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Académie Française

The Académie Française, also known as the French Academy, is the principal French council for matters pertaining to the French language. The Académie was officially established in 1635 by Cardinal Richelieu, the chief minister to King Louis XIII. Suppressed in 1793 during the French Revolution, it was restored as a division of the Institut de France in 1803 by Napoleon Bonaparte. It is the oldest of the five académies of the institute. The body has the duty of acting as an official authority on the language; it is tasked with publishing an official dictionary of the language.

The Académie comprises forty members, known as les immortels ("the immortals"). New members are elected by the members of the Académie itself. Academicians normally hold office for life, but they may resign or be dismissed for misconduct. Philippe Pétain, named Marshal of France after the Battle of Verdun of World War I, was elected to the Académie in 1931 and, after his governorship of Vichy France in World War II, was forced to resign his seat in 1945.

History

The Académie had its origins in an informal literary group deriving from the salons held at the Hôtel de Rambouillet during the late 1620s and early 1630s. The group began meeting at Valentin Conrart's house, seeking informality. There were then nine members. Cardinal Richelieu, the chief minister of France, made himself protector of the group, and in anticipation of the formal creation of the academy, new members were appointed in 1634. On 22 February 1635, at Richelieu's urging, King Louis XIII granted letters patent formally establishing the council; according to the letters patent registered at the Parlement de Paris on 10 July 1637, the Académie Française was "to labor with all the care and diligence possible, to give exact rules to our language, to render it capable of treating the arts and sciences". The Académie Française has remained responsible for the regulation of French grammar, spelling, and literature.

Richelieu's model, the first academy devoted to eliminating the "impurities" of a language, was the Accademia della Crusca, founded in Florence in 1582, which formalized the already dominant position of the Tuscan dialect of Florence as the model for Italian; the Florentine academy had published its Vocabolario in 1612.

During the French Revolution, the National Convention suppressed all royal academies, including the Académie Française. In 1792, the election of new members to replace those who died was prohibited; in 1793, the academies were themselves abolished. They were all replaced in 1795 by a single body called the Institut de France. Napoleon Bonaparte, as First Consul, decided to restore the former academies, but only as "classes" or divisions of the Institut de France. The second class of the Institut was responsible for the French language, and corresponded to the former Académie Française. When King Louis XVIII came to the throne in 1816, each class regained the title of "Académie"; accordingly, the second class of the Institut became the Académie Française. Since 1816, the existence of the Académie Française has been uninterrupted.

The President of France is the "protector" or patron of the Académie. Cardinal Richelieu originally adopted this role; upon his death in 1642, Pierre Séguier, the Chancellor of France, succeeded him. King Louis XIV adopted the function when Séguier died in 1672; since then, the French head of state has always served as the Académie's protector. From 1672 to 1805, the official meetings of the Académie were in the Louvre; since 1805, the Académie Française has met in the Collège des Quatre-Nations (known now as the Palais de l'Institut). The remaining academies of the Institut de France also meet in the Palais de l'Institut.

Membership
The Académie Française has forty seats, each of which is assigned a separate number. Candidates make their applications for a specific seat, not to the Académie in general: if several seats are vacant, a candidate may apply separately for each. Since a newly elected member is required to eulogize their predecessor in the installation ceremony, it is not uncommon that potential candidates refuse to apply for particular seats because they dislike the predecessors.

Members are known as "les immortels" ("the Immortals") in reference to the Académie's motto, À l'immortalité ("To Immortality"), which is inscribed on the official seal of the charter granted by Cardinal Richelieu.

One of the immortels is chosen by their colleagues to be the Académie's Perpetual Secretary. The Secretary is called "Perpetual", as though the holder serves for life, but holds the ability to resign; they may thereafter be styled as "Honorary Perpetual Secretary", with three post-World War II Perpetual Secretaries having previously resigned due to old age. The Perpetual Secretary acts as a chairperson and chief representative of the Académie. The two other officers, a Director and a Chancellor, are elected for three-month terms. The most senior member, by date of election, is the Dean of the Académie.

New members are elected by the Académie itself; the original members were appointed. When a seat becomes vacant, a person may apply to the Secretary if they wish to become a candidate. Alternatively, existing members may nominate other candidates. A candidate is elected by a majority of votes from voting members. A quorum is twenty members. If no candidate receives an absolute majority, another election must be performed at a later date. The election is valid only if the protector of the Académie, the President of France, grants their approval. The President's approbation is only a formality.

The new member is then installed at a meeting of the Académie. The new member must deliver a speech to the Académie, which includes a eulogy for the member being replaced. This is followed by a speech made by one of the members. Eight days thereafter, a public reception is held, during which the new member makes a speech thanking their colleagues for their election. On one occasion, one newly installed member, Georges de Porto-Riche, was not accorded a reception, as the eulogy he made of his predecessor was considered unsatisfactory, and he refused to rewrite it. Georges Clemenceau refused to be received, as he feared being received by his enemy, Raymond Poincaré.

Members remain in the Académie for life. The council may dismiss an academician for grave misconduct. The first dismissal occurred in 1638, when Auger de Moléon de Granier was expelled for theft. The most recent dismissals occurred at the end of World War II: Philippe Pétain, Abel Bonnard, Abel Hermant, and Charles Maurras were all excluded for their association with the Vichy regime. In total, 20 members have been expelled from the Académie.

There have been a total of 740 immortels, of whom eleven have been women; Marguerite Yourcenar was the first woman to be elected, in 1980, but there have been 25 unsuccessful female candidacies, dating from 1874. Individuals who are not citizens of France may be, and have been, elected. Moreover, although most academicians are writers, it is not necessary to be a member of the literary profession to become a member. The Académie has included numerous politicians, lawyers, scientists, historians, philosophers, and senior Roman Catholic clergymen. Five French heads of state have been members – Adolphe Thiers, Raymond Poincaré, Paul Deschanel, Philippe Pétain, and Valéry Giscard d'Estaing – and one foreign head of state, the poet Léopold Sédar Senghor of Senegal, who was also the first African elected, in 1983. Other famous members include Voltaire; Montesquieu; Victor Hugo; Alexandre Dumas, fils; Émile Littré; Louis Pasteur; Louis de Broglie; and Henri Poincaré.

Many notable French writers have not become members of the Académie Française. In 1855, the writer Arsène Houssaye devised the expression "forty-first seat" for deserving individuals who were never elected to the Académie, either because their candidacies were rejected, because they were never candidates, or because they died before appropriate vacancies arose. Notable French authors who never became academicians include Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Jean-Paul Sartre, Joseph de Maistre, Honoré de Balzac, René Descartes, Denis Diderot, Romain Rolland, Charles Baudelaire, Gustave Flaubert, Molière, Marcel Proust, Jules Verne, Théophile Gautier, and Émile Zola.

Uniform
The official uniform of a member is known as l'habit vert, or green clothing. The habit vert, worn at the Académie's formal ceremonies, was first adopted during Napoleon Bonaparte's reorganization of the Institut de France. It consists of a long black coat and black-feathered bicorne, both richly embroidered with green leafy motifs, together with black trousers or skirt. Further, members other than clergy carry a ceremonial sword (l'épée).

The members bear the cost of their uniforms themselves. The robes cost around $50,000, and Amin Maalouf said that his induction cost him some $230,000 overall. The swords can be particularly expensive as they are individually designed. Some new members have had funds for them raised by committees.

Role as authority on the French language
The Académie is France's official authority on the usages, vocabulary, and grammar of the French language.

Dictionary
The Académie publishes a dictionary of the French language, known as the Dictionnaire de l'Académie française, which is regarded as official in France. A special commission composed of several (but not all) of the members of the Académie compiles the work.

The Académie has published thirteen editions of the dictionary, of which three were preliminary, eight were complete, and two were supplements for specialised words. These are:

 * Preliminary editions:
 * Le Dictionnaire de l'Académie française (from A to Aversion), pre-edition, Frankfurt am Main, 1687
 * Le Dictionnaire de l'Académie française (from A to Confiture), pre-edition, Frankfurt am Main, 1687
 * Le Dictionnaire de l'Académie française (from A to Neuf), pre-edition, Paris, 1687
 * Complete editions:
 * Le Dictionnaire de l'Académie française dedié au Roy ("1st edition"), Paris, 1694
 * Nouveau Dictionnaire de l'Académie française dedié au Roy ("2nd edition"), Paris, 1718
 * Le Dictionnaire de l'Académie française ("3rd edition"), Paris, 1740
 * Le Dictionnaire de l'Académie française ("4th edition"), Paris, 1762
 * Le Dictionnaire de l'Académie française ("5th edition"), Paris, 1798
 * Dictionnaire de l'Académie française ("6th edition"), Paris, 1835
 * Dictionnaire de l'Académie française ("7th edition"), Paris, 1879
 * Dictionnaire de l'Académie française ("8th edition"), Paris, 1932–1935
 * Supplementary editions for the sciences, arts, and technology:
 * Corneille, Thomas, Le Dictionnaire des Arts et des Sciences, Paris, 1694
 * Barré, Louis, Complément du Dictionnaire de l'Académie française, Paris, 1842

The Académie is continuing work on the ninth edition, of which the first volume (A to Enzyme) appeared in 1992, Éocène to Mappemonde was published in 2000, and Maquereau to Quotité in 2011. In 1778, the Académie attempted to compile a "historical dictionary" of the French language; this idea was later abandoned, the work never progressing past the letter A.

