text:
Whittier, Alaska

Whittier is a city at the head of the Passage Canal in the U.S. state of Alaska, about 58 miles southeast of Anchorage. The city is within the Chugach Census Area, one of the two entities established in 2019 when the former Valdez–Cordova Census Area was dissolved. It is also a port for the Alaska Marine Highway. The population was 272 at the 2020 census, having increased from 220 in 2010.

Whittier is notable for its extremely wet climate – the town receives 197 inches of precipitation per year on average – as well as for the fact that almost all of its residents live in the Begich Towers Condominium, earning it the nickname of a "town under one roof".

History

The region occupied by Whittier was once part of the portage route of the Chugach people native to Prince William Sound. Later, the passage was used by Russian and American explorers, and by prospecting miners during the Klondike Gold Rush. The nearby Whittier Glacier was named for American poet John Greenleaf Whittier in 1915, and the town eventually took the name as well.

During World War II, the United States Army constructed a military facility, complete with port and railroad, near Whittier Glacier and named the facility Camp Sullivan. The spur of the Alaska Railroad to Camp Sullivan was completed in 1943, and the port became the entrance for United States soldiers into Alaska.

The two buildings that dominate the town were built after World War II. The 14-story Hodge Building (renamed Begich Towers) was completed in 1957 and contains 150 two-and-three-bedroom apartments plus bachelor efficiency units. Dependent families and Civil Service employees were moved into this high-rise. The Whittier School was connected by a tunnel at the base of the west tower so students could safely access school on days with bad weather. The building was named in honor of Colonel Walter William Hodge, who was a civil engineer and the commanding officer of 93rd Engineer Regiment on the Alcan Highway.

The other main structure in town, the Buckner Building, was completed in 1953, and was called the "city under one roof". The Buckner Building was eventually abandoned. Buckner and Begich Towers were at one time the largest buildings in Alaska. The Begich Towers building became a condominium, and along with the two-story private residence known as Whittier Manor, houses a majority of the town's residents.

The port at Whittier was an active Army facility until 1960. In 1962, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers constructed a petroleum products terminal, a pumping station and a 62 mi, 8 in pipeline to Anchorage in Whittier.

On March 27, 1964, Whittier suffered over $10 million worth of damage in what became known as the Good Friday earthquake. As of 2022, the earthquake remains the largest U.S. earthquake, measuring 9.2 on the moment magnitude scale, and having caused tsunamis along the West Coast of the U.S. The tsunami that hit Whittier reached a height of 13 m (43 ft) and killed 13 people.

Whittier was incorporated in 1969 and eventually became a port of call for cruise ships. It is utilized by local operations and about 100-passenger mid-sized cruise ships. When the Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel opened to public access in 2000, it became the first highway to connect Whittier to Anchorage and inner Alaska—previously, the only ways to reach the town had been rail, boat and plane.

After the tunnel expanded access to Whittier, it began to be visited by larger cruise lines. It is the embarkation/debarkation point of one-way cruises from Anchorage to Vancouver by Princess Tours. Whittier is also popular with tourists, photographers, outdoor enthusiasts, paddlers, hikers, sport fishermen, and hunters because of its abundance of wildlife and natural beauty. Whittier is located within the Chugach National Forest, the second-largest national forest in the U.S.

Whittier is in the Chugach School District and has one school serving approximately 48 students from preschool through high school, according to the 2019–2020 enrollment numbers.

Geography
The only land access is through the Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel, a mixed-use road and rail tunnel. The town is on the northeast shore of the Kenai Peninsula, at the head of Passage Canal, on the west side of Prince William Sound. It is 58 mi southeast of Anchorage.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 19.7 sqmi, of which, 12.5 sqmi of it is land and 7.2 sqmi of it (36.36%) is water.

Climate
Whittier has a subpolar oceanic climate (Cfc) using the 26.6 F isotherm and a subarctic climate (Dfc) using the 32.0 F isotherm under the Köppen climate classification, and has an annual precipitation of 197.31 in. Whittier's main weather station receives just over 197 in of precipitation in the average year. Whittier is located at the northern tip of the world's northernmost temperate rainforest, the Tongass.

Whittier's annual average temperature is 41.1 F, with the hottest month being July at 57.2 F and the coldest month being January at 28.2 F. Temperature extremes ranged from -29 F on December 23, 1942, to 88 F on July 23, 1966. Whittier's coldest temperatures typically fluctuate between 0 F and 10 F each year, so Whittier falls in USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 7a.

Demographics
Whittier first appeared on the 1950 U.S. census as an unincorporated village. It formally incorporated in 1969.

As of 2018, there were 205 people living in the city, with 313 available housing units. Almost the entirety of this population lives within the 14-story Begich Towers. The racial makeup of the city was 68.3% White, 10.6% Asian, 6.9% Hispanic, 5.7% Native American.

There are 124 households in the town and the average household size is roughly 1.79 people, according to 2014 statistics. Of these households, 56 are families and 68 are non-families. 40.30% of the population is married, and 32.34% are divorced. 51.78% of the population has children.

The age distribution within the city shows that 13.96 percent of the population is under the age of 18, 3.15 percent is between the ages of 18 and 24, 23.87 percent is between the ages of 25 and 44, 52.25 percent is between the ages of 45 and 64, and 6.76 percent of the population is above the age of 65.

The median income for a household in the city was $45,000 in 2019. The per capita income for the city was $29,106. Unemployment in Whittier was at a rate of 8.0 percent.

Government
City government consists of a seven-member council with a mayor and six council members.

The small city has three key departments: administration, public safety, and public works.

Services
Whittier Police Department is the main police force in the community. The department was founded in 1974 by Chief of Police Gordon Whittier and two officers, and retains the same level of permanent staff today, although in summer, temporary officers are hired when the town has many tourists. The office is in a one-room unit located on the first floor of the Begich Towers. The station has no place to hold or interrogate people.

Whittier Fire Department is a volunteer fire and rescue service with mutual aid from neighboring departments.

Harbor
There is a harbor and a deep-water port used by cruise ships and the Alaska Marine Highway.

Airfield and seaplane dock
Whittier Airport (ICAO:PAWR) is an airfield with one aircraft runway designated 4/22 (formerly 3/21) with a gravel surface measuring 1480 by. There are no other facilities, and the runway is not maintained in winter. For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2005, the airport had 700 aircraft operations, an average of 58 per month: 97 percent general aviation and 3 percent air taxi. At that time there were two single-engine aircraft based at this airport. The runway was 500 ft longer but was damaged by the 1964 Good Friday earthquake.

The city also operates a seaplane dock.

Tunnel
Known by locals as the Whittier tunnel or the Portage tunnel, the Anton Anderson Memorial Tunnel is a tunnel through Maynard Mountain. It links the Seward Highway south of Anchorage with Whittier and is the only land access to the town. It is part of the Portage Glacier Highway and at 13300 ft, is the second-longest highway tunnel, and longest combined rail and highway tunnel in North America.

Alaska Rail connection
Whittier is Alaska Rail ARRC's connection to the rail systems in Canada and the lower 48 states (by way of rail barge).

title: Whittier, Alaska


text:
Willow Creek, Alaska

Willow Creek is a census-designated place (CDP) in Copper River Census Area, Alaska, United States. At the 2020 census the population was 190, down from 191 in 2010.

Geography
Willow Creek is located at 61.79694°N, -145.18611°W (61.796917, -145.186123).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 40.6 sqmi, of which, 39.8 sqmi of it is land and 0.8 sqmi of it (1.95%) is water.

Demographics
Willow Creek first appeared on the 2000 U.S. Census as a census-designated place (CDP).

As of the census of 2000, there were 201 people, 80 households, and 52 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 5.1 PD/sqmi. There were 111 housing units at an average density of 2.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 85.07% White, 0.50% Black or African American, 5.47% Native American, 0.50% Asian, 1.00% from other races, and 7.46% from two or more races. 1.00% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 80 households, out of which 33.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.0% were married couples living together, 5.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.0% were non-families. 31.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.19.

In the CDP, the age distribution of the population shows 27.9% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 24.4% from 25 to 44, 28.9% from 45 to 64, and 11.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 113.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 126.6 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $36,563, and the median income for a family was $40,000. Males had a median income of $48,750 versus $26,250 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $18,242. About 3.6% of families and 6.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under the age of eighteen and 7.7% of those 65 or over.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Willow Creek, Alaska


text:
Alakanuk, Alaska

Alakanuk (ah-LUG-uh-nuck) is a second class city in the Kusilvak Census Area of the Unorganized Borough in the western part of the U.S. state of Alaska. As of the 2010 census, the population of the city was 677, up from 652 in 2000.

Location and climate
Alakanuk is located at 62.688890° North, 164.61528° West (Sec. 14, T030N, R082W, Seward Meridian). Alakanuk is located in the Bethel Recording District.

Alakanuk is located at the east entrance of Alakanuk Pass, the major southern channel of the Yukon River, 15 mi from the Bering Sea. It is part of the Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge. It lies 8 mi southwest of Emmonak, approximately 162 mi northwest of Bethel. It is the longest village on the lower Yukon - the development stretches over a 3 mi area along the Pass. Approximately 25 homes along the bank are being threatened by erosion.

