text:
User talk:Renata

 * Also sorry to read this. I don't want to deface your talk page now it's closed for business, so please feel free to delete this after reading.  Just wanted to say I respect you greatly, and you have showed me how to edit wisely and sensibly since I joined wikipedia.  Thanks. Tpacw (talk) 10:45, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Many thanks to both of you. Those kind, healing words have made a huge difference, and my talk page is no longer closed for business :-). Perhaps I've let the whole thing get to me far too much, and, because I have a lifelong passion for waterways, my own NPOV is perhaps questionable. All I know is: while there are guys like you on wikipedia, I won't want to leave it. Renata (talk) 13:33, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Renata, your photography is an inspiration. It really captures the beauty of the places you visit.

Horsburgh Castle/Horsbrugh Castle
Hi Renata, thank you for putting your POV to me. While I understand your comments and appreciate that while RCAHMS may state it "undoubtedly is HORSBRUGH CASTLE" their records still have as principal name and many others relating to the castle use Horsburgh Castle. I am happy to reword your rewrite of the article so that it reads better about differences in name. If you want to raise it at the WP:WikiProject Scottish Castles, I am happy to discuss with other members. Regards Newm30 (talk) 08:23, 29 May 2010 (UTC)

Yeah, let's talk about it :-) Renata (talk) 08:37, 29 May 2010 (UTC)

I have left a discussion on the talk page of WP:WikiProject Scottish Castleshere. I am happy if hard copy (book, magazine) sources can be located which clarifes this issue to rectify. I moved the page as the sources used Horsburgh Castle as the principal name. Regards Newm30 (talk) 01:04, 30 May 2010 (UTC)

Thérèse-Adèle Husson
Hi, I saw your de-orphanising. Do you if she wrote in Braille? Her years of life would make it implausible. If yes, she could or should be in the Braille-navbox. -DePiep (talk) 21:38, 29 May 2010 (UTC)

maintainer's talk page]]. CorenSearchBot (talk) 11:29, 30 May 2010 (UTC)

Alderney
Hello. Thanks for work on the Wildlife Trust. Just trying to ensure links are included and incorporated where relevant. Keep up the good work. Together we'll get there. Man vyi (talk) 04:38, 17 June 2010 (UTC)

Ooooooooooooooooooold user says hello
Hello Renata. I just stumbled over your Talk page and was delighted to see you still here and still editing. I used to be here under a different name, several stormings-off and givings-up ago, and we used to interact a bit - indeed I see that I was among the first few contributors to your Talk page back in ... whenever. Not that we were like Best Mates or whatever but we did exchange greetings and ideas occasionally.

I'm not in a huge hurry to connect my current trying-to-be-semidetached persona with who I used to be here (all serious and full of good intent and with what now seem to be miraculous amounts of time for Wikipedia) many moons ago, so I am not outing myself right now - though it probably wouldn't be rocket science to figure it out. If your and my userpage email thingies both work I might drop you a line and explain. For now, though, I just wanted to say how absolutely thrilled I was to see an editor from then still active and contributing well now! Tschuess!! DBaK (talk) 09:40, 22 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Hi, I can think of two or three chaps from the Oooooooolden days, and I'm not going to cajole you into giving anything away! It's great to hear from another "Trying-to-be-cool-and-detached-until-someone-p....es-me-off" Wikipedian !! I moved from England to Scotland three years ago, and I retired from teaching and vicar-ing in June, and I take most things with a large shovelfull of salt. If I feel even slightly wiki-stressed, I take a nice long holiday from it. At the moment I'm educating myself on the Scottish Borders which is good fun! And, as a by-product, making lots of contribs along the way. See if you can find me on Facebook... Renata (talk) 09:39, 25 July 2010 (UTC)

 * I'm probably less exciting than the prolific contributors of whom you are thinking! But I've messaged someone on FB - maybe they will message me back and say (a) yes it's me or (b) get lost you creep! :) (I suppose both would be possible if somewhat strange.) How lovely to be retired - you have my serious envy - and in a lovely part of the world too. The salt sounds excellent, though I'd watch the blood pressure ... Best wishes, DBaK (talk) 11:06, 25 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Ah yes, I'm glad we both know who I am now ... :) See you around; with all good wishes, DBaK (talk) 09:33, 26 July 2010 (UTC)

I'm so sorry that you are no longer around. Best wishes DBaK (talk) 21:42, 6 November 2014 (UTC)

Apocalypse Tapestry
Why on earth has this article been deleted ??? The item which the article described is the largest woven tapestry in the world. I am about to (re-)create the article as "Apocalypse Tapestry" as this is the name it is commonly known as, amongst English speakers. The French use the plural (tapestries of the...). I have checked out the French language article, and as a teacher of French I will be able to translate it. Renata (talk) 09:07, 30 July 2010 (UTC)
 * If you can make a good article about it, go for it! But the copy I deleted in 2006 was not that article.  Here's the complete text: "It is a part of the priceless collection in the Château d'Angers." and had a stub tab attached.  Seriously, that was the entirety of the article.  Also, _2006_!  Anyhow, I look forward to reading an article about it that does it justice.  Best of luck! - C HAIRBOY  (☎) 20:32, 30 July 2010 (UTC)

Hey Renata, I was about to re-create this article too, but when I saw your comment here I thought that you should deserve the authorship of the article after all, even if it's just a stub. Do it and I will follow your editing. Here: Threading time: a cultural history of threadwork. Regards, Krenakarore (talk) 20:47, 20 October 2010 (UTC)

Possibly unfree File:Barton turf fen mill.jpg
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Barton turf fen mill.jpg, has been listed at Possibly unfree files because its copyright status is unclear or disputed. If the file's copyright status cannot be verified, it may be deleted. You may find more information on the file description page. You are welcome to add comments to its entry at if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. --User:Ceyockey ( talk to me ) 16:59, 31 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Thanks for bringing this to my attention. I have thousands of Broads images on file, and I really can't be bothered checking whether it's mine or not. I've also put all my image files into the public domain. I have removed the "offending" image from the relevant page. It's worth noticing that I have had to remove vandalism from "My Page" which was put there by the person who claims the image as his/hers. Please delete the image. Renata (talk) 22:05, 31 July 2010 (UTC)

The date of your first edit on your user page
Hi Renata, I've noticed that the date of the first edidt on your user page is incorrect. The date of the earliest edit in your contributions page is wrong due to the old bug described here. Therefore your first edit was on 7 September 2002, not 22 June of that year. I haven't corrected this myself because I don't like making major edits to user pages, but I thought that I'd let you know. Graham 87 11:09, 12 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Did you get my previous message? Graham 87 05:25, 27 August 2010 (UTC)

 * I've gone ahead and edited your user page directly. Hope you don't mind. Graham 87 09:13, 4 September 2010 (UTC)

WikiProject Ports
To WikiProject Ports members:

I've proposed that WP:PORTS be rebadged as a task force of WikiProject Transport. I think this would increase the pool of ports editors and help us expand our article range and quality. But that's just my view - please feel free to offer yours. The discussion is here, comments or criticisms welcomed. Euryalus (talk) 12:19, 28 December 2010 (UTC)

Image replacement issue
Help desk, discussing one of your images. DMacks (talk) 11:39, 25 January 2011 (UTC)

 * The following message was posted to my user-talk page, but it's actually addressed to you. DMacks (talk) 14:51, 25 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks for uploading File:Loretto campus door.jpg. You don't seem to have indicated the license status of the image.  Wikipedia uses a set of image copyright tags to indicate this information; to add a tag to the image, select the appropriate tag from this list, click on this link, then click the "Edit" tab at the top of the page and add the tag to the image's description.  If there doesn't seem to be a suitable tag, the image is probably not appropriate for use on Wikipedia.

 * For help in choosing the correct tag, or for any other questions, leave a message on Media copyright questions. Thank you for your cooperation. --ImageTaggingBot (talk) 14:06, 25 January 2011 (UTC)

Waterways in the United Kingdom
Hi - West Country Rivers Trust lists under Cornish Rivers a River Otter, with a Wiki link to Devon's River Otter. I think there's is a Cornish River of a similar/same(?) name - should this be corrected? Tony in Devon (talk) 14:45, 11 December 2011 (UTC) When you have the time, could you look at WT:UKW? Thanks. Simply south...... 13:59, 7 March 2011 (UTC)

I've just added something about the breakup of English/Welsh and Scottish canals. Is there anything specific you wanted me to look at ? Renata (talk) 19:21, 12 March 2011 (UTC)

Nomination of List of cultural icons of Scotland for deletion
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Nomination of List of cultural icons of England for deletion
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Wikipedian in Residence at the National Library of Scotland
I'm just dropping you a quick note about a new Wikipedian in Residence job that's opened up at the National Library of Scotland. There're more details at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Scotland. Richard Symonds (WMUK) (talk) 15:02, 22 April 2013 (UTC)

Just to let you know
You have been mentioned at Missing Wikipedians. XOttawahitech (talk) 21:37, 18 August 2013 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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The 10,000 Challenge
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Europe 10,000 Challenge invite
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Proposed deletion of Forth and Clyde Canal Society

The article Forth and Clyde Canal Society has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern:
 * The organisation exists as many small groups do, but it doesn't meet WP:ORG or WP:GNG

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Nomination of Forth and Clyde Canal Society for deletion
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WikiProject Women in Red/The World Contest
Hi. This month The Women in Red World Contest is being held to try to produce new articles for as many countries worldwide and occupations as possible. There is over £3000 in prizes to win, including Amazon vouchers and paid subscriptions. Wikimedia UK is putting up £250 specifically for editors who produce the most quality new women bios for British women, with special consideration given to missing notable biographies from the Oxford Dictionary of Biography and Welsh Dictionary of Biography. If you're not interested in prize money yourself but are willing to participate independently this is also fine, but please add any articles created to the bottom of the main contest page even if not competing. Your participation in the contest and contributing articles on British women from your area or wherever would we much appreciated. Thanks.

