text:
Orlyval

Orlyval is a light metro shuttle service at Paris's Orly Airport using the Véhicule Automatique Léger (VAL, English: automatic light vehicle) driverless, rubber-tyred people mover technology. The line, which opened on 2 October 1991, offers free service between the two airport terminal stations, and premium fare service to Antony station, where passengers can connect to the city's RER B trains. Orlyval is the second line to use the VAL technology after the Lille Metro and the first airport people mover system to use VAL.

The line was financed and initially operated by private companies including Matra, the company that developed the VAL technology, along with several international developers. The line was a commercial failure and the operators went bankrupt. RATP Group, the transportation operator for the Paris region, took over the line in 1992.

History
Orly Airport is the primary airport for domestic flights between Paris and other cities in France. During the 1980s, the only transportation options to the airport were by road. Bus routes to the airport were often crowded and traffic jams were frequent.

Several projects were suggested: an extension of Paris Métro Line 7, an additional branch of the RER B, and an extension of the RER C. Ultimately, in December 1987, authorities opted for the construction of a shuttle line from the airport to Antony station on the RER B line using the Véhicule Automatique Léger (VAL) technology developed by Matra for the Lille Metro which opened in 1983. The project was seen (and criticized) as a showcase project for Matra who was hoping to sell VAL systems to cities across the world.

The government of Jacques Chirac was skeptical about financing the shuttle line and instead offered up a concession: the right for a private company to operate the shuttle line on the airport grounds. A consortium was formed to build the line, consisting of the domestic airline Air Inter (26.7% share), builder Lyonnaise des Eaux-Dumez (18% share), VAL manufacturer Matra (17.3% share), and public transport operator RATP (3.3% share). The other 34.7% of the consortium was owned by several banks including Caisse des Dépôts, Crédit Lyonnais, and Indosuez. With daily ridership forecasted at over 14,000 passengers, the banks helped the group secure loans worth 1.55 billion french francs (about €21.65 million).

The Orlyval opened on 2 October 1991, about three months ahead of schedule. Almost immediately, ridership was lower than expected. Blame was placed on the premium fare, 55 francs (about €8), and the transfer between VAL and RER trains at Antony station. Daily ridership was around 4,500, only a third of the predicted traffic. After a few months of operation, fares were reduced, but ridership remained low. In the first full year of operation, the line only served 1.2 million travelers, instead of the 4.3 million initially forecasted. In December 1992, the line was put into compulsory liquidation.

Operation of the line was taken over by RATP, who would receive an operating subsidy of ten million francs per year until the end of 2021, paid by the Île-de-France region. The settlement also included the requirement that until the end of 2021, a portion of each fare should go to repaying creditors, expected to return about 67% of their original investment. Because of this agreement, fares on the line remained higher than other forms of transportation in the region. As of the end of 2016, the line generated about 10.5 million euros in fares per year.

Ridership increased after the RATP took over operation of the line. The RATP carried out a study of riders in early 1994 and learned the clientele mostly consisted of businessmen traveling between the city and the airport for professional reasons. As a result of the study, in June 1994, RATP increased operating hours of the Orlyval to enable connections to the first and last domestic flights. Since the 2000s, traffic has experienced an annual increase of 8 to 10%. Ridership for the year 2013 amounted to 3.1 million trips.

Fares and ticketing
Travel between the airport's terminals is free of charge. Passengers travelling to or from Antony station must pay, and exit fare gates are in place at Antony for passengers coming from the airport.

The one-way fare for the six-minute ride from Orly to Antony or vice-versa is €11 as of March 2023; this is not affected by the fare cap of €5 on RER tickets announced in March 2022. Children aged 4 to 10 pay half fare and babies aged 3 and under are free. Combined tickets valid onwards to a RER station are available with fares depending on the distance travelled. The only other ticket valid for the route is the Paris Visite 1 to 5 day pass; Mobilis day tickets and Navigo season tickets are not valid.

Future
The Orlyval faces an uncertain future: as part of the Grand Paris Express project, Paris Métro Line 14 is scheduled to be extended to the airport in May 2024, offering a one-seat ride to the centre of Paris. A few years later, Paris Métro Line 18 is scheduled to link the airport with the RER B and C lines at Massy-Palaiseau.

The towns of Antony and Wissous as well as the Paris-Saclay community have lobbied to keep the Orlyval line and convert it into something that more closely resembles a metro line for their community, adding three additional stations on the line. However, after more than 30 years in service, the infrastructure needs a major renovation. The other options being considered are the complete dismantling of the infrastructure with possible reuse of the right of way as a cycle path or bus lane.

title: Orlyval


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Almere

Almere is a planned city and municipality in the province of Flevoland, Netherlands across the IJmeer from Amsterdam.

Bordering Lelystad and Zeewolde, the municipality of Almere comprises six official areas that are the districts of Almere Stad (which is further split up into Almere Stad Oost, Almere Stad West and Almere Centrum), Almere Buiten and Almere Pampus (which is currently being designed), and the boroughs of Almere Haven, Almere Hout and Almere Poort. Four of them feature official district or borough offices. Furthermore, it also comprises the unofficial historic district and neighborhood Oostvaardersdiep. Almere is part of the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area (MRA).

Almere is the newest city in the Netherlands: the land on which the city sits, the Southern Flevoland polder, was reclaimed from the IJsselmeer from 1959 to 1968. The first house was finished in 1976, and Almere became a municipality in 1984. It has the largest population of the municipalities in Flevoland with 0 citizens in and the 8th largest in the Netherlands. In October 2007, the city council of Almere made agreements with the government to expand the city to 350,000 inhabitants by 2030.

History
The original plans for the IJsselmeerpolders saw the land being used for agriculture. However, after World War II housing was needed for the rapidly growing population of Amsterdam and two towns were planned in the polders Oostelijk Flevoland and Zuidelijk Flevoland. The town in Oostelijk Flevoland became Lelystad. The town in Zuidelijk Flevoland was still called Zuidweststad (English: South West City) on the first sketches, but in the 1970s it became called Almere, named after the lake Almere, the early medieval name of the Zuiderzee. The first house in Almere was finished in 1976. At that time the town was still controlled by the Openbaar Lichaam Zuidelijke IJsselmeerpolders (Z.IJ.P.), with a Landdrost. In 1984 Almere became an official municipality. Originally, Almere was envisioned as a town with multiple centres. This idea was later abandoned in favor of allowing neighbourhoods like Tussen de Vaarten to be built. There is also a difference between the way houses are built in the oldest and the newest parts of the city. The housing plan in Almere in the 1970s was basic functionality and a levelling of social status. However, starting in the 1990s more exclusive homes with striking designs were built (notably in the Regenboogbuurt).

Local executive
Hein van der Loo (independent) has been  mayor of Almere since March 2023, with the municipal council consisting of a coalition of several parties.

List of mayors

 * 1984–1986: Han Lammers (PvdA)
 * 1986–1993: Cees de Cloe (PvdA)
 * 1993–1994: Cees Roozemond (PvdA, acting)
 * 1994–1998: Ralph Pans (PvdA)
 * 1998–2003: Hans Ouwerkerk (PvdA)
 * 2003–2003: Jaap van der Doef (PvdA, acting)
 * 2003–2015: Annemarie Jorritsma (VVD)
 * 2015–2022: Franc Weerwind (D66)
 * 2022–2023: Ank Bijleveld (CDA, acting)
 * 2023-current: Hein van der Loo (independent)

Municipal council
The first municipal council was installed on 2 January 1984 in the presence of the then-Minister of the Interior Koos Rietkerk. The council elections took place on 21 September 1983. Prior to 1984 Almere had an Adviesraad, which was chosen every 2 years (1978–1980, 1980–1982, 1982–1984). This Adviesraad was made up of different political parties similar to a local council. On 11 March 1977 the first adviescommissie was elected. It consisted of 5 people that were chosen on personal title. Since 2018, the council of Almere has comprised a total of 45 members.

Twin cities
Almere maintains international relations with the following twin cities:

Geography
Almere is located in the polder of Southern Flevoland (Dutch: Zuidelijk Flevoland). It is the most western municipality of the province Flevoland. It borders with Markermeer in the west and north, Lelystad in the northeast, Zeewolde in the east, and Gooimeer in the south.

Almere consists of three boroughs and three districts (Dutch: stadsdelen), three of which are under construction.

Climate
Almere has an oceanic climate characterized by mild to cool winters, and warm summers with fair precipitation year-round.

Culture
On 19 May 2004, at the instigation of Kees Kousemaker, owner of the Amsterdam comics store Lambiek, the first buildings of the Stripheldenbuurt were inaugurated in Almere. This is a district where all street names are named after famous comics characters and cartoonists.

Sport
Almere is the home of football team Almere City FC, American football team FlevoPhantoms and the home of professional basketball team the Almere Sailors.

Transport
The traffic infrastructure in Almere is recognisable because of its separate infrastructure for cycles (which, in most cases, have separate cycle paths), cars and buses (the buses drive on a separate bus lane in most parts of the city). Almere is connected to the motorways A6 and A27.

Railway
In 1987 Almere was connected to the national railway system (see NS) with the fully completed Flevolijn which connected Weesp to Lelystad Centrum.

Almere currently has six railway stations:
 * Almere Poort (opened December 9, 2012)
 * Almere Muziekwijk (opened May 30, 1987)
 * Almere Centrum (opened May 30, 1987)
 * Almere Parkwijk (opened on February 1, 1996)
 * Almere Buiten (opened May 30, 1987)
 * Almere Oostvaarders (opened December 12, 2004)

A seasonal-use station, Almere Strand, was set up for certain events, such as Libelle Zomerweek. The station was made up of iron platforms. It was opened in May 1996 under the name Muiderzand. The station was closed after June 1996 but re-opened in June 1999 under the name Muiderstrand and closed again in July 1999. It re-opened again in 2001 under the name Almere Strand as an official seasonal-use station, meaning it was now open certain seasons every year. Because of the rapid development of the adjacent borough Almere Poort, it was decided to open an official station there (see Almere Poort), thus making the station of Almere Strand obsolete. Almere Poort station opened on December 9, 2012. Therefore, Almere Strand station was officially closed just after the summer of 2012 and its iron platforms were torn down in the weekend of October 6–7, 2012. There are no remains of the station, although passengers can still see where the platforms once stood from the windows of Flevolijn trains.