The climate of Alakanuk is subarctic, averaging 60 in of snowfall and 19 in of total precipitation per year. Temperatures range from -25 to 79 °F. Heavy winds are frequent during the fall and winter. The Yukon River is used as an ice road during freeze-up, from November through May.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 41.0 sqmi, of which, 32.4 sqmi of it is land and 8.7 sqmi of it (21.14%) is water.

History and culture
Alakanuk is a Yup'ik word meaning "wrong way" or "mistake village", aptly applied to a village on this maze of watercourses. The village was first reported by G.R. Putnam of the U.S. Coast & Geodetic Survey in 1899. It was originally settled by a Yup'ik shaman named Anguksuar and his family. A Catholic mission school was built near the village. A post office was established in 1946. In 1948, the school was relocated to St. Mary's, and many families moved from the old school site to Alakanuk. It incorporated as a second-class city in 1969.

A federally recognized tribe is located in the community—the Village of Alakanuk.

Demographics
Alakanuk first appeared on the 1940 U.S. Census as the unincorporated native village of "Alaganuck." It returned as Alakanuk in 1950 and every successive census to date (2010). It formally incorporated in 1969.

As of the census of 2000, there were 652 people, 139 households, and 118 families residing in the city. The population density was 20.2 people per square mile (7.8/km$2$). There were 160 housing units at an average density of 4.9 per square mile (1.9/km$2$). The racial makeup of the city was 1.99% White, 95.40% Native American, 0.15% Asian, and 2.45% from two or more races.

There were 139 households, out of which 59.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.6% were married couples living together, 12.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 15.1% were non-families. 10.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.69 and the average family size was 5.19.

In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 44.6% under the age of 18, 12.9% from 18 to 24, 21.9% from 25 to 44, 13.7% from 45 to 64, and 6.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 20 years. For every 100 females, there were 111.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 109.9 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $26,346, and the median income for a family was $26,500. Males had a median income of $19,792 versus $32,500 for females. The per capita income for the city was $6,884. About 32.5% of families and 33.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 34.1% of those under age 18 and 25.8% of those age 65 or over.

Facilities, utilities, and healthcare
The City operates the water and piped sewer system and the central watering point. Approximately 90% of homes are connected. There is a sewage lagoon available for individuals to dump their honey buckets. The City Council is the policy-making body for the utility. Water is derived from the Alakanuk Slough; it is treated, stored in a tank, and piped to most of the community. In 1998, 83 homes, the school and teachers' housing were connected to a new piped system. New facilities include a water treatment plant, heated 300,000-gal. water storage tank, vacuum sewage plant, sewage lagoon, Arctic piping, and household plumbing. A new subdivision is currently underway, and nine homes will be connected to the piped utilities. The city has funding from DEC for service connections to 20 homes. Ten homes have been moved from the erosion zone on the river bank and are ready for service. The city is planning to move an additional 10 homes. AVCP is building a 9-home subdivision, including water and sewer mains and service connections, for occupancy in 2002. The city completed a feasibility study for service area 7, which is the area across the river, and would like to obtain funding to make this expansion. The landfill is reported as inactive. Electricity is provided by AVEC. Local hospitals or health clinics include Alakanuk Health Clinic and Pearl E. Johnson Sub-Regional Clinic in Emmonak. Alakanuk Health Clinic is a Primary Health Care facility. Alakanuk is classified as an isolated village, located in EMS Region 7A in the Yukon/Kuskokwim Region. Emergency Services have coastal and air access. Emergency service is provided by a health aide.

The sale, importation and possession of alcohol are banned in the village.

Education
K-12 students are zoned for Alakanuk School.

Economy and Transportation
Alakanuk experiences a seasonal economy. 76 residents hold commercial fishing permits. Many have gill net permits, and set net fishermen sell their salmon to Seattle fish buyers. Poor fish returns since 1998 have significantly affected the community. Government employment and retail businesses provide limited year-round employment. Salmon, beluga whale, seal, moose and rabbit provide food sources. Some residents trap. Many residents travel to Emmonak to shop and attend social events and basketball tournaments.

Alakanuk Airport, a State-owned 2,200' long by 55' wide gravel airstrip, is available. An airport relocation project is underway, due to erosion. Grant Aviation, Hageland Aviation and Tanana Air Service offer passenger flight service. Alakanuk is easily accessible from the Yukon River and Bering Sea by barge and riverboat. Most passengers and mail arrive by air. There are no roads connecting Alakanuk with other population centers in the region, but ice roads are used in winter. Snowmachines and boats are used for local travel.

Taxes:	Sales: 4%, Property: None, Special: None

Notable people

 * Father Segundo Llorente (1906–1989), a Jesuit priest born in Spain, was elected to the Alaska House of Representatives in 1960 as a write-in candidate while stationed in Alakanuk

title: Alakanuk, Alaska


text:
Chevak, Alaska

Chevak (Cevʼaq , which means "cut-through channel" in Chevak Cup’ik) is a city in Kusilvak Census Area, Alaska, United States. At the 2020 census the population was 951, up from 938 in 2010.

There is a tri-language system in Chevak; English, Cup’ik, and a mixture of the two languages. The people in Chevak speak a dialect of Central Yup'ik, Cup'ik (pr. Chew-pick), and identify themselves as Cup'ik people rather than Yup'ik. This unique identity has allowed them to form a single-site school district, the Kashunamiut School District, rather than joining a neighboring Yup'ik school district. The Cup'ik dialect is distinguished from Yup'ik by the change of "y" sounds into "ch" sounds, represented by the letter "c", and by some words that are completely different from Yup'ik words.

Geography
Chevak is located at 61.52778°N, -165.57861°W (61.527673, -165.578702) in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta region of southwest Alaska, approximately 6 miles from the Bering Sea coastline, 18 miles east of Hooper Bay and 26 miles south of Scammon Bay. Transportation into, and out of, Chevak is by air or water, or regional ice roads in the winter. As with many communities in Alaska, Chevak is not connected to the national road network.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.2 sqmi, of which, 1.1 sqmi of it is land and 0.04 sqmi of it (1.71%) is water.

Infrastructure and utilities
Chevak is powered by four 30-meter-tall wind turbines. The wind generated in Chevak is classified as "Class 6 – Outstanding", and is owned and operated by AVEC (Alaska Villages Electric Cooperative).

In addition, electrical power is supplied by four diesel generators capable of supplying up to a combined 1828 kilowatts of electricity year-round, with the tank farm storing up to 302,000 gallons of diesel fuel. This, in addition to the 400 kilowatts generated by the wind turbines, gives Chevak’s electrical grid a total capacity of 2228 kilowatts.

As of 2022, all buildings in Chevak have running water and piped sewage, supported by a central water treatment facility built in 1984, and a central wastewater treatment plant built in 2001. An outage, due to the old school fire in 2021, affected service to the eastern half of Chevak, with many residents forced to resort back to honey buckets as toilets.

Internet access is provided by GCI via their TERRA microwave network. There is 3G cellular coverage as well as broadband available for residents and businesses.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 765 people, 167 households, and 129 families residing in the city. The population density was 668.6 PD/sqmi. There were 190 housing units at an average density of 166.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 3.66% White, 90.46% Native American, 0.13% from other races, and 5.75% from two or more races. 0.65% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 167 households, out of which 64.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them. 41.3% were married couples living together, 20.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.2% were non-families. 19.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 0.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.58 and the average family size was 5.38.

In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 51.8% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 23.9% from 25 to 44, 11.5% from 45 to 64, and 4.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 17 years. For every 100 females, there were 113.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 113.3 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $26,875, and the median income for a family was $27,375. Males had a median income of $21,875 versus $18,125 for females. The per capita income for the city was $7,550. About 26.7% of families and 29.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 32.5% of those under age 18 and 13.3% of those age 65 or over.

Old Chevak (1940)
Chevak first appeared on the 1940 U.S. Census as an unincorporated native village. At the time it was located above the junction of the Keoklevik & Kashunuk Rivers at an altitude of 7 feet. 61.43222°N, -165.45083°W In the 1940s, residents relocated 9 miles northwest to a new village due to flooding from high storm tides. The old site became Old Chevak and was abandoned and did not report again on the census.

New Chevak (1950)
The new Chevak appeared on the 1950 U.S. Census as an unincorporated village, relocated from its original site 9 miles away on higher ground. It formally incorporated as a city in 1967.

As of 2022, Chevak has a post office, community hall, radio station, three stores, a church, a clinic, a public safety building, and two restaurants. There are no public lodges or hotels in Chevak, although visitors invited by the Traditional Council are often provided housing.

The current Chevak school was built in 2005, and currently serves approximately 360 students via approximately 60 staff. In 2021, the old school, shut down for renovations and removal of toxins such as asbestos, was destroyed in a fire. The old school was planned to be turned into a community center, before its destruction. Two individuals went missing at the time of the fire, which resulted in the Alaska State Troopers launching an investigation. The cause of the fire is still unknown. The Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation is providing 2.5 million dollars in funds towards the cleanup effort and removal of debris from the destroyed school.

title: Chevak, Alaska


text:
Emmonak, Alaska

Emmonak is a city in Kusilvak Census Area, Alaska, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 762, down from 767 in 2000.

Geography and climate
Emmonak is located in the large delta of the Yukon River at 62.77722°N, -164.545°W (62.777328, -164.544920).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 8.6 sqmi, of which, 7.5 sqmi of it is land and 1.1 sqmi of it (13.08%) is water.

Emmonak is one of the last permanent settlements along the Yukon before it empties out into Bering Sea.

