text:
Cotati, California

Cotati (Miwok: Kota’ti) is an incorporated city in Sonoma County, California, United States, located approximately 45 mi north of San Francisco in the 101 corridor between Rohnert Park and Petaluma. Cotati's population as of the 2020 Census was 7,584, making it the smallest incorporated community in Sonoma County.

Like all of Sonoma County, Cotati is included in both the San Francisco Bay Area and North Coast. Located in the Sonoma Coast AVA, Cotati can also be considered part of Wine Country. E & J Gallo Winery operates a 400 acre vineyard called Two Rock Vineyard in the hills west of town. Cotati's hexagonal downtown plaza, one of only two hexagonal town layouts in the United States, is California Historical Landmark number 879. The other U.S. city with a hexagonal layout is Detroit, Michigan.

History
The Coast Miwok civilization thrived in the Cotati area since at least 2000 BC, with principal villages built near major streams. Documented villages in the area included Lumen-takala (northeast of present-day Cotati), Payinecha (west of present-day Cotati), and Kotati.

In 1827, an Irishman named John Thomas Reed ventured into Miwok territory and built a cabin near Crane Creek. After the natives burned it, he retreated south to Mill Valley.

Rancho Cotate
In July 1844, the Mexican government granted Rancho Cotate (encompassing present-day towns of Cotati, Penngrove and Rohnert Park, and home to Coast Miwok people) to Captain Juan Castaneda, a Mexican military commander from Texas, in payment for his service as a soldier under General Vallejo. The grant took its name from the Coast Miwok village of Kotati. However, a legend arose that Rancho Cotate was named after a Pomo chief named Cotati, and in 1973 the state perpetuated this legend on the historical marker it placed in the plaza.

Rancho Cotate consisted of 17238.6 acre. Captain Castaneda moved to San Francisco and never developed Rancho Cotate. Because he failed to fulfill the legal requirements of the grant, he lost control of the rancho, which passed to Thomas Larkin and then to Joseph Ruckle. In 1849, Ruckle sold the land to Dr. Thomas Stokes Page, a former resident of Valparaíso, Chile, for $1,600. Rancho Cotate was recorded in California state records as follows:

"Cotate #65, Sonoma Co., Grant of 4 sq. leagues made in 1844 by Gov. Micheltorena to Juan Casteneda. Confirmed in 1846. Patent for 17,238 acres issued in 1858 to Thos. S. Page. In T 5-6N, R 7-8W, MDM."

With the cession of California to the United States following the Mexican-American War, the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided that the land grants would be honored. As required by the Land Act of 1851, a claim for Rancho Cotati was filed with the Public Land Commission in 1852, and the grant was patented to Thomas Stokes Page, February 18, 1858, for 17,238.60 acres.

The landholding remained in the Page family for over eighty years. Subject to seasonal flooding from the Laguna de Santa Rosa, the land was used to graze cattle and sheep. In October 1870, the San Francisco and North Pacific Railroad completed the first railroad from Petaluma to Santa Rosa, and a town formed around the wood and water stop called Page's Station, then Cotati.

Development of a town

Cotati's hexagonal plaza and street grid plan was designed during the 1890s by Newton Smyth as an alternative to the traditional grid. Dr. Thomas Page's barn once stood where the plaza is today, and each of the streets surrounding the plaza is named after one of his sons. In 1892, the Page family created the Cotati Land Company to subdivide their ranch into parcels of five to twenty acres (two to eight hectares). By 1901, good land was selling for $30 to $60 per acre. Page family ownership ended in 1944.

The Cotati area was shaken up by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. After the quake, Drury Butler reported that "the chimneys were as a rule thrown down". In particular, the Stony Point School at 38.34325°N, -122.74166°W suffered a chimney failure.

The Northwestern Pacific Railroad built the Cotati Depot in 1907. It was located near the East Cotati Avenue crossing, almost 1 mi east of the plaza. It was demolished to make way for Sonoma–Marin Area Rail Transit's Cotati station.

Prior to 1915, the major north–south roads (Petaluma Hill Road and Stony Point Road) bypassed Cotati. In that year, the state routed the Redwood Highway (part of U.S. Route 101) onto the mostly unpaved Cotati Boulevard. U.S. 101 passed through the downtown plaza until 1955, when the highway was rerouted further west. U.S. 101 still bisects Cotati, and the former route is called Old Redwood Highway.

In February 1921, the old schoolhouse at 201 West Sierra burned down. A new school built on the same site opened in 1922. This building has served as City Hall since 1971. The rear of this building housed the Cotati Police Department until September 3, 2003, when the department moved into a new building next door.

The Cotati Speedway, a wooden oval track for automobile racing, was built near the depot around 1921. It was about 1.25 mi in circumference. World records were set there, but it failed in its first season and was torn down in 1922.

In 1927, the Cotati Volunteer Fire Department was organized. Since 1993, Cotati has been part of the Rancho Adobe Fire Protection District.

A local weekly newspaper called The Cotatian was established by E. A. Little in 1944 and lasted until 1964. The current local paper is The Community Voice, published in neighboring Penngrove.

Incorporation, growth, and rent control
On July 2, 1963, less than a year after the incorporation of the lands north of town to form Rohnert Park, voters approved (by a 284-to-41 margin) the incorporation of Cotati as a separate city. After incorporation, the city grew rapidly, due in part to being within commuting range of San Francisco. Between 1965 and 2000, the population increased by more than a factor of four.

In 1979, Cotati voters approved a rent control ordinance for all residential rentals, but in 1995, that ordinance was partly preempted by the passage of AB (Assembly Bill) 1164, known as the Costa/Hawkins Bill. At the time, Cotati was one of five cities in California with "strong rent control" laws which included vacancy control. (The other cities were West Hollywood, Santa Monica, Berkeley and East Palo Alto). The Costa/Hawkins bill made it impossible for California municipalities to enforce vacancy control, except in special cases like mobile home parks. When the 1979 ordinance was repealed by Cotati voters in 1998, it was replaced with a more limited ordinance aimed at mobile home parks. At the present time, eight of the nine incorporated areas in Sonoma County have rent control for mobile home parks, the exception being Healdsburg.

In 1990, Cotati citizens voted to impose a limit on future annexation of land by the city. This was followed in 1997 by a ballot measure prohibiting "big-box" retail stores of more than 43000 sqft. However, on November 4, 2003, Cotati voters approved (by 1,047 votes to 1,013) Measure B, granting an exception to this ordinance so that a Lowe's home improvement warehouse could be built on the west side of U.S. 101.

Budget crisis
In order to cope with declining revenue, the City instituted a series of budget cuts, starting in 2007. As of August 2009, the City expected to run out of money in its General Fund within a year.

In April 2010, Cotati voters passed Measure A, which imposed a 0.5% sales tax for five years. In June 2014, they passed Measure G (by a vote of 922 to 808) to increase the city sales tax to 1%.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.89 sqmi, 0.53% of which is water.

The city is about 17 mi from the Pacific Ocean. It lies entirely in the drainage basin of the Laguna de Santa Rosa. The Petaluma River watershed begins just south of town. To the west is the Stemple Creek watershed. The sources of all three watercourses lie in the hilly area between Stony Point Road and U.S. 101, just west of town.

A gap in the coastal ridges near Petaluma often allows coastal fog to reach Cotati in the summer, giving it a marine climate that is noticeably cooler and less sunny than the "coastal" climates of nearby Santa Rosa and Sebastopol. Cotati averages fewer than 800 hours per growing season in the 70 - 90 F range.

The soils of the Cotati area are characterized by recent alluvial materials, explicitly those areas bordering the Laguna de Santa Rosa and its tributary Washoe Creek. These materials are largely stream and valley alluvium, with artificial fill in some areas.

Active faults near Cotati include the Rodgers Creek Fault (5 mi east) and the Tolay Fault.

To the west of Cotati is wetland habitat for Sebastopol meadowfoam, Pitkin Marsh lily, Showy Indian clover, and several other endangered species.

2020
The 2020 United States census reported that Cotati had a population of 7,592, The racial makeup of Cotati was 5,997 (79.6%) White, 1,412 (18.6%) Hispanic, 83 (1.1%) African American, 15 (0.2%) Native American, 182 (2,4%) Asian, 151 (2%) Pacific Islander, and 698 (9.8%) two or more races.

There were 2,828 households out of which 772, (27%) had children under the age of 18 living in them. There were 1,670 families with an average family size of 3.49. Housing units were 59.7% owner-occupied and 43.3% were renter-occupied. The average household size was 2.68 people.

The population is made up by 1,617 people (21.3%) under the age of 18, 731 people (9.6%) aged 18 to 24, 2,408 people (31.6%) aged 25 to 44, 1,771,people (23.2%) aged 45 to 64, and 1,076 (14.2%) people who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.9 males.

2010
The 2010 United States Census reported that Cotati had a population of 7,265. The population density was 3,857.8 PD/sqmi. The racial makeup of Cotati was 5,929 (81.6%) White, 1,255 (17.3%) Hispanic, 122 (1.7%) African American, 75 (1.0%) Native American, 283 (3.9%) Asian, 30 (0.4%) Pacific Islander, 427 (5.9%) from other races, and 399 (5.5%) from two or more races.

