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Ava, New York

Ava is a town in Oneida County, New York, United States. The population was 680 at the 2020 census.

The Town of Ava is in the north central part of the county. Ava is north of the city of Rome.

History
Ava was formed from Boonville on May 12, 1846. It was the second to last town to be created in the county, followed only by Forestport in 1869.

Early settlers
Ava was settled in 1798 by Ebenezer Harger, who two years prior moved to Whitestown from Connecticut. The next settlers were Zephaniah and Abner Wood. Isaac Knight arrived from Rhode Island in 1798 or 1799. Around 1800, Philo Harger, Benjamin Jones, Lemuel Wood, Justus Beardsley and Salmon Bates (who opened the town's first tavern in his house) arrived. Daniel Buck, an American Revolutionary War veteran arrived from Massachusetts in 1800. Other early settlers were Rickerson Kenyon, Joseph Hunt, Remember Kent, who built an early saw-mill, and Bates, Barnard, Fanning, Adams, Beck, Tiffany.

The first child born in Ava was Chauncey Harger in March 1801. The first saw-mill was built in 1801 by Philo Harger and Benjamin Jones.

Land
The town is made up of land of:

 * Adgate patent, a 45,000 acre patent issued to Matthew Adgate. Adgate was a member of the NY assembly and the US constitutional convention.
 * the Oothoudt Patent, a 16,052 acre patent issued to Henry Oothoudt in 1786 (about one have of Ava lies within this patent). Oothoudt was a delegate to the New York Provincial Congress in 1775 and 1776, Albany county assemblyman in the 3rd New York State Legislature, 1779–1780, one of three commissioners of forfeitures under the New York Act of Attainder which seized the property of loyalists, and delegate to the US constitutional convention.
 * the Gore Patent, a 15,360 acre patent issued to Thomas Machin in 1787 (one of the several Machin Patents). Machin was an engineer and surveyor and used his skills in support of the American Revolutionary War.
 * the Scriba Patent, land first acquired by John and Nicholas Roosevelt in 1791 from the New York State Land Commission. This patent was for 530,000 acres situated in present Oswego and Oneida counties. Approximately 499,000 acres of the Roosevelt Tract became Scriba's Patent in 1793 as partial payment of debts owed to the Scriba Bank by the Roosevelts.
 * the Franklin and Robinson Tract (also called the Quaker Tract), a 75,000 acre parcel purchased from George Scriba in 1795.
 * the Muller Tract, a 1615-acre previously part of the Franklin and Robinson Tract that whose mortgage was foreclosed upon by Rembrandt Muller.

Civic formation
Ava was created by the legislature on May 12, 1846. The first town meeting was held on May 26, 1846. The following positions were filled: Town supervisor, Town Clerk, Justices of the Peace (4), Assessors (3), Commissioner of Highways (3), Overseers of the Poor (2), Collector, Constables (4), Superintendent of Schools (1), Sealer of Weights and Measures.

Name
Ava was named after the Kingdom of Ava.

Commerce
An early road connecting Fort Stanwix to Carthage passed through the town. It was known as the old "French Road" from the time that Carthage was a French settlement on the Black River.

A plank road was constructed through Ava connecting Rome and Turin by the Rome and Turin Plank-Road Company in 1848. It was abandoned in 1855.

The area was primarily agricultural before becoming more dependent on dairying in the second half of the 19th century, when six cheese factories were located in Ava.

The Ava Town Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 37.7 sqmi, of which 37.7 sqmi is land and 0.04 sqmi (0.08%) is water.

Ava is located within the Tug Hill Plateau region of New York, and the northern town line is the border of Lewis County. The Mohawk and Black rivers run through Ava, and Fish Creek forms Ava's western border with the Town of Annsville.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 725 people, 257 households, and 193 families residing in the town. The population density was 19.2 people per square mile (7.4/km2). There were 285 housing units at an average density of 7.6 per square mile (2.9/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.21% White, 0.97% African American, 0.14% Native American, 0.14% from other races, and 0.55% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.83% of the population.

There were 257 households, out of which 38.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.9% were married couples living together, 8.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.9% were non-families. 21.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.82 and the average family size was 3.25.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 30.3% under the age of 18, 4.8% from 18 to 24, 31.4% from 25 to 44, 21.5% from 45 to 64, and 11.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 107.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.1 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $31,750, and the median income for a family was $40,000. Males had a median income of $28,750 versus $27,500 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,406. About 14.9% of families and 20.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.8% of those under age 18 and 14.9% of those age 65 or over.

Communities and locations in Ava

 * Ava – The hamlet of Ava is on NY 26.
 * Flint Town – A hamlet south of Ava.
 * Redmond Corner – A hamlet in the northeastern corner of the town.
 * Webster Hill – An elevation located northeast of Flint Town.

Notable people

 * Hiram Cronk, the last surviving veteran of the War of 1812 at the time of his death lived in Ava from 1837 until his death in 1905
 * Nat Foster, legendary American Revolutionary War scout and Indian fighter, who is a possible inspiration for James Fenimore Cooper's character of "Natty Bumppo," was buried in a family plot just west of Ava Corners on the West Ava Road. A modern marker was placed there in 1937 by Rev. Clarence Mason, his biographer.

title: Ava, New York


text:
Barneveld, New York

Barneveld is a hamlet (and census-designated place) located within the Town of Trenton in Oneida County, New York, United States. The population was 284 at the 2010 census, when it was an incorporated village. The name is derived from the name of the Dutch statesman Johan van Oldenbarnevelt (1547–1619).

The hamlet is in the eastern part of the town on NY 365.

History
The village was founded in 1793 by Gerrit Boon, an agent of the Holland Land Company.

Mappa Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

In 1903, the post office and railroad station were redesignated as "Barneveld", though the legal name of the village was "Trenton", though it was only in 1975 that the legal name of the village was changed to Barneveld; prior to that, the village was still legally "Village of Trenton".

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.2 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 332 people, 126 households, and 87 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,749.7 PD/sqmi. There were 132 housing units at an average density of 695.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 97.59% White, 0.90% African American, 0.30% Asian, 0.90% from other races, and 0.30% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.30% of the population.

There were 126 households, out of which 38.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.4% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no male present, and 30.2% were non-families. 27.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.24.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 31.3% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 26.2% from 25 to 44, 25.3% from 45 to 64, and 9.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.6 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $41,071, and the median income for a family was $50,000. Males had a median income of $31,458 versus $26,667 for females. The per capita income for the village was $19,459. About 3.7% of families and 4.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under the age of eighteen or sixty-five or over.

Dissolution
On June 6, 2017, the village voted 54–12 to dissolve, becoming a part of the town of Trenton. The village had until December 3, 2017, to create a dissolution plan, with the Village Clerk stating the goal was to dissolve by the end of 2017. Barneveld was 224 years old at the time of the vote. The village was dissolved on December 31, 2017.

Notable people

 * David Esterly, woodcarver, sculptor, and writer
 * Richard L. Hanna, U.S. Representative from 2011 to 2017
 * Adam Gerard Mappa, Dutch military commander
 * François Adriaan van der Kemp, minister, Dutch Patriot, political emigre, scholar

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Barneveld, New York


text:
Clark Mills, New York

Clark Mills is a hamlet (and census-designated place) in Oneida County, New York, United States. The population was 1,905 at the 2010 census.

The community is located at the northeastern corner of the Town of Kirkland, west of the City of Utica.

History
The hamlet of Clark Mills, part of modern-day Town of Kirkland, is named for the Clark Mills Company, a textile mill on Oriskany Creek, and its founders: Ralph, Ammi, and Erastus Clark. The family business was established around 1845 and flourished for several years. In 1891 the company name changed to the Hind & Harrison Plush Co. and remained in operation until its closure in 1949.

St. Mark's Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.

Geography
Clark Mills is located at 43.09194°N, -75.37222°W (43.091919, -75.372091).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1.0 sqmi, of which 0.9 sqmi is land and 0.04 sqmi (3.12%) is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,424 people, 628 households, and 381 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,534.0 PD/sqmi. There were 668 housing units at an average density of 719.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 98.53% White, 0.91% African American, 0.07% Native American, and 0.49% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.35% of the population.

There were 628 households, out of which 28.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.8% were married couples living together, 15.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.3% were non-families. 32.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.85.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 22.5% under the age of 18, 8.3% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 23.9% from 45 to 64, and 15.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.4 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $36,026, and the median income for a family was $45,833. Males had a median income of $32,036 versus $25,523 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $18,101. About 3.6% of families and 6.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.4% of those under age 18 and 2.7% of those age 65 or over.

title: Clark Mills, New York


text:
Clayville, New York

Clayville is a village in Oneida County, New York, United States. The population was 350 at the 2010 census.

The Village of Clayville (formerly called Paris Furnace) is inside the Town of Paris.

History
Clayville was incorporated in 1887 and was named in honor of Henry Clay. Iron foundries and machine shops were an important activity here by the 1850s.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.5 sqmi, of which 0.5 sqmi is land and 2.13% is water.

Demographics
At the 2000 census there were 445 people in 168 households, including 109 families, in the village. The population density was 970.7 PD/sqmi. There were 200 housing units at an average density of 436.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 98.43% White, 0.45% African American, 0.22% Pacific Islander, and 0.90% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.22%.

Of the 168 households 38.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.6% were married couples living together, 11.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.1% were non-families. 29.8% of households were one person and 11.3% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.65 and the average family size was 3.37.

