text:
Talk:Cipher

Categorizations
The last paragraph:
 * Most modern ciphers fall into three main categories: ... (followed by a list of four categories)

needs work.

I do not know for sure but suspect that: block vs stream and symmetric key vs asymmetric key are orthogonal categorizations. If that is the case, changing three to four (in the offending paragraph) does not really fix the problem. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dairiki (talk • contribs) 00:13, 24 October 2002 (UTC)

 * Yep, they're orthogonal. I tidied up the last paragraph to reflect that. The rest of the article should probably be re-worked a bit for clarity as well. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mbessey (talk • contribs) 30 January 2003 (UTC)

Merge request
Encryption and Cipher are currently too similar. They should be merged, or Cipher should be specialized to the customary (though vague) subset of private-key encryption. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Tromer (talk • contribs) 05:26, 22 February 2004 (UTC)

Disambiguation
While I'm a crypto-head and so probably biased, I do think there's a case for primary disambiguation here. I think any user typing in "cipher" is most likely to be looking for the encryption algorithm meaning, as opposed to a synonym for zero, or a Pokemon team of villains, or any of the other meanings. — Matt Crypto 11:33, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

Etymology
In hebrew/arabic "sifar" ספרה means "numerical digit". Thus, given the the fact that Hebrew culture has always had interest in such subjects as Numerology, the source of the word may have also come from that direction. Bilbobugginz (talk) 05:15, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

Merge with Encipherment
Encipherment does not contain enough information to stand on its own. It should be merged into this article.

Neelix (talk) 01:07, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Huh? It's a redirect to this page. --84.250.188.136 (talk) 03:24, 9 May 2008 (UTC)
 * It wasn't when Neelix wrote the above. — Matt Crypto 05:22, 9 May 2008 (UTC)
 * ✅ -- TNKS, Narnia.Gate7 (talk) 18:50, 4 May 2014 (UTC)

Another Type of Cipher
Hello, hope I'm doing this right, am new at it. Just writing to suggest something. Ciphers are often said to be either transposition, or substitution, or both; but there's also one appearing in Dorothy Sayers mystery novel, "The Nine Tailors," that, strictly speaking, is neither, for it embeds the plaintext message - without substitution, and without rearrangement - within a cover message (the key being a "change ringing" method for church bells). Can't stay to pursue this, but anyone's welcome to take it up. Boinkles (talk) 17:52, 24 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Steganography? — Matt Crypto 20:15, 24 August 2009 (UTC)

codes, ciphers, and telegraphy
The article describes "codes" in the cryptographic sense as operating on the level of meaning, e.g. words; versus "ciphers", which operate on the level of characters, groups of characters, or bits. It then gives telegraph code as an example of a code. But our article on telegraph codes points to Morse code, which operates on the level of characters, as the most common one. Is something meant by "telegraph code" here other than the kind that telegraph code describes? --Delirium (talk) 01:25, 5 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes, in this context a "telegraph code" is a book of codewords. Each codeword was typically 5 letters long and represented a longer word or short phrase, operating on the level of one or more full words.
 * The people who wrote the book "ABC Telegraphic Code" (and the people who wrote this "cipher" article) apparently think the term "telegraphic code" refers to that sort of codebook.
 * On the other hand, the people who set up our commercial code (communications) article and telegraph code article apparently think a "telegraph code" is a system that operates on the level of characters, representing each letter by a series of dots and dashes.
 * Please help us work out which one (or possibly both?) the Wikipedia "telegraph code" article should discuss at Talk:Telegraph code. --DavidCary (talk) 01:26, 27 March 2016 (UTC)

 * "Code" is indeed used in a variety of senses. "Telegraph code" can apply both to the practice of abbreviating or coding messages that are costed by word or by letter. One-for-one codes include Morse code, Baudot code and the International Telegraph Alphabet No2 (ITA2) which was a widely used 5-bit binary code in telegraphy and the even more widely used 7-bit American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) in computing. The purist cryptographic meaning of a cipher as opposed to a code relates to whether it is a simple one-to-one mapping between the characters (letters digits etc.) in the plaintext and the ciphertext. However, the verbs "decoding" and "deciphering" are in practice used interchangeably.--TedColes (talk) 13:33, 27 March 2016 (UTC)

 * The Telegraph code article needs a lot of attention.--TedColes (talk) 13:33, 27 March 2016 (UTC)

BMLFUVWØRKHAEIJAEST Indramorais (talk) 00:38, 12 January 2023 (UTC)

Example?
Under "Modern ciphers," it is written "Figure it out. 1554-275 0 13-64799 0-0". Assuming I have no background in cryptology and have come to Wikipedia out of curiosity on this subject, where would I begin in my work to solve what is apparently meant to be an example of a cipher? BlewJ (talk) 08:50, 21 August 2011 (UTC)

Current new News
Headline-1: Computer Engineer Cracks 150-Year-Old 'Odyssey' Code QUOTE: "For years, researchers have been trying to translate a series of mysterious notes in a copy of Homer's 'The Oyssey,' and someone finally did it." -- AstroU (talk) 15:19, 7 May 2014 (UTC) -- PS:FYI for future editing.
 * http://washingtonexaminer.com/computer-engineer-cracks-150-year-old-odyssey-code/video/gm-5274371

Headline-2: Mystery in centuries-old copy of 'Odyssey' solved QUOTE: "The University of Chicago says a computer engineer from Italy has solved a mystery found in a rare edition of Homer's "Odyssey" in the university library" -- AstroU (talk) 15:55, 7 May 2014 (UTC) -- PS:FYI for future editing.
 * http://technology.topnewstoday.org/technology/article/13479213/

 * Not a likely addition to this article. It turns out that these were shorthand notes in French dealing with translating Homer's greek. No secret, no mystery and definitely not a cipher. Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 05:42, 8 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Agreed. It was very interesting to me that they used Google-search as one of the tools to break what they thought was a cipher.  So it was more of a code than a cypher. AstroU (talk) 13:33, 8 May 2014 (UTC)

== You mentioned only 1 letter by 1 letter cipher but a good randomized cipher ciphers a huge list of English phrases with code numbers (which are only code numbers and have absolutely nothing to do with the size of the phrase) - the mechanism of selecting their labeling also has to be changeable - it works well ONLY if we combine that method with others == And we generate 1 initial list of minimum size of constant digits. Then we copy that list and create 20 more lists which have larger size of digits (the list two has labels which are one more digital longer than list 1, list 3 has labels which are one digit longer than list 2 etc)

Remember. Your list must be random "Uranus is my favorite planet." could be labeled as "0" and "#" could be labeled as "1". Labeling mustn't follow any logical order.

Then sometimes we introduce noise of certain digital length.

So the key could be:

34, 24, 68, 45, 13, 42 (with 68 and 42 as random insertions which have length 68 digits and 42 digits.)

34, 24, 68, 45, 13, 42 means select the labeling from the list 34 then from the list 24, add random noise for 68 digits etc.

But I didn't mention you how to "compress read" the initial text in order it fits your lists.

That method generates insanely huge files - but some prefer it.

You have to combine it with other cipher methods and make a system for list shuffling. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:2149:8464:BA00:BCE5:B794:8895:1FC4 (talk) 15:12, 15 February 2018 (UTC)

variant size of atlernative labeling + noise at some labeling series

 * 1 meaning (letter of phrase) = 20 alternative ciphers of different size
 * and 3 noise entries of different size
 * 20 and 3 is relative, you mustn't be strict with that because that would be a hint
 * then you give a code so the person who reads your message knows the series of the variant sized lists, because each fragment of information corresponds to a different sized list in order we decipher it (also some series of data are pure noise, and we know their size because we have the key

 * I didn't tell how we compress the initial information in order it fits on our fragmentational system (cue other lists do the job/list labeling must shufflable if needed/that system works fine only if you combine it with other ciphering methods). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:2149:8464:BA00:BCE5:B794:8895:1FC4 (talk) 15:25, 15 February 2018 (UTC)

War cipher with phrase cipher
War cipher has basic phrases and topography. Time codes and basic actions.

for example the military E-mail: "&+d" could be phrase deciphered as a huge text

 * ".. in the past also was tried to use sending time itself (seconds, because one cannot waste an hour) but it's usually (it depends on the system) considered unsafe "

 * Also you might have the ability to send the information from many "towers" and the receiver might have the ability to understand which one was used. That alone is an information. - that is also unsafe if your correct tower is compromised (physical cipher is prone to physical or systemic error, usually at a higher rate than other code errors) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:2149:8464:BA00:BCE5:B794:8895:1FC4 (talk) 15:38, 15 February 2018 (UTC)

In the section Types/Modern, we have symmetric key algorithms (Private-key cryptography). It looks like the links on those have gotten disambiguated or w/e to now point to the same page. Seems kinda dumb to me to have two links to the page right next to each other. Also looks like the next line has the same issue. 2600:6C55:7D00:AE4:908E:FAA4:BF3E:3601 (talk) 23:36, 10 December 2021 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Introduction to Information Studies
— Assignment last updated by LesserGoldfinch (talk) 22:32, 16 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cipher


text:
Talk:Drug prohibition

Merger proposal
Formal request has been received to merge: Drug possession into Prohibition of drugs; dated: July 2021. Proposer's Rationale: ''I propose to merge this article into Prohibition of drugs. I think that the content in the Drug possession article can very easily be explained in the context of Drug law, and that article is of a reasonable size that the merging of Prohibition of drugs will not cause any problems as far as article size is concerned. ––FormalDude. (Discuss here.)  GenQ''uest  "scribble" 18:45, 24 July 2021 (UTC)
 * I've blanked and redirected the page. There honestly wasn't any content on Drug possession that is not already covered in more depth here. –– FormalDude  talk   (please notify me  on reply)  04:16, 29 July 2021 (UTC)

Interpol
'''The War on Drugs has stimulated the creation of international law enforcement agencies (such as Interpol), mostly in Western countries. This has occurred because a large volume of illicit drugs come from Third-World countries.'''