The Census reported that 99.9% of the population lived in households and 0.1% lived in non-institutionalized group quarters.

There were 2,978 households, out of which 941 (31.6%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 1,214 (40.8%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 399 (13.4%) had a female householder with no husband present, 161 (5.4%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 259 (8.7%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 35 (1.2%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 812 households (27.3%) were made up of individuals, and 215 (7.2%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44. There were 1,774 families (59.6% of all households); the average family size was 2.97.

The population was spread out, with 1,591 people (21.9%) under the age of 18, 871 people (12.0%) aged 18 to 24, 2,060 people (28.4%) aged 25 to 44, 2,130 people (29.3%) aged 45 to 64, and 613 people (8.4%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.7 males.

There were 3,143 housing units at an average density of 1,669.0 /sqmi, of which 59.1% were owner-occupied and 40.9% were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.0%; the rental vacancy rate was 5.6%. 59.3% of the population lived in owner-occupied housing units and 40.6% lived in rental housing units.

2000
As of the census of 2000, there were 6,471 people, 2,532 households, and 1,607 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,444/sq mi (1,329/km2). There were 2,585 housing units at an average density of 1,376 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 83.56% White, 2.33% African American, 0.90% Native American, 3.60% Asian, 0.23% Pacific Islander, 4.40% from other races, and 4.98% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 12.52% of the population.

There were 2,532 households, out of which 35.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.8% were married couples living together, 13.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.5% were non-families. 23.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.05.

The population was distributed, with 25.7% under the age of 18, 10.0% from 18 to 24, 35.6% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 7.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.3 males. The median income for a household was $52,808, and the median income for a family was $62,419. Males had a median income of $44,771 versus $35,779 for females. The per capita income for the city was $24,206. About 5.3% of families and 8.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.5% of those under age 18 and 3.9% of those over age 64.

In the 2000 Census, 89% of the residents reported that English was their primary spoken language. 11% reported languages other than English, including Spanish (8%), Italian (1%), French (1%), Russian (1%), and Portuguese (less than 1%).

Economy
The Cotati Chamber of Commerce is a business organization that promotes economic prosperity within the City of Cotati through economic development services, business services and community events. The chamber is a nonprofit 501(c)(6) organization funded by membership dues, fundraising projects and donations.

Arts and culture
Cotati has numerous annual events, many of them organized by its Community and Environment Commission:
 * Pasta Feed and Bingo Night, a fundraising event, usually held in late February or early March
 * Farmers' Market, weekly from June to September
 * Cotati Accordion Festival, since 1991, usually the third weekend in August
 * Cotati Earth Day, around the end of June
 * Kids Day Parade and Festival, usually in mid-July
 * Accordion Festival, since 1991, usually in mid-August
 * Oktoberfest, usually every year in October
 * Holiday Tree Lighting Ceremony, usually in early December
 * The Downtown Cotati Shop and Stroll, a street fair with locally made crafts and food, live music, kids activities, horse and carriage rides always the Saturday after the tree lighting.

Parks and recreation
As of 1995, Cotati had 20.06 acre of parks. Cotati parks include:
 * Cator Field (along School Street, where the basketball courts are located)
 * Helen Putnam Park (along Myrtle Avenue, where the dog park and soccer field are located)
 * Kotate Park (playground)
 * La Plaza Park (along Old Redwood Highway in the center of town, where the bandstand is located and many annual events are held)

Government
Cotati is governed by a city council with five members, who serve four-year terms. Each year, council members elect a mayor and vice mayor from among themselves. Municipal election are held in November during even-numbered years.

The city has its own police department.

With respect to the United States House of Representatives, Cotati is in. Cotati is also part of, , and Sonoma County's 2nd Supervisorial district.

According to the California Secretary of State, as of February 10, 2019, Cotati has 4,506 registered voters. Of those, 2,365 (52.5%) are registered Democrats, 701 (15.6%) are registered Republicans, and 1,175 (26.1%) have declined to state a political party.

Education
The city is served by Cotati-Rohnert Park Unified School District. Thomas Page Elementary School is the only public school actually located in Cotati. The main high school serving Cotati is Rancho Cotate High School, which is in neighboring Rohnert Park.

Sonoma State University, a public college about 1 mi east of the city limits, has an influence on Cotati.

Cotati is served by the Sonoma County Library, a public library with branches in Rohnert Park and Petaluma.

Transportation

Cotati is served by bus routes operated by Golden Gate Transit (routes 72, 75, and 80) and Sonoma County Transit.

The nearest major airports are San Francisco International Airport and Oakland International Airport. The Santa Rosa airport, which is closer, also offers passenger service.

From the south, U.S. Route 101 North and State Route 116 West approach Cotati on a multi-lane freeway alignment which Caltrans calls the Cotati Grade, with exits at Railroad Avenue and West Sierra Avenue. From the west, State Route 116 East approaches on the two-lane Gravenstein Highway. From the north, U.S. Route 101 South approaches Cotati as a multi-lane freeway with a single exit at Gravenstein Highway.

Sonoma–Marin Area Rail Transit began service to its Cotati station in August 2017.

title: Cotati, California


text:
El Verano, California

El Verano (Spanish for "The Summer") is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sonoma Valley, Sonoma County, California, United States. The population was 4,123 at the 2010 census, falling to 3,867 at the 2020 census.

History
El Verano's name is Spanish and means "The Summer." Resorts in El Verano, and the other nearby communities of Boyes Hot Springs, Fetters Hot Springs, and Agua Caliente were popular health retreats for tourists from San Francisco and points beyond until the middle of the 20th century because of the geothermic hot springs found in the area.

Geography
El Verano is a western suburb of the City of Sonoma. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1.1 sqmi, all of it land.

2020 Census
The population enumerated in 2020 was 3,867.

2010
The 2010 United States Census reported that El Verano had a population of 4,123. The population density was 3,609.5 PD/sqmi. The racial makeup of El Verano was 3,054 (74.1%) White, 22 (0.5%) African American, 22 (0.5%) Native American, 101 (2.4%) Asian, 12 (0.3%) Pacific Islander, 717 (17.4%) from other races, and 195 (4.7%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1,559 persons (37.8%).

The 2010 Census reported that 99.5% of the population lived in households and 0.5% lived in non-institutionalized group quarters.

There were 1,466 households, out of which 570 (38.9%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 732 (49.9%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 166 (11.3%) had a female householder with no husband present, 96 (6.5%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 116 (7.9%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 18 (1.2%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 334 households (22.8%) were made up of individuals, and 104 (7.1%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.80. There were 994 families (67.8% of all households); the average family size was 3.33.

The population was spread out, with 1,089 people (26.4%) under the age of 18, 330 people (8.0%) aged 18 to 24, 1,136 people (27.6%) aged 25 to 44, 1,173 people (28.5%) aged 45 to 64, and 395 people (9.6%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35.7 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.3 males.

There were 1,581 housing units at an average density of 1,384.1 /sqmi, of which 53.6% were owner-occupied and 46.4% were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.7%; the rental vacancy rate was 4.1%. 48.7% of the population lived in owner-occupied housing units and 50.8% lived in rental housing units.

2000
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,954 people, 1,461 households, and 981 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 3,465.4 PD/sqmi. There were 1,530 housing units at an average density of 1,340.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 82.83% White, 0.30% African American, 0.99% Native American, 1.37% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 8.90% from other races, and 5.54% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 23.32% of the population.

There were 1,461 households, out of which 35.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.7% were married couples living together, 11.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.8% were non-families. 25.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.26.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 26.7% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 30.8% from 25 to 44, 24.3% from 45 to 64, and 9.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.9 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $54,400, and the median income for a family was $60,000. Males had a median income of $40,142 versus $31,528 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $28,292. About 4.3% of families and 6.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.4% of those under age 18 and 4.9% of those age 65 or over.

Government
In the state legislature, El Verano is in the 3rd Senate District, represented by Democrat Bill Dodd, and in the 10th State Assembly District, represented by Democrat Marc Levine. Federally, El Verano is in.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: El Verano, California


text:
Eldridge, California

Eldridge is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sonoma County, California, United States. The population was 1,233 at the 2010 census. It is notably the home to the Sonoma Developmental Center, the largest facility serving the needs of persons with developmental disabilities in the state.

History
Eldridge is named for James Eldridge who owned part of the Rancho Cabeza de Santa Rosa land grant.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 0.7 sqmi, all of it land.

2010
The 2010 United States Census reported that Eldridge had a population of 1,233. The population density was 1,891.1 PD/sqmi. The racial makeup of Eldridge was 988 (80.1%) White, 10 (0.8%) African American, 3 (0.2%) Native American, 36 (2.9%) Asian, 6 (0.5%) Pacific Islander, 144 (11.7%) from other races, and 46 (3.7%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 325 persons (26.4%).

The Census reported that 99.8% of the population lived in households and 0.2% lived in non-institutionalized group quarters.

There were 500 households, out of which 155 (31.0%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 242 (48.4%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 46 (9.2%) had a female householder with no husband present, 28 (5.6%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 35 (7.0%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 5 (1.0%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 137 households (27.4%) were made up of individuals, and 33 (6.6%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46. There were 316 families (63.2% of all households); the average family size was 3.02.

