text:
Communes of the Ain department

The following is a list of the 392 communes of the Ain department of France.

The communes cooperate in the following intercommunalities (as of 2020):
 * Communauté d'agglomération du Bassin de Bourg-en-Bresse
 * Haut-Bugey Agglomération
 * Communauté d'agglomération du Pays de Gex
 * Mâconnais Beaujolais Agglomération (partly)
 * Communauté d'agglomération Villefranche Beaujolais Saône (partly)
 * Communauté de communes Bresse et Saône
 * Communauté de communes Bugey Sud
 * Communauté de communes de la Côtière à Montluel
 * Communauté de communes de la Dombes
 * Communauté de communes Dombes Saône Vallée
 * Communauté de communes de Miribel et du Plateau
 * Communauté de communes du Pays Bellegardien
 * Communauté de communes de la Plaine de l'Ain
 * Communauté de communes Rives de l'Ain - Pays du Cerdon
 * Communauté de communes Usses et Rhône (partly)
 * Communauté de communes Val de Saône Centre
 * Communauté de communes de la Veyle

title: Communes of the Ain department


text:
Talk:Communes of the Ain department

Untitled
Some of those links are hitting existing entries--need to disambiguate them.

Done - User:Olivier

Bien fait - User:Quintessent

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Communes of the Ain department


text:
Ato Boldon

Ato Jabari Boldon (born 30 December 1973) is a Trinidadian former track and field athlete, politician, and four-time Olympic medal winner. He holds the Trinidad and Tobago national record in the 50, 60 and 200 metres events with times of 5.64, 6.49 and 19.77 seconds respectively, and also the Commonwealth Games record in the 100 m. He also held the 100m national record at 9.86s, having run it four times until Richard Thompson ran 9.85s on 13 August 2011.

After retiring from his track career, Boldon was an Opposition Senator in the Trinidad and Tobago Parliament, representing the United National Congress from 2006–2007. Boldon works as an NBC Sports television broadcast analyst for track and field.

Early life and junior career
Boldon was born in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago to a Jamaican mother, and Trinidadian father, Hope and Guy Boldon. He attended Fatima College (secondary school) in Trinidad before leaving for the United States at age fourteen. In December 1989, as a soccer player at Jamaica High School in Queens, New York City, head track and field coach Joe Trupiano noticed his sprinting abilities during a soccer practice session.

In his first track season at age 16, Boldon finished with 21.20 seconds in the 200 metres and 48.40 seconds in the 400 metres, recording a double win at the Queens County Championships in 1990, and earning MVP honours. After transferring for his final year from Jamaica High to Piedmont Hills High School in San Jose, California, Boldon was selected to the San Jose Mercury News' Santa Clara all-county soccer team. He also continued to sprint, placing third in the 200 m at the CIF California State Meet in 1991. Athletics became his primary focus and he won the Junior Olympic Title that summer in Durham, North Carolina, in 200 m.

At 18, Boldon represented Trinidad and Tobago at 100 metres and 200 m in the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona but did not qualify in the first round of either event. Boldon returned to the junior circuit, winning the 100 m and 200 m titles at the IAAF World Junior Championships in Athletics in Seoul, South Korea to become the first double sprint champion in World Junior Championships history.

Boldon was also an NCAA Champion while enrolled as a sociology major at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) in 1995 in the 200 m. In 1996, he secured an NCAA 100 m Championship in Eugene, Oregon in the final race of his collegiate career, setting an NCAA meet record of 9.92. Boldon also held the collegiate 100 m record with 9.90 s from 1996 until it was broken by Travis Padgett, who ran 9.89s, in 2008. Ngonidzashe Makusha later equalled this record at the 2011 NCAA Championships in Des Moines, Iowa

Senior athletics
Boldon won his first international senior-level medal at the 1995 World Championships, taking home the bronze in the 100 m. At the time, he was the youngest athlete ever at 21 years of age to win a medal in that event. The following year at the 1996 Summer Olympics, he again placed third in the 100 m and 200 m events, both behind world records. In 1997, he won the 200 m at the World Championships in Athens, Greece; his country's first world title in the Athletics World Championships. This made him one of only a few male sprinters to win both a World Junior and World Senior title.

The following year saw Boldon reaching the peak of his career, setting a new personal best and national record of 9.86 s in the 100 m at the Mt. SAC Relays in Walnut, California on 19 April and repeating the feat in Athens on 17 June. He picked up gold in the 100 m at the 1998 Commonwealth Games held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, setting a record time of 9.88 s, beating Namibia's Frankie Fredericks (9.96 s) and Barbados' Obadele Thompson (10.00 s). The Commonwealth Games 100 m record remains unbroken.

In 1999, Boldon ran 9.86 s twice in the 100 m before sustaining a serious hamstring injury which forced him to miss the World Championships in Seville – the only Championship he missed in his career due to injury.

A silver medal in the 100 m and a bronze in the 200 m were Boldon's results of the 2000 Summer Olympics, which was a personal victory, considering his comeback from a career-threatening injury the year before. This win made him the most successful individual Olympic medallist from Trinidad and Tobago with four Olympic medals.

In 2001, Boldon tested positive at an early-season relay meet for the stimulant ephedrine, and was given a warning, but was not suspended or sanctioned, since ephedrine is a substance found in many over the counter remedies, and Boldon had been treating a cold. "It is in no way something where the blame is laid on the athlete," said IAAF General Secretary István Gyulai of the positive result.

Also in 2001, at the World Championships in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Boldon finished fourth and out of the medals in the 100 m with 9.98 s, and then ran the second leg of his country's 4 x 100 metres relay, finishing third in the finals. This was Trinidad and Tobago's first 4 x 100 m relay medal in either World or Olympic competition and Boldon states that making national history with this team of young men (the average age of his teammates was 19) was his greatest accomplishment in his career. The colours of his 2001 World Championship medals would change in 2005 as both his placings were improved – he received bronze in the 100 m and the bronze relay medals were upgraded to silver after all the times and performances of the American sprinter Tim Montgomery (who was second in the 100 m and won the 4 x 100 m with the US team) were nullified due to serious doping violations. That brought Boldon's career total to four World Championship medals, to match his four Olympic medals.

Boldon was seriously injured in a head-on crash with a drunk driver in Barataria, Trinidad and Tobago, in July 2002, and never again ran sub-ten seconds in the 100 m or sub-twenty seconds for 200 m, something he had done on 37 separate occasions prior to 2002. In 2006, a judge in Trinidad found that Boldon was not at fault in that accident, and he was paid substantial damages as a result. That accident left Boldon with a serious hip injury, and he was a shadow of his former self as a sprinter. In 2004 at the Athens Olympic Games, he failed to advance out of the first round of the 100 m heats but captained his country's 4 x 100 m relay team to their first-ever Olympic final, where they finished seventh.

Boldon is the eighth person to win a medal for Trinidad and Tobago at the Olympics and currently has the third most wind-legal sub-10 second 100 m performances in history with 28, behind former training partner Maurice Greene, who has 52, and Jamaica's former 100 m World Record holder Asafa Powell, who leads with 97.

