text:
Scoliosis

Scoliosis (: scolioses) is a condition in which a person's spine has an irregular curve. The curve is usually S- or C-shaped over three dimensions. In some, the degree of curve is stable, while in others, it increases over time. Mild scoliosis does not typically cause problems, but more severe cases can affect breathing and movement. Pain is usually present in adults, and can worsen with age. As the condition progresses, it may alter a person's life, and hence can also be considered a disability.

The cause of most cases is unknown, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Risk factors include other affected family members. It can also occur due to another condition such as muscle spasms, cerebral palsy, Marfan syndrome, and tumors such as neurofibromatosis. Diagnosis is confirmed with X-rays. Scoliosis is typically classified as either structural in which the curve is fixed, or functional in which the underlying spine is normal. Left-right asymmetries, of the vertebrae and their musculature, especially in the thoracic region, may cause mechanical instability of the spinal column.

Treatment depends on the degree of curve, location, and cause. The age of the patient is also important, since some treatments are ineffective in adults, who are no longer growing. Minor curves may simply be watched periodically. Treatments may include bracing, specific exercises, posture checking, and surgery. The brace must be fitted to the person and used daily until growing stops. Specific exercises, such as exercises that focus on the core, may be used to try to decrease the risk of worsening. They may be done alone or along with other treatments such as bracing. Evidence that chiropractic manipulation, dietary supplements, or exercises can prevent the condition from worsening is weak. However, exercise is still recommended due to its other health benefits.

Scoliosis occurs in about 3% of people. It most commonly develops between the ages of ten and twenty. Females typically are more severely affected than males with a ratio of 4:1. The term is, which means "a bending".

Signs and symptoms
Symptoms associated with scoliosis can include:
 * Pain in the back at the site of the curve, which may radiate to the legs
 * Respiratory or cardiac problems in severe cases
 * Constipation due to curvature causing "tightening" of the stomach, intestines, etc.

The signs of scoliosis can include:
 * Uneven musculature on one side of the spine
 * Rib prominence or a prominent shoulder blade, caused by rotation of the rib cage in thoracic scoliosis
 * Uneven posture
 * Heart and lung problems in severe cases
 * Calcium deposits in the cartilage endplate and sometimes in the disc itself

Course
People who have reached skeletal maturity are less likely to have a worsening case. Some severe cases of scoliosis can lead to diminishing lung capacity, pressure exerted on the heart, and restricted physical activities.

Longitudinal studies have revealed that the most common form of the condition, late-onset idiopathic scoliosis, causes little physical impairment other than back pain and cosmetic concerns, even when untreated, with mortality rates similar to the general population. Older beliefs that untreated idiopathic scoliosis necessarily progressed into severe (cardiopulmonary) disability by old age have been refuted.

Causes
An estimated 65% of scoliosis cases are idiopathic (cause unknown), about 15% are congenital, and about 10% are secondary to a neuromuscular disease.

About 38% of variance in scoliosis risk is due to genetic factors, and 62% is due to the environment. The genetics are likely complex, however, given the inconsistent inheritance and discordance among monozygotic twins. The specific genes that contribute to development of scoliosis have not been conclusively identified. At least one gene, CHD7, has been associated with the idiopathic form of scoliosis. Several candidate gene studies have found associations between idiopathic scoliosis and genes mediating bone formation, bone metabolism, and connective tissue structure. Several genome-wide studies have identified a number of loci as significantly linked to idiopathic scoliosis. In 2006, idiopathic scoliosis was linked with three microsatellite polymorphisms in the MATN1 gene (encoding for matrilin 1, cartilage matrix protein). Fifty-three single nucleotide polymorphism markers in the DNA that are significantly associated with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis were identified through a genome-wide association study.

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis has no clear causal agent, and is generally believed to be multifactorial; leading to "progressive functional limitations" for individuals. Research suggests that Posterior Spinal Fusion (PSF) can be used to correct the more severe deformities caused by adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Such procedures can result in a return to physical activity in about 6 months, which is very promising, although minimal back pain is still to be expected in the most severe cases. The prevalence of scoliosis is 1–2% among adolescents, but the likelihood of progression among adolescents with a Cobb angle less than 20° is about 10–20%.

Congenital scoliosis can be attributed to a malformation of the spine during weeks three to six in utero due to a failure of formation, a failure of segmentation, or a combination of stimuli. Incomplete and abnormal segmentation results in an abnormally shaped vertebra, at times fused to a normal vertebra or unilaterally fused vertebrae, leading to the abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.

Vertebrae of the spine, especially in the thoracic region, are, on average, asymmetric. The mid-axis of these vertebral bodies tends to point systematically to the right of the median body plane. A strong asymmetry of the vertebrae and their musculature, may lead to mechanical instability of the column, especially during phases of rapid growth. The asymmetry is thought to be caused by an embryological twist of the body.

Resulting from other conditions
Secondary scoliosis due to neuropathic and myopathic conditions can lead to a loss of muscular support for the spinal column so that the spinal column is pulled in abnormal directions. Some conditions which may cause secondary scoliosis include muscular dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy, poliomyelitis, cerebral palsy, spinal cord trauma, and myotonia. Scoliosis often presents itself, or worsens, during an adolescent's growth spurt and is more often diagnosed in females than males.

Scoliosis associated with known syndromes is often subclassified as "syndromic scoliosis". Scoliosis can be associated with amniotic band syndrome, Arnold–Chiari malformation, Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease, cerebral palsy, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, connective tissue disorders, muscular dystrophy, familial dysautonomia, CHARGE syndrome, Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (hyperflexibility, "floppy baby" syndrome, and other variants of the condition), fragile X syndrome, Friedreich's ataxia, hemihypertrophy, Loeys–Dietz syndrome, Marfan syndrome, nail–patella syndrome, neurofibromatosis, osteogenesis imperfecta, Prader–Willi syndrome, proteus syndrome, spina bifida, spinal muscular atrophy, syringomyelia, and pectus carinatum.

Another form of secondary scoliosis is degenerative scoliosis, also known as de novo scoliosis, which develops later in life secondary to degenerative (may or may not be associated with aging) changes. This is a type of deformity that starts and progresses because of the collapse of the vertebral column in an asymmetrical manner. As bones start to become weaker and the ligaments and discs located in the spine become worn as a result of age-related changes, the spine begins to curve.

Diagnosis

People who initially present with scoliosis undergo a physical examination to determine whether the deformity has an underlying cause and to exclude the possibility of the underlying condition more serious than simple scoliosis.

The person's gait is assessed, with an exam for signs of other abnormalities (e.g., spina bifida as evidenced by a dimple, hairy patch, lipoma, or hemangioma). A thorough neurological examination is also performed, the skin for café au lait spots, indicative of neurofibromatosis, the feet for cavovarus deformity, abdominal reflexes and muscle tone for spasticity.

When a person can cooperate, he or she is asked to bend forward as far as possible. This is known as the Adams forward bend test and is often performed on school students. If a prominence is noted, then scoliosis is a possibility and an X-ray may be done to confirm the diagnosis.

As an alternative, a scoliometer may be used to diagnose the condition.

When scoliosis is suspected, weight-bearing, full-spine AP/coronal (front-back view) and lateral/sagittal (side view) X-rays are usually taken to assess the scoliosis curves and the kyphosis and lordosis, as these can also be affected in individuals with scoliosis. Full-length standing spine X-rays are the standard method for evaluating the severity and progression of scoliosis, and whether it is congenital or idiopathic in nature. In growing individuals, serial radiographs are obtained at 3- to 12-month intervals to follow curve progression, and, in some instances, MRI investigation is warranted to look at the spinal cord. An average scoliosis patient has been in contact with around 50–300 mGy of radiation due to these radiographs during this time period.

The standard method for assessing the curvature quantitatively is measuring the Cobb angle, which is the angle between two lines, drawn perpendicular to the upper endplate of the uppermost vertebra involved and the lower endplate of the lowest vertebra involved. For people with two curves, Cobb angles are followed for both curves. In some people, lateral-bending X-rays are obtained to assess the flexibility of the curves or the primary and compensatory curves.

Congenital and idiopathic scoliosis that develops before the age of 10 is referred to as early-onset scoliosis. Progressive idiopathic early-onset scoliosis can be a life-threatening condition with negative effects on pulmonary function. Scoliosis that develops after 10 is referred to as adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Screening adolescents without symptoms for scoliosis is of unclear benefit.

Definition
Scoliosis is defined as a three-dimensional deviation in the axis of a person's spine. Most instances, including the Scoliosis Research Society, define scoliosis as a Cobb angle of more than 10° to the right or left as the examiner faces the person, i.e. in the coronal plane.

Scoliosis has been described as a biomechanical deformity, the progression of which depends on asymmetric forces otherwise known as the Hueter–Volkmann Law.

Management
Scoliosis curves do not straighten out on their own. Many children have slight curves that do not need treatment. In these cases, the children grow up to lead normal body posture by itself, even though their small curves never go away. If the patient is still growing and has a larger curve, it is important to monitor the curve for change by periodic examination and standing x-rays as needed. The rise in spinal abnormalities require examination by a neurosurgeon to determine if active treatment is needed.

