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Clueless

Clueless is a 1995 American coming-of-age teen comedy film written and directed by Amy Heckerling. It stars Alicia Silverstone with supporting roles by Stacey Dash, Brittany Murphy, and Paul Rudd (in his film debut). It was produced by Scott Rudin and Robert Lawrence. The film is a loose adaptation of Jane Austen's 1815 novel Emma. The plot centers on a beautiful, popular, and rich high school student who befriends a new student and decides to give her a makeover while playing matchmaker for her teachers and examining her own existence.

Clueless was filmed in Southern California over a 40-day schedule. The film's director studied Beverly Hills High School students to understand how teenagers in the 1990s talked and learned some appropriate slang terms from them.

The film grossed $88 million worldwide, and was further successful in the home video market. It has received positive reviews from critics and is considered to be one of the best teen films of all time. Clueless has developed a cult following and has a continuing legacy. The film was followed by a spin-off television sitcom and series of books.

Plot
Cher Horowitz is a stylish, good-natured, and popular teenager living in a Beverly Hills mansion with her wealthy father Mel, a gruff litigator; her mother died during a liposuction procedure when Cher was a baby. She attends Bronson Alcott High School with her best friend Dionne Davenport, who is also beautiful and from a wealthy family. Dionne has a long-term relationship with popular student Murray Duvall, though Cher believes Dionne should be dating more mature men. Josh Lucas, the socially conscious son of Mel's ex-wife of only a few weeks, visits Cher and her father during a break from college. She playfully mocks his idealism, while he teases her for her vanity and superficial lifestyle.

After receiving a poor grade, Cher decides to orchestrate a romance between two teachers at her school, Miss Geist and the hard-grading Mr. Hall, so that Hall will relax his standards and allow Cher to renegotiate the grade. After seeing their newfound happiness, Cher realizes that she enjoys doing good deeds.

When a "clueless" transfer student named Tai Frasier arrives at the school, Cher decides to make Tai her next project by giving her a makeover with the help of Dionne, providing Tai with confidence and a sense of style. Cher tries to extinguish the attraction between Tai and Travis Birkenstock, an amiable but clumsy slacker, and instead steer Tai towards handsome, popular student Elton Tiscia. However, Elton has no interest in Tai and instead tries to make out with Cher in his car after a party in Sun Valley. When she rebuffs him, he leaves her in a parking lot out of spite and she is mugged at gunpoint. Josh picks her up and the two begin to bond.

Fashion-conscious new student Christian Stovitz attracts Cher's attention and becomes her target for a boyfriend. When she goes to a party with him, Josh becomes jealous and decides to follow her to the party. She invites Christian to her home and tries to seduce him, but he deflects her advances. Murray subsequently tells Cher and Dionne that Christian is gay. Despite the failure of her romantic overtures, Cher remains friends with Christian due to her admiration of his taste in art and fashion.

Cher's privileged life takes a negative turn when Tai's newfound popularity strains their relationship, and when she fails her driving test and cannot change the result. When Cher returns home in a depressed mood, Tai confesses that she has feelings for Josh and asks Cher for help in pursuing him. Cher says Tai is not right for Josh, leading to the two girls falling out. Feeling "totally clueless", Cher reflects on her priorities and her repeated failures to understand or appreciate the people in her life. After thinking about why she is bothered by Tai's romantic interest in Josh, Cher finally realizes that she is in love with him.

In response to her epiphany, Cher begins making awkward but sincere efforts to live a more purposeful life, including captaining the school's Pismo Beach disaster relief effort. She accepts an invitation by Travis to a skating tournament in Long Beach where she reconciles with Tai. Cher and Josh eventually follow through on their feelings for one another, culminating in a kiss. Ultimately, her friendships with Tai and Dionne are solidified. Sometime later, Mr. Hall and Miss Geist get married, and Cher attends the wedding with Josh, Dionne, Murray, and Tai and Travis (who have begun dating). Cher catches the wedding bouquet, and she and Josh embrace and kiss.

Development
The idea for Clueless first originated as a television pilot in 1993. Writer and director Amy Heckerling said: "Twentieth Century Fox said they wanted a show about teenagers—but not the nerds. They wanted it to be about the cool kids. The most successful character in anything I'd ever done was Jeff Spicoli in Fast Times. People think that's because he was stoned and a surfer. But that's not it. It's because he's positive. So I thought, 'I'm going to write a character who's positive and happy.' And that was Cher." Heckerling, having read the Jane Austen novel Emma in college and loving the title character's positivity, decided to write the script around an Emma-like character, saying, "I started to think, 'What's the larger context for that kind of a 'nothing can go wrong' 'always looks through rose colored glasses' kind of girl? So I tried to take all the things that were in this sort of pretty 1800s world and see what would that be like if it was in Beverly Hills."

As research for the script, Heckerling sat in on classes at Beverly Hills High School to get a feel for the student culture, commenting, "...one thing I observed was these girls in a constant state of grooming." Ken Stovitz had become Heckerling's agent at the time and told her the script had the potential to be a feature film after he read it. The finished script, which was titled "No Worries", contained the main characters that would end up in the Clueless film. Twink Caplan, Heckerling's friend who had worked with her on past projects, said film executives at Fox were wary of the story being too female-oriented to appeal to a large enough audience. "It was obvious they didn't get it. They thought the script needed more boys in it. They were afraid that if they focused on girls, we wouldn't get any guys to see it. So it went into turnaround. It was dead", said Caplan.

Six months later, the script found its way to producer Scott Rudin, who gave it his stamp of approval. Rudin's support led to increased interest in the script, and it became the subject of a bidding war between studios which was eventually won by Paramount Pictures. Heckerling was excited, as Paramount owned several major youth-centered TV channels, such as MTV and Nickelodeon, which were suited to the film's target demographic.

Casting
Heckerling first saw Alicia Silverstone in the Aerosmith music video for "Cryin'" and kept her in the back of her mind for the role of Cher. When the film was still in development at Fox, executives suggested Alicia Witt, Keri Russell, Tiffani Thiessen, Gwyneth Paltrow, and Angelina Jolie for the part. Heckerling met with Reese Witherspoon, who already had a few film roles to her credit. Though Silverstone only had the thriller The Crush as her previous film, the studio did not pressure Heckerling to cast big stars, and Silverstone ultimately won the role of Cher. Ben Affleck and Zach Braff auditioned for the role of Josh. Sarah Michelle Gellar was offered the role of Amber Mariens but turned it down due to her commitments to All My Children, while Zooey Deschanel auditioned for the role of Amber as well.

Seth Green auditioned for the role of Travis and Alanna Ubach was considered for the role of Tai. Terrence Howard and Dave Chappelle were considered for the role of Murray. Jeremy Renner and Jamie Walters auditioned for the role of Christian, and Jerry Orbach and Harvey Keitel were considered for the role of Cher's father, Melvin Horowitz.

The character of Wendell Hall, played by Wallace Shawn, was inspired by a real-life debate teacher at Beverly Hills High School and a friend of Heckerling's. Prior to full-time acting, Shawn had been a teacher and drew on his experience for his portrayal of Mr. Hall.

Filming

Principal photography for the film began on November 21, 1994, and consisted of a 40-day filming schedule. Brittany Murphy, who was 17 at the time, required a parent or guardian present during filming.

Scenes depicting the fictional Bronson Alcott High School campus including the tennis courts, outdoor cafeteria, and the quad were filmed at Occidental College in Los Angeles. Ulysses S. Grant High School in Valley Glen provided filming locations for the school's interior sets. Other notable filming locations include the former Westside Pavilion shopping mall, Circus Liquor in North Hollywood, where Cher is mugged in her designer dress, and Rodeo Drive, featured in Cher's "crisis" scene as she dejectedly wanders around after a failed driver's test and a confrontation with Tai.

The Mighty Mighty Bosstones performance, originally an outdoor event, had to be moved inside due to rain. Paul Rudd bought everyone gifts after filming wrapped.

Costumes
Mona May did the costume designing for the film. The iconic plaid set worn by Cher Horowitz in the film was "a nod to a Catholic schoolgirl uniform, but taken to another level and, turned designer." Cher wore several designer clothes ranging from Azzedine Alaïa to Anna Sui. The "underwear" Calvin Klein dress worn by Cher was actually designed by Sui who, at the time, was an emerging designer. Calvin Klein was credited due to more brand recognition during the time.

Box office
The film became a surprise sleeper hit of 1995. Clueless opened in 1,653 theaters on July 19, 1995, and grossed $10,612,443 on its opening weekend, which led to a ranking of second at the US box office behind Apollo 13. The film grossed $56,631,572 during its theatrical run in the United States and Canada, becoming the 32nd-highest-grossing film of 1995. Internationally, it grossed $31 million for a worldwide total of $88 million. The box office success brought the then-largely unknown Silverstone to international attention and earned her a $10 million, multi-picture deal with Columbia TriStar. The film developed a strong cult following after its release.

Critical reception
The film was well received by critics. On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, it holds an approval rating of 81% based on reviews from 120 critics, with an average rating of 6.8/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "A funny and clever reshaping of Emma, Clueless offers a soft satire that pokes as much fun at teen films as it does at the Beverly Hills glitterati." On Metacritic, the film has a 68 out of 100 rating based on 18 reviews, which indicates "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three-and-a-half out of four stars. Janet Maslin of The New York Times noted, "Even if Clueless runs out of gas before it's over, most of it is as eye-catching and cheery as its star." Peter Travers of Rolling Stone contrasted the film to a more adult-oriented movie about teenagers released around the same time, Kids, stating, "The materialism in Clueless is almost as scary as the hopelessness in Kids", but concluded Clueless is "wicked good fun to be had [and] Silverstone is a winner."