On 20 April 2008 The Observer published the contents of a letter believed to be by Boldon to John Smith, his former coach, accusing Smith, Maurice Greene of betraying him by obtaining banned drugs without his knowledge, lying about Greene competing without drugs and damaging his own career. But for a quote on the matter to HellenicAthletes.com, a website he wrote for at the time, Boldon has had no further official comment.

Broadcasting
At the 1999 World Championships in Seville, Spain, Boldon could not compete due to a serious injury. The British Broadcasting Corporation hired him to do commentary and analysis for their coverage of those Championships. He proved popular with the audience and was invited back as a track-side analyst for the BBC coverage of the U.S. Olympic Track and Field Trials in 2000, from Sacramento, California.

From 2005 to 2009, Boldon was in the broadcast booth for the U.S. Television network CBS as part of their commentary team for the NCAA Outdoor Track and Field Championships. In June 2007, he made his debut for NBC Sports as an analyst for the 2007 U.S. National Championships, and he also was an integral part of Versus and NBC's coverage of 2007 Osaka World Championships. In 2008, he was the sprint analyst at the US Olympic Track and Field Trials and the 2008 Summer Olympics for NBC Sports. Boldon was widely praised for his NBC work by the press, including the Los Angeles Times, USA Today and The New York Times which called him "one of NBC's best analysts, a blend of athletic smarts, charisma, precise analysis and brashness." In 2010, Boldon joined the only U.S. track and field broadcast team he had not previously been a regular part of, ESPN, after the departure of their long-time analyst, Larry Rawson. In 2012, he continued his role as the NBC track and field analyst for the 2012 Summer Olympics. In 2013, for his 2012 London Olympic commentary, Boldon became the first and only track and field broadcaster in US history to be nominated for a Sports Emmy Award. He was nominated in the category of Outstanding Sports Personality, Sports Event Analyst. Cris Collinsworth, his friend and colleague from NBC Sports' Sunday Night Football, eventually won the Emmy, his fifth win in a row. Alongside Tom Feuer, Boldon has served as a game analyst for Track & Field events for the Pac-12 Network

In 2017, Boldon joined NASCAR on NBC broadcast as a features contributor.

Politics
Boldon was sworn in on 14 February 2006 as a Senator representing the Opposition United National Congress following the resignation of former Senator Roy Augustus, who resigned on 13 February in a dispute over the leadership style of then Leader of the Opposition Basdeo Panday. Boldon resigned on 11 April 2007 after 14 months as a senator, also citing issues with Panday's leadership ability.

Media
In 2006, Boldon wrote, produced and directed a 73-minute DVD film entitled Once in a Lifetime: Boldon in Bahrain which documented his voyage with fellow fans and Trinidad and Tobago nationals to the Kingdom of Bahrain, where the country's soccer team, the Soca Warriors, defeated Bahrain 1–0 in a playoff to become the smallest country ever to qualify for the FIFA World Cup, qualifying to play at the Germany 2006 tournament.

Coaching
Boldon began coaching Khalifa St. Fort around 2012 and helped her improve her 100 m from 12.3 to 11.5 seconds after one month. St. Fort won the silver medal at the 2015 World Youth Championships in Athletics and a bronze in the relay at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics.

Personal life
Boldon married entertainment executive/manager Cassandra Mills in 1998 after a three-year courtship. Boldon and Mills divorced in 2007. They had no children together. He has one daughter from a previous relationship. He had a daughter with news anchor Neki Mohan in 2007. They split up in 2018. He resides in Florida. Boldon also holds U.S. citizenship.

In 2000, Boldon was made a sports ambassador by the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago and given a diplomatic passport. He is widely viewed as one of the all-time leading sportsmen in the history of the Caribbean, as well as one of its most internationally recognizable spokesmen. When Trinidad and Tobago hosted the 2001 FIFA U-17 World Championship in association football, one of the new stadiums constructed for the tournament was located in Couva and named Ato Boldon Stadium. Thus Boldon became only the second island sprinter at the time to have a stadium named after him after the 1976 Olympic champion Hasely Crawford (Hasley Crawford Stadium located in the capital Port of Spain).

Boldon is a qualified pilot, having earned his private pilot's license in August 2005. He is a member of the AOPA, Aircraft Owners and Pilot's Association.

Achievements
On 4 November 2011, Boldon was inducted into the UCLA Athletics Hall of Fame.

Personal bests

 * All information taken from IAAF profile.

title: Ato Boldon


text:
Communes of the Aisne department

The following is a list of the 798 communes in the French department of Aisne.

The communes cooperate in the following intercommunalities (as of 2020):
 * Communauté d'agglomération Chauny Tergnier La Fère
 * Communauté d'agglomération du Pays de Laon
 * Communauté d'agglomération de la Région de Château-Thierry
 * Communauté d'agglomération du Saint-Quentinois
 * CA GrandSoissons Agglomération
 * Communauté de communes du Canton de Charly-sur-Marne
 * Communauté de communes du Canton d'Oulchy-le-Château
 * Communauté de communes de la Champagne Picarde
 * Communauté de communes du Chemin des Dames
 * Communauté de communes de l'Est de la Somme (partly)
 * Communauté de communes du Pays de la Serre
 * Communauté de communes du Pays du Vermandois
 * Communauté de communes Picardie des Châteaux
 * Communauté de communes des Portes de la Thiérache
 * Communauté de communes Retz en Valois
 * Communauté de communes de la Thiérache du Centre
 * Communauté de communes Thiérache Sambre et Oise
 * Communauté de communes des Trois Rivières
 * Communauté de communes du Val de l'Aisne
 * Communauté de communes du Val de l'Oise

title: Communes of the Aisne department


text:
Communes of the Allier department

The following is a list of the 317 communes of the Allier department of France.

Intercommunalities
The communes cooperate in the following intercommunalities (as of 2020):
 * Communauté d'agglomération Montluçon Communauté (CAML)
 * Communauté d'agglomération Moulins Communauté (CAMO, partly)
 * Communauté d'agglomération Vichy Communauté (CAV)
 * Communauté de communes du Bocage Bourbonnais
 * Communauté de communes Commentry Montmarault Néris Communauté
 * Communauté de communes Entr'Allier Besbre et Loire
 * Communauté de communes Le Grand Charolais (partly)
 * Communauté de communes du Pays d'Huriel
 * Communauté de communes du Pays de Lapalisse
 * Communauté de communes du Pays de Tronçais
 * Communauté de communes Saint-Pourçain Sioule Limagne
 * Communauté de communes du Val de Cher

List of communes
List of the 317 communes:

Former communes
Former communes in Allier (communes nouvelles):
 * Givarlais, Louroux-Hodement, Maillet merged into Haut-Bocage on 1 January 2016;
 * Meaulne, Vitray merged into Meaulne-Vitray on 1 January 2017.

title: Communes of the Allier department


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Talk:Bailey County, Texas

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Talk:Bandera County, Texas

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Fair use rationale for File:Bandera County tx seal.gif
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Talk:Bastrop County, Texas

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Population Growth?
As this county has transitioned from rural to suburban, it would be a good idea to add historical census population counts, as with many U.S. counties.69.15.219.71 (talk) 20:01, 7 September 2011 (UTC)