The traditional medical management of scoliosis is complex and is determined by the severity of the curvature and skeletal maturity, which together help predict the likelihood of progression. The conventional options for children and adolescents are:

 * 1) Observation
 * 2) Bracing
 * 3) Surgery
 * 4) Physical therapy. Evidence suggests use of scoliosis specific exercises might prevent the progression of the curve along with possible bracing and surgery avoidance.

For adults, treatment usually focuses on relieving any pain:

 * 1) Pain medication
 * 2) Posture checking
 * 3) Bracing
 * 4) Surgery

Treatment for idiopathic scoliosis also depends upon the severity of the curvature, the spine's potential for further growth, and the risk that the curvature will progress. Mild scoliosis (less than 30° deviation) and moderate scoliosis (30–45°) can typically be treated conservatively with bracing in conjunction with scoliosis-specific exercises. Severe curvatures that rapidly progress may require surgery with spinal rod placement and spinal fusion. In all cases, early intervention offers the best results.

A specific type of physical therapy may be useful. Evidence to support its use, however, is weak. Low quality evidence suggests scoliosis-specific exercises (SSE) may be more effective than electrostimulation. Evidence for the Schroth method is insufficient to support its use. Significant improvement in function, vertebral angles and trunk asymmetries have been recorded following the implementation of Schroth method in terms of conservative management of scoliosis. Some other forms of exercises interventions have been lately used in the clinical practice for therapeutic management of scoliosis such as global postural reeducation and the Klapp method.

Bracing
Bracing is normally done when the person has bone growth remaining and is, in general, implemented to hold the curve and prevent it from progressing to the point where surgery is recommended. In some cases with juveniles, bracing has reduced curves significantly, going from a 40° (of the curve, mentioned in length above) out of the brace to 18°. Braces are sometimes prescribed for adults to relieve pain related to scoliosis. Bracing involves fitting the person with a device that covers the torso; in some cases, it extends to the neck (example being the Milwaukee Brace).

The most commonly used brace is a TLSO, such as a Boston brace, a corset-like appliance that fits from armpits to hips and is custom-made from fiberglass or plastic. It is typically recommended to be worn 22–23 hours a day, and applies pressure on the curves in the spine. The effectiveness of the brace depends on not only brace design and orthotist skill, but also people's compliance and amount of wear per day. An alternative form of brace is a nighttime only brace, that is worn only at night whilst the child sleeps, and which overcorrects the deformity. Whilst nighttime braces are more convenient for children and families, it is unknown if the effectiveness of the brace is as good as conventional braces. The UK government have funded a large clinical trial (called the BASIS study) to resolve this uncertainty. The BASIS study is ongoing throughout the UK in all of the leading UK children's hospitals that treat scoliosis, with families encouraged to take part.

Indications for bracing: people who are still growing who present with Cobb angles less than 20° should be closely monitored. People who are still growing who present with Cobb angles of 20 to 29° should be braced according to the risk of progression by considering age, Cobb angle increase over a six-month period, Risser sign, and clinical presentation. People who are still growing who present with Cobb angles greater than 30° should be braced. However, these are guidelines and not every person will fit into this table.

For example, a person who is still growing with a 17° Cobb angle and significant thoracic rotation or flatback could be considered for nighttime bracing. On the opposite end of the growth spectrum, a 29° Cobb angle and a Risser sign three or four might not need to be braced because the potential for progression is reduced. The Scoliosis Research Society's recommendations for bracing include curves progressing to larger than 25°, curves presenting between 30 and 45°, Risser sign 0, 1, or 2 (an X-ray measurement of a pelvic growth area), and less than six months from the onset of menses in girls.

Evidence supports that bracing prevents worsening of disease, but whether it changes quality of life, appearance, or back pain is unclear.

Surgery
Surgery is usually recommended by orthopedists for curves with a high likelihood of progression (i.e., greater than 45–50° of magnitude), curves that would be cosmetically unacceptable as an adult, curves in people with spina bifida and cerebral palsy that interfere with sitting and care, and curves that affect physiological functions such as breathing.

Surgery is indicated by the Society on Scoliosis Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Treatment (SOSORT) at 45–50° and by the Scoliosis Research Society (SRS) at a Cobb angle of 45°. SOSORT uses the 45–50° threshold as a result of the well-documented, plus or minus 5° measurement error that can occur while measuring Cobb angles.

Surgeons who are specialized in spine surgery perform surgery for scoliosis. To completely straighten a scoliotic spine is usually impossible, but for the most part, significant corrections are achieved.

The two main types of surgery are:
 * Anterior fusion: This surgical approach is through an incision at the side of the chest wall.
 * Posterior fusion: This surgical approach is through an incision on the back and involves the use of metal instrumentation to correct the curve.

One or both of these surgical procedures may be needed. The surgery may be done in one or two stages and, on average, takes four to eight hours.

A new tethering procedure (anterior vertebral body tethering) may be appropriate for some patients.

Spine surgery can be painful and may also be associated with post-surgical pain. Different approaches for pain management are used in surgery including epidural administration and systemic analgesia (also known as general analgesia). Epidural analgesia medication are often used surgically including combinations of local anesthetics and pain medications injected via an epidural injection. Evidence comparing different approaches for analgesia, side effects or benefits, and which approach results in greater pain relief and for how long after this type of surgery is of low to moderate quality.

Prognosis
A 50-year follow-up study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (2003) asserted the lifelong physical health, including cardiopulmonary and neurological functions, and mental health of people with idiopathic scoliosis are comparable to those of the general population. Scoliosis that interferes with normal systemic functions is "exceptional" and "rare", and "untreated [scoliosis] people had similar death rates and were just as functional and likely to lead productive lives 50 years after diagnosis as people with normal spines." In an earlier University of Iowa follow-up study, 91% of people with idiopathic scoliosis displayed normal pulmonary function, and their life expectancy was found to be 2% more than that of the general population. Later (2006–) studies corroborate these findings, adding that they are "reassuring for the adult patient who has adolescent onset idiopathic scoliosis in approximately the 50–70° range." These modern landmark studies supersede earlier studies (e.g. Mankin-Graham-Schauk 1964) that did implicate moderate idiopathic scoliosis in impaired pulmonary function.

Generally, the prognosis of scoliosis depends on the likelihood of progression. The general rules of progression are larger curves carry a higher risk of progression than smaller curves, and thoracic and double primary curves carry a higher risk of progression than single lumbar or thoracolumbar curves. In addition, people not having yet reached skeletal maturity have a higher likelihood of progression (i.e., if the person has not yet completed the adolescent growth spurt).

Epidemiology
Scoliosis affects 2–3% of the United States population, or about five to nine million cases. A scoliosis (spinal column curve) of 10° or less affects 1.5–3% of individuals. The age of onset is usually between 10 years and 15 years (but can occur younger) in children and adolescents, making up to 85% of those diagnosed. This is due to rapid growth spurts during puberty when spinal development is most susceptible to genetic and environmental influences. Because female adolescents undergo growth spurts before postural musculoskeletal maturity, scoliosis is more prevalent among females.

Although fewer cases are present since using Cobb angle analysis for diagnosis, scoliosis remains significant, appearing in otherwise healthy children. Despite the fact that scoliosis is a disfigurement of the spine, it has been shown to influence the pneumonic function, balance while standing and stride execution in children. The impact of carrying backpacks on these three side effects have been broadly researched. Incidence of idiopathic scoliosis (IS) stops after puberty when skeletal maturity is attained, however further curvature may occur during late adulthood due to vertebral osteoporosis and weakened musculature.

History

Ever since the condition was discovered by the Greek physician Hippocrates, a cure has been sought. Treatments such as bracing and the insertion of rods into the spine were employed during the 1900s. In the mid-20th century, new treatments and improved screening methods have been developed to reduce the progression of scoliosis in patients and alleviate their associated pain. School children were during this period believed to develop poor posture as a result of working at their desks, and many were diagnosed with scoliosis. It was also considered to be caused by tuberculosis or poliomyelitis, diseases that were successfully managed using vaccines and antibiotics.

The American orthopaedic surgeon Alfred Shands Jr. discovered that two percent of patients had non-disease related scoliosis, later termed idiopathic scoliosis, or the "cancer of orthopaedic surgery". These patients were treated with questionable remedies. A theory at the time—now discredited—was that the condition needed to be detected early to halt its progression, and so some schools made screening for scoliosis mandatory. Measurements of shoulder height, leg length and spinal curvature were made, and the ability to bend forwards, along with body posture, was tested, but students were sometimes misdiagnosed because of their poor posture.

An early treatment was the Milwaukee brace, a rigid contraption of metal rods attached to a plastic or leather girdle, designed to straighten the spine. Because of the constant pressure applied to the spine, the brace was uncomfortable. It caused jaw and muscle pain, skin irritation, as well as low self-esteem.

