text:
Emo

Emo is a music genre characterized by emotional, often confessional lyrics. It emerged as a style of hardcore punk and post-hardcore from the mid-1980s Washington, D.C. hardcore scene, where it was known as emotional hardcore or emocore. The bands Rites of Spring and Embrace, among others, pioneered the genre. In the early-to-mid 1990s, emo was adopted and reinvented by alternative rock, indie rock, punk rock, and pop-punk bands, including Sunny Day Real Estate, Jawbreaker, Cap'n Jazz, and Jimmy Eat World. By the mid-1990s, Braid, the Promise Ring, and the Get Up Kids emerged from Midwest emo, and several independent record labels began to specialize in the genre. Meanwhile, screamo, a more aggressive style of emo using screamed vocals, also emerged, pioneered by the San Diego bands Heroin and Antioch Arrow. Screamo achieved mainstream success in the 2000s with bands like Hawthorne Heights, Silverstein, Story of the Year, Thursday, the Used, and Underoath.

Often seen as a subculture, emo also signifies a specific relationship between fans and artists and certain aspects of fashion, culture, and behavior. Emo fashion includes skinny jeans, black eyeliner, tight t-shirts with band names, studded belts, and flat, straight, jet-black hair with long bangs. Since the early-to-mid 2000s, fans of emo music who dress like this are referred to as "emo kids" or "emos". The emo subculture was stereotypically associated with social alienation, sensitivity, misanthropy, introversion, and angst. Purported links to depression, self-harm, and suicide, combined with its rise in popularity in the early 2000s, inspired a backlash against emo, with some bands, including My Chemical Romance and Panic! at the Disco, rejecting the emo label because of the social stigma and controversy surrounding it.

Emo and its subgenre emo pop entered mainstream culture in the early 2000s with the success of Jimmy Eat World and Dashboard Confessional, and many artists signed contracts with major record labels. Bands such as My Chemical Romance, AFI, Fall Out Boy, and The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus continued the genre's popularity during the rest of the decade. By the early 2010s, emo's popularity had declined, with some emo bands changing their sound and others disbanding. Meanwhile, however, a mainly underground emo revival emerged, with bands such as the World Is a Beautiful Place & I Am No Longer Afraid to Die and Modern Baseball, some drawing on the sound and aesthetic of 1990s emo. During the late 2010s, a fusion genre called emo rap became mainstream; its most famous artists included Lil Peep, XXXTentacion, and Juice Wrld.

Characteristics

Emo originated in hardcore punk and is considered a form of post-hardcore. Nonetheless, emo has also been considered a genre of alternative rock, indie rock, punk rock, and pop punk. Emo uses the guitar dynamics that use both the softness and loudness of punk rock music. Some emo leans uses characteristics of progressive music with the genre's use of complex guitar work, unorthodox song structures, and extreme dynamic shifts.

Lyrics, a focus in emo music, are typically emotional and often personal or confessional, dealing with topics such as failed romance, self-loathing, pain, insecurity, suicidal thoughts, love, and relationships. AllMusic described emo lyrics as "usually either free-associative poetry or intimate confessionals". Early emo bands were hardcore punk bands that used melody and emotional or introspective lyrics and that were less structured than regular hardcore punk, making early emo bands different from the aggression, anger, and verse-chorus-verse structures of regular hardcore punk.

According to AllMusic, most 1990s emo bands "borrowed from some combination of Fugazi, Sunny Day Real Estate, and Weezer". The New York Times described emo as "emotional punk or post-hardcore or pop-punk. That is, punk that wears its heart on its sleeve and tries a little tenderness to leaven its sonic attack. If it helps, imagine Ricky Nelson singing in the Sex Pistols." Author Matt Diehl called emo a "more sensitive interpolation of punk's mission". According to Merriam-Webster, emo is "a style of rock music influenced by punk rock and featuring introspective and emotionally fraught lyrics".

Predecessors
Pet Sounds, the Beach Boys' 1966 album, is sometimes considered the first emo album. According to music writer Luke Britton, such assertions are perhaps stated "wryly", and wrote that "it's generally accepted that the genre's pioneers" came later in the 1980s. During the decade, many hardcore punk and post-hardcore bands formed in Washington, D.C. Post-hardcore, an experimental offshoot of hardcore punk, was inspired by post-punk. Hardcore punk bands and post-hardcore bands who influenced early emo bands include Minor Threat, Black Flag and Hüsker Dü.