The age distribution was 29.9% under the age of 18, 8.5% from 18 to 24, 30.3% from 25 to 44, 20.7% from 45 to 64, and 10.6% 65 or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.0 males.

The median household income was $32,054 and the median family income was $39,500. Males had a median income of $26,528 versus $18,250 for females. The per capita income for the village was $14,935. About 9.8% of families and 12.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.6% of those under age 18 and 10.9% of those age 65 or over.

title: Clayville, New York


text:
Clinton, Oneida County, New York

Clinton (or Ka-dah-wis-dag, "white field" in Seneca language ) is a village in Oneida County, New York, United States. The population was 1,942 at the 2010 census, declining to 1,683 in the 2020 census, 13% decline). It was named for George Clinton, the first Governor of New York.

The Village of Clinton, site of Hamilton College, is within the Town of Kirkland. Clinton was known as the "village of schools" due to the large number of private schools operating in the village during the 19th century.

In describing the attractions of Hamilton College in 1833, it was stated to be "situated in one of the most healthful, delightful, and fertile parts of our country; surrounded by a numerous, increasing, virtuous, and enterprising population." In 1903, another school catalogue, besides "the unrivalled beauty of the surrounding scenery" and "the remarkable healthfulness of the vicinity," commented on "the high moral fiber of the community and its superior educational advantages", all of which made Clinton "a most highly favored place for mental and moral culture."

History

Part of Coxe's Patent, 6th division, Clinton began in March 1787 when Revolutionary War veterans from Plymouth, Connecticut, settled in Clinton. Pioneer brought seven other families with him to the area. The new inhabitants found good soil, plentiful forests, and friendly in southern Kirkland along with Oneida people, who passed through on trail. Named after New York's first governor, George Clinton, fourth Vice President of the United States and an uncle of Erie Canal builder and New York governor DeWitt Clinton, the village had a gristmill on the Oriskany Creek on College Street the first year and slowly developed as a farming and mercantile center.

In 1793, Presbyterian minister Rev. Samuel Kirkland founded Hamilton-Oneida Academy as a seminary to serve as part of his missionary work with the Oneida tribe. The seminary admitted both white and Oneida boys, although no Oneida boys lasted more than one year. Kirkland named it in honor of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton, who was a member of the first Board of Trustees of the Hamilton-Oneida Academy. The Academy became Hamilton College in 1812, making it the third oldest college in New York, after Columbia and Union, after it expanded to a four-year college curriculum.

Originally in the Town of Whitestown and then the Town of Paris, Clinton became part of the newly formed Town of Kirkland in 1827, and became an incorporated village in April 1843 with its own board of trustees, officials, employees, and status as a taxing jurisdiction.

According to Gordon's 1836 Gazetteer, Clinton had 50 dwellings, six stores, four taverns, two clothing works, a worsted factory, a grist mill, three churches (Universalist, Baptist, and Congregational), two academies, and two seminaries.

Elihu Root, Secretary of State under President McKinley and Secretary of War under presidents McKinley and Roosevelt, was born in a building on the Hamilton College campus, and is probably Clinton's most famous son.

Although never a factory town, Clinton did have the Clinton Knitting Company on the site of the Clinton House Apartments on Kirkland Avenue in the first half of the 20th century, as well as the Clinton Canning Company to process local vegetables in the late summer and fall.

The pharmaceutical company Bristol-Myers Squibb began as the Clinton Pharmaceutical Company in 1887 on the second floor of 3-5 West Park Row and moved to Syracuse after three years. Both founders, William Bristol and John Myers, graduated from Hamilton College.

Notable people

 * Natalie Babbitt, award-winning children's author, wife of Kirkland College President Samuel Fisher Babbitt
 * Clara Barton, founder of American Red Cross, studied at the Clinton Liberal Institute
 * Frederick Bee, builder of telegraph over Sierra Nevada mountains and Consul of the Chinese Consulate in San Francisco
 * Susan Bennett, voice-over artist best known for being the female American voice of Apple's "Siri"
 * William McLaren Bristol, co-founder of Bristol-Meyers Squibb
 * Jack Britton, former World Welterweight Champion in boxing known as the "Boxing Marvel"
 * Terry Brooks, fantasy author, graduated from Hamilton College
 * Grover Cleveland, US President, childhood resident in 1851–52 at 26 Utica Street when his father was a Presbyterian minister working in Clinton for a missionary society. Cleveland's biographers say he attended the Clinton Liberal Institute, but this is not correct; he attended the Clinton Grammar School.  His older brother William graduated from Hamilton College,  but because of the death of his father, Grover was unable to continue his education; his last formal education was the Clinton Grammar School. The family resided in Clinton for two years. Cleveland attended Clinton's centennial in 1887, the only seated U.S. president to visit Clinton.
 * Rose Cleveland, sister of the President, studied at Houghton Academy and taught history and literature there; she also taught more briefly at Hamilton College. She was the nation's first lady for two years; her brother was a bachelor.
 * George W. Clinton, son of Governor DeWitt Clinton, graduated from Hamilton College.
 * Flick Colby, choreographer
 * Rev, Benjamin Woodbridge Dwight, son of Benjamin Woolsey Dwight, Hamilton College graduate and tutor, founded school in Clinton (see below)
 * Benjamin Woolsey Dwight, father of Benjamin Woodbridge Dwight, Treasurer of Hamilton College
 * Edward P. Felt, passenger on United Flight 93, died September 11, 2001
 * A brother of President Millard Fillmore was a teacher in Clinton.
 * Ulysses S. Grant III, United States Army officer, grandson of President Ulysses S. Grant
 * Asa Gray, botanist, studied at the Clinton Grammar School
 * Alex Haley, writer
 * George Hastings, US Congressman, 1853-1857
 * Mark Hopkins, President of Williams College, studied, as a "private pupil", at the Clinton Grammar School He had relatives in the village.
 * Louisa Matilda Jacobs, an African American, studied at the Young Ladies' Domestic Seminary
 * Rev. Hiram Huntington Kellogg Sr., graduate of Hamilton College, founder of the Young Ladies' Domestic Seminary and first president of Knox College
 * Samuel Kirkland, a missionary among the Oneida, obtained a charter for Hamilton College in 1812
 * Sarah J. Maas, author of Throne of Glass series of fantasy novels, graduated from Hamilton College
 * Louis M. Martin, member New York State Assembly, New York Supreme Court
 * Elizabeth Smith Miller, daughter of Gerrit Smith, studied at Young Ladies' Domestic Seminary
 * Myrtilla Miner, educator of Blacks, studied at the Young Ladies' Domestic Seminary
 * John Ripley Myers, co-founder of Bristol-Meyers Squibb
 * Joe Nolan, ice hockey defenceman for the Clinton Comets in the 1950s
 * Nick Palmieri, professional ice hockey player, was born in Clinton
 * Christian Heinrich Friedrich Peters, Danish-born astronomer, worked at Litchfield Observatory, Hamilton College
 * Ezra Pound, poet and intellectual; attended Hamilton College
 * Electa Quinney, native American, studied at the Young Ladies' Domestic Seminaary
 * Pelatiah Rawson (1789–1847), sometimes spelled Peletiah, Hamilton graduate, engineer that worked on the Erie Canal, then taught at the Oneida Institute, and founded a short-lived school in Clinton
 * Elihu Root, U.S. Senator, Secretary of War, Nobel peace prize, born in Clinton and attended Hamilton College
 * Eli Parsons Royce, born in Clinton and was the founder of Escanaba, Michigan
 * Bernie Sanders, taught political science at Hamilton College in 1991; later U.S. Senator from Vermont
 * B. F. Skinner, psychologist and social philosopher, graduated from Hamilton College
 * Gerrit Smith, valedictorian of the first graduating class at Hamilton College, U.S. congressman 1853-1854, three-time presidential candidate
 * Charles Henry Smyth Jr., attended Clinton Grammar School, geology professor at Hamilton College
 * Leland Stanford, Governor and Senator of California, founder of Stanford University, studied briefly at the Clinton Liberal Institute
 * De Wayne Stebbins, Wisconsin State Senator from 1895 to 1903, was born in Clinton
 * Antoinette Sterling, studied music at the White Seminary under Annie Sykes, who had studied at Kellogg's school for young ladies
 * Hildegarde Swift, award-winning children's author, was born in Clinton

Attractions

The Clinton High School, Middle School, and Elementary School are located towards the center of the village, as are the business offices for the district.

The village centers around the Village Green, a park where many community events take place. Annual events on and around the Village Green include a summer farmers market, the Shopper's Stroll during the weekend after Thanksgiving, and the Clinton Art and Music festival in August. The Kirkland Art Center also hosts many activities throughout the year, including the KAC Road Race. The historic Clinton Cider Mill, a local favorite on Elm Street, has been producing cider since the early 1900s and is open seasonally from Labor Day through Thanksgiving.

The Clinton Historic District is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. There is also an active Clinton Historical Society.

Former schools in Clinton
In the 19th century, Clinton was known as a "village of schools" and was sometimes called "Schooltown" and described as "an Academic village." The prosperity and reputation of the Hamilton Oneida Academy had drawn public attention to Clinton as a place of education. It had numerous private schools, some day schools and some boarding, some secondary, of which there was no public school until 1891, and some primary. The largest building in town was a school (the Clinton Liberal Institute). A survey lists 37 schools, not counting Hamilton College, that operated in Clinton between 1790 (?) and 1915. A later list has 60, noting that "many...were in...the stately homes throughout the town; A subsequent list located 70. Some of these were small, one-room schools, often short-lived, and not much information survives on them.

