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Unity Mitford

Unity Valkyrie Freeman-Mitford (8 August 1914 – 28 May 1948) was a British socialite and member of the Mitford family known for her relationship with Adolf Hitler. Both in Great Britain and Germany, she was a prominent supporter of Nazism, fascism and antisemitism, and belonged to Hitler's inner circle of friends. When Great Britain and Germany went to war, she attempted suicide in Munich by shooting herself in the head. She survived but was badly injured. She was allowed safe passage back to England but never recovered from the extensive brain damage; she later died from meningitis related to the wound.

Childhood
Unity Mitford was the fifth of seven children born in London to David Freeman-Mitford, 2nd Baron Redesdale, and his wife, Sydney, daughter of Thomas Gibson Bowles. The Mitford family is an aristocratic family tracing its origins in Northumberland back to the 11th-century Norman settlement of England.

Unity Mitford was conceived in the town of Swastika, Ontario, in Canada, where her family had gold mines. Her siblings were Nancy (1904–1973), Pamela (1907–1994), Thomas (1909–1945), Diana (1910–2003), Jessica (1917–1996), and Deborah (1920–2014), later the Duchess of Devonshire. The Mitford children lived at Asthall Manor in Asthall, Oxfordshire, and Unity was educated at St Margaret's School, Bushey.

Diana Mosley’s biographer, Jan Dalley, believes that, "Unity found life in her big family very difficult because she came after these cleverer, prettier, more accomplished sisters." While another biographer, David Pryce-Jones, added: "If you come from a ruck of children in a large family, you've got to do something to assert your individuality, and I think through the experience of trying to force her way forward among the sisters and in the family, she decided that she was going to form a personality against everything".

It has been speculated that Unity turned to Nazism as a way to distinguish herself within the family. As Dalley states: "I think the desire to shock was very important, it was the way that she made herself special. When she discovered Nazism and discovered that it was a fantastic opportunity to shock everybody in England she’d discovered the best tease of all."

Her younger sister, Jessica, with whom she shared a bedroom, was a dedicated communist. The two drew a chalk line down the middle to divide the room. Jessica's side was decorated with hammer and sickles and pictures of Vladimir Lenin, while Unity's was decorated with swastikas and pictures of Adolf Hitler. Dalley commented, "They were kids virtually, you don't know how much it was just a game, a game that became deadly serious in later life."

Social debut
Mitford was a debutante in 1932. That same year, her elder sister Diana left her husband to pursue an affair with Oswald Mosley, who had just founded the British Union of Fascists. Their father was furious at the disgrace and forbade any member of the family to see either Diana or "The Man Mosley", as he termed him. Mitford disobeyed and she met with Mosley that summer at a party thrown by Diana where she was promised a party badge. Mosley's son, Nicholas, stated that: "Unity became a very extrovert member of the party, which was her way [...] She joined my father's party and she used to turn up, she used to go around in a black shirt uniform, and she used to turn up at communist meetings and she used to do the fascist salute and heckle the speaker. That was the sort of person she was". He adds that although his father admired Unity's commitment, Mosley felt "She wasn't doing him any good, because she was making an exhibition of herself."

Unity and Diana Mitford travelled to Germany, as part of the British delegation from the British Union of Fascists, to the 1933 Nuremberg Rally, seeing Hitler for the first time. Mitford later said, "The first time I saw him I knew there was no one I would rather meet." Biographer Anne de Courcy confirms: "The Nuremberg rally had a profound effect on both Diana and Unity. . . Unity was already, as it were, convinced about Hitler, but this turned conviction into worship. From then on, she wanted to be near Hitler as much as possible".

Arrival in Germany
Mitford returned to Germany in the summer of 1934, enrolling in a language school in Munich close to the Nazi Party headquarters. Dalley notes "She was obsessed with meeting Hitler, so she really set out to stalk him." Pryce Jones elaborates: "She set her mind on getting Hitler, and she discovered that Hitler's movements could be ascertained. It's one of the extraordinary things about Hitler's daily life that he was so available to the public. You knew which café he'd be in, you knew which restaurant he'd be in, which hotel, and he would just go and meet people over sticky buns and cakes, and it was possible to meet him like that. And he was in the habit of eating in the Osteria Bavaria in Munich and she started sitting in the Osteria Bavaria every day. So he would have to come into the front part of the restaurant where there was this English girl."

After ten months, Hitler finally invited her to his table, where they talked for over 30 minutes, with Hitler picking up her bill. In a letter to her father, Mitford wrote: "It was the most wonderful and beautiful [day] of my life. I am so happy that I wouldn't mind a bit, dying. I'd suppose I am the luckiest girl in the world. For me he is the greatest man of all time". Hitler had also become smitten with the young blonde British student. He was struck by her curious connections to the Germanic culture including her middle name, Valkyrie. Mitford's grandfather, Algernon Freeman-Mitford, had been a friend of Richard Wagner, one of Hitler's idols, and had written introductions to two works of Houston Stewart Chamberlain. Dalley says, "Hitler was extremely superstitious, and he believed that Unity was sort of sent to him, it was destined." Mitford subsequently received invitations to party rallies and state occasions and was described by Hitler as "a perfect specimen of Aryan womanhood."

Hitler and Mitford became close, with Hitler reportedly playing Mitford off against his new girlfriend, Eva Braun, apparently to make her jealous. Braun wrote of Mitford in her diary: "She is known as the Valkyrie and looks the part, including her legs. I the mistress of the greatest man in Germany and the whole world, I sit here waiting while the sun mocks me through the window panes." Braun regained Hitler's attention after an attempted suicide and Mitford learned from this that desperate measures were often needed to capture the Führer's attention.

Mitford attended the Hitler Youth festival in Hesselberg with Hitler's friend Julius Streicher, where she gave a virulently anti-Semitic speech. She subsequently repeated these sentiments in an open letter to Streicher's paper, Der Stürmer, which read: "The English have no notion of the Jewish danger. Our worst Jews work only behind the scenes. We think with joy of the day when we will be able to say England for the English! Out with the Jews! Heil Hitler! P.S. please publish my name in full, I want everyone to know I am a Jew hater." The letter caused public outrage in Britain, but Hitler rewarded her with an engraved golden swastika badge, a private box at the 1936 Berlin Olympics, and a ride in a party Mercedes to the Bayreuth Festival.

Inside the inner circle
From this point on, Mitford was inducted into Hitler's inner circle and remained with him for five years. When Hitler announced the Anschluss in 1938, she appeared with him on the balcony in Vienna. She was later arrested in Prague for distributing Nazi propaganda. Pryce Jones reports that "She [Mitford] saw him, it seemed, more than a hundred times, no other English person could have anything like that access to Hitler", and the suspicions of the British SIS were aroused. MI5 officer Guy Liddell wrote in his diary: "Unity Mitford had been in close and intimate contact with the Führer and his supporters for several years, and was an ardent and open supporter of the Nazi regime. She had remained behind after the outbreak of war and her action had come perilously close to high treason." A 1936 report went further, proclaiming her "more Nazi than the Nazis", and stated that she gave the Hitler salute to the British Consul General in Munich, who immediately requested that her passport be impounded. In 1938, Hitler gave her a choice of four apartments in Munich. Mitford is reported to have visited one apartment to discuss her decoration and design plans while the soon-to-be-dispossessed residents, a Jewish couple, sat in the kitchen crying. Immediately prior to this, she had lived in the house of Erna Hanfstaengl, sister of early Hitler admirer and confidante Ernst Hanfstaengl, but was ordered to leave when Hitler became angry with the Hanfstaengls.

Many prominent Nazis were also suspicious of Mitford and her relationship to their Führer. In his memoirs, Inside the Third Reich, Albert Speer said of Hitler's select group: "One tacit agreement prevailed: No one must mention politics. The sole exception was Lady [sic] Mitford, who even in the later years of international tension persistently spoke up for her country and often actually pleaded with Hitler to make a deal with Britain. In spite of Hitler's discouraging reserve, she did not abandon her efforts through all those years". Mitford summered at the Berghof where she continued to discuss a possible German-British alliance with Hitler, going so far as to supply lists of potential supporters and enemies.

At the 1939 Bayreuth Festival, Hitler warned Unity and her sister Diana that war with Britain was inevitable within weeks and they should return home. Diana returned to England, while Unity chose to remain in Germany, though her family sent pleas for her to come home. After Britain's declaration of war on Germany on 3 September 1939, Unity was distraught. Diana Mitford told an interviewer in 1999: "She told me that if there was a war, which of course we all terribly hoped there might not be, that she would kill herself because she couldn't bear to live and see these two countries tearing each other to pieces, both of which she loved." On the morning of 3 September she visited the Gauleiter Adolf Wagner to inquire if she would be detained as an enemy alien, receiving assurances from Wagner that she would not. He was concerned by her demeanour and assigned two men to follow her, but she managed to shake them off by the time she entered the English Garden in Munich, where she took a pearl-handled pistol given to her by Hitler for protection and shot herself in the head. She survived the suicide attempt, and was hospitalised in Munich, where Hitler frequently visited her. He paid her bills and arranged for her return home.

