. 27.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 28.8% were from 25 to 44; 25.4% were from 45 to 64; and 10.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 50.6% male and 49.4% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,859 people, 714 households, and 521 families living in the town. The population density was 1,361.2 PD/sqmi. There were 739 housing units at an average density of 541.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 97.79% White, 0.43% African American, 0.11% Asian, 0.75% from other races, and 0.91% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.70% of the population.

There were 714 households, out of which 33.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.3% were married couples living together, 11.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.0% were non-families. 21.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.01.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.9% under the age of 18, 8.2% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 24.1% from 45 to 64, and 12.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.7 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $43,657, and the median income for a family was $45,707. Males had a median income of $33,036 versus $25,000 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,051. About 3.4% of families and 3.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.7% of those under age 18 and 4.7% of those age 65 or over.

Transportation
Since fall 2009, Interurban Trolley's Bittersweet/Mishawaka route has connected Osceola to the nearby cities of Elkhart and Mishawaka. Riders can transfer to South Bend-Mishawaka region's TRANSPO bus system in Mishawaka and other Interurban Trolley bus routes at Elkhart.

Education
It is in Penn-Harris-Madison School Corporation. It is zoned to Moran Elementary School in Osceola, Grissom Middle School, and Penn High School.

title: Osceola, Indiana


text:
Roseland, Indiana

Roseland is a town in Clay Township, St. Joseph County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. The population was 630 at the 2010 Census. It is part of the South Bend–Mishawaka, IN-MI, Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Roseland is known as "The Gateway Town", on account of its location at the Notre Dame/South Bend exit of the Indiana Toll Road (Interstate 80/90).

Geography
According to the 2010 census, Roseland has a total area of 0.38 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 630 people, 287 households, and 148 families living in the town. The population density was 1657.9 PD/sqmi. There were 348 housing units at an average density of 915.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 87.5% White, 2.7% African American, 1.0% Native American, 4.6% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 1.9% from other races, and 2.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.1% of the population.

There were 287 households, of which 20.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.8% were married couples living together, 6.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 48.4% were non-families. 32.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.71.

The median age in the town was 35.2 years. 14.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 16.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 30% were from 25 to 44; 26.1% were from 45 to 64; and 13.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 48.9% male and 51.1% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 645 people (corrected count), 311 households, and 171 families living in the town. The population density was 1612.5 PD/sqmi. There were 336 housing units at an average density of 864.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 91.60% White, 1.16% African American, 0.61% Native American, 2.16% Asian, 2.93% from other races, and 1.55% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.31% of the population.

There were 311 households, out of which 20.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.4% were married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.7% were non-families. 37.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.06 and the average family size was 2.73.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 6.4% under the age of 18, 66.4% from 18 to 24, 13.2% from 25 to 44, 7.7% from 45 to 64, and 6.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 21 years. For every 100 females, there were 21.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 18.5 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $33,214, and the median income for a family was $38,750. Males had a median income of $35,000 versus $23,611 for females. The per capita income for the town was $9,450. About 5.1% of families and 5.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.7% of those under age 18 and 3.7% of those age 65 or over.

Government
Roseland was incorporated in 1916. The town has three council members and a clerk treasurer.

Education
Roseland is in the South Bend Community School Corporation (SBCSC).

The school zonings are as follows: Darden Elementary School Edison Middle School and Clay High School.

Previously residents were zoned as follows based on their street location: Darden Primary, Tarkington Traditional Elementary, Clay Intermediate or Brown Intermediate (depending on the section), and Clay High.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Roseland, Indiana


text:
South Bend, Indiana

South Bend is a city in and the county seat of St. Joseph County, Indiana, United States, on the St. Joseph River near its southernmost bend, from which it derives its name. At the 2020 census, the city had a total of 103,453 residents and is the fourth-largest city in Indiana. Located just south of the border with Michigan, South Bend anchors the Michiana region and is 72 mi east of downtown Chicago. The metropolitan area had a population of 324,501 in 2020, while its combined statistical area had 812,199.

The area was settled in the early 19th century by fur traders and was established as a city in 1865. The St. Joseph River shaped South Bend's economy through the mid-20th century. River access assisted heavy industrial development such as that of the Studebaker Corporation, the Oliver Chilled Plow Company, and other large corporations.

The population of South Bend declined after 1960, when it peaked at 132,445. This was chiefly due to migration to suburban areas as well as the demise of Studebaker and other heavy industry. Today, the largest industries in South Bend are health care, education, small business, and tourism. Remaining large corporations based in the area include Crowe, Honeywell, and AM General. The city's economy and culture are influenced by the nearby University of Notre Dame.

Early history
The St. Joseph Valley was long occupied by Native Americans. One of the earliest known groups to occupy what would later become northern Indiana was the Miami tribe. Later, the Potawatomi moved into the region, utilizing the rich food and natural resources found along the river. The Potawatomi occupied this region of Indiana until most of them were forcibly removed in the 1840s. The South Bend area was popular because its portage was the shortest overland route from the St. Joseph River to the Kankakee River. This route was used for centuries, first by the Native Americans, then by French explorers, missionaries and traders. The French explorer René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, the first white European to set foot in what is now South Bend, used this portage between the St. Joseph River and the Kankakee River in December 1679.

First settlements
The first permanent white settlers of South Bend were fur traders who established trading posts in the area. In 1820, Pierre Frieschutz Navarre arrived, representing the American Fur Company (AFC) of John Jacob Astor. He settled near what is now downtown South Bend. Alexis Coquillard, another agent of the AFC, established a trading post known as the Big St. Joseph Station. In 1827, Lathrop Minor Taylor established a post for Samuel Hanna and Company, in whose records the name St. Joseph's, Indiana was used. By 1829, the town was growing, with Coquillard and Taylor emerging as leaders. They applied for a post office. Taylor was appointed postmaster, and the post office was designated as Southold, Allen County, Indiana. The following year, the name was changed to South Bend, probably to ease confusion, as several other communities were named Southold at the time.

In 1831, South Bend was laid out as the county seat and as one of the four original townships of St. Joseph County with 128 residents. That same year, Horatio Chapin moved to the settlement, opened the first general store with imported (out of state) goods and helped established the first church and Sunday school. Around the same time, design began on what would become the town of South Bend. The town was formally established in 1835, with Chapin as the first president of the board of town trustees. In 1856, attorney Andrew Anderson, Chapin's son-in-law, founded May Oberfell Lorber, the oldest continuous business in St. Joseph County. He compiled a complete index of South Bend's real estate records.

In 1841, Schuyler Colfax was appointed St. Joseph County deputy auditor. Colfax purchased the South Bend Free Press and then turned it into a pro-Whig newspaper, the St. Joseph Valley Register. He was a member of the state constitutional convention of 1850, at which he opposed the barring of African American migration to Indiana. He joined the Republican Party, like many Whigs of his day, and was elected to Congress in 1855, becoming Speaker of the House in 1863 during the administration of Abraham Lincoln. In 1868, he was elected vice president under Ulysses S. Grant. Colfax returned to South Bend after his stint in Washington and is buried in City Cemetery, west of downtown.

Early business
During the late 1830s through the 1850s, much of South Bend's development centered on the industrial complex of factories located on the two races (man-made canals along the St. Joseph River in South Bend). Several dams were created and factories were built on each side of the river. On October 4, 1851, the first steam locomotive entered South Bend. This shifted commerce from the river to the railroad. In 1852, Henry Studebaker set up Studebaker wagon shop, later becoming the world's largest wagon builder and the only one to later succeed as an automobile manufacturer. The Singer Sewing Company and the Oliver Chilled Plow Company were among other companies that made manufacturing the driving force in the South Bend economy until the mid-20th century. Another important economic act was the dredging of the Kankakee River in 1884 to create farmland. During this time period there was a great immigration of Europeans, such as Polish, Hungarian, Irish, German, Italian, and Swedish people to South Bend because of available employment in area factories.

South Bend benefited from its location on the Michigan Road, the main north–south artery of northern Indiana in the 19th century. Another significant development occurred near South Bend in 1842, when Father Edward Sorin founded the University of Notre Dame just north of the town. It became a major factor in the area's economy and culture.

Establishment and early history
South Bend was incorporated as a city on May 22, 1865, and its first elections were held on June 5, 1865, with William G. George elected as its first mayor The official city motto, "Peace", refers to the fact that incorporation came in the month following the Confederate surrender that effectively ended the American Civil War.

Industrial growth was rapid after the Civil War, most notably with the Studebaker wagon factory, and the Oliver plow company. Good jobs and high wages attracted immigrants from Europe, especially Germans, Irish, and Poles. The majority were Catholic, and they achieved higher rates of social mobility than the same ethnic groups in the Northeast.

Olivet African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church was founded in South Bend in March 1870, making it the first African American church in the city. Olivet AME is still an active African Methodist Episcopal Church, and celebrated its 145th anniversary in 2015.

A sergeant from South Bend fired the first American shells against Germany in World War I.