Accolades
Clueless won the award for Best Screenplay at the National Society of Film Critics Awards and Alicia Silverstone won the award for Breakthrough Performance from the National Board of Review. The film was nominated for a WGA Award for Best Screenplay. The film was nominated for four MTV Movie Awards, winning for Best Female Performance and Most Desirable Female for Silverstone. Silverstone won the award for Funniest Actress in a Motion Picture at the American Comedy Awards.

In 2008, Entertainment Weekly selected Clueless as one of the "New Classics", a list of 100 best films released between 1983 and 2008; Clueless was ranked 42nd. That year, the publication also named it the 19th-best comedy of the past 25 years. The film is ranked as number 7 on Entertainment Weekly list of the 50 best high school films.

Comparison to Emma
Clueless is a loose adaptation of Jane Austen's 1815 novel Emma, and many of its characters have counterparts in the novel.
 * Cher Horowitz/Emma Woodhouse: Cher is representative of the main character Emma Woodhouse. Spunky, carefree, entitled, perpetually single, and matchmaker extraordinaire, both Cher and Emma enjoy the satisfaction of helping those who are without love find a perfect match. This is first seen within the first fifteen minutes of the film when both she and Dionne pair their English teacher with the school's Debate teacher. However, this is more prominently reflected when Cher does everything in her power to pair her newest friend Tai. While both Emma and Cher mean well in their matchmaking attempts, neither of them realizes the depths of her actions nor her feelings towards Josh/Mr. Knightley until Tai/Harriet asks her to set her up with Josh/Mr. Knightley.
 * Josh Lucas/Mr. Knightley: Cher's former stepbrother, whom she finds utterly repulsive. At the beginning of the movie, she states that she has no positive feelings towards Josh in the slightest. The two bicker continually. However, as the movie progresses, Josh is shown to be more caring and considerate towards Cher, becoming defensive towards her choices of men and in life. In the novel, Mr. Knightley is the brother of Emma's sister's husband and is Emma's only critic. Cher/Emma and Josh/Mr. Knightley eventually realize they are in love.
 * Tai Frasier/Harriet Smith: Tai, representative of the young, fair, and socially awkward Harriet Smith, is a newcomer to Bronson Alcott High School. Soon after, she is swept off her feet by both Cher and Dionne as they help her (unintentionally) become the most popular girl in school, to Cher's dismay. At the beginning of the film, Tai is attracted to Travis, a well-meaning, skateboard-riding, pot-smoking social recluse. Harriet is likewise attracted to humble farmer Robert Martin. Each is pressured by Cher/Emma to reject her lower-status potential lover, instead being pushed towards Elton/Mr Elton. Disastrously for Cher, Tai then falls for Josh. Emma is likewise horrified when Harriet falls in love with Mr. Knightley. In both cases, this leads to the heroine examining her own true feelings.
 * Mel Horowitz/Mr. Henry Woodhouse: Similarly to Emma, Mr. Horowitz is a well known and respected man within his circle of friends, though there is one major difference between both characters: while Mr. Horowitz is shown to have little to no care for his health, Mr. Woodhouse is considered to be a valetudinarian. Both characters are shown to love their daughters greatly while not always being so forward in their affection.
 * Christian Stovitz/Frank Churchill: The initially appealing love interest of Cher, whom she convinces herself she must be in love with, similar to Frank Churchill in the book. In the book, Churchill is not available to Emma because he is secretly already engaged; in the film, Christian is not available to Cher because he is gay. Both characters engage in surface-level flirting with the heroine and make her consider her own feelings.
 * Travis Birkenstock/Robert Martin: A stoner and skater who has a mutual attraction with Tai; however, their attempts at courtship are derailed for a time by Cher's attempt to set Tai up with Elton. Travis is an underachiever, is constantly late for class and often receives poor grades. In the book, Emma considers Martin, a farmer, to be beneath Harriet.
 * Elton Tiscia/Mr. Elton: Elton is a popular student whom Cher attempts to fix up with Tai. As is the case with the Elton from the book, he is not interested in Tai/Harriet and mistakenly believes that Cher/Emma is interested in him.
 * Amber Mariens/Mrs. Elton: Cher's antagonist, who is implied to be dating Elton after Cher turns down his advance, similar to Mr. Elton taking a wife after Emma rejects him.
 * Miss Geist/Miss Taylor and Mr. Hall/Mr. Weston: The initial targets of Cher's/Emma's matchmaking.

Home media
Clueless was released on VHS and LaserDisc on December 19, 1995, by Paramount Home Video. It ended up in the top 20 for both video rental and video sales for 1996 in the United States. It was released on DVD on October 19, 1999. The special features solely included two theatrical trailers.

The film was reissued in a special 10th-anniversary "Whatever! Edition" DVD on August 30, 2005. The new issue included featurettes and cast interviews, including:The Class of '95 (a look at the cast), Creative Writing (Amy Heckerling talks about the script), Fashion 101 (how filmmakers invented the trendsetting style of Clueless), Language Arts (the director and cast members give facts on the groundbreaking slang and how Clueless revived Valspeak slang), Suck and Blow (how to play the game depicted in the Sun Valley party scene), Driver's Ed, We're History (stories from cast and crew of Clueless), and two theatrical trailers.

It was released on Blu-ray on May 1, 2012. Special features from the "Whatever! Edition" of 2005 were carried over to the Blu-ray and included a new trivia track.

Cast

After the death of Brittany Murphy, Silverstone stated that she "always felt connected to [Murphy] as [they] shared a very special experience in [their] lives together", and said, "I loved working with Brittany. She was so talented, so warm, and so sweet."

Heckerling later described Silverstone as having "that Marilyn Monroe thing" as a "pretty, sweet blonde who, in spite of being the American ideal, people still really like."

The surviving cast reunited in October 2012 for an issue of Entertainment Weekly.

Heckerling later reunited with both Silverstone and Wallace Shawn for the 2012 vampire comedy film Vamps.

Popular culture and society
The film was well known for the characters' catchphrases and vocabulary. Cher's verbal style is also marked by ironic contrasts between current slang and historical references, such as when she compares Tai to "those Botticelli chicks".

The film also had a strong influence on fashion trends. Fashion as a form of self-expression played an important role in the narrative and character development of the film, television series, and novels, which are topics examined by academic Alice Leppert.

Donatella Versace's fall 2018 collection was influenced by Clueless.

Clueless was the main inspiration for Australian rapper Iggy Azalea's music video for her 2014 song "Fancy" featuring Charli XCX. Many visuals and costumes inspired by the film were used in the video, which is filled with remakes of Clueless scenes. The outfits are also reinvented to channel the famous stylings of the film with a slightly modern edge. "Fancy" was shot in the same Los Angeles high school where Clueless was filmed. A June 2018 episode of Lip Sync Battle featured Silverstone miming to "Fancy", wearing Cher's yellow plaid skirt suit.

A reference to Cher's seduction of Christian is included in the music video for Simone Battle's "He Likes Boys" (2011).

In the second episode of the second season of the BBC America thriller series Killing Eve, "Nice and Neat" (2019), the Russian assassin Villanelle calls her agency and uses the codename Cher Horowitz to secretly inform her boss she is in trouble and needs to be rescued after being kidnapped.

A 2020 Discover Card commercial featured a clip from the film consisting of Cher Horowitz saying her famous phrase "Uh! As if!".

In 2023, Silverstone once again reprised the role of Cher Horowitz in a commercial for Rakuten which debuted during Super Bowl LVII.

Television
In 1996, the producers created a spin-off television series, which followed parallel storylines of Cher and her friends. Several cast members from the film went on to star in the series, with the notable exceptions of Silverstone and Rudd, whose film careers had begun to take off. Silverstone was replaced in the series with actress Rachel Blanchard.

In October 2019, it was announced that CBS would be adapting the film into a drama series. The series is said to be centered around Dionne Davenport after Cher goes missing, and is described by Deadline Hollywood as a "baby pink and bisexual blue-tinted, tiny sunglasses-wearing, oat milk latte and Adderall-fueled look at what happens when the high school queen bee Cher disappears and her lifelong number two Dionne steps into Cher's vacant Air Jordans." On August 14, 2020, it was moved to NBCUniversal's streaming service Peacock. In May 2021, it was reported that the series would not be moving forward at Peacock and instead would be redeveloping at CBS Studios.

Books
Simon Spotlight Entertainment spun off a collection of paperback books from 1995 to 1999 aimed at adolescent readers.

In 2015, to celebrate the film's 20th anniversary, pop culture writer Jen Chaney published a book titled As If!: The Oral History of Clueless. The book is based on exclusive interviews with Heckerling, Silverstone, and other cast and crew members. Excerpts from the book were published in Vanity Fair.

Comics
A comic book series was launched in 2017.

Stage musical
Clueless: The Musical opened in New York City on December 11, 2018, as part of The New Group's 2018–2019 season. The show was written by Heckerling and starred Dove Cameron as Cher and Dave Thomas Brown as Josh. It closed on January 12, 2019.

The musical was a jukebox musical featuring pop songs from the 1990s, though with lyrics mostly or entirely rewritten by Heckerling to fit the storyline. Songs adapted from the film's soundtrack included "Supermodel" and "Kids in America".

Video games
The Clueless CD-ROM is an activity and mini game collection based on the Clueless film and television series released by Mattel Media in 1997 for Microsoft Windows and Macintosh. The CD-ROM is intended for girls age 8 and up, and includes a soundtrack, trivia, makeover and dress-up activities, and six video games.

