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Châlons-en-Champagne

Châlons-en-Champagne is a city in the Grand Est region of France. It is the capital of the department of Marne, despite being only a quarter the size of the city of Reims.

Formerly called Châlons-sur-Marne, the city was officially renamed in 1998. It should not be confused with the Burgundian town of Chalon-sur-Saône.

History
The city was a Gallic and later a Gallo-Roman settlement known in Latin as Catalaunum, taking its name from the Catalauni, a Belgic tribe dwelling in the region of modern Champagne.

Châlons is conjectured to be the site of several battles including the Battle of Châlons fought in 274 between Roman Emperor Aurelian and Emperor Tetricus I of the Gallic Empire. The Catalaunian Fields was the site of the battle of Châlons in 451 which turned back the westward advance of Attila.

Main sights

 * Saint Etienne's cathedral, including parts of the first Romanesque cathedral built in the 12th century. Nevertheless, it was mainly rebuilt in Gothic style. The west façade (in Baroque style) and two close spans were added in the 17th century.
 * Notre-Dame-en-Vaux church, part of the UNESCO World Heritage. Built between 1157 and 1217, the collegiate church had a cloister and was a place of pilgrimage in the 12th century, and Museum du Cloitre de Notre-Dame-en-Vaux 12th century.
 * Saint-Alpin, perhaps the oldest church of the city. It was rebuilt around 1170 in Gothic style, but still marked by the Romanesque style.
 * Hôtel de Ville (city hall). It has a façade representative of the neo-classic period of the end of the 18th century. The steps of the building are protected by four stone lions.
 * Porte Sainte-Croix (Sainte-Croix Gate). Previously called Porte Dauphine, this gate was one of the entries into the city. It was dedicated to Marie-Antoinette when she came via Châlons on her way to Paris to marry the future king Louis XVI of France.
 * La Dernière Relève ("The Last Relief"): war memorial next to the cathedral, with group of bronzes by French sculptor Gaston Broquet.
 * Ancien Hotel des Intendants de Champagne (eighteenth century). Today home to the Prefecture of the Champagne-Ardenne region and Prefecture of the Marne.
 * Le Cirque. The old town circus, completed in 1899, is sheltering the Centre National des Arts du Cirque (CNAC).

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Museums

 * Musée des Beaux-Arts et d'Archéologie de Châlons-en-Champagne.
 * Musée Garinet
 * Musée du Cloître Notre-Dame-en-Vaux.

TRANSLATE PLEASE The Collégiale Notre-Dame-en-Vaux, (XIIème siècle) Inscrite au patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO, Notre-Dame-en-Vaux était une collégiale, c'est-à-dire qu'elle abritait une communauté de chamoines. L'église actuelle fut commencée avant 1157, en remplacement d'un édifice antérieur qui s'était écroulé. Sa reconstruction était achevée en 1217. Commencée en style "de transition" (intermédiaire entre le roman et le gothique), elle fut terminée en gothique. On y trouve un beau chevet avec abside gothique flanquée de deux tours romanes, mais aussi d'admirables verrières du XVIème siècle. Enfin, vous y verrez un des plus grand carillon d'Europe composé de 56 cloches datant du XIXème siècle.

[modifier] Cathédrale Saint Etienne Le monument présente des parties romanes du XIIème siècle (crypte, tour du bras Nord dont le rez-de-chaussée abrite une rare verrière romane) mais fut reconstruit en style gothique rayonnant. L'abside, le transept et trois travées de la nef étaient achevés en 1261. Les chapelles rayonnantes et le déambulatoire furent ajoutés entre 1280 et 1310. La nef fut continuée à la fin du XVème siècle et au début du XVIème siècle. Entre 1628 et 1634, on éleva la façade occidentale (en style baroque) et les deux travées voisines. Cependant, la conception primitive de la nef fut conservées à travers les siècles par les constructeurs successifs, qui ont voulu lui préserver son unité. La cathédrale de Châlons-en-Champagne a conservé une remarquable parure de vitraux. Dans les bas-côté sud se trouve une intéressante série de vitraux de la fin du XVème siècle et du début du XVIème siècle. Ceux de l'autre bas-côté ont été faits au XIXème siècle dans le goût du XIIIème siècle. Ceux des bras du transept sud datent du XXème siècle. De très nombreuses dalles funéraires gravées du XIIIème siècle au XVIIème siècle sont incrustées dans le pavage ou relevés le long des murs. Elles se caractérisent par une grande élégance du dessin.

[modifier] Église Saint-Alpin L'église est placée sous le vocable de Saint Alpin, évêque de Châlons au début du Vème siècle. Elle existait déjà au IXème siècle et a été reconstruite vers 1170 dans un style gothique encore marqué par le style roman. De cette époque, il subsiste la nef – 6 travées dont les arcades richement moulurées reposent alternativement sur des piles fortes et des piles faibles – et les collatéraux. Vers 1230, on entreprit de rajeunir l'édifice en voûtant la nef et les collatéraux, sans modifier l'élévation intérieure. Plus tard, le transept et son croisillon nord furent remaniés. C'est au début du XVIème siècle que l'on construisit un nouveau chœur polygonal, entouré d'un déambulatoire dépourvu de chapelles rayonnantes, mais percé de grandes fenêtres que de riches donateurs parrent de splendides verrières colorées. On ajouta sur toute la longueur du bas-côté sud une série de chapelles qui conservent un ensemble remarquable de vitraux en grisaille. Les verrières du déambulatoire, mises en place entre 1515 et 1522 environ, juxtaposent souvent de petites scènes, à la gamme colorée éclatante, où apparaissent des inscriptions placées dans des banderoles décoratives.-->

Transport
The Gare de Châlons-en-Champagne railway station is served by the TGV network with service to and from Paris Gare de l'Est. Other destinations are Reims, Saint-Dizier, Nancy, Bar-le-Duc and Verdun. Additionally, Châlons is connected with the Champagne-TGV station, near Reims, with high speed trains going to Lille, Nantes, Rennes and Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport.

Châlons is located at the intersection of two major axes:
 * A4 motorway, going from Paris to Strasbourg, towards Reims and Metz
 * A26 motorway, going from Lille to Lyon, towards Reims, Troyes and Dijon.

Châlons is also served by an international airport devoted to shipping (Châlons Vatry Airport ), with an average of 16,0000 tons of freight passing through each year.

Local transportation is provided by SITAC BUS buses.

University level

 * Arts et Métiers ParisTech (ENSAM), a national engineering graduate school. This teaching and research center was established in 1806. Students can attend courses focused on mechanical and industrial engineering.
 * Centre national des arts du cirque (CNAC), which is a Circus Arts Learning Centre created in 1985. Each year about twenty students learn all the disciplines of modern circus arts.
 * Institut Universitaire Technologique (IUT) of Reims, Châlons, Charleville, a branch of the University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)
 * Institut Universitaire de Formation des Maîtres (IUFM), a branch of the University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)

Sport
ESPE Basket Châlons-en-Champagne is a Châlons' basketball team. A temporary firing range was used for some shooting events at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris.

Twin towns – sister cities
Châlons-en-Champagne is twinned with:

 * 🇧🇫 Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
 * 🏴 Ilkeston, England, United Kingdom
 * 🇨🇦 Mirabel, Canada
 * 🇩🇪 Neuss, Germany
 * 🇧🇬 Razgrad, Bulgaria
 * 🇩🇪 Wittenberge, Germany

Camp de Mourmelon
The Camp de Mourmelon (formerly known as Camp de Châlons) is a military camp of circa 10,000 hectares located near Mourmelon-le-Grand 22 km north. It was created at the behest of Napoleon III and opened 30 August 1857 during the Second French Empire.

The initial purpose was simply for practising military manoeuvres, but it quickly turned into a showcase of the French Imperial Army, a theatrical propaganda display, where French citizens could meet the army and watch parades. Each year the camp was transformed into a town of tents and wooden chalets.

The camp survived the fall of the Second Empire in 1870, but changed into a training camp and a departure point for troops engaging in overseas operations.

The camp is used for military manoeuvres, and cavalry training, along with the neighbouring, 2,500 hectare, Camp de Moronvillers. Firing of live ordnance (rockets, missiles) is prohibited.

Births
Châlons-en-Champagne was the birthplace of:
 * Martin Akakia (1497–1551)
 * Thierry Beschefer (1630–1711), Jesuit missionary
 * David Blondel (1591–1655), Protestant clergyman
 * Claude D'Espence (1511–1571) French theologian
 * Jean Talon (1626–1694), first Intendant of New France
 * Antoine de Chézy (1718–1798), hydraulics engineer
 * Nicolas Appert (1749–1841), inventor of "appertisation" for the preservation of food
 * Jean-Baptiste Charbonnier (1764–1859), composer and organist
 * Joseph-François Mangin (1764–1818), designer of the St. Patrick's Old Cathedral and the New York City Hall
 * Madeleine Chapelle (1782–1849), wife and model of the painter Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
 * Henri Dagonet (1823–1902), psychiatrist
 * Adolphe Willette (1857–1926), painter
 * Maurice Renard (1875–1939), writer
 * Etienne Oehmichen (1884–1955), engineer, considered father of the helicopter
 * Robert Louis Antral (1895–1939) painter
 * Cabu (1938–2015), comic strip artist and caricaturist
 * Maryvonne de Saint-Pulgent (born 1951), senior civil servant and musicologist
 * Mano Solo (1963–2010), singer
 * Xavier Bertrand (born 1965), politician
 * Jacques Massu (1908–2002), paratrooper, general

Deaths
Châlons-en-Champagne was the death place of:
 * Jean-Baptiste Charbonnier (1764–1859), composer and organist
 * George Canning, 1st Baron Garvagh (1778–1840), diplomat and Fellow of the Royal Society of London, nephew to British Prime Minister George Canning (1770–1827)
 * Clyde Fitch, American dramatist

In popular culture

 * It is the setting of the last operetta of Johann Strauss II, Die Göttin der Vernunft (The Goddess of Reason), (1897).
 * The town is also mentioned in It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown as where Snoopy crashes his doghouse in territory held by the Imperial German Army, after losing an imaginary aerial dogfight against the Red Baron.

title: Châlons-en-Champagne


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Heerenveen

Heerenveen is a town and municipality in the province of Friesland (Fryslân), in the Northern Netherlands. In 2021, the town had a population of 29,790 (1 January) while the municipality had a population 50,859 (1 July).