Demographics
Emmonak first appeared on the 1970 U.S. Census as an incorporated city (having incorporated in 1964), although was erroneously called "Emanguk." It was the successor community to Kwiguk, which was located a mile and a half south, most of whose residents removed to the new village of Emmonak in 1964 after flooding damaged the old village, including their cannery.

As of the census of 2000, there were 767 people, 189 households, and 150 families residing in the city. The population density was 102.2 PD/sqmi. There were 218 housing units at an average density of 29.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 5.61% White, 0.26% Black or African American, 91.26% Native American, 0.13% Asian, and 2.74% from two or more races. 1.04% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 189 households, out of which 55.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.1% were married couples living together, 18.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.6% were non-families. 16.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.06 and the average family size was 4.58.

In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 44.1% under the age of 18, 8.3% from 18 to 24, 27.2% from 25 to 44, 15.4% from 45 to 64, and 5.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 23 years. For every 100 females, there were 116.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 113.4 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $32,917, and the median income for a family was $38,750. Males had a median income of $23,750 versus $18,542 for females. The per capita income for the city was $9,069. About 16.4% of families and 16.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.9% of those under age 18 and 9.1% of those age 65 or over.

Winter 2008–2009 Energy Crisis
In the winter of 2008–2009, a combination of a cold winter and increased fuel prices led to economic hardship. Due to a collapse in local king salmon fisheries in 2008, residents were unable to buy increased amounts of heating oil at higher prices. On January 10, 2009, Nicholas C. Tucker, Sr., a town elder, circulated a letter asking for aid. The letter was circulated by Alaska bloggers, where it was picked up by national media.

Education
K-12 students attend Emmonak School, operated by the Lower Yukon School District.

title: Emmonak, Alaska


text:
Hooper Bay, Alaska

Hooper Bay is a city in Kusilvak Census Area, Alaska, United States. At the 2020 census the population was 1,375, up from 1,093 in 2010.

On August 3, 2006, a major fire destroyed approximately fifteen acres of the city including thirty-five structures, twelve homes, the elementary school, middle school, high school, teacher housing complex, stores, offices and storage shelters, leaving 70 people homeless.

Geography and climate
Hooper Bay is located at 61.52889°N, -166.09611°W (61.528980, -166.096196), 20 mi south of Cape Romanzof and 25 mi south of Scammon Bay in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta. The city is separated into two sections: a heavily built-up townsite located on gently rolling hills, and a newer section in the lowlands.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 8.8 sqmi, of which 8.7 sqmi is land and 0.1 sqmi (0.91%) is water.

Hooper Bay is located within the polar climate zone (Köppen ET), because the hottest month is only 49.2 F. It is atypical of polar climates in having winters sufficiently moderated by the sea that permafrost is merely sporadic, and in seeing heavy late summer rainfall more typical of subpolar oceanic climates. The substantial maritime moderation, however, means snowfall is heavy, exceeding or approaching 4 in for eight months of the year

Demographics

Hooper Bay first appeared on the 1880 U.S. Census as an Yup'ik settlement of Askinuk. On the 1890 census, it returned as Askinaghamiut. It did not appear again until 1930, when it was first returned as Hooper Bay. It formally incorporated in 1966.

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,014 people, 227 households, and 187 families residing in the city. The population density was 116.8 PD/sqmi. There were 239 housing units at an average density of 27.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 4.24% White, 93.69% Native American, and 2.07% from two or more races. 0.10% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 227 households, out of which 61.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.4% were married couples living together, 30.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.6% were non-families. 15.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 0.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.47 and the average family size was 4.97.

In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 49.2% under the age of 18, 9.0% from 18 to 24, 24.5% from 25 to 44, 11.5% from 45 to 64, and 5.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 18 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 116.4 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $26,667, and the median income for a family was $27,500. Males had a median income of $31,250 versus $32,083 for females. The per capita income for the city was $7,841. About 28.4% of families and 27.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 30.1% of those under age 18 and 31.6% of those age 65 or over.

Education
Students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade attend Hooper Bay School, also known as Naparyarmiut Elicarviat, administered by the Lower Yukon School District. It is a bilingual school with a Yup'ik language immersion program in kindergarten through third grade, the first program of its kind in the district. High school students have the option of the state's public boarding schools, Nenana Student Living Center and Mt. Edgecumbe High School.

In popular culture

 * Hooper Bay is the title of an electronic music album by Boards of Canada.

 * An incident in Hooper Bay is featured in Season 4, Episode 8 of Alaska State Troopers.

title: Hooper Bay, Alaska


text:
Kotlik, Alaska

Kotlik (, Котлик) is a city in Kusilvak Census Area, Alaska, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 577, down from 591 in 2000.

Geography
Kotlik is located at 63.03577°N, -163.56018°W. Kotlik is located on the east bank of the Kotlik Slough, 35 miles northeast of Emmonak in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.7 sqmi, of which, 3.8 sqmi of it is land and 0.8 sqmi of it (17.85%) is water. The climate of Kotlik is subarctic. Temperatures range between -50 and 87. There is an average of 60 inches of snowfall and 16 inches of precipitation annually.

The Yupik village of Bill Moore's Slough is contained within Kotlik.

Demographics
Kotlik first appeared on the 1880 U.S. Census as an unincorporated Inuit village of 8 residents. In 1890, it reported 31 residents, of which 9 were native (presumably Inuit) and 22 were "Creole" (mixed Native and Russian). It did not report again on the census until 1920. It formally incorporated as a city in 1970.

As of the census of 2000, there were 591 people, 117 households, and 102 families residing in the city. The population density was 154.8 PD/sqmi. There were 139 housing units at an average density of 36.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 3.55% White, 93.57% Native American, and 2.88% from two or more races. 0.34% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 117 households, out of which 70.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.0% were married couples living together, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 12.8% were non-families. 10.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 5.05 and the average family size was 5.48.

In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 48.2% under the age of 18, 11.2% from 18 to 24, 24.9% from 25 to 44, 12.0% from 45 to 64, and 3.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 18 years. For every 100 females, there were 114.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 109.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $37,750, and the median income for a family was $37,969. Males had a median income of $29,583 versus $16,875 for females. The per capita income for the city was $7,707. About 18.4% of families and 21.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.8% of those under age 18 and 25.9% of those age 65 or over.

Education
K-12 students attend Kotlik School, operated by the Lower Yukon School District.

Health
Sale, importation and possession of alcohol are banned in the village.

title: Kotlik, Alaska


text:
Marshall, Alaska

Marshall is a city in Kusilvak Census Area, Alaska, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 414, up from 349 in 2000.

Geography
Marshall is located at 61.87807°N, -162.08481°W.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.7 sqmi, all of it land.

Demographics
The predecessor village to Marshall first appeared on the 1880 U.S. Census as the Inuit village of "Ooglovia." It was also known as Uglovaia. It would not appear again on the census. Marshall first appeared on the 1940 U.S. Census as the unincorporated village of Fortuna Ledge. In 1950, the name was changed to Marshall. It continued to return as Marshall in 1960 and 1970, but in the latter year incorporated as the city of Fortuna Ledge. It reported as Fortuna Ledge on the 1980 census, but the city reverted to the name of Marshall in 1984. It has continued to report as Marshall since the 1990 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 349 people, 91 households, and 73 families residing in the city. The population density was 73.9 PD/sqmi. There were 104 housing units at an average density of 22.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 2.01% White, 95.99% Alaska Native or Native American, and 2.01% from two or more races. 0.29% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 91 households, out of which 59.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.4% were married couples living together, 22.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.7% were non-families. 15.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 1.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.84 and the average family size was 4.23.

In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 45.3% under the age of 18, 9.7% from 18 to 24, 23.5% from 25 to 44, 17.5% from 45 to 64, and 4.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 22 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $32,917, and the median income for a family was $37,750. Males had a median income of $25,469 versus $37,917 for females. The per capita income for the city was $9,597. About 20.8% of families and 28.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 32.7% of those under age 18 and 20.0% of those age 65 or over.

History
Marshall's previous name, changed in 1984, from Fortuna Ledge, was a mining village in the 1800s and early 1900s, with mining operations in Wilson Creek, just down river from the Ledge. With that, many Alaska Natives were moved from other villages, as far away as Unalakleet, Ohogamuit and Takchak. With that, there are two main Native groups, the Yupik descendants, hailing from both Takchak and Ohogamuit, and the Inupiaq descendants, hailing from Unalakleet. Along with those of Native descent, Marshall hosts a population of people of Russian descendant mixed with Inupiaqs and has become a Yup'ik/Inupiaq/Russian community. Marshall was reportedly named for Vice-president Thomas Riley Marshall, who served from 1913 to 1921.

Education
K-12 students attend Marshall School, operated by the Lower Yukon School District.

title: Marshall, Alaska


text:
High-energy phosphate

High-energy phosphate can mean one of two things:

 * The phosphate-phosphate (phosphoanhydride/phosphoric anhydride/macroergic/phosphagen)  bonds formed when compounds such as adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are created.
 * The compounds that contain these bonds, which include the nucleoside diphosphates and nucleoside triphosphates, and the high-energy storage compounds of the muscle, the phosphagens. When people speak of a high-energy phosphate pool, they speak of the total concentration of these compounds with these high-energy bonds.

