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List of Canadian sports personalities

The following is a list of Canadian sports personalities.

Olympic athletes

 * Jean-Paul Banos (born 1961), fencer
 * Alex Baumann, Sudbury, swimmer
 * Josh Binstock (born 1981), volleyball player
 * Patrick Chan, Ottawa
 * Victor Davis, Guelph, swimmer
 * Andre De Grasse, Scarborough/Markham
 * Lori Dupuis, Cornwall, hockey player
 * Dave Edge (born 1954), British-Canadian Olympic long-distance runner
 * Terry Farnsworth (born 1942), Olympic judoka
 * Mark Fawcett, Nelson, British Columbia
 * Shaul Gordon (born 1994), Canadian-Israeli Olympic sabre fencer
 * Alex Harvey, Saint-Ferréol-les-Neiges, cross-country skier
 * Wendy Lumby, Calgary, Alberta
 * Rosie MacLennan, King City
 * Conlin McCabe, Brockville, rower
 * Scott Moir, London
 * Dylan Moscovitch, medallist pairs skater
 * Garth Pischke, indoor beach volleyball player
 * Sam Schachter, Olympic beach volleyball player
 * Elvis Stojko, Richmond Hill
 * Adam van Koeverden, Oakville, kayaker
 * Tessa Virtue, London, ice dancer
 * Simon Whitfield, Kingston
 * Curt Harnett, Thunder Bay, cyclist

Australian rules football

 * Mike Pyke (born 1984), former Canada rugby union international and first Canadian to play for an AFL premiership (championship) team

Automobile racing

 * Patrick Carpentier
 * Ron Fellows, 24 Hours of Le Mans GTS class winner
 * Scott Goodyear
 * James Hinchcliffe
 * Nicholas Latifi
 * Raphaël Lessard
 * Greg Moore (1975–1999)
 * Bruno Spengler, DTM winner
 * Lance Stroll (born 1998), Italian F4 champion in 2014, Toyota Racing Series champion in 2015, and 2016 FIA European Formula 3 champion
 * Alex Tagliani
 * Paul Tracy CART Champion 2003
 * Gilles Villeneuve (1950–1982)
 * Jacques Villeneuve (born 1971), son of Gilles, Formula 1 World Champion 1997, Indy 500 Winner 1995, CART Champion 1995
 * Robert Wickens

Baseball

 * Jason Bay, 3x MLB All Star, 2004 NL Rookie of the Year
 * Érik Bédard
 * Reggie Cleveland
 * Rhéal Cormier
 * Jesse Crain, All Star
 * Tom Daly, Major League Baseball (MLB) player and coach
 * Ryan Dempster, 2x MLB All Star
 * Scott Diamond
 * Jeff Francis
 * Éric Gagné, 3x MLB All Star, Cy Young Award winner (2003)
 * Aaron Guiel
 * Rich Harden
 * Blake Hawksworth
 * Ferguson Jenkins, 3x MLB All Star, first Canadian to gain election to National Baseball Hall of Fame (1991)
 * George Kottaras
 * Pete Laforest
 * Joseph Lannin, owner of the Boston Red Sox who signed Babe Ruth
 * Brett Lawrie (born 1990)
 * Adam Loewen
 * Russell Martin, 4x All Star
 * Scott Mathieson
 * Kirk McCaskill
 * Justin Morneau, 2006 American League MVP, 4x All Star
 * Mike Nickeas
 * Pete Orr
 * Terry Puhl, MLB All Star, Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame
 * Paul Quantrill, All Star
 * Ryan Radmanovich
 * Chris Reitsma
 * Goody Rosen, MLB All-Star outfielder, Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame
 * George Selkirk, succeeded Babe Ruth in right field for NY Yankees
 * Matt Stairs (born 1968)
 * Adam Stern (born 1980)
 * Mark Teahen
 * Scott Thorman
 * Larry Walker, first Canadian to win Most Valuable Player Award (MVP) of Major League Baseball (1997), 5x All Star
 * Nigel Wilson
 * Jeff Zimmerman, All Star

Current players

 * John Axford
 * Freddie Freeman, 5x MLB All Star
 * Vladimir Guerrero Jr
 * Josh Naylor
 * Tyler O'Neill
 * James Paxton, pitched a no hitter in 2018
 * Nick Pivetta (born 1993)
 * Zach Pop (born 1996)
 * Abraham Toro (born 1996)
 * Joey Votto (born 1983), 2010 National League MVP, 6x MLB All Star
 * Andy Yerzy (born 1998), catcher/first baseman

Basketball
Current NBA players
 * Nickeil Alexander-Walker
 * Dalano Banton
 * RJ Barrett
 * Khem Birch
 * Chris Boucher
 * Oshae Brissett
 * Dillon Brooks
 * Luguentz Dort
 * Shai Gilgeous-Alexander
 * Cory Joseph
 * Trey Lyles
 * Jamal Murray
 * Kelly Olynyk
 * Dwight Powell
 * Joshua Primo
 * Tristan Thompson
 * Andrew Wiggins

Current WNBA players
 * Natalie Achonwa
 * Kia Nurse

Playing in overseas leagues
 * Caleb Agada
 * Kyle Alexander
 * Marcus Carr
 * Kris Joseph
 * Levon Kendall
 * Andrew Nicholson
 * Kevin Pangos
 * Andy Rautins
 * Ari Rosenberg
 * Simisola Shittu (born 1999)
 * Nik Stauskas
 * Shona Thorburn
 * Lindell Wigginton

Playing in other North American professional leagues
 * Anthony Bennett, first Canadian to be drafted #1 overall in the NBA draft
 * Sim Bhullar, notable as the first person of Indian descent to play in the NBA
 * Tyler Ennis
 * Keanau Post

Coaches
 * Jay Triano, first Canadian-born coach

Former NCAA Division I players awaiting professional play
 * Nirra Fields
 * Ruth Hamblin
 * Kyle Wiltjer

Retired
 * Jordan Adams
 * Norm Baker, inducted into Canadian Basketball Hall of Fame in 1979
 * Rowan Barrett
 * Hank Biasatti, inducted into the Canadian Basketball Hall of Fame in 2001
 * Ron Crevier
 * Samuel Dalembert
 * Stacey Dales, former WNBA player; currently a host on the NFL Network
 * Rick Fox, won three NBA Championship rings in 2000, 2001 and 2002 as a member of the Los Angeles Lakers
 * Stewart Granger
 * Lars Hansen
 * Bob Houbregs, inducted into the Basketball Hall of fame in 1987
 * Todd MacCulloch
 * Jamaal Magloire
 * James Naismith (1861–1939), teacher; invented the game of basketball
 * Steve Nash, 2005, 2006 NBA MVP, 2007 MVP runner-up
 * Leo Rautins
 * Mike Smrek
 * Gino Sovran
 * Ernie Vandeweghe
 * Bill Wennington, won three championships with the Chicago Bulls (1996, 1997 and 1998)
 * Jim Zoet

Biathlon

 * Myriam Bédard (born 1969), Olympic gold medallist
 * Zina Kocher (born 1982)

Bobsleigh

 * Lascelles Brown, Olympic silver medal, 2006
 * Vic Emery, Olympic gold medal, 1964
 * Kaillie Humphries, Olympic gold medal, 2010
 * Pierre Lueders, Olympic gold medal, 1998 and silver medal, 2006
 * David MacEachern, Olympic gold medal, 1998
 * Heather Moyse, Olympic gold medal, 2010

Boxing

 * Trevor Berbick, former WBC heavyweight champion
 * Maxie Berger, world champion junior welterweight
 * Tommy Burns (1881–1955), world heavyweight boxing champion
 * George Chuvalo (born 1937), heavyweight, five-time Canadian heavyweight champion and two-time world heavyweight title challenger, Ontario Sports Hall of Fame
 * Willie DeWitt, heavyweight
 * Yvon Durelle (1929–2007), Middleweight, Light Heavyweight, and Heavyweight
 * Al Foreman (1904–1954), won the Canadian lightweight title, British Boxing Board of Control British lightweight title, and British Empire lightweight title
 * Freddy Fuller, light welterweight
 * Arturo Gatti, former WBC world Super Lightweight champion
 * Otis Grant, WBC Super Middleweight international champion
 * Moe Herscovitch, middleweight, Olympic bronze medal winner
 * Kirk Johnson, heavyweight
 * Sam Langford, Lightweight, Welterweight, Middleweight, Light heavyweight, and Heavyweight
 * Mark Leduc, Light Welterweight
 * Lennox Lewis, grew up in Canada; competed for Canada in the Olympics in 1988, winning a gold medal
 * Eric Lucas (born 1971), former WBC supermiddleweight world champion (1999–2001)
 * Sammy Luftspring, welterweight boxing champion, Canada's Sports Hall of Fame and the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame
 * Steve Molitor, former IBF Super Bantamweight champion, record of 33–3 (12 KOs) as of September 2012
 * Tokunbo Olajide, light middleweight boxer
 * Jean Pascal, former IBO, WBC, Ring Magazine Light Heavyweight Champion of the World
 * Donovan Ruddock, heavyweight
 * Bert Schneider, welterweight, Olympic gold medal winner
 * Shane Sutcliffe, Canadian former heavyweight champion, defeated former world champion "Neon" Leon Spinks by 8-round decision in 1994

Cricket

 * Ashish Bagai
 * Ian Billcliff
 * Rizwan Cheema
 * John Davison
 * Navneet Dhaliwal
 * Nikhil Dutta
 * Romesh Eranga
 * Jeremy Gordon
 * Dillon Heyliger
 * Abraash Khan
 * Nicholas Kirton
 * Nitish Kumar
 * Junaid Siddiqui
 * Ravinderpal Singh
 * Hamza Tariq
 * Rodrigo Thomas
 * Srimantha Wijeratne
 * Saad Bin Zafar

Cross-country skiing

 * Shirley Firth
 * Drew Goldsack (born 1981), cross country skier, 2x Olympian
 * Brian McKeever (born 1979), multiple Paralympic gold and silver medals
 * Robin McKeever (born 1973), multiple Paralympic gold and silver medals
 * Esther Miller
 * Beckie Scott, Olympic gold medal, 2002
 * Irvin Servold

CrossFit

 * Jeffrey Adler
 * Brent Fikowski
 * Emma Lawson
 * Patrick Vellner

Curling

 * Sherry Anderson
 * Dawn Askin
 * Matt Baldwin
 * Cheryl Bernard
 * Jan Betker
 * Suzanne Birt
 * Marilyn Bodogh
 * Terry Braunstein, World Championship silver medalist
 * Kerry Burtnyk
 * Garnet Campbell
 * Chelsea Carey
 * Jim Cotter
 * Andrea Crawford
 * Mark Dacey
 * Lyall Dagg
 * Mabel DeWare
 * Don Duguid
 * John Epping
 * Randy Ferbey
 * Rick Folk
 * Rob Fowler
 * Kerry Galusha
 * Hec Gervais
 * Alison Goring
 * Ab Gowanlock
 * Brad Gushue
 * Al Hackner
 * Jenn Hanna
 * Mike Harris
 * Richard Hart
 * Ben Hebert
 * Guy Hemmings
 * Amber Holland
 * Rachel Homan
 * Heather Houston
 * Glenn Howard
 * Russ Howard
 * Gordon Hudson
 * Brad Jacobs
 * Colleen Jones
 * Jennifer Jones
 * Marc Kennedy
 * Cathy King
 * Shannon Kleibrink
 * Jamie Koe
 * Kevin Koe
 * Brent Laing
 * Connie Laliberte
 * Penny LaRocque
 * Marie-France Larouche
 * Kelley Law
 * Kaitlyn Lawes
 * Stefanie Lawton
 * Ed Lukowich
 * Jack MacDuff
 * Murray Macneill
 * Cliff Manahan
 * Kevin Martin
 * Greg McAulay
 * Krista McCarville
 * Mike McEwen
 * Joyce McKee
 * Orest Meleschuk
 * Jean-Michel Ménard
 * Sherry Middaugh
 * Wayne Middaugh
 * Marj Mitchell
 * Linda Moore
 * John Morris
 * Barry Naimark, world champion
 * Dave Nedohin
 * Heather Nedohin
 * Ron Northcott
 * Jill Officer
 * Scott Patterson
 * Vic Peters
 * Vera Pezer
 * Ernie Richardson
 * Pat Ryan
 * Pat Sanders
 * Craig Savill
 * Sandra Schmirler (1963–2000)
 * Kelly Scott
 * Julie Skinner
 * Heather Smith-Dacey
 * Lindsay Sparkes
 * Jeff Stoughton
 * Billy Walsh
 * Ed Werenich
 * Pappy Wood