History
The town was established in 1551 by three lords as a location to dig peat which was used for fuel, hence the name (heer is "lord", veen is "peat"). Heerenveen was not one of the traditional eleven cities in Friesland (Fryslân) as it did not have so-called city rights. However, it is now one of the larger municipalities of the province.

The windmill Welgelegen or Tjepkema's Molen is the only survivor of seventeen which have stood in Heerenveen.

Population centres
Population as of 1 January 2018:

Heerenveen (32,900), Akkrum (3406), Aldeboarn (1479), Bontebok (445), De Knipe (1470), Gersloot (280, together with Gersloot-Polder), Hoornsterzwaag (815), Jubbega (3510), Katlijk (630), Luinjeberd (450), Mildam (740), Nes (1104), Nieuwebrug (210), Nieuwehorne (1500), Nieuweschoot (180), Oranjewoud (1610), Oudehorne (840), Oudeschoot (1480), Terband (265) and Tjalleberd (800).

Hamlets
The hamlets are: Anneburen, Birstum, Brongergea, Easterboarn, Jinshuzen, Meskenwier, Oude Schouw (partially), Pean, Poppenhúzen, Schurega, Soarremoarre, Spitsendijk, Sythuzen, Warniahúzen en Welgelegen (partially).

Museums

 * Museum Belvédère, modern art and contemporary art
 * Museum Heerenveen, local history and culture

Transport
Railway station: Heerenveen

Local government
The Heerenveen municipal council consists of 31 seats, which at the 2022 municipal elections divided as follows:

 * Labour Party – 7 seats
 * VVD – 4 seats
 * Frisian National Party – 3 seats
 * Heerenveen Lokaal – 3 seats
 * Green Left – 3 seats
 * CDA – 3 seats
 * D66 – 3 seats
 * Socialist Party – 2 seats
 * Local Interest (GemeenteBelangen) – 2 seats
 * ChristianUnion – 1 seat

Sports
Heerenveen is notable for its world class sports facilities. These include the Abe Lenstra football stadium and the Thialf speed skating arena which was one of the first indoor 400m ice rinks in the world, and where international events draw large crowds. Thialf is also home to the city's ice hockey team, the Heerenveen Flyers. In 2006, the "Sportstad" (Sport City) project was completed, which included a gymnastics hall, swimming pool and an extension to the football stadium, all clustered together. The Abe Lenstra stadium is unusual because its capacity is larger than the number of inhabitants of the town. One of the few football venues to shares this distinction is Stade Félix Bollaert in Lens, France.

The town's football team, SC Heerenveen, plays in the first tier and has been a steady presence in the Europa League, topped by the team's biggest achievement when they qualified for the UEFA Champions League in 2000.

Notable residents

 * Wilhelm Heinrich, Duke of Saxe-Eisenach (1691 in Oranjewoud – 1741) a Duke of Saxe-Eisenach
 * Hendrik Pasma (1813–1890), Mennonite pastor, writer, politician and farmer
 * Suzanne Manet (born 'Leenhoff', 1829–1906), pianist and opera singer, wife of Édouard Manet
 * Geerhardus Vos (1862–1949), a Dutch-American Calvinist theologian of the Princeton Theology
 * Cissy van Marxveldt (1889 in Oranjewoud – 1948) a Dutch writer of children's books
 * Albert Gillis von Baumhauer (1891–1939) a Dutch aviation pioneer, designed the first Dutch helicopter
 * Eelco van Kleffens (1894–1983) a Dutch politician and diplomat
 * Herman Zanstra (1894 in Schoterland – 1972) a Frisian/Dutch astronomer
 * Fedde Schurer (1898–1968), journalist, poet and politician and poet in the West Frisian language
 * Adrianus van Kleffens (1899–1973) a judge at the European Court of Justice 1952/1958
 * Klaas Runia (1926 in Oudeschoot – 2006) a Dutch theologian, churchman and journalist
 * Wim Duisenberg (1935–2005), politician and President of the European Central Bank 1998/2003
 * T. S. van Albada (born 1936 in Akkrum) a Dutch astronomer and academic
 * Gretta Duisenberg (born 1942) a Dutch pro-Palestinian political activist
 * Jacob de Haan (born 1959), a Dutch contemporary composer known for wind music
 * Tineke Postma (born 1978), a Dutch saxophonist
 * Jan Huitema (born 1984), politician and Member of the European Parliament (MEP)

Sport

 * Abe Lenstra (1920–1985), a Dutch football player with 730 club caps
 * Foppe de Haan (born 1943), football coach and politician
 * Margriet Zegers (born 1954), a retired Dutch field hockey defender, team gold medallist at the 1984 Summer Olympics
 * Franke Sloothaak (born 1958) a German show jumping Olympic champion
 * Nico-Jan Hoogma (born 1968) a former football defender with 517 club caps
 * Falko Zandstra (born 1971), a former Dutch speed skater, silver medallist at the 1992 Winter Olympics and bronze medallist the 1994 Winter Olympics
 * Carien Kleibeuker (born 1978) a Dutch long-distance speed skater, bronze medallist at the 2014 Winter Olympics
 * Epke Zonderland (born 1986), a gymnast and gold medallist at the 2012 Summer Olympics
 * Sven Kramer (born 1986), long track speed skater, three time Olympic champion in the 5000 meters
 * Vladislav Bykanov (born 1989) an Israeli Olympic short track speed skater, lives in Heerenveen
 * Sanne Wevers (born 1991), an artistic gymnast, gold medallist at the 2016 Summer Olympics
 * Antoinette de Jong (born 1995) a Dutch speed skater, bronze medallist at the 2018 Winter Olympics
 * Lisa Top (born 1996), a Dutch artistic gymnast
 * Aafke Soet (born 1997), former short track speed skater, now cyclist
 * Yasser Seirawan (born 1960), American/Syrian chess grandmaster and champion known for his books and commentary on chess games,
 * Andries Noppert (born 1994), Dutch National Team Goalkeeper World Cup 2022.
 * Anna-Maja Kazarian (born 7 January 2000), a Dutch chess player who holds the titles of FIDE Master (FM) and Woman International Master.

Twin cities
Heereveen's longstanding connection with Rishon LeZion, Israel ended in 2016 after the supporting organizations shut down in both countries.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Heerenveen


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Dijon

Dijon is a city that serves as the prefecture of the Côte-d'Or department and of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France. the commune had a population of 156,920.

The earliest archaeological finds within the city limits of Dijon date to the Neolithic period. Dijon later became a Roman settlement named Divio, located on the road between Lyon and Paris. The province was home to the Dukes of Burgundy from the early 11th until the late 15th centuries, and Dijon became a place of tremendous wealth and power, one of the great European centres of art, learning, and science.

The city has retained varied architectural styles from many of the main periods of the past millennium, including Capetian, Gothic, and Renaissance. Many still-inhabited town-houses in the city's central district date from the 18th century and earlier. Dijon's architecture is distinguished by, among other things, toits bourguignons (Burgundian polychrome roofs) made of glazed terracotta tiles of various colours arranged in geometric patterns.

Dijon holds an International and Gastronomic Fair every year in the northern-hemisphere autumn. Dijon also hosts every three years the international flower show Florissimo. Dijon has become famous for Dijon mustard, which originated in 1856, when Jean Naigeon of Dijon substituted verjuice, the acidic "green" juice of not-quite-ripe grapes, for vinegar in the traditional mustard recipe. Dijon is a green city with an important tertiary sector, as well as a regional economic center with a diversified fabric, a traditional food-processing center (Dijon crême de cassis and kir, gingerbread, Lanvin chocolate...) and a renowned pharmaceutical sector.

On 4 July 2015, UNESCO registered the historical centre of the city as a World Heritage site, as one of the components of the "Climats, terroirs of Burgundy" site, because of its historical importance in regulating the system of wine production in Burgundy.

History
The earliest archaeological finds within the city limits of Dijon date to the Neolithic period. Dijon later became a Roman settlement called Divio, which may mean sacred fountain, located on the road from Lyon to Paris. Saint Benignus, the city's apocryphal patron saint, is said to have introduced Christianity to the area before being martyred.

This province was home to the Dukes of Burgundy from the early 11th until the late 15th century, and Dijon was a place of tremendous wealth and power and one of the great European centres of art, learning, and science. The Duchy of Burgundy was key in the transformation of medieval times toward early modern Europe. The Palace of the Dukes of Burgundy now houses the city hall and a museum of art.

In 1513, Swiss and Imperial armies invaded Burgundy and besieged Dijon, which was defended by the governor of the province, Louis II de la Trémoille. The siege was extremely violent, but the town succeeded in resisting the invaders. After long negotiations, Louis II de la Trémoille managed to persuade the Swiss and the Imperial armies to withdraw their troops and also to return three hostages who were being held in Switzerland. During the siege, the population called on the Virgin Mary for help and saw the town's successful resistance and the subsequent withdrawal of the invaders as a miracle. For those reasons, in the years following the siege the inhabitants of Dijon began to venerate Notre-Dame de Bon-Espoir (Our Lady of Good Hope). Although a few areas of the town were destroyed, there are nearly no signs of the siege of 1513 visible today. However, Dijon's museum of fine arts has a large tapestry depicting this episode in the town's history: it shows the town before all subsequent destruction (particularly that which occurred during the French Revolution) and is an example of 16th-century art.

A system of purified water for the citizens of Dijon was constructed by Henry Darcy a quarter-century before Paris was so supplied.

Dijon was also occupied by anti-Napoleonic coalitions in 1814, by the Prussian army in 1870–71, and by Nazi Germany beginning in June 1940, during WWII, when it was bombed by US Air Force B-17 Flying Fortresses, before the liberation of Dijon by the French Army and the French Resistance, 11 September 1944.

Geography
Dijon is situated at the heart of a plain drained by two small converging rivers: the Suzon, which crosses it mostly underground from north to south, and the Ouche, on the southern side of town. Farther south is the côte, or hillside, of vineyards that gives the department its name. Dijon lies 310 km southeast of Paris, 190 km northwest of Geneva, and 190 km north of Lyon.

Climate
Dijon features an oceanic climate (Cfb) with continental influence under the Köppen climate classification. The city is highly influenced by its position far inland in Northeastern France. Thus, winters are cool to cold with moderate frosts at night and thawing conditions during the day while summers are warm to hot and humid with frequent thunderstorms.