History with Ku Klux Klan
In 1923, the African American owner of a soda fountain received a letter signed "KKK", threatening to kill an African American man held in the city's jail and harm the rest of the city's African American population. Within a few days, over a thousand African Americans fled the city.

In 1924, the Ku Klux Klan held a conference and planned a parade from its local headquarters at 230 S. Michigan St. In preparation, Klan members were posted around town to direct traffic. Notre Dame students, well aware of the anti-Catholic nature of the Klan, vigorously protested this intrusion, and before noon all of the Klansmen traffic directors had been "unmasked and unrobed." Notre Dame students continued the fight, with several hundred gathering outside of the Klan headquarters, throwing rocks and smashing windows in protest. Local police as well as Notre Dame officials eventually managed to convince them to return to campus. It is said that even legendary football coach Knute Rockne became involved in the struggle to calm down the students.

Later business
Other industries developed in South Bend in the early 20th century, including Birdsell Manufacturing Company, the Bendix Corporation, Honeywell, AlliedSignal, South Bend Lathe Works, the O'Brien Paint Corp., the South Bend Toy Company, South Bend Range, South Bend Bait Company, and South Bend Watch Company. Workers at the Bendix Corporation staged the first sit-in strike in American history in 1936. Fast development led to the creation of electric rail transportation throughout the area, and in 1925, the South Shore interurban streetcar service was established from downtown South Bend to downtown Chicago. The South Shore line still runs daily to and from Chicago and also is a major freight carrier in the area.

On June 30, 1934, the Merchants National Bank in South Bend was the last bank to be robbed by the Dillinger gang.

Recent history
On September 29, 1929, South Bend completed its "track elevation program". This was a railroad infrastructure project which saw the removal of Grand Trunk Western Railroad tracks from Division Street, the removal of level crossings from Chapin to Miami streets, the creation of a modern freight layout, and the construction of Union Station. This project had been seventeen years in the making, and had been the subject of the Indiana Supreme Court case Vandalia Railroad v. South Bend, which was subsequently affirmed by the Supreme Court of the United States.

In 1949, legendary percussionist Lionel Hampton was informed that his concert at South Bend's Palais du Royale would be a blacks-only event; he threatened to call for a boycott of the venue, and the affair proceeded as an integrated evening, which newspapers said led to all attendees breaking out in "paroxysms of ecstasy."

By 1950, more than half of all employment was in the manufacturing sector. Due to economic difficulties, Studebaker closed its automotive manufacturing plants in South Bend in December 1963. A general decline in manufacturing soon followed as industry was restructured nationwide. By 2000, manufacturing was only 16 percent of the local economy. Due to the severe loss of jobs, the city's population decreased by nearly 30,000 during that period. This decline of industry and population loss led to the Rust Belt designation for the northwestern and midwestern regions of the United States that experienced these effects of deindustrialization.

In 1984, South Bend community leaders began seeking a minor-league baseball team for the city. A stadium was constructed in 1986 and a 10-year player-development contract was signed with the Chicago White Sox. The team would be known as the South Bend White Sox. In 1994, the team's name was changed to the South Bend Silver Hawks, and then to the South Bend Cubs in 2015. They are a Class A minor league affiliate of the Chicago Cubs in the Midwest League.

In 2015, the City of South Bend celebrated its 150th birthday. The yearlong festival culminated with the ceremonial illumination of the first River Lights along the St. Joseph River. Mayor Pete Buttigieg welcomed the coming of the next 150 years of South Bend's heritage accompanied by five previous South Bend mayors: Steve Luecke, Joe Kernan, Roger Parent, Peter Nemeth and Jerry Miller.

In 2015, the city's population increased by 286, the largest one-year growth in over twenty years. The former Studebaker plant has been developed as the Ignition Park center to attract new businesses, especially in the tech industry. South Bend has also seen new development, particularly in the tech field, a decline in unemployment, and a renewal of the downtown area under Buttigieg's tenure, which has been described as a revival and South Bend as a 'turnaround city'. South Bend also was in the national spotlight during the 2019-20 Democratic presidential campaign of former mayor Pete Buttigieg.

Geography
South Bend is located 5 mi from the Michigan border and approximately equidistant from Illinois and Ohio. The city is 93 mi from Chicago. The shore of Lake Michigan is 20 mi away.

According to the 2010 census, South Bend has a total area of 41.877 sqmi, of which 41.46 sqmi (or 99%) is land and 0.417 sqmi (or 1%) is water.

Cityscape
The St. Joseph River flows from the east end of the city turning north near the city center, giving South Bend its name at the bend in the river. South Bend is located on the north–south continental divide, and the river flows northwest into Lake Michigan. The downtown area is located in the north-central part of the city along the St. Joseph River. Notre Dame, Indiana, is directly adjacent to the north. The city extends further north on the west side, mainly with manufacturing and distribution facilities near the South Bend International Airport. Mishawaka, Indiana, is adjacent to South Bend's east side.

Neighborhoods
Notable neighborhoods in the city include:
 * Far Northwest, Near Northwest, and Keller Park are located off of Portage Avenue. along the riverfront.
 * Northeast South Bend is between the River and SR 23 north of East LaSalle Avenue.
 * River Park is located north and south of Mishawaka Avenue. It has been the subject of several redevelopment projects intended to revitalize the area.
 * The Wayne Street neighborhood between Washington Street and Sunnymede Avenue along Jefferson Boulevard was designated a historic district in 1987.
 * Rum Village is in Southwest South Bend north of West Ewing Avenue and west of South Main Street.
 * The Eddy Street Commons is a mixed-use complex along North Eddy Street across Angela Boulevard from Notre Dame.
 * Leeper Park is south of the River and northwest of the Memorial Hospital main campus.

Climate
South Bend has a humid continental climate, with a Köppen climate classification of Dfa. Lake Michigan exerts a great influence on the climate of South Bend, including lake effect snow in winter and a tendency to moderate temperatures year round. June, July and August are the warmest months, with average temperatures above 69 °F. Normally, 42 days with thunderstorms occur each year. The snowiest month is usually January, with snowfall normally recorded from October through April. On average, South Bend receives 64.5 in of snow per year. Spring and fall can be mild and overcast, but also severely stormy at times with 293 partly cloudy to cloudy days each year.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 101,168 people, 39,760 households, and 23,526 families residing in the city. The population density was 2440.1 PD/sqmi. There were 46,324 housing units at an average density of 1117.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 60.5% White, 26.6% African American, 0.5% Native American, 1.3% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 6.9% from other races, and 4.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race were 13.0% of the population.

There were 39,760 households, of which 33.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.9% were married couples living together, 18.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.8% were non-families. 33.3% Of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.19.

The median age in the city was 33.3 years. 27.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 10% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.1% were from 25 to 44; 23.1% were from 45 to 64; and 12.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.4% male and 51.6% female.

Ethnicity
Per the 2013 American Community Survey of the U.S. Census Bureau, the following ancestries were reported: African-American - 26%, German - 14.8%, Irish - 10.4%, Polish - 8.2%, English - 5.0%, American - 3.3%, Italian - 2.6%, Hungarian - 2.4%, French - 2.0%, Dutch - 1.4%, Swedish - 1.1%, Belgian - 0.9%.

Economy
South Bend's location on the St. Joseph River led to an industrial-based economy in the late 19th century and early-to-mid-20th century. In 1923, industrialist and entrepreneur Vincent H. Bendix selected South Bend as the site of his new manufacturing plant for automotive parts. He chose South Bend primarily because it was on a rail line midway between Chicago and Detroit, the two automotive manufacturing centers of the United States at the time. Eventually, the Bendix corporation built a vast manufacturing complex on its South Bend acreage served by the major railroads, including a huge shipping and receiving building where railroad cars could enter at one end, unload, and depart at the opposite end.

By the end of World War II, manufacturing began to diminish. The Studebaker plant, which had at one time employed 45,000 persons, closed in 1963; its engine block plant shuttered the following year. Parts of the Bendix factory complex were later acquired and divided between Honeywell Corporation and Bosch Corporation, respectively. Honeywell Aerospace continues to manufacture aviation products at its former Bendix facility. In 2010, Bosch announced that it would cease all operations at its Bendix plant location in South Bend by the end of 2011. Bosch vacated the building entirely in October 2012. Curtis Products of South Bend moved into the building in May 2013.

Employers
Since the 1960s, education, health care, and small business have come to the forefront of South Bend's economy, though the city has never regained the level of prosperity it enjoyed before that time. Nearby University of Notre Dame is a large contributor to the local economy. The university is the second largest employer in the city and in St. Joseph County, employing 6,086 people.

Health care is another major contributor to the South Bend economy. In 2012, Memorial Health System announced that it was merging with Elkhart General Hospital, located in Elkhart County, to form Beacon Health System. Beacon is the largest employer in the city and in St. Joseph County, employing 7,088 people. Other notable businesses include Honeywell, Bosch, and PEI Genesis. AM General, Crowe Horwath, and Tire Rack all have corporate headquarters in South Bend.