The population was spread out, with 274 people (22.2%) under the age of 18, 109 people (8.8%) aged 18 to 24, 320 people (26.0%) aged 25 to 44, 394 people (32.0%) aged 45 to 64, and 136 people (11.0%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.0 males.

There were 563 housing units at an average density of 863.5 /sqmi, of which 53.4% were owner-occupied and 46.6% were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.2%; the rental vacancy rate was 12.4%. 54.5% of the population lived in owner-occupied housing units and 45.3% lived in rental housing units.

2000
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,534 people, 521 households, and 321 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 2,403.1 PD/sqmi. There were 551 housing units at an average density of 863.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 85.92% White, 1.96% African American, 0.78% Native American, 2.80% Asian, 0.20% Pacific Islander, 4.04% from other races, and 4.30% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 13.95% of the population.

There were 521 households, out of which 35.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.3% were married couples living together, 10.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.2% were non-families. 30.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 3.10.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 22.7% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 35.5% from 25 to 44, 29.1% from 45 to 64, and 6.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.4 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $52,656, and the median income for a family was $62,500. Males had a median income of $35,426 versus $34,886 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $24,076. None of the families and 16.3% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 11.8% of those over 64.

Government
In the California State Legislature, Eldridge is in, and in.

In the United States House of Representatives, Eldridge is in.

title: Eldridge, California


text:
Fetters Hot Springs-Agua Caliente, California

Fetters Hot Springs-Agua Caliente is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sonoma Valley, Sonoma County, California, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the CDP population was 4,144. The name Agua Caliente translates into English, from Spanish, as hot water, referring to the hot springs historically found in the area.

Geography
Generally considered separate from one another, Fetters Hot Springs and Agua Caliente are adjacent communities located along the Sonoma Highway (State Route 12), approximately 2.5 mi northwest of Sonoma, California, and immediately north of Boyes Hot Springs and El Verano. Over time, the boundaries between these four communities became blurred and they are often grouped together and referred to collectively as "the Springs" area of Sonoma Valley.

As of the 2010 census, the CDP had a total area of 1.5 sqmi, all land.

History
The area was first occupied by Indigenous peoples who discovered and used the hot springs that the area is named after. The Mexican government deeded 50,000 acres to Lazaro Piña as Rancho Agua Caliente, a land grant 10 mi long on the east side of Sonoma Creek, in 1840. In 1849 Thaddeus M. Leavenworth acquired 320 acres of the Rancho in what became present-day Agua Caliente, Fetters Hot Springs, Boyes Hot Springs, and part of Maxwell Farm. In 1889, property was being sold in the area as being near the "celebrated old Indian Medicine Spring."

George and Emma Fetters opened the Fetters Hot Springs resort in 1908. Flamboyant restaurateur Juanita Musson opened her second Sonoma Valley restaurant in the old Fetters hotel around 1970, but it burned to the ground five years later. The land stood vacant for almost forty years until the Fetters Apartments, built as affordable housing for sixty families, opened in 2017.

2010
At the 2010 census Fetters Hot Springs-Agua Caliente had a population of 4,144. The population density was 2,815.6 PD/sqmi. The racial makeup of Fetters Hot Springs-Agua Caliente was 2,926 (70.6%) White, 25 (0.6%) African American, 39 (0.9%) Native American, 68 (1.6%) Asian, 8 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 895 (21.6%) from other races, and 183 (4.4%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1,925 persons (46.5%).

The census reported that 99.6% of the population lived in households and 0.4% lived in non-institutionalized group quarters.

There were 1,419 households, 570 (40.2%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 709 (50.0%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 175 (12.3%) had a female householder with no husband present, 86 (6.1%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 90 (6.3%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 30 (2.1%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 327 households (23.0%) were one person and 108 (7.6%) had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.91. There were 970 families (68.4% of households); the average family size was 3.46.

The age distribution was 1,137 people (27.4%) under the age of 18, 409 people (9.9%) aged 18 to 24, 1,070 people (25.8%) aged 25 to 44, 1,148 people (27.7%) aged 45 to 64, and 380 people (9.2%) who were 65 or older. The median age was 34.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.1 males.

There were 1,585 housing units at an average density of 1,076.9 /sqmi, of which 58.1% were owner-occupied and 41.9% were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.4%; the rental vacancy rate was 8.0%. 51.4% of the population lived in owner-occupied housing units and 48.2% lived in rental housing units.

2000
At the 2000 census there were 2,505 people, 885 households, and 584 families in the CDP. The population density was 6,546.8 PD/sqmi. There were 929 housing units at an average density of 2,427.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 82.55% White, 0.96% African American, 1.12% Native American, 1.20% Asian, 0.16% Pacific Islander, 8.70% from other races, and 5.31% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 29.90%.

Of the 885 households 36.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.2% were married couples living together, 14.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.9% were non-families. 25.5% of households were one person and 6.6% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.78 and the average family size was 3.32.

The age distribution was 27.3% under the age of 18, 10.5% from 18 to 24, 31.7% from 25 to 44, 22.8% from 45 to 64, and 7.7% 65 or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.9 males.

The median household income was $44,097 and the median family income was $48,641. Males had a median income of $37,143 versus $28,304 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $20,269. About 5.5% of families and 8.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.6% of those under age 18 and 6.0% of those age 65 or over.

Government
In the state legislature, Fetters Hot Springs-Agua Caliente is in, and in.

Federally, Fetters Hot Springs-Agua Caliente is in.


text:
Forestville, California

Forestville is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sonoma County, California, United States. It was settled during the late 1860s and was originally spelled Forrestville after one of its founders. The spelling long ago became standardized with one "r". The population was 3,293 at the 2010 census, an increase of nearly 1,000 since the 2000 census.

By 1900, the community was known for attracting writers and artists and had a bohemian reputation. The small town has a limited number of businesses.

History and features
Forestville's unofficial motto is "Forestville, The Good Life." This phrase appears on license plate holders sold at the local hardware store. The major road through town is Front Street for the length of the town, a distance of about three blocks, between Covey Road and Mirabel Road. It has been made part of Highway 116. The "downtown" blocks were first developed during the 1870s and 1880s. A fire destroyed many of the older structures, and existing buildings date mostly to the early 20th century. According to Sonoma State University professor Jonah Raskin, Forestville "was a gathering place for bohemians and writers and artists, circa 1900."

Today businesses in the town consist of one gas station, one bar, one hardware store, a grocery store, two convenience markets, a pharmacy, several churches, a number of restaurants, a post office, an assortment of small businesses, a fire station operated by a volunteer fire department, a volunteer-run Youth Park, and three ATMs. The annual Forestville Youth Park Parade is held each June as a fund-raising event. It is associated with two days of music, bingo, and carnival rides in the Youth Park. Food and handicrafts booths are staffed by local vendors and non-profit organizations.

A number of bed and breakfast inns and wineries have been developed along the Russian River and to the east.

Geography and environment
Forestville is located in central Sonoma County, about 60 mi north of San Francisco. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 5.3 sqmi, all of it land. Near Forestville is the confluence of the Laguna de Santa Rosa and Mark West Creek with the Russian River. South of Forestville are found the endangered Pitkin Marsh lily and White sedge. To the north are the Russian River, Steelhead Beach Park, and Mount Jackson; to the west are the Redwood forests; and to the East and South are many rolling hills on which are planted wine grape vineyards and apple orchards.

2010
At the 2010 census Forestville had a population of 3,293. The population density was 626.4 PD/sqmi. The racial makeup of Forestville was 2,914 (88.5%) White, 32 (1.0%) African American, 36 (1.1%) Native American, 53 (1.6%) Asian, 6 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 153 (4.6%) from other races, and 99 (3.0%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 406 people (12.3%).

The census reported that 99.0% of the population lived in households and 1.0% lived in non-institutionalized group quarters.

There were 1,429 households, 335 (23.4%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 617 (43.2%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 124 (8.7%) had a female householder with no husband present, 63 (4.4%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 127 (8.9%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 37 (2.6%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 446 households (31.2%) were one person and 110 (7.7%) had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.28. There were 804 families (56.3% of households); the average family size was 2.92.

The age distribution was 581 people (17.6%) under the age of 18, 242 people (7.3%) aged 18 to 24, 682 people (20.7%) aged 25 to 44, 1,325 people (40.2%) aged 45 to 64, and 463 people (14.1%) who were 65 or older. The median age was 47.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.9 males.

There were 1,605 housing units at an average density of 305.3 /sqmi, of which 70.2% were owner-occupied and 29.8% were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.2%; the rental vacancy rate was 6.5%. 70.4% of the population lived in owner-occupied housing units and 28.5% lived in rental housing units.

2000
At the 2000 census there were 2,370 people, 941 households, and 592 families in the CDP. The population density was 578.2 PD/sqmi. There were 1,010 housing units at an average density of 246.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 89.28% White, 1.14% African American, 1.18% Native American, 1.60% Asian, 0.17% Pacific Islander, 2.78% from other races, and 3.84% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.00%.

Of the 941 households 31.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.4% were married couples living together, 11.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.0% were non-families. 26.4% of households were one person and 6.9% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.05.