No doubt it has, but not Interpol.

According to that page the predecessor to Interpol was the Police Union of German States in 1851, concentrating on politicals and criminals, when apart from religious puritans most people didn't care about opposing drug-taking: after some false starts, the ICPC was founded in 1923, and post war when the Nazi leadership of that were cleared out, the ICPO in 1946. Undoubtedly thanks to the American starting, and forcing, of the Anti-Drug cause in the early 20th century, the personnel in 1923 were increasing involved with opiates under the League of Nations, probably a lot more with financial crooks and petty criminals: in no way was it the result of the old Anti-Drug initiatives, let alone the modern American War on Drugs. Claverhouse (talk) 07:03, 18 December 2021 (UTC)

Merge this page into "Drug policy"?
It seems that the "Prohibition of drugs" could well be described as a specific Drug policy –particularly one that is mainstream on the planet. Yet, I wonder whereas it could not be merged, particularly given that "Drug policy" is the main title used for a number of country pages (see for instance the Template Template:Drug_policy_nav). There are also problems with the fact that articles such as "Drug law" redirect to "prohibition of drugs" which is inaccurate, given not all drug laws are prohibitions of drugs... redirecting to the page "Drug policy" would be more accurate (I have taken the liberty to take that step). But even better would be (1) renaming "Drug policy" as "Drug law and policy", (2) merging "Prohibition of drugs inside "Drug law and policy" and pointing pages there. Teluobir (talk) 22:30, 28 February 2022 (UTC)

 * Don't merge, both are very large articles already. Also, I think they should be separate for the same reason (at least, in the American sense of the word prohibition) that prohibition and alcohol law are separate articles. That said, I think you were right to redirect "drug law" to "drug policy." As for renaming the "drug policy" article, I don't see why that's necessary, but that's a discussion for Talk:Drug policy. Gmarmstrong (talk) 01:24, 3 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Also, Template:Drug policy nav might be improved by adding links to Drug prohibition and War on drugs. Gmarmstrong (talk) 01:27, 3 March 2022 (UTC)

 * and, a few thoughts on this.
 * 1) I added some articles to the template as suggested.
 * 2) I don't think Drug policy needs to be renamed. We can distinguish between law and policy but it seems like policy is often informally used to mean both. Hence, we have articles for Economic policy, Foreign policy, etc., even though yes these things are controlled by both the legislative and executive branches. But anyway, yes, that could be discussed at that article's talk page.
 * 3) I agree that Drug policy should be the top-level article on the topic and should have a section on Prohibition of drugs. But given the length concern, I think prohibition of drugs could remain its own article and a merge isn't necessary, just a summary in the top-level article.
 * 4) This is part of a bigger set of poorly defined pages. We should also be thinking about Drug liberalization and Drug policy reform as subordinate to the overall Drug policy article. I think that similarly there could be a summary in the top-level article. They also overlap each other a lot as well as to some extent this article. This mess may eventually need more discussion but probably in its own talk page section. Gazelle55 (talk) 06:36, 14 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Thank you very much for these useful thoughts, @Gazelle55 & @Gmarmstrong, I do agree. It seems a good way to move forwards indeed. But that's a bit of work ahead of us! Teluobir (talk) 11:06, 23 March 2022 (UTC)

"Legalisation of illegal drugs" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Legalisation of illegal drugs and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 May 11 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Sangdeboeuf (talk) 06:55, 11 May 2022 (UTC)

"Legalization of illegal drugs" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Legalization of illegal drugs and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 May 11 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Sangdeboeuf (talk) 06:56, 11 May 2022 (UTC)

"Opposition to the legalisation of drugs" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Opposition to the legalisation of drugs and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 May 11 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Sangdeboeuf (talk) 06:56, 11 May 2022 (UTC)

"Opposition to the legalization of drugs" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Opposition to the legalization of drugs and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 May 11 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Sangdeboeuf (talk) 06:56, 11 May 2022 (UTC)

Requested move 9 December 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. Per consensus. (closed by non-admin page mover) – robertsky (talk) 17:11, 17 December 2023 (UTC)

Prohibition of drugs → Drug prohibition – WP:COMMONNAME, WP:CONCISE (t · c)  buidhe  05:55, 9 December 2023 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * See NGRAMS data—where it is more than 10 times as common—or Google Scholar results. (t · c)  buidhe  05:55, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Sounds like a singular drug. Grammatically more awkward. I'll bet many of your results are merely partial phrases (e.g. "drug prohibition laws" or something like that). Walrasiad (talk) 00:52, 10 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Think again, take a look at the titles of the top ten Google Scholar results:
 * "Global drug prohibition: its uses and crises"
 * "Drugs and the law: a psychological analysis of drug prohibition"
 * "Assessing drug prohibition and its alternatives: A guide for agnostics"
 * "Drug prohibition and public health: 25 years of evidence"
 * "Thinking seriously about alternatives to drug prohibition"
 * "Drug prohibition in the United States: Costs, consequences, and alternatives"
 * "The secret of worldwide drug prohibition: The varieties and uses of drug prohibition"
 * "Drug prohibition and poverty"
 * "Prohibition, privilege and the drug apartheid: The failure of drug policy reform to address the underlying fallacies of drug prohibition"
 * "How the east influenced drug prohibition"
 * * All* of these are clearly about drug prohibition in general, not prohibition of a particular drug or whatever other topic you imagine it might refer to. "Drug prohibition laws" is arguably redundant and not a commonly used phrase. (t · c)  buidhe  07:27, 10 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Weak support: Seems concise and natural to me. — BarrelProof (talk) 20:08, 10 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Support, it's natural and I don't think it implies only prohibition of one singular drug. BegbertBiggs (talk) 12:15, 16 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Support. Buidhe is correct.  Searching for "drug prohibition" on Google Books reveals that the term is quite common in the published literature on this subject.  --Coolcaesar (talk) 17:21, 16 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Support. Walrasiad's suggestion I'll bet many of your results are merely partial phrases (e.g. "drug prohibition laws" or something like that) can be examined in Google Ngrams by adding drug prohibition _NOUN_. The proposed title is still considerably more common. SilverLocust 💬 06:03, 17 December 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Drug prohibition


text:
The Last Emperor

The Last Emperor (L'ultimo imperatore) is a 1987 epic biographical drama film about the life of Puyi, the final Emperor of China. It is directed by Bernardo Bertolucci from a screenplay he co-wrote with Mark Peploe, which was adapted from Puyi's 1964 autobiography, and independently produced by Jeremy Thomas.

The film depicts Puyi's life from his ascent to the throne as a small boy to his imprisonment and political rehabilitation by the Chinese Communist Party. It stars John Lone in the eponymous role, with Peter O'Toole, Joan Chen, Ruocheng Ying, Victor Wong, Dennis Dun, Vivian Wu, Lisa Lu, and Ryuichi Sakamoto (who also composed the film score with David Byrne and Cong Su). It was the first Western feature film authorised by the People's Republic of China to film in the Forbidden City in Beijing.

The Last Emperor premiered at the 1987 Tokyo International Film Festival, and was released in the United States by Columbia Pictures on November 18. It earned widespread positive reviews from critics and was also a commercial success. At the 60th Academy Awards, it won all nine Oscars it was nominated for, including Best Picture, Best Director, and Best Adapted Screenplay. It also won several other accolades, including three BAFTA Awards, four Golden Globe Awards, nine David di Donatello Awards, and a Grammy Award for its musical score. The film was converted into 3D and shown in the Cannes Classics section at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival.

Plot
By 1950, the 44-year old Puyi, former Emperor of China, has been in custody for five years since his capture by the Red Army during the Soviet invasion of Manchuria. In the recently established People's Republic of China, Puyi arrives as a political prisoner and war criminal at the Fushun Prison. Soon after his arrival, Puyi attempts suicide, but is quickly rescued and told he must stand trial.

42 years earlier, in 1908, a toddler Puyi is summoned to the Forbidden City by the dying Empress Dowager Cixi. After telling him that the previous emperor had died earlier that day, Cixi tells Puyi that he is to be the next emperor. After his coronation, Puyi, frightened by his new surroundings, repeatedly expresses his wish to go home, but is denied. Despite having scores of palace eunuchs and maids to wait on him, his only real friend is his wet nurse, Ar Mo.

As he grows up, his upbringing is confined entirely to the imperial palace and he is prohibited from leaving. One day, he is visited by his younger brother, Pujie, who tells him he is no longer Emperor and that China has become a republic; that same day, Ar Mo is forced to leave. In 1919, Reginald Johnston is appointed as Puyi's tutor and gives him a Western-style education, and Puyi becomes increasingly desirous to leave the Forbidden City. Johnston, wary of the courtiers' expensive lifestyle, convinces Puyi that the best way of achieving this is through marriage; Puyi subsequently weds Wanrong, with Wenxiu as a secondary consort.