Sights

Dijon has a large number of churches, including Notre Dame de Dijon, St. Philibert, St. Michel, and Dijon Cathedral, dedicated to the apocryphal Saint Benignus, the crypt of which is over 1,000 years old. The city has retained varied architectural styles from many of the main periods of the past millennium, including Capetian, Gothic and Renaissance. Many still-inhabited town houses in the city's central district date from the 18th century and earlier. Dijon architecture is distinguished by, among other things, toits bourguignons (Burgundian polychrome roofs) made of glazed terracotta tiles of various colours arranged in geometric patterns.

Dijon was largely spared the destruction of wars such as the 1870 Franco-Prussian War and the Second World War, despite the city being occupied. Therefore, many of the old buildings such as the half-timbered houses dating from the 12th to the 15th centuries (found mainly in the city's core district) are undamaged, at least by organized violence.

Dijon is home to many museums, including the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Dijon in part of the Ducal Palace (see below). It contains, among other things, ducal kitchens dating back to the mid-15th century, and a substantial collection of primarily European art, from Roman times through the present.

Among the more popular sights is the Ducal Palace, the Palais des Ducs et des États de Bourgogne or "Palace of the Dukes and the States of Burgundy" (47.32194°N, 5.04139°W), which includes one of only a few remaining examples of Capetian period architecture in the region. Many art interested visitors flock to the Puits de Moïse or Well of Moses, a monumental sculpture by Claus Sluter. The church of Notre Dame is famous for both its art and architecture. Popular legend has it that one of its stone relief sculptures, an owl (la chouette) is a good-luck charm: visitors to the church touch the owl with their left hands to make a wish. (The current carving was restored after it was damaged by vandalism in the night of 5 and 6 January 2001).

The Grand Théâtre de Dijon, built in 1828 and one of the main performing venues of the Opéra de Dijon, was declared a monument historique of France in 1975. It was designed by the Dijon-born architect Jacques Cellerier (1742–1814) in the Neo-classical style with an interior modelled on Italian opera houses.

Roads
Dijon is located approximately 300 km southeast of Paris, about three hours by car along the A38 and A6 motorways. The A31 provides connections to Nancy, Lille and Lyon. The A39 connects Dijon with Bourg-en-Bresse and Geneva, the A36 with Besançon, Mulhouse and Basel.

Water transport
The Canal de Bourgogne passes through the heart of Dijon and creates a navigable route to Paris in the north-west via the river Yonne, a tributary of the river Seine, and to the Saône river 25 km to the south-east. The canal joins the Saône at Saint-Jean-de-Losne which is the barging centre of France and Europe. In addition to the connection to the Atlantic via the Seine it has navigable water connections to the Mediterranean—via the Saône to the Rhône river at Lyon and further south (ultimately west to the Atlantic via the Canal du Midi)—Germany and central Europe—via the Rhône-Rhine canal—plus west to the centre and river Loire via the Canal du Centre. These waterways were largely completed before the 19th century and were the main means of industrial transport until the railways began taking over in the mid-19th century. Today they form a water route for mostly pleasure craft between northern Europe and the south. For example the route through Dijon is popular with those sailing their boats from the United Kingdom to the Mediterranean.

Trains
Dijon is an important railway junction for lines from Paris to Lyon and Marseille, and the east–west lines to Besançon, Belfort, Nancy, Switzerland, and Italy. The Dijon-Ville station is the main railway station, providing service to Paris-Gare de Lyon by TGV high-speed train (LGV Sud-Est), covering the 300 km in one hour and 40 minutes. For comparison, Lyon is 180 km away and two hours distant by standard train. The city of Nice takes about six hours by TGV and Strasbourg only 1 hour and 56 minutes via the TGV Rhin-Rhône. Lausanne in Switzerland is less than 150 km away or two hours by train. Dijon has a direct overnight sleeper/couchette service to Milan, Verona and Venice by the operator Thello. Numerous regional TER Bourgogne-Franche-Comté trains depart from the same station. There is another railway station east of the city centre, Dijon-Porte-Neuve station, on the line to Is-sur-Tille and Culmont-Chalindrey.

Trams
A new tram system opened in September 2012. Line T1 is an 8.5 km line with 16 stations running west–east from the Dijon railway station to Quetigny. Line T2 opened in December 2012, an 11.5 km north–south line with 21 stations running between Valmy and Chenôve.

Culture
Dijon holds its International and Gastronomic Fair every year in autumn. With over 500 exhibitors and 200,000 visitors every year, it is one of the ten most important fairs in France. Dijon is also home, every three years, to the international flower show Florissimo.

Dijon has numerous museums such as the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Dijon, the Musée Archéologique, the Musée de la Vie Bourguignonne, the Musée d'Art Sacré, and the Musée Magnin. It also contains approximately 700 hectares of parks and green space, including the Jardin botanique de l'Arquebuse.

Dijon is home to the prominent contemporary art centre Le Consortium, a fine-arts school (ENSA), as well as a number of art galleries like the Fonds régional d'art contemporain, which holds a permanent collection including pieces by locally established artist Yan Pei-Ming.

Apart from the numerous bars, which sometimes have live bands, some popular music venues in Dijon are : Le Zenith de Dijon, La Vapeur, l'Espace autogéré des Tanneries and l'Atheneum.

Dijon mustard originated in 1856, when Jean Naigeon of Dijon substituted verjuice, the acidic "green" juice of not-quite-ripe grapes, for vinegar in the traditional mustard recipe. In general, mustards from Dijon today contain white wine rather than verjuice. Dijon mustard is not necessarily produced near Dijon, as the term is regarded as genericized under European Union law, so that it cannot be registered for protected designation of origin status. Most Dijon mustard (brands such as Amora or Maille) is produced industrially and over 90% of mustard seed used in local production is imported, mainly from Canada. In 2008, Unilever closed its Amora mustard factory in Dijon. Dijon mustard shops sell exotic or unusually-flavoured mustard (fruit-flavoured, for example), often sold in decorative hand-painted faience (china) pots.

Burgundy is a world-famous wine growing region, and notable vineyards, such as Vosne-Romanée and Gevrey-Chambertin, are within 20 minutes of the city center. The town's university boasts a renowned enology institute. The road from Santenay to Dijon is known as the "route des Grands Crus", where eight of the world's top ten most expensive wines are produced, according to Wine Searcher.

The city is also well known for its crème de cassis, or blackcurrant liqueur, used in the drink known as "Kir", named after former mayor of Dijon canon Félix Kir, a mixture of crème de cassis with white wine, traditionally Bourgogne Aligoté.

Dijon is home to Dijon FCO, a football club with a men's team competing in the Championnat National and a women's team competing in the Division 1 Féminine. Dijon has a its own (Pro A) basketball club, JDA Dijon Basket. The Palais des Sports de Dijon serves as playground for the team and hosted international basketball events such as the FIBA EuroBasket 1999 in the past. Dijon is home to the Dijon Ducs ice hockey team, who play in the Magnus League. To the northwest, the race track of Dijon-Prenois hosts various motor sport events. It hosted the Formula 1 French Grand Prix on five occasions from 1974 to 1984.

Colleges and universities

 * Dijon hosts the main campus of the University of Burgundy
 * École nationale des beaux-arts de Dijon
 * European Campus of Sciences Po Paris
 * Agrosup Dijon
 * Burgundy School of Business

Personalities

 * John the Fearless (1371–1419), Duke of Burgundy
 * Philip the Good (1396-1467), Duke of Burgundy
 * Isabella of Portugal (1397-1471), Duchess of Burgundy
 * Charles the Bold (1433–1477), Duke of Burgundy
 * Claude-Louis Navier, mechanical engineer & physicist
 * Jean Le Fèvre (canon) (1493–1565), lexicographer
 * Charles Poisot (1822–1904), musicologist
 * Edmond Debeaumarché (1906–1959), hero of the French Resistance
 * Christian Allard (b. 1964), Member of the Scottish Parliament
 * Claude Balbastre (1724–1799), composer
 * Cécile Bart (born 1958), artist
 * Jean-Marc Boivin (1951–1990), extreme sports specialist
 * Fabrice Brégier (born in 1961), businessman, Chief Operating Officer of Airbus
 * Antoine Bret (1717–1792), French playwright
 * Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet (1627–1704), bishop and theologist
 * Madjid Bougherra (b. 1982), Rangers F.C. footballer
 * Thierry Caens (b. 1958), classical trumpeter
 * Laurent Chambertin (b. 1966), volleyball player
 * Jane Frances de Chantal (Jeanne–Françoise Frémiot, baronne de Chantal, 1572–1641), founder of the Visitation Order
 * François Chaussier (1746–1828), physician
 * Anne-Caroline Chausson (b. 1977), Olympic medalist in cycling
 * Bernard Courtois (1777–1838), discoverer of the element iodine
 * Charles Joseph Minard (1781–1870), civil engineer and first information graphics
 * Henry Darcy (1803–1858), engineer
 * Jean-Jacques-Joseph Debillemont (1824–1879), conductor and operetta composer
 * Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (1832–1923), engineer and architect
 * Eugène Foveau (1886–1957), classical trumpeter
 * Roger Guillemin (1924–2024), Nobel laureate in Physiology and Medicine
 * Hermine Horiot (born 1986), classical cellist
 * Claude Jade (1948–2006), actress
 * Joseph Jacotot (1770–1840), educational philosopher
 * François Jouffroy (1806–1882), sculptor
 * Henri Legrand du Saulle (1830–1886), psychiatrist
 * Jean-Baptiste Gondelier (1792–1852), playwright
 * Jean-Pierre Marielle (1932–2019), actor
 * Julien Pillet (b. 1977), Olympic medalist in sabre fencer
 * Nicolas Quentin (d. 1636), historical painter
 * Jean-Philippe Rameau (1683–1764), composer
 * Claude-François-Marie Rigoley, comte d'Ogny, (1756–1790), cellist
 * François Rude (1784–1855), sculptor
 * Elizabeth of the Trinity (Marie–Élisabeth Catez, 1880–1906), Carmelite nun and religious writer
 * Vitalic (born as Pascal Arbez in 1976), electronic music artist
 * Alban Lenoir (born in 1980), actor, stuntman, screenwriter.