According to the 2017 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the city's top employers are:

Technology
Efforts are under way to spur economic growth in South Bend. The St. Joe Valley Metronet is a 50 mi dark fiber optic network that encircles South Bend and Mishawaka that allows for strong telecommunications connectivity. The South Bend Metronet, named Zing, is bringing more high-tech firms to the city and surrounding area. This telecommunications network has allowed for the advent of various data centers in South Bend, which serves as a hub between Chicago, Indianapolis, Detroit, and Cincinnati. In 2015, the City of South Bend announced it would provide free wireless internet access via the Metronet in the city's downtown and East Bank areas.

The Union Station Technology Center was purchased from the city in 1979 and is currently Northern Indiana's largest data center. There are currently plans to extend the data center into a fully operating high-tech data hub in the old Studebaker "Ivy Tower" assembly plant next door, creating what will be called the Renaissance District.

Innovation Park and Ignition Park
Innovation Park and Ignition Park, dual-certified technology parks, have attracted technology businesses to South Bend. Located across the street from the University of Notre Dame, Innovation Park was completed in 2009 and houses innovative researchers from companies and the university. Ignition Park, located just south of the downtown area, is planned to become home to 3 e6ft2 of high-tech space on 140 acre of land previously owned by the Studebaker Corporation. The first tenant, Data Realty, moved into the location in the fall of 2012. The second building in the new park, a research and testing facility for massive turbo machinery, is part of a partnership between the city, General Electric, Great Lakes Capital, Indiana Michigan Power, University of Notre Dame, and the state of Indiana.

Redevelopment
Redevelopment is underway for some of the abandoned industrial facilities, with the abandoned Oliver Corporation buildings being the most recent example of reclaimed property. The city also faced programs with large swaths of vacant housing after the decline of the manufacturing industry. In 2013, 1,347 homes were vacant or abandoned. The city created the Vacant and Abandoned Properties Initiative in February 2013, which aimed to take care of 1,000 vacant or abandoned homes in 1,000 days, either through demolition, repairs, or some other satisfactory means.

The Smart Street Initiative, a 20-year plan to make the city safer for pedestrians, bicyclists, and motorists, began in 2013 with the conversion of one-way streets to two-way streets, to bring more businesses to the area, create shorter travel routes, and to reduce speeding. The other part of the initiative is the West Side Main Streets Plan, a revitalization plan for the Lincoln Way West and Western Avenue corridor focusing on guiding business owners, residents, and developers to improve the street front by offering a reimbursement on exterior improvements from the city and the Urban Enterprise Association.

Recognition
In 2012, Kiplinger's Personal Finance ranked South Bend eighth in the "Ten Best Cities for Cheapskates". South Bend was also ranked among the 40 hottest real estate markets for business by Expansion Management magazine, and Smart+Connected Communities Institute featured South Bend as one of the top ten cities worldwide that is reinventing themselves through technology.

Culture
South Bend was influenced by a large influx of Polish Catholic immigrants in the late 19th century. Dyngus Day is widely celebrated on the Monday after Easter and it is the beginning of the city elections campaign season. Fat Tuesday is also celebrated in South Bend, with paczkis being a staple food product in the city for the day. The city and surrounding county have 23 Catholic churches, 11 Catholic schools and three Catholic universities (the University of Notre Dame, Holy Cross College, and Saint Mary's College, all located in the adjacent unincorporated area of Notre Dame).

Music festivals
The city hosts several annual festivals. The South Bend International Festival began ten years ago as the South Bend Reggae Festival and now features local and international musical artists who perform in African, Latino, and American cultural styles. Proceeds from the festival are given to the Pangani Foundation of South Bend, which provides medical supplies to hospitals in Malawi.

WBYT FM – B100 (Country Station) hosts an Annual All Day Country Concert, with over 37,000 free tickets in early September.

The World Pulse Festival, broadcast by LeSEA Broadcasting network, is held annually in South Bend. It is hosted by Pulse FM, a local Christian music radio station. The event is an annual Contemporary Christian music festival, attracting more than 50,000 visitors each year.

In 2013, a new annual festival began in South Bend called South by South Bend, named after the famous South By Southwest of Austin, Texas. The festival is a celebration of the local music scene, with local bands and artists performing on the park grounds and other public venues around the city. The goals of the festival include strengthening the bond between the communities of South Bend and Notre Dame, supporting local artistic expression, and promoting local business. In 2015, the festival was renamed Sounds by South Bend, to avoid confusion with the Austin festival and to more accurately represent the purpose of the event. In 2016, the Riverlights Music Festival debuted as successor to Sounds by South Bend.

Museums, arts and entertainment
The South Bend Museum of Art is located in Century Center in downtown South Bend. The museum was opened to the public in March 1996, and features a variety of artists from South Bend and the Michiana region. Currently, over 850 works are featured in the permanent collection. The museum also offers several classes and workshops for adults and children.

The History Museum
The History Museum is the public name of the Northern Indiana Historical Society, the second-oldest historical society in Indiana, established in 1867 to collect and interpret the history of the northern Indiana region by St. Joseph County's leading citizens. The Oliver Mansion (also known by its original name, Copshaholm) is one of the central features of the museum. The 38-room mansion was built in 1895 and is currently listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The home was built by Joseph Doty Oliver, son of James Oliver, the founder of the Oliver Farm Equipment Company, once the largest plow manufacturer in the United States. In addition to the Oliver Mansion and the Workers Home (a 1920s Polish-American family home), the museum includes areas dedicated to the history of the St. Joseph River Valley, the University of Notre Dame, the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League, and the Kidsfirst Children's Museum.

Studebaker National Museum
The Studebaker National Museum holds a large collection of wagons and automobiles from the 150-year history of the Studebaker Corporation. The museum began as a collection of wagons and automobiles produced by Studebaker, including the presidential carriages of Lincoln, McKinley, Harrison, and Grant. The company donated the collection to the city of South Bend in 1966. The collection was housed in various locations from Century Center to its current location in downtown South Bend, adjacent to The History Museum. The two museums share one campus, and together form The Museums at Washington and Chapin. The former South Bend mansion of Clement Studebaker, named Tippecanoe Place, is now a restaurant.

Indiana University Civil Rights Heritage Center
The Indiana University South Bend Civil Rights Heritage Center is housed in the former Engman Public Natatorium. What was once the city's first indoor swimming pool excluded and then segregated against African Americans for its first twenty-eight years. In 2010, Indiana University South Bend re-opened the building, and now offers tours and events focusing on the histories of civil rights and the experiences of African Americans, Latinos, and LGBTQ people in South Bend.

Theatrical buildings
The Morris Performing Arts Center, built in 1922, included the Palace Theater, a venue for vaudeville. The theatre's heyday was in 1940 with the premiere of Knute Rockne, All American, starring Ronald Reagan. A crowd estimated at 24,000 gathered outside. The theater was scheduled for demolition in 1959, when E. M. Morris purchased the facility and sold it to the city for one dollar, after which it was renamed the Morris Civic Auditorium. A total renovation as well as expansion of the stage area was completed in 2000. The Morris Performing Arts Center also includes the restored Palais Royale Ballroom. The center houses the Broadway Theater League and the South Bend Symphony Orchestra. The orchestra's Shanghai-born former conductor, Tsung Yeh, was the first conductor ever to hold music directorships of both a western symphony orchestra and a major Chinese orchestra.

South Bend is also home to The South Bend Hot Patooties, a group that performs a shadowcast of The Rocky Horror Picture Show. The group has performed at various South Bend venues including the State Theater, Legends of Notre Dame, The Potawatomi Conservatories, and the historic Birdsell Mansion.

South Bend Civic Theater, founded in 1957, was for many years located at The Firehouse, 701 Portage Avenue. It was a small intimate black box theater. In 2007, a new theater opened at 403 North Main Street in what was formerly the Scottish Rite Building. This facility includes a 209-seat main stage auditorium and a 90-seat "black box" studio theatre. The theater produces more than a dozen plays per year, including several productions in its Family Series.

Other
The Raclin Murphy Museum of Art of the University of Notre Dame is an art museum with a collection of more than 30,000 items.

The DeBartolo Performing Arts Center on the University of Notre Dame campus hosts plays, concerts, performing artists, and films open to the public.

The Fischoff National Chamber Music Association, sponsor of the world's largest chamber music competition, was founded in South Bend in 1973. The annual Fischoff National Chamber Music Competition is held on the campus of the University of Notre Dame.

Schuyler Colfax, the 17th Vice President of the United States, is interred in South Bend City Cemetery.

South Bend Lions FC
A USL2 soccer franchise named in November 2019, located in South Bend. The team plays at TCU School Field with an inaugural season in Summer of 2020. In the summer of 2022 the South Bend Lions earned the title, Champions of the USL2 Valley Division.

South Bend Cubs
The city is home to the South Bend Cubs, a Class A Minor League Baseball team, which plays at Four Winds Field at Coveleski Stadium in downtown South Bend. In 2014, the franchise changed its name and logo to the South Bend Cubs and became affiliated with the Chicago Cubs; prior to this, it had been known as the South Bend Silver Hawks and affiliated with the Arizona Diamondbacks. In 2005, the franchise nearly moved to Marion, Illinois, but a group of investors, led by former Indiana governor and former South Bend mayor Joe Kernan, bought the Silver Hawks in order to ensure the team stayed in South Bend.