Paramount announced in 2008 that they would release video games based on their films Clueless, Mean Girls, and Pretty in Pink. The games were planned to be released on both the PC and the Nintendo DS, but only the PC games were released. Clueless on PC was released in 2009. The cancelled Nintendo DS video game was found by YouTuber Ray Mona, and a full play-through of the game was released on her channel on April 1, 2021.

In 2017, Episode launched an interactive animated web story based on the film.

title: Clueless


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Talk:Clueless

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This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 13 February 2019 and 3 May 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Candles and candy.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 19:14, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 13 January 2020 and 4 March 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Egbenne1.

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Alicia Silverstone
I've added a link to the synopsis for Clueless at moviecheat.com. This is my site, it's pure content; I've checked the rules and it shouldn't be a problem to add this link as long as it's relevant and informative. I think it absolutely is; anyone who wants a another take at this movie will find it interesting. But if anyone truly has a problem, feel free to revert.Rasi2290

"career breaking role by actress Alicia Silverstone" -- "career breaking"?

 * I'm not sure what you odn't understand about this comment. This was the role that brought Silverstone to the attention of the world as an actress; it was the first role for which she recieved huge critical acclaim, and it skyrocketed her to popularity. Ergo, it broke her career: it was a career breaking role. user:Easterbradford

 * A Google search shows only a handful of results for the odd phrase "career-breaking." Where it exists (mostly on a Star Wars board) the term is used in a derogative fashion.  The correct word is "breakthrough" as in "breakthrough role."

 * Or perhaps "career-making." —Preceding unsigned comment added by Iamandrewssoul (talk • contribs) 08:29, 23 May 2009 (UTC)

Beverly Hills Teens was not created to capitalize on Clueless
Beverly Hills Teens was a minor cartoon show from the 80s. It has no connection with Clueless.

Pop culture
Is it possible somebody could add a new section to this page concerning all of the pop culture references in this film? (e.g. Ren and Stimpy, Kato, Radiohead) It would come in handy for HSC students (final year of High School in Australia) like myself who are studying this film in their 'transformations' topic. While many of these references are farmaliar to the Amercian and to a lesser extent Aussie) teens of the 90's, there less farmaliar to our generation. This would really, really come in handy :) - [Karade]

Cast section
Did someone copy the cast section in this article off a DVD cover? It's very...advertisey.

Also, there are only two characters listed.

Underorbit 18:45, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

There's all kinds of things wrong with this article, I'll see if I can muster up enough initiative to devote some time to cleaning it up. Apparently it's such a "critically-acclaimed" and "highly-regarded" film that it is exempt from the wiki guidelines. :^) Randall00 16:28, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

The link for actor Justin Walker leads to a character by that name in some other work 216.87.77.66 22:06, 24 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Howdy! I'm an editor assigned to this page for a class I am taking. I am planning to continue working on the characters section! I feel that it still seems a bit like an advertisement like you all are saying. I'm excited to start. --Candles and candy (talk) 22:51, 23 February 2019 (UTC)

Removed trivia section
I removed the trivia section, since it was too long and full of irrelevant stuff. The following items aren't useless, but are in need of integration into the text, and sourcing:

 * The films that Christian watches on video with Cher - Some Like It Hot (1959) and Spartacus (1960) - provide clues to his sexual orientation. The first movie deals with cross-dressing men. The second includes the famous scene where a Roman master (Laurence Olivier) tries to seduce his male servant (Tony Curtis). Additionally, Cher says Christian brought those movies over because he has a "thing" for Tony Curtis.
 * Alicia Silverstone never auditioned for the part of Cher; she had coffee with Amy Heckerling and was offered the role.
 * Sarah Michelle Gellar was offered the role of Cher, but couldn't do it due to a contract on All My Children.

The rest was too tangential to be useful in the article. Mango juice talk 20:27, 1 March 2007 (UTC)

Music video adaptation of Clueless: Cultural references, Trivia, or just leave out?
Since the trivia section is gone, I am hesitant to add a popular culture reference section: the music video for Iggy Azela's "Fancy" is based on (to the point of recreating scenes) of Clueless. Should this be added, and where? FaulkTest (talk) 19:37, 3 June 2014 (UTC)

Emma parallels
Ought we to draw out the Emma parallels more clearly? E.g. Cher=Emma; Tai=Harriet Smith; Josh=Knightley; Elton=Elton; Christian=Frank Churchill; homosexuality=secret marriage to Jane Fairfax, etc.? john k (talk) 06:52, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

--

A good list was in there last year, but someone took it out, so I put it back in. Kalimac (talk) 02:02, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

--

Missing the canadagoose. Isnotidisnotid (talk) 18:05, 14 March 2017 (UTC)

Character list
I have rewritten many of the entries in the List of characters in Clueless page, having previously created this by moving some content across from the Characters section of the film's page (this article). Whilst it has been suggested that the character list page be moved back into this page, I feel I should point out that the list page includes characters and information relevant to both the film and TV show, and is in line with other pages which provide extensive lists of characters from fictional works and universes, including those which have existed in multiple media. Today's rewrite of the character list page provides clearer, more comprehensive information about the characters, in a setting (separate page) which can go into more detail (compared to a small section within a larger page on a broader related topic). I did reduce the size of the character bio's on this article as part of the creation of the list page, and further changes to the bio's on this page may make the list page more relevant, with the main page providing a brief summary ('pen pictures') of the characters and the list page providing more comprehensive information.Crowdman555 (talk) 10:04, 9 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Howdy! I am assigned to this Wiki page for a class that I am taking. I am so happy for the edits that you made in 2009 on this page. I still think that the characters section can be changed at the sentence level. The tone does not seem to be neutral or as professional as other film articles. --Candles and candy (talk) 22:53, 23 February 2019 (UTC)

Citation Added for Justin Walker/Frank Churchill Comparison in "Cast" Section
The following line about Justin Walker needed a citation: " He is based on the Emma character Frank Churchill (who was not gay, but was secretly engaged to another)". I found a first edition of Austen's "Emma" and the relevant evidence is the following quotation in Volume III, page 195: as Knightley recounted in his conversation with Mr. Weston to Emma, "Oh! he told me all about it; that Jane Fairfax and Mr. Frank Churchill are to be married, and that they have been privately engaged to each other this long while". This statement proves that Frank and Jane were privately engaged through Volumes I and II, and it is only once Frank's aunt dies that he is able to reveal their engagement to his father, Mr. Weston, who tells Knightley. — Preceding unsigned comment added by JulieD27 (talk • contribs) 20:31, 19 January 2017 (UTC)

Article Tone & Organization
Howdy! I've been assigned this Wiki page for a course that I am enrolled in. I'm hoping to make this page even better by making the tone more appropriate and professional at the sentence level, specifically in the plot and characters sections. I'm also wanting to simplify the adaptations section and wanting to make the lead section fit the film manual format. Additionally, a table for the soundtrack information may be beneficial. Also, does anyone have any information or sources concerning the remake? I think that there needs to be more content about this. Please let me know if you have any other ideas or suggestions. I'm excited to contribute! I will be posting changes on my sandbox first. --Candles and candy (talk) 05:07, 24 February 2019 (UTC)
 * I found that many "good articles" formatted the characters by putting breaks in between the character names and the descriptions. Is this change okay? I also added headings in the "legacy" section because the legacy of Clueless is multifaceted and now future editors can come in and add information. Please let me know what you think. I am also going to work on the tone of the article this week. Please check out my sandbox before I post future edits! My Clueless Sandbox--Candles and candy (talk) 15:34, 25 February 2019 (UTC)

Update
I've worked on this article for a few weeks now. Here is a summary of the most important changes that I have made:
 * I added images to this Wiki page. Previously, the only image was the movie poster. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Candles and candy (talk • contribs) 16:29, 17 March 2019 (UTC)
 * I edited the tone to be encyclopedic. The original tone was immature and opinionated. See the plot section for how the style/tone was changed.
 * I deleted the descriptions of the characters. An overhwhelming majority of the Good Articles that I have seen simply list the names of the characters. ""Clueless"" even has its own character Wiki page so I feel that listing descriptions of the characters is repetitive and unnecessary, although it was a bold edit.
 * I created a "Popular Culture" section. I think that the Wiki article can really continue to grow by the addition of content in this section because the film continues to impact society today.
 * I deleted many of the references to the Emma novel. I felt that such references read like trivia.
 * I created a Soundtrack chart.

What still needs to be done: --Candles and candy (talk) 04:12, 17 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Information needs to be added about the Remake. There is a section to add content about it.
 * New material can be added to the popular culture and production sections of the wiki page.
 * The sentence structure could still be edited as it still is a bit convoluted.
 * More citations and references should be added throughout the article.