Twin towns - sister cities
Dijon is twinned with:

 * 🇵🇱 Białystok, Poland, since 1996
 * 🇷🇴 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
 * 🇧🇪 Mechelen, Belgium
 * 🇲🇦 Chefchaouen, Morocco
 * 🇸🇳 Dakar, Senegal
 * 🇺🇸 Dallas, United States, since 1957
 * Guimarães, Portugal
 * 🇩🇪 Mainz, Germany, since 1958

 * 🇨🇿 Prague 6, Czech Republic
 * 🇮🇹 Reggio Emilia, Italy, since 1963
 * 🇲🇰 Skopje, North Macedonia, since 1961
 * 🇷🇺 Volgograd, Russia, since 1960
 * 🇬🇧 York, United Kingdom, since 1953

title: Dijon


text:
Arezzo

Arezzo is a city and comune in Italy and the capital of the province of the same name located in Tuscany. Arezzo is about 80 km southeast of Florence at an elevation of 296 m above sea level. As of 2022, the population was about 97,000.

Known as the city of gold and of the high fashion, Arezzo was home to artists and poets such as Giorgio Vasari, Guido of Arezzo and Guittone d'Arezzo and in its province to Renaissance artist Michelangelo. In the artistic field, the city is famous for the frescoes by Piero della Francesca inside the Basilica of San Francesco, and the crucifix by Cimabue inside the Basilica of San Domenico. The city is also known for the important Giostra del Saracino, a game of chivalry that dates back to the Middle Ages.

History
Described by Livy as one of the Capita Etruriae (Etruscan capitals), Arezzo (Aritim in Etruscan) is believed to have been one of the twelve most important Etruscan cities—the so-called Dodecapolis, part of the Etruscan League. Etruscan remains establish that the acropolis of San Cornelio, a small hill next to that of San Donatus, was occupied and fortified in the Etruscan period. There is other significant Etruscan evidence: parts of walls, an Etruscan necropolis on Poggio del Sole (still named "Hill of the Sun"), and most famously, the two bronzes, the "Chimera of Arezzo" (5th century BC) and the "Minerva" (4th century BC) which were discovered in the 16th century and taken to Florence. Increasing trade connections with Greece also brought some elite goods to the Etruscan nobles of Arezzo: the krater painted by Euphronios c. 510 BC depicting a battle against Amazons (in the Museo Civico, Arezzo 1465) is unsurpassed.

Conquered by the Romans in 311 BC, Arretium became a military station on the via Cassia, the road by which Rome expanded into the basin of the Po. Arretium sided with Marius (157 – 86 BC) in the Roman Civil War, and the victorious Sulla (c. 138 – 78 BC) planted a colony of his veterans in the half-demolished city, as Arretium Fidens ("Faithful Arretium"). The old Etruscan aristocracy was not extinguished: Gaius Cilnius Maecenas, whose name has become eponymous with "patron of the arts", came of the noble Aretine Etruscan stock. The city continued to flourish as Arretium Vetus ("Old Arretium"), the third-largest city in Italy in the Augustan period, well known in particular for its widely exported pottery manufactures, the characteristic moulded and glazed Arretine ware, bucchero-ware of dark clay and red-painted vases (the so-called "coral" vases).

Around 261 AD the town council of Arezzo dedicated an inscription to its patron L. Petronius Taurus Volusianus. See that article for discussion of the possible political/military significance of Volusianus's association with the city.

In the 3rd to 4th century Arezzo became an episcopal seat: it is one of the few cities whose succession of bishops are known by name without interruption to the present day, in part because the bishops operated as the feudal lords of the city in the Middle Ages. The Roman city was demolished, partly in the course of the Gothic War and of the late-6th-century invasion of the Lombards, partly dismantled, as elsewhere throughout Europe. The Aretines re-used the stones for fortifications. Only the amphitheater remained.

The commune of Arezzo threw off the control of its bishop in 1098 and functioned as an independent city-state until 1384. Generally Ghibelline in tendency, it opposed Guelph Florence. In 1252 the city founded its university, the Studium. After the rout of the Battle of Campaldino (1289), which saw the death of Bishop, the fortunes of Ghibelline Arezzo started to ebb, apart from a brief period under the Tarlati family, chief among them Guido Tarlati, who became bishop in 1312 and maintained good relations with the Ghibelline party. The Tarlati sought support in an alliance with Forlì and its overlords, the Ordelaffi, but failed: Arezzo yielded to Florentine domination in 1384; its individual history became subsumed in that of Florence and of the Medicean Grand Duchy of Tuscany. During this period Piero della Francesca (c. 1415–1492) worked in the church of San Francesco di Arezzo producing the splendid frescoes, recently restored, which are Arezzo's most famous works. Afterwards the city began an economical and cultural decay, which ensured the preservation of its medieval centre.

In the 18th century the neighbouring marshes of the Val di Chiana, south of Arezzo, were drained and the region became less malarial. At the end of the-century French troops led by Napoleon Bonaparte conquered Arezzo, but the city soon turned (1799–1800) into a resistance base against the invaders with the "Viva Maria" movement, winning the city the role of provincial capital. In 1860 Arezzo became part of the Kingdom of Italy.

City buildings suffered heavy damage during World War II; the Germans made a stand in front of Arezzo early in July 1944 and fierce fighting ensued before the British 6th Armoured Division, assisted by New Zealand troops of the 2nd New Zealand Division, liberated the town 16 July 1944. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission's Arezzo War Cemetery, where 1,266 men are buried, is located to the north-west of the city.

Pope Benedict XVI visited Arezzo and two other Italian municipalities on May 13, 2012.

Geography
Arezzo is set on a steep hill, rising from the floodplain of the River Arno. In the upper part of the town are the cathedral, the town hall and the Medici Fortress (Fortezza Medicea), from which the main streets branch off towards the lower part as far as the gates. The upper part of the town maintains its medieval appearance despite the addition of later structures. Arezzo's city proper is near the high risk areas for earthquakes, but located in a transitional area where the risk for severe earthquakes is much lower than in nearby Umbria and Abruzzo, albeit it is slightly more vulnerable than Florence. Notable earthquakes are still a very rare phenomenon in the province, with a 4.6 quake 25 km to its north-east that claimed no lives on 26 November 2001 the exception.

Climate
Arezzo has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) with hot and dry summers combined with mild and rainy winters. The annual average temperature is 13.54 C, the hottest month in August is 23.56 C, and the coldest month is 4.66 C in January. The annual precipitation is 864.03 mm, of which November is the wettest with 120.8 mm, while July is the driest with only 42.24 mm.

Hamlets

 * Agazzi
 * Antria
 * Badia San Veriano
 * Bagnoro
 * Battifolle
 * Bicciano
 * Campoluci
 * Campriano
 * Capolona
 * Ceciliano
 * Chiani
 * Chiassa Superiore
 * Cincelli
 * Frassineto
 * Gaville
 * Giovi
 * Gragnone
 * Il Matto
 * Indicatore
 * La Pace
 * Le Poggiola
 * Meliciano
 * Misciano
 * Molinelli
 * Molin Nuovo
 * Monte Sopra Rondine
 * Montione
 * Mugliano
 * Olmo
 * Ottavo
 * Palazzo del Pero
 * Patrignone
 * Pieve a Ranco
 * Poggio Ciliegio
 * Policiano
 * Pomaio
 * Ponte a Chiani
 * Ponte alla Chiassa
 * Pieve a Quarto
 * Ponte Buriano
 * Poti
 * Pratantico
 * Puglia
 * Policiano
 * Quarata
 * Rigutino
 * Ripa di Olmo
 * Rondine
 * Ruscello
 * San Firenze
 * San Giuliano
 * San Leo
 * San Marco Vill'Alba
 * San Polo
 * Santa Firmina
 * Santa Maria alla Rassinata
 * Sant'Andrea a Pigli
 * San Zeno
 * Sargiano
 * Staggiano
 * Stoppe d'Arca
 * Subbiano
 * Talla
 * Torrino
 * Tregozzano
 * Venere
 * Vitiano

Festivals

 * Arezzo is home to an annual international competition of choral singing Concorso Polifónico Guido d'Arezzo (International Guido d'Arezzo Polyphonic Contest).
 * Arezzo is home to an annual medieval festival called the Saracen Joust (Giostra del Saracino). In this, "knights" on horseback representing different areas of the town charge at a wooden target attached to a carving of a Saracen king and score points according to accuracy. Virtually all the town's people dress up in medieval costume and enthusiastically cheer on the competitors.
 * From 1986 to 2006 Arezzo was also home to an annual popular music and culture festival, each July, called Arezzo Wave. Publicly funded, it attracts bands of high repute and attendees from all over Europe and North America. It also features literary and film expositions. In 2007 it was replaced by PLAY Arezzo Art Festival, still about rock music, involving local bands. Some artists invited in 2007 and 2008 were: Negrita, Peter Gabriel, Lou Reed, Joan Baez, Ben Harper, Goran Bregovic, Carmen Consoli, Max Gazzè, Peter Brook.

In popular culture

 * Arezzo has a starring role in Roberto Benigni's film Life Is Beautiful (La vita è bella, 1997). It is the place in which the main characters live before they are shipped off to a Nazi concentration camp.
 * Arretium was used in the PC game Rome: Total War as the Capital of the Roman Faction of Julii.

Piazza Grande
The Piazza Grande is the most noteworthy medieval square in the city, opening behind the 13th century Romanesque apse of Santa Maria della Pieve. Once the main marketplace of the city, it is currently the site of the Giostra del Saracino ("Joust of the Saracen"). It has a sloping pavement in red brick with limestone geometrical lines. Aside from the apse of the church, other landmarks of the square include:
 * The Palace of the Lay Fraternity (Fraternita dei Laici): 14th–15th century palazzo, with a Gothic ground floor and a Quattrocento second floor by Bernardo Rossellino
 * The Vasari Loggia along the north side, a flat Mannerist façade designed by Giorgio Vasari
 * Episcopal Palace, seat of the bishops, rebuilt in the mid-13th century. The interior has frescoes by Salvi Castellucci, Teofilo Torri and Pietro Benvenuti. In front of the Palace is the Monument to Grand Duke Ferdinando I de' Medici (1595), by Pietro Francavilla, following a design of Giambologna.
 * Palazzo Cofani-Brizzolari, with the Torre Faggiolana
 * Remains of the Communal Palace and the Palazzo del Popolo can also be seen.