1984–1991: Origins
Emo, which began as a post-hardcore subgenre, was part of the 1980s hardcore punk scene in Washington, D.C. as something different from the violent part of the Washington, D.C. hardcore scene. Minor Threat fan Guy Picciotto formed Rites of Spring in 1984, using the musical style of hardcore punk and combining the musical style with melodic guitars, varied rhythms, and personal, emotional lyrics. Many of the band's themes, including nostalgia, romantic bitterness and poetic desperation, became familiar tropes of later emo music. Its performances were public, emotional purges where audience members sometimes wept. Ian MacKaye of Minor Threat became a Rites of Spring fan (recording their only album and being their roadie) and formed the emo band Embrace, which explored similar themes of self-searching and emotional release. Similar bands followed in connection with the "Revolution Summer” of 1985, an attempt by members of the Washington scene to break from the usual characteristics of hardcore punk to a hardcore punk style with different characteristics. Bands such as Gray Matter, Beefeater, Fire Party, Dag Nasty, and Soulside were associated with the movement.

Although the origins of the word "emo" are uncertain, evidence shows that the word "emo" was coined in the mid-1980s, specifically 1985. According to Andy Greenwald, author of Nothing Feels Good: Punk Rock, Teenagers, and Emo, "The origins of the term 'emo' are shrouded in mystery ... but it first came into common practice in 1985. If Minor Threat was hardcore, then Rites of Spring, with its altered focus, was emotional hardcore or emocore." Michael Azerrad, author of Our Band Could Be Your Life, also traces the word's origins to the mid-1980s: "The style was soon dubbed 'emo-core,' a term everyone involved bitterly detested". MacKaye traces it to 1985, attributing it to an article in Thrasher magazine referring to Embrace and other Washington, D.C. bands as "emo-core" (which he called "the stupidest fucking thing I've ever heard in my entire life"). Other accounts attribute the word to an audience member at an Embrace show, who shouted as an insult that the band was "emocore". Others have said that MacKaye coined the word when he used it self-mockingly in a magazine, or that it originated with Rites of Spring. The "emocore" label quickly spread through the DC punk scene, and was associated with many bands associated with Ian MacKaye's Dischord Records. Although many of the bands rejected the term, it stayed. Jenny Toomey recalled, "The only people who used it at first were the ones that were jealous over how big and fanatical a scene it was. [Rites of Spring] existed well before the term did and they hated it. But there was this weird moment, like when people started calling music 'grunge,' where you were using the term even though you hated it." The Washington, D.C. emo scene lasted only a few years, and by 1986, most of emo's major bands (including Rites of Spring, Embrace, Gray Matter and Beefeater) had broken up. However, its ideas and aesthetics spread quickly across the country through a network of homemade zines, vinyl records and hearsay. According to Greenwald, the Washington, D.C. scene laid the groundwork for emo's subsequent incarnations:

"What had happened in D.C. in the mid-eighties—the shift from anger to action, from extroverted rage to internal turmoil, from an individualized mass to a mass of individuals—was in many ways a test case for the transformation of the national punk scene over the next two decades. The imagery, the power of the music, the way people responded to it, and the way the bands burned out instead of fading away—all have their origins in those first few performances by Rites of Spring. The roots of emo were laid, however unintentionally, by fifty or so people in the nation's capital. And in some ways, it was never as good and surely never as pure again. Certainly, the Washington scene was the only time 'emocore' had any consensus definition as a genre."

1991–1994: Reinvention
As the Washington, D.C. emo movement spread across the United States, local bands began to emulate its style. Emo combined the fatalism, theatricality and isolation of The Smiths with hardcore punk's uncompromising, dramatic worldview. Despite the number of bands and the variety of locales, emocore's late-1980s aesthetics remained more-or-less the same: "over-the-top lyrics about feelings wedded to dramatic but decidedly punk music." During the early–mid 1990s, several new bands reinvented emo, making emo expand by becoming a subgenre of genres like indie rock and pop punk. Chief among them were Jawbreaker and Sunny Day Real Estate, who inspired cult followings, redefined emo and brought it a step closer to the mainstream. In the wake of the 1991 success of Nirvana's Nevermind, underground music and subcultures were widely noticed in the United States. New distribution networks emerged, touring routes were codified, and regional and independent acts accessed the national stage. Young people across the country became fans of independent music, and punk culture became mainstream.