Anglicisms
As the use of English terms by media increased over the years, the Académie has tried to prevent the Anglicization of the French language. For example, the Académie has recommended the avoidance of loanwords from modern English (such as walkman, computer, software and e-mail), in favour of neologisms, i.e. newly coined French words derived from existing ones (', ', ', and ' respectively).

The Académie has also noted that anglicisms have been present in the French language since the 1700s, and has criticized the view that anglicisms present an "invasion" on the French language. It distinguishes anglicisms into three categories: some that are useful to the French language and introduced vocabulary which did not have a French equivalent at the time (the Académie cites the word "confortable" as an example, from the English "comfortable"); others that are detrimental and only establish more confusion as the original meaning of the word is distorted in translation; and others still that are useless or avoidable, a category of anglicisms used by "snobs" who use words from an English provenance to demarcate themselves from society and appear "in vogue". For the last category of anglicisms, the Académie writes that those words are typically short-lived in French parlance. The Académie Française has informed government officials to stop using English gaming terms like "e-sports", it should be "jeu video de competition". Likewise "streamer" should be "joueur-animateur en direct".

Alleged conservatism
The Académie, despite working on the modernization of the French orthography, has sometimes been criticized by many linguists for allegedly behaving in an overly conservative manner. For instance, in 1997, Lionel Jospin's government began using the feminine noun "la ministre" to refer to a female minister, following the official practice of Canada, Belgium and Switzerland and a frequent, though until then unofficial, practice in France. The Académie insisted in accordance with French grammar rules on the traditional use of the masculine noun, "le ministre", for a minister of either gender. In 2017, 77 linguists retaliated with an opinion column to denounce the “incompetence and anachronism of the Académie”. Use of either form remains highly controversial.

Prizes
The Académie Française is responsible for awarding several different prizes in various fields (including literature, painting, poetry, theatre, cinema, history, and translation). Almost all of the prizes were created during the twentieth century, and only two prizes were awarded before 1780. In total, the Académie awards more than sixty prizes, most of them annually.

The most important prize is the Grand prix de la francophonie, which was instituted in 1986, and is funded by the governments of France, Canada, Monaco, and Morocco. Other important prizes include the Grand prix de littérature (for a literary work), the grand prix du roman (for a novel), the Grand prix de poésie de l'Académie française (for poetry), the Grand prix de philosophie (for a philosophical work), the Grand prix du cinéma (for film), and the grand prix Gobert (for a work on French history).

Opposition of regional languages
The Académie Française intervened in June 2008 to oppose the French Government's proposal to constitutionally offer recognition and protection to regional languages (Flemish, Alsatian, Basque, Breton, Catalan, Corsican, Occitan, Gascon, and Arpitan).

Current members
The current members of the Académie Française are:

General sources

 * Viala, Alain (2001). "Académie Française", vol. 1, pp. 6–9, in Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment, edited by Michel Delon. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN 157958246X.
 * Vincent, Leon H. (1901). The French Academy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

title: Académie Française


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Aniak, Alaska

Aniak is a city in the Bethel Census Area in the U.S. state of Alaska. At the 2010 census the population was 501, down from 572 in 2000.

Geography
61.57889°N, -159.55028°W (61.578821, -159.550255).

Aniak is on the south bank of the Kuskokwim River at the head of Aniak Slough, 59 mi southwest of Russian Mission in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta. It lies 92 mi northeast of Bethel and 317 mi west of Anchorage.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 8.8 sqmi, of which, 6.5 sqmi of it is land and 2.3 sqmi of it (25.82%) is water.

Climate
Climate is maritime in the summer and continental in winter. Temperatures range between -72 and 92 °F. Average yearly precipitation is 19 in, with snowfall of 60 in.

Demographics
Aniak first appeared on the 1940 U.S. Census as an unincorporated village. It formally incorporated in 1972.

As of the census of 2000, there were 572 people, 174 households, and 133 families residing in the city. The population density was 87.8 PD/sqmi. There were 203 housing units at an average density of 31.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 25.00% White, 0.35% Black or African American, 68.36% Native American, 0.52% Asian, and 5.77% from two or more races. 1.05% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 174 households, out of which 51.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.9% were married couples living together, 13.2% had a female householder with 0 husbands present, and 23.0% were non-families. 20.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.29 and the average family size was 3.74.

In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 40.9% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 4.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females, there were 108.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107.4 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $41,875, and the median income for a family was $43,750. Males had a median income of $37,708 versus $34,500 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,550. About 11.8% of families and 14.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.4% of those under age 18 and 12.5% of those age 65 or over.

History
Aniak is the Central Alaskan Yup'ik name for the area around present-day Aniak. The word means "the place where it comes out"; that is, where the Aniak River flows into the Kuskokwim. The local Yup'ik people had deserted the original village at Aniak by the early 19th century, when Russian explorers first arrived in the area.

20th-century prospectors believed that the early Russian traders discovered gold in a tributary to the Kuskokwim called "Yellow River" in 1832. Many think that the Yellow River these traders referred to is the Aniak River. A mercury deposit was discovered by Russian traders near the trading post called Kolmakov Redoubt 22 mi east of Aniak in 1838. Placer gold was found by Russian traders in New York Creek 30 mi east of Aniak in 1844. The Russians, however, did not engage in any significant mining activities, and it wasn't until after the purchase of Alaska in 1867 that the American prospectors began seriously investigating the potential for prospecting along the Kuskokwim river. A handful of prospecting parties began venturing into the area, however they had to travel great distances to an area where trading posts were few and far between, so the activity was limited especially given the exposure of other late 19th century strikes in Alaska which were better served by existing infrastructure.

The euphoria caused by the Klondike Gold Rush in 1897-98 would set the stage for a change however with thousands of prospectors across the territory poised to make a rush upon rumor of each potential new strike. One such rush was the Yellow River Stampede of 1900 in which many prospectors left Nome to venture into the Kuskokwim basin upon rumors that someone had found the Yellow River strike despite the fact that the location of that strike was unknown. Finding precious little gold and experiencing substantial hardship, many of these folks would return to Nome following the difficult winter of 1901, but some stayed behind to continue their search. A 1906 gold discovery at the head of the Innoko River, a tributary of the Yukon River, caused another gold rush in 1907 with many of the prospectors choosing to access the site via the Kuskokwim River instead and trading posts were established at the Takotna River which required riverboat service to travel the Kuskokwim river. With riverboat service now available on the Kuskokwim River, prospecting activity picked up and some strikes were starting to occur in the Kuskokwim basin. Strikes were made at Crooked Creek, George River, New York Creek, and Aniak River among others. Most strikes were short lived. However, the Kuskokwim River was now seeing an increase in river traffic that needed servicing.

In 1910, a lone prospector named "Old Man" Keeler reportedly found placer gold in the Aniak River basin. In 1911, three prospectors, Harry Buhro, E. W. "Kid" Fisher, and Fred Labelle, who had been working the George River area decided to give the Aniak River basin area a try and discovered gold at Marvel, Fisher, and Dome creeks. These creeks feed into the Aniak River about 50 mi south of Aniak. Initially prospectors would reach this site by poling up the river in boats, however that was a difficult journey due to the nature of the river. The trip would take 15 to 20 days from the Kuskokwim river. By 1913, a hydraulic plant had been installed at Marvel Creek and in 1914 construction of a 70 mi cat trail began starting 1 mi south of Aniak on the mouth of the Aniak Slough and proceeding to the diggings at Marvel Creek. The cat trail was last used in the spring of 2006 by miners still working claims.

This same year, Tom L. Johnson homesteaded the site of the long-abandoned Yup'ik village in the Aniak area and opened a store and post office there to service prospectors and miners in the vicinity. Willie Pete and Sam Simeon brought their Yup'ik families from Ohagamiut to Aniak. In 1936 a territorial school was opened. In anticipation of the Lend-Lease program to help supply Russia with war materials, construction of an airfield began in 1939. With the airfield in place, Aniak became the transportation hub for villages in the area including Chuathbaluk, Anvik, Kalskag, Crooked Creek, Holy Cross and others. In 1956 during the Cold War, construction of a White Alice Relay Station began bringing money, jobs, and communication capability to the area. The impact to the community from the relay station was immediate as the first telephone capable of long distance phone calls was installed at the Aniak Lodge in 1957 and Aniak's population more than doubled from 142 in 1950 to 308 in 1960. The 2000 census places Aniak's population at 572.