Faithfulness to the Text
'Faithfulness to the Text' seems like the wrong section heading for what the content is (I will correct the capitalization). This is not a straight adaptation of 'Emma' to start with, so has no need to be faithful to the text. Furthermore, this isn't what the section is about, anyway! I'm also removing the empty header 'Plot Similarities/ Differences'. Any information on this matter should be merged into 'Faithfulness to the text' when someone gets that far. Renard Migrant (talk) 16:35, 14 May 2019 (UTC)

Emma in Credits
When I saw the movie on the big screen, I distinctly remember it saying in the credits that it was based on Emma, by Jane Austin. But in the streaming version available on Netflix, it doesn't say that. Is my memory failing me? Does anybody know what happened? I know that movies on DVD are often slightly different from the big-screen versions, but I don't know why. —MiguelMunoz (talk) 04:22, 7 June 2020 (UTC)

Requested move 22 July 2020

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved --  JHunterJ (talk) 11:16, 29 July 2020 (UTC)

– The film is undoubtedly the WP:PRIMARYTOPIC with respect to long-term significance, usage (spawning many of the other topics with the same title), and reader interest. The film has received an average of |Clueless_(TV_series)|Clueless_(musical)|Clueless_(game_show)|Clueless_(House)|Clueless_(novels) 119,000 views (!) per month over the last year, whereas the other articles have a comparatively minuscule amount. As page views demonstrate the PRIMARYTOPIC here, a hatnote to the disambiguation page should suffice. -- Wikipedical (talk) 17:19, 22 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Clueless (film) → Clueless
 * Clueless → Clueless (disambiguation)
 * Support per nom.  Calidum   17:39, 22 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Support Clear primary topic. Disambiguation is meant to aid readers, and we have clear evidence that the best way to do get them what they are looking for would be to make this move.--Yaksar (let's chat) 18:09, 22 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Support. Looking over the DAB page, the film is clearly the primary topic. Rreagan007 (talk) 18:31, 22 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Support only because "clueless" as a straightforward definition does not have an encyclopedic scope to warrant a standalone article. Same situation as Inception. Erik (talk | contrib) (ping me) 19:03, 22 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Support - although it would be better if a franchise summary were primary (as per WP:NCFILM), in the absence of that, then the film should be. -- Netoholic @ 01:33, 23 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Support As if!  Lugnuts  Fire Walk with Me 06:37, 23 July 2020 (UTC)

 * The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Clueless


text:
Maranta arundinacea

Maranta arundinacea, also known as arrowroot, maranta, West Indian arrowroot, obedience plant, Bermuda arrowroot, araru, araruta, ararao or hulankeeriya, is a large, perennial herb found in rainforest habitats of the Americas, but cultivated in tropical regions worldwide.

Description
Arrowroot is a perennial plant growing to a height of between 0.3 m and 1.5 m. Its leaves are lanceolate. The edible part of the plant is the rhizome. Twin clusters of small white flowers bloom about 90 days after planting. The plant rarely produces seeds and reproduction is typically by planting part of a rhizome with a bud. Rhizomes are ready for harvesting 10–12 months after planting as the leaves of the plant begin to wilt and die. The rhizomes are fleshy, cylindrical, and grow from 20 cm to 45 cm long.

The arrowroot plant probably originated in the Amazon rainforest of northwestern Brazil and neighboring countries. It grows best between temperatures of 23 C and 29 C with annual precipitation between 150 cm and 200 cm. The dormant rhizomes can withstand temperatures as low as 5 C.

In the continental United States, arrowroot is cultivated as an outside plant only in southern Florida.

Distribution
Maranta arundinacea is native to Mexico, Central America, the West Indies (Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and most of the Lesser Antilles) and South America (in Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Suriname, Guyana, and French Guiana). It is widely cultivated in many warm countries and is considered naturalized in The Bahamas, Bermuda, Cambodia, China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan), the Cook Islands, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Japan (in the Volcano Islands), Mauritius, the Netherlands Antilles, Réunion, Samoa, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Trinidad, Tonga, the United States (Florida), the Philippines and Vanuatu.

The Caribbean island nation of St. Vincent and the Grenadines is the world's largest grower of arrowroot and producer of arrowroot flour. In Kerala, India, arrowroot, locally called bilathi koova, is cultivated to produce an easily digestible starch.

Prehistoric domestication
Radio-carbon dating has established that M. arundinacea was one of the first plants domesticated in prehistoric South America. Arrowroot, along with leren (Calathea allouia), squash (Cucurbita moschata), and bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) became cultivated plants in northern South American and Panama between 8200 BC and 5600 BC. Some archaeologists believe that arrowroot was first used by indigenous peoples not as food but as a poultice to extract poison from wounds caused by spears or arrows.

Evidence of the use of arrowroot as food has been found dating from 8200 BC at the San Isidro archaeological site in the upper Cauca River valley of Colombia near the city of Popayán. Starch grains from arrowroot were found on grinding tools. It is unclear whether the arrowroot had been gathered or grown, although the elevation of the site of 1700 m is probably outside the normal range of elevations at which M. arundinacea grows in the wild. Thus, the plant may have been introduced at San Isidro from nearby lowland rainforest areas in a pioneering effort to cultivate it. Stone hoes for the cultivation of plants have been found which date as old as 7700 BCE in the middle Cauca valley, 150 km north of San Isidro.

Domestication of arrowroot at these early dates was probably on a small scale with gardens of only a few plants being planted in alluvial soils near streams to ensure the steady supply of moisture needed during the growing season of arrowroot and other similar root crops. The exploitation of arrowroot was probably complicated by the difficulty of extracting the starch from the fibrous roots. The roots must first be pounded or ground then soaked in water to separate the starch from the fibers. The starch is excellent for digestibility.

Uses
Currently, arrowroot starch is used in food preparations and confectionery, and for industrial applications such as cosmetics and glue. The residue of starch extraction has a high fibre content and can be fed to livestock.

title: Maranta arundinacea


text:
NatureScot

NatureScot (NàdarAlba) is the operating name for the body formally called Scottish Natural Heritage. It is an executive non-departmental public body of the Scottish Government responsible for the country's natural heritage, especially its natural, genetic and scenic diversity. It advises the Scottish Government on nature conservation, and acts as a government agent in the delivery of conservation designations, i.e. national nature reserves, local nature reserves, national parks, Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), Special Areas of Conservation, Special Protection Areas and the national scenic areas. It receives annual funding from the Government in the form of Grant in Aid to deliver Government priorities for the natural heritage.

NatureScot is the Scottish Government's adviser on all aspects of nature, wildlife management and landscape across Scotland, and also helps the Scottish Government meet its responsibilities under European environmental laws, particularly in relation to the Habitats Directive and the Birds Directive. The agency currently employs in the region of 700 people, but much of NatureScot's work is carried out in partnership with others including local authorities, Government bodies, voluntary environmental bodies, community groups, farmers and land managers. The body has offices in most parts of Scotland including the main islands. NatureScot works closely with the Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) and the equivalent bodies for England, Wales, and Northern Ireland to ensure a consistent approach to nature conservation throughout the United Kingdom and towards fulfilling its international obligations.

The agency was formed in 1992 as Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH). In November 2019 it was announced that SNH would be re-branded as NatureScot, however its legal persona and statutory functions would remain unchanged. The change took effect on 24 August 2020.

Roles and responsibilities
The general aims of NatureScot as established in the Natural Heritage (Scotland) Act 1991 are to: For the purposes of the Act, Scotland's natural heritage is defined as the flora and fauna of Scotland, its geological and physiographical features and its natural beauty and amenity. Specific responsibilities of NatureScot include:
 * Secure the conservation and enhancement of Scotland's natural heritage;
 * Foster understanding and facilitate the enjoyment of Scotland's natural heritage;
 * Providing advice to the Scottish government on the development and implementation of policies relevant to the natural heritage of Scotland;
 * Disseminating information and advice relating to the natural heritage of Scotland to the public;
 * Carrying out and commissioning research relating to the natural heritage of Scotland;
 * Establishing, maintaining and managing designated areas of conservation in Scotland;

Protected areas
NatureScot has responsibility for the delivery of conservation designations in Scotland, i.e. national nature reserves, local nature reserves, long distance routes, national parks, Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs), Special Areas of Conservation, Special Protection Areas and the national scenic areas. The conservation designations overlap considerably with many protected areas covered by multiple designations. In total around 20% of the area of Scotland is covered by some form of protected area designation, with SSSIs alone covering 13%.

National nature reserves
National nature reserves (NNRs) are areas of land or water designated under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 to contain habitats and species of national importance. NNRs can be owned by public, private, community or voluntary organisations but must be managed to conserve their important habitats and species, as well as providing opportunities for the public to enjoy and engage with nature. There are currently 43 NNRs in Scotland, which cover 154,250 hectare.

NatureScot is responsible for designating NNRs in Scotland and for overseeing their maintenance and management. The majority of NNRs are directly managed by NatureScot; however, some are managed by, or in co-operation with other bodies, including the National Trust for Scotland (7 NNRs), Forestry and Land Scotland (5 NNRs), the RSPB (5 NNRs), the Scottish Wildlife Trust (1 NNR), South Lanarkshire Council (1 NNR), and the Woodland Trust (1 NNR).

All NNRs in Scotland are also designated as Sites of Special Scientific Interest. Many also form part of the Natura 2000 network, which covers Special Protection Areas and Special Areas of Conservation. Additionally, some of the NNRs are designated as Ramsar sites.

National scenic areas
There are 40 national scenic areas (NSAs) in Scotland, covering 13% of the land area of Scotland. The 40 NSAs were originally identified in 1978 by the Countryside Commission for Scotland in 1978 as areas of "national scenic significance... of unsurpassed attractiveness which must be conserved as part of our national heritage".

Protected species
Vulnerable plant and animal species in Scotland are protected under various legislation. In many cases it is an offence to kill or capture members of a protected animal species, or to uproot plants. NatureScot's primary role in regard to protected species is to license activities that would otherwise be an offence.

Enjoying the outdoors
NatureScot is responsible for promoting public access and enjoyment of the outdoors. It created and updates the Scottish Outdoor Access Code, which provides detailed guidance on the exercise of the ancient tradition of universal access to land in Scotland, which was formally codified by the Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2003. It also hosts the National Access Forum, which brings together all bodies with an interest in land access issues.