Cycling

 * Steve Bauer
 * Hugo Donais, Mountain bike, four-cross and BMX cyclist
 * Leah Goldstein (born 1969), Canadian-born Israeli professional road racing cyclist winner of the Race Across America, World Bantamweight Kickboxing Champion, and Israel Duathlon national champion
 * Ryder Hesjedal, 7th overall at the 2010 Tour de France, winner of 2012 Giro d'Italia
 * Andreas Hestler
 * Clara Hughes, two-sport athlete, six Olympic medals total
 * Alison Sydor

Disc sports

 * Ken Westerfield, disc sport (Frisbee) pioneer, athlete, showman, promoter

Fencing

 * Peter Bakonyi (1933–1997), Hungarian-born Canadian Olympic foil and épée fencer
 * Marc-Antoine Blais Bélanger (born 1995), épée
 * Alex Cai (born 2000), foil
 * Alanna Goldie (born 1994), foil, 2015 Pan American Games gold medal in team foil
 * Shaul Gordon (born 1994), sabre, three Pan American Games medals
 * Eleanor Harvey (born 1995), foil; won gold medal at the 2015 Pan American Games in women's team foil event
 * Bertram Markus (1899–1900), foil and épée
 * Rhoda Martin (1919–1998), foil
 * Eli Schenkel (born 1992), foil
 * Shelley Steiner (born 1961), foil, Olympic fencer
 * Igor Tikhomirov (born 1963), épée
 * Maximilien Van Haaster (born 1992), foil, bronze medal at the 2013 Pan American Fencing Championships
 * Gerry Wiedel (born 1933), foil and épée

Figure skating

 * Barbara Berezowski (born 1954)
 * Stan Bohonek (born 1952)
 * Shae-Lynn Bourne and Victor Kraatz - Ice Dancing, World Champions, 2003
 * Kurt Browning
 * Patrick Chan
 * Toller Cranston
 * Lloyd Eisler (born 1963)
 * Donald Jackson (born 1940)
 * Victor Kraatz (born 1971)
 * Elizabeth Manley
 * Kirsten Moore-Towers
 * Dylan Moscovitch, Olympic silver medallist pair skater
 * Brian Orser
 * Cynthia Phaneuf
 * Jennifer Robinson
 * Joannie Rochette
 * Louis Rubenstein, (pre-Olympic) World Championship gold, World Figure Skating Hall of Fame
 * Jamie Salé and David Pelletier - Pairs, gold medal 2002 Winter Olympics
 * Emanuel Sandhu
 * Barbara Ann Scott, Olympic gold medal
 * Elvis Stojko
 * Barbara Underhill and Paul Martini - Pairs, World Champions, 1984
 * Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir - Ice Dancing, Gold Medal 2010 Winter Olympics, Ice Dancing Silver Medal 2014 Winter Olympics, Ice Dancing Gold Medal 2018 Winter Olympics
 * Barbara Wagner and Robert Paul, pairs
 * Tracey Wainman (born 1967)
 * Constance Wilson-Samuel (1908–1963)

Football

 * Roger Aldag, retired CFL offensive lineman
 * Oshiomogho Atogwe, Philadelphia Eagles free safety
 * Jamie Boreham, retired CFL kicker
 * Doug Brown, retired CFL and NFL defensive tackle
 * Nate Burleson, Detroit Lions wide receiver
 * Noah Cantor, DT, Canadian Football League
 * Steve Christie, NFL placekicker
 * Pinball Clemons, current Vice Chair for Toronto Argonauts, born in the United States
 * Lionel Conacher, former CFL halfback
 * Royal Copeland
 * Peter Dalla Riva
 * Vince Danielsen, retired CFL quarterback
 * Jason David, New Orleans Saints
 * Rocky Dipietro
 * Ray Elgaard
 * Don Fuell
 * Tony Gabriel
 * Russ Jackson
 * Teyo Johnson, free agent, NFL tight end
 * Danny Kepley
 * Joe Krol
 * Normie Kwong
 * Rueben Mayes, former NFL running back
 * Angelo Mosca, retired CFL defensive tackle
 * Eddie Murray, retired NFL placekicker
 * Bronko Nagurski (1908–1990), Chicago Bears legend, member of US Pro Football Hall of Fame
 * Dave Ridgway
 * Mark Rypien, former NFL quarterback
 * Dave Sapunjis
 * Annis Stukus, former CFL player and executive
 * Shaun Suisham, Pittsburgh Steelers placekicker
 * Mike Vanderjagt, retired placekicker for several CFL, NFL and Arena league teams
 * Troy Westwood

Golf

 * Stephen Ames
 * Al Balding
 * Dave Barr
 * Jocelyne Bourassa
 * Dawn Coe-Jones
 * Corey Conners
 * Graham DeLaet
 * Gail Graham
 * Dan Halldorson
 * Adam Hadwin
 * David Hearn
 * Brooke Henderson
 * Lorie Kane
 * George Knudson
 * Stan Leonard
 * Jim Nelford
 * Moe Norman
 * Sandra Post
 * Ben Silverman
 * Sandy Somerville
 * Nick Taylor
 * Mike Weir
 * Jennifer Wyatt
 * Richard "Dick" Zokol

Gymnastics

 * Elfi Schlegel
 * Isabela Onyshko

Horse racing and equestrian sports

 * Ted Atkinson, Hall of Fame jockey
 * Russell Baze (born 1958), Hall of Fame jockey; currently #2 winningest jockey in history
 * Big Ben, world show-jumping champion
 * Billyjojimbob, distinguished aged trotter
 * John Campbell, harness racing driver
 * Dance Smartly, Canadian Triple Crown, Breeders' Cup champion
 * Jim Day, Olympic equestrian gold medallist, champion thoroughbred trainer
 * Laetitia du Couëdic, equestrian rider
 * Stewart Elliott, thoroughbred racing jockey
 * Hervé Filion, harness racing driver
 * Sandy Hawley, Hall of Fame thoroughbred jockey
 * John Hayes (1917–1998), harness racing driver
 * Johnny Longden (1907–2003), Hall of Fame jockey
 * Ian Millar (born 1947), owner and rider of Big Ben
 * Nijinsky II, last English Triple Crown winner
 * Northern Dancer, Canada's most successful and beloved race horse
 * Red Pollard (1909–1981), Seabiscuit's jockey
 * Strike Out, harness racing champion
 * Ron Turcotte (born 1941), Hall of Fame jockey of Secretariat
 * George Woolf (1910–1946), Hall of Fame jockey

Ice hockey

 * Syl Apps (1915–1998)
 * Jean Beliveau (1931–2014)
 * Todd Bertuzzi (born 1975)
 * Mike Bossy (born 1957)
 * Jennifer Botterill, four Olympic medals
 * Ray Bourque (born 1960), five-time winner of the James Norris Memorial Trophy
 * Daryl Boyle
 * Martin Brodeur, more NHL wins than any other goaltender
 * Ross Brooks, NHL goaltender
 * Hy Buller (1926–1968), NHL All-Star defenceman
 * Michael Cammalleri, left wing (Calgary Flames)
 * Cassie Campbell
 * Don Cherry
 * Samantha Cogan (born 1997), forward for PWHL Toronto
 * Mike Craig
 * Sidney Crosby
 * Jason Demers (born 1988), defenceman
 * Marcel Dionne
 * Steve Dubinsky (born 1970), NHL center
 * Matt Duchene
 * Mathew Dumba
 * Bill Durnan
 * Phil Esposito (born 1942)
 * Tony Esposito
 * Mike Fisher, Peterborough
 * Kaleigh Fratkin (born 1992), professional ice hockey defenseman
 * Mark Friedman (born 1995), NHL defenseman
 * Danny Gallivan, play-by-play announcer
 * Bernie Geoffrion, "Boom-Boom", developed the booming slap shot, second player in NHL history to score 50 goals in a season
 * Doug Gilmour
 * Claude Giroux, Hearst, Ontario
 * Danielle Goyette
 * Wayne Gretzky (born 1961), "The Great One", holds most NHL scoring records
 * George Hainsworth
 * Glenn Hall
 * Gizzy Hart, NHL left wing
 * Doug Harvey, seven-time winner of the James Norris Memorial Trophy
 * Dany Heatley
 * Jayna Hefford, five Olympic medals
 * Paul Henderson, scored winning goal in 1972 Canada/USSR match
 * Foster Hewitt (1902–1985), play-by-play announcer
 * Corey Hirsch (born 1972), NHL goaltender
 * Joshua Ho-Sang (born 1996), forward
 * Tim Horton (1930–1974)
 * Bronco Horvath (1930–2019)
 * Gordie Howe (1928–2016), held most NHL scoring records before Gretzky
 * Kelly Hrudey
 * Jack Hughes (born 2001)
 * Bobby Hull (born 1939), the "Golden Jet"; first player in the NHL to score more than 50 goals in a season
 * Brett Hull (born 1964), star for several teams, son of Bobby Hull
 * Zach Hyman (born 1992), NHL ice hockey left wing/center
 * Jarome Iginla
 * Peter Ing, NHL goaltender
 * Joe Ironstone, NHL goaltender
 * Curtis Joseph, Keswick
 * Nazem Kadri, NHL centre
 * Max Kaminsky, NHL centre
 * Paul Kariya
 * Duncan Keith
 * Red Kelly
 * Ted Kennedy
 * Dave Keon
 * Max Labovitch (1924–2018), NHL right wing
 * Reggie Leach
 * Guy Lafleur
 * Brendan Leipsic, forward
 * Mario Lemieux (born 1965), player/owner of the Pittsburgh Penguins
 * Devon Levi (born 2001), Northeastern Huskies, Canada men's national junior ice hockey team, goaltender
 * Alex "Mine Boy" Levinsky (1910–1990), defenceman
 * Eric Lindros
 * Roberto Luongo
 * Brooks Macek
 * Ron MacLean
 * Frank Mahovlich
 * Mark Messier (born 1961), starred alongside Gretzky during Edmonton Oilers dynasty and Captain of New York Rangers when they won the Cup in 1994
 * Stan Mikita
 * Howie Morenz, voted top athlete of the first half of the 20th century
 * Bill Mosienko
 * Rick Nash
 * David Nemirovsky, NHL right wing
 * Rob Niedermayer
 * Scott Niedermayer
 * Sarah Nurse (born 1995), Olympian
 * Bobby Nystrom (born 1952), NHL right wing
 * Bobby Orr (born 1948), considered by many to be the best ever, revolutionized the role of a defenseman becoming the first to win the scoring title (twice)
 * Caroline Ouellette, four Olympic medals
 * Bernie Parent
 * Cherie Piper
 * Bob Plager (1943–2021), defense
 * Jacques Plante (1929–1986), pioneered active defensive play and use of face masks by goalies
 * Denis Potvin (born 1953)
 * Manon Rhéaume (born 1972), first woman to play in a men's professional game
 * Maurice Richard (1921–2000), "The Rocket", first player to score 50 goals in a season
 * Brad Richards, Stanley Cup and Lady Byng trophy winner
 * Larry Robinson, Hall of Fame defenseman
 * Samuel Rothschild (1899–1987)
 * Patrick Roy
 * Jim Rutherford, Beeton
 * Kim St-Pierre, goaltender for Canada's Women's National Hockey team from 1999 to 2011
 * Joe Sakic
 * Derek Sanderson
 * Serge Savard
 * Terry Sawchuk
 * Luke Schenn
 * Patrick Sharp
 * Eliezer Sherbatov (born 1991), Canadian-Israeli left wing
 * Eddie Shore
 * Darryl Sittler
 * Sami Jo Small
 * Trevor Smith (born 1985), NHL centre
 * Eric Staal, Thunder Bay
 * Jordan Staal, Thunder Bay
 * Marc Staal, Thunder Bay
 * Steven Stamkos, Markham
 * Ronnie Stern (born 1967), NHL right wing
 * Vicky Sunohara
 * Frederick Cyclone Taylor
 * John Tavares, Toronto Maple Leafs
 * Joe Thornton, NHL centre (San Jose Sharks)
 * Jonathan Toews, captain (Chicago Blackhawks)
 * Josh Tordjman, NHL centre
 * Raffi Torres, Toronto
 * Mike Veisor (born 1952), NHL goaltender
 * Stephen Weiss (born 1983), center (Florida Panthers)
 * Hayley Wickenheiser, member of Canada's Women's National Hockey team from 1995, played in Finland's men's professional league (Mestis), five Olympic medals
 * Brian Wilks (born 1966), NHL centre
 * Bernie Wolfe (born 1951), NHL goaltender
 * Steve Yzerman (born 1965), GM of Tampa Bay Lightning, long-time captain of Detroit Red Wings
 * Chick Zamick (1926–2007)
 * Larry "Rock" Zeidel (1928–2014), NHL defenceman

