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Grand Forks, North Dakota

Grand Forks is the 3rd most populous city in the U.S. state of North Dakota (after Fargo and Bismarck) and the county seat of Grand Forks County. According to the 2020 census, the city's population was 59,166. Grand Forks, along with its twin city of East Grand Forks, Minnesota, forms the center of the Grand Forks, ND-MN Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is often called Greater Grand Forks or the Grand Cities.

Located on the western banks of the north-flowing Red River of the North, in a flat region known as the Red River Valley, the city is prone to flooding. The Red River Flood of 1997 devastated the city. Originally called Les Grandes Fourches by French fur traders from Canada, who had long worked and lived in the region, steamboat captain Alexander Griggs platted a community after being forced to winter there. The post office was established in 1870, and the town was incorporated on February 22, 1881. The city was named for its location at the fork of the Red River and the Red Lake River.

Initially dependent on local agriculture, the city's economy has since broadened to include a wide variety of industries, including higher education, defense, health care, manufacturing, food processing, and scientific research. Grand Forks is served by Grand Forks International Airport and Grand Forks Air Force Base. The city's University of North Dakota is the oldest institution of higher education in the state. The Alerus Center and Ralph Engelstad Arena host athletic and other events, while the Empire Arts Center and Chester Fritz Auditorium are the city's largest cultural venues.

History

Prior to settlement by Europeans, the area where the city developed, at the forks of the Red River and Red Lake River for thousands of years, had been an important meeting and trading point for Native Americans. Early French explorers, fur trappers, and traders called the area Les Grandes Fourches, meaning "The Grand Forks". By the 1740s, French fur trappers relied on Les Grandes Fourches as an important trading post. This was French colonial territory.

The United States acquired the territory from British Rupert's Land with the Treaty of 1818, but indigenous tribes dominated the area until the late 19th century. After years of warfare, the United States made treaties to extinguish the land claims of the Ojibwe and other Native American peoples. When a U.S. post office was established on the site on June 15, 1870, the name was changed to the English "Grand Forks". Alexander Griggs, a steamboat captain, is regarded as "The Father of Grand Forks". Griggs' steamboat froze in the Red River on a voyage in late 1870, forcing the captain and his crew to spend the winter camping at Grand Forks. Griggs platted a community in 1875, and Grand Forks was officially incorporated on February 22, 1881.

Thousands of settlers were attracted to the Dakota Territory in the 1870s and 1880s for its cheap land, and the population began to rise. Many established small family farms, but some investors bought thousands of acres for bonanza farms, where they supervised the cultivation and harvesting of wheat as a commodity crop. The city grew quickly after the arrival of the Great Northern Railway in 1880 and the Northern Pacific Railway in 1887. In 1883, the University of North Dakota was established, six years before North Dakota was admitted as an independent state born from the Dakota Territory. During the first half of the 20th century, new residential neighborhoods were developed south and west of downtown Grand Forks. In the 1920s, the state-owned North Dakota Mill and Elevator was constructed on the city's north side.

In 1954, Grand Forks was chosen as the site for an Air Force base. Grand Forks Air Force Base brought thousands of new jobs and residents to the community. The military base and the University of North Dakota became integral to the city's economy. With construction of federal highways, during the postwar years residential and business development became suburbanized, spreading to new areas as land was available. Interstate 29 was built on the western side of the city, and two enclosed shopping malls—South Forks Plaza and Columbia Mall—were built on the south side.

The Red River had a history of seasonal flooding, aggravated by the broad ancient lake bed that formed the Red River Valley. The 1997 Red River flood caused extensive damage in the city. Fargo was upstream from the bulk of the flood waters that season, and Winnipeg had built an extensive system of flood control structures in the 1960s. In 1997, Grand Forks suffered the most damage of any major city in the Red River Valley. During the height of the flooding, a major fire destroyed 11 buildings in the downtown area. The government began developing a new levee system to protect the city, which was completed 10 years later. It required the relocation of numerous residents, as some neighborhoods were emptied for this construction.

The floodplain bordering the Red River was later converted into a large park known as the Greater Grand Forks Greenway. This provided new recreation space for city residents on both sides of the river, as well as space for future floodwaters to be absorbed naturally by trees and other plants, without damage to infrastructure.

New public and private developments have continued to expand Grand Forks's footprint since the 1997 flood. Two new, large sports venues opened in 2001: the Alerus Center and the Ralph Engelstad Arena. Six years later, the Winnipeg-based Canad Inns hotel chain added a 13-story hotel and waterpark connected to the Alerus Center. Grand Forks also surpassed pre-flood level population, area employment, and taxable sales in 2007.

Geography
Grand Forks is 74 mi north of the Fargo-Moorhead area and 145 mi south of Winnipeg, Manitoba. Grand Forks is on the western bank of the Red River of the North in an area known as the Red River Valley. The term "forks" refers to the forking of the Red River with the Red Lake River near downtown Grand Forks. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 20.09 sqmi, of which 19.91 sqmi is land and 0.18 sqmi is water. Since it is in one of the flattest parts of the world, the city has few differences in elevation. There are no lakes within the city limits of Grand Forks, but the meandering Red River and the English Coulee flow through the community and provide some break in the terrain.

The Red River Valley is the result of an ancient glacier carving its way south during the last ice age. Once the glacier receded, it formed a glacial lake called Lake Agassiz. The valley is formed from the ancient lake bed. The ancient beaches can still be seen as rolling hills west of the city.

Cityscape
Grand Forks has several distinct neighborhoods. The area adjacent to the Red River developed first; this is where some of the oldest neighborhoods, including the downtown area, can be found. The area between downtown and the University of North Dakota campus was another early growth area, and historic properties can be found here, as well.

Downtown Grand Forks contains many recognized historic buildings. It is the governmental center of the city and county. It is also used as a gathering place for large community events and festivals. A farmer's market takes place every Saturday from mid-June to mid-September in the Town Square at the corner of 3rd Street S. and DeMers Avenue.

In 2006, city leaders and developers announced plans to convert older office buildings into high-end condos and apartments, and to construct new buildings for the same purpose to provide for residents downtown. Directly south of downtown, the streets of the Near Southside Historic District are lined with classic houses. Reeves Drive was once one of the city's most fashionable neighborhoods. It has many historic mansions exhibiting several unique architectural styles. This neighborhood has areas of original granitoid paving, several historic churches, and Lincoln Drive Park. The Near Southside neighborhood has been designated as a "national historic district" and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

The newer neighborhoods of Grand Forks developed in the city's southern and western parts. The 32nd Avenue South corridor has been the commercial center of the city since 1978, when the Columbia Mall opened. Many big box stores and restaurants are now along the avenue. A large strip mall, called the Grand Forks Marketplace, opened in 2001 near the Columbia Mall.

University Village is a new commercial district built on vacant lands owned by the University of North Dakota. The centerpiece of the Village is the Ralph Engelstad Arena, used by the university's North Dakota men's ice hockey team. All the buildings in the village have been built in a style similar style to those on the nearby UND campus. Restaurants and retail stores, as well as the university bookstore, were developed in the area to stimulate community life. In 2006, the university opened a new wellness center for its students on the village's west side.

Climate
Due to its location in the Great Plains and its distance from both mountains and oceans, Grand Forks has a strongly humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb), USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 4a. It has four very distinct seasons and great variation in temperatures over very short periods of time. Its location in the flat Red River Valley makes the city susceptible to spring flooding from the Red River of the North, and year-round windy conditions.

As there are no nearby mountain ranges or bodies of water to ameliorate the climatic conditions, Grand Forks lies exposed to numerous weather systems, including bitterly cold Arctic high pressure systems. The city has long, very cold, and snowy winters. Summers are often warm to hot and often quite humid with frequent thunderstorms. Although warm weather normally ends soon after Labor Day, a few warm days sometimes occur as late as October. Spring and autumn are short and highly variable seasons. Record temperature extremes range from -43 F on January 11, 1912, to 109 F on July 12, 1936.

The daily mean temperatures of the Grand Forks winters are associated with subarctic climates with frequent subzero temperatures. Due to the extended warm period of daily means above 50 F from May to September, the city's climate is still classified within the humid continental temperature range. Although its summers are warm, Grand Forks has experienced subfreezing temperatures in all 12 months.

2020 census
As of the 2020 census, there were 59,166 people, 25,446 households, and 12,305 families residing in the city. There were 27,718 housing units.

2010 census
As of the 2010 census, there were 52,838 people, 22,260 households, and 11,275 families residing in the city. The population density was 2653.8 PD/sqmi. There were 23,449 housing units at an average density of 1177.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 89.7% White, 2.0% African American, 2.9% Native American, 2.2% Asian (0.72% Bhutanese, 0.67% Chinese, 0.4% Indian, 0.36% Filipino), 0.7% from other races, and 2.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.8% of the population.