Local bus lines
In Almere there are 11 bus lines which service the urban area.

Monday to Friday, most city buses run about every 5 minutes (10 times every hour) during daytime hours. Saturdays, only a few city bus lines run every 7.5 minutes during daytime hours; most of them run every 12–15 minutes. Sunday, most of the city buses run every 15 minutes (with some buses running extra runs during certain hours) and M6 which only runs every 30 minutes.

There are a few overnight bus lines (Mon-Sat nights only): N21, N22 and N23. They run under the Keolis internal name nightGo (but are operated by R-net branded regional buses).

The bus company running almost all buses is Keolis Netherlands. Local buses (city buses) run under the name allGo. In the buses one can use the national transportation chipcard (smart card), subscriptions or one can buy bus tickets of allGo in the bus or at TVM's (the latter only Downtown).

Regional bus lines
Besides the local bus lines, there are regional and rush hour bus lines to towns and cities in the area.

Line 159 is operated by the bus company Connexxion.

Since April 2012, there was a rush hour route, 150, to Utrecht which connected Almere directly with the University Area of Utrecht called De Uithof. (This was previously done by former bus line 295 ). Due to budget cuts, line 150 was scrapped on July 9, 2016.

Notable residents

 * Rob Verlinden (born 1950) Dutch gardener, TV presenter on gardening
 * Annemarie Jorritsma (born 1950) politician and former mayor of Almere
 * Bart van Leeuwen (1950 – 2017) Dutch photographer, author and radio DJ
 * Jörgen Raymann (born 1966) cabaretier, stand-up comedian, actor, presenter and RTV host
 * Chris Jansen (born 1966) politician
 * Raymzter (born 1979) rapper
 * "Angerfist" (Danny Masseling, born 1981) producer and DJ
 * Yfke Sturm (born 1981) international model
 * Ali B (born 1981) rapper, host/presenter, music label owner
 * Alvaro (born 1987) Producer, DJ
 * Pieter Elbers (born 1970) CEO KLM

Sport

 * Frank Rijkaard (born 1962) football player and coach
 * Remy Bonjasky (born 1976) kickboxer
 * Maartje Scheepstra (born 1980) Dutch field hockey player, silver medallist at the 2004 Summer Olympics
 * Marco Piqué (born 1980) Dutch-Surinamese welterweight kickboxer
 * Hedwiges Maduro (born 1985) football coach and former footballer with over 250 club caps
 * Danny Holla (born 1987) footballer with over 300 club caps
 * Michaëlla Krajicek (born 1989) Dutch tennis player
 * Desiree van Lunteren (born 1992) Dutch footballer
 * Niki Wories (born 1996) Dutch figure skater
 * Sergiño Dest (born 2000) Dutch/American footballer
 * Kevin Doets (born 1998) Dutch darts player

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Almere


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Military history

Anglo-Turkish War of 1918-1923
Found this while patrolling. I can't find references to an "Anglo-Turkish War" using basic google searches, which seems odd given the scale of this article and the large countries involved? I am also wary that this might be a WP:FORK of Turkish War of Independence, which is an article with neutrality issues. Therefore I bring it here for your consideration. thanks. Aszx5000 (talk) 15:02, 30 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Seems like a neologism to me too. Huntthetroll (talk) 21:13, 8 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Seems like a neologism to me too. The infobox appears to reflect the Turkish War of Independence (for what the infobox is worth). Cinderella157 (talk) 00:21, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * The article has now been moved twice, unnecessarily creating a double redirect. At least one editor seems dead-set on the name "Anglo-Turkish War". (See also Sockpuppet_investigations/BaharatlıCheetos2.0.) Huntthetroll (talk) 18:36, 11 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Note that the same editor also created Greek war crimes, which is certainly a valid subject to cover (although perhaps better in combined form for both sides a la List of massacres during the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) ), but needs a "neutral" editor to check it. SnowFire (talk) 03:03, 16 July 2024 (UTC)

Encounters with persistent Vietnam-based IP editor on tank design topics
After checking some recent edits and going through article histories, I noticed frequent, anonymous edits (mostly geolocated to Bắc Giang, Vietnam) that have added near-identical material to several related articles. IPs used:
 * Jack-in-the-box effect: diff 1, diff 2, diff 3, diff 4, diff 5, diff 6, diff 7, diff 8, diff 9, diff 10
 * M109 howitzer: diff
 * M1 Abrams: diff 1, diff 2, diff 3, diff 4, diff 5, diff 6, diff 7, diff 8
 * Leopard 2: diff 1, [diff 2, diff 3, diff 4
 * Challenger 2: diff 1, diff 2, diff 3, diff 4, diff 5, diff 6
 * Stridsvagn 122: diff 1,
 * 9M133 Kornet: diff 1, diff 2, diff 3, diff 4, diff 5, diff 6, diff 7, diff 8, diff 9, diff 10, diff 11, diff 12, diff 13, diff 14, diff 15, diff 16, diff 17, diff 18, diff 19, diff 20, diff 21, diff 22, diff 23
 * 1.54.214.229
 * 14.191.8.19
 * 14.191.9.50
 * 14.244.98.205
 * 27.3.144.143 (blocked for sockpuppetry)
 * 27.3.160.28
 * 27.73.64.74 (blocked for block evasion)
 * 27.73.64.162
 * 27.73.78.67
 * 27.73.80.122
 * 103.3.255.99
 * 113.165.166.131
 * 116.98.124.124
 * 116.101.196.140
 * 116.110.110.20
 * 117.7.110.182
 * 123.18.99.55
 * 171.224.139.129
 * 171.234.171.65
 * 171.238.230.193
 * 171.242.240.146
 * 171.242.242.178 (warned for IP-hopping)
 * 2001:EE0:4A60:2490:6C6A:FF06:55A9:E868
 * 2001:EE0:4A60:A450:7849:67E0:D14B:2309
 * 2001:EE0:4A61:2050:ACC4:D69A:787:52D3
 * 2001:EE0:4A61:5530:92C:D607:5412:D2C8
 * 2001:EE0:4A61:9990:58F1:B418:9643:32BB
 * 2001:EE0:4A61:99F0:15AA:97FA:3C49:C7C8
 * 2001:EE0:4A62:6B50:114:8D4E:8F30:5CD4
 * 2001:EE0:4A62:7A00:3D88:1FDA:B435:E0BA
 * 2001:EE0:4A63:FD40:D115:D8E5:B307:E3DE
 * 2001:EE0:4A63:FD40:FD33:BAA8:3BD3:64AA
 * 2402:800:6130:F555:A576:A1A9:3752:DE0E

These edits have some common characteristics: they cite speculative or unreliable sources, falsify a cited source, inject discussion of logistics and cost-effectiveness into a discussion about vulnerability to ammunition cook-off, or make claims about Western tank designs that are either unsourced or close to tautologically obvious. The net effect on the article is also similar: the relative vulnerability of Soviet/Russian tanks to catastrophic ammunition explosions, as compared to Western tanks, is minimized or justified in terms of design trade-offs; the effectiveness of the 9M133 Kornet anti-tank missile and other Soviet/Russian weapons is emphasized. (Another trait of the editor(s) in question is edits to Recognition of same-sex unions in Vietnam and articles on battles involving Soviet forces in World War II.) To be clear, I think an analysis of tank design choices would be good to have on this encyclopedia, but it would need to be properly sourced and appropriately placed, instead of being spammed across multiple articles. As far as I can tell, members of this project, including me, have either reverted or pared down these edits wherever we have found them. Who else has encountered this, and has anyone tried to reach out to the editor(s) involved, to discuss how their contributions could be improved? Huntthetroll (talk) 23:41, 5 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Since two of these IPs have been blocked for sockpuppetry and this person has been falsifying sources and adding speculative, unreliable and POV text, perhaps an administrator should look at this., , , . Donner60 (talk) 00:35, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
 * What do you want me to see? Opportunities for range blocks or requests for semi-protection? Drmies (talk) 23:12, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Opportunities for range blocks for now. If that is not entirely effective, perhaps can suggest semi-protection for articles, at least those in the above list that have been corrected or continue to be subject to further vandalism. I ask Huntthetroll to check the articles and report on further steps and to note whether help from other editors familiar with the subject matter can help. I doubt that a confirmed sockpuppet and identified and determined POV and erroneous content pusher will respond to any editors who reach out, maybe including administrators. Thanks. Donner60 (talk) 00:56, 14 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Limited strictly to articles that have been the focus of this user's disruptive tank design edits, I would recommend all the articles linked in my original post for semi-protection, plus Merkava, T-72 tanks in Iraqi service, and T-72. Huntthetroll (talk) 01:47, 15 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Looking at IP ranges provides a more complete picture of this user's interests (military weapons and vehicles, Russo-Ukrainian War, Vietnam War, Eastern Front of WWII) and editing patterns (frequent disputes with other editors, usually over battle data[who won, size of forces, losses], weapon capabilities, or source reliability; not-quite-full fluency in English; source swapping; source falsification):
 * Cacharo66 from 29 January 2022 to 14 February 2022
 * 14.191.8.0/23 from 2 December 2021 to 30 May 2024
 * 27.3.144.0/24 from 23 February 2021 to 29 May 2024
 * 27.3.160.0/24 from 2 December 2020 to 23 May 2024
 * 27.73.64.0/19 from 20 January 2021 to 3 July 2024
 * 103.3.255.0/24 from 3 February 2020 to 18 December 2023
 * 113.160.158.0/24 from 17 March 2022 to 14 June 2023
 * 118.107.72.0/24 from 9 August 2018 to 24 July 2023
 * 171.238.230.0/24 from 18 May 2023 to 7 September 2023
 * 171.242.240.0/21 from 23 October 2023 to 16 February 2024
 * 2001:EE0:4A60:0:0:0:0:0/46 from 18 January 2022 to 6 July 2024
 * Some specific examples of editing patterns, obfuscated by IP-hopping:
 * Editing at Battle of Vĩnh Yên: diff 1 by 171.237.77.75; diff 2 and diff 3 by 171.224.139.131; diff 4 by 2001:EE0:4A63:C450:C01A:2A14:753F:C79D; diff 5 and diff 6 by 27.3.160.246
 * Repeatedly adding a Vietnamese web forum thread as a source for "Viet Minh figures" for casualties in the battle, in order to contrast these with what the editor called "Western figures", which were sourced to four different books listed in the article's bibliography section
 * Diffs 2 and 3 actually replaced the four book citations with one citation to the forum and one to a raw Google Books link
 * Similar diff at Battle of Nà Sản, which did not lead to an edit war because no one reverted it
 * Again, English-language book sources labeled as "Western figures" and contrasted with "Việt Minh’s report", which is sourced to a Vietnamese-language website (this time, an actual government website)
 * Editing at Battle of Kursk: diff 1 and diff 2 by 27.3.160.161; diff 3 and diff 4 by Cacharo66; diff 5 by 113.160.158.114; diff 6 by 103.3.255.99; diff 7 by 2001:EE0:4A61:15E0:2140:B287:163:1654; diff 8 by 113.160.158.231; diff 9 by 113.160.121.153; diff 10 by 27.3.144.226; diff 11 by 2001:EE0:4A61:AF90:454:D9D3:6200:EDE5; diff 12 by 2001:EE0:4A63:C410:AC5A:AB5F:1760:CCF6; diff 13 by 2001:EE0:4A61:7560:3C81:2296:2C7C:C096; diff 14 by 14.191.9.250; diff 15 by 14.191.8.28
 * Multiple different changes, all seeking to reduce the article's reported figures for Soviet losses and increase the corresponding figures for German losses
 * Using articles from RIA Novosti as a source on the same level of reliability and detail as multiple dedicated books
 * Using the Soviet General Staff's report on the battle without caveats, despite numerous questions raised about its reliability by other sources cited in the article
 * On the rare occasions that this editor has sought to discuss edits with others, the constant IP-hopping creates a misleading impression of the number of people involved in the conversation. Seeking to have the description of North Vietnamese casualties changed in the Vietnam War infobox, this editor used three different addresses in conversation with User:Tpbradbury; as well as another three addresses with User:Slatersteven, with User:Toughtofu, and with User:Goszei. Huntthetroll (talk) 22:44, 15 July 2024 (UTC)