Return to Great Britain
In December 1939, Mitford was moved to a hospital in Bern in the neutral country of Switzerland, where her mother and youngest sister, Deborah, went to collect her. In a 2002 letter to The Guardian, Deborah relates the experience: "We were not prepared for what we found – the person lying in bed was desperately ill. She had lost 2 st, was all huge eyes and matted hair, untouched since the bullet went through her skull. The bullet was still in her head, inoperable the doctor said. She could not walk, talked with difficulty and was a changed personality, like one who had had a stroke. Not only was her appearance shocking, she was a stranger, someone we did not know. We brought her back to England in an ambulance coach attached to a train. Every jolt was agony to her."

Stating she could remember nothing of the incident, Mitford returned to England with her mother and sister in January 1940 amid a flurry of press interest and her comment, "I'm glad to be in England, even if I'm not on your side", led to public calls for her internment as a traitor. Due to the intervention by Home Secretary John Anderson, at the behest of her father, she was left to live out her days with her mother at the family home at Swinbrook, Oxfordshire. Under the care of Professor Hugh Cairns, neurosurgeon at the Nuffield Hospital in Oxford, "She learned to walk again, but never fully recovered. She was incontinent and childish." Her mental age was likened to that of a 10-year-old, or a "sophisticated child" as James Lees-Milne called her (although he continues that she was "still very amusing in that Mitford manner"). She had a tendency to talk incessantly, had trouble concentrating her mind, and showed an unusually large appetite with sloppy table manners. Lees-Milne observed her to be "rather plain and fat, and says she weighs 13+1/2 st". She did however, retain at least some of her devotion to the Nazi party; her family friend Billa Harrod recalled Unity stating that she wished to have children and name the eldest Adolf.

Up to 11 September 1941, Mitford was reported to have had an affair with RAF Pilot Officer John Andrews, a test pilot, who was stationed at the nearby RAF Brize Norton. MI5 learned of this and reported it to Home Secretary Herbert Morrison in October. He had heard that she "drives about the countryside … and picks up airmen, etc, and … interrogates them." Andrews, a former bank clerk and a married father, was "removed as far away as the limited extent of the British Isles permits." He was re-posted to the far north of Scotland where he died in a Spitfire crash in 1945. Authorities then concluded that Mitford did not pose a significant threat.

From 1943, she also spent long periods in Hillmorton, an area of Rugby in Warwickshire, staying with the local vicar and his family. Mitford was keen to visit her sister Diana in Holloway Prison, and Norah Elam offered to look after Mitford at their home in Logan Place for a short period. Norah Elam and her husband Dudley escorted Mitford to see Diana and Oswald Mosley in Holloway on 18 March 1943.

Death
Mitford was taken seriously ill on a visit to the family-owned island of Inch Kenneth and was taken to hospital in Oban. Doctors had decided it was too dangerous to remove the bullet in her head. On 28 May 1948, Mitford died of meningitis caused by the cerebral swelling around the bullet. She was buried at Swinbrook Churchyard. The inscription on her gravestone reads: "Say not the struggle naught availeth."

Allegations of a faked shooting
On 1 December 2002, following the release of declassified documents (including the diary of wartime MI5 officer Guy Liddell), investigative journalist Martin Bright published an article in The Observer that claimed Home Secretary John Anderson intervened to prevent Mitford being questioned on her return from Germany. He also alleged that the shooting, which "has become part of the Mitford myth", may have been invented to excuse this.

Bright cites the statements of press photographers and others who witnessed Mitford's 3 January 1940 return to Britain that "there were no outward signs of her injury." Liddell had written on 2 January, "We had no evidence to support the press allegations that she was in a serious state of health, and it might well be that she was brought in on a stretcher in order to avoid publicity and unpleasantness to her family." Liddell had wanted her and her entourage, which according to Bright included known Nazi supporters, to be searched upon arrival, but the Home Secretary prevented this. On 8 January, Liddell notes receiving a report from the Security Control Officers who were responsible for meeting the arrivals that states "there were no signs of a bullet wound."

Mitford's cousin, Rupert Mitford, 6th Baron Redesdale, replied to the accusations by saying, "I love conspiracy theories but it goes a little far to suggest Unity was faking it. But people did wonder how she was up on her feet so soon after shooting herself in the head." Unity's sister, Deborah, rebutted by stating that the entourage that returned with Unity consisted of herself and their mother and although she could not remember them being searched upon return, that Unity "could not walk, talked with difficulty and was a changed personality, like one who had had a stroke", and that she has detailed records from Professor Cairns, neurosurgeon at the Nuffield Hospital in Oxford, on her condition, including X-rays showing the bullet. In a 2007 article for New Statesman, Bright states, "In fact, Liddell was wrong about her injuries. She had indeed shot herself and later died of an infection caused by the bullet in the brain."

Rumours of Hitler's baby
In December 2007, Bright published an article in New Statesman stating that following a previous article on Unity Mitford, he had received a phone call from a Ms Val Hann, a member of the public, offering new information on the story. The caller said that during the war, her aunt, Betty Norton, had run Hill View Cottage, a private maternity hospital in Oxford where Mitford had been a client. According to Hann's family legend, passed from Betty to Val's mother and then on to Val herself, Mitford had checked into the hospital after her return to England where she had given birth to Hitler's child, who was subsequently placed for adoption. Bright states he was initially sceptical.

Bright traveled to Wigginton where the current owner of Hill View confirmed that Norton had indeed run the cottage as a maternity hospital during the war. Bright met with elderly village resident Audrey Smith, whose sister had worked at Hill View. She confirmed seeing "Unity wrapped in a blanket and looking very ill" but insisted that she was there to recover from a nervous breakdown and not to give birth. Bright also contacted Unity's sister Deborah who denounced the villager's gossip and claimed she could produce her mother's diaries to prove it. Bright returned to the National Archives where he found a file on Unity sealed under the 100-year rule. He received special permission to open it and discovered that in October 1941, while living at the family home in Swinbrook, she had been consorting with a married RAF test pilot – throwing doubt on her reported invalidity.

Bright then abandoned the investigation, until he mentioned the story to an executive from Channel 4 who thought it was a good subject for a documentary film. Further investigation was then undertaken as part of the filming for Hitler's British Girl. This included a visit to an Oxfordshire register office, showing an abnormally large number of birth registrations at Hill View at that time, apparently confirming its use as a maternity hospital. No records were found for Mitford, although the records officer stated many births were not registered at this time. The publication of the article and the broadcast of the film the following week stimulated media speculation that Hitler's child could be living in the United Kingdom.

In popular culture
Unity, a play by John Mortimer depicting Mitford's time in Berlin, was broadcast on BBC2 on 20 March 1981. Unity was played by Lesley-Anne Down. Mitford is mentioned in Breakfast at Tiffany's by Truman Capote. Rutherford ("Rusty") Trawler apparently was supposed to propose to Unity Mitford before the war, if Hitler had not.

title: Unity Mitford


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Los Ranchos de Albuquerque, New Mexico

Los Ranchos de Albuquerque, known locally simply as "Los Ranchos" or "The Village," is a village in Bernalillo County, New Mexico. The population was 6,024 at the time of the 2010 Census.

Description
Part of the Albuquerque metropolitan area, Los Ranchos is located on the east side of the Rio Grande, adjacent to the unincorporated North Valley area. Los Ranchos is surrounded on three sides by the larger city of Albuquerque. Like the North Valley and Corrales, Los Ranchos is a mostly rural area with widely spaced large houses and dense vegetation.

Pueblo tribes
Signs of human activity in the middle Rio Grande valley date back to as early as 10,000 B.C. The introduction of cultivated maize from Mexico in 1,000 B.C. marked a major turning point in the settlement of the region, causing the traditionally nomadic tribes of the area to adopt a more agricultural way of life. The first pueblos in the area appeared between one and 600 A.D., established by the Tiwas (called Tigua by the Spaniards), and by 1,200 AD there were already 14 major sites along the Rio Grande from Algodones to Isleta, the Chamisal Site in present-day Los Ranchos being among the largest of these communities.

Hernando de Alvarado was reported as being one of the first Europeans to lay eyes on the region in September 1540 as the leader of a small convoy sent out by Coronado. He described the area as a "broad valley planted with fields of maize and dotted with cottonwood groves. There are twelve pueblos, whose houses are built of mud and are two stories high."

Early settlers
The first colonizing expedition into New Mexico was led by Juan de Oñate in 1598, and the fertile valley between Alameda and Atrisco was gradually populated by settlers living on scattered farms. The settlers were briefly driven out during the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, but returned in 1692. Frequent Apache and Navajo raiding compelled the settlers to consolidate their scattered dwellings into a series of plazas, which were easier to defend. Upriver from Albuquerque, these included Los Duranes, Los Candelarias, Los Griegos, and Los Ranchos, or more formally Plaza de Señor San José de los Ranchos. The Los Ranchos plaza was probably established around 1750, and had 176 residents living in 40 households at the time of the 1790 census. By 1814, the population had increased to 65 households and 331 people, and the village even became the seat of Bernalillo County for a brief period from 1851 to 1854. Unfortunately for its residents, the Los Ranchos area was prone to flooding, and the old village was badly damaged by major floods in 1874 and 1891 before being completely wiped away in a third flood in 1904. The continued flooding also turned much of the land alkaline and untillable.

