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Talk:Allegheny County, Pennsylvania

gov't
Needs update for recent governmental changes-FZ 02:17, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Allegwi
Allegwi also known as Allegans and were not there anymore by the time Columbus discovered America. Iroquois replaced them. Will cite as soon as I fiqure out how to format it. Also starting the linking page soon.Deedee19482 22:03, 19 December 2006 (UTC)

Unincorporated areas
We need a section to list areas like Wexford which are commonly referred to but do not serve as census designated places, but instead contain smaller parts of other census designated places. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.206.246.27 (talk • contribs) 13:07, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

McCandless
While I agree that the name is The Town of McCandless, it does not seem to legally be a town under PA law. See here on page 6-62, where it reads "Bloomsburg is the only incorporated town in Pa." Furthermore, it lists the Town of McCandless with the townships (page 6-77). Please note there are three borougsh that also incorporate the name town (Elizabethtown, Norristown (OK, it is a former borough), and Pottstown). There are also over a dozen boroughs named "City" (Ellwood City, for example) but no one is arguing they are cities under PA law. Ruhrfisch 02:14, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

McCandless and other municipalities
The Town of McCandless was the name adopted with their Home Rule Charter (http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/302/chapter23/chap23toc.html). It was originally a township, but home rule communities can adopt other names. Many use "municipality of" (Monroeville) but some retain their original title, such as Hampton Township.--ProfessorWonk (talk) 02:42, 1 October 2011 (UTC)

Prominent Residents?
I think the heading "Prominent Residents" is misleading. Actually, it should be "Prominent Natives and Residents" for Allegheny County (I made that change in the article), since a resident is reasonably construed as someone who currently resides there -- unless it says "Past Residents."

In the case of articles for individual municipalities, I'm confident that anyone prominent who came out of any of those little farm and steel towns did not remain a resident past high school. Thus, the heading there should be "Prominent Natives."

Finally, if there's a heading in the county article for prominent natives, would it not be necessary to collect that information from the articles for all the municipalities (including Pittsburgh) and include it? Seems like a formidable task that probably isn't very important at the county level.

As for me, I was born and raised in Clairton and had a history with Westinghouse, so I've been reviewing articles on those topics.

NameThatWorks 18:32, 26 June 2007 (UTC)
 * Sorry to be slow in responding. I looked and WikiProject Cities lists it as "Notable Natives", while the US Counties WikiProject does not mention the topic. I think notable is a better adjective as notability is the criteria for inclusion on Wikipedia. Either Natives or Residents seems OK to me, but to be consistent with other articles, perhaps Natives is best. I will also post this on your talk page. Hope this helps, Ruhrfisch ><> ° ° 03:01, 30 June 2007 (UTC)

Notable natives and residents
I thought it was pretty much decided not to include this category at the county level, but to list these folks in their respective municipal articles. It seems the list is growing, but most of them should be in the Pittsburgh article. Otherwise, notable natives and residents from all the cities and towns in the county should be repeated here. --NameThatWorks 21:44, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

Meaning of "Allegheny", the Allegewi, and early natives
The History section began with this paragraph:

''Prior to it being settled by Europeans, the county was mostly wilderness and uninhabited except for wandering Indians such as the Iroquois, who were the largest tribe in the area. The Allegheny River, Mountains, and County obtained their name from an ancient tribe,  the  Allegwi. They were the Alleghen Indians who inhabited the region before the 13th century.''

Problems with this text include the connotations of the land being uninhabited wilderness except for "wandering" natives like the Iroquois. The idea of pre-Columbian America being an empty wilderness but for a few wandering savages sounds like something from the 19th century. And anyway, the Iroquois were an agricultural people, not "wanderers". Also, both "Allegwi" and "Alleghen" are linked to Native Americans in the United States, a page which mentions neither word. So I just rewrote the paragraph with a reference that describes the origin of the word "Allegheny". In this book, the story of the Allegewi is rather bluntly discounted as a myth, and that "Allegheny" probably means "fine river". I tried to phrase this in a slightly less firm tone. In any case, the county was named for the river, not for the ancient tribe directly.

But since the history section should have something on the native peoples, I added a paragraph on it -- but there isn't a lot to say, it seems to me. Certainly more could be said about the natives during the European colonial period. Pfly (talk) 04:53, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

P.S. I think the Allegewi story comes from the Walam Olum. Not the most trusted of sources. Pfly (talk) 04:58, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

largest inland port
Laredo, Texas claims to be the largest inland port, and has a reference for it, and the claim in this article is unreferenced —Preceding unsigned comment added by Langhorner (talk • contribs) 13:40, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

Wilkins Township
I noticed Wilkins Township is shaded in blue on the one map that shows all the boroughs and townships. According to the legend blue means that area is a CDP. Is Wilkins Township a concurrent township and CDP like Penn Hills? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jmantra (talk • contribs) 04:46, 16 December 2009 (UTC)

WHERE are the unincorporated communities?????
We have a cat for unincorporated communities, thats swell, HOWEVER, the template does not reflect them at all. WHAT am I missingCoal town guy (talk) 12:53, 8 August 2013 (UTC)
 * found edit that crippled template. Saved to version before the edit. Template now displays footnotes and unincorporated communitiesCoal town guy (talk) 14:04, 8 August 2013 (UTC)

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Row officers
Are all the row officers elected?--Dthomsen8 (talk) 02:40, 10 June 2019 (UTC)

Need to resolve discrepancies in lists of communities
Under the subheading "Communities", the entities are listed under the official designations according to Pennsylvania state law. However, the list in the table "Population ranking" uses terms that take into account how an entity is described in its home rule charter if it has one. I.e., Bethel Park is a borough according to state law, but its home rule charter states that it is a municipality. The differences that this creates in how an entity is governed can be complex, and is different for every entity that has a home rule charter. (There is no standard for the changes a charter specifies in local government.) There are also entities that have optional charters or plans filed, which allow them to adopt a home rule charter in the future, but these would not change their designation with the state government.

For reference, consult the following Wikipedia entries (most of these are tables that can be sorted by county):
 * List of cities in Pennsylvania
 * List of towns and boroughs in Pennsylvania
 * List of townships in Pennsylvania
 * Category: Townships in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania (much easier to use as a list than the previous page)
 * List of Pennsylvania municipalities and counties with home rule charters or optional charters/plans
 * List of municipalities in Pennsylvania

If there is a reason for the table using the different labels, then there should be an explanation above the table about what the differences reflect. If there isn't a reason, then the lists should be either reconciled, or the information combined so that there is only one list. That would ease making future updates to the list(s). Since I don't know the history behind the original content, I don't want to make such a (possibly) radical change myself. --KLinch (talk) 21:18, 14 August 2019 (UTC)

Population Ranking
Population ranking is missing all townships, including many big ones Upper St Clair, Baldwin Township — Preceding unsigned comment added by Draniac (talk • contribs) 12:11, 31 August 2020 (UTC)

Missing Townships
Bumping this. I noticed Scott Township missing but Draniac is right about all of them. Any idea where this data came from? Ieverhart (talk) 19:04, 20 March 2021 (UTC)

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Talk:Armstrong County, Pennsylvania

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Talk:Beaver County, Pennsylvania

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Talk:Bedford County, Pennsylvania

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Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions

In number theory, Dirichlet's theorem, also called the Dirichlet prime number theorem, states that for any two positive coprime integers a and d, there are infinitely many primes of the form a + nd, where n is also a positive integer. In other words, there are infinitely many primes that are congruent to a modulo d. The numbers of the form a + nd form an arithmetic progression

 * $$a,\ a+d,\ a+2d,\ a+3d,\ \dots,\ $$

and Dirichlet's theorem states that this sequence contains infinitely many prime numbers. The theorem, named after Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet, extends Euclid's theorem that there are infinitely many prime numbers. Stronger forms of Dirichlet's theorem state that for any such arithmetic progression, the sum of the reciprocals of the prime numbers in the progression diverges and that different such arithmetic progressions with the same modulus have approximately the same proportions of primes. Equivalently, the primes are evenly distributed (asymptotically) among the congruence classes modulo d containing a's coprime to d.