Puyi then sets about reforming the Forbidden City, including expelling the palace eunuchs. However, in 1924, he himself is expelled from the palace and exiled to Tientsin following the Beijing Coup. He leads a decadent life as a playboy and Anglophile, and sides with Japan after the Mukden Incident. During this time, Wenxiu divorces him, but Wanrong remains and eventually succumbs to opium addiction. In 1934, the Japanese crown him "Emperor" of their puppet state of Manchukuo, though his supposed political supremacy is undermined at every turn. Wanrong gives birth to a child, but the baby is murdered at birth by the Japanese and proclaimed stillborn. He remains the nominal ruler of the region until his capture by the Soviet Red Army.

Under the Communist re-education program for political prisoners, Puyi is coerced by his interrogators to formally renounce his forced collaboration with the Japanese invaders during the Second Sino-Japanese War. After heated discussions with Jin Yuan, the warden of the Fushun Prison, and watching a film detailing the wartime atrocities committed by the Japanese, Puyi eventually recants and is considered rehabilitated by the government; he is subsequently released in 1959.

Several years later in 1967, Puyi has become a simple gardener who lives a peasant proletarian existence following the rise of Mao Zedong's cult of personality and the Cultural Revolution. On his way home from work, he happens upon a Red Guard parade, celebrating the rejection of landlordism by the communists. He sees Jin Yuan, now one of the political prisoners punished as an anti-revolutionary in the parade, forced to wear a dunce cap and a sandwich board bearing punitive slogans.

Puyi later visits the Forbidden City where he meets an assertive young boy wearing the red scarf of the Pioneer Movement. The boy orders Puyi to step away from the throne, but Puyi proves that he was indeed the Son of Heaven before approaching the throne. Behind it, Puyi finds a 60-year-old pet cricket that he was given by palace official Chen Baochen on his coronation day and gives it to the child. Amazed by the gift, the boy turns to talk to Puyi, but finds that he has disappeared.

In 1987, a tour guide leads a group through the palace. Stopping in front of the throne, the guide sums up Puyi's life in a few, brief sentences, before concluding that he died in 1967.

Cast
Other cast members include Chen Kaige as the Captain of the Imperial Guard, Hideo Takamatsu as General Takashi Hishikari, Hajime Tachibana as the General's translator, Zhang Liangbin as the eunuch Big Foot, Huang Wenjie as the eunuch Hunchback, Chen Shu as Zhang Jinghui, Cheng Shuyan as Hiro Saga, Li Fusheng as Xie Jieshi, and Constantine Gregory as the Emperor's oculist.

Development
Bernardo Bertolucci proposed the film to the Chinese government as one of two possible projects – the other was an adaptation of La Condition humaine (Man's Fate) by André Malraux. The Chinese preferred The Last Emperor. Producer Jeremy Thomas managed to raise the $25 million budget for his ambitious independent production single-handedly. At one stage, he scoured the phone book for potential financiers. Bertolucci was given complete freedom by the authorities to shoot in The Forbidden City, which had never before been opened up for use in a Western film. For the first ninety minutes of the film, Bertolucci and Storaro made full use of its visual splendour.

Filming
19,000 extras were needed over the course of the film. The People's Liberation Army (PLA) was drafted in to accommodate.

In a 2010 interview with Bilge Ebiri for Vulture.com, Bertolucci recounted the shooting of the Cultural Revolution scene:

Before shooting the parade scene, I put together four or five young directors whom I had met, [including] Chen Kaige — who also plays a part in the film, he’s the captain of the guard — and Zhang Yimou. I asked them about the Cultural Revolution. And suddenly it was like I was watching a psychodrama: They started to act out and cry, it was extraordinary. I think there is a relationship between these scenes in The Last Emperor and in 1900. But many things changed between those two films, for me and for the world.

Historical accuracy
British historian Alex von Tunzelmann wrote that the movie considerably downplays and misrepresents the Emperor's cruelty, especially during his youth. As stated by Tunzelmann and Behr (author of the 1987 book The Last Emperor), Puyi engaged in sadistic abuse of palace servants and subordinates during his initial reign well in excess of what Bertolucci's movie portrays, frequently having eunuchs beaten for mild transgressions or no reason at all; in a demonstrative example, the young Emperor once conspired to force a eunuch to eat a cake full of iron filings simply to see the eunuch's reaction, which he was talked out of by his beloved wet nurse with some difficulty. Tunzelmann states that most people worldwide who have heard of Puyi are likely to have an incorrect understanding of this aspect of the Emperor's reign, as the movie is much more popular globally than more accurate biographies.

The film contains several other historical inaccuracies: in real life, Puyi left the Forbidden City when his mother died; as he recounts in his memoirs, he did not have sex with his wives; Puyi actually stopped the Japanese from killing the Empress's lover rather than let him be murdered; although the film mentions the Beijing Coup, it erroneously claims that the president fled the capital instead of being put under house arrest; the testimonies that Puyi gives to his Chinese interrogators were in fact given at the Tokyo Trials.

Jeremy Thomas recalled the approval process for the screenplay with the Chinese government: "It was less difficult than working with the studio system. They made script notes and made references to change some of the names, then the stamp went on and the door opened and we came."

Soundtrack
While not included on the album soundtrack, the following music was played in the film: "Am I Blue?" (1929), "Auld Lang Syne" (uncredited), and "China Boy" (1922) (uncredited). The Northeastern Cradle Song was sung by Ar Mo twice in the film.

Release
Hemdale Film Corporation acquired all North American distribution rights to the film on behalf of producer Thomas, who raised a large sum of the budget himself. Hemdale, in turn, licensed theatrical rights to Columbia Pictures, who were initially reluctant to release it, and only after shooting was completed did the head of Columbia agree to distribute The Last Emperor in North America.

The Last Emperor opened in 19 theatres in Italy and grossed $265,000 in its first weekend. It expanded to 65 theatres in its second weekend and 93 in its third, increasing its weekend gross to $763,000 and grossing $2 million in its first 16 days. Six days after its Italian opening, it opened in Germany and grossed $473,000 in its first weekend from 50 theatres and $1.1 million in its first 10 days. The film had an unusual run in US theatres. It did not enter the weekend box office top 10 until its twelfth week in which the film reached number 7 after increasing its gross by 168% from the previous week and more than tripling its theatre count (this was the weekend before it was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture). Following that week, the film lingered around the top 10 for 8 weeks before peaking at number 4 in its 22nd week (the weekend after winning the Oscar) (increasing its weekend gross by 306% and nearly doubling its theatre count from 460 to 877) and spending 6 more weeks in the weekend box office top 10. Were it not for this late push, The Last Emperor would have joined The English Patient, Amadeus, and The Hurt Locker as the only Best Picture winners to not enter the weekend box office top 5 since these numbers were first recorded in 1982.

The film was converted into 3D and shown in the Cannes Classics section at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival.

Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 86% based on 124 reviews, with an average rating of 8.10/10. The site's critics consensus states: "While Bernardo Bertolucci's decadent epic never quite identifies the dramatic pulse of its protagonist, stupendous visuals and John Lone's ability to make passivity riveting give The Last Emperor a rarified grandeur." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 76 out of 100 based on 15 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A-" on an A+ to F scale.

Roger Ebert was notably enthusiastic in his praise of the film, awarding it four out of four: "'Bertolucci is able to make Pu Yi's imprisonment seem all the more ironic because this entire film was shot on location inside the People's Republic of China, and he was even given permission to film inside the Forbidden City — a vast, medieval complex covering some 250 acre and containing 9,999 rooms (only heaven, the Chinese believed, had 10,000 rooms). It probably is unforgivably bourgeois to admire a film because of its locations, but in the case of The Last Emperor the narrative cannot be separated from the awesome presence of the Forbidden City, and from Bertolucci's astonishing use of locations, authentic costumes, and thousands of extras to create the everyday reality of this strange little boy.'"

Jonathan Rosenbaum compared The Last Emperor favorably to Steven Spielberg's Empire of the Sun: "'At best, apart from a few snapshots, Empire of the Sun teaches us something about the inside of one director's brain. The Last Emperor incidentally and secondarily does that too; but it also teaches us something about the lives of a billion people with whom we share this planet—and better yet, makes us want to learn still more about them.'"

Editing out of Rape of Nanking scene for Japan
The Shochiku Fuji Company edited out a thirty-second sequence depicting the Rape of Nanjing before distributing it to Japanese theatres. Bertolucci had not given his consent for the cut, and was furious at the interference with his film, which he called "revolting". The company quickly restored the scene, blaming "confusion and misunderstanding" for the edit while opining that the Rape sequence was "too sensational" for Japanese moviegoers.

Home media
Hemdale licensed its video rights to Nelson Entertainment, which released the film on VHS and Laserdisc. The film also received a Laserdisc release in Australia in 1992, through Columbia Tri-Star Video. Years later, Artisan Entertainment acquired the rights to the film and released both the theatrical and extended versions on home video. In February 2008 The Criterion Collection (under license from now-rights-holder Thomas) released a four disc Director-Approved edition, again containing both theatrical and extended versions. Criterion released a Blu-ray version on 6 January 2009.

Alternative versions
The film's theatrical release ran 163 minutes. Deemed too long to show in a single three-hour block on television but too short to spread out over two nights, an extended version was created which runs 218 minutes. Cinematographer Vittorio Storaro and director Bernardo Bertolucci have confirmed that this extended version was indeed created as a television miniseries and does not represent a true "director's cut".