There were 22,260 households, of which 24.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.3% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 49.3% were non-families. 34.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.87.

The median age in the city was 28.4 years. 18.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 24.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.1% were from 25 to 44; 21.7% were from 45 to 64; and 10.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 51.2% male and 48.8% female.

2000 census
As of the 2000 census, there were 49,321 people, 19,677 households, and 11,058 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,563.0 PD/sqmi. There were 20,838 housing units at an average density of 1,082.8 /sqmi.

The city's racial makeup was 93.4% White, 0.9% African American, 2.8% Native American, 1.0% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.6% from other races, and 1.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.9% of the population. The top six ancestry groups were Norwegian (36.4%), German (34.7%), Irish (10.6%), French (6.5%), Polish (6.2%), English (6.1%). There were 21.4% of the population under the age of 18, 22.9% from 18 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 18.3% from 45 to 64, and 9.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.2 males.

Of the 19,677 households, 28.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.2% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.8% were non-families. 31.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.3 and the average family size was 3.0. The median income for a household in the city was $34,194, and the median income for a family was $47,491. Males had a median income of $30,703 versus $21,573 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,395. About 9.3% of families and 14.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.6% of those under age 18 and 7.7% of those age 65 or over.

Economy
The economy of Grand Forks is not dominated by any one industry or sector. While agriculture continues to play a role in the area's economy, the city of Grand Forks now has a relatively diverse economy that includes public and private employers in sectors such as education, defense, health care, manufacturing, and food processing. The state and federal governments are two of the largest employers in the Grand Forks area. The University of North Dakota, in the heart of the city, is the largest employer in the metropolitan area. Grand Forks Air Force Base, just west of the city, employs a large number of civilian workers in addition to its military personnel. Altru Health System is the largest private employer in Grand Forks.

Largest employers
According to the City's 2022 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the largest employers in the city are:

Major manufacturers in Grand Forks include wind turbine manufacturer LM Wind Fiber and light aircraft manufacturer Cirrus Design. Major food producers include potato processor J. R. Simplot Company and the state-owned North Dakota Mill and Elevator, the nation's largest flour mill. SEI Information Technologies both operate call centers in Grand Forks. Other large private employers in the city include the locally owned Alerus Financial branch of banks, Home of Economy, and the locally owned Hugo's chain of supermarkets.

The retail and service sector is also an important part of the economy. The historic center of shopping in Grand Forks was the downtown area. Today, downtown is home to small shops, bars, and restaurants. The south end of Grand Forks has become another major retail district, with three large shopping centers. The oldest, Grand Cities Mall, is on South Washington Street and contains small, locally owned stores and two churches. With about 70 stores, the city's largest indoor mall is Columbia Mall. The newest major shopping center is the Grand Forks Marketplace power center mall, which features three big box retailers and several smaller stores. Due to its proximity to Canada, the Greater Grand Forks area attracts many shoppers from Manitoba.

Economic development
The city government is involved in the economic development process, helping firms grow and attracting new firms. A portion of sales tax revenues is set aside for this, some going into the Grand Forks Growth Fund. Companies can request low-interest loans or grants from this fund provided they meet certain criteria, such as paying a relatively high wage and doing most of their business outside the city's trade region. The city also contributes to the Grand Forks Region Economic Development Corporation (EDC), a public-private organization that receives funding from banks and other major businesses. The EDC plays a consulting role for businesses, such as identifying suitable sites for expansion or assembling public funding packages. Its other key role is to vet businesses to see if they are suitable for funding by the Growth Fund.

Community leaders have long seen UND as an "economic engine" for the city. Besides its regular faculty, it also has business-like components such as the Energy and Environmental Research Center. UND hosts a technology incubator called the Center for Innovation. More recently, the University has been working to commercialize its research. A major thrust in that direction is the construction of a research park on the western fringes of the campus. Another potential economic opportunity for the city is the addition of the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) mission to Grand Forks Air Force Base.

Arts and theatre
Due at least in part to the presence of the University of North Dakota, Grand Forks offers a variety of arts and cultural events. The North Dakota Museum of Art, on the UND campus, brings many nationally touring exhibits to Grand Forks as well as the work of regional artists. In addition to the Museum of Art, UND offers other gallery space for student art. UND also has Theater Arts and Music departments. Students stage theater productions each year at the Burtness Theater on campus. UND's Chester Fritz Auditorium also brings music and theater events to Grand Forks, including national touring companies of Broadway musicals.

The Greater Grand Forks Symphony Orchestra has been performing since 1905 and the Grand Forks Master Chorale was formed in 1983. Both groups stage productions each year at various locations in the community. The North Dakota Ballet Company is headquartered in Grand Forks and often performs at the Chester Fritz Auditorium. The Grand Forks City Band was formed in 1886 and still stages shows year round.

The Empire Arts Center, in downtown Grand Forks, is home to several cultural events throughout the year. The Empire, a 1919 movie theater, was restored after the Flood of 1997 and now includes performance space, a large movie screen, a gallery, and space for artists. The Fire Hall Theatre, also downtown, is used by community members to put on several theater productions each year. The Summer Performing Arts Company (SPA) is a popular summer arts program for area K–12 students. SPA stages three major musicals mid-July. The Myra Museum, on Belmont Road near the Greater Grand Forks Greenway, is a small history museum with exhibits that trace local history from the Ice Age, through settlement, and into the modern age. Other buildings on the Myra Museum grounds include the original 1868 Grand Forks Post Office, a 1917 one room school, and the historic Campbell House.

Sports

College sports are popular in Grand Forks, with an intense following for the University of North Dakota. The UND men's ice hockey team competes in the NCAA Division I level and has been the Frozen Four championship team eight times and the runner-up five times. The UND football team was the 2001 NCAA Division II champion and the 2003 runner-up. In 2006, the university announced that it would be moving its entire athletic program to Division I.

Grand Forks is home to two major indoor athletic arenas. The city-owned Alerus Center opened in 2001. The Alerus Center is home to the University of North Dakota football team and also plays host to a variety of other events including major concerts. The Alerus Center is the largest arena and convention center complex in the upper Midwest area. The University of North Dakota hockey teams compete in the Ralph Engelstad Arena, in the University Village district of the UND campus. "The Ralph", as it is commonly called, was funded by UND benefactor Ralph Engelstad and opened in 2001 at a cost of over $100 million. Adjacent to the Ralph Engelstad Arena is the smaller Betty Engelstad Sioux Center. "The Betty" is the home of the University of North Dakota basketball and volleyball teams.

Recreation
The Grand Forks Park District, established in 1905, operates 14 neighborhood parks, 28 tennis courts, 2 swimming pools, and 3 splash parks. The parks include features such as playgrounds, baseball fields, softball fields, soccer fields, basketball courts, tennis courts, and picnic areas. Sertoma Park includes a Japanese garden. The Park District also operates eleven outdoor skating rinks and indoor ice arenas: Purpur Arena, Eagles Arena, Blueline Club Arena,Gambucci Arena, Rydell Arena, and Judd arena. The district also owns the Choice Health & Fitness.

There are several golf courses in the city and the surrounding area. The Park District operates the 18-hole, Arnold Palmer-designed, links style King's Walk Golf Course and the historic, 9-hole Lincoln Golf Course. The University of North Dakota operated the 9-hole Ray Richards Golf Course. However were forced to sell the course in 2016 leaving it abandoned but reopened in 2020. The 18-hole Grand Forks Country Club is directly south of the city. There are also golf courses in nearby East Grand Forks, Minnesota and Manvel, North Dakota.

The Greater Grand Forks Greenway is a large park that runs the length of the Red River in the city. It includes an extensive path system, large festival grounds, ski trails, and wildflower gardens. Including the Greenway, the Andrew Hampsten Bikeway System in Grand Forks is over 43 mi long. These paths are in The Greenway, next to major streets, and on the banks of the English Coulee. There are also two pedestrian/bicycle bridges that span the Red River, connecting Grand Forks' and East Grand Forks' paths.

University Park is one of the parks with an adjacent school, West Elementary School (1949), which was deliberately sited there to help serve the students' recreational and exercise needs.

Government

Grand Forks has a mayor-council government. The mayor, who is elected every four years, oversees the administration of city government and works directly with department heads to ensure the proper provision of services. The mayor of Grand Forks is former NHL hockey player and real estate developer Brandon Bochenski. Bochenski defeated Michael Brown in the June 9, 2020, mayoral election. Brown served as mayor from 2000 to 2020.

The city is divided into seven wards, with each ward electing a council member to a four-year term. The council meets twice a month and its two main committees, the Finance/Development Committee and Service/Safety Committee, each meet twice a month. All these meetings are broadcast on a local cable channel.

Crime
According to the Uniform Crime Report statistics compiled by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in 2022, there were 173 violent crimes and 1,734 property crimes per 100,000 residents. Of these, the violent crimes consisted of 2 murders, 31 forcible rapes, 19 robberies and 121 aggravated assaults, while 318 burglaries, 1,287 larceny-thefts, 126 motor vehicle thefts and 3 acts of arson defined the property offenses.

Higher education
The University of North Dakota (UND), the state's oldest university and home to its only schools of medicine and law, is at Grand Forks. UND is known for its John D. Odegard School of Aerospace Sciences, which includes an Air Traffic Control Training program that in October 2009 the FAA ranked No.1 in the nation for the second consecutive year. UND and North Dakota State University make up the Red River Valley Research Corridor.

Northland Community and Technical College, a two-year school, is across the Red River in East Grand Forks. The University of Minnesota Crookston is in nearby Crookston, Minnesota.

Primary and secondary schools
The Grand Forks Public Schools system includes the Grand Forks and Grand Forks Air Force Base school districts. Enrollment is about 7,400. There is one singular Head Start program, ten elementary schools, a combined elementary and middle school (Twining), three middle schools (Schroeder, South, and Valley), two high schools (Central High and Red River High), an alternative high school, and an adult education program. Grand Forks Public Schools is governed by a nine-member board of elected representatives, separate from the city and county governments.

There are several primary schools that are not part of the public school system, including the state-operated North Dakota School for the Blind. There are two Catholic schools offering classes from kindergarten through sixth grade. The only private high school in the metropolitan area is Sacred Heart High School, a Catholic school, in East Grand Forks. There is a non-denominational Christian elementary and middle school in East Grand Forks.

Six of the city's Mid-Century Modern-style schools were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2020 for their architecture.

Media

The Grand Forks Herald is the major daily newspaper serving Grand Forks and the second most widely circulated newspaper in North Dakota with a daily circulation of around 31,000. The Exponent is a weekly newspaper published in East Grand Forks, Minnesota. The University of North Dakota also has its own student-published newspaper called The Dakota Student, which is published twice weekly during the school year.

The major AM radio station in Grand Forks is KNOX 1310, which is a news and talk station, also heard at 107.9 FM. Nonprofit KWTL 1370 AM broadcasts Catholic programming, also heard at 92.5 FM. Other commercial AM radio stations include sports station KKXL-AM 1440; classic rock station KGFK 1590, also heard at 95.7 FM; and news/talk KROX 1260, also heard at 92.1 FM. The city's FM stations include NPR affiliates KUND-FM 89.3, KFJM 90.7, KQMN 91.5, and KNTN 102.7. Other nonprofit FM stations include K-Love's K237ER 95.3; and 3ABN's KOBT-LP 101.3. Commercial FM stations include active rock station KJKJ 107.5; top 40/CHR stations KKXL-FM 92.9 and KZGF 94.7; country stations KSNR 100.3 and KYCK 97.1; adult contemporary station KZLT-FM 104.3; contemporary Christian music station KKEQ (K285BG) 104.9, and classic hits station KQHT 96.1.

Grand Forks is part of the Fargo television market, covering eastern North Dakota and western Minnesota. Major television affiliates include WDAZ-TV (ABC), K30LR-D (CBS), KBRR-TV (FOX) and KVLY-TV (NBC).

Public transit
The city maintains a bus system, Cities Area Transit (CAT). It has operated since 1926, when it was introduced to replace an earlier streetcar system. There are 12 bus routes, including night service and service in East Grand Forks.

Intercity bus service to the city is provided by Jefferson Lines.

Rail
The BNSF Railway runs track in several directions in and around the city. Amtrak passenger service on the Empire Builder line heads westbound daily at 5:34 am and eastbound daily at 2:10 am. The Empire Builder stops at the Grand Forks Amtrak station.

Air
Grand Forks International Airport (GFK, KGFK) is served by Delta Air Lines with several daily round trips to Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport and by Allegiant Air, which operates flights a few times a week to Mesa, Arizona (Phoenix-Gateway), Sanford, Florida (Orlando-Sanford), and Las Vegas, Nevada. A passenger terminal completed in 2011 allows more passengers to come through the airport, improves circulation, has a baggage claim and addresses security and safety concerns. The airport was a major distribution center for FedEx, which conducts flights daily within the state and northern Minnesota, until FedEx moved its flight operations to Fargo in 2016. The airport is one of the busiest in the country, due in large measure to the presence of UND's John D. Odegard School of Aerospace Sciences.

Streets and roads
Within the city, roads that run north to south are generally called "streets" and roads that run east to west are generally called "avenues". Streets are numbered in blocks west of the Red River. Avenues are numbered in blocks north or south of DeMers Avenue, the city's historic dividing route next to the railyards.

Three federal highways pass through Grand Forks: U.S. Route 2, Interstate 29, and U.S. Route 81. U.S. Highway 2, known as Gateway Drive in the city, runs east to west through the northern part of town and is a four-lane highway. The highway is the primary connection between Grand Forks, East Grand Forks, the Grand Forks Air Force Base, Grand Forks International Airport, and Crookston, Minnesota. Interstate 29 runs north to south along the western part of the city, officially multiplexed with U.S. Highway 81 in the Grand Forks area. The U.S. Highway 81 business route, Washington Street and 32nd Avenue, runs through many of the city's major commercial districts.

Healthcare
With over 4,100 employees and nearly 300 physicians and advanced practice providers (nurse practitioners and physician assistants), Altru Health System is the main provider of health care in Greater Grand Forks and the surrounding region. Serving more than 220,000 residents in northeast North Dakota and northwest Minnesota, Altru provides an array of services. As the first member of the Mayo Clinic Care Network, Altru's providers have access to clinically integrated tools extending Mayo Clinic's knowledge and expertise to patients. Altru is also Grand Forks's largest private employer. Offering all private patient rooms, Altru's Columbia Road Campus includes Altru Hospital (257 beds), Altru Rehabilitation Center (20 beds) and multiple clinics. Altru's South Washington Medical Park features Altru Specialty Center (45 beds), Altru Professional Center and Yorhom Medical Essentials.

The Sanny and Jerry Ryan Center for Prevention and Genetics, housed in Choice Health & Fitness, encourages people to consider preventive measures before it becomes medically necessary to seek care. It is the first of its kind in the region. Truyu Aesthetic Center, with locations in Grand Forks, East Grand Forks and across the region, offers surgical and non-surgical procedures, services and products under Altru's support. Altru is the result of a 1997 merger of United Hospital (formerly Deaconess and St. Michael's Hospitals) and the Grand Forks Clinic.

Grand Forks is also home to several long-term care facilities, serving many of the area's elderly: The Valley Memorial Homes, St. Anne's, Edgewood Parkwood Place, and Maple View Memory Care.

Sister cities

Grand Forks sister cities:
 * Dickinson, North Dakota, US
 * Sarpsborg, Norway
 * Awano, Tochigi, Japan (defunct)
 * Ishim, Tyumen Oblast, Russia (inactive)

Grand Forks has an active sister city program designed to encourage cultural and economic exchanges. Its first sister city was Ishim in the Soviet Union. That relationship formally began in 1984 during the Cold War. Sometime in the late 1990s, political and economic turmoil in Russia ended the relationship. While the relationship with Ishim faded, Grand Forks found a new sister in Awano, Japan. An informal relationship began in 1994 when the school districts of both cities began exchanging students. In 1998, the two formally proclaimed themselves sister cities. The best publicly available testament to the relationship between the two is a Japanese rock garden in Grand Forks's Sertoma Park and a sculpture of an American bison in an Awano park. The annexation of Awano by the larger city of Kanuma led to the end of the sister city relationship, but Kanuma and Grand Forks continue to partner in a yearly educational exchange of high school students. Grand Forks's relationship with Dickinson, North Dakota, began in 2002, when delegations from each city visited the other. Grand Forks Mayor Michael Brown said he thought having friends in western North Dakota, which typically has diverging interests from eastern cities, could help at the state legislature. Sarpsborg, Norway, became a sister city in 2005 after several exchanges among leaders from both cities. The city became interested in building a relationship with Sarpsborg because many Grand Forks residents have Norwegian heritage.

title: Grand Forks, North Dakota


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Talk:Radio receiver/Old history

Explanation
This page contains old history that used to be at the title "Radio receiver". Graham 87 03:42, 24 December 2016 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Radio receiver/Old history


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Grand Forks Air Force Base

Grand Forks Air Force Base (AFB) is a United States Air Force installation in northeastern North Dakota, located north of Emerado and 16 mi west of Grand Forks.

The host unit is the 319th Reconnaissance Wing (319 RW) assigned to the Air Combat Command (ACC) operating E/RQ-4B Global Hawk remotely piloted aircraft (RPA), in the intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) role. During the Cold War, GFAFB was a major installation of the Strategic Air Command (SAC), with B-52 bombers, KC-135 tankers, and Minuteman intercontinental ballistic missiles.

History
Grand Forks Air Force Base was established on 1 December 1955, with construction beginning in the fall of that year. It was occupied for use on 28 January 1957, and was named after the neighboring city of Grand Forks.

Air Defense Command
Due to the continuance of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union, GFAFB was originally an Air Defense Command (ADC) fighter-interceptor air base. The site was chosen in 1954 and the land was paid for by the citizens of Grand Forks, the site was located 15 mi west of the city. The beginning of the 5400 acre air base started in 1956 with the construction of a 12300 ft runway.

On 18 February 1957, the 478th Fighter Group (Defense) was activated at Grand Forks. The 18th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was moved from Wurtsmith AFB, Michigan on 1 May 1960, and flew the F-101B Voodoo until 15 April 1971, when it was inactivated and the Voodoos were retired. It was replaced by the 460th FIS, moved from Kingsley Field at Klamath Falls, Oregon. The 460th FIS flew F-106 Delta Darts until it also was inactivated on 15 July 1974.

In addition to the interceptor squadrons, a Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) Data Center (DC-11) was established at Grand Forks in 1958. The SAGE system was a network linking Air Force (and later FAA) General Surveillance Radar stations into a centralized center for Air Defense, intended to provide early warning and response for a Soviet nuclear attack. DC-11 was operated by the Grand Forks Air Defense Sector (GFADS), activated on 8 December 1957 under the 31st Air Division at Snelling AFS, Minnesota. On 1 January 1959, GFADS was transferred to the operational control of the 29th Air Division at Malmstrom AFB at Great Falls, Montana.

SAGE operations were extremely expansive and GFADS was inactivated on 1 December 1963, when it was merged with the Minot Air Defense Sector at Minot AFB to the west. With the inactivation of DC-11, Grand Forks AFB was reassigned from the Air Defense mission to Strategic Air Command (SAC).

In 1971, the 18th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was inactivated and the 460th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron replaced the unit. Although the 460th FIS won first place at the William Tell air-to-air competition at Tyndall AFB, Florida, it was inactivated in 1974 due to the restructuring of the air defense system, and ended the activities of ADCOM at Grand Forks.

The DC-11 SAGE blockhouse was later the headquarters of the SAC 321st Strategic Missile Wing. Following the end of Minuteman III missile operations in 1998, the large SAGE blockhouse was torn down five years later, in June 2003.

Safeguard Anti-Ballistic Missile
On 3 November 1967, the Department of Defense revealed that GFAFB was one of 10 initial locations to host a Sentinel Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) site. With president Richard Nixon's announcement of 14 March 1969, constructing a "Safeguard" installation at Grand Forks became a top priority. Construction was stalled throughout mid-1969, as Congress debated the merits of BMD. After the Senate defeated amendments to kill Safeguard deployment, the U.S. Army proceeded under the assumption that appropriations would be forthcoming.

Survey teams selected sites in flat wheatlands close to the Canada-Minnesota border, north-northwest of Grand Forks. 25 mi separated the 279 acre Perimeter Acquisition Radar (PAR) and the 433 acre Missile Site Radar (MSR) sites. Four remote launch sites of 36 to 45 acre each were to be situated in a circle with a 20 mi radius surrounding the MSR. Groundbreaking occurred at the PAR and MSR sites on 6 April 1970. Excavation proceeded rapidly, and the foundation holes for the PAR and MSR were in place by mid-May.

On 26 May 1972, President Nixon and Soviet general secretary Leonid Brezhnev signed the ABM Treaty, which limited each nation to one site to protect strategic forces and one site to protect the "National Command Authority." With work about 85% complete at Grand Forks, the US chose to finish construction at the North Dakota site. On 21 August 1972, the Army Corps of Engineers turned over the PAR to the Safeguard Systems Command (SAFSCOM) Site Activation Team. The transfer of the MSR occurred on 3 January 1973. Work on the four remote launch sites fell behind schedule, with the last completed on 5 November 1972. Testing of the PAR commenced during the summer of 1973.

On 3 September 1974, the SAFSCOM Site Activation Team was relieved by the U.S. Army Safeguard Command. Named the "Stanley R. Mickelsen Safeguard Complex" 48.58917°N, -98.35667°W (62.3 mi northwest of the base), the North Dakota ABM site received its complement of nuclear-tipped LIM-49 Spartan and Sprint Missiles during the following spring. The site was declared operational on 1 April 1975. Due to Congressional action, the Army operated the site for less than a year. With the exception of the PAR, the complex was abandoned in February 1976.

In October 1977, the PAR came under operational control of the USAF, which operated it as part of its early warning system. It was designated as Cavalier AFS 48.72472°N, -97.89944°W (57.8 mi north-northwest of the base), and remains active. It is operated by the Air Force Space Command 10th Space Warning Squadron (10th SWS).

Strategic Air Command
On 1 September 1958, the Strategic Air Command (SAC) established the 4133d Strategic Wing at Grand Forks as part of its plan to disperse its B-52 heavy bombers over a larger number of bases, thus making it more difficult for the Soviet Union to knock out the entire fleet with a surprise first strike. Many of these bases were near the U.S. border with Canada; those close to GFAFB in the north central U.S. were Minot and Glasgow to the west, and three in Michigan to the east (Sawyer, Kinchloe, and Wurtsmith).

The 4133d SW was redesignated as the 319th Bombardment Wing (319th BW) on 1 February 1963 in a name-only redesignation and was assigned to SAC's Second Air Force, 810th Strategic Aerospace Division. Upon redesignation, the wing placed aircraft on peacetime quick reaction alert duty, and conducted global bombardment training for Emergency War Order operations and air refueling operations to meet SAC commitments. The aircraft in the 1960s at GFAFB were the latest models: B-52H bombers and KC-135A tankers.

In 1973, the 319th Bomb Wing acquired the AGM-69 Short Range Attack Missile (SRAM), replacing the older AGM-28 Hound Dog air-to-ground missile aboard its B-52H aircraft. As the activities in Southeast Asia decreased, the 319th BW focused its full efforts on training crews to fly strategic strike missions.

On 1 November 1964, 321st Strategic Missile Wing was organized as the Minuteman II intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) wing at GFAFB, the first in SAC.

During 1965, the wing's three missile squadrons were activated and crew training and certification began at Vandenberg AFB in southern California. In August 1965, the base received its first Minuteman II missile, shipped by train from Assembly Plant 77 at Hill AFB at Ogden, Utah. During the following March, the base received the first Minuteman II to be shipped via aircraft, an Air Force first. The Minuteman III replaced the former in the 1970s.

The 319th transitioned from B-52H to B-52G aircraft in 1983 adding the AGM-86 Air Launched Cruise Missile (ALCM) in 1984. In December 1986, the last B-52G permanently departed GFAFB, replaced by the B-1B Lancer in 1987. The tanker aircraft were also changed, from KC-135A to KC-135R. A change in the host unit occurred again in 1988, when the 42d Air Division was assigned for base support in place of the 321st SMW.

Cold War aircraft incidents

 * On 2 November 1967, a Grand Forks B-52H (61-0030) crashed near Griffiss AFB in central New York, killing six of the eight aboard. It had engine difficulties and was attempting an emergency landing.
 * On 15 September 1980, a B-52H on alert status experienced a wing fire that burned for three hours, fanned by evening winds of 26 mph. The wind direction was parallel to the fuselage, which likely had SRAMs in the main bay. Eight years later, a weapons expert testified to a closed U.S. Senate hearing that a change of wind direction could have led to a conventional explosion and a widespread scattering of radioactive plutonium.
 * Mid-morning on 27 January 1983, a B-52G (57-6507) exploded on the maintenance ramp, killing five maintenance personnel and injuring eight.  A faulty fuel pump in a wing tank was being attended to prior to the accident.

The 1990s
With the restructuring of the Air Force and the disestablishment of SAC in 1992, the wing transferred to Air Combat Command (ACC), then came under Air Force Space Command (AFSPC) in 1993.

On 1 February 1993, ACC dropped the 319th Bomb Wing's primary nuclear mission and gave the wing the primary mission of B-1B conventional bombardment operations. The 319th BW began planning and training to support such a mission to counter worldwide regional threats.

Following the departure of the last B-1B aircraft in 1994, the base transferred to the new Air Mobility Command (AMC) and the 319th Bomb Wing was redesignated as the 319th Air Refueling Wing (319 ARW). The KC-135R aircraft assets were transferred to AMC, and the strategic ICBM assets went to Air Force Space Command (AFSPC).

In March 1995, the 1995 Base Realignment and Closure Commission (BRAC) selected the 321st Strategic Missile Wing for inactivation; it was first downgraded to group status, then inactivated on 30 September 1998. GFAFB's Minuteman ICBM silos were imploded in accordance with the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START II), commencing in 1999 and completed in 2001. The Minuteman III missiles were transferred to Malmstrom AFB in at Great Falls, Montana, to replace retired Minuteman II models. Minuteman III ICBMs remain at three USAF bases: Malmstrom, Minot, and F.E. Warren at Cheyenne, Wyoming.

Twenty-first century
In May 2005, DoD's 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission recommended that Grand Forks be realigned. The base's KC-135 tanker mission was lost, with a significant reduction of personnel, but it was not closed.

The unmanned RQ-4 Global Hawk was assigned to Grand Forks, and on 1 March 2011, the wing was redesignated as the 319th Air Base Wing (319 ABW). The first RQ-4 arrived in May 2011 and were assigned to the 69th Reconnaissance Group, Air Combat Command. Starting in 2012, the base received several new Block 40 Global Hawks. On 13 June 2017, the 319 ABW transferred from the Air Mobility Command to the Air Combat Command.

On 11 May 2019 Secretary of the Air Force Heather Wilson announced that the 319th Air Base Wing would be re-designated the 319th Reconnaissance Wing in a ceremony on 28 June 2019.

On 28 June 2019 the 319th Air Base Wing was re-designated the 319th Reconnaissance Wing and the 69th Reconnaissance Group inactivated transferring the RQ-4 mission.

Major commands to which assigned

 * Air Defense Command, 25 July 1956
 * Strategic Air Command, 1 July 1963
 * Air Combat Command, 1 June 1992
 * Air Mobility Command, 1 October 1993
 * Air Combat Command, 13 June 2017 – present

Major units assigned
69th Reconnaissance Group – September 2011 – Current (RQ-4)

 * 4133d Strategic Wing, 1 September 1958 – 1 February 1963
 * 905th Air Refueling Squadron, 1 February 1960 – 1 December 2010
 * 319th Bombardment Wing (Heavy), 1 February 1963
 * Redesignated 319th Air Refueling Wing, 1 October 1993
 * Redesignated 319th Air Base Wing, 1 March 2011 – 28 June 2019
 * Redesignated 319th Reconnaissance Wing, 28 June 2019 - Present

 * 4th Air Division, 1 September 1964 – 30 June 1971
 * 321st Strategic Missile Wing (later Missile Wing, Missile Group), 1 November 1964 – 30 September 1998
 * 804th Combat Support Group, 18 August 1964 – 31 July 1972

 * Grand Forks Air Defense Sector, 8 December 1957 – 1 December 1963
 * 478th Air Base Squadron, 8 February 1957 – 1 February 1961
 * 478th Air Base Group, 1 February 1961 – 1 July 1963
 * 478th Fighter Group, 8 February 1957 – 1 February 1961
 * 478th Fighter Wing (Air Defense), 1 February 1961 – 1 July 1963

 * 18th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, 1 May 1960 – 15 April 1971 (F-101B)
 * 460th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, 16 April 1971 – 15 July 1974 (F-106)

References for history introduction, major commands and major units

Based units
Flying and notable non-flying units based at Grand Forks Air Force Base:

United States Air Force
Air Combat Command (ACC)

 * Sixteenth Air Force
 * 319th Reconnaissance Wing (Host wing)
 * 319th Comptroller Squadron
 * 319th Operations Group
 * 319th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron
 * 319th Operations Support Squadron
 * 348th Reconnaissance Squadron – E/RQ-4B Global Hawk
 * 319th Medical Group
 * 319th Health Care Operations Squadron
 * 319th Medical Support Squadron
 * 319th Operational Medical Readiness Squadron
 * 319th Mission Support Group
 * 319th Civil Engineer Squadron
 * 319th Communications Squadron
 * 319th Contracting Flight
 * 319th Logistics Readiness Squadron
 * 319th Force Support Squadron
 * 319th Security Forces Squadron

Air Education and Training Command (AETC)
 * Second Air Force
 * 82nd Training Wing
 * 982nd Training Group
 * 372nd Training Squadron
 * Detachment 27

Civil Air Patrol (CAP)
 * North Central Region
 * North Dakota Wing
 * Grand Forks Composite Squadron (ND-005)

United States Customs and Border Protection
Air and Marine Operations

 * National Air Security Operations Center-Grand Forks – MQ-9 Reaper and various fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft

Demographics
Grand Forks is also a United States Census Bureau designated place.

Timeline

 * 1954 The Department of Defense chose Grand Forks as the site for a new installation.
 * 5 February 1956 Contractors begin construction of the base.
 * 8 February 1957 Air Defense Command (ADC) activated the 478th Fighter Group at Grand Forks AFB as the host unit for the base.
 * 1 September 1958 Strategic Air Command (SAC) activated the 4133d Strategic Wing (Provisional) as a tenant unit at Grand Forks AFB.
 * 15 December 1959 The Grand Forks Air Defense Sector of the North American Air Defense Command became operational with the Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) System.
 * 1 May 1960 The 18th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron (FIS) was stationed at Grand Forks AFB with its F-101B Voodoos.
 * 6 May 1960 The 905th Air Refueling Squadron (ARS) (Heavy), a unit assigned to the 4133d Strategic Wing, received its first KC-135A Stratotanker.
 * 28 December 1960 The 478th Fighter Wing was activated under the ADC and became the host unit for the base.
 * 29 April 1962 The 30th Bombardment Squadron, a unit assigned to the 4133d Strategic Wing, received its first B-52H Stratofortress.
 * 1 February 1963 Strategic Air Command organized the 319th Bombardment Wing (Heavy) at Grand Forks AFB. The 319 BMW became the host wing as the 4133d Strategic Wing inactivated and command of the base transferred from the ADC to SAC.
 * 19 August 1964 Strategic Air Command activated the 804th Combat Support Group (CSG) as the host unit at Grand Forks AFB.
 * 1 September 1964 Strategic Air Command stationed the 4th Air Division, later named 4th Strategic Aerospace Division, at Grand Fork AFB.
 * 1 November 1964 The 321st Strategic Missile Wing (SMW) was organized at Grand Forks AFB and construction began on its Minuteman II missile complex.
 * December 1966 The 321 SMW became operational with the Minuteman II missile.
 * 15 April 1971 Air Defense Command inactivated 18 FIS.
 * 30 June 1971 The 4th Strategic Air Division transferred to Francis E. Warren AFB, Wyoming.
 * 1 July 1971 The 321 SMW assumed host unit duties from the 804 CSG.
 * 30 July 1971 Air Defense Command stationed the 460th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, with F-106 Delta Darts, at Grand Forks AFB.
 * 8 March 1973 The 321st Strategic Missile Wing completed an upgrade to Minuteman III missiles.
 * 1974 The ADC inactivated the 460 FIS.
 * 1986–1987 The 319th Bombardment Wing converted from the B-52G Stratofortress and KC-135A Stratotanker to the B-1B Lancer and KC-135R Stratotanker.
 * 16 June 1988 Strategic Air Command transferred the 42d Air Division (AD) to Grand Forks as the host support unit for the base.
 * 9 July 1991 Strategic Air Command inactivated the 42 AD and appointed the 319th Bombardment Wing as the host unit for the base.
 * 1 September 1991 The 319th Bombardment Wing was redesignated as the 319th Wing. The 321st Strategic Missile Wing was redesignated as the 321st Missile Wing (MW).
 * 1 June 1992 The Air Force inactivated the Strategic Air Command and reassigned Grand Forks AFB to the Air Combat Command. The 319th Wing was redesignated as the 319th Bomb Wing. The 905 ARS was reassigned to the Grissom AFB, Indiana, although it continued to operate from Grand Forks AFB.
 * 1 July 1993 The 321 MW was reassigned to Air Force Space Command.
 * 1 October 1993 The Air Force redesignated the 319th Bomb Wing as the 319th Air Refueling Wing, reassigned it to Air Mobility Command, and reassigned the 905th Air Refueling Squadron to the wing.
 * 1994 As part of restructuring at Grand Forks the Air Force reassigned the 906th, 911th, and 912th Air Refueling Squadrons to Grand Forks AFB.
 * 26 May 1994 The last B-1B Lancer departed from Grand Forks AFB, marking the end of over 30 years of bombers at Grand Forks.
 * 1 July 1994 Air Force Space Command redesignated the 321 MW as the 321st Missile Group (MG).
 * 1 October 1995 The Clinton Administration approved the Base Realignment and Closure IV committee's recommendation to remove 150 Minuteman III intercontinental ballistic missiles from the Grand Forks Air Force Base missile complex and inactivate the 321st Missile Group.
 * April 1997 After a long, harsh winter, the Grand Forks area suffered a devastating flood due to snowmelt and spring rain. Members of the Grand Forks Air Force Base were called into action, first to help protect the town from the rising waters and later to house the victims of the disaster.
 * 2 July 1998 The 321st Missile Group inactivated after 34 years of service at Grand Forks AFB.
 * 6 October 1999 The first missile silo was demolished in accordance with the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START).
 * 4 December 2010 The last KC-135 tail number 00319 piloted by Lt Gen Vern "Rusty" Findley, the AMC Vice Commander and former 319 ARW commander, departed Grand Forks AFB for its new home at McConnell AFB Kansas, marking the end of the 50-year-long refueling mission at Grand Forks.
 * 26 May 2011 The wing received its first RQ-4 Global Hawk.

Other sources

 * Maurer, Maurer. Air Force Combat Units of World War II. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office 1961 (republished 1983, Office of Air Force History, ISBN 0-912799-02-1).
 * Ravenstein, Charles A. Air Force Combat Wings Lineage and Honors Histories 1947–1977. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Office of Air Force History 1984. ISBN 0-912799-12-9.
 * Mueller, Robert, Air Force Bases Volume I, Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982, Office of Air Force History, 1989
 * A Handbook of Aerospace Defense Organization 1946–1980, by Lloyd H. Cornett and Mildred W. Johnson, Office of History, Aerospace Defense Center, Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado
 * Winkler, David F. (1997), Searching the skies: the legacy of the United States Cold War defense radar program. Prepared for United States Air Force Headquarters Air Combat Command.
 * Grand Forks AFB, ND
 * Winkler, David F. (1997), Searching the skies: the legacy of the United States Cold War defense radar program. Prepared for United States Air Force Headquarters Air Combat Command.
 * Grand Forks AFB, ND

title: Grand Forks Air Force Base


text:
Inkster, North Dakota

Inkster is a small city in Grand Forks County, North Dakota, United States, with a population of 38 as of the 2020 census. Inkster was founded in 1884, in an area that had been settled by George T. Inkster in 1878.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.00 sqmi, all land.

It is part of the Grand Forks, ND-MN Metropolitan Statistical Area" or "Greater Grand Forks".

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 50 people, 24 households, and 16 families living in the city. The population density was 50.0 PD/sqmi. There were 50 housing units at an average density of 50.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 90.0% White, 4.0% Native American, and 6.0% from two or more races.

There were 24 households, of which 16.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.3% were married couples living together, 4.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 33.3% were non-families. 29.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.08 and the average family size was 2.50.

The median age in the city was 53 years. 16% of residents were under the age of 18; 2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20% were from 25 to 44; 40% were from 45 to 64; and 22% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 56.0% male and 44.0% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 102 people, 45 households, and 28 families living in the city. The population density was 102.5 PD/sqmi. There were 55 housing units at an average density of 55.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 98.04% White, and 1.96% from two or more races.

There were 45 households, out of which 24.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.6% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.6% were non-families. 33.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 24.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.93.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.5% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 24.5% from 25 to 44, 20.6% from 45 to 64, and 23.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107.9 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $24,107, and the median income for a family was $27,083. Males had a median income of $23,750 versus $20,625 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,719. There were 10.3% of families and 15.5% of the population living below the poverty line, including 24.1% of under eighteens and 25.0% of those over 64.

Notable people

 * John Silas Lundy, physician and anesthesiologist

 * Fr. Riley Durkin, a Catholic Priest for the Diocese of Fargo

title: Inkster, North Dakota


text:
Larimore, North Dakota

Larimore is a city in Grand Forks County, North Dakota, United States. It is located three miles south of the junction of U.S. Route 2 and North Dakota Highway 18. Larimore is part of the "Grand Forks, ND-MN Metropolitan Statistical Area" or "Greater Grand Forks". The population was 1,260 at the 2020 census.

History
Larimore was founded in 1881, following construction of the railroad through the territory. It is named for N. G. Larimore, who owned a large farm in the area.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.59 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 1,346 people, 552 households, and 358 families residing in the city. The population density was 2281.4 PD/sqmi. There were 623 housing units at an average density of 1055.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 92.3% White, 0.8% African American, 1.6% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 2.7% from other races, and 2.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.2% of the population.

There were 552 households, of which 29.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.3% were married couples living together, 7.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35.1% were non-families. 30.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.96.

The median age in the city was 41.6 years. 23.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.9% were from 25 to 44; 27.5% were from 45 to 64; and 18.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.1% male and 51.9% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,433 people, 576 households, and 377 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,368.0 PD/sqmi. There were 620 housing units at an average density of 1,024.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 96.09% White, 0.70% African American, 1.47% Native American, 0.63% Asian, 0.21% from other races, and 0.91% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.12% of the population.

There were 576 households, out of which 32.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.5% were married couples living together, 7.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.5% were non-families. 30.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 3.06.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 27.8% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 27.4% from 25 to 44, 19.4% from 45 to 64, and 20.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.5 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $33,292, and the median income for a family was $40,542. Males had a median income of $29,375 versus $20,417 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,271. About 6.1% of families and 7.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.6% of those under age 18 and 10.7% of those age 65 or over.

Business and Culture
Unlike many of small towns in North Dakota, Larimore has maintained a relatively stable population for the last forty years. Its close proximity to employment opportunities in Grand Forks and at the Grand Forks Air Force Base have cause many commuters to take up residence.

In the rural areas surrounding Larimore, population density is higher east of the town than west. Once mostly populated by yeoman farmers, many of these homestead farms are now horse ranches, hobby farms, or homesteads without notable agrarian use.

Although Larimore's residential population is largely unchanged, commercial business declined through the final decades of the 20th century. Downturns in the farm economy and increased shopping options in larger, nearby cities such as Grand Forks led to many business closures in Larimore. The business district has since "bottomed out" and many of the once abandoned buildings have either been renovated for other uses or demolished and replaced with new structures. Abandoned lots and empty, deteriorating buildings still dot much of the downtown area of Larimore.

Transportation
Amtrak’s Empire Builder, which operates between Seattle/Portland and Chicago, passes through the town on BNSF tracks, but makes no stop. The nearest station is located in Grand Forks, 28 mi to the east.

Notable people

 * Truck Hannah, was a Major League Baseball catcher for the New York Yankees, born in Larimore in 1889
 * Clint Hill, United States Secret Service agent who was in the presidential motorcade during the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Hill was born in Larimore in 1932
 * LeRoy Mason, was a movie actor, born in Larimore in 1903
 * Eli C. D. Shortridge, third Governor of North Dakota from 1893 to 1895, was a resident of Larimore

Sites of interest

 * Turtle River State Park – one of the largest state parks in eastern North Dakota
 * Larimore City Hall – Historic former city hall building. Now houses a community museum.
 * Larimore Dam – a recreational area along a reservoir on the Turtle River. Attractions include a beach, fishing, camping, and swimming.
 * Myra Arboretum

Climate
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Larimore has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.

title: Larimore, North Dakota


text:
Manvel, North Dakota

Manvel is a city in Grand Forks County, North Dakota, United States. It sits on the banks of the Turtle River. It is part of the "Grand Forks, ND-MN Metropolitan Statistical Area" or "Greater Grand Forks". The population was 377 at the 2020 census. Manvel was founded in 1881.

History
The first settlement at Manvel was made in the 1860s on a stagecoach route. Manvel was laid out in 1881 when the railroad was extended to that point. The city was named for a Great Northern Railway passenger agent named Allen A. Manvel. A post office has been in operation at Manvel since 1882.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.29 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 360 people, 137 households, and 102 families living in the city. The population density was 1241.4 PD/sqmi. There were 149 housing units at an average density of 513.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 99.2% White, 0.3% Native American, and 0.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.8% of the population.

There were 137 households, of which 39.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.2% were married couples living together, 7.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 25.5% were non-families. 22.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.12.

The median age in the city was 37.1 years. 28.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.8% were from 25 to 44; 28.1% were from 45 to 64; and 9.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 51.4% male and 48.6% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 370 people, 141 households, and 100 families living in the city. The population density was 1,254.8 PD/sqmi. There were 144 housing units at an average density of 488.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 96.22% White, 0.81% African American, 1.35% Native American, 0.81% from other races, and 0.81% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.35% of the population.