Examples
The primes of the form 4n + 3 are
 * 3, 7, 11, 19, 23, 31, 43, 47, 59, 67, 71, 79, 83, 103, 107, 127, 131, 139, 151, 163, 167, 179, 191, 199, 211, 223, 227, 239, 251, 263, 271, 283, ...

They correspond to the following values of n:
 * 0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 10, 11, 14, 16, 17, 19, 20, 25, 26, 31, 32, 34, 37, 40, 41, 44, 47, 49, 52, 55, 56, 59, 62, 65, 67, 70, 76, 77, 82, 86, 89, 91, 94, 95, ...

The strong form of Dirichlet's theorem implies that
 * $$\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{7}+\frac{1}{11}+\frac{1}{19}+\frac{1}{23}+\frac{1}{31}+\frac{1}{43}+\frac{1}{47}+\frac{1}{59}+\frac{1}{67}+\cdots$$

is a divergent series.

Sequences dn + a with odd d are often ignored because half the numbers are even and the other half is the same numbers as a sequence with 2d, if we start with n = 0. For example, 6n + 1 produces the same primes as 3n + 1, while 6n + 5 produces the same as 3n + 2 except for the only even prime 2. The following table lists several arithmetic progressions with infinitely many primes and the first few ones in each of them.

Distribution
Since the primes thin out, on average, in accordance with the prime number theorem, the same must be true for the primes in arithmetic progressions. It is natural to ask about the way the primes are shared between the various arithmetic progressions for a given value of d (there are d of those, essentially, if we do not distinguish two progressions sharing almost all their terms). The answer is given in this form: the number of feasible progressions modulo d — those where a and d do not have a common factor > 1 — is given by Euler's totient function

 * $$\varphi(d).\ $$

Further, the proportion of primes in each of those is

 * $$\frac {1}{\varphi(d)}.\ $$

For example, if d is a prime number q, each of the q − 1 progressions

 * $$q+1, 2 q+1, 3 q+1,\dots\ $$
 * $$q+2, 2 q+2, 3 q+2,\dots\ $$
 * $$\dots\ $$
 * $$q+q-1, 2 q+q-1, 3 q+q-1,\dots\ $$

(all except $$q, 2q, 3q, \dots\ $$)

contains a proportion 1/(q − 1) of the primes.

When compared to each other, progressions with a quadratic nonresidue remainder have typically slightly more elements than those with a quadratic residue remainder (Chebyshev's bias).

History
In 1737, Euler related the study of prime numbers to what is known now as the Riemann zeta function: he showed that the value $$\zeta(1)$$ reduces to a ratio of two infinite products, Π p / Π (p–1), for all primes p, and that the ratio is infinite. In 1775, Euler stated the theorem for the cases of a + nd, where a = 1. Leonhard Euler, "De summa seriei ex numeris primis formatae 1/3 − 1/5 + 1/7 + 1/11 − 1/13 − 1/17 + 1/19 + 1/23 − 1/29 + 1/31 etc. ubi numeri primi formae 4n − 1 habent signum positivum, formae autem 4n + 1 signum negativum" (On the sum of series [composed] of prime numbers arranged 1/3 − 1/5 + 1/7 + 1/11 − 1/13 − 1/17 + 1/19 + 1/23 − 1/29 + 1/31 etc., where the prime numbers of the form 4n − 1 have a positive sign, whereas [those] of the form 4n + 1 [have] a negative sign.) in: Leonhard Euler, Opuscula analytica (St. Petersburg, Russia: Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1785), vol. 2, pp. 240–256; see p. 241.  From p. 241:  "Quoniam porro numeri primi praeter binarium quasi a natura in duas classes distinguuntur, prouti fuerint vel formae 4n + 1, vel formae 4n − 1, dum priores omnes sunt summae duorum quadratorum, posteriores vero ab hac proprietate penitus excluduntur:  series reciprocae ex utraque classes formatae, scillicet: 1/5 + 1/13 + 1/17 + 1/29 + etc. et 1/3 + 1/7 + 1/11 + 1/19 + 1/23 + etc. ''ambae erunt pariter infinitae, id quod etiam de omnibus speciebus numerorum primorum est tenendum. Ita si ex numeris primis ii tantum excerpantur, qui sunt formae 100n + 1, cuiusmodi sunt 101, 401, 601, 701, etc., non solum multitudo eorum est infinita, sed etiam summa huius seriei ex illis formatae, scillicet:'' 1/101 + 1/401 + 1/601 + 1/701 + 1/1201 + 1/1301 + 1/1601 + 1/1801 + 1/1901 + etc. etiam est infinita." (Since, further, prime numbers larger than two are divided as if by Nature into two classes, according as they were either of the form 4n + 1, or of the form 4n − 1, as all of the first are sums of two squares, but the latter are thoroughly excluded from this property: reciprocal series formed from both classes, namely: 1/5 + 1/13 + 1/17 + 1/29 + etc. and 1/3 + 1/7 + 1/11 + 1/19 + 1/23 + etc. will both be equally infinite, which [property] likewise is to be had from all types of prime numbers.  Thus, if there be chosen from the prime numbers only those that are of the form 100n + 1, of which kind are 101, 401, 601, 701, etc., not only the set of these is infinite, but likewise the sum of the series formed from that [set], namely: 1/101 + 1/401 + 1/601 + 1/701 + 1/1201 + 1/1301 + 1/1601 + 1/1801 + 1/1901 + etc. likewise is infinite.) This special case of Dirichlet's theorem can be proven using cyclotomic polynomials. The general form of the theorem was first conjectured by Legendre in his attempted unsuccessful proofs of quadratic reciprocity See:
 * Le Gendre (1785) "Recherches d'analyse indéterminée" (Investigations of interdeterminate analysis), Histoire de l'Académie royale des sciences, avec les mémoires de mathématique et de physique, pp. 465–559; see especially p. 552. From p. 552:  "34.  Remarque.  Il seroit peut-être nécessaire de démontrer rigoureusement une chose que nous avons supposée dans plusieurs endroits de cet article, savoir, qu'il y a une infinité de nombres premiers compris dans tous progression arithmétique, dont le premier terme & la raison sont premiers entr'eux, ou, ce qui revient au même, dans la formule 2mx + μ, lorsque 2m & μ n'ont point de commun diviseur.  Cette proposition est assez difficile à démontrer, cependant on peut s'assurer qu'elle est vraie, en comparant la progression arithmétique dont il s'agit, à la progression ordinaire 1, 3, 5, 7, &c.  Si on prend un grand nombre de termes de ces progressions, le même dans les deux, & qu'on les dispose, par exemple, de manière que le plus grand terme soit égal & à la même place de part & d'autre; on verra qu'en omettant de chaque côté les multiples de 3, 5, 7, &c. jusqu'à un certain nombre premier p, il doit rester des deux côtés le même nombre de termes, ou même il en restera moins dans la progression 1, 3, 5, 7, &c.  Mais comme dans celle-ci, il reste nécessairement des nombres premiers, il en doit rester aussi dans l'autre."  (34. Remark.  It will perhaps be necessary to prove rigorously something that we have assumed at several places in this article, namely, that there is an infinitude of prime numbers included in every arithmetic progression, whose first term and common difference are co-prime, or, what amounts to the same thing, in the formula 2mx + μ, when 2m and μ have no common divisors at all.  This proposition is rather difficult to prove, however one may be assured that it is true, by comparing the arithmetic progression being considered to the ordinary progression 1, 3, 5, 7, etc.  If one takes a great number of terms of these progressions, the same [number of terms] in both, and if one arranges them, for example, in a way that the largest term be equal and at the same place in both; one will see that by omitting from each the multiples of 3, 5, 7, etc., up to a certain prime number p, there should remain in both the same number of terms, or even there will remain fewer of them in the progression 1, 3, 5, 7, etc.  But as in this [set], there necessarily remain prime numbers, there shall also remain some in the other [set].)
 * A. M. Legendre, Essai sur la Théorie des Nombres (Paris, France: Duprat, 1798), Introduction, pp. 9–16.  From p. 12:  "XIX. … En général, a étant un nombre donné quelconque, tout nombres impair peut être représenté par la formule 4ax ± b, dans laquelle b est impair et moindre que 2a.  Si parmi tous les valeurs possibles de b on retranche celles qui ont un commun diviseur avec a, les formes restantes 4ax ± b comprendront tous les nombres premiers partagé, … "  (XIX. … In general, a being any given number, all odd numbers can be represented by the formula 4ax ± b, in which b is odd and less than 2a.  If among all possible values of b one removes those that have a common divisor with a, the remaining formulas 4ax ± b include all prime numbers among them … )
 * A. M. Legendre, Essai sur la Théorie des Nombres, 2nd ed. (Paris, France: Courcier, 1808), p. 404.  From p. 404:  "Soit donnée une progression arithmétique quelconque A − C, 2A − C, 3A − C, etc., dans laquelle A et C sont premiers entre eux; soit donnée aussi une suite θ, λ, μ … ψ, ω, composée de k nombres premiers impairs, pris à volonté et disposés dans un order quelconque; si on appelle en général π(z) le zième terme de la suite naturelle des nombres premiers 3, 5, 7, 11, etc., je dis que sur π(k-1) termes consécutifs de la progression proposée, il y en aura au moins un qui ne sera divisible par aucun des nombres premiers θ, λ, μ … ψ, ω."  (Let there be given any arithmetic progression A − C, 2A − C, 3A − C, etc., in which A and C are prime among themselves [i.e., coprime]; let there be given also a series θ, λ, μ … ψ, ω composed of k odd prime numbers, taken at will and arranged in any order; if one calls in general π(z) the zth term of the natural series of prime numbers 3, 5, 7, 11, etc., I claim that among the π(k−1) consecutive terms of the proposed progression, there will be at least one of them that will not be divisible by any of the prime numbers θ, λ, μ … ψ, ω.)  This assertion was proven false in 1858 by Anthanase Louis Dupré (1808–1869).  See:
 * Dupré, A. (1859) Examen d'une proposition de Legendre relative à la théorie des nombres [Examination of a proposition of Legendre regarding the theory of numbers] (Paris, France: Mallet-Bachelier, 1859).
 * Narkiewicz, Władysław, The Development of Prime Number Theory: From Euclid to Hardy and Littlewood (Berlin, Germany: Springer, 2000); see especially p. 50. — as Gauss noted in his Disquisitiones Arithmeticae — but it was proved by  with Dirichlet L-series. The proof is modeled on Euler's earlier work relating the Riemann zeta function to the distribution of primes. The theorem represents the beginning of rigorous analytic number theory.