NatureScot also support the management of the three regional parks. It acts as the "custodian" of Scotland's Great Trails, maintaining the official list and providing some finance and publicity to the trails, although responsibility for creating and maintaining each route lies with the local authorities through which a route passes.

Governance
NatureScot is governed by its board. As of August 2022, the board is made up of twelve members and is chaired by Mike Cantlay. Board members are appointed by Scottish Government ministers for an initial term of four years and normally serve a maximum of two terms. The primary roles of the board are to determine the objectives, strategies and policies of NatureScot in respect to its statutory obligations and guidance from the Scottish Government. Meetings of the NatureScot Board are open to the public to attend as observers.

Day-to-day operations are led by the Senior Leadership Team, consisting of a chief executive, who is appointed by the board, and a number of directors and deputy directors. the Senior Leadership Team comprised:

 * Chief Executive and Accountable Officer: Francesca Osowska
 * Director of Business Services and Transformation: Jane Macdonald
 * Director of Green Economy: Robbie Kernahan
 * Director of Nature and Climate Change: Nick Halfhide
 * Deputy Director of Green Economy: Claudia Rowse
 * Deputy Director of Nature and Climate Change: Eileen Stuart
 * Head of External Affairs: Jason Ormiston
 * Deputy Director of Business Services and Transformation: Stuart MacQuarrie

Supporting the Board are three committee, the Scientific Advisory Committee, the Protected Areas Committee, and the Audit and Risk Committee.

NatureScot programmes and priorities have a strong focus on helping to deliver the Scottish Government's National Outcomes and Targets which comprise the National Performance Framework. NatureScot is also a member of SEARS (Scotland's Environmental and Rural Services).

History
The agency was formed as Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) in 1992 from the amalgamation of the Nature Conservancy Council for Scotland and the Countryside Commission for Scotland to "secure the conservation and enhancement of, and to foster understanding and facilitate the enjoyment of the natural heritage of Scotland".

In March 2003, Scottish Ministers announced their decision to transfer SNH's headquarters from Edinburgh to Inverness, with around 270 jobs to be transferred. Prior to the move, relocation costs were variously estimated at between £22 million and £40 million. The decision to transfer SNH's headquarters was heavily criticized by MSPs, unions, Edinburgh civic leaders and staff. Criticism focused on the cost of the move, the disruption to staff and the risk of compromising the effectiveness of SNH's work. Up to 75% of headquarters staff were reported to be against the move. Relocation took place between 2003 and 2006, many staff left at this point as they did not wish to, or were unable to transfer location.

In 2006, SNH headquarters staff moved into Great Glen House, a £15 million purpose-built headquarters building in Inverness. Great Glen House was built by Robertson Property, working with Keppie Design. As part of the tendering process, SNH set seven environmental and sustainability criteria for the design including achieving an 'Excellent' rating under the BREEAM system. The final design met all criteria and achieved the highest ever BREEAM rating for a public building in the UK.

On 1 August 2010, the functions of the Deer Commission for Scotland were transferred to SNH by section 1 of the Public Services (Reform) (Scotland) Act 2010 and the Commission was dissolved.

In 2020 SNH was re-branded as NatureScot.

Projects
In support of its statutory duties, NatureScot undertakes many individual projects across Scotland, often in collaboration with land managers, charities and local communities.

Stoat eradication project
The introduction of alien stoats since 2010 has created serious problems for native species in Orkney: "The introduction of a ground predator like the stoat to islands such as Orkney, where there are no native ground predators, is very bad news for Orkney’s native species. Stoats are accomplished predators and pose a very serious threat to Orkney’s wildlife, including: the native Orkney vole, hen harrier, short-eared owl and many ground nesting birds"

- NatureScot

In 2018, a stoat eradication project was presented by NatureScot to be applied "across Orkney Mainland, South Ronaldsay, Burray, Glimps Holm, Lamb Holm and Hunda, and the biosecurity activities delivered on the non-linked islands of the archipelago". The project, which is run by a partnership including NatureScot, RSPB Scotland and Orkney Islands Council, uses "humane DOC150 and DOC200 traps". A report issued in October 2020 stated that over 5,000 traps had been deployed. Specifics were provided as to the locations.

Not all was going well as of 15 January 2021, according to The Times which stated that the project "has been hit by alleged sabotage after the destruction and theft of traps that have also killed and injured household pets and other animals" but added that the £6 million programme was supported by most islanders. Another news item stated that some of the traps had "caught and killed family pets as well as hundreds of other animals". A subsequent report confirmed that "Police Scotland is investigating a number of incidents involving damage to and the theft of stoat traps in Orkney".

title: NatureScot


text:
National scenic area

A national scenic area (NSA) is a conservation designation used in several countries.

Taiwan
National scenic areas in Taiwan are:
 * Alishan National Scenic Area in Chiayi County
 * Maolin National Scenic Area in Kaohsiung City and Pingtung County
 * Northeast Coast National Scenic Area in New Taipei City and Yilan County
 * Penghu National Scenic Area in Penghu County
 * Siraya National Scenic Area in Chiayi County and Tainan City
 * Southwest Coast National Scenic Area in Chiayi County, Tainan City and Yunlin County

United Kingdom
In Scotland national scenic areas (NSAs) are defined as areas having outstanding scenic interest or unsurpassed attractiveness. They are administered by NatureScot. There are 40 designated NSAs in Scotland, covering 13% of the country's land area. The primary purpose of the NSA designations is to conserve and enhance the natural beauty of the landscape, in a similar way to the Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) designation used elsewhere in the UK. AONBs were created under the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949, which applies to England, Wales and Northern Ireland. This act allows areas of countryside with significant landscape value in each of the three nations to be designated by their respective governments.

title: National scenic area


text:
Talk:Northrop Frye

untitled
In professional (meaning profitable because it has been successful produced and marketed) encyclopedias, individuals of the stature of Northrop Frye are not given such massive (and repeated) text simply because people won't read it. Specialist researchers etc. (doctorates) use other sources that provide vast amounts of boring detail. Maybe I'm wrong, but this article exemplifies a "Too much" situation that the author could perhaps have condensed....DW

 * I'm a fan of N.F. ...but I concur. Sheesh, someone has to fix the darn bibliography: every item has countless numbers of notes when the volume was reprinted. Is Wikipedia supposed to be an exhaustive bibliography? -- llywrch 02:23 Dec 10, 2002 (UTC)

 * The translations into foreign languages seem especially useless for the English wikipedia. My first inclination is to delete, since the quantity is rather large for a talk page and the content exists elsewhere.  I can be totally objective because I had never heard of this person before now... :-) Stan 02:56 Apr 27, 2003 (UTC)

I deleted the excessive bibiliography. If someone wants to create an entry on each book, then perhaps all of the versions could be included there, but it's still pretty excessive. The article was already uneditable in some browsers. -- Zoe

 * Perhaps that was too drastic of a solution . . . . But if anyone feels a need to consult the excised bibliographic material, it can be found thru the page history. -- llywrch 17:16 Apr 27, 2003 (UTC)

 * Fine. I put it back.  You deal with it.  -- Zoe

 * How is it "uneditable"? Encyclopedias are MEANT to be lists of things.

 * I've been thinking about the list. It doesn't make sense to me to list all of the books the man published; Robert D. Denham has published An Annotated Bibliography of Primary and Secondary Sources, a book that spans 449 pages and has been out of date since its printing in 1987.  I'd suggest that the following list of books (including one link to the Collected Works project) are those which are, in and of themselves, potentially worthy of separate articles:.
 * Fearful Symmetry, Anatomy of Criticism (an important work in Blake scholarship and for Frygians), The Educated Imagination (the Massey lectures), The Bush Garden: Essays on the Canadian Imagination (his focused Canadian work, that gave rise to quite a number of ideas such as the "garrison mentality"), The Great Code: The Bible and Literature, Words with Power: Being a Second Study of The Bible and Literature, The Double Vision (these latter three as significant in revisiting material from the Anatomy, and providing a coherent way of looking at the Bible from the lens of literature), and the Collected Works of Northrop Frye (as a notable academic project involving dozens of editors from across North America).
 * What would consensus look like around limiting a list to just these titles?  Mgriffin (talk) 01:44, 14 October 2008 (UTC)

Mattbr30 edited the MA link to point to the postgraduate MA page; Ayre is clear in his biography that NF was at Oxford for a BA which turned into an MA. I've corrected the link to point to the Oxbrdige MA, but the term requirements, post-graduation, may well have been different then. I don't think it's worth a note, but thought I'd mention. Mgriffin 20:48, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

Festival?
Should there be a section on the Northrop Frye Festival in Moncton? Wikifriendawesome 12:41, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

Assessment
I added this article to the Canada Wikiproject, and had initially used a 'B' rating because WikiProject Biography had given that rating, but I have changed to a 'C' rating because the article needs some copy editing; particularly in the Biography section, where several sentences are presented as though they were bullet points.  PK T (alk)  21:08, 28 November 2008 (UTC)

Mythos?
What about Frye's creation of the idea of the Mythos? Louis Tyson summarizes this in her "Critical Theory Today;" however, there is no mention of this in the work on Frye. Neither could I find another page about this. Just thought it was interesting, since Tyson makes it out as thought this is one of Frye's most important contributions to literary criticism. --129.114.208.149 (talk) 06:09, 13 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Forgot to mention; Frye called this his "theory of myths." (Tyson 210) It would probably help in getting research for it.. Like I said, if I have time I'll try to do the research and add a section.  Not likely going to happen anytime soon though, finals are this week.--129.114.208.149 (talk) 06:18, 13 December 2010 (UTC)