Early 20th-century development
Many of the settling families sold their land to Anglo settlers and speculators after the railroad reached Albuquerque in 1880. In the face of growing demand for more housing, small subdivisions, land holdings and large country estates began to appear along Rio Grande Boulevard, new roads were constructed and existing ones were paved or removed. During the 20th century, a half-mile-long section of the Guadalupe Trail starting just south of Chamisal Road and extending north to Ranchitos Road became known as the new Los Ranchos.

"The 1930s marked a time when Albuquerque families began moving to the North Valley in greater numbers, some buying and restoring abandoned adobe homes, others proceeding to build large new houses." United States Representatives Albert Simms and his wife Ruth Hanna McCormick were among these families and built two houses designed by Santa Fe architect John Gaw Meem on the site of the current-day Los Poblanos Ranch. The valley continued to be home to many farms and ranches, and dairies were run by both Anglo and Spanish families alike. After World War II there was a new flood of settlers to Albuquerque, and the number of able-bodied men to work the land had thinned. Housing developments began to pop up on any available land around the Valley. Rob Lee Meadows was built on the site of the old Los Ranchos plaza, the farmlands belonging to the Robert Dietz family were turned into the rows of houses of Dietz Farms and over 100 acres of farm owned by the Charles Mann family became the present day Meadows on Rio Grande and Thomas Village homes.

Founding and incorporation
This sudden influx of newcomers and development after the war caused alarm that Albuquerque proper would annex Los Ranchos, and residents sought incorporation to prevent such a fate. After a successful vote, the village of Los Ranchos de Albuquerque was incorporated on December 29, 1958. People involved in incorporating the village included William Kitsch, Frederick O'Hara, Sam Hartnett, Paul Gillespie and Robert Nordhaus. This area contained the least developed section of the valley and included many of the larger homes and remaining open space. Restrictions on lot size and use have kept this area less built up and more verdant than other parts of the North Valley.

Today Los Ranchos has been able to preserve much of its original rural agricultural nature and is one of the most desirable places of high-end residence in the entire Albuquerque area.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 11.3 sqkm, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 5,092 people, 1,997 households, and 1,431 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,247.3 PD/sqmi. There were 2,107 housing units at an average density of 516.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 81.60% White, 0.49% African American, 1.55% Native American, 0.71% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 12.14% from other races, and 3.46% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 37.41% of the population.

There were 1,997 households, out of which 30.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.4% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.3% were non-families. 22.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 2.98.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 23.9% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 23.3% from 25 to 44, 33.0% from 45 to 64, and 13.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.7 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $60,500, and the median income for a family was $77,150. Males had a median income of $51,797 versus $31,757 for females. The per capita income for the village was $40,883. About 6.6% of families and 8.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.6% of those under age 18 and 9.2% of those age 65 or over.

Notable people

 * Joshua Cooper Ramo, author and consultant
 * John Ryan, former member of the New Mexico House of Representatives
 * José Sarria, activist and former drag queen
 * Roy Tackett, author and co-founder of Bubonicon.

Education
It is zoned to Albuquerque Public Schools.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Los Ranchos de Albuquerque, New Mexico


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North Valley, New Mexico

North Valley is a census-designated place (CDP) in Bernalillo County, New Mexico, United States. As of the 2010 Census, the CDP population was 11,333. It is part of the Albuquerque Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 18.2 km2, of which 0.08 km2, or 0.44%, is water.

Climate
North Valley has an arid climate (BSk, depending on the particular scheme of the Köppen climate classification system one uses), With daytime temperature averaging about five degrees warmer than the Albuquerque International Sunport and overnight lows averaging slightly cooler. North Valley has a more of a desert feel especially in the summer months when temperatures often reach 100 °F+. Average annual precipitation is 6.75 in.

Winters are mild with cold nights and warm days. Snowfall is rare, with an average of 3.7 in, and when it does occur it usually melts by the afternoon. Highs are usually in the 40 °F to 60 °F with lows in the 20 °F and 30 °F.

Spring can be windy at times with blowing dust but pleasant for the most part. Highs are usually in the 60 °F to the 80 °F with lows in 30 °F to the 50 °F.

Summer brings hot conditions with low humidity typical of the desert southwest. Monsoon season usually start in late June to early July and may last until mid to late September, depending on the annual intensity of the moist air from the Gulf of California. Highs are usually in the 90 °F and 100 °F with lows in the 60 °F and 70 °F.

Fall brings cooler temperatures and drier conditions. Nights can get chilly at times but are pleasant at others. One can watch the Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta from their yards from anywhere in the North Valley. Highs are in the 60 °F to the 80 °F with lows in the 30 °F to 60 °F.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 11,923 people, 4,467 households, and 3,095 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,645.3 PD/sqmi. There were 4,772 housing units at an average density of 658.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 73.62% White, 1.04% African American, 2.91% Native American, 0.41% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 18.19% from other races, and 3.77% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 56.81% of the population.

There were 4,467 households, out of which 30.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.1% were married couples living together, 12.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.7% were non-families. 24.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.08.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 25.6% under the age of 18, 8.3% from 18 to 24, 26.2% from 25 to 44, 25.8% from 45 to 64, and 14.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.7 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $39,888, and the median income for a family was $45,129. Males had a median income of $31,948 versus $26,433 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $19,398. About 8.5% of families and 10.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.5% of those under age 18 and 10.1% of those age 65 or over.

Education
It is zoned to Albuquerque Public Schools.

title: North Valley, New Mexico


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South Valley, New Mexico

South Valley is a census-designated place (CDP) and unincorporated community in Bernalillo County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 38,338 at the 2020 Census. It is part of the Albuquerque Metropolitan Statistical Area. The U.S. Postal Service uses "Albuquerque" for all South Valley addresses (ZIP code 87105).

Geography and environment
South Valley is located in central Bernalillo County and is bordered on the north, east, and half of its west side by the city of Albuquerque. The Rio Grande runs north to south through the center of the CDP. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 77.9 sqkm, of which 74.6 sqkm is land and 3.3 sqkm, or 4.23%, is water.

Municipal wells San Jose number 3 and San Jose number 6 were decommissioned in 1981 due to contamination with low levels of organic solvents, halocarbons and aromatics. These wells were plugged and abandoned in September 1994. The site remains on the Superfund site list with on-going remedial actions to contain, capture and reduce the concentration of the contaminant plume within the ground water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 40,976 people, 13,802 households, and 10,087 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,362.2 PD/sqmi. There were 14,784 housing units at an average density of 491.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 59.5% White, 1.2% African American, 2.2% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 32.7% from other races, and 4.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 80.2% of the population.

There were 13,802 households, out of which 31.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.1% were married couples living together, 17.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 9.2% were a male householder with no wife present, and 26.9% were non-families. 21.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.93 and the average family size was 3.4.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 26.8% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 20 to 24, 24.9% from 25 to 44, 21.4% from 45 to 64, and 12.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.7 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $36,821, and the median income for a family was $32,833. Males had a median income of $25,560 versus $21,973 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $17,045. About 17.4% of families and 25.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.2% of those under age 18 and 17.9% of those age 65 or over.

Incorporation efforts
Presently, the South Valley is an unincorporated area in Bernalillo County that lies south of the city limits of Albuquerque. In January 2010, a special election was held in the South Valley to decide whether or not the region should incorporate into a city, to be named Valle de Atrisco. Voters in the South Valley overwhelmingly rejected incorporation by a 93 to 7 percent margin during the special election on January 5, 2010. Opponents to incorporation cited the potential costs (and tax burden for residents) for providing for education, public works, police and fire services in the South Valley because Bernalillo County would no longer be providing these services to the community following incorporation. Supporters argued in favor of incorporation to protect the community from possible annexation into the City of Albuquerque, and the potential for increased taxes and perceived degradation of public services that would arise from being integrated into the city.

Education
It is zoned to Albuquerque Public Schools.

Rio Grande High School is in South Valley.

title: South Valley, New Mexico


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Tijeras, New Mexico

Tijeras is a village in Bernalillo County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 541 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Albuquerque metropolitan area.

Pre-Columbian
The Tijeras Pueblo Archaeological Site is located in Tijeras at 35° 04′ 30″ N, 106° 23′ 01.″ The site was occupied by Ancestral Pueblo people from about 1313 CE to 1425 CE. In the first phase of its occupation the Tijeras Pueblo had about 200 rooms in terraced buildings arranged in a "U" shape with a large ceremonial Kiva at the center. The pueblo was partially abandoned after about 1360 but rebuilding began about 1390, although the pueblo never regained its previous size. It was abandoned about 1425. The reasons for the abandonment of the pueblo are unknown, although it may have been because of drought and water shortages.