gave an elementary proof.

Proof
Dirichlet's theorem is proved by showing that the value of the Dirichlet L-function (of a non-trivial character) at 1 is nonzero. The proof of this statement requires some calculus and analytic number theory. The particular case a = 1 (i.e., concerning the primes that are congruent to 1 modulo some n) can be proven by analyzing the splitting behavior of primes in cyclotomic extensions, without making use of calculus.

Generalizations
The Bunyakovsky conjecture generalizes Dirichlet's theorem to higher-degree polynomials. Whether or not even simple quadratic polynomials such as x2 + 1 (known from Landau's fourth problem) attain infinitely many prime values is an important open problem.

The Dickson's conjecture generalizes Dirichlet's theorem to more than one polynomial.

The Schinzel's hypothesis H generalizes these two conjectures, i.e. generalizes to more than one polynomial with degree larger than one.

In algebraic number theory, Dirichlet's theorem generalizes to Chebotarev's density theorem.

Linnik's theorem (1944) concerns the size of the smallest prime in a given arithmetic progression. Linnik proved that the progression a + nd (as n ranges through the positive integers) contains a prime of magnitude at most cdL for absolute constants c and L. Subsequent researchers have reduced L to 5.

An analogue of Dirichlet's theorem holds in the framework of dynamical systems (T. Sunada and A. Katsuda, 1990).

Shiu showed that any arithmetic progression satisfying the hypothesis of Dirichlet's theorem will in fact contain arbitrarily long runs of consecutive prime numbers.


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Talk:Berks County, Pennsylvania

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Charter schools
If someone would like to add Charter Schools to the list, fee free. Create a subsection and list them each as the rest of the information is. The referenced page did nothing to specify the actual Cyber Charter schools themselves or support the fact that there are supposedly 11 in the County.And the truth shall set you free! (talk) 04:35, 14 March 2010 (UTC)

Merging Greater Reading Area
The article Greater Reading Area should be merged here since it is concurrent with Berks County.  Dough 48  72  16:14, 19 January 2012 (UTC)

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Talk:Blair County, Pennsylvania

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This article doesn't even mention the Blair Witch project. For shame. 192.0.129.82 (talk) 21:22, 15 July 2013 (UTC)

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Egg decorating

Egg decorating is the art or craft of decorating eggs. It has been a popular art form throughout history because of the attractive, smooth, oval shape of the egg, and the ancient associations with eggs as a religious and cultural symbol. Egg decorating has been associated with Easter in recent times, but was practiced independently by many ancient cultures.

History
Eggs are an important symbol in folklore and mythology, often representing life and rebirth, healing and protection, and sometimes featuring in creation myths. This means that traditional egg decorating existed throughout the world.

Africa
The oldest eggshells, decorated with engraved hatched patterns, are dated for 60,000 years ago and were found at Diepkloof Rock Shelter in South Africa.

In Egypt, it is a tradition to decorate boiled eggs during Sham el-Nessim, a spring-ushering national holiday celebrated by Egyptians regardless of religion, which falls every year on the Monday following the Eastern Christian Easter.

Australia
In Australia, emu eggs are carved and the art created by them is known as kalti paarti carving. The art (which dates to the nineteenth century) is practised by people of different cultures, but it is associated most strongly with Aboriginal art.

Eurasia
A Punic ostrich egg was found in Villaricos, Spain.

Orthodox Christians in Mesopotamia used red dyed eggs to symbolise the blood of Christ, which is a possible origin of the Easter egg. Red eggs feature in Greek Easter celebrations, where people play games which involve tapping the red eggs against each other.

Persian culture has a tradition of egg decorating, which takes place during the spring equinox. This time marks Nowruz, the Persian New Year. Family members decorate eggs together and place them in a bowl. It is said that it is from this cultural tradition that the Christian practice on Easter ultimately originates, having been transmitted via the Slavs.

Long ago Slavic and Iranic peoples formed a close continuum sharing many traditions and innovations in religion and language and in the first millennium many formerly Iranic peoples would eventually become Turkic or Slavic in identity. The tradition of Nowruz, which has its roots in at least ancient Zoroastrian tradition, is practised by Persian and Turkic peoples of various faiths, albeit the tradition of egg decorating may be even older than the holiday as known modernly.

Eastern European and North Asian cultures, particularly Slavic ones, have a strong tradition of decorating eggs which date back at least to times when Slavic paganism was the predominant religion. Chicken, duck and goose eggs are decorated variously with batik dyeing, applique, scratch-work, wax encaustic and carving. Egg decorating is particularly popular in Ukraine, where as in many Slavic countries, the eggs are called Pysanky.