High-energy phosphate bonds are usually pyrophosphate bonds, acid anhydride linkages formed by taking phosphoric acid derivatives and dehydrating them. As a consequence, the hydrolysis of these bonds is exergonic under physiological conditions, releasing Gibbs free energy.

Except for PPi → 2 Pi, these reactions are, in general, not allowed to go uncontrolled in the human cell but are instead coupled to other processes needing energy to drive them to completion. Thus, high-energy phosphate reactions can:
 * provide energy to cellular processes, allowing them to run
 * couple processes to a particular nucleoside, allowing for regulatory control of the process
 * drive a reaction out of equilibrium (drive it to the right) by promoting one direction of the reaction faster than the equilibrium can relax.

The one exception is of value because it allows a single hydrolysis, ATP + H2O → AMP + PPi, to effectively supply the energy of hydrolysis of two high-energy bonds, with the hydrolysis of PPi being allowed to go to completion in a separate reaction. The AMP is regenerated to ATP in two steps, with the equilibrium reaction ATP + AMP ↔ 2ADP, followed by regeneration of ATP by the usual means, oxidative phosphorylation or other energy-producing pathways such as glycolysis.

Often, high-energy phosphate bonds are denoted by the character '~'. In this "squiggle" notation, ATP becomes A-P~P~P. The squiggle notation was invented by Fritz Albert Lipmann, who first proposed ATP as the main energy transfer molecule of the cell, in 1941. Lipmann's notation emphasizes the special nature of these bonds. Stryer states: "ATP is often called a high energy compound and its phosphoanhydride bonds are referred to as high-energy bonds. There is nothing special about the bonds themselves. They are high-energy bonds in the sense that free energy is released when they are hydrolyzed, for the reasons given above. Lipmann’s term 'high-energy bond' and his symbol ~P (squiggle P) for a compound having a high phosphate group transfer potential are vivid, concise, and useful notations. In fact Lipmann's squiggle did much to stimulate interest in bioenergetics."

The term 'high energy' with respect to these bonds can be misleading because the negative free energy change is not due directly to the breaking of the bonds themselves. The breaking of these bonds, like the breaking of most bonds, is endergonic and consumes energy rather than releasing it. The negative free energy change comes instead from the fact that the bonds formed after hydrolysis - or the phosphorylation of a residue by ATP - are lower in energy than the bonds present before hydrolysis. (This includes all of the bonds involved in the reaction, not just the phosphate bonds themselves). This effect is due to a number of factors including increased resonance stabilization and solvation of the products relative to the reactants, and destabilization of the reactants due to electrostatic repulsion between neighboring phosphorus atoms.

title: High-energy phosphate


text:
Talk:Pharomachrus mocinno

Why is Quetzal under the latin name? From my observation it seems much more common in Wikipedia to have creatures under their common English names.

Wondering simply, -- Infrogmation

Moved it to Quetzal. Infrogmation 19:53 Oct 28, 2002 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pharomachrus mocinno


text:
Aerial tramway

An aerial tramway, aerial tram, sky tram, aerial cablecar, aerial cableway, telepherique, or seilbahn is a type of aerial lift which uses one or two stationary ropes for support while a third moving rope provides propulsion. With this form of lift, the grip of an aerial tramway cabin is fixed onto the propulsion rope and cannot be decoupled from it during operations. In comparison to gondola lifts, aerial tramways generally provide lower line capacities and higher wait times.

Terminology
Cable car is the usual term in British English, where tramway generally refers to a railed street tramway. In American English, cable car may additionally refer to a cable-pulled street tramway with detachable vehicles (e.g., San Francisco's cable cars). As such, careful phrasing is necessary to prevent confusion.

It is also sometimes called a ropeway or even incorrectly referred to as a gondola lift. A gondola lift has cabins suspended from a continuously circulating cable whereas aerial trams simply shuttle back and forth on cables. In Japan, the two are considered as the same category of vehicle and called ropeway, while the term cable car refers to both grounded cable cars and funiculars. An aerial railway where the vehicles are suspended from a fixed track (as opposed to a cable) is known as a suspension railway.

Overview
An aerial tramway consists of one or two fixed cables (called track cables), one loop of cable (called a haulage rope), and one or two passenger or cargo cabins. The fixed cables provide support for the cabins while the haulage rope, by means of a grip, is solidly connected to the truck (the wheel set that rolls on the track cables). An electric motor drives the haulage rope which provides propulsion. Aerial tramways are constructed as reversible systems; vehicles shuttling back and forth between two end terminals and propelled by a cable loop which stops and reverses direction when the cabins arrive at the end stations. Aerial tramways differ from gondola lifts in that gondola lifts are considered continuous systems (cabins attached onto a circulating haul rope that moves continuously).

Two-car tramways use a jig-back system: a large electric motor is located at the bottom of the tramway so that it effectively pulls one cabin down, using that cabin's weight to help pull the other cabin up. A similar system of cables is used in a funicular railway. The two passenger or cargo cabins, which carry from 4 to over 150 people, are situated at opposite ends of the loops of cable. Thus, while one is coming up, the other is going down the mountain, and they pass each other midway on the cable span.

Some aerial trams have only one cabin, which lends itself better for systems with small elevation changes along the cable run.

History
The first design of an aerial lift was by Croatian polymath Fausto Veranzio and the first operational aerial tram was built in 1644 by Adam Wybe in Gdańsk, Poland. It was moved by horses and used to move soil over the river to build defences. It is called the first known cable lift in European history and precedes the invention of steel cables. It is not known how long this lift was used. In any case, it would be another 230 years before Germany would get the second cable lift, this newer version equipped with iron wire cable.

In mining
Tramways are sometimes used in mountainous regions to carry ore from a mine located high on the mountain to an ore mill located at a lower elevation. Ore tramways were common in the early 20th century at the mines in North and South America. One can still be seen in the San Juan Mountains of the US state of Colorado. Another famous use of aerial tramways was at the Kennecott Copper mine in Wrangell-St. Elias National Park, Alaska.

Other firms entered the mining tramway business—Otto, Leschen, Breco Ropeways Ltd., Ceretti and Tanfani, and Riblet for instance. A major British contributor was Bullivant who became a constituent of British Ropes in 1924.

Moving people

In the beginning of the 20th century, the rise of the middle class and the leisure industry allowed for investment in sight-seeing machines. Prior to 1893, a combined goods and passenger carrying cableway was installed at Gibraltar. Initially, its passengers were military personnel. An 1893 industry publication said of a two-mile system in Hong Kong that it "is the only wire tramway which has been erected exclusively for the carriage of individuals" (albeit workmen). After the pioneer cable car suitable for the public transportation of people at Mount Ulia in 1907 (San Sebastián, Spain) by Leonardo Torres Quevedo and the Wetterhorn Elevator (Grindelwald, Switzerland) in 1908, others to the top of high peaks in the Alps of Austria, Germany and Switzerland resulted. They were much less expensive to build than the earlier rack railway.

One of the first trams was at Chamonix, while others in Switzerland, and Garmisch soon followed. From this, it was a natural transposition to build ski lifts and chairlifts. The first cable car in North America was at Cannon Mountain in Franconia, New Hampshire in 1938.

Many aerial tramways were built by Von Roll Ltd. of Switzerland, which has since been acquired by Austrian lift manufacturer Doppelmayr. Other German, Swiss, and Austrian firms played an important role in the cable car business: Bleichert, Heckel, Pohlig, PHB (Pohlig-Heckel-Bleichert), Garaventa and Waagner-Biró. Now there are three groups dominating the world market: Doppelmayr Garaventa Group, Leitner Group, and Poma, the last two being owned by one person.

Some aerial tramways have their own propulsion, such as the Lasso Mule or the Josef Mountain Aerial Tramway near Merano, Italy.

Urban transport

While typically used for ski resorts, aerial tramways have been ported over for usage in the urban environment in recent times. The Roosevelt Island Tramway in New York City, the Rakavlit cable car in Haifa, Israel and the Portland Aerial Tram are examples where this technology has been successfully adapted for public transport purposes.

Telpherage
The telpherage concept was first publicised in 1883 and several experimental lines were constructed. It was designed to compete not with railways, but with horses and carts.

The first commercial telpherage line was in Glynde, which is in Sussex, England. It was built to connect a newly opened clay pit to the local railway station and opened in 1885.

Double deckers
There are aerial tramways with double deck cabins. The Vanoise Express cable car carries 200 people in each cabin at a height of 380 m over the Ponturin gorge in France. The Shinhotaka Ropeway carries 121 people in each cabin at Mount Hotaka in Japan. The CabriO cable car to the summit of the Stanserhorn in Switzerland carries 60 persons, with the upper floor accommodating 30 people in the open air.