Buildings and stadium
The Ballpark Synagogue is a 1901 synagogue building on the grounds of the ballpark, which serves as the team's fan store. It is the nation's only ballpark synagogue and it is available for weddings and other events. The stadium is also used for multiple community events. In 2015, the South Bend Cubs broke their previous ticket sales record, with a total of 347,678 tickets sold.

South Bend Roller Girls
The city also hosts the South Bend Roller Girls, the city's non-profit flat-track roller derby league. Founded in March 2010, the league has worked to support fundraising for local charities, such as the Salvation Army's Adopt-A-Family program, the American Cancer Society's Making Strides Against Breast Cancer, and the St. Joe County Humane Society. The South Bend Roller Girls traveling/competitive team, The Studebreakers, is named after the historic Studebaker Corporation. The team is a member of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association.

East Race Waterway
South Bend is home to the first artificial whitewater center in North America, the East Race Waterway, adjacent to Century Center. The East Race Waterway is one of only four operating artificial whitewater facilities in the United States, the others being Dickerson Whitewater Course (in Dickerson, Maryland), U.S. National Whitewater Center (in Charlotte, North Carolina), Adventure Sports Center International (in McHenry, Maryland), and Riversports Rapids (in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma). The East Race Waterway is one of only six such facilities to have ever been operated in the US, the others being the four aforementioned courses and the now-defunct Ocoee Whitewater Center (in Ducktown, Tennessee). Prior to the opening of Riversports Rapids, the East Race had long been the only such US facility not located in an East Coast state. The waterway is closed as of 2021 because a hydroelectric dam is being built at the source.

Other sports
During World War II, the South Bend Blue Sox All-American Girls Professional Baseball League team was formed in the city. The team participated in all the league's seasons from 1943 to 1954.

The Blackthorn Golf Course in South Bend is home to the Four Winds Invitational of the Symetra Tour.

The Notre Dame Fighting Irish also provides sports activity the South Bend locale, with football, basketball, and other collegiate sports attracting fans to the region. Along with Notre Dame, South Bend was the site of the VII Special Olympics Summer World Games in 1987. Notre Dame also hosted the 1983 AAU Junior Olympics.

Parks and recreation
South Bend Parks and Recreation department operates over 50 parks, golf courses, and recreational areas throughout the city. Notable parks include Rum Village Park, which has a disc golf course, mountain bike trails, hiking trails, and a nature center, and Potawatomi Park, which has the region's largest Universally Accessible Playground and an outdoors Performance Arts Pavilion and viewing area.

South Bend's first zoo was located at Leeper Park from 1902 until 1914. The present zoo at Potawatomi Park began in 1921 when Albert R. Erskine, the president of the Studebaker Corporation, donated a single deer as the start of the zoo. The Potawatomi Zoo is the second oldest zoo in Indiana. It features more than 400 animals in its 23 acre. The zoo is now operated by the Potawatomi Zoological Society.

Near the Potawatomi Zoo are the Potawatomi Greenhouses and the Ella Morris and Muessel-Ellison Botanical Conservatories. The greenhouses were originally constructed in the 1920s, with the conservatories added in the 1960s. In 2007, the greenhouses and conservatories were in danger of closing due to increased operating costs, but a campaign by the Botanical Society of South Bend was able to raise funds to keep the facilities operating.

The city is home to the East Race Waterway, which is used for boating and water sports (see above).

While developing the 2006 City Plan, the city's 20-year comprehensive plan, citizens said the encouragement of bicycling as a form of alternative transportation was a top priority. In 2010, South Bend became one of 303 communities in the United States to be recognized as a "Bicycle-Friendly Community" by the League of American Bicyclists due to the city's "remarkable commitments to bicycling. The city has developed a long-term plan for building a 116 mi South Bend Bikeway network., 66.8 mi of bicycle routes have been established, including 17.4 mi of multipurpose paths separated from streets, 17.0 mi of striped bike lanes, and 32.4 mi of on-street routes bearing other designations. The area is also served by the St. Joseph County Parks Dept, which maintains eight different parks and recreation areas. The Parks department serves the metro area and is headed by a permanent staff and an appointed board.

Law and government
South Bend government follows the mayor-council representative model of municipal government and, along with the St. Joseph county government, occupies the County-City Building in downtown South Bend.

The government of South Bend is led by the office of the mayor, who is elected to a four-year term and acts as chief executive for the city government. The current mayor is James Mueller.

The legislative branch of the South Bend government is the South Bend Common Council.

The final elected member of the South Bend government is the city clerk, who is responsible for maintaining official city records and providing general clerical assistance to the City Council. The current clerk is Dawn M. Jones.

Michael A. Dvorak is the prosecuting attorney for the 60th Judicial Circuit, which consists of St. Joseph County. He was first elected in 2002.

State and national representation
South Bend is represented in the Indiana House of Representatives by Maureen Bauer, Jake Teshka, and Ryan Dvorak, and in the Indiana State Senate by David L. Niezgodski. All members of the Indiana General Assembly representing South Bend are Democrats, except Jake Teshka, who is a Republican.

South Bend is part of Indiana's 2nd Congressional District.

Politics
The Democratic Party is very successful in South Bend. Every South Bend mayor since 1972 has been a Democrat. As of 2021, all but one City Council member is a Democrat.

On March 26, 2012, South Bend passed the Human Rights Ordinance, outlawing discrimination in employment, housing, or other areas against citizens based on "race, religion, color, sex, disability, national origin, ancestry, sexual orientation or gender identity, or familial status." It is one of only 6 cities in Indiana to offer legal protections for citizens based on sexual orientation and gender identity. The protections are enforced by the city's Human Rights Commission, which oversees investigation and legal recourse in cases of discrimination.

On June 16, 2015, then-Mayor Pete Buttigieg announced in a South Bend Tribune editorial that he is gay, becoming the first openly gay executive in the state of Indiana.

Law enforcement
The police force in South Bend has undergone many changes and expansions in its history, starting in 1831 when the first constables were appointed. Law enforcement was reorganized and renamed multiple times throughout its history, until the department became officially known as the South Bend Police Department in 1903. Scott Ruszkowski has served as chief since 2015.

Colleges
The South Bend area contains several institutions of higher education.
 * Indiana University South Bend is the third-largest campus in the Indiana University system. Its total enrollment during the 2019–20 school year was 5,092 students.
 * Purdue Polytechnic South Bend
 * Ivy Tech Community College
 * Trine University

Colleges located near South Bend:
 * University of Notre Dame
 * Saint Mary's College
 * Holy Cross College
 * Bethel University

K–12 schools
Public schools in South Bend are operated by the South Bend Community School Corporation. The corporation runs 17 primary centers (grades K–5), seven intermediate centers (mostly grades 6–8), four high schools (grades 9–12) and an alternative school (grade 9–12), serving 16,725 students during the 2019–20 school year. In 2018–19, the school district received an accountability grade overall of C. Purdue Polytechnic High Schools also maintains a campus in South Bend on Lafayette Ave.

There are also several private schools: namely, Trinity School at Greenlawn, recipient of four Blue Ribbon Awards from the U.S. Department of Education, and The Stanley Clark School. Additionally, the Diocese of Fort Wayne-South Bend operates 11 parochial grade schools and one high school in South Bend. This includes St. Joseph School, which is a National Register of Historic Places listing and two-time National Blue Ribbon Award recipient.

Public library
South Bend is served by the St. Joseph County Public Library with a Main Library, and branches in Francis, German, and Lasalle townships. There are a total of ten branches of the public library system throughout the county and from which any library card holder can select. The main library reopened in November 2021 after a full remodel that took two years.

Places of worship
South Bend is home to over 100 places of worship, including mostly Christian churches, three synagogues, and one mosque.