The renowned Russian court artist and jeweller Peter Carl Fabergé made exquisitely decorated precious metal and gemstone eggs for the Romanovs. These Fabergé eggs resembled standard decorated eggs, but they were made from gold and precious stones. In addition to the Slavs, many Turkic peoples also maintain closely related traditions of egg dying, associated with the coming of Spring and the Persian New Year Nowruz.

In many parts of Europe, egg decorating took place before the widespread adoption of Christianity. It is unclear to what extent paganism and Christianity influenced the practice. The earliest example of egg decoration in Europe was a decorated egg found buried with a young girl in modern-day Worms, Germany, dating to the 5th century, when eggs were not yet associated with Easter.

In Northern England, the tradition of Pace Egging (derived from Latin pascha meaning 'Easter') involved boiling eggs in onion skins to dye their shells a golden colour, or alternatively covered in leaves or flowers inside an onion skin to leave a patterned imprint. The tradition is practiced on Easter but is thought to be pre-Christian in origin. Scandinavian traditions also involved boiling eggs with flowers inside onion skins to colour them.

Another type of egg decoration is the Hungarian practice of egg shoeing, which requires goose eggs and miniature horse-shoes, made of iron or lead. The current world record of egg shoeing is 1119 shoes on a single ostrich egg.

Techniques and modern practices
Any bird egg can be facilitated in this process, but most often the larger and stronger the eggshell is, the more favoured it will be by decorators.

Goose, duck and hens' eggs are usually "blown" – a hole is made in each end and the contents are blown out. The egg is then either carved, dyed, painted, appliqued or otherwise decorated (using a number of different techniques). Egg decoration is particularly popular in Eastern European countries.

Some eggs, like emu or ostrich eggs, are so large and strong that the shells may be carved without breaking. Decorations on emu eggs take advantage of the contrast in colours between the dark green mottled outside of the shell and the shell-underlay.

Many modern egg artists decorate their "art eggs" by etching or carving, while others paint or cover their eggs with different materials, from paper and fabric to polymer clay and are often painted in bright, spring colours. Using eggs as a canvas has become so popular that special terms have developed with the art form. Egg artists also have their own guild, the International Egg Art Guild, which promotes the craft of egg artistry.

In the United States there are shows in many states where artists show their eggs and vendors of "egging" supplies can be found. Each year, the White House chooses a decorated egg from each state to display at easter.

title: Egg decorating


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Carnesecchi

Carnesecchi is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 * Dante Carnesecchi (1892–1921), Italian individualist anarchist
 * Marco Carnesecchi (born 2000), Italian footballer
 * Pietro Carnesecchi (1508–1567), Italian humanist

title: Carnesecchi


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Lebu people

The Lebu (Lebou, Lébou) are a subgroup of Wolof in Senegal, West Africa, living on the peninsula of Cap-Vert, site of Dakar. The Lebu are primarily a fishing community, but they have a substantial business in construction supplies and real estate. They speak Lebu Wolof, which is closely related to Wolof proper but is not intelligible with it.

Culture
The Lebu political and spiritual capital is at Layene, situated in the Yoff neighborhood of northern Dakar. The largely Lebu religious sect and theocracy, the Layene, are headquartered there. In addition to Yoff, other Lebu centres are nearby Ouakam, Cambérène and Ngor.

Lebu society emphasizes piety and respect for elders. Lebu families include not only living people but also associated ancestral spirits. The Lebu are noted for their public exorcism dances and rituals, often attended by tourists. Most Lebu are adherents of Islam.

History
The Lebu identity, separate from neighboring Wolof and Serer communities, goes back at least as far as the early 15th century, before European explorers arrived in the area. The traditional date of the founding of Yoff is 1430.

Lebu traditions place their origins, like those of the Wolof and Serer, north of the Senegal river which is a frequent debate that sparks regarding the Lebu. There were Lebu at Lake Guiers by the 16th century, and by 1700 they had moved into the Cap Vert peninsula, expelling a few Mandinka tribes already there. At the time the area was ruled by the Damel of Cayor.

In 1776 a marabout rebellion broke out in Cayor. When it was crushed, some of the defeated Muslims took refuge among the Lebou. In 1790, despite the fact that most Lebous remained animist, Dial Diop led these marabouts to declare independence. After 20 years of war, in 1812 Cayor finally recognized their independence and Diop was proclaimed serigne (spiritual leader) of the community. This 'Lebou Theocratic Republic' retains special legal autonomy to the present day.

Within the 'Lebou Republic', authority is vested in two assemblies: Diambouri Ndakarou and Diambouri Pintch, the assembly of Dakar and of the neighborhoods respectively. The neighborhood chiefs select the serigne from one of the Lebou aristocratic families, and he serves as a court of last resort. They also choose the diaraf, whose duty is to settle land and inheritance disputes. The Ndeyedy Rew serves as a sort of minister of interior and foreign affairs. Historically, he has managed relations with the French and served as the spokesperson for the community.

Related people

 * Serer people
 * Wolof people

title: Lebu people


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Cannes Film Festival

The Cannes Film Festival (Festival de Cannes), until 2003 called the International Film Festival (Festival international du film), is an annual film festival held in Cannes, France, which previews new films of all genres, including documentaries, from all around the world. Founded in 1946, the invitation-only festival is held annually (usually in May) at the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès. The festival was formally accredited by the FIAPF in 1951.

In 2022, Iris Knobloch was elected the first woman president of the festival, succeeding the co-founder and former head of French pay-TV operator Canal+, Pierre Lescure, who had served since 2014.

Cannes is one of the "Big Three" major European film festivals, alongside Venice and Berlin, as well as one of the "Big Five" major international film festivals, alongside Venice, Berlin, Toronto and Sundance.

The early years
The Cannes Film Festival has its origins in 1938 when Jean Zay, the French Minister of National Education, on the proposal of high-ranking official and historian Philippe Erlanger and film journalist Robert Favre Le Bret decided to set up an international cinematographic festival. They found the support of the Americans and the British.

Its creation can be largely attributed to the French desire to compete with the Venice Film Festival, which at the time was the only international film festival and had shown a lack of impartiality with its fascist bias during those years. The political interference seemed evident in the 1937 edition when Benito Mussolini meddled to ensure that French pacifist film La Grande Illusion would not win.

The last straw was in the 1938 event when Mussolini and Adolf Hitler respectively overruled the jury's decision in order to award the Coppa Mussolini (Mussolini Cup) for the Best film to Italian war film Luciano Serra, Pilot, produced under the supervision of Mussolini's son, and the Coppa Mussolini for the Best foreign film to Olympia, a German documentary film about the Berlin 1936 Summer Olympics produced in association with the Nazi Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda despite the fact that the regulations at that time prohibited awarding a documentary.

Outraged by the decision and as a measure of protest, the French, British, and American jury members decided to withdraw from the festival with the intention of not returning. This snub encouraged the French to found a free festival. Thus, on 31 May 1939, the city of Cannes was finally selected as the location for the festival over Biarritz and the town hall along with the French government signed the International Film Festival's official birth certificate with the name of Le Festival International du Film.

The reason for deciding Cannes was because of its touristic appeal as a French Riviera resort town and also because the city hall offered to increase the municipality's financial participation, including the commitment of building a dedicated venue for the event.