Surgery
In 1962, the American orthopaedic surgeon Paul Harrington introduced a metal spinal system of instrumentation that assisted with straightening the spine, as well as holding it rigid while fusion took place. The now obsolete Harrington rod operated on a ratchet system, attached by hooks to the spine at the top and bottom of the curvature that when cranked would distract—or straighten—the curve. The Harrington rod obviates the need for prolonged casting, allowing patients greater mobility in the postoperative period and significantly reducing the quality of life burden of fusion surgery. The Harrington rod was the precursor to most modern spinal instrumentation systems. A major shortcoming was that it failed to produce a posture wherein the skull would be in proper alignment with the pelvis, and it did not address rotational deformity. As the person aged, there would be increased wear and tear, early onset arthritis, disc degeneration, muscular stiffness, and acute pain. "Flatback" became the medical name for a related complication, especially for those who had lumbar scoliosis.

In the 1960s, the gold standard for idiopathic scoliosis was a posterior approach using a single Harrington rod. Post-operative recovery involved bed rest, casts, and braces. Poor results became apparent over time.

In the 1970s, an improved technique was developed using two rods and wires attached at each level of the spine. This segmented instrumentation system allowed patients to become mobile soon after surgery.

In the 1980s, Cotrel–Dubousset instrumentation improved fixation and addressed sagittal imbalance and rotational defects unresolved by the Harrington rod system. This technique used multiple hooks with rods to give stronger fixation in three dimensions, usually eliminating the need for postoperative bracing.

Evolution

There are links between human spinal morphology, bipedality, and scoliosis which suggest an evolutionary basis for the condition. Scoliosis has not been found in chimpanzees or gorillas. Thus, it has been hypothesized that scoliosis may actually be related to humans' morphological differences from these apes. Other apes have a shorter and less mobile lower spine than humans. Some of the lumbar vertebrae in Pan are "captured", meaning that they are held fast between the ilium bones of the pelvis. Compared to humans, Old World monkeys have far larger erector spinae muscles, which are the muscles which hold the spine steady. These factors make the lumbar spine of most primates less flexible and far less likely to deviate than those of humans. While this may explicitly relate only to lumbar scolioses, small imbalances in the lumbar spine could precipitate thoracic problems as well.

Scoliosis may be a byproduct of strong selection for bipedalism. For a bipedal stance, a highly mobile, elongated lower spine is very beneficial. For instance, the human spine takes on an S-shaped curve with lumbar lordosis, which allows for better balance and support of an upright trunk. Selection for bipedality was likely strong enough to justify the maintenance of such a disorder. Bipedality is hypothesized to have emerged for a variety of different reasons, many of which would have certainly conferred fitness advantages. It may increase viewing distance, which can be beneficial in hunting and foraging as well as protection from predators or other humans; it makes long-distance travel more efficient for foraging or hunting; and it facilitates terrestrial feeding from grasses, trees, and bushes. Given the many benefits of bipedality which depends on a particularly formed spine, it is likely that selection for bipedalism played a large role in the development of the spine as we see it today, in spite of the potential for "scoliotic deviations". According to the fossil record, scoliosis may have been more prevalent among earlier hominids such as Australopithecus and Homo erectus, when bipedality was first emerging. Their fossils indicate that there may have been selected over time for a slight reduction in lumbar length to what we see today, favoring a spine that could efficiently support bipedality with a lower risk of scoliosis.

Society and culture
The cost of scoliosis involves both monetary loss and lifestyle limitations that increase with severity. Respiratory deficiencies may arise from thoracic deformities and cause abnormal breathing. This directly affects capacity for exercise and work, decreasing the overall quality of life.

In the United States, the average hospital cost for cases involving surgical procedures was $30,000 to $60,000 per person in 2010. As of 2006, the cost of bracing was up to $5,000 during rapid growth periods, when braces must be consistently replaced across multiple follow-ups.

The month of June is recognized as Scoliosis Awareness Month to highlight and spread awareness of scoliosis. It emphasizes its wide impact and the need for early detection.

Research
Genetic testing for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, which became available in 2009 and is still under investigation, attempts to gauge the likelihood of curve progression.

title: Scoliosis


text:
Love Is Strange

"Love Is Strange" is a crossover hit by American rhythm and blues duet Mickey & Sylvia, which was released in late November 1956 by the Groove record label.

The song was based on a guitar riff by Jody Williams and was written by Bo Diddley under the name of his wife at the time, Ethel Smith; it was recorded by Bo and Buddy Holly, among others. The guitar riff was also used by Dave "Baby" Cortez in his 1962 instrumental song "Rinky Dink", also credited to Diddley.

Background and recordings
At a concert at Howard Theatre in Washington, D.C. Mickey and Sylvia heard Jody Williams play a guitar riff that Williams had played on Billy Stewart's debut single "Billy's Blues". "Billy's Blues" was released as a single in June 1956. Sylvia Robinson claims that she and Mickey Baker wrote the lyrics, while Bo Diddley claims that he wrote them.

The first recorded version of "Love Is Strange" was performed by Bo Diddley, who recorded his version on May 24, 1956 with Jody Williams on lead guitar. This version was not released until its appearance on I'm a Man: The Chess Masters, 1955–1958 in 2007. Mickey & Sylvia's version was recorded several months later on October 17, 1956. A second Mickey & Sylvia studio recording, recorded some years after, featured now-legendary drummer Bernard "Pretty" Purdie on his first paid session gig. Another early version was by UK singer Michael Holliday who recorded the song in 1957.

The song is noted for its spoken dialogue section which goes as follows:

"Sylvia!"

"Yes, Mickey."

"How do you call your Lover Boy?"

"Come here, Lover Boy!"

"And if he doesn't answer?"

"Oh, Lover Boy!"

"And if he still doesn't answer?"

"I simply say..."

(Sung) "Baby/ Oh baby/ My sweet baby/ You're the one."

(The sung part is repeated with Mickey singing the harmony.)

(This is followed by a repeat of the instrumental section before the song's fade.)

Charts and accolades
"Love Is Strange" peaked at #1 on Billboard magazine's most played by jockeys R&B Singles chart on March 6, 1957 and #11 on the Hot 100. In 2004 "Love Is Strange" was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame for its influence as a rock and roll single.

Samplings
Part of the song was sampled for the 2012 Pitbull hit "Back in Time" from Men In Black 3.

In popular culture
The song was featured in the 1987 film Dirty Dancing and included on the soundtrack, which is one of the best-selling albums of all time.

The spoken part is parodied by Eric Bloom and Buck Dharma of Blue Öyster Cult in a live recording of "7 Screaming Diz-Busters" on their 1975 album On Your Feet or on Your Knees:

Bloom: I know Lucifer so well I call him by his first name! Dharma: What do you call him? Bloom: I call him, hey Lu! Dharma: And if he don't answer? Bloom: I say, hey Lu... lover boy...

The song is parodied in the 1973 New York Dolls song "Trash", where singer David Johansen quotes "Oh how do you call your loverboy? ... Trash!" then later uses the same melody for several bars.

The song is "covered" by the fictional Scottish band "The Majestics" in the BBC Television series Tutti Frutti (1987), starring Emma Thompson, Robbie Coltrane, Maurice Roeves, Jake D'Arcy and Stuart McGugan.

The spoken part is referenced by Lou Reed at the end of his song "Beginning of A Great Adventure" on his 1989 album New York. He had married Sylvia Morales in 1980.

The song appears also in the Dennis Potter 1993 TV miniseries Lipstick on Your Collar where Mickey and Sylvia become the two main characters.

It also gained a following after appearing in Deep Throat (1972). The song was also played in the Terrence Malick film Badlands (1973) and in Martin Scorsese's 1995 film Casino when Robert Deniro sees Sharon Stone for the first time.. The song also is played in the 2000 HBO hit show The Sopranos, season two, episode 6 ("The Happy Wanderer"). It can also be heard playing in the second episode of The Wire.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Love Is Strange


text:
Glenwillow, Ohio

Glenwillow is a village in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. The population was 994 at the 2020 census. A suburb of Cleveland, it is a part of the Cleveland metropolitan area.

History
The Village of Glenwillow was carved out of Solon Township and established in 1893 as a company town by Austin Powder Company. As the population in surrounding areas, particularly the city of Solon, increased, Austin Powder was unable to test its explosive products. It moved its manufacturing operations to Athens, Ohio, and closed its Glenwillow plant in 1972. In the 1980s, the village installed infrastructural and utility improvements and added a 250 acre industrial park. Served by the Solon City Schools, a system consistently rated as one of the 100 best schools in the U.S. by publications such as Newsweek and U.S. News & World Report, the village has since experienced residential development. In the early 2000s, the village received significant investment through mixed-use development, including renovation of the former Austin Powder housing stock and general store into boutiques, a tavern, in conjunction with a new town center, village park and new housing in a town plan layout.

Geography
Glenwillow is located at 41.36083°N, -81.47222°W (41.360821, -81.472234).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 2.78 sqmi, of which 2.72 sqmi is land and 0.06 sqmi is water.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 923 people, 316 households, and 197 families living in the village. The population density was 339.3 PD/sqmi. There were 383 housing units at an average density of 140.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 57.4% White, 28.7% African American, 0.2% Native American, 10.4% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 2.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.1% of the population.