Proposed deletion of List of Roman sites

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Nomination of List of cultural icons of Scotland for deletion
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Good article reassessment for East Riding of Yorkshire
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Nomination of Accessible Boating Association for deletion
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Good article reassessment for Shrewsbury
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MfD nomination of Talk:List of Belgians
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Nomination of List of Belgians for deletion
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title: User talk:Renata


text: Talk:List of biosphere reserves in the United Kingdom

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Michael Myers

Michael Myers, Mike Mayers, or Mike Myers may refer to:

 * Michael Myers (American football) (born 1976), National Football League defensive tackle
 * Michael Myers (Halloween), a fictional character and antagonist in the Halloween film series
 * Michael Myers (judge) (1873–1950), sixth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New Zealand
 * Michael Myers (New York politician) (1753–1814), American politician from New York
 * Michael Myers (Pennsylvania politician) (born 1943), American politician from Pennsylvania
 * Michael Myers (racing driver) (born 2001), American race car driver
 * Michael Myers (songwriter), British songwriter
 * Mike Mayers (born 1991), American Major League Baseball pitcher
 * Mike Myers (born 1963), American-British-Canadian actor, comedian, screenwriter and film producer
 * Mike Myers (baseball) (born 1969), American Major League Baseball pitcher

title: Michael Myers


text:
Huastec people

The Huastec or Téenek  (contraction of Te' Inik, "people from here"; also known as Huaxtec, Wastek or Huastecos) are an indigenous people of Mexico, living in the La Huasteca region including the states of Hidalgo, Veracruz, San Luis Potosí and Tamaulipas concentrated along the route of the Pánuco River and along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico.

There are approximately 66,000 Huastec speakers today, of which two-thirds are in San Luis Potosí and one-third in Veracruz, although their population was probably much higher, as much as half a million, when the Spanish arrived in 1529.

The ancient Huastec civilization is one of the pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures. Judging from archaeological remains, they are thought to date back to approximately the 10th century BCE, although their most productive period of civilization is usually considered to be the Postclassic era between the fall of Teotihuacan and the rise of the Aztec Empire. The Pre-Columbian Huastecs constructed temples on step-pyramids, carved independently standing sculptures, and produced elaborately painted pottery. They were admired for their abilities as musicians by other Mesoamerican peoples.

About 1450, the Huastecs were defeated by Aztec armies under the leadership of Moctezuma I; the Huastecs henceforth paid tribute to the Aztec Empire but retained a large degree of local self-government.

The Huastecs were conquered by the Spanish between 1519 and the 1530s. After the Spanish Conquest, many Huastecs were sold as slaves in the Caribbean by the Spanish.

The first grammatical and lexical description of the Huastec language accessible to Europeans was by Fray Andrés de Olmos, who also wrote the first such grammars of Nahuatl and Totonac.

Splitting from the rest of the Maya
Studies of language change, especially glottochronology (that is, words changing in form or being replaced by borrowed synonyms), have given linguists the tools to estimate the point in time when many pairs of languages diverged from their common ancestral tongue. The procedure depends on the assumption that languages change, in the absence of widespread literacy, at a constant rate.

Of all the languages descended from Proto-Mayan, the proto-Huastecan language was the first to split from Mayan proper. The second split, in the non-Huastecan main branch, was between proto-Yucatecan, now spoken across the Yucatán Peninsula, and the ancestors of all other Maya languages. The only other language, besides Huastec, which arose from proto-Huastecan was Chicomuceltec (also called Cotoque), a language once spoken in Chiapas near Comitán, but now extinct.

Linguists have approximated that the precursor to the language of the Huastecs diverged from the Proto-Mayan language between 2200 and 1200 BCE. Linguist Morris Swadesh posited the later date as the latest possible time for this split to have occurred, and gave the Huastec/Chicomuceltec inik ("man") versus other-Maya winik as a typical contrast. McQuown suggests 1500 BCE, Manrique Castaneda 1800 BCE, and Dahlin 2100 BCE as the most likely dates for the split. Kaufman's proposed date of about 2200 BCE would require two regular phonological (sound) changes that are attested in all Maya languages, "r" changing to "y" and "q" to "k", to have happened independently after the split, in both the Huastec/Chicomuceltec branch and in the branch of all other Mayan languages.

Robertson's work on verb affixes in the Mayan languages implies that the Huastecs were in contact with the proto-Tzeltal branch of Mayan. In Proto-Mayan, absolutives could be marked either by a prefix or a suffix, depending on the presence of a tense/aspect marker. This feature was retained in Q'anjob'al (a Maya language, spoken in the Cuchumatanes mountains of Guatemala), but lost in other branches. (Yucatecan always uses a suffix for absolutives, while Kʼicheʼ always uses a prefix.) Huastec appears to have been influenced by proto-Tzeltal, resulting in such innovations as the preposition ta, used with the object of a verb in the third person. If, as seems likely, the Huastec-Maya split occurred around 2000 BCE, the Huastecs probably did not travel far from the Guatemala-Chiapas borderlands until after 1100 BCE, more or less, by which time the proto-Tzeltalans had been established as a separate branch.

Art
The Huastec people historically lived north of the Totonacs in the northeastern corner of Mesoamerica, which helped their influence with distinct style of art. The Huastec people spoke Mayan, which was once a useful trade language. Their art was influenced by the coastal area resulting in shell artifacts.

Amongst their art they also made pots, gaming stones, platform pipes, and sculptures. These items were often made from shells and made into shape of human heads, engraved shell gorgets, fan headdresses, and of hunchbacked humans.

Arrival in the Huasteca region
The Huasteca region of Mexico extends from the easternmost limestone ranges of the Sierra Madre Oriental, across the coastal plain and the Otontepec hills to the Gulf of Mexico, in northern Veracruz state, eastern San Luis Potosí state, and (by some definitions) southern Tamaulipas. At least three indigenous languages are spoken in parts of the region today: Nahuatl (a Uto-Aztecan language), spoken especially in Veracruz, but also in San Luis Potosí; Pame (an Oto-Manguean language). spoken in the hilly borderlands of San Luis Potosí and Querétaro; and Huastec (Wastek) (a Maya language), spoken in San Luis Potosí and northernmost Veracruz, and formerly in Tamaulipas. Some would include the Totonac-speaking area, in north-central Veracruz, as part of the Huasteca. The Huastec region was known to the Aztecs (ancestors of today's Nahuatl speakers, who arrived in the Huasteca around 1450) for its fertile abundance, and includes the northernmost patches of tropical moist forest and cloud forest in the Americas.

The Huastecs arrived in the Huasteca between 1500 BCE and 900 BCE. The linguistic evidence is corroborated by archaeological discoveries. In 1954, Richard Stockton MacNeish found ceramics and figurines in the Middle Formative period, called "Pavon de Panuco" in the Panuco River sites of the Huasteca, which resemble Preclassic objects from Uaxactun, a Petén-region Maya site. A date of no earlier than 1100 BCE for the Huastecs’ arrival at their present location seems most likely, since they probably had not arrived at the north-central Veracruz site of Santa Luisa until about 1200 BCE, the phase at the end of the Early Formative period known locally as the "Ojite phase." Artifacts of the period include Panuco-like basalt manos and metates. (The Huastecs remained in Santa Luisa, located east of Papantla near the Gulf coast, until supplanted or absorbed by the Totonacs around AD 1000).

One nexus of carved iconographic traditions, the "yoke-palm-axe" complex, was found from Jaina Island in coastal Campeche to the Huasteca (and in between, in Aparicio, Veracruz), in association with the pelota ballgame, decapitation, and tooth mutilation; however, this may reflect coastal trade contacts after the Huastecs were established in the Huasteca.

Huastec–Maya separation
Proto-Maya, the common ancestor of all Maya languages, was probably spoken in west-central Guatemala, around the highland pine-oak forests of the Cuchumatanes mountain chain: north of the Motagua and Grijalva river valleys, through patches of cloud forest, and down to the edge of the tropical forest lowlands near the Ixcán and Chixoy (Negro) rivers, which flow into the Usumacinta River. Evidence that this region was the Maya "heartland" include its being located near the center of present-day language diversity of the Maya language family (and therefore requiring the minimum number of moves to place the languages in their current locations), the fact that proto-Maya included words for flora and fauna from both highland and lowland areas, and the debatable idea that it is easier for a group of people to spread from a highland region to a lowland one than vice versa. Not all archaeological evidence agrees with this conclusion: there are older, unbroken ceramic traditions from Loltun Cave in Yucatán, as well as Cuello in Belize, which suggest alternative Maya homelands.