Judo

 * Mark Berger, Olympic silver and bronze medals (heavyweight)
 * Terry Farnsworth (born 1942), Olympic judoka

Lacrosse

 * Gary Gait
 * Paul Gait
 * John Grant, Jr.
 * Bill Isaacs
 * Chris Levis
 * Gaylord Powless
 * Geoff Snider
 * Man Afraid Soap
 * John Tavares
 * Jim Veltman

Mixed martial arts

 * Patrick Côté
 * Nick Denis
 * Gary Goodridge
 * Jonathan Goulet
 * T. J. Grant
 * Mark Hominick
 * Denis Kang
 * David Loiseau
 * Rory MacDonald
 * Carlos Newton, former UFC welterweight champion
 * Georges St-Pierre, former UFC welterweight and middleweight champion
 * Sam Stout

Multiple sports

 * Lionel Conacher, played multiple sports and turned professional in ice hockey, Canadian football and lacrosse
 * Leah Goldstein (born 1969), Canadian-born Israeli professional road racing cyclist, former World Bantamweight Kickboxing Champion, and Israel's Duathlon champion
 * Clara Hughes (born 1972), speed skating and cycling medallist in both summer and winter Olympics
 * Hayley Wickenheiser, known as being one of the best female ice hockey players in the world; also participated for Canada in the Olympics in softball

Professional rodeo

 * Earl W. Bascom, designer of hornless bronc saddle (1922) and bareback rigging (1924)

Professional wrestling

 * Abdullah the Butcher (Lawrence Shreve) (born 1941)
 * Chris Benoit (1967–2007)
 * Traci Brooks (born 1975)
 * Don Callis (born 1969)
 * Christian Cage (Jason Reso) (born 1973)
 * Rene Dupree (Rene Goguen) (born 1983)
 * Earthquake (John Tenta) (1963–2006)
 * Edge (Adam Copeland) (born 1973)
 * Ronnie Garvin
 * Sylvain Grenier
 * Hart wrestling family:
 * Stu Hart (1915–2003), family patriarch married American Helen Smith and had twelve children
 * Smith Hart (1948–2017)
 * Bruce Hart (born 1950)
 * Keith Hart (born 1951)
 * Wayne Hart (born 1952)
 * Dean Hart (1954–1990)
 * Bret 'The Hitman' Hart (born 1957)
 * Ross Hart (born 1960)
 * Alison Hart, daughter of Stu and Helen married Canadian wrestler Ben Bassarab (born 1960)
 * Diana Hart (born 1963), involved in 1990s WWE storylines, author of several wrestling books, and one-time wife of British wrestler Davey Boy Smith (1962–2002)
 * Owen Hart (1965–1999)
 * Teddy Hart (Edward Annis) (born 1980), son of Stu's daughter Georgia Hart and American wrestler B. J. Annis (born c. 1947)
 * Natalya (Natalie Neidhart) (born 1982), daughter of Stu's daughter Ellie Hart and American wrestler Jim Neidhart (1955–2018), she is married to Tyson Kidd (TJ Wilson) (born 1980)
 * David Hart Smith (Harry Smith) (born 1985), son of Diana Hart and Davey Boy Smith
 * Brooke B. Hart, daughter of Alison Hart and Ben Bassarab married Pete Wilson (born 1985)
 * Matt Hart (born 1994) son of Smith Hart
 * Mike Hart (born 1982) stepson of Smith Hart
 * Chris Jericho (Chris Irvine) (born 1970)
 * Rocky Johnson
 * Gail Kim (born 1976)
 * Kurrgan (Robert Maillet) (born 1969)
 * Santino Marella (Anthony Carelli)
 * Rick Martel
 * Kenny Omega (Tyson Smith) (born 1983)
 * Maryse Ouellet
 * Kevin Owens
 * Roddy Piper (Roderick Toombs) (1954–2015)
 * Bobby Roode (born 1978)
 * Jacques Rougeau
 * Raymond Rougeau
 * Tiger Ali Singh (born 1971)
 * Tiger Jeet Singh (born 1944)
 * Lance Storm (Lance Evers) (born 1969)
 * Trish Stratus (Patricia Stratigias) (born 1975)
 * Val Venis (Sean Morley) (born 1971)
 * Vampiro (Ian Hodgkinson) (born 1967)
 * Whipper Billy Watson (1915–1990)
 * Petey Williams (born 1981)
 * Eric Young (born 1980)
 * Sami Zayn (born 1984)

Rowing, kayaking

 * Louis Ginglo
 * Silken Laumann
 * Marnie McBean
 * Lesley Thompson, five Olympic medals
 * Adam van Koeverden, Olympic gold medal winner in sprint kayaking

Rugby union

 * Dan Baugh
 * Norm Hadley
 * Dave Moonlight
 * Gareth Rees
 * Kevin Tkachuk

Skeleton

 * Jon Montgomery, Olympic gold medal, 2010
 * Jeff Pain, Olympic silver medal, 2006

Skiing

 * Jean-Luc Brassard, freestyle ski, moguls, Olympic gold medal, 1994
 * Todd Brooker
 * The Crazy Canucks, a group of downhill racers who were extraordinarily successful in the late 1970s and early 1980s:
 * Jim Hunter
 * Dave Irwin
 * Dave Murray
 * Steve Podborski, Canada's only overall World Cup winner
 * Ken Read, the first Canadian male to win on the World Cup circuit
 * Michel Daigle, 1970s freestyle skiing pioneer
 * Nancy Greene, alpine skiing, downhill, Olympic gold medal, 1968
 * Ann Heggtveit, world and 1960 Winter Olympics ski champion
 * Lewis Irving
 * Kathy Kreiner, alpine skiing, giant slalom, Olympic gold medal, 1976
 * Kerrin Lee-Gartner, alpine skiing, downhill, Olympic gold medal, 1992
 * Brady Leman
 * Julia Murray
 * Manuel Osborne-Paradis, North Vancouver, British Columbia
 * TJ Schiller
 * Gerry Sorensen, alpine skiing, downhill, world champion, 1982
 * Don Stevens, alpine world ski champion and in the 1988 winter Olympics
 * Melanie Turgeon, alpine skiing, downhill, world champion, 1993
 * Lucille Wheeler, alpine world ski champion
 * Rhona and Rhoda Wurtele, alpine ski champions of the 1940s and 1950s

Snowboarding

 * Calynn Irwin
 * Mark McMorris, Olympic bronze medallist
 * Ross Rebagliati, Olympic snowboarding champion
 * Maelle Ricker, Olympic gold medallist

Soccer (football)

 * Alon Badat (born 1989), Israeli soccer player
 * Adam Braz, defender
 * Jim Brennan
 * Kadeisha Buchanan, multiple award-winning defender for national team
 * John Catliff, striker
 * Tomer Chencinski (born 1984), Israeli-Canadian goalkeeper
 * Alphonso Davies
 * Jonathan de Guzman, midfielder
 * Julian de Guzman, 2007 Gold Cup MVP
 * Dwayne De Rosario, 2007 MLS Cup MVP
 * David Edgar
 * Rob Friend, forward
 * Gottfried Fuchs (1889–1972), German (national team)-Canadian Olympic football player
 * Daniel Haber, forward, Team Canada
 * Owen Hargreaves, England international
 * Junior Hoilett, winger
 * Charmaine Hooper
 * Jordyn Huitema, national team forward
 * Atiba Hutchinson, midfielder
 * Simeon Jackson, forward
 * Will Johnson, midfielder
 * Kaylyn Kyle, sports broadcaster and former national team midfielder
 * Karina LeBlanc, sports broadcaster and former national team goalkeeper
 * Bobby Lenarduzzi
 * Diana Matheson, national team midfielder
 * Kevin McKenna, Team Canada Captain
 * Erin McLeod, national team goalkeeper
 * Dale Mitchell, striker
 * Jimmy Nicholl, played for N. Ireland
 * Olivier Occéan
 * Pedro Pacheco
 * Paul Peschisolido
 * Nichelle Prince, national team forward
 * Quinn, national team defender
 * Tomasz Radzinski
 * Randy Samuel
 * Sophie Schmidt, national team midfielder
 * Christine Sinclair, world's all-time leader for international goals
 * Jacob Shaffelburg, winger
 * Paul Stalteri
 * John van't Schip, played for the Netherlands

Long track

 * Susan Auch
 * Gaétan Boucher, four-time Olympic medallist, 1980, 1984
 * Lela Brooks
 * Sylvia Burka
 * Sylvie Daigle
 * Charles Gorman
 * Clara Hughes, six Olympic medals
 * Catriona Le May Doan
 * Christine Nesbitt, Olympic gold medallist, 1000m long track, 2010
 * Frank Stack
 * Jeremy Wotherspoon, world record holder at 500m

Short track

 * Guillaume Bastille, Olympic gold medallist, 2010
 * Isabelle Charest
 * Sylvie Daigle, Olympic gold medallist, 1992
 * Marc Gagnon, Olympic gold medallist, 1998 and 2002
 * Charles Hamelin, Olympic gold medallist, 2010
 * François Hamelin, Olympic gold medallist, 2010
 * Olivier Jean, Olympic gold medallist, 2010
 * Nathalie Lambert, Olympic gold medallist, 1992
 * Annie Perreault, Olympic gold medallist, 1992 and 1998
 * Kalyna Roberge

Squash

 * Jonathon Power, the only North American squash player to attain the #1 world ranking
 * Graham Ryding

Swimming and diving

 * Jennifer Abel
 * Alex Baumann, 1984 medley Olympic champion
 * Marilyn Bell, first person to swim Lake Ontario
 * Meaghan Benfeito
 * Sylvie Bernier, Canada's first gold medal in Olympic diving
 * Victor Davis (1964–1989), Olympic swimming champion
 * Alexandre Despatie, world diving champion
 * Émilie Heymans, four Olympic diving medals
 * Penny Oleksiak, seven Olympic medals
 * Dick Pound
 * Mark Tewksbury, Olympic gold medallist