There were 316 households, of which 43.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.4% were married couples living together, 11.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.7% were non-families. 31.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.38.

The median age in the village was 41.2 years. 28.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.5% were from 25 to 44; 22.5% were from 45 to 64; and 20.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 47.9% male and 52.1% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 449 people, 205 households, and 110 families living in the village. The population density was 165.4 PD/sqmi. There were 222 housing units at an average density of 81.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 94.65% White, 4.23% African American, and 1.11% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.67% of the population.

There were 205 households, out of which 24.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.5% were married couples living together, 11.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.3% were non-families. 41.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.15 and the average family size was 2.91.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 21.8% under the age of 18, 4.5% from 18 to 24, 32.1% from 25 to 44, 28.3% from 45 to 64, and 13.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 109.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 119.4 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $37,708, and the median income for a family was $52,321. Males had a median income of $42,292 versus $27,500 for females. The per capita income for the village was $19,942. About 2.7% of families and 5.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.2% of those under age 18 and 3.4% of those age 65 or over.

title: Glenwillow, Ohio


text:
Highland Heights, Ohio

Highland Heights is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. The city's population was 8,719 as of the 2020 census. An eastern suburb of Cleveland, it is part of the Cleveland metropolitan area.

History
Highland Heights was originally part of Mayfield Township. Highland Heights used to be home to the Front Row Theater, which operated between 1974 and 1993. In 1988, musician Roy Orbison played his last show there, two days prior to his death.

Highland Heights was the first city in Cuyahoga County to require new residential neighborhoods to have underground wiring and ornamental lamp posts.

Geography
Highland Heights is located at 41.55105°N, -81.47127°W (41.551051, -81.471273). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 5.15 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
91.1% spoke English, 3.9% Italian, 1.8% Chinese, 1.2% Russian, and 0.8% spoke German at home, 0.02% Urdu.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 8,345 people, 3,205 households, and 2,481 families living in the city. The population density was 1620.4 PD/sqmi. There were 3,405 housing units at an average density of 661.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 91.0% White, 1.9% African American, 0.1% Native American, 5.8% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 0.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.4% of the population.

Of the city's population over the age of 25, 50.9% held a bachelor's degree or higher.

There were 3,205 households, of which 31.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.6% were married couples living together, 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 22.6% were non-families. 20.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.01.

The median age in the city was 48.2 years. 21.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 16.9% were from 25 to 44; 35% were from 45 to 64; and 20% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.2% male and 50.8% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 8,082 people, 2,779 households, and 2,309 families living in the city. The population density was 1,575.0 PD/sqmi. There were 2,862 housing units at an average density of 557.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 93.18% White, 1.39% African American, 0.01% Native American, 4.60% Asian, 0.06% from other races, and 0.75% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.45% of the population.

There were 2,779 households, out of which 36.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 74.5% were married couples living together, 6.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.9% were non-families. 15.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.89 and the average family size was 3.24.

In the city the population was spread out, with 26.8% under the age of 18, 6.1% from 18 to 24, 22.3% from 25 to 44, 27.2% from 45 to 64, and 17.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.0 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $69,750, and the median income for a family was $78,922. Males had a median income of $56,250 versus $33,277 for females. The per capita income for the city was $31,184. About 3.1% of families and 4.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.8% of those under age 18 and 3.1% of those age 65 or over.

Sports
Highland Heights is home to the Stonewater Golf Club, where several tournaments of the Nationwide Tour were held.

Education
Highland Heights is a part of the Mayfield City School District, along with Mayfield Heights, Mayfield Village, and Gates Mills.

Highland Heights is home to Mayfield's largest elementary school, Millridge Elementary, and CEVEC (Cuyahoga East Vocational Education Consortium). The local Catholic parish, St. Paschal-Baylon, also runs a preschool-8th grade school.

title: Highland Heights, Ohio


text:
Highland Hills, Ohio

Highland Hills is a village in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. The population was 662 at the 2020 census. A suburb of Cleveland, it was formally incorporated in 1990.

Geography
Highland Hills is located at 41.44694°N, -81.52444°W (41.446854, -81.524448).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.97 sqmi, of which 1.96 sqmi is land and 0.01 sqmi is water.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 1,130 people, 268 households, and 115 families living in the village. The population density was 576.5 PD/sqmi. There were 315 housing units at an average density of 160.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 23.5% White, 74.4% African American, 0.1% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 1.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.7% of the population.

There were 268 households, of which 19.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 16.0% were married couples living together, 23.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 57.1% were non-families. 52.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 30.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.79 and the average family size was 2.65.

The median age in the village was 33 years. 23.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 17% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.8% were from 25 to 44; 22.2% were from 45 to 64; and 14.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 67.3% male and 32.7% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,618 people, 272 households, and 128 families living in the village. The population density was 818.2 PD/sqmi. There were 309 housing units at an average density of 156.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 30.47% White, 65.08% African American, 0.06% Native American, 0.93% Asian, 0.99% from other races, and 2.47% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.98% of the population.

There were 272 households, out of which 18.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 23.5% were married couples living together, 20.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 52.9% were non-families. 47.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.91 and the average family size was 2.70.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 25.7% under the age of 18, 10.1% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 15.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 213.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 156.8 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $31,731, and the median income for a family was $37,404. Males had a median income of $20,189 versus $38,977 for females. The per capita income for the village was $18,565. About 10.1% of families and 22.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.0% of those under age 18 and 7.9% of those age 65 or over.

Education
The Village of Highland Hills is served by the Warrensville Heights City School District, which has four campuses and an enrollment of approximately 2,500 students.

title: Highland Hills, Ohio


text:
Independence, Ohio

Independence is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2020 census, the city population was 7,584. A suburb of Cleveland, it is a part of the Cleveland metropolitan area.

History
Independence was originally called Center and was renamed in 1830.

Geography
Independence is located at 41.38194°N, -81.64083°W.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 9.64 sqmi, of which 9.54 sqmi is land and 0.10 sqmi is water.

Much of the land area in Independence is used by the intersection of I-480 and I-77. The I-77/I-480 interchange is a four-level stack interchange, but locals often refer to as the cloverleaf, as it largely replaced a nearby interchange of that type. The larger interchange opened in 1940, but construction of the Willow Freeway, which became I-77, was stalled by World War II and was not completed until the 1950s. In the late 1970s, I-480 connected into I-77. The original 1939 cloverleaf is still in existence on Granger and Brecksville Roads. It is still in use today, generally for local traffic.

In the 1970s, many Cleveland businesses needed backup and extra office space from their downtown Cleveland offices. In the 1970s, the Rockside corridor was developed into offices and numerous hotels to help downtown Cleveland. In 1991, the Crown Center on Rockside Road was built, making it the tallest building between Downtown Cleveland and Akron. This area is referred as Cleveland's Silicon Valley.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 7,133 people, 2,770 households, and 2,054 families living in the city. The population density was 747.7 PD/sqmi. There were 2,868 housing units at an average density of 300.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 96.6% White, 0.4% African American, 0.1% Native American, 1.9% Asian, 0.2% from other races, and 0.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 1.1% of the population.

There were 2,770 households, of which 30.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.8% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 25.8% were non-families. 23.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.05.

The median age in the city was 47 years. 22.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 17.9% were from 25 to 44; 33.5% were from 45 to 64; and 19.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.5% male and 51.5% female.

Of the city's population over the age of 25, 36.0% held a bachelor's degree or higher.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 7,109 people, 2,673 households, and 2,020 families living in the city. The population density was 741.6 PD/sqmi. There were 2,726 housing units at an average density of 284.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 97.58% White, 0.58% African American, 1.29% Asian, 0.14% from other races, and 0.41% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 0.82% of the population.

There were 2,673 households, out of which 30.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.6% were married couples living together, 7.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.4% were non-families. 21.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.10.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 24.1% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 23.1% from 25 to 44, 25.5% from 45 to 64, and 21.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $57,733, and the median income for a family was $65,059. Males had a median income of $49,741 versus $34,038 for females. The per capita income for the city was $26,447. About 2.4% of families and 3.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.5% of those under age 18 and 4.2% of those age 65 or over.

Education
The Independence Local School District operates Independence Primary School, Independence Middle School and Independence High School. There is also St. Michael's Catholic School, under the Diocese of Cleveland. Independence is also home to the Kent State University College of Podiatric Medicine.

Sports
Independence is the home of the Cleveland Cavaliers training facility.

Notable people

 * Kathrine Baumann, former actress and designer
 * Tom Boerwinkle, National Basketball Association player
 * Jessica Eye, mixed martial arts fighter
 * Joe Kovacs, puppeteer
 * Stipe Miocic, mixed martial arts fighter
 * Louis J. O'Marr, 13th Attorney General of Wyoming
 * Nadine Secunde, operatic soprano
 * Jim Trakas, former member of the Ohio House of Representatives

title: Independence, Ohio


text:
Lakewood, Ohio

Lakewood is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States, on the southern shore of Lake Erie. Established in 1889, it is one of Cleveland's historical streetcar suburbs and part of the Cleveland metropolitan area. The population was 50,942 at the 2020 census, making it the third largest city in Cuyahoga County, behind Cleveland and Parma.