Education
The Kuspuk School District operates two schools in Aniak: Auntie Mary Nicoli Elementary School and Aniak Jr/Sr High School.

Notable residents

 * Sam Phillips (Yup'ik), also known as Crow Village Sam (ca. 1893–ca. 1974), a Yup'ik community leader was born here

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Aniak, Alaska


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Atmautluak, Alaska

Atmautluak is a census-designated place (CDP) in Bethel Census Area, Alaska, United States. The population was 277 at the 2010 census, down from 294 in 2000.

History
The area has been traditionally been inhabited by Yup'ik Eskimo.

The community was founded in the 1960s to take advantage of high ground above flooding. Atmautluak was incorporated in 1976, but dissolved the incorporation in 1996 in order to return to traditional native government.

Geography
Atmautluak is located at 60.85972°N, -162.2775°W (60.859675, -162.277616).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3.3 sqmi, of which, 0.6 sqmi of it is land and 2.7 sqmi of it (81.19%) is water.

The village is located by the Pitmiktakik River.

Demographics
Atmautluak first appeared on the 1980 U.S. Census as an incorporated city, having incorporated in 1976. It disincorporated in 1996 and was made a census-designated place (CDP) effective as of 2000.

As of the census of 2000, there were 294 people, 60 households, and 54 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 462.0 PD/sqmi. There were 64 housing units at an average density of 100.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 4.08% White, 94.56% Native American, and 1.36% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.02% of the population.

There were 60 households, out of which 58.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.7% were married couples living together, 11.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 10.0% were non-families. 8.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 1.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.90 and the average family size was 5.22.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 33.3% under the age of 18, 18.4% from 18 to 24, 25.2% from 25 to 44, 17.7% from 45 to 64, and 5.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 24 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 120.2 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $37,917, and the median income for a family was $39,583. Males had a median income of $20,625 versus $8,750 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $8,501. About 31.6% of families and 30.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 44.0% of those under the age of eighteen and 15.4% of those 65 or over.

Education
Lower Kuskokwim School District operates the Joann A. Alexie Memorial School. It covers grades PreK-12. it has about 118 students.

title: Atmautluak, Alaska


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Bethel, Alaska

Bethel is a city in the U.S. state of Alaska, located on the Kuskokwim River approximately 50 mi from where the river flows into Kuskokwim Bay. It is the largest community in western Alaska and in the Unorganized Borough and the eighth-largest in the state. Bethel has a population of 6,325 as of the 2020 census, up from 6,080 in 2010.

Annual events in Bethel include the Kuskokwim 300 dogsled race; Camai, a Yup'ik dance festival held each spring; and the Bethel Fair held in August.

History
Southwestern Alaska has been the homelands of Yup'ik peoples and their ancestors for thousands of years. The residents of what became Bethel were called the Mamterillermiut, meaning "Smokehouse People", after their nearby fish smokehouse. In the late 19th century, the Alaska Commercial Company established a trading post in the town, called Mumtrekhlogamute, which had a population of 41 people by the 1880 census.

In 1885, the Moravian Church established a mission in the area under the leadership of William and Caroline Weinland and John and Edith Kilbuck. He made Yup'ik the language of the Moravian Church in the community and region, and helped translate the Christian Bible into the language. The missionaries moved Bethel from Mamterillermiut to its present location on the west side of the Kuskokwim River. A United States post office was opened in 1905.

In 1971, Bethel established a community radio station KYUK, the first Native-owned and -operated radio station in the U.S. Similar stations were soon started in Kotzebue, and by 1990, there were 10 stations in communities of fewer than 3,500 people.

On February 19, 1997, a school shooting attracted widespread media attention to Bethel when 16-year-old Evan Ramsey, a student at Bethel Regional High School, shot and killed his principal and one student and wounded two others, for which he later received a 210-year prison sentence.

In 2009, Bethel opted out of status as a "Local Option" community, theoretically opening the door to allowing alcohol sales in the city; residents and city officials maintained that all liquor license requests would be actively opposed. In October 2015, though, a vote for allowing alcohol sales in Bethel passed and two liquor licenses were approved for existing stores in the city.

In 2012, pranksters distributed flyers falsely announcing the launch of a Taco Bell restaurant in Bethel, prompting Taco Bell to airlift into the town a Taco Bell food truck loaded with ingredients for 10,000 tacos.

On November 3, 2015, the Kilbuck building housing both the Ayaprun Elitnaurviat Yup'ik immersion school and the Kuskokwim Learning Academy caught fire, destroying the immersion school and damaging the boarding school. Fire fighters demolished part of the building in an effort to save a media center containing Yup'ik artifacts and elder interviews.

Geography
Bethel is located at 60.79222°N, -161.75583°W (60.792222, −161.755833). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 126.1 km2, of which 111.8 km2 is land and 14.3 km2, or 11.34%, is water.

Though the region is flat and generally treeless, Bethel lies inside the Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge, the second largest wildlife refuge in the United States.

Climate
Bethel has a subarctic climate (Köppen: "Dfc"), with long, somewhat snowy, and cold winters, and short, mild summers. Normal monthly mean temperatures range from 6.6 °F in January to 56.1 °F in July, with an annual mean of 30.7 °F. Warm days of above 70 °F can be expected on 14 days per summer. Precipitation is both most frequent and greatest during the summer months, averaging 18.5 in per year. Snowfall usually falls in light bouts, and is actually greater in November and December (before the sea freezes) than in January and February, averaging 45 in a season. Extreme temperatures have ranged from −52 °F on January 18–19 and 25, 1947 up to 90 °F on June 17, 1926.

Demographics
The first settlement at the location of Bethel reported on the 1880 U.S. Census as "Mumtrekhlagamute Station." It had 29 Yup'ik. 1/2 mile away was the adjacent Mumtrekhlagamute Village (1880 population: 41 (all Yup'ik); 1890 population (as Mumtrekhlagamiut) was 33 (28 Yup'ik and 5 Whites). Bethel was established at Mumtrekhlagamute Station in 1885 and supplanted it by the 1890 U.S. Census. It reported 20 residents (13 Yup'ik and 7 Whites). Mumtrekhlagamiut would later be absorbed into Bethel. Bethel did not appear on the 1900 Census, but has on every census since 1910. It would formally incorporate as a city in 1957.

As of the census of 2000, there were 5,471 people, 1,741 households, and 1,190 families residing in the city. The population density was 125.0 PD/sqmi. There were 1,990 housing units at an average density of 45.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 26.8% White, 0.9% Black or African American, 61.8% Native American, 2.9% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 0.5% from other races, and 6.9% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 1.7% of the population.

There were 1,741 households, out of which 44.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.6% were married couples living together, 15.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.7% were non-families. 24.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.00 and the average family size was 3.65.

The age distribution was 35.5% under 18, 9.0% from 18 to 24, 32.7% from 25 to 44, 18.9% from 45 to 64, and 3.9% who were 65 or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females, there were 110.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 109.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $57,321, and the median income for a family was $62,431. Males had a median income of $45,321 versus $39,010 for females. The per capita income for the city is $20,267. About 10.6% of the families and 11.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.7% of those under the age of 18 and 18.3% of those ages 64 and over.

Transportation and economy
The state-owned Bethel Airport is the regional transportation hub, and is served by three passenger carriers, including Alaska Airlines, Grant Aviation, and Renfro's Alaskan Adventure. It also receives service from three major cargo operators: Everts Air Cargo, Northern Air Cargo, Lynden Air Cargo, and numerous small air taxi services. The airport ranks third in the state for total number of flights. It offers a 6,400 foot (1,951-meter) asphalt runway, a 4,000 foot (1,219-meter) asphalt runway, and 1,850 foot (564-meter) gravel crosswind runway, and is currently undergoing a $7 million renovation and expansion. Three float plane bases are nearby: Hangar Lake, H Marker Lake, and the Kuskokwim River.

The Port of Bethel is the northernmost, medium-draft port in the United States. River travel is the primary means of local transportation in the summer. A Bethel-based barge service provides goods to Kuskokwim villages.

Within Bethel are approximately 16 mi of roads that are not connected to any contiguous highway system. Winter ice roads lead to several nearby villages, but their condition varies depending on temperature and snowfall. An extensive network of snow machine trails connects Bethel to villages all over the Delta, from the Bering Sea to the Yukon.