Churches

 * Santa Maria della Pieve: the most striking feature of this Romanesque church is the massive, square-planned bell tower with double orders of mullioned windows. The church was built in the 12th century over a pre-existing Palaeo-Christian edifice, and was renovated a century later with the addition of the characteristic façade made of loggias with small arches surmounted by all different-styled columns. Also from the same century is the lunette with the Virgin between Two Angels and the sculptures of the months (1216) over the main portal. the interior has a nave and two aisles, with a transept also added in the 13th century. In the following century chapels, niches and frescoes were added, including the polyptych of Virgin with Child and Saints by Pietro Lorenzetti (1320). In the crypt is a relic bust of St. Donatus (1346). From the same epoch is the hexagonal baptismal font, with panels of the Histories of St. John the Baptist, by Giovanni di Agostino. The Pieve was again renovated by Giorgio Vasari in 1560.
 * Cathedral of Saint Donatus (13th – early 16th centuries): the façade of this Gothic style church remained unfinished, and was added in the 20th century. The interior has a nave and aisles divided by massive pilasters. The left aisle has a fresco by Piero della Francesca portraying the Madeleine. Noteworthy are also the medieval stained glass, the Tarlati Chapel (1334) and the Gothic tomb of Pope Gregory X.
 * Basilica of San Francesco (13th–14th centuries): built in Tuscan-Gothic style. Of the projected façade cover in sculpted stone only the lower band was completed. The interior has a single nave: the main attraction is The History of the True Cross fresco (1453–1464) cycle by Piero della Francesca in the Bacci Chapel. Under the church is another Basilica with a nave and two aisles (Basilica inferiore), today used for art exhibitions.
 * Basilica of San Domenico (founded in 1275 and completed in the early 14th century): the interior has a single nave with a Crucifix by Cimabue, a masterwork of 13th-century Italian art. Other artworks include a Sts. Philip and James the Younger and St. Catherine by Spinello Aretino and other 14th century painting and sculpture decorations.
 * Santissimi Annunziata
 * San Michele: this church has a modern façade. Traces of the original Romanesque edifice and the Gothic restoration can be seen in the interior.
 * Santa Maria in Gradi: this medieval church was initially built in the 11th or the 12th century, but reconstructed in the late 16th century by Bartolomeo Ammannati. The interior has a single nave with stone altars (17th century) and a Madonna of Misericordia, terracotta by Andrea della Robbia.
 * Church of St. Augustine: founded in 1257, modified in the late 15th and the late 18h centuries. The façade and the interior decoration are largely from Baroque times. The square plan bell tower is from the 15th century.
 * Badia delle Sante Flora e Lucilla (12th century): The abbey was built by Benedictine monks in the 12th century, it was totally restored in the 16th century under the direction of Giorgio Vasari. The octagonal bell tower is from 1650. The interior, in Mannerist style, has an illusionistic canvas depicting a false dome by Andrea Pozzo (1702). There are also a St. Lawrence fresco by Bartolomeo della Gatta (1476) and a Crucifix by Segna di Buonaventura (1319).
 * San Lorenzo: one of the most ancient of the city, having been built before the year 1000, most likely in Palaeo-Christian times. Rebuilt in the 13th century and restored in 1538, it was totally rebuilt in 1705. The apse exterior is in Romanesque style.
 * Santa Maria delle Grazie: a late Gothic sanctuary with a Renaissance portal by Benedetto da Maiano (1490). It has also a marble high altar by Andrea della Robbia including a pre-existing fresco by Parri di Spinello (1428–1431). The sanctuary was built over a font dedicated to Apollo, which was destroyed by San Bernardino of Siena in 1428, building an oratory in its place. The church was erected in 1435–1444 and has a chapel entitled to St. Bernardino.
 * Santa Maria a Gradi (1591): a monastery existing already in 1043. It has a Baroque interior, but with an altar by a collaborator of Andrea della Robbia.
 * Santissima Trinità: this church was built in 1348, it was totally renovated in 1723–1748 in Baroque style. It houses a 14th-century Crucifix, a banner painted by Giorgio Vasari in 1572, a painting of Noli me tangere by Alessandro Allori (1584) and other artworks.
 * Santa Maria Maddalena: built in 1561 over a pre-14th century structure. It houses a Madonna with Child (Madonna of the Rose) by Spinello Aretino, visible in the high altar (c. 1525) designed by Guillaume de Marcillat. It is now private property.
 * Pieve di San Paolo: erected as Palaeo-Christian baptismal church, rebuilt in the 8th-9th centuries and then rebuilt in Romanesque style in the 13th century. The bell tower is from the 14th-15th centuries. The entire church was again renovated after the 1796 earthquake. It has kept 15th-century frescoes by Lorentino d'Andrea and a cyborium. The transept entrance has granite columns with marble capitals from the 5th century AD.
 * Pieve di Sant'Eugenia al Bagnoro: documented from 1012, it was one of the most important pievi of the diocese during the Middle Ages. The presbytery area is from the 12th century, while the rest is from the 11th century. The bell tower, partially ruined, stands on one of the three apses.
 * Pieve di San Donnino a Maiano, at Palazzo del Pero (6th–9th centuries): documented from 1064, it replaced a Palaeo-Christian baptismal church. The frontal part was rebuilt in the 14th century. The apse has 15th century frescoes and a wooden Madonna with Child from the same age.

Others

 * Roman amphitheatre and museum
 * Palazzo dei Priori: erected in 1333, has been the seat of the city's magistratures until today. The edifice was numerous times restored and renovated; the interior has a court from the 16th century, a stone statue portraying a Madonna with Child (1339), frescoes, busts of illustrious Aretines, two paintings by Giorgio Vasari. The square tower is from 1337.
 * Medici Fortress (Fortezza Medicea): designed by Antonio da Sangallo the Younger and completed in 1538–1560. It was partly dismantled by the French in the early 19th century.
 * Palazzo Camaiani-Albergotti (14th century, renovated in the 16th century), with the Torre della Bigazza
 * Palazzo Bruni-Ciocchi: Renaissance edifice attributed to Bernardo Rossellino. It is seat of the State Museum of Medieval and Modern Art.
 * Palazzo Pretorio: which was seat of the People's Captain until 1290. The façade has coat of armas of the captains, podestà and commissaries of the city from 14th to 18th century. Only one of the two original towers remains.
 * House of Petrarch (Casa del Petrarca)
 * Casa Vasari (in Via XX Settembre): an older house rebuilt in 1547 by Giorgio Vasari and frescoed by him; now open as a museum, it also contains 16th-century archives. The main rooms were decorated by Vasari in an illusionist manner. The drawing room, where Vasare painted the life journey of an artist, with the artistic virtues protected by the gods of antiquite represented as heavenly bodies, is remarkable.
 * Ivan Bruschi House and Museum (Casa-Museo Ivan Bruschi)
 * Gaio Cilnio Mecenate Archeological Museum
 * Civic Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art
 * UnoAErre Jewelry Museum

Sports

 * Associazione Calcio Arezzo (A.C. Arezzo)
 * Vasari Rugby Arezzo
 * Club sommozzatori Calypso – Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee – Sez. Terr. Arezzo (diving)

Notable people

 * Margaritone d'Arezzo (c. 1250 – 1290), 13th-century painter
 * Giovanni Filippo Apolloni (1620–1688), 17th century poet and librettist
 * Pietro Aretino (1492–1556), author, playwright, poet and satirist, inventor of modern literary pornography
 * Roberto Benigni (born 1952), actor and director
 * Daniele Bennati (born 1980), cyclist
 * Fabio Bidini (born 1968), pianist
 * Mario Cassi (born 1973), baritone
 * Andrea Cesalpino (1524–1603), physician, botanist and philosopher
 * Guido d'Arezzo (c. 991–992 – after 1033), music theorist of the Middle Ages, inventor of modern music notation. He lived in Arezzo for many years, and possibly born there.
 * Piero della Francesca (1412–1492), painter. He spent most of his life in the city of Arezzo.
 * Bartolomeo di ser Gorello (1322/26 – c. 1390), author of the first town chronicle of Arezzo
 * Luc Ferrari (1929–2005), avant garde composer
 * Federico Luzzi (1980–2008), professional tennis player
 * Michelangelo (1475–1564), artist, born near the town
 * Negrita, rock band
 * Petrarch (1304–1374), poet
 * Poggio Bracciolini (1380–1459), artist, born near the town
 * Francesco Redi (1626–1697), 17th century physician
 * Dylan and Cole Sprouse (born 1992), American actors
 * Giorgio Vasari (1511–1574), painter, architect and biographer

Twin towns – sister cities
Arezzo is twinned with:

title: Arezzo


text:
Châlons (disambiguation)

Châlons may refer to:

France

 * Châlons-en-Champagne (formerly Châlons-sur-Marne), a town in Marne département
 * Camp de Châlons, a temporary firing range near the French town, set up to host events for the 1924 Paris Summer Olympics
 * Roman Catholic Diocese of Châlons, with its seat in Châlons-en-Champagne
 * Battle of Châlons (274), fought between the Roman Empire and the Gallic Empire
 * Battle of the Catalaunian Plains (451), also called the Battle of Châlons, fought between the Huns and the Romans
 * CO Châlons, a defunct football club from the town
 * Communauté d'agglomération de Châlons-en-Champagne, communauté d’agglomération centred on the town
 * Châlons-sur-Vesle, a village in the Marne département
 * Châlons-du-Maine, village in the Mayenne département
 * Chalon (formerly Châlons), a village in the Isère département

title: Châlons (disambiguation)


text:
William Clowes (printer)

William Clowes (1 January 1779 – 26 January 1847) was a British printer who developed the use of steam-powered printing presses in the industry. He founded the printing firm that became William Clowes Ltd. in London in 1803.

Clowes was born in Chichester, Sussex, the eldest son of schoolteachers William Clowes and Elizabeth (née Harraden) Clowes. His father died when William was an infant, and he became a printer's apprentice at the age of 10.

In 1803, he moved to London and founded his own business in October 1803 at 22 Villiers Street, with just one employee. Through his wife's cousin, William Winchester, Clowes was able to gain access to government printing work which enabled the firm to develop rapidly, moving to Northumberland Court in 1807.

In 1823, Clowes installed a steam-powered printing press designed by Applegarth and Edward Cowper. His factory adjoined the palace of Britain's wealthiest man, the Duke of Northumberland, who successfully instituted a court action for noise and pollution abatement. In 1827, the firm took over Applegarth's premises in Duke Street, Blackfriars, a site which became the largest printing works in the world, printing a wide variety of works and employing over 500 workers directly.

The development of powered presses by Clowes is credited with increasing levels of accuracy as well as speed of output, making printed material cheaper and more accessible. He was also an innovator in terms of working practices and in 1820, became one of the first employers to start a benevolent fund for this workforce. He was a leading figure in the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge.