Establishment
The area now called Lakewood was populated by the Ottawa, Potawatomi, Chippewa, Wyandot, Munsee, Delaware and Shawnee tribes until the Treaty of Ft. Industry pushed them west in 1805. Prior to the treaty, American settlers were prohibited from moving west of the Cuyahoga River. The treaty ceded 500,000 acres of some of the tribes' land to the United States for about $18,000 or 3.5 cents/acre. The Shawnee and Seneca, living with the Wyandot, were to get $1000 "...every year forever hereafter."

In 1806, the area was formally surveyed as Rockport Township, Township 7, Range 14, of the Connecticut Western Reserve. It was purchased from the Connecticut Land Company by a syndicate of six men headed by Judson Canfield on April 4, 1807, for $26,084. In 1818, permanent settlement began with the arrival from Connecticut of James Nicholson. Other early pioneers included Jared Kirtland and Mars Wagar. Settlements were mostly along Detroit Avenue, a toll road operated by the Rockport Plank Company from 1848 to 1901, with large farms and properties extending north to Lake Erie. Making bricks and planting orchards were among the most prolific occupations until natural gas and oil wells were developed in the early 1880s. By 1819, 18 families lived in Rockport Township. Early settlers sustained their lives through farming. The land was ideal for fruit farming and many vineyards began to emerge. Current street names reflect this history such as Orchard Grove and Blossom Park.The most common occupations in Lakewood were farming and the building trades.

Incorporation and growth
A toll road was established from Cleveland to Lakewood by the Rockport Plank Road Company, operating from 1848 to 1901. Lakewood was incorporated as a village in 1889, and named for its lakefront location. In 1893, streetcars came from Cleveland to Lakewood with the construction of the Detroit Avenue line, followed by the Clifton Boulevard line in 1903 and the Madison Avenue line in 1916.

Under the Ohio Common School Act of April 9, 1867, three schools were allotted to East Rockport, called 6, 8, and 10; they were later designated East, Middle, and West. Each school had one teacher. As the community began to grow and more schools were required, the school board adopted the policy of honoring Ohio's presidents by assigning their names to the school buildings. The Rocky River Railroad was organized in 1869 by speculators as an excursion line to bring Clevelanders to the resort area they developed at the mouth of the Rocky River. Financially unsuccessful as a pleasure and amusement venture, the line was sold to the Nickel Plate Railroad in 1881. The railroad line still exists today, running in an east–west direction north of Detroit Avenue.

Notably, Lakewood was home to two pioneering automobile manufacturers: Winton Motor Carriage Company (est. 1897) and Baker Motor Vehicle (1899). By 1906, the latter became the largest electric vehicle maker in the world at the time.

Modern redevelopment
Rockport Square was developed on the eastern end of the city in 2004 and incorporated residential townhouses all along Detroit Avenue.

Lakewood was accepted into the nationally renowned Ohio Main Street Program in 2005. In 2009, the American Institute of Architects and the Cleveland Restoration Society honored the City of Lakewood Department of Planning & Development and LakewoodAlive with an award for Creative & Effective Preservation Advocacy. Lakewood first introduced curbside recycling in 1989 and has one of the highest recycling rates in all of Ohio at 79% in 2009.

Lakewood operates a CERT program. This all-citizen emergency response program was created in 2005.

Geography
Lakewood is located about 6 mi west of Downtown Cleveland. The city borders Lake Erie to the north, the Cleveland neighborhoods of Edgewater and Cudell to the east, and the neighborhoods of Jefferson and Kamm's Corners to the south. It borders the suburb of Rocky River to the west at the Rocky River valley. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 6.69 sqmi, of which 5.53 sqmi is land and 1.16 sqmi is water.

Neighborhoods
Historical housing throughout the city and an active historical society are the norm in Lakewood. The "Make Lakewood Beautiful" program involves contests in which residents compete to make their homes look and resemble their original design and architecture, and awards are given to several homeowners each year. The city offers tours of the most famous homes in the spring, summer, and fall.
 * Arts District - Centered around the Beck Center for the Arts, on the west side of Lakewood.
 * Birdtown - Southeastern corner of Lakewood, a well-known 8-street residential district on the southeast side of the city that was built specifically for the workers of the nearby National Carbon Company in the 1890s. The houses are distinctive and most of the streets are named after birds. Birdtown was designated a National Register Historic District in 2006. It is adjacent to Madison Park, the former Union Carbide factory, and the W. 117th St. Rapid Transit Station. Many of the original houses built there were boarding houses. Birdtown achieved National Historic Register status in 2006.
 * Clifton Boulevard - Lined with big trees and multi-family homes, apartment complexes, and 4×4 brick structures, and turn of the century single family colonials, the seven-lane Clifton Boulevard is one of the busiest streets in greater Cleveland.
 * Clifton Park - The wealthiest neighborhood of Lakewood is situated in the northwestern corner of the city, and consists mostly of magnificent Victorian mansions. It is bounded by Sloane on the south, Webb Road on the east, the Rocky River on the west, and Lake Erie on the north. Built in the late 19th century, this area has been historically, and continues to be, home to many of greater Cleveland's most prominent citizens. Includes the private Clifton Beach community.
 * Downtown Lakewood - The main section of Lakewood is centered at Detroit Avenue and Warren Road. Downtown Lakewood spans from Bunts Avenue to the east and Arthur Avenue to the west along Detroit. This district was formally identified when Lakewood was chosen as a member of the national MainStreet program in 2005. The area is lined with office buildings, restaurants, and variety shops. Lakewood Library, the USPS, and the site of the former Lakewood Hospital are all located in this district.
 * The Edge - This easternmost neighborhood includes many concert venues, pubs, and taverns.
 * Victorian Village - This was named after the large Victorian homes on Grace, Clarence and Cohassett Avenues on the city's east end. When constructed in the early 1900s, it served as residences for executives from the National Carbon Company.
 * The Gold Coast - Collection of high rises on the northeast end of Lakewood, bordering Lake Erie.
 * Rockport Square - Rockport Square (not to be confused with the former Rockport Township) is an urban renewal project along Detroit Avenue on the eastern side of the city. Construction began in 2004 of roughly 200 condos, lofts, and live-work spaces.
 * West End - The West End is the westernmost neighborhood of Lakewood, along the Rocky River Reservation. In 2002, the administration of Mayor Madelaine Cain proposed to seize homes in this area using eminent domain, to replace them with retail development. After a citizen-led resistance attracted national media attention from 60 Minutes, the West End proposal failed in a 2003 referendum.

Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 52,131 people, 25,274 households, and 11,207 families residing in the city. The population density was 9426.9 PD/sqmi. There were 28,498 housing units at an average density of 5153.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 87.5% White, 6.4% African American, 0.3% Native American, 1.9% Asian, 1.3% from other races, and 2.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.1% of the population.

There were 25,274 households, of which 22.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 29.7% were married couples living together, 10.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 55.7% were non-families. 44.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.05 and the average family size was 2.99.

The median age in the city was 35.4 years. 19.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 34.3% were from 25 to 44; 25.7% were from 45 to 64; and 11% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.1% male and 50.9% female.

As of the 2007 American Community Survey, the median income for a household in the city was $42,602, and the median income for a family was $59,201. Males had a median income of $42,599 versus $35,497 for females. The per capita income for the city was $26,939. About 10.9% of families and 14.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.3% of those under age 18 and 10.5% of those age 65 or over. Of the city's population over the age of 25, 39.0% hold a bachelor's degree or higher.

According to the 2020 United States census, Lakewood had a population of 50,942. Of which, 82.7% were non-Hispanic White, 5.2% were non-Hispanic Black, 4.8% were Hispanic/Latino, 2.4% were Asian, 5.9% were mixed or other.

Ethnicity and immigration
Lakewood's ethnic mosaic includes Albanian, Arab, Chinese, German, Hungarian, Irish, Italian, Mexican, Nepalese, Puerto Rican, Polish, Russian, Slovak, and Ukrainian ancestries. As of 2019, 12.2% spoke a language other than English at home, including Arabic, Spanish, Albanian, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, and Hungarian. The community is a hotspot for immigrants, arriving primarily from Southeast Europe (especially Albania, Romania, Greece, and the former Yugoslavia), the Middle East (Lebanon, Syria, and Iran), South Asia (India, Nepal, and Myanmar), and the former USSR (Russia, Uzbekistan, and Ukraine). The foreign-born population was approximately 8.6% in 2019.

Economy
Lakewood Hospital first opened its doors in 1907. The city of Lakewood purchased the hospital in 1931. The Cleveland Clinic added the hospital to its health system in 2006. In January 2015, the Cleveland Clinic announced it would close the hospital in 2016 and replace it with a family medical center. The new medical center which included outpatient programs, an emergency department and wellness services opened across the street from the old hospital site in 2018. None of the 845 employees of Lakewood lost their jobs, as they were offered other positions in the Cleveland Clinic system. There was opposition to the closing from a citizens' group called "Save Lakewood Hospital" who contended that the city could find another entity to manage the hospital and keep it open.