The Tijeras Pueblo Archaeological Site is open to visitors. A museum on the site is open weekends and a self-guiding trail winds through the ruins.

History
Tijeras was part of the Carnuel land grant, created in 1763 to defend Albuquerque from the raids of Comanche, Kiowa, and Plains Apache American Indians. The village is located in Tijeras Canyon, a strategic and natural corridor between the nomadic Indians of the Great Plains and the Spanish settlements in the Rio Grande valley. Nineteen men some with families, comprised the first settlers at Carnuel. They were mostly from the lower castas of Spanish society, "coyotes" and genizaros (Indians who lived among the Spanish and had adopted some elements of Hispanic culture). For the coyotes and genizaros the attraction to settle in the Tijeras area was the opportunity to own land through the land grant from the New Mexican government.

Apache raiders killed several people in the area and the survivors abandoned the land grant area in 1771. The Mescalero Apache name for Tijeras canyon is Nakai'e Naagishuł or "Mexican they dragged". The Tijeras area was resettled in 1819 by descendants of the original settlers plus additional landless mestizos. By that time New Mexico had made peace with the Comanche and the threat to the eastern frontiers of the colony had decreased, making the settlement feasible. The genizaro heritage continued to influence land and water usage rights in the Carnuel land grant into the 21st century.

Geography
Tijeras is located at 35.0875°N, -106.37722°W (35.087550, -106.377354), in central New Mexico, approximately 25 km east of Albuquerque, on Interstate 40 (Exit 175) and U.S. Highway 66 (Route 66)/New Mexico state highway 333. New Mexico State Road 14 leads north from the village, toward Cedar Crest, Sandia Crest, Madrid and Santa Fe. New Mexico State Road 337 leads south from Tijeras (see Google map).

Physical geography
Tijeras is at the junction of Tijeras Canyon, leading to the west, toward Albuquerque, and Cedro Canyon, leading to the south, toward the Manzano Mountains.

Land area
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 3.0 km2, of which 0.02 sqkm, or 0.56%, is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 474 people, 191 households, and 131 families residing in the village. The population density was 559.5 PD/sqmi. There were 210 housing units at an average density of 247.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 65.82% White, 1.05% Native American, 0.21% Asian, 28.06% from other races, and 4.85% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 56.33% of the population.

There were 191 households, out of which 33.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.9% were married couples living together, 10.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.4% were non-families. 24.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.02.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 26.8% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 27.2% from 45 to 64, and 10.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 107.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 111.6 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $34,167, and the median income for a family was $46,250. Males had a median income of $31,750 versus $25,179 for females. The per capita income for the village was $18,836. About 9.6% of families and 9.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.4% of those under age 18 and 20.0% of those age 65 or over.

As of the census of 2011, there were 548 people living in Tijeras. By 2009, the estimated mean household income had risen to $49,441, slightly above that of the state as a whole ($43,028). The mean price of a housing unit in 2009 was $229,479, which was significantly higher than the mean home price in the state as a whole ($160,900).

Education
It is zoned to Albuquerque Public Schools.

Musical highway
In October 2014, Tijeras gained national attention for a nearby "musical road", a two-lane stretch of former U.S. Highway 66 (Route 66) with grooves in the roadway (rumble strips) arranged to cause the sounds of a famous song ("America the Beautiful") to be heard when vehicles drive on it at 45 mph.

title: Tijeras, New Mexico


text:
Reserve, New Mexico

Reserve is a village in Catron County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 289 as of the 2010 census, down from 387 in 2000. It is the county seat of Catron County. Currently the village has two grocery stores, a hardware store, a bar, fairgrounds, and a health clinic. It is the site where Elfego Baca held off a gang of Texan cowboys who wanted to kill him for arresting cowboy Charles McCarty.

History

Catron became a county in 1921. It was named after an attorney and political leader from Santa Fe, Thomas B. Catron.

In the 1860s, Mexican-Americans established a string of villages along the San Francisco River, naming them the Upper, Lower, and Middle San Francisco Plazas. In the late 1870s Anglo settlers began arriving. They renamed Upper Frisco Plaza as Milligan's Plaza, naming it after a merchant and saloon owner.

Milligan's Plaza was the site of the Frisco shootout of Elfego Baca.

Geography
Reserve is located in western Catron County in the valley of the San Francisco River. New Mexico State Road 12 passes through the village, leading west 7 mi to U.S. Route 180 near Reserve Airport and northeast 67 mi to U.S. Route 60 at Datil. NM 435 leads south through the communities of San Francisco Plaza and Lower San Francisco Plaza before ending 5 mi south of Reserve.

Reserve is situated in the Gila National Forest about 15 mi east of the Arizona/New Mexico border. The area includes ruins from the Mogollon and Anasazi tribes, as well as petroglyphs and historic Old West sites.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.4 km2, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 387 people, 177 households, and 103 families residing in the village. The population density was 696.2 PD/sqmi. There were 238 housing units at an average density of 428.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 80.10% White, 0.52% African American, 0.52% Native American, 13.95% from other races, and 4.91% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 40.57% of the population.

There were 177 households, out of which 25.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.8% were married couples living together, 14.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.8% were non-families. 39.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.14 and the average family size was 2.84.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 24.5% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 20.9% from 25 to 44, 28.2% from 45 to 64, and 18.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.6 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $24,750, and the median income for a family was $30,536. Males had a median income of $30,833 versus $16,000 for females. The per capita income for the village was $14,612. About 14.2% of families and 17.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.6% of those under age 18 and 9.1% of those age 65 or over.

Climate
Reserve has a Mediterranean climate of the warm-summer type (Köppen: Csb), unusual in New Mexico. Despite having mild to hot daytime highs year round, temperatures substantially cool off during nighttime due to Reserve's high elevation and aridity. Even in the summertime, 90 degree days can cool off into the 40's. A freeze has been recorded every month of the year except August. Reserve receives most of its rainfall in the form of thunderstorms from mid-summer into fall from the North American Monsoon, which can produce hazardous flash floods very quickly. Snow usually falls once or twice a year, but melts quickly due to the high daytime temperatures.

Education
The city is served by the Reserve Independent School District.

Reserve prehistoric pottery
This Ancestral Pueblo pottery type was named for the Reserve area, where it was first found, and is a major subdivision of the Cibola Whiteware group. Common designs are opposed solid and hatched motifs that are interlocked with each other. Usually the hatching is diagonal, but parallel hatching in late examples occurs as well. Squiggle hatching may occur on some early examples. Usually the hatched motifs average two to four times as wide as the solid motifs but occasionally approach the same size. Framing and hatching lines are usually the same width. "Bulls eyes" are common in Reserve Black-on-White.

title: Reserve, New Mexico


text:
Dexter, New Mexico

Dexter is a town in Chaves County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 1,266 at the time of the 2010 census.

Geography
Dexter is located in south-central Chaves County approximately 2 mi west of the Pecos River. New Mexico State Road 2 passes through the town, leading northwest 17 mi to Roswell, the county seat, and southeast 6 mi to Hagerman.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Dexter has a total area of 2.1 km2, of which 1.9 km2 is land and 0.2 km2, or 7.88%, is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,235 people, 390 households, and 333 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,681.2 PD/sqmi. There were 434 housing units at an average density of 590.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 60.00% White, 0.24% African American, 0.73% Native American, 35.47% from other races, and 3.56% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 71.17% of the population.

There were 390 households, out of which 47.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.3% were married couples living together, 17.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 14.6% were non-families. 11.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.17 and the average family size was 3.39.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 35.3% under the age of 18, 9.9% from 18 to 24, 27.4% from 25 to 44, 17.1% from 45 to 64, and 10.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.7 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $30,707, and the median income for a family was $31,316. Males had a median income of $23,950 versus $16,591 for females. The per capita income for the town was $10,239. About 14.8% of families and 14.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.2% of those under age 18 and 31.5% of those age 65 or over.

Notable person

 * Mike E. Smith, jockey who won the Triple Crown in 2018

title: Dexter, New Mexico


text:
Hagerman, New Mexico

Hagerman is a town in Chaves County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 1,251 at the 2010 census.

Geography
Hagerman is located in south-central Chaves County approximately 2 mi west of the Pecos River. New Mexico State Road 2 passes through the town, leading northwest 24 mi to Roswell, the county seat, and south 20 mi to Artesia. NM 249 leads east from the center of town 32 mi to the top of the Mescalero Ridge.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 1.4 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,168 people, 397 households, and 296 families residing in the town. The population density was 846.8 PD/sqmi. There were 439 housing units at an average density of 318.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 67.55% White, 0.09% African American, 0.09% Native American, 0.09% Asian, 0.51% Pacific Islander, 28.94% from other races, and 2.74% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 63.18% of the population.