Hollywood stars of the moment like Gary Cooper, Cary Grant, Tyrone Power, Douglas Fairbanks Jr., Marlene Dietrich, Mae West, Norma Shearer, Paul Muni, James Cagney, Spencer Tracy, and George Raft arrived thanks to an Ocean liner chartered by MGM (Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer). On 31 August, the opening night gala took place with the private screening of the American film The Hunchback of Notre Dame starring Charles Laughton and Maureen O'Hara and directed by William Dieterle. The next day, on 1 September, German troops invaded Poland. As a result, the festival was postponed for 10 days and it would be resumed if the circumstances allowed it. However, the situation only worsened and on 3 September, France and the United Kingdom declared war against Germany, sparking the Second World War. The French government ordered a general mobilization and this prevented the festival from continuing so it was finally cancelled.

In 1946, the festival was relaunched and from 20 September to 5 October 1946, twenty-one countries presented their films at the First Cannes International Film Festival, which took place at the former Casino of Cannes. In 1947, amid serious problems of efficiency, the festival was held as the "Festival du film de Cannes", where films from sixteen countries were presented. The festival was not held in 1948 and 1950 due to budgetary problems.

In 1949, the Palais des Festivals was expressly constructed for the occasion on the seafront promenade of La Croisette, although its inaugural roof, while still unfinished, blew off during a storm. In 1951, the festival was moved to spring to avoid direct competition with the Venice Festival which was held in autumn.

1950s and 1960s
During the early 1950s, the festival attracted much tourism and press attention, with showbiz scandals and high-profile personalities' love affairs. At the same time, the artistic aspect of the festival started developing. Because of controversies over the selection of films, the Critics' Prize was created for the recognition of original films and daring filmmakers. In 1954, the Special Jury Prize was awarded for the first time. In 1955, the Palme d'Or was created, replacing the Grand Prix du Festival which had been given until that year. In 1957, Dolores del Río was the first female member of the jury for the official selection.

In 1959, the Marché du Film (Film Market) was founded, giving the festival a commercial character and facilitating exchanges between sellers and buyers in the film industry. Today it has become the first international platform for film commerce. Still, in the 1950s, some outstanding films, like Night and Fog in 1956 and Hiroshima, My Love in 1959 were excluded from the competition for diplomatic concerns. Jean Cocteau, three times president of the jury in those years, is quoted to have said: "The Cannes Festival should be a no man's land in which politics has no place. It should be a simple meeting between friends."

In 1962, the International Critics' Week was born, created by the French Union of Film Critics as the first parallel section of the Cannes Film Festival. Its goal was to showcase first and second works by directors from all over the world, not succumbing to commercial tendencies. In 1965 Olivia de Havilland was named the first female president of the jury, while the next year Sophia Loren became president.

The 1968 festival was halted on 19 May. Some directors, such as Carlos Saura and Miloš Forman, had withdrawn their films from the competition. On 18 May filmmaker Louis Malle along with a group of directors took over the large room of the Palais and interrupted the projections in solidarity with students and labour on strike throughout France, and in protest to the eviction of the then President of the Cinémathèque Française. The filmmakers achieved the reinstatement of the President, and they founded the Film Directors' Society (SRF) that same year. In 1969 the SRF, led by Pierre-Henri Deleau created the Directors' Fortnight (Quinzaine des Réalisateurs), a new non-competitive section that programs a selection of films from around the world, distinguished by the independent judgment displayed in the choice of films.

1970s and 1980s
During the 1970s, important changes occurred in the Festival. In 1972, Robert Favre Le Bret was named the new president, and Maurice Bessy the General Delegate. He introduced important changes in the selection of the participating films, welcoming new techniques, and relieving the selection from diplomatic pressures, with films like MASH, and later Chronicle of the Years of Fire marking this turn. In some cases, these changes helped directors like Andrei Tarkovsky overcome problems of censorship in their own country. Also, until that time, the different countries chose the films that would represent them in the festival. Yet, in 1972, Bessy created a committee to select French films, and another for foreign films.

In 1978, Gilles Jacob assumed the position of General Delegate, introducing the Caméra d'Or award, for the best first film of any of the main events, and the Un Certain Regard section, for the non-competitive categories. Other changes were the decrease of length of the festival down to thirteen days, thus reducing the number of selected films; also, until that point the Jury was composed by Film Academics, and Jacob started to introduce celebrities and professionals from the film industry.

In 1983, a new, much bigger Palais des Festivals et des Congrès was built to host the festival, while the Directors' Fortnight remained in the old building. The new building was nicknamed "The Bunker", provoking much criticism, especially since it was hardly finished at the event and several technical problems occurred. In 1984 Pierre Viot replaced Robert Favre Le Bret as President of the Festival. In his term, the Festival started including films from more countries, like Philippines, China, Cuba, Australia, India, New Zealand and Argentina. In 1987, for the first time of the Festival, a red carpet was placed at the entrance of the Palais. In 1989, during the first Cinéma & liberté forum, hundred directors from many countries signed a declaration "against all forms of censorship still existing in the world".

1990s to present
In 1998, Gilles Jacob created the last section of the Official Selection: la Cinéfondation, aiming to support the creation of works of cinema in the world and to contribute to the entry of the new scenario writers in the circle of the celebrities. The Cinéfondation was completed in 2000 with La Résidence, where young directors could refine their writing and screenplays, and in 2005, L'Atelier, which helps twenty directors per year with the funding of their films. Gilles Jacob was appointed Honorary President in 2000, and in 2002, the Festival officially adopted the name Festival de Cannes.

During the 2000s, the Festival started focusing more on the technological advances taking place in the film world, especially the digital techniques. In 2004, the restored historical films of the Festival were presented as Cannes Classics, which included documentaries. In 2007, Thierry Frémaux became General Delegate. In 2009, he extended the Festival in Buenos Aires, as La Semana de Cine del Festival de Cannes, and in 2010, he created the Cannes Court Métrage for the Short Film competition.

On 20 March 2020, organizers announced the postponement of the Cannes Film Festival 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic; the festival was later cancelled outright. Spike Lee, director of Do the Right Thing and BlacKkKlansman, had been chosen to lead the jury panel. In 2019, the jury panel had been led by Alejandro González Iñárritu, director of Birdman. Lee was later invited to head the jury of the 2021 Cannes Film Festival, held in July of that year.

In 2022, the festival denied press accreditation to Russian journalists associated with outlets who are not opposed to the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian war. On the opening night of the festival, the president of Ukraine, Volodymyr Zelensky, made a video appearance where he talked about the war and the role of cinema in it.

Controversies
In recent years, a number of gender and sexual controversies have surrounded the Cannes Film Festival. These include "Heelgate" in which numerous female attendees of a red carpet premiere were stopped from entering in 2015 for wearing flat soled shoes instead of high heels. The incident caused numerous female celebrities to wear flat soled shoes or no shoes at all to other red carpet premiers in a show of solidarity and protest.

As a result of the past sexual controversies and the MeToo movement that arose out of the Harvey Weinstein scandal, in 2018, Cannes Film Festival officials announced the creation of a telephone hotline during the festival in which victims could report incidents of sexual harassment and other crimes. The hotline is in collaboration with the French government.

General Delegate Thierry Frémaux reportedly 'banned' selfies on the red carpet of the festival in 2015.

In 2017, along with the 70th anniversary events of the Festival, the issue of changing the rules on theatrical screening caused controversy. In 2018, the enforcement of theatrical screening in France resulted in Netflix withdrawing their films from the festival.

Festival team
The president of the festival, who represents the festival in front of financial partners, the public authorities and the media, is elected by the board of directors of the festival, officially named the "French Association of the Film Festival".

The board is composed of authorities of the world of cinema, as well as of public authorities which subsidize the event. The president has a renewable 3-year mandate and appoints the members of his team, including the general delegate, with the approval of the board of directors. Sometimes a president, after his last term, becomes the honorary president of the festival.