Synchronized swimming

 * Sylvie Fréchette
 * Carolyn Waldo

Tennis

 * Françoise Abanda
 * Dave Abelson (born 1975)
 * Félix Auger-Aliassime, highest world ranking No. 6
 * Bianca Andreescu, highest world ranking No. 4
 * Carling Bassett-Seguso, highest world ranking No. 8
 * Robert Bédard (b. 1931), the most recent Canadian to win the Canadian Open men's singles championship (1955)
 * Vicki Berner (1945–2017), Tennis Canada Hall of Fame
 * Eugenie Bouchard, highest world ranking No. 5
 * Gabriela Dabrowski
 * Frank Dancevic
 * Leylah Annie Fernandez, highest world ranking No. 13
 * Sharon Fichman (born 1990), Israeli-Canadian, was Canada's Under-18 Indoor & Outdoor National girls champion, also won the doubles title, won the Australian Open and French Open junior doubles championships.
 * I.F. Hellmuth (1854–1944), first champion of what became the Rogers Cup
 * Helen Kelesi, highest world ranking No. 13
 * Jesse Levine (born 1987), American-Canadian, won the U.S. Clay Court 14 Nationals singles championship, the USTA boys' 16s doubles championship, and the 2005 Wimbledon boys' doubles championship
 * Glenn Michibata
 * Daniel Nestor, highest world ranking in doubles #1
 * Peter Polansky, Canada's top singles player from 2010 until 2011
 * Vasek Pospisil, highest world ranking No. 25
 * Mary Pierce, naturalized French
 * Milos Raonic, highest world ranking No. 3
 * Greg Rusedski, naturalized British
 * Denis Shapovalov (born 1999), Israeli-Canadian, highest world ranking No. 10
 * Andrew Sznajder, highest world ranking No. 46, Canada Tennis Hall of Fame
 * Aleksandra Wozniak, highest world ranking No. 21

Track and field

 * Jamie Adjetey-Nelson (born 1984), decathlete and gold medallist at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
 * Dylan Armstrong (born 1981), shot putter, Pan American Games record, second at world championships
 * Donovan Bailey (born 1967), sprinter, former 100m world record holder
 * Simon Bairu (born 1983), distance runner, 2010 IAAF World Cross Country Championships
 * Bryan Barnett (born 1987), sprinter, 100m and 200m
 * Joël Bourgeois (born 1971), 3000 meter Steeplechase, 1996 and 2000 Olympics
 * Nathan Brannen (born 1982), 800m, 2009 World Championships
 * Pierre Browne (born 1980), sprinter, 100m in the Summer Olympics
 * Jared Connaughton (born 1985), sprinter, 100m and 200m
 * Reid Coolsaet born (1979), marathon runner, 2012 London Summer Olympics
 * Bruce Deacon (born 1966), marathon runner, 1996 and 2000 Olympics
 * Andre De Grasse (born 1994), sprinter, Rio 2016 Medallist: 100m Bronze, 200m Silver, and 4 × 100 m relay Bronze
 * Étienne Desmarteau (1873–1905), weight thrower, Olympic champion
 * Jerome Drayton (born 1945), marathon runner; three-time winner of the Fukuoka Marathon; Canadian marathon record holder since 1969; 1968 and 1976 Olympic Games
 * Dave Edge (born 1954), British-Canadian Olympic long-distance runner
 * Phil Edwards, middle-distance runner, five Olympic bronze medals
 * Sam Effah (born 1988), sprinter, 100m
 * Alice Falaiye (born 1978), long jumper, gold medallist at the 2009 Pan American Games and 2010 Commonwealth Games
 * Perdita Felicien (born 1980), 2003 world champion in 100m hurdles
 * Nicole Forrester (born 1976), high jumper, gold medallist at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
 * Sultana Frizell (born 1984), hammer thrower, gold medallist at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
 * Phylicia George (born 1987), 100m hurdles
 * Eric Gillis born (1980), marathon runner, Summer Olympics: 2008 Beijing and London 2012
 * Sasha Gollish (born 1981), competitive runner, bronze medallist in the 2015 Pan American Games 1500m and gold medallist in the 2013 Maccabiah Games half-marathon
 * Abby Hoffman, four-time Olympian (800-meter)
 * Matthew Hughes (born 1989), 3000m steeplechase, gold medallist at the 2015 Pan American Games, Rio 2016
 * Nikkita Holder (born 1987), 100m hurdles
 * Barbara Howard (1920–2017), sprinter, silver and bronze relay medalist at the 1938 British Empire Games
 * Harry Jerome (1940–1982), sprinter, bronze medallist in the 100m at the 1964 Summer Olympics
 * Ben Johnson (born 1961), sprinter, disqualified from Olympic gold medal for doping
 * Jennifer Joyce (born 1980), hammer thrower, silver medallist at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
 * Robert Kerr (1882–1963), sprinter, 1908 Summer Olympics medallist: a gold and a bronze
 * Michael LeBlanc (born 1987), sprinter, 2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships
 * Cameron Levins (born 1989), distance runner, inaugural Canadian to win the Bowerman Award (NCAA male athlete of the year); London 2012 Olympics
 * Priscilla Lopes-Schliep (born 1982), 100m hurdles, silver medallist at the 2009 World Championships
 * Gordon Orlikow (born 1960), decathlon, heptathlon, and hurdles competitor, won medals in the 73rd Drake Relays, the 1981 Maccabiah Games and 1985 Maccabiah Games in Israel, and the 1987 Pan American Games, Athletics Canada Chairman, Canadian Olympic Committee member, Korn/Ferry International partner
 * George Orton (1873–1958), inaugural Canadian Olympics medallist
 * Hank Palmer (born 1985), sprinter, 2008 Summer Olympics
 * Bruno Pauletto (born 1954), shot putter
 * Sydney David Pierce, Olympic hurdler
 * Gary Reed (born 1981), 800m, silver medallist at the 2007 World Championships
 * Fanny Rosenfeld (1904–1969), runner & long jumper, world record (100-yard dash); Olympic medallist (4x100-m relay) and silver (100-m)
 * Scott Russell (born 1979), javelin thrower, 2001 World Championships, bronze medallist at the 2002 Commonwealth Games, 2008 Summer Olympics
 * Bruny Surin (born 1967), sprinter, tied with Donovan Bailey for Canadian 100m record
 * Brianne Theisen (born 1988), heptathlete, 2009 World Championships
 * Justyn Warner (born 1987), sprinter, 100m
 * Angela Whyte (born 1980), 100m hurdles, silver medallist at the 2007 and 2011 Pan American Games
 * Percy Williams (1908–1982), sprinter, double gold medallist at the 1928 Olympics, former world record holder in the 100m
 * Dylan Wykes (born 1983), marathon runner, 2009 World Championships and 2012 London Summer Olympics
 * Jessica Zelinka (born 1981), heptathlete and pentathlete, gold medallist at the 2007 Pan American Games

Triathlon

 * Paula Findlay (born 1989), bronze medallist at the 2009 ITU World Championships, 2012 London Summer Olympics
 * Kyle Jones (born 1984), 2012 London Olympics
 * Brent McMahon (born 1980), silver at the 2007 Pan American Games, bronze at the 2011 Pan American Games, 2012 London Summer Olympics
 * Lionel Sanders (born 1988), winner of the 2017 ITU Long Distance Triathlon World Championships
 * Kathy Tremblay (born 1982), 2012 London Summer Olympics
 * Simon Whitfield (born 1975), gold at the 2000 Olympics and silver at the 2008 Olympics, competed at the 2012 London Summer Olympics

Water skiing

 * Chantal Singer, internationally ranked waterskier

Weightlifting

 * Louis Cyr, weightlifter
 * The Great Antonio, strongman and wrestler

Wrestling

 * Andy Borodow (born 1969), Olympic wrestler, Maccabiah champion, Commonwealth champion
 * Garry Kallos (born 1956), Olympic light-heavyweight wrestler, Maccabiah champion, and sambo champion
 * Oleg Ladik (born 1971), Olympic wrestler
 * Fred Oberlander, world champion (freestyle heavyweight); Maccabiah champion
 * Herbert Singerman (born 1946), Olympic wrestler
 * Howard Stupp (born 1955), Olympic wrestler
 * Ari Taub (born 1971), Olympic Greco-Roman wrestler
 * David Zilberman (born 1982), Olympic heavyweight wrestler

Bodybuilding athletes

 * Dayana Cadeau, Vancouver - bodybuilder
 * Cathy LeFrançois, Amqui, Quebec - bodybuilder
 * Chris Bumstead, Ottawa, Ontario - bodybuilder

Nationally recognized honour lists

 * Bobbie Rosenfeld Award (female only)
 * Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame
 * Canada's Athletes of the 20th Century
 * Lionel Conacher Award (male only)
 * List of members of Canada's Sports Hall of Fame
 * Lou Marsh Trophy
 * Velma Springstead Trophy (female only)

title: List of Canadian sports personalities


text:
Northern Ireland Environment Agency

The Northern Ireland Environment Agency (NIEA) is an executive agency within the Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs (DAERA). It is responsible for conservation of Northern Ireland's environment and natural heritage.

Originally part of the Department of the Environment (DOENI), the agency was called the Environment and Heritage Service (EHS) until 1 July 2008, and also had responsibility for the historic environment. On 16 May 2016 the DOENI was dissolved and NIEA became part of DAERA. At the same time, the historic environment functions of NIEA were transferred to the Department for Communities.

NIEA is responsible for a range of protected areas in Northern Ireland, including eight areas of outstanding natural beauty, 47 national nature reserves, 43 special areas of conservation, and 10 special protection areas. The NIEA employs 630 people as of 2020.

Equivalent bodies in other parts of the United Kingdom

 * England: Environment Agency, Natural England
 * Scotland: NatureScot, Scottish Environment Protection Agency
 * Wales: Natural Resources Wales

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Northern Ireland Environment Agency


text:
Lawsuit

A lawsuit is a proceeding by one or more parties (the plaintiff or claimant) against one or more parties (the defendant) in a civil court of law. The archaic term "suit in law" is found in only a small number of laws still in effect today. The term "lawsuit" is used with respect to a civil action brought by a plaintiff (a party who claims to have incurred loss as a result of a defendant's actions) who requests a legal remedy or equitable remedy from a court. The defendant is required to respond to the plaintiff's complaint or else risk default judgment. If the plaintiff is successful, judgment is entered in favor of the plaintiff, and the Court may impose the legal and/or equitable remedies available against the defendant (respondent). A variety of court orders may be issued in connection with or as part of the judgment to enforce a right, award damages or restitution, or impose a temporary or permanent injunction to prevent an act or compel an act. A declaratory judgment may be issued to prevent future legal disputes.

A lawsuit may involve resolution of disputes involving issues of private law between individuals, business entities or non-profit organizations. A lawsuit may also involve issues of public law in the sense that the state is treated as if it were a private party in a civil case, either as a plaintiff with a civil cause of action to enforce certain laws, or as a defendant in actions contesting the legality of the state's laws or seeking monetary damages for injuries caused by agents of the state.

Conducting a civil action is called litigation. The plaintiffs and defendants are called litigants and the attorneys representing them are called litigators. The term litigation may also refer to the conducting of criminal actions (see criminal procedure).

Etymology
The word "lawsuit" derives from the combination of law and suit. Suit derives from the old French "suite, sieute" meaning to pursue or follow. This term was derived from the Latin "secutus", the past participle of "sequi" meaning to attend or follow.

Similarly, the word "sue", derives from the old French "suir, sivre" meaning to pursue or follow after. This was also derived from the Latin word "sequi".

Rules of procedure and complications
Rules of criminal or civil procedure govern the conduct of a lawsuit in the common law adversarial system of dispute resolution. Procedural rules arise from statutory law, case law, and constitutional provisions (especially the right to due process). The details of each kind of legal procedure differ greatly from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, and often from court to court even within the same jurisdiction. It is important for litigants to be aware of all relevant procedural rules (or to hire competent counsel who can either comply with such rules on their behalf or explain the rules to them), because the litigants ultimately dictate the timing and progression of the lawsuit. Litigants are responsible for obtaining the desired result and the timing of reaching this result. Failure to comply with procedural rules may result in serious limitations that can affect the ability of one to present claims or defenses at any subsequent trial, or even lead to the dismissal of the lawsuit altogether.

Though the majority of lawsuits are settled before ever reaching trial, they can still be very complicated to litigate. This is particularly true in federal systems, where a federal court may be applying state law (e.g. the Erie doctrine, for example in the United States), or vice versa. It is also possible for one state to apply the law of another in cases where additionally it may not be clear which level (or location) of court actually has jurisdiction over the claim or personal jurisdiction over the defendant, or whether the plaintiff has standing to participate in a lawsuit. About 98 percent of civil cases in the United States federal courts are resolved without a trial. Domestic courts are also often called upon to apply foreign law, or to act upon foreign defendants, over whom they may not even have the ability to enforce a judgment if the defendant's assets are theoretically outside their reach.