Clowes married Mary Winchester, the niece of William Winchester, in 1804 and had four daughters and four sons with her. Three of his sons, William, Winchester and George, ran the business which had become William Clowes and Sons in 1839. In 1824, Clowes was made a freeman of Chichester. He died in Marylebone in January 1847, aged 68, and was buried in West Norwood Cemetery.

title: William Clowes (printer)


text:
David Bruce

David Bruce may refer to:

Entertainment

 * David Bruce (actor) (1914–1976), American film actor
 * David Bruce (composer) (born 1970), British composer
 * David Bruce (bridge) (1900–1965), American contract bridge player in the 1930s

Science

 * David Bruce (physician) (fl. 1660s), Scottish physician
 * David Bruce (microbiologist) (1855–1931), Scottish pathologist and microbiologist
 * David Bruce (naturalist) (1833–1903), Scottish-American natural history collector

Other

 * David II of Scotland (1324–1371), David Bruce, King of Scots, son of King Robert the Bruce
 * David Bruce (captain) (1816–1903), British master mariner
 * David Bruce (minister) (1824–1911), Presbyterian minister, journalist
 * David K. E. Bruce (1898–1977), American diplomat
 * David Bruce (brewer) (born 1948), British entrepreneur, founder of the Firkin Brewery pub chain
 * David Bruce (ice hockey) (born 1964), Canadian National Hockey League player
 * David Bruce (inventor) (1802–1892), American industrialist and inventor

title: David Bruce


text:
Talk:Soldier

Miscellaneous
Not all armies are "strictly hierarchal"; the early militia forces of the Spanish Republic in 1936/7, for example. -- Sam 12:43, 4 October 2002 (UTC)

"A soldier who no longer serves in the armed forces is called a veteran."

Isn't a Veteran simply a word for an experienced soldier, regardless of wether they are currently servering are not? -- User:Pod 17:04, 4 July 2004 (UTC)

(Over-)Emphasis
I think you overdid with the STRONG tags - but I won't change it. What do the next readers think? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.138.96.82 (talk • contribs) 06:22, 27 January 2005

มึงเคยรู้จักวิชาสงครามหรือเห็นวิชาสงครามรึเปล่า
จะดูเป็นเล่ม แล้วนอกเล่มคืออะหยังมันบอกไม่ต้องนับ ไม่ต้องนับคือโอกาศเจ็บ ตาย คือสงครามใหม เจ็บเท่าไหร่ ตายเท่าไหร่คนไทยกะ หลายที่นี่ คนโลกก้า 124.120.96.27 (talk) 01:38, 17 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Soldier


text:
George Gilbert Scott

Sir George Gilbert Scott (13 July 1811 – 27 March 1878), largely known as Sir Gilbert Scott, was a prolific English Gothic Revival architect, chiefly associated with the design, building and renovation of churches and cathedrals, although he started his career as a leading designer of workhouses. Over 800 buildings were designed or altered by him.

Scott was the architect of many notable buildings, including the Midland Grand Hotel at St Pancras Station, the Albert Memorial, and the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, all in London, St Mary's Cathedral, Glasgow, the main building of the University of Glasgow, St Mary's Cathedral in Edinburgh and King's College Chapel, London.

Life and career
Born in Gawcott, Buckingham, Buckinghamshire, Scott was the son of the Reverend Thomas Scott (1780–1835) and grandson of the biblical commentator Thomas Scott. He studied architecture as a pupil of James Edmeston and, from 1832 to 1834, worked as an assistant to Henry Roberts. He also worked as an assistant for his friend, Sampson Kempthorne, who specialised in the design of workhouses, a field in which Scott was to begin his independent career.

Early work
Scott's first work was built in 1833; it was a vicarage for his father in the village of Wappenham, Northamptonshire. It replaced the previous vicarage occupied by other relatives of Scott. Scott went on to design several other buildings in the village.

In about 1835, Scott took on William Bonython Moffatt as his assistant and later (1838–1845) as his partner. Over ten years or so, Scott and Moffatt designed more than forty workhouses in the wake of the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834. Their first churches were St Mary Magdalene at Flaunden, Bucks (1838, for Samuel King, Scott's uncle); St Nicholas, Newport, Lincoln (1839);  St John, Wall, Staffordshire (1839); and the Neo-Norman church of St Peter at Norbiton, Surrey (1841). They built Reading Gaol (1841–42) in a picturesque, castellated style.

Gothic Revival
Meanwhile, he was inspired by Augustus Pugin to participate in the Gothic Revival. While still in partnership with Moffat. he designed the Martyrs' Memorial on St Giles', Oxford (1841), and St Giles' Church, Camberwell (1844), both of which helped establish his reputation within the movement.

Commemorating three Protestants burnt during the reign of Queen Mary, the Martyrs' Memorial was intended as a rebuke to those very high church tendencies which had been instrumental in promoting the new authentic approach to Gothic architecture. St Giles' was in plan, with its long chancel, of the type advocated by the Ecclesiological Society: Charles Locke Eastlake said that "in the neighbourhood of London no church of its time was considered in purer style or more orthodox in its arrangement". It did, however, like many churches of the time, incorporate wooden galleries, not used in medieval churches and highly disapproved of by the high church ecclesiological movement.

In 1844 he received the commission to rebuild the Nikolaikirche in Hamburg (completed 1863), following an international competition. Scott's design had originally been placed third in the competition, the winner being one in a Florentine inspired style by Gottfried Semper, but the decision was overturned by a faction who favoured a Gothic design. Scott's entry had been the only design in the Gothic style.

In 1854 he remodelled the Camden Chapel in Camberwell, a project in which the critic John Ruskin took a close interest and made many suggestions. He added an apse, in a Byzantine style, integrating it to the existing plain structure by substituting a waggon roof for the existing flat ceiling.

Scott was appointed architect to Westminster Abbey in 1849, and in 1853 he built a Gothic terraced block adjoining the abbey in Broad Sanctuary. In 1858 he designed ChristChurch Cathedral, Christchurch, New Zealand which now lies partly ruined following the earthquake in 2011 and subsequent attempts by the Anglican Church authorities to demolish it. Demolition was blocked after appeals by the people of Christchurch, and in September 2017 the Christchurch Diocesan Synod announced that the cathedral would be reinstated.

The choir stalls at Lancing College in Sussex, which Scott designed with Walter Tower, were among many examples of his work that incorporated green men.

Later, Scott went beyond copying mediaeval English gothic for his Victorian Gothic or Gothic Revival buildings, and began to introduce features from other styles and European countries as evidenced in his Midland red-brick construction, the Midland Grand Hotel at London's St Pancras Station, from which approach Scott believed a new style might emerge.

In 1863, after restoration of the chapel at Sudeley Castle, the remains of Queen Catherine Parr were placed in a new neo-Gothic canopied tomb designed by Gilbert Scott and created by sculptor John Birnie Philip.

Between 1864 and 1876, the Albert Memorial, designed by Scott, was constructed in Hyde Park. It was a commission on behalf of Queen Victoria in memory of her husband, Prince Albert.

Scott advocated the use of Gothic architecture for secular buildings, rejecting what he called "the absurd supposition that Gothic architecture is exclusively and intrinsically ecclesiastical." He was the winner of a competition to design new buildings in Whitehall to house the Foreign Office and War Office. Before work began, however, the administration which had approved his plans went out of office. Palmerston, the new Prime Minister, objected to Scott's use of the Gothic, and the architect – after some resistance – drew up new plans in a more acceptable style.

Scott designed the memorial to Thomas Clarkson in Wisbech, where his brother Rev John Scott was vicar. The Clarkson Memorial was completed after his death under the direction of his son John in 1881.

Honours
Scott was awarded the RIBA's Royal Gold Medal in 1859. He was appointed an Honorary Liveryman of the Turners' Company; and on 9 August 1872 he was knighted, choosing the style Sir Gilbert Scott. He died in 1878 and is buried in Westminster Abbey.

A London County Council "blue plaque" (in fact brown) was placed in 1910 to mark Scott's residence at the Admiral's House on Admiral's Walk in Hampstead.

Family
Scott married Caroline Oldrid of Boston in 1838. Two of his sons George Gilbert Scott, Jr. (founder of Watts & Company in 1874) and John Oldrid Scott, and his grandson Giles Gilbert Scott, were also prominent architects. His third son, photographer, Albert Henry Scott (1844–65) died at the age of twenty-one; George Gilbert designed his funerary monument in St Peter's Church, Petersham, whilst he was living at The Manor House at Ham in Richmond. His fifth and youngest son was the botanist Dukinfield Henry Scott. He was also great-uncle of the architect Elisabeth Scott.

Pupils
Scott's success attracted a large number of pupils and many would go on to have successful careers of their own, not always as architects. Some notable pupils are as follows, their time in Scott's office shown after their name: Hubert Austin (1868), Joseph Maltby Bignell (1859–78), George Frederick Bodley (1845–56), Charles Buckeridge (1856–57), Somers Clarke (1865), William Henry Crossland (dates uncertain), C. Hodgson Fowler (1856–60), Thomas Garner (1856–61), Thomas Graham Jackson (1858–61), John T. Micklethwaite (1862–69), Benjamin Mountfort (1841–46), John Norton (1870–78), George Gilbert Scott, Jr. (1856–63), John Oldrid Scott (1858–78), J. J. Stevenson (1858–60), George Edmund Street (1844–49), and William White (1845–47).

Books

 * online texts for vols. I & II
 * online texts for vols. I & II
 * online texts for vols. I & II
 * online texts for vols. I & II
 * online texts for vols. I & II
 * online texts for vols. I & II

Additionally he wrote over forty pamphlets and reports. As well as publishing articles, letters, lectures and reports in The Builder, The Ecclesiologist, The Building News, The British Architect, The Civil Engineer's and Architect's Journal, The Illustrated London News, The Times and Transactions of the Royal Institute of British Architects.