Cleveland Clinic completed construction of a new one-story facility on Detroit Avenue in 2005, adjacent to Rockport Square. Cleveland Clinic began demolition in 2016 of a professional office building and garage in preparation for the construction of a new $34 million, 62,000 square foot family health building, which will serve as a replacement, in part, for Lakewood Hospital. The hospital's emergency department remains open through the construction, which is scheduled to be completed in 2018.

Arts and culture
Lakewood Public Library has won numerous awards and has two branches: the main branch on Detroit Avenue and a smaller branch on Madison Avenue. The Lakewood Library's 2008 expansion increased the main library to 93,000 square feet; the collection then grew to over 474,000 items by 2015. The Lakewood Library celebrated its centennial in 2016. The Madison branch of the Library, designed by architectural firm Walter and Weeks, opened in 1929 in the southeastern part of the city. It underwent a $2.1 million renovation and expansion, and reopened to the public in March 2022.

The Lakewood Civic Auditorium, a 2,000-seat performing arts venue located on the campus of Lakewood High School, opened in 1955. The auditorium hosted the Great Lakes Shakespeare Festival from 1962 to 1981. The facade of the auditorium features the world's largest free-standing ceramic sculpture, Early Settler, created by Viktor Schreckengost. The sculpture is commonly known as "Johnny Appleseed" who was the subject of Schreckengost's design.

The Beck Center for the Arts is the largest cultural arts center on Cleveland's west shore.

Geiger's, a retailer of clothing and ski equipment and accessories, was founded in downtown Lakewood in 1932. The company, now run by the third generation of the Geiger family, moved to its present location in 1936. The home of Malley's Chocolates is in Lakewood. Aladdin's Eatery, a national restaurant brand, is also based in Lakewood. Their first restaurant was founded in Lakewood by Fady and Sally Chamoun in 1994. Aladdin's Lakewood Headquarters was expanded in 2007.

Parks and recreation
Lakewood Park is one of the largest lakefront parks in Ohio and features a live concert stage, outdoor swimming pool, picnic pavilions, 4-season public pavilion, kids' playground, baseball, volleyball, and a skate park, which opened in 2004. Lakewood has more than 150 acre of greenspace citywide. The park's million dollar lakefront promenade opened in 2006 and offers an excellent panorama of Downtown Cleveland and the presence of viewing telescopes enhances the viewing experience of Downtown Cleveland. An all-purpose trail that circles the park was built in 2006.

On October 30, 2015, Lakewood opened its "Solstice Steps" in the northwest corner of the park. The steps are aligned in the direction of sunset on the summer solstice. They are constructed of white concrete blocks in five tiers; each tier has four steps separated by green grass strips.

A renovated Charles A. Foster Pool is open for the 2023 outdoor swimming season.

The Rocky River Reservation of the Cleveland Metroparks System forms part of the city's western border. The Lakewood Dog Park, built in 2004, is located next to the Metroparks, in the Rocky River valley.

Government
Lakewood is governed by an elected mayor and elected council. The council has seven members, with four members representing wards in the city and the other three are at-large council members. Once politically dominated by New England Republicans, Lakewood has become a center for the progressive wing of the Democratic Party in Ohio. It was a stronghold of support for former Congressman Dennis Kucinich, and in the 2016 Democratic presidential primary, its voters strongly backed Bernie Sanders. The city is currently represented in the U.S. House of Representatives by Shontel Brown (OH-11, D). In the Ohio General Assembly it is represented by Nickie Antonio (D) in the State Senate and by Michael Skindell in the (D) State House.

Notable former mayors include Anthony Sinagra (1978 –1990), Madeline Cain (1996 –2003), and Ed FitzGerald (2008 –2010).

Public schools
The Lakewood City School District is managed by a directly elected school board. The Lakewood City Schools was rated as having "Continuous Improvement" by the Ohio Department of Education in 2013. Lakewood rebuilt or renovated the city's high school, two middle schools and seven elementary schools in a process completed in 2017. The investment was the first major school building program in Lakewood since 1920. The school system is one of the largest employers in the city of Lakewood.

Current schools in the public system include Emerson, Grant, Harrison, Hayes, Horace Mann, Lincoln and Roosevelt elementary schools (grades PK–5); Garfield and Harding middle schools (grades 6–8) and Lakewood High School (grades 9–12).

Private schools
Lakewood Catholic Academy (grades K–8) was founded in 2005 through a consolidation of four parochial elementary schools, St. James, St. Luke and St. Clements and Transfiguration on the site of the former St. Augustine Academy. Since its founding, over $1.5 million has been invested in capital improvements, making LCA a "significant institution for parochial education in Lakewood. St. Edward High School serves boys in grades 9–12 throughout the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland. Padre Pio Academy is a K–12 elementary/high school founded by lay Catholics that operates independently of the Diocese.

Lakewood Lutheran School offers a K–8 integrated elementary education.

Colleges
Post secondary education in Lakewood includes The North Coast College, focusing on graphic and fashion design.

Media
A handful of print and online media chronicle Lakewood, including The Sun Post-Herald, and The Lakewood Observer.

Transportation
The Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority's Cleveland State Line (routes 55,55B,55C), run east and west along Clifton Boulevard, terminating at Cleveland State University in downtown Cleveland to the east and in North Olmsted (55) or Bay Village (55B) and Westlake (55C) to the west. RTA Routes 26 and 26A serve Detroit Avenue, Route 83 serves Warren Road, Route 78 serves as the border line on West 117th Street, and Route 25 serves Madison Avenue. Two RTA rapid transit stations exist just across the Lakewood/Cleveland border, at W. 117th St. and Madison Avenue and the other between Lakewood Heights and Triskett near West 140. Both stations provide access to the Red Line east to Windermere via Downtown Cleveland and west to Cleveland Hopkins International Airport. RTA's Route 804, the Lakewood Community Circulator, was discontinued by RTA in late 2009. Lakewood residents and city officials were campaigning for it to return.

I-90 borders the south side of Lakewood and has on/off-ramps at W. 117th St., Bunts Road, Warren Road, and McKinley Road. The Cleveland Memorial Shoreway begins approximately 1 mi east of Lakewood via Lake Avenue and Clifton Boulevard and serves as a transportation hub to and from downtown Cleveland.

Lakewood is bicycle-friendly, with designated "share the road" paths through the city.

Birthplace

 * Richard Celeste, Governor of Ohio from 1983 to 1990, director of the Peace Corps, and 12th president of Colorado College
 * Teri Garr, actress/singer/comedian
 * Brian Hoyer, New England Patriots quarterback
 * John L. Koprowski, university dean and professor
 * Dave Malloy, three-time Tony Award nominee
 * Seán Patrick O'Malley, Roman Catholic Cardinal and Archbishop of Boston
 * Benjamin Orr, singer and bassist for The Cars

Former/current residents

 * David Conte, composer
 * Mike Douglas, singer and talk show host
 * Jimmie Foxx, professional baseball player and manager, elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1951.
 * Mike Hegan, professional baseball player and broadcaster for the Cleveland Indians
 * Gary Lewis, musician
 * John Lithgow, actor
 * Kevin McMahon, musician
 * Burgess Meredith, actor
 * Lorin Morgan-Richards, author and illustrator
 * Darlington Nagbe, professional soccer player
 * Jack Riley, actor
 * Milton C. Portmann pro football player and decorated US Army officer WWI.
 * Jack Buck, sportscaster, National Baseball Hall of Fame Class of 1987, Lakewood High class of 42'.

title: Lakewood, Ohio


text:
Linndale, Ohio

Linndale is the smallest village in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. It is landlocked, surrounded by the city of Cleveland and the suburb of Brooklyn. According to the 2020 census, the population was 108.

Geography
Linndale is located at 41.44417°N, -81.7675°W (41.444050, -81.767476).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.08 sqmi, all land. The southeast border is along the municipal limits of Brooklyn; the remainder of Linndale is surrounded by Cleveland, specifically the neighborhoods of West Boulevard, Jefferson, and Bellaire–Puritas.

2020 census
As of the census of 2020, there were 108 people, 58 households, and 33 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,350 PD/sqmi. There were 60 housing units at an average density of 750 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 68.5% White, 11.1% African American, and 13.9% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 18.5% of the population.

There were 58 households, of which 33.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.4% were married couples living together, 27.6 had a female householder with no husband present, 24.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 6.9% were non-families. The average household size was 2.76 and the average family size was 3.67. The median age in the village was 39.4 years. 33.8% of residents were under the age of 18. The gender makeup of the village was 47.5% male and 52.5% female.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 179 people, 66 households, and 38 families residing in the village. The population density was 2237.5 PD/sqmi. There were 75 housing units at an average density of 937.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 65.9% White, 27.9% African American, 1.7% Pacific Islander, and 4.5% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 17.3% of the population.

There were 66 households, of which 37.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 19.7% were married couples living together, 28.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 9.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 42.4% were non-families. 27.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.71 and the average family size was 3.24.