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Other films
Transformers 4 had a section filmed in Elgin, TX inside and possibly around one of the old cotton gin buildings. http://news.tfw2005.com/2013/06/09/transformers-4-filming-details-from-elgin-texas-177679 - Is this a reliable enough source? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.227.92.114 (talk) 03:56, 13 June 2017 (UTC)

The insufferable redundancy of Wikipedia
I just cleaned up the list of films shot in Bastrop County and eliminated the overwhelming about of tags. You people waste so much tagging the same city over and over and over. If you have movies filmed in the same place multiple times, you only need to tag that city once. Also, why not make an even more streamlined list by naming the films in alphabetical order by city, Filmed in Bastrop, Elgin, Smithville? No, you people love your redundancy, don't ya?--67.86.58.61 (talk) 20:05, 3 November 2020 (UTC)

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Talk:Baylor County, Texas

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Talk:Bee County, Texas

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Talk:Bell County, Texas

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Outlaw Concealed Carry or Enact CHL?
Article (w/ no citation) claims: "1995 As a result of the Luby’s shooting, Governor George W. Bush signs new law requiring a permit for concealed weapons." Is that right? Or is it that the new law ALLOWED concealed carry with permit (CHL)? (EnochBethany (talk) 13:24, 9 October 2015 (UTC))
 * The law allowed concealed carry -- it was not a new requirement for carry. Someone reverted my correction of the misleading paragraph, done with reliable secondary source.  Why?  (EnochBethany (talk) 15:07, 25 October 2015 (UTC))
 * Since no one came up with any reason for deleting the historical fact that the CHL law was less restrictive on carrying guns & rather revolutionary in Texas history, I have restored the facts with the citation. If the CHL law is to be included in this article, then it should be clear as to what it meant historically, regardless as to whether or not some editor likes the law or not.  The Luby shooting in Bell County apparently did not result in restricting gun rights, but in expanding them.  (EnochBethany (talk) 01:51, 1 November 2015 (UTC))
 * That make sense to me since IIRC the general talking point was "if only people there had been packing they could have stopped this sort of thing". Herostratus (talk) 03:17, 1 November 2015 (UTC)

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Talk:Bexar County, Texas

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Cities section
I removed several cities because they were not incorporated towns. There are a number of other unincorporated towns/places in Bexar County that would have to be included if we included those. — Mateo SA | talk 00:07, Aug 21, 2004

Heraldry
Should show and discuss arms. --Daniel C. Boyer 17:51, 28 September 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for File:Bexar.gif
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Pronunciation of "Bexar" in English
Any reference?--Whhalbert 22:13, 9 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I've added the first one that popped up. There are probably hundreds - let me know if I need to find something more authoritative than a chamber of commerce site.  I swear 99.99% of the people here simply pronounce it "BEAR" and drop any pretense of its Spanish origin (which I sometimes hear as "BAY-HAR").  You can always spot the yankees when they call it "BECKS-AR". :)  Kuru  talk  00:26, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

= LPM: I have studied Spanish a lot and I think "Bay-har" is just about right. The X in Spanish usually works just like a J, i.e., with the sound we associate with H in English. Also "Bay-har" easily elides into "Bear". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.131.198.173 (talk) 02:36, 19 December 2009 (UTC)

Actually, "Bexar" is pronounced "Be-har" in Spanish, not "Bay-har". The "e" in Spanish is pronounced the same as the "e" in English (short vowel). Just like one wouldn't pronounce "egg" in English, "ay-gg", one shouldn't pronounce any Spanish word with the letter "e" as "ay". — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jaimeisanchez (talk • contribs) 03:18, 25 August 2017 (UTC)

 * Likely true; the name of the city that the county takes its name from is Béjar, so bay-har in spanish. Academic, as the name of the county has long ago corrupted into the pronunciation of "bear", as have many places in southern texas.  Kuru  talk  02:52, 19 December 2009 (UTC)

I've added the "bear" pronunciation and a reference. 132.162.76.254 (talk) 18:12, 19 April 2015 (UTC)

Pronunciation of Bexar
Since an anon keeps reverting the addition of the pronunciation without explaining why I thought that I would bring this issue up here. Anyway should we include the pronunciation of Bexar in the article or not? Fei noh a  Talk 02:48, 22 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Sure. Uncommon pronunciation of an oddly spelled word. I don't know what the counter point would be. There's been a long term problem with an IP that just randomly removes it; not clear on why. Kuru   (talk)  19:05, 7 August 2016 (UTC)

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Talk:Blanco County, Texas

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___________________________________________

I have removed a tag regarding the History section, suggesting prose in place of a list. The "list" is a timeline, an acceptable style for presenting chronological events. It's the clearest method to convey the events without making the reader wade through verbiage. Maile66 (talk) 01:47, 1 April 2010 (UTC)

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Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

The following is a list of the 198 communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department of France.

The communes cooperate in the following intercommunalities (as of 2020):
 * Communauté d'agglomération Durance-Luberon-Verdon Agglomération (partly)
 * Communauté d'agglomération Gap-Tallard-Durance (partly)
 * Communauté d'agglomération Provence-Alpes
 * Communauté de communes Alpes Provence Verdon - Sources de Lumière
 * Communauté de communes Haute-Provence Pays de Banon
 * Communauté de communes Jabron Lure Vançon Durance (partly)
 * Communauté de communes Pays d'Apt-Luberon (partly)
 * Communauté de communes Pays de Forcalquier - Montagne de Lure
 * Communauté de communes de Serre-Ponçon (partly)
 * Communauté de communes Serre-Ponçon Val d'Avance (partly)
 * Communauté de communes du Sisteronais Buëch (partly)
 * Communauté de communes Vallée de l'Ubaye Serre-Ponçon


text:
Dauphiné

The Dauphiné  is a former province in southeastern France, whose area roughly corresponded to that of the present departments of Isère, Drôme and Hautes-Alpes. The Dauphiné was originally the Dauphiné of Viennois.

In the 12th century, the local ruler Count Guigues IV of Albon (c. 1095–1142) bore a dolphin on his coat of arms and was nicknamed le Dauphin (French for 'dolphin'). His descendants changed their title from Count of Albon to Dauphin of Viennois. The state took the name of Dauphiné. It became a state of the Holy Roman Empire in the 11th century.

In 1349, the Dauphiné was transferred from the last non-royal Dauphin (who had great debts and no direct heir) to the future king of France, Charles V, through the purchase of lands. The terms of the transfer stipulated that the heir apparent of France would henceforth be called le Dauphin and included significant autonomy and tax exemption for the Dauphiné region, most of which it retained only until 1457, though it remained a province until the French Revolution. Dauphin of France remained the title of the eldest son of a king of France and the heir apparent to the French crown until 1830.

The historical capital is Grenoble and the other main towns are Vienne, Valence, Montélimar, Gap and Romans-sur-Isère. The demonym for its inhabitants is Dauphinois.