Prior to the passage of the New York State Compulsory School Law of 1894, about half of the town's school-age children attended a school.

As put in 1878:

"The village of Clinton is remarkable for its healthful attractiveness, and the various educational institutions in and around it have given it a classical [educated] air, and elevated and refined the morals of the community where they are located. Truly, Clinton may be proud of the course she has taken in laying firm foundations for the education of the youth of the land."

There was a public elementary or grammar school on East Park Row, which in 1802 was replaced by a brick building and in 1839 by a larger wood structure.

From 1793 to 1812 the Hamilton–Oneida Academy, forerunner of Hamilton College (1812), operated in what would later become Clinton. Its three-story building, torn down in 1830 or 1832, became the original building of the college.

Between the closing of the Hamilton-Oneida Academy in 1812 and the opening of the Clinton Grammar School a "classical" (college preparatory) school operated at what is today (2023) the oldest house in Clinton, at 29 West Park Row.

In 1813 the Clinton Grammar School was founded; it was chartered in 1815. Under four different names, including Rural High School and Clinton Military Academy, it survived until 1892 and was primarily in two buildings at 86–88 College St., though in 1891 it consolidated with Kirkland Hall (see below) and met there. The school was considered a "classical school", meaning it prepared students for college. Sometimes it had a "Female Department" Elihu Root, Mark Hopkins, and Grover Cleveland all studied there. It was torn down in 1900.

From 1814 to 1856 the Royce Academy was a boarding and day school for young ladies. Its last location was the former Royce mansion, at the intersection of Kirkland and Chenango Avenues. It closed upon the death of Miss Nancy Royce, an invalid who was the main instructor. "Two or three Indian girls, of the Stockbridge tribe, were at one time members of this school."

The Clinton Liberal Institute was a coeducational preparatory school founded by the Universalist Church, operating at the corner of Utica and Mulberry Streets from 1831 to 1878, and then in Fort Plain until destroyed by fire in 1900. An advertisement in 1841 reveals that it had a female department, and among the subjects taught were Greek, Hebrew, French, Astronomy, and Moral Philosophy. The Female Department was located at 12 Utica Street until 1851, then moved to 13 Chestnut Street, across from William Street. In this latter location it was also known as the White Seminary. After the Institute moved to Fort Plain, this building housed Kirkland Hall, a school for boys.

In 1833, Rev. Hiram H. Kellogg, a Presbyterian minister, abolitionist, Hamilton College graduate, and good friend of Gerrit Smith, opened in Clinton a Young Ladies' Domestic Seminary, also called the Clinton Female Seminary and the Clinton Seminary, a counterpart to some extent to the all-male Oneida Institute. Like the Institute, it admitted students of all skin colors: three Negro girls. Another gives the number of Negro students as seven. The first was Mary E. Bibb, who became a teacher. Another was Louisa Matilda Jacobs, daughter of author Harriet Jacobs. A native American, Electa Quinney, also studied there, as did Elizabeth Smith Miller, daughter of Gerrit Smith (1835–1836). A manual labor school, it was located at 23 Kellogg Street, on the corner of Mulberry. The students spent "a portion of each day" on "domestic avocations...to prepare them to run a household." This was interrupted in 1841; he became President of Knox College. Over 500 young ladies were educated in the eight years preceding his departure for Knox. The school, an inspiration for the seminary at Monticello, Illinois, the Mount Holyoke Seminary, and the Female Departments of Knox, Oberlin, and Elmira College, reopened less successfully from 1847 to 1850, after which it merged with the Clinton Grammar School. The original building survives.

In 1841, the Free Will Baptists purchased the building previously occupied by Kellogg's Seminary, and established the Clinton Seminary. The Clinton Seminary began publication of a paper called the Clinton Seminary Advocate. When the school enrollment outgrew the building's capacity it removed to the vacant Oneida Institute buildings and became the Whitestown Seminary. The former Kellogg's Seminary buildings were reopened as a private school by Pelatiah Rawson, previously of the Oneida Institute, but Rawson's health led it, within three years, to close (or rather, change ownership and name).

In 1844, the Clinton Grammar School, Clinton Liberal Institute, Clinton Seminary, and Hamilton Academy, all being under the supervision of the New York State Board of Regents which made them eligible, received state appropriations of $48.84, $274.01, $387.95, and $225.18 respectively. No other village in the area had as many recipient institutions, Together with the Oneida Institute, which received $86.82, other Oneida institutions made it the leading county. The Clinton Liberal Institute, along with other military subjects, offered fencing. In 1846, the Clinton Grammar School, Clinton Liberal Institute, and Hamilton Academy received state appropriations of $302.20, $369.35, and $271.67 respectively. In 1847, the Clinton Grammar School, Clinton Liberal Institute, and Clinton Academy received state appropriations ($262.89, $360.05, $45.73 respectively). The Clinton Grammar School received a state appropriation of $25 in 1849, and $105.36 in 1869. In 1873 the Clinton Grammar School and the Clinton Liberal Institute each received $149.23.

In 1849, an advertisement reveals that Miss Catherine Hopkins, for some years Principal of the Female Department of the Hamilton Academy, was running a Young Ladies' Seminary, where Latin, Greek, French, German, and Italian could be studied.

In 1854, a Home Cottage Seminary was founded, at 23 Chestnut St., "at the west end of Chestnut Street," on the corner of Franklin Avenue, by Louisa M. Barker, previously Principal of the Female Department of the Clinton Liberal Institute. In 1861 it changed ownership and its name was changed to the Houghton Seminary (the maiden name of the associate principal and wife of the principal, Dr. John Chester Gallup, replaced in 1880 for health reasons by Prof. and Mrs. A. G. Benedict. ). Its grounds occupied 20 acres. In 1874 its enrollment was 90—boys were one quarter of the enrollment —and it was described as "in all respects highly prosperous." It had both an Academic and a Collegiate (college preparatory) Program. Its students were allowed to use the geological and chemical laboratories, the "philosophical [scientific] apparatus," and the library of Hamilton College. Hamilton faculty gave courses of lectures in chemistry, anatomy, and physiology. Grover Cleveland's sister and niece attended. Graduates of the college preparatory course were guaranteed admission, "without examination", to Smith College. Starting about 1882, alumnae published the Houghton Record, 4 numbers per year in 1902. Houghton closed in 1903;  Elihu Root was the final graduation speaker. Its books were given to the Kirkland Town Library. The building was torn down in 1912. At the time the name changed in 1861, the original founder, Miss Barker, set up a new, separate Home Seminary, known as the Cottage Seminary, on College Street. In 1878 it had an enrollment of 14 boarders; by 1890 this had risen to twenty. It occupied the same campus as the Clinton Central Middle School, and was said to have the most attractive campus of all of Clinton's schools.

In 1858, a one-man Law School that was operated in Clinton by Theodore Dwight, son of Benjamin Dwight (see below), at Hamilton College was moved to New York City, "where it will be maintained in connection with Columbia College."

In 1860, a "picturesque" Rural High School, occupying 18 acres at Elm St. and Norton Avenue (at the time Factory Street), operated in Clinton. It had a large gymnasium and a bowling alley, and was described by "all who saw it as one of the largest and finest buildings in the county". It operated from 1858 to 1865, when the building burned, after which it moved into the building of the Clinton Grammar School. In 1873 enrollment was about 70. It was operated by Rev. Benjamin W. Dwight, who previously operated it in Brooklyn, N.Y. Maximum enrollment was 80, of whom 53 were boarders. It was for boys only, although towards the end, Dwight also ran Dwight's School for Young Ladies, "an English, French, and German Boarding School." It closed in 1882.

From 1861 to 1896 a Cottage School for girls, later renamed the Cottage Seminary, operated on the west side of current Chenango Avenue, at College Street. It was a combination boarding and day school. In 1898 it was converted into the Clinton Preparatory School, for boys, which operated until 1908.

Additional schools operating at this time included Miss Mary Brown's School on College Street, and Miss Louisa Pond's Select School (1830s–1840s). Miss Katherine Lee conducted in her home a school for young children from 1905 to 1912; another source says it closed in 1906. Mrs. Elizabeth Marr's Select School, established in 1861, located finally at 8 Meadow St., continued late into the 1870s; in 1873 the enrollment was 26. Mrs. Chloe R. Garlinghouse's school on Marvin Street operated from 1876 to 1891. Miss Martha Mears's school on College Street was operated in the 1880s. Miss Anna Sykes conducted her Music School on Dwight Avenue for a number of years from 1872. Rev. Benjamin Dwight opened his home for a girls' school from 1865 to 1889.

In 1882 a school for boys, named Kirkland Hall, opened in the former White Seminary, vacant since the Clinton Liberal Institute moved to Fort Plain. It operated until 1889. It had an affiliated fraternity chapter, Theta Phi. Another source says that in 1886, the Flint Brothers "reopened the Anderson school in the old Institute."

In 1884 a boarding and day school for girls was established, in a new building at the north-east corner of Marvin and Chestnut Streets. It was first named the Florence Seminary, then renamed Huntington Hall. It closed in 1888, the students moving to the Houghton Seminary.

In 1873, there were in Clinton "two Schools for young gentlemen, and three for young ladies,. In 1887, there were in Clinton three seminaries for young ladies, two high schools for young men, and one select and two common schools for children. In 1889, it was described as "a village of Grammar [sic] schools and ladies' seminaries."