Christian churches

• Apostolic House of Deliverance

• Apostolic Temple AWCF

• Calvary Baptist Church

• Cathedral of St. James (Episcopal)

• Christ the King Catholic Church

• Christ the King Lutheran Church (ELCA)

• Church of the Holy Trinity (Episcopal)

• The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (LDS)

• Clay Church (United Methodist)

• Community Baptist Church

• Community Congregational Church

• Corpus Christi Catholic Community

• Emmaus Evangelical Lutheran Church (LCMS)

• Evangel Heights United Methodist Church

• Faith Apostolic Ministries

• Fellowship Baptist Church

• First Baptist Church South Bend

• First Church of Christ, Scientist

• First Presbyterian Church

• First Unitarian Church of South Bend

• First United Methodist Church

• Gloria Dei Lutheran Church (ELCA)

• The Grace Place

• Grace United Methodist Church

• Holy Cross Catholic Church

• Holy Family Catholic Church

• Holy Trinity Lutheran Church (ELCA)

• New Bethel Tabernacle Church PAW

• New Life Assembly of God

• Oak Tree Community Church Baptist

• Our Lady of Hungary Catholic Church

• Our Redeemer Lutheran Church (LCMS)

• Sacred Heart of Jesus Catholic Church

• Southlawn United Methodist Church

• St. Adalbert Catholic Church

• St. Andrew Greek Orthodox Church

• St. Anthony de Padua Catholic Church

• St. Augustine Catholic Church

• St. Casimir Catholic Church

• St. Hedwig Catholic Church

• St. John the Baptist Catholic Church

• St. Joseph Catholic Church

• St. Jude Catholic Church

• St. Mary Polish National Catholic Church

• St. Matthew Cathedral (Catholic)

• St. Michael & All Angels Episcopal Church

• St. Nectarios Orthodox Church (ACROD)

• St. Patrick Catholic Church

• St. Paul Lutheran Church (LCMS)

• St. Paul's Memorial United Methodist Church

• Sts. Peter and Paul Serbian Orthodox Church

• St. Peter's United Church of Christ

• St. Stanislaus Catholic Church

• St. Thérèse, Little Flower Catholic Church

• South Bend City Church

• South Bend First Church of the Nazarene

• South Bend First Seventh-day Adventist Church

• South Side Baptist Church

• Southgate Church (Assemblies of God)

• United Pentecostal Church Ironwood UPCI

• Zion United Church of Christ

Non-Christian places of worship
 * Hebrew Orthodox Congregation
 * Islamic Society of Michiana
 * Sinai Synagogue (Conservative Judaism)
 * Gurudwara (Sikhism)

Former places of worship

 * B'nai Israel Synagogue (Reconstructionist; formerly Orthodox), closed in 1990
 * First Presbyterian Church, congregation moved to new building
 * Temple Beth-El (Reform Judaism), congregation moved to new building

Newspaper
One major daily newspaper serves the South Bend metro area: the South Bend Tribune. It is distributed throughout the Michiana region seven days per week. The South Bend Tribune is owned by GateHouse Media, part of the Gannett system, which publishes 156 daily newspapers in 39 states.

Radio
South Bend's radio stations' formats include public radio, sports radio, classical music, religious, country, classic rock, pop, and urban contemporary, among others.

Television
As of the 2016–17 rankings, the South Bend-Elkhart designated market area is the 96th largest market in the United States, with 310,170 homes (0.27% of the U.S. population). Most of the major television networks have affiliates in the Michiana area.

Television stations broadcasting in the Greater South Bend area include:

Roads
South Bend's location around the St. Joseph River has influenced the development of its streets. While city streets mainly follow a grid plan, road development also adapted to the river's path. South Bend is connected to state and national highway systems by State Roads 2, 23, and 933; U.S. Route 20 and 31; and Interstate 80 and 90, the Indiana Toll Road. The original routes of both the Lincoln Highway and the Dixie Highway also pass through South Bend. South Bend was also a town along the intrastate Michigan Road.

Parts of Eddy Street, Sample Street, Chapin Avenue, Marion Street, and Madison Street form an incomplete loop around the downtown area; this was formerly referred to as "the innerbelt". Portions of State Roads 23 and 933 follow this route.

For transportation around the South Bend metro area, there is the St. Joseph Valley Parkway, designated in places as US 20, US 31, and State Road 331, which bypasses South Bend to the south and west, and connects to Michigan to the north and the greater Elkhart area to the east. The Indiana Toll Road (Interstates 80 and 90) passes through northern South Bend.

Intercity bus service
South Bend is served by a single Greyhound station. The busses had operated out of the airport until 2019, when they relocated to a leased portion of the South Street Station.

Transit
Public transportation in South Bend is controlled by Transpo (South Bend Public Transportation Corporation). Transpo operates bus routes between stations located in South Bend and Mishawaka and provides services to the towns of Osceola and Roseland, from Monday through Saturday. In 2006, the Transpo fleet switched to biodiesel fuel. In 2015, Transpo added 16 new buses powered by compressed natural gas. The Transpo facility is also the first LEED Platinum transit facility in the country. The South Street Station serves as the main hub for most passengers, with multiple platforms and buses arriving frequently. Connections can be made to the Interurban Trolley in Mishawaka.

Aviation
South Bend serves as the transportation hub for Michiana. The South Bend International Airport lies off of U.S. 31 and the Indiana Toll Road in the northwest corner of South Bend. The airport connects South Bend to larger hubs including Atlanta, Charlotte, Chicago, Dallas, Las Vegas, Minneapolis, Orlando, Phoenix, Punta Gorda, Sarasota, and St. Petersburg, Florida. In April 2014, the airport changed its name from "South Bend Regional Airport" to the current "South Bend International" after receiving International designation from U.S. Customs and Border Protection. Final design plans are being approved for a Federal Inspection Station and General Aviation Facility. The airport welcomed its first international arrival through the General Aviation Facility in June 2017.

Rail
The South Shore Line, an electric commuter railroad, runs from South Bend Airport station seven times a day (five on weekends) to Millennium Station in downtown Chicago. A once-daily limited-stop express service was added in 2015 on weekdays, with trains taking 1 hour and 55 minutes from South Bend to Chicago. There is a proposal to reroute or extend the existing track southeast to a new terminus downtown South Bend.

Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service to South Bend Station via two trains a day, the Lake Shore Limited between Chicago and New York City or Boston, and the Capitol Limited between Chicago and Washington, D.C. A bus line connects Notre Dame and the South Bend airport to Chicago's O'Hare and Midway airports, with several northwest Indiana stops.

South Bend had electric streetcars from 1885 until the 1930s. In 2021, a group proposed the concept of building a new streetcar system, running from Notre Dame University, through South Bend, to Mishawaka.

Utilities
Electricity in South Bend is provided by Indiana Michigan Power, a subsidiary of American Electric Power. Natural gas is supplied by the Northern Indiana Public Service Company (NIPSCO), a subsidiary of NiSource.

The South Bend Water Works deliver water to residents of South Bend. The water is collected from 32 deep wells and runs through 545 mi of water main to be distributed to South Bend residents. In 2008, in order to increase the efficiency of its sewer system, South Bend began the installation of an array of intelligent sensors and valves allowing it to become the first city to migrate its sewer system management to the cloud. When a section of the system is under heavy use, this system can divert flow to other, less busy, sections. This more efficient system has helped to save the city an estimated $100 million in new sewage pipes.

Environmental initiatives
In 2015, South Bend engaged in a partnership with the University of Notre Dame to revitalize the Bowman Creek ecosystem. Bowman Creek is a tributary of the St. Joseph River in South Bend that has suffered from contamination. The Bowman Creek initiative included partners from local high schools, colleges, and business leaders focused on improvements to both the creek and the neighborhoods. The vision for the collaboration is to institute a unique water quality monitoring system, similar to South Bend's combined sewer overflow system.

Sister cities
South Bend has four sister cities:
 * 🇵🇱 Częstochowa (Poland)
 * 🇩🇪 Arzberg, Bavaria (Germany)
 * 🇲🇽 Guanajuato (Mexico)
 * 🇩🇪 Bergisch Gladbach, North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany)

title: South Bend, Indiana


text:
Walkerton, Indiana

Walkerton is a town in Lincoln Township, St. Joseph County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. The population was 2,144 at the 2010 Census. It is part of the South Bend–Mishawaka, IN-MI, Metropolitan Statistical Area.

History
Walkerton was platted in 1856. It was named for John Walker, a railroad promoter. The town was laid out by the railroad surveyors and the first lot was taken by C.W.N. Stephens, Walkerton's first postmaster. Stephens relocated his general store from nearby West York. The Walkerton post office has been in operation since 1860.

During World War II Walkerton housed some of the workers for the nearby Kingsbury Ordnance Plant. The plant initially sought 10,000 workers, and the entire population of LaPorte numbered only 16,000 in 1940. In August 1941 Kingsbury's first shells were loaded and en route to the front lines.

In July 2006, Walkerton celebrated its sesquicentennial (150-year anniversary).

In April 2015, Walkerton gained national attention after the owners of the town's local pizza parlor, Memories Pizza, became the first known Indiana business to advertise that it would not cater to a gay wedding after the passing of Indiana's Religious Freedom Restoration Act.

Geography
According to the 2010 census, Walkerton has a total area of 1.96 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 2,144 people, 763 households, and 546 families living in the town. The population density was 1093.9 PD/sqmi. There were 850 housing units at an average density of 433.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 95.0% White, 0.4% African American, 0.7% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 2.1% from other races, and 1.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.0% of the population.

There were 763 households, of which 38.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.1% were married couples living together, 15.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 28.4% were non-families. 24.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.18.

The median age in the town was 37.2 years. 26.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.7% were from 25 to 44; 25.4% were from 45 to 64; and 14.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 46.9% male and 53.1% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,274 people, 810 households, and 562 families living in the town. The population density was 1,310.6 PD/sqmi. There were 860 housing units at an average density of 495.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 94.24% White, 0.48% African American, 0.44% Native American, 0.35% Asian, 3.65% from other races, and 0.84% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.85% of the population.