Emerging from the late 1980s and early 1990s San Francisco punk rock scene and forming in New York City, Jawbreaker combined pop punk with emotional and personal lyrics. Singer-guitarist Blake Schwarzenbach focused his lyrics on personal, immediate topics often taken from his journal. Often obscure and cloaked in metaphors, their relationship to Schwarzenbach's concerns gave his words a bitterness and frustration which made them universal and attractive to audiences. Schwarzenbach became emo's first idol, as listeners related to the singer even more than to his songs. Jawbreaker's 1994 album, 24 Hour Revenge Therapy, was popular with fans and is a touchstone of mid-1990s emo. Although Jawbreaker signed with Geffen Records and toured with mainstream bands Nirvana and Green Day, Jawbreaker's 1995 album Dear You did not achieve mainstream success. Jawbreaker broke up soon afterwards, with Schwarzenbach forming emo band Jets to Brazil.

Sunny Day Real Estate formed in Seattle at the height of the early 1990s grunge boom. The music video for "Seven", lead track of the band's debut album Diary (1994), was played on MTV, giving the band more attention. Another band often considered to be emo which emerged at the same time was California's Weezer. Nonetheless, it is debated whether Weezer is emo. For example, Alternative Press argues that the emo label has been misapplied to the band, and author Andy Greenwald also states that the band is not emo. Jimmy Eat World, an Arizona emo band, also emerged at this time. Influenced by pop punk bands such as the Mr. T Experience and Horace Pinker, Jimmy Eat World released its self-titled debut album in 1994.

1994–1997: Underground popularity
The American punk and indie rock movements, which had been largely underground since the early 1980s, became part of mainstream culture during the mid-1990s. With Nirvana's success, major record labels capitalized on the popularity of alternative rock and other underground music by signing and promoting independent bands. In 1994, the same year that Jawbreaker's 24 Hour Revenge Therapy and Sunny Day Real Estate's Diary were released, punk rock bands Green Day and the Offspring broke into the mainstream with diamond album Dookie and multi-platinum album Smash, respectively. After underground music went mainstream, emo retreated and reformed as a national subculture over the next few years. Inspired by Jawbreaker, Drive Like Jehu and Fugazi, 1990s emo abandoned the elements of hardcore punk and used elements of indie rock, with punk rock's do-it-yourself work ethic but smoother songs and emotional vocals.

Many 1990s emo bands, such as Cap'n Jazz, Braid, Christie Front Drive, Mineral, Jimmy Eat World, the Get Up Kids and the Promise Ring, originated in the central U.S. Many of the bands had a distinct vocal style and guitar melodies, which was later called Midwest emo. According to Andy Greenwald, "this was the period when emo earned many, if not all, of the stereotypes that have lasted to this day: boy-driven, glasses-wearing, overly sensitive, overly brainy, chiming-guitar-driven college music." Emo band Texas Is the Reason bridged the gap between indie rock and emo in their three-year lifespan on the East Coast, melding Sunny Day Real Estate's melodies and punk musicianship and singing directly to the listener. In New Jersey, the band Lifetime played shows in fans' basements. Lifetime's 1995 album, Hello Bastards on Jade Tree Records, fused hardcore punk with emo and eschewed cynicism and irony in favor of love songs. The album sold tens of thousands of copies, and Lifetime paved the way for New Jersey and Long Island emo bands Brand New, Midtown, The Movielife, My Chemical Romance, Saves the Day, Senses Fail, Taking Back Sunday and Thursday.