Whether the proto-Huastecs split from the rest of the Maya in 2200 or in 1200 BCE, the separation occurred at least a millennium before the rise of classic Maya culture. It is no surprise, therefore, that the word "to write" is different in proto-Huastec (θuc-) and in the other Maya language branch (c’ib).

2000 BCE is a reasonable date for the Huastec/Maya split, and the slopes of the Cuchumatanes range as a reasonable location for the speakers of proto-Maya, it seems likely that the split occurred after these proto-Maya speakers (or a portion of them) began to migrate north, probably along the Usumacinta River, and before the two groups resulting from the split began to move in opposite directions: the proto-Huastec speakers moving northwest (and, soon thereafter, the proto-Chicomuceltec west into the Chiapas highlands), and the proto-Yucatec/other Maya-speakers spreading northeast (one branch of which became Chontal, presumed by many from its widespread loan words and hieroglyphic evidence to be the dominant language of the classic Peten Maya heartland) (see Fig. 1). While we have no direct archaeological evidence to explain the split itself, we can assume by linguistic evidence that contact was soon cut off between the two groups, despite there being no geographical feature that would automatically isolate them from each other.

The intervening feature, then, was likely a powerful linguistic-cultural group. What group occupied the Usumacinta River-Gulf Coast lowlands (mainly in today's Mexican state of Tabasco) between 2000 BCE (when the proto-Huastecs began their journey) and 1000 BCE (by which time the proto-Yucatecs had arrived in Yucatán, the Chicomuceltecs had been isolated from the Huastecs, and the Huastecs were arriving in central Veracruz)? Most scholars propose that this region was inhabited by speakers of the Mixe–Zoque family. While speakers of Mixe–Zoquean languages are today confined to the mountains of northeast Oaxaca, along the backbone of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, and into extreme western Chiapas, it is likely that they once occupied the entire Gulf Coast lowland from the isthmus to the Tuxtla mountains – in other words, the Olmec heartland, soon dominated by the presumably Mixe–Zoque-speaking Olmec civilization of about 1400 to 500 BCE. One line of evidence that the Olmecs spoke Mixe–Zoque are the words that the proto-Huastecs borrowed from proto-Mixe–Zoque as they passed through the southern Gulf lowlands; for example, ciw, meaning "squash." Thus, there is some reason to ascribe the linguistic isolation of early Huastecs from other Maya speakers to proto-Olmecs speaking a Mixe–Zoque language, themselves recently arrived after migrating northward from the Soconusco region of the Pacific coast and across the isthmus of Tehuantepec. There is much stronger evidence that the push for the Huastecs’ further migration up the Gulf coast was caused by the active presence of the early Olmecs (c. 1400 to 1100 BCE) of San Lorenzo and associated sites. If this is true, most of the distance that the Huastecs migrated during their entire history, from Guatemala to the Huasteca, was traveled in only a century or two at most: the portion between the Olmec heartland around San Lorenzo, and the environs of San Luisa.

The Huastecs and the Yucatán Maya were reunited, in a way, during the late nineteenth century, when Huastec chicle-tappers and lumbermen were transported to the state of Campeche to work the similar forests there, mainly employed by U.S.-based companies. A cross-Gulf steamship trade developed at the same time, with products such as salt exported from Campeche to Tuxpan (a Huastec-region port), and items such as sugar from Tuxpan to Campeche.

title: Huastec people


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Quattro Pro

Quattro Pro is a spreadsheet program developed by Borland and now sold by Alludo, most often as part of Alludo's WordPerfect Office suite.

Characteristics
Historically, Quattro Pro used keyboard commands close to those of Lotus 1-2-3. While it is commonly said to have been the first program to use tabbed sheets, Boeing Calc actually utilized tabbed sheets earlier. It currently runs under the Windows operating system. For years Quattro Pro had a competitive advantage, in regard to maximum row and column limits (allowing a maximum worksheet size of one million rows by 18,276 columns). This avoided the 65,536 row by 256 column spreadsheet limitations inherent to Microsoft Excel (prior to Excel 2007). Even with the maximum row advantage, Quattro Pro has been a distant second to Excel, in terms of sales numbers, since approximately 1996 to the present.

When version 1.0 was in development, it was codenamed "Buddha" since it was meant to "assume the Lotus position", #1 in the market. When the product was launched in 1988, its original name, suggested to Mr. Kahn by Senior VP, Spencer Leyton at a Vietnamese restaurant in Santa Cruz, was Quattro (the Italian word for "four", a play on being one step ahead of "1-2-3"). Borland changed the name to Quattro Pro for its 1990 release.

The common file extension of Quattro Pro spreadsheet file is .qpw, which it has used since version 9. Quattro Pro versions 7 and 8 used .wb3, version 6 used .wb2, version 5 used .wb1, and DOS versions used .wq2 and .wq1.

Origins
The original Borland Quattro electronic spreadsheet was a DOS program, the initial development of which was done by three Eastern Europeans, one of whom, the Hungarian Lajos Frank, was later hired by Microsoft. An article appeared in PC Week in 1985, quoting a maker of spreadsheet templates saying that he was in close contact with Borland, and that Borland was developing a spreadsheet. At the time, there was absolutely no such development being undertaken by Borland. After they both read the article, Philippe Kahn and Spencer Leyton had a casual conversation where they joked, half seriously, about perhaps developing a spreadsheet to compete with Lotus Development's 1-2-3. That led to Mr. Kahn setting an appointment with an agent for some Eastern European software developers, Robert Stein of Andromeda Software, which was also involved with the game Tetris. That led to an agreement negotiated by Mr. Leyton and Mr. Stein, providing for the development of the original Quattro.

Quattro was written in assembly language and Turbo C, principally by Adam Bosworth, Lajos Frank, and Chuck Batterman. It was praised mainly for superior graphics on DOS. Borland acquired a replacement product called "Surpass", written in Modula-2. The main designers and programmers of Surpass were also hired by Borland to turn Surpass into Quattro Pro: Bob Warfield, Dave Anderson, Weikuo Liaw, Bob Richardson and Tod Landis. They joined other Borland programmers including Chuck Batterman, Lajos Frank, Tanj Bennett, Rich Reppert and Roger Schlafly. Bob Warfield later became Vice President of R&D at Borland. All eventually left Borland.

Quattro Pro shipped in the final quarter of 1989. The Borland main office was near the epicenter of the Loma Prieta earthquake and the building was severely damaged when large and heavy air conditioners on the roof of Borland's main building were thrown upward by the quake, and came crashing down upon the glulam beams running across the top of the building. The beams were damaged to the point where they required injections of epoxy in order to make them sturdy enough to support the building again. In addition, the sprinkler system was triggered. The building was closed for months. All the computers were removed, placed on the tennis courts, washed down (acoustic ceilings rained gray mush onto everything when the sprinklers ran) and dried with hair dryers. Those that booted up were put to work. Quattro Pro finished final quality assurance testing and was sent to manufacturing from those computers running on the tennis courts in the (fortunately) sunny and dry autumn weather.

Lawsuit
Some have claimed that Quattro Pro was the first to use the tabbed notebook metaphor, but another spreadsheet, Boeing Calc, used tabs to multiple sheets, and allowed three-dimensional references before Quattro Pro was on the market. (Boeing Calc was so slow that its multiple sheet capabilities were barely usable.)

Quattro Pro was the subject of a major lawsuit by Lotus against Borland. Lotus argued that Quattro could not copy Lotus 1-2-3's menus. Borland supplied the 1-2-3 menus as an alternative because keystroke compatibility was needed in order to run macros in 1-2-3 worksheets. Borland argued that most cars operate the same, but they are not necessarily made the same. So, Lotus could not rationally "own" the way its program behaved. The district court ruled in favor of Lotus, but the appellate court ruled that the 1-2-3 menus were functional and not copyrightable. The case went all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court which split 4 to 4 (Justice Stevens recused himself). This left the lower court ruling intact, which was a victory for Borland. However, the broader issue of whether a company can own and protect the way its program behaves remained unresolved.

By the time the case was resolved, Borland no longer owned Quattro Pro. Borland sold the spreadsheet to Novell six months before the final decision was handed down.

Quattro Pro for Windows
Quattro Pro began as a DOS program (like Lotus 1-2-3) but with the growing popularity of Windows from Microsoft, a Windows version of Quattro needed to be written. There was almost nothing from the DOS code that could be moved to the Windows project, so the Quattro Pro for Windows (QPW) was written from scratch.

Both the QPW and Paradox for Windows codebases (the latter being another Borland database application) were based on Borland's internal pilot project with object oriented UI code for Windows. This project ran simultaneously with the Borland language group investigating the desirability of a C++ compiler, and the company decided to make a bet on C++. However, the C++ compiler was not ready at first, and OO code for both projects was started in C with OO emulation through macros. As the Borland Turbo C++ compiler became available internally the projects converted to using C++.