Lawsuits can become additionally complicated as more parties become involved (see joinder). Within a "single" lawsuit, there can be any number of claims and defenses (all based on numerous laws) between any number of plaintiffs or defendants. Each of these participants can bring any number of cross claims and counterclaims against each other, and even bring additional parties into the suit on either side after it progresses. In reality however, courts typically have some power to sever claims and parties into separate actions if it is more efficient to do so. A court can do this if there is not a sufficient overlap of factual issues between the various associates, separating the issues into different lawsuits.

The official ruling of a lawsuit can be somewhat misleading because post-ruling outcomes are often not listed on the internet. For example, in the case of William J. Ralph Jr. v. Lind-Waldock & Company (September 1999), one would assume that Ralph lost the case when in fact, upon review of the evidence, it was found that Ralph was correct in his assertion that improper activity took place on the part of Lind-Waldock, and Ralph settled with Lind-Waldock.

Cases such as this illustrate the need for more comprehensive information than mere internet searches when researching legal decisions. While online searches are appropriate for many legal situations, they are not appropriate for all.

Procedure
The following is a generalized description of how a lawsuit may proceed in a common law jurisdiction:

Pleading
A lawsuit begins when a complaint or petition, known as a pleading, is filed with the court. A complaint should explicitly state that one or more plaintiffs seek(s) damages or equitable relief from one or more stated defendants, and also should state the relevant factual allegations supporting the legal claims brought by the plaintiffs. As the initial pleading, a complaint is the most important step in a civil case because a complaint sets the factual and legal foundation for the entirety of a case. While complaints and other pleadings may ordinarily be amended by a motion with the court, the complaint sets the framework for the entire case and the claims that will be asserted throughout the entire lawsuit.

It is likewise important that the plaintiff select the proper venue with the proper jurisdiction to bring the lawsuit. The clerk of a court signs or stamps the court seal upon a summons or citation, which is then served by the plaintiff upon the defendant, together with a copy of the complaint. This service notifies the defendants that they are being sued and that they are limited in the amount of time to reply. The service provides a copy of the complaint in order to notify the defendants of the nature of the claims. Once the defendants are served with the summons and complaint, they are subject to a time limit to file an answer stating their defenses to the plaintiff's claims, which includes any challenges to the court's jurisdiction, and any counterclaims they wish to assert against the plaintiff.

In a handful of jurisdictions (notably, the U.S. state of New York) a lawsuit begins when one or more plaintiffs properly serve a summons and complaint upon the defendants. In such jurisdictions, nothing must be filed with the court until a dispute develops requiring actual judicial intervention.

If the defendant chooses to file an answer within the time permitted, the answer must address each of the plaintiffs' allegations. The defendant has three choices to make, which include either admitting to the allegation, denying it, or pleading a lack of sufficient information to admit or deny the allegation. Some jurisdictions, like California and Florida, still authorize general denials of each and every allegation in the complaint. At the time the defendant files an answer, the defendant also raises all "affirmative" defenses. The defendant may also assert counterclaims for damages or equitable relief against the plaintiff. For example, in the case of "compulsory counterclaims," the defendant must assert some form of counterclaim or risk having the counterclaim barred in any subsequent proceeding. In the case of making a counterclaim, the defendant is making a motion directed towards the plaintiff claiming that he/she was injured in some way or would like to sue the plaintiff. The plaintiff in this example would then receive some amount of time to make a reply to this counterclaim. The defendant may also file a "third party complaint", which is the defendant's privilege to join another party or parties in the action with the belief that those parties may be liable for some or all of the plaintiff's claimed damages. An answer from the defendant in response to the claims made against him/her, can also include additional facts or a so-called "excuse" for the plead. Filing an answer "joins the cause" and moves the case into the pre-trial phase.

Instead of filing an answer within the time specified in the summons, the defendant can choose to dispute the validity of the complaint by filing a demurrer (in the handful of jurisdictions where that is still allowed) or one or more "pre-answer motions," such as a motion to dismiss. It is important that the motion be filed within the time period specified in the summons for an answer. If all of the above motions are denied by the trial court, and the defendant loses on all appeals from such denials (if that option is available), and finally the defendant must file an answer.

Usually the pleadings are drafted by a lawyer, but in many courts persons can file papers and represent themselves, which is called appearing pro se. Many courts have a pro se clerk to assist people without lawyers.

Pretrial discovery
A pretrial discovery can be defined as "the formal process of exchanging information between the parties about the witnesses and evidence they'll present at trial" and allows for the evidence of the trial to be presented to the parties before the initial trial begins. The early stages of the lawsuit may involve initial disclosures of evidence by each party and discovery, which is the structured exchange of evidence and statements between the parties. Discovery is meant to eliminate surprises, clarify what the lawsuit is about, and also to make the parties decide if they should settle or drop frivolous claims or defenses. At this point the parties may also engage in pretrial motions to exclude or include particular legal or factual issues before trial.

There is also the ability of one to make an under oath statement during the pretrial, also known as a deposition. The deposition can be used in the trial or just in the pretrial, but this allows for both parties to be aware of the arguments or claims that are going to be made by the other party in the trial. It is notable that the depositions can be written or oral.

At the close of discovery, the parties may either pick a jury and then have a trial by jury or the case may proceed as a bench trial. A bench trial is only heard by the judge if the parties waive a jury trial or if the right to a jury trial is not guaranteed for their particular claim (such as those under equity in the U.S.) or for any lawsuits within their jurisdiction.

Resolution
Usually, lawsuits end in a settlement, with an empirical analysis finding that less than 2% of cases end with a trial. It is sometimes said that 95% of cases end in settlement; few jurisdictions report settlements, but empirical analysis suggests that the settlement rate varies by type of lawsuit, with torts settling around 90% of the time and overall civil cases settling 50% of the time; other cases end due to default judgment, lack of a valid claim, and other reasons.

At trial, each person presents witnesses and the evidence collected is recorded. After this occurs, the judge or jury renders their decision. Generally speaking, the plaintiff has the burden of proof in making his claims, however, the defendant may have the burden of proof on other issues, such as affirmative defenses. The attorneys are held responsible in devising a trial strategy that ensures they meet the necessary elements of their case or (when the opposing party has the burden of proof) to ensure the opponent will not be able to meet his or her burden.

There are numerous motions that either party can file throughout the lawsuit to terminate it "prematurely"—before submission to the judge or jury for final consideration. These motions attempt to persuade the judge, through legal argument and sometimes accompanying evidence, that there is no reasonable way that the other party could legally win and therefore there is no sense in continuing with the trial. Motions for summary judgment, for example, can usually be brought before, after, or during the actual presentation of the case. Motions can also be brought after the close of a trial to undo a jury verdict contrary to law or against the weight of the evidence, or to convince the judge to change the decision or grant a new trial.

Also, at any time during this process from the filing of the complaint to the final judgment, the plaintiff may withdraw the complaint and end the whole matter, or the defendant may agree to a settlement. If the case settles, the parties might choose to enter into a stipulated judgment with the settlement agreement attached, or the plaintiff may simply file a voluntary dismissal, so that the settlement agreement is never entered into the court record.

The decisions that the jury makes are not put into effect until the judge makes a judgment, which is the approval to have this trial information be filed in public records. In a civil case, the judge is allowed at this time to make changes to the verdict that the jury came up with by either adding on or reducing the punishment. In criminal cases the situation is a little different, because in this case the judge does not have the authority to change the jury decision.

Appeal
After a final decision has been made, either party or both may appeal from the judgment if they believe there had been a procedural error made by the trial court. It is not necessarily an automatic appeal after every judgment has been made, however, if there is a legal basis for the appeal, then one has the right to do so. The prevailing party may appeal, for example, if they wanted a larger award than was granted. The appellate court (which may be structured as an intermediate appellate court) and/or a higher court then affirms the judgment, declines to hear it (which effectively affirms it), reverses—or vacates and remands. This process would then involve sending the lawsuit back to the lower trial court to address an unresolved issue, or possibly request for a whole new trial. Some lawsuits go up and down the appeals ladder repeatedly before final resolution.

The appeal is a review for errors rather than a new trial, so the appellate court will defer to the discretion of the original trial court if an error is not clear. The initial step in making an appeal consists of the petitioner filing a notice of appeal and then sending in a brief, a written document stating reason for appeal, to the court. Decisions of the court can be made immediately after just reading the written brief, or there can also be oral arguments made by both parties involved in the appeal. The appellate court then makes the decision about what errors were made when the law was looked at more closely in the lower court. There were no errors made, the case would then end, but if the decision was reversed, the appellate court would then send the case back down to the lower court level. There, a new trial will be held and new information taken into account.

Some jurisdictions, notably the United States, but prevalent in many other countries, prevent parties from relitigating the facts on appeal, due to a history of unscrupulous lawyers deliberately reserving such issues in order to ambush each other in the appellate courts (the "invited error" problem). The idea is that it is more efficient to force all parties to fully litigate all relevant issues of fact before the trial court. Thus, a party who does not raise an issue of fact at the trial court level generally cannot raise it on appeal.

When the lawsuit is finally resolved, or the allotted time to appeal has expired, the matter is res judicata, meaning the plaintiff may not bring another action based on the same claim again. In addition, other parties who later attempt to re-litigate a matter already ruled on in a previous lawsuit will be estopped from doing so.

Enforcement
When a final judgment is entered, the plaintiff is usually barred under the doctrine of res judicata from relitigating any of the issues, even under different legal theories. Judgments are typically a monetary award. If the defendant fails to pay, the court has various powers to seize any of the defendant's assets located within its jurisdiction, such as:

 * Writ of execution
 * Bank account garnishment
 * Liens
 * Wage garnishment

If all assets are located elsewhere, the plaintiff must file another suit in the appropriate court to seek enforcement of the other court's previous judgment. This can be a difficult task when crossing from a court in one state or nation to another, however, courts tend to grant each other respect when there is not a clear legal rule to the contrary. A defendant who has no assets in any jurisdiction is said to be "judgment-proof." The term is generally a colloquialism to describe an impecunious defendant.

Indigent judgment-proof defendants are no longer imprisoned; debtor's prisons have been outlawed by statute, constitutional amendment, or international human rights treaties in the vast majority of common law jurisdictions.

Research in law, economics and management
Scholars in law, economics and management have studied why firms involved in a dispute choose between private dispute resolution—such as negotiation, mediation, and arbitration—and litigation.

Terminology
During the 18th and 19th centuries, it was common for lawyers to speak of bringing an "action" at law and a "suit" in equity. An example of that distinction survives today in the codified text of the Ku Klux Klan Act. The fusion of common law and equity in England in the Judicature Acts of 1873 and 1875 led to the collapse of that distinction, so it became possible to speak of a "lawsuit." In the United States, the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (1938) abolished the distinction between actions at law and suits in equity in federal practice, in favor of a single form referred to as a "civil action."

In England and Wales the term "claim" is far more common; the person initiating proceedings is called the claimant. England and Wales began to turn away from traditional common law terminology with the Rules of the Supreme Court (1883), in which the "statement of claim" and "defence" replaced the traditional complaint and answer as the pleadings by which parties placed their case at issue before the trial court.

American terminology is slightly different, in that the term "claim" refers only to a particular count or cause of action alleged in a complaint. Similarly, "defense" refers to only one or more affirmative defenses alleged in an answer. Americans also use "claim" to describe an extrajudicial demand filed with an insurer or administrative agency. If the claim is denied, then the claimant, policyholder, or applicant files a lawsuit with the courts to seek review of that decision, and from that point forward participates in the lawsuit as a plaintiff. In other words, the terms "claimant" and "plaintiff" carry substantially different connotations of formality in American English, in that only the latter risks an award of costs in favor of an adversary in a lawsuit.

In medieval times, both "action" and "suit" had the approximate meaning of some kind of legal proceeding, but an action terminated when a judgment was rendered, while a suit also included the execution of the judgment.

Financing
Particularly in the United States, plaintiffs and defendants who lack financial resources for litigation or other attorney's fees may be able to obtain legal financing. Legal financing companies can provide a cash advance to litigants in return for a share of the ultimate settlement or award. If the case ultimately loses, the litigant does not have to pay any of the money funded back. Legal financing is different from a typical bank loan in that the legal financing company does not look at credit history or employment history. Litigants do not have to repay the cash advance with monthly payments, but do have to fill out an application so that the legal financing company can review the merits of the case.

Legal financing can be a practical means for litigants to obtain financing while they wait for a monetary settlement or an award in their personal injury, workers' compensation, or civil rights lawsuit. Often, plaintiffs who were injured or forced to leave their jobs still have mortgages, rent, medical expenses, or other bills to pay. Other times, litigants may simply need money to pay for the costs of litigation and attorneys' fees, and for this reason, many litigants turn to reputable legal financing companies to apply for a cash advance to help pay for bills.

Defendants, civil rights organizations, public interest organizations, and government public officials can all set up an account to pay for litigation costs and legal expenses. These legal defense funds can have large membership counts where the members contribute to the fund. Unlike legal financing from legal financing companies, legal defense funds provide a separate account for litigation rather than a one-time cash advancement, nevertheless, both are used for purposes of financing litigation and legal costs.

There was a study conducted in the Supreme Court Economic Review that shows why litigation financing can be practical and beneficial to the overall court system and lawsuits within the court. This study concluded that the new rules that were set for litigation financing actually did produce more settlements. Under conservative rules, there tended to be fewer settlements, however under the older rules they tended to be larger on average.

Legal financing can become an issue in some cases, varying from case to case and person to person. It can be beneficial in many situations, however also detrimental in others.

title: Lawsuit


text:
Nature reserves in Northern Ireland

Nature reserves in Northern Ireland, are designated and maintained by the Northern Ireland Environment Agency.

There are 47 national nature reserves in Northern Ireland.

County Antrim

 * Belshaw's Quarry Nature Reserve, grid ref: J229 671
 * Breen Oakwood Nature Reserve, grid ref: D125 338
 * Giant's Causeway National Nature Reserve, grid ref: C954 453
 * Glenariff Nature Reserve, grid ref: D210 205
 * Kebble Nature Reserve, grid ref: D095 515
 * Portrush Nature Reserve, grid ref: C856 412
 * Randalstown Forest Nature Reserve, grid ref: J088 872
 * Rea's Wood Nature Reserve, grid ref: J142 855
 * Slieveanorra Nature Reserve, grid refs: D132 265, D135 265, D147 274 and D155 286.
 * Straidkilly Nature Reserve, grid ref: D302 163

County Armagh

 * Brackagh Nature Reserve, grid ref: J019 507
 * Oxford Island National Nature Reserve, grid ref: J053 616

County Down

 * Ballyquintin National Nature Reserve, grid ref: J621 458
 * Bohill Nature Reserve, grid ref: J396 459
 * Cloghy Rocks Nature Reserve, grid ref: J594 478
 * The Dorn Nature Reserve, grid ref: J593 568
 * Granagh Bay Nature Reserve, grid ref: J606 485
 * Hollymount Forest National Nature Reserve, grid ref: J464 438
 * Killard Nature Reserve, grid ref: J610 433
 * Murlough National Nature Reserve, grid ref: J414 351
 * North Strangford Lough National Nature Reserve, grid ref: J508 706
 * Quoile Pondage Nature Reserve, grid ref: J49647
 * Rostrevor Oakwood Nature Reserve, grid ref: J186 170
 * Turmennan Fen Nature Reserve, grid ref: J485 503

County Fermanagh

 * Castle Archdale Islands Nature Reserve
 * Castle Caldwell Nature Reserve, grid ref: H020 600
 * Correl Glen Nature Reserve, grid ref: H075 545
 * Hanging Rock and Rossaa Forest Nature Reserve, grid ref: H110 365
 * Killykeeghan and Crossmurrin Nature Reserve, grid ref: H112 348
 * Lough Naman Bog Nature Reserve, grid ref: H075 545
 * Marble Arch Nature Reserve, grid ref: H123 350
 * Reilly and Gole Woods Nature Reserve grid refs: H340 254 (Reilly) and H336 250 (Gole)
 * Ross Lough Nature Reserve, grid ref: H143 467

County Londonderry

 * Altikeeragh Nature Reserve, grid ref: C730 316
 * Ballymaclary Nature Reserve, grid ref: C700 365
 * Ballynahone Nature Reserve, grid ref: H860 980
 * Banagher Glen Nature Reserve, grid ref: C672 045
 * Binevenagh Nature Reserve, grid ref: C685 309
 * Lough Beg National Nature Reserve, grid ref: H975 960
 * Magilligan Point Nature Reserve, grid ref: C660 390
 * Roe Estuary Nature Reserve, grid ref: C635 295

County Tyrone

 * Annagarriff Nature Reserve, grid ref: H905 6610
 * Boorin Nature Reserve, grid ref: H495 846
 * Brookend Nature Reserve, grid ref: H948 725
 * Killeter Nature Reserve, grid refs: H090 808 and H086 821
 * Meenadoan Nature Reserve, grid ref: H244 718
 * Mullenakill, grid ref: H893 610
 * The Murrins Nature Reserve, grid ref: H565 783
 * Lough Neagh Islands Nature Reserve

title: Nature reserves in Northern Ireland


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Västra Götaland County

Västra Götaland County (Västra Götalands län) is a county or län on the western coast of Sweden.

The county is the second most populous of Sweden's counties and it comprises 49 municipalities (kommuner). Its population of 1,616,000 amounts to 17% of Sweden's population. The formal capital and seat of the governor of Västra Götaland County is Gothenburg. The political capital and seat of the Västra Götaland Regional Council is Vänersborg.

The county was established on 1 January 1998, when Älvsborg County, Gothenburg and Bohus County and Skaraborg County were merged.

Provinces
Sweden's counties are generally of greater importance than its provinces. The counties are the main administrative units for politics and population census counts.

Due to its size and young age, the Västra Götaland County has no common heritage. Of cultural and historical significance are the provinces that Västra Götaland County consists of: Västergötland, Bohuslän and Dalsland. There is also an insignificant part of the province Halland within the county.

In addition, the previous counties that were abolished in 1998 had been in use since the 17th century, and therefore have some cultural and historical significance.

Neighbours
Västra Götaland County borders to the counties of Värmland, Örebro, Östergötland, Jönköping and Halland. It is also bounded by the Norwegian county of Østfold both with a land and maritime border, lakes Vättern and Vänern, as well as the strait of Skagerrak.

Administration
Västra Götaland was created in 1998 by a merger of the three former counties of Gothenburg and Bohus County, Älvsborg County and Skaraborg County. The seat of residence for the Governors or Landshövding is Gothenburg, while the seat of political administration and power is Vänersborg. The Governor is the head of the County Administrative Board or Länsstyrelse.

Politics
The Västra Götaland Regional Council or Västra Götalandsregionen is an evolved County Council that for a trial period has assumed certain tasks from the County Administrative Board. Similar trial councils are applied for Skåne County and Gotland County.

Municipalities

 * Ale
 * Alingsås
 * Bengtsfors
 * Bollebygd
 * Borås
 * Dals-Ed
 * Essunga
 * Falköping
 * Färgelanda
 * Grästorp
 * Gullspång
 * Götene
 * Gothenburg
 * Herrljunga
 * Hjo
 * Härryda
 * Karlsborg
 * Kungälv
 * Lerum
 * Lidköping
 * Lilla Edet
 * Lysekil
 * Mariestad
 * Mark
 * Mellerud
 * Munkedal
 * Mölndal
 * Orust
 * Partille
 * Skara
 * Skövde
 * Sotenäs
 * Stenungsund
 * Strömstad
 * Svenljunga
 * Tanum
 * Tibro
 * Tidaholm
 * Tjörn
 * Tranemo
 * Trollhättan
 * Töreboda
 * Uddevalla
 * Ulricehamn
 * Vara
 * Vårgårda
 * Vänersborg
 * Åmål
 * Öckerö

Heraldry
The arms for the County of Västra Götaland were granted in 1998 when the county was formed. They are a combination of the provincial arms of Västergötland, Bohuslän and Dalsland and the arms of the city of Gothenburg. When the arms are shown with a royal crown they represent the County Administrative Board, which is the regional presence of (royal) government authority. Blazon: "Quartered, I. the arms of Gothenburg II. the arms of Bohuslän III. the arms of Dalsland turned in courtoisie, IV. the arms of Västergötland."

title: Västra Götaland County


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Nature reserve

A nature reserve (also known as a wildlife refuge, wildlife sanctuary, biosphere reserve or bioreserve, natural or nature preserve, or nature conservation area) is a protected area of importance for flora, fauna, funga, or features of geological or other special interest, which is reserved and managed for purposes of conservation and to provide special opportunities for study or research. They may be designated by government institutions in some countries, or by private landowners, such as charities and research institutions. Nature reserves fall into different IUCN categories depending on the level of protection afforded by local laws. Normally it is more strictly protected than a nature park. Various jurisdictions may use other terminology, such as ecological protection area or private protected area in legislation and in official titles of the reserves.

History
Cultural practices that roughly equate to the establishment and maintenance of reserved areas for animals date back to antiquity, with King Devanampiya Tissa of Sri Lanka establishing Mihintale Wildlife sanctuary,one of the world's earliest wildlife sanctuaries in the 3rd century BC,Anuradhapura Ancient Kingdom. Early reservations often had a religious underpinning, such as the 'evil forest' areas of West Africa which were forbidden to humans, who were threatened with spiritual attack if they went there. Sacred areas taboo from human entry to fishing and hunting are known by many ancient cultures worldwide.

The world's first modern nature reserve was established in 1821 by the naturalist and explorer Charles Waterton around his estate in Walton Hall, West Yorkshire. He spent £9000 on the construction of a three-mile long, 9 ft tall wall to enclose his park against poachers. He tried to encourage bird life by planting trees and hollowing out trunks for owls to nest in.

Waterton invented artificial nest boxes to house starlings, western jackdaws and sand martins; and unsuccessfully attempted to introduce little owls from Italy. Waterton allowed local people access to his reserve and was described by David Attenborough as "one of the first people anywhere to recognise not only that the natural world was of great importance but that it needed protection as humanity made more and more demands on it".

Drachenfels was protected as the first state-designated nature reserve in modern-day Germany; the site was bought by the Prussian State in 1836 to protect it from further quarrying.

The first major nature reserve was Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming, United States, followed by the Royal National Park near Sydney, Australia, and the Barguzin Nature Reserve of Imperial Russia, the first of zapovedniks set up by a federal government entirely for the scientific study of nature.

Around the world
There are several national and international organizations that oversee the numerous non-profit animal sanctuaries and refuges to provide a general system for sanctuaries to follow. Among them, the American Sanctuary Association monitors and aids in various facilities to care for exotic wildlife. The number of sanctuaries has substantially increased over the past few years.

Australia
In Australia, a nature reserve is the title of a type of protected area used in the jurisdictions of the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, Tasmania and Western Australia. The term "nature reserve" is defined in the relevant statutes used in those states and territories rather than by a single national statute. As of 2016, 1767 out of a total of 11044 protected areas listed within the Australian National Reserve System used the term "nature reserve" in their names.

Brazil
In Brazil, nature reserves are classified by the National System of Nature Conservation Units as ecological stations (estações ecológicas) or biological reserves (reservas biológicas). Their main objectives are preserving fauna and flora and other natural attributes, excluding direct human interference. Visits are allowed only with permission, and only for educational or scientific purposes. Changes to the ecosystems in both types of reserve are allowed to restore and preserve the natural balance, biological diversity and natural ecological processes. Ecological stations are also allowed to change the environment within strictly defined limits (e.g. affecting no more than three percent of the area or 1500 ha, whichever is less) for the purpose of scientific research. A wildlife reserve in Brazil is also protected, and hunting is not allowed, but products and by-products from research may be sold.