There were 810 households, out of which 37.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.4% were married couples living together, 14.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.5% were non-families. 26.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.23.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 29.2% under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 18.0% from 45 to 64, and 15.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.0 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $36,481, and the median income for a family was $42,407. Males had a median income of $31,895 versus $24,583 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,122. About 11.3% of families and 14.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.9% of those under age 18 and 14.4% of those age 65 or over.

Arts and culture
Libraries include Walkerton-Lincoln Township Public Library; Fish Lake Branch library, operated by the La Porte County Public Library; and Koontz Lake Branch library, operated by Starke County Public Library System.

Education
John Glenn School Corporation operates Walkerton Elementary School, Urey Middle School, and John Glenn High School. The district

Notable people

 * Chad Blount, NASCAR Nationwide Series driver
 * Walter LaFeber (b. 1933), historian of American foreign relations; born in Walkerton
 * Harold C. Urey (1893–1981), recipient of 1934 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovery of deuterium; born in Walkerton

title: Walkerton, Indiana


text:
Bass Lake, Indiana

Bass Lake is a census-designated place (CDP) in California and North Bend Townships, Starke County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. The population was 1,195 at the 2010 census.

History
The community was named after the nearby lake (Bass Lake) which was populated with a large number of black bass. It was formerly called Cedar Lake.

Author Lew Wallace spent significant time at Bass Lake, where he wrote portions of Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ (1880).

A post office was established at Bass Lake in 1892, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1948.

Geography
The adjacent lake is distinct in that it sits atop a gentle hill, with its drainage basin sloping away from its shores.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 11.3 sqmi, of which 9.1 sqmi is land and 2.1 sqmi (18.95%) is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,249 people, 534 households, and 365 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 136.5 PD/sqmi. There were 1,193 housing units at an average density of 130.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 98.40% White, 0.08% Native American, 0.24% Asian, 0.48% from other races, and 0.80% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.12% of the population.

There were 534 households, out of which 23.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.4% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.5% were non-families. 27.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.85.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 20.6% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 24.7% from 25 to 44, 27.6% from 45 to 64, and 19.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.2 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $42,440, and the median income for a family was $47,361. Males had a median income of $37,159 versus $19,318 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $19,407. About 10.6% of families and 14.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 35.4% of those under age 18 and 5.5% of those age 65 or over.

title: Bass Lake, Indiana


text:
Hamlet, Indiana

Hamlet is a town in Davis and Oregon Townships, Starke County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. The population was 800 as of the 2010 census.

History
Hamlet was named after John Hamlet, who established the town in 1863.

Two railroad lines once existed in Hamlet, one being a division of the former mainline of the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR), running from Chicago, Illinois to Fort Wayne, Indiana, with the other line being the New York Central's (NYC) Kankakee Belt, running from Elkhart, Indiana to Kankakee, Illinois. In 1968, these two railroads merged to become the Penn Central Railroad. In 1976, Penn Central, along with several other languishing eastern railroads, were in bankruptcy, and was part of the Federal Government's takeover, creating Conrail. Both rail lines continued to see heavy use until the late 1970s under Conrail. By the early 1980s, the Kankakee Belt had been abandoned and removed, and the former PRR mainline's traffic had dropped dramatically, due to redundant east/west Conrail lines. Today, what remains of the former PRR mainline is operated by the Chicago, Fort Wayne & Eastern Railroad (CF&E), which services Hamlet's large CO-OP grain elevator during the fall harvest rush.

Hamlet was requested a Dollar General in 2020 and construction was completed in 2021. The Hamlet post office is in operation since 1864.

Geography
The Town of Hamlet was originally on both sides of US 30. In 1926 US 30 was realigned with the Indiana Realignment. U.S. Route 30 bypasses Hamlet, about a half mile to the north. It is about 2 mi east of highway U.S. 35.

According to the 2010 census, Hamlet has a total area of 0.98 sqmi, of which 0.97 sqmi (or 98.98%) is land and 0.01 sqmi (or 1.02%) is water.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 800 people, 299 households, and 225 families living in the town. The population density was 824.7 PD/sqmi. There were 332 housing units at an average density of 342.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 96.6% White, 1.0% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 0.6% from other races, and 1.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.6% of the population.

There were 299 households, of which 37.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.8% were married couples living together, 18.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 24.7% were non-families. 19.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.01.

The median age in the town was 35 years. 27.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 11.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.1% were from 25 to 44; 23.6% were from 45 to 64; and 12.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 49.5% male and 50.5% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 820 people, 307 households, and 225 families living in the town. The population density was 849.5 PD/sqmi. There were 336 housing units at an average density of 348.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 98.05% White, 0.12% African American, 0.37% Native American, 0.49% Pacific Islander, 0.24% from other races, and 0.73% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.34% of the population.

There were 307 households, out of which 40.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.7% were married couples living together, 12.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.4% were non-families. 21.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.08.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 30.9% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 31.8% from 25 to 44, 21.3% from 45 to 64, and 8.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.2 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $30,750, and the median income for a family was $36,389. Males had a median income of $28,036 versus $20,921 for females. The per capita income for the town was $12,811. About 15.4% of families and 17.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.1% of those under age 18 and 15.0% of those age 65 or over.

Education
Hamlet has a public library, a branch of the Starke County Public Library System.

title: Hamlet, Indiana


text:
Knox, Indiana

Knox is a city in Center Township, Starke County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. The population was 3,704 at the 2010 census. The city is the county seat of Starke County.

History
Knox was founded in 1851, and is named for American Revolutionary War General Henry Knox. The Knox post office has been in operation since 1820.

Geography
Knox is located along the Yellow River.

According to the 2010 United States Census, Knox has a total area of 3.92 sqmi, all land.

Knox is the geographic center of the Big Ten Conference, according to a 2018 article in fivethirtyeight.com that referred to locations of various NCAA Men's Basketball Conference championships.

2010 census
As of the 2010 census, there were 3,704 people, 1,457 households, and 975 families in the city. The population density was 944.9 PD/sqmi. There were 1,633 housing units at an average density of 416.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 95.3% White, 0.3% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 0.4% from other races, and 1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.9% of the population.

There were 1,457 households, of which 34.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41% were married couples living together, 14% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 33.1% were non-families. 27.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.03.

The median age in the city was 36.2 years. 26% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.5% were from 25 to 44; 25.8% were from 45 to 64; and 13.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.3% male and 53.7% female.

2000 census
As of the 2000 United States Census there were 3,721 people, 1,466 households, and 961 families in the city. The population density was 947.3 PD/sqmi. There were 1,586 housing units at an average density of 403.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 97.29% White, 0.11% African American, 0.24% Native American, 0.30% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.99% from other races, and 1.05% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.28% of the population.

There were 1,465 households, out of which 31.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.8% were married couples living together, 14.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.4% were non-families. 30.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 3.01.

The city population contained 25.6% under the age of 18, 8.2% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 20.5% from 45 to 64, and 17.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $29,891, and the median income for a family was $35,615. Males had a median income of $30,585 versus $20,994 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,184. About 17.9% of families and 16.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.9% of those under age 18 and 12.6% of those age 65 or over.

Education
The public school system of Knox consists of Knox Community Elementary School (K-4th grade), Knox Community Middle School (5-8th grade), and Knox Community High School (9-12th grade). The schools are located at 1 Redskin Trail. Total enrolment is between 800 and 900 students.

The high school has a marching band program. The Knox Redskin Brigade is a 1996, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2003 I.S.S.M.A. Class D State finalist; a 1988, 1991, 1992 and 2017 I.S.S.M.A. Class C State finalist; the 2005 Bands of America Indianapolis Regional Class A Champion. Knox High is the nation's first Conn-Selmer All-American High School.

Based on the 2009–10 school year, the Knox High School Student body consists of 51% males and 49% females, and a minority enrollment of 5%.

Knox has a public library, a branch of the Starke County Public Library System.

Notable people

 * Stuart Gorrell, wrote the lyrics for the song "Georgia on My Mind"
 * Che Mah, one of the shortest men in the world in his lifetime
 * Henry F. Schricker, two-time Indiana Governor

Media

 * WKVI 1520 AM and 99.3 FM. Locally owned by Kankakee Valley Broadcasting Company, serving the area since 1969.

In popular culture
The PBS Kids television series Postcards from Buster filmed its first episode, "Meet Me At the Fair" (2004), in Knox.

Knox features in the 2013 film Bridegroom, the fact-based story of Knox resident Tom Bridegroom.

In June 2015, the economic reporting site "24/7 Wall St.com" listed Knox as the Indiana city with the lowest average college graduation level - 5.5% of adults have a bachelor's degree or higher, compared to the statewide rate of 23.2% and the national rate of 28.8%; and reported that the city's median household income of $30,300 was $75,000 less than the median household income of Indiana's wealthiest town, Zionsville.

title: Knox, Indiana


text:
North Judson, Indiana

North Judson is a town in Wayne Township, Starke County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. The population was 1,857 as of the 2020 census.