Home video
The Criterion Collection 2008 version of four DVDs adds commentary by Ian Buruma, composer David Byrne, and the Director's interview with Jeremy Isaacs (ISBN 978-1-60465-014-3). It includes a booklet featuring an essay by David Thomson, interviews with production designer Ferdinando Scarfiotti and actor Ying Ruocheng, a reminiscence by Bertolucci, and an essay and production-diary extracts from Fabien S. Gerard.

The film was for quite some time unavailable on DVD or Blu-Ray in its original 2.35:1 aspect ratio, as cinematographer Vittorio Storaro had insisted on a cropped 2:1 version that retroactively conforms the film to his Univisium standard. Copies of the film in its original ratio were then rare and sought after by fans of the film.

The film has since been restored in 4K and in its original 2.35:1 aspect ratio, and has been released on Blu-ray and UHD in 2023 in several countries using this 4K restoration.

title: The Last Emperor


text:
Pan-Green Coalition

The pan-Green coalition, pan-Green force or pan-Green groups is a nationalist political coalition in Taiwan (Republic of China), consisting of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), Taiwan Statebuilding Party (TSP), Social Democratic Party (SDP), Green Party Taiwan, Taiwan Solidarity Union (TSU), and Taiwan Constitution Association (TCA). The platform of the New Power Party is also very closely aligned with all the other Pan-Green parties.

History
The name comes from the colours of the Democratic Progressive Party, which originally adopted green in part because of its association with the anti-nuclear movement. In contrast to the Pan-Blue Coalition, the Pan-Green Coalition favors Taiwanization and Taiwan independence over Chinese unification, although members in both coalitions have moderated their policies to reach voters in the center.

This strategy is helped by the fact that much of the motivation that voters have for voting for one party or the other are for reasons that have nothing to do with relations with China. This is particularly true among swing voters. For much of the 1990s, the parties which later formed the Pan-Green Coalition greatly benefited because they were less corrupt than the ruling Kuomintang (KMT). However, due to the controversies and the alleged corruption cases involving the former DPP nominated President Chen Shui-bian, the public perception of the Coalition is seemed to have been altered somewhat.

The Pan-Green Coalition formed in the aftermath of the 2000 presidential election, after which Lee Teng-hui was expelled from the Kuomintang and created his own party, the Taiwan Solidarity Union, which maintains a pro-independence platform.

Unlike the internal dynamics of the Pan-Blue Coalition, which consist of relatively equal-sized parties with very similar ideologies, the Pan-Green Coalition contains the DPP, which is much larger and more moderate than the TSU. So rather than coordinating electoral strategies, the presence of the TSU keeps the DPP from moving too far away from its Taiwan independence roots. In local elections, competition tends to be fierce between Pan-Green candidates from different parties, and as a rule, joint candidates are not proposed.

The Green Party Taiwan is not considered as part of the Pan-Green Coalition, but the Green Party has similar views with the Democratic Progressive Party, especially on environmental and social issues, and the Green Party is also allied with the Social Democratic Party.

Media

 * Liberty Times
 * Apple Daily (Taiwan)
 * Sanlih E-Television

title: Pan-Green Coalition


text:
Pan-Blue Coalition

The pan-Blue coalition, pan-Blue force or pan-Blue groups is a political coalition in the Republic of China (Taiwan) consisting of the Kuomintang (KMT), People First Party (PFP), New Party (CNP), Non-Partisan Solidarity Union (NPSU), and Young China Party (YCP). The name comes from the party color of the Kuomintang.

Regarding the political status of Taiwan, this coalition maintains that the Republic of China instead of the People's Republic of China is the legitimate government of China, favors a Chinese and Taiwanese dual identity over an exclusive Taiwanese identity, and favors greater friendly exchange with Mainland China, as opposed to the Pan-Green Coalition.

Political stance
The Pan-Blue Coalition's political stance can be characterized as centre-right, conservatism and Republic of China-centered Chinese nationalism.

Originally, the Pan-Blue Coalition was associated with Chinese unification, but has moved towards a more conservative position supporting the present status quo, while rejecting immediate unification with mainland China. It now argues that reunification is possible only after the communist regime in mainland China collapses or transitions to a democracy either as a new democratic government or with the re-establishment of Sun Yat-sen's Republic of China government which fled to Taiwan after the Chinese Civil War. This would also allow the body of Chiang Kai-shek to be returned to his ancestral home in Xikou.

Lee Teng-hui presidency: 1988–2000
Throughout the 1990s, the Kuomintang (KMT) consisted of an uneasy relationship between those party members who had mainland China backgrounds (came from mainland China in 1949) and Taiwanese political elites, Taiwanese factions led by President Lee Teng-hui, who supported a stronger Taiwanese identity and distinction from Chinese nationalism. Lee won the party control after the indirect election in 1990. This led to a split in the early 1990s, when the New Party was formed by the anti-Lee dissidents in the KMT. After the dissidents of KMT members left, the KMT remained loyal and with control by President Lee Teng-hui throughout his presidency.

During the 2000 presidential election, Lee Teng-hui arranged for Lien Chan to be nominated as Kuomintang candidate for president rather than the more popular James Soong, who left the party and formed his own People First Party after both he and Lien were defeated by Chen Shui-bian in the presidential elections. Though Chen and the DPP won the presidency, pro-KMT lawmakers held 140 out of 225 seats in the Legislative Yuan. Soong and Lien later formed a coalition in opposition to the DPP minority government.

First time in opposition: 2000–2008
In the 2000 presidential election itself, the split in Kuomintang votes between Soong and Lien led in part to the election of Chen Shui-bian. After the election, there was widespread anger within the Kuomintang against Lee Teng-hui, who was expelled for forming his own pro-Taiwan independence party, the Taiwan Solidarity Union. After Lee's expulsion, the Kuomintang moved its policies back to a more conservative one and began informal but close cooperation with the People First Party and the New Party. This coalition became informally known as the Pan-Blue Coalition. Although the members of the Pan-Blue Coalition maintain separate party structures, they closely cooperate in large part to ensure that electoral strategies are coordinated, so that votes are not split among them leading to a victory by the Pan-Green Coalition.

The KMT and PFP ran a combined ticket in the 2004 presidential elections with Lien Chan running for president and James Soong running for vice president. The campaign emblem for the Lien-Soong campaign was a two-seat bicycle with a blue (the color of the KMT) figure in the first seat and an orange (the color of the PFP) figure in the second.

There were talks in late 2004 that the KMT and the PFP would merge into one party in 2005, but these talks have been put on hold. In the 2004 legislative election the three parties from the pan-blue coalition organized themselves to properly divide up the votes (配票) to prevent splitting the vote. The New Party ran all but one of its candidates under the KMT banner. The result was that the KMT gained 11 more seats and the PFP lost 12 seats. Right after the election, PFP chairman James Soong began criticizing the KMT for sacrificing the PFP for its own gains and stated that he would not participate in any negotiations regarding to the two parties' merge. Soong's remarks have been strongly criticized by the KMT, a majority of PFP members, and the New Party, whose rank and file were largely absorbed by the PFP following the 2001 elections. Nonetheless, shortly after the legislative election, the PFP legislative caucus agreed to cooperate with the DPP over the investigation into the KMT's finances. On 24 February 2005, James Soong met with President Chen for the first time in four years and issued a 10-point declaration supporting the name "Republic of China", the status quo in cross-strait relations, and the opening of the Three Links. Unlike Soong, Lien did not respond to the offer from Chen to meet.

However, after the 2005 Pan-Blue visits to mainland China, Soong and Chen stopped their partnership. The popular Taipei mayor Ma Ying-jeou was also elected the new head of the Kuomintang, and was considered the leading contender for the KMT nomination in the 2008 presidential election. However, it was uncertain whether the KMT and PFP could agree to field a common ticket. On the 2005 chairmanship election, Soong had made a televised endorsement of Ma's opponent Wang Jin-pyng.

In the December 2005 3-in-1 local elections, the KMT made large gains and held 14 seats, the DPP suffered defeat and held only six, the PFP retained only one, and the TSU was completely shut out. Ma Ying-jeou was now virtually assured of leading the KMT and pan-blues for the 2008 presidential election.

Ma Ying-jeou presidency: 2008–2016
In the 2008 legislative election, the coalition won 86 of 113 seats in the Legislative Yuan, giving it the supermajority needed to recall the president and pass constitutional amendments for a referendum. The KMT, PFP, and NP coordinated their candidate lists in the new single-member constituency system. Candidates of the Non-Partisan Solidarity Union, who despite their party's official stance of non-affiliation, were deemed sympathetic to the coalition and ran unopposed by other blue candidates in almost all the seats it contested. The PFP ran almost all of their candidates under the KMT banner, with some placed under the KMT party list. While having all its district candidates run under the KMT banner, the New Party ran its own party list but failed to gain the 5% threshold for representation. The Kuomintang controlled the Legislative Yuan during the Ma Ying-jeou presidency from 2008 to 2016.

Second time in opposition: 2016–present
In 2016 general election, the KMT lost the presidential election and, for the first time in the history of the Republic of China, the control in the Legislative Yuan. The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) took control of the legislature for the first time, winning the presidency. The KMT became the largest opposition party. The PFP's leader James Soong, despite being a member of the coalition, cooperated with Tsai Ing-wen's administration, becoming the representative of Chinese Taipei in the APEC summit.