The general delegate is responsible for the coordination of the events. When Gilles Jacob passed from general delegate to the position of the president, in 2001, two new positions were created to take over his former post, the general director to oversee the smooth running of the event, and the artistic director, responsible for the selection of films. However, in 2007, the artistic director Thierry Frémaux, became again the general delegate of the Festival.

The general secretary is responsible for the reception of works and other practical matters.

Programmes
The Cannes Film Festival is organised in various sections:
 * The Official Selection – The main event of the festival.
 * In Competition – The films competing for the Palme d'Or. They are projected in the Théâtre Lumière.
 * Un Certain Regard – Films selected from cultures near and far; original and different works. They are projected at the Salle Debussy. The films competing for the Prix un certain regard.
 * Out of Competition – These films are selected to have Gala screenings at the Théâtre Lumière, but they do not compete for the main prize.
 * Midnight Screenings – These films are selected to have Gala screenings at the Théâtre Lumière during midnight, but they do not compete for the main prize.
 * Cannes Premieres – These films are selected to be projected at the Salle Debussy, but they do not compete for the main prize.
 * Special Screenings – The selection committee chooses for these films an environment specially adapted to their particular identity.
 * Cinéfondation – About fifteen shorts and medium-length motion pictures from film schools over the world are presented at the Salle Buñuel.
 * Short Films – The shorts competing for the Short Film Palme d'Or are presented at Buñuel and Debussy theatres. There are approximately 10 films in this competition.
 * Cannes Classics – It celebrates the heritage of film, aiming to highlight works of the past, presented with brand new or restored prints.
 * Cinéma de la Plage – Screenings of Classic films and select new films for the mass public on Macé beach, preceded by a programme dedicated to film music.
 * Parallel Sections – These are alternative programmes dedicated to discovering other aspects of cinema.
 * International Critics' Week – Since 1962, it has focused on discovering new talents and showcasing first and second feature films by directors from all over the world.
 * Directors' Fortnight – Since 1969, it has cast its lot with the avant-garde, even as it created a breeding ground where the Cannes Festival would regularly find its prestigious auteurs.
 * ACID (Association for Independent Cinema and its Distribution)
 * Tous les Cinémas du Monde – It showcases the vitality and diversity of cinema across the world. Each day, one country is invited to present a range of features and shorts in celebration of its unique culture, identity and recent film works.
 * Events
 * Marché du Film – The busiest film market in the world.
 * Masterclasses – Given in public by world-renowned filmmakers.
 * Tributes – Honors internationally renowned artists with the presentation of the Festival Trophee following the screening of one of their films.
 * Producers Network – An opportunity to make international co-productions.
 * Exhibitions – Each year, an artist, a body of work or a cinematographic theme becomes the focus of an exhibition that diversifies or illustrates the event's programme.
 * 60th Anniversary – Events organised in 2007 dedicated to the 60th anniversary of the Festival.

Juries
Prior to the beginning of each event, the festival's board of directors appoints the juries who hold sole responsibility for choosing which films will receive a Cannes award. Jurors are chosen from a wide range of international artists, based on their body of work and respect from their peers. The appointment of the president of the jury is made following several annual management proposals made in the fall and submitted to the festival's board of directors for validation.
 * Feature Films – An international jury composed of a president and various film or art personalities, who determine the prizes for the feature films in Competition.
 * Cinéfondation and Short Films – Composed of a president and four film personalities. It awards the Short Film Palme d'Or as well as the three best films of the Cinéfondation.
 * Un Certain Regard – Composed of a president, journalists, students in cinema, and industry professionals. It awards the Un Certain Regard Prize for best film and can, moreover, honour two other films.
 * Caméra d'Or – Composed of a president, as well as film directors, technicians, and French and international critics. They award the best film in any category.

The jury meets annually at the historic Villa Domergue to select the winners.

Awards
The most prestigious award given at Cannes is the Palme d'Or ("Golden Palm") for the best film.
 * Competition
 * Palme d'Or – Golden Palm
 * Palme d'Or du court métrage – Best Short Film
 * Grand Prix – Grand Prize of the Festival
 * Prix du Jury – Jury Prize
 * Prix de la mise en scène – Best Director
 * Prix d'interprétation masculine – Best Actor
 * Prix d'interprétation féminine – Best Actress
 * Prix du scénario – Best Screenplay
 * Other Sections
 * Prix Un Certain Regard – Young talent, innovative and audacious works
 * Cinéfondation prizes – Student films
 * Caméra d'Or – It rewards the best first film of the Festival, choosing among the debutants' works among the Official Selection, the Directors' Fortnight and the International Critics' Week selections.
 * Given by Independent Entities
 * FIPRESCI Prize – The International Federation of Film Critics awards prizes to films from the main competition section, Un Certain Regard and parallel sections
 * Directors' Fortnight Prizes
 * Prix Vulcain – Awarded to a technical artist by the CST
 * International Critics' Week Prizes
 * Prize of the Ecumenical Jury
 * François Chalais Prize
 * L'Œil d'or – Best documentary film
 * Trophée Chopard
 * Palm Dog – Best canine performance
 * Queer Palm – Best LGBT-related films
 * Cannes Soundtrack Award
 * Pierre Angénieux Excellens in Cinematography
 * Women in Motion: Since 2015, award delivered by Kering and honouring major achievers in raising awareness around women's issues in the film industry.

Impact
The festival has become an important showcase for European films. Jill Forbes and Sarah Street argue in European Cinema: An Introduction (ISBN 0333752104), that Cannes "became...extremely important for critical and commercial interests and for European attempts to sell films on the basis of their artistic quality" (page 20). Forbes and Street also point out that, along with other festivals such as the Venice Film Festival and Berlin International Film Festival, Cannes offers an opportunity to determine a particular country's image of its cinema and generally foster the notion that European cinema is "art" cinema.

Additionally, given massive media exposure, the non-public festival is attended by many stars and is a popular venue for film producers to launch their new films and to attempt to sell their works to the distributors who come from all over the globe.

Cannes Film Festival in fiction
Though most of the media attention the festival receives is journalistic in nature, the festival has been explored from the standpoint of fiction by novelists over the years.

J. G. Ballard's Super-Cannes is about the European elite who live in a closed society by the festival. Michael Grothaus' Epiphany Jones is a social satire about the festival and film industry and explores sex trafficking that occurs during the festival. The book was named one of the best Hollywood novels of all time by Entertainment Weekly. Iain Johnstone's Cannes: The Novel is a dystopian tale about terrorists holding the festival hostage.

The culture and history of the festival has been covered in a number of non-fiction books.

The festival has been used as the backdrop and setting of several films, including The Last Horror Film (1982), La cité de la peur (1994), Festival in Cannes (2001), Femme Fatale (2002) and Mr. Bean's Holiday (2007); some of these were shot on location at the festival.

Media

 * Footage from the 1946 Cannes Film Festival
 * Retrospective footage of the Festival presented by INA in 2007

title: Cannes Film Festival


text:
Talk:Bucks County, Pennsylvania

Untitled
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Top 5 Cities
Could a user edit this page to include a list of the top 5 municipalities in Bucks County?
 * according to what? --Boothy443 | trácht ar 00:58, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

according to population

Ads
I removed two external links that seemed only to be ads for magazines: Neither one focused on the county itself from their websites. I left Art Chatter for now as it focuses on the county and area (as opposed to being produced in, and distributed and marketed to the area). Does anyone else have an opinion about Art Chatter? Thanks, Ruhrfisch 00:12, 17 June 2006 (UTC)
 * BUCKS Magazine – arts, culture & lifestyle magazine based in New Hope
 * LifeStyle Magazine – a full featured and freely distributed magazine for Bucks County

Vandal from east Philadelphia
pool-72-92-106-236.phlapa.east.verizon.net keeps vandalizing Pennsylvania pages, trying to add content that's not just POV content, but highly questionable.