The Promise Ring's music took a slower, smoother, pop punk approach to riffs, blending them with singer Davey von Bohlen's imagist lyrics delivered in a froggy croon and pronounced lisp and playing shows in basements and VFW halls. Jade Tree released their debut album, 30° Everywhere, in 1996; it sold tens of thousands of copies and was successful by independent standards. Greenwald describes the album as "like being hit in the head with cotton candy." Other bands, such as Karate, the Van Pelt, Joan of Arc and the Shyness Clinic, played emo music with post-rock and noise rock influences. Their common lyrical thread was "applying big questions to small scenarios." A cornerstone of mid-1990s emo was Weezer's 1996 album, Pinkerton. After the mainstream success of Weezer's self-titled debut album, Pinkerton showed a more dark and abrasive style. Frontman Rivers Cuomo's songs focused on messy, manipulative sex and his insecurity about dealing with celebrity. A critical and commercial failure, Rolling Stone called it the third-worst album of the year. Cuomo retreated from the public eye, later referring to the album as "hideous" and "a hugely painful mistake". However, Pinkerton found enduring appeal with young people who were discovering alternative rock and identified with its confessional lyrics and theme of rejection. Sales grew steadily due to word of mouth, online message boards and Napster. "Although no one was paying attention", writes Greenwald, "perhaps because no one was paying attention—Pinkerton became the most important emo album of the decade." In 2004, James Montgomery of MTV described Weezer as "the most important band of the last 10 years". Pinkerton success grew very gradually, being certified gold by the RIAA in July 2001 and eventually being certified platinum by the RIAA in September 2016.

Mid-1990s emo was embodied by Mineral, whose The Power of Failing (1997) and EndSerenading (1998) encapsulated emo tropes: somber music, accompanied by a shy narrator singing seriously about mundane problems. Greenwald calls "If I Could" "the ultimate expression" of 1990s emo, writing that "the song's short synopsis—she is beautiful, I am weak, dumb, and shy; I am alone but am surprisingly poetic when left alone — sums up everything that emo's adherents admired and its detractors detested." Another significant band was Braid, whose 1998 album Frame and Canvas and B-side song "Forever Got Shorter" blurred the line between band and listener; the group mirrored their audience in passion and sentiment, and sang in their fans' voice.

Although mid-1990s emo had thousands of young fans, it did not enter the national consciousness. A few bands were offered contracts with major record labels, but most broke up before they could capitalize on the opportunity. Jimmy Eat World signed to Capitol Records in 1995 and developed a following with their album, Static Prevails, but did not break into the mainstream yet. The Promise Ring were the most commercially successful emo band of the time, with sales of their 1997 album Nothing Feels Good reaching the mid-five figures. Greenwald calls the album "the pinnacle of its generation of emo: a convergence of pop and punk, of resignation and celebration, of the lure of girlfriends and the pull of friends, bandmates, and the road"; mid-1990s emo was "the last subculture made of vinyl and paper instead of plastic and megabytes."

1997–2002: Independent success
Emo's popularity grew during the late 1990s, laying the foundation for mainstream success. Deep Elm Records released a series of eleven compilation albums, The Emo Diaries, from 1997 to 2007. Emphasizing unreleased music from many bands, the series included Jimmy Eat World, Further Seems Forever, Samiam and the Movielife. Jimmy Eat World's 1999 album, Clarity, was a touchstone for later emo bands. In 2003, Andy Greenwald called Clarity "one of the most fiercely beloved rock 'n' roll records of the last decade." Despite a warm critical reception and the promotion of "Lucky Denver Mint" in the Drew Barrymore comedy Never Been Kissed, Clarity was commercially unsuccessful. Nevertheless, the album had steady word-of-mouth popularity and eventually sold over 70,000 copies. Jimmy Eat World self-financed their next album, Bleed American (2001), before signing with DreamWorks Records. The album sold 30,000 copies in its first week, went gold shortly afterwards and went platinum in 2002, making emo become mainstream. Drive-Thru Records developed a roster of primarily pop punk bands with emo characteristics, including Midtown, the Starting Line, the Movielife and Something Corporate. Drive-Thru's partnership with MCA Records enabled its brand of emo-inflected pop to reach a wider audience. Drive-Thru's unabashedly populist, capitalist approach to music allowed its bands' albums and merchandise to sell in stores such as Hot Topic.