2024 review of the Defence Honours and Awards system (Australia)
Okay, I'm doing up an article on the 2024 review of the Defence Honours and Awards system which also covers the background honours scandal. I was hoping that someone could read over it and let me know if it can be written any better, including if I need more references. The Senate report is due to be published on 28 November 2024, and I'm not sure if I should wait for that before posting to mainspace. Obviously a very real-world ongoing issue with some 13 generals facing having their Distinguished Service Cross's stripped, so don't want to make any silly mistakes, if that makes sense. Nford24 (PE121 Personnel Request Form) 21:38, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Great work here. I'll leave some comments on the draft's talk page. Nick-D (talk) 23:58, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

Battle of Chosin Reservoir result
I would appreciate more eyes on the result parameter of the Infobox for Battle of Chosin Reservoir thanks Mztourist (talk) 14:47, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

Requested move at Talk:Francis, Duke of Guise
There is a requested move discussion at Talk:Francis, Duke of Guise that may be of interest to members of this WikiProject.  98𝚃𝙸𝙶𝙴𝚁𝙸𝚄𝚂  •  [𝚃𝙰𝙻𝙺]   22:34, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

Requested move at Talk:International Criminal Court arrest warrants for Vladimir Putin and Maria Lvova-Belova
There is a requested move discussion at Talk:International Criminal Court arrest warrants for Vladimir Putin and Maria Lvova-Belova that may be of interest to members of this WikiProject. Safari Scribe Edits! Talk! 23:08, 14 July 2024 (UTC)

Expansion Request
I started the article Harrison S. Kerrick. The main source is a New York Times obituary, which I can't access. Could someone with a New York Times subscription go in and expand the article with the information I am missing from the obituary? Or at least link me a copy of the article to expand myself? Roasted (talk) 02:29, 15 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Roasted, if nobody here can help, you could try WikiProject Resource Exchange/Resource Request. Alansplodge (talk) 20:38, 16 July 2024 (UTC)

Deception island incident, 1953
I've been doing some research on this obscure incident and decided to write an article about it, any comments and opinions welcome. Link: Deception Island incident Bob meade (talk) 12:08, 15 July 2024 (UTC)

 * I've added a note to the HMS Snipe (U20) article. Alansplodge (talk) 20:33, 16 July 2024 (UTC)
 * And to the Deception Island article. Alansplodge (talk) 11:57, 20 July 2024 (UTC)

Change to 96th Infantry page needed
I have moved this from the co-ordinator talk page and changed the title from: change to 96th Infantry page? in order to give it move coverage. At first reading, I think some change is needed in these articles. Also, perhaps we might need to investigate other instances of this sort of thing in other articles connected to the blocked user. Donner60 (talk) 21:15, 17 July 2024 (UTC)

I am on the board of the 96th Infantry Division Heritage Association and need some guidance regarding a modification of the Wiki history of the 96th Infantry Division (United States).

Our group is composed mainly of descendants and friends of members of the WWII 96th ID (US) dedicated to the preservation of the history of the 96th. We have been collecting information from the Army archives in St. Louis, MO. We also have contact with the Ft Douglas Museum in Salt Lake City, UT which is storing some of our material as well as records of the 96th successor reserve units. Our intention is to expand on the history of the 96th ID and also add to the information of the after war reserve units. While the reserves were not combat units, they did serve in several post-war conflicts.

In June of 2008 the original 96th ID Wiki page was renamed to 96th Sustainment Brigade, without discussion, by a “Dcfowler1” with the 96th ID page now being a redirect. We were not the only group affected and it seems his actions resulted in a temporary suspension of editing privileges.

Since the 96th ID was the parent organization we would like to know if it would be possible to reverse this and return to the original configuration retaining the 96th SB page as a redirect. The majority of the article pertains to the WWII organization so we feel that this is not an unreasonable request. Alternatively, would it be possible to split the existing article and have separate pages for the 96th ID and 96th SB.

Is this something that falls in line with the goals of the WP:MilHist project? Since the 96th ID page already exists, it is my understanding that any changes of this sort would require the assistance of an administrator. We do not wish to cause any problems or disruption so any suggestions, advise, or guidance you could give would be greatly appreciated.

Thank you for your time and consideration. Fyrfly357 (talk) 17:47, 17 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Hi, might I suggest you place this query on Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Military history instead? This page is for the coordination of the WikiProject rather than content matters relating to the wider topic. Thanks, Pickersgill-Cunliffe (talk) 18:05, 17 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Sorry about that. I'm still kind of a newbie at all this. Fyrfly357 (talk) 14:45, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

Donner60 (talk) 21:15, 17 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Dear all, I am happy to take this on. The key issue is the official Center for Military History lineage of the 96th Sustainment Brigade. What is the connection, if any to the lineage of the 96th Infantry Division, as shown in the official Lineage and Honors certificate? Buckshot06 (talk) 06:04, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
 * OK. The data is available in the division article. The 96th Inf Div was disbanded in late 1965. The 96th Army Reserve Command (ARCOM) formed a few years later was a TDA not a TO&E formation and thus did not inherit the division's official lineage. I would propose to split the article, 96th Inf Div to 1965; now 96th Sustainment Brigade, descending from the 96th Army Reserve Command, from c1969. Any and all comments welcome. Buckshot06 (talk) 06:10, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

Requested move at Talk:Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson
There is a requested move discussion at Talk:Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson that may be of interest to members of this WikiProject. Векочел (talk) 13:49, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

Resource request
Does any user have access to the most up to date Military Balance? List of active Russian military aircraft would benefit from more up to date sources. Buckshot06 (talk) 06:11, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Not my area, but it looks like it's available through WP:TWL. At least when I log in there, click onto "Taylor and Francis" and search "Military Balance" I get a journal entitled "The Military Balance" Volume 124, 2024 - Issue 1; chapter four of which has a listing of assessed current total of Russian units, military equipment etc. - Dumelow (talk) 14:24, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
 * As Dumelow said, the latest edition is available through the Wikipedia Library. I have been using it for List of equipment of the United States Army. Huntthetroll (talk) 18:30, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

Churchill/Repeat Valiant
Hello everyone. I have a user who seems to be a person with great knowledge about UK nuclear submarines but does not know how to incorporate their information into the article. Their attempts have been wild and without sources and very much in the vein of vandalism which is why I reverted them on half a dozen pages surrounding the subject of the Churchill-class submarines. I have attempted to explain to them on their talk page how to go about doing this, but they seem to be ignoring me. Maybe someone with greater knowledge of the period/nuclear programs (they keep referencing the Mountbatten program) could speak with them. Llammakey (talk) 13:41, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

 * I wouldn't say they're ignoring you...from that talk page it looks like they don't care about policy and simply want to do things their way. Borderline NOTHERE if you ask me. Intothatdarkness 13:51, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Probably, but I do not know enough about that era to judge whether their claims are true or not and those pages are full of misinformation. This isn't the first time I ran into someone claiming to be an old veteran who states everything is wrong. I did not like how I handled it the first time, so I thought I would take a different approach this time and seek someone with more knowledge of the era. Llammakey (talk) 13:59, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Hence why I asked them to read a few policies. Slatersteven (talk) 14:04, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
 * And I am getting a stong I did not hear that vibe, they are right, everyone else is wrong. Slatersteven (talk) 15:00, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