In 1891, Clinton's public school started to offer classes in grades 1 through 12. 191 pupils enrolled on opening day. In 1893, the opening of the Clinton Union School and Academy, on Marvin Street, ended the need for private secondary schools, although the Clinton Preparatory School, described as "military," occupying the facilities of the former Cottage Seminary on the site of today's (2023) Middle School, lasted from 1873 until 1913. It used the 2nd floor of the Kirkland Town Library as its gymnasium. From 1920 to 1923 the 7th Day Adventist Church operated a boarding school for grades 7–10, called the Eastern New York Academy, on Brimfield Street. Link to 1998 picture of house which housed the Eastern New York Academy

Sports
The Clinton Arena was home to the Clinton Comets of the Eastern Hockey League, which ended play at the arena in 1973. Portions of the movie Slap Shot were filmed at the famed Clinton Arena. The Clinton High School hockey program is widely regarded as one of the best in New York State, despite the small size of the school. The team won back-to-back state championships twice, in 1994-1995 and 1995–1996 and again in 2004-2005 and 2005–2006.

In 2005 and 2006, Clinton's Cross Country team won back-to-back scholar athlete state championships.

In 1984, Clinton's football team went to the Carrier Dome beating V.V.S. in the semi-final, 3-0 and became Section 3 Class B Co-Champion along with Bishop Grimes since the game ended in a tie, 0-0.

Clinton's boys' soccer program won their first Section III title in 2006, and a second in 2011, for the first time advancing to the state semi-finals, as well as an undefeated regular season. It is also noted that they are among the top contenders for the Center-State Conference Championship every year. Clinton track and field is also well known in the area.

Geography
Clinton is located at 43.04889°N, -75.38028°W (43.048852, -75.380250).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.6 sqmi, all land.

The village is east of the Oriskany Creek.

The village is the location of one of the several "knob and kettle structure" kames located along the Oriskany valley, named The Knob. In 1836 its then owner, William T. Richmond, donated it to the Clinton Liberal Institute. Richmond's intent was that, with the accompaniment of US$800 worth of equipment donated by a R. W. Haskins of Buffalo, the Institute could build an observatory on the hill, but this plan never came to fruition.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,952 people, 922 households, and 488 families residing in the village. The population density was 3,349.4 PD/sqmi. There were 965 housing units at an average density of 1,655.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 98.05% White, 0.61% African American, 0.72% Asian, 0.26% from other races, and 0.36% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 1.33% of the population.

There were 922 households, out of which 25.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.8% were married couples living together, 6.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 47.0% were non-families. 41.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.11 and the average family size was 2.94.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 22.7% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 23.0% from 25 to 44, 27.4% from 45 to 64, and 19.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.8 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $41,958, and the median income for a family was $66,685. Males had a median income of $45,750 versus $31,369 for females. The per capita income for the village was $26,165. About 3.1% of families and 9.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.7% of those under age 18 and 12.2% of those age 65 or over.

Economy

 * Indium Corporation (1934), materials refiner, smelter, manufacturer, and supplier

Archival material
In the William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, are the Gridley family papers, [1798]-1885. They contain (212 items) the letters of a highly educated Clinton family, who were drawn to evangelical religion and progressive causes in the 1820-1830s.

title: Clinton, Oneida County, New York


text:
Deerfield, New York

Deerfield is a town in Oneida County, New York, United States. The population was 4,273 at the 2010 census.

The Town of Deerfield is on the eastern border of the county and northeast of the City of Utica.

History
Deerfield was formed from the Town of Schuyler in 1798.

In Walter D. Edmonds' 1936 novel "Drums Along the Mohawk" and the 1939 film of the same name, the story portrays settlers of the New York frontier in the 1700s. The main protagonists (played in the film by Henry Fonda and Claudette Colbert) leave their luxurious home to build a small frontier farm in Deerfield in the Mohawk Valley.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town, which lies immediately north of the city of Utica, has a total area of 33.1 sqmi, of which 32.9 sqmi is land and 0.1 sqmi (0.39%) is water.

The eastern town line is the border of Herkimer County. The New York State Thruway and the Erie Canal pass south of the town. The Mohawk River once formed the southern border of the town but has since been annexed into Utica.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,906 people, 1,449 households, and 1,146 families residing in the town. The population density was 118.6 PD/sqmi. There were 1,512 housing units at an average density of 45.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 98.75% White, 0.59% African American, 0.05% Native American, 0.28% Asian, 0.03% from other races, and 0.31% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.72% of the population.

There were 1,449 households, out of which 35.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.9% were married couples living together, 7.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.9% were non-families. 17.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.06.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.5% under the age of 18, 5.5% from 18 to 24, 27.0% from 25 to 44, 26.1% from 45 to 64, and 15.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.7 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $47,197, and the median income for a family was $53,631. Males had a median income of $37,540 versus $24,441 for females. The per capita income for the town was $20,676. About 2.0% of families and 3.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0.5% of those under age 18 and 8.1% of those age 65 or over.

Communities and locations in Deerfield

 * Bell Hill – An elevation located northeast of Utica; partially in Herkimer County.
 * Deerfield – The hamlet of Deerfield is a northern suburb of the City of Utica. The community is located on Route 5 by the Mohawk River and Erie Canal.
 * Deerfield Heights – Another suburb of Utica, north of Deerfield.
 * Dewey Corners – A location south of Dewey Corners on Route 8.
 * North Gage – A hamlet in the northwestern part of the town.
 * Smith Hill – An elevation located northeast of Utica.
 * Walker Corners – A location east of North Gage, located on Route 8.

Notable people

 * John Atkinson (1835–1897), born in Deerfield, noted Methodist clergyman and author
 * Pádraig Phiarais Cúndún (1777-1856), Irish-American poet in the Irish language from Ballymacoda, County Cork, who settled with his family on a homestead near Deerfield around 1826.
 * Hanmer Robbins (1815–1890), Wisconsin State Assemblyman
 * Michael Zarnock, published author/columnist and two-time Guinness World Record Holder, born April 21, 1958, in Utica; moved to Deerfield in 1998.

title: Deerfield, New York


text:
Florence, New York

Florence is a town in Oneida County, New York, United States. The population was 1,025 at the 2010 census. The town is named after the city Florence in Italy.

The Town of Florence is in the northwestern corner of Oneida County and is northwest of the City of Rome.

History
Florence was created from part of the Town of Camden in 1805.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 55.0 sqmi, of which 55.0 sqmi is land and 0.1 sqmi (0.15%) is water.

The western town line is the border of Oswego County, and Oswego County and Lewis County form the northern town line.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,086 people, 369 households, and 285 families residing in the town. The population density was 19.8 people per square mile (7.6/km2). There were 432 housing units at an average density of 7.9 per square mile (3.0/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.99% White, 0.28% African American, 0.28% Asian, and 0.46% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.37% of the population.

There were 369 households, out of which 43.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.6% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.5% were non-families. 16.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.94 and the average family size was 3.33.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 32.8% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 31.7% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 8.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 107.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.2 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $36,250, and the median income for a family was $39,000. Males had a median income of $26,146 versus $21,750 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,571. About 9.2% of families and 9.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.1% of those under age 18 and 12.5% of those age 65 or over.

Communities and locations in Florence

 * Corkin Hill – An elevation located southeast of Thompson Corners. Partially in the Town of Annsville.
 * Empeyville – A hamlet near the eastern town line.
 * Florence – The hamlet of Florence is in the northern part of the town.
 * Florence Hill – A hamlet southwest of Florence.
 * Forty-six Corners – A location north of Empeyville.
 * Hanifin Corners – A location north of Empeyville.
 * Thompson Corners – A location south of Empeyville.
 * Wickwire Hill – An elevation located west of Thompson Corners.

title: Florence, New York


text:
Floyd, New York

Floyd is a town in Oneida County, New York, United States. The population was 3,733 at the 2020 census, and 3,819 at the 2010 census. The town is named after William Floyd, a signer of the Declaration of Independence.

The Town of Floyd is located east of the City of Rome and the former Griffiss Air Force Base.

The Erie Canal passes along the southern part of the town.

History
The area was first settled around 1790. The Town of Floyd was founded in 1796 from the Town of Steuben. William Floyd, for whom the town is named, became a resident of Oneida County in 1794.

The population of Floyd was 1,227 in 1865, but only 663 in 1920.

In the 19th century, Floyd was known for "Masonic, scholarly, political and anti-slavery activities."

The Camroden Presbyterian Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.

The town was briefly mentioned in the 1996 film "City Hall," where the two main characters were stuck in Floyd while waiting for snow to clear off the train tracks.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 34.8 sqmi, of which 34.6 sqmi is land and 0.2 sqmi (0.46%) is water.

The Mohawk River defines the southern town line. The town has rolling hills, ascending to the north, which reach an elevation of about 200–300 feet above the river. Nine Mile Creek, which flows through the southeast part of the town, was originally known as Te-ya-nun-sak, or Teyanunsoke, "a beech tree standing."

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,869 people, 1,394 households, and 1,091 families residing in the town. The population density was 111.8 PD/sqmi. There were 1,483 housing units at an average density of 42.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 97.49% White, 0.36% African American, 0.18% Native American, 0.41% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 0.18% from other races, and 1.29% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.03% of the population.

There were 1,394 households, out of which 38.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.0% were married couples living together, 10.4% had a female householder with no male present, and 21.7% were non-families. 17.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.78 and the average family size was 3.11.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 28.0% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 29.7% from 25 to 44, 24.8% from 45 to 64, and 10.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.3 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $40,192, and the median income for a family was $44,583. Males had a median income of $33,151 versus $22,718 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,405. About 2.8% of families and 4.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.1% of those under age 18 and 5.6% of those age 65 or over.