The age distribution was 24.7% under the age of 18, 5.5% from 18 to 24, 23.9% from 25 to 44, 34.8% from 45 to 64, and 11.1% 65 or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.9 males.

The median household income was $50,898 and the median family income was $60,417. Males had a median income of $45,170 versus $42,652 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $31,301. About 5.1% of families and 7.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.7% of those under age 18 and 2.9% over 64.

Presidential elections
Forestville staunchly supports the Democratic Party in presidential elections. In the 2020 election, Forestville supported Democratic nominee Joe Biden over Republican incumbent Donald Trump by a margin of 56 percentage points, a slight increase from the 2016 election where Forestville supported Hillary Clinton by 5-6 percentage points less than they did Biden.

School system
Forestville has two schools: Forestville Elementary School and El Molino High School. The high school provides 9–12 grade education to the majority of students in the Russian River area. During the 2017–18 school year, enrollment was 595 students. With the start of the fall semester in 2021, the El Molino High School campus was permanently closed and its entire student body transferred to Analy High School in downtown Sebastopol. The West Sonoma County Union High School District office and Laguna High School, a continuation school, were relocated to the former El Molino campus.

Infrastructure and transport
Forestville's main road is California State Route 116, known locally as the Pocket Canyon Highway, Front Street, and as the Gravenstein Highway. To the north of downtown is River Road, itself connecting the northern part of Forestville to the coastal community of Jenner in the west and access roads to both U.S. Route 101 and the Sonoma County Airport, the closest air link with commercial service to Forestville, to the east.

Sonoma County Transit bus route 20 serves Forestville.

Government
Forestville is represented by the following elected officials:
 * Sonoma County Board of Supervisors: Lynda Hopkins (Nonpartisan)
 * California State Assembly:
 * California State Senate:
 * United States House of Representatives:
 * United States Senate: Alex Padilla and Dianne Feinstein

Notable people

 * James Walker Benét, reporter for the San Francisco Chronicle and KQED, veteran of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade during the Spanish Civil War
 * Rosemary Gladstar, founder of an herbal school named after her
 * Ben McKee, bassist of the band Imagine Dragons
 * Catherine Yronwode, editor of comic books and non-fiction trading cards, author and graphics designer

title: Forestville, California


text:
Glen Ellen, California

Glen Ellen is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sonoma Valley, Sonoma County, California, United States. The population was 784 at the 2010 census, down from 992 at the 2000 census. Glen Ellen is the location of Jack London State Historic Park (including the Wolf House), Sonoma Valley Regional Park, and a former home of Hunter S. Thompson.

The whole of Glen Ellen was severely damaged by the Nuns Fire during the October 2017 Northern California wildfires.

History
In 1859, Charles V. Stuart purchased a part of the Rancho Agua Caliente land grant and in 1868 began building a house there, eventually establishing a 1000 acre vineyard he named Glen Ellen after his wife. The town that grew up around the vineyard also came to be called Glen Ellen, and Stuart's home was later renamed Glen Oaks Ranch.

In October 2017, the area was badly affected by wildfire.

Geography
Glen Ellen is about 6 mi northwest of the city of Sonoma. The United States Census Bureau fixes the total area at 2.1 sqmi, 99.95% of it land and 0.05% covered by water. Sonoma Creek, the principal river of the Sonoma Valley, flows through Glen Ellen.

2010
The 2010 United States Census reported that Glen Ellen had a population of 784. The population density was 372.7 PD/sqmi. The racial makeup of Glen Ellen was 693 (88.4%) White, 3 (0.4%) African American, 9 (1.1%) Native American, 16 (2.0%) Asian, 3 (0.4%) Pacific Islander, 18 (2.3%) from other races, and 42 (5.4%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 67 persons (8.5%).

The Census reported that 98.3% of the population lived in households and 1.7% lived in non-institutionalized group quarters.

There were 364 households, out of which 74 (20.3%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 172 (47.3%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 26 (7.1%) had a female householder with no husband present, 14 (3.8%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 23 (6.3%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 6 (1.6%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 122 households (33.5%) were made up of individuals, and 34 (9.3%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.12. There were 212 families (58.2% of all households); the average family size was 2.67.

The population was spread out, with 126 people (16.1%) under the age of 18, 37 people (4.7%) aged 18 to 24, 142 people (18.1%) aged 25 to 44, 376 people (48.0%) aged 45 to 64, and 103 people (13.1%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 51.4 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.2 males.

There were 421 housing units at an average density of 200.2 /sqmi, of which 60.4% were owner-occupied and 39.6% were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.3%; the rental vacancy rate was 4.0%. 60.5% of the population lived in owner-occupied housing units and 37.9% lived in rental housing units.

2000
As of the census of 2000, there were 992 people, 340 households, and 219 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 473 PD/sqmi. There were 387 housing units at an average density of 185/sq mi (71/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 89.4% White, 1.9% African American, 1.2% Native American, 1.2% Asian, 0.40% Pacific Islander, 2.7% from other races, and 3.1% from two or more races. 8.5% of the population were Hispanic.

There were 340 households, out of which 34.7% had children under the age of 18, 49.4% were married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.3% were non-families. 25.0% of all households consisted of individuals, and 3.8% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.91. The age distribution was as follows: 28.6% under the age of 18, 5.3% from 18 to 24, 23.9% from 25 to 44, 33.9% from 45 to 64, and 8.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 120.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.3 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $52,143, and the median income for a family was $54,219. Males had a median income of $50,714 versus $35,952 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $22,680. About 11.5% of families and 14.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.8% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

Points of interest
Writer Jack London lived in Glen Ellen from 1909 to his death in 1916, where he devoted much of his time to development of his Beauty Ranch and the building of his mansion, Wolf House. Many of his novels and stories, notably The Iron Heel and The Valley of the Moon mention Glen Ellen and Sonoma County. ("The Valley of the Moon" is a translation of Sonoma Valley's name given by the Pomo and Coast Miwok peoples.)

The site of his ranch is now Jack London State Historic Park, which contains the ruins of Wolf House, several ranch buildings, the grave of Jack and Charmian London, and a museum housed in Charmian London's "House of Happy Walls".

The Sonoma Developmental Center is located just outside Glen Ellen near the Jack London ranch. Its predecessor, the California Home for the Care and Training of Feeble Minded Children, was the setting for Jack London's story "Told in the Drooling Ward."

Glen Ellen is located in the Wine Country and is part of the Sonoma Mountain AVA. Like all the communities in Sonoma Valley, Glen Ellen is home to many vineyards and wineries including B.R. Cohn Winery, Benziger Family Winery, Mayo Family Winery, and Valley of the Moon Winery.

Quarryhill Botanic Garden, located near Glen Ellen, is a research botanical garden housing with one of the largest collections of temperate Asian plants in North America. Quarryhill's collection includes rare species such as Acer pentaphyllum, Cornus capitata, Holboellia coriacea, Illicium simonsii, and ''Rosa chinensis var. spontanea'', all native to Sichuan, China, as well as extensive collections of various wild Asian dogwoods, lilies, magnolias, maples, oaks, roses, and rhododendrons. Quarryhill is open to the public.

Dunbar School is the second oldest school in California. Currently it comprises grades K-5 and is part of the Sonoma Valley Unified School District.

Government
In the California State Legislature, Glen Ellen is in, and in.

In the United States House of Representatives, Glen Ellen is in.

Notable people

 * Mary Ellen Pleasant, Abolitionist, Entrepreneur
 * M. F. K. Fisher, food writer
 * Albert E. Kahn, journalist, photographer, and author
 * Bernie Krause, musician and soundscape ecologist
 * John Lasseter, animator, film director, screenwriter, and producer
 * Jack London, novelist, journalist, and social activist
 * Hunter S. Thompson, journalist and author
 * Nikita Ducarroz, BMX freestyle cyclist and Olympic medalist

title: Glen Ellen, California


text:
Graton, California

Graton is an unincorporated town and census-designated place (CDP) in west Sonoma County, California, United States. The population was 1,707 at the 2010 census. Graton's ZIP code is 95444. The town also has a culinary reputation attributed to two restaurants in the area.

The town of Graton is roughly 20 miles from the California coastline. Graton's agriculture was historically concentrated on apple farming, but like most of rural Sonoma County it now focuses on wine production.

Geography
Graton has a total area of 1.58 sqmi, all land.

Graton is located at the southeastern end of Green Valley, on the east bank of the seasonally flooding Atascadero Creek. The elevation ranges from approximately 85 ft above Mean Sea Level (MSL) at Atascadero Creek to 213 ft MSL at Oak Grove School.

Graton is noted as lying at the approximate furthest southern and eastern extent of Russian colonization of the Americas. Research on Fort Ross has indicated that several farms were developed inland from the coastal fur trading fort in northwestern Sonoma County. These farms or ranches were used for producing additional food and for agricultural projects conducted by Fort Ross's agronomist Yegor Chernykh. In 1836, a farm was established along Purrington Creek, between what are now the towns of Occidental and Graton. There Chernykh erected barracks and five other structures, and grew vegetables, fruit, wheat, and other grains. Chernykh also developed a large vineyard, introducing what has since become a major crop in the area.