Architectural work
His projects include:

Public buildings

 * Workhouse in Winslow, Buckinghamshire (1835)
 * Workhouses (1836) in: Amesbury, Wiltshire; Buckingham, Buckinghamshire; Kettering, Northamptonshire; Northampton, Northamptonshire; Oundle, Northamptonshire; Tiverton, Devon; Totnes, Devon; Towcester, Northamptonshire
 * Workhouse in Guildford, Surrey (1836–38)
 * Workhouses (1837) in: Bideford, Devon; Boston, Lincolnshire; Clutton, Somerset; Flax Bourton, Somerset; Gloucester, Gloucestershire; Liskeard, Cornwall; Newton Abbot, Devon; Hundleby, Lincolnshire; Tavistock, Devon
 * The workhouse in Loughborough, Leicestershire (1837–38)
 * Workhouses (1838) in: Amersham, Buckinghamshire; Belper, Derbyshire; Great Dunmow, Essex; Lichfield, Staffordshire; Mere, Wiltshire; Penzance, Cornwall; Redruth, Cornwall
 * Workhouse (1838); Williton, Somerset and 'sister design' Witham, Essex
 * Workhouses (1839) in: Billericay, Essex; Bedworth, Warwickshire; Edmonton, London; Louth, Lincolnshire; Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire; Old Windsor, Berkshire; St Austell, Cornwall; Uttoxeter, Staffordshire
 * Buckingham Gaol extension and alterations (1839) in: Buckingham, Buckinghamshire
 * The workhouse in Lutterworth, Leicestershire (1839–40)
 * School and Master's House, Hartshill, Stoke on Trent (1840)
 * Infant Orphan Asylum, Wanstead, Essex (1841–43)
 * Martyrs' Memorial, Oxford (1841–43)
 * Reading Gaol, Berkshire (1842–44)
 * Lunatic Asylum, Shelton, Shropshire (1843)
 * The workhouse, Macclesfield, Cheshire (1843)
 * Lunatic Asylum, Clifton, York (1845)
 * Lunatic Asylum, Wells, Somerset (1845)
 * Astbury School and Masters House Congleton (1848)
 * Christ Church School, Alsager, Cheshire (1848)
 * Brighton College, Sussex (1848–1866)
 * Sandbach School, Sandbach, Cheshire (1849)
 * School, Trefnant, Denbighshire (c. 1855)
 * School, Tysoe, Warwickshire (1856)
 * Literary Institution, Sandbach (1857)
 * Crimea War Memorial, Westminster School, Broad Sanctuary, Westminster (1858)
 * School, Ashley, Northamptonshire (1858)
 * The Vaughan Library, Harrow School, Middlesex (1861–63)
 * Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Whitehall, London (1861–1868)
 * Fitzroy Memorial Library, Lewes, East Sussex (1862)
 * Preston Town Hall, Lancashire (1862–67), destroyed by fire in 1947
 * Old Schools, Cambridge (1864–67)
 * Leeds General Infirmary (1864–67)
 * The Albert Memorial, London (1864–72); in the podium frieze, one of the images of architects, sculpted by John Birnie Philip shows Scott himself
 * Midland Grand Hotel, St Pancras Station, London (1865)
 * McManus Galleries – formerly the Albert Institute, Dundee (1865–69)
 * The School, Great Dunmow, Essex (1866)
 * Brill Swimming Baths, Brighton (1866–69), demolished 1929
 * Clifton Hampden Bridge, Oxfordshire (1867)
 * The library of the Grammar School (now Hall Cross School) in Doncaster (1868)
 * Market Cross, Helmsley, Yorkshire (1869)
 * School Nocton, Lincolnshire (1869)
 * Extension to Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford (1869–71)
 * Lincoln's Inn, London, Library extension (1870–72), New Chambers Block A (1873) and New Chambers Block B (1876–78)
 * The main building of the new campus of the University of Glasgow (1870), often called the Gilbert Scott Building
 * Savernake Hospital, Wiltshire (1871–72)
 * Gatehouse to Ramsgate Cemetery, Kent (1872)
 * The University Senate Hall, Mumbai University (1869–74)
 * The University Library and Rajabai Clock Tower, Mumbai University (1869–78)
 * The Clarkson Memorial in Wisbech. Scott first put forward designs in 1875, but work did not start until 1880. The eventual design was a slightly altered version of Scott's original design.

Domestic buildings

 * Vicarage, Wappenham, Northamptonshire (1833)
 * 16 High Street, Chesham, Buckinghamshire (1835)
 * Vicarage, Dinton, Buckinghamshire (1836)
 * Rectory, Weston Turville, Buckinghamshire (1838)
 * Parsonage, Blakesley, Northamptonshire (1839)
 * Parsonage, Hartshill, Stoke on Trent (1840)
 * Wanstead Infant Orphanage Asylum, London Borough of Redbridge (1841)
 * Seaman's Houses, Whitby, Yorkshire (1842)
 * Workers Houses, Hartshill, Stoke on Trent (1842–48)
 * Parsonage, Clifton Hampden, Oxfordshire (1843–46)
 * Trotter's almshouses, Ridge, Hertfordshire (1844) (with W.B. Moffatt)
 * Parsonage, Barnet, Hertford (1845)
 * Parsonage, St Mark's, Swindon (c. 1846)
 * Parsonage, Wembley, Middlesex (1846)
 * Parsonage, Weeton, North Yorkshire (c. 1852)
 * Houses Broad Sanctuary, Westminster (1852–54)
 * Parsonage, St Paul's, Cambridge (1853–54), now Cambridge Muslim College
 * Parsonage, St Mary's, Stoke Newington, London (c. 1855)
 * All Souls' Vicarage, Halifax, Yorkshire (c. 1856)
 * Cottages, Ilam, Staffordshire (c. 1857)
 * Almshouses, Hartshill, Stoke on Trent (1857)
 * Lanhydrock House, near Bodmin, Cornwall (1857) an Elizabethan mansion rebuilt after a fire, formal gardens assisted by Richard Coad
 * Parsonage, Kilkhampton, Cornwall (c. 1858)
 * The Vicarage, Leafield, Oxfordshire (1858)
 * Walton Hall, Warwickshire (1858)
 * Treverbyn Vean, St Neot, Cornwall (1858–62)
 * Parsonage, Ashley, Northamptonshire (1858)
 * Claydon House, Buckinghamshire (1859)
 * Parsonage, Bridge, Kent (c. 1859)
 * Vicarage, Ranmore Common, Surrey (c. 1859)
 * Kelham Hall, Nottinghamshire (1859–62)
 * Workers' housing at Akroydon, Halifax (1859)
 * Almshouses, Sandbach (1860)
 * Parsonage, Trefnant, Denbighshire (1860)
 * Lee Priory, Littlebourne, Kent, alterations and additions (1860–63) demolished
 * Rectory, Higham, Forest Heath, Suffolk (c. 1861)
 * Kingston Grange, Kingston St Mary, Somerset for Mr Perkins (c. 1861)
 * Parsonage, St Andrew's, Leicester (c. 1861)
 * Hartland Abbey (c.1851) supervised by Richard Coad, built by Pulsman of Barnstaple
 * Hafodunos, Llangernyw, North Wales (1861–1866)
 * Vicarage, Jarrom Street, Leicester (1862)
 * Nos 1,3 & 3a Dean's Yard, Westminster (1862)
 * Parsonage, Leith, Midlothian (1862)
 * Brownsover Hall, Warwickshire, date uncertain (c. 1860)
 * Two lodge houses at Great Barr Hall, near Birmingham (pre-1863)
 * The Master's House, St John's College, Cambridge (1863)
 * Parsonage, Christ Church, Ottershaw, Surrey (c. 1864)
 * Stony House, former Vicarage of St Mary the Virgin Church, London Road, Stony Stratford (1865)
 * Parsonage, St Luke's, Weaste, Lancashire (c. 1865)
 * Schools Master's House, Ashley, Northamptonshire (1865)
 * Almshouses, Winchcombe, Gloucestershire (1865)
 * Rectory, Tydd St Giles, Cambridgeshire (1868)
 * Vicarage, Higham Green, Suffolk
 * Parsonage, Mirfield, Yorkshire (1869)
 * Polwhele House, Truro, Cornwall, additions (c. 1870)
 * Vicarage, Hillesden, Buckinghamshire (1871)
 * St Mary's Homes, Godstone (1872)
 * Scott's Building, King's College, Cambridge (1873)
 * Parsonage, St Michael's, New Southgate, Middlesex (c. 1874)
 * Parsonage, St Saviour's, Leicester (1875)
 * Parsonage, Fulney, Lincolnshire (1877–80)
 * New Court, Pembroke College, Cambridge (1881)
 * Garboldisham Hall, Garboldisham, Norfolk (1822)