History
The area now known as North Judson was originally Brantwood, a town platted on October 1, 1859, less than a mile northwest of the current town. The town post office was established on September 24, 1860, as North Judson after William D. Judson, President of the Cincinnati & Chicago Railroad (later a part of the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railroad), which had just been laid through the town. The 'North' was likely added to eliminate confusion with downstate Judson, Indiana.

The town of North Judson proper was later laid out in 1866 and incorporated in 1888. In 1881, the Indiana, Illinois and Iowa Railroad and Chicago and Atlantic Railroad were each laid through the town. The town formerly owned and remains the headquarters of the Chesapeake & Indiana Railroad.

Geography
North Judson is located at the intersection of State Road 10 and State Road 39.

According to the 2010 census, North Judson has a total area of 1.1 sqmi, all land.

2020 census
As of the census of 2020, there were 1,857 people.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 1,772 people, 706 households, and 456 families residing in the town. The population density was 1611 PD/sqmi. There were 791 housing units at an average density of 719 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 96.7% White, 0.1% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 1.2% from other races, and 1.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.3% of the population.

There were 706 households, of which 32.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.5% were married couples living together, 14.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35.4% were non-families. 30.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.11.

The median age in the town was 37.7 years. 27% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.5% were from 25 to 44; 24.7% were from 45 to 64; and 15.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 48.0% male and 52.0% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,675 people, 648 households, and 425 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,820.1 PD/sqmi. There were 704 housing units at an average density of 765.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 97.01% White, 0.06% African American, 0.12% Native American, 0.06% Asian, 1.97% from other races, and 0.78% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.39% of the population.

There were 648 households, out of which 34.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.7% were married couples living together, 12.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.4% were non-families. 31.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 3.27.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 31.1% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 29.0% from 25 to 44, 16.2% from 45 to 64, and 15.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.4 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $29,779, and the median income for a family was $39,792. Males had a median income of $31,071 versus $21,467 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,052. About 10.5% of families and 12.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.3% of those under age 18 and 15.2% of those age 65 or over.

Library
The town has a lending library, the North Judson-Wayne Township Library.

Public Education
The town has an elementary school that teaches kindergarten through sixth grade, while North Judson-San Pierre High School teaches seventh grade through twelfth grade.

Arts and culture
The town hosts the annual Mint Festival over Father's Day weekend in celebration of the history of mint farming in the area. Musicians perform live throughout the weekend on a stage at Norwayne Field, a Works Progress Administration-built park situated north at the intersection of SRs 10 and 39. Additionally, North Judson is home to the Hoosier Valley Railroad Museum, a memorial to American railroad culture that offers old-fashioned train rides on Saturdays. A short train ride reaches English Lake, at the Kankakee and Yellow Rivers' confluence, before returning to the museum.

Ten miles to the east, Bass Lake, a popular resort, offers summer relaxation opportunities to visitors and locals alike. Just south of the lake, the Melody Drive-in shows movies on two screens.

The community of North Judson is also a strong supporter of its high school North Judson-San Pierre, and the athletic teams the Blue Jays, particularly in football, and basketball, both boys and girls. The Blue Jays have a longtime football rivalry with the Knox High School Redskins, and games are among the biggest high school sports events each season.

Notable people

 * David Haugh, sports columnist of the Chicago Tribune
 * Henry F. Schricker, 36th and 38th Governor of Indiana

title: North Judson, Indiana


text:
San Pierre, Indiana

San Pierre is a census-designated place (CDP) in Railroad Township, Starke County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. The population was 144 at the 2010 census.

History
Established and laid out in 1854, the area was originally called Culvertown, although a post office had been established as River in 1853. According to one local tradition, the village later took the name of  San Pierre, named after a nearby French-Canadian saloon owner. The story goes that 'Pierre' built a shack some 400 feet south of the village of Culvertown and began to sell whisky there. As a consequence of this inducement, the town shifted slightly to the south and the name was changed to San Pierre. Another tradition records the village being named after a French railroad worker called 'Pierre', with San being added to provide more importance to the name. In any case, the name was changed simply to Pierre in 1894, possibly as a result of increasing tension between Spain and the United States, leading up to the Spanish–American War. Finally the name was changed back to San Pierre in 1899.

Sandhill Cranes
Due to its closeness to the Jasper-Pulaski Fish and Wildlife Area, each year San Pierre and the surrounding vicinity is briefly home to more than 10,000 of the sandhill crane species of bird during their fall migration. The bird has become so synonymous with the town that it has become an unofficial emblem of the community, including a depiction on the welcome sign.

Geography
San Pierre is located at the junction of U.S. Route 421 and Indiana State Road 10.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 0.1 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 156 people, 71 households, and 39 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,100.2 PD/sqmi. There were 77 housing units at an average density of 543.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 98.72% White, 0.64% Native American, 0.64% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.64% of the population.

There were 71 households, out of which 25.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.8% were married couples living together, 14.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.7% were non-families. 36.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 25.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.93.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 22.4% under the age of 18, 5.1% from 18 to 24, 23.1% from 25 to 44, 24.4% from 45 to 64, and 25.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.1 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $30,500, and the median income for a family was $39,375. Males had a median income of $20,000 versus $18,750 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $13,552. None of the population or families were below the poverty line.

Education
San Pierre has a public library, a branch of the Starke County Public Library System.

title: San Pierre, Indiana


text:
Angola, Indiana

Angola is a city in Pleasant Township, Steuben County, Indiana, United States. The population was 8,612 at the 2010 census. The city is the county seat of Steuben County. Angola was founded by Thomas Gale and Cornelius Gilmore on June 28, 1838, and is home to Trine University. The town is served by I-69 and the Indiana Toll Road (I-80 and I-90).

History
The Angola post office has been in operation since 1838.

Some of the first settlers came from Angola, New York, and they named their new home after their old one.

The Angola Commercial Historic District, Steuben County Courthouse, and Steuben County Jail are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Newell LeRoy Sims, a professional sociologist who lived for years in Angola published an in-depth study of the town in 1912 as his PhD dissertation at Columbia University in New York. He used the name "Aton" for the village. A Hoosier village: a sociological study with special reference to social causation (1912) is available online.

Geography
The center of Angola is located at the intersection of U.S. 20 and State Road 127. The roads are known to the citizens of Angola as North and South Wayne street and West and East Maumee street.

According to the 2010 census, Angola has a total area of 6.387 sqmi, of which 6.34 sqmi (or 99.26%) is land and 0.047 sqmi (or 0.74%) is water.

Climate
The National Weather Service reports that Angola's average January temperatures are a maximum of 30.5 °F and a minimum of 16.0 °F. Average July temperatures are a maximum of 81.8 °F and a minimum of 61.2 °F. There is an average of 7.5 days with highs of 90 °F or higher. There is an average of 28.1 days with highs of 32 °F or lower and an average of 2.3 days with lows of 0 °F or lower. The record high temperature was 106 °F on July 13, 1936. The record low temperature was -27 °F on January 4, 1981.

The average annual precipitation is 38.78 in. There is an average of 128.5 days with measurable precipitation. The wettest year was 1950, with 52.48 in and the driest was 1971, with 24.07 in. The most precipitation in one month was 12.23 in in May 1943. The most precipitation in a 24-hour period was 5.00 in on July 9, 1951.

The average annual snowfall is 38.9 in. There are an average of 26.1 days with measurable snowfall. The snowiest season was 1981–82 with 74.9 in. The most snowfall in one month was 31.5 in in January 1999, including the record 24-hour snowfall of 14.3 in on January 3, 1999.

2010 census
As of the 2010 census, there were 8,612 people, 3,111 households, and 1,815 families living in the city. The population density was 1358.4 PD/sqmi. There were 3,499 housing units at an average density of 551.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 93.6% White, 1.4% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 2.1% from other races, and 1.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.3% of the population.

There were 3,111 households, of which 32.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.7% were married couples living together, 14.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 41.7% were non-families. 33.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.99.

The median age in the city was 30.3 years. 22.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 21.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24% were from 25 to 44; 19.6% were from 45 to 64; and 13% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50.6% male and 49.4% female.

2000 census
As of the 2000 census, there were 7,344 people, 2,769 households, and 1,578 families living in the city. The population density was 1,736.4 PD/sqmi. There were 3,012 housing units at an average density of 712.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 94.00% White, 0.82% African American, 0.44% Native American, 1.23% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 1.92% from other races, and 1.57% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.89% of the population.

There were 2,769 households, out of which 30.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.0% were married couples living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.0% were non-families. 34.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.99.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.7% under the age of 18, 20.7% from 18 to 24, 26.7% from 25 to 44, 17.0% from 45 to 64, and 12.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107.3 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $34,925, and the median income for a family was $43,848. Males had a median income of $32,031 versus $23,258 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,750. About 8.1% of families and 10.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.5% of those under age 18 and 13.2% of those age 65 or over.