Climate
This region experiences warm (but not hot) and dry summers, with no average monthly temperatures above 71.6 °F. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Graton has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated "Csb" on climate maps.

2010
At the 2010 census Graton had a population of 1,707. The population density was 1,080.9 PD/sqmi. The racial makeup of Graton was 1,402 (82.1%) White, 10 (0.6%) African American, 29 (1.7%) Native American, 25 (1.5%) Asian, 3 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 144 (8.4%) from other races, and 94 (5.5%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 322 people (18.9%).

The census reported that 99.2% of the population lived in households and 0.8% lived in non-institutionalized group quarters.

There were 680 households, 193 (28.4%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 304 (44.7%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 90 (13.2%) had a female householder with no husband present, 19 (2.8%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 35 (5.1%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 18 (2.6%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 188 households (27.6%) were one person and 73 (10.7%) had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.49. There were 413 families (60.7% of households); the average family size was 3.03.

The age distribution was 343 people (20.1%) under the age of 18, 131 people (7.7%) aged 18 to 24, 352 people (20.6%) aged 25 to 44, 643 people (37.7%) aged 45 to 64, and 238 people (13.9%) who were 65 or older. The median age was 45.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.8 males. The median resident age is 48.2 years, compared to the California average of 36.2 years.

There were 723 housing units at an average density of 457.8 /sqmi, of which 72.2% were owner-occupied and 27.8% were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0.6%; the rental vacancy rate was 2.6%. 72.0% of the population lived in owner-occupied housing units and 27.2% lived in rental housing units.

The median household income was $83,082 (+70.4% from 2000), and the median family income was $87,641 (+53.9% from 2000). The median per capita income for the CDP was $35,410 (+62.1% from 2000). For comparison, statewide California median per capita income in the 2010 Census was $27,885 (+22.8% from 2000).

2000
At the 2000 census there were 1,815 people, 690 households, and 442 families in the CDP. The population density was 1,162.1 PD/sqmi. There were 706 housing units at an average density of 452.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 84.35% White, 0.50% African American, 1.49% Native American, 1.10% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 8.98% from other races, and 3.53% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 19.28%.

Of the 690 households 30.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.1% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.9% were non-families. 27.5% of households were one person and 8.8% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.21.

The age distribution was 24.3% under the age of 18, 8.2% from 18 to 24, 26.0% from 25 to 44, 31.0% from 45 to 64, and 10.5% 65 or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.8 males.

The median household income was $48,750 and the median family income was $56,944. Males had a median income of $45,179 versus $43,021 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $21,844. About 4.0% of families and 10.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.1% of those under age 18 and 14.4% of those age 65 or over.

Government
Graton is represented by the following elected officials:
 * Sonoma County Board of Supervisors (District 5): Lynda Hopkins (Dem)
 * California State Assembly:
 * California State Senate:
 * U.S. House of Representatives (2nd District):
 * U.S. Senate: Dianne Feinstein (Dem) and Alex Padilla (Dem)

Notable people

 * George Segal, Academy Award-nominated actor and musician
 * Ned Kahn, artist, sculptor, MacArthur Fellow

title: Graton, California


text:
Guerneville, California

Guerneville is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in the Russian River Valley of Sonoma County, California, United States. The town is historically known as a logging community, formed in the late 1800s. It was founded by the Guerne family in the 1850s.

In the 21st century, Guerneville is also known for its natural environment, liberal atmosphere, and proximity to wine-tasting and redwood forests.

History
Guerneville developed adjacent to the Russian River. Redwoods grew in the riverbed with such vigor that just a few centuries ago, the valley had the greatest biomass density on the planet, according to local lore. The local Pomo Indians had long used the area as a summer camp and called it "Ceola" ( or cee-oh-lay) which meant "shady place."

A large stand of ancient trees is preserved in the Fife Creek watershed, now the centerpiece of Armstrong Woods Park. But many of the trees were logged in the late 19th century and the early 20th century, giving rise to the first English name for the place – "Stumptown." Logging in the area boomed after vast amounts of lumber were needed for rebuilding after the 1906 earthquake and associated fires.

The annual town parade still commemorates the old place name by calling itself "Stumptown Days." The present name Guerneville was introduced to honor Swiss immigrant George Guerne, a local businessman of the 19th century who owned the town's sawmill. By 1870, there was a U.S. Post Office in Guerneville; it was listed by the name "Guerneville". Although locals may be found selling T-shirts that say "Don't call it Guerneyville" (alluding to the "GURN-vil" pronunciation), many have called the town "Guerneyville" in spelling and pronunciation since the 1800s. The extensive redwood forests on the surrounding mountains are less than 200 years old, having been replacement plantings for much of the logging done in the 19th century.

In the late 19th century, the area became popular with wealthy vacationers from San Francisco and surrounding communities. The San Francisco and North Pacific Railroad in 1877 linked the town to the ferries of San Francisco Bay. Even with the demise of train service in the late 1930s, the area's resorts remained popular with vacationers who came by automobile through the 1950s. A local movie theater, the River, was built near the beach and showed double features throughout the 1950s and 1960s.

The coming of jet airplane travel in the 1960s marked a period of decline for many of the older resorts. Winter floods in 1964 caused a further decline in local businesses. A renaissance took place in the late 1970s as numerous gay entrepreneurs from San Francisco identified the area as a prime recreational destination for weekends. Many older resorts benefited from increased tourism, and the town's businesses began to thrive.

Geography
Guerneville is located in western Sonoma County, along the Russian River on State Route 116, between Monte Rio to the west and Forestville to the east.

The CDP has a total area of 9.88 sqmi. Of that, 9.71 sqmi is land and 0.17 sqmi (1.72%) is water.

Climate

Guerneville has cool, wet winters and warm, dry summers, a climate typical of northern coastal California. Although rainfall is rare during the summer months, fog often comes up the river from the Pacific Ocean. The associated condensation creates "fog drip," which sustains the numerous redwood trees, ferns, and other vegetation.

The National Weather Service reports that Guerneville has an average annual rainfall of 49.15 in. Measurable precipitation occurs on an average of 73 days each year. The wettest year was 1970 with 70.2 in and the driest year was 1949 with 31.34 in. The most rainfall in one month was 29.08 in January 1970. The most rainfall in 24 hours was 8.4 in on February 8, 1960.

Although no official temperature records exist for Guerneville, the nearby town of Graton has average January temperatures ranging from 35.7 to 56.1 F, and July temperatures from 48.4 to 83.5 F. There are an average of 28.7 days annually with highs of 90 F or higher and 44.7 days annually with lows of 32 F or lower. The record high temperature was 113 °F on July 14, 1972, and the record low temperature was 14 °F on December 22, 1990. Other nearby cooperative National Weather Service stations are in Occidental, Cazadero, and Fort Ross.

2010
At the 2010 census Guerneville had a population of 4,534. The population density was 458.9 PD/sqmi. The racial makeup of Guerneville was 3,926 (86.6%) White, 31 (0.7%) African American, 68 (1.5%) Native American, 47 (1.0%) Asian, 12 (0.3%) Pacific Islander, 226 (5.0%) from other races, and 224 (4.9%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 553 people (12.2%).

The census reported that 99.1% of the population lived in households and 0.9% lived in non-institutionalized group quarters.

There were 2,305 households, 407 (17.7%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 583 (25.3%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 197 (8.5%) had a female householder with no husband present, 112 (4.9%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 175 (7.6%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 176 (7.6%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 984 households (42.7%) were one person and 235 (10.2%) had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 1.95. There were 892 families (38.7% of households); the average family size was 2.74.

The age distribution was 643 people (14.2%) under the age of 18, 306 people (6.7%) aged 18 to 24, 1,042 people (23.0%) aged 25 to 44, 1,932 people (42.6%) aged 45 to 64, and 611 people (13.5%) who were 65 or older. The median age was 48.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 119.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 119.3 males.

There were 3,343 housing units at an average density of 338.4 /sqmi, of which 56.2% were owner-occupied and 43.8% were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 3.6%; the rental vacancy rate was 7.7%. 56.2% of the population lived in owner-occupied housing units and 42.9% lived in rental housing units.

In 2015, estimated median household income was $44,127, median family income was $53,250 and per capita income was $35,391, according to the 2011-15 American Community Survey (ACS), U.S. Census Bureau.

2000
At the 2000 census, there were 2,441 people, 1,097 households, and 523 families in the CDP. The population density was 743/sq mi (287/km$2$). There were 1,463 housing units at an average density of 445 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 87.42% White, 0.70% African American, 1.07% Native American, 0.61% Asian, 0.20% Pacific Islander, 4.51% from other races, and 5.49% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 14.54% of the population.

Of the 1,097 households 22.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 28.4% were married couples living together, 14.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 52.3% were non-families. 34.8% of households were one person and 8.5% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.86.

The age distribution was 19.7% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 30.2% from 25 to 44, 32.3% from 45 to 64, and 10.4% 65 or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 108.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 109.3 males.

The median household income was $37,266 and the median family income was $45,875. Males had a median income of $32,350 versus $31,429 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $22,793. About 13.5% of families and 13.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.6% of those under age 18 and 5.4% of those age 65 or over.