The town's single paved road, about 10 miles (16 km), supports a taxicab industry. With 93 taxi drivers, the town has more cab drivers per capita than any other city in the US. Most local cab drivers are Albanian or South Korean immigrants.

Bethel is home to the lone detention center in southwestern Alaska, the Yukon Kuskokwim Correction Center. This prison has a capacity of 207 inmates, men and women, and a staff of 45.

Bethel is also the site of a unique 8.5 mi prototype single-wire earth return electrical intertie to Napakiak, Alaska, constructed in 1981.

Education
Lower Kuskokwim School District (LKSD) operates five schools in Bethel:
 * Gladys Jung Elementary School - Bethel
 * Jung, previously known as the Kilbuck School, serves grades 3–6. its enrollment was about 345.
 * Mekelnguut Elitnauriviat School - Bethel
 * Nicknamed the "M.E. School," it serves grades Kindergarten through 2. it has 260 students and 18 teachers.
 * Ayaprun Elitnaurvik School - Bethel
 * It is a K-6 Yup'ik-English bilingual program that originated from a total immersion language program established in 1995. the school had 197 students. The school occupies space in Mekelnguut Elitnauriviat and Gladys Jung schools;  grades Kindergarten through 1 are in the former and the remainder are in the latter.
 * Bethel Regional High School - Bethel
 * Known locally as "Bethel High School", it serves grades 7–12. there are approximately 540 students enrolled, and 34 staff members.
 * Kuskokwim Learning Academy (alternative)

Other institutions:
 * University of Alaska Fairbanks
 * Yuut Elitnaurviat

Sports and recreation
Bethel is home to a noted, mid-distance dogsled race, the Kuskokwim 300. Held every January since 1980, the race commemorates an early mail route that once tied the settlement to the outside world. Top mushers and hundreds of sled dogs participate in the race for a purse of $100,000, the largest offered by any 300 mi sled dog race.

Local recreational activities include snow machining, skiing, bicycling, kayaking, caribou hunting, and salmon fishing.

Bethel is an established starting point to Float Alaska wilderness rivers in the Kisaralik, Kwethluk, Aniak, Kanektok, Arolik, Goodnews, Eek and Holitna River systems.

Arts and culture
Traditional dancers from all over Alaska and beyond participate every March in the Cama-i dance festival. Hundreds of costumed dancers, drummers, and singers perform traditional Yup'ik story dances during the three-day festival, sponsored by the Bethel Council on the Arts. "Cama-i" (pronounced Cha-Mai) translates as "a warm hello."

The Yupiit Piciryarait Cultural Center also hosts a bimonthly "Saturday Market" where artisans and crafters from the Yukon Kuskokwim Delta come to sell their crafts. There is a variety at the market, but many of the crafts include traditional Yup'ik qaspeq, story knives, woven baskets, ulu knives and more.

Health care
Bethel and the smaller communities surrounding it are primarily served by Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta Regional Hospital, a 50-bed general acute care medical facility. Services located in the hospital include an adult medical-surgical ward, a pediatric ward, an obstetric ward, as well as outpatient family medicine clinics, an emergency room, pharmacy, lab, X-ray, and specialty clinics. The facility is accessible by road for those individuals living in or visiting the city of Bethel. Depending on weather and the season, road access to the hospital may also be available to some of the surrounding communities. If not, individuals must be airlifted into the facility via helicopter or air ambulance. Also, there are five sub-regional primary care clinics located in some of the more remote and less populated cities neighboring Bethel (Emmonak, St. Mary's, Aniak, Toksook Bay, and Hooper Bay). Many of the services found at the hospital in Bethel are also available at these sub-regional clinics, such as urgent care, diagnostic review, physical exams, prenatal care, minor surgery, laboratory tests, X-rays, and distribution of medications. The hospital, sub-regional clinics, and additional village clinics are all part of Yukon-Kuskokwim Health Corporation.

Media
Bethel has a public television station, KYUK-LD, and three radio stations, public KYUK, private, non-profit KYKD, and commercial KEDI. Since the founding of its community radio station in 1970, the media has become part of Yup'ik development in southwest Alaska and important to the people's self-definition. The city is also home to the weekly regional newspapers Delta Discovery and Tundra Drums.

Sister City
Bethel has one official sister city.

 * 🇷🇺 Anadyr, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia

Notable people

 * John Binkley (born 1953), businessman, Republican politician
 * Valerie Davidson (born 1967), politician
 * Nora Guinn (1920–2005), judge
 * Lyman Hoffman (born 1950), politician
 * Peter Kaiser (born 1987), musher
 * Oscar Kawagley (1934–2011), anthropologist, teacher, actor
 * Marie Meade (born 1947), dancer
 * Don Page (born 1948), physicist; noted for being a doctoral student of Stephen Hawking
 * Eugene "Buzzy" Peltola (1965–2023), politician
 * Mary Sattler Peltola (born 1973), politician
 * Tiffany Zulkosky (born 1984), politician

title: Bethel, Alaska


text:
Chefornak, Alaska

Chefornak is a city in Bethel Census Area, Alaska, United States. At the 2010 census its population was 418, up from 394 in 2000.

Geography
Chefornak is located at 60.15917°N, -164.26944°W (60.159070, -164.269437) on the south bank of the Kinia River, 16 mi upriver from its mouth in Etolin Strait, an arm of the Bering Sea. The town is within the Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 16.6 km2, of which 14.8 km2 is land and 1.7 km2, or 10.56%, is water.

Local geology
Located in a region where the arctic tundra meets and interacts with the Bering Sea, as well as being in a region impacted by past volcanism, Chefornak has many interesting local landmarks.

An extinct volcano, Tern Mountain, is visible in the distance to the south. Large, blocky, igneous rocks are a common sight in the village and the surrounding tundra.

The Kinia River (Urrsukvaaq) and its many tributaries are important to the people of the village, because of water travel to hunting and fishing areas, as well as because of difficulties presented by flooding and erosion.

Demographics
Chefornak first appeared on the 1950 U.S. Census as an unincorporated village. It formally incorporated in 1974.

As of the census of 2000, there were 394 people, 75 households, and 63 families residing in the city. The population density was 68.8 PD/sqmi. There were 82 housing units at an average density of 14.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 93.40% Alaska Native, 2.03% White, and 4.57% from two or more races.

There were 75 households, out of which 60.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.3% were married couples living together, 13.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.0% were non-families. 14.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 5.25 and the average family size was 5.98.

In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 45.2% under the age of 18, 9.9% from 18 to 24, 23.9% from 25 to 44, 16.5% from 45 to 64, and 4.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 21 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 113.9 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $35,556, and the median income for a family was $36,042. Males had a median income of $15,000 versus $20,833 for females. The per capita income for the city was $8,474. About 21.3% of families and 25.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 36.0% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

Cultural activities
Yup'ik dancing is popular in the village. The high school has an Yup'ik Dance Team which often visits other villages for feasts and festivals. Often the village hosts a dance festival in the spring, and the large Cama-i festival in Bethel attracts many from Chefornak and the surrounding villages to display their dances and to see the dances of other regions.

Subsistence living
Many of the villagers live a subsistence lifestyle, which means that they continue to carry out the hunter-gatherer activities that their ancestors developed adapted to the local ecosystem. Important staples include fish such as halibut, salmon, and herring, which are dried and eaten like jerky. The Alaska blackfish is an important part of the local diet, and can be caught year round in the river. Residents gather berries such as salmonberries (cloudberries), black berries (crowberries), and blueberries (bog bilberries) are also gathered and used to prepare akutaq, a whipped dessert. Other native foods that are gathered include mousefood, Labrador tea, and greens such as sourdock.

Village buildings

Beside houses, public buildings in the village include:
 * Chefarnrmute, Inc., the village corporation
 * Avugiak's Store
 * post office
 * town hall/bingo hall
 * school (elementary and high school are in one building)
 * The Old School (formerly B.I.A. school)
 * St. Catherine of Siena Catholic Church
 * power plant.

Education
The Lower Kuskokwim School District operates the Chaputnguak School, an elementary school, and Amaqigciq School, a high school, which share a building.

The Chaputnguak School was named for Chaputnguak, the original name for Chefornak and a Yup'ik word referring to an object or thing obstructing a pathway. The Amaqigciq School is named after Alexie Amaqigciq, a Yup'ik elder who selected the village site and first inhabitant of Chefornak,.

Transportation
People access the village of Chefornak primarily by small aircraft but can also reach it via snowmobile in the winter. Goods and mail are brought into the village by plane and, during the summer months, up the Kinia River by barge. Chefornak's airport has been moved further from the village due to concerns with its proximity to the school. The new airstrip has been constructed and is now in operation. Within the village, transportation options include four-wheel, bicycle, snow machine, and on foot.