Radio stations

 * 100.3 WLKI-FM wlki
 * 92.7 HOT FM 92.7
 * 101.3 U-Rock

Television stations

 * 63 WINM

WINM is a religious broadcaster and has slight viewership. Angola gets its main broadcast channels from Fort Wayne

Newspapers
The Herald Republican, the daily newspaper based in Angola and serving Steuben County, was formed through the merger of two longstanding weekly newspapers in Angola, the Steuben Republican (first published in May 1857) and The Angola Herald (January 1876). The newspapers consolidated their printing plants in 1925 and their ownership in the 1960s (in the Willis family), eventually merging into one publication in 1980. Two years later they were sold to Home News Enterprises, which expanded the paper to a twice-weekly format in 1989, and then in August 2001 to KPC Media Group of Kendallville, Indiana, which converted The Herald Republican to a daily in September 2001.

Transportation
Angola is served by Barons Bus Lines Schedule 0025: Cleveland, Ohio to Chicago, Illinois; and Schedule 0026: Chicago, Illinois to Cleveland, Ohio. Both routes feature local service via primarily US Route 20. These routes are an essential transportation service sharing similarities to that of the Essential Air Service, primarily funded by tax payers.

Education
The Metropolitan School District of Steuben County, which operates the following schools in Angola:
 * Carlin Park Elementary
 * Hendry Park Elementary
 * Ryan Park Elementary
 * Pleasant Lake Elementary
 * Angola Middle School
 * Angola High School
 * Educational Opportunity Center

Trine University

Angola has a lending library: the Carnegie Public Library of Steuben Co.

Notable people

 * Lloy Ball, Olympic volleyball gold medalist
 * John Barnes, science-fiction writer
 * Brian Cardinal, NBA basketball player
 * Hagood Hardy, 1937–1997, Canadian-American jazz musician and composer
 * Lewis Blaine Hershey, 1893–1977, U.S. Army four-star general, second Director of the Selective Service
 * Lois Irene Marshall, 1873–1958, wife of U.S. Vice President Thomas R. Marshall
 * Edward Ralph May, 1819–1852, the only member of the Indiana Constitutional Convention of 1850 to vote for African American suffrage, practiced law in Angola from 1843 to 1852
 * Wilbur Simpson, classical bassoonist
 * Raymond E. Willis, U.S. Senator
 * J. Walter Yeagley, former judge of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals

title: Angola, Indiana


text:
Clear Lake, Indiana

Clear Lake is a town located in the northeast corner of Steuben County, Indiana, in Clear Lake Township. As such, is the northeasternmost community in the State of Indiana. The population was 339 at the 2010 census.

History
Clear Lake became incorporated as a town in 1933.

A post office was established at Clear Lake in 1870, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1903.

Geography
According to the 2010 census, Clear Lake has a total area of 2.38 sqmi, of which 1.04 sqmi (or 43.7%) is land and 1.34 sqmi (or 56.3%) is water.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 339 people, 169 households, and 115 families living in the town. The population density was 326.0 PD/sqmi. There were 614 housing units at an average density of 590.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 98.8% White, 0.9% Asian, and 0.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.6% of the population.

There were 169 households, of which 9.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.7% were married couples living together, 0.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 1.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 32.0% were non-families. 28.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.01 and the average family size was 2.43.

The median age in the town was 58.9 years. 9.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 3.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 11.7% were from 25 to 44; 38.6% were from 45 to 64; and 36.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 51.3% male and 48.7% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 244 people, 113 households, and 87 families living in the town. The population density was 233.4 PD/sqmi. There were 506 housing units at an average density of 484.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 98.77% White, 0.41% Asian, and 0.82% from two or more races.

There were 113 households, out of which 23.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.3% were married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.0% were non-families. 22.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.16 and the average family size was 2.47.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 17.2% under the age of 18, 3.3% from 18 to 24, 19.3% from 25 to 44, 37.7% from 45 to 64, and 22.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 50 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.0 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $49,250, and the median income for a family was $50,096. Males had a median income of $30,417 versus $27,125 for females. The per capita income for the town was $23,092. About 4.2% of families and 4.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under the age of eighteen and 6.9% of those 65 or over.

title: Clear Lake, Indiana


text:
Fremont, Indiana

Fremont is a town in Fremont Township, Steuben County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. The population was 2,138 at the 2010 census.

History
Fremont was first settled in 1834 under the name Willow Prairie. It became the Village of Brockville when it was platted in 1837. In 1848, it was renamed to honor John C. Frémont, "the Great Pathfinder", in part because there was already a Brockville in Indiana.

A post office was established under the name Brockville in 1837, and was renamed to Fremont in 1848. The post office is currently in operation.

In 1914, the first hospital in Steuben County was opened in Fremont by Dr. Wade.

Geography
Fremont is located four miles east of the interchange between Interstate 69 and the Indiana Toll Road (Interstate 80/90) on State Road 120.

According to the 2010 census, Fremont has a total area of 2.22 sqmi, of which 2.21 sqmi (or 99.55%) is land and 0.01 sqmi (or 0.45%) is water.

As an oddity, someone traveling due east from Fremont crosses into Michigan—not into Ohio. This is due to the early 19th century Ohio-Michigan boundary dispute over Toledo (q.v. Toledo War for details).

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 2,138 people, 815 households, and 561 families living in the town. The population density was 963.1 PD/sqmi. There were 878 housing units at an average density of 395.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 98.6% White, 0.2% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 0.4% from other races, and 0.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.8% of the population.

There were 815 households, of which 40.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.1% were married couples living together, 15.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 31.2% were non-families. 23.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.08.

The median age in the town was 33.1 years. 29.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 28.8% were from 25 to 44; 21.9% were from 45 to 64; and 10.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 48.4% male and 51.6% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,696 people, 640 households, and 455 families living in the town. The population density was 761.9 PD/sqmi. There were 679 housing units at an average density of 305.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 98.11% White, 0.18% African American, 0.29% Native American, 0.06% Asian, 0.47% from other races, and 0.88% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.95% of the population.

There were 64 households, out of which 4.34% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 508% were married couples living together, 15.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 2.89% were non-families. 26.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.65 and the average family size was 3.18.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 33.1% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 29.7% from 25 to 44, 18.3% from 45 to 64, and 10.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 83.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.4 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $38,462, and the median income for a family was $42,446. Males had a median income of $31,333 versus $22,260 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,067. About 5.7% of families and 7.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.6% of those under age 18 and 10.1% of those age 65 or over.

Sites of interest
The following are National Register of Historic Places sites in or near Fremont:
 * The Enos Michael House, 200 E. Toledo St, built c. 1850.
 * The William L. Lords House, Clear Lake Rd., built c. 1848.
 * Pokagon State Park, four miles west of Fremont, is known for recreational activities such as swimming in Lake James, camping and tobogganing in the winter months. In addition to the park itself, the Combination Shelter (known locally as the CCC Shelter) at the park is also on the Register.

Fremont and the surrounding area enjoys several facilities and activities throughout the year:
 * Fremont hosts its annual Music Fest each July, which features a parade, live music, games and vendors.
 * City Park hosts a farmers' market on Saturday mornings during the summer months.
 * Pokagon State Park sponsors a deer hunt in the autumn of most years to help control the population.
 * Vistula Park is home to Fremont's little league baseball and softball diamonds. It also has basketball hoops, a pavilion and over a mile of paved walking trails in its woods.
 * On Lake George, a former hotel and restaurant, the Lake George Retreat, served a variety of cuisine in a historic setting. The retreat caught fire and burnt to the ground in 2017.

Education
Fremont Community Schools oversees three schools in its district: Fremont High School, Fremont Middle School and Fremont Elementary School. Enrollment in each building ranges between 350 and 400 students annually. Several extracurricular athletic programs are available at the middle and high school levels, including football, basketball, volleyball, wrestling, cross country, track and golf. FHS also fields teams for tennis, baseball and softball.

According to the State of Indiana Department of Education, Fremont Community Schools has been awarded an "A" grade designation for their Exemplary Student Performance for the 2011-2012 School Year.

The town has a lending library, the Fremont Public Library. The library offers a variety of programming for its patrons, including book clubs, classic movie nights, weekly yoga sessions, story time with snacks and crafts, and a new book coffee hour for sharing and discussing the library's newest acquisitions. It also has a local history room.

Manufacturing
Fremont is home to several manufacturing facilities, including Carver Non-woven Technologies LLC, Cold Heading, Swager Communications, New Horizons Baking Company, Health Equipment Mfg., Inc. and Dexter Axle. Among others is Cardinal IG, which came to Fremont in March 1998. Cardinal IG, manufacturers of glass products, have been recognized as a green company, recycling virtually all of the plastic, paper and cardboard used in manufacturing processes.

Downtown Revitalization
In December 2010, Fremont was awarded $500,000 (~$ in ) from the State of Indiana for its downtown revitalization project. According to the Town of Fremont website, the plan included improvements for pedestrian traffic, new street lighting and signage options, and reverse angle parking along Toledo Street for two blocks between Tolford and Pleasant Streets. Construction began in September 2011 and was finished roughly 90 days later.

title: Fremont, Indiana