Media

 * China Times
 * Commercial Times
 * United Daily News
 * China Television
 * Chung T'ien Television
 * TVBS

Explanatory notes

title: Pan-Blue Coalition


text:
Garry Shider

Garry Marshall Shider (July 24, 1953 – June 16, 2010) was an American musician and guitarist. He was musical director of the P-Funk All-Stars for much of their history. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1997, with fifteen other members of Parliament-Funkadelic.

Early life
Shider was born in Plainfield, New Jersey. At the age of ten and under the guidance of his father Jesse, Garry and his brothers played and sang behind many gospel artists of the time including legends such as Shirley Caesar, The Five Blind Boys, The Mighty Clouds of Joy, and others. As a youth Shider was also a regular customer at the Plainfield barbershop owned by George Clinton, where the future members of Parliament would sing doo-wop for customers and counsel local youngsters. Clinton made note of the young Shider's talents on guitar and his ability with gospel singing.

By the time he was sixteen, Shider wished to escape the crime and dead-end prospects of Plainfield, so he and his friend Cordell "Boogie" Mosson left for Canada where Shider married and had a son. Shider and Mosson formed a funk/rock band called United Soul, or "U.S.". George Clinton was living in Toronto at the time and began hearing about United Soul from people in the local music business, and took the band under his wing upon learning that Shider was a member.

Career
In 1971, Clinton produced several tracks by United Soul with input from members of Funkadelic. The songs "I Miss My Baby" and "Baby I Owe You Something Good" were released as a one-off single by Westbound Records in 1971 under the group name U.S. Music with Funkadelic. All the tracks recorded with Clinton in 1971 were released by Westbound in 2009 as the album U.S. Music With Funkadelic. After producing United Soul, Clinton then invited Shider and Mosson to join Parliament-Funkadelic. Two United Soul songs were rerecorded on later Funkadelic albums with Shider as a member. Clinton groomed Shider for an important role in the P-Funk roster, which Shider joined full-time in 1972. He was a prominent contributor to albums by both Parliament and Funkadelic until the dissolution of those two bands in the early 1980s, after which he continued to work regularly with Clinton's P-Funk All-Stars.

During Parliament-Funkadelic performances, Shider was known for appearing in a diaper, making him instantly recognizable on stage and earning him the nickname "Diaper Man". Shider is featured prominently in many hit songs like "Cosmic Slop," "Getting to Know You," and "One Nation Under a Groove". He co-wrote many noteworthy Parliament-Funkadelic songs, and he made important contributions to P-Funk spin-off acts including Bootsy Collins and Eddie Hazel.

Shider has been featured in Guitar Player Magazine three times, and once in the Japanese version. He has been featured in Who's Who in Music and appeared on a compilation album by Paul Shaffer of the David Letterman band, and also on rock group The Black Crowes' 1996 album Three Snakes and One Charm. Shider has also appeared on Saturday Night Live several times, the Late Show with David Letterman, The Arsenio Hall Show, New York Undercover, The Tonight Show, and others. He appeared in the films PCU and The Night Before; both of which included songs he wrote and performed. He has also had songs featured in the film Bad Boys, with Sean Penn, as well as being the recipient of several Grammy nominations for songs like "Stomp" by Kirk Franklin, which used "One Nation Under a Groove" as its musical inspiration. The song won Song of the Year at the GMA Dove Awards.

Shider released a solo single in 1988 entitled "Beautiful". The attempt to reconcile P-Funk's distinct sound with that of late-80s synthpop yielded no chart success. He released two full albums in 2002, Diaper Man, The Second Coming and Diaperman Goes Starchild.

Shider was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1997 as a prominent member of Parliament-Funkadelic.

Death
In 2010, it was announced that Shider was suffering from cancer of the brain and lungs. On June 16, 2010, Shider died from complications of his cancer at his home in Greater Upper Marlboro, Maryland. He is survived by his two sons, as well as his wife, Linda Shider, a singer and songwriter.

Awards

 * 1998 Dove Gospel awards for Song of the Year, "Stomp"
 * Who's Who in Music, 1978
 * Grammy nominee 1997, 1978
 * Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, 1997

title: Garry Shider


text:
Milledgeville, Ohio

Milledgeville is a village in Jasper Township, Fayette County, Ohio, United States. The population was 98 at the 2020 census.

History
Milledgeville was laid out in 1855. A mill was built on the town site in 1855. The name Milledgeville is an amalgamation of "mill on the edge of ville". A post office has been in operation at Milledgeville since 1877.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.10 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 112 people, 50 households, and 29 families living in the village. The population density was 1120.0 PD/sqmi. There were 55 housing units at an average density of 550.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 95.5% White, 1.8% African American, 0.9% Asian, 0.9% from other races, and 0.9% from two or more races.

There were 50 households, of which 26.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.0% were married couples living together, 16.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 8.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 42.0% were non-families. 36.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.93.

The median age in the village was 45.7 years. 22.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.5% were from 25 to 44; 34.8% were from 45 to 64; and 17% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 57.1% male and 42.9% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 122 people, 46 households, and 36 families living in the village. The population density was 1,202.2 PD/sqmi. There were 53 housing units at an average density of 522.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 98.36% White and 1.64% African American.

There were 46 households, out of which 26.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.0% were married couples living together, 4.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.6% were non-families. 15.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.65 and the average family size was 2.92.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 19.7% under the age of 18, 5.7% from 18 to 24, 30.3% from 25 to 44, 31.1% from 45 to 64, and 13.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 125.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 127.9 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $38,750, and the median income for a family was $47,917. Males had a median income of $31,875 versus $25,625 for females. The per capita income for the village was $17,045. There were no families and 4.4% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and none of those over 64.

title: Milledgeville, Ohio


text:
Octa, Ohio

Octa is a village in Fayette County, Ohio, United States, along Rattlesnake Creek. The population was 58 at the 2020 census.

History
Octa was originally called Allentown, and under the latter name was laid out by Elijah Allen, and named for him. The present name honors a person named Octa Barnes. A post office called Octa was established in 1882, and remained in operation until 1929.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.28 sqmi, all of it land.

Parks
Octa contains 2 parks within its boundaries.

The linear Park currently ends in Octa and goes toward Jamestown. The Fayette County Park District currently has plans to continue the bike trail from Octa to Washington Court House in the future

The other Park in Octa contains baseball and softball diamonds and swing sets.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 59 people, 30 households, and 13 families living in the village. The population density was 210.7 PD/sqmi. There were 34 housing units at an average density of 121.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 84.7% White and 15.3% African American. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.7% of the population.

There were 30 households, of which 16.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 26.7% were married couples living together, 6.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 10.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 56.7% were non-families. 50.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.97 and the average family size was 2.85.

The median age in the village was 45.8 years. 20.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20.4% were from 25 to 44; 28.9% were from 45 to 64; and 23.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 49.2% male and 50.8% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 83 people, 36 households, and 20 families living in the village. The population density was 291.2 PD/sqmi. There were 39 housing units at an average density of 136.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 93.98% White and 6.02% African American. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.82% of the population.

There were 36 households, out of which 25.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.2% were married couples living together, 5.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.7% were non-families. 33.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 3.00.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 20.5% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 34.9% from 25 to 44, 25.3% from 45 to 64, and 13.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 130.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 135.7 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $40,250, and the median income for a family was $40,417. Males had a median income of $21,667 versus $22,083 for females. The per capita income for the village was $15,846. There were 9.5% of families and 8.1% of the population living below the poverty line, including 9.5% of under eighteens and none of those over 64.

title: Octa, Ohio


text:
Bexley, Ohio

Bexley is a city in Franklin County, Ohio, United States. The population was 13,928 at the 2020 census. The city is a suburb and geographic enclave of Columbus, situated on the banks of Alum Creek next to Driving Park and Wolfe Park, just east of the Franklin Park Conservatory. It is horizontally bisected by the National Road (Main Street), serving as a reminder of Bexley's origins as a merger between the Bullitt Park neighborhood to the north, and the community of Pleasant Ridge to the south.

The suburb is home to large houses and estates, located primarily in Bullitt Park. The most famous of these include the Jeffrey Park Mansion (a.k.a. "Kelveden"), the home of the president of Ohio State University, and the Ohio Governor's Mansion, the official residence of Ohio governors since 1957.

History
Bexley was named at the suggestion of an early resident, Col. Lincoln Kilbourne, in honor of his family's roots in Bexley, in London, England. The village of Bexley was incorporated in 1908 when prominent citizens of Bullitt Park to the north along Alum Creek, including industrialist and 35th mayor of Columbus Robert H. Jeffrey, agreed to merge with the Lutheran community of Pleasant Ridge to the south near the Evangelical Lutheran Joint Synod of Ohio college, Capital University (established 1850) and the Evangelical Lutheran Theological Seminary (now Trinity Lutheran Seminary) founded 1830. Both educational institutions today are affiliated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.

Bullitt Park had been founded in 1889, when Logan M. Bullitt of Philadelphia submitted his first plat for the area. Wealthy citizens of Columbus continued to build urban townhouses and country homes to the east along Broad Street and Town Road (now Bryden Road), extending to Franklin Park. By the 1890s, several large homes were erected across Alum Creek in the Bullitt Park area, one of which became the original campus of the Columbus School for Girls, still an exclusive girls' private school in Bexley.