Geography
Under the Ancien Régime, the province was bordered in the North by the River Rhône which separated the Dauphiné from the Bresse ("Brêsse") and Bugey ("Bugê"). To the east it bordered the Savoy and Piedmont, and to the south the Comtat Venaissin and Provence. The western border was marked by the Rhône to the south of Lyon. The Dauphiné extended up to what is now the centre of Lyon. It was divided into the "High Dauphiné" and "Low Dauphiné". The first covered:
 * the Grésivaudan
 * the Royans
 * the Champsaur
 * the Trièves
 * the Briançonnais
 * the Queyras
 * the Embrunais
 * the Gapençais
 * the Dévoluy
 * the Vercors
 * the Bochaine
 * the Baronnies

The second included:
 * the County of Albon with the Viennois around the city of Vienne, annexed in 1450 and the Turripinois around the city of La Tour-du-Pin.
 * the County of Valentinois with the city of Valence, annexed in 1404
 * the County of Diois, around the episcopal city of Die, also annexed in 1404
 * the Tricastin
 * the Principality of Orange annexed to Dauphiné, (in 1793 it was included in the Vaucluse)

The province also included the current Italian Dauphiné, which belonged to France and to Briançonnais until 1713. Vivaro-Alpine dialect was still spoken there until the 20th century:
 * the Oulx valley
 * the Pragela (Pragelato et Val Chisone)
 * the Castelade de Châteaudauphin (Casteldelfino in Italian).

The province offers a range of terrain, from the alpine summits of the High-Dauphiné (the Barre des Ecrins is 4,102 meters at its highest point), the Prealps (Vercors and Chartreuse), and the plains of the Drôme, which resemble the landscapes of Provence.

Roman rule and the early Middle Ages
The area of the future Dauphiné was inhabited by the Allobroges and other Gaulish tribes in ancient times. The region was conquered by the Romans before the Gallia conquest by Julius Caesar. Vienne became a Roman colony and one of the most important cities of Gallia.

After the end of the Western Roman Empire, the region suffered from invasions of Visigoths and Alans tribes. The Burgundians settled in Vienne. After the Treaty of Verdun in 843, the region became part of the kingdom of Lotharingia. However, the King of France Charles the Bald soon claimed authority over this territory.

The governor of Vienne, Boson of Provence, proclaimed himself king of Burgundy and the region became part of the Kingdom of Burgundy, which remained independent until 1032, when it became part of the Holy Roman Empire.

At that time, the development of feudal society and the weakness of the Emperor's rule allowed for the creation of several small ecclesiastic or secularist States (the region of Viennois, for example, was under the rule of the archbishop of Vienne). In the middle of that chaos, the Counts of Albon succeeded in uniting these different territories under their rule.

Imperial fief (1040–1349)
Amidst the chaos of feudal rule, the Counts of Albon began to rise above other feudal lords and acquire dominance over the region. Their story begins with Guigues I the Old (died 1070), Lord of Annonay and Champsaur. During his reign, he gained significant territories for his province: a part of the Viennois, the Grésivaudan and the Oisans. Moreover, the Emperor gave him the region of Briançon. The territories combined under his personal rule became a sovereign mountain principality within the Holy Roman Empire. The count made a significant decision when he chose the small city of Grenoble as capital of his state instead of the prestigious city of Vienne, which was the long-established seat of a powerful bishop. This choice allowed him to assert authority over all his territories.

In the 12th century, the local ruler Count Guigues IV of Albon (c.1095–1142) bore a dolphin on his coat of arms and was nicknamed le Dauphin (French for dolphin). His descendants changed their title from Count of Albon to Dauphin of Viennois. The state took the name of Dauphiné.

However, the Dauphiné did not, at this point, have its modern borders. The region of Vienne and Valence were independent and even in Grenoble, the capital, the authority was shared with the bishop. Furthermore, the cities of Voiron and la Côte-Saint-André were parts of the County of Savoy, while the Dauphins had the Faucigny and territories in Italy. This tangle between Dauphiné and Savoy resulted in several conflicts. The last Dauphin, Humbert II of Viennois, made peace with his neighbour. He also acquired the city of Romans. He finally created the Conseil Delphinal and the University of Grenoble and enacted the Delphinal Status, a kind of constitution that protected the rights of his people.

French rule
The significant debts of Humbert II and the death of his son and heir led to the sale of his lordship to King Philip VI in 1349, by the terms of the treaty of Romans, negotiated by his protonotary, Amblard de Beaumont. A major condition was that the heir to the throne of France would be known as le Dauphin, which was the case from that time until the French Revolution; the first Dauphin de France was Philippe's grandson, the future Charles V of France. The title also conferred an appanage on the region. Charles V spent nine months in his new territory.

Humbert's agreement further stipulated that Dauphiné would be exempted from many taxes (like the gabelle); this statute was the subject of much subsequent parliamentary debate at the regional level, as local leaders sought to defend this regional autonomy and privilege from the state's assaults.

The nobility of the Dauphiné took part in the battles of Poitiers (1356) and Agincourt (1415). The province was also the setting for military events during the war. The Duke of Savoy and the Prince of Orange, with the help of the English and Burgundian authorities, planned to invade the Dauphiné, but at the battle of Anthon in 1430, the army of the Principality of Orange was defeated by the troops of the Dauphiné, preventing the invasion.

Louis XI was the only Dauphin of France to administer his territory, from 1447 to 1456. It was during his reign as Dauphin that the Dauphiné became totally integrated into France. At that time, it was an anarchic state, with conflicts between nobles still common. Louis XI prohibited these conflicts and forced the nobles to recognize his authority. The Conseil Delphinal became the third Parlement of France. Moreover, Louis XI politically united the Dauphiné. He forced the archbishop of Vienne, the bishop of Grenoble and the abbot of Romans all to pledge allegiance to him. He also acquired Montélimar and the Principality of Orange.

In addition, he developed the economy of the province, by constructing roads and authorizing markets. He finally created the University of Valence founded 26 July 1452, by letters patent. Nevertheless, he also tried to institute the gabelle without referring the issue to the estates of the province, resulting in discontent on the part of the nobility and the people of the province. Because of his opposition to his father, Charles VII, he was forced to leave the Dauphiné. The King took back the control of the province and forced the Estates to pledge allegiance in 1457.

Imperial suzerainty was not entirely forgotten in the 15th century. The Emperor Sigismund negotiated with King Henry V of England to give the Dauphiné to an English prince. The Dauphinois also did not forget their autonomy. The Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges (1438), which exposed Gallicanism, and the Concordat of Bologna (1516), which rectified France with the Papacy, were both promulgated for France and the Dauphiné distinctly. The Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts (1539), on the other hand, which made French the official language of France, since it was not issued by the king as dauphin was not recognised in the Dauphiné. A second ordinance was promulgated at Abbeville on 9 April 1540 by the king as dauphin and this the Dauphinois parliament accepted.

Time of troubles

During the Italian Wars (1494–1559), French troops were quartered in Dauphiné. Charles VIII, Louis XII and Francis I stayed often in Grenoble, but the people of the province suffered the exactions of the soldiers. Moreover, the nobility of the region took part in the different battles (Marignano, Pavia) and gained an immense prestige. The best-known of its members was Pierre Terrail de Bayard, "the knight without fear and beyond reproach".

The province suffered from the French Wars of Religion (1562–98) between Catholics and Protestants at the end of the 16th century. The Dauphiné was a center of Protestantism in France, in cities such as Gap, Die, and La Mure. François de Beaumont, the Huguenot leader, became famous for his cruelty and his destructions.