As of 2000 90% of people from Guerneville speak primarily English while 10% do not. Of these, 6% speak Spanish, 1% speak Russian, 1% speak French, 1% speak German, 1% speak Portuguese, less than 1% speak "other West Germanic languages," Tagalog and Thai.

Tourism
Guerneville includes a plaza in the town center with permanent chess tables, and small shops. A public beach area along the Russian River is used for fishing, swimming, boating, and sunbathing.

LGBTQ+ community
Guerneville is an LGBTQ+ vacation destination, and hosts an annual Russian River Pride Parade and Celebration. Guerneville also hosts a Women's Weekend in the summer, and hosts gay bear charity events for the LGBTQ+ community, including Lazy Bear Weekend in late July or early August, and Polar Bear Weekend in mid-January. Guerneville is also home to the Russian River Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence, a chapter of the Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence, which holds entertaining events in various venues along the Russian River, including monthly bingo games.

There are several LGBT-friendly clubs and bars in Guerneville.

Parks and recreation
Places of interest include Armstrong Redwoods State Natural Reserve and the adjacent Austin Creek State Recreation Area, the Russian River with its meandering flow and wildlife, Johnson's Beach, which hosted the Russian River Jazz and Blues festival In the past and provides summer swimming and boating, and the close proximity of the Pacific Ocean.

Government
In the California State Legislature, Guerneville is in, and in.

In the United States House of Representatives, Guerneville is in.

Education
The Guerneville School District includes the Guerneville School, a K-8 school, established in 1949.

Media
Guerneville/lower Russian River events receive daily coverage by the Santa Rosa Press Democrat "hyperlocal" online Towns section.

Guerneville is the home of non-commercial radio station KGGV-FM, 95.1 MHz.

The Russian River area occasionally appears in local and/or national news due to significant winter flooding, the worst of which occurred in 1986. Because much of the housing is elevated, thanks in large part to FEMA grants, floods no longer have the impact they once did and recovery for most residents and businesses is much faster than in earlier times. The effects of floods are mitigated by the extensive upstream floodplain storage capacity of the Laguna de Santa Rosa.

Filmed in Guerneville
Guerneville's older metal truss bridge can be filmed from the newer bridge, and made an appearance in the movie Mumford as a location for people to walk and talk in idyllic settings. The independent film Deep Dark Canyon was filmed in Guerneville. Surrounding communities were also regular filming locations for the 1960s television series Combat!

title: Guerneville, California


text:
Healdsburg, California

Healdsburg is a city located in Sonoma County, California, United States. At the 2020 census, the city had a population of 11,340.

Healdsburg is centered on a 19th-century plaza.

History
Early inhabitants of the local area included the Pomo people, who constructed villages in open areas along the Russian River. Anglo-American and Russian settlement may have commenced in the mid-19th century, with a settlement nearby, established downstream along the Russian River near Graton, in 1836, and later the Rancho Sotoyome land grant, in 1844.

In 1857, Harmon Heald, an Ohio businessman who had been squatting on Rancho Sotoyome since 1850, purchased part of the rancho—giving the city its official founding date. In 1867, Heald's eponymous small town was incorporated. Healdsburg is located within the former township of Mendocino. The San Francisco and North Pacific Railroad reached Healdsburg in 1872.

Farming, especially orchards and truck farms, was common within the present city limits from at least the 1890s to 1940s.

The first commercial development of the seasoning lemon pepper was in Healdsburg in 1967.

Geography
The city has a total area of 4.464 sqmi, of which 4.457 sqmi is land and 0.007 sqmi is water. The total area is 0.15% water. It lies on the Russian River, near a point used as a crossing of the river since the 1850s that is now the site of the Healdsburg Memorial Bridge.

Foss Creek traverses the city from north to south, flowing into Dry Creek near the U.S. 101 Central Healdsburg interchange.

Climate
Healdsburg has cool, wet winters and warm to hot, dry summers. In January, the average high temperature is 57.6 F and the average low is 38 F. In July, the average high temperature is 88.8 F and the average low is 52.7 F. There are an average of 54.6 days with highs of 90 F or higher and an average of 20.1 days with lows of 32 F or lower. The record high temperature was 117 F on September 6, 2022, and the record low temperature was 14 F on December 22, 1990.

Annual precipitation averages 42.2 in. There are an average of 73 days annually with measurable precipitation. The wettest year was 1983 with 96.25 in and the driest year was 1976 with 13.67 in. The most precipitation in one month was 29.9 in in January 1995. The most precipitation in 24 hours was 8.18 in on December 3, 1980. Snow is relatively rare, with none in most years. The highest yearly snowfall totaled 0.8 in in 1976.

Environment
An intrinsic element of the city's natural environment is the riparian zone associated with the Russian River that flows through Healdsburg. The city owns two open space reserves stewarded by LandPaths. The Healdsburg Ridge Open Space Preserve has 150 acre of wetlands, oak woodlands, chaparral, and grasslands, while the Fitch Mountain Open Space Preserve has 173 acre. City residents support recycling by use of the Healdsburg Transfer Station. The city has shown an interest in creating a quiet environment by creating a Noise Element of the General Plan, which defines baseline sound level contours and sets forth standards of quiet for each land use category.

Demographics
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2010

At the 2010 census Healdsburg had a population of 11,254. The population density was 2,521.3 PD/sqmi. The racial makeup of Healdsburg was 8,334 (74.1%) White, 56 (0.5%) African American, 205 (1.8%) Native American, 125 (1.1%) Asian, 18 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 2,133 (19.0%) from other races, and 383 (3.4%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3,820 persons (33.9%).

The census reported that 99.5% of the population lived in households and 0.5% were institutionalized.

There were 4,378 households, 1,335 (30.5%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 2,140 (48.9%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 465 (10.6%) had a female householder with no husband present, 222 (5.1%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 259 (5.9%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 54 (1.2%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. Of the households, 1,205 (27.5%) were one person and 542 (12.4%) had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.56. There were 2,827 families (64.6% of households); the average family size was 3.12.

The age distribution was 2,546 people (22.6%) under the age of 18, 925 people (8.2%) aged 18 to 24, 2,750 people (24.4%) aged 25 to 44, 3,349 people (29.8%) aged 45 to 64, and 1,684 people (15.0%) who were 65 or older. The median age was 40.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.0 males.

There were 4,794 housing units at an average density of 1,074.0 /mi2, of which 57.6% were owner-occupied and 42.4% were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.7%; the rental vacancy rate was 4.2%. Of the population, 53.2% lived in owner-occupied housing units and 46.3% lived in rental housing units.

2000
As of the 2000 census, there were 10,722 people in 3,968 households, including 2,702 families, in the city. The population density was 2,848 /mi2. There were 4,138 housing units at an average density of 1,099 /mi2. The racial makeup of the city was 79.9% White, 0.5% African American, 1.8% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 13.4% from other races, and 3.5% from two or more races. Of the population, 28.8% were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 3,968 households, 33.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.2% were married couples living together, 11.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.9% were non-families. 25.9% of households were made up of individuals, and 12.1% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.23.

The age distribution was 26.0% under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 24.5% from 45 to 64, and 14.1% who were 65 or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.8 males.

The median household income was $48,995 and the median family income was $55,386. Males had a median income of $38,977 versus $32,015 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,245. 9.4% of the population and 6.6% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 10.4% of those under the age of 18 and 6.7% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

Arts and culture
The Healdsburg Carnegie Library, now the Healdsburg Museum, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, as is the Healdsburg Memorial Bridge. As of 1983, there were over 300 historic landmarks in Healdsburg.

State and federal
In the California State Legislature, Healdsburg is in, and in.

In the United States House of Representatives, Healdsburg is in.

According to the California Secretary of State, as of February 10, 2019, Healdsburg has 6,913 registered voters. Of those, 3,624 (52.4%) are registered Democrats, 1,262 (18.3%) are registered Republicans, and 1,680 (24.3%) have declined to state a political party.

Media

 * The 1943 film Happy Land was filmed in and around Healdsburg.
 * The 1996 film Scream was filmed in and around Healdsburg.

Emergency services
Police services in Healdsburg are provided by the Healdsburg Police Department, located on Center Street in downtown Healdsburg, while fire department services are provided by the Healdsburg Fire Department, located on Healdsburg Avenue north of downtown Healdsburg. Emergency medical services are provided by Bell's Ambulance, who operate out of facilities in both Healdsburg and Windsor, California. Bell's Ambulance has been in business since 1956.

Transportation
Sonoma County Transit buses serve the Depot. Healdsburg is a proposed future stop on the Sonoma–Marin Area Rail Transit commuter rail line.

The Amtrak Thruway 7 bus provides daily connections to/from Healdsburg (with a curbside stop at 149 Healdsburg Avenue), to/from Martinez to the south, and Arcata to the north. Additional Amtrak connections are available from Martinez station.

Notable people
The following list includes notable people who were born or have lived in Healdsburg, California.