Notable people

 * Paul John (1929–2015), Yup'ik elder, fisherman

title: Chefornak, Alaska


text:
Talk:List of National Trust properties in England

I removed Chatsworth from 'Derbyshire' because it is a private house owened by the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire and has nothing to do with the National Trust. User:Renata

countryside not buildings
The list has all the 'building' type NT property, but not (mostly) the countryside, spaces, hills, commons etc. Can we list these as well? Could we have a 'key' (House/garden/museum,countryside)? Or somewhere else? Examples would be White cliffs of Dover, Royal Military Canal all of which the NT at least partially own. Stonehenge Historic Landscape is listed. Ben 20:22, 19 June 2006 (UTC)
 * A list of this sort (divided by counties) wuld be useful I've recently done an article on Crook Peak to Shute Shelve Hill SSSI part of which is controlled by the NT but it's not a building or any sort & I was wondering where to put this? — Rod talk 16:56, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Perhaps another list for NT holdings other than properties is needed. --Grstain 17:56, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

We have some of the major land holdings listed under the regional areas and counties eg my favourite, the South Peak Estate and High Peak Estate are listed separately and under Derbyshire here - there should also be a listing for the Lake District holdings and the Project Neptune coastal ones... Linuxlad 17:58, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

The NT used to distribute to members a book with a complete list of all NT holdings. If anyone still has one of these it would make an excellent source, since the NT seldom if ever relinquishes property. treesmill 20:17, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

Yes, I was trying to find mine just last week. I think the Trust has the right to declare its land 'inalienable' so it can't change hands or be nicked by an LA without Act of Parliament. Linuxlad

I have started just such a page which concentrates on the land (countryside and coast) owned by the NT, as i'm not that interested in all their properties. The members book concentrates on their properties and has only passing references to their land holdings, I guess this is to do with their business model, as they charge people to go into the properties but access to the land is, by and large, free. Their web site is the same, with plenty of info on their buildings but only scant information (which in my opinion is all over the place) on their land. Please feel free to help update List of National Trust land in England as its a big job! Debnigo 23:04, 29 August 2007 (UTC)

The Members Handbook is a very good source as is the list on the NT website, but both are also flawed to some extent. Both include free properties and those with an entry fee, but neither lists all of the former. Burrow Mump in Somerset for example, a hill with a ruined church on the summit has a car park and information board doesn’t feature at all, neither does the dovecote at Bruton. I also visited on charged for property (the Treasurer's House in Martock) where the volunteer on duty said they were glad we came as their visitor numbers were so low they were at risk of loosing their handbook entry. The hand book and the website list properties but don’t define what this means, and include houses, ruins, archaeological sites and landscapes. A lot of the NT’s landholdings are working farmland without public access. I think this page should be a list of places open to the public whether free or charged including open spaces. After checking the details I removed an entry for a golf club from this list, the trust might own the land but it is on a long lease to a private golf club with no public access. A separate NT countryside page should be for both areas of land you can visit and those owned or managed by the trust without public access. Shaun Sheep (talk) 13:45, 1 March 2022 (UTC)

All or none or mix?
I have just reverted the change made for Somerset, but feel we should check the policy.

 * Should all of the properties be listed here?
 * Should the properties only be listed in the pages dedicated to each county?

My vote is for the existing hybrid - this page should be a plain list for each county, where possible linking to a county page with a more detailed table (like the Somerset page). We should be able to handle the duplication - the lists will not change much. — Preceding unsigned comment added by GhostInTheMachine (talk • contribs) 09:26, 16 April 2014 (UTC)

 * I'm especially surprised that you reverted the change given that you are a "professional assembly language programmer". I am a retired assembly language programmer.

 * You should have learned already that it's counterproductive to maintain the same "code" in more than one place. That's why macros were invented decades ago.

 * Now, however, you want to maintain the exact same list in more than one place.

 * I didn't complain about your reversion immediately for two reasons:

 * 1) This "List of National Trust properties in England" article only has one "Main article" link--in the "Somerset" section.  Therefore, I chalked up your reversion to "lack of experience" and hoped that, with a little passage of time and some thought, you would see the error of your reversion.  Apparently, your adding this new section to the "Talk" page is a first step. :-)
 * 2) If you didn't undo your reversion by my deadline for copy editing the "List of National Trust properties in Somerset" article, I intended to refer your reversion to the lead copy editor. :-)
 * [Note: If you want to make a useful contribution, please see the "Talk" page section "Copy Edit Request" in that article. :-)]

 * In the meantime, I wait patiently for you to replace "pride of authorship" with logic.

 * --LukasMatt (talk) 06:11, 17 April 2014 (UTC)


text:
Chuathbaluk, Alaska

Chuathbaluk is a city in Bethel Census Area, Alaska, United States.

At the 2010 census the population was 118, down from 119 in 2000.

Geography
Chuathbaluk is located at 61.57556°N, -159.24722°W (61.575693, -159.247311), on the Kuskokwim River, approximately 100 mi upstream from Bethel. The Russian Mountains, a small circular mountain range, stand just to the north of the town.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 13.4 km2, of which 9.0 km2 is land and 4.5 km2, or 33.19%, is water.

Demographics
Chuathbaluk first appeared on the 1970 census as an unincorporated village. It formally incorporated in 1975. Prior to that, the community had been known as "Little Russian Mission." This was not to be confused with the present city of Russian Mission (Ikogmute) on the Yukon, so it was often called the Little Russian Mission to avoid confusion. Under the prior name, it never reported a population separately.

As of the census of 2000, there were 119 people, 33 households, and 23 families residing in the city. The population density was 33.8 PD/sqmi. There were 43 housing units at an average density of 12.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 5.04% White, 91.60% Native American, 0.84% from other races, and 2.52% from two or more races.

There were 33 households, out of which 45.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 30.3% were married couples living together, 27.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.3% were non-families. 21.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.61 and the average family size was 4.21.

In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 42.9% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 16.0% from 45 to 64, and 4.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 23 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $34,286, and the median income for a family was $34,167. Males had a median income of $46,250 versus $28,750 for females. The per capita income for the city was $10,100. There were 16.7% of families and 24.1% of the population living below the poverty line, including 27.5% of under eighteens and none of those over 64.

History
During the 19th century, Deg Hit'an Athabascan people had summer fish camps in the area. The Russian Orthodox Church built the St. Sergius Mission by 1894, and residents of Kukuktuk from 20 mi downriver moved to the mission.

Once established, village has been called Chukbak, St. Sergius Mission, Kuskokwim Russian Mission, and Little Russian Mission. The village was often confused with Russian Mission on the Yukon, so in the 1960s the name was changed to Chuathbaluk, which is derived from the Yup'ik word Curapalek, meaning "the hills where the big blueberries grow."

Much of the village was lost in an influenza epidemic in 1900. By 1929, the site was deserted, although Russian Orthodox members continued to hold services at the mission. In 1954, the Crow Village Sam Phillips family from Crow Village resettled the mission, and later residents of Aniak and Crooked Creek joined their settlement. The church was rebuilt in the late 1950s, and a state school opened in the 1960s. The city was incorporated in 1975.

Education
The Kuspuk School District operates a K-12 rural school, Crow Village Sam School.

title: Chuathbaluk, Alaska


text:
Crooked Creek, Alaska

Crooked Creek is a census-designated place (CDP) in Bethel Census Area, Alaska, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population of the CDP was 105, down from 137 in 2000.

Geography
The Crooked Creek CDP is located at 61.85972°N, -158.12889°W (61.859821, -158.128884) on the north bank of the Kuskokwim River, at the mouth of Crooked Creek in the Kuskokwim Mountains. It is approximately 120 mi northeast (upriver) of Bethel.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 278.1 km2, of which 258.5 km2 is land and 19.6 km2, or 7.05%, is water.

Demographics
Crooked Creek first appeared on the 1940 U.S. Census as an unincorporated village. It was made a census-designated place (CDP) in 1980.

As of the census of 2000, there were 137 people, 38 households, and 31 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1.4 PD/sqmi. There were 46 housing units at an average density of 0.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 6.57% White, 90.51% Native American, and 2.92% from two or more races.

There were 38 households, out of which 57.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.5% were married couples living together, 31.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.4% were non-families. 18.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.61 and the average family size was 4.00.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 41.6% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 32.1% from 25 to 44, 13.1% from 45 to 64, and 4.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 25 years. For every 100 females, there were 114.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 116.2 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $17,500, and the median income for a family was $23,125. Males had a median income of $13,750 versus $21,250 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $6,495. There were 25.0% of families and 28.1% of the population living below the poverty line, including 23.0% of under eighteens and 20.0% of those over 64.