The onset of the Spanish–American War was also instrumental in Bexley's history. In 1898, Ohio Governor Asa Bushnell chose a cluster of unsold lots around Broad and Drexel in Bullitt Park as an assembly site for state volunteers for the war. Camp Bushnell, as it was known, was home for three weeks to 8,000 Ohio recruits headed for Cuba. This led to the development of water and sewer lines for the soldiers, thus preparing the area for later real estate development in subsequent decades.

By 1908, the residents of Bullitt Park, north of Main Street, and Pleasant Ridge, south of Main Street, decided to merge their neighborhoods and incorporated as the Village of Bexley. The village reached the 5,000 population mark required by the state of Ohio to become a city in 1928 and, on January 1, 1932, officially became a city. William A. Schneider was elected the first mayor in 1935. Schneider oversaw construction of the first city hall and led Bexley through a long and profitable growth period. He remained in office for 32 years before retiring.

In March 2013, the city of Bexley was accredited as an arboretum by the Morton Register of Arboreta, making it the first city in the United States to successfully obtain arboretum accreditation.

Geography
According to the 2010 census, the city has a total area of 2.45 sqmi, of which 2.43 sqmi (or 99.18%) is land and 0.02 sqmi (or 0.82%) is water.

Demographics
Bexley is informally divided into three sections: North Bexley, consisting of the neighborhoods north of Broad Street; Central Bexley, the area between Main Street and Broad Street; and South Bexley, the area between Main Street and Livingston Avenue. The demographics of these three sections are distinct. North Bexley, particularly the Bullitt Park area comprising roughly the western half of North Bexley, is an area of large, mansion-like homes.

Central Bexley consists primarily of large homes of between 2,000 and 4,500 square feet, and many residents are white-collar professionals characteristic of the upper middle class.

South Bexley contains smaller homes, many of which have less than 1,500 square feet. Clerical and trades workers, as well as young professionals with small children, are more easily found among South Bexley residents, and the neighborhood would be seen as exhibiting many characteristics of the middle class.

Taken as whole, Bexley has remained a community of primarily white residents with above-average resources. A plurality of Bexley residents consider themselves adherents of Mainline Protestant denominations. The city is home to two Lutheran (ELCA) churches, a United Methodist church and an Episcopal church, and not far outside of the city may be found three Presbyterian churches. Bexley contains many Jewish residents and is home to three synagogues (Agudas Achim, Ahavas Sholom and Torat Emet). The city also has a significant number of Roman Catholic residents, and three Roman Catholic churches are located just outside Bexley's borders. While still a small minority of residents, African-American and mixed-race families are becoming increasingly prominent in the community.

As home to Capital University (founded by Lutherans in 1850) and nearby Trinity Lutheran Seminary (1830) and with a significant number of residents employed by Ohio State University, Bexley is a highly educated community that values its public school district, the Bexley City Schools. Bexley has, in recent years, also gained the reputation of being increasingly progressive both politically and socially, a trend shared by other inner-ring suburbs in Franklin County.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 13,057 people, 4,661 households, and 3,281 families residing in the city. The population density was 5373.3 PD/sqmi. There were 5,041 housing units at an average density of 2074.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 89.6% White, 5.9% African American, 0.1% Native American, 1.5% Asian, 0.4% from other races, and 2.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.8% of the population.

There were 4,661 households, of which 38.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.6% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 29.6% were non-families. 23.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.09.

The median age in the city was 35.5 years. 25.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 15.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.4% were from 25 to 44; 27.4% were from 45 to 64; and 10.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.9% male and 53.1% female.

2000 census
As of the 2000 United States Census, there were 13,203 people, 4,705 households, and 3,387 families residing in the city. The population density was 5,398.4 people per square mile (2,080.7 per km2). There were 4,974 housing units at an average density of 2,033.8 per square mile (783.9 per km2). The racial makeup of the city was 92.45% White, 4.48% African American, 0.17% Native American, 0.99% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.47% from other races, and 1.39% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.92% of the population. Bexley is also home to a large Jewish population and is considered one of the major Jewish communities in central Ohio.

There were 4,705 households, out of which 40.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.9% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.0% were non-families. 23.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.09.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 27.3% under the age of 18, 12.5% from 18 to 24, 24.4% from 25 to 44, 24.9% from 45 to 64, and 10.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $70,200, and the median income for a family was $83,363. Males had a median income of $56,573 versus $39,851 for females. The per capita income for the city was $37,375. About 3.1% of families and 4.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.7% of those under age 18 and 6.5% of those age 65 or over.

Government
Bexley is run by a mayor–council government. The current mayor of Bexley is Ben Kessler, who became mayor in 2012 following the death of former mayor John Brennan. He previously served as the president of the Bexley City Council. The current president of the council is Troy Markham, who replaced fellow council member Lori Ann Feibel as president in 2022. The chief of police is Gary Lewis, who was selected for the position in 2022.

Landmarks

Bexley is home to several churches and synagogues, numerous historic sites and pieces of outdoor sculpture, and several miles of Route 40, known as the National Road. Adjoining Bexley to the west is the Franklin Park Conservatory.

Jeffrey Mansion sits on nearly 40 acres of land in North Bexley, including two parks located on the east side of Parkview Avenue. The mansion is open to the public and offers cultural and arts education programs. The land behind the mansion is open to the public and includes stone staircases leading to walking trails along Alum Creek, tennis courts, and the Bexley community swimming pool.

Bexley houses many works from well-known artists. For example, it is the home of a number of sculptors and Holocaust survivors Alfred Tibor's creations, including those at the Trinity Lutheran Seminary, Saint Charles Preparatory School, and the Congregation Agudas Achim.

Education
Bexley's public schools are administered by Bexley City Schools, which consists of Bexley High School, Bexley Middle School, and three elementary schools. The city is also home to two private schools, Columbus School for Girls, the only all-girls high school in Franklin County, and Saint Charles Preparatory School, an all-boys Catholic school. Bexley was the original home of another all-boys private school, Columbus Academy; the school relocated to Gahanna in 1968.

Two higher education institutions are located within Bexley: Capital University, a private liberal arts university, and Trinity Lutheran Seminary, which is part of Capital. Capital University and Trinity Lutheran were founded in 1830 and are both affiliated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA).

Bexley High School has been recognized as one of the top high schools in Ohio. With a graduation rate of 95% and AP class participation rate of 91%, it is ranked #1 in the state of Ohio and #121 nationally by the U.S. News & World Report.

Notable people

 * Marco Arment, lead developer of the blogging website Tumblr
 * Larry Flynt, publisher of Hustler, also lived in the city at one point before moving to Hollywood.
 * Ross Friedman, Major League Soccer player
 * Bob Greene, the former Chicago Tribune columnist, who wrote Be True to Your School
 * Michael Jeffries, former chief executive officer of Abercrombie & Fitch.
 * Frank Lesser, a writer for the Comedy Central show The Colbert Report
 * Josh Radnor, the star of the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother
 * Laurie Lea Schaefer, Miss America of 1972, also called Bexley home.
 * Maggie Smith, the poet and author, resides in Bexley, Ohio
 * R. L. Stine, children's author
 * Harvey Wasserman, writer and anti-nuclear activist, lives in Bexley
 * David Wilhelm, 1992 Clinton presidential campaign manager and 2008 Biden presidential campaign senior advisor

title: Bexley, Ohio


text:
Blacklick Estates, Ohio

Blacklick Estates is a census-designated place (CDP) in Franklin County, Ohio, United States: partly in Madison Township and partly in Truro Township. As of the 2020 census the population was 8,990.

History
Three hundred homes in Blacklick Estates were flooded on September 14, 1979, when Blacklick Creek topped a levee due to heavy rains from Hurricane Frederic.

Geography
Blacklick Estates is located in southeastern Franklin County. It is bordered to the north, east, and south by the city of Columbus, and to the west by unincorporated land in Madison Township. Ohio State Route 317 (S. Hamilton Road) forms the western edge of the CDP. Downtown Columbus is 10 mi to the northwest.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 4.96 sqkm, of which 0.06 sqkm, or 1.25%, is water.

Demographics
At the 2000 census there were 9,518 people, 3,317 households, and 2,567 families in the CDP. The population density was 4,775.3 PD/sqmi. There were 3,449 housing units at an average density of 1,730.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 86.72% White, 8.97% Black or African American, 0.38% Native American, 1.07% Asian, 0.11% Pacific Islander, 0.56% from other races, and 2.20% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 1.26%.

There were 3,317 household, out of which 38.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.0% were married couples living together, 13.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.6% were non-families. 16.8% of households were one person and 3.6% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.87 and the average family size was 3.22.

The age distribution was 29.3% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 32.5% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 6.8% 65 or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females there were 95.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.0 males.

The median household income was $47,277 and the median family income was $51,766. Males had a median income of $35,427 versus $26,805 for females. The per capita income is $18,385. About 4.0% of families and 5.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.2% of those under age 18 and 11.2% of those age 65 or over.

In 2007, Blacklick Estates was listed as the second most affordable place to live in the U.S. by Money on CNNMoney.com.

title: Blacklick Estates, Ohio


text:
Brice, Ohio

Brice is a village in Franklin County, Ohio, United States, on the southeast side of the Columbus metropolitan area. The population was 93 at the 2020 census.