The median age in the village was 35.1 years. 26.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 35.2% were from 25 to 44; 22.9% were from 45 to 64; and 7.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 48.6% male and 51.4% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 117 people, 57 households, and 29 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,332.8 PD/sqmi. There were 71 housing units at an average density of 808.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 68.38% White, 18.80% African American, 0.85% Native American, 4.27% from other races, and 7.69% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.69% of the population.

There were 57 households, out of which 24.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 29.8% were married couples living together, 15.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 49.1% were non-families. 43.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.05 and the average family size was 2.93.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 24.8% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 42.7% from 25 to 44, 15.4% from 45 to 64, and 11.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 101.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.6 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $21,500, and the median income for a family was $30,625. Males had a median income of $33,750 versus $25,893 for females. The per capita income for the village was $17,912. There were 21.7% of families and 15.7% of the population living below the poverty line, including 19.2% of under eighteens and 10.0% of those over 64.

Controversy over traffic fines
Beginning under Prohibition, Linndale became notorious for its gambling and illicit alcohol. Criminals would "lay low there to escape the big-city heat" of Cleveland. After the construction of Interstate 71, however, the village became known as a speed trap, and for many years had the busiest, on a per-capita basis, Mayor's Court in the State of Ohio. The village in the past has successfully defended its legal right to enforce the 60 mph speed limit on the 422 yd of I-71 within its jurisdiction under the "Home Rule" provisions of the state constitution. The combination of traffic enforcement and Mayor's Court has provided 80% of Linndale's one million dollar annual budget, and underwritten its four full-time and ten part-time police officers.

On December 20, 2012, Governor John Kasich signed a bill into law effective March 22, 2013, that dissolved Linndale's Mayor's Court. A sergeant in the Linndale police department stated that traffic cases would subsequently be handled by nearby Parma.

In response to decreasing revenue, Linndale has installed speed cameras on its most heavily traveled non-interstate road Memphis Avenue and is processing some traffic violations locally instead of relying on Parma Municipal Court. Another attempt to increase revenue with a proposed increase in the village income tax from 2% to 2.5% failed in an 8-12 referendum vote.

In October 2017, Linndale was featured on the internationally syndicated NPR show This American Life in episode 629 entitled Expect Delays.

title: Linndale, Ohio


text:
Lyndhurst, Ohio

Lyndhurst is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States, and an eastern suburb of Cleveland. The population was 14,050 at the 2020 census. A small part of Lyndhurst was originally part of Mayfield Township.

History
The land currently comprising Lyndhurst was part of the Connecticut Western Reserve, obtained via treaty with the Iroquois tribe in 1796 by the Connecticut Land Company. In 1797, Moses Cleaveland named the area east of the Cuyahoga River "Euclid," after the Greek Mathematician and Patron Saint of surveyors. Euclid Township was officially formed in 1809. Despite this, Lyndhurst's population consisted mostly of Native American Indians until after the War of 1812.

In 1828 Euclid Township was divided into nine districts, with the present area of Lyndhurst becoming district four.

From 1877 the main traffic corridor has been Mayfield Road (U.S. Route 322). Initially a wood-planked toll road, it is now home to many retail establishments and restaurants.

The earliest industry was farming. As the area grew, it became known as Euclidville Village, the name changing to Lyndhurst Village in 1920 before Lyndhurst was formally incorporated as a city in 1921.

Population growth in Lyndhurst, which tapered during the Great Depression, skyrocketed during the postwar period, driven by both the baby boom and white flight from the urban center of Cleveland. Lyndhurst's population peaked in the 1970s. By 1980, lacking large tracts of available land for development, and with a population shift to exurban communities, the population of Lyndhurst began to shrink. The 2010, population of Lyndhurst was 29% less than its peak during the 1970s.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.44 sqmi, of which 4.43 sqmi is land and 0.01 sqmi is water.

Demographics
The median income for a household in the city was $52,272, and the median income for a family was $64,961. Males had a median income of $45,172 versus $31,652 for females. The per capita income for the city was $28,206. About 1.3% of families and 2.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.4% of those under age 18 and 3.3% of those age 65 or over.

Of the city's population over the age of 25, 43.2% held a bachelor's degree or higher.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 14,001 people, 6,447 households, and 3,826 families residing in the city. The population density was 3160.5 PD/sqmi. There were 6,890 housing units at an average density of 1555.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 90.3% White, 6.4% African American, 1.6% Asian, 0.4% from other races, and 1.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.3% of the population.

There were 6,447 households, of which 21.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.2% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.7% were non-families. 35.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.15 and the average family size was 2.80.

The median age in the city was 47 years. 17.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25% were from 25 to 44; 28.1% were from 45 to 64; and 24.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.0% male and 54.0% female.

Arts and culture
Eggshelland is an annual lawn display of Easter egg mosaics, originally located at a resident's home between 1957 and 2013, during which time it became the subject of a documentary film. A different party took ownership of the maintenance of Eggshelland in 2014, since then locating the display in various locations in and around Lyndhurst.

Education
Schools of the South Euclid-Lyndhurst City School District in Lyndhurst are Sunview Elementary School and Charles F. Brush High School.

Notable people

 * Eric Carmen, musician and lead singer of the Raspberries
 * Nick Caserio, NFL executive and general manager of the Houston Texans
 * Steven Hirsch, founder of Vivid Entertainment
 * Josh Mandel, former Ohio State Treasurer
 * The Poni-Tails, 1950s girl group
 * Rick Smith Jr, professional illusionist and card thrower.
 * Mike Trivisonno, radio broadcaster for WTAM

title: Lyndhurst, Ohio


text:
Maple Heights, Ohio

Maple Heights is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. It is a suburb of Cleveland. The population was 23,701 at the 2020 census.

History
In 1935, the city created Maple Heights Transit to provide connections to Downtown Cleveland, crosstown service, and service for schools.

Built as one of the first large shopping centers, Southgate USA was dedicated in 1955, boasting over 80 retail stores, including JCPenney, Sears, and May Company. In 2002, the GCRTA dedicated its Southgate Transit Center, serving as a connection between multiple bus lines between Downtown Cleveland, Bedford, Shaker Heights, East Cleveland, and the Summit County Line.

With deficit fund balances of over $2.8 million and defaults on 3 loan payments, Ohio Auditor of State Dave Yost declared the City to be in fiscal emergency in February 2015. Since February 2015, the City improved its finances and budgeting since with fund balances increasing and the general fund balance becoming positive in 2019—the first time since the fiscal emergency declaration. The City was released from fiscal emergency on November 18, 2020 by the Auditor of State; in the press release, Auditor of State Keith Faber said, "I applaud the leaders of the City for making the sacrifices and hard decisions that should provide residents a fiscally responsible community."

In 2020, Governor Mike DeWine announced that GOJO Industries, makers of Purell, would establish a manufacturing facility in the City in the 325,000 square foot former Blue Coral building on Lee Road South. The Maple Heights facility was projected to bring 100 new jobs to the City.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 5.17 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 23,138 people, 9,515 households, and 6,035 families living in the city. The population density was 4475.4 PD/sqmi. There were 10,894 housing units at an average density of 2107.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 68.2% African American, 28.0% White, 0.2% Native American, 1.0% Asian, 0.5% from other races, and 2.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.5% of the population.

There were 9,515 households, of which 32.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 33.0% were married couples living together, 25.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36.6% were non-families. 32.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 3.05.

The median age in the city was 39.2 years. 25.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.5% were from 25 to 44; 28.8% were from 45 to 64; and 13.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.3% male and 53.7% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 26,156 people, 10,489 households, and 6,964 families living in the city. The population density was 5,039.1 PD/sqmi. There were 10,935 housing units at an average density of 2,106.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 51.65% White, 44.34% African American, 0.13% Native American, 1.73% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.47% from other races, and 1.66% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.21% of the population.

There were 10,489 households, of which 30.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.2% were married couples living together, 17.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.6% were non-families. 29.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.08.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 25.7% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 30.9% from 25 to 44, 20.1% from 45 to 64, and 16.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.8 males. For every 100 females age 18and over, there were 82.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $40,414, and the median income for a family was $48,580. Males had a median income of $35,268versus $28,023 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,676. About 4.7% of families and 5.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.7% of those under age 18 and 6.0% of those age 65 or over.

Government
The City of Maple Heights has a strong-mayor government form and is governed by an elected mayor, elected council president, and elected council.

Mayors
The City has had 16 people serve as mayor, including current mayor, Annette M. Blackwell, with 2 mayors having served in non-consecutive terms. Between the city's founding and the current administration, there have been a total of 18 mayoral administrations. Mayor Blackwell was elected in 2015 as the first female and first African American mayor in the city's history.

City Council
The council has seven members, with each member representing a portion of the city, known as a district. The City of Maple Heights has a municipal election on November 2, 2021 with Council President and Councilmembers for Districts 1, 3, 5, and 7 up for election. Before the General Election in 2017, Council President and Councilmembers were elected every two years. Following the approval of Issue 68, Council President and Councilmembers are elected for four year terms with even numbered District Councilmembers elected in 2019 and every four years thereafter and odd numbered District Councilmembers elected in 2017 and every four years thereafter.

Member of the City Council include:

 * Ron Jackson, council president
 * Leonette F. Cicirella, clerk of council
 * Stafford L. Shenett Sr., District 1 councilman
 * Toni Jones, District 2 councilwoman
 * Timothy Tatum, District 3 councilman
 * Dana Anderson, District 4 councilwoman
 * Tanglyn Madden, District 5 councilwoman
 * Richard Trojanski, District 6 councilman
 * Edwina Agee, District 7 councilwoman

Public Schools
The city's public school system is the Maple Heights City School District. The District is managed by a superintendent and a directly elected board. The school district has 5 schools:

 * Abraham Lincoln School (PreK - Grade 1)
 * John F. Kennedy School (Grade 2 - Grade 3)
 * Barack Obama School (Grade 4 - Grade 5)
 * Milkovich Middle School (Grade 6 - Grade 8)
 * Maple Heights High School (Grade 9 - Grade 12)

Private School

 * Castle High School - East is a public charter school on Warrensville Center Road serving Grades 9 - 12.

Notable people

 * Dale Mohorcic (1956–), former pitcher for the Texas Rangers
 * Mary Oliver (1935–2019), American poet, Pulitzer Prize winner

title: Maple Heights, Ohio


text:
Mayfield, Ohio

Mayfield (sometimes referred to as Mayfield Village) is a village in eastern Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. A suburb of Cleveland, it is part of the Cleveland metropolitan area. The population was 3,356 at the 2020 census.

Geography
Mayfield is located at 41.54778°N, -81.44361°W (41.547902, -81.443586).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 3.96 sqmi, of which 3.95 sqmi is land and 0.01 sqmi is water. Mayfield Village is bordered by Highland Heights to the west, Mayfield Heights to the south, Gates Mills to the east, and Willoughby Hills to the north.

Demographics
28.4% were of Italian, 16.4% German, 13.1% Irish, 6.0% English, 5.9% Russian, and 2.4% Slovak, Swedish, and Welsh ancestries.

90.7% spoke English, 3.3% Russian, 2.2% Italian, 1.7% Hungarian, and 0.9% Spanish.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 3,460 people, 1,531 households, and 987 families living in the village. The population density was 875.9 PD/sqmi. There were 1,614 housing units at an average density of 408.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 90.1% White, 2.8% African American, 6.0% Asian, 0.1% from other races, and 1.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.2% of the population.

There were 1,531 households, of which 24.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.7% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35.5% were non-families. 31.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.87.

The median age in the village was 48.3 years. 19.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 19.7% were from 25 to 44; 30.9% were from 45 to 64; and 24.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 49.6% male and 50.4% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,435 people, 1,392 households, and 1,013 families living in the village. The population density was 875.2 PD/sqmi. There were 1,471 housing units at an average density of 374.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 94.44% White, 1.31% African American, 0.03% Native American, 3.58% Asian, 0.17% from other races, and 0.47% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.79% of the population.

There were 1,392 households, out of which 25.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.6% were married couples living together, 7.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.2% were non-families. 23.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 2.92.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 20.8% under the age of 18, 5.6% from 18 to 24, 22.9% from 25 to 44, 27.4% from 45 to 64, and 23.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females there were 92.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.6 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $66,048, and the median income for a family was $72,065. Males had a median income of $52,361 versus $34,152 for females. The per capita income for the village was $36,360. About 1.8% of families and 2.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.1% of those under age 18 and 4.8% of those age 65 or over.

Schools
Mayfield Village is a part of the Mayfield City School District, along with Gates Mills, Highland Heights, and Mayfield Heights. The village's only high school is Mayfield High School.

Economy
Mayfield Village is the headquarters of the Progressive Corporation, the third-largest auto insurer in the U.S.

Notable person

 * Andy Isabella, American football wide receiver

title: Mayfield, Ohio


text:
Mayfield Heights, Ohio

Mayfield Heights is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. The population was 20,351 at the 2020 census. An eastern suburb of Cleveland, it is part of the Cleveland metropolitan area.

History
Mayfield Heights was initially built up as a streetcar suburb of Cleveland. It was incorporated as a village in 1925 and as a city in 1951. The city derives its name from Mayfield Township, now defunct. One location in the city, the W.A. Thorp House, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

The city has a large community of Italian Americans, including newly-arrived immigrants and those who migrated eastward along Mayfield Road from Little Italy on Cleveland's East Side. Since the dissolution of the USSR in 1991, they have been joined by a significant number of immigrants from Russia and other former Soviet republics.

Geography
Mayfield Heights is located at 41.5174°N, -81.45589°W.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.18 sqmi, of which 4.17 sqmi is land and 0.01 sqmi is water.

Demographics
23.9% were of Italian, 14.5% German, 11.9% Irish, 7.4% Polish, 6.8% Russian, and 6.4% English ancestries.

Languages
81.0% spoke English, 7.11% Russian, 4.10% Italian, and 1.03% Arabic as their first language.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 19,155 people, 9,662 households, and 4,884 families living in the city. The population density was 4593.5 PD/sqmi. There were 10,538 housing units at an average density of 2527.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 80.4% White, 10.3% African American, 0.1% Native American, 7.0% Asian, 0.5% from other races, and 1.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 2.0% of the population.

There were 9,662 households, of which 21.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.0% were married couples living together, 11.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 49.5% were non-families. 44.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.97 and the average family size was 2.75.

The median age in the city was 42.9 years. 17.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.6% were from 25 to 44; 23.9% were from 45 to 64; and 23.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 45.3% male and 54.7% female.

Of the city's population over the age of 25, 38.3% hold a bachelor's degree or higher.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 19,386 people, 9,848 households, and 5,042 families living in the city. The population density was 4,596.1 PD/sqmi. There were 10,461 housing units at an average density of 2,480.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 91.85% White, 2.98% African American, 0.03% Native American, 4.03% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.18% from other races, and 0.93% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 1.04% of the population.

There were 9,848 households, out of which 17.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.1% were married couples living together, 8.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 48.8% were non-families. 44.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 22.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.95 and the average family size was 2.75.

In the city the population was spread out, with 16.1% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 27.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 82.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.9 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $37,236, and the median income for a family was $51,132. Males had a median income of $37,358 versus $29,118 for females. The per capita income for the city was $24,392. About 4.6% of families and 6.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.3% of those under age 18 and 9.1% of those age 65 or over.

Schools
Mayfield Heights is a part of the Mayfield City School District, along with Highland Heights, Mayfield Village, and Gates Mills.

Notable people

 * Matt Prater, NFL player
 * Lauren Underwood, U.S. representative

title: Mayfield Heights, Ohio


text:
Middleburg Heights, Ohio

Middleburg Heights is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. It is a suburb about 11 mi southwest of downtown Cleveland. The population was 16,004 at the 2020 census.

History
Middleburg Heights is part of the historic Connecticut Western Reserve, which the State of Connecticut "Reserved" for their own purposes when in 1786 Connecticut relinquished claim to some of its western lands and ceded them to the new Federal Government. The first European settlers to the area that became Middleburg Township were Jared Hickcox and his family. They were originally from Waterbury, Connecticut.

The Village of Middleburg Heights was established in 1928.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 8.08 sqmi, of which 8.07 sqmi is land and 0.01 sqmi is water.

Geography
Middleburg Heights is located in the southwesterly portion of the Cleveland metropolitan area along US Route 42 approximately 11 mi southwest of downtown Cleveland at 41.36667°N, -81.80889°W (41.366725, -81.808893).

2010 census
At the 2010 census, there were 15,946 people, 7,114 households and 4,234 families living in the city. The population density was 1976.0 PD/sqmi. There were 7,586 housing units at an average density of 940.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 91.1% White, 1.6% African American, 0.2% Native American, 5.6% Asian, 0.6% from other races, and 0.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.2% of the population.

There were 7,114 households, of which 22.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.6% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.5% were non-families. 35.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.84.

The median age was 46.6 years. 17.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.5% were from 25 to 44; 29.2% were from 45 to 64; and 23.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.3% male and 52.7% female.

2000 census
At the 2000 census, there were 15,542 people, 6,705 households and 4,257 families living in the city. The population density was 1,924.8 PD/sqmi. There were 7,094 housing units at an average density of 878.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 94.63% White, 1.33% African American, 0.15% Native American, 2.26% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 0.28% from other races, and 1.28% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.27% of the population.

There were 6,705 households, of which 21.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.0% were married couples living together, 8.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.5% were non-families. 31.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.84.

17.7% of the population were under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 25.7% from 45 to 64, and 21.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.9 males.

The median household income was $47,893 and the median family income was $60,015. Males had a median income of $44,707 compared with $28,608 for females. The per capita income was $25,201. About 2.0% of families and 3.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.2% of those under age 18 and 2.6% of those age 65 or over.

Government
Middleburg Heights has a mayor and council form of government. The mayor is a non-voting member of the city council.

Matthew Castelli became mayor on 8 January 2019 filling the vacancy created when Gary Starr resigned. Starr announced his resignation on 27 November 2018 after having served in that position for 37 years.

title: Middleburg Heights, Ohio