Services and utilities
As of July 2009, running water and plumbing in Crooked Creek are available at the school, teacher housing, "washeteria", lodge, and store. The honey bucket system is used in most of the community. Water is generally brought to homes from either the Kuskokwim River or purchased at the Washeteria. At the Washeteria, laundry services (washer and dryer) and showers are available for purchase.

The community has a store, a "lodge" (similar to a bed and breakfast with shared bathrooms), a school, and a Washeteria. Cell phone services have been operating in the area since January 2017, and land line service is available. Internet is available at the school and now available for private homes.

Education
The Kuspuk School District operates a K-12 rural school, Johnnie John Sr. School. It had approximately 22 students (December 2017).

title: Crooked Creek, Alaska


text:
Eek, Alaska

Eek is a city in Bethel Census Area, Alaska, United States. As of the 2020 census there were 404 residents, the majority being Alaska Natives.

Toponymy
Eek is derived from a Yupik word meaning "two eyes". It has been noted on lists of unusual place names.

Geography
Eek is located at 60.21861°N, -162.02583°W (60.218662, -162.025928). It lies along the Eek River.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.0 sqmi, of which 0.9 sqmi is land and 0.1 sqmi (12.38%) is water.

Services
Eek is serviced primarily by the Eek Airport. A second (former) airport east of the village is the current site of a cellular transmission tower, but the runway remains in marginally usable condition and is occasionally used by private aircraft. A town dock provides access to the Eek River, which feeds into the Kuskokwim providing access to most surrounding villages by boat. During winter months many residents utilize travel by snow machine and trails are laid out between the villages in the area. Trails from Eek run to Quinhagak to the south, Tuntutuliak to the west and the Bethel area to the north.

Airfare to the nearest large town, Bethel, is expensive, running about $250 in 2020. This severely limits medical care and governmental access.

Houses in Eek are not numbered, which makes gaining identification difficult for residents.

Education
Lower Kuskokwim School District operates the Eek School, a bilingual PreK-12 school. it has 120 students and six teachers. The Principal is Troy Poage and the school board President is Clarence Daniel. About $21,000 is spent per pupil. In 2020 the state awarded $34.4 million to create a new school in Eek to reduce severe classroom overcrowding, a result of a quickly growing population. It is expected to be finished in 2022.

Two teachers at the Eek School, Paul and Eloise Forrer, compiled a large collection of photos of Eek and surrounding villages, as well as a film entitled The Children of Eek and their art. Their work, dating mostly from the 1970s to 1990s, is held at the Anchorage Museum.

Demographics
Eek Village was originally located on the Apokak River and moved to its present location in the late 1920s, after flooding and erosion caused the people to relocate. In 1900 Census, the village was known as "Apokagamiut" and had 118 residents. by 1910, the number of residents declined to 68. Eek appeared on the 1920 U.S. Census as an unincorporated village. In the 1930 Census, the village was enumerated in the Alaska Territory Fourth Judicial District, Bethel District, 0015. with 100 residents in 18 households. It received a post office in 1949. It was formally incorporated in 1970.

As of the census of 2000, there were 280 people, 76 households, and 57 families residing in the city. The population density was 307.2 PD/sqmi. There were 83 housing units at an average density of 91.1 /mi2. The racial makeup of the city was 3.21% White, 95.71% Alaska Native/Yupik, and 1.07% from two or more races. 0.36% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 76 households, out of which 43.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 19.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.0% were non-families. 25.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.68 and the average family size was 4.54.

In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 41.1% under the age of 18, 10.4% from 18 to 24, 27.9% from 25 to 44, 14.3% from 45 to 64, and 6.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 24 years. For every 100 females, there were 120.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 117.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $17,500, and the median income for a family was $27,500. The per capita income for the city was $8,957. About 32.7% of families and 28.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 30.5% of those under the age of 18 and 10.0% of those 65 or over. In 2020, more than three-quarters of the students at the Eek School were below the poverty line.

In 2019 there were 474 residents. 98% were Yup'ik Natives, 1% were white and 1% were Hispanic.

Economy
Most households rely on traditional native subsistence.

Infrastructure
Prior to 2019, the city did not have running water. Water was distributed by truck to households, at a cost of 25 cents per five gallons. In light of health concerns over the lack of running water, the Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium helped the city by providing a grant for piped running water, which was completed in 2019.

The city has only one non-satellite internet provider, General Communication Inc.

title: Eek, Alaska


text:
Goodnews Bay, Alaska

Goodnews Bay is a city in Bethel Census Area, Alaska, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population of the city was 243, up from 230 in 2000.

Geography
Goodnews Bay is located on the north shore of Goodnews Bay at the mouth of the Goodnews River, at 59.12139°N, -161.58583°W (59.121408, -161.585835). It is 116 mi south of Bethel, 110 mi northwest of Dillingham and 400 mi west of Anchorage.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 9.6 km2, all of it land.

History
Goodnews Bay first reported on the 1880 U.S. Census as the unincorporated Inuit village of "Mumtrahamute" with 162 residents (all Inuit). It reported on the 1890 census as "Mumtrahamiut", again returning with an unchanged 162 residents. It next reported in 1920 as "Mumtrakmut." In 1926, platinum was discovered in the region around Goodnews Bay and was mined by the Goodnews Bay Mining Company until 1979. It next reported in 1940 as "Good News Bay." It returned in 1950 as "Mumtrak." From 1960-70, it also returned as Mumtrak with the alternative name of Goodnews Bay. It formally incorporated in 1970 as Goodnews Bay, and has returned as such since 1980.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 230 people, 71 households, and 47 families residing in the city. The population density was 72.6 PD/sqmi. There were 87 housing units at an average density of 27.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 5.65% White, 92.61% Native American, and 1.74% from two or more races.

There were 71 households, out of which 45.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 31.0% were married couples living together, 23.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.4% were non-families. 32.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.24 and the average family size was 4.04.

In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 36.1% under the age of 18, 10.4% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 17.4% from 45 to 64, and 7.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 122.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $16,250, and the median income for a family was $21,563. Males had a median income of $31,250 versus $0 for females. The per capita income for the city was $6,851. About 37.8% of families and 39.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 53.3% of those under the age of eighteen and none of those 65 or over.

Education
Lower Kuskokwim School District operates the Rocky Mountain School, a PreK-12 school. it has 70 students.

Health
Sale, importation and possession of alcohol are banned in the village.

title: Goodnews Bay, Alaska


text:
Kasigluk, Alaska

Kasigluk  is a census-designated place (CDP) in the Bethel Census Area in the U.S. state of Alaska. At the 2010 census the population was 569, up from 543 in 2000. Kasigluk consists of two smaller villages, called Akiuk and Akula.

Geography
Kasigluk is located at 60.89194°N, -162.53583°W (60.892005, -162.535805) along the Johnson River in the Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta of western Alaska. It is approximately 20 mi northwest of Bethel.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 34.0 km2, of which 31.3 km2 is land and 2.7 km2, or 7.94%, is water.

The village is served by the Kasigluk Airport.

Demographics
Kasigluk first appeared on the 1940 U.S. Census as an unincorporated native village named "Kaseglok." In 1950 and 1960, it appeared as "Kasiglook." In 1969, Kasigluk and a nearby village of Nunapitchuk merged to form the city of Akolmiut. The combined population in 1970 was 526 and in 1980 was 641. In 1982, both communities decided to dissolve Akolmiut and become separate cities again. 1990 was the first census where Kasigluk appeared with its present spelling. In 1996, Kasigluk disincorporated and was made a census-designated place effective with the 2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 543 people, 101 households, and 91 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 44.5 PD/sqmi. There were 110 housing units at an average density of 9.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 3.31% White, 96.50% Native American, and 0.18% from two or more races. 0.37% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 101 households, out of which 72.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.3% were married couples living together, 15.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 9.9% were non-families. 9.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 1.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 5.38 and the average family size was 5.81.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 46.6% under the age of 18, 9.6% from 18 to 24, 26.3% from 25 to 44, 11.8% from 45 to 64, and 5.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 21 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.6 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $31,500, and the median income for a family was $33,750. Males had a median income of $16,667 versus $18,750 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $7,194. About 18.9% of families and 22.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.7% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

Wind power
Rural Alaska villages have traditionally relied upon diesel generators for their electrical needs. Kasigluk is one of several rural Alaska villages implementing wind power; they have three turbines, each with a capacity of 100 kilowatts. With fuel costs rising as high as $6 per gallon in mid-2005, wind power is being pursued not only for ecological reasons, but also to reduce the cost of living in impoverished communities such as Kasigluk.