Church buildings

 * St Mark's Church, Ladywood (1840–41) (demolished 1947)
 * St Giles' Church, Camberwell, London (1841–44)
 * Christ Church, Bridlington (1840–41)
 * St Mary's Church, Hanwell, Middlesex (1841)
 * Holy Trinity, Hulme (1841)
 * St Peter's Church, Norbiton, Surrey (1841)
 * Holy Trinity Church, Hartshill, Stoke on Trent (1842)
 * St John the Baptist's Church, St John's, Woking, Surrey (1842)
 * St John the Baptist Church, Beeston, Nottinghamshire (1842)
 * St Michael and All Angels Church, Wood Green (1843)
 * St John the Baptist's Church, Leenside, Nottingham (1843–44)
 * Holy Trinity Church, Halstead, Essex (1843–44)
 * St John the Evangelist, West Meon, Hampshire (1843–46)
 * St Mark's Church, Worsley, Greater Manchester (1844–46)
 * St John the Evangelist, Wembley, Middlesex (1846)
 * St Matthias, Malvern Link, Worcestershire (1844–46)
 * St Mark's Church, Swindon (1845)
 * St Matthew’s Church, Donnington Wood, Telford, Shropshire (1845)
 * St Nikolai, Hamburg (1845–80), the tallest building in the world from 1874 to 1876
 * Memorial Chapel, Bromsgrove School
 * The Cathedral of St John the Baptist in St John's, Newfoundland (1847, construction overseen by apprentice William Hay)
 * St Mary the Virgin, Aylesbury (1848)
 * St Gregory's Church, Canterbury (1848)
 * St Paul's Church, Canterbury (1848)
 * St Cwyfan, Tudweiliog, Gwynedd (1849)
 * Christ Church, Swindon, Wiltshire (1851)
 * St Peter's Church, South Croydon (1851)
 * Emmanuel Church, Forest Gate, London (1852)
 * St John's Church, Eastnor, Herefordshire (1852) and Monument (1855)
 * All Saints' Church, Watford, Hertfordshire (1853)
 * St Paul's Episcopal Cathedral, Dundee (1853) (cathedral since 1905)
 * St Mary's Church, West Derby, Liverpool (1853–6)
 * All Saints' Church, Sherbourne, Warwick (1854)
 * Christ Church, Lee Park, Kent (1854) (bombed 1941, demolished 1944)
 * St John the Evangelist, Shirley, Surrey (1854)
 * Holy Trinity Church, Coventry (1854)
 * St Paul's Church, Chippenham (1854–55)
 * Chapel of Exeter College, Oxford (1854–60)
 * Holy Trinity Church, Trefnant (1855)
 * St John's Church, Bilton, Harrogate (1855)
 * St Mary, Hayes, Kent (alterations) (1856–62)
 * St Peter, Bushley, Worcestershire: roof (1856)
 * St Mary, Tedstone Delamere, Herefordshire: chancel (1856–57)
 * St George's Minster, Doncaster (1858)
 * St Mary New Church, Stoke Newington (1858)
 * St Matthias Church, Richmond, London (1858)
 * All Souls Church, Halifax (1859)
 * St Thomas's Church, Huddersfield (1859)
 * St Michael and All Angels Church, Leafield, Oxfordshire (1859–60)
 * St Matthew's Church, Stretton, Cheshire (1859 and 1867)
 * St Matthew's Church, Yiewsley, Hillingdon (1859)
 * St Mary, Edvin Loach, Herefordshire (?1860)
 * Christ Church, Wanstead, Essex (1861)
 * St Stephen's Church, Higham Green, Suffolk (1861)
 * St John the Evangelist, Sandbach Heath (1861)
 * All Saints' Church, Hawkhurst, Kent (1861)
 * St Andrews, Jarrom Street, Leicester (1862)
 * The Hereford Screen (1862), choir screen from Hereford Cathedral, now restored and in the Victoria and Albert Museum, London
 * Chapel of Wellington College, Berkshire (1861–63)
 * All Saints' Church, Langton Green, Kent (1862–63)
 * St Barnabas' Church, Bromborough, Merseyside (1862–64)
 * St Andrew's Hospital Chapel, Northampton (1863)
 * St John the Evangelist, Taunton (1863)
 * St Clement's Church, Barnsbury (1864–65) (closed 1976 and converted into flats)
 * St Andrew's Church, Derby (1864–67)
 * St Andrew's Church, Uxbridge (1865)
 * St John the Baptist, Penshurst (1865)
 * St Luke's Church, Pendleton (1865)
 * St Stephen & St Mark, Lewisham (1865)
 * St Mary's Church, Shackleford, Surrey (1865)
 * St Edmund's Church, Salisbury: restoration including rebuilding of chancel (1865–67) (now an arts centre)
 * St Denys Church, Southampton (1868)
 * St Stephen's Church, Higham Green, Suffolk (1868)
 * St James' Church, Cradley, Herefordshire Chancel (1868)
 * Holy Trinity Church, Shanghai (1866–69)
 * St Peter's Church, Edensor, Derbyshire (1867–70)
 * St Mary's Church, Mirfield (1869–1871)
 * Ramsgate Cemetery Chapel, Kent (1869)
 * All Saints' church, Ryde, Isle of Wight (1872)
 * St Thomas of Canterbury Church, Chester (1872)
 * St Peter and St Paul, Priory Church Leominster, Herefordshire Quatrefoil piers (1872–79)
 * The Cathedral Church of St Mary the Virgin, Glasgow (1873)
 * St Thomas, Green Hammerton, N. Yorkshire, 1874-6
 * Christ Church, Bradford-on-Avon (additions) (1875)
 * St Saviour's Church, Leicester (1875–77)
 * All Souls, Blackman Lane, Leeds (1879) – his last work, a large lancet-style church
 * St Mary The Virgin, Speldhurst, Kent (1879)
 * St Michael and St George Cathedral, Grahamstown (tower and spire completed in 1879)
 * St Paul's Church, Low Fulney, Spalding, Lincolnshire (completed 1880)
 * St Michael, Stourport-on-Severn, Worcestershire: designed (1875), started (1881) by son John Oldrid Scott, never finished and partly demolished
 * ChristChurch Cathedral, Christchurch, New Zealand
 * St John the Baptist Church, Busbridge, Godalming, Surrey
 * St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh (Episcopal)
 * St Mary's Church, Mirfield, West Yorkshire
 * St Mary, Timsbury, Somerset
 * St Nicholas's, Newport, Lincoln, Lincolnshire
 * St Peter's Church, Elworth, Cheshire
 * Christ The Saviour, Ealing, London
 * Christ Church, Ramsgate, Kent
 * St Lawrence's Church, St Lawrence, Isle of Wight (1878)

Churches
Scott was involved in major restorations of medieval church architecture, all across England.
 * Church of St Peter and St Paul, Buckingham, Buckinghamshire
 * All Saints' Church, Hillesden, Buckinghamshire (1874–75)
 * Church of St Mary the Less, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire (1856–57)
 * St John the Baptist Church, Upton Bishop, Herefordshire (1862)
 * St Mary's Church, Halton, Cheshire (1852)
 * St Peter's Church, Prestbury, Cheshire (1879–1881)
 * St Mary's Church, Sandbach, Cheshire (1847)
 * St Cuthbert's Church, Darlington, County Durham (1864-5)
 * Church of St Mary and All Saints, Chesterfield, Derbyshire (1843)
 * Church of St John the Baptist, Danbury, Essex (1866–67)
 * St Mary Abbots, Kensington, Greater London (1872)
 * St Margaret's Church, Westminster, Greater London (1877–78)
 * Church of St John the Baptist, Aconbury, Herefordshire (1863)
 * St Leonard's Church, Yarpole, Herefordshire (1864)
 * St Mary's Church, Bishopsbourne, Kent (1871)
 * St Paul's Church, Canterbury, Kent (1860s)
 * St Wulfram's Church, Grantham, Lincolnshire (1866–75)
 * All Saints' Church, Winterton, Lincolnshire (1867)
 * Church of St Mary and St Nicholas, Spalding, Lincolnshire (1865-7)
 * All Saints' Church, East Winch, Norfolk
 * St Margaret's Church, King's Lynn, Norfolk (1875)
 * St Peter's Church, Northampton, Northamptonshire (1849-1851)
 * St Andrew's Church, Spratton, Northamptonshire (1847)
 * Church of St Mary Magdalene, Newark-on-Trent, Nottinghamshire (1850s)
 * St Mary's Church, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire (1850s)
 * Church of St Mary Magdalene, Duns Tew, Oxfordshire (1861–62)
 * All Saints' Church, Oakham, Rutland (1857–1858)
 * Church of St John the Baptist, Glastonbury, Somerset (1850s)
 * Church of St Mary, Orchardleigh, Somerset (1878)
 * Church of St Editha, Tamworth, Staffordshire (1850s)
 * St Mary's Church, Temple Balsall, Warwickshire (1849)
 * Church of St John the Baptist, Bromsgrove, Worcestershire (1858)
 * St Mary's Church, Kingston upon Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire (1861–63)
 * Chantry Chapel of St Mary the Virgin, Wakefield, West Yorkshire (1842)

Cathedrals
Additionally, Scott designed the Mason and Dixon monument in York Minster (1860), prepared plans for the restoration of Bristol Cathedral in 1859 and Norwich Cathedral in 1860 neither of which resulted in a commission, and designed a pulpit for Lincoln Cathedral in 1863.
 * Ely Cathedral (1847–78)
 * Gloucester Cathedral (1854–76)
 * Peterborough Cathedral (1855–60)
 * Coventry Cathedral (1855–57)
 * Hereford Cathedral east side (1855–63)
 * Lichfield Cathedral (1855–61 & 1877–81)
 * Wakefield Cathedral (1858–60, 1865–69 and 1872–74)
 * Durham Cathedral (1859 and 1874–76)
 * Brecon Cathedral (1860–62 & 1872–75)
 * Canterbury Cathedral (1860 & 1877–80)
 * Chichester Cathedral (1861–67 & 1872)
 * Ripon Cathedral (1862–72)
 * St Edmundsbury Cathedral (1863–64 & 1867–69)
 * Worcester Cathedral (1863–64, 1868 & 1874)
 * St David's Cathedral, St Davids, Wales (1864–76)
 * Salisbury Cathedral (1865–71)
 * St Asaph Cathedral (1866–69 & 1871)
 * Newcastle Cathedral (1867–71 & 1872–76)
 * Chester Cathedral (1868–75)
 * Exeter Cathedral (1869–70)
 * Christ Church, Oxford east wall of choir (1870–72 & 1874–76)
 * Rochester Cathedral (1871–74)
 * St Albans Cathedral (1871–80)
 * Manchester Cathedral (c. 1872)
 * Winchester Cathedral (1875)

Abbeys, priories and collegiate churches

 * St Mary's Church, Stafford, 1842–45
 * Beverley Minster 1844, 1866–68, 1877
 * Westminster Abbey, 1848–78
 * Dorchester Abbey, 1858, 1862, 1874
 * King's College, Cambridge, 1859–63, 1875
 * Bath Abbey, 1860–77
 * Pershore Abbey, 1861–64, 1867
 * St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, 1863
 * Chapel of St James the Great, Lord Leycester Hospital, Warwick, 1863
 * Great Malvern Priory, c. 1864
 * Boxgrove Priory, 1864–67
 * Priory Church, Leominster, 1864–66, 1876–78
 * Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey, 1865–66
 * Selby Abbey, 1872–74
 * Tewkesbury Abbey, 1874–79
 * Bridlington Priory, 1875–80

Other restoration work
Scott restored the Inner Gateway (also known as the Abbey Gateway) of Reading Abbey in 1860–61 after its partial collapse. St Mary's of Charity in Faversham, which was restored (and transformed, with an unusual spire and unexpected interior) by Scott in 1874, and Dundee Parish Church, and designed the chapels of Exeter College, Oxford, St John's College, Cambridge and King's College, London. He also designed St Paul's Cathedral, Dundee.

Lichfield Cathedral's ornate West Front was extensively renovated by Scott from 1855 to 1878. He restored the cathedral to the form he believed it took in the Middle Ages, working with original materials where possible and creating imitations when the originals were not available. It is recognised as some of his finest work.

In 1854 Gilbert Scott began a restoration of Sudeley Castle "working on the western side of the inner court in the style of the existing Medieval and Elizabethan buildings" and subsequently began the restoration of St Mary's chapel, with the assistance of John Drayton Wyatt.

title: George Gilbert Scott