The majority of the village's revenues in 2019 and 2020 were in fines collected with traffic enforcement cameras. Ohio Auditor of State Keith Faber characterized the village as a "speed trap" with "no other reason for it to exist." The speed camera program was suspended in 2021.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.10 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
At the 2010 census there were 114 people, 41 households, and 27 families living in the village. The population density was 1140.0 PD/sqmi. There were 44 housing units at an average density of 440.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 78.1% White, 10.5% African American, 1.8% Asian, 0.9% Pacific Islander, 0.9% from other races, and 7.9% from two or more races. Of the 41 households 36.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.9% were married couples living together, 14.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.1% were non-families. 26.8% of households were one person and 7.3% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.78 and the average family size was 3.26.

The median age in the village was 40 years. 26.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.4% were from 25 to 44; 31.6% were from 45 to 64; and 12.3% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the village was 48.2% male and 51.8% female.

2000 census
At the 2000 census there were 70 people, 25 households, and 17 families living in the village. The population density was 909.9 PD/sqmi. There were 27 housing units at an average density of 350.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 97.14% White, 1.43% Native American, and 1.43% from two or more races. Of the 25 households 48.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.0% were married couples living together, 4.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.0% were non-families. 28.0% of households were one person and 8.0% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.80 and the average family size was 3.59.

The age distribution was 32.9% under the age of 18, 10.0% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 20.0% from 45 to 64, and 8.6% 65 or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females there were 100.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.8 males.

The median household income was $34,375 and the median family income was $34,375. Males had a median income of $41,250 versus $41,250 for females. The per capita income for the village was $18,651. None of the population and none of the families were below the poverty line.

title: Brice, Ohio


text:
Gahanna, Ohio

Gahanna is a city situated in northeast Franklin County, Ohio, United States. It is a suburb of Columbus. The population was 35,726 at the 2020 census. It was founded in 1849.

History
Gahanna was founded along the Big Walnut Creek in 1849 by John Clark of Ross County from 800 acre of land that his father, Joseph Clark, had purchased from Governor Worthington in 1814. Clark named his property the Gahanna Plantation, from which the City of Gahanna derives its name. The name Gahanna is derived from a Native American word for three creeks joining into one and is the former name of the Big Walnut Creek. The City of Gahanna's Official Seal refers to this confluence of three creeks with the inscription "Three In One".

Gahanna maintained a considerable rivalry with the adjacent village of Bridgeport. Located directly across Granville Street from Gahanna and also along the banks of the Big Walnut Creek, Bridgeport was founded in 1853 by Jesse Baughman, a former Franklin County Commissioner. The two villages eventually put aside their differences and merged into one. They adopted the name Gahanna as there was already another village in Ohio called Bridgeport. In March 1881, 55 citizens of Gahanna petitioned Franklin County to incorporate the village. The incorporation was granted in June and was recorded on August 8, 1881. The now-incorporated village then held its first mayoral election and on October 6, 1881, swore in its first mayor, L. John Neiswander.

On January 7, 1994, United Express Flight 6291 crashed in Gahanna, killing five of the eight people on board.

On February 11, 2016, a mass stabbing took place at the Nazareth restaurant, located near the town center. One person was killed, and four others were injured. The attack was investigated by the FBI.

Geography
Cities and Townships that border Gahanna:

 * Mifflin Township: west
 * Columbus, Ohio: north, west, and south
 * New Albany, Ohio: north
 * Jefferson Township: east

In addition, several small "islands" of Jefferson Township are located entirely within the boundaries of the city.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 12.60 sqmi, of which 12.43 sqmi is land and 0.17 sqmi is water.

Big Walnut Creek has a significant impact on the geography of Gahanna associated with its tributaries Rocky Fork Creek and Sycamore Run.

Demographics
The median income for a household in the city was $72,813, and the median income for a family was $85,348. Males had a median income of $51,391 versus $35,922 for females. The per capita income for the city was $29,040. About 2.2% of families and 3.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.1% of those under age 18 and 4.4% of those age 65 or over.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 33,248 people, 13,037 households, and 9,151 families residing in the city. The population density was 2674.8 PD/sqmi. There were 13,577 housing units at an average density of 1092.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 82.1% White, 11.2% African American, 0.2% Native American, 3.1% Asian, 0.9% from other races, and 2.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.6% of the population.

There were 13,037 households, of which 35.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.1% were married couples living together, 11.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 29.8% were non-families. Of all households, 24.4% were made up of individuals, and 8.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.04.

The median age in the city was 39.4 years. 25.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.4% were from 25 to 44; 30.3% were from 45 to 64, and 11.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.9% male and 52.1% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 32,636 people, 11,990 households, and 8,932 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,632.8 people per square mile (1,016.2/km2). There were 12,390 housing units at an average density of 999.5 per square mile (385.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 86.46% White, 8.14% African American, 0.20% Native American, 3.25% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.48% from other races, and 1.44% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.32% of the population.

There were 11,990 households, out of which 40.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.4% were married couples living together, 9.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.5% were non-families. Of all households, 20.9% were made up of individuals, and 6.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.17.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 28.9% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 31.7% from 25 to 44, 24.3% from 45 to 64, and 8.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.4 males.

Economy
In recent years, Gahanna has worked hard at revitalizing the downtown "Olde Gahanna" section of the city. In October 2004, Gahanna's new Creekside Gahanna redevelopment and park extension project began, making way for everything from public spaces and restaurants to residences and office space. As of late 2007, the project businesses began to open. The area includes a 389-space public parking garage. The multimillion-dollar project is expected to bring in up to 150 new residents as well as bolster tourism to the area.

Gahanna also has an aggressive brownfields assessment and redevelopment program that includes the development of a community-wide brownfields inventory, the cleanup of a major abandoned landfill, and city-initiated assessments and demolition of abandoned or environmentally suspect properties. The largest brownfields redevelopment project to date is the closure of the Bedford I Landfill, completed in late 2007. The closure was a result of a 2005 public-private development partnership with private firm Value Recovery Group, of Columbus, Ohio, and non-profit Central Ohio Community Improvement Corporation to remediate and redevelop the abandoned Bedford I Landfill. The 200 acre site was transformed into Central Park of Gahanna, a major greenfield development campus that features a golf academy known as The Golf Depot. The City of Gahanna and Value Recovery Group, which owns nearly 60 acres of the developable land, have been working to attract recreational, brewing industry, and office development and continue to solicit development opportunities. Funding for this major project included $3,000,000 from the Clean Ohio Redevelopment Fund, $200,000 from the US EPA, $150,000 from the Community Development Block Grant program, significant assistance with assessment, stormwater remediation, and staff time from Gahanna, and other investments by the Central Ohio CIC. Gahanna was listed as #96 of the Top 100 Best Places to Live in 2007 by Money magazine.

Transportation
Gahanna is one of the closest cities to John Glenn Columbus International Airport and has direct road access to the airport through U.S. Route 62, which eventually runs concurrently with Interstate 670 to provide access to the airport.

Road access to Gahanna is provided by US 62 and Interstate 670. In addition, both roads are accessible through the Columbus Outerbelt (Interstate 270), which runs between the city and John Glenn Airport. Ohio State Route 317 also runs through downtown Gahanna as the main north-south road. Public transport to and from Gahanna is accessed through COTA, which runs bus lines 24 and 25 through downtown.

Education
The city of Gahanna is in the Gahanna-Jefferson Public School District. The school colors are blue and gold. Gahanna has seven elementary schools, three middle schools, and only one high school: Gahanna-Lincoln High School. However, there are also several private education options, including the Columbus Academy, located on Cherry Bottom Road, and Gahanna Christian Academy, on N.Hamilton Road, as well as various parochial schools.

Notable people

 * Saad Abdul-Salaam, MLS defender for Columbus Crew SC
 * Amanda Adkins, swimmer
 * Braden Eves, racing driver
 * Mike Faist, actor
 * John Hughes, NFL defensive lineman
 * Todd Douglas Miller, filmmaker
 * Georgia Schweitzer, WNBA player and NCAA All-American at Duke University
 * Seth Stammler, defenseman/midfielder for MLS side New York Red Bulls
 * Wil Trapp, MLS midfielder for Minnesota United FC
 * Nick Ward, Michigan State Spartans men's basketball (2016-2019)
 * Evan White, first-round draft pick for the Seattle Mariners in 2017

title: Gahanna, Ohio


text:
Grandview Heights, Ohio

Grandview Heights, or simply Grandview, is a city in Franklin County, Ohio, United States. The population was 8,085 at the 2020 census.

History
The city was originally part of Marble Cliff, one of the first suburbs of Columbus, which settled as a community in 1890 and incorporated as the "Hamlet of Marble Cliff" in 1901. Grandview Heights became a separate village in 1906, and a city in 1931.

Bank Block
The Bank Block is a historic strip mall along Grandview Avenue, the main commercial road. One of the first to include a parking lot, the Bank Block was built in 1927. It first included a grocery store, a pharmacy, and a bank among a total of 12 storefronts.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.33 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 6,536 people, 2,927 households, and 1,680 families living in the city. The population density was 4914.3 PD/sqmi. There were 3,087 housing units at an average density of 2321.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 94.6% White, 1.4% African American, 0.2% Native American, 1.2% Asian, 0.8% from other races, and 1.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.4% of the population.

There were 2,927 households, of which 28.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.6% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 42.6% were non-families. 31.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.86.