There were 141 households, out of which 34.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.6% were married couples living together, 9.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.4% were non-families. 22.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.14.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 28.6% under the age of 18, 6.2% from 18 to 24, 30.5% from 25 to 44, 26.2% from 45 to 64, and 8.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 113.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $42,083, and the median income for a family was $48,333. Males had a median income of $34,500 versus $22,361 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,502. About 1.0% of families and 4.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.3% of those under age 18 and 7.1% of those age 65 or over.

title: Manvel, North Dakota


text:
Niagara, North Dakota

Niagara is a city in Grand Forks County, North Dakota, United States. It is part of the "Grand Forks, ND-MN Metropolitan Statistical Area" or "Greater Grand Forks". The population was 46 at the 2020 census. Niagara was founded in 1883.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.97 sqmi, of which 0.94 sqmi is land and 0.03 sqmi is water.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 53 people, 23 households, and 15 families living in the city. The population density was 56.4 PD/sqmi. There were 29 housing units at an average density of 30.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 98.1% White and 1.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.9% of the population.

There were 23 households, of which 39.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.2% were married couples living together, 13.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.8% were non-families. 30.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.87.

The median age in the city was 46.5 years. 24.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 18.9% were from 25 to 44; 32% were from 45 to 64; and 18.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 58.5% male and 41.5% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 57 people, 27 households, and 18 families living in the city. The population density was 61.2 PD/sqmi. There were 35 housing units at an average density of 37.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 94.74% White, 1.75% Native American, and 3.51% from two or more races.

There were 27 households, out of which 14.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.6% were married couples living together, 7.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.3% were non-families. 25.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.11 and the average family size was 2.50.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 17.5% under the age of 18, 1.8% from 18 to 24, 22.8% from 25 to 44, 29.8% from 45 to 64, and 28.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 54 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.0 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $30,000, and the median income for a family was $31,250. Males had a median income of $20,625 versus $16,750 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,206. There were no families and 6.4% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and none of those over 64.

Transportation
Amtrak’s Empire Builder, which operates between Seattle/Portland and Chicago, passes through the town on BNSF tracks, but makes no stop. The nearest station is located in Grand Forks, 39 mi to the east.

title: Niagara, North Dakota


text:
Northwood, North Dakota

Northwood is a city in Grand Forks County, North Dakota, United States. It is part of the "Grand Forks, ND-MN Metropolitan Statistical Area" or "Greater Grand Forks." The population was 982 at the 2020 census.

History
Northwood was founded in 1884.

A tornado, rated EF4 on the Enhanced Fujita Scale, struck Northwood on the evening of August 26, 2007 causing destruction to the entire town and killing one person. Later on some of the buildings were burned, collapsed, or torn down because of severe damage to the buildings from the tornado.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.27 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
Northwood has the highest percentage of Norwegian American ancestry of any city in the United States.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 945 people, 397 households, and 243 families living in the city. The population density was 744.1 PD/sqmi. There were 443 housing units at an average density of 348.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 98.0% White, 0.1% African American, 0.1% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.1% from other races, and 1.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.4% of the population.

There were 397 households, of which 27.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.4% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 38.8% were non-families. 36.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.91.

The median age in the city was 45.3 years. 23.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20.6% were from 25 to 44; 24% were from 45 to 64; and 26.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50.2% male and 49.8% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 959 people, 408 households, and 243 families living in the city. The population density was 923.1 PD/sqmi. There were 459 housing units at an average density of 441.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 99.17% White, 0.10% African American, 0.10% Native American, 0.10% Asian, 0.10% from other races, and 0.42% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.73% of the population.

Of the 408 households, 25.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.2% were married couples living together, 4.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.2% were non-families. 38.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 22.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.85.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 20.8% under the age of 18, 4.4% from 18 to 24, 22.3% from 25 to 44, 24.6% from 45 to 64, and 27.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.0 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $33,000, and the median income for a family was $41,667. Males had a median income of $31,389 versus $21,389 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,923. About 2.8% of families and 5.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.4% of those under age 18 and 8.3% of those age 65 or over.

title: Northwood, North Dakota


text:
Thompson, North Dakota

Thompson is a city in Grand Forks County, North Dakota, United States. It is part of the "Grand Forks, ND-MN Metropolitan Statistical Area" or "Greater Grand Forks". It is located on the border of Allendale and Walle townships, with Walle on the east and Allendale on the west. The population was 1,101 at the 2020 census. Thompson was founded in 1881.

History

The first residents of the town were businessmen who had come to support the needs of new settlers to the area. The town was first called Norton because the first buildings of the town were adjacent to land owned by George Norton. However, when the railroad came in 1881, the name caused an issue, since there was already a nearby town of Norton in Minnesota.

Albert Thompson, co-owner of a general store with his brother Robert, was commissioned postmaster in January 1881. The name of the town was then changed to Thompson in honor of Albert Thompson.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.47 sqmi, of which 0.46 sqmi is land and 0.01 sqmi is water.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 986 people, 356 households, and 293 families living in the city. The population density was 2143.5 PD/sqmi. There were 362 housing units at an average density of 787.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 98.1% White, 0.3% African American, 1.0% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 0.1% from other races, and 0.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.9% of the population.

There were 356 households, of which 42.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.0% were married couples living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 17.7% were non-families. 14.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.77 and the average family size was 3.04.

The median age in the city was 36.8 years. 28.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.2% were from 25 to 44; 30.5% were from 45 to 64; and 7.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 51.0% male and 49.0% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,006 people, 329 households, and 273 families living in the city. The population density was 2,177.6 PD/sqmi. There were 339 housing units at an average density of 733.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 97.71% White, 0.40% African American, 0.10% Native American, 0.70% Asian, 0.20% from other races, and 0.89% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.80% of the population.

There were 329 households, out of which 53.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 74.5% were married couples living together, 4.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.0% were non-families. 15.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.06 and the average family size was 3.43.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 34.9% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 33.4% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 5.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.7 males. For every 100 females aged 18 and over, there were 97.9 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $54,514, and the median income for a family was $57,250. Males had a median income of $35,682 versus $21,298 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,857. None of the families and 0.7% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 7.7% of those over 64.

Transportation
Amtrak’s Empire Builder, which operates between Seattle/Portland and Chicago, passes through the town on BNSF tracks, but makes no stop. The nearest station is located in Grand Forks, 14 mi to the north.

title: Thompson, North Dakota


text:
Carson, North Dakota

Carson is a city in and the county seat of Grant County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 254 at the 2020 census.

History
Carson was laid out in 1910 when the Northern Pacific Railway was extended to that point. The city's name is a portmanteau of the surnames of two settlers: Frank Carter and Simon Pederson.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.02 sqmi, all land.

Climate
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot summers and cold winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Carson has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 293 people, 154 households, and 70 families residing in the city. The population density was 72.9 PD/sqmi. There were 194 housing units at an average density of 48.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 99.3% White, 0.3% Native American, and 0.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.7% of the population.

There were 154 households, of which 20.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.0% were married couples living together, 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 1.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 54.5% were non-families. 53.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 24.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.90 and the average family size was 2.91.

The median age in the city was 49.1 years. 20.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 17% were from 25 to 44; 28% were from 45 to 64; and 27.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.1% male and 52.9% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 319 people, 154 households, and 83 families residing in the city. The population density was 79.4 PD/sqmi. There were 201 housing units at an average density of 50.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 96.87% White, 1.25% from other races, and 1.88% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.25% of the population.

There were 154 households, out of which 23.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.2% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.5% were non-families. 44.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 30.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.07 and the average family size was 2.92.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 23.5% under the age of 18, 5.6% from 18 to 24, 22.6% from 25 to 44, 16.9% from 45 to 64, and 31.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $19,722, and the median income for a family was $23,056. Males had a median income of $16,806 versus $21,000 for females. The per capita income for the city was $11,754. About 16.3% of families and 21.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.3% of those under age 18 and 19.0% of those age 65 or over.

title: Carson, North Dakota


text:
Elgin, North Dakota

Elgin is a city in Grant County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 543 at the 2020 census.

History
Elgin was platted in 1910 when the railroad was extended to that point. The town was originally known as Shanley, but when the Northern Pacific Railroad came through town, they objected to the name as it was too similar to Stanley (the seat of Mountrail County), so the citizens were asked to choose a new name. At one point, one committee member checked the time on his Elgin pocket watch and suggested the brand name, which was found to be acceptable. A post office has been in operation at Elgin since 1910.

On July 4, 1978 an F4 tornado struck Elgin, causing five deaths and 35 injuries.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.05 sqmi, all land.