LOL "I am the chairman of HMS Valiant and of the 3rd Submarine Squardron for a reason." Chairman of an imaginary group with imaginary friends? Doesn't the Chairman of the Squardron need to be able to spell. LOL MAXIMA. ——Serial Number 54129 15:30, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I assume this is in some way incomplete and it refers to either a board of trustees of some type or some commercial concearn. Slatersteven (talk) 18:31, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
 * This may be relevant []. Slatersteven (talk) 18:33, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Has the editor veered into WP:LEGALTHREAT with this? (Hohum @ ) 21:18, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I would say so. Intothatdarkness 00:07, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Agree, but anyhow the MOD lawyers would be probably more interested in this editor's alleged possession of classified papers and willingness to mouth off about said possession than anything an online encyclopedia says about a submarine/class of submarines! Zawed (talk) 01:28, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Definite legal threat. I've blocked them. Ed [talk] [OMT] 04:14, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
 * They appear to be doubling down on their legal threat (while of course claiming that it isn't a legal threat).Nigel Ish (talk) 09:51, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Everything in the articles seems to check out with the sources cited, which appear to be WP: RS.Nigel Ish (talk) 10:17, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Which I have now pointed out to them. Slatersteven (talk) 10:54, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Still not hearing it, and still making legal threats. 11:18, 20 July 2024 (UTC)
 * You are doing valiant work (heh!) on that talkpage,, but may I suggest revocation of talk page access? Happy Saturday! (Except to overly- litigious and obstreperous Chairmen perhaps.) 2.28.124.91 (talk) 12:26, 20 July 2024 (UTC)


text:
Axel (name)

Axel (also Aksel) is a Scandinavian, German, French, and Dutch masculine given name. In Estonia, Denmark, and Norway the spelling Aksel is more common. The Finnish form of the name is Akseli. A French feminine form is Axelle.

Because the Danish archbishop Absalon (1128–1201) was also known as "Axel of Lund", the name has been interpreted as a corruption of the Hebrew name Absalom. Axel arose via Axelen from Absalon, possibly by conflation with the existing name Askel, Askil, medieval forms of the Old Norse name Ásketill, from ans "god" and ketill "cauldron/helmet".

Aksel (with variants: Aksil and Axil) is also a Berber name which is popular due to the historical Amazigh Leader Kusaila (a theory says that Kusaila is just an arabization of the Berber name Aksel). It comes from the word Aksil which means Leopard or Cheetah in Chaoui dialect. This name remained popular in the Middle Ages, Al-Hasan ibn Ahmad al-Muhallabi has talked about the existence of a kingdom named Aksintila/Axentla which was dominated by Hawwara tribes. It is estimated that this name Axentla has come from the name Aksil.

As a given name

 * Axel (born 1977), Argentine singer-songwriter
 * Absalon (1128–1201), Danish archbishop also known as Axel of Lund
 * Prince Axel of Denmark (1888–1964)
 * Axel Aabrink (1887–1965), Danish painter
 * Axel Gustav Adlercreutz (1821–1880), Swedish politician and civil servant
 * Axel Alfredsson (1902–1966), Swedish footballer
 * Axel Algmark (born 1990), Swedish pop singer
 * Axel von Ambesser (1910–1988), German actor and film director
 * Axel Anderberg (1860–1937), Swedish architect
 * Axel Andersen (1891–1931), Danish gymnast
 * Axel Andersen Byrval (1875–1957), Danish football player and manager
 * Axel Anderson (1929–2012), German-born Puerto Rican actor, television producer and television host
 * Axel Andersson (1887–1951), Swedish track and field athlete
 * Axel Andrésson (1895–1961), Icelandic footballer and football club founder
 * Axel Óskar Andrésson (born 1998), Icelandic footballer
 * Axel Aubert (1873–1943), Norwegian chemical engineer
 * Axel Augis (born 1990), French gymnast
 * Axel Axelsson (born 1942), Icelandic footballer
 * Axel Axelsson (born 1951), Icelandic handball player
 * Axel Axgil (1915–2011), Danish gay rights activist, first man to enter into a same-sex registered partnership
 * Axel Bäck (born 1987), Swedish alpine skier
 * Axel Bachmann (born 1989), Paraguayan chess player
 * Axel Bakayoko (born 1998), French footballer
 * Axel Bakunts (1899–1937), Armenian prose writer, film-writer, translator and activist
 * Axel Bassani (born 1999), Italian motorcycle racer
 * Axel Bauer (born 1961), French singer
 * Axel J. Beck (1894–1981), American federal judge
 * Axel D. Becke (born 1953), Canadian physical chemist, professor and researcher
 * Axel Bellinghausen (born 1983), German footballer
 * Axel Berg (1856–1929), Danish architect
 * Axel Berg (born 1959), German politician
 * Axel Berndt (born 19??), German sprint canoer
 * Axel Bernstein (1974–2017), German politician
 * Axel Birnbaum (born 1966), Austrian fencer
 * Axel Bloch (1911–1998), Danish fencer
 * Jan Axel Blomberg (born 1969), Norwegian heavy metal drummer (Mayhem, Arcturus)
 * Axel Blomqvist (1894–1965), Swedish speed skater
 * Axel Blumberg (1981–2004), Argentine kidnap and murder victim
 * Axel Gudbrand Blytt (1843–1898), Norwegian botanist and geologist
 * Jonas Axel Boeck (1833–1873), Norwegian marine biologist
 * Axel Boëthius (1889–1969), Swedish scholar and archaeologist of Etruscan culture
 * Axel Boman (born 19??), Swedish house music DJ and producer
 * Axel Borgmann (born 1994), German footballer
 * Axel Borup-Jørgensen (1924–2012), Danish composer
 * Axel Börsch-Supan (born 1954), German economist and researcher
 * Axel Brage (born 1989), Swedish ice hockey player
 * Axel Braun (born 19??), Italian adult film producer and director
 * Axel Brauns (born 1963), German writer and filmmaker
 * Axel Ludvig Broström (1838–1905), Swedish shipping magnate
 * Axel Brown (born 1992), Trinidadian - British bobsledder
 * Axel T. Brunger (born 1956), German-born American biophysicist
 * Axel Bruns (born 19??), German-born Australian scholar
 * Axel Brusewitz (1881–1950), Swedish political scientist and professor
 * Axel Buch (1930–1998), Norwegian politician
 * Axel Bulthaupt (born 1966), German journalist, entertainer and television presenter
 * Axel von dem Bussche (1919–1993), German WWII military officer, attempted to assassinate Adolf Hitler
 * Axel Cadier (1906–1974), Swedish wrestler
 * Axel Chapelle (born 1995), French pole vaulter
 * Axel Cleeremans (born 1962), Belgian cognitive scientist and professor
 * Axel Clerget (born 1987), French judoka
 * Axel Coldevin (1900–1992), Norwegian historian
 * Axel Collett (1880–1968), Norwegian landowner, timber merchant and sawmill owner
 * Axel Coon (born 1975), German musician
 * Axel Corti (1933–1993), Austrian screenwriter, film director and radio host
 * Axel Daeseleire (born 1968), Belgian actor
 * Axel Danielson (1867–1949), Swedish journalist and Swedish editor
 * Axel Danielsson (1863–1899), Swedish socialist agitator, journalist and writer
 * Axel de Reuterskiöld (1860–1937), Swedish baron and philatelist
 * Axel Didriksson (born 19??), Mexican writer, academic and professor
 * Axel Dieter Jr. (born 1990), German professional wrestler
 * Axel Disasi (born 1998), French footballer
 * Axel Domont (born 1990), French racing cyclist
 * Axel Doruelo (born 1982), Filipino basketball player
 * Axel Downard-Wilke (born 1966), transport planner
 * Axel Dreher (born 1972), German economist
 * Axel Drolsum (1846–1927), Norwegian librarian
 * Axel Düberg (1927–2001), Swedish film actor
 * Axel Dünnwald-Metzler (1939–2004), German footballer
 * Axel Edelstam (1924–2012), Swedish diplomat
 * Axel Eggebrecht (1899–1991), German journalist and writer
 * Axel Ehnström (born 1990), Finnish singer-songwriter
 * Axel Eidstedt (born 1995), Swedish ice hockey player
 * Axel Ekblom (1893–1957), Swedish sport shooter
 * Axel Elmlund (1838–1901), ballet dancer and stage actor
 * Axel Elofs (1903–1983), Swedish long-distance runner
 * Axel Ender (1853–1920), Norwegian painter and sculptor
 * Axel Enström (1893–1977), Swedish industrialist
 * Axel Fredrik Enström (1875–1948), Swedish electrical engineer
 * Axel Eriksson (1884–1975), Swedish rower
 * Axel Wilhelm Eriksson (1846–1901) Swedish ornithologist, settler, explorer and trader
 * Axel Erlandson (1884–1964), Swedish-born American farmer and horticulturalist
 * Axel von Fersen the Elder (1719–1794), Swedish statesman and soldier
 * Axel von Fersen the Younger (1755–1810), Swedish count, diplomat, military general and statesman
 * Axel Firsoff (1912–1981), Swedish-British amateur astronomer and author
 * Axel Fischer (born 1966), German politician
 * Axel Foley (born 1991), American hip hop musician
 * Axel Olof Freudenthal (1836–1911), Finnish philologist and politician
 * Axel Gabrielsson (1886–1975), Swedish rower
 * Axel Gade (1860–1921), Danish violinist, composer and conductor
 * Axel Gedaschko (born 1959), German politician
 * Axel Geller (born 1999), Argentine tennis player
 * Axel Gjöres (1889–1979), Swedish politician
 * Axel Gnos (born 2003), Swiss-French racing driver
 * Axel Gotthard (born 1959), German historian and professor
 * Axel Graatkjær (1885–1969), Danish cinematographer
 * Axel Grandjean (1847–1932), Danish composer and conductor
 * Axel Gresvig (born 1941), Norwegian competitive sailor
 * Axel Grönberg (1918–1988), Swedish wrestler
 * Axel Gyldenstierne (c. 1542–1603) Danish-Norwegian official and Governor-general of Norway
 * Axel Gyllenkrok (1665–1730), Swedish baron, military general and governor of Gothenburg
 * Axel Gyllenkrok (1888–1946), Norwegian sport shooter
 * Axel Gyntersberg (c. 1525–1588), Norwegian nobleman and feudal overlord
 * Axel Otto Hagemann (1856–1907), Norwegian politician
 * Axel Hager (born 1969), German beach volleyball player
 * Axel Haig (1835–1921), Swedish-born British artist, architect and illustrator
 * Axel Hallberg (born 1999), Swedish politician
 * Axel Hamberg (1863–1933), Swedish mineralogist, geographer, explorer, photographer and professor of geography
 * Axel Hampus Dalström (1829–1882), Finnish architect
 * Axel Hansen (1899–1933), Danish cyclist
 * Axel Henry Hansen (1887–1980), Norwegian gymnast
 * Axel Härstedt (born 1987), Swedish discus thrower
 * Axel Haverich (born 1953), German cardiac surgeon
 * Axel Hedfors (aka Axwell, born 1977), Swedish DJ and musician
 * Axel Hedenlund (1888–1919), Swedish track and field athlete
 * Axel Heiberg (1848–1932), Norwegian diplomat and financier
 * Axel Heiberg (1908–1988), Norwegian judge
 * Axel Heiberg Stang (1904–1974), Norwegian politician, landowner and forester
 * Axel C. Heitmann (born 1959), German business executive
 * Axel Hellstrom (1893–1933), German muscle reader, mentalist and stage magician
 * Axel Helsted (1847–1907), Danish painter
 * Axel Nicolai Herlofson (1845–1910), Norwegian fraudster and criminal
 * Axel Hervelle (born 1983), Belgian basketball player
 * Axel Hilgenstöhler (born 1975), German record producer, mixing engineer and guitarist
 * Axel Hirsoux (born 1982), Belgian singer
 * Axel Høeg-Hansen (1877–1947), Danish architect
 * Axel Högel (1884–1970), Swedish actor
 * Axel Höjer (1890–1974), Swedish physician
 * Axel Holmström (1881–1947), Swedish anarchist
 * Axel Holmström (born 1996), Swedish ice hockey player
 * Axel Holst (1860–1931), Norwegian physician and professor of hygiene and bacteriology
 * Axel Honneth (born 1949), German philosopher, theorist and professor
 * Axel Horn (1913–2001), American artist
 * Axel Hultgren (1886–1974), Swedish metallurgist
 * Axel Hultman (1869–1935), Swedish actor
 * Axel Hütte (born 1951), German photographer
 * Axel Ingwersen (18??–19??), Danish sailor
 * Axel Jang (born 1968), German bobsledder
 * Axel Janse (1888–1973), Swedish gymnast
 * Axel Jansson (1882–1909), Swedish sport shooter
 * Axel Jansson (1916–1968), Swedish politician
 * Axel Jensen (1899–1968), Danish long-distance runner
 * Axel Jensen (1932–2003), Norwegian author
 * Axel P. Jensen (1885–1972), Danish landscape painter
 * Axel Kacou (born 1995), Ivorian-French footballer
 * Axel Kahn (1944–2021), French scientist and geneticist
 * Axel Kassegger (born 1966), Austrian politician
 * Axel Keller (born 1977), German footballer
 * Axel Kicillof (born 1971), Argentine economist and politician
 * Axel Kielland (1907–1963), journalist and playwright
 * Axel Klinckowström (1867–1936), Swedish baron, zoologist, explorer, fiction writer and memoirist
 * Axel Kober (born 1970), German conductor
 * Axel Kock (1851–1935), Swedish philologist and professor of Scandinavian languages
 * Axel Koenders (born 1959), Dutch triathlete
 * Axel Köhler (born 1959), German countertenor and opera director
 * Axel Kolle (born 1973), Norwegian footballer
 * Axel Cédric Konan (born 1983), Ivorian footballer
 * Axel Krause (born 1958), German painter and graphic artist
 * Axel Kristiansson (1914–1999), Swedish politician
 * Axel Kruse (born 1967), German footballer
 * Axel Kühn (born 1967), German bobsledder
 * Axel Kurck (1555–1630), Finnish warlord
 * Axel Lapp (born 1966), German curator, art historian and publisher
 * Axel Lawarée (born 1973), Belgian footballer
 * Axel Leijonhufvud (1933–2022), Swedish economist and professor
 * Axel Lerche (1903–1949), Danish sports shooter
 * Axel Lesser (born 1946), German cross country skier
 * Axel Lewenhaupt (1917–2018), Swedish diplomat
 * Axel Liebmann (1849–1876), Danish composer
 * Axel Lille (1848–1921), Finnish journalist and politician
 * Axel Lillie (1603–1662), Swedish soldier and politician
 * Axel Lindahl (1841–1906), Swedish photographer
 * Axel Lindstrom (1895–1940), Swedish baseball player
 * Axel Ljung (1884–1938), Swedish gymnast and track and field athlete
 * Axel Ljungdahl (1897–1995), Swedish Air Force general
 * Aksel Lund Svindal, Norwegian alpine ski racer
 * Axel Fredrik Londen (1859–1928), Finnish sports shooter
 * Axel Louissaint (born 1996), Swiss basketball player
 * Axel Løvenskiold (1912–1980), Norwegian landowner and painter
 * Axel Löwen (1686–1773), Swedish nobleman and military officer
 * Axel Mackenrott (born 1969), German heavy metal keyboardist (Masterplam)
 * Axel Madsen (1930–2007), Danish-born American biographer and journalist
 * Axel Malmgren (1857–1901), Swedish artist
 * Axel Maraval (born 1993), French footballer
 * Axel Matus (born 1998), Mexican racing driver
 * Axel Maurer (1866–1925),Norwegian stagewriter, editor and theatre director
 * Axel Maußen (born 1968), German Roman Catholic priest
 * Axel Médéric (born 1970), French figure skater
 * Axel Merckx (born 1972), Belgian cyclist
 * Axel Méyé (born 1995), Gabonese footballer
 * Axel Meyer (born 1960), German evolutionary biologist and professor of zoology
 * Axel Michon (born 1990), French tennis player
 * Axel Michaels (born 1949), German professor of classical Indology and religious studies
 * Axel Milberg (born 1956), German actor
 * Axel Miller (born 1965), Belgian businessman
 * Axel Möller (1830–1896), Swedish astronomer
 * Axel Otto Mörner (1774–1852), Swedish artist and military general
 * Axel Mowat (1592–1661), Norwegian naval officer and land owner
 * Axel Müller (disambiguation), several people
 * Axel Munthe (1857–1949), Swedish physician and psychiatrist
 * Axel Murswieck (born 19??), German political scientist, commentator and professor
 * Axel Neff (born 1984), American businessman
 * Axel Nepraunik (born 1945), Austrian sprinter
 * Axel Neumann (born 1952), German footballer
 * Axel Ngando (born 1993), French footballer
 * Axel Nielsen (1902–1970), Danish astronomer
 * Axel Noack (born 1961), German race walker
 * Axel Nordgren (1828–1888), Swedish painter
 * Axel Nordlander (1879–1962), Swedish military officer and equestrian
 * Axel Norling (1884–1964), Swedish gymnast, diver, and tug of war competitor
 * Axel Otto Normann (1884–1962), Norwegian journalist, newspaper editor, theatre critic and theatre director
 * Axel Oberwelland (born 1966), German businessman
 * Axel Ockenfels (born 1969), German economist and professor
 * Axel Odelberg (1873–1950), Swedish chemical engineer
 * Axel Ohlin (1867–1903), Swedish zoologist and Arctic and Antarctic explorer
 * Axel Olrik (1864–1917), Danish folklorist and scholar of medieval historiography
 * Axel Orrström (born 1986), Finnish footballer
 * Axel Ottosson (born 1996), Swedish ice hockey player
 * Axel Oxenstierna (1583–1654) Swedish statesman
 * Axel Palmgren (1867–1939), Finnish lawyer, civil servant, business executive and politician
 * Axel Paulsen (1855–1938), Norwegian figure skater and speed skater
 * Axel Pehrsson-Bramstorp (1883–1954), Swedish politician and former Prime Minister of Sweden
 * Axel Rudi Pell (born 1960), German heavy metal guitarist
 * Axel Perneczky (1945–2009), Hungarian neurosurgeon
 * Axel Persson (1888–1955), Swedish cyclist
 * Axel W. Persson (1888–1951), Swedish archaeologist
 * Axel Peschel (born 1942), German cyclist
 * Axel Petersen (1880–1962) Danish track and field athlete
 * Axel Petersen (1887–1968), Danish footballer
 * Axel Jacob Petersson (1834–1884), Swedish-Norwegian structural engineer and inventor
 * Axel Petersson Döderhultarn (1868–1925), Swedish wood carver
 * Axel Pilmark (1925–2009), Danish footballer
 * Axel Poignant (1906–1986), Australian photographer
 * Axel Poniatowski (born 1951), French politician
 * Axel Pons (born 1991), Spanish Grand Prix motorcycle racer and model
 * Axel Poulsen (1887–1972), Danish sculptor
 * Axel Prahl (born 1960), German actor
 * Axel Preisler (1871–1930), Danish architect
 * Axel Pretzsch (born 1976), German tennis player
 * Axel Proet Høst (1907–1985), Norwegian sports official
 * Axel Rappe (1838–1918), Swedish Army general
 * Axel Rappe (1884–1945), Swedish Army major general
 * Axel Rauschenbach (born 1967), German pair skater
 * Axel Revold (1887–1962), Norwegian painter, illustrator and art professor
 * Axel Reymond (born 1994), French marathon swimmer
 * Axel Ringvall (1860–1927), Swedish actor and comedian
 * Axel Ripke (1880–1937), German journalist and politician
 * Axel Rodrigues de Arruda (born 1970), Brazilian footballer
 * Axel Romdahl (1880–1951), Swedish art historian and museum curator
 * Axel Roos (born 1964), German footballer and coach
 * Axl Rose (born 1962), Lead vocalist of the American hard rock band Guns N' Roses
 * Axel Rosenkrantz (1670–1723), Norwegian landowner and baron
 * Axel Roth (1936–2008), German-born American NASA engineer
 * Axel Rubbestad (1888–1961), Swedish politician
 * Axel Runström (1883–1943), Swedish water polo player and diver
 * Axel Ryding (1831–1897), Swedish Army lieutenant general
 * Axel Salzmann (born 1950), German pair skater
 * Axel Schulz (born 1968), German boxer
 * Axel Schulz (born 1959), German footballer
 * Axel Seeberg (1931–2011), Norwegian archaeologist
 * Axel Siefer (born 1950), German actor
 * Axel Simonsen (1887–1938), Norwegian long-distance runner
 * Axel Sjöberg (born 1991), Swedish footballer
 * Axel Sjöblad (born 1967), Swedish handball player
 * Axel Sjöblom (1882–1951), Swedish gymnast
 * Axel Skovgaard (1875–19??), Danish-born American violinist
 * Axel Smeets (born 1974), Belgian footballer and manager
 * Axel Smith (topographer) (1744–1823), Norwegian priest and topographer
 * Axel Smith (chess player) (born 1986), Swedish chess player
 * Axel Christian Rosenkrantz Smith (1856–1935), Norwegian parliamentary representative
 * Axel Sømme (1899–1991), Norwegian geographer, political activist, magazine and newspaper editor
 * Axel Springer (1912–1985), German publisher
 * Axel Ståhle (1891–1987), Swedish Army officer and equestrian
 * Axel Stawski (born 1950), American real estate developer and investor
 * Axel Stein (born 1982), German actor
 * Axel Stoll (1948–2014), German geophysicist and conspiracy theorist
 * Axel Stordahl (1913–1963), American composer and arranger
 * Axel Strand (1893–1983), Swedish trade union organizer
 * Axel Strauss (born 19??), German violinist music professor
 * Axel Strøbye (1928–2005), Danish actor
 * Axel Strøm (1901–1985), Norwegian physician
 * Axel Sundermann (born 1968), German former footballer
 * Axel Sundquist (1867–1910), American sailor
 * Axel Svendsen (1912–1995), Danish canoeist
 * Axel Sveinsson (1896–1957), Icelandic civil engineer
 * Axel Tallberg (1860–1928), Swedish visual artist and engraver
 * Axel Teichmann (born 1979), German cross-country skier
 * Axel Tetens (1892–1961), Danish wrestler
 * Axel Thallaug (1866–1938), Norwegian lawyer and politician
 * Axel Thayssen (1885–1952), Danish tennis player
 * Axel Tony (born 1984), French singer
 * Axel Törneman (1880–1925), Swedish painter
 * Axel Toupane (born 1992), French basketball player
 * Axel Troost (1954–2023), German economist and politician
 * Axel Tuanzebe (born 1997), Congolese-born British footballer
 * Axel Ullrich (born 1943), German biologist, oncologist and cancer researcher
 * Axel Urup (1601–1671), Danish military engineer and commander and judge
 * Axel Vennersten (1863–1948), Swedish politician
 * Axel Villanueva (born 1989), Nicaraguan footballer
 * Axel Vogt (1849–1921), American railroad mechanical engineer
 * Axel von Blomberg (1908–1941), German Air Force officer
 * Axel von Harnack (1895–1974), German librarian, historian and philologist
 * Axel Voss (born 1963), German politician
 * Axel Wachtmeister, Count of Mälsåker (1643–1699), Swedish count and field marshal
 * Axel Wahlstedt (1867–1943), Swedish sports shooter
 * Axel Wallengren (1865–1896), Swedish author, poet, and journalist
 * Axel A. Weber (born 1957), German economist, professor and banker
 * Axel Weber (1954–2001), German pole vaulter
 * Axel Wegner (born 1963), German sports shooter
 * Axel Welin (1862–1951), Swedish inventor and industrialist
 * Axel Wenner-Gren (1881–1961), Swedish entrepreneur
 * Axel Werner (born 1996), Argentine footballer
 * Axel Westermark (1875–1911), American sailor
 * Axel Wibrån (born 1985), Swedish footballer
 * Axel Wieandt (born 1966), German businessman
 * Axel Wikström (1907–1976), Swedish cross-country skier
 * Axel Williams (born 1983), Tahitian footballer
 * Axel Willner (aka The Field, born 19??), Swedish electronic musician
 * Axel Witsel (born 1989), Belgian footballer
 * Axel Wittke (born 1960), German footballer
 * Axel Zeebroek (born 1978), Belgian triathlete
 * Axel Zitzmann (born 1959), German ski jumper
 * Axel Zwingenberger (born 1955), German blues and boogie-woogie pianist

Fictional characters

 * Akseli Koskela, in the Finnish novel Täällä Pohjantähden alla by Väinö Linna
 * Axel, a Belgian steam locomotive in the Thomas & Friends film The Great Race
 * Axel, a grasshopper in the 1998 animated film A Bug's Life
 * Axel, a character from the Kingdom Hearts video game series
 * Axel, a character from the Crazy Taxi video game series
 * Axel, a main character from the video game Minecraft Story Mode
 * Axel, a protagonist in Jules Verne's A Journey to the Center of the Earth
 * Axel, from the book The Bane Chronicles by Cassandra Clare
 * Axel, in the film My Bloody Valentine
 * Axel (The Walking Dead), a former prisoner and member of the group of survivors on the TV series The Walking Dead
 * Axel Blaze, the English name for Gouenji Shuuya, a main character in the manga and anime Inazuma Eleven by Tenya Yabuno
 * Axel the Dark Hero, from the Disgaea video game series
 * Axel Foley, a leading character in the Beverly Hills Cop movies
 * Axel Freed, the main character in the movie The Gambler (1974 film)
 * Axel Hawk, from the video game series Fatal Fury
 * Axel Jordache, in Irwin Shaw's novel Rich Man, Poor Man: the father of the novel's three central characters
 * Axel Miller, in the American-Canadian TV series Van Helsing
 * Axel Rex, in Vladimir Nabokov's novel Laughter in the Dark
 * Axel Steel, in the Guitar Hero video game series
 * Axel Stone, from the Streets of Rage video game series
 * Axel Thurston, in the anime series Eureka Seven
 * Axel the Water Buffalo, a villain from the Sonic the Hedgehog comic from Archie Comics
 * Axl, a protagonist in Kazuo Ishiguro's The Buried Giant
 * Axl, from the Mega Man X series
 * Axl, from the series Nexo Knights
 * Axl Heck, in the TV series The Middle
 * Axl Low, from the Guilty Gear series of fighting games

As a surname

 * Curtis Axel (born 1979), ring name of American professional wrestler Joseph Curtis Hennig
 * Gabriel Axel (1918–2014), Danish filmmaker
 * Richard Axel (born 1946), American scientist

title: Axel (name)


text:
Urk

Urk (Urkers: Urrek, Low Saxon: Ürrek) is a municipality and a town in the Flevoland province in the central Netherlands.

Urk is first mentioned in historical records dating to the 10th century, when it was still an island in the Almere, an inland sea that would become part of the Zuiderzee in the 13th century after a series of incursions by the North Sea. In 1939, a dike from the mainland to Urk ended the town's island status, just as the Afsluitdijk project was changing the salt water Zuiderzee surrounding Urk to the less saline IJsselmeer. Later in the 20th century, seabed areas surrounding Urk were reclaimed from the sea to become the Noordoostpolder.

The mainstay of the town's formal economy has always been fishing, and the products of the sea coming in through Urk harbor continue to be exported widely, although today Urk's fishing boats must travel greater distances to gather them than was required in most historical periods. Religious life has traditionally been very important to Urk's inhabitants, with active, conservative congregations of the Dutch Reformed denominations playing key roles in the life of the community.

Geography
Towards the north, the IJsselmeer is enclosed by an arc of boulder clay high areas of land which formed during an ice age glaciations of the Pleistocene epoch: Texel, Wieringen, Urk, de Voorst, and Gaasterland. To the south of that arc a lake formed as a result of meltwater, which became known as Almere. North of the boulder clay highland of Urk, the Vecht river flowed into the Almere, while the river IJssel with tributaries flowed into the south of Urk. As the climate became warmer during the Middle Ages, the sea level rose whilst the surrounding areas have been slowly steadily sinking because of forebulge effect since the end of the Ice Age. During the 13th century (and especially after a large storm in 1287) the Zuiderzee formed, and the water round Urk suddenly became a tidal sea. Because there was no sea defense, over time large pieces of the island eroded. The southwest side of Urk, which rose perpendicularly out of the sea, was called het Hoge Klif ("the High Cliff"). Around 1700 the municipality of Amsterdam donated sea defenses to Urk. The town contains the highest point in the province of Flevoland.

History
The oldest instance of the name "Urk" is a donation certificate of 966 from Holy Roman Emperor Otto I to the Sint Pantaleonsklooster monastery in Cologne. The text reads: cuiisdam insulae medietatem in Almere, que Urch vocatur (Latin: "of a certain island in the middle of Almere, which is called Urch"). Until 1475 the High and Low Lordship of Urk and Emmeloord (the most northern village of Schokland) was in the hands of the Van Kuinre family. From 1475 to 1614, the Zoudenbalch family of Utrecht were Lords of Urk and Emmeloord. From 1614 to 1660, Urk and Emmeloord were ruled by the van der Werve from Antwerp. From 1660 to 1792 Urk and Emmeloord belonged to the municipality of Amsterdam, and ruled from 1660 to 1672 by Andries de Graeff. From 1792 to 1950 Urk belonged to the province of North Holland.

After World War II, Urk ceased to be an island, and Urk's town expanded into the reclaimed land of the polder. Many Urkers who previously left the town because of overcrowding before the polder reclamation was completed were able to return to Urk. From 1950 to 1986 Urk belonged to the province of Overijssel. Since 1986, Urk has belonged to the province of Flevoland.

The Noordoostpolder in its early years had an alternative name "Urker Land," from which Urk's newspaper, Het Urkerland, gets its name.

Economy
The important economic pillar of the village remains fishery. After the IJsselmeer was formed, the Urkers moved their fishing operations to the North Sea. Additionally, Urk is focused on making a connection between the existing economy and new activities such as tourism, social care, maritime industry and services. The local council is keen to particularly promote tourism, retail and fisheries. In the past, many lives were lost in storms on the Zuiderzee and North Sea. There is a memorial to lost fishermen on Urk, popularly known as the Urker vrouw: a statue of a woman looking out to sea, vainly awaiting the return of her husband and sons.

Local
The municipal council currently (2022) contains five political parties: Gemeentebelangen, Hart voor Urk and Krachtig Urk are local parties. Hart voor Urk was founded by former SGP councillor Jan Koffeman with largely identical party policies to SGP's.
 * SGP: 6 seats
 * Christian Union: 3 seats
 * CDA: 3 seats
 * Hart voor Urk: 3 seats
 * Gemeentebelangen: 2 seats
 * PVV: 1 seat
 * Krachtig Urk: 1 seat

A majority coalition of ChristenUnie, SGP and Hart voor Urk are currently in power. The town council is led by (non-elected) mayor Cees van den Bos.

None of these parties can be described as either left-wing (socialist) or liberal. National parties, such as the VVD (conservative/liberal), D66 (liberal), GroenLinks (green party) and PvdA (labour), are not represented in Urk's town council and support for these parties in national and regional elections remains minimal. However, due to slowly growing support for the VVD, an Urk affiliate of the conservative/liberal party was founded in early 2011 and entered the 2014 local elections. However, the VVD only drew 2.7% of the vote, insufficient for a seat.

National
Urk is one of the most politically conservative areas in the Netherlands. As part of the so-called Dutch "Bible belt", a vast majority of election votes go to the three Christian parties in the Netherlands, SGP, ChristenUnie and CDA. Urk is also known for its high turnout at each election, which is usually considerably higher than the national average (although general turnout percentages have dropped approx. 10% since 2002).

Voting patterns used to be relatively stable, with approximately 85-90% of the votes spread out evenly over SGP, ChristenUnie and CDA (each between 25-35%). CDA in Urk usually got more votes in national elections than in local elections, while ChristenUnie's support is sometimes twice locally compared to what it receives from Urk voters in national elections (this is sometimes attributed to the apparent left-wing leanings of the ChristenUnie nationally, while ChristenUnie in Urk tends to be more conservative). SGP's support locally is not much different from its support in national elections.

However, in recent years a few changes in voting patterns occurred, such as a growing support for national protest parties such as the LPF or Geert Wilders' PVV Freedom Party. Also, voting patterns these days tend to show bigger swings, as shown in 2010's and 2012's national elections in which CDA lost 11% and 13% respectively, and in 2011's regional elections, in which ChristenUnie lost 18%. In 2012, orthodox-Christian SGP even registered an absolute majority with 51.2% of the vote. (In the European Elections of 2014, the combined ChristenUnie/SGP list even registered 78% of the vote).

Support for established left wing parties, such as the Labour Party or the Socialist Party, remains minimal.

!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left colspan="2" valign=top|Parties !style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center valign=top|Political Ideology !style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=center valign=top| 2017 Votes % !style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right valign=top| 2021 Vote %
 * - align=right
 * align=left|Reformed Political Party (Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij, SGP)
 * align="left"|Conservatism, Reformed Christian
 * align="right" |56.1%
 * align="right" |54.4%
 * - align=right
 * align=left|Party for Freedom (Partij voor de Vrijheid, PVV)
 * align=left|Right-wing populism/Anti-Islam
 * align="right" |11.0%
 * align="right" |13.8%
 * - align=right
 * align=left|Forum for Democracy (Forum voor Democratie, FvD)
 * align=left|Right-wing populism/Anti-Islam
 * align="right" |-
 * align="right" |9.0%
 * - align=right
 * align=left|ChristianUnion (ChristenUnie, CU)
 * align=left|Social-Christianity /Orthodox Protestantism
 * align="right" |11.6%
 * align="right" |8.1%
 * - align=right
 * align=left|Christian Democratic Appeal (Christen-Democratisch Appèl, CDA)
 * align=left|Christian Democracy
 * align="right" |14.2%
 * align="right" |7.8%
 * - align=right
 * align=left|People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie, VVD)
 * align=left|Conservative liberalism
 * align="right" |1.8%
 * align="right" |1.7%
 * - align=right
 * align=left|Democrats 66 (Democraten 66, D66)
 * align=left|Social liberalism, Radicalism, Progressivism
 * align="right" |0.5%
 * align="right" |0.5%
 * - align=right
 * align=left|Party for the Animals (Partij voor de Dieren, PvdD)
 * align=left|Animal rights/Animal welfare
 * align="right" |0.2%
 * align="right" |0.3%
 * - align=right
 * align=left|Socialist Party (Socialistische Partij, SP)
 * align=left|Socialism
 * align="right" |0.7%
 * align="right" |0.2%
 * - align=right
 * align=left|GreenLeft (GroenLinks, GL)
 * align=left|Green Politics
 * align="right" |0.2%
 * align="right" |0.2%
 * - align=right
 * align=left|Labour Party (Partij van de Arbeid, PvdA)
 * align=left|Social Democracy
 * align="right" |0.2%
 * align="right" |0.2%
 * - align=right
 * bgcolor="darkgray"|
 * align=left|Other
 * align="left" |–
 * align="right" |3.4%
 * align="right" |3.8%
 * align=left colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Total
 * width="100" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
 * width="50" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|100%
 * width="50" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|100%
 * align=left colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Turnout
 * width="100" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
 * width="50" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|81.57%
 * width="50" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|91.33%
 * }
 * align="right" |3.4%
 * align="right" |3.8%
 * align=left colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Total
 * width="100" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
 * width="50" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|100%
 * width="50" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|100%
 * align=left colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|Turnout
 * width="100" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
 * width="50" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|81.57%
 * width="50" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|91.33%
 * }
 * width="50" align="right" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|91.33%
 * }

Dialect
One of the oldest and most distinctive dialects of Dutch is the language spoken in Urk. Nearly everyone in the village speaks this dialect and uses it in daily life. The dialect deviates considerably from contemporary standard Dutch and has preserved many old characteristics that disappeared from standard Dutch a long time ago. The Urkish dialect also includes elements that are older than standard Dutch and were never part of the standard language. For example, the old word for "father" in the Urkish dialect is taote. The dialect developed this way because until World War II, Urk was an island and could be reached only by boat. Radio was unknown, and the poor population did not have much money for newspapers and books. Until the modern era, primary education for the children typically lasted only two years; afterwards children had to help maintain the family, and formal schooling ended.

Linguistic classifications have assigned "the dialect of Urk" or "Urk" into an own dialect group.

The Urkish dialect has more vowel sounds than standard Dutch and each vowel has short and long forms. The pronunciation of vowels deviates from standard Dutch and is closer to English.

Because living conditions in Urk in historical times were very poor, young girls (typically about age 11 or 12) would frequently leave the island to become domestic servants, mostly in or around Amsterdam. They often served with Jewish families. After a few years, they would return to Urk to form families of their own. As a result of this practice, the Urkish dialect absorbed some loanwords from the Amsterdam dialect and also from Yiddish. For instance, the Yiddish "Shnur" for "sister-in-law" became the Urkish "Snoar" (identical meaning); the Hebrew "Kallah" for "bride" became the Urkish "Kalletjen", meaning "girlfriend" (literally "little bride").

When Napoleon occupied the Netherlands, many French words were incorporated into both standard Dutch and Urkish. Just as for standard Dutch, French words often changed form when incorporated into Urkish. The Urkish dialect has always been primarily a spoken language, and there are not many old texts written in the dialect. Only in recent years have people begun to write prose and poetry in the Urkish dialect. There are Urkers who have translated Bible books into Urkish, such as the book of Psalms.

Urk is no longer an island and exposure to the standard Dutch through the media is widespread. However, the distinctive Urkish dialect is still alive.

Notable people

 * A.C. Baantjer (1923 in Urk – 2010) a Dutch author of detective fiction and police officer
 * Geert Nentjes, (born 1998), professional darts player, lives in Urk
 * Jan Ras (born 1999 in Urk) a Dutch footballer who plays for SC Heerenveen
 * Dick Schutte (born 1947 in Wilsum) a former Dutch politician, Mayor of Urk from 1999 to 2005
 * Adri van Heteren (born 1951) a Dutch Christian minister in Urk

Ommelebommelestien
A famous Urkish folktale is the story parents tell their children when they want to know where the babies come from. The tale involves a large exposed rock which can be seen in the IJsselmeer about 30 m from the shore. This stone is known as the "Ommelebommelestien". Urkers often tell their children that there are two kinds of people-- vreemden (strangers) and Urkers (people from Urk). Strangers are usually born from a cabbage, or a stork brings them to their new parents, but Urkers come from a large stone which lies about 30 m from the shores of their former island. Nowadays, the stone is usually called "Ommelebommelestien" (Ommel-Bommel Stone), but in former times it was called "Ommelmoerstien": moer means "mother's" in the Urkish dialect. In the tale, a stork comes all the way from Egypt to put babies in the stone. When the baby is about to be born, the baby's father is said to have to go to Schokland to pick up the key that gives access to the stone. So when an Urkish man is asked if he has been to Schokland, he is actually being asked if he has children. In the older days, when both Urk and Schokland were still islands in the Zuiderzee, the father had to take the obstetrician in his boat and row from Urk to Schokland to get the key, and then from Schokland to the Ommelebommelestien to get the baby. Nowadays he would be able to go to Schokland by car, but according to the legend he still has to row. The door to the stone is somewhere below sea level, so it is difficult to find. Once the door was found, a small price had to be paid for the baby: traditionally one Dutch guilder for a girl but two for a boy. The mother was said to be kept in bed with a nail through her right foot. There she would celebrate that she had just become a mother.

Urk and the arts
The prolific Dutch writer Albert Cornelis Baantjer was born here. Baantjer is mainly known for his large series of detective novels revolving around police inspector De Cock and his side-kick, sergeant Vledder.

Writer Jef Last lived on Urk for several years from 1932 onwards. He wrote several articles about Urk for one of the most progressive Dutch magazines, 'De Groene Amsterdammer'. While living here, he fell in love with a fisherman, and was inspired to write Zuiderzee. This novel deals with the love between two fishermen living on Urk and was one of the first, if not the first novel in Dutch literature to openly deal with homosexuality.

The Dutch writer, painter and resistance hero Willem Arondeus spent some time on Urk from 1920. While residing on Urk, during 1922, he wrote 'Afzijdige Strofen', a collection of twenty homo-erotic poems which were posthumously published in 2001.

Demographics
Year 2018:
 * Birth Rate: 20.3 per 1000
 * Death Rate: 3.24 per 1000
 * NGR: +1.90% per year.

The birth rate of the municipality of Urk is the highest in the Netherlands as of 2016 (and highest in previous years). But like many other places in the Netherlands this number declined to 18.7% (down from 30.8% in 1988). In 1988 only Zeewolde had a slightly higher birth rate at 31.3%, but the birth rate Urk remained the second highest. The total fertility rate declined to 2.6 (down from 3.9 in 1988).

Rail Links
Urk has no railway station but the nearest stations are Kampen, Dronten and Lelystad, each approximately 30 km away. This makes Urk one of the most isolated places in the Netherlands as far as railway connections are concerned.

title: Urk


text:
Zeewolde

Zeewolde is a municipality and a town in the Flevoland province in the central Netherlands. It has a population of approximately 22,000 (2017). It is situated in the polder of Flevoland with the small lake called the Wolderwijd to the east. To the south is a large deciduous forest called the Horsterwold. The area to the west is principally agricultural.

Zeewolde is known for its landscape and nature art. The best-known art work is Sea Level by Richard Serra, located in the De Wetering landscape park.

In the Hulkesteinse forest there is the naturist resort Flevo-Natuur, with recreation bungalows, a camp site, and the possibility of day recreation.

History
The municipality of Zeewolde was founded in 1984 and is therefore one of the youngest in the Netherlands. Before 1984, the area was administered by the Openbaar Lichaam Zuidelijke IJsselmeerpolders (OLZIJ) (Public Body of Southern IJsselmeer Polders), founded by the Dutch national government after the province of Flevoland was created. The name 'Zeewolde' was always meant to be used during the planning stages, but on various locations.

Zeewolde's first inhabitants were the so-called 'pioneers', moving in from the 'old land' to the newly created polder in 1979. They were mostly farmers and in the beginning stages deprived of amenities such as electricity or tap water. The planned village was then mostly meant to provide services to the neighbouring farmers. Alongside the farmers, two holiday resorts were founded in the area.

In August 1980, the Zeewolde advisory board, headed by Han Lammers who was at the time the head of the OLZIJ, met for the first time. In February 1982, municipal elections were held and the first streekplan (Structural plan) was drawn, envisaging the village to grow to 15.000 inhabitants. The actual village itself was started in 1983, after which in 1984 Zeewolde became a municipality in its own right. On 23 February 1984, the official first inhabitant of the village of Zeewolde was handed the keys of his house.

Transportation
There are no railway stations in the municipality, but the nearest stations are Harderwijk, Nijkerk and the stations in Almere. There are bus connections to the stations in Harderwijk and Nijkerk, and to the central station in Almere.

Notable people

 * Tom Viezee (born 1950) Christian minister and former politician, Mayor of Zeewolde 1999-2004
 * Geke Faber (born 1952) politician, Mayor of Zeewolde 1990-1998
 * Tim Visser (born 1987 in Zeewolde) rugby union player who plays for the Scotland national team
 * Sabrina van der Donk (born 1988 in Zeewolde) model who participated in the Miss Earth 2006
 * Sep Visser (born 1990 in Zeewolde) rugby union player with Edinburgh Rugby

title: Zeewolde


text:
William Holman Hunt

William Holman Hunt (2 April 1827 – 7 September 1910) was an English painter and one of the founders of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. His paintings were notable for their great attention to detail, vivid colour, and elaborate symbolism. These features were influenced by the writings of John Ruskin and Thomas Carlyle, according to whom the world itself should be read as a system of visual signs. For Hunt it was the duty of the artist to reveal the correspondence between sign and fact. Of all the members of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, Hunt remained most true to their ideals throughout his career. He was always keen to maximise the popular appeal and public visibility of his works.

Biography
Born at Cheapside, City of London, as William Hobman Hunt, to warehouse manager William Hunt (1800–1856) and Sarah (c. 1798–1884), daughter of William Hobman, of Rotherhithe Hunt adopted the name "Holman" instead of "Hobman" when he discovered that a clerk had misspelled the name that way after his baptism at the Anglican church of Saint Mary the Virgin, Ewell. The Hobman family were wealthy, and it was thought that Sarah had made an unequal marriage. After eventually entering the Royal Academy art schools, having initially been rejected, Hunt rebelled against the influence of its founder Sir Joshua Reynolds. He formed the Pre-Raphaelite movement in 1848, after meeting the poet and artist Dante Gabriel Rossetti. Along with John Everett Millais they sought to revitalise art by emphasising the detailed observation of the natural world in a spirit of quasi-religious devotion to truth. This religious approach was influenced by the spiritual qualities of medieval art, in opposition to the alleged rationalism of the Renaissance embodied by Raphael. He had many pupils including Robert Braithwaite Martineau.

Hunt married twice. After a failed engagement to his model Annie Miller, in 1861 he married Fanny Waugh, who later modelled for the figure of Isabella. When, at the end of 1866, she died in childbirth in Italy, he sculpted her tomb at Fiesole, having it brought down to the English Cemetery in Florence, beside the tomb of Elizabeth Barrett Browning. He had a close connection with St. Mark's Church in Florence, and paid for the communion chalice inscribed in memory of his wife. His second wife, Edith, was Fanny's youngest sister. At the time it was illegal in Great Britain to marry one's deceased wife's sister, so the two of them travelled abroad and married at Neuchâtel (in francophone Switzerland) in November 1875. This led to a grave conflict with other family members, notably his former Pre-Raphaelite colleague Thomas Woolner, who had once been in love with Fanny and had married the middle sister, Alice Waugh.

Hunt's works were not initially successful, and were widely attacked in the art press for their alleged clumsiness and ugliness. He achieved some early note for his intensely naturalistic scenes of modern rural and urban life, such as The Hireling Shepherd and The Awakening Conscience. However, it was for his religious paintings that he became famous, initially The Light of the World (1851–1853), now in the chapel at Keble College, Oxford, England; a later version (1900) toured the world and now has its home in St Paul's Cathedral, London. Hunt worked at his home in Prospect Place (now Cheyne Walk), Chelsea, London.

In the mid-1850s Hunt travelled to the Holy Land in search of accurate topographical and ethnographical material for further religious works, and to employ his "powers to make more tangible Jesus Christ's history and teaching"; there he painted The Scapegoat, The Finding of the Saviour in the Temple, and The Shadow of Death, along with many landscapes of the region. Hunt also painted many works based on poems, such as Isabella and The Lady of Shalott. He eventually built his own house in Jerusalem.

He eventually had to abandon painting because failing eyesight meant that he could not achieve the quality that he wanted. His last major works, including a large version of The Light of the World hanging in St Paul's Cathedral, London, were completed with the help of his assistant, Edward Robert Hughes.

Holman Hunt lived and had a studio at 18 Melbury Road in Holland Park, West London, from 1903 until his death. He died on 7 September 1910 and was buried at St Paul's Cathedral in London.

Awards and commemoration
Hunt published an autobiography in 1905. Many of his late writings are attempts to control the interpretation of his work. That year, he was appointed to the Order of Merit by King Edward VII. At the end of his life, he lived in Sonning-on-Thames. 18 Melbury Road has a blue plaque commemorating Hunt, added in 1923.

Hunt's personal life was the subject of Diana Holman-Hunt's book My Grandfather, his Life and Loves.

The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood was depicted in two BBC period dramas. The first, The Love School, in 1975, starred Bernard Lloyd as Hunt. The second was Desperate Romantics, in which Hunt is played by Rafe Spall.

Facing Mar Elias Monastery is a stone bench erected by the wife of the painter, who painted some of his major works at this spot. The bench is inscribed with biblical verses in Hebrew, Greek, Arabic and English.

Partial list of works

 * A Converted British Family Sheltering a Christian Missionary from the Persecution of the Druids (1850)
 * Valentine Rescuing Sylvia from Proteus (1851)
 * The Awakening Conscience (1853)
 * The Light of the World (1854)
 * The Scapegoat (1856)
 * The Finding of the Saviour in the Temple (1860)
 * The Shadow of Death (1871)
 * The Importunate Neighbour (1895)
 * The Miracle of the Holy Fire (1899)
 * The Triumph of the Innocents (1876-87) which is display at the Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool.

title: William Holman Hunt