This last time, he added this The foreign-born population is skyrocketing in Bucks County. As of 2004 Census Estimations, the Mexican, Indian, and Other Hispanic(Dominicans, Central Americans, South Americans) doubled, while Koreans and Chinese added a few thousand.

 * It's lying to say the information comes from the Census when in fact, he's relying on the Inquirer to get it right.
 * It's lying to say the source talks about "Dominican" "South American" and "Central American" populations, when the words "Dominican", "South" and "Central" don't appear in the article at all.
 * It's lying to say the population has doubled in Bucks County when the article instead says the population has doubled in Chester County.
 * It's lying to cite the article from PhillyBurbs as talking about the Korean and Chinese population growing by a few thousand when it doesn't contain the words "Korean" or "Chinese" at all.
 * The word "skyrocketing" is highly POV. It's not a term found in either of the sources he cites. What does the Census Data say? When you look at the 2005 American Community Survey for Bucks County, Pennsylvania, table B05006 is "Place of birth for the foreign-born population", the Census bureau says, "Data for the following geographic area(s) cannot be displayed because the number of sample cases is too small. Geography: Bucks County, Pennsylvania"

Is it any wonder that this clown posts anonymously? ClairSamoht 21:31, 3 September 2006 (UTC)

Notable Residents
I removed Will Smith since he was born and raised in West Philadelphia and has no connection whatsoever to Bucks County. lms101912.173.234.163 (talk) 18:43, 7 May 2008 (UTC)

Official seal of Bucks County, Pennsylvania
I merged the content of the article "Seal of Bucks County, Pennsylvania" into this article under the section, "Official seal". The reason I did this is that I do not think that a county seal is nearly notable enough for an article in an encyclopedia, even one as inclusive as Wikipedia. The content is unreferenced, and I am not sure that the subject is notable enough for inclusion in even an article on the county, so perhaps it should simply be deleted. However, I will leave that for others to decide. I will not be watching this article, so if you want to talk to me for some reason, please use my user talk page. -- Kjkolb (talk) 04:33, 29 September 2010 (UTC)

To help with Bucks geography, I need Bucks help
Ive been working my way geographically through Bucks using DeLorme's Atlas as a guide and working my way through this year so far throughout the Lehigh Valley and surrounding areas. I intend to do all of Bucks this year. I am stymied as to where some boundaries are in south-central areas of the county and therefore cannot claim a village or part thereof for a given township unless I know the boundary. This is, after all, a user-powered programme! Sometimes, the mapping system does make understanding these boundaries unexpectedly difficult to understand.---Heff01 (talk) 04:57, 22 April 2011 (UTC)

I do, intend to, and recommend that it be done so---reveal multiple municipalities when applicable for a village when they exist! Sometimes for Bucks, villages shared with Montgomery County.---Heff01 (talk) 05:04, 22 April 2011 (UTC)

Notable persons: Historical persons: Other persons from founding, verifiable linkable expansion suggestions
Greetings and compliments to the creators or editors of the page. I apologize up front that I have never been a contributor, editor or account holder with Wikipedia. The following information I shall provide is done so in the spirit of suggestion, and suggestions which can be taken by editors or contributors upon their own verifiable face value or educational worth as to whether someone who is more proficient with this site and fluent in it's inner workings and guidelines might be able to invest their time if they deem the information appropriate to it's inclusion. I have no real issue with my IP address being recorded or someone else adopting credit for the information I will provide as suggestions or if the content would be deemed inappropriate removing my suggestions all together. I do give my assurances that the information is Historically accurate and verifiable by the pages content for a start and by documents of historical record. I do realize a summary page for a particular geographical county is not necessarily intended to be a Historical archive of everyone or everything which may originate from it. In defense I would suggest that notable person content contains some questionable information on somewhat obscure individuals of more modern times while prominent founding persons of historical proportion written in the annals of History and legislation even to the potential possibility of involvement in founding documents of the nation have apparently been overlooked additionally the information I suggest can be cross linked and verified through this site as well. To wit: I offer the following for your editing considerations..... 1. First off or fact to wit that if you are going to include anything on the History and founding of Bucks County PA ....you need to understand that it did not begin in the present seat it occupies and had it's roots in the Friends Quaker Church, William Penn and it's first pioneers such as Biles of Biles Creek , William Yardley of Yardleyville ...George Brown one of the first Bucks county Justices ...and people that came there with them when it was only a Dutch trading post  with a few Swedes around and still occupied by Indians. people like George Brown and his family whose daughters married the Yardley's sons and William Penn's caretakers  the Sotchers sons. 2. Falls Township now known as Fallsington .......was a junction of horse paths where people crossed the river to Jersey and that is the place where civilization in Bucks county first began to occur with people coming and settling on the western bank of the Delaware river..... 3. The first local government was the Friends Quaker Church where all the issues were decided at their monthly meetings. 4. George Brown was a Justice at Falls, one of the first if not the first , his property bordered William Penn's ( Penn Manor ) on the north on the banks of the Delaware... Biles was to the north of him This was in 1680 before Bucks was ever established but these people were some of the people that made it possible.....people traveled for 20 miles on foot from all parts once the permission to establish a Friends meeting place was given to Falls their monthly meetings were where such things were organized. William Penn attended meetings there and his caretakers John and Mary Sotcher were members there and married there also. 5. It was in 1678 that the first English settler, one John Woods, a husbandman, actually selected a site on the western bank of the river at the Falls, near Potato Creek, and named it Graystone. George Brown, Robert Lucas, Richard Ridgeway, and William Biles, and some others, soon followed and occupied the riverfront for a considerable distance down the western bank from the Falls. These first settlers had acquired their tracts from NY Governor Andros, representative of the Duke of York, and were under his jurisdiction until Lieutenant Governor Markham arrived in 1681, with credentials from William Penn, and announced to the settlers the grant of Pennsylvania. Apparently the change in government made but little ripple in their lives. 6. In 1682, William Penn arrived to see for the first time the territory Charles II had granted him in payment of a debt owed his father. Although he established Philadelphia as the seat of government for his Holy Experiment in liberty and equality, he chose Bucks County for his residence. "The country life is to be preferred", he wrote, "for there we see the works of God, but in cities, little else but the works of man; and the one makes a better subject of contemplation than the other".To understand the names of William Penn's agents and the influential people of the times you must look to the verifiable history of the records of the Friends Church which recorded weddings and events that occurred before the county government was brought In to existence by them. It is said that for a number of years the men from Falls controlled the county and much county business was transacted there after Friends meetings. They were qualified for leadership naturally as well as through the necessity of assuming governmental duties immediately on their arrival. Their judgments were tempered by their Christian spirit, which made them well fitted to deal wisely with the perplexing problems incident to the founding of a colony as well with maintaining Indian relations. As was the custom of all Friends Meetings, minutes were kept. These minutes constitute the first family records in Bucks County, noting the marriages and births in the young colony.The friends Church records remain unbroken to this day. 7. Governor Andros of New York with his retinue traveled this path on his way to New Castle to attend Court in 1675, and purchased a strip of land for eight or nine miles on either side of the Falls, along the King's Path, and also established a ferry. 8. George Washington's crossing of the Delaware occurred in Bucks County just south of what was then known as Falls/Fallsington/Washington's crossing which is just south of Falls and between Falls and Penn's property. During the Revolution, Washington's retreat across the Delaware in December 1776 brought war fearfully close. The majority of Quakers followed their pacifist tenets, but the Meeting raised subscriptions to relieve the suffering in Philadelphia during the British occupation of 1777 and 1778. The descendants of George Brown fought in the revolution ....one such was John the Fox Hunter as he was called to distinguish him from all his cousins named John whom was a prominent member In the assembly from Pennsylvania and held the rank of SGT Major. 9.The descendants of George Brown became historically well known producing no less than five Brigadier generals and lower rankings also ......the most notable of them being born may 9, 1775 at the old George Brown Homestead that adjoined Penn's property on the Delaware was U.S. Army Commanding Major General, Senior officer of the U.S. Army 1815-1821 and Commanding officer of the US Army 1821-1828 till death in office, the only General to have that distinction of holding both offices because they changed title to it .......Commander of the Northern Army of the Niagra ( sword of the border ) 24th recipient of the Congressional Gold Medal..... 3 congress US 247 for valor in service to the United States ( not to be critical but to me it is more notable than actors or film producers ) when you speak of events and service that transforms history. Commanding Major General Jacob Jennings Brown was born in Bucks county at the George Brown homestead and was his Great great grandson. He was also the founder of three townships in NY Brownville, Pamelia and one other that escapes at the moment. 10.The entire US Government was shut down to pay him honors on his death in office February 27 1828 and the entire government was listed in that dates publishing of the Daily National Intelligencer publication or you can go to the Congressional cemetery Historical society and read it there If you don't have a copy lying about http://www.congressionalcemetery.org/major-general-jacob-jennings-brown Or you can read president John Q Adams thoughts o his imminent stature in history from his diary Volume 37 around the dates of his passing. He also wrote his epitaph contained on his monument in the Cong. cemetery. That contains that his birthplace was .....no less than Bucks County PA 11. Also Born there at the family homestead was his Youngest brother Commanding Major General Joseph White Brown appointed in charge of the Michigan Territory by president Andrew Jackson and  notable for his participation in the Indian wars and Blackhawk battles and founding Tecumseh Michigan. Both of these Bucks county sons were honorary members of the society of the Cincinati.