Charlie Anderson was put in charge of the project and he soon had Istvan Cseri, Weikuo Liaw, Murray Low, Steven Boye, Barry Spencer, Alan Bush, Dave Orton, Bernie Vachon, Anson Lee, Tod Landis, Gordon Ko and Chuck Batterman working on the project. Other engineers joined later. Eventually the team numbered nearly 20. The object model was inspired by the NeXT object model, modified by Mr. Cseri. Mr. Liaw and Mr. Spencer were in charge of the spreadsheet engine (written in assembly language) while Mr. Low wrote a large chunk of the UI.

The product was internally codenamed "Thor" for the Norse god of Thunder. QPW featured two major innovations. First, it was the first Windows spreadsheet with multiple pages with cells that could be linked together seamlessly, a feature from Quattro Pro which QPW extended. Second, it was the first released Windows program to have an attribute menu (or property pane) available by right-clicking on the object. Although this idea was first seen on the Xerox Alto, the idea had not been implemented on a major Windows program. Paradox for Windows shared this feature, and it was shown off by Phillipe Kahn at a Paradox user conference over a year before QPW was released. Both these ideas became widespread in the software industry.

QPW was one of the first big applications written in C++ on Windows, and it pushed the Borland C++ compiler to the limit. One reason why the Borland C++ Compiler was so good was that it had to compile and link the massive QPW code base successfully.

The technical risk of the QPW project was immense. The object model was untried and might not have worked for a spreadsheet. The user interface (UI) was new (for Windows programs at least). No one knew if the C++ compiler could generate fast enough code. As it turned out, the program worked. It was fast, it was close in feature set to Lotus 123 and Excel, and the "right-click for properties" user design was reasonably understandable.

At one point, it was hoped that QPW and Paradox for Windows would be able to share a common object model. That proved impossible despite serious thought and design efforts.

QPW was finally released in September 1992. The Quattro Pro marketing team had chosen to bundle both Quattro Pro for DOS and Quattro Pro for Windows in the same box labeled "WIN-DOS" at a price of $495. Customers and reviewers expecting a pure Windows application responded with confusion and outrage, believing the product was merely a DOS application with windowing capabilities. Shortly thereafter QPW was re-packaged by itself and priced $129, receiving accolades for Borland's long-delayed pure Windows spreadsheet and its popular price.

Eventually it sold well (after the price was slashed to just $49 a copy). Work was started immediately on a new version with a brand new team of engineers led by Joe Ammirato; including Bret Gillis and Peter Weyzen. Borland purchased DataPivot from Brio Technology to add a new feature to the program. Colin Glassey came from Brio to help with the integration of that technology.

After a year and the merging of the old team and the new team, QPW 5 was released (the reason for the jump in version number had to do with keeping up with the DOS version as well as it looked good). QPW 5 sold well also, though the Microsoft Excel + Word combination was gaining steam.

Work then started on version 6 (now with Steven Boye as project lead). Midway through the development of version 6 a strategic decision to work closely with the WordPerfect word processor was made. It was a direct attempt to push back at the Microsoft Office one-two punch of Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel. The other big issue with Version 6 was the advent of Windows 95. This was a significant modification to the Windows operating system with a major change to user interface guidelines.

In an odd set of events, Novell purchased both WordPerfect Corporation and the Quattro Pro code base and team of engineers from Borland. Novell was going to try to be a real competitor to Microsoft. Although Version 6 was released and some effort was made to unify the user interface between WordPerfect and QPW, the effort was far from complete.

In another lawsuit, Novell claims that Microsoft had "deliberately targeted and destroyed" its WordPerfect and QuattroPro programs to protect its Windows operating system monopoly. The US Supreme Court refused to halt the antitrust lawsuit in March 2008.

Novell's exit
The release of Windows 95 in August 1995 was the beginning of the end for Novell and its plans to compete with Microsoft. Not only did Microsoft release a new operating system, but Microsoft also released new versions of Word and Excel to accompany it. Sales of Novell PerfectOffice (and Lotus applications as well) sank to almost nothing while sales of the Microsoft products were huge. Within three months, Novell announced they were going to sell their applications to someone (eventually that proved to be Corel). By mid-1996, Microsoft had 95% of the market for business applications. , Microsoft still dominates the market for Windows business application software, although Quattro Pro and WordPerfect, which pre-dated the MS Office 4.2 suite, are still both updated and sold.

File formats
Quattro Pro file formats use various filename extensions, including WB1, WB2, WB3, wq1 and wq2; some of these (WB2, wq1, and wq2) may open in the desktop applications of Collabora Online, LibreOffice or Apache OpenOffice and then be saved into the OpenDocument format or other file formats, Microsoft dropped support for Quattro Pro file formats after Office 2007.

Version history

 * 1989: Quattro Pro 1.0
 * 1991: Quattro Pro 2.0
 * 1991: Quattro Pro 3.0 for DOS
 * 1992: Quattro Pro 4.0 for DOS
 * 1992: Quattro Pro for Windows 1.0 (also in Borland Office for Windows (1993))
 * 1993: Quattro Pro for Windows 5.0 (also in Borland Office 2.0 for Windows)
 * 1994: Quattro Pro for Windows 6.0 (part of Novell PerfectOffice 3.0)
 * 1996: Quattro Pro 7 (part of Corel WordPerfect Suite 7)
 * 1998: Quattro Pro 8 (part of Corel WordPerfect Suite 8)
 * 2000: Quattro Pro 9 (part of Corel WordPerfect Office 2000)
 * 2002: Quattro Pro 10 (part of Corel WordPerfect Office 2002)
 * 2003: Quattro Pro 11 (part of Corel WordPerfect Office 11)
 * 2004: Quattro Pro 12 (part of Corel WordPerfect Office 12)
 * 2006: Quattro Pro X3 (part of Corel WordPerfect Office X3)
 * 2008: Quattro Pro X4 (part of Corel WordPerfect Office X4)
 * 2010: Quattro Pro X5 (part of Corel WordPerfect Office X5)
 * 2012: Quattro Pro X6 (part of Corel WordPerfect Office X6)
 * 2014: Quattro Pro X7 (part of Corel WordPerfect Office X7)
 * 2016: Quattro Pro X8 (part of Corel WordPerfect Office X8)
 * 2018: Quattro Pro X9 (part of Corel WordPerfect Office X9)
 * 2020: Quattro Pro 2020 (part of Corel WordPerfect Office 2020)

title: Quattro Pro


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Sean Penn

Sean Justin Penn (born August 17, 1960) is an American actor and film director. He is known for his intense leading man roles in film. Over his career, he has earned numerous accolades including two Academy Awards, a Golden Globe Award, and a Screen Actors Guild Award, as well as nominations for three BAFTA Film Awards. Penn received an Honorary César in 2015.

Penn made his feature film debut in the drama Taps (1981), before taking roles in Fast Times at Ridgemont High (1982), Bad Boys (1983), and At Close Range (1986). He later won the Academy Award for Best Actor twice for his respective roles as a grieving father and Harvey Milk in Mystic River (2003) and Milk (2008). He also received Academy Award nominations for his performances in Dead Man Walking (1995), Sweet and Lowdown (1999) and I Am Sam (2001). Penn's other credits include Casualties of War (1989), State of Grace (1990), Carlito's Way (1993), She's So Lovely (1997), The Game (1997), The Thin Red Line (1998), Hurlyburly (1998), 21 Grams (2003), Fair Game (2010), The Tree of Life (2011), Licorice Pizza (2021), and Daddio (2023).

Penn made his directorial film debut with the crime drama The Indian Runner (1991), followed by the films The Crossing Guard (1995), The Pledge (2001), and Into the Wild (2007). On stage, he acted in the Broadway plays Heartland (1981) and Slab Boys (1983). On television, he portrayed an astronaut in the Hulu drama series The First (2018) and John N. Mitchell in the Starz political thriller miniseries Gaslight (2022).

In addition to his film work, Penn has also engaged in political and social activism. This includes his criticism of the George W. Bush administration, his contact with the presidents of Cuba and Venezuela, and his humanitarian work in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and the 2010 Haiti earthquake, as well as his support for Ukraine President Volodymyr Zelenskyy amidst the Russian-Ukrainian War.

Early life
Penn was born in Santa Monica, California, to actor and director Leo Penn and actress Eileen Ryan (née Annucci). His older brother is musician Michael Penn. His younger brother, actor Chris Penn, died in 2006. His father was Jewish whose parents were emigrants from Merkinė in Lithuania, and his mother was a Catholic of Irish and Italian descent.

Penn was raised in a secular home in Malibu, California, and attended Malibu Park Junior High School and Santa Monica High School. He began making short films with some of his childhood friends including actors Emilio Estevez and Charlie Sheen, who lived near his home.

1974–1989: Early work and breakthrough
Penn appeared in a 1974 episode of the Little House on the Prairie television series as an extra when his father, Leo, directed some of the episodes. Penn launched his film career with the action-drama Taps (1981), where he played a military high school cadet. That same year he made his Broadway debut in the Kevin Heelan play Heartland at the Century Theatre. A year later, he appeared in the hit comedy Fast Times at Ridgemont High (1982), in the role of surfer-stoner Jeff Spicoli; his character helped popularize the word "dude" in popular culture. Next, Penn appeared as Mick O'Brien, a troubled youth, in the drama Bad Boys (1983). The role earned Penn favorable reviews and jump-started his career as a serious actor. He returned to Broadway that same year acting in the John Byrne play Slab Boys acting alongside Kevin Bacon, Val Kilmer, Jackie Earl Haley, and Madeleine Potter at the Playhouse Theatre.

Penn played Andrew Daulton Lee in the film The Falcon and the Snowman (1985), which closely followed an actual criminal case. Lee was a former drug dealer, convicted of espionage for the Soviet Union and originally sentenced to life in prison, but was paroled in 1998. Penn later hired Lee as his personal assistant, partly because he wanted to reward Lee for allowing him to play Lee in the film; Penn was also a firm believer in rehabilitation and thought Lee should be successfully reintegrated into society, since he was a free man again. Penn starred in the drama At Close Range (1986) which received critical acclaim. He stopped acting for a few years in the early 1990s, having been dissatisfied with the industry, and focused on making his directing debut.

1990–1999: Leading man roles and stardom
In 1990 Penn portrayed Detective Terry Noonan in the neo-noir State of Grace opposite Ed Harris and Gary Oldman. The following year, Penn made his directorial debut with The Indian Runner (1991), a crime drama film based on Bruce Springsteen's song "Highway Patrolman", from the 1982 album Nebraska. Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote, "Flirting constantly with the dangers of pure self-indulgence, Mr. Penn still manages to keep the improvisatory quality of this painful family drama from becoming overwhelming. For all its hazy excesses, the film seldom loses sight of its story's raw essence." He also directed music videos, such as Shania Twain's "Dance with the One That Brought You" (1993), Lyle Lovett's "North Dakota" (1993). After a brief hiatus from acting, he returned to star in the Brian De Palma crime drama Carlito's Way (1993) acting opposite Al Pacino. Film critic Leonard Klady of Variety wrote of his performance, "Penn reminds viewers of what they’ve been missing in his performance as Carlito’s ambitious, amoral lawyer. Without stooping to caricature, he effortlessly captures what is most heinous in the profession." Penn was he was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture.

He also directed the indie thriller The Crossing Guard (1995) starring Jack Nicholson. Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote, "Penn is a slugger of a film maker, whether pummeling his audience with the obvious or hammering home the heartfelt and true. His second feature...has the same brute force that made his Indian Runner such a gripping oddity, bearing the distinctive stamp of Mr. Penn's raw, searching style". That same year he acting alongside Susan Sarandon starring in the Tim Robbins directed crime drama playing a racist murderer on death row in Dead Man Walking (1995). Critic Roger Ebert wrote "Penn proves again that he is the most powerful actor of his generation". For his performance he received the Academy Award for Best Actor. The following year he acted in Nick Cassavetes directed romantic drama She's So Lovely (1997) opposite his then-wife Robin Wright Penn. Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly compared the film to the works of John Cassavetes and wrote that Penn's performance is "is so full of heart and talent". Penn won the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor. That same year he acted in the Oliver Stone directed neo-noir crime drama U Turn, and David Fincher's mystery thriller The Game.

In 1997 he starred in the independent drama Hurlyburly based off the 1984 play of the same name by David Rabe. Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian wrote, "Sean Penn ends up dominating the film, sweating anxiety and rage from every pore. His charisma and screen presence are undeniable". For his performance he won the Volpi Cup for Best Actor at the Venice International Film Festival. That same year he had a leading role in the Terrence Malick epic about the World War II battle for Guadalcanal in The Thin Red Line (1998) based off the 1962 novel of the same name by James Jones. The following year he portrayed a egotisitcal jazz guitarist in the Woody Allen film Sweet and Lowdown (1999). Roger Ebert described Penn's performances as "master classes in the art of character development". For his performance he was nominated for his second Academy Award for Best Actor.

2000–2011: Established actor and acclaim
In 2000 Penn acted in Julian Schnabel's drama Before Night Falls opposite Javier Bardem and Kathryn Bigelow's thriller The Weight of Water with Elizabeth Hurley. The following year he guest starred on the NBC sitcom Friends portraying Eric, a man who was engaged to Phoebe Buffay's sister Ursula, both of whom are played by Lisa Kudrow. He appeared in two episodes in the eighth season. That same year he portraying a mentally handicapped father in the family drama I am Sam (2001). His performance led him to his third nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor.

In 2003 he starred in the Clint Eastwood directed Boston crime drama Mystic River portraying a grieving father looking for his daughter. Penn acted alongside Tim Robbins, Laura Linney, Marcia Gay Harden, and Kevin Bacon. Film critic Todd McCarthy of Variety wrote, "[The] Casting is immaculate. Penn is in top form as the reformed hood whose basic instincts overtake him." Penn received widespread acclaim for his performance earning numerous accolades including the Academy Award, Critics' Choice Movie Award, and Golden Globe Award for Best Actor as well as nominations for the BAFTA Award and Screen Actors Guild Award. That same year he acted in Alejandro González Iñárritu's psychological thriller 21 Grams opposite Naomi Watts and Benicio del Toro. For his performance he was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actor at the 57th British Academy Film Awards.

In 2004, Penn played Samuel Bicke, a character based on Samuel Byck, who in 1974 attempted and failed to assassinate President Richard Nixon, in The Assassination of Richard Nixon (2004). The same year, he was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Next, Penn portrayed governor Willie Stark (based on Huey Long) in an adaptation of Robert Penn Warren's classic 1946 American novel All the King's Men (2006). The film was a critical and commercial failure, named by a 2010 Forbes article as the biggest flop in the last five years. During this time he directed the mystery film The Pledge (2001) and Peter Gabriel's "The Barry Williams Show" (2002). Penn gained acclaim for directing the biographical drama survival film Into the Wild (2007). Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly praised wrote, "Penn has written and directed with magnificent precision and imaginative grace". For his direction he was nominated for the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Feature Film.

In November 2008, Penn earned positive reviews for his portrayal of real-life politician and gay rights activist and icon Harvey Milk in the Gus Van Sant directed biographical drama film Milk (2008). Kirk Honeycutt for The Hollywood Reporter wrote, "Penn is one of those actors in complete control of his entire instrument. He uses voice, body movements, line readings and something indefinable within his own psyche to transmigrate into another person’s body and mind". For his performance he was nominated for Best Actor by the British Academy Film Awards, the Golden Globe Awards, and the Independent Spirit Awards. Penn won his second Academy Award for Best Actor and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role.

In Fair Game (2010), Penn starred as Joseph C. Wilson, whose wife, Valerie Plame (Naomi Watts), was outed as a CIA agent by Bush advisor Scooter Libby in retaliation for an article Wilson wrote debunking Bush's claim that Iraq was building a nuclear bomb as a rationale for invading the country. The film is based upon Plame's 2007 memoir Fair Game: My Life as a Spy, My Betrayal by the White House. Penn reunited with Terrence Malick drama The Tree of Life (2011), which won the Palme d'Or at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival. That same year he starred in the Paolo Sorrentino directed comedy-drama This Must Be the Place (2011) opposite Frances McDormand. In the film Penn plays Cheyenne, a former rock star. The film received positive reviews with Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter wrote that "Penn dominates the film, of course, although it’s a performance that slithers between the genuine and the stunt-like".

2012–present: Focus on directing and television roles
In 2015, Penn starred in The Gunman, a French-American action thriller based on the novel The Prone Gunman, by Jean-Patrick Manchette. Jasmine Trinca, Idris Elba, Ray Winstone, Mark Rylance, and fellow Oscar-winner Javier Bardem appear in supporting roles. In The Gunman, Penn played Jim Terrier, a sniper on a mercenary assassination team who kills the minister of mines of the Congo. During this time Penn directed the drama film The Last Face (2016) starring Charlize Theron and Javier Bardem and the crime/drama film Flag Day (2021) with Dylan Penn and Josh Brolin. In March 2018, Atria Books published Penn's novel Bob Honey Who Just Do Stuff. After the book's release, Penn went on a highly publicized press tour. He claimed that he no longer had "a generic interest in making films", and being a writer will "dominate my creative energies for the foreseeable future".

In 2018 Penn starred in his first leading role in a television series portraying Tom Hagerty, an astronaut chosen to be one of the first people to visit Mars in the Hulu science fiction drama series The First created by Beau Willimon. Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter wrote of his performance, "You can quickly see why Penn gravitated toward this as his series debut. His physical transformation and high-intensity confrontations...are showy, but the slowly unfolding role also lets him play quiet moments, and even light ones" adding, "It’s funny that I’m always surprised by how game Penn is to be a goofball. The guy who starred in Fast Times at Ridgemont High is still in there somewhere." The series received positive reviews but on January 18, 2019, Hulu canceled the series after one season. In 2020 Penn played himself in a cameo role in the Curb Your Enthusiasm season 10 episode "The Spite Store".

In 2021, Penn portrayed Jack Holden, an actor based on William Holden, in the Paul Thomas Anderson directed coming of age comedy-drama Licorice Pizza. Penn returned to television starring in the Starz political thriller limited series Gaslit (2022) portraying John N. Mitchell opposite Julia Roberts as Martha Mitchell. The role required transformational prosthetics. Ben Travers of IndieWire wrote of his performance, "Penn manages to bring life to his makeup-constructed character" adding "Even his manner of speech, spitting curse words while clenching his wooden pipe, befits the boil of a man that John Mitchell becomes". For his performance he was nominated for the Hollywood Critics Association Award for Best Actor in a Limited or Anthology Series.

In 2023 Penn directed his first documentary film, Superpower, profiling the President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy which premiered at the Berlin International Film Festival. The film follows Penn as he travels to Ukraine to meet with Zelenskyy, the soldiers and observe firsthand how the Russo-Ukrainian War is being waged. Penn starred as a cab driver in Christy Hall's directorial debut Daddio (2023) acting opposite Dakota Johnson. Film critic Todd McCarthy of Deadline Hollywood wrote, "Sean Penn is at his absolute best here in a tremendously engaging performance as a salty working-class guy with an endless supply of opinions and ways of drawing out his passengers".

Relationships
Penn was engaged to actress Elizabeth McGovern, his co-star in Racing with the Moon (1984). He also had a brief relationship with Susan Sarandon.

Penn met singer-songwriter Madonna on set of her "Material Girl" music video in January 1985. On August 16, 1985, they married on Madonna's 27th birthday; Penn turned 25 the next day. The two starred in the panned Shanghai Surprise (1986), directed by Jim Goddard, and Madonna dedicated her third studio album True Blue (1986) to Penn, referring to him in the liner notes as "the coolest guy in the universe". Their marriage was marred by Penn's violent outbursts against the press. Madonna filed for divorce in December 1987, but withdrew the papers two weeks later. In January 1989, Madonna filed for divorce again and reportedly withdrew an assault complaint against Penn following an incident at their Malibu, California, home during the New Year weekend. Penn was alleged to have struck Madonna on multiple occasions during their marriage in the book Madonna Unauthorized. Madonna denied the allegations stating they were "completely outrageous, malicious, reckless, and false" in 2015.

In 1989, Penn began dating actress Robin Wright, and their first child, a daughter named Dylan Frances, was born April 13, 1991. Their second child, son Hopper Jack, was born August 6, 1993. Penn and Wright separated in 1995, during which time he developed a relationship with Jewel, after he spotted her performing on Late Night with Conan O'Brien. He invited her to compose a song for his film The Crossing Guard (1995) and followed her on tour. Penn reconciled with Wright and they married on April 27, 1996. The couple filed for divorce in December 2007 but reconciled several months later, requesting a court dismissal of their divorce case. In April 2009, Penn filed for legal separation, only to withdraw the case once again when the couple reconciled in May. On August 12, 2009, Wright filed for divorce again. The couple's divorce was finalized on July 22, 2010; the couple reached a private agreement on child and spousal support, division of assets, and custody of Hopper, who was almost 17 at the time.

In December 2013, Penn began dating South African actress Charlize Theron. Their relationship ended in June 2015. Despite reports that they were engaged, Theron stated that they were never engaged. Theron starred in Penn's film The Last Face (2016), which they filmed while still a couple.

In 2016, Penn began a relationship with Australian actress Leila George, daughter of actors Vincent D’Onofrio and Greta Scacchi. They married on July 30, 2020. George filed for divorce on October 15, 2021. Their divorce was finalized on April 22, 2022. In June 2023, Penn began a relationship with Ukrainian Olga Korotyayeva.

Legal issues
In October 1985, Penn pled no contest to charges that he assaulted two journalists when they tried to photograph him and Madonna in Nashville in June 1985. He was fined $50 on each of two misdemeanor charges of assault and battery. In January 1986, Penn was charged for assaulting allegedly Leonel Borralho, Macau correspondent for the Hong Kong Standard newspaper, after he photographed Madonna and Penn as they arrived at their hotel room. In June 1986, Penn was charged with misdemeanor battery for assaulting songwriter David Wolinski at Helena's nightclub in Los Angeles. Wolinski said Penn accused him of trying to kiss Madonna. Penn pled not guilty to the charge.

In April 1987, Penn violated probation and was arrested for punching a film extra, Jeffrey Klein, on set of the movie Colors. Penn was sentenced to 60 days in jail for this assault and reckless driving in June 1987, of which he served 33 days. According to Penn himself, he was incarcerated in the same jail holding Richard Ramirez, a serial killer awaiting trial. Ramirez wrote to Penn, to which Penn wrote back saying he had no kinship for his fellow inmate and hopes Ramirez receives capital punishment via the gas chamber. In May 2010, Penn pleaded no contest to a misdemeanor charge stemming from an altercation with photographer Frank Mateljan in October 2009. He was sentenced to perform 300 hours of community service and undergo 36 hours of anger management counseling.

In an interview published September 16, 2015, director and showrunner Lee Daniels responded to criticism about Terrence Howard's continued career in light of his domestic violence issues by referencing Penn's rumored history of domestic violence, saying: "[Terrence] ain't done nothing different than Marlon Brando or Sean Penn, and all of a sudden he's some f—in' demon." In response, Penn launched a $10 million defamation suit against Daniels, alleging that he had never been arrested for or charged with domestic violence. Penn dropped the lawsuit in May 2016 after Daniels retracted his statement and apologized.

Political views and activism
Penn has been outspoken in supporting numerous political and social causes. On December 13–16, 2002, he visited Iraq to protest against the Bush administration's apparent plans for a military strike on Iraq. On June 10, 2005, Penn visited Iran, where, acting as a journalist on an assignment for the San Francisco Chronicle, he attended a Friday prayer at Tehran University.

On January 7, 2006, Penn was a special guest at the Progressive Democrats of America, where he was joined by author and media critic Norman Solomon and activist Cindy Sheehan at their "Out of Iraq Forum" in Sacramento, California, organized to support and promote the anti-Iraq War movement. On December 18, 2006, Penn received the Christopher Reeve First Amendment Award from the Creative Coalition for his commitment to free speech.

In August 2008, Penn attended one of Ralph Nader's "Open the Debates" super rallies, protesting against Nader and other third party candidates's exclusion. In October 2008, Penn visited Cuba, where he met with and interviewed then Cuban president Raúl Castro.

In 2021, Penn denounced cancel culture, describing it as "ludicrous".

George W. Bush administration
On October 18, 2002, Penn placed a $56,000 advertisement in The Washington Post, publicly asking then President George W. Bush to end military hostilities in Iraq and elsewhere. The advertisement was written as an open letter and referred to the planned attack on Iraq and the War on terror.

In the letter, Penn also criticized the Bush administration for its "deconstruction of civil liberties" and its "simplistic and inflammatory view of good and evil." Penn visited Iraq briefly in December 2002. The criticism drew praise from Penn's ex-wife Madonna, who said, "Sean is one of the few. Good for him. Most celebrities are keeping their heads down. Nobody wants to be unpopular. But then Americans, by and large, are pretty ignorant of what's going on in the world."

The Post advertisement was cited as a primary reason for the development of his relationship with Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez. In one of his televised speeches, Chávez used and read aloud an open letter Penn wrote to Bush. The letter condemned the Iraq War, called for Bush to be impeached, and also called then U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney and U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice "villainously and criminally obscene people."

On April 19, 2007, Penn appeared on The Colbert Report and had a "Meta-Free-Phor-All" versus Stephen Colbert that was judged by Robert Pinsky following Penn's criticisms of Bush. In the appearance, Penn said, "We cower as you point your fingers telling us to support our troops. You and the smarmy pundits in your pocket– those who bathe in the moisture of your soiled and blood-soaked underwear–can take that noise and shove it." He won the contest with 10,000,000 points to Colbert's 1.

On December 7, 2007, Penn said he supported Ohio Congressman Dennis J. Kucinich in the 2008 U.S. presidential election, and again criticized Bush's handling of the Iraq War. Penn questioned whether Bush's daughters, Jenna and Barbara, supported the war in Iraq.

Natural disasters
In September 2005, Penn traveled to New Orleans, to aid Hurricane Katrina victims. He was physically involved in rescuing people, although there was criticism that his involvement was a PR stunt as he hired a photographer to come along with his entourage. Penn denied such accusations in an article he wrote for HuffPost. Director Spike Lee interviewed Penn for Lee's documentary about Hurricane Katrina, When the Levees Broke: A Requiem in Four Acts (2006).

After the 2010 Haiti earthquake, Penn founded the J/P Haitian Relief Organization, which operated a 55,000 person tent camp. Prior to founding the organization, Penn acknowledged he had never visited Haiti and did not speak French or Creole. When asked about critics who questioned his experience on Haiti, he said he hopes they "die screaming of rectal cancer".

On January 31, 2012, due largely to his visibility as an on-the-ground advocate for rescue and aid efforts in the aftermath, Penn was designated by then Haitian president Michel Martelly as Ambassador-at-Large for Haiti, the first time a non-Haitian citizen has held the position in the country's history. Also in 2012, at the 12th World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates, Penn was recognized with the Peace Summit Award.

Gender and sexual orientation
On February 22, 2009, Penn received the Academy Award for Best Actor for the film Milk. In his acceptance speech, he said: "I think that it is a good time for those who voted for the ban against gay marriage to sit and reflect and anticipate their great shame and the shame in their grandchildren's eyes if they continue that way of support. We've got to have equal rights for everyone!" In 2022, Penn expressed his position on masculinity, saying, "I am in the club that believes that men in American culture have become wildly feminised...I don't think that [in order] to be fair to women, we should become them." He later told The Independent that "I think that men have, in my view, become quite feminised...There are a lot of, I think, cowardly genes that lead to people surrendering their jeans and putting on a skirt."

International affairs
Penn gained significant attention in Pakistan media when he visited Karachi and Badin in 2012. On March 23, 2012, accompanied by U.S. Consul General William J. Martin, Penn visited flood-stricken villages in Karim Bux Jamali, Dargah Shah Gurio, and Peero Lashari in the Badin District, where he distributed blankets, quilts, kitchen items, and other goods to flood survivors.

On March 24, 2012, during his visit to Pakistan, Penn visited Bilquis Edhi Female Child Home and met Pakistani humanitarian worker Abdul Sattar Edhi and his wife Bilquis Edhi and laid floral wreaths at the shrine of Abdullah Shah Ghazi in honor of him.

Penn is also believed to have played a role in securing the release of American entrepreneur Jacob Ostreicher from a Bolivian prison in 2013, and was credited by Ostreicher for having personally nursed him back to health after his release.

Penn is the founder of the nonprofit organization Community Organized Relief Effort (CORE), which distributed aid in Haiti following the country's 2010 earthquake and Hurricane Matthew and administered free COVID-19 diagnostic tests in the U.S. during the COVID-19 pandemic.

In October 2021, the National Labor Relations Board filed a complaint that Penn and CORE violated U.S. federal labor law, contending that Penn "impliedly threatened" his employees with reprisals after they complained about working conditions, which allegedly included 18-hour work days.

In February 2012, during the Syrian civil war, Penn stood beside Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez as Venezuela supported the government of Syria, led by Bashar al-Assad. In March 2010, Penn called for the imprisonment of journalists who referred to Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez as a dictator. Penn's was criticized by conservative and libertarian media sources, including National Review and Reason.

Penn and Chávez maintained a friendship; when Chávez died in 2013, Penn said: "Venezuela and its revolution will endure under the proven leadership of Vice President Nicolás Maduro. Today the United States lost a friend it never knew it had. And poor people around the world lost a champion. I lost a friend I was blessed to have." Penn's friendship with Chávez and his praise for Cuban dictator Raúl Castro have been criticized by human rights activist Thor Halvorssen and media, including The New York Times, the Los Angeles Times, The New Criterion, and The Advocate, each of which alleged that Castro and Chávez's strong anti-LGBT stances clashed with Penn's support for LGBT groups. Actress María Conchita Alonso, who co-starred with Penn in Colors, also issued an "Open Letter to Sean Penn", attacking his views on Chávez. In December 2011, Alonso and Penn began verbally fighting at an airport, during which Penn called her "a pig" and Alonso called Penn a communist.

On January 9, 2016, a day after Mexican officials announced the capture of fugitive Sinaloa Cartel boss Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán in a militarized raid, Rolling Stone reported that Penn and actress Kate del Castillo had conducted a secret interview with El Chapo prior to his arrest. Del Castillo was contacted by Guzmán's lawyer, who was then under CISEN surveillance, to discuss producing a biographical film about Guzmán, and communication between the two increased following Guzmán's escape from a Mexican prison in July 2015. The deal for the interview was brokered by del Castillo.

According to text messages released between Penn and del Castillo, El Chapo did not know who Sean Penn was. CISEN released photographs of del Castillo at the meetings with Guzmán's lawyers and of Penn and del Castillo arriving in Mexico. The interview was criticized by White House, which called it "maddening". Mexican authorities said they sought to question Penn over the interview, which had not been approved by either the American or Mexican government. Penn and del Castillo's meeting with Guzmán was investigated by the Attorney General of Mexico.

In October 2020, Penn tweeted support for Armenia in the Nagorno-Karabakh war between Armenia and Azerbaijan. He also criticized Turkey's involvement in the conflict and close Turkey–United States ties and simultaneously endorsed Joe Biden in the 2020 U.S. presidential election. Penn said, "Armenians are being slaughtered by Trump pal Erdogan with weapons WE provided. THIS is NOT America! Biden for America's new birth!".

Ukraine
In 2022, Penn visited Ukraine to film a documentary about the Russian invasion of that country. Penn attended press briefings in Kyiv, met with officials and spoke to journalists and military personnel about the Russian invasion. On February 25, 2022, Penn said, "If we allow it [Ukraine] to fight alone, our soul as America is lost."

Penn also praised the response from the Ukrainian government and its citizens. As Penn and his team prepared to leave Ukraine, they abandoned their car and walked with their luggage for miles to the Polish border. Russia is sanctioning Penn over his Ukraine support.

In Kyiv in November 2022, Penn lent an Oscar statuette to President Zelenskyy, saying, "This is for you. It's just a symbolic silly thing...When you win, bring it back to Malibu." Zelensky, in turn, awarded Penn the Ukrainian Order of Merit.

Falkland Islands
In February 2012, Penn met with the President of Argentina, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, in Buenos Aires, where he commented on the long-running dispute between Argentina and the United Kingdom over the Falkland Islands, saying: "I know I came in a very sensitive moment in terms of diplomacy between Argentina and the UK over the Falkland Islands. And I hope that diplomats can establish true dialogue in order to solve the conflict as the world today cannot tolerate ridiculous demonstrations of colonialism. The way of dialogue is the only way to achieve a better solution for both nations."

The comments were taken as support of Argentina's claim to the islands and evoked reactions in British media, including a satirical article in The Daily Telegraph requesting that Penn "return his Malibu estate to the Mexicans".

In February 2012, Penn's comments on the Falklands dispute were criticized by Falklands War veteran and political activist Simon Weston, who said, "Sean Penn does not know what he is talking about and, frankly, he should shut up. His [Penn's] views are irrelevant and it only serves to fuel the fire of the Argentinians and get them more pumped up." British Conservative MP Patrick Mercer called Penn's statement on the Falklands "moronic". Lauren Collins wrote in The New Yorker, "As of today, Sean Penn is the new Karl Lagerfeld—the man upon whom, having disrespected something dear to the United Kingdom, the British papers most gleefully pile contempt".

Penn later claimed said his comments were misrepresented in British press and that his criticism of "colonialism" was a reference to the deployment of Prince William as an air-sea rescue pilot, describing it as a "message of pre-emptive intimidation". He claimed that the Prince's posting meant "the automatic deployment of warships", and stated: "My oh my, aren't people sensitive to the word 'colonialism', particularly those who implement colonialism."

In an op-ed written in The Guardian, Penn wrote that "the legalisation of Argentinian immigration to the Malvinas/Falkland Islands is one that it seems might have been addressed, but for the speculative discovery of booming offshore oil in the surrounding seas this past year" and that it was "irresponsible journalism" to suggest "that I had taken a specific position against those currently residing in the Malvinas/Falkland Islands, that they should either be deported or absorbed into Argentine rule. I neither said, nor insinuated that".

Acting credits and accolades
Penn has appeared in over 50 films and won several awards during his career as an actor and director, including two Academy Awards for Best Actor for Mystic River in 2003 and Milk in 2008, and was nominated three more times in the same category for Dead Man Walking (1995), Sweet and Lowdown (1999), and I Am Sam (2001). He also received a Directors Guild of America nomination for directing Into the Wild (2007). In 2015 Penn received the Honorary César for lifetime achievement.

In popular culture

 * Penn, Alec Baldwin, Matt Damon, and Tim Robbins are parodied in the 2004 film Team America: World Police. In the film, a puppet version of Penn makes outlandish claims about Iraq, claiming it was a utopia with "rainbow skies" and "rivers made of chocolate" before Team America arrived. In response to the film, Penn sent an angry letter to its creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone, inviting them to tour Iraq with him. The letter ended with the statement, "fuck you".

title: Sean Penn


text:
Anthem of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic

The anthem of the Estonian SSR was the Soviet regional anthem of the Estonian SSR between 1945 and 1990 when Estonia was occupied by the Soviet Union.

Background
The anthem was presented to the central government of the USSR in May 1944, three months after the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR had issued a decree on 3 February 1944, "On the State Anthems of the Soviet Republics."

The melody of the anthem was composed by Gustav Ernesaks, and the lyrics written by Johannes Semper. The anthems of the Estonian SSR, the Karelo-Finnish SSR, and the Georgian SSR were the only Soviet regional anthems not to mention the Russian people. After the Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin died in 1953, during the following period of "de-Stalinization" in the USSR, on 21 July 1956, the third stanza of the lyrics of the Estonian SSR anthem were changed to remove all mentions of Stalin.

During the Soviet occupation of Estonia performing or reciting the melody or lyrics of the anthem of Estonia Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm was forbidden by law, and considered a punishable criminal offence by the Soviet regime. While another song with Ernesaks' melody Mu isamaa on minu arm, served as means of expressing national feelings, and was widely regarded by Estonians as their "unofficial anthem". On 8 May 1990, Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm was restored as the state anthem, together with the blue-black-white Estonian flag and state official name Republic of Estonia.


text:
Durango, Iowa

Durango is a city in Dubuque County, Iowa, United States. It is part of the Dubuque, Iowa Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 20 at the time of the 2020 census, down from 24 in 2000.

Geography
Durango is located at 42.56°N, -90.77583°W (42.560063, -90.775907).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.04 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 22 people, 10 households, and 6 families living in the city. The population density was 550.0 PD/sqmi. There were 10 housing units at an average density of 250.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 100.0% White.

Of the 10 households, 20.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.0% were married couples living together, and 40.0% were non-families. 40.0% of households were one person, and 20% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 3.00.

The median age was 46 years. 18.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 13.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 13.5% were from 25 to 44; 27.2% were from 45 to 64; and 27.3% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the city was 63.6% male and 36.4% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 24 people, 11 households, and 7 families living in the city. The population density was 709.8 PD/sqmi. There were 12 housing units at an average density of 354.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 100.00% White.

Of the 11 households 36.4% (4) had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.5% (5) were married couples living together, 27.3% (3) had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.3% (3) were non-families. 27.3% (3) of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.2% (2) had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.50.

The age distribution was 20.8% (5) under the age of 18, 8.3% (2) from 18 to 24, 33.3% (8) from 25 to 44, 20.8% (5) from 45 to 64, and 16.7% (4) who were 65 or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 71.4 males (There were 14 females and 10 males). For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 72.7 males (That makes 10 females and 7 males).

The median household income was $32,188 and the median income for a family was $55,625. Males had a median income of $0 versus $22,083 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,827. There were 22.2% of families living below the poverty line and 15.4% of the population, including 50.0% of under eighteens and none of those over 64.

title: Durango, Iowa


text:
Talk:Anthem of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic

Untitled
I am trying ahrd to find the name of this anthem, but so far i have found nothing apart from a sentance i translated into english: "The So-called Anthem of Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic". - fonzy

Maybe it would be good to translate the lyrics to english, from one of the languages already available.... Also, maybe a note on the different langauges should be added: was it always sung in estonian, or most often i russian? Was it ever sung in finnish? Are the translations of the song into russian and finnish "official" one's? --Konstantin 16:45, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * This Russian translation seems to be official (official version certainly did exist), it is singable and has rhymes as well (translating a poem from Estonian to Russian is certainly not a piece of cake). The English translation here is hardly the optimal one, I'll refine it when I have more time.Constanz - Talk 14:13, 11 February 2006 (UTC)

Finnish lyrics
I removed the Finnish lyrics because they were certainly not official (probably copied from some Finnish website). Laur 30 June 2005 18:14 (UTC)

I've composed a new no-socialist version
I've composed a new no-socialist version:

English
Endure, the brave people of Baltic sea And stand as a rock, our homeland! Your courage did not subside in the sufferings, You broke yourself through the centuries, And arose a democratic country in world, For Sun could shine in your days.

Oh Lord, our Father, King of the Kings! Protect our people for ever and ever! Make everybody happy in Europe – The hope in You will bring happiness to us. We all, people of the independent country, believe in You – Estonia, step in order with your sons.

You're bearing the sacred Nicholas banner, You're going forward your glorious way. Our hope is always with you – It leads you the way of victories. Grow, Motherland, on the great way, Every day become more beautiful and stronger

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.101.219.133 (talk • contribs) 14 April 2006 (UTC)

 * This is not research, but it is most definitely original. Does Wikipedia have rules against original poetry? ΔιγουρενΕμπρος! 06:28, 15 May 2009 (UTC)

 * I think we can freely remove this original lyrics posted by anonym--Estopedist1 (talk) 14:18, 11 April 2020 (UTC)

Wrong date (year) marking different versions
Hi

As Im not registered user, I kindly ask if someone with more experience can change the year, when second version of the anthem was implemented. It was on 1956, three years after Stalin's death), not 1978, as english version states. You can check estonian or russian version, where are shown the correct date.

Thanks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 46.131.170.130 (talk) 01:24, 16 October 2013 (UTC)

Clusivity of Lyrics
I was directed here from the edit war, so I guess I'll state my case, seeing as there is no discussion already existing for this topic. Most to all of the other articles for the Anthems of the SSRs include lyrics in standard TOCcolors format, and I honestly see no reason why they shouldn't be included in general. Per the relevant discussion on Talk:Anthem of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, it has been determined that WP:NOTLYRICS is not fully applicable to these such articles. With the permission of editors, I would like to restore the lyrics on the article, or at least to some degree; what say you? -User:Учхљёная (talk,philosophy,edits). 15:06, 14 June 2018 (UTC). Pinging, , , , as participants in the edit war. -User:Учхљёная (talk,philosophy,edits). 15:09, 14 June 2018 (UTC).
 * What I reacted to in the first place was an edit by this user with a misleading edit summary, which lead me to check the user's other edits. I do not as such care much about national anthems or lyrics. However, consensus - if there is one - is not include; it is that properly sourced lyrics can be included if there are no copyright issues. Russian translations are irrelevant (and if not, they need proper sources and clear indication as to why they are relevant); transcriptions into latin script and literal (not poetic) translations of the original into English are encouraged whenever lyrics are included, but may raise additional source and copyright issues. So: Do not re-add lyrics unless properly sourced, and do not re-add Russian translation unless relevance is made clear.--Nø (talk) 15:47, 14 June 2018 (UTC)


text:
Epworth, Iowa

Epworth is a city in Dubuque County, Iowa, United States. It is part of the Dubuque, Iowa Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 2,023 at the 2020 census, up from 1,428 in 2000.

History
Epworth was platted in 1855. It was named from the town of Epworth, Lincolnshire, England, the birthplace of John Wesley. Epworth was incorporated as a city on November 20, 1879,

Geography
Epworth is located at 42.44583°N, -90.93111°W (42.445773, -90.931231).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.56 sqmi, all land.

Epworth is located along U.S. Route 20, and is approximately 12 miles west of Dubuque.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 1,860 people, 643 households, and 488 families residing in the city. The population density was 1192.3 PD/sqmi. There were 651 housing units at an average density of 417.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 93.9% White, 0.8% African American, 4.8% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 0.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.4% of the population.

There were 643 households, of which 39.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.8% were married couples living together, 8.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 24.1% were non-families. 19.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.71 and the average family size was 3.13.

The median age in the city was 33.1 years. 28.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 29.1% were from 25 to 44; 23.6% were from 45 to 64; and 9.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 51.5% male and 48.5% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,428 people, 476 households, and 364 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,089.8 PD/sqmi. There were 500 housing units at an average density of 381.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 93.21% White, 0.49% African American, 0.07% Native American, 5.18% Asian, 0.49% from other races, and 0.56% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.63% of the population.

There were 476 households, out of which 45.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.1% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.5% were non-families. 19.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.79 and the average family size was 3.24.

28.1% are under the age of 18, 10.2% from 18 to 24, 31.9% from 25 to 44, 19.9% from 45 to 64, and 9.9% are 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 113.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 121.3 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $39,938, and the median income for a family was $47,321. Males had a median income of $35,144 versus $20,234 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,869. About 3.5% of families and 6.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.3% of those under age 18 and 9.3% of those age 65 or over.

Economy
Epworth is the fifth-largest city in Dubuque County with spacious, new subdivisions housing many new residents, a significant portion of whom work in Dubuque, Iowa or elsewhere outside the community. The 11.3% increase in population from 2000 to 2006 places Epworth above the 90th percentile in population growth among municipalities nationwide.

Government
The mayor of Epworth is Sandra Gassman. The council members are Dana Nadermann, Karen Conrad, Dan Wilgenbusch, Tony Krapfl, and Ben Wolf.

In the Iowa General Assembly, Epworth is represented by Senator Tom Hancock (D-Epworth) in the Iowa Senate, and Representative Ray Zirkelbach (D-Monticello) in the Iowa House of Representatives. At the federal level, it is within Iowa's 1st congressional district, represented by Bruce Braley (D-Waterloo) in the U.S. House of Representatives. Epworth, and all of Iowa, are represented by U.S. Senators Chuck Grassley (R) and Tom Harkin (D).

Public schools
All public school students living in Epworth are zoned to schools in the Western Dubuque Community School District. Elementary school students are zoned to Epworth Elementary School (in Epworth) for grades K-5. Middle school students are zoned to Drexler Middle School (in nearby Farley), and high school students are zoned to Western Dubuque High School, which is also in Epworth.

Private schools
Like many other rural communities in Iowa, Epworth also has a private school. Seton Catholic Elementary School- Epworth is one of three buildings that comprise Seton Catholic Elementary School, and is affiliated with the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dubuque. For grades 1–2, students go to the building in Epworth, for grades 3–5, students attend the building in nearby Peosta, Iowa, and for grades 6–8, students go to the building in nearby Farley. For high school, parochial students attend Beckman High School in Dyersville, Iowa or Wahlert High School in Dubuque, Iowa.

Colleges and universities
Epworth is home to Divine Word College, which is a Roman Catholic seminary.

Notable people

 * Henry Waechter (1959– ) former NFL lineman, 1985 Chicago Bears, Super Bowl XX player
 * Thomas J. Wickham Jr. (1968– ) Parliamentarian for the U.S. House of Representatives since 2012
 * Tom Hancock (1948-2016) former Iowa state senator.
 * Elohim (musician) - Electropop recording artist, DJ, producer and singer-songwriter.

title: Epworth, Iowa