The median age in the city was 35.7 years. 21.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 33.7% were from 25 to 44; 27.6% were from 45 to 64; and 9.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.5% male and 51.5% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 6,695 people, 2,953 households, and 1,742 families living in the city. The population density was 4,972.1 PD/sqmi. There were 3,034 housing units at an average density of 2,253.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 95.92% White, 1.34% African American, 0.06% Native American, 1.00% Asian, 0.42% from other races, and 1.25% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.51% of the population.

There were 2,953 households, out of which 30.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.6% were married couples living together, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.0% were non-families. 32.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.92.

In the city the population was spread out, with 24.7% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 34.6% from 25 to 44, 23.5% from 45 to 64, and 10.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.2 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $51,328, and the median income for a family was $63,713. Males had a median income of $41,989 versus $36,711 for females. The per capita income for the city was $27,495. About 3.0% of families and 4.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.4% of those under age 18 and 5.2% of those age 65 or over.

Government
Grandview Heights is split between the US Congressional Districts: OH-3, OH-15.

Infrastructure
Grandview Heights maintains its own police and fire departments and an independent school district. Its neighbor, Marble Cliff, contracts with the city to provide these services to its own residents.

Education
Grandview Heights is in the Grandview Heights City Schools district. This includes Grandview Heights High School which serves both the city of Grandview Heights and the village of Marble Cliff.

title: Grandview Heights, Ohio


text:
Grove City, Ohio

Grove City is a city in Franklin County, Ohio, United States, founded in 1852. It is a suburb of Columbus. The population was 	41,252 according to the 2020 Census.

History
Until the mid-19th century, the area that is now Grove City was a wilderness filled with oak, beech, maple, walnut, dogwood and other trees. The area's first European settler, Hugh Grant, operated a gristmill in Pittsburgh and transported excess goods down the Ohio River for sale, returning to Pittsburgh on foot. On one of these trips, he passed through the Scioto Valley region and in 1803, purchased the land that would become Grove City and returned with his wife Catharine to start a new life.

Grove City's official founder, William F. Breck, bought 15.25 acres of the farm owned by Hugh Grant Jr., son of the first settler in Jackson Township, then added 300 more acres intended for farming. Breck's original plan changed when he realized the potential for growth since Harrisburg Turnpike passed through the area to the state capital, Columbus. Breck envisioned a new village complete with a school, church, stores, blacksmith and carpenter shops. Breck formed a commission with George Weygandt, William Sibray and Jeremiah Smith and platted the village on the east side of Broadway in 1852.

By December 1853, the newly formed (but not yet incorporated) village of Grove City had 50 residents. The town founders named the village for the remaining groves of trees left standing after their initial clearing.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 16.36 sqmi, of which 16.20 sqmi is land and 0.16 sqmi is water.

2010 census
At the 2010 census there were 35,575 people, 13,946 households, and 9,585 families living in the city. The population density was 2196.0 PD/sqmi. There were 14,720 housing units at an average density of 908.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 92.6% White, 2.8% African American, 0.2% Native American, 1.3% Asian, 1.0% from other races, and 2.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.6%.

Of the 13,946 households 35.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.2% were married couples living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 31.3% were non-families. 25.6% of households were one person and 9.7% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.04.

The median age was 37.8 years. 25.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.4% were from 25 to 44; 26.6% were from 45 to 64; and 12.2% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.3% male and 51.7% female.

2000 census
At the 2000 census there were 27,075 people, 10,265 households, and 7,544 families living in the city. The population density was 1,941.2 PD/sqmi. There were 10,712 housing units at an average density of 768.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 96.17% White, 1.54% African American, 0.22% Native American, 0.60% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.34% from other races, and 1.11% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.17%.

Of the 10,265 households 37.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.5% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.5% were non-families. 22.4% of households were one person and 8.3% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.07.

The age distribution was 28.3% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 31.6% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 11.1% 65 or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.8 males.

The median household income was $52,064 and the median family income was $62,059. Males had a median income of $40,599 versus $30,399 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,305. About 3.3% of families and 4.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.3% of those under age 18 and 4.8% of those age 65 or over.

Government
Grove City is operated based on a city charter that was originally written in 1958 and later amended in 1982. The charter gives the city's power to an elected Mayor, an elected City Council, and an appointed Administrator. The current mayor of Grove City is Richard L. (Ike) Stage.

Grove City is split between Ohio's 3rd and Ohio's 15th congressional district. The city is also split between Ohio's 3rd senatorial district and Ohio's 16th senatorial district and its Ohio State House Districts are OH-17, OH-23, and OH-24.

Arts and culture
Grove City sponsors or hosts several events throughout the year, including its annual Wine & Arts Festival, Bourbon & Spirits Festival, and Christmas Tree Lighting and Parade.

The Grove City Chamber of Commerce hosts the Arts in the Alley Festival and Parade annually. A three-day festival, it will celebrate its 45th year in 2024.

National Register of Historic Places

 * Gantz Homestead
 * A.G. Grant Homestead

Public safety
Grove City maintains its own Division of Police located at 3360 Park Street in Grove City. The department is nationally accredited by the Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (CALEA). The current Chief of Police is Eric Scott.

Jackson Township provides fire protection for both Grove City and Jackson Township. The Jackson Township Fire Department maintains four fire stations (Stations 201, 202, 203, and 204). The department maintains a specialized hazmat unit. The current Department Chief is Randy Little.

Primary and secondary schools
Grove City is served by the South-Western City School District, which operates two high schools (Grove City High School) and Central Crossing High School), three middle schools (Beulah Park, Jackson, and Pleasant View), three intermediate schools (Hayes, Park Street, and Holt Crossing), eight elementary schools, and a career academy (South-Western Career Academy) within the city.

Area private schools include Grove City Christian, Our Lady of Perpetual Help School, and Beautiful Savior Lutheran School.

Notable people

 * Gary Burley, former professional football player for the Cincinnati Bengals
 * Derek Combs, Mr. Football Ohio 1996; NFL player
 * Richard Cordray, former Director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
 * Mike Mayers, Major League Baseball pitcher who debuted for the St. Louis Cardinals
 * Craig McDonald, author, journalist
 * Pat O'Conner, Minor League Baseball executive
 * Ben Swanson, former professional soccer player for Columbus Crew

Sister city

 * 🇩🇪 Lübtheen, Germany

title: Grove City, Ohio


text:
Groveport, Ohio

Groveport is a city in Franklin County, Ohio, United States. It is a suburb of Columbus. The population was 6,009 at the 2020 census.

History
Groveport had its start as a single entity in 1846 when the neighboring rival towns of Wert's Grove and Rarey's Port merged. These towns were located along the Ohio and Erie Canal. The city was incorporated as a village in 1847. A post office called Groveport has been in operation since 1847. The city is the location of the Groveport Log House, which was built in 1815 and moved in 1974 to a location near Groveport Cemetery.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 8.79 sqmi, of which 8.56 sqmi is land and 0.23 sqmi is water.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 5,363 people, 2,099 households, and 1,471 families living in the village. The population density was 626.5 PD/sqmi. There were 2,300 housing units at an average density of 268.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 82.1% White, 12.5% African American, 0.3% Native American, 1.9% Asian, 1.0% from other races, and 2.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.2% of the population. 7.8% of residents were foreign born.

There were 2,099 households, of which 32.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.3% were married couples living together, 10.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 29.9% were non-families. 24.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.03.

The median age in the village was 39.9 years. 23.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.3% were from 25 to 44; 30% were from 45 to 64; and 12.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 48.1% male and 51.9% female.

The number of veterans living in Groveport between 2015 and 2019 was 309.

Approximately 7.8% of Groveport residents are foreign-born.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,865 people, 1,575 households, and 1,080 families living in the village. The population density was 482.9 PD/sqmi. There were 1,668 housing units at an average density of 208.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 92.88% White, 3.62% African American, 0.62% Native American, 1.09% Asian, 0.57% from other races, and 1.22% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.27% of the population.

There were 1,575 households, out of which 31.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.6% were married couples living together, 11.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.4% were non-families. 26.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 2.94.

In the village the population was spread out, with 24.0% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 32.0% from 25 to 44, 23.5% from 45 to 64, and 12.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.8 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $43,102, and the median income for a family was $51,525. Males had a median income of $32,133 versus $27,353 for females. The per capita income for the village was $19,576. About 3.2% of families and 5.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.1% of those under age 18 and 4.5% of those age 65 or over.

Economy
Due in large part to the presence of Rickenbacker International Airport and Air National Guard Base, Groveport is home to many distribution centers and warehouses. The city used to be home to the headquarters of Air Tahoma before they ceased operations, and is currently home to the headquarters of Staber Industries. Other organizations with significant operations include Amazon.com, FedEx, Gap, Inc., Eddie Bauer, Spiegel Brands, American Electric Power and VistaPrint.

Education
The Groveport Madison School District has 10 schools. There are six elementary schools, three middle schools, and the Groveport Madison High School. Groveport Madison athletes are known as the Cruisers.

Notable people

 * Le'Veon Bell, NFL All-Pro running back
 * Thomas John Hennen, United States Army warrant officer and NASA astronaut
 * Pam Higgins, three-time winner on the LPGA Tour
 * John Solomon Rarey, horse whisperer, developed the Rarey technique
 * Amor L. Sims, Brigadier general, USMC, during World War I and World War II
 * Eric Smith, NFL safety

title: Groveport, Ohio