Records

 * First – Adam Wybe's construction in Gdańsk (1644). It was the first rope railway with many supports and the biggest built until the end of 19th century.
 * Longest (at time of building) and years operated:
 * 35 km 1906–1927 Chilecito – Mina La Mejicana, Argentina (34.3 km and 0.86 km branch).
 * 39 km 1925–1950 Dúrcal – Motril, Spain (33.4 km and 5.5 km branch).
 * 75 km 1937–1941 Asmara – Massawa, Eritrea (71.8 km and 3 km branch), technically a Funifor.
 * 96 km 1943–1987 Kristineberg-Boliden, Sweden. 13.2 km still working as the Norsjö ropeway.
 * Second longest:
 * 76 km 1959–1986 Moanda – Mbinda, Gabon – Republic of Congo.
 * Longest over water:
 * 1.0 km 1906 – the same century; Thio, New Caledonia. ship loading.
 * 2.4 km 1941–2006 Forsby-Köping limestone cableway, Sweden. crossing of Hjälmaren strait. 42 km system.
 * 3.0 km 2007 Nha Trang City – Vinpearl Land, Hon Tre Island, Vietnam. Total length 3.3 km.
 * Longest currently operational:
 * 13.2 km Norsjö aerial tramway Mensträsk-Bjurfors in Norsjö, Sweden. Passenger tramway, a section of the former 96-km Kristineberg-Boliden industrial ropeway.
 * 12.5 km (7.8 mi) Mérida cable car Mérida, Venezuela.
 * 6.07 km Grindelwald–Männlichen gondola cableway, Switzerland
 * 5.7 km Wings of Tatev, Armenia, the world's longest reversible cable car line of one section.
 * 4.94 km Medeu-Shimbulak tramway near Almaty, Kazakhstan.
 * 4.35 km Sandia Peak Tramway, reversible tramway in Albuquerque, New Mexico.
 * Highest lift:
 * Palm springs aerial tramway.jpg, the largest rotating aerial tramway in the world]]3374 m from 1074 to 4448 m at Chilecito – Mina La Mejicana, Argentina (drops back to 4404 m at upper terminal).
 * Highest lift currently operational:
 * 3188 m (10,459 ft) from 1,577 MSL to 4,765 MSL (5,174 FAMSL to 15,633 FAMSL) Mérida cable car, Venezuela.
 * Highest station:
 * Greater than 5874 m 1935-19?? Aucanquilcha, Chile.
 * Lowest station:
 * 257 m below sea level Masada cableway, Israel.
 * Tallest support tower:
 * 214.8 m Cat Hai – Phu Long cable car, Vietnam.
 * As mass transit:
 * The Roosevelt Island Tramway in New York City was the first aerial tramway in North America used by commuters as a mode of mass transit (See Transportation in New York City). Passengers pay with the same farecard used for the New York City Subway.
 * The Portland Aerial Tram in Portland, Oregon, was opened in January 2007 and became the second public transportation aerial tramway in North America.
 * In Medellin, Colombia, both the Metro and the recent Metrocable aerial tramway addition can be used while paying a single fare.
 * Largest rotating cars:
 * Palm Springs Aerial Tramway in Palm Springs, California.

List of accidents
Despite the introduction of various safety measures (back-up power generators, evacuation plans, etc.) there have been several serious incidents on aerial tramways, some of which were fatal.
 * August 29, 1961: A military plane split the hauling cable of the Vallée Blanche Aerial Tramway on the Aiguille du Midi in the Mont Blanc massif: six people killed.
 * July 9, 1974: Ulriksbanen is an aerial tramway in Bergen, Norway, operated by a tow rope, which hauls it, and a carrying rope. On July 9, 1974, as the carriage reached its destination at the top station and just as the carriage operator was about to open the doors, the tow rope broke. The carriage operator was thrown into the back of the vehicle, preventing him from reaching the emergency brake. The carriage began whizzing down the still intact carrying rope, gathering speed quickly and approaching the first vertical mast about 70meters away. Because the tow rope was broken, it was no longer taut at the point where it crossed over the mast—as the carriage crossed the mast, the broken tow rope jammed up and caused the carriage to jump off the carrying rope and begin to free-fall straight down towards the ground 15meters below. The carriage crashed to the ground on a downslope, causing the carriage to careen down the mountainside a further 30meters before it was crushed up against some boulders, finally coming to a stop. Four of the eight occupants were killed.
 * March 9, 1976: In the Italian Dolomites at Cavalese, a cab fell after a rope broke, killing 43. (See 1976 Cavalese cable car crash)
 * April 15, 1978: In a storm, two carrying ropes of the Squaw Valley Aerial Tramway in California fell from the aerial tramway support tower. One of the ropes partly destroyed the cabin. Four were killed, 32 injured.
 * June 1, 1990: Nineteen were killed and fifteen injured after a hauling rope broke in the 1990 Tbilisi Cable car accident
 * February 3, 1998: U.S. Marine Corps EA-6B Prowler jets severed the cable of an aerial ropeway in Cavalese, Italy, killing 20 people. (See Cavalese cable car disaster (1998))
 * July 1, 1999: Saint-Étienne-en-Dévoluy, France. An aerial tramway car detached from the cable it was traveling on and fell 80 m to the valley floor, killing all 20 occupants. The majority were employees and contractors of an international astronomical observatory run by the Institut de Radioastronomie Millémétrique. (See Saint-Étienne-en-Dévoluy cable car disaster)
 * October 19, 2003: Four were killed and 11 injured when three cars slipped off the cable of the Darjeeling Ropeway.
 * April 2, 2004: In Yerevan, Armenia on an urban cable car one of the two cabins derailed from the steel track cable and fell 15 m to the ground killing five, including two Iranian citizens, and injuring 11 others. The second cabin slammed onto the lower station injuring three people.
 * October 9, 2004: Crash of a cabin of the Grünberg aerial tramway in Gmunden, Austria. Many injuries.
 * December 31, 2012: The Alyeska Resort Aerial Tramway was blown sideways while operating in high winds and was impaled on the tower guide, severely damaging the contacting cabin. Only minor injuries were incurred.
 * December 4, 2018, an exterior panel of the Portland Aerial Tram dropped at least 100 feet (30 m) and struck a pedestrian walking below.
 * May 23, 2021: 14 people were killed when a cable failed at 300 m from the top of the Mottarone mountain.
 * October 21, 2021: One person died after a cable car cabin became detached from its cable at the Ještěd mountain in Liberec, Czech Republic.
 * April 12, 2024: One person died and seven people injured after a cable car cabin hit a pole and burst open in Antalya, Turkey.

Cableways in fiction

 * "Ascension"
 * Blind Fury
 * Get Carter – coal spoil conveyor Blackhall Beach near Blackhall Colliery
 * Electric City (web series)
 * The Haunting of Tram Car 015 (P. Djèlí Clark)
 * Hoodwinked!
 * Kongfrontation
 * Moonraker (film)
 * Nighthawks (1981 film)
 * Night Train to Munich
 * Nitrome's Skywire games
 * On Her Majesty's Secret Service (film)
 * Where Eagles Dare
 * Zootopia
 * Kiff (TV series)

title: Aerial tramway


text:
Mountain Village, Alaska

Mountain Village is a city in Kusilvak Census Area, Alaska, United States, located on the Yukon River near the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta. At the 2010 census the population was 813, up from 755 in 2000.

Geography
Mountain Village is located at 62.09°N, -163.72389°W (62.090075, -163.723936).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.80 square miles (96.3 km2), all of it land.

Climate
Mountain Village has a subarctic climate (Dfc) with short, mild summers with cool nights and long, cold winters. Precipitation peaks during August.

Demographics
Mountain Village first appeared on the 1920 U.S. Census as the unincorporated village of "Mountain." It continued to report as Mountain until its incorporation as Mountain Village in 1967.

As of the census of 2000, there were 755 people, 183 households, and 146 families residing in the city. The population density was 173.7 PD/sqmi. There were 211 housing units at an average density of 48.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 6.36% White, 90.46% Native American, 0.13% Pacific Islander, and 3.05% from two or more races. 0.40% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 183 households, out of which 56.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.4% were married couples living together, 21.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.7% were non-families. 17.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 1.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.13 and the average family size was 4.69.

In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 42.4% under the age of 18, 9.9% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 13.5% from 45 to 64, and 4.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 23 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.8 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $31,250, and the median income for a family was $30,000. Males had a median income of $34,375 versus $32,917 for females. The per capita income for the city was $9,653. About 21.1% of families and 22.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 30.1% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

Education
K-12 students attend Mountain Village School, operated by the Lower Yukon School District. The district is headquartered in Mountain Village.

title: Mountain Village, Alaska


text:
Pilot Station, Alaska

Pilot Station is a city in Kusilvak Census Area, Alaska, United States. The population was 568 at the 2010 census, up from 550 in 2000.

Geography
Pilot Station is located at 61.93611°N, -162.88333°W (61.936050, -162.883403), on the northern bank of the lower Yukon River, approximately eighty miles ('as the crow flies') from the Bering Sea.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.3 sqmi, of which 1.7 sqmi is land and 0.6 sqmi (25.55%) is water.

Demographics
Pilot Station first appeared on the 1890 U.S. Census as the unincorporated Inuit village of "Ankahchagmiut." It did not report again until 1920, then as Pilot Station. It formally incorporated in 1969.

At the 2000 census, there were 550 people, 109 households and 92 families residing in the city. The population density was 326.2 PD/sqmi. There were 126 housing units at an average density of 74.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup was 96.91% Native American (Yup'ik), 2.36% White and 0.73% from two or more races.

There were 109 households, of which 61.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.4% were married couples living together, 22.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 14.7% were non-families. 11.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 1.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 5.05 and the average family size was 5.47.

48.0% of the population were under the age of 18, 9.5% from 18 to 24, 26.9% from 25 to 44, 10.4% from 45 to 64, and 5.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 20 years. For every 100 females, there were 126.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.8 males.