Climate
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Elgin has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 642 people, 339 households, and 167 families residing in the city. The population density was 611.4 PD/sqmi. There were 416 housing units at an average density of 396.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 98.3% White, 0.9% Native American, 0.2% from other races, and 0.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.2% of the population.

There were 339 households, of which 16.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.3% were married couples living together, 5.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 50.7% were non-families. 49.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 32.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.82 and the average family size was 2.59.

The median age in the city was 57.4 years. 17% of residents were under the age of 18; 2.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 14.6% were from 25 to 44; 30% were from 45 to 64; and 35.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 45.5% male and 54.5% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 659 people, 316 households, and 170 families residing in the city. The population density was 814.5 PD/sqmi. There were 379 housing units at an average density of 468.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 97.12% White, 1.06% Native American, 0.30% Asian, 0.76% from other races, and 0.76% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.76% of the population.

There were 316 households, out of which 18.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.7% were married couples living together, 3.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.9% were non-families. 44.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 25.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.91 and the average family size was 2.65.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 17.0% under the age of 18, 3.5% from 18 to 24, 16.4% from 25 to 44, 24.6% from 45 to 64, and 38.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 56 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $22,391, and the median income for a family was $30,972. Males had a median income of $28,750 versus $15,417 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,080. About 8.8% of families and 14.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.9% of those under age 18 and 19.3% of those age 65 or over.

Notable person

 * Donald D. Lorenzen (1920–80), member of the Los Angeles City Council (1969–1977)

title: Elgin, North Dakota


text:
Leith, North Dakota

Leith is a city in Grant County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 28 at the 2020 census.

History
Leith was founded in 1910 along a Milwaukee Road branch line that separated from the railroad's Pacific Extension in McLaughlin, South Dakota, and ran to New England, North Dakota. The name was given by railroad officials and comes from the harbor town of Leith near Edinburgh, Scotland. This line was abandoned in 1984, isolating Leith, as none of the primary highways in the area were constructed to go through the city.

Neo-Nazis
In 2012, after moving to Leith, Craig Cobb, a member of the National Socialist Movement, began buying up land, at one point reportedly owning at least 12 plots of land. Cobb had expressed a desire to turn the town into a neo-Nazi community. As a reaction to Cobb, some locals have advocated to disincorporate Leith back into Grant County proper. In November 2013, Cobb was arrested and charged with three counts of terrorizing stemming from an incident in which he confronted another town resident with both a shotgun and a rifle.

Today, Cobb no longer owns any buildings in Leith. He deeded six properties back to the town at no charge and sold off a few others. Three are still owned by other white supremacists, but they have shown little inclination to take up where Cobb left off.

After two men suspected of ties to Cobb were elected to the city council in June 2018, mayor Ryan Schock circulated a petition to disincorporate Leith. The Grant County commission subsequently cleared the way for a referendum on July 23, 2018 on dissolving the city. However, due to concerns that the original date was earlier than Century Code (state statutes) permitted, the vote was moved to November 6, the day of the 2018 midterm elections. As of July 2024, the city of Leith was still listed on the website of Grant County.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.24 sqmi, of which 1.23 sqmi is land and 0.01 sqmi is water. Leith is located approximately 5 mi southwest of Carson.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 16 people, eight households, and five families residing in the city. The population density was 13.0 PD/sqmi. There were 18 housing units at an average density of 14.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 93.8% White and 6.3% African American (each person makes up 6.3% of the population).

There were 8 households, of which 12.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 12.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.5% were non-families. 37.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 25% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.00 and the average family size was 2.60.

The median age in the city was 55 years. 12.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 0.0% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25% were from 25 to 44; 31.4% were from 45 to 64; and 31.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50.0% male and 50.0% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 28 people, 14 households, and 7 families residing in the city. The population density was 22.7 people per square mile (8.8/km$2$). There were 21 housing units at an average density of 17.0 per square mile (6.6/km$2$). The racial makeup of the city was 100.00% White.

There were 14 households, out of which none had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.9% were non-families. 42.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.00 and the average family size was 2.75.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 10.7% under the age of 18, 3.6% from 18 to 24, 35.7% from 25 to 44, 21.4% from 45 to 64, and 28.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.3 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $12,031, and the median income for a family was $21,250. Males had a median income of $16,250 versus $13,750 for females. The per capita income for the city was $8,171. There were 55.6% of families and 51.2% of the population living below the poverty line, including 100.0% of under eighteens and 20.0% of those over 64.

title: Leith, North Dakota


text:
New Leipzig, North Dakota

New Leipzig is a city in Grant County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 218 at the 2020 census.

History
New Leipzig was laid out in 1910 when the railroad was extended to that point. The city took its name after Leipzig, Germany. A post office has been in operation at New Leipzig since 1910.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.89 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 221 people, 115 households, and 71 families residing in the city. The population density was 248.3 PD/sqmi. There were 155 housing units at an average density of 174.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 97.3% White, 0.9% Native American, and 1.8% from two or more races.

There were 115 households, of which 10.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.8% were married couples living together, 3.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 38.3% were non-families. 35.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.92 and the average family size was 2.42.

The median age in the city was 57.8 years. 11.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 3.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 12.7% were from 25 to 44; 36.2% were from 45 to 64; and 35.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 52.5% male and 47.5% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 274 people, 131 households, and 78 families residing in the city. The population density was 306.4 PD/sqmi. There were 164 housing units at an average density of 183.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 99.27% White and 0.73% Native American. 87.2% were of German ancestry.

There were 131 households, out of which 21.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.0% were married couples living together, 3.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.7% were non-families. 39.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 27.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.09 and the average family size was 2.76.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 20.1% under the age of 18, 4.4% from 18 to 24, 19.3% from 25 to 44, 24.1% from 45 to 64, and 32.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 49 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.5 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $30,521, and the median income for a family was $35,833. Males had a median income of $32,000 versus $17,917 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,231. About 2.5% of families and 8.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.4% of those under the age of eighteen and 13.6% of those 65 or over.

Climate
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, New Leipzig has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.

title: New Leipzig, North Dakota


text:
Binford, North Dakota

Binford is a city in Griggs County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 170 at the 2020 census. Binford was founded in 1899.

History
The Johnson Land Company of Iowa purchased a flax field owned by Gabriel Gabrielson when the Northern Pacific Railway laid its tracks in 1899. The town of "Blooming Prairie" was renamed Binford after attorney Ray Binford of Charles City, Iowa who handled the Land Company's purchase.

In the fall of 1899, a lumberyard and general store opened. A hotel was built in 1900. In 1905, Binford had its own newspaper, a bank, grain elevator, a hardware store, two groceries, a couple of pool hall-bowling alleys, two churches, and various other establishments.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.35 sqmi, all land.

The city is located approximately one mile west of North Dakota Highway 1, which is one of the busier ND highways.

Culture and economics
The city holds an annual celebration each year in June known as "Binford Days". The festivities usually include street vendors, kids games, a 5K Fun Run/Walk, parade, classic car show, silent auction, a supper & pie social, and a late night street dance. The event also includes the annual Binford Bull Ride, a sanctioned Professional Bull Riders (PBR) event, and once included rodeo clown Flint Rasmussen. The most recent estimates for attendance at this event are in the neighborhood of 2,500-3,000 spectators. Binford has been hosting this PBR event since 1999.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 183 people, 99 households, and 51 families residing in the city. The population density was 522.9 PD/sqmi. There were 125 housing units at an average density of 357.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 100.0% White. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.5% of the population.

There were 99 households, of which 15.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.4% were married couples living together, 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 48.5% were non-families. 48.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 27.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.85 and the average family size was 2.59.

The median age in the city was 54.5 years. 14.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 15.9% were from 25 to 44; 33.9% were from 45 to 64; and 29.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50.3% male and 49.7% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 201 people, 94 households, and 57 families residing in the city. The population density was 573.4 PD/sqmi. There were 120 housing units at an average density of 342.3/sq mi (132.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 100.00% white.

There were 94 households, out of which 25.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 5.2% were married couples living together, 66.4% had a householder with no husband present, and 38.3% were non-families. 35.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 27.7% had someone living in town alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.14 and the average family size was 2.79.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 20.9% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 19.4% from 25 to 44, 20.9% from 45 to 64, and 32.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47 years. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $25,375, and the median income for a family was $30,000. Males had a median income of $25,938 versus $18,125 for females. Plus support income from the military. The per capita income for the city was $14,459. About 3.3% of families and 5.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under the age of eighteen and 5.3% of those 65 or over.

Notable person

 * Thomas Ryum Amlie, U.S. Congressman from Wisconsin

title: Binford, North Dakota