Brother
In the Spring 2012 issue of U of T Magazine there is an article on Northrup Frye entitled "Frye's Anatomy" text by Alec Scott, pp 34-39. There is mention of a much older and favoured brother Howard who died in World War 1. There is no record of the death on the CWGC site http://www.cwgc.org Frye's wife Helen died of Alzheimer's Disease.--User:Brenont (talk) 17:44, 27 April 2012 (UTC)

I have located details of the brother Eraytus Howard Frye, private Canadian Infantry 14th Bn, on the Commonwealth War Graves Commission web site http://www.cwgc.org/search-for-war-dead/casualty/616679/FRYE,%20ERAYTUS%20HOWARD He died in the Second Battle of the Somme August 18, 1918 and is buried in the Manitoba Cemetery, Caix, France. . The death record at ancestry.ca gives additional information Name: 	Eraytus Howard Frye Other: 	Mrs Catherine Frye Birth: 	29 Mar 1899 - Lowell, Massachusetts, United States of America Residence: 	Sherbrooke --User:Brenont (talk) 19:14, 27 April 2012 (UTC)

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Proposed merge of The Secular Scripture: A Study of the Structure of Romance into Northrop Frye

 * not independently notable  DGG ( talk ) 10:46, 22 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose - it is independently notable. The single reference in the article , a PDF document , contains reviews by "E.D. Blodgett, Harold Bloom, John P. Brennan, M.W. Copeland, L.S. Dembo, Lynn Dickerson, A.C. Hamilton, Carl Lindahl, Mavor Moore, William Nelson, Barbara Nelson Sargent, Luis Ellicott Yglesias, and an anonymous reviewer." Please see the list of reviewers at the top of the PDF document. Also, JSTOR has about 5 usable reviews of this book in its database . With this many reviews, it is possible to expand the article. ---Steve Quinn (talk) 06:56, 8 January 2020 (UTC)

What's in a name?
This article lacks the one thing that caused me to read it: the origin of the name Northrop. Neither of his parents bore the name so there must be something significant which prompted his parents to apply this middle name. Humphrey Tribble (talk) 03:55, 14 November 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 03:11, 14 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Northrop Frye.jpg

title: Talk:Northrop Frye


text:
National nature reserve (United Kingdom)

Some statutory nature reserves are designated by national bodies in the United Kingdom, and are known as national nature reserves.

Great Britain
In Great Britain, nature reserves designed under Part III of the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949 that are deemed to be of national importance may be designated as statutory 'national nature reserves' by the relevant national nature conservation body (Natural England, Scottish Natural Heritage, or Natural Resources Wales) using section 35(1) of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981.

If a nature reserve is designated by a local authority in Great Britain, then the resulting statutory nature reserve will be referred to as a local nature reserve.

England
In England, 229 national nature reserves are designated by Natural England.

Scotland
In Scotland, 43 national nature reserves are designated by NatureScot.

Wales
In Wales, 76 national nature reserves are designated by Natural Resources Wales.

Northern Ireland
In Northern Ireland, statutory nature reserves are designated by the Northern Ireland Environment Agency under the Nature Conservation and Amenity Lands (Northern Ireland) Order 1985. There are 47 NNRs in Northern Ireland.


text:
Julie Brown

Julie Ann Brown (born August 31, 1958 ) is an American actress, comedian, screen/television writer, singer-songwriter, and television director. Brown is known for her work in the 1980s, where she often played a quintessential valley girl character. Much of her comedy has revolved around the mocking of famous people (with a strong and frequently revisited focus on Madonna).

Early life
Julie Brown was born in Van Nuys, California, the daughter of Irish-Catholic parents Celia Jane (née McCann) and Leonard Francis Brown. Her father worked at NBC TV studios in the traffic department (advertising scheduling), and her mother was a secretary at the same studio complex. Both of Brown's grandfathers had worked in the Hollywood film business. Her great-grandfather was character actor Frank O'Connor. She attended a Catholic elementary school as a child, and later Van Nuys High School where she was chosen princess of the homecoming court. Brown's parents said "whatever you do, don't become an actress", but after attending Los Angeles Valley College she enrolled in the well-known San Francisco acting school, American Conservatory Theater, where she met future collaborator Charlie Coffey.

Career
Julie Brown began her career performing in nightclubs. She was a contestant on the game show Whew! (as Annie Brown). She started working on television with a guest spot on the sitcom Happy Days. She also appeared in the 1981 cult film Bloody Birthday. After a small role in the Clint Eastwood comedy film Any Which Way You Can, comedian Lily Tomlin saw Brown at a comedy club and gave her her first big break, a part in her 1981 film The Incredible Shrinking Woman. Tomlin and Brown eventually became close friends. A string of guest starring appearances in a variety of television shows followed, including: Laverne & Shirley, Buffalo Bill, The Jeffersons and Newhart. Brown also appeared in short films such as "Five Minutes, Miss Brown".

In 1984, she released her first EP, a five-song album called Goddess in Progress. The album, parodies of popular '80s music combined with her valley girl personality, was quickly discovered by the Dr. Demento Show. The songs "'Cause I'm a Blonde" and "The Homecoming Queen's Got a Gun" were given radio airplay across the world. The latter was a spoof on stereotypical 1950s' teen tragedy songs, with cheerleaders' heads and pompoms being blown to pieces.

In 1987, Brown released her first full-length album, Trapped in the Body of a White Girl. The album highlighted her comedic talent and valley girl personality. The album's highlights were "I Like 'em Big and Stupid" and she reprised "The Homecoming Queen's Got a Gun" (the album was reissued on CD in 2010 by Collector's Choice Music on its Noble Rot label). Music videos were recorded and received heavy airplay on MTV. In 1989, Brown starred in that cable network's comedy and music-video show Just Say Julie. She played the role of a demanding, controlling, and pessimistic glamour-puss from the valley, making fun of popular music acts, while at the same time introducing their music videos (she was also known as "Miss Julie Brown" at the time to differentiate her from Downtown Julie Brown, who was on the network at the same time).

Brown's film career began in 1988 with the release of the film Earth Girls Are Easy, written, produced by, and featuring Brown, it was based loosely on a song by the same name from her debut EP. The film also starred Jeff Goldblum and Geena Davis. Brown cast then-unknown comedians Jim Carrey and Damon Wayans. In 1990 Brown had a brief part in the film The Spirit of '76, as an intellectual stripper.

NBC commissioned a half-hour pilot, ultimately unsold and airing Sunday, July 28, 1991, at 7 p.m. Eastern Time, titled The Julie Show. Created by Brown, Charlie Coffey, and director and executive producer David Mirkin, it was a comedy about actress Julie Robbins (Brown), who in this initial story, goes to great lengths to land an interview with teen singer Kiki (played by Kim Walker) in the hopes of getting hired as a tabloid-TV celebrity journalist. Developed under the working title The Julie Brown Show, it also starred Marian Mercer as Julie's mother, June; DeLane Matthews as Debra Deacon, a reporter on the fictional series Inside Scoop; Susan Messing as Julie's roommate Cheryl; and Kevin O'Rourke as Inside Scoop producer Tony Barnow. Brown was also a producer, with John Ziffren, and performed and co-wrote the theme song. Walker, Don Sparks, Robin Angers, and Deborah Driggs were guest performers in this production from Mirkinvision and New World Television.

Another pilot was filmed for CBS in 1989 called, Julie Brown: The Show, and featured a similar theme, in which Brown was the hostess of a talk show and she would interview actual celebrity guests, interspersed with scripted scenarios. The pilot was aired, but the show was not picked up; years later, it leaked onto the Internet.

In 1992, Brown starred in her own Fox sketch comedy show, The Edge; two of its regulars, Jennifer Aniston and Wayne Knight, later became sitcom stars, while Tom Kenny went on to voice SpongeBob SquarePants. That same year, she released the Showtime television film Medusa: Dare to Be Truthful, a satire about Madonna and her backstage documentary, Truth or Dare.

Brown followed with another satire, Attack of the 5 Ft. 2 In. Women, which lampooned the violence of ice skater Tonya Harding toward rival Nancy Kerrigan, as well as that of widely publicized castrator Lorena Bobbitt.

She has continued to make television guest appearances and contributed voices to various cartoons, including Animaniacs (as the voice of Minerva Mink),  Aladdin as bratty mermaid Saleen, and as the original voice of Zatanna in the Batman: The Animated Series cartoon. Prior to this, she also guest starred on a Tiny Toon Adventures episode as Julie Bruin, a cartoon bear version of herself, in which she guest-starred in her own segment Just Say Julie Bruin, a reference to her music video show. The Just Say Julie Bruin cartoon also was a music video show and in her segment Elmer Fudd guest-starred as Fuddonna, a parody of Madonna and a reference to Julie Brown herself regularly mocking her.

Brown appeared as Coach Millie Stoeger in the film Clueless, reprising that role on ABC's 1996–1999 spin-off TV series, for which she was also a writer, producer and director. Two regulars from the series, Donald Faison and Elisa Donovan, later found similarly successful roles, as would featured player Christina Milian who had a recurring role on the series during its UPN years. In 1998, Brown appeared in the parody film Plump Fiction. In 2000, she created the series Strip Mall for the Comedy Central network; it ran two seasons.

Since 2004, Brown has been a commentator on E! network specials, including 101 Reasons the '90s Ruled, 101 Most Starlicious Makeovers, 101 Most Awesome Moments in Entertainment, and 50 Most Outrageous TV Moments.