Actors

 * Raymond Burr: actor
 * Patti McCarty: actress
 * Ariana Richards: actress and painter

Artists and architects

 * Richard Diebenkorn: artist
 * John Carl Warnecke: architect

Businesspeople

 * Kristen Barnhisel, winemaker
 * Paul Erdman: business and financial writer
 * Jess Stonestreet Jackson, Jr.: wine entrepreneur

Historical Figures

 * Henry D. Fitch: early resident
 * Roderick N. Matheson: early resident

Musicians and bands

 * Ron Elliott : oldies singer, the lead guitarist (and sometimes vocalist) for the band The Beau Brummels in the mid-1960s. Born in Healdsburg (in 1943), and partly raised there.
 * Heidi Newfield: country singer, formerly of Trick Pony
 * Jack Sonni: former guitarist of Dire Straits

Politicians

 * Mike McGuire: politician
 * Jim Wood: politician

Sports figures

 * Jim Cullom: professional football player
 * Ralph Rose: track and field athlete, Olympic gold medalist
 * Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman: tennis player, Wimbledon and Olympic champion

Writers

 * Mary Ellen Bamford: author
 * Helen Beardsley: author
 * John Udell: diarist of the American frontier

Other

 * L Peter Deutsch: creator of Ghostscript
 * Thomas C. Reed: former Secretary of the Air Force
 * Effie Robinson: social worker and public housing director

title: Healdsburg, California


text:
Monte Rio, California

Monte Rio (Spanish: Monte Río, meaning "River Mountain") is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sonoma County, California along the Russian River near the Pacific Ocean. The town of Guerneville lies northeast of Monte Rio, and Jenner is to the west. The population was 1,152 at the 2010 census, up from 1,104 at the 2000 census. Bohemian Grove is located in Monte Rio.

History
Starting in the 1870s, Monte Rio was a stop on the North Pacific Coast Railroad connecting Cazadero to the Sausalito, California ferry. Redwood lumber from local sawmills was shipped to build San Francisco. After the sawmills left, the area became known as Vacation Wonderland with trains transporting San Franciscans to summer cabins and even a seven-story hotel downtown. Portions of the 1942 Academy Award-winning film Holiday Inn were filmed at the Village Inn Resort in Monte Rio. The trains no longer run, and the area now is mainly inhabited by year-round residents.

Despite heavy logging during the second half of the 19th century, the Sonoma Lumber Company preserved a 160 acre grove of old-growth redwood trees, which was sold to San Francisco's Bohemian Club in 1899. The club purchased dozens of other parcels in the area, and now owns 2712 acres, which are used for its summer retreats.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2.0 sqmi, of which 1.9 sqmi is land and 0.07 sqmi, or 3.68%, is water.

2010
The 2010 United States Census reported that Monte Rio had a population of 1,152. The population density was 582.9 PD/sqmi. The racial makeup of Monte Rio was 1,047 (90.9%) White, 10 (0.9%) African American, 6 (0.5%) Native American, 11 (1.0%) Asian, 1 (0.1%) Pacific Islander, 16 (1.4%) from other races, and 61 (5.3%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 79 persons (6.9%).

The Census reported that 93.6% of the population lived in households and 6.4% lived in non-institutionalized group quarters.

There were 576 households, out of which 85 (14.8%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 151 (26.2%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 43 (7.5%) had a female householder with no husband present, 32 (5.6%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 42 (7.3%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 37 (6.4%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 247 households (42.9%) were made up of individuals, and 61 (10.6%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.87. There were 226 families (39.2% of all households); the average family size was 2.54.

The population was spread out, with 132 people (11.5%) under the age of 18, 63 people (5.5%) aged 18 to 24, 253 people (22.0%) aged 25 to 44, 528 people (45.8%) aged 45 to 64, and 176 people (15.3%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 50.7 years. For every 100 females, there were 119.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 125.2 males.

There were 930 housing units at an average density of 470.5 /sqmi, of which 56.9% were owner-occupied and 43.1% were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 3.7%; the rental vacancy rate was 9.1%. 57.0% of the population lived in owner-occupied housing units and 36.5% lived in rental housing units.

2000
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,104 people, 549 households, and 233 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 753.5 PD/sqmi. There were 807 housing units at an average density of 550.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 91.76% White, 0.72% African American, 0.54% Native American, 0.72% Asian, 0.09% Pacific Islander, 1.99% from other races, and 4.17% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.34% of the population.

There were 549 households, out of which 19.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 24.0% were married couples living together, 12.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 57.4% were non-families. 41.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.01 and the average family size was 2.75.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 18.3% under the age of 18, 5.2% from 18 to 24, 30.3% from 25 to 44, 35.1% from 45 to 64, and 11.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 110.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 113.7 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $38,299, and the median income for a family was $46,336. Males had a median income of $29,135 versus $28,750 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $20,262. About 12.1% of families and 16.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.7% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

Government
In the California State Legislature, Monte Rio is in, and in.

In the United States House of Representatives, Monte Rio is in.

title: Monte Rio, California


text:
Spurn

Spurn is a narrow sand tidal island located off the tip of the coast of the East Riding of Yorkshire, England that reaches into the North Sea and forms the north bank of the mouth of the Humber Estuary. It was a spit with a semi-permanent connection to the mainland, but a storm in 2013 made the road down to the end of Spurn impassable to vehicles at high tide.

The island is over 3 mi long, almost half the width of the estuary at that point, and as little as 50 yd wide in places. The southernmost tip is known as Spurn Head or Spurn Point and was, until early 2023, the home to an RNLI lifeboat station and two disused lighthouses. It forms part of the civil parish of Easington.

Spurn Head covers 113 ha above high water and 181 ha of foreshore. It has been owned since 1960 by the Yorkshire Wildlife Trust and is a designated national nature reserve, heritage coast and is part of the Humber Flats, Marshes and Coast Special Protection Area.

History
Spurn Head was known to classical authors, such as Ptolemy as Ocelum Promontorium (Ὀκέλον ἄκρον). In the Middle Ages, Spurn Head was home to the port of Ravenspurn (a.k.a. Ravenspur or Ravensburgh), where Henry of Bolingbroke landed in 1399 on his return to dethrone Richard II. It was also where Sir Martin de la See led the local resistance against Edward IV's landing on 14 March 1471, as he was returning from his six months' exile in the Netherlands. An earlier village, closer to the point of Spurn Head, was Ravenser Odd. Along with many other villages on the Holderness coast, Ravenspurn and Ravenser Odd were lost to the encroachments of the sea, as Spurn Head, due to erosion and deposition of its sand, migrated westward.

The lifeboat station at Spurn Head was built in 1810. Owing to the remote location, houses for the lifeboat crew and their families were added a few years later. By the 1870s a room in the high lighthouse was being used as a chapel for the small residential community on Spurn Head, serving 'the keepers, coast-guardsmen and fishermen who live at the Point'.

During the First World War two coastal artillery 9.2 in batteries were added at either end of Spurn Head, with 4 and 4.7 in quick-firing guns in between. The emplacements can be clearly seen, and the northern ones are particularly interesting as coastal erosion has partly toppled them onto the beach, revealing the size of the concrete foundations very well.

As well as a road, the peninsula also used to have a railway, parts of which can still be seen. Unusual 'sail bogies' were used as well as more conventional light railway equipment.

Following a tidal surge in December 2013 the roadway became unsafe, and access to Spurn Point is on foot only, with a warning not to attempt this when exceptionally high tides are due. Spurn has now become a tidal island, as the narrowest part of the sandbank connection to the mainland is flooded with each high tide.

Plans to build a new visitor centre for the reserve were unveiled in September 2014 by Yorkshire Wildlife Trust (YWT). Planning consent for the initial plans was refused by East Riding of Yorkshire Council in July 2016 but revised plans were approved in January 2017. These plans face local opposition because of the perceived feeling of commercialisation of the reserve by YWT, with plans to build extensive car park facilities, no longer free. The new visitor centre was officially opened by Simon King on 20 March 2018.

A February 2023 inspection of the RNLI launch jetty revealed structural issues, as a result the station was moved to Grimsby.

Geography
The spit is made up from sand, shingle and boulder clay eroded from the Holderness coastline washed down the coastline from Flamborough Head. Material is washed down the coast by longshore drift and accumulates to form the long, narrow embankment in the sheltered waters inside the mouth of the Humber Estuary. It is maintained by plants, especially marram grass (Ammophila arenaria). Waves carry material along the peninsula to the tip, continually extending it; as this action stretches the peninsula it also narrows it to the extent that the sea can cut across it in severe weather. When the sea cuts across it permanently, everything beyond the breach is swept away, only to eventually reform as a new spit pointing further south. This cycle of destruction and reconstruction occurs approximately every 250 years. More recently, Dr. John Pethick of Hull University put forward a different theory to explain the formation of Spurn Head. He suggests that the spit head has been a permanent feature since the end of the last ice age, having developed on an underwater glacial moraine. As the ice sheets melted, sea level gradually rose and longshore drift caused a spit to form between this and other islands along the moraine. Under normal circumstances, the sea washes over the neck of the spit taking sand from the seaward side and redepositing it on the landward side. Over time, the whole spit, length intact, slips back – with the spit-head remaining on its glacial foundation. This process has now been affected by the protection of the spit put in place during the Victorian era. This protection halted the wash-over process and resulted in the spit being even more exposed due to the rest of the coast moving back 110 yd since the 'protection' was constructed. The now crumbling defences will not be replaced and the spit will continue to move westwards at a rate of 2 m per year, keeping pace with the coastal erosion further north.