Communities and locations in Floyd, NY

 * Camroden – A hamlet in the northwestern part of the town named by Welsh immigrants. Welsh was the predominant language here from 1825 until the late 1880s.
 * East Floyd – A hamlet in the northeastern part of the town.
 * Floyd – The hamlet of Floyd on NY 365.
 * Pen Bonc Hill – An elevation in the northeastern corner of the town.
 * The Punch Bowl – The site of the first settlement, and of the first mill in the town.
 * South Hill – A small mountain range in the northeastern corner of the town. Partially in the Town of Western.
 * Steuben Valley – A hamlet at the northeastern corner of the town.
 * Stittville – A hamlet at the eastern town line.

Notable people

 * Matthew Ewing, inventor and co-founder of Vacuum Oil Company
 * Onias C. Skinner, Illinois jurist and legislator

title: Floyd, New York


text:
Güiro

The güiro is a percussion instrument consisting of an open-ended, hollow gourd with parallel notches cut in one side. It is played by rubbing a stick or tines (see photo) along the notches to produce a ratchet sound.

The güiro is commonly used in Cuban, Puerto Rican, and other forms of Latin American music, and plays a key role in the typical rhythm section of important genres like son, trova and salsa. Playing the güiro usually requires both long and short sounds, made by scraping up and down in long or short strokes.

The güiro, like the maracas, is often played by a singer. It is closely related to the Cuban guayo, Dominican güira, and Haitian graj which are made of metal. Other instruments similar to the güiro are the Colombian guacharaca, the Brazilian reco-reco, the quijada (cow jawbone) and the frottoir (French) or fwotwa (French Creole) (washboard).

Etymology
In the Arawakan language, a language of the indigenous people of Latin America and spread throughout the Caribbean spoken by groups such as the Taíno, güiro referred to fruit of the güira and an instrument made from fruit of the güira.

Construction and design
The güiro is a notched, hollowed-out gourd. Often, the calabash gourd is used. The güiro is made by carving parallel circular stripes along the shorter section of the elongated gourd. Today, many güiros are made of wood or fiberglass.

History
The güiro was adapted from an instrument which might have originated in either South America or Africa. The Aztecs produced an early cousin to the güiro, called the omitzicahuastli, which was created from a small bone with serrated notches and was played in the same manner as the güiro. The Taíno people of the Caribbean have been credited with the origins of the güiro. The Taínos of Puerto Rico developed the güajey, a long gourd or animal bone with notches, an antecedent of the modern day güiro.

Alternatively, the güiro is also believed to have origins in Africa and to have been brought over to Latin American and the Caribbean by African slaves. Blench (2009) suggests a connection with the scraped idiophones of Cameroon and other regions of West and Central Africa (see list of musical instruments of Cameroon). The Berom people of central Nigeria also have scraper or guiro-like instrument called gwák or gwàshák.

Use in music
Across Latin America and the Caribbean, the güiro can be found in a variety of traditional, folk dance music and used in dance ensembles and religious festivals. In the Yucatán Peninsula, the güiro is used in two Mayan dances, the mayapax and the jarana. In Cuba, the güiro is used in the genre danzón. In Puerto Rico, the güiro often associated with the music of the jíbaro and is used in the musical genres of the plena, the seis, and the danza. In the Caribbean coast, the güiro was used in traditional, folk dance cumbia music and is still used in modern cumbia music. In Panama, the güiro can be found in folk dances such as the merjorana and cumbia.

Use in classical music
The güiro is used in classical music both to add Latin American flavor, and also purely for its instrumental qualities.

Examples of compositions including a güiro are Uirapuru by Heitor Villa-Lobos (though the score specifies reco-reco), Latin-American Symphonette by Morton Gould and The Rite of Spring (Le Sacre du printemps) by Stravinsky.

title: Güiro


text:
Localization

Localization or localisation may refer to:

Biology

 * Localization of function, locating psychological functions in the brain or nervous system; see Linguistic intelligence
 * Localization of sensation, ability to tell what part of the body is affected by touch or other sensation; see Allochiria
 * Neurologic localization, in neurology, the process of deducing the location of injury based on symptoms and neurological examination
 * Nuclear localization signal, an amino acid sequence on the surface of a protein which acts like a 'tag' to localize the protein in the cell
 * Sound localization, a listener's ability to identify the location or origin of a detected sound
 * Subcellular localization, organization of cellular components into different regions of a cell

Engineering and technology

 * GSM localization, determining the location of an active cell phone or wireless transceiver
 * Robot localization, figuring out robot's position in an environment
 * Indoor positioning system, a network of devices used to locate objects or people inside a building
 * Navigation, determining one's position accurately on the surface of Earth
 * Radiolocation, finding the location of something via radio waves
 * Satellite navigation, a positioning and navigation technique aided by satellites

Adaptation to language, etc.

 * Language localization, translating a product into different languages or adapting a product to a country or region
 * Internationalization and localization, the adaptation of computer software for non-native environments, especially other nations and cultures
 * Video game localization, preparation of video games for other locales
 * Dub localization, the adaptation of a movie or television series for another audience
 * Indigenization, the process of adopting and integrating elements of a local culture, including language, customs, and names, often to better align with the local community

Mathematics

 * Localization of a category, adding to a category inverse morphisms for some collection of morphisms, constraining them to become isomorphisms
 * Localization of a ring and a module, in abstract algebra, a formal way to introduce the "denominators" to a given ring or a module
 * Localization of a topological space, the localization of topological spaces at primes
 * Localization theorem, theorem to infer the nullity of a function given only information about its continuity and the value of its integral

Physics

 * Anderson localization, in condensed matter physics, the absence of diffusion of waves in a disordered medium
 * Weak localization, a physical effect which occurs in disordered electronic systems at very low temperatures
 * Supersymmetric localization, a method to compute exact correlation functions of certain supersymmetric operators in supersymmetric quantum field theories

Other uses

 * Localization Era (1900-1300 BCE), the fourth and final period of the Indus Valley Tradition
 * The opposite of economic globalisation
 * Internationalization and localization, the adaptation of products for international use by conforming them to the conventions of each target locale, including language and culture.

title: Localization


text:
Internationalization and localization

In computing, internationalization and localization (American) or internationalisation and localisation (British), often abbreviated i18n and l10n respectively, are means of adapting computer software to different languages, regional peculiarities and technical requirements of a target locale.

Internationalization is the process of designing a software application so that it can be adapted to various languages and regions without engineering changes. Localization is the process of adapting internationalized software for a specific region or language by translating text and adding locale-specific components.

Localization (which is potentially performed multiple times, for different locales) uses the infrastructure or flexibility provided by internationalization (which is ideally performed only once before localization, or as an integral part of ongoing development).

Naming
The terms are frequently abbreviated to the numeronyms i18n (where 18 stands for the number of letters between the first i and the last n in the word internationalization, a usage coined at Digital Equipment Corporation in the 1970s or 1980s) and l10n for localization, due to the length of the words. Some writers have the latter term capitalized (L10n) to help distinguish the two.

Some companies, like IBM and Oracle, use the term globalization, g11n, for the combination of internationalization and localization.

Microsoft defines internationalization as a combination of world-readiness and localization. World-readiness is a developer task, which enables a product to be used with multiple scripts and cultures (globalization) and separates user interface resources in a localizable format (localizability, abbreviated to L12y).

Hewlett-Packard and HP-UX created a system called "National Language Support" or "Native Language Support" (NLS) to produce localizable software.

Some vendors, including IBM use the term National Language Version (NLV) for localized versions of software products supporting only one specific locale. The term implies the existence of other alike NLV versions of the software for different markets; this terminology is not used where no internationalization and localization was undertaken and a software product only supports one language and locale in any version.

Scope

According to Software without frontiers, the design aspects to consider when internationalizing a product are "data encoding, data and documentation, software construction, hardware device support, and user interaction"; while the key design areas to consider when making a fully internationalized product from scratch are "user interaction, algorithm design and data formats, software services, and documentation".

Translation is typically the most time-consuming component of language localization. This may involve:
 * For film, video, and audio, translation of spoken words or music lyrics, often using either dubbing or subtitles
 * Text translation for printed materials, and digital media (possibly including error messages and documentation)
 * Potentially altering images and logos containing text to contain translations or generic icons
 * Different translation lengths and differences in character sizes (e.g. between Latin alphabet letters and Chinese characters) can cause layouts that work well in one language to work poorly in others
 * Consideration of differences in dialect, register or variety
 * Writing conventions like:
 * Formatting of numbers (especially decimal separator and digit grouping)
 * Date and time format, possibly including the use of different calendars (e.g. the Islamic or the Japanese calendar)

Standard locale data
Computer software can encounter differences above and beyond straightforward translation of words and phrases, because computer programs can generate content dynamically. These differences may need to be taken into account by the internationalization process in preparation for translation. Many of these differences are so regular that a conversion between languages can be easily automated. The Common Locale Data Repository by Unicode provides a collection of such differences. Its data is used by major operating systems, including Microsoft Windows, macOS and Debian, and by major Internet companies or projects such as Google and the Wikimedia Foundation. Examples of such differences include:

 * Different "scripts" in different writing systems use different characters – a different set of letters, syllograms, logograms, or symbols. Modern systems use the Unicode standard to represent many different languages with a single character encoding.
 * Writing direction is left to right in most European languages, right-to-left in Hebrew and Arabic, or both in boustrophedon scripts, and optionally vertical in some Asian languages.
 * Complex text layout, for languages where characters change shape depending on context
 * Capitalization exists in some scripts and not in others
 * Different languages and writing systems have different text sorting rules
 * Different languages have different numeral systems, which might need to be supported if Western Arabic numerals are not used
 * Different languages have different pluralization rules, which can complicate programs that dynamically display numerical content. Other grammar rules might also vary, e.g. genitive.
 * Different languages use different punctuation (e.g. quoting text using double-quotes (" ") as in English, or guillemets (« ») as in French)
 * Keyboard shortcuts can only make use of buttons on the keyboard layout which is being localized for. If a shortcut corresponds to a word in a particular language (e.g. Ctrl-s stands for "save" in English), it may need to be changed.

National conventions
Different countries have different economic conventions, including variations in:

 * Paper sizes
 * Broadcast television systems and popular storage media
 * Telephone number formats
 * Postal address formats, postal codes, and choice of delivery services
 * Currency (symbols, positions of currency markers, and reasonable amounts due to different inflation histories) – ISO 4217 codes are often used for internationalization
 * System of measurement
 * Battery sizes
 * Voltage and current standards

In particular, the United States and Europe differ in most of these cases. Other areas often follow one of these.

Specific third-party services, such as online maps, weather reports, or payment service providers, might not be available worldwide from the same carriers, or at all.

Time zones vary across the world, and this must be taken into account if a product originally only interacted with people in a single time zone. For internationalization, UTC is often used internally and then converted into a local time zone for display purposes.

Different countries have different legal requirements, meaning for example:

 * Regulatory compliance may require customization for a particular jurisdiction, or a change to the product as a whole, such as:
 * Privacy law compliance
 * Additional disclaimers on a website or packaging
 * Different consumer labelling requirements
 * Compliance with export restrictions and regulations on encryption
 * Compliance with an Internet censorship regime or subpoena procedures
 * Requirements for accessibility
 * Collecting different taxes, such as sales tax, value added tax, or customs duties
 * Sensitivity to different political issues, like geographical naming disputes and disputed borders shown on maps (e.g., India has proposed a bill that would make failing to show Kashmir and other areas as intended by the government a crime  )
 * Government-assigned numbers have different formats (such as passports, Social Security Numbers and other national identification numbers)

Localization also may take into account differences in culture, such as:

 * Local holidays
 * Personal name and title conventions
 * Aesthetics
 * Comprehensibility and cultural appropriateness of images and color symbolism
 * Ethnicity, clothing, and socioeconomic status of people and architecture of locations pictured
 * Local customs and conventions, such as social taboos, popular local religions, or superstitions such as blood types in Japanese culture vs. astrological signs in other cultures

Business process for internationalizing software
To internationalize a product, it is important to look at a variety of markets that the product will foreseeably enter. Details such as field length for street addresses, unique format for the address, ability to make the postal code field optional to address countries that do not have postal codes or the state field for countries that do not have states, plus the introduction of new registration flows that adhere to local laws are just some of the examples that make internationalization a complex project. A broader approach takes into account cultural factors regarding for example the adaptation of the business process logic or the inclusion of individual cultural (behavioral) aspects.

Already in the 1990s, companies such as Bull used machine translation (Systran) on a large scale, for all their translation activity: human translators handled pre-editing (making the input machine-readable) and post-editing.

Engineering
Both in re-engineering an existing software or designing a new internationalized software, the first step of internationalization is to split each potentially locale-dependent part (whether code, text or data) into a separate module. Each module can then either rely on a standard library/dependency or be independently replaced as needed for each locale.

The current prevailing practice is for applications to place text in resource files which are loaded during program execution as needed. These strings, stored in resource files, are relatively easy to translate. Programs are often built to reference resource libraries depending on the selected locale data.

The storage for translatable and translated strings is sometimes called a message catalog as the strings are called messages. The catalog generally comprises a set of files in a specific localization format and a standard library to handle said format. One software library and format that aids this is gettext.

Thus to get an application to support multiple languages one would design the application to select the relevant language resource file at runtime. The code required to manage data entry verification and many other locale-sensitive data types also must support differing locale requirements. Modern development systems and operating systems include sophisticated libraries for international support of these types, see also Standard locale data above.

Many localization issues (e.g. writing direction, text sorting) require more profound changes in the software than text translation. For example, OpenOffice.org achieves this with compilation switches.

Process
A globalization method includes, after planning, three implementation steps: internationalization, localization and quality assurance.

To some degree (e.g. for quality assurance), development teams include someone who handles the basic/central stages of the process which then enables all the others. Such persons typically understand foreign languages and cultures and have some technical background. Specialized technical writers are required to construct a culturally appropriate syntax for potentially complicated concepts, coupled with engineering resources to deploy and test the localization elements.

Once properly internationalized, software can rely on more decentralized models for localization: free and open source software usually rely on self-localization by end-users and volunteers, sometimes organized in teams. The GNOME project, for example, has volunteer translation teams for over 100 languages. MediaWiki supports over 500 languages, of which 100 are mostly complete.

When translating existing text to other languages, it is difficult to maintain the parallel versions of texts throughout the life of the product. For instance, if a message displayed to the user is modified, all of the translated versions must be changed.

Commercial considerations
In a commercial setting, the benefit of localization is access to more markets. In the early 1980s, Lotus 1-2-3 took two years to separate program code and text and lost the market lead in Europe over Microsoft Multiplan. MicroPro found that using an Austrian translator for the West German market caused its WordStar documentation to, an executive said, not "have the tone it should have had".

However, there are considerable costs involved, which go far beyond engineering. Further, business operations must adapt to manage the production, storage and distribution of multiple discrete localized products, which are often being sold in completely different currencies, regulatory environments and tax regimes.

Finally, sales, marketing and technical support must also facilitate their operations in the new languages, to support customers for the localized products. Particularly for relatively small language populations, it may never be economically viable to offer a localized product. Even where large language populations could justify localization for a given product, and a product's internal structure already permits localization, a given software developer or publisher may lack the size and sophistication to manage the ancillary functions associated with operating in multiple locales.

title: Internationalization and localization


text:
Gothic fashion

Gothic fashion is a clothing style worn by members of the goth subculture. A dark, sometimes morbid, fashion and style of dress, typical gothic fashion includes black dyed hair and black clothes. Both male and female goths can wear dark eyeliner, dark nail polish and lipstick (most often black), and dramatic makeup. Styles are often borrowed from the Elizabethans and Victorians. BDSM imagery and paraphernalia are also common. Gothic fashion is sometimes confused with heavy metal fashion and emo fashion.

Characteristics
Cintra Wilson declares that "The origins of contemporary goth style are found in the Victorian cult of mourning." Valerie Steele is an expert in the history of the style.

Goth subculture is stereotyped as eerie, mysterious, and complex, and the fashion is used as an outlet to express these characteristics. Goth fashion can be recognized by its stark black clothing. Ted Polhemus described goth fashion as a "profusion of black velvets, lace, fishnets and leather tinged with scarlet or purple, accessorized with tightly laced corsets, gloves, precarious stilettos and silver jewelry depicting religious or occult themes".

Nancy Kilpatrick's Goth Bible: A Compendium for the Darkly Inclined defines "poseur" for the goth scene as follows: "goth wannabes, usually young kids going through a goth phase who do not hold to goth sensibilities but want to be part of the goth crowd (...)". Kilpatrick contributor "Daoine O'" denigrates poseur goths as 'Batbabies' whose clothing is bought at [mall store] Hot Topic with their parents' money".

Icons
One female role model is Theda Bara, the 1910s femme fatale known for her dark eyeshadow. Siouxsie Sioux was particularly influential on the dress style of the gothic rock scene; Paul Morley of NME described Siouxsie and the Banshees' 1980 gig at Futurama: "[Siouxsie was] modeling her newest outfit, the one that will influence how all the girls dress over the next few months. About half the girls at Leeds had used Sioux as a basis for their appearance, hair to ankle." Robert Smith, Musidora, Bela Lugosi, Bettie Page, Winona Ryder, Vampira, Morticia Addams, Nico, Rozz Williams, David Bowie, Lux Interior, Dave Vanian, are also style icons. The 1980s established designers such as Drew Bernstein of Lip Service, while the 1990s saw a surge of US-based gothic fashion designers, many of whom continue to evolve the style through the current day. Style magazines such as Gothic Beauty have given repeat features to a select few gothic fashion designers who began their labels in the 1990s, such as Kambriel, Rose Mortem, and Tyler Ondine of Heavy Red. Influential goth models include Wednesday Mourning and Lady Amaranth.

Music
During the emergence of the goth subculture in 1980's London, many genres of music played a large role in establishing the fashion trends - fashion spelled out the music an individual would listen to. Because of its origins, the major music inspirations during the early emergence of the goth subculture were similarly English bands. Some bands who have influence gothic fashion over the years include bands like Bauhaus, the Cure, Sisters of Mercy and Siouxsie and the Banshees. The Batcave was a nightclub in London, between 1982–1986, that hosted live music and paid homage to all things goth. The interior, as described by Kelly Rankin, included cobwebbed ceilings and a real coffin at the entrance. She says that "The Batcave became iconic because it aided the progression of this movement".

Deathrock
Deathrock fashion, much like goth music, is closely related to goth fashion. The influences of the style come from a blend of glam rock, punk rock, gothic horror literature, and undead characters of classic horror films. The aesthetic was born from the early Los Angeles punk rock scene, and gained influences from fashion worn by patrons of the Batcave club in the UK as the two regional scenes had met. Many deathrockers have a dark DIY punk approach on their attire. The common theme of the aesthetic is dominantly black clothing: shirts featuring deathrock bands or horror themes, torn fishnets as a shirt and/or hosiery, pale fleshtone or pale white foundation and powder makeup on the face, black or darkly colored eye makeup, combat boots or Doc Martens, and skirts, leggings, slim fit pants or shorts. Iconic hairstyles of this style are the "Deathhawk", mohawks or variants of mohawks, and spiky or teased hair. The horror punk and deathrock fashion section of the punk fashion article has more details.

Haute goth
In 1977, Karl Lagerfeld hosted the Soirée Moratoire Noir party, specifying "tenue tragique noire absolument obligatoire" (black tragic dress absolutely required). The event included elements associated with leatherman style.

Goth fashion has a reciprocal relationship with the fashion world. In the later part of the first decade of the 21st century, designers such as Alexander McQueen, Anna Sui, Rick Owens, Gareth Pugh, Ann Demeulemeester, Philipp Plein, Hedi Slimane, John Richmond, John Galliano,   Olivier Theyskens and Yohji Yamamoto brought elements of goth to runways. This was described as "Haute Goth" by Cintra Wilson in the New York Times. Thierry Mugler, Claude Montana, Jean Paul Gaultier and Christian Lacroix have also been associated with a gothic style. In Spring 2004, Riccardo Tisci, Jean Paul Gaultier, Raf Simons and Stefano Pilati dressed their models as "glamorous ghouls dressed in form-fitting suits and coal-tinted cocktail dresses". Swedish designer Helena Hörstedt and jewelry artist Hanna Hedman also practice a goth aesthetic.

Gothic Lolita
Gothic Lolita, sometimes shortened to gosu rori (ゴスロリ) in Japanese (or "goth loli" in roman characters), is a combination of gothic and lolita fashions. The fashion originated in the late 1990s in Harajuku.

Gothic Lolita fashion is characterized by darker make-up and clothing. Red lipstick and smoky or neatly defined eyes, created using black eyeliner, are typical styles, although as with all lolita sub-styles the look remains fairly natural. Though Gothic make-up has been associated with a white-powdered face, this is usually considered poor taste within the (largely Japanese) lolita fashion scene.

Brands which exemplify the Gothic Lolita style include Atelier-Pierrot, Atelier Boz, Black Peace Now, H. Naoto Blood and Moi-même-Moitié. Author and TV Host La Carmina is a popular model of Gothic Lolita fashion.

Aristocrat
Aristocrat is a type of Japanese street fashion, championed by the visual kei rock musician Mana with his fashion label Moi-même-Moitié, and influenced by gothic and Neo-Victorian fashions. A typical outfit will combine elements of fetish wear with Victorian and sometimes steampunk fashions, including tight pants, velvet sportcoats, top hats, cravats, corsets, ankle length skirts, lace petticoats, and the frilly pirate shirts previously popularised by the New Romantics of the 1980s.

Cybergoth
The Cybergoth and rivethead subcultures emerged in America during the late 1990s, and combined classic gothic fashions such as leather duster coats, tripp pants or Demonia brand platform boots with the clothing worn by fans of industrial metal and rave music to create a dystopian, futuristic science fiction look. Shaved heads, synthetic neon dreadlocks, camouflage, tight leather pants, chains, platform boots, stretched body piercings, sleeve tattoos, goggles, corsets, PVC or leather skirts, and black trenchcoats decorated with metal studs are frequently seen on members of this subculture.

Traditional goth
Traditional goth (or trad goth) is a term defining the aesthetic that reflects the classic and original aesthetics of Goth from the 1980s. The examples are from the attire worn by Bauhaus, Siouxsie Sioux and the Cure. Dominantly black clothing, creepers, winklepickers, and backcombed, disheveled hair are common. Patrons of the Batcave club in the UK had an impact on the fashion with the attire they wore. This also has close relation to the deathrock revival and fashion, as the 1980s goth and Batcave fashion influenced the aesthetic over the decades into the 2010s.

Victorian goth
Victorian goth is a modern fashion movement that interprets and redefines certain aspects regarding fashion of the Victorian Era. The Victorian Era is notable for having big dresses and elegant hair, and these elements have made subsequent integration into modern day main stream gothic fashion. With early inspiration taken from medieval settings that were used by Edgar Allan Poe, in addition to late-Victorian examples of gothic fashion that are used in Bram Stoker's Dracula.

Social media influence
Social media has increased the level of awareness surrounding gothic fashion trends, but this has also modified the dynamic and expectations within the community itself. Bianca Wooden describes the emergence of a new wave of goth fad fashion and says that "goth has become less of an organic movement and more of a calculated brand".

Performative gothic fashion
Goth YouTuber Angela Benedict describes in this video, some of the negative impacts that social media has had on gothic fashion. Some of these include the increased emergence of "elitist goths" who shame others for not being "goth" enough. This has led to many online goths who portray their gloomy attire and dramatic makeup looks only to take pictures or film videos.

title: Gothic fashion


text:
Forestport, New York

Forestport is a town in Oneida County, New York, United States. The population was 1,477 at the 2020 census.

The Town of Forestport is located in the northeastern corner of Oneida County. The northern part of the town is in the Adirondack Park.

History
Forestport was created from the Town of Remsen in 1869.

At the end of the 19th century, many of the town's population were found to be involved in a conspiracy to divert funds set aside for canal repair for the Black River Canal. Sections of the Black River Canal were pick axed so as to profit from repair work, infamously known as the "Forestport Breaks".

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 79.0 sqmi, of which 77.2 sqmi is land and 1.8 sqmi (2.25%) is water.

The eastern town line is the border of Herkimer County, and the northern town boundary is the border of Lewis County. The Black River and Kayuta Lake define the western town line.

Demographics
At the 2000 census, there were 1,692 people, 736 households and 479 families residing in the town. The population density was 21.9 per square mile (8.5/km2). There were 2,027 housing units at an average density of 26.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 98.52% White, 0.35% African American, 0.30% Native American, 0.18% Asian, 0.06% from other races, and 0.59% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.06% of the population.

There were 736 households, of which 25.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.9% were married couples living together, 7.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.8% were non-families. 30.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.84.

22.5% of the population were under the age of 18, 4.6% from 18 to 24, 25.2% from 25 to 44, 30.2% from 45 to 64, and 17.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.7 males.

The median household income was $34,455 and the median family income was $39,352. Males had a median income of $30,119 compared with $25,060 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,494. About 7.1% of families and 8.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.4% of those under age 18 and 9.8% of those age 65 or over.

Communities and locations in Forestport

 * Anos Siding – a location in the northeastern part of the town.
 * Forestport - the hamlet of Forestport is located on the banks of the Black River off NY 28 in the southwestern part of the town.
 * Forestport Reservoir – A reservoir located by the hamlet of Forestport.
 * Forestport Station – a hamlet east of Forestport.
 * Holiday House – a location on NY 28 north of Woodgate.
 * Long Lake – a lake in the northeastern part of the town north of Woodgate.
 * Meyers Hill – An elevation located northeast of Woodhull.
 * Nichols Mills – a location in the northeastern part of the town.
 * Otter Lake – a hamlet located on NY 28 in the northeastern corner of the town.
 * Otter Lake – a lake located in the northeastern corner of the town by the hamlet of Otter Lake.
 * Round Lake – A lake located southeast of Long Lake.
 * White Lake – a lake and hamlet south of Long Lake and adjacent to Route 28.
 * Woodgate - located seven miles north of the hamlet of Forestport on SR 28.
 * Woodhull – a hamlet southwest of Forestport.

title: Forestport, New York


text:
Holland Patent, New York

Holland Patent is a village in Oneida County, New York, United States. The population was 458 at the 2010 census. The village is named after a land grant.

The Village of Holland Patent is in the western part of the Town of Trenton at the junction of Routes 274, 291, and 365.

History
In 1797, the Village of Holland Patent was established by Gerrit Boon, an agent of the Holland Land Company to help develop and sell land that had been purchased as investments.

The Holland Patent Stone Churches Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. The Holland Patent Railroad Station was listed in 2000.

Geography
Holland Patent is located at 43.24194°N, -75.25694°W (43.241819, -75.257057).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.5 sqmi, of which 0.5 sqmi is land and 2.04% is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 461 people, 201 households, and 129 families residing in the village. The population density was 958.8 PD/sqmi. There were 227 housing units at an average density of 472.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 98.48% White, 0.22% Asian, 0.22% from other races, and 1.08% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 0.65% of the population.

There were 201 households, out of which 31.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.8% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no male present, and 35.8% were non-families. 31.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.91.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 23.6% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 24.3% from 45 to 64, and 15.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.4 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $42,167, and the median income for a family was $51,667. Males had a median income of $30,000 versus $27,917 for females. The per capita income for the village was $21,864. About 3.2% of families and 4.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.6% of those under age 18 and 3.8% of those age 65 or over.

Notable person
First Lady Rose Cleveland grew up in Holland Patent.

title: Holland Patent, New York


text:
Kirkland, New York

Kirkland is a town in Oneida County, New York, United States. The population was 10,075 at the 2020 census. The town is named after Samuel Kirkland, a missionary among the Oneidas.

The Town of Kirkland is southwest of Utica. In 1829, part of Kirkland was used to form the newer Town of Marshall.

Hamilton College is located in the western part of the town.

Clinton is the only village in the town of Kirkland.

History
The first settlement occurred around 1787 near the present village of Clinton. The Town of Kirkland was established in 1827 from the Town of Paris. The land of the town belonged to the Kirkland Patent, Brothertown Patent, and Coxe Patent.

The Rev. Asahel Norton Homestead was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 33.9 sqmi, of which 33.8 sqmi is land and 0.1 sqmi (0.21%) is water.

The Oriskany Creek flows through the town.

Demographics
At the 2000 census there were 10,138 people, 3,419 households, and 2,229 families living in the town. The population density was 300.0 PD/sqmi. There were 3,591 housing units at an average density of 106.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 96.32% White, 1.20% African American, 0.07% Native American, 1.21% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.27% from other races, and 0.90% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.32%.

Of the 3,419 households 30.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.1% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.8% were non-families. 29.4% of households were one person and 12.6% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 3.00.

The age distribution was 20.0% under the age of 18, 20.9% from 18 to 24, 21.2% from 25 to 44, 22.2% from 45 to 64, and 15.7% 65 or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.8 males.

The median household income was $45,875 and the median family income was $58,958. Males had a median income of $40,058 versus $27,265 for females. The per capita income for the town was $21,164. About 3.9% of families and 7.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.6% of those under age 18 and 4.9% of those age 65 or over.

Communities and locations in Kirkland

 * Chuckery Corners – A hamlet in the eastern part of the town on NY 12. A cheese factory was set up here in 1858.
 * Christmas Knob – An elevation located north of Clinton.
 * Clark Mills – A hamlet in the northeastern part of the town.
 * Clinton – The Village of Clinton.
 * College Hill – A summit located west of Clinton.
 * Crow Hill – A summit located east of Chuckery Corners.
 * Farmers Mills – A hamlet south of Clinton Village and Franklin Springs.
 * Franklin Springs – A hamlet south of Clinton Village. It was formerly the "Franklin Iron Works" during the hamlet's iron smelting period. The Franklin Iron Works went into operation in 1852. A cheese factory opened here in 1866.
 * Kirkland – A hamlet, formerly called "Manchester," near the western town line on New York State Route 5 (NY 5). The clay in this area was formerly used for pottery.
 * Prospect Hill – An elevation located west of Franklin Springs.
 * The Knob – An elevation located in Clinton.

title: Kirkland, New York


text:
Lee, New York

Lee is a town in Oneida County, New York, United States. The population was 6,486 at the 2010 census.

The Town of Lee is northwest of Rome.

History
The Town of Lee was formed from the Town of Western in 1811. The town was named after Revolutionary War General Charles Lee.

About 1910, the Rome & Osceola Railroad was organized and the rails laid as far as Lee Center, with grading completed along much of the route, intended to carry timber from Tug Hill to a tie plant on a site which is now the Rite Aid warehouse on Rt 69 in Rome.

George W. Kingsbury, for whom (with his brother), the county of Kingsbury, South Dakota, is named, was born in Lee on December 16, 1837.

West Lee was home to a large canning factory.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 45.5 sqmi, of which 45.2 sqmi is land and 0.4 sqmi (0.83%) is water.

Delta Reservoir, also called Delta Lake, is partly in the southeastern part of the town, created in 1911 as a feeder for the New York State Barge Canal by flooding the Village of Delta.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 6,875 people, 2,563 households, and 1,970 families residing in the town. The population density was 152.2 PD/sqmi. There were 2,699 housing units at an average density of 59.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 97.41% White, 0.86% African American, 0.19% Native American, 0.47% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.22% from other races, and 0.84% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.80% of the population.

There were 2,563 households, out of which 35.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.4% were married couples living together, 8.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.1% were non-families. 19.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.05.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.7% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 25.4% from 45 to 64, and 13.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.6 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $47,074, and the median income for a family was $51,676. Males had a median income of $34,811 versus $25,522 for females. The per capita income for the town was $20,588. About 5.8% of families and 8.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.1% of those under age 18 and 6.3% of those age 65 or over.

Communities and locations in Lee

 * Brookfield – A hamlet neat the western town line.
 * Delta Reservoir – A reservoir at the southeastern border of the town.
 * Elmer Hill – A location in the southeastern corner of the town.
 * Hawkins Corner – A hamlet south of Lake Delta on Route 26.
 * Lake Delta – A hamlet near the Delta Reservoir on Route 26.
 * Lee – The hamlet of Lee is in the southwestern corner of the town on Route 69.
 * Lee Center – A hamlet west of Stokes Corner.
 * Point Rock – A location in the northwestern corner of the town.
 * Stokes Corner – A hamlet north of Lake Delta on Route 26.
 * West Branch – A hamlet in the northeastern corner of the town on Route 26.
 * West Lee – A hamlet between Brookfield and Lee Center on Route 53.

Schooling
Students attend schools in one of three area districts: Rome City School District, Camden School District or Adirondack School District in Boonville, New York.

On the present site of the Methodist Church, the first school in Lee was built and went by the name of Lee Center School – District 3, which later became District 1. The school remained open until Lee Center School merged with Rome District Schools in 1957. School remained open until June 1960; The school building was used for storage by town highway department  for a period of time,  then  building was demolished.

On the corner of Streun Road and Point Rock road is another one of the first and main schoolhouses in Lee Center. Settlers called this the Stone Schoolhouse-District 5. This also held classes until the merge in 1957. Students then went to Lee Center school until it closed in June 1960.

On the corner of Lorena road and Sleepy Hollow road held another schoolhouse. The property lines show half of the building in Rome and the other in Lee center.

title: Lee, New York


text:
Marcy, New York

Marcy is a town in Oneida County, New York, United States. The population was 8,777 at the 2020 census. The town was named after Governor William L. Marcy. It lies between the cities of Rome and Utica. The Erie Canal passes through the southern part of the town.

The town is home to the SUNY Polytechnic Institute, a four-year public research university in the southeastern part of town.

History
The first settlers arrived circa 1773. During the American Revolution, the settlers, having been warned by a friendly Oneida Indian about an enemy raid, abandoned their farms until after the war. The town was resettled in 1792.

The Town of Marcy was formed in 1832 from part of the Town of Deerfield, located to the east.

In 1920, the population of Marcy was 1,919.

The Neck Canal of 1730 was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 33.4 sqmi, of which 33.0 sqmi is land and 0.4 sqmi (1.35%) is water.

The Mohawk River defines the southern town line.

The New York State Thruway (Interstate 90) passes through the southeastern corner of the town.

The Erie Canal (also known as the Barge Canal) passes through the south end of the town, running along River Road, with Lock 20 Canal Park just east of the Route 291 bridge lying on the canal.

SUNY Polytechnic Institute is located on 700 acres northwest of the intersection of the North-South Arterial (NY 8 and NY 12) and NY 49.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 9,469 people, 2,003 households, and 1,526 families residing in the town. The population density was 287.2 PD/sqmi. There were 2,073 housing units at an average density of 62.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 68.42% White, 22.20% African American, 0.27% Native American, 0.60% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 6.55% from other races, and 1.91% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 14.02% of the population.

There were 2,003 households, out of which 33.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.5% were married couples living together, 6.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.8% were non-families. 19.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 2.99.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 13.2% under the age of 18, 13.4% from 18 to 24, 44.7% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 8.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 242.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 276.2 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $47,180, and the median income for a family was $54,231. Males had a median income of $30,943 versus $25,044 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,182. About 3.7% of families and 5.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.2% of those under age 18 and 2.3% of those age 65 or over.

Communities and locations in Marcy

 * Careys Corners – A hamlet in the southern part of the town by the Erie Canal. This no longer exists.  It is now the offramp for NY 291 from the Utica-Rome Expressway.
 * Marcy – The hamlet of Marcy is in the southern section of the town.
 * Marcy Correctional Facility – A state prison located near Marcy.
 * Marcy Hill – An elevation located north of Utica.
 * Maynard – A hamlet in the southeastern part of the town.
 * Mid-State Correctional Facility – A prison near Marcy.
 * Stittville – A hamlet in the northwestern corner of the town.
 * Frederick R. Clark Energy Center of the New York Power Authority

Notable people

 * Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme, former member of the Manson Family and attempted assassin of Gerald Ford, lives in Marcy.
 * Rouse Simmons, Wisconsin legislator and businessman, was born in Marcy.
 * Rufus J. Dryer, modernist painter from Rochester, died in Marcy.

— Carroll C. Potter, justice of the peace of Marcy for many years and a captain of the Reserve Corps during the Civil War, died Saturday night at 10 o'clock at the home of his nieces, Mrs. H. A. Humphrey in Marcy, following an in illness of three weeks. Mr. Potter had been in poor health for three years and as on Saturday he seemed to be feeling a little better than usual, the end came rather unexpectedly. Mr. Potter was one of the best-known citizens of the county, a prosperous farmer, a charter member of the Marcy Grange, No. 720, one of the oldest members of the Central New York of the Farmers' Club and for some time president of the Marcy Center Cheese Factory Association. During the summer Mr. Potter lived on the farm and in the winters had made his home in Utica. He was born in Marcy in the home where he died, September 19, 1832, six years after the family had moved to Oneida County from Bennington, VT. On graduating from Whitestown Seminary he began the study of law in the offices of William Merril of Whitestown, but when his health failed, he went West and studied railroad engineering at Fon du Lac, Wis. He was also in the employ of the Utica & Black River Railroad and the Toledo, Wabash & St. Louis Railroad.

title: Marcy, New York