There were 397 households, out of which 41.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.2% were married couples living together, 13.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.2% were non-families. 21.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.94 and the average family size was 3.47.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 36.2% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 24.9% from 25 to 44, 18.8% from 45 to 64, and 12.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.1 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $23,295, and the median income for a family was $26,131. Males had a median income of $25,238 versus $17,708 for females. The per capita income for the town was $10,114. About 24.1% of families and 27.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 35.4% of those under age 18 and 23.7% of those age 65 or over.

Education
Hagerman is served by the Hagerman Municipal Schools, which operates the following schools:
 * Hagerman Elementary School
 * Hagerman Middle School
 * Hagerman High School

The original Hagerman school building was built in the late 1800s. Between 1999 and 2003, the Hagerman Municipal Schools underwent significant construction, impacting the elementary and high school, creating more space for the growing student body population.

title: Hagerman, New Mexico


text:
Lake Arthur, New Mexico

Lake Arthur is a town in Chaves County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 436 at the 2010 census.

Geography
Lake Arthur is located near the southern border of Chaves County about 1 mi west of the Pecos River. New Mexico State Road 2 passes through the town, leading north 9 mi to Hagerman and south 11 mi to Artesia.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 1.4 km2, all of it land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 432 people, 134 households, and 107 families residing in the town. The population density was 789.2 PD/sqmi. There were 149 housing units at an average density of 272.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 62.96% White, 0.46% Native American, 0.69% Asian, 34.49% from other races, and 1.39% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 70.14% of the population.

There were 134 households, out of which 47.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.7% were married couples living together, 17.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.1% were non-families. 17.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.22 and the average family size was 3.62.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 38.4% under the age of 18, 8.3% from 18 to 24, 28.0% from 25 to 44, 14.6% from 45 to 64, and 10.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females, there were 114.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.1 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $22,386, and the median income for a family was $22,679. Males had a median income of $26,875 versus $15,179 for females. The per capita income for the town was $8,497. About 24.7% of families and 24.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.1% of those under age 18 and 6.5% of those age 65 or over.

Badge-factory
Since the enactment of the Law Enforcement Officers Safety Act in 2004, "qualified law enforcement officer" and “qualified retired or separated law enforcement officer" have been given permission to carry a concealed firearm in any jurisdiction in the United States, regardless of state or local laws, with certain exceptions. In 2018, it was revealed that billionaire Robert Mercer (owner of Breitbart News, Cambridge Analytica, and others) was a volunteer policeman with Lake Arthur Police Department from 2011. This enrollment permitted him to carry a concealed weapon in all 50 states. Mercer also obtained police badges (old-fashioned stars) for bodyguards working for the Koch brothers and Breitbart news. The police department was shut down in April 2018 after these "badges-for-cash" were reported in the media.

title: Lake Arthur, New Mexico


text:
Acomita Lake, New Mexico

Acomita Lake is a census-designated place (CDP) in Cibola County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 339 at the 2020 census.

Geography
Acomita Lake is located in northeastern Cibola County along the northern edge of the Acoma Indian Reservation. Interstate 40 runs past the northern side of the community, with access from exits 96 and 100. A reservoir named Acomita Lake is in the eastern part of the community, and the Rio San Jose, a tributary of the Rio Puerco, forms the southern edge of the community.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 9.2 km2, of which 8.9 km2 is land and 0.3 km2, or 3.38%, is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2020, there were 339 people, 147 households, and 138 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 99.7 PD/sqmi. There were 95 housing units at an average density of 27.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 1.1% White, 94.9% Native American, 0.3% Asian, and 0.3% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.36% of the population.

There were 147 households, out of which 67.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.6% were married couples living together, 10.2% had a female householder with no spouse present, 13.6% had a male householder with no spouse present, and 6.1% were non-families. No households reported being made up of individuals. The average household size was 5.44 and the average family size was 5.57.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 25.5% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 35.3% from 25 to 44, 25.1% from 45 to 64, and 7.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 131.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 121.6 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $72,585, and the median income for a family was $72,557. Males had a median income of $21,806 versus $17,417 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $68,634. 12.0% of the population and 11.6% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 11.8% of those under the age of 18 were living below the poverty line.

Education
All public schools in the county are operated by Grants/Cibola County Schools.

title: Acomita Lake, New Mexico


text:
Encinal, New Mexico

Encinal is a census-designated place (CDP) in Cibola County, New Mexico, United States. It is the smallest of the six villages of the Laguna Pueblo and sits at the base of Mount Taylor. The population was 210 at the 2010 census.

Geography
Encinal is located in northeastern Cibola County 5 mi northeast of Cubero and 7 mi northeast of Exit 104 on Interstate 40. Picacho Peak, known locally as Elephant Rock, is a large rock formation 2 mi to the west of the village.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 34.9 km2, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 200 people, 58 households, and 48 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 14.7 people per square mile (5.7/km2). There were 67 housing units at an average density of 4.9 per square mile (1.9/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.50% Native American, 1.50% White, and 1.00% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.00% of the population.

There were 58 households, out of which 27.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.8% were married couples living together, 29.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.2% were non-families. 15.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.45 and the average family size was 3.81.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 29.0% under the age of 18, 12.5% from 18 to 24, 23.0% from 25 to 44, 25.5% from 45 to 64, and 10.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.9 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $40,938, and the median income for a family was $50,208. Males had a median income of $20,625 versus $18,281 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $9,496. About 18.5% of families and 23.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.7% of those under the age of eighteen and 30.8% of those 65 or over.

Education
All public schools in the county are operated by Grants/Cibola County Schools.

title: Encinal, New Mexico


text:
Grants, New Mexico

Grants is a city in Cibola County, New Mexico, United States. It is located about 78 mi west of Albuquerque. The population was 9,163 at the 2020 Census. It is the county seat of Cibola County.

Grants is located along the Trails of the Ancients Byway, one of the designated New Mexico Scenic Byways.

History
Grants began as a railroad camp in the 1880s, when three Canadian brothers – Angus A. Grant, John R. Grant, and Lewis A. Grant – were awarded a contract to build a section of the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad through the region. The Grant brothers' camp was first called Grants Camp, then Grants Station, and finally Grants. The new city enveloped the existing colonial New Mexican settlement of Los Alamitos and grew along the tracks of the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad.

The town prospered from railroad logging in the nearby Zuni Mountains, and it was a section point for the Atlantic and Pacific, which became part of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. The Zuni Mountain Railroad short line had a roundhouse in town (near Exit 81 off Interstate 40) and housed workers in a small community named Breecetown. Timber from the Zuni Mountains was shipped to Albuquerque, where a large sawmill converted the timber to wood products that were sold across the west.

After the decline of logging in the 1930s, Grants-Milan gained fame as the "carrot capital" of the United States. Agriculture was aided by the creation of Bluewater Reservoir, and the region's volcanic soils provided ideal conditions for farming. Grants also benefited from its location as airway beacon and later by U.S. Route 66, which brought travelers and tourists, and the businesses that catered to them. the beacon and FSS building on the airport (KGNT) was being restored as the Western New Mexico Aviation Heritage Museum.

Perhaps the town's most memorable boom occurred when Paddy Martinez, a Navajo shepherd, discovered uranium ore near Haystack Mesa, sparking a mining boom that lasted until the 1980s (see Uranium mining in New Mexico). The collapse of mining pulled the town into a depression, but the town has enjoyed a resurgence based on interest in tourism and the scenic beauty of the region. Recent interest in nuclear power has revived the possibility of more uranium mining in the area, and energy companies still own viable mining properties and claims in the area.

Geography
Grants is located in north-central Cibola County. Santa Fe Avenue (former Route 66) is the main road through the city, while Interstate 40 passes through the south side of the city, with access from exits 81 and 85. I-40 leads 78 mi east to Albuquerque and west 61 mi to Gallup. The town of Milan borders the northwest end of Grants.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 38.5 km2, all land. Grants is on the north end of the large and recent (youngest flows around 3,000 years old) lava field known as El Malpais ("the badlands"), part of which is preserved as El Malpais National Monument. To the northeast of town are the San Mateo Mountains and Mount Taylor, at 11301 ft the highest peak in the region. West of the city is the Continental Divide and the Zuni Mountains, an eroded anticline with 2-billion-year-old Precambrian granites and metamorphic rocks at its core. The region is primarily high desert country, dominated by sandstones and lava flows.

Climate
Grants has a typical New Mexico cool semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk). Located in one of the driest areas in the United States, Grants receives about 11 in of precipitation annually. The three wettest months are July, August and September, during the monsoon season. The wettest month on record has been July 2015 with 5.59 in, and the wettest day August 25, 1972 with 1.91 in. The wettest calendar year since 1948 has been 1965 with 17.11 in and the driest 1956 with 4.41 in. Even during the monsoon season, diurnal temperature ranges are very large, being at or above 35 F-change almost year-round.

From October, when the monsoon retreats, afternoon temperatures fall from very warm to hot down to comfortable by November and to cool during the winter proper. Mornings typically begin to fall below freezing during October, and over a whole year 177.6 mornings will fall below freezing, although afternoon maxima top freezing on all bar 5.1 afternoons. 0 F is typically reached on 4.6 mornings, and the coldest temperature on record is −33 F on Christmas Day, 1990. The aridity of the winters makes snowfall very light: the median is only 0.5 in and the most snow in one month 25.7 in in December 1967, which also saw the snowiest season with 39.6 in.