The median household income was $31,071 and the median family income was $27,411. Males had a median income of $27,917 and females $16,667. The per capita income was $7,311. About 25.3% of families and 28.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.0% of those under age 18 and 28.1% of those age 65 or over.

Education
K-12 students attend Pilot Station School, operated by the Lower Yukon School District.

title: Pilot Station, Alaska


text:
Pitkas Point, Alaska

Pitkas Point is a census-designated place (CDP) in Kusilvak Census Area, Alaska, United States. The population was 109 at the 2010 census, down from 125 in 2000.

Geography
Pitkas Point is located at 62.03556°N, -163.26083°W (62.035485, -163.260857).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1.5 sqmi, all of it land.

Demographics
Pitkas Point first appeared on the 1940 U.S. Census as the unincorporated village of "Pitka's Point". In 1950, it returned as Pitkas Point. It was made a census-designated place (CDP) in 1980.

As of the census of 2000, there were 125 people, 30 households, and 24 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 83.9 PD/sqmi. There were 42 housing units at an average density of 28.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 6.40% White, 91.20% Native American, and 2.40% from two or more races.

There were 30 households, out of which 56.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.7% were married couples living together, 13.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.0% were non-families. 20.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.17 and the average family size was 4.92.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 46.4% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 26.4% from 25 to 44, 15.2% from 45 to 64, and 3.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 22 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 109.4 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $41,875, and the median income for a family was $46,250. Males had a median income of $26,250 versus $21,250 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $10,488. There were 40.0% of families and 32.2% of the population living below the poverty line, including 33.3% of under eighteens and 57.1% of those over 64.

Education
Until 2012, the Lower Yukon School District operated Pitkas Point School. In the 2011–12 school year, the school had eight students in pre-K through eighth grade. Due to the low enrollment, the town now runs a bus to St. Mary's for K-12 students.

title: Pitkas Point, Alaska


text:
Russian Mission, Alaska

Russian Mission (Икогмют - Ikogmiut, now Рашен-Мишен) is a city in Kusilvak Census Area, Alaska. It was the location of a fur trading post of the Russian-American Company in 1842. After the sale of Russian-American possessions to the United States in 1867, it was officially named Russian Mission in the early 1900s. The sale of alcohol is prohibited. At the 2020 census the population was 421, up from 312 in 2010.

History
The first Russian-American Company fur trading post on the Yukon River was established here in 1837. The settlement was recorded as a Cup'ik village called "Ikogmiut," meaning "people of the point," in 1842 by the Imperial Russian Navy explorer Lavrenty Zagoskin.

The first Russian Orthodox mission in Interior Alaska was established here in 1851 by the Aleut priest Jacob Netsvetov. The mission was called "Pokrovskaya Mission," and the village name was changed to Russian Mission around 1900. It was often confused with a village on the Kuskokwim that was also called "Russian Mission" (or "Little Russian Mission") but which was renamed Chuathbaluk in the 1960s.

The city was incorporated in 1970.

Geography and climate
Russian Mission is located at 61.78556°N, -161.33417°W (61.785522, -161.334074).

Russian Mission is located on the right (western) bank of the Yukon River in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, 25 miles southeast of Marshall. It lies 70 air miles northeast of Bethel and 376 miles west of Anchorage.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 6.2 sqmi, of which, 5.7 sqmi of it is land and 0.5 sqmi of it (8.27%) is water.

Russian Mission falls within the transitional climate zone, characterized by tundra interspersed with boreal forests, and weather patterns of long, cold winters and shorter, warm summers. Heavy northern winds often limit air access in the fall and winter. The Lower Yukon is ice-free from mid-June through October.

Russian Mission has a subarctic climate (Koppen: Dfc) with mild summers and long, snowy winters with annual snowfall averaging 71 inches (180 cm).

Demographics
Russian Mission first reported on the 1880 U.S. Census as Ikogmute Mission, an unincorporated Inuit village & Russian Orthodox Mission. It appeared on the 1890 census as "Ikogmiut", but included the nearby village of "Pokrovskaia" (called Pogoreshapka on the 1880 U.S. Census). In 1900, it was returned again as Ikogmute Mission. In 1920, it would be officially returned as Russian Mission. It would formally incorporate in 1970.

As of the census of 2000, there were 296 people, 70 households, and 60 families residing in the city. The population density was 52.3 PD/sqmi. There were 81 housing units at an average density of 14.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 93.92% Native American and 6.08% White.

There were 70 households, out of which 67.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.4% were married couples living together, 24.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 12.9% were non-families. 10.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 1.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.23 and the average family size was 4.51.

In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 48.0% under the age of 18, 12.5% from 18 to 24, 24.0% from 25 to 44, 11.5% from 45 to 64, and 4.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 19 years. For every 100 females, there were 109.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.9 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $27,500, and the median income for a family was $22,500. Males had a median income of $17,083 versus $13,750 for females. The per capita income for the city was $8,358. About 15.6% of families and 21.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.7% of those under the age of eighteen and 15.4% of those 65 or over.

Most residents are Russian Orthodox, with a Roman Catholic minority.

Transportation
Russian Mission is served by Russian Mission Airport. Passengers, mail, and light goods arrive primarily by air. A gravel airstrip and seaplane landing area are owned and operated by the state. Scheduled daily flights are available.

Russian Mission's location on the Yukon River allows barge and small boat travel during the summer.

Snowmachines are used in inter-village transportation in the winter, and a trail is marked to Kalskag.

Education
K-12 students attend Russian Mission School, operated by the Lower Yukon School District.

title: Russian Mission, Alaska


text:
Scammon Bay, Alaska

Scammon Bay is a city in Kusilvak Census Area, Alaska, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 474, up from 465 in 2000.

Etymology
It is named after Charles Melville Scammon Chief of Marine of the Western Union Telegraph Expedition by William Healey Dall in 1870. A local dish was also named after Scammon, which is a mixture of scrambled eggs and salmon, taking advantage of the abundance of the fish in the local waters. Popular folk etymology says that scammon is a portmanteau of "scrambled salmon", however that is incorrect as the name of the dish happened after the town was named.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.6 sqmi, all of it land.

Demographics
Scammon Bay first appeared on the 1940 U.S. Census as an unincorporated village. It formally incorporated in 1967.

As of the census of 2000, there were 465 people, 96 households, and 84 families residing in the city. The population density was 737.8 PD/sqmi. There were 114 housing units at an average density of 180.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 1.94% White, 0.22% Black or African American, 96.13% Native American, 0.22% Pacific Islander, 0.22% from other races, and 1.29% from two or more races. 0.22% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 96 households, out of which 66.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.3% were married couples living together, 19.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 12.5% were non-families. 12.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 1.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.84 and the average family size was 5.25.

In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 49.5% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 24.5% from 25 to 44, 13.3% from 45 to 64, and 3.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 18 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.5 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $25,625, and the median income for a family was $25,938. Males had a median income of $36,875 versus $13,750 for females. The per capita income for the city was $7,719. About 30.2% of families and 37.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 49.0% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

Education
K-12 students attend Scammon Bay School, operated by the Lower Yukon School District.

title: Scammon Bay, Alaska


text:
Nunam Iqua, Alaska

Nunam Iqua, formerly called Sheldon Point, is a city in the Kusilvak Census Area in the U.S. state of Alaska. At the 2010 census the population was 187, up from 164 in 2000.

Nunam Iqua is a Yupik name meaning "land's end" (nuna = "land"; iquk = "end"). A man named Sheldon opened a fish saltery there in the 1930s, and the city was incorporated under the name Sheldon Point in 1974. The name was changed to Nunam Iqua in a November 1999 referendum.

Geography
Nunam Iqua is located at 62.51611°N, -164.89528°W (62.516094, -164.895198).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 18.5 sqmi, of which, 13.2 sqmi of it is land and 5.3 sqmi of it (28.80%) is water.

Demographics
Nunam Iqua first appeared on the 1950 U.S. Census as the unincorporated village of "Sheldon's Point." In 1960, it reported as Sheldon Point. In 1974, it formally incorporated as Sheldon Point. In 1999, the name was changed to Nunam Iqua.

As of the census of 2000, there were 164 people, 35 households, and 26 families residing in the city. The population density was 12.4 PD/sqmi. There were 45 housing units at an average density of 3.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 5.49% White, 0.61% Black or African American, 90.24% Native American, and 3.66% from two or more races.

There were 35 households, out of which 57.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 31.4% were married couples living together, 28.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.9% were non-families. 17.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.69 and the average family size was 5.22.

In the city the population was spread out, with 51.8% under the age of 18, 8.5% from 18 to 24, 23.8% from 25 to 44, 11.6% from 45 to 64, and 4.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 17 years. For every 100 females there were 124.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.5 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $29,000, and the median income for a family was $26,250. Males had a median income of $48,750 versus $24,375 for females. The per capita income for the city was $6,725. About 40.6% of families and 36.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 40.9% of those under the age of eighteen and none of those 65 or over.

Education
K-12 students attend Nunam Iqua School, operated by the Lower Yukon School District.

title: Nunam Iqua, Alaska


text:
St. Mary's, Alaska

St. Mary's is a city in Kusilvak Census Area, Alaska, United States. The adjacent village of Andreafsky (historically known as Clear River) joined with St. Mary's in 1980. At the 2010 census the population was 507, up from 500 in 2000. By 2018, the population was estimated to be 567.

Within Saint Mary's there are two federally-recognized tribes the Algaaciq Native Village and the Yuupiit of Andreafsky.