Independent label Vagrant Records signed several successful late-1990s and early-2000s emo bands. The Get Up Kids had sold over 15,000 copies of their debut album, Four Minute Mile (1997), before signing with Vagrant. The label promoted them aggressively, sending them on tours opening for Green Day and Weezer. Their 1999 album, Something to Write Home About, reaching number 31 on Billboard Top Heatseekers chart. Vagrant signed and recorded a number of other emo-related bands over the next two years, including the Anniversary, Reggie and the Full Effect, the New Amsterdams, Alkaline Trio, Saves the Day, Dashboard Confessional, Hey Mercedes and Hot Rod Circuit. Saves the Day had developed a substantial East Coast following and sold almost 50,000 copies of their second album, Through Being Cool (1999), before signing with Vagrant and releasing Stay What You Are (2001). Stay What You Are sold 15,000 copies in its first week, reached number 100 on the Billboard 200 and sold at least 120,000 copies in the United States. Vagrant organized a national tour with every band on its label, sponsored by corporations including Microsoft and Coca-Cola, during the summer of 2001. Its populist approach and use of the internet as a marketing tool made it one of the country's most-successful independent labels and helped popularize the word "emo". According to Greenwald, "More than any other event, it was Vagrant America that defined emo to masses—mainly because it had the gumption to hit the road and bring it to them."

2002–2010: Mainstream success

Emo broke into the mainstream media during the summer of 2002. During this time, many fans of emo music had an appearance of short, dyed black hair with bangs cut high on the forehead, glasses with thick and black frames, and thrift store clothes. This fashion then became a huge part of emo's identity. Jimmy Eat World's Bleed American album went platinum on the strength of "The Middle", which topped Billboard Alternative Songs chart. The mainstream success achieved by Jimmy Eat World paved the way for emo pop music that would appear during the rest of the 2000s, with emo pop becoming a very common style of emo music during the 2000s. The band Dashboard Confessional broke into the mainstream. Started by the band's guitarist and lead vocalist Chris Carrabba, Dashboard Confessional are known for sometimes creating acoustic songs. Dashboard Confessional originally was a side project, as Carrabba was also a member of the emo band Further Seems Forever, and Vacant Andys, a punk rock band Carraba helped start in 1995. Dashboard Confessional's album The Places You Have Come to Fear the Most peaked at number 5 on the Independent Albums chart. Dashboard Confessional was the first non-platinum-selling artist to record an episode of MTV Unplugged. The 2002 resulting live album and video long-form was certified platinum by the RIAA on May 22, 2003, topped the Independent Albums chart, and, as of October 19, 2007, sold 316,000 copies. With Dashboard Confessional's mainstream success, Carrabba appeared on a cover of the magazine Spin and according to Jim DeRogatis, "has become the 'face of emo' the way that Moby was deemed the prime exponent of techno or Kurt Cobain became the unwilling crown prince of grunge." Three of Dashboard Confessional's studio albums, The Places You Have Come to Fear the Most (2001), A Mark, a Mission, a Brand, a Scar (2003), and Dusk and Summer (2006), all were certified gold by the RIAA during the mid-2000s. As of October 19, 2007, The Places You Have Come to Fear the Most has sold 599,000 copies. As of October 19, 2007, Dusk and Summer and A Mark, a Mission, a Brand, a Scar have sold 512,000 copies and 901,000 copies in the United States, respectively. As of October 19, 2007, Dashboard Confessional's 2000 debut album The Swiss Army Romance sold 338,000 copies. On August 10, 2003, The New York Times reported how, "from the three-chord laments of Alkaline Trio to the folky rants of Bright Eyes, from the erudite pop-punk of Brand New" to the entropic anthems of Thursday, much of the most exciting rock music" was appearing from the emo genre.

Saves the Day toured with Green Day, Blink-182 and Weezer, playing in large arenas such as Madison Square Garden. Saves the Day performed on Late Night with Conan O'Brien, appeared on the cover of Alternative Press and had music videos for "At Your Funeral" and "Freakish" in rotation on MTV2. Taking Back Sunday released their debut album, Tell All Your Friends, on Victory Records in 2002. The album gave the band a taste of success in the emo scene with singles such as "Cute Without the 'E' (Cut from the Team)" and "You're So Last Summer". Tell All Your Friends was eventually certified gold by the RIAA in 2005 and is considered one of emo's most-influential albums. As of May 8, 2009, Tell All Your Friends sold 790,000 copies. Articles on Vagrant Records appeared in Time and Newsweek, and the word "emo" became a catchall term for non-mainstream pop music.