During the spring, the weather steadily heats up, with maxima topping 70 F before the end of April and reaching 90 F on 35.6 afternoons – although only five mornings on record have stayed above 68 F. During this early summer period, the weather remains very dry, so that mornings remain cool even into June – as late as June 23, 1964 the temperature fell to freezing. The hottest temperature on record has been 106 F on July 14, 2003, and June 28, 2013.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 8,806 people, 3,202 households, and 2,321 families residing in the city. The population density was 644.4 PD/sqmi. There were 3,626 housing units at an average density of 265.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city among Non-Hispanic groups was 56.18% White, 1.62% African American, 11.97% Native American, 0.92% Asian, 0.12% Pacific Islander, 24.80% from other races, and 4.38% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 52.36% of the population.

There were 3,202 households, out of which 37.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.5% were married couples living together, 17.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.5% were non-families. 24.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.06.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 28.8% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 27.9% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 12.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.4 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $30,652, and the median income for a family was $33,464. Males had a median income of $31,870 versus $20,808 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,053. About 19.4% of families and 21.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.8% of those under age 18 and 11.1% of those age 65 or over.

Education
All public schools in the county are operated by Grants/Cibola County Schools. Seven elementary schools, one middle school and two high schools serve Grants and Cibola County. Los Alamitos Middle School and Grants High School serve Grants.

St. Teresa of Avila Catholic School, of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Gallup, is the only private accredited school in the city and serves grades pre-Kindergarten through eighth grades. The school building opened in 1945.

There is a branch of New Mexico State University offering a two-year postsecondary program as well as advanced degrees through distance education.

Culture
The National Park Service and the Bureau of Land Management operate the El Malpais Visitor Center at Exit 85 off Interstate 40 in Grants. The visitor center highlights the many features of El Malpais National Monument and El Malpais National Conservation Area.

There is a mining museum in town, as well as the Western New Mexico Aviation Heritage Museum at the Grants-Milan Municipal Airport.

On Route 66/Santa Fe Avenue, the Cibola Arts Council runs an art gallery and museum that features the works of local artists and many Route 66 artifacts including a Ford Model T roadster. The museum hosts special events, shows, and openings on a regular basis.

There is a Tibetan Buddhist stupa in the Zuni Mountains west of town, the Zuni Mountain Stupa.

Radio

 * KDSK-FM (92.7 MHz)
 * KSFE (FM) (96.7 MHz)
 * KMIN (980 kHz)

Television

 * KOB-TV (4) (NBC affiliate)
 * KOAT (7) (ABC affiliate)
 * 7 Cities (10)
 * KRQE (13) (CBS affiliate)

Print

 * Cibola Citizen (formerly Cibola Beacon)
 * Gallup Independent

Online media

 * TheRacingExperts.com

Notable people

 * Greg Baldwin (born 1960), actor and voice actor
 * Joseph Fidel (1923–2015), member of the New Mexico Senate
 * George Hanosh (1938–2008), member of the New Mexico House of Representatives
 * Al Johnson (1922–2011), NFL player for the Philadelphia Eagles and coach for Western New Mexico University
 * Walter K. Martinez (1930–1986), member and speaker of the New Mexico House of Representatives
 * W. Ken Martinez (born 1959), member and speaker of the New Mexico House of Representatives
 * Paddy Martinez (1881–1969), prospector who discovered uranium at Haystack Mesa
 * Dianna Ortiz (born 1961), Roman Catholic sister of the Ursuline order who was abducted by the Guatemalan military
 * Clemente Sanchez (born 1958), member of the New Mexico Senate
 * Marvin Stephens (1922–2008), actor known for the Mickey McGuire and Jones Family film series
 * David Ulibarri, former member of the New Mexico Senate and Cibola County manager
 * Jack Wallace (1925–1995), NFL player and coach

Popular culture

 * Author Robison Wells has stated in his novel On Second Thought that the fictional town of Alamitos is based on Grants, which is the historical name before it was renamed after the mining camp. Wells lived in Grants during the late-1990s.
 * Grants is mentioned as a central location in the Louis L'Amour novel Flint.

title: Grants, New Mexico


text:
Laguna, New Mexico

Laguna is a census-designated place (CDP) on the Laguna Pueblo in Cibola County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 1,241 at the 2010 census. It is located approximately 47 miles west of Albuquerque.

Laguna was founded in 1699, making it the most recent of the New Mexican pueblos. The people of Laguna Pueblo speak Western Keresan. Laguna is home to an annual feast to Saint Joseph.

History
The San Jose de la Laguna Mission and Convento, built starting in 1699, is in Laguna. It is extremely well-preserved, and has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1973.

Anton Docher, the "Padre of Isleta", served as a priest in Laguna during his long period in Isleta.

Geography
Laguna is located in eastern Cibola County and is bordered to the west by Paraje, to the southeast by Mesita, and to the south by Interstate 40, which provides access from Exit 114. Old U.S. Route 66 passes through the community.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 28.3 km2, all land. The CDP includes the original settlement of Laguna as well as New Laguna, about 2.5 mi to the west on old Highway 66.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 423 people, 136 households, and 108 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 164.2 PD/sqmi. There were 172 housing units at an average density of 66.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 2.36% White, 96.45% Native American, 0.24% from other races, and 0.47% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.07% of the population.

There were 136 households, out of which 31.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.8% were married couples living together, 25.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.9% were non-families. 17.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.11 and the average family size was 3.44.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 27.0% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 22.0% from 45 to 64, and 14.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.6 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $19,250, and the median income for a family was $19,750. Males had a median income of $19,000 versus $17,188 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $10,980. About 28.6% of families and 27.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.4% of those under age 18 and 30.9% of those age 65 or over.

Education
All public schools in the county are operated by Grants/Cibola County Schools.

Cubero Elementary School and Laguna Acoma Middle-High School serve the area.

There is a tribal elementary school, affiliated with the Bureau of Indian Education (BIE), called Laguna Elementary School.

title: Laguna, New Mexico


text:
Deborah Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire

Deborah Vivien Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire, (born Deborah Vivien Freeman-Mitford and latterly Deborah, Dowager Duchess of Devonshire; 31 March 1920 – 24 September 2014) was an English aristocrat, writer, memoirist, and socialite. She was the youngest and last-surviving of the six Mitford sisters, who were prominent members of British society in the 1930s and 1940s.

Life
Known to her family as "Debo", Deborah Vivien Freeman-Mitford was born in Kensington, London, on 31 March 1920. Her parents were David Freeman-Mitford, 2nd Baron Redesdale (1878–1958), son of Algernon Freeman-Mitford, 1st Baron Redesdale, and his wife, Sydney (1880–1963), daughter of Thomas Gibson Bowles, MP. She married Lord Andrew Cavendish, younger son of the 10th Duke of Devonshire, in 1941. When Cavendish's older brother, William, Marquess of Hartington, was killed in action in 1944, Cavendish became heir to the dukedom and began to use the courtesy title Marquess of Hartington. In 1950, on the death of his father, the Marquess of Hartington became the 11th Duke of Devonshire.

Cavendish was the main public face of Chatsworth for many decades. She wrote several books about Chatsworth, and played a key role in the restoration of the house, the enhancement of the garden and the development of commercial activities such as Chatsworth Farm Shop (which is on a quite different scale from most farm shops, as it employs a hundred people); Chatsworth's other retail and catering operations; and assorted offshoots such as Chatsworth Food (later Chatsworth Estate Trading), which sold luxury foodstuffs carrying her signature; and Chatsworth Design, which sells image rights to items and designs from the Chatsworth collections. Recognising the commercial imperatives of running a stately home, she took a very active role and was known to man the Chatsworth House ticket office herself. She also supervised the development of the Cavendish Hotel at Baslow, near Chatsworth, and the Devonshire Arms Hotel at Bolton Abbey.

In 1999, Cavendish was appointed a Dame Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (DCVO) by Queen Elizabeth II, for her service to the Royal Collection Trust. Upon the death of her husband in 2004, her son Peregrine Cavendish became the 12th Duke of Devonshire. She became the Dowager Duchess of Devonshire at this time, and moved into a smaller house on the Chatsworth estate.

Towards the end of her life, she formed a friendship with Arthur Parkinson, the future gardening author and broadcaster, bonding over their shared interest in hens.