The second of the Six Studies in English Folk Song composed in 1926 by Ralph Vaughan Williams, the Andante sostenuto in E flat "Spurn Point" celebrates this peninsula.

It was featured on the television programme Seven Natural Wonders as one of the wonders of Yorkshire.

Ecology
The landward-side mud flats are an important feeding ground for wading birds, and the area has a bird observatory, for monitoring migrating birds and providing accommodation to visiting birdwatchers. Their migration is assisted by east winds in autumn, resulting in drift migration of Scandinavian migrants, sometimes leading to a spectacular "fall" of thousands of birds. Many uncommon species have been sighted there, including a cliff swallow from North America, a lanceolated warbler from Siberia and a black-browed albatross from the Southern Ocean. More commonly, birds such as northern wheatears, whinchats, common redstarts and flycatchers alight at Spurn on their way between breeding and wintering grounds elsewhere. When the wind is in the right direction migrants are funnelled down Spurn Point and are counted at the Narrows Watchpoint, more than 15,000 birds can fly past on a good morning in autumn with 3,000 quite normal.

Lighthouses
The earliest reference to a lighthouse on Spurn Point is 1427. From the 17th century there are records of a pair of lighthouses being maintained as leading lights: a high light and a low light.

Old High and Low Lights
In 1767, John Smeaton was commissioned to build a new pair of lighthouses. Smeaton's high light (a 90 ft tower) remained in use until 1895, but there were problems (as there had been in previous years) with maintaining the low light; within a short time it had been washed away by the sea. A series of more-or-less temporary replacements were used in the years that followed, until a more solid lighthouse designed by James Walker was constructed in 1852 under the supervision of engineer Henry Norris. Unlike its predecessor this low light was built the estuary side (i.e. to the west) of the high light, rather than on the seaward side.

Initially both lighthouses were coal-fired. In 1819 Smeaton's high light was equipped with 24 Argand lamps and reflectors); later, in 1853, it was fitted with a new Fresnel lens: a large (first-order) fixed optic by Henry Lepaute of Paris. (Prior to installation this lens had been exhibited at the Great Exhibition of 1851). Later, a red sector was added to the high light, which warned ships of hazards to the south ranging from Clee Ness to Sand Haile Flats.

The low light, meanwhile, had also been fitted with oil lamps and reflectors in 1816. Then, in 1848, a small Fresnel lens (a fifth-order lenticular dioptric) had been installed, which was reused when the new tower was built in 1852.

In 1895 both this low light and Smeaton's high light were decommissioned and replaced by a single lighthouse which still stands on the grass of Spurn Head. The 1852 low light also still stands on the sandy shore of the island, though its lantern has been replaced by a large water tank. (Of the old Smeaton high light only the foundations remain; after dismantling, its optic was re-used in the high lighthouse at Nash Point, where it was installed as part of a programme of improvements.)

The new Spurn Lighthouse
The 1895 lighthouse is a round brick tower, 128 ft high, painted black and white. It was designed by Thomas Matthews. The lantern contained a very large revolving hyper-radiant optic by Chance Brothers & Co. Its white light had a range of 17 nmi and displayed a flash once every 20 seconds. In addition there were separate sector lights, two of which marked particular shoals or sandbanks, while another indicated the main channel along the Humber. Initially oil-lit, the lighthouse was converted to electricity in 1941 to enable the light to be lit briefly (as and when requested by allied ships and convoys) and then extinguished.

Then, in 1957, the lighthouse was converted to acetylene gas operation. A new, smaller, gas-driven revolving optic was installed, which flashed once every fifteen seconds; and the subsidiary lights were provided with occulting mechanisms, also gas-driven. The new systems were automated; the keepers therefore moved out and their cottages were demolished.

Due to improvements in navigation, the light was discontinued in 1985; the main optic was removed the following year. The combined acetylene lamp and gas-powered optic were subsequently put on display, first in the Trinity House National Lighthouse Museum, then in the National Maritime Museum Cornwall. Since 1986, the lighthouse remained empty, but in 2013, Yorkshire Wildlife Trust was awarded a £470,500 grant to restore the lighthouse with a view to its being reopened as a visitor centre. This was scheduled to take place in 2015, with work starting in April 2015. The work was completed in March 2016, and opened to the public for the Easter weekend.

title: Spurn


text:
Occidental, California

Occidental is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sonoma County, California, United States. The population was 1,132 at the 2020 census, up from 1,115 at the 2010 census.

History
Founded in 1876, Occidental was a stop on the North Pacific Coast Railroad connecting Cazadero to the Sausalito ferry. In return for donating right-of-way to the railroad, a local landowner named "Dutch Bill" Howards received a lifetime railway pass, and the station was named after him.

The railway caused a rapid expansion of the timber industry, and by 1877 there were six sawmills in the Occidental area. Trains also brought vacationers from San Francisco.

Howard’s Station Cafe is a restaurant that is located at the old narrow gauge railroad stop in downtown Occidental.

Geography
Occidental has a total area of 4.97 sqmi, all of it land.

Climate
The cooperative National Weather Service station reports that Occidental has cool, wet winters and warm, dry summers.

Average January temperatures range from 41.8 to 54.5 F and average July temperatures range from 51.4 to 77.9 F. The record highest temperature was 103 °F on July 22, 2006, and the record lowest temperature was 28 °F on March 11, 2006. There are an average of 12.8 afternoons with highs of 90 °F or higher and an average of 2.1 mornings with lows of 32 °F or lower.

Average annual rainfall is 55.19 in. The wettest "rain year" was from July 1997 to June 1998 with 102.89 in and the driest was from July 2000 to June 2001 with 29.84 in. The most rainfall in one month was 36.62 in in January 1995. The most rainfall in 24 hours was 8.51 in on January 5, 1966. Average annual snowfall is only 0.2 in. The most snowfall was 11.0 in in January 1974.

2010
At the 2010 census Occidental had a population of 1,115. The population density was 224.5 PD/sqmi. The racial makeup of Occidental was 992 (89.0%) White, 7 (0.6%) African American, 7 (0.6%) Native American, 31 (2.8%) Asian, 0 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 23 (2.1%) from other races, and 55 (4.9%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 81 people (7.3%).

The census reported that 100% of the population lived in households.

There were 532 households, 134 (25.2%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 228 (42.9%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 44 (8.3%) had a female householder with no husband present, 25 (4.7%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 39 (7.3%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 14 (2.6%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 172 households (32.3%) were one person and 40 (7.5%) had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.10. There were 297 families (55.8% of households); the average family size was 2.65.

The age distribution was 192 people (17.2%) under the age of 18, 52 people (4.7%) aged 18 to 24, 264 people (23.7%) aged 25 to 44, 462 people (41.4%) aged 45 to 64, and 145 people (13.0%) who were 65 or older. The median age was 48.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.8 males.

There were 673 housing units at an average density of 135.5 /sqmi, of which 68.6% were owner-occupied and 31.4% were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 4.2%; the rental vacancy rate was 6.6%. 70.3% of the population lived in owner-occupied housing units and 29.7% lived in rental housing units.

The median household income was $64,714 (+19.8% from 2000), and the median family income was $87,759 (+30.0% from 2000). The median per capita income for the CDP was $40,903 (+57.5% from 2000). For comparison, statewide California median per capita income in the 2010 Census was $27,885 (+22.8% from 2000).

2000
At the 2000 census there were 1,272 people, 524 households, and 319 families in the CDP. The population density was 255/sq mi (99/km$2$). There were 632 housing units at an average density of 127/sq mi (49/km$2$). The racial makeup of the CDP was 92.77% White, 0.55% African American, 0.79% Native American, 1.18% Asian, 0.24% Pacific Islander, 1.57% from other races, and 2.91% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.64%.

Of the 524 households, 32.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.2% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.1% were non-families. 27.1% of households were one person and 5.2% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.91.

The age distribution was 22.8% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 33.3% from 45 to 64, and 8.6% 65 or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.0 males.

The median household income was $54,000 and the median family income was $71,375. Males had a median income of $46,806 versus $29,306 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $25,970. About 7.9% of families and 9.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.7% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

Economy
The large number of craft breweries and wineries in the area have made Barley and Hops Tavern and Sonoma Fine Wine store in downtown Occidental local and tourist destinations.

The tool-belt manufacturing company Occidental Leather started in an Occidental barn and later moved to downtown Occidental.

The Occidental Arts and Ecology Center (OAEC) is a non-profit organization located near Occidental. Situated on an 80-acre ecological reserve near the Russian River, OAEC works with communities in the region to restore and build cultural and biological diversity.

Government
In the state legislature, Occidental is in the 2nd Senate District and in the 2nd Assembly District.

Federally, Occidental is in.

Notable people

 * Les Claypool, musician
 * Nick Gravenites, musician
 * Mickey Hart, musician
 * Alicia Bay Laurel, artist, author and musician
 * Terence McKenna, ethnobotanist
 * Robert Nichols, actor
 * Max Thieriot, actor, grew up in Occidental
 * Kitaro, musician
 * Tom Waits, musician

title: Occidental, California