As to sources and verifications ....much that I have stated is verifiable by this very site and much is verifiable through the very Doylestown museum you picture on this page their archives contain letters written about the Brown Genealogy and from Yardley's and Brown's all of the Friends references are verifiable through their historical recordings additionally you have the federal Gov and the Library of congress and national archives as well as all the to numerous to mention history books that verify these statements written over a couple of centuries and you have private authors and historical web sites president diaries, monuments....news publishings...... orders from the secretary of war etc. The Bucks county web site itself links to much of it or Bucks county Genealogy site  I could spend an entire day posting links to sources and probably not complete them all. But I will throw a few up here. http://www.congressionalcemetery.org/major-general-jacob-jennings-brown page has DNI publication February 27 1828 http://starweb.mercermuseum.org/starweb/MercerCollections/servlet.starweb ( see paragraph description 8 of the "Yardley family collection " ) http://pagenweb.org/~bucks/BIOS_DAVIS/robertbrown.html http://www.historicfallsington.org/html/about_us/fallsington_story.htm http://www.historicfallsington.org/html/about_us/king's_highway.htm http://www.historicfallsington.org/html/about_us/founding.htm http://www.historicfallsington.org/html/about_us/history.htm https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7058348M/A_genealogical_record_of_the_Brown_family (Library of Congress CS71.B88 1896  )........LC Control Number 09007308 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati ( see army officers ) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Brown ( " Born in Bucks County " ) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Congressional_Gold_Medal_recipients http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army

http://www.usgwarchives.net/pa/bucksp/1picts/davis/5bucksmap.jpg link to a 1681 map from the US Gov war archives that shows George Brown as the immediate neighbor/property owner to the Northeast of Penn Manor along the Delaware river sharing a property line with William Penn upper right the furthest eastern point shown of the river where it says proprietarys Pennsberry Manor. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:306:B8AB:FB30:B15C:4437:F278:1BED (talk) 02:19, 16 October 2014 (UTC)

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Orphaned references in Bucks County, Pennsylvania
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Bucks County, Pennsylvania's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "census.gov": From 2000 United States Census:  From Lehigh Valley: http://www.census.gov/popest/data/metro/totals/2009/files/CBSA-EST2009-alldata.csv From Clearfield County, Pennsylvania: http://www.census.gov/2010census/

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 12:01, 9 March 2016 (UTC)

Links modified on main page
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Bucks County disappearances
This is related to this article, and shall be included in it. 46.71.108.233 (talk) 10:39, 14 July 2017 (UTC)

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Talk:Butler County, Pennsylvania

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Lake Arthur, Morraine State Park
There is a mistake in the article about Butler County, regarding Lake Arthur, in Moraine State Park.

While a glacial lake (Lake Watts) did exist at one point at the present location of Morraine State Park, the current lake is actually the result of damming Muddy Creek, which created an artificial lake. The current lake flooded a swampy valley which had various uses, such as residential and agricultural areas, a railroad route and a coal mining area, oil and gas wells, among other uses.

Here are two sources which describe how Lake Arthur was recreated, mostly by the impetus of Frank Preston, geologist.

http://www.depweb.state.pa.us/heritage/cwp/view.asp?a=3&q=444230

http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/topogeo/ParkGuides/pg4.pdf

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Talk:Cambria County, Pennsylvania

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Nicktown?
The map of municipalities and CDP's does not list Nicktown, which I know is a CDP. I'm just curious what township that woud be in. I follow Pitt's gymnastics team, and a girl is coming in from there. Unsigned comment by User:Coryma, 19:21, May 25, 2006.

 * Nicktown is an unincorporated village in Barr Township, Pennsylvania but it is not a Census-designated place (if you check, it is not listed in the CDPs for the county either). For a good map of Cambria County showing Nicktown (it is in northwest Cambria Co.), please see this map from PennDot. I will put this map link on the county page too. Ruhrfisch 20:08, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Cambria County, Pennsylvania


text:
Talk:Cameron County, Pennsylvania

Untitled
Cameron County has a lot of industries.Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help.

External links modified
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 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2Fwww%2Fdecennial.html to http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov to http://factfinder2.census.gov
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6M1KRmETR?url=http://www.census.gov/2010census/ to http://www.census.gov/2010census/
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Row officers
Are all the row officers elected?--Dthomsen8 (talk) 02:32, 10 June 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cameron County, Pennsylvania


text:
Talk:Carbon County, Pennsylvania

Untitled
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history source
see http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~carbdat/boro&twp.htm for good timeline Mulp (talk) 01:16, 4 May 2015 (UTC)

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 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2Fwww%2Fdecennial.html to http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov to http://factfinder2.census.gov
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title: Talk:Carbon County, Pennsylvania


text:
Talk:Centre County, Pennsylvania

Editing
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Translation into Chinese Wikipedia
The 23:36, 18 November 2008 Dincher version of this article is partly translated into Chinese Wikipedia.--Wing (talk) 15:17, 29 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Cool. --Dincher (talk) 18:23, 29 November 2008 (UTC)

Add History
It would be nice if this article had a history of Centre Co. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.72.232.18 (talk) 19:11, 18 June 2012 (UTC)
 * Im going to add a history section but it is all from centre co. government. Edits and more info is appreciated! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Zack5014 (talk • contribs) 20:45, 18 June 2012 (UTC)
 * that last section is a little psu heavy but would be fine if it had a section on the last 50-100yrs.Zack5014 (talk) 01:25, 19 June 2012 (UTC)
 * It is a violation of US copyright law to simply copy and paste text directly from almost any website into this article - please see WP:COPYVIO. I am going to remove the copyvios next. Ruhrfisch ><> ° ° 02:27, 19 June 2012 (UTC)
 * The sources found (from Centre County government website) are great. They just need to be rewritten / paraphrased. Ruhrfisch ><> ° ° 02:21, 20 June 2012 (UTC)

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov to http://factfinder2.census.gov
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160102222203/http://www.statecollegemagazine.com/index.php to http://www.statecollegemagazine.com/index.php
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title: Talk:Centre County, Pennsylvania