Children
She and the duke had seven children, four of whom died shortly after birth:
 * Mark Cavendish (born and died 14 November 1941)
 * Lady Emma Cavendish (born 26 March 1943), married Hon Tobias William Tennant, son of the 2nd Lord Glenconner, in 1963 and has three children (including model Stella Tennant).
 * Peregrine Andrew Morny Cavendish, 12th Duke of Devonshire (born 27 April 1944)
 * An unnamed child (miscarried December 1946; the child was a twin of Victor Cavendish, born in 1947)
 * Lord Victor Cavendish (born and died 22 May 1947)
 * Lady Mary Cavendish (born and died 5 April 1953)
 * Lady Sophia Louise Sydney Cavendish (born 18 March 1957), married, firstly, Anthony William Lindsay Murphy in 1979, divorced 1987. In 1988 she married secondly Alastair Morrison, 3rd Baron Margadale, son of James Morrison, 2nd Baron Margadale, with whom she had two children. Following divorce she married, thirdly, William Topley in 1999.

Relatives
She was a maternal aunt of Max Mosley, former president of the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), as well as the grandmother of fashion model Stella Tennant (1970–2020) and aristocrat William Cavendish, Earl of Burlington.

Politics
In 1981 she and her husband joined the new Social Democratic Party.

Death
Cavendish died from complications of dementia in Edensor on 24 September 2014, at the age of 94. Her funeral was held on 2 October 2014 at St Peter's Church, Edensor. Mourners included the then Prince of Wales (later King Charles III) and his wife, Camilla, then-Duchess of Cornwall.

Titles

 * 1920–1941 – The Honourable Deborah Freeman-Mitford
 * 1941–1944 – Lady Andrew Cavendish
 * 1944–1950 – Marchioness of Hartington
 * 1950–1999 – Her Grace The Duchess of Devonshire
 * 1999–2004 – Her Grace The Duchess of Devonshire, DCVO
 * 2004–2014 – Her Grace The Dowager Duchess of Devonshire, DCVO

Selected interviews
Cavendish was interviewed on her experience of sitting for a portrait for painter Lucian Freud in the BBC series Imagine in 2004.

In an interview with John Preston of The Daily Telegraph, published in September 2007, she recounted having tea with Adolf Hitler during a visit to Munich in June 1937, when she was visiting Germany with her mother and her sister Unity, the latter being the only one of the three who spoke German and, therefore the one who carried on the entire conversation with Hitler. Shortly before ending the interview, Preston asked her to choose with whom she would have preferred to have tea: American singer Elvis Presley or Hitler. Looking at the interviewer with astonishment, she answered: "Well, Elvis of course! What an extraordinary question."

In 2010, the BBC journalist Kirsty Wark interviewed the Duchess for Newsnight. In it, the Duchess talked about life in the 1930s and 1940s, Hitler, the Chatsworth estate, and the marginalisation of the upper classes. She was also interviewed on 23 December by Charlie Rose for PBS.

On 10 November 2010, she was interviewed as part of "The Artists, Poets, and Writers Lecture Series" sponsored by the Frick Collection, an interview which focused on her memoir and her published correspondence with Patrick Leigh Fermor.

Books

 * Chatsworth: The House (1980; revised edition 2002)
 * The Estate: A View from Chatsworth (1990)
 * The Farmyard at Chatsworth (1991) – for children
 * Treasures of Chatsworth: A Private View (1991)
 * The Garden at Chatsworth (1999)
 * Counting My Chickens and Other Home Thoughts (2002) – essays
 * The Chatsworth Cookery Book (2003)
 * Round About Chatsworth (2005)
 * Memories of Andrew Devonshire (2007)
 * The Mitfords: Letters Between Six Sisters (2007), edited by Charlotte Mosley, ISBN 0-06-137364-8
 * In Tearing Haste: Letters Between Deborah Devonshire and Patrick Leigh Fermor (2008), edited by Charlotte Mosley
 * Home to Roost . . . and Other Peckings (2009)
 * Wait for Me!... Memoirs of the Youngest Mitford Sister (2010)
 * All in One Basket (2011)
 * Mitford, Diana, The Pursuit of Laughter (2008) – introduction

Magazines

 * The Spectator

Documentary

 * Chatsworth (TV series)


text:
Mesita, New Mexico

Mesita is a census-designated place (CDP) in Cibola County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 804 at the 2010 census.

Geography
Mesita is located in eastern Cibola County and is bordered to the northwest by Laguna. Interstate 40 passes through the community, with access from Exit 117. I-40 leads west 35 mi to Grants, the Cibola County seat, and east 44 mi to Albuquerque. The Rio San Jose, a tributary of the Rio Puerco, runs along the northeast side of the community.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the Mesita CDP has a total area of 27.7 km2, of which 0.04 km2, or 0.13%, is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 776 people, 214 households, and 188 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 72.5 PD/sqmi. There were 228 housing units at an average density of 21.3 per square mile (8.2/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 1.03% White, 97.42% Native American, 0.77% from other races, and 0.77% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.96% of the population.

There were 214 households, out of which 46.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.4% were married couples living together, 29.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 12.1% were non-families. 10.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.63 and the average family size was 3.88.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 36.0% under the age of 18, 10.1% from 18 to 24, 29.0% from 25 to 44, 19.1% from 45 to 64, and 5.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.8 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $24,444, and the median income for a family was $27,083. Males had a median income of $26,184 versus $21,364 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $10,104. About 23.2% of families and 26.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 37.1% of those under age 18 and 22.5% of those age 65 or over.

Education
All public schools in the county are operated by Grants/Cibola County Schools.

title: Mesita, New Mexico


text:
Milan, New Mexico

Milan is a village in Cibola County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 3,245 at the 2010 census.

A suburb of Grants, Milan's population grew by over 1,300 between 2000 and 2010, a rate of 71.6%. Many new houses and service-oriented businesses are being built. Milan is the site of the privately run Cibola County Correctional Center, which houses more than 1,000 federal prisoners and is a major employer.

Geography
Milan is bordered to the south by Grants, the county seat.

Interstate 40 runs through the village, with access via Exit 79. New Mexico State Road 122, formerly U.S. Route 66, passes through the eastern side of town. Via I-40 it is 80 mi east to Albuquerque and west 58 mi to Gallup.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 11.25 km2, of which 0.01 sqkm, or 0.11%, is water.

Demographics
At the 2000 census, there were 1,891 people, 673 households and 475 families residing in the village. The population density was 648.9 PD/sqmi. There were 806 housing units at an average density of 276.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup was 51.03% White, 1.32% African American, 13.96% Native American, 28.87% from other races, and 4.81% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 52.30% of the population.

There were 673 households, of which 39.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.0% were married couples living together, 15.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.3% were non-families. 24.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.81 and the average family size was 3.33.

32.6% of the population were under the age of 18, 10.7% from 18 to 24, 26.9% from 25 to 44, 19.6% from 45 to 64, and 10.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.6 males.

The median household income was $24,635 and the median family income was $26,776. Males had a median income of $28,594 and females $18,750. The per capita income was $10,463. About 21.9% of families and 28.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 38.6% of those under age 18 and 8.8% of those age 65 or over.

Education
All public schools in the county are operated by Grants/Cibola County Schools. One school, Milan Elementary School, is located in the village. Students continue on to Los Alamitos Middle School and Grants High School. Both are in the city of Grants.

title: Milan, New Mexico


text:
North Acomita Village, New Mexico

North Acomita Village is a census-designated place (CDP) in Cibola County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 303 at the 2010 census.

Geography
North Acomita Village is located in northeastern Cibola County. It occupies the northeastern corner of the Acoma Pueblo land and is situated on the north side of the Rio San Jose and south of Interstate 40. Two I-40 exits (100 and 102) serve the North Acomita area. South Acomita Village is directly to the south, across the Rio San Jose.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 7.4 km2, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 288 people, 90 households, and 63 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 103.3 PD/sqmi. There were 104 housing units at an average density of 37.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 3.47% White, 95.83% Native American, and 0.69% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.12% of the population.

There were 90 households, out of which 32.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.1% were married couples living together, 20.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.0% were non-families. 24.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.20 and the average family size was 3.87.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 29.5% under the age of 18, 10.1% from 18 to 24, 26.0% from 25 to 44, 24.7% from 45 to 64, and 9.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 76.5 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $24,375, and the median income for a family was $25,000. Males had a median income of $26,250 versus $20,000 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $10,569. About 36.2% of families and 33.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 40.2% of those under the age of eighteen and 50.0% of those 65 or over.

Education
All public schools in the county are operated by Grants/Cibola County Schools.

title: North Acomita Village, New Mexico


text:
Paguate, New Mexico

Paguate is a census-designated place (CDP) in Cibola County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 421 at the 2010 census.

Geography
Paguate is located in northeastern Cibola County within the lands of Laguna Pueblo. It is bordered to the west by Encinal and to the north by Bibo and Moquino. It is approximately 10 mi north of the community of Laguna and Interstate 40.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 19.2 sqkm, of which 0.04 sqkm, or 0.20%, is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 474 people, 148 households, and 113 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 64.0 PD/sqmi. There were 183 housing units at an average density of 24.7 per square mile (9.5/km$2$). The racial makeup of the CDP was 1.27% White, 97.68% Native American, and 1.05% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.48% of the population.