In 2005, Brown purchased the rights to her Trapped album back from the record label and reissued it herself. She also self-released a single, "I Want to Be Gay". In late 2007, she also purchased the rights to her 1984 E.P. Goddess in Progress and re-released it as a full-length record with compiled unreleased tracks recorded during that era. Brown began touring in late 2007 with her one-woman show, Smell the Glamour.

In 2008, she co-wrote and appeared as Dee La Duke in the Disney Channel film Camp Rock, which starred Demi Lovato and the Jonas Brothers. Brown also joined the cast of the Canadian television series Paradise Falls that same year.

In late 2008 Brown began releasing one-track digital singles, starting with "The Ex-Beauty Queen's Got a Gun"; it was a rewrite of "Homecoming Queen" with lyrics about Sarah Palin. This was first aired in September, 2008 on The Stephanie Miller Show. In 2011 she released an album called Smell The Glamour, which features satires of Lady Gaga, Kesha and updated versions of her Medusa songs.

In the 2010–2011 television season, Brown began a recurring role as Paula Norwood, a neighbor and friend of the Heck family, on the ABC comedy The Middle. From 2010 to 2015 she was a writer for Melissa & Joey, and played a gym teacher in one episode of the show. In 2012 she appeared with Downtown Julie Brown as a guest judge on RuPaul's Drag Race.

In 2023, amid the announcement of The Celebration Tour, in which Madonna recreated a video inspired by her film Truth or Dare, Brown reprised her Medusa character parodying the announcement video in her social media.

Personal life
In 1983, Brown married writer and actor Terrence E. McNally, another frequent collaborator. They co-produced her first single, "I Like 'Em Big and Stupid". They divorced after six years. In 1994, Brown married Ken Rathjen, and together they have one son. She said in 2007 that she had recently divorced for the second time.

Discography

 * Goddess in Progress (1984)
 * Trapped in the Body of a White Girl (1987)
 * Smell the Glamour (2010)

Singles

 * "I Like 'Em Big and Stupid" (w. B-side "The Homecoming Queen's Got a Gun")
 * "Trapped in the Body of a White Girl"
 * "Girl Fight Tonight!"
 * "I Want to Be Gay" (sometimes titled "I Wanna be Gay")
 * "The Homecoming Queen's Got a Gun"
 * "The Art of Being Fabulous"
 * "Another Drunk Chick" (a parody of the Kesha song "Tik Tok")
 * "Big Clown Pants" (a parody of the Lady Gaga song "Bad Romance")

title: Julie Brown


text:
Llívia

Llívia (Llivia ) is a town in the comarca of Cerdanya, province of Girona, Catalonia, Spain. It is a Spanish exclave surrounded by the French département of Pyrénées-Orientales.

In 2023, the municipality of Llívia had a total population of 1,511. It is separated from the rest of Spain by a corridor about 1.6 km wide, which includes the French communes of Ur and Bourg-Madame. The Segre river, a tributary of the Spanish Ebro, flows through Llívia.

History
Llívia was the site of an Iberian oppidum that commanded the region and was named Julia Lybica by the Romans. It was the capital of Cerdanya in antiquity, before being replaced by Hix (commune of Bourg-Madame, France) in the Middle Ages. During the Visigothic period, its citadel, the castrum Libiae, was held by the rebel Paul of Narbonne against King Wamba in 672. As the "town (or 'city') of Cerdanya," 8th century Llívia may also have been the scene of the siege by which governor Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi of Muslim Spain rid himself of the Moorish (Berber) rebel Uthman ibn Naissa ("Munnuza"), who had allied himself with Duke Eudo of Aquitaine to improve the chances of his rebellion, ahead of the Battle of Tours (732 or 733), also known as the Battle of Poitiers.

Following the Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659), the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659 ceded the comarques of Roussillon, Conflent, Capcir, Vallespir, and northern Cerdanya ("Cerdagne") to the French Crown. The treaty thus established the Pyrenees as the border between France and Spain, while separating Northern Catalonia from Catalonia. However, the treaty stipulated that only villages were to be ceded to France, and Llívia was considered a town (vila in Catalan), since it had the status of the ancient capital of Cerdanya. So Llívia remained a Spanish enclave within France and did not become part of the Kingdom of France. This situation was confirmed in the subsequent Treaty of Llívia, signed in 1660.

Under the Nationalist government of Francisco Franco, residents required special passes to cross France to the rest of Spain. Today, with these countries in the Schengen Area, there are no frontier formalities and cross-border infrastructure is the only issue. The two countries share a hospital in Llívia, as well as other local initiatives.

The enclave is accessible from Spain via a 1.8 km (1 mile) long road that up until the implementation of the Schengen Area in 1995 was considered a "neutral road" as defined in the Treaty of Llívia. The road was designated as being a custom-free route across which the French were allowed free access from one part of the corridor to another and for the Spanish to travel freely between Puigcerdà and Llívia. This road is the joint property of Spain and France and is designated in Spain as part of the N-154 and in France as jointly part of the Route nationale 20 and the RD68. The road has been the subject of controversy over the years, particularly due to a number of stop signs placed by the French authorities and removed overnight by those opposed to them. This lasted for several years and became known as the war of the stop signs.

During the vote for Catalan independence in 2017, 561 out of 591 votes cast in Llívia were in favor of independence. The referendum was deemed illegal by the Spanish courts, but the Spanish police did not intervene to stop the vote in the town.

Museum
The Esteve Pharmacy, located in Llívia's municipal museum, is a complete 18th-century pharmacy donated to the town by the family who owned it, on condition the contents remain in the town. There are records of pharmacists practising in Llívia since medieval times. The pharmacy has a large display of albarelli, a type of ceramic jar used in pharmacies, as well as antique drugs, and one of the most important collections of prescription books in Europe.

Education
Escola Jaume I is located in Llívia. It was built in the 1950s. a new school was constructed with a 500 sqm ground floor and a 250 sqm second floor.

title: Llívia


text:
Talk:List of countries and dependencies by population density

Demographics of X links
Per WP:EASTEREGG these links, which seemingly lead to each country's page which shows most of what one might want to know about a country, instead go to the Demographics of X page, which show less and more specific material. I myself have always sighed whenever a flag link goes to the Demographics page, because it's never what I'm looking for. The other big lists have dropped such links or never had them. Wizmut (talk) 12:20, 26 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I moved the relevant line closer to the table:
 * Asterisks (*) below are for "Demographics of LOCATION" links.
 * You are the first person I have seen who has complained about having the more relevant links. People who want the general info about a country will see that link at the top of the demographics article. So if you want population info it is better to have demographics links. Most people coming to this list are looking for population info. --Timeshifter (talk) 12:34, 26 November 2023 (UTC)
 * > Most people coming to this list are looking for population info.
 * I would have no idea how to tell without asking people. For myself I'm always looking for a wide variety of things about, say, Georgia, when I click on " Georgia". What are the administrative divisions, the population in each? Where exactly are its borders, what neighbors? Wizmut (talk) 12:44, 26 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I don't think it is an inaccurate assumption on my part. So I think we should aim to keep the most people happy. As I said it is only an extra click to go to the general page. But it is often not easy to quickly find the population info on a general country page. It is often buried in some subsection. And it is not much info compared to the demographics page. --Timeshifter (talk) 12:49, 26 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I guess we just disagree then. Would be interested to here from others and what they tend to look for (random like me or focused like you). Wizmut (talk) 12:54, 26 November 2023 (UTC)
 * @Wizmut: I was never very happy when I first came across this some time ago. I agree that WP:EASTEREGG is being contravened. The links should be to what their text suggests, which is their country article or equivalent. Marking with an asterisk is a possible WP:ACCESSIBILITY issue.
 * If you really want a link to a demographics article, add another column to hold a link: that's what tables are for. I am happy to do that work if needed. Bazza (talk) 13:27, 26 November 2023 (UTC)
 * It is not an accessibility issue. There is a blind editor admin who uses a screen reader, and has commented on stuff on Help:Table, etc.. He has not mentioned any accessibility problems with the asterisks.
 * Making tables wider though hurts access on cell phones, etc.. Narrowing tables is what I often work on.
 * WP:EASTEREGG is not being contravened. There is a line at the top of the table explaining what is going on.
 * See Help:Table
 * It is used on many tables:
 * See Global Search at Toolforge. Search for
 * "{{flagg|us*eft" - in quotes. To get transclusion count and list of articles.
 * --Timeshifter (talk) 14:09, 26 November 2023 (UTC)
 * You've assumed that WP:ACCESSIBILITY concerns only "blind people": wrong. WP:EASTEREGG does not contain any allowance for explanatory notes, which may well be missed. I agree that tables are problematic on mobiles, and I also try to keep them narrow (with difficulty). In this case, a narrow column (with a vertically-aligned column header) containing only a linked {{char|*}} (or similar symbol) linking to the appropriate demographics article would suffice.