Education
The village has two schools operated by the Lower Kuskokwim School District:
 * Kasigluk-Akula Elitnaurvik School
 * The school covers PreK-12 and is a bilingual English-Yugtun school. it has about 120 students.
 * Kasigluk Akiuk Memorial School
 * The school covers PreK-12. it has about 100 students.

title: Kasigluk, Alaska


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Kipnuk, Alaska

Kipnuk is a census-designated place (CDP) in Bethel Census Area, Alaska, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 639, down from 644 in 2000.

Kipnuk consists mostly of Yup'ik speaking Native Alaskans; the name means a "bend" referring to the bend in the (Qukaqliq) Kugkaktlik River where it is situated. The original settlement was situated along "Nukallpiarcunarli", a slough feeding into the (Qukaqliq) Kugkaktlik. This slough was thus named, because it was hard to detect. It was ideal for ambushing "Nukallpiaqs" or warrior/providers.

Geography
Kipnuk is located at 59.9375°N, -164.04389°W (59.937619, -164.043926).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 19.6 sqmi, of which, 19.4 sqmi of it is land and 0.2 sqmi of it (1.22%) is water.

Kipnuk is served by Kipnuk Airport.

Demographics
Kipnuk first appeared on the 1940 U.S. Census as an unincorporated native village. It was made a census-designated place (CDP) as of the 1980 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 644 people, 137 households, and 122 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 33.2 PD/sqmi. There were 154 housing units at an average density of 7.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 2.02% White, 96.58% Native American, and 1.40% from two or more races.

There were 137 households, out of which 64.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.7% were married couples living together, 14.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 10.9% were non-families. 10.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.70 and the average family size was 5.04.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 45.3% under the age of 18, 10.6% from 18 to 24, 25.9% from 25 to 44, 13.2% from 45 to 64, and 5.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 21 years. For every 100 females, there were 130.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 120.0 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $34,375, and the median income for a family was $35,714. Males had a median income of $29,167 versus $23,333 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $8,589. About 21.5% of families and 20.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.7% of those under age 18 and 19.2% of those age 65 or over.

Education
Kipnuk has one school which is K-12 Chief Paul Memorial School, operated by the Lower Kuskokwim School District. it has 190 students.

title: Kipnuk, Alaska


text:
Argent

In heraldry, argent is the tincture of silver, and belongs to the class of light tinctures called "metals". It is very frequently depicted as white and usually considered interchangeable with it. In engravings and line drawings, regions to be tinctured argent are either left blank, or indicated with the abbreviation ar.

The name derives from Latin argentum, translated as "silver" or "white metal". The word argent had the same meaning in Old French blazon, whence it passed into the English language.

In some historical depictions of coats of arms, a kind of silver leaf was applied to those parts of the device that were argent. Over time, the silver content of these depictions has tarnished and darkened. As a result, it can sometimes be difficult to distinguish regions that were intended as "argent" from those that were "sable". This leaves a false impression that the rule of tincture has been violated in cases where, when applied next to a dark colour, argent now appears to be sable due to tarnish.

Argent versus white
Arthur Charles Fox-Davies argued in his book The Art of Heraldry that, though extremely rare, the colour white existed as an independent tincture in heraldry separate from argent. He bases this in part on the "white labels" used to differentiate the arms of members of the British royal family. However, it has been argued that these could be regarded as "white labels proper", thus rendering white not a heraldic tincture.

Poetic meaning
The different tinctures are traditionally associated with particular heavenly bodies, precious stones, virtues, and flowers, although these associations have been mostly disregarded by serious heraldists. In addition to the metal silver, Argent is associated with:
 * Of jewels, the pearl (or sometimes crystal)
 * Of heavenly bodies, the Moon
 * Of virtues, innocence

title: Argent


text:
Gules

In heraldry, gules is the tincture with the colour red. It is one of the class of five dark tinctures called "colours", the others being azure (blue), sable (black), vert (green) and purpure (purple).

Gules is portrayed in heraldic hatching by vertical lines, or indicated by the abbreviation g. or gu. when a coat of arms is tricked.

Etymology
The term gules derives from the Middle English goules, which itself is an Old French word meaning "neckpiece made of red fur". Goules is derived from the Old French gole or guele, both of which mean "throat", which are ultimately derived from the Latin gula, also meaning "throat". Gules is similar to the English word gullet. A. C. Fox-Davies states that the term originates from the Persian word gol, meaning "rose", but according to Brault there is no evidence to support this derivation.

The modern French spelling of the tincture is gueules. Both gules and rojo are used for red in Spanish heraldry. In Portugal, red is known as vermelho, and in Germany the colour is called rot. In Dutch heraldry, the tincture is called keel.

Poetic meanings
Centuries ago, arms were often described poetically and the tinctures were associated with different gemstones, flowers and heavenly bodies. Gules usually represented the following:
 * Of jewels, the ruby
 * Of heavenly bodies, Mars

Examples
Maurice of Nassau arms.svg coat of arms of Nassau-Dillenburg (attributed to Otto II of Nassau, d. 1351):

1. The lion of Nassau, Azure billetty or, a lion rampant of the last armed and langued gules ;

2. County of Katzenelnbogen, Or a lion rampant guardant gules, armed langued and crowned azure;

3. County of Vianden,  Gules, a fess argent;

4. County of Dietz,  Gules, two lions passants or armed and langued azure ]] Gules is the most widely used heraldic tincture. Through the sixteenth century, nearly half of all noble coats of arms in Poland had a field gules with one or more argent charges on them.

Examples of coats of arms consisting of purely a red shield (blazoned gules plain) include those of the d'Albret family, the Rossi family, the Swiss canton of Schwyz (prior to 1815), and the old coats of arms of the cities of Nîmes and Montpellier.

title: Gules


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Azure

Azure may refer to:

Color

 * Azure (color), a hue of blue
 * Azure (heraldry)
 * Shades of azure, shades and variations

Arts and media

 * Azure (Art Farmer and Fritz Pauer album), 1987
 * Azure (Gary Peacock and Marilyn Crispell album), 2013
 * Azure (design magazine), Toronto, Ontario
 * Azure (heraldry), a blue tincture on flags or coats of arms
 * Azure (magazine), a periodical on Jewish thought and identity
 * Azure (painting), by Gustave Van de Woestijne
 * "Azure" (song), by Duke Ellington
 * "Azure", a song by The Third and the Mortal from the album Painting on Glass
 * Azure, a 2007 single by Slam also featured on the album Human Response

Computing

 * Microsoft Azure, a cloud computing platform
 * Mozilla Azure, a graphics abstraction API

Places

 * Azure, Alberta, a locality in Canada
 * Azure, Montana, a census-designated place in the United States
 * Azure Window, a former natural arch in Malta

Other uses

 * Azure Ryder (born 1996), an Australian singer, songwriter, and musician
 * Azure (barley), a malting barley variety
 * Bentley Azure, a car

title: Azure


text:
Vert

Vert or Verts may refer to:

 * Vert (heraldry), the colour green in heraldry
 * Vert (music producer) (born 1972), pseudonym of Adam Butler, an English music producer
 * Vert (river), in southern France
 * Vert (sport), a competition in extreme versions of BMX, snowboarding etc., held on a vert ramp
 * Vert, Landes, a commune in the Landes département in France
 * Vert, Yvelines, a commune in the Yvelines département in France
 * The Greens (France) (Les Verts), a political party
 * Lac Vert (disambiguation) or Vert Lake, the name of various lakes

title: Vert


text:
Census tract

A census tract, census area, census district or meshblock is a geographic region defined for the purpose of taking a census. Sometimes these coincide with the limits of cities, towns or other administrative areas and several tracts commonly exist within a county. In unincorporated areas of the United States these are often arbitrary, except for coinciding with political lines.

Census tracts represent the smallest territorial entity for which population data are available in many countries. In the United States, census tracts are subdivided into block groups and census blocks. In Canada they are divided into dissemination areas. In the U.S., census tracts are "designed to be relatively homogeneous units with respect to population characteristics, economic status, and living conditions" and "average about 4,000 inhabitants".

Brazil
The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics uses the term census sector (setor censitário). As of the 2010 Census, there were approximately 314,000 sectors in Brazil.

France
In 1999 in France, in order to prepare for the dissemination of the 1999 French population census, INSEE (Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques) developed a system for dividing the country into units of equal size, known as IRIS2000, but now known simply as 'IRIS'. The acronym stands for 'Ilots Regroupés pour l'Information Statistique' (‘aggregated units for statistical information') and the 2000 in the name referred not only to the upcoming millennium year but to the target size of 2,000 residents per basic unit. Since 1999, IRIS has represented the fundamental unit for dissemination of infra-municipal data in France and its overseas departments and regions. Towns with more than 10,000 inhabitants, and a large proportion of towns with between 5,000 and 10,000 inhabitants, are divided into several IRIS units. France is composed of around 16,100 IRIS in total, of which 650 are in the overseas departments. There are 3 types of IRIS unit in use: residential IRIS (pop. between 1,800 and 5,000), business IRIS (containing more than 1,000 employees) and miscellaneous IRIS (specific large zones which are sparsely inhabited and have large surface areas (leisure parks, ports, forests etc.).