In the wake of this success, many emo bands were signed to major record labels and the genre became marketable. According to DreamWorks Records senior A&R representative Luke Wood, "The industry really does look at emo as the new rap rock, or the new grunge. I don't think that anyone is listening to the music that's being made—they're thinking of how they're going to take advantage of the sound's popularity at retail." Emo's apolitical nature, catchy music and accessible themes had broad appeal for a young, mainstream audience. Emo bands that emerged or broke into the mainstream during this time were rejected by many fans of older emo music. As emo continued to be mainstream, it became quite common for emo bands to have black hair and wear eyeliner. Taking Back Sunday had continued success in the next few years, with their 2004 album Where You Want To Be both reaching number three on the Billboard 200 and being certified gold by the RIAA in July 2005. The album, as of February 17, 2006, sold more than 700,000 copies in the United States, according to Nielsen SoundScan. The band's 2006 album, Louder Now, reached number two on the Billboard 200, was certified gold by the RIAA a little less than two months after its release date, and, as of May 8, 2009, sold 674,000 copies. A darker, more aggressive style of emo was also becoming popular. New Jersey–based Thursday signed a multimillion-dollar, multi-album contract with Island Def Jam after their 2001 album, Full Collapse, reached umber 178 on the Billboard 200. Their music was more political and lacked pop hooks and anthems, influenced instead by the Smiths, Joy Division, and The Cure However, the band's accessibility, basement-show roots and touring with Saves the Day made them part of the emo movement. Thursday's 2003 album, War All the Time, reached number seven on the Billboard 200. Hawthorne Heights, Story of the Year, Underoath, and Alexisonfire, four bands frequently featured on MTV, have popularized screamo. Other screamo bands include Silverstein, Senses Fail and Vendetta Red. Underoath's albums They're Only Chasing Safety (2004) and Define the Great Line (2006) both were certified gold by the RIAA. The Used's self-titled album (2002) was certified gold by the RIAA on July 21, 2003. The Used's self-titled album, as of August 22, 2009, has sold 841,000 copies. The Used's album In Love and Death (2004) was certified gold by the RIAA on March 21, 2005. In Love and Death, as of January 2, 2007, sold 689,000 copies in the United States, according to Nielsen SoundScan. Four Alexisonfire albums were certified gold or platinum in Canada.

Emo pop, a pop punk-oriented subgenre of emo with pop-influenced hooks, became the main emo style during the mid-to late 2000s, with many of these bands being signed by Fueled by Ramen Records and some adopting a goth-inspired look. My Chemical Romance broke into the mainstream with their 2004 album Three Cheers for Sweet Revenge. My Chemical Romance is known for their goth-influenced emo appearance and creation of concept albums and rock operas. Three Cheers for Sweet Revenge was certified platinum by the RIAA in 2005. The band's success continued with its third album, The Black Parade, which sold 240,000 copies in its first week of release and was certified platinum by the RIAA in less than a year. Fall Out Boy's album, From Under the Cork Tree, sold 2,700,000 copies in the United States. The band's album, Infinity on High, topped the Billboard 200, sold 260,000 copies in its first week of release and sold 1,400,000 copies in the United States. Multiple Fall Out Boy songs reached the top ten of the Billboard Hot 100. Panic! at the Disco's album, A Fever You Can't Sweat Out, was certified double platinum by the RIAA and its single, "I Write Sins Not Tragedies", reached number seven on the Billboard Hot 100. Panic! at the Disco are known for combining emo with electronics and their album A Fever You Can't Sweat Out is an emo album with elements of dance-punk and baroque pop. The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus' "Face Down" peaked at number 24 on the Billboard Hot 100 and its album, Don't You Fake It, sold 852,000 copies in the United States. AFI's albums Sing the Sorrow and Decemberunderground both were certified platinum by the RIAA, with Decemberunderground peaking at number 1 on the Billboard 200. Paramore's 2007 album Riot! was certified double platinum by the RIAA and several Paramore songs appeared on the Billboard Hot 100 in the late 2000s, including "Misery Business", "Decode", "Crushcrushcrush", "That's What You Get", and "Ignorance".