{{mw-datatable}}{{sort under}}{{sticky header}}{{table alignment}}{{static row numbers}}
 * {| class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable sort-under sticky-header static-row-numbers col1left" {{right}}

! Location ! class=unsortable {{vertical header|Demographics}} ! Density{{br}}/km{{sup|2}} ! Density{{br}}/mi{{sup|2}} ! Population ! Area{{br}}km{{sup|2}} ! Area{{br}}mi{{sup|2}} ! class="unsortable"|Notes
 * {{flag|Macau}} (China) || * || {{convert|21000|sqmi|km2|disp=table|sortable=on}} || 704,150 || {{convert|33|km2|disp=table}} ||
 * {{flag|Monaco}} || * || {{convert|18000|sqmi|km2|disp=table|sortable=on}} || 36,298 || {{convert|2.0|km2|disp=table}} ||
 * {{flag|Singapore}} || * || {{convert|8250|sqmi|km2|disp=table|sortable=on}} || 6,014,723 || {{convert|729|km2|disp=table}} ||
 * }
 * Bazza (talk) 16:43, 26 November 2023 (UTC)
 * {{flag|Singapore}} || * || {{convert|8250|sqmi|km2|disp=table|sortable=on}} || 6,014,723 || {{convert|729|km2|disp=table}} ||
 * }
 * Bazza (talk) 16:43, 26 November 2023 (UTC)

{{outdent}} Please sign your comment. From WP:EASTEREGG: "Do not use piped links to create 'Easter egg' links that require the reader to open them (or, at least, to hover their mouse pointer on those links to get page previews in the form of navigation popups) before understanding where they lead." By the way, that is a help page, not a guideline or policy page. So it is not holy writ. And see the emphasis I added above.

So it is not a surprise to most people, because there is a line just above the table explaining it. Very few people complain about this.

I like your table. I will probably be adding a version of it to that section of Help:Table I linked to. So people have the option. But it is more work, and not necessary in my opinion. Most people won't add both, I believe.

On the other hand I may not add it to Help:Table, because '''it makes the vertical header height larger. That is a problem with sticky headers on cell phones.'''

See also: Help:Table. Some people have asked for the asterisks to be removed if all instances of the location links are the specialized links. Then there is no need for the asterisk. Just have to be sure to have the explanatory line at the top of the table. And it makes the table slightly narrower. Every little bit counts.

One thing to remember is that it is an easter egg only once for most people who don't read the line above table. Most will remember in the future to read the line. It is cost-benefit analysis in the end. --Timeshifter (talk) 15:31, 26 November 2023 (UTC)

 * @Timeshifter: {{small|Apologies for not signing: I usually leave it to the visual editor to auto-sign, but it didn't want to cooperate when I inserted the table so I reverted to the old-fashioned way and forgot the important bit.}}
 * I was invited by @Wizmut to express an opinion, and have. I don't agree with putting the onus on the reader (who may have other things to also consider when reading an article) to work out that they need to read an instruction before ingesting the data. We'll have to agree to disagree; I won't be making any change to the page. Regards, Bazza (talk) 16:49, 26 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I removed the asterisks themselves but kept the links (although I still disfavor them).
 * But if the links are staying, they should work correctly. One is broken, Palestine. Demographics of the State of Palestine is a valid destination but the template isn't finding it. Demographics of Palestine already redirects to it, so I'm not sure what the problem is.
 * The other outlier is Caribbean Netherlands. But I changed the note to warn the reader that not all entries will lead to a demography page. Wizmut (talk) 01:00, 1 December 2023 (UTC)

Demographics of the State of Palestine
I started this talk subsection so I can refer to it elsewhere while I try to get this problem fixed.

State of Palestine is the current page name. There are over 23,000 direct links to it on Wikipedia. See:
 * https://linkcount.toolforge.org/?project=en.wikipedia.org&page=State+of+Palestine

Demographics of Palestine redirects to Demographics of the State of Palestine

Palestine is the name in the list. But it is a disambiguation page.

 * produces this:

It uses: Template:Country data Palestine

That is the problem. It needs to redirect to Template:Country data State of Palestine

But instead Template:Country data State of Palestine redirects to Template:Country data Palestine

If this were fixed then

would link to Demographics of the State of Palestine, I believe.

See: Template talk:Country data Palestine. --Timeshifter (talk) 01:50, 1 December 2023 (UTC)

 * It has been fixed a different way. See Template talk:Country data Palestine.
 * In the list the link is now as it should be:
 * Demographics of the State of Palestine
 * --Timeshifter (talk) 04:05, 1 December 2023 (UTC)

Maybe alphabetize the list. Easier to maintain
And with static row numbers one can use the sort button to see a ranked list for any column. See example:
 * List of countries by intentional homicide rate

To alphabetize the list quickly:
 * Help:Sortable tables

Once alphabetized it is easy to update the table. Anyone can update a few or many countries. And no moving around countries in the wikitext is ever required again. --Timeshifter (talk) 16:54, 30 November 2023 (UTC)

 * This table has always used UN data except for the few non ISO-3166 entries. Similar to List of countries by population (United Nations). This means one update a year, really.
 * There are advantages to being able to see the most densely population places without having to know how to sort wikitables. Wizmut (talk) 19:36, 30 November 2023 (UTC)
 * There are very few people left on the web who don't know how to click a sorting button on a table. They are common across the web.
 * I guess it depends on how often individual locations are updated in between yearly updates. And if there is someone around to fix the order in the wikitext if necessary. --Timeshifter (talk) 23:38, 30 November 2023 (UTC)
 * You'd be surprised what people don't know. And it seems like putting the needs of editors ahead of the users. Talking about the cases of the very few, there aren't many editors who don't know how to cut and paste, especially among page watchers.
 * Country lists of different topics have different editors, but all of the most prominent ones sort by their topic, not alphabetically. A broad consensus. Wizmut (talk) 23:48, 30 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Many people don't know about the existence of Template:Static row numbers.
 * Some people may want to see ranking by population, and not just density. Can't do that with a row number column that is not static. --Timeshifter (talk) 00:00, 1 December 2023 (UTC)
 * If they want to see the ranking of countries by population then they should head to List of countries and dependencies by population and/or List of countries by population (United Nations). And it seems that they already are, as the main population article is viewed three times as much as this density one.
 * The only reason the population and area are included is because there's room and readers are likely to be curious about the data the density is derived from. But they're here for density, and more than that, density extremes. Wizmut (talk) 00:12, 1 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Slipped my mind that we now use Template:Static row numbers here. So it is possible to rank any column now. So it is OK to start with one column in rank order, as long as it is maintainable. A list that is mainly updated once a year makes that more possible. Though the editors that do that maintenance sometimes leave Wikipedia for awhile. Then the list can become a mess if editors only update individual countries, but not their order in the list. --Timeshifter (talk) 01:13, 1 December 2023 (UTC)

Gaza
gaza is 25 x 5 and has 2 million people. Making the density 21,000/square mile

Sourcing

https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/11/middleeast/maps-population-density-gaza-israel-dg/index.html Teenyplayspop (talk) 01:49, 14 December 2023 (UTC)

Source needed
@EldritchEmpress please attach a source to edits which deviate from the default UN source. The footnote column on the left can be used for each. Regards, Wizmut (talk) 13:18, 1 January 2024 (UTC)

 * My apologies, the Japan edit was a mistake on my part since I didn't expect the number to go down. Here's the source for Nigeria: https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria. I'll wait for a reply before aditing in case something else comes up. EldritchEmpress (talk) 16:04, 1 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Go ahead and edit the page again to add the source. The simplest example to follow might be the Gibraltar entry, or perhaps the Monaco or Vatican entry if more details are required. Wizmut (talk) 16:12, 1 January 2024 (UTC)

New template that might help
Hi! I just created Template:Get cell. It basically allows to get the content of any table cell (A1, B2, C7, etc) and re-use it other cells for subsequent calculations. I figured it could be useful in tables such as the one in this article. Sophivorus (talk) 14:24, 30 April 2024 (UTC)


text:
Talk:History of Styria

The format "area (name)" is unusual, I am asking for this to be moved in order to reflect the format as given in Duchy of Cornwall, Duchy of Lancaster or Duchy of Modena and Reggio for example. Gryffindor 22:55, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

 * There's no real reason for it, just historical accident really...there is also Carinthia (duchy), which should also be moved, but since it was moved and moved back at one point about a year ago, I suspect there might be some opposition to doing it again (as there may be here, I guess I'll found out...) Adam Bishop 02:20, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

---

One can easily mis-understand that Styria is a German Bundesland, which it is not. S.

IMHO it would be helpful in the first paragraph to say how to find it on a map, in general terms, ie somehting like "loacated in modern-day southern Austria and eastern Slovenia" Fat Red 20:40, 14 March 2006 (UTC)
 * I have changed the entry a little bit in order to address these valid concerns, I hope it helped. Gryffindor  22:55, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks, that's exactly what I meant.Fat Red 01:51, 5 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I have also modified the entry of Duchy of Carinthia as well, if it still sounds to confusing, let me know or you can also modify it further. Gryffindor  08:19, 5 April 2006 (UTC)

Early 1920s controversy?
The article on Michael Mayr alludes to a 1921 political crisis in Austria (which prompted Mayr's resignation as Chancellor) precipitated by a referendum called in Styria to leave Austria and join Germany. This article doesn't mention any early-1920s controversy over whether Styria should leave Austria, though. --Delirium (talk) 03:38, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

Middle Ages
It is said "... who provided it with Habsburg dukes during the years 1379 - 1439 and 1564 - 1619." Here some things seem to have been mixed up. Members of the Habsburg family were dukes of Styria also before, between and after the periods given. (However, Styria - then part of Inner Austria - was not ruled by the same Habsburg lineage as the Archduchy of Austria proper in the years 1379/1411 - 1457 and 1664 - 1619. Cf. the articles "Inner Austria" in the English and "Innerösterreich" in the German Wikipedia.)

By the way, would one really consider the time of the Ottoman invasions part of the Middle Ages? --213.102.114.74 (talk) 05:41, 1 May 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of Styria