There were 148 households, out of which 34.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.2% were married couples living together, 33.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.0% were non-families. 22.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.20 and the average family size was 3.74.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 29.7% under the age of 18, 10.5% from 18 to 24, 26.2% from 25 to 44, 20.7% from 45 to 64, and 12.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 80.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.1 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $22,417, and the median income for a family was $24,519. Males had a median income of $20,313 versus $16,563 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $9,657. About 26.6% of families and 28.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 33.6% of those under age 18 and 37.8% of those age 65 or over.

Education
All public schools in the county are operated by Grants/Cibola County Schools.

title: Paguate, New Mexico


text:
Paraje, New Mexico

Paraje is a census-designated place (CDP) in Cibola County, New Mexico, United States. As of the 2010 census, the CDP population was 777.

Geography
Paraje is located in northeastern Cibola County within the lands of Laguna Pueblo. The Paraje CDP includes the community of Casa Blanca. The CDP is bordered to the west by Seama and to the east by Laguna. Old U.S. Route 66 passes through the community, following the valley of the Rio San Jose, an east-flowing tributary of the Rio Puerco. Interstate 40 passes through the southern edge of Paraje, with access from Exit 108, Casa Blanca Road. Grants, the Cibola County seat, is 25 mi to the west, and Albuquerque is 53 mi to the east. According to the United States Census Bureau, the Paraje CDP has a total area of 14.4 km2, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 669 people, 194 households, and 163 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 148.6 PD/sqmi. There were 228 housing units at an average density of 50.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 4.33% White, 0.30% African American, 91.93% Native American, 0.75% from other races, and 2.69% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.33% of the population.

There were 194 households, out of which 39.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.3% were married couples living together, 33.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 15.5% were non-families. 13.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.45 and the average family size was 3.75.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 35.1% under the age of 18, 11.2% from 18 to 24, 28.0% from 25 to 44, 16.0% from 45 to 64, and 9.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.1 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $25,179, and the median income for a family was $24,375. Males had a median income of $20,536 versus $16,522 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $7,350. About 37.3% of families and 39.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 47.7% of those under age 18 and 32.5% of those age 65 or over.

Education
All public schools in the county are operated by Grants/Cibola County Schools.

title: Paraje, New Mexico


text:
Pinehill, New Mexico

Pinehill or Pine Hill is a census-designated place in Cibola County, New Mexico, United States. It is located on the Ramah Navajo Indian Reservation. The population was 88 at the 2010 census. The location of the CDP in 2010 had become the location of the Mountain View CDP as of the 2020 census, while a new CDP named "Pinehill" was listed 8 mi further south, at a point 4 mi southeast of Candy Kitchen.

Geography
Pinehill is located in western Cibola County, 12 mi south of New Mexico State Road 53 and 62 mi southeast of Gallup. Grants, the Cibola County seat, is 58 mi to the northeast. In 2010, the Pinehill CDP was 8 mi to the north, encompassing the area known as Mountain View, the central location for many of the Ramah Navajo government offices.

According to the United States Census Bureau, in 2010 the CDP had a total area of 8.7 km2, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 116 people, 36 households, and 29 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 34.5 PD/sqmi. There were 47 housing units at an average density of 14.0 per square mile (5.4/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 100.00% Native American.

There were 36 households, out of which 47.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.1% were married couples living together, 33.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.4% were non-families. 16.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.22 and the average family size was 3.62.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 31.0% under the age of 18, 11.2% from 18 to 24, 26.7% from 25 to 44, 19.0% from 45 to 64, and 12.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.8 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $55,469, and the median income for a family was $25,469. Males had a median income of $0 versus $26,250 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $11,983. There were 38.5% of families and 29.2% of the population living below the poverty line, including 39.1% of those under 18 and none of those over 64.

Education
Pine Hill is the location of the Pine Hill Schools, a tribal school operated by the Ramah Navajo School Board.

Many children also attend the public schools in Ramah, New Mexico, including Ramah Elementary School and Ramah Middle/High School, operated by the Gallup-McKinley County Schools. The proximity of the nearest schools in Cibola County were so far, 50 mi away, that Cibola and McKinley counties agreed to have students sent to McKinley County schools. The reservation is physically within Grants/Cibola County Schools; however few children attend them from Pine Hill, since there is no school bus service to these schools from Pine Hill.

History of education
Historically Native students in the reservation attended Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) boarding schools in New Mexico and other states. The BIA opened a Kindergarten through grade 3 day school, Mountain View Day School, on the reservation in 1943. It had an enrollment of 30 students at the start. A dormitory in Ramah Village, which had the nearest school district-operated public schools, opened in 1954, and Mountain View closed.

The Ramah Village public high school closed circa 1968, due to being condemned. At first secondary students were forced to attend distant BIA boarding schools as the dormitory in Ramah now only took elementary students, and the Gallup-McKinley school district did not bus to other public schools. The Navajo Legal System Program (DNA) sued the school district in August 1968 in an attempt to reopen the public school. The courts ruled that the reservation could have busing to the public schools in Zuni Pueblo, New Mexico (including Zuni High School), but the Gallup-McKinley County district chose to not allow its buses to enter Cibolo County, which contained the reservation. Therefore, the Ramah Navajo Indian School Board was established in 1970 and established a plan to open a tribal school, which it did in the ex-Ramah School in 1970; the tribal school moved to Pine Hill in 1975. In 1983 the Ramah Village public high school reopened.

In Summer 1994 the Ramah tribal government and the governments of Cibola County and McKinley County agreed to have two bus stops on the Ramah reservation, neither at Pinehill, but after parental outcry, a stop was established across from Pine Hill schools, and it began operation effective in December 1994. In January 1995 the Ramah Navajo chapter and the associated Ramah Navajo School Board, which operates Pine Hill Schools, sued the New Mexico Public Education Department and the Gallup McKinley County Schools arguing that the defendants breached the tribe's sovereignty by allowing the school district to extend school bus services further into the tribal grounds and therefore taking students who would have attended Pine Hill Schools and violating the previous agreement between the tribe and the counties.

Post office
There is a post office in Pine Hill with the ZIP code 87357.

Radio station
The studio of the KTDB radio station, which serves the Ramah Navajo Indian Reservation and surrounding areas is located in Pine Hill.

Health clinic
Pinehill is the location of the Pine Hill Health Clinic.

title: Pinehill, New Mexico


text:
Seama, New Mexico

Seama is a census-designated place (CDP) in Cibola County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 465 at the 2010 census.

Geography
Seama is located in northeastern Cibola County along the western edge of the lands of the Laguna Pueblo. It is bordered to the west by North Acomita Village and South Acomita Village within Acoma Pueblo lands, to the north by Cubero, and to the east by Paraje.

Seama is in the valley of the Rio San Jose, an eastward-flowing tributary of the Rio Puerco. Interstate 40 passes through the CDP, with access from Exit 104. It is 23 mi west to Grants, the Cibola County seat, and 56 mi east to Albuquerque.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the Seama CDP has a total area of 16.2 km2, of which 0.01 km2, or 0.08%, is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 333 people, 88 households, and 74 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 62.6 PD/sqmi. There were 104 housing units at an average density of 19.5 per square mile (7.5/km$2$). The racial makeup of the CDP was 0.30% White, 0.30% African American, 98.50% Native American, and 0.90% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.40% of the population.

There were 88 households, out of which 46.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.9% were married couples living together, 30.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 14.8% were non-families. 12.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.78 and the average family size was 4.08.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 36.6% under the age of 18, 11.1% from 18 to 24, 24.9% from 25 to 44, 17.7% from 45 to 64, and 9.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 27 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.3 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $42,917, and the median income for a family was $43,958. Males had a median income of $31,042 versus $14,500 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $8,871. About 14.7% of families and 14.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.1% of those under age 18 and 42.1% of those age 65 or over.

Education
All public schools in the county are operated by Grants/Cibola County Schools.

title: Seama, New Mexico


text:
Skyline-Ganipa, New Mexico

Skyline-Ganipa is a census-designated place (CDP) in Cibola County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 1,224 at the 2010 census.

Geography
Skyline-Ganipa is located in northern Cibola County within the lands of Acoma Pueblo. It occupies elevated land south of the valley of the Rio San Jose. By road, it is approximately 5 mi south of Interstate 40; Grants, the county seat, is 17 mi to the northwest.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 15.9 km2, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,035 people, 220 households, and 196 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 168.1 PD/sqmi. There were 242 housing units at an average density of 39.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 0.77% White, 98.55% Native American, 0.10% from other races, and 0.58% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.16% of the population.

There were 220 households, out of which 45.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.4% were married couples living together, 34.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 10.9% were non-families. 6.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 0.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.70 and the average family size was 4.89.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 37.8% under the age of 18, 14.0% from 18 to 24, 25.9% from 25 to 44, 16.1% from 45 to 64, and 6.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 24 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.9 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $26,190, and the median income for a family was $27,188. Males had a median income of $20,625 versus $19,732 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $7,553. About 29.2% of families and 32.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.8% of those under age 18 and 29.0% of those age 65 or over.

Education
All public schools in the county are operated by Grants/Cibola County Schools.

title: Skyline-Ganipa, New Mexico