The cruel execution of Charles du Puy-Montbrun, leader of the Protestants, by the king of France, led to more violence and struggles between the two parties.

In 1575, Lesdiguières became the new leader of the Protestants and obtained several territories in the province. After the accession of Henry IV to the throne of France, Lesdiguières allied with the governor and the lieutenant general of Dauphiné. However, this alliance did not put an end to the conflicts. Indeed, a Catholic movement, la Ligue, which took Grenoble in 1590, refused to make peace. After months of assaults, Lesdiguières defeated the Ligue and took back Grenoble. He became the leader of the entire province.

Administration of Lesdiguières (1591–1626)
The conflicts were over, but Dauphiné was destroyed and its people exhausted. The enactment of the Edict of Nantes (1598) restored some civil rights to the Huguenots and brought peace for a short time, but the wars resumed soon afterward.

Lesdiguières defeated the army of Savoy several times and helped the reconstruction of the region. His most famous construction is the Palace of Vizille, built for his personal use.

The last meeting of the Estates of Dauphiné took place in 1628. It symbolizes the end of the liberty of the province. From that time, the important decisions were taken by the representatives of the king. It shows the progress of Absolutism.

From Louis XIV to the French Revolution
The revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV in 1685 caused the departure of 20,000 Protestants from Dauphiné, weakening the economy of the province. Some valleys lost half of their inhabitants.

In 1692, during the Nine Years' War, the Duke of Savoy invaded the Dauphiné. Gap and Embrun were badly damaged. But the Savoy armies were defeated by the French Marshal Nicolas Catinat and Philis de La Charce leading a peasant army.

In 1713, the Treaty of Utrecht changed the borders of Dauphiné. The province gained the town of Barcelonette but lost the major part of the Briançonnais.

The 18th century was a period of economic prosperity for the region, with the development of the industry (glove-making in Grenoble, silk mills in the Rhône valley). Important trade shows also occurred at Grenoble or Beaucroissant.

In 1787, the province was one of the first to demand the meeting of the Estates General of France. The turning point occurred in 1788 with the Day of the Tiles. The King ordered the expulsion of the parliamentarians from Grenoble. In part because the economy of the city was dependent on its Parliament, the local people attacked the royal troops by throwing tiles from roofs to prevent the expulsion of the magistrates. This event allowed the sitting of the Assembly of Vizille, which instigated the meeting of the old Estates General, thus beginning the Revolution.

Revolutionary period and Empire
During the French Revolution, Dauphiné was highly represented in Paris by two illustrious notables from Grenoble, Jean Joseph Mounier and Antoine Barnave.

In 1790, Dauphiné was divided in three departments, the current Isère, Drôme, and Hautes-Alpes.

The approval of the establishment of the Empire was clear and overwhelming in the Dauphiné. In Isère, the results showed 82,084 yes and only 12 no.

In 1813, Dauphiné was under the threat of the Austrian army which had invaded Switzerland and Savoy. After having resisted at Fort Barraux, the French troops withdrew to Grenoble. The city, well-defended, contained the Austrian attacks, and the French army defeated the Austrians, forcing them to withdraw at Geneva. But the invasion of France in 1814 resulted in the capitulation of the troops in Dauphiné.

During his return from the island of Elba in 1815, the Emperor was welcomed by the people in the region. At Laffrey, he met the royalist 5th Infantry Regiment of Louis XVIII. Napoleon stepped towards the soldiers and said those famous words: "If there is among you a soldier who wants to kill his Emperor, here I am." The men all joined his cause. Napoleon was then acclaimed at Grenoble. After the defeat at Waterloo, the region suffered from a new invasion of Austrian and Sardinian troops.

19th century
This century corresponds to a significant industrial development of Dauphiné, particularly in the region of Grenoble (glove-making reached its Golden Age at that time) and the Rhone Valley (silk mills). The shoemaking industry also developed in Romans.

During the Second Empire, the Dauphiné saw the construction of its railway network (the first trains arrived at Valence in 1854 and Grenoble in 1858). The driving of new roads in the Vercors and Chartreuse ranges allowed the beginning of tourism in the province. Moreover, several notable persons such as Queen Victoria came in the region with the success of thermal stations such as Uriage-les-Bains.

In 1869, Aristide Berges played a major role in industrializing hydroelectricity production. With the development of his paper mills, industrial development spread to the mountainous region of Dauphiné.

20th century
During the Belle Époque, the region benefited from major transformations thanks to its economic growth. The Romanche Valley became one of the most important industrial valleys of the country. World War I accelerated that trend. Indeed, in order to sustain the war efforts, new hydroelectric industries settled next to different rivers of the region. Several other businesses moved into armament industries. Chemical companies also settled in the region of Grenoble and near Roussillon in the Rhone Valley.

The textile industry of Dauphiné also benefited from the war. The occupation of northern France resulted in the settlement of many textile enterprises in the region. Vienne for instance produced one fifth of the national production of sheets for the army in 1915.

Several Alpine troops, the Chasseurs Alpins, were killed at war. They were nicknamed the "Blue Devils" for their courage on the field.

The economic development of the region was highlighted by the organisation at Grenoble of the International Exposition of the "Houille Blanche" in 1925, visited by thousands of people.

The interwar period was also characterized by the beginning of the winter sports in Dauphiné. The ski resort of l'Alpe d'Huez was constructed in 1936, and Jean Pomagalski created there the first platter lift in the world.

In World War II, during the Italian invasion of France, the Chasseurs Alpins contained the Italian troops, preventing an invasion of the region. But the German victories in northern France quickly threatened the troops in Dauphiné. The Nazis were stopped near Grenoble, at Voreppe. The French forces resisted until the armistice. The Dauphiné was then part of the French State, before being occupied by the Italians from 1942 to 1943, when the Germans occupied southern France.

Due to its mountainous character, Dauphiné was the seat of strong partisan activity. The best known was the Maquis du Vercors. In 1944, its members suffered from German attacks. The martyr village of Vassieux as well as Grenoble were made Compagnon de la Libération by General Charles de Gaulle, to underline their actions against the Nazis.

In 1947, a bicycle race was created by a newspaper Le Dauphiné libéré to promote its circulation. After World War II, as cycling recovered from a universal five- or six-year hiatus, the Grenoble-based newspaper decided to create and organize a cycling stage race covering the Dauphiné region. This created the Critérium du Dauphiné before 2010 known as the Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré, is an annual cycling road race in the Dauphiné region. The race is run over eight days during the first half of June. It is part of the UCI World Tour calendar and counts as one of the foremost races in the lead-up to the Tour de France in July, along with the Tour de Suisse in the latter half of June.

In 1968, Grenoble welcomed the Xth Olympic Winter Games, allowing a major transformation of the city, the development of infrastructure (airport, motorways, etc.) and new ski resorts (Chamrousse, Les Deux Alpes, Villard-de-Lans, etc.).

Demography
The various territories of Dauphiné experienced diverging demographic evolutions. The plains of Low Dauphiné and the large cities saw their population strongly increase during the 20th century (thanks to the industrial development and immigrant workers' arrival), while the mountainous regions of High-Dauphiné suffered from a pronounced exodus.