2010–present: Decline and emo revival
By 2010, emo's popularity began to wane. Many bands lost popularity or moved away from their emo roots; My Chemical Romance's album, Danger Days: The True Lives of the Fabulous Killjoys, had its traditional pop punk style. Paramore and Fall Out Boy both abandoned the emo genre with their 2013 albums, Paramore and Save Rock and Roll, respectively. Paramore moved to a new wave-influenced style. Panic! at the Disco moved away from their emo pop roots to a synth-pop style on Too Weird to Live, Too Rare to Die!. Many bands (including My Chemical Romance, Alexisonfire, and Thursday) broke up, raising concerns about the genre's viability.

During the latter 2010s, a mainly underground emo revival emerged,  drawing on the sound and aesthetic of 1990s emo. Artists associated with this movement include Modern Baseball, the World Is a Beautiful Place & I Am No Longer Afraid to Die, A Great Big Pile of Leaves, Pianos Become the Teeth, Empire! Empire! (I Was a Lonely Estate), Touché Amoré,  Into It. Over It.,  and the Hotelier. While many 2010s emo bands draw on the sound and aesthetic of 1990s emo, hardcore punk elements are consistently used by 2010s emo bands such as Title Fight and Small Brown Bike.

In the 2020s, emo's impact on mainstream music of the 2010s, as well as a revival of the genre itself, was noted in media outlets. The BBC observed in 2018 "beyond guitar-based bands, the influence of emo can be seen in much of modern music, both in style and lyrical content" and "addressing mental health issues has become increasingly more common in pop".

Screamo

The term "screamo" was initially applied to an aggressive offshoot of emo which developed in San Diego in 1991 and used short songs grafting "spastic intensity to willfully experimental dissonance and dynamics." Screamo is a dissonant form of emo influenced by hardcore punk, with typical rock instrumentation and noted for short songs, chaotic execution and screaming vocals.

The genre is "generally based in the aggressive side of the overarching punk-revival scene." It began at the Ché Café with groups such as Heroin, Antioch Arrow, Angel Hair, Mohinder, Swing Kids, and Portraits of Past. They were influenced by Washington, D.C. post-hardcore (particularly Fugazi and Nation of Ulysses), straight edge, the Chicago group Articles of Faith, the hardcore-punk band Die Kreuzen and the post-punk and gothic rock bands like Bauhaus. I Hate Myself is a band described as "a cornerstone of the 'screamo' genre" by author Matt Walker: "Musically, I Hate Myself relied on being very slow and deliberate, with sharp contrasts between quiet, almost meditative segments that rip into loud and heavy portions driven by Jim Marburger's tidal wave scream." Other early screamo bands include Pg. 99, Saetia, and Orchid.

The Used, Thursday, Thrice and Hawthorne Heights, who all formed in the United States during the late 1990s and early 2000s and remained active throughout the 2000s, helped popularize screamo. Post-hardcore bands such as Refused and At the Drive-In paved the way for these bands. Screamo bands from the Canadian emo scene such as Silverstein and Alexisonfire also emerged at this time. By the mid-2000s, the saturation of the screamo scene caused many bands to expand beyond the genre and incorporate more-experimental elements. Non-screamo bands used the genre's characteristic guttural vocal style. Some screamo bands during this time period were inspired by genres like pop punk and heavy metal.

Jeff Mitchell of the Iowa State Daily wrote, "There is no set definition of what screamo sounds like but screaming over once deafeningly loud rocking noise and suddenly quiet, melodic guitar lines is a theme commonly affiliated with the genre."

Sass
Sass (also known as sassy screamo, sasscore, white belt hardcore, white belt, sassgrind or dancey screamo) is a style that emerged from the late-1990s and early-2000s screamo scene. The genre incorporates elements of post-punk, new wave, disco, electronic, dance-punk, grindcore, noise rock, metalcore, mathcore and beatdown hardcore. The genre is characterized by often incorporating overtly flamboyant mannerisms, erotic lyrical content, synthesizers, dance beats and a lisping vocal style. Sass bands include the Blood Brothers, An Albatross, The Number Twelve Looks Like You, the Plot to Blow Up the Eiffel Tower, Daughters's early music, Orchid's later music and SeeYouSpaceCowboy.

Emo pