text:
Tara

Tara may refer to:

Film and television

 * Tara (1992 film), an Indian film directed by Bijaya Jena
 * Tara (2001 film), an American film, also known as Hood Rat, directed by Leslie Small
 * Tara (2010 film), a Bengali film directed by Bratyo Basu
 * Tara (2013 film), an Indian film directed by Kumar Raj
 * Tara (TV series), soap opera that aired on Zee TV
 * TARA, acronym for The Amazing Race Asia, a reality game show on the AXN network
 * Acronym for The Amazing Race Australia, a reality game show on Network Ten

Music

 * T-ara, a South Korean girl music group
 * Tara Music, a label featuring traditional Irish music
 * Tara (Absu album)
 * "Tara" (song), a song on Moya Brennan's 2003 album Two Horizons
 * Tara (Yano album)
 * "Tara", a song by Roxy Music on the 1982 album Avalon (Roxy Music album)

Fictional settings

 * Tara (plantation), fictional home of Scarlett O'Hara in Gone with the Wind
 * Tara, a planet, setting of the Doctor Who serial The Androids of Tara
 * Tara, a fictional town, the setting for the 1970 film The Spider's Stratagem

Biology

 * Tara (plant), a genus of legumes
 * Tara (spider), a genus of jumping spiders
 * Tara tree (Caesalpitarania spinosa), native to Peru
 * Tara, a Malagasy name for the shrub Lemuropisum edule
 * Tara, a theoretical founding ancestor of Haplogroup T
 * A Vitis rotundifolia grape variety
 * Tara, Māori for the White-fronted tern (Sterna striata)
 * Tara, a Chinese name for Calamus erectus

Companies and media

 * Țara, a newspaper from the Republic of Moldova
 * Tara Air, a Nepalese airline
 * Tara International, Indian marketer for Tara Green Auto
 * Tara Labs, a manufacturer of high-end audio products
 * Tara Muzik, a defunct Indian Bengali music channel
 * Tara Newz, a defunct Indian Bengali news channel
 * Tara Television (or Tara TV), an Irish cable and satellite channel

People

 * Şarık Tara (1930–2018), Turkish billionaire and former captain of industry
 * Tara (Assamese actress), former Indian film actress
 * Tara (given name), including a list of people and fictional characters
 * Tara (Kannada actress), stage name of Indian actress and politician Anuradha
 * Tara (wrestler), ring name of professional wrestler Lisa Marie Varon
 * Tara the Southern Belle, a member of the Southern Belles tag-team from the Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling

Natural features

 * Tara (Drina), a river in Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina, a tributary of the Drina
 * Tara (Irtysh), a river in Russia (in Novosibirsk and Omsk Oblasts), a tributary of the Irtysh
 * Tara, an older name for the river Tragus, in Greece (in Arcadia)
 * Tara, Saga, town, mountain and mountain range in Japan (in Saga Prefecture)
 * Tara Mountain, Serbia
 * Tara National Park, Serbia
 * Tara Island, Sulu Archipelago, Philippines
 * Tara Hill, County Wexford, Ireland, a hill and a village
 * Hill of Tara, County Meath, Ireland, a ritual site of ancient high kings of Ireland
 * Salar de Tara, a salt pan in Chile
 * 5863 Tara, an asteroid

Africa

 * "Tara", Cairo, a squatted villa on Gezira Island, Cairo, Egypt, made notorious by its SOE occupants during World War II
 * Tara, Zambia, a village in the Southern Province of Zambia
 * Tara Subcounty, a region in Maracha District, Uganda

Asia

 * Tara, Iran, a village in Mazandaran Province
 * Tara, Nepal, a village in Baglung District in the Dhawalagiri Zone of central Nepal
 * Tara, Russia, several inhabited localities
 * Tara, Saga, a town, mountain, and mountain range in Saga Prefecture, Japan

Australia

 * Tara, Northern Territory, a locality in the Barkly Region
 * Tara, Queensland, a town
 * Tara County, New South Wales
 * Shire of Tara, Queensland

Europe

 * Hill of Tara, an ancient site in County Meath, Republic of Ireland
 * Tara, County Down, a townland in the civil parish of Witter, County Down, Northern Ireland
 * Tara, County Offaly, a townland in the civil parish of Durrow, barony of Ballycowan, Republic of Ireland

North America

 * Tara, Florida, United States, an unincorporated area
 * Tara, Ontario, village in Canada
 * Tara Township, Minnesota (disambiguation), several places in the United States

Religion

 * In Hinduism:
 * Tara (Mahavidya), a Tantric goddess
 * Tara (Ramayana), the wife of the monkey king Vali
 * Tara (Hindu goddess), the wife of Brihaspati
 * Tara (Buddhism), a tantric meditation deity in Tibetan Buddhism
 * Tara, a sea goddess in Polynesian mythology
 * Tara (Greek mythology), a name of one of the Hesperides attested on a vase

Schools

 * Tara Anglican School for Girls, North Parramatta, New South Wales, Australia
 * Tara High School, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States
 * Tara Institute, a Tibetan Buddhist center in Melbourne, Australia

Titles

 * Baron Brabazon of Tara, a UK title
 * Baron Tara, an Irish title
 * Kingship of Tara, a title in ancient Ireland
 * Viscount Tara, an Irish title

Transportation

 * Tara Air, a Nepalese airline
 * Tara, an oceanic research vessel used for the Tara expedition
 * Tara Field, an airport in Georgia, United States
 * Tara Station, a railway station in Saga Prefecture, Japan
 * Tara Street, a major traffic route in Dublin, Ireland
 * Tara Street railway station in Dublin, Ireland
 * IKCO Tara, a car

Other uses

 * Đurđevića Tara Bridge, a bridge over the Tara River in northern Montenegro
 * Tārā, Tahitian slang for 5 CFP francs
 * Tara (cat), a family cat who saved a four-year-old boy from a dog attack
 * Tara (Northern Ireland), a loyalist group
 * Tara, Chertsey, a house in Surrey, UK, previously the home of drummer Keith Moon
 * Tara Brooch, an artifact from Ireland
 * Tara Foundation, a charity for transgender people
 * Tara Hurdle, a horse race in Ireland
 * Tara Mine, a zinc and lead mine near Navan, County Meath, Ireland
 * Tara Theatre, an art house movie theater in Atlanta named after the plantation in Gone With the Wind
 * Timed antagonistic response alethiometer, a type of lie detection technique
 * Tāra, Māori language name for New Zealand dollar
 * Yugoslav submarine Nebojša, or Tara, a submarine of the Yugoslav Navy

title: Tara


text:
Tele

Tele may refer to:

 * Television
 * Tele (band), a German rock/pop band
 * Tele Ikuru, Deputy Governor of Rivers State
 * Télé, Mali, a rural commune of the Cercle of Goundam in the Tombouctou Region of Mali
 * Telemarketing
 * Telegraphy
 * Evening Telegraph (Dundee), a local newspaper in Dundee, Scotland
 * Fender Telecaster, a guitar
 * Lake Tele, Republic of the Congo
 * Telemark skiing, a style of skiing
 * Tiele people, an ancient Turkic tribal confederation
 * Tele (footballer) (born 1990), Brazilian footballer
 * Tele River, tributary to Oranje River

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tele


text:
Tikokura

In the mythology of Mangaia in the Cook Islands, Tikokura is a sea-dwelling evil spirit in the shape of a storm wave.

Ngaru determined to try his strength against Tikokura and his shark-like companion, Tumuitearetoka. He provided himself with a surfboard named Orua (the two). Ngaru went to the edge of the reef and called out insults against the two demons, who promptly appeared to exact revenge. A huge smashed over the reef, and Ngaru let himself be washed out to sea.

Tumuitearetoka saw his chance to strike, but Moko, Ngaru's grandfather, was sitting on a high rock and called out "The shark is below you!" The wave and the shark kept attacking, but each time Moko warned his grandson, who was able to outwit them and live on. After eight days and nights, Ngaru threw his surfboard to the monsters, who gladly retired to their home in the deep, while Ngaru went off to find Tongatea, his wife (Gill 1876:225-227).

title: Tikokura


text:
Kinilau

In Hawaiian mythology, Kinilau is the son of Menehune, son of Luanu’u. Hawaiians claim descent from the youngest of the twelve sons of Kinilau-a-mano (Tregear 1891:513).

title: Kinilau


text:
Tinirau

In Polynesian mythology, stories about Tinirau are found throughout the islands of Polynesia. He is a guardian of fish. Many themes recur in the various versions. Often he travels to another land in search of his wife, or his wife travels to another land in search of him; sometimes he treats his wife badly, or she rejects him; while he is guardian of fish, it is his wife who gives the fish their individual characteristics. Sometimes their anxious or jealous relatives try to separate the lovers (Tremewan 2002:120).

In some traditions, he has a dual nature; one destructive as the guardian of sharks, and one a kind, handsome male youth; in others, his right side is human and his left side is a fish. Alternate names in the various Polynesian languages include Kinilau, Sinilau, Tigilau, and Tinilau.

In Samoa
Stories about Tinilau (or Tigilau) and his wife Sina are very popular in Samoa. There are numerous legends, and much variation in the tellings (Tremewan 2002:157). Here are some examples:

 * Tinilau lends his two turtles to ‘Ae, a Tongan. When he gets home, ‘Ae kills the turtles and has a great feast for his people. When a bloody wave washes up on the beach, Tinilau calls a meeting of all the avenging gods of Savaii. The gods go to Tonga and pick 'Ae up, and return him to the house of Tinilau. When ‘Ae wakes up, he hears the rooster crowing, and it reminds him of the one he heard when he was staying with Tinilau. 'Ae, not knowing that he is in Tinilau's house, begins talking about “the pig, my master”. At once he is killed and eaten (Tregear 1891:110, Tremewan 2002:157).
 * ‘Ae of Tonga comes to visit Tigilau and returns with Tigilau's two turtles, Toga, whom he kills, and Utuutu, who gets away. A demon named Supa catches ‘Ae and brings him back to Samoa to be killed by Tigilau (Tremewan 2002:157).
 * Sina rejects offers of marriage from the kings of Tonga and Fiji, instead seeking out Tigilau, who lives with his many wives. One day, Tigilau goes out fishing, and one of the jealous wives steals Sina's soul. To get it back, Tigilau travels to the sun (Tremewan 2002:157).
 * The fish for the wedding feast of Sina and Tigilau are swallowed by one of Tigilau's other wives. Tigilau blames Sina and banishes her to the forest with two servants. When he hears what has happened to his sister, Lupe flies to her home, his arrival throwing the whole land into shadow. He presents fine mats as gifts for her wedding. Sina sings a song complaining about her harsh treatment, asking to be taken away. Tigilau overhears and kills his wives, telling Lupe that he wants Sina to return to him. When he visits his son in a house near to Sina's, he becomes jealous when he sees how many suitors are visiting Sina. At last, Sina returns to live with Tigilau for her son's sake (Tremewan 2002:157).

title: Tinirau


text:
Tipua

In Māori mythology, tipua or tupua are a type of differing shaped and often shape-shifting spirit or "uncanny thing". Tipua were often associated with natural landmarks or phenomena but could also be more common objects; sometimes even trees and rocks were associated as these types of spirits.

title: Tipua


text:
Tōru (given name)

Tōru is a masculine Japanese given name.

Possible writings
Tōru can be expressed with several kanji. Some examples:
 * 徹, "penetrate"
 * 透, "transparent"
 * 享, "enjoy"
 * 亨, "smoothly"
 * 暢, "freely"

The name can also be written in hiragana とおる or katakana トオル.

Notable people with the name

 * Toru Abe (安部 徹), Japanese actor
 * Toru Arakawa (荒川 通), Japanese karateka
 * Toru Arase (荒瀬 徹), Japanese water polo player
 * Tōru Doi (土井 亨), Japanese politician
 * Tooru Fujisawa (藤沢 とおる), Japanese manga artist
 * Tōru Furusawa (古澤 徹), Japanese voice actor
 * Tōru Furuya (古谷 徹), Japanese actor, voice actor and narrator
 * Tōru Hashimoto (橋下 徹), Governor of Osaka Prefecture
 * Toru Itabashi (板橋 亨), Japanese ice hockey player
 * Toru Iwatani (岩谷 徹), Japanese video game designer
 * Toru Iwaya (岩谷 徹), Japanese mezzotint engraver and painter
 * Tōru Kakizoe (垣添 徹), Japanese former sumo wrestler
 * Toru Kobayashi (小林 徹), Japanese astronomer
 * Tōru Matsumoto (松本徹) (born 1977), Japanese badminton player
 * Tōru Nara (奈良 徹), Japanese voice actor
 * Tōru Nimura (仁村 徹), Japanese baseball player
 * Tōru Ōhira (大平 透), Japanese voice actor and narrator
 * Toru Okajima (岡島 徹), Japanese ice hockey player
 * Tōru Ōkawa (大川 透), Japanese actor, voice actor and narrator
 * Tōru Shinohara (篠原 とおる), Japanese manga artist
 * Toru Takahashi (baseball) (高橋 徹), Japanese baseball player
 * Toru Takahashi (Internet) (高橋 徹), Japanese computer network researcher and businessman
 * Toru Takahashi (racing driver) (高橋 徹), Japanese racing driver
 * Toru Takasuka (高須賀 宣), Japanese software entrepreneur
 * Tōru Takemitsu (武満 徹), Japanese composer and writer on aesthetics and music theory
 * Tōru Toida (戸井田 徹), Japanese politician
 * Toru Toyoda (豊田 亨), A perpetrator of the Tokyo subway sarin attack
 * Toru Yamashita (山下 亨), Japanese guitarist
 * Toru Yano (矢野 通), Japanese professional wrestler
 * Tooru Yonaha (與那覇 徹), Japanese folk singer
 * Toru Yonezawa (米沢 徹), Japanese tennis player
 * Toru Yoshida (吉田 暢), Japanese footballer and manager
 * Toru Tsuzaki (津﨑 徹), Japanese Researcher

Fictional characters

 * Tohru (トオル), in Jackie Chan Adventures
 * Tohru (トオル), a character in Kare First Love
 * Toru (トオル), also known as Todd Snap, in the Pokémon anime
 * Toru, in Chris Bradford's Young Samurai
 * Tohru Adachi (足立 透), from the game Persona 4
 * Tooru Amami (天美 透), in The World God Only Knows
 * Toru Asakura (浅倉 透), in The Idolmaster Shiny Colors
 * Toru (透龍), the main antagonist of JoJolion (JoJo's Bizarre Adventure)
 * Toru Egawa, in Business as Usual, a Finder Series fanfiction by Kadzuki_Fuchoin
 * Tōru Hagakure (葉隠 透), in My Hero Academia
 * Tōru Hikawa (氷川 透), Tory Froid, in MegaMan NT Warrior
 * Tohru Honda (本田 透), in Fruits Basket
 * Tōru Ichii (一井 透), in A Channel
 * Toru Kazama (風間 トオル), in Crayon Shin-chan
 * Tohru Kobayashi (小林 トール), the titular draconian servant in Miss Kobayashi's Dragon Maid
 * Toru Kouno (河野 亨), in Princess Princess
 * Tohru Mutou (武藤 徹), in Shiki
 * Tōru Mutsuki (六月 透), in Tokyo Ghoul
 * Toru Narita (成田 徹), in Hot Gimmick
 * Tooru Oikawa (及川 徹), in Haikyū!! with the position of captain and setter from Aoba Johsai High
 * Toru Okada (岡田 亨), in The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle
 * Toru Oshikiri (押切 トオル), in the series of the same name by Junji Ito
 * Tōru Rikiishi (力石 徹), in Ashita no Joe
 * Toru Sato (トオル・サトウ), in the game Need for Speed: Most Wanted
 * Tohru Suidohbashi (水道橋 徹), of Machine Robo Rescue.
 * Toru Tokugawa, in The Grimnoire Chronicles, by Larry Correia
 * Tōru Watanabe (ワタナベ トオル), in Norwegian Wood
 * Tōru Yasunaga (安永 透), in The Decay of the Angel
 * Toru Asakura (浅倉 透), in the game The Idolmaster Shiny Colors

title: Tōru (given name)


text:
Maxwell's demon

Maxwell's demon is a thought experiment that appears to disprove the second law of thermodynamics. It was proposed by the physicist James Clerk Maxwell in 1867. In his first letter, Maxwell referred to the entity as a "finite being" or a "being who can play a game of skill with the molecules". Lord Kelvin would later call it a "demon".

In the thought experiment, a demon controls a door between two chambers containing gas. As individual gas molecules (or atoms) approach the door, the demon quickly opens and closes the door to allow only fast-moving molecules to pass through in one direction, and only slow-moving molecules to pass through in the other. Because the kinetic temperature of a gas depends on the velocities of its constituent molecules, the demon's actions cause one chamber to warm up and the other to cool down. This would decrease the total entropy of the system, seemingly without applying any work, thereby violating the second law of thermodynamics.

The concept of Maxwell's demon has provoked substantial debate in the philosophy of science and theoretical physics, which continues to the present day. It stimulated work on the relationship between thermodynamics and information theory. Most scientists argue that, on theoretical grounds, no practical device can violate the second law in this way. Other researchers have implemented forms of Maxwell's demon in experiments, though they all differ from the thought experiment to some extent and none has been shown to violate the second law.

Origin and history of the idea
The thought experiment first appeared in a letter Maxwell wrote to Peter Guthrie Tait on 11 December 1867. It appeared again in a letter to John William Strutt in 1871, before it was presented to the public in Maxwell's 1872 book on thermodynamics titled Theory of Heat.

In his letters and books, Maxwell described the agent opening the door between the chambers as a "finite being". Being a deeply religious man, he never used the word "demon". Instead, William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) was the first to use it for Maxwell's concept, in the journal Nature in 1874, and implied that he intended the Greek mythology interpretation of a daemon, a supernatural being working in the background, rather than a malevolent being.

Original thought experiment
The second law of thermodynamics ensures (through statistical probability) that two bodies of different temperature, when brought into contact with each other and isolated from the rest of the Universe, will evolve to a thermodynamic equilibrium in which both bodies have approximately the same temperature. The second law is also expressed as the assertion that in an isolated system, entropy never decreases.

Maxwell conceived a thought experiment as a way of furthering the understanding of the second law. His description of the experiment is as follows:

"... if we conceive of a being whose faculties are so sharpened that he can follow every molecule in its course, such a being, whose attributes are as essentially finite as our own, would be able to do what is impossible to us. For we have seen that molecules in a vessel full of air at uniform temperature are moving with velocities by no means uniform, though the mean velocity of any great number of them, arbitrarily selected, is almost exactly uniform. Now let us suppose that such a vessel is divided into two portions, A and B, by a division in which there is a small hole, and that a being, who can see the individual molecules, opens and closes this hole, so as to allow only the swifter molecules to pass from A to B, and only the slower molecules to pass from B to A. He will thus, without expenditure of work, raise the temperature of B and lower that of A, in contradiction to the second law of thermodynamics." In other words, Maxwell imagines one container divided into two parts, A and B. Both parts are filled with the same gas at equal temperatures and placed next to each other. Observing the molecules on both sides, an imaginary demon guards a trapdoor between the two parts. When a faster-than-average molecule from A flies towards the trapdoor, the demon opens it, and the molecule will fly from A to B. Likewise, when a slower-than-average molecule from B flies towards the trapdoor, the demon will let it pass from B to A. The average speed of the molecules in B will have increased while in A they will have slowed down on average. Since average molecular speed corresponds to temperature, the temperature decreases in A and increases in B, contrary to the second law of thermodynamics. A heat engine operating between the thermal reservoirs A and B could extract useful work from this temperature difference.

The demon must allow molecules to pass in both directions in order to produce only a temperature difference; one-way passage only of faster-than-average molecules from A to B will cause higher temperature and pressure to develop on the B side.

Criticism and development
Several physicists have presented calculations that show that the second law of thermodynamics will not actually be violated, if a more complete analysis is made of the whole system including the demon. The essence of the physical argument is to show, by calculation, that any demon must "generate" more entropy segregating the molecules than it could ever eliminate by the method described. That is, it would take more thermodynamic work to gauge the speed of the molecules and selectively allow them to pass through the opening between A and B than the amount of energy gained by the difference of temperature caused by doing so.

One of the most famous responses to this question was suggested in 1929 by Leó Szilárd, and later by Léon Brillouin. Szilárd pointed out that a real-life Maxwell's demon would need to have some means of measuring molecular speed, and that the act of acquiring information would require an expenditure of energy. Since the demon and the gas are interacting, we must consider the total entropy of the gas and the demon combined. The expenditure of energy by the demon will cause an increase in the entropy of the demon, which will be larger than the lowering of the entropy of the gas.

In 1960, Rolf Landauer raised an exception to this argument. He realized that some measuring processes need not increase thermodynamic entropy as long as they were thermodynamically reversible. He suggested these "reversible" measurements could be used to sort the molecules, violating the Second Law. However, due to the connection between entropy in thermodynamics and information theory, this also meant that the recorded measurement must not be erased. In other words, to determine whether to let a molecule through, the demon must acquire information about the state of the molecule and either discard it or store it. Discarding it leads to immediate increase in entropy, but the demon cannot store it indefinitely. In 1982, Charles Bennett showed that, however well prepared, eventually the demon will run out of information storage space and must begin to erase the information it has previously gathered. Erasing information is a thermodynamically irreversible process that increases the entropy of a system. Although Bennett had reached the same conclusion as Szilard's 1929 paper, that a Maxwellian demon could not violate the second law because entropy would be created, he had reached it for different reasons. Regarding Landauer's principle, the minimum energy dissipated by deleting information was experimentally measured by Eric Lutz et al. in 2012. Furthermore, Lutz et al. confirmed that in order to approach the Landauer's limit, the system must asymptotically approach zero processing speed. Recently, Landauer's principle has also been invoked to resolve an apparently unrelated paradox of statistical physics, Loschmidt’s paradox.

John Earman and John D. Norton have argued that Szilárd and Landauer's explanations of Maxwell's demon begin by assuming that the second law of thermodynamics cannot be violated by the demon, and derive further properties of the demon from this assumption, including the necessity of consuming energy when erasing information, etc. It would therefore be circular to invoke these derived properties to defend the second law from the demonic argument. Bennett later acknowledged the validity of Earman and Norton's argument, while maintaining that Landauer's principle explains the mechanism by which real systems do not violate the second law of thermodynamics.

Recent progress
Although the argument by Landauer and Bennett only answers the consistency between the second law of thermodynamics and the whole cyclic process of the entire system of a Szilard engine (a composite system of the engine and the demon), a recent approach based on the non-equilibrium thermodynamics for small fluctuating systems has provided deeper insight on each information process with each subsystem. From this viewpoint, the measurement process is regarded as a process where the correlation (mutual information) between the engine and the demon increases, decreasing the entropy of the system in an amount given by the mutual information. If the correlation changes, thermodynamic relations such as the second law of thermodynamics and the fluctuation theorem for each subsystem should be modified, and for the case of external control a second-law like inequality and a generalized fluctuation theorem with mutual information are satisfied. For more general information processes including biological information processing, both inequality and equality with mutual information hold. When repeated measurements are performed, the entropy reduction of the system is given by the entropy of the sequence of measurements, which takes into account the reduction of information due to the correlation between the measurements.

Applications
Real-life versions of Maxwellian demons occur, but all such "real demons" or molecular demons have their entropy-lowering effects duly balanced by increase of entropy elsewhere. Molecular-sized mechanisms are no longer found only in biology; they are also the subject of the emerging field of nanotechnology. Single-atom traps used by particle physicists allow an experimenter to control the state of individual quanta in a way similar to Maxwell's demon.

If hypothetical mirror matter exists, Zurab Silagadze proposes that demons can be envisaged, "which can act like perpetuum mobiles of the second kind: extract heat energy from only one reservoir, use it to do work and be isolated from the rest of ordinary world. Yet the Second Law is not violated because the demons pay their entropy cost in the hidden (mirror) sector of the world by emitting mirror photons."

Experimental work
In 2007, David Leigh announced the creation of a nano-device based on the Brownian ratchet popularized by Richard Feynman. Leigh's device is able to drive a chemical system out of equilibrium, but it must be powered by an external source (light in this case) and therefore does not violate thermodynamics.

Previously, researchers including Nobel Prize winner Fraser Stoddart had created ring-shaped molecules called rotaxanes which could be placed on an axle connecting two sites, A and B. Particles from either site would bump into the ring and move it from end to end. If a large collection of these devices were placed in a system, half of the devices had the ring at site A and half at B, at any given moment in time.

Leigh made a minor change to the axle so that if a light is shone on the device, the center of the axle will thicken, restricting the motion of the ring. It keeps the ring from moving, however, only if it is at A. Over time, therefore, the rings will be bumped from B to A and get stuck there, creating an imbalance in the system. In his experiments, Leigh was able to take a pot of "billions of these devices" from 50:50 equilibrium to a 70:30 imbalance within a few minutes.

In 2009, Mark G. Raizen developed a laser atomic cooling technique which realizes the process Maxwell envisioned of sorting individual atoms in a gas into different containers based on their energy. The new concept is a one-way wall for atoms or molecules that allows them to move in one direction, but not go back. The operation of the one-way wall relies on an irreversible atomic and molecular process of absorption of a photon at a specific wavelength, followed by spontaneous emission to a different internal state. The irreversible process is coupled to a conservative force created by magnetic fields and/or light. Raizen and collaborators proposed using the one-way wall in order to reduce the entropy of an ensemble of atoms. In parallel, Gonzalo Muga and Andreas Ruschhaupt independently developed a similar concept. Their "atom diode" was not proposed for cooling, but rather for regulating the flow of atoms. The Raizen Group demonstrated significant cooling of atoms with the one-way wall in a series of experiments in 2008. Subsequently, the operation of a one-way wall for atoms was demonstrated by Daniel Steck and collaborators later in 2008. Their experiment was based on the 2005 scheme for the one-way wall, and was not used for cooling. The cooling method realized by the Raizen Group was called "single-photon cooling", because only one photon on average is required in order to bring an atom to near-rest. This is in contrast to other laser cooling techniques which use the momentum of the photon and require a two-level cycling transition.

In 2006, Raizen, Muga, and Ruschhaupt showed in a theoretical paper that as each atom crosses the one-way wall, it scatters one photon, and information is provided about the turning point and hence the energy of that particle. The entropy increase of the radiation field scattered from a directional laser into a random direction is exactly balanced by the entropy reduction of the atoms as they are trapped by the one-way wall.

This technique is widely described as a "Maxwell's demon" because it realizes Maxwell's process of creating a temperature difference by sorting high and low energy atoms into different containers. However, scientists have pointed out that it does not violate the second law of thermodynamics, does not result in a net decrease in entropy, and cannot be used to produce useful energy. This is because the process requires more energy from the laser beams than could be produced by the temperature difference generated. The atoms absorb low entropy photons from the laser beam and emit them in a random direction, thus increasing the entropy of the environment.

In 2014, Pekola et al. demonstrated an experimental realization of a Szilárd engine. Only a year later and based on an earlier theoretical proposal, the same group presented the first experimental realization of an autonomous Maxwell's demon, which extracts microscopic information from a system and reduces its entropy by applying feedback. The demon is based on two capacitively coupled single-electron devices, both integrated on the same electronic circuit. The operation of the demon is directly observed as a temperature drop in the system, with a simultaneous temperature rise in the demon arising from the thermodynamic cost of generating the mutual information. In 2016, Pekola et al. demonstrated a proof-of-principle of an autonomous demon in coupled single-electron circuits, showing a way to cool critical elements in a circuit with information as a fuel. Pekola et al. have also proposed that a simple qubit circuit, e.g., made of a superconducting circuit, could provide a basis to study a quantum Szilard's engine.

As metaphor
Daemons in computing, generally processes that run on servers to respond to users, are named for Maxwell's demon.

Historian Henry Brooks Adams, in his manuscript The Rule of Phase Applied to History, attempted to use Maxwell's demon as a historical metaphor, though he misunderstood and misapplied the original principle. Adams interpreted history as a process moving towards "equilibrium", but he saw militaristic nations (he felt Germany pre-eminent in this class) as tending to reverse this process, a Maxwell's demon of history. Adams made many attempts to respond to the criticism of his formulation from his scientific colleagues, but the work remained incomplete at his death in 1918 and was published posthumously.

title: Maxwell's demon


text:
Tui Delai Gau

In Fijian mythology, Tui Delai Gau is the god of mountains who can remove his hands and have them fish for him. He can also take off his head and put it in the sky as a look-out. He lives in a tree.

title: Tui Delai Gau


text:
Tū-te-wehiwehi

Tū-te-wehiwehi (also Tū-te-wanawana) is the father of all reptiles in Māori mythology.

Family
He is a son of Punga and brother of Ikatere. Punga's father was Tangaroa, atua of the sea.

When Tāwhirimātea made war against his brothers for separating Rangi and Papa, Ikatere and Tū-te-wehiwehi had to flee, and Ikatere fled to the sea and became an ancestor of fishes, while Tū-te-wehiwehi took refuge in the forest and fathered lizards. Before Tū-te-wehiwehi and Ikatere fled, they disputed together as to what they should do to escape from the storms.

One of Tu-te-wanwana's offspring was Uenuku, a lesser reptile atua. His mother was Mairangi, who was the daughter of Kauika, son of Wareware, son of Murirangawhenua and Mahuika. This Uenuku should not be confused with Uenuku, a more prominent atua.

title: Tū-te-wehiwehi


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Tutu

Tutu may refer to:

 * Tutu (clothing), a dress worn as a costume in a ballet performance
 * Tutu (name), including a list of people with that name

Arts and entertainment

 * Tutu (album), by Miles Davis, 1986
 * "Tutu" (song), a 2019 song by Camilo and Pedro Capó
 * "Tutu", a 2020 song by 6ix9ine from TattleTales
 * "Tūtū", a composition by Liliuokalani
 * Princess Tutu, an anime series, and its title character
 * Tutu, the wife of Tottles, a Lewis Carroll fictional character
 * Tutu (painting), by Ben Enwonwu

Places

 * Tutu, U.S. Virgin Islands, a subdistrict Saint Thomas
 * Tutu Island, in the Arno Atoll of the Marshall Islands
 * Tūtū, or Rabiabad, a village in South Khorasan Province, Iran
 * Tuţu, a village in Corbița, Vrancea County, Romania

Other uses

 * Tutu (Egyptian god), during the Late Period
 * Tutu (Egyptian official), one of pharaoh's officials during the Amarna letters period
 * Tutu (Mesopotamian god), a creation god
 * Tutu (plant), poisonous New Zealand plants of the genus Coriaria

title: Tutu


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Uekera

In the Micronesian mythology of Kiribati (formerly the Gilbert Islands) Uekera is a tree that reaches to the heavens; Te Kaintikuaba which is translated as the "tree of life" or "tree of knowledge" in Kiribati legend. It is said to have been planted in Buariki village in North Tarawa by Nei Tekanuea. The creation story is that spirits who lived in Te Kaintikuaba in Samoa, migrated northward carrying branches from the tree and created the islands of Tungaru (the Gilberts). It is the inspiration for the name of the Kiribati weekly newspaper, Te Uekera.

title: Uekera


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Te Uira

Te Uira is an atua who personifies lightning in Māori mythology. Te Uira's child Te Kanapu, grandparent of Whaitiri, is also a personification of lightning.

title: Te Uira


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Ukupanipo

In Hawaiian mythology, Ukupanipo is a shark god who controls the amount of fish close enough for the fisherman to catch. He occasionally adopts a human child who gains the power to transform into a shark, but when in human form has a mark like a shark's mouth under their shoulder blades.

title: Ukupanipo


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Ulupoka

In Polynesian mythology, Ulupoka is the god of evil and demons. According to legends, during a great battle between the gods, Ulupoka was beheaded by the other gods, but due to his divine nature he did not die. The gods took Ulupoka's head and hid it, leaving his body behind. For centuries his body has been wandering around causing death, disease, mischief and misfortune.

Story
When Milu, the Polynesian God of the Underworld, encountered Ulupoka's body (the first time he had seen Ulupoka since he had been beheaded), he promised Ulupoka that he would help Ulupoka reunite himself and his head if Milu would allow him to use Ulupoka's body to take control of the Hawaiian Islands in revenge against the goddess Pele, who had imprisoned him for centuries. Ulupoka accepted this offer and joined Milu's takeover of Hawaii, leading the forces of evil against the Hawaiian forces and people.

Weeks after Milu captured the Hawaiian Islands, he and his army, including Ulupoka, were heavily defeated by the military forces of the nations around the Pacific Ocean and Pele's army. As a result, Ulupoka became angry with Milu and leave him, instead traveling all over the Pacific Islands in search of his head once again, making the islanders sick with his body.

Ulupoka fought the other gods several times, usually resulting in him being pushed back into the ocean or making everyone around him sick so he could escape. He hates humans because they all have heads.

Today Ulupoka continues to search for his head and spreads evil and disease wherever he goes to find his body. He is against humans, their humanity and morality. He sees himself as a 'wounded god' who should not be underestimated. He is glad to spread any evil or use demons to attack others. Milu once again offers to help Ulupoka and Ulupoka, tired of searching his head, begins to think about meeting Milu once more. This time he will find Ulupoka's head before he invades more 'stupid islands'.

It is said that Ulupoka's head still seeks his body today, biting the necks and heads of sleeping people, bringing sickness and death in its wake. His body is known to travel 'at the speed of hurricane winds' across the Pacific region in search of his head.

title: Ulupoka


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Upolu

Upolu is an island in Samoa, formed by a massive basaltic shield volcano which rises from the seafloor of the western Pacific Ocean. The island is 75 km long and 1125 km2 in area, making it the second largest of the Samoan Islands by area. With approximately 145,000 inhabitants, it is by far the most populous of the Samoan Islands. Upolu is situated to the southeast of Savai'i, the "big island". Apia, the capital, is in the middle of the north coast, and Faleolo International Airport at the western end of the island. The island has not had any historically recorded eruptions, although there is evidence of three lava flows, dating back only to between a few hundred and a few thousand years ago.

In the Samoan branch of Polynesian mythology, Upolu was the first woman on the island.

James Michener based his character Bloody Mary in Tales of the South Pacific (later a major character in the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical, South Pacific) on the owner of Aggie Grey's Hotel on the south end of the island. She was still running the hotel in 1960. A branch was later opened in Apia, overlooking the harbor.

History
In 1841, the island was the site of the Bombardment of Upolu, an incident during the United States Exploring Expedition.

In the late 19th century, the Scottish writer Robert Louis Stevenson owned a 400 acre estate in the village of Vailima in Upolu. He died there in 1894 and is buried at the top of Mount Vaea overlooking his former estate. The Vailima estate was purchased in 1900 to serve as the official residence for the German governor of German Samoa. When the British/Dominion took over governance of the islands, they confiscated the estate and put it to the same use. It later served as the residence for the New Zealand administrator and, after independence, for the Samoan head of state. During World War II, the US Navy built Naval Base Upolu on the island.

2009 Samoa tsunami
The island of Upolu was hit by a tsunami at 06:48:11 local time on 29 September 2009 (17:48:11 UTC). Twenty villages on Upolu's south side were reportedly destroyed, including Lepā, the home of Samoa's Prime Minister, Tuila'epa Sa'ilele Malielegaoi. In Lepā, only the church and the village's welcome sign remained standing after the disaster.

Wildlife
An extremely small species of spider lives on Upolu. According to the Guinness Book of World Records, the spider is the size of a period on a printed page.

Depictions in popular culture
Upolu was the filming location for the 1953 South Seas film Return to Paradise, starring Gary Cooper.

The island was also the filming location for several seasons of several editions of the competition reality television series, Survivor. This included:

 * Four seasons of the American version of Survivor, Survivor: Samoa (19th season); Survivor: Heroes vs. Villains (20th season); Survivor: South Pacific (23rd season); and Survivor: One World (24th season).
 * Four seasons of Australian Survivor: the 3rd season in 2016 and the 4th season in 2017; Australian Survivor: Heroes vs Villains in 2023 (10th season); and Australian Survivor: Titans vs Rebels in 2024 (11th season).
 * One season of Survivor South Africa: Survivor South Africa: Island of Secrets (7th season) in 2019.

title: Upolu


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Uranga-o-te-rā

In Māori mythology, Te Uranga-o-te-rā is the fifth-lowest level of the underworld, ruled by Rohe, the wife of Māui, where "she kills all the spirits she can."

title: Uranga-o-te-rā


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Vaitakere

In Cook Islands mythology, Vaitakere is the father-in-law of Tangaroa. He discovered breadfruit in the mountains and his wife discovered the chestnut.

title: Vaitakere


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Wānanga

In the education system of New Zealand, a wānanga is a  publicly-owned tertiary institution that provides education in a Māori cultural context. Section 162 of the New Zealand Education Act of 1989 specifies that wānanga resemble mainstream universities in many ways but expects them to be:
 * "... characterised by teaching and research that maintains, advances, and disseminates knowledge and develops intellectual independence, and assists the application of knowledge regarding āhuatanga Māori (Māori tradition) according to tikanga Māori (Māori custom)."

Wānanga educational programmes, accredited through the New Zealand Qualifications Authority (NZQA) and through the Ministry of Education, are partly governed by New Zealand's Tertiary Education Commission (TEC). Wānanga offer certificates, diplomas, and bachelor-level degrees, with some wānanga providing programmes in specialized areas up to doctorate level.

Outside the 21st-century formal education system, the word wānanga in the Māori language traditionally conveys meanings related to highly evolved knowledge, lore, occult arts, and also "forum" – in the sense of a discussion to arrive at deeper understanding.

The term "Whare Wānanga" is also widely used in the Māori names of New Zealand universities (e.g., Te Whare Wānanga o Waikato/University of Waikato).

Recognised wānanga

 * Te Wānanga o Raukawa, founded in 1981 and based in Ōtaki
 * Te Wānanga o Aotearoa, founded in 1984, operating nationwide and headquartered in Te Awamutu
 * Te Whare Wānanga o Awanuiārangi, founded in 1991 and based in Whakatāne

title: Wānanga


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Talk:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland

Why is a raven like a writing desk?
Q: "Why is a raven like writing desk?" A: "They both have quills." The question was asked in "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" in 1865. I came up that answer 50 years ago, but people still ask the question. 161.97.246.51 (talk) 14:42, 5 November 2022 (UTC)

 * Ravens don't have quills. A feather isn't a quill, until made into a pen Timmytimtimmy (talk) 11:15, 26 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Chambers dictionary disagrees with you. FangoFuficius (talk) 11:19, 4 April 2024 (UTC)

Publications timeline
Considering the people who are listed as illustrators... why does the list of publications not reflect this? Timmytimtimmy (talk) 11:19, 26 December 2023 (UTC)

Contradictory information
In the "Illustrations" section, it says the second printing happened in 1866. In the "Publication history" section it says the second printing happened in 1865. Which one is correct? Nosferattus (talk) 07:57, 29 December 2023 (UTC)

Reception Change
Hey, I got told by someone I need to use the article talk page and gain a consensus and that any contentious material requires a consensus. Consensus on this stuff i guess tell me if thsi works for you all ro if this is a bad fix up:

19th Century Reception

Alice reception upon release has been open to much debate as many say it was received generally positive upon release and generally negatively upon release.

Alice, was, based on many 21st century discussions, published to generally positive reviews. One magazine declared it "exquisitely wild, fantastic, [and] impossible". Other magazines such as Aunt Judy’s Magazine and John Bull were very positive of the work. In a negative review from The Ath upon the books release, they stated, "We fancy that any real child might be more puzzled than enchanted by this stiff, over-wrought story."

In the late 19th century, Walter Besant wrote that Alice in Wonderland "was a book of that extremely rare kind which will belong to all the generations to come until the language becomes obsolete".

20th Century Reception & Views on Inital Reception
Many magazines in the 20th century and 21st saw Alice as received negatively upon release. While there were many who were extremely critical of the work upon release, it also received praise. Despite this, a major focal point became the criticism to a point where the book was seen as been considered to have an infamous reception upon release and was later re-envaulted in the sense that the work was never considered "great literature" upon release and by others that it was not met "with much enthusiasm". These views of the works reception have made the works reception upon release quite debatable.

Despite this discussion, the work garnered acclaim throughout the 20th century.

"No story in English literature has intrigued me more than Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland. It fascinated me the first time I read it as a schoolboy."

- Walt Disney in The American Weekly, 1946.

F. J. Harvey Darton argued in a 1932 book that Alice ended an era of didacticism in children's literature, inaugurating a new era in which writing for children aimed to "delight or entertain". In 2014, Robert McCrum named Alice "one of the best loved in the English canon" and called it "perhaps the greatest, possibly most influential, and certainly the most world-famous Victorian English fiction". A 2020 review in Time states: "The book changed young people's literature. It helped to replace stiff Victorian didacticism with a looser, sillier, nonsense style that reverberated through the works of language-loving 20th-century authors as different as James Joyce, Douglas Adams and Dr. Seuss." The protagonist of the story, Alice, has been recognised as a cultural icon. In 2006, Alice in Wonderland was named among the icons of England in a public vote.

F. J. Harvey Darton argued in a 1932 book that Alice ended an era of didacticism in children's literature, inaugurating a new era in which writing for children aimed to "delight or entertain".

Legacy
In 2014, Robert McCrum named Alice "one of the best loved in the English canon" and called it "perhaps the greatest, possibly most influential, and certainly the most world-famous Victorian English fiction". A 2020 review in Time states: "The book changed young people's literature. It helped to replace stiff Victorian didacticism with a looser, sillier, nonsense style that reverberated through the works of language-loving 20th-century authors as different as James Joyce, Douglas Adams and Dr. Seuss." The protagonist of the story, Alice, has been recognised as a cultural icon. In 2006, Alice in Wonderland was named among the icons of England in a public vote.

Themashup (talk) 21:46, 23 January 2024 (UTC)

 * I looked at the extensive discussion on your user talk, too. Without scrutinizing the sources, etc., my overall impression was that it was a large volume of content which might be approaching original research. A better solution might be to identify one or two sources that have themselves already summarized what you're attempting. My two cents.  signed, Willondon (talk)  22:41, 23 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Good idea but I just dont feel like doing all that right now. Prob gonna forget about this soon. Only use wiki anyway now to add stuff missing to help scholars or inform people from misinfo I see or whatever so theres some correct info out there. But the work that goes into it isnt for me. If you want to you can, but im just too lazy to do so which is weird since i could write so much but not 2 sentences but 2 sentences just that idea just bores me. Vibes. Themashup (talk) 23:36, 23 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland


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Karakum Desert

The Karakum Desert, also spelled Kara-Kum and Gara-Gum (Garagum,, from gara ("black") and gum ("sand"); Караку́мы), is a desert in Central Asia. The name refers to the shale-rich sand beneath the surface. It occupies about 70 percent, or roughly 350,000 km2, of Turkmenistan.

The population is sparse, with an average of one person per 6.5 km2. Rainfall is also rare, ranging from 70 to 150 mm per year.

Geography
The desert covers roughly seventy percent of Turkmenistan, a long east–west swath. It sits east of the Caspian Sea which has a steep east bank. It adjoins, to the north, the long delta feeding the South Aral Sea further north, another endorheic lake, about 58 m higher than the Caspian Sea. The delta is that of the Amu Darya river to the northeast, demarcating the long border with the Kyzylkum Desert of Uzbekistan. The desert is divided into three regions, the elevated northern Trans-Unguz Karakum, the low-lying Central Karakum, and the southeastern Karakum, home to a chain of salt marshes. Since the early 1980s, the relatively small desert extension, the Aralkum, has come to occupy most of the former seabed of the Aral Sea, about 15,440 sqmi. The sea has fluctuated over millennia, but its majority loss during the Soviet Union's existence coincided with great irrigation projects. The North Aral Sea was partly restored, but the South Aral Sea ebbed to a small-size stasis at its river mouth, which itself dried up by 2014, leaving only fragments of the former sea behind, such as Barsakelmes Lake.

Within the north-west edge of the desert used to be a river. In the late Pleistocene, the Amu Darya used to flow beyond the Aral Basin to Sarykamysh Lake then to the Caspian Sea. Sedimentation and floods during a pluvial period led to overflow to the Zeravshan River valley to the east. The two flows merged and formed or expanded Horezm Lake, which had been formed by the earlier Khvalinian period, and as it overflowed northwards it carved its link with the Aral Sea along the Akcha Dar'ya population corridor of that low, gentle valley (a remote community of Western Uzbekistan and north-east Turkmenistan).

Environment
The sands of the Aral Karakum are made of finely-dispersed evaporites and remnants of alkaline mineral deposits, washed into the basin from irrigated fields.

Wildlife
Wildlife in this area is not very diverse and includes insects and arachnids such as ants, termites, ticks, spiders, dung beetles, and darkling beetles. Lizards, turtles and snakes also live in the Karakum. Bird species include Alauda, desert sparrows, and other species, while rodents include jerboas and gophers. The tolai hare, goitered gazelle, and corsac fox are examples of mammal species in the Karakum Desert.

Geology
The Karakum is home to the Darvaza gas crater. Also called the "Door to Hell" or the "Gates of Hell" by locals, it is a crater of natural gas that has been burning since 1971. The crater is a major tourist attraction, with hundreds of visitors arriving each year.

The area has significant oil and natural gas deposits.

Hydrography
To the south the Murghab and Tejen rivers flow out of the Hindu Kush mountains, flow west, and empty into the desert, providing water for irrigation.

The desert is crossed by the second-largest irrigation canal in the world, the Karakum Canal, which brings water from the Amu Darya to southern regions of the desert. Construction on the canal was started in 1954 and completed in 1958. It is 1,375 km in length, and carries 13 to 20 km3 of water annually.

Archaeology
Within the Karakum are the Uly Balkan, a mountain range in which archaeologists have found human remains dating back to the Stone Age.

Economy and resources
The oases of Mary and Tejen are noted for cotton growing.

Transport
The desert is crossed by the Trans-Caspian Railway.

Golden Age Lake
Golden Age Lake, known as Altyn Asyr köli locally, alternatively as Karakum Lake, is a man-made lake under construction in the Karashor Depression in the Karakum Desert.

Upon completion, the lake will span 770 sqmi with a maximum depth of 230 ft, and hold more than 130 cubic kilometers (4600 billion cubic feet) of water. Filling the lake could take 15 years and cost up to $4.5 billion. According to government plans, it is intended to be filled by a 2,650 km network of tributary canals. The Dashoguz Collector, spanning a distance of 432 kilometers, traces approximately half of its course along the historic path of the Uzboy River. The Great Turkmen Collector starts in Lebap Province and is 720 km long. They are used for pumping run-off water from irrigated cotton fields towards the lake.

Notes and references

 * Footnotes

 * References

title: Karakum Desert


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Karakum

Karakum may refer to:
 * Karakum Desert, a desert in Central Asia
 * Aral Karakum Desert
 * Karakum (film), a 1994 Turkmen film
 * Karakum Canal, Turkmenistan
 * Karakum District, Turkmenistan

title: Karakum


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Marisol Malaret

Marisol Malaret Contreras (October 13, 1949 – March 19, 2023) was a Puerto Rican tv host, model and beauty queen who won Miss Universe 1970, becoming the first Caribbean and Puerto Rican woman to be crowned Miss Universe.

Biography
Malaret was born in Utuado, Puerto Rico on October 13, 1949. She started to work from an early age due to the death of her father and chronic illness of her mother. She was reportedly persuaded by Puerto Rican make-up artist Carmen Andino to compete in the Miss Puerto Rico pageant, then owned by Puerto Rican modeling guru and businesswoman Anna Santisteban. Malaret's strong will, ethics, and beauty made her a crowd favorite in the local contest. Before winning, she worked as an executive secretary for the Puerto Rico Telephone Company.

Malaret had one brother Jesús, and five half-siblings Joseph, Alicia, Rita, Antonio, and Raul. Her parents were Lydia Contreras and José Antonio Malaret. She was married three times; to former male model Butch James, musician Corky Stroman, with whom she had her only child Sasha, and Cuban-born engineer Frank Cué.

Malaret died from complications of a pulmonary condition on March 19, 2023, at age 73.

Miss Universe 1970
The auburn-haired, blue-green-eyed Malaret won the title on July 11, 1970, at the Miami Beach Auditorium in Miami Beach, Florida. Her victory also made her the first Puerto Rican and the first Caribbean to win Miss Universe. Additionally, she obtained Puerto Rico's first ever placement at Miss Universe since its inception in 1952 and was the first Puerto Rican woman to win a major international pageant.

After her win in the Miss Universe pageant, she was honored with what was considered until then one of the biggest welcomings ever at San Juan's Isla Verde International Airport. The New York Times reported that "50,000 turned out in San Juan to honor a Queen."

She was also invited to the White House for a visit in the Oval Office with then-President Richard Nixon.

Malaret's face graced the covers of many international and Puerto Rican entertainment and gossip magazines, such as Vea, Teve Guía, Artistas, Estrellas, and its smaller version Estrellitas. She participated in many advertising campaigns, and performed occasionally as a motivational speaker to young women and aspiring business leaders.

title: Marisol Malaret


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Talk:Madonna (disambiguation)

Move
Content of this page was moved to Talk:Madonna (singer) after disambiguation.

This page is linked from 7 user pages and 11 other articles. I think they're all about the pop singer. I'm gonna resolve any double links I find. --Uncle Ed 15:26, 3 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Now only 7 user pages link here. My job is done. --Uncle Ed 17:21, 3 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Proposed move
Madonna (disambiguation) → Madonna. Madonna currently redirects to Madonna (entertainer); it should be used for the disambig page. —tregoweth 00:11, Mar 25, 2005 (UTC)
 * I disagree. I think 90pc of people are looking for the singer. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.29.93.51 (talk) 07:52, 19 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I support this. Thryduulf
 * Support, so long as no one messes with Madge. -- John Fader (talk | contribs) 00:58, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Strongest support. Of course "Madonna" should be a disambiguation page, as it long was. -- Infrogmation 03:16, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Bah! I can't speak for the rest of the English speaking world, but strongly doubt that there are any US English-speaking folks, with the possible exception of a few little old ladies who spend all their time in church, who would think that "Madonna" referred to anybody other than the singer. Yes, I think that most such people would recognize that, in other languages, "Madonna" is used to refer to the Virgin Mary, but that's not the usage in American English. Stories like this one http://www.catholic-homeschool.com/Library/Greetings/Gr_Dec_01/gr_dec_01.htm only make sense because in the US, "Madonna" means the singer to almost everyone. --Rkstafford 14:59, 4 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Note, it was already moved, as noted below. BTW, Wikipedia is global, not just "US English"-- and doubt anynone in the US still knows what the singer's name is a reference to, you might wish to spend some time with some Catholics or people interested in art history. Cheers, -- Infrogmation 15:28, 4 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I understand that I'm arguing about a done deal, and I'm not suggesting going through the trouble of changing it back, but I think this was a bad choice. I understand that this is en.wikipedia.org, not us.wikipedia.org, but something like 340 million individuals speak English as their first language, and my best guess is that around two-thirds of those individuals are US residents. Considering more broadly all speakers, rather those with English as their first language, the numbers are approximately 500 million total English speakers, of which well more than half are US residents. And, since the singer now lives in London, I'm guessing that most UK English speakers use "Madonna" to refer to the singer. As for Catholics' use of the term, the ones I know under 50 mean the singer when they talk about "Madonna". --38.112.11.10 20:23, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

This "disambiguation page" is ridiculous... I cannot see that Madonna should be the 8th option... we are talking about the most successful popstar of the last 25 years... arguably the most famous woman in the world (was going to add "english speaking" but thats possibly also not necessary)... this link has been sabotaged as has "madonna(entertainer)"'s main page on a regular basis by some people with certain agendas... this kind of thing undermines's Wikipedia's authority... This article has been renamed as the result of a move request. violet/riga (t) 21:49, 30 Mar 2005 (UTC)

I really do think this should redirect to Madonna's actual page. Marty2Hotty (talk) 08:39, 11 July 2012 (UTC)

Categories on disambiguation page
The following should be moved out of the People category and into another, perhaps new, (Things?) category:

* Madonna (Madonna album), a 1983 album by the American pop singer * Madonna (Trail of Dead), a 1999 album by the band …And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead * Lady Madonna, a song by The Beatles

Hmmm...
Sorry to bring this up all over again, but I tried to remove links to this page, and my job was done very quickly. About 20 were namespace links, while the remaining 200 or so were from WP or user pages which think that Madonna goes here. I'd propose reviving Madonna (disambiguation), and leading this straight to Madge's page... but I'm scared of getting yelled at... — riana_dzasta • t • c • e  • 12:29, 28 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree, for what it's worth. Ms Ciccone's article should be here, with a dab template at the top. --kingboyk 22:38, 6 March 2007 (UTC)

Madonna's entertainer to artiste
The term 'artiste' is definitely more appropriate to describe Madonna Louise Ciccone than 'entertainer', which is used for circus clowns, cabaret shows, etc, which is absolutely ridiculous. Madonna is an artiste not an entertainer - she is pop star! Do not use words like idiosyncratic, sure you jest, but the term 'entertainer' is more idiosyncratic than artiste which is a more appropriate term... If there are any alternative choice of words, prefably it would be (Singer/Actress), (Performer) or (Artiste).

'Entertainer' is an insult to the Madonna whom u classified her amongst circus clowns, cabaret show girls, magicians, stand-up comedians and game-show hosts... Madonna is not in the same category as them! Stealthusa 06:38, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Let us not talk about merit hierarchies. I pointed out long ago that entertainer doesn't seem appropriate (and not for the reasons you list, just because it is a different thing than what she is) but artiste is a little too generic. 'Singer', I suppose, would be just fine. She has written books, acted, etc. but I don't believe she can fairly referred to as a writer or actor. These latter activities are mentioned in the article, but that doesn't mean we should generalize the article title to cover all of them or every single thing she has done in life, with the risk to get to something like "Madonna (human being)" (no offense intended). Also, I don't think artiste is the term used in other similar cases. — Gennaro Prota •Talk 12:04, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Second revert. --Htmlism 16:21, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

I don't see "entertainer" as in anyway demeaning as implied, but what are other options? Clearly calling her "Queen" as an anon editor wishes to do is promotional and in violation of Neutral point of view. What do other people think? -- Infrogmation 19:46, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I think "entertainer" is fine - it sums her up perfectly. "Artiste" is bizarre and as far as I can see doesn't mean anything. Vashti 12:10, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

She is also a musician (she produce, rearrange, collaboration, play guitar and remixing voices.!! http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musician —Preceding unsigned comment added by 116.206.78.99 (talk) 16:47, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

Duplicated listing
If there is to be a listing of people with the given name Madonna, the entertainer should be listed both in the main list (as an article with the dab title and a parenthetical) and in the given name list (in case someone jumps straight to it), for ease of use. Similar rule-breaking occurs with the Patton disambiguation page, and was discussed in Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style (disambiguation pages)/Archive 26. The other option (which I am fine with too), is to remove the list of people by given name from this dab page altogether. -- JHunterJ 15:18, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

Changes
Your version is a hopeless jumble, which contains various inaccuracies. I have nothing against such a scheme in normal cases, but it breaks down completely here. Johnbod 17:43, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

 * It does not appear jumbled. What specific inaccuracies are you talking about? -- JHunterJ 18:41, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

 * There is no consistent difference I can between see between the first two groups - why is Madonna lily in the second and Madonna Inn in the first? It's all a nonsense. What are the two groups supposed to be? Far better to classify by type.  The mistakes are those I corrected and you have reverted.  Johnbod 19:07, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

 * The first group might be known as just "Madonna", the second group is not; if the Inn is not likely to be known as just "Madonna", it should be moved; if the lily is likely to be known as just "Madonna", it should be moved.  However, neither of those potential problems will be solved by moving given-name holders up or separating Madonna (the singer) from Madonna (her album). -- JHunterJ 20:48, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Given that both the "given name" Madonna's use it only as a stage name, and in clear reference to the religious Madonna, the latest grouping is not acceptable either. Actually nobody seems to be really called Madonna, and to restrict the person the two entertainers have taken the name from to the second section is absurd. Johnbod 22:16, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

 * The entertainer Madonna is 'really called just Madonna with great frequency. That's why that entry is in the top section. (And, BTW, it's not a stage name, it's her given [birth] name. But that doesn't matter for arrangement.) -- JHunterJ 02:38, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

Please see WP:MOSDAB and WikiProject Anthroponymy for more on lists of name holders. This is not a human name disambig. Given name holders who are not typically known by just the single name are listed after things that a reader might be expected to search for with the term "madonna". -- JHunterJ 02:45, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I can live with the page as it is now. Btw there about 50 other Madonna articles on paintings, but I think I will hold off on these for now. Johnbod 02:53, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

Warring edits, solution page
I have changed the page to this version, which seems most neutral. Any objections? • Lawrence Cohen  21:25, 5 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Added the blurb that anon editor wanted. That factual statement with the ordering there now should be fine. Thoughts? • Lawrence Cohen  21:37, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

Most successful entertainer
This is a disambiguation page. The merits of Madonna should be pointed out at her own page. A disamiguation page is only to disamiguate, to give the reader a choice what article to look for. The information on a disambiguation page should be kept at a minimum. There is only one entertainer with the name Madonna, so the information that she is the best is superfluous. There is a single, anonymous editor that wanted Madonnas merits mentioned here. Under these circumstances, I do not think it is wise to look for a compromise just to avoid an edit war. Andreas (T) 23:06, 5 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Agreed. I'm also not sure what the point of "known as" re the other Madonna is. Johnbod 00:33, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

Madonna owns
The edit war will continue until "The most successful female artist by record sales" is allowed to stay on the disambiguation page. There are other disambiguation pages with this kind of information. For example, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_%28disambiguation%29 gives this kind of information. Anyone who objects to stating that Madonna is the most successful female artist by record sales is a biased idiot. It is not subjective. -UnbiasedMadonnaFan 74.75.89.122 01:47, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

As I expect you know, that goes in her article, not a disam page. Free free to use your energies removing that sort of stuff from any other disam pages - if done in good faith. I can't see what you mean about C. What do you think some editors would add about the other Madonna, if allowed! Johnbod 01:51, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

I agree..Ifpi.com, Ifop, Guiness World Book and Billboard named MADONNA; is the biggest selling female artist few times!

Here is the list of the estimated biggest selling artist ever based on shipments:

01. The Beatles : 40 albums - 400 000 000 albums sold (UK 1962-1970) 02. Michael Jackson : 14 albums - 350 000 000 albums sold (USA 1979-) 03. Elvis Presley : 150 albums - 300 000 000 albums sold (US 1956-1977) 04. Madonna : 16 albums - 275 000 000 albums sold (US 1984-) 05. Nana Mouskouri : 450 albums - 250 000 000 albums sold (Greece 1959-) 06. Cliff Richard : 60 albums - 250 000 000 albums sold (UK 1959-1999) 07.The Rolling Stones : 54 albums -~250 000 000 albums sold (UK 1964-) 08. Mariah Carey : 14 albums - 230 000 000 albums sold (US 1990-) 09. Elton John : 43 albums -~220 000 000 albums sold (UK 1972-) 10.Celine Dion : 21 albums - 220 000 000 albums sold (Canada 1990-) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ewan20s (talk • contribs) 20:49, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

Official surrender - The Great Edit War has ended
I'll get an account so I can make the Madonna (entertainer) page better. The thesis "Madonna is the best" will be supported by the page. --UnbiasedMadonnaFan 74.75.89.122 02:02, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

Please stop reverting!
I have it set up so that en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna redirects to Madonna's page. A disambiguation page for the most successful and best woman in the world is offensive and rude. -- Anon Coward

 * No, it is appropriate to have a disambiguation page for this because of the number of things which Madonna could mean. Dozols 04:54, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree. This was the consensus reached on previous discussion history. Madonna means many different things to many others, not just the entertainer. In fact your favourite entertainer took her name from the virgin mother herself and many others many find it as equally offensive and rude that we ignore the other meanings of Madonna. --Nuttycoconut 05:03, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Of course; you are being silly and disruptive. I don't mean to offend, but what exactly have her sales been in the last five years anyway? Johnbod 11:40, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

Madonna didn't take her name (from anywhere) - it has been her name all her life. Seeing as her mother was also called Madonna, it is a fair assumption that her mother named her after herself. The mother was probably named after Jesus' mother, though. Nietzsche 2 (talk) 08:44, 26 January 2009 (UTC)

Consensus agreed upon, this will not direct to Madonna the singer
Does everyone agree the page ought to stay at a version such as this? If you disagree, why? • Lawrence Cohen  15:48, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes Count the people reverting the edit warring of a single editor. As mentioned above, there must be over fifty other articles, like those in Category:Raphael Madonnas that really should be here too. Johnbod 15:56, 16 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Of course this should stay a disambiguation page. I thought that had been settled some time ago. -- Infrogmation 17:09, 16 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Just wished to clarify, in case that IP user came back. As there is consensus this would stay a disambig page. • Lawrence Cohen  16:03, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Agree - Some users are pushing a huge POV ("most successful and best woman in the world", "Madonna is the best"), of which a redirect is one of them. Historically speaking, the original Madonna is hugely more significant, so I expect a stronger argument could be made to redirect it there and we'd have a colossal POV edit war on our hands as to where it should go.  Having 'Madonna' as a disambiguation page is an appropriate and sensible compromise. Benea 11:46, 22 September 2007 (UTC)
 * It has been quiet for some time now, so hopefully they got bored. • Lawrence Cohen  17:23, 2 October 2007 (UTC)

Requested move
Please see discussion at Talk:Madonna (entertainer) 199.125.109.104 (talk) 23:31, 1 April 2008 (UTC)
 * This discussion is now at Talk:Madonna (entertainer)/Archive 7. Propaniac (talk) 21:44, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

Vandalism + slight modification
Modified a revision created by User:194.63.235.157 that violated Wikipedia's spam and vandalism policies. In this modification, I added to Madonna's album named Madonna by adding the phrase, "the entertainer's first self-titled album." --KadratisVelevere (talk) 18:55, 12 September 2008 (UTC)

Mother of Jesus clarification
Does anyone object to me adding something like "in the Christian bible's New Testament"? It presents it as fact, otherwise. 135.196.2.145 (talk) 14:03, 15 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Do it. This is an encyclopaedia and it should make clear that mythical characters like Jesus and Madonna are fictional.  The Santa Claus article offers the best example.--Xania [[Image:Flag_of_Italy.svg|15px]]talk 22:18, 8 September 2009 (UTC)

Alphabetical order
It only makes sense that the list be sorted into alphabetical order, rather than the current random order that seems to be promoting certain variations above others. Unless someone has a reason why alphabetical order isn't the best option? ~ User:Ameliorate!  (with the !) (talk) 05:54, 18 October 2008 (UTC)

 * Just an observation from a passer-by, but the current order seems quite odd, given that it doesn't give any emphasis to the most likely destination articles. WP:MOSDAB suggests ordering articles with the most-used meanings appearing at the top and less common meanings below.  As it currently stands, the first article linked has very few incoming links other than song-title redirects and is only 3 sentences long, compared to much more popular and extensive articles on the singer Madonna, Mary, and Madonna in art.--Trystan (talk) 20:04, 19 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm still not clear why an arbitrary alphabetical order for this page is preferable to following the WP:MOSDAB guideline and ordering articles by usage. Page views and incoming links form an objective standard, so NPOV doesn't come into it; it's simply a matter of helping users find the art9cles that they are most likely looking for.
 * It also doesn't make sense in this case to place derivative uses ahead of the uses from which they derive. We currently lead off with "Madonna (art), a portrait of Mary," first without explaining who Mary is or why the article about portraits of her would be titled "Madonna."  "Mary (mother of Jesus), from which other uses generally derive" clarifies this, but comes almost last.--Trystan (talk) 05:17, 17 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree with Trystan, the current solution is not the best one. Yes, it solves the issue of the Mother of God vs. Queen of Pop, but it creates more problems than it solves. The article will have more utility with the more important things at the top. We just need to agree on an order, and keep it that way, with either indef semi-pp or long-term protection. I see no problem with protection; a dab page shouldn't need to be changed at all often. Carl.bunderson (talk) 19:31, 23 December 2008 (UTC)

 * It is something of a difficult case, as Madonna (entertainer) is by far the most visited article, and therefore it would certainly be helpful to put it first, or very near the top. At the same time, we want to break down the articles by category and present them in an order that will be meaningful.  To make sense of many of the entries, the reader will need to be familiar with the "Mary (mother of Jesus)" meaning.  Perhaps we could list the entertainer and Mary without category headings, then start category headings for all following entries?--Trystan (talk) 17:47, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Ok, I'd say put Madonna first, and then Our Lady. I'd list all the things relating to Madonna under her entry, as sub-entries, and then the same for Our Lady. Then, put the other, unrelated to these two entries, in categories the way they are now. But also, looking at these, how many need to be on a dab page? Aren't we just directing people to what they're looking for when they've typed in "madonna"? Many of these I think could be removed, as people aren't going to be looking for them by typing in nothing but "madonna". Carl.bunderson (talk) 06:23, 3 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Done. Carl.bunderson (talk) 19:50, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

Mary first
The page is much more dignified if she is first. I know that most people are more interested in reading about the singer, however putting the other section first explains why she calls herself Madonna. Besides that, a reader will have learned something by reading the background information, and that's what an encyclopedia is all about. Borock (talk) 14:06, 21 August 2010 (UTC)
 * ✅ per WP:Consensus can change and for 2 other reasons: 1. alphabetical subject list, 2. order of importance. Although I think it should go to Madonna (not the singer), with a tag on the top to disambiguate.Lihaas (talk) 09:26, 2 November 2010 (UTC)

hi :) -Madonna  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.33.72.169 (talk) 01:29, 8 May 2012 (UTC)

Induction
Madonna was inducted in 2008 in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.33.72.169 (talk) 01:30, 8 May 2012 (UTC)

Add the book

 * Madonna (book), is a biography by Andrew Morton VitalyTarasov (talk) 06:13, 22 July 2012 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Madonna (art) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 09:15, 30 January 2013 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Madonna (entertainer) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 05:14, 22 February 2013 (UTC)

Madonna (entertainer)
Once again, there is a discussion at Talk:Madonna (entertainer) that seems to affect this page. Tb hotch .™ Grammatically incorrect? Correct it! See terms and conditions.  17:18, 21 September 2013 (UTC)

"Madonna"
The usage of Madonna is up for discussion at Talk:Madonna_(entertainer) where it is requested that the singer's article be moved to "Madonna". -- 65.94.171.126 (talk) 05:21, 4 July 2014 (UTC)

Requested move 4 May 2016

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Not moved again. Probably we should stop making such proposals and then move on. (non-admin closure) George Ho (talk) 19:07, 12 May 2016 (UTC)

Madonna → Madonna (disambiguation) – Madonna should redirect to Mary (mother of Jesus) as the long-term significant WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. SST flyer 13:06, 4 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Has anything changed since the umpteem previous discussions? older ≠ wiser 13:58, 4 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Long-term significance is one facet of a primary topic, but I don't believe that Mary (mother of Jesus) is "highly likely—much more likely than any other topic, and more likely than all the other topics combined—to be the topic sought when a reader searches for that term." The entertainer has been successful for a very long time, so I doubt recentism is too much of an issue. Nohomersryan (talk) 15:45, 4 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Oppose. I frequently fix incoming links to this page, and they almost always refer to the singer. bd2412  T 13:13, 5 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Oppose. This has happened with the move proposal at least ten times before and whether there will be no WP:PRIMARYTOPIC for the singer, period. End of discussion. ApprenticeFan  work 01:38, 7 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Oppose I'm afraid many people would regard the singer nowadays as the primary meaning. PatGallacher (talk) 10:00, 7 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Oppose By my count, there are six previous debates which largely revolve around whether the singer, the mother of Jesus, or the art form are the primary topic for "Madonna". In the most recent one, the consensus seemed to be that while the religious meanings of Madonna currently have the most long-term significance, the entertainer was the primary topic with respect to usage.  As the two criteria conflict, and no new arguments seem to have been put forward, we should keep the status quo here. Caeciliusinhorto (talk) 11:09, 7 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Oppose. In no way is there a primary topic for Madonna, this benefits nobody.  Taylor Trescott  - my talk + my edits 02:25, 8 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Concur with the above points. In addition, looking at the [|Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)|Madonna_(entertainer)| page view analysis] suggests that one of them had to be made the primary topic, (don't do this!) Madonna (entertainer) should be it (both are notable enough that neither should be the primary topic) Devinthepeng (talk) 02:31, 9 May 2016 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Madonna (entertainer) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. Shhhhwwww!! (talk) 09:16, 11 July 2016 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Madonna (art) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. Shhhhwwww!! (talk) 11:21, 11 July 2016 (UTC)

Madonna_(entertainer)
No, that's really not how it works. Like many parts of Wikipedia, disambiguation pages involve a steep learning curve. Let's take a look at MOS:DAB: Disambiguation pages ("dab pages") are designed to help a reader find Wikipedia articles on different topics that could be referenced by the same search term, as described in the Disambiguation guideline. It's not the role of dab pages to help readers get to a subtopic of a topic of that name. The page links to Madonna (entertainer) and Madonna (Madonna album), and that's enough. Readers looking for a list of her albums can click on the link to the article about the singer, and look at the section that contains the list. Take a look at other similar dab pages, none of them contain similar links. Queen does not contain a link to Queen (band) (or Queen discography for that matter), Eagles (disambiguation) does not contain a link to Eagles (band), Prince (disambiguation) does not contain a link to Prince (musician). If you think the Madonna page should be any different, or disambiguation pages should include links to artist discographies, you are welcome to start an RFC to discuss the matter. f eminist 13:32, 11 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Hi User:Feminist. I'd prefer to have this discussion after the close of Talk:Madonna_(Madonna_album), but that is taking so long I fear I may forget.  I disagree with your "The page links to Madonna (entertainer) and Madonna (Madonna album), and that's enough" because one of the meanings of "Madonna", after the virgin, after the entertainer, is the entertainer's music.  When someone says "I'm listening to Madonna", they will not mean they are listing to Madonna interviews.  Even it it is said "doing Madonna this weekend", there is no chance that a weekend watching Madonna films is planned, they are planning on indulging in Madonna albums discography.  I feel the problem is exacerbated by someone wanting, or searching using "Madonna albums" seeing Madonna (album), jumping on that hit, and being taken to Madonna, from where it is not obvious where to go to find her music.  The reader has been taken to the wrong subtopic.  I can think think of a few solutions, all would seem to be against some rule.  --SmokeyJoe (talk) 01:50, 14 December 2017 (UTC)
 * Alternative places for fixing this little problem might be in the ledes of both Madonna (Madonna album) and Madonna (entertainer), which do not have easy to find links to either Madonna_(entertainer) or Madonna albums discography. --SmokeyJoe (talk) 01:55, 14 December 2017 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Madonna (entertainer) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 13:15, 23 July 2020 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
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title: Talk:Madonna (disambiguation)


text:
Ammonium nitrate

Ammonium nitrate is a chemical compound with the formula NH4NO3. It is a white crystalline salt consisting of ions of ammonium and nitrate. It is highly soluble in water and hygroscopic as a solid, although it does not form hydrates. It is predominantly used in agriculture as a high-nitrogen fertilizer.

Its other major use is as a component of explosive mixtures used in mining, quarrying, and civil construction. It is the major constituent of ANFO, a popular industrial explosive which accounts for 80% of explosives used in North America; similar formulations have been used in improvised explosive devices.

Many countries are phasing out its use in consumer applications due to concerns over its potential for misuse. Accidental ammonium nitrate explosions have killed thousands of people since the early 20th century. Global production was estimated at 21.6 million tonnes in 2017. By 2021, global production of ammonium nitrate was down to 16.7 million tonnes.

Occurrence
Ammonium nitrate is found as the natural mineral gwihabaite (formerly known as nitrammite) – the ammonium analogue of saltpetre (mineralogical name: niter) – in the driest regions of the Atacama Desert in Chile, often as a crust on the ground or in conjunction with other nitrate, iodate, and halide minerals. Ammonium nitrate was mined there until the Haber–Bosch process made it possible to synthesize nitrates from atmospheric nitrogen, thus rendering nitrate mining obsolete.

Production, reactions and crystalline phases
The industrial production of ammonium nitrate entails the acid-base reaction of ammonia with nitric acid:
 * HNO3 + NH3 → NH4NO3

The ammonia required for this process is obtained by the Haber process from nitrogen and hydrogen. Ammonia produced by the Haber process can be oxidized to nitric acid by the Ostwald process. Ammonia is used in its anhydrous form (a gas) and the nitric acid is concentrated. The reaction is violent owing to its highly exothermic nature. After the solution is formed, typically at about 83% concentration, the excess water is evaporated off to leave an ammonium nitrate (AN) content of 95% to 99.9% concentration (AN melt), depending on grade. The AN melt is then made into "prills" or small beads in a spray tower, or into granules by spraying and tumbling in a rotating drum. The prills or granules may be further dried, cooled, and then coated to prevent caking. These prills or granules are the typical AN products in commerce.

Another production method is a variant of the nitrophosphate process:

 * Ca(NO3)2 + 2 NH3 + CO2 + H2O → 2 NH4NO3 + CaCO3

The products, calcium carbonate and ammonium nitrate, may be separately purified or sold combined as calcium ammonium nitrate.

Ammonium nitrate can also be made via metathesis reactions:
 * (NH4)2SO4 + Ba(NO3)2 → 2 NH4NO3 + BaSO4
 * (NH4)2SO4 + Ca(NO3)2 → 2 NH4NO3 + CaSO4
 * NH4Cl + AgNO3 → NH4NO3 + AgCl

Reactions
As ammonium nitrate is a salt, both the cation, NH4+, and the anion, NO3-, may take part in chemical reactions.

Solid ammonium nitrate decomposes on heating. At temperatures below around 300 °C, the decomposition mainly produces nitrous oxide and water:

 * NH4NO3 → N2O + 2 H2O

At higher temperatures, the following reaction predominates.

 * 2 NH4NO3 → 2 N2 + O2 + 4 H2O

Both decomposition reactions are exothermic and their products are gas. Under certain conditions, this can lead to a runaway reaction, with the decomposition process becoming explosive. See for details. Many ammonium nitrate disasters, with loss of lives, have occurred.

The red–orange colour in an explosion cloud is due to nitrogen dioxide, a secondary reaction product.

Crystalline phases
A number of crystalline phases of ammonium nitrate have been observed. The following occur under atmospheric pressure.

 * {| class="wikitable"

! Phase ! Temperature (°C) ! Symmetry The transition between β-rhombic to α-rhombic forms (at 32.3 °C) occurs at ambient temperature in many parts of the world. These forms have a 3.6% difference in density and hence transition between them causes a change in volume. One practical consequence of this is that ammonium nitrate cannot be used as a solid rocket motor propellant, as it develops cracks. Stabilized ammonium nitrate (PSAN) was developed as a solution to this and incorporates metal halides stabilisers, which prevent density fluctuations.
 * (liquid)
 * (above 169.6)
 * I
 * 169.6 to 125.2
 * cubic
 * II
 * 125.2 to 84.2
 * tetragonal
 * III
 * 84.2 to 32.3
 * α-rhombic
 * IV
 * 32.3 to −16.8
 * β-rhombic
 * V
 * below −16.8
 * tetragonal
 * }
 * 32.3 to −16.8
 * β-rhombic
 * V
 * below −16.8
 * tetragonal
 * }
 * }

Fertilizer
Ammonium nitrate is an important fertilizer with NPK rating 34-0-0 (34% nitrogen). It is less concentrated than urea (46-0-0), giving ammonium nitrate a slight transportation disadvantage. Ammonium nitrate's advantage over urea is that it is more stable and does not rapidly lose nitrogen to the atmosphere.

Explosives
Ammonium nitrate readily forms explosive mixtures with varying properties when combined with explosives such as TNT or with fuels like aluminum powder or fuel oil. Examples of explosives containing ammonium nitrate include:

 * Amatex (ammonium nitrate, TNT and RDX)
 * Amatol (ammonium nitrate and TNT)
 * Ammonal (ammonium nitrate and aluminum powder)
 * ANFO (ammonium nitrate and fuel oil)
 * Astrolite (ammonium nitrate and hydrazine rocket fuel)
 * Goma-2 (ammonium nitrate, nitroglycol, nitrocellulose, dibutyl phthalate and fuel)
 * Minol (explosive) (ammonium nitrate, TNT and aluminum powder)
 * Nitrolite (ammonium nitrate, TNT and nitroglycerin +)
 * DBX (ammonium nitrate, RDX, TNT and aluminum powder)
 * Tovex (ammonium nitrate and methylammonium nitrate)

Mixture with fuel oil
ANFO is a mixture of 94% ammonium nitrate ("AN") and 6% fuel oil ("FO") widely used as a bulk industrial explosive. It is used in coal mining, quarrying, metal mining, and civil construction in undemanding applications where the advantages of ANFO's low cost, relative safety, and ease of use matter more than the benefits offered by conventional industrial explosives, such as water resistance, oxygen balance, high detonation velocity, and performance in small diameters.

Terrorism
Ammonium nitrate-based explosives were used in the Sterling Hall bombing in Madison, Wisconsin, 1970, the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995, the 2011 Delhi bombings, the 2011 bombing in Oslo, the Myyrmanni bombing and the 2013 Hyderabad blasts.

In November 2009, the government of the North West Frontier Province (NWFP) of Pakistan imposed a ban on ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, and calcium ammonium nitrate fertilizers in the former Malakand Division – comprising the Upper Dir, Lower Dir, Swat, Chitral, and Malakand districts of the NWFP – following reports that those chemicals were used by militants to make explosives. Due to these bans, "Potassium chlorate – the material which allows safety matches to catch fire – has surpassed fertilizer as the explosive of choice for insurgents."

Niche uses
Ammonium nitrate is used in some instant cold packs, as its dissolution in water is highly endothermic. In 2021, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology in Saudi Arabia conducted experiments to study the potential for dissolving ammonium nitrate in water for off-grid cooling systems and as a refrigerant. They suggested that the water could be distilled and reused using solar energy to avoid water wastage in severe environments.

It was once used, in combination with independently explosive "fuels" such as guanidine nitrate, as a cheaper (but less stable) alternative to 5-aminotetrazole in the inflators of airbags manufactured by Takata Corporation, which were recalled as unsafe after killing 14 people. The current USA death total is 27.

Safety, handling, and storage
Numerous safety guidelines are available for storing and handling ammonium nitrate. Health and safety data are shown on the safety data sheets available from suppliers and from various governments.

Pure ammonium nitrate does not burn, but as a strong oxidizer, it supports and accelerates the combustion of organic (and some inorganic) material. It should not be stored near combustible substances.

While ammonium nitrate is stable at ambient temperature and pressure under many conditions, it may detonate from a strong initiation charge. It should not be stored near high explosives or blasting agents.

Molten ammonium nitrate is very sensitive to shock and detonation, particularly if it becomes contaminated with incompatible materials such as combustibles, flammable liquids, acids, chlorates, chlorides, sulfur, metals, charcoal and sawdust.

Contact with certain substances such as chlorates, mineral acids and metal sulfides, can lead to vigorous or even violent decomposition capable of igniting nearby combustible material or detonating.

Ammonium nitrate begins decomposition after melting, releasing NOx, HNO3, NH$-0 cm^{3}/mol$ and H2O. It should not be heated in a confined space. The resulting heat and pressure from decomposition increases the sensitivity to detonation and increases the speed of decomposition. Detonation may occur at 80 atmospheres. Contamination can reduce this to 20 atmospheres.

Ammonium nitrate has a critical relative humidity of 59.4% at 30 °C. At higher humidity it will absorb moisture from the atmosphere. Therefore, it is important to store ammonium nitrate in a tightly sealed container. Otherwise, it can coalesce into a large, solid mass. Ammonium nitrate can absorb enough moisture to liquefy. Blending ammonium nitrate with certain other fertilizers can lower the critical relative humidity.

The potential for use of the material as an explosive has prompted regulatory measures. For example, in Australia, the Dangerous Goods Regulations came into effect in August 2005 to enforce licensing in dealing with such substances. Licenses are granted only to applicants (industry) with appropriate security measures in place to prevent any misuse. Additional uses such as education and research purposes may also be considered, but individual use will not. Employees of those with licenses to deal with the substance are still required to be supervised by authorized personnel and are required to pass a security and national police check before a license may be granted.

Health hazards
Ammonium nitrate is not hazardous to health and is usually used in fertilizer products.

Ammonium nitrate has an LD50 of 2217 mg/kg, which for comparison is about two-thirds that of table salt.

Disasters
Ammonium nitrate decomposes, non-explosively, into the gases nitrous oxide and water vapor when heated. However, it can be induced to decompose explosively by detonation. Large stockpiles of the material can also be a major fire risk due to their supporting oxidation, a situation which can easily escalate to detonation. Explosions are not uncommon: relatively minor incidents occur most years, and several large and devastating explosions have also occurred. Examples include the Oppau explosion of 1921 (one of the largest artificial non-nuclear explosions), the Texas City disaster of 1947, the 2015 Tianjin explosions in China, and the 2020 Beirut explosion.

Ammonium nitrate can explode through two mechanisms:
 * Shock-to-detonation transition. An explosive charge within or in contact with a mass of ammonium nitrate causes the ammonium nitrate to detonate. Examples of such disasters are Kriewald, Morgan (present-day Sayreville, New Jersey), Oppau, and Tessenderlo.
 * Deflagration to detonation transition. The ammonium nitrate explosion results from a fire that spreads into the ammonium nitrate (Texas City, TX; Brest; West, TX; Tianjin; Beirut), or from ammonium nitrate mixing with a combustible material during the fire (Gibbstown, Cherokee, Nadadores). The fire must be confined at least to a degree for successful transition from a fire to an explosion.

title: Ammonium nitrate


text:
Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft

The Realencyclopädie (German for "Practical Encyclopedia"; RE) is a series of German encyclopedias on Greco-Roman topics and scholarship.

Ur-Pauly
The first edition was the Real-Encyclopädie der Classischen Alterthumswissenschaft in Alphabetischer Ordnung ("Practical Encyclopedia of the Study of Classical Ancient History in Alphabetical Order") originally compiled by August Friedrich Pauly. As the basis for the subsequent Pauly–Wissowa edition, it is also known as the Ur-Pauly. The first volume was published in 1839 but Pauly died in 1845 before the last was completed. Christian Waltz (1802–1857) and Wilhelm Siegmund Teuffel completed the 6 volume first edition in 1852.

A second edition of the first volume of Pauly's encyclopedia was published by Teuffel in 1861. The revised second volume came out in 1866, with the rest of the work left incomplete.

Pauly–Wissowa

Georg Wissowa began work on a new and more ambitious edition in 1890. Paulys Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft ("Pauly's Practical Encyclopedia of the Study of Classical Ancient History"), more commonly known as the Pauly–Wissowa ( PW), was planned for completion by 1900 but work again outlasted its initial editor. Continued under Wilhelm Kroll, Kurt Witte, Karl Mittelhaus, and Konrat Ziegler, the series was not completed until 1972, with supplements added until 1978 and the index in 1980. Each article was written by a recognized specialist in the relevant field, but unsurprisingly for a work spanning three generations, the underlying assumptions vary radically with the age of the article. Many early biographies were written by Elimar Klebs, Paul von Rohden, Friedrich Münzer, and Otto Seeck.

Little Pauly
The size and price of Wissowa's edition being daunting, Konrat Ziegler put out an abridged Der Kleine Pauly ("The Little Pauly"; KlP) edition of 5 volumes between 1964 and 1975. Ziegler was assisted by Walther Sontheimer and Hans Gärtner.

New Pauly
Edited by Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider, Der Neue Pauly ("The New Pauly") was intended to be a 15-volume intermediate version of the work. The set itself expanded to 18 volumes plus an index, published from 1996 to 2003. From 2004 to 2012, seven more supplement volumes were added.

An English edition of Der Neue Pauly was published as Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World between 2002 and 2014. The edition, named after its publisher Brill, comprised a 15-volume series on "Antiquity", a 5-volume series on the "Classical Tradition", index volumes for each series, and 6 volumes of supplements. There are only 6 supplements in the English edition compared with 7 in the German edition, as in the German edition the index to the "Classical Tradition" was counted as a Supplement. It was edited by Cancik, Schneider, Manfred Landfester, and Christine F. Salazar.