These days, the entire territory is experiencing population growth because of economic development and tourism.

The population of the Dauphiné was relatively stable until the mid-20th century, when growth became more rapid. However it should be remembered that several cities of northern Dauphiné (Villeurbanne, Vénissieux, Bron and others) are included in the Lyon Metropolis. In 1999, the population of these cities was over 460,000.

Histogram of the evolution since 1801:

Dauphiné has a population density of 98.0/km2, with a very clear differentiation between Isère (169/km2) and Hautes-Alpes (26/km2).

Grenoble concentrates around a third of the population of Dauphiné, and Valence is now the second largest Dauphiné metropolis. Dauphiné also has a network of mid-sized cities covering all its territory (Vienne, Montélimar, Gap, etc.). A considerable part of the Isère department lies in the functional urban area of Lyon, including the cities Vienne, L'Isle-d'Abeau and Bourgoin-Jallieu.

The largest functional urban areas of Dauphiné are:

Gastronomy

Dauphiné is known for some culinary specialities:
 * Dishes
 * Raviole du Dauphiné
 * Gratin dauphinois
 * Pommes dauphines
 * Cheeses
 * Saint-Marcellin
 * Saint-Félicien
 * Picodon
 * Bleu du Vercors-Sassenage (previously bleu de Sassenage)
 * Wines and spirits
 * Coteaux du Tricastin
 * Clairette de Die
 * Chartreuse (verte, jaune, etc.)
 * Crozes-hermitage
 * Hermitage
 * Confectionery
 * Nougat de Montélimar

Other meanings
The Dauphiné, or the Critérium du Dauphiné (formerly the [Critérium du] Dauphiné libéré, after the newspaper Le Dauphiné libéré that until 2010 had been sponsoring the event since its creation in 1947), is a multiple stage bicycle race. Amongst its winners one saw many of the most famous cyclists, e.g.: Louison Bobet, Henry Anglade, Jacques Anquetil, Raymond Poulidor, Luis Ocaña, Eddy Merckx, Bernard Thévenet, Bernard Hinault, Greg LeMond (by disqualification of the first arrived Pascal Simon ), Phil Anderson, Luis Herrera, Charly Mottet, Miguel Indurain, Alexander Vinokourov, Tyler Hamilton, Alejandro Valverde, Bradley Wiggins and Chris Froome. Annually during a week in June, cycling fans in most European countries watch the prestigious road race in and around the Dauphiné area on live television.

title: Dauphiné


text:
Talk:Philip K. Dick Award

Copyright notice
A prior version of the list bore the following copyright notice:

 * This file is from the Sf-Lovers Archives at Rutgers University. It is provided as part of a free service in connection with distribution of Sf-Lovers Digest. This file is currently maintained by the moderator of the Digest. It may be freely copied or redistributed in whole or in part as long as this notice and any copyright notices or other identifying headers or trailers remain intact. If you would like to know more about Sf-Lovers Digest, send mail to SF-LOVERS-REQUEST@RUTGERS.EDU.

Moved from the article by -Smack 00:07, 14 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Such copyright notice would not be appropriate since the list itself is published initially by the award administrators and the facts themselves are not copyrightable. Pleasantville 22:09, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

Dates
The opening paragraph says this has been awarded since 1983. However, the first on the list is 1982. ? -- Sam

arent these types of awards given out to books published the previous year? so that books published in 82 would be eligible for the 83 award, books published in 83 eligible for the 84 award, etc? so that the award has been given out since 83, but the first book to receive the award was first published in 82 (and received the award the following year)? Nateji77 02:27, 3 Jul 2004 (UTC)

2004 Problems
I apologize for the layout problems with the 2004 nominees. I think the length of one of the titles was throwing things off, ergo I had to get rid of the HTML. Maybe somebody who knows more about it can fix it.Bjones

Problems with list: nominees missing, wrong book included
I am a Wiki virgin and don't trust my abilities to edit this page without screwing it up. I'm a collector, and I've been following the PKD Award since its inception.

I would like to point out (to someone with better chops than I possess) that the information being presented here is wrong -

There are about five or six early PKD nominees not present here, and there is a book listed (the Lisle) that, to my knowledge, was never actually nominated for the PKD award.

I suppose I'll have to go look up a source and fix it myself, but I'd be grateful if somebody with experience at editing did it first. Of the top of my head, (and unsourced, except from my own contemporary notes) missing are at least the following:

- Sladek, "Roderick" - Coetzee, "Waiting for the Barbarians" - Tem "Umbral Anthology of SF Poetry" - Lafferty "Aurelia" - Fairbairns "Benefits" - and possibly more that I'm not recalling. These are nominees from the early years of the PKD Award, probably 1982 and 1983

4.157.71.17 18:18, 16 December 2006 (UTC) ("As You Know" Bob, not yet a registerd user, but I suppose I'll sign up.)

Are the lists different from those on the site for the award itself? The list on the award site should be the canonical list. (See . Pleasantville 22:11, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Most lists (e.g. Locus magazine, amazon.com, etc.) give the year of the award as the year awarded (which takes place in January), while the site has them listed by eligibility year. Hal peridol 18:48, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

There are an AWFUL lot of red links on this page
Any thoughts on delinking the red links? TechBear | Talk | Contributions 19:45, 1 April 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Philip K. Dick Award


text:
Sedona, Arizona

Sedona is a city that straddles the county line between Coconino and Yavapai counties in the northern Verde Valley region of the U.S. state of Arizona. As of the 2010 census, its population was 10,031. It is within the Coconino National Forest.

Sedona's main attraction is its array of red sandstone formations. The formations appear to glow in brilliant orange and red when illuminated by the rising or setting sun. The red rocks form a popular backdrop for many activities, ranging from spiritual pursuits to the hundreds of hiking and mountain biking trails. Sedona is also the home to the nationally recognized McDonald's with turquoise arches, instead of the traditional Golden Arches.

Sedona was named after Sedona Schnebly whose husband, Theodore Carlton Schnebly, was the city's first postmaster. She was celebrated for her hospitality and industriousness. Her mother, Amanda Miller, claimed to have made the name up because "it sounded pretty".

Anglo-American settlement
The first Anglo settler, John J. Thompson, moved to Oak Creek Canyon in 1876, an area well known for its peach and apple orchards. The early settlers were farmers and ranchers. In 1902, when the Sedona post office was established, there were 55 residents. In the mid-1950s, the first telephone directory listed 155 names. Some parts of the Sedona area were not electrified until the 1960s.

Sedona began to develop as a tourist destination, vacation-home and retirement center in the 1950s. Most of the development seen today was constructed in the 1980s and 1990s. As of 2007, there are no large tracts of undeveloped land remaining.

Important early settlers included the Steele family, originally of Scotland.

Chapel of the Holy Cross
In 1956, construction of the Chapel of the Holy Cross was completed. The chapel rises 70 ft out of a 1000 ft redrock cliff. The most prominent feature of the chapel is the cross. Later a chapel was added. Inside the chapel there is a window and a cross with benches and pews.