Geography and climate
St. Mary's is located at 62.04528°N, -163.21861°W (62.045305, -163.218629).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 50.2 sqmi, of which, 44.0 sqmi of it is land and 6.3 sqmi of it (12.47%) is water.

Demographics
Saint Mary's first appeared on the 1960 U.S. Census as an unincorporated village. It was formally incorporated in 1967.

As of the census of 2000, there were 500 people, 137 households, and 90 families residing in the city. The population density was 11.4 PD/sqmi. There were 186 housing units at an average density of 4.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 11.20% White, 87.20% American Indian/Alaska Native. 0.40% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 137 households, out of which 45.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.9% were married couples living together, 17.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.3% were non-families. 28.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.58 and the average family size was 4.60.

In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 39.6% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 30.4% from 25 to 44, 15.0% from 45 to 64, and 6.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 26 years. For every 100 females, there were 122.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 111.2 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $39,375, and the median income for a family was $31,875. Males had a median income of $35,313 versus $22,250 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,837. About 21.5% of families and 20.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.2% of those under age 18 and 10.3% of those age 65 or over.

title: St. Mary's, Alaska


text:
Kake, Alaska

Kake (, like 'cake') is a first-class city in Prince of Wales-Hyder Census Area, Alaska, United States. The population was 557 at the 2010 census. The name comes from the Tlingit word Ḵéix̱ʼ (Northern Tlingit) or Ḵéex̱ʼ (Southern Tlingit), which is derived from ḵée 'dawn, daylight' and x̱ʼé 'mouth', i.e. 'mouth of dawn' or 'opening of daylight'.

Geography
Kake is located at 56.97083°N, -133.93389°W (56.970841, -133.933751). Kake is on the northwest coast of Kupreanof Island in the Alexander Archipelago in southeastern Alaska.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 14.2 sqmi, of which, 8.2 sqmi of it is land and 6.0 sqmi of it (42.37%) is water.

Demographics
Kake first reported on the 1880 U.S. Census as the Tlingit village of Keex Kwaan (not to be confused with the present Klukwan). It formally reported as Kake beginning in 1910. It incorporated in 1951.

As of the census of 2000, there were 710 people, 246 households, and 171 families residing in the city. The population density was 87.0 PD/sqmi. There were 288 housing units at an average density of 35.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 24.08% White, 0.28% Black or African American, 66.76% Native American, 0.28% Asian, 0.56% from other races, and 8.03% from two or more races. 1.55% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 246 households, out of which 41.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.0% were married couples living together, 13.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.1% were non-families. 24.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.88 and the average family size was 3.49.

In the city the population was spread out, with 33.8% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 29.7% from 25 to 44, 22.7% from 45 to 64, and 7.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 113.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 112.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $39,643, and the median income for a family was $42,857. Males had a median income of $44,167 versus $20,625 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,411. About 13.2% of families and 14.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.7% of those under the age of 18 and 4.0% of those 65 and older.

Prior to Alaska Purchase
The region of Kake has been inhabited by the Tlingit indigenous people for thousands of years.

The Tlingit of the Kake region gained a reputation among early European and American explorers of being strong and powerful. Some conflicts with early explorers have been documented by historians. Some scholars believe the first explorer to enter Tlingit lands was the Briton Francis Drake, who traveled to the area near present-day Kake in 1579, although other scholars dispute this theory.

In the early 19th century Kake was visited by American maritime fur traders seeking sea otter skins, such as the ship Atahualpa in 1805 and Otter in 1811. Kake was also visited by the Russian Golovin Expedition in 1818. Mikhail Tikhanov, an artist with the expedition, painted a watercolor of the Tlingit chief Kotlean.

After Alaska Purchase
In the February 1869 Kake War the USS Saginaw (1859) destroyed three deserted villages and two forts near present-day Kake. Prior to the conflict, two white trappers were killed by the Kake in retribution for the death of two Kake departing Sitka. Sitka was the site of a standoff between the Army and some Tlingits who refused to surrender Chief Colchika, who was involved in an altercation in Fort Sitka. While no Kake died in the destruction of the villages, except perhaps for a single old woman, some died over the winter due to the loss of winter stores, canoes, and shelter led to the death. The villages were not rebuilt, and their inhabitants dispersed to other villages or remained in the vicinity, eventually rebuilding the present day Kake.

Kake is the site of a 128-foot totem pole, one of the world's largest, carved in 1967 for the Alaska Purchase centennial.

Government
A first-class city, Kake has a mayor-council form of government which is composed of a mayor and six council members. The city also has a city manager.

Education
The Kake City School District operates the city's school.

Notable people

 * Edna Jackson (born 1950), artist

title: Kake, Alaska


text:
Kupreanof, Alaska

Kupreanof (Lingít: Aansadaak’w ) is a city on the eastern shore of Kupreanof Island in the Petersburg Borough, in the U.S. state of Alaska. The population was 21 as of the 2020 census, down from 27 in 2010. It is the smallest incorporated city in the state as of 2020.

History
Among the incorporators of Kupreanof was former Petersburg Grade School Principal Harold Bergman. Kupreanof was once called West Petersburg and was a thriving community of fur farms and commercial fishermen in the early- to mid-20th century. Gradually most residents moved over to the larger, more metropolitan city of Petersburg.

Kupreanof remained a separate municipality when the Petersburg Borough incorporated, unlike the neighboring city of Petersburg. However, Kupreanof now lies inside the Petersburg Borough, whereas before, it was a home-rule city inside the unorganized Petersburg Census Area.

Robert "Bobby" Dolan was mayor of Kupreanof for over 40 years.

Geography
Kupreanof is located at 56.8225°N, -132.9825°W (56.822384, -132.982506). It is across the Wrangell Narrows from Petersburg on Mitkof Island.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 6.1 sqmi, of which, 4.0 sqmi of it is land and 2.1 sqmi of it (34.32%) is water.

Demographics
Kupreanof first appeared on the 1930 U.S. Census as the unincorporated village of West Petersburg, appearing under that name until the 1970 census. It formally changed its name to Kupreanof and incorporated as a city in 1975.

As of the census of 2000, there were 23 people, 12 households, and 6 families residing in the city. The population density was 5.7 PD/sqmi. There were 26 housing units at an average density of 6.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 91.30% White, 4.35% Asian, and 4.35% from two or more races.

There were 12 households, out of which 16.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, and 50.0% were non-families. 50.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.92 and the average family size was 2.83.

In the city population was spread out, with 17.4% under the age of 18, 4.3% from 18 to 24, 21.7% from 25 to 44, 47.8% from 45 to 64, and 8.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 111.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $45,833, and the median income for a family was $100,470. Males had a median income of $51,250 versus $0 for females. The per capita income for the city was $26,650. None of the population and none of the families were below the poverty line.

title: Kupreanof, Alaska


text:
Petersburg, Alaska

Petersburg is a census-designated place (CDP) in and essentially the borough seat of Petersburg Borough, Alaska, United States. The population was 3,043 at the 2020 census, up from 2,948 in 2010.

The borough encompasses Petersburg and Kupreanof, plus mostly uninhabited areas stretching to the Canadian–American border and the southern boundary of the City and Borough of Juneau. While the city of Petersburg ceased to exist as a separate administrative entity (the borough assembly created a service area to assume operation of the former city's services), the tiny city of Kupreanof remains separate within the borough.

History
Tlingits from Kupreanof Island had long used a summer fish camp at the north end of Mitkof Island. Earlier cultures of indigenous people also used the island: remnants of fish traps and some petroglyphs have been carbon-dated back some 10,000 years.

European explorers to Mitkof Island encountered the Tlingit. In the nineteenth century, Peter Buschmann, a Norwegian immigrant, settled here, building a cannery, sawmill, docks and early structures. The settlement was named Petersburg after him, and it flourished as a fishing port. Icebergs from the nearby LeConte Glacier provided a source for cooling fish.

Petersburg originally incorporated as a town on April 2, 1910. The town had attracted mostly immigrants of Scandinavian origin, thus giving Petersburg the nickname "Little Norway". The Sons of Norway hall was built on one of the piers. Three other canneries were built and the four have operated continuously since. With the establishment of the cannery, Alaskan Natives, including Chief John Lott, began to work there and live year-round at the site.

The 1939 Slattery Report on Alaskan development identified the region as one of the areas where new settlements would be established through Jewish immigration. This plan was never implemented.

Fisheries were the mainstay of the economy. In 1965, Petersburg fishermen founded Icicle Seafoods. Fishermen Gordon Jensen and Magnus Martens teamed up with managers Tom Thompson and Bob Thorstenson, Sr. to organize a group of fishermen to purchase the Pacific American Fisheries (PAF) plant (the original Buschmann cannery) at a time when the seafood industry seemed in decline. PAF was traded on the NYSE and had been one of the largest processors in Alaska for a half century. The shareholders, including Board members Fred File, Fred Haltiner, Jr., Robin Leekley, Jeff Pfundt, Aril Mathisen, Bud Samuelson and many others (Hofstads, Otness, and Petersons to name a few) began their work to create, improve and institute the fisheries that sustain Petersburg and many other coastal communities in Alaska today. The company was originally known as PFI but in 1977 changed its name officially to Icicle Seafoods.