Ireland
In the Republic of Ireland, the Central Statistics Office (CSO), established in 1949, organises the census. Beginning from the 2011 census, the CSO website has made available "Small Area Population Statistics" (SAPS) for each "small area", a subdivision of an electoral division (ED) defined by Ordnance Survey Ireland constrained by natural landscape features. Formerly main roads also constrained the borders but this was changed to increase data privacy. A small area has a minimum of 65 and average of 90 households. For the 2016 census there were 18,641 small areas. The 2016 census also provides the population of each of 50,117 townlands, except those with a population of one sex or two people.

From 1926 to 2006, the smallest unit of public reporting was the electoral division (till 1996 called "district electoral divisions" in counties or "wards" in the cities). There were 3,409 EDs in 2016. Until 1911, the smallest reported unit was the townland in rural areas and the ward in urban areas. Subsequently, townland data was available on application to the CSO. All of the aforementioned are legally defined administrative units, although with no local government functions. From 1996 to 2006, "census enumeration areas" were included in data made available on request for areas within the five county boroughs but not the 29 administrative counties. A census enumeration area was the area covered by a single enumerator, and had an average of 330 households. This data has since been published online.

New Zealand
In New Zealand census tracts are known as meshblocks, or mesh blocks, and are defined by Statistics New Zealand as being "the smallest geographic unit for which statistical data is collected and processed by Statistics New Zealand". It is a defined area, varying in size from part of a city block to large areas of rural land. Each of these borders another to form a network covering the whole country including inlets and coasts, and extending out to the 200 mile economic zone. Meshblocks are added together to "build up" larger geographic areas such as area units and urban areas. They are also used to draw up and define New Zealand electorates and local authority boundaries.

United Kingdom
British census tracts were first developed in the city of Oxford. The Inter-University Census Tract Committee was formed in 1955 and Oxford was divided into 48 tracts with an average population of 2,645 each. The Registrar General, however, opted for enumeration districts containing less than 1,000 people on average, rather than adopting census tracts. While tracts composed of enumeration districts were later developed, these were not extensively used. Census tracts have, however, been constructed and used by British demographers. The Office for National Statistics now uses enumeration districts only for the collection of data, with output areas used as the base unit in census releases.

United States
The concept of the census tract was first developed in the United States. In 1906, Walter Laidlaw originated the concept of permanent, small geographic areas as a framework for studying change from one decennial United States Census to another in neighborhoods within New York City. For the 1910 Census, eight cities—New York, Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and St. Louis—delineated census tracts (then termed ‘‘districts’’) for the first time. No additional jurisdictions delineated census tracts until just prior to the 1930 Census, when an additional ten cities chose to do so. The increased interest in census tracts for the 1930 Census is attributed to the promotional efforts of Howard Whipple Green, who was a statistician in Cleveland, Ohio, and later the chairman of the American Statistical Association's Committee on Census Enumeration Areas. For more than 25 years, Green strongly encouraged local citizens, via committees, to establish census tracts and other census statistical geographic areas. The committees created by local citizens were known as Census Tract Committees, later called Census Statistical Areas Committees. After 1930, the Census Bureau saw the need to standardize the delineation, review, and updating of census tracts and published the first set of census tract criteria in 1934. The goal of the criteria has remained unchanged; that is, to assure comparability and data reliability through the standardization of the population thresholds for census tracts, as well as requiring that their boundaries follow specific types of geographic features that do not change frequently. The Census Bureau began publishing census tract data as part of its standard tabulations beginning with the 1940 Census. Prior to that time, census tract data were published as special tabulations.

For the 1940 Census, the Census Bureau began publishing census block data for all cities with 50,000 or more people. Census block numbers were assigned, where possible, by census tract, but for those cities that had not yet delineated census tracts, ‘‘block areas’’ (called ‘‘block numbering areas’’ [BNAs] in later censuses) were created to assign census block numbers. Starting with the 1960 Census, the Census Bureau assumed a greater role in promoting and coordinating the delineation, review, and update of census tracts. For the 1980 Census, criteria for BNAs were changed to make them more comparable in size and shape to census tracts. For the 1990 Census, all counties contained either census tracts or BNAs.

Census 2000 was the first decade in which census tracts were defined in all counties. In addition, the Census Bureau increased the number of geographic areas whose boundaries could be used as census tract boundaries. It also allowed tribal governments of federally recognized American Indian tribes with a reservation and/or off-reservation trust lands to delineate tracts without regard to State and/or county boundaries, provided the tribe had a 1990 Census population of at least 1,000.

Census tracts are also used by the Small Business Administration to define boundaries of HUBZones.

title: Census tract


text:
Purpure

In heraldry, purpure is a tincture, equivalent to the colour purple, and is one of the five main or most usually used colours (as opposed to metals). It may be portrayed in engravings by a series of parallel lines at a 45-degree angle running from upper right to lower left from the point of view of an observer, or else indicated by the abbreviation purp.

Purpure has existed since the earliest periods, for example in the purpure lion of the arms of León; at that time, it was painted in a greyer shade. However, it has never been as common as the other colours, and this has led to some controversy as to whether it should be counted among the common colours. In French heraldry, the colour is usually excluded from the common colours as well as considered "ambiguous" (could be either colour or metal), and Finnish heraldry restricts its use to certain additaments.

There is at least one instance of it being blazoned as "Imperial Purple". One of the most expensive colours to acquire in ancient times, Tyrian purple was used in the war banner of Byzantine Emperor Komnenos: Purpur (porphyr red) a double-headed eagle displayed Or.

Poetic meanings
The different tinctures are traditionally associated with particular heavenly bodies, precious stones, virtues, and flowers, although these associations have been mostly disregarded by serious heraldists. Purpure is associated with:
 * Of jewels, the amethyst
 * Of heavenly bodies, Mercury (however, Western alchemy associates the amethyst with Jupiter). The planet Mercury is further associated with the element mercury or "quicksilver" in traditional alchemical/occultistic lore.
 * Of virtues, temperance

title: Purpure


text:
Blayne Weaver

Blayne Nutron Weaver (born April 9, 1976) is an American actor, and filmmaker. He is best known for voicing Peter Pan in Return to Never Land (2002) following Bobby Driscoll's death in 1968.

Early life
Weaver was born in Bossier City, Louisiana on April 9, 1976.

Career
Weaver began to perform in the children's theater group The Peter Pan Players in Shreveport, Louisiana. His first major film performance was in the independent film Where the Red Fern Grows. In the late 1990s, he appeared in several TV movies and was also a guest star on several shows including ER, JAG, and Chicago Hope. In 2001, he became the new voice of Disney's Peter Pan, and has performed that voice in various children's films as well as in recordings for the Disney theme parks.

In 2001, Weaver co-wrote the film Manic, which starred actor Joseph Gordon-Levitt. He continues to play the voice of Peter Pan and pursue acting in Los Angeles. In late 2004, he directed, wrote and starred in the short film Losing Lois Lane, which made a big impact online. He then wrote, directed and starred in Secret Identity Productions' (SIP) first feature film Outside Sales, which won awards on the film festival circuit and was released nationwide through Echo Bridge Entertainment. Weaver wrote, directed and played a small role in SIP's next feature, Weather Girl, with an ensemble cast that boasted Tricia O'Kelley, Mark Harmon, Jon Cryer and Jane Lynch. Weather Girl enjoyed an extensive festival run followed by a ten-city theatrical and a worldwide television and DVD release. Weaver wrote, directed and stars in his next feature film 6 Month Rule with a cast featuring Martin Starr, Jaime Pressly, John Michael Higgins and Dave Foley.

In 2016, Weaver wrote and directed Cut to the Chase, a feature film he also starred in about an ex-con that sets out in search of his kidnapped sister through the criminal underbelly of Shreveport, Louisiana. He also starred in the feature film Where We're Meant to Be by Michael Howard that deals with the interconnected stories of various characters during the pivotal changes and moments in their lives. His performance earned him a Best Actor nomination at the Eastern NC Film Festival.

In 2019, Weaver directed the Netflix original movie Santa Girl. The movie is about Santa's daughter, Cassandra "Cassie" Claus, (played by Jennifer Stone) wanting to find herself and see the world despite the wishes of her father (played by Barry Bostwick) who wants her to take over the family business. It first premiered at the Alamo Drafthouse Cinema in Winchester, Virginia.

In 2020, Weaver co-wrote American Pie Presents: Girls' Rules with David H. Steinberg.

title: Blayne Weaver