Cinematic legacy
Sedona played host to more than sixty Hollywood productions from the first years of movies into the 1970s. Stretching as far back as 1923, Sedona's red rocks were a fixture in major Hollywood productions – including films such as Angel and the Badman, Desert Fury, Blood on the Moon, Johnny Guitar, The Last Wagon, 3:10 to Yuma and Broken Arrow. However, the surroundings typically were identified to audiences as the terrain of Texas, California, Nevada, and even Canada–US border territory. The town lent its name to the 2011 film Sedona, which is set in the community.

Brins Fire

On June 18, 2006, a wildfire, reportedly started by campers, began about one mile (2 km) north of Sedona. The Brins Fire covered 4317 acre on Brins Mesa, Wilson Mountain and in Oak Creek Canyon before the USDA Forest Service declared it 100 percent contained on June 28. Containment cost was estimated at $6.4 million.

Slide Fire
On May 20, 2014, a wildfire started from an unknown cause began north of Sedona at Slide Rock State Park. The Slide Fire spread across 21,227 acres in Oak Creek Canyon over nine days and prompted evacuations. State Route 89A opened to Flagstaff in June, but all parking and canyon access was closed to the public until October 1, 2014.

Geography
Sedona is located in the interior chaparral, semi-desert grassland, Great Basin conifer woodland biomes of northern Arizona. Sedona has mild winters and warm summers.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 49.7 km2 of which 0.1 sqkm, or 0.22%, is water.

Flora
Sedona interior chaparral has many shrubs and small tree species of Quercus turbinella and Rhus ovata and a large population of Quercus palmeri. The Great Basin woodland has many small to medium trees of Pinus monophylla Var. fallax, Juniperus arizonica, Juniperus deppeana, Juniperus osteosperma, and Juniperus monosperma and a large population of Cupressus glabra. At higher elevations in Oak Creek Canyon Juniperus virginiana, Pinus edulis and other pines occur.

Geology
The red rocks of Sedona are formed by a unique layer of rock known as the Schnebly Hill Formation. The Schnebly Hill Formation is a thick layer of red to orange-colored sandstone found only in the Sedona vicinity. The sandstone, a member of the Supai Group, was deposited during the Permian Period. Notable landforms in or around Sedona include the Seven Sacred Pools, Bell Rock, Capitol Butte, Cathedral Rock, Courthouse Butte, Devil's Kitchen Sinkhole, House Mountain, and Wilson Mountain which is the highest.

Climate
Sedona has a temperate semi-arid climate. In January, the average high temperature is 57 °F (14 °C) with a low of 31 °F (−1 °C). In July, the average high temperature is 97 °F (34 °C) with a low of 64 °F (17 °C). Annual precipitation is just over 19 in.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 10,192 people, 4,928 households, and 2,863 families residing in the city. The population density was 548.0 PD/sqmi. There were 5,684 housing units at an average density of 305.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 92.2% White, 0.5% Black or African American, 0.5% Native American, 0.9% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 4.3% from other races, and 1.6% from two or more races. 8.9% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

At the 2000 census there were 7,229 people living in the Yavapai County (western) portion of the city (70.9% of its population) and 2,963 living in the Coconino County (eastern) portion (29.1%). By land area Yavapai had 66.2% of its area, versus 33.8% for Coconino.

There were 4,928 households, out of which 15.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.6% were married couples living together, 6.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.9% were non-families. 32.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.06 and the average family size was 2.52.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 13.7% under the age of 18, 4.5% from 18 to 24, 21.2% from 25 to 44, 35.0% from 45 to 64, and 25.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 50 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.9 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $44,042, and the median income for a family was $52,659. Males had a median income of $32,067 versus $24,453 for females. The per capita income for the city was $31,350. About 4.7% of families and 9.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.1% of those under age 18 and 5.0% of those age 65 or over.

Arts and culture

Annual events include:
 * St. Patrick's Day parade, Celebration of Spring, Sedona Food Truck Festival, Red Dirt Concerts, Pumpkin Splash, and WagFest and Fair.
 * Sedona Marathon.
 * Sedona Miracle Annual Charity Fundraiser.
 * Sedona Hummingbird Festival.
 * The Sedona Solstice Festivals (summer and winter) at Unity of Sedona.

Arts organizations include:
 * Chamber Music Sedona chamber-music program.
 * Sedona Arts Center, founded in 1958, the oldest arts center in northern Arizona.
 * Sedona International Film Festival, established in 1995.
 * Greg Lawson Galleries.

A New Age tourist industry operates in Sedona, where José Arguelles organized the "Harmonic Convergence" in 1987. Some New Age proponents purport that "spiritual vortices" are concentrated in the Sedona area at Bell Rock, Airport Mesa, Cathedral Rock, and Boynton Canyon. The Sedona Wetlands Preserve is a popular area for birding.

Government
Politically, Uptown Sedona, the Gallery District and the Chapel area (all in Coconino County) and West Sedona (in Yavapai County) form the City of Sedona. Founded in 1902, it was incorporated as a city in 1988. The unincorporated Village of Oak Creek, 7 mi to the south and well outside the Sedona city limits, is a significant part of the Sedona community.

In 2013, Sedona became one of the Arizona municipalities to approve of civil unions for same-sex partners.

Education
Sedona is served by the Sedona-Oak Creek Unified School District.

West Sedona School, serving grades K–6, is located at 570 Posse Ground Road.

Red Rock Early Learning Center is a year-round Preschool program designed for children aged 3–5 years old. Their normal school year runs from August to May each year, with a summer session offered during June and July. It is licensed by the ADHS, and located in West Sedona Elementary School building 300.

Verde Valley School, a boarding International Baccalaureate high school with many international students, is located between the Village of Oak Creek and Red Rock Crossing. It hosts numerous 'traditions' and performances open to the community. Their mascot is the coyote. Total attendance measures about 120 students per year, grades 9–12. Oscar-winning composer James Horner studied there (Titanic, Braveheart, Avatar, Legends of The Fall).

Sedona Red Rock High School (SRRHS), built in 1994, is located on the western edge of town in West Sedona. The school's mascot is the Scorpion. The high school's new campus, a series of single-story buildings, is located opposite the Sedona campus of Yavapai College. As of 2016, Sedona Red Rock High School holds grades 7–8 in the Junior High portion of campus.

Sedona Charter School (SCS) is located behind the Sedona Public Library, serving as a Montessori-based school for grades K–8.

Yavapai College's Sedona Center for Arts & Technology includes the Sedona Film School, which offers certificates in independent filmmaking, the Business Partnership Program, the Osher Lifelong Learning Institute, and the University of Arizona Mini Med School.

Transportation
Sedona Airport is a non-towered general aviation airport located within the city limits. The nearest commercial airports are Flagstaff Pulliam Airport (26 mi away), Prescott Regional Airport (68 mi away), and Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport (119 mi away).

Healthcare
Verde Valley Medical Center – Sedona Campus is an outpatient facility providing 24/7 emergency services, cancer services, and primary and specialty healthcare to the Sedona/Oak Creek area. The facility is part of the Northern Arizona Healthcare system and is a subdivision of Verde Valley Medical Center in the nearby city of Cottonwood.