Petersburg incorporated as a borough in January 2013, encompassing Petersburg and Kupreanof, plus mostly uninhabited areas stretching to the Canada–US border and the southern boundary of the City and Borough of Juneau. While the City of Petersburg ceased to exist as a separate entity (the borough assembly created a service area to assume operation of the former city's services), the tiny city of Kupreanof remains separate within the borough.

Geography
Petersburg is located on the north end of Mitkof Island, where the Wrangell Narrows meets Frederick Sound. Petersburg is halfway between Juneau, 190 km to the north, and Ketchikan, 180 km to the south.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 46.0 sqmi, of which, 43.9 sqmi of it is land and 2.2 sqmi of it (4.74%) is water.

Mitkof Island is largely covered by low mountains. The lowlands are mainly made up of muskeg, a type of soil made up of plants in various states of decomposition. It is approximately 20 miles from its north end to its south. The western side of the island borders the Wrangell Narrows, one of the six listed in Southeast Alaska. The Narrows provides a somewhat protected waterway for boats, and opens on the south end of the island into Sumner Straits. Mitkof Island has many creeks that empty into the Narrows, including Blind Slough, Falls Creek, Twin Creeks, and Spirit Creek.

According to the National Marine Fisheries Service, the town is the 15th-most lucrative fisheries port in the United States by volume. In 2011, 101 million pounds of fish and shellfish passed through Petersburg, with a dockside value of $65 million. That year Petersburg ranked as 13th in the nation in terms of the value of its catches.

Climate
The climate of Petersburg is oceanic (Cfb), closely bordering a subpolar oceanic climate (Cfc) and subarctic climate (Dfc). On January 16, 1981, Petersburg registered a daily maximum temperature of 62 °F, the highest ever recorded in the month of January in Alaska. Eleven years later, on February 27, 1992, a high of 66 °F was observed, also setting a monthly state record high.

Demographics
Petersburg first appeared on the 1910 U.S. Census and incorporated that same year. In 2013, upon the creation of the Borough of Petersburg, it became a census-designated place (CDP).

As of the census of 2000, there were 3,224 people, 1,240 households, and 849 families residing in the city. The population density was 73.5 PD/sqmi. There were 1,367 housing units at an average density of 31.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 81.64% White, 0.31% Black or African American, 7.20% Native American or Alaska Native, 2.76% Asian, 0.19% Pacific Islander, 1.86% from other races, and 6.05% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.85% of the population.

There were 1,240 households, out of which 38.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.2% were married couples living together, 9.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.5% were non-families. 25.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.11.

In the city the population was spread out, with 29.8% under the age of 18, 6.2% from 18 to 24, 30.6% from 25 to 44, 24.6% from 45 to 64, and 8.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 108.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 108.0 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $49,028, and the median income for a family was $54,934. Males had a median income of $42,135 versus $28,792 for females. The per capita income for the city was $25,827. About 3.3% of families and 5.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.5% of those under age 18 and 4.2% of those age 65 or over.

Commercial fishing
For a brief time during a peak period of the commercial fishing industry, Petersburg was rumored to have the highest per-capita income for a working town in the U.S.

Commercial fishing is the dominant economic driver of Petersburg's economy. The top producers harvest well over a million dollars of seafood each and every year. While there is a vibrant salmon troll and gillnet fleet, as well as participants in the dungeness crab and dive fisheries, the main producers in Petersburg are the 58-foot limit 'seiners'. These 58-footers harvest salmon, halibut, black cod, king, tanner crab, and herring. Many of them travel west to trawl, longline and pot cod in the western Gulf of Alaska and the Bering Sea.

Currently making a comeback in the worldwide salmon markets, the 58-foot fleet now boasts crew jobs that can approach six figures. The sustainability of all commercially harvested resources has been a trademark of the fisheries participated in by Petersburg fishermen. Petersburg Vessel Owners Association, resurrected by Gordon Jensen in the 1980s, is the lead association that ensures that all seafood harvested by the Petersburg fleet is done so in a sustainable manner, consistent with the conservation principles embodied in the state of Alaska constitution.

Petersburg also maintains a large contingent of Bristol Bay fishermen. Over 75 Petersburg residents travel each summer to fish commercially on around 35 Bristol Bay vessels in Naknek, Dillingham and King Salmon.

Tourism
Small cruise-ships (up to 250 passengers) and private yachts visit from May through September.

Arts and culture

 * Petersburg celebrates Norwegian Constitution Day in a celebration called "Mayfest," on the third weekend in May. It is a huge celebration. Generally four days of festivities are planned, with the major events occurring early in the weekend. "Little Norway" celebrates May 17 with a longer and more enthusiastic celebration than any known Norwegian-American settlement or community. Recently Petersburg residents have traveled to Norway and have found that their American celebration of Norwegian Constitution day (Norwegian: grunnlovsdag) is longer than that in Norway, where they celebrate only on May 17.
 * The Petersburg Marine Mammal Center is located here. It is a teaching center and supports research into new discoveries.
 * Established in 1968, the Clausen Memorial Museum is dedicated to preserving the history, and telling the story of those who have lived and worked in Petersburg and the surrounding area.
 * Petersburg is twinned with Hammerfest Municipality in Norway.

Education

 * The Petersburg School District comprises Rae C. Stedman Elementary School, Mitkof Middle School and Petersburg High School.

Media
The town's only radio station is a community-owned and operation KFSK, which carries a public radio format.

KRSA previously broadcast from Petersburg with a religious format, until its license expired in February 2014.

The Petersburg Pilot is a weekly newspaper established in 1974, that currently publishes a paper every Thursday.

Transportation
Located on an island with no bridges to the mainland, Petersburg can be accessed only by air or sea.

Marine transportation
Petersburg receives service from the Alaska Marine Highway. Petersburg is a stop on its Inside Passage route that sees scheduled service both southbound and northbound to other Southeast Alaskan communities, Bellingham, Washington and Prince Rupert, British Columbia Canada.

Air transportation
Jet carrier Alaska Airlines serves Petersburg with both cargo and passenger service from the Petersburg James A. Johnson Airport from Wrangell and Juneau daily, with service ultimately reaching Anchorage and Seattle. Three charter air companies operate here.

Notable people

 * Elizabeth Peratrovich (1911-1958) Alaska Native civil rights leader, born in Petersburg.
 * Edna Jackson (born 1950), artist, was born in Petersburg.
 * Bert Stedman spent a large part of his childhood living in Petersburg.
 * Scott McAdams also lived in Petersburg for a number of years during childhood before moving to Sitka.
 * Rosita Worl, president of the Sealaska Heritage Institute grew up here before being forcefully relocated to Haines to an American Indian boarding school.

title: Petersburg, Alaska


text:
Port Alexander, Alaska

Port Alexander (Lingít: Shee Yat’aḵ.aan ) is a city at the southeastern corner of Baranof Island in Prince of Wales-Hyder Census Area, Alaska, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 52, down from 81 in 2000.

History
Port Alexander once was a bustling city with as many as 2,500 people in the early 20th century, Prior to the 1920s, Port Alexander was the salmon fishing capital of the world.

Port Alexander originally incorporated in 1936. It became a part of the Greater Sitka Borough in 1963, following the state legislature's passage of the Mandatory Borough Act. The original municipality was dissolved when it unified with Sitka's city and borough governments in 1971, which formed the present-day entity known as the City and Borough of Sitka. However, residents were independent and desired to govern themselves so they successfully sought to detach themselves from the new municipality. Port Alexander reincorporated as a second class city in 1974.

The Port Alexander Historical Society successfully completed the project of creating a small museum celebrating the town's history in the 2000s.

Geography
Port Alexander is located at 56.24°N, -134.65722°W (56.239871, -134.657177).

Port Alexander is the only city on a small sliver of land at the southeastern corner of Baranof Island that is not part of the City and Borough of Sitka. It comprises less than one-quarter of one percent of Baranof Island's land area.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 15.1 sqmi, of which, 3.8 sqmi of it is land and 11.3 sqmi of it (74.88%) is water.

The city is served by the Baranautica Air Service with seasonal Essential Air Service flights and the EYAK brings supplies and mail weekly. Port Alexander Seaplane Base.

Climate
Despite its latitude at 56°14'N Port Alexander has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb) with cool, wet (In Port Alexander's case snowy) winters, and mild, dry summers.

Demographics
Port Alexander first reported on the 1930 U.S. Census as an unincorporated village. It formally incorporated in 1936. It merged with the City of Sitka in 1971, but detached itself and reincorporated in 1974. Port Alexander is a second-class city.

As of the census of 2000, there were 81 people, 34 households, and 19 families residing in the city. The population density was 21.5 PD/sqmi. There were 79 housing units at an average density of 20.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 83.95% White, 4.94% Native American, and 11.11% from two or more races. 4.94% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 34 households, out of which 29.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.8% were married couples living together, and 41.2% were non-families. 38.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 3.30.

In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 30.9% under the age of 18, 3.7% from 18 to 24, 29.6% from 25 to 44, 33.3% from 45 to 64, and 2.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 113.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 115.4 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $31,563, and the median income for a family was $31,875. Males had a median income of $51,250 versus $41,250 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,767. There were 25.0% of families and 22.9% of the population living below the poverty line, including 18.5% of under eighteens and none of those over 64.

Education
The school is the Port Alexander School, operated by Southeast Island School District. The students created this video in 2019: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hLTIJ7rN-uY&t=66s

title: Port Alexander, Alaska