Wildlife refuges in Brazil have as their objective the protection of natural flora and fauna where conditions are assured for the existence and reproduction of species or communities of the local flora and the resident or migratory fauna. The refuges can consist of privately owned land, as long as the objectives of the unit are compatible with the landowners' usage of the land and natural resources. Public visits are subject to the conditions and restrictions established by the management plan of the unit and are subject to authorisation by and regulations of the main administrative and scientific research body.

Canada
The Niagara Escarpment and the St. Lawrence River in Ontario are among the 18 nature reserves recognized by UNESCO in Canada.

As a federal government, Canada recognizes 55 National Wildlife Areas, containing species of ecological significance. This area is protected by legislation known as the Canada Wildlife Act, which is overseen by the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change. About half of the habitat is marine habitat, and the remainder is terrestrial habitat.

Nature Conservancy Canada, Ducks Unlimited, and Escarpment Biosphere Conservancy, among others, protect nature reserves in Canada as well. As part of Canada's Ecological Gifts Program, these charities protect wilderness on privately owned lands.

Egypt
There are 30 nature reserves in Egypt which cover 12% of Egyptian land. Those nature reserves were built according to the laws no. 102/1983 and 4/1994 for protection of the Egyptian nature reserve. Egypt announced a plan from to build 40 nature reserves from 1997 to 2017, to help protect the natural resources and the culture and history of those areas. The largest nature reserve in Egypt is Gebel Elba (35600 km2) in the southeast, on the Red Sea coast.

Eritrea
On 16 March 1959, the British established the Yob Wildlife Reserve in northern Eritrea specifically to protect significant populations of Nubian ibex in the area.

Denmark
Denmark has three national parks and several nature reserves, some of them inside the national park areas. The largest single reserve is Hanstholm Nature Reserve, which covers 40 km2 and is part of Thy National Park.

Sweden
In Sweden, there are 30 national parks. The first of them was established in 1909. There are almost 4,000 nature reserves in Sweden. They comprise about 85% of the surface that is protected by the Swedish Environmental Code.

Estonia

In Estonia, there are five national parks, more than 100 nature reserves, and around 130 landscape protection areas. The largest nature reserve in Estonia is Alam-Pedja Nature Reserve, which covers 342 km2.

France
As of 2017, France counts 10 national parks, around 50 regional nature parks, and 8 marine parks.

Germany
In 1995 Germany had 5,314 nature reserves (Naturschutzgebiete) covering 6845 km2, the largest total areas being in Bavaria with 1416 km2 and Lower Saxony with 1275 km2.

Hungary

In Hungary, there are 10 national parks, more than 15 nature reserves and more than 250 protected areas. Hortobágy National Park is the largest continuous natural grassland in Europe and the oldest national park in Hungary. It is situated on the eastern part of Hungary, on the plain of the Alföld. It was established in 1972. There are alkaline grasslands interrupted by marshes. They have a sizable importance because there are the fishponds. One of the most spectacular sights of the park is the autumn migration of cranes. Some famous Hungarian animal species live in Hortobágy National Park, such as the grey cattle, racka long-wool sheep living only in Hungary, Hungarian horses and buffalo. Hortobágy National Park has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1 December 1999.

Kosovo
In Kosovo, there are 2 national parks, 11 nature reserves, 99 natural monuments and 3 protected landscapes. The national parks are Bjeshkët e Nemuna National Park and Sharr Mountains National Park.

Poland

As of 2011, Poland has 1469 nature reserves.

Portugal
Nature reserves are one of the 11 types of protected areas in Portugal. As of 2012, Portugal had a total of 46 protected areas, which represented 6807.89 km2 of land and 463.94 km2 of marine surfaces. Among the protected areas, nine are classified as nature reserve (reserva natural).

Romania
About 5.18% of the area of Romania has a protected status (12360 km2), including the Danube Delta, which makes up half of this area (2.43% of Romania's total area).

Spain
There are 15 National Parks, and around 90 Natural Parks in Spain. Spain is the country with the most sites listed in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves.

Ukraine
There are 4 biosphere reserves (two of them are dated 1927 and 1874) and 17 nature reserves in Ukraine, covering 160000 ha. Ukraine administers 40 national parks, 2632 habitat management areas, 3025 nature monuments, and 1430 other preservations.

United Kingdom
There are some differences between the regulations for England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales, which are separately managed.

At the end of March 2004, there were 215 national nature reserves in England with a total area of 879 km2. The reserves are scattered through England, from Lindisfarne in Northumberland to The Lizard in Cornwall. Nearly every rural county has at least one. Many national nature reserves contain nationally important populations of rare flowers, ferns and mosses, butterflies and other insects, and nesting and wintering birds. Examples include unique alpine plants at Upper Teesdale and the field of snake's head fritillaries at North Meadow, Cricklade, Wiltshire.

There are now over 1,050 local nature reserves in England. They range from windswept coastal headlands, ancient woodlands and flower-rich meadows to former inner-city railways, long-abandoned landfill sites and industrial areas now re-colonized by wildlife. In total, they cover almost 40000 ha—a natural resource which makes an important contribution to England's biodiversity. A good example is Rye Harbour Nature Reserve in East Sussex, where a network of footpaths enables visitors to explore shingle, saltmarsh, saline lagoon, reedbed, and grazing marsh habitats.

Through the Natural Heritage (Scotland) Act 1991 the Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) was established in 1992 as a government body, responsible to the Scottish Government Ministers and through them to the Scottish Parliament. At 31 March 2008, there were 65 Scottish national nature reserves with a total area of approximately 1330 km2. Section 21 of the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949 gives local authorities the exclusive statutory power to establish a local nature reserve in consultation with the SNH.

Iran

The biosphere reserves of Iran have a total land area of 1.64 million km2. The "reserves" support more than 8,000 recorded species of plants (almost 2,421 are endemic), 502 species of birds, 164 species of mammals, 209 species of reptiles, and 375 species of butterflies.

India
India's 18 biospheres extend over a total of 85940 km2 and protect larger areas than typical national parks in other countries. The first national reserve of India was established in 1986.

Israel
Israel's national parks are declared historic sites or nature reserves, which are mostly operated and maintained by the National Nature and Parks Authority. As of 2019, Israel maintains more than 490 nature reserves that protect 2,500 species of indigenous wild plants, 20 species of fish, 530 species of birds and 70 species of mammals. In total, they cover 6400 km2 of nature reserves, approximately 28% of the country's land area. In 1984, the two areas with the highest number of nature reserves were the South (15.2%) and Samaria (the Shomron, 13.5%).

Japan
Under the Nature Conservation Law, places can be designated as 'wilderness areas', 'nature conservation areas' and 'prefectural nature conservation areas'. In 1995, when the Japanese Government published its information in English, there were 5 wilderness areas, 10 nature conservation areas and 516 prefectural nature conservation areas.

Jordan
There are seven nature reserves in Jordan. In 1966 the organization that would later start Jordan's nature reserves, the Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature, was founded. RSCN's first efforts involved bringing back severely endangered species. In 1973, RSCN was given the right to issue hunting licenses, giving RSCN an upper hand in preventing extinction. The first step was the founding of Jordan's first nature reserve, Shaumari Wildlife Reserve, in 1975. The primary purpose was to create means to breed endangered species, specifically: the Arabian oryx, gazelles, ostriches, and Persian onagers in their natural environment.

Kyrgyzstan
By the end of 2009 there were 10 nature reserves (корук, koruk) in Kyrgyzstan covering 600000 ha or about three percent of the total area of the country.

New Zealand
New Zealand has a variety of types of reserve, including national parks, various types of conservation areas (including stewardship land that is yet to be officially classified), and seven specific types of "reserve", each of which prioritize various degrees of protection to different amenities such as scenery, recreation, flora and fauna, scientific value, or history. Land is often sub-categorised beneath its general classification, as defined in law between the Reserves Act of 1977, the National Parks Act of 1980, and the Conservation Act of 1987. Under these classifications, the Department of Conservation administers more than 80000 km2—nearly 30% of the nation's total area—with at least some degree of protection. This land is composed of 14 National Parks, 30 Conservation Parks, and approximately 8,900 discrete areas of land in total.

Although the most public land is strongly protected for natural preservation, the term nature reserve is specifically defined in the Reserves Act to mean a reserve that prioritizes the protection of rare flora and fauna, to the extent that public access is by permit only. Some of these reserves include Ecological Islands, a comparatively new concept in wildlife preservation, pioneered in New Zealand to help rebuild the populations of nearly extinct birds, and other species that are heavily threatened by introduced predators.

Nicaragua

In Nicaragua, the Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources (MARENA) is in charge of environmental protection and of the study, planning, and management of Nicaragua's natural resources. Nearly one-fifth of the territory is designated as protected areas like national parks, nature reserves (including the Bosawás Biosphere Reserve), and biological reserves. Nicaragua has 78 protected areas that cover 22422 km2, about 17.3% of the nation's landmass. Private nature reserves exist with land excluded from private land trusts and maintained at the sole cost of the proprietor. For example, O Parks, WildLife, and Recreation, Or El Ostional Private Wildlife Reserve, was established within the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor by retired FDNY firefighter Kevin Michael Shea, who purchased 46 acre of land for the purpose of restoring the ecological system of a dry tropical forest, ravaged during the Nicaraguan Revolution. The park provides a private nature reserve, wildlife corridor and verified carbon credits.

Russia
There are around 100 nature reserves (заповедник) in Russia, covering some 330000 km2, or about 1.4% of the country's total area. A few of them predate the October Revolution of 1917, but most have been created during the Soviet Union era. There are also natural protected areas where only certain species are protected, or only certain activities are prohibited; those are known as zakaznik (заказник).

Unofficial sanctuaries can also occur as a result of human accidents; the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone has in practice become a wildlife refuge since very few people live in the area. Wildlife has flourished in the zone since the Chernobyl nuclear accident in 1986.

South Africa
South Africa is well known for its many nature reserves. The oldest nature reserve in the country (and oldest conservation area in the world) is the Groenkloof Nature Reserve that was established in 1892 in the capital city Pretoria in the old South African Republic and current Republic of South Africa.

The country has many national parks but the best-known is the Kruger National Park, which was announced in 1898, and is the largest, at nearly 2000000 ha. The Kruger Park and Table Mountain National Park are two of South Africa's most visited tourist attractions, along with the Addo Elephant National Park.

South Africa also has 10 World Heritage Sites, including four natural sites and one mixed site. And it has provincial game reserves including Shamwari, Londolozi, Sanbona and Lalibela. The country currently has 20 national parks covering 3700000 ha, about 3% of the total area of South Africa.

The Prince Edward Islands, which are South African territories in the Southern Ocean, have been declared a special nature reserve. It is a highly protected area from which all human activity is excluded, except for conservation and scientific research.

Sri Lanka
The area around Mihintale, Sri Lanka, was a sanctuary for wildlife, probably the first of its generation in the ancient world. According to stone inscriptions found in the vicinity, the king commanded the people not to harm animals or destroy trees within the area.

United States

In the United States, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, managed by the Secretary of the Interior, is responsible for managing many of the federal nature reserves including the National Wildlife Refuge System. The National Wildlife Refuge System includes areas administered for the protection and conservation of fish and wildlife that are threatened with extinction, as well as wildlife ranges, game ranges, wildlife management areas, and waterfowl production areas.

The first North American wildlife refuge, Lake Merritt Wildlife sanctuary at Lake Merritt, was established by Samuel Merritt and enacted in California state law in 1870 as the first government owned refuge. The first federally owned refuge in the United States is Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge and was established by Theodore Roosevelt in 1903 as part of his Square Deal campaign to improve the country. At the time, setting aside land for wildlife was not a constitutional right of the president. In 2006, a bi-partisan group of US House of Representatives members established the Congressional Wildlife Refuge Caucus to further support the needs of the National Wildlife Refuge System in Congress.