Cemeteries
Sedona's oldest burial ground is the Schuerman–Red Rock Cemetery, dating from 1893. Another pioneer cemetery is the Cooks Cedar Gate Cemetery, with an initial burial in 1918. The Sedona Community Cemetery, also known as Sedona Memorial Park, is on Pine Drive.

Notable people

 * Robert Adams – American Advaita teacher
 * Samaire Armstrong – actress
 * Michelle Branch – singer/songwriter

 * Brandon Decker - singer/songwriter based in Sedona
 * Gail Edwards – actress
 * Justin Frankel – computer programmer
 * Kevin Geary – English portrait and abstract artist
 * Steve George – musician/songwriter (Mr. Mister)
 * James Gregory – television actor
 * James Horner – film composer (studied at the Verde Valley School in the 1970s)
 * Greg Lawson – American photographer, author, and publisher
 * Sagan Lewis – actress, former program director of the Sedona International Film Festival
 * Drunvalo Melchizedek – New Age author born Bernard Donald Perona
 * Tom O'Halleran – U. S. representative
 * Israel Regardie – writer, occultist, and sometime secretary to Aleister Crowley.

In popular culture

 * In 1982 singer Donna Loren released the song "Sedona" on her own label, Royalty Records. The song was written by Loren while living in Sedona. James Burton produced the song with Loren, played guitar, and assembled other members of the Elvis Presley TCB Band: Ronnie Tutt (drums), Jerry Scheff (bass), and Glen D. Hardin (piano). Chris Hillman played mandolin. It was Loren's first recording since 1967, and subsequently appeared on her compilation, Magic: The 80's Collection.
 * "Sedona" is the title and subject of Houndmouth's first single from their second studio album, Little Neon Limelight.
 * A film titled Sedona was released in 2012. It was the first feature film to be shot entirely in Sedona since the 1970s when the heyday of Hollywood filmmaking in the area ended. The cast includes Frances Fisher, Seth Peterson, Barry Corbin, Christopher Atkins, Lin Shaye and Beth Grant.
 * The racing video games Forza Motorsport 3 and Forza Motorsport 4 feature the fictional track "Sedona Raceway Park".

title: Sedona, Arizona


text:
Communes of the Hautes-Alpes department

The following is a list of the 162 communes of the Hautes-Alpes department of France.

The communes cooperate in the following intercommunalities (as of 2020):
 * Communauté d'agglomération Gap-Tallard-Durance (partly)
 * Communauté de communes du Briançonnais
 * Communauté de communes Buëch Dévoluy
 * Communauté de communes Champsaur-Valgaudemar
 * Communauté de communes du Guillestrois et du Queyras
 * Communauté de communes du Pays des Écrins
 * Communauté de communes de Serre-Ponçon (partly)
 * Communauté de communes Serre-Ponçon Val d'Avance (partly)
 * Communauté de communes du Sisteronais Buëch (partly)

title: Communes of the Hautes-Alpes department


text:
Communes of the Alpes-Maritimes department

The following is a list of the 163 communes of the Alpes-Maritimes department of France.

The communes cooperate in the following intercommunalities (as of 2020):
 * Métropole Nice Côte d'Azur
 * Communauté d'agglomération Cannes Pays de Lérins
 * Communauté d'agglomération du Pays de Grasse
 * Communauté d'agglomération de la Riviera Française
 * Communauté d'agglomération de Sophia Antipolis
 * Communauté de communes Alpes d'Azur
 * Communauté de communes du Pays des Paillons


text:
Communes of the Ardèche department

The following is a list of the 335 communes of the Ardèche department of France.

The communes cooperate in the following intercommunalities (as of 2020):
 * Communauté d'agglomération Annonay Rhône Agglo
 * Communauté d'agglomération Arche Agglo (partly)
 * Communauté d'agglomération Privas Centre Ardèche
 * Communauté de communes Ardèche des Sources et Volcans
 * Communauté de communes Ardèche Rhône Coiron
 * Communauté de communes du Bassin d'Aubenas
 * Communauté de communes Berg et Coiron
 * Communauté de communes Cèze-Cévennes (partly)
 * Communauté de communes des Gorges de l'Ardèche
 * Communauté de communes de la Montagne d'Ardèche
 * Communauté de communes du Pays Beaume-Drobie
 * Communauté de communes du Pays de Lamastre
 * Communauté de communes Pays des Vans en Cévennes
 * Communauté de communes Porte de DrômArdèche (partly)
 * Communauté de communes Rhône Crussol
 * Communauté de communes Source de l'Ardèche
 * Communauté de communes du Val d'Ay
 * Communauté de communes Val'Eyrieux
 * Communauté de communes Val de Ligne

title: Communes of the Ardèche department


text:
Offspring

In biology, offspring are the young creation of living organisms, produced either by a single organism or, in the case of sexual reproduction, two organisms. Collective offspring may be known as a brood or progeny in a more general way. This can refer to a set of simultaneous offspring, such as the chicks hatched from one clutch of eggs, or to all the offspring, as with the honeybee.

Human offspring (descendants) are referred to as children (without reference to age, thus one can refer to a parent's "minor children" or "adult children" or "infant children" or "teenage children" depending on their age); male children are sons and female children are daughters (see kinship). Offspring can occur after mating or after artificial insemination.

Overview
Offspring contains many parts and properties that are precise and accurate in what they consist of, and what they define. As the offspring of a new species, also known as a child or f1 generation, consist of genes of the father and the mother, which is also known as the parent generation. Each of these offspring contains numerous genes which have coding for specific tasks and properties. Males and females both contribute equally to the genotypes of their offspring, in which gametes fuse and form. An important aspect of the formation of the parent offspring is the chromosome, which is a structure of DNA which contains many genes.

To focus more on the offspring and how it results in the formation of the f1 generation, is an inheritance called sex linkage, which is a gene located on the sex chromosome, and patterns of this inheritance differ in both male and female. The explanation that proves the theory of the offspring having genes from both parent generations is proven through a process called crossing over, which consists of taking genes from the male chromosomes and genes from the female chromosome, resulting in a process of meiosis occurring, and leading to the splitting of the chromosomes evenly. Depending on which genes are dominantly expressed in the gene will result in the sex of the offspring. The female will always give an X chromosome, whereas the male, depending on the situation, will either give an X chromosome or a Y chromosome. If a male offspring is produced, the gene will consist of an X and a Y chromosome, and if a female offspring is produced, the gene will consist of two X chromosomes.

Cloning is the production of an offspring which represents the identical genes to its parent. Reproductive cloning begins with the removal of the nucleus from an egg, which holds the genetic material. In order to clone an organ, a stem cell is to be produced and then utilized to clone that specific organ. A common misconception of cloning is that it produces an exact copy of the parent being cloned. Cloning copies the DNA/genes of the parent and then creates a genetic duplicate. The clone will not be a similar copy as they will grow up in different surroundings from the parent and may encounter different opportunities and experiences that can result in epigenetic changes. Although mostly positive, cloning also faces some setbacks in terms of ethics and human health. Though cell division and DNA replication is a vital part of survival, there are many steps involved and mutations can occur with permanent change in an organism's and their offspring's DNA. Some mutations can be good as they result in random evolution periods which may be good for the species, but most mutations are bad as they can change the genotypes of offspring, which can result in changes that harm the species.

title: Offspring