There are also state-level administered State Nature Reserves found throughout the country, as well as smaller reserves operated by local governments, private trusts, or even funded through public donations. Private nature reserves also exist, with land excluded from private land trusts and maintained at the sole cost of the proprietor, such as the 1800 acre Wilbur Hot Springs.

title: Nature reserve


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Diprotodontia

Diprotodontia (, from Greek "two forward teeth") is the largest extant order of marsupials, with about 155 species, including the kangaroos, wallabies, possums, koala, wombats, and many others. Extinct diprotodonts include the hippopotamus-sized Diprotodon, and Thylacoleo, the so-called "marsupial lion".

Characteristics

Living diprotodonts are almost all herbivores, as were most of those that are now extinct. A few insectivorous and omnivorous diprotodonts are known, and the Potoroidae are almost unique among vertebrates in being largely fungivorous, but these seem to have arisen as relatively recent adaptations from the mainstream herbivorous lifestyle. The extinct thylacoleonids ("marsupial lions") are the only known group to have exhibited carnivory on a large scale.

Diprotodonts are restricted to Australasia. The earliest known fossils date to the late Oligocene, but their genesis certainly lies earlier than this, as large gaps occur in Australia's fossil record, with virtually no fossil record at all in geologically active New Guinea. The great diversity of known Oligocene diprotodonts suggests the order began to diverge well beforehand.

Many of the largest and least athletic diprotodonts (along with a wide range of other Australian megafauna) became extinct when humans first arrived in Australia about 50,000 years ago. Their extinction possibly occurred as a direct result of hunting, but was more probably a result of widespread habitat changes brought about by human activities—notably the use of fire.

Two key anatomical features, in combination, identify Diprotodontia. Members of the order are, first, "diprotodont" (meaning "two front teeth"): they have a pair of large, procumbent incisors on the lower jaw, a common feature of many early groups of mammals and mammaliforms. The diprotodont jaw is short, usually with three pairs of upper incisors (wombats, like rodents have only one pair), and no lower canines. The second trait distinguishing diprotodonts is "syndactyly", a fusing of the second and third digits of the foot up to the base of the claws, which leaves the claws themselves separate. Digit five is usually absent, and digit four is often greatly enlarged.

Syndactyly is not particularly common (though the Australian omnivorous marsupials share it) and is generally posited as an adaptation to assist in climbing. Many modern diprotodonts, however, are strictly terrestrial, and have evolved further adaptations to their feet to better suit this lifestyle. This makes the history of the tree-kangaroos particularly convoluted: it appears that the animals were arboreal at some time in the far distant past, moving afterward to the ground—gaining long kangaroo-like feet in the process — before returning to the trees, where they further developed a shortening and broadening of the hind feet and a novel climbing method.

Fossil record
The earliest known fossil of Diprotodontia dates back to the Late Oligocene (23.03 - 28.4 million years ago), and the earliest identifiable species is Hypsiprymnodon bartholomaii from the Early Miocene.

Classification
Until recently, only two suborders in Diprotodontia were noted: Vombatiformes which encompassed the wombats and koala and Phalangerida which contained all other families. Kirsch et al. (1997) split the families into three suborders. In addition, the six Phalangeriformes families are split into two superfamilies. The Macropodiformes are probably nested within the Phalangeriformes, though whether they are sister to Phalangeroidea or Petauroidea is debated.

Order Diprotodontia
 * Suborder Vombatiformes
 * Family Vombatidae: wombats (three species)
 * Family Phascolarctidae: koala (one species)
 * Family †Ilariidae
 * Family †Maradidae
 * Family †Diprotodontidae: (giant wombats)
 * Family †Palorchestidae: (marsupial tapirs)
 * Family †Thylacoleonidae: (marsupial lions)
 * Family †Wynyardiidae
 * Suborder Phalangeriformes
 * Superfamily Phalangeroidea
 * Family Phalangeridae: (brushtail possums and cuscuses)
 * Family Burramyidae: (pygmy possums)
 * Family †Ektopodontidae: (sprite possums)
 * Superfamily Petauroidea
 * Family Tarsipedidae: (honey possum)
 * Family Petauridae: (striped possum, Leadbeater's possum, yellow-bellied glider, sugar glider, mahogany glider, squirrel glider)
 * Family Pseudocheiridae: (ring-tailed possums and allies)
 * Family Acrobatidae: (feathertail glider and feather-tailed possum)
 * Suborder Macropodiformes
 * Family †Balbaridae: (basal quadrupedal kangaroos)
 * Family Macropodidae: (kangaroos, wallabies and allies)
 * Family Potoroidae: (bettongs, potoroos, and rat-kangaroos)
 * Family Hypsiprymnodontidae: (musky rat-kangaroo)

† means extinct family, genus or species

title: Diprotodontia


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Mölndal Municipality

Mölndal Municipality (Mölndals kommun or Mölndals stad) is a municipality in Västra Götaland in western Sweden, just south of Gothenburg. Its seat is located in Mölndal, which lies within the Gothenburg urban area, and the whole municipality is part of Metropolitan Gothenburg.

In 1911 a municipalsamhälle (a kind of borough within a rural municipality, handling matters of urban character) named Mölndal was instituted in the municipality of Fässberg. In 1922 Fässberg was made the City of Mölndal. In 1971 it was amalgamated with Kållered and Lindome (the latter transferred from Halland County). At the same time it became a municipality of unitary type, like all others in the country. The municipality prefers, however, to style itself Mölndals stad (City of Mölndal) as a semi-official name whenever legally possible. This usage has no effect on the status of the municipality.

Localities
The municipality has four main parts: Mölndal, Kållered, Lindome and Hällesåker.

 * Mölndal has 37,131 inhabitants (a part of the contiguous Gothenburg urban area)
 * Kållered has 7,257 inhabitants
 * Lindome has 13,364 inhabitants
 * Hällesåker has 900 inhabitants

Numbers from 2003.

Demographics
This is a demographic table based on Mölndal Municipality's electoral districts in the 2022 Swedish general election sourced from SVT's election platform, in turn taken from SCB official statistics.

In total there were 69,838 residents, including 51,607 Swedish citizens of voting age. 48.5% voted for the left coalition and 50.1% for the right coalition. Indicators are in percentage points except population totals and income.

Sights of interest

 * Gunnebo House from the 18th century.
 * Fässberg Church from the 19th century

Notable residents

 * Lars Leksell (1907–1986), physician and neurosurgeon

Sister cities
As of November 2021, Mölndal has no twin cities.

title: Mölndal Municipality


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Frobisher Bay

Frobisher Bay is an inlet of the Davis Strait in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada. It is located in the southeastern corner of Baffin Island. Its length is about 230 km and its width varies from about 40 km at its outlet into the Davis Strait to roughly 20 km towards its inner end.

The capital of Nunavut, Iqaluit, known as Frobisher Bay from 1942 to 1987, lies near the innermost end of the bay.

Geography
Frobisher Bay has a tapered shape formed by two flanking peninsulas, the Hall Peninsula to the northeast, and the Meta Incognita Peninsula to the southwest. The Bay's funnellike shape ensures that the tidal variance at Iqaluit each day is about 7 to 11 m. This shape is due to the large outlet glacier centred over Foxe Basin during the Pleistocene glaciation, which gouged the Bay's basin, now flooded by the sea.

Within Frobisher Bay itself are a number of bays, inlets and sounds. Among these are Wayne Bay and Ward Inlet (up towards the far northwestern end), and also Newell Sound, Leach Bay and Kneeland Bay (along the southwest shore). Hamlen Bay, Newton Fiord, Royer Cove, and Waddell Bay are located along the northeast shore. Frobisher Bay's whole coastline is marked with innumerable narrow inlets into which flow many small streams. There are high cliffs on both shores, rising to roughly 330 m on the northeast shore, and twice that on the southwest shore as a result of the tilting of the Earth's crust locally during the early Tertiary.

Frobisher Bay is also studded with islands. These include Hill Island and Faris Island near Iqaluit, Pugh, Pike, Fletcher and Bruce islands at the mouth of Wayne Bay, Augustus Island in Ward Inlet, and Chase, McLean, Gabriel and Nouyarn islands towards the Bay's mouth.

History

Frobisher Bay is named for the English navigator Sir Martin Frobisher, who, during his search for the Northwest Passage in 1576, became the first European to visit it. Until Hall's voyage in 1861, the Bay was thought by Europeans to be a strait separating Baffin Island from another island.

The first Church of England service recorded on North American soil was a celebration of Holy Communion at Frobisher Bay in the last days of August or early September 1578. The Anglican Church of Canada's Prayer Book fixes the day of commemoration as September 3. The chaplain on Frobisher's voyage was " 'Maister Wolfall (probably Robert Wolfall), minister and preacher', who had been charged by Queen Elizabeth 'to serve God twice a day'."

title: Frobisher Bay


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Sahlgrenska University Hospital

The Sahlgrenska University Hospital (Sahlgrenska Universitetssjukhuset) is a hospital network associated with the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg in Gothenburg, Sweden. With 17,000 employees the hospital is the largest hospital in Sweden by a considerable margin, and the second largest hospital in Europe. It has 2,000 beds distributed across three campuses in Sahlgrenska, Östra, and Mölndal. It provides emergency and basic care for the 700,000 inhabitants of the Göteborg region and offers highly specialised care for the 1.7 million inhabitants of West Sweden. It is named after philanthropist Niclas Sahlgren.

History
Sahlgrenska University Hospital was formed in 1997 by the merger of three hospitals: Sahlgrenska Hospital, Östra Hospital, and Mölndal Hospital. The Sahlgrenska University Hospital has been operated by the Västra Götaland Regional Council since its formation in 1999.

The Sahlgrenska Academy
Sahlgrenska Academy is the University of Gothenburg's faculty of education and research in health sciences. It operates in close conjunction with the university hospital. The academy was formed the 1st of July 2001 by combining the three previous faculties for medicine, odontology and health sciences. Within the academy is the Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, focusing on translational oncology research. The center is a joint effort between the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg and the Sahlgrenska University Hospital. The long-term goal of the center is to improve the care of cancer patients by facilitating new scientific discoveries and translating these into clinical practice.

Educational programs are available in biomedical, dietitian sciences, physician, nursing, medical specialist, dentist, and medical physicist. With Sahlgrenska academy's focus, University of Gothenburg is ranked worldwide 33 and 40 for Clinical medicine and Biomedical sciences respectively in the subject ranking by Academic Ranking of World Universities AWRU Shanghai (2018).

The Sahlgrenska University Hospital in the Webometrics Hospital specific ranking 2017, was 1st in Sweden, 10th in Europe and 41st worldwide.

Sahlgrenska Hospital
Sahlgrenska Hospital is the oldest and largest hospital in the network. It was founded in 1782 in Sillgatan (now Postgatan) in Gothenburg with a donation by Niclas Sahlgren. In 1823, it was moved to Oterdahl House, today a museum of medical history. In 1855, it was moved again to a building (now named Sociala Huset) in Carolus Dux at Västra Hamngatan and named Allmänna and Sahlgrenska Hospital. Since 1900, it was moved to its present premises in Änggården, and in 1936 it was named the Sahlgrenska Hospital.

On 24 June 2009, a 24,000 m2 new facility with 312 beds was officially opened. The new facility will enable rebuilding and renovation of older facilities at Sahlgrenska. The facility also features nephrology centre, dialysis, transplantation centre, stroke unit, hematology, and wards for medicine and surgery.

Östra Hospital
Östra Hospital was built during the 1960s.

Mölndal Hospital
Mölndal Hospital was completed on 14 May 1924, to replace an old hospital in Mölndals Kvarnby.

Notable people

 * Mats Brännström; professor of obstetrics and gynaecology; leader of the team behind the first successful uterus transplantation.
 * Nils Kock; former chief of surgical staff; developer of the Kock pouch surgical procedure.
 * Katharina Sunnerhagen, professor of rehabilitation medicine; created guidelines for stroke rehabilitation

In popular culture
Lisbeth Salander, a central character in the Millennium series by Stieg Larsson, is treated at Sahlgrenska Hospital after being shot.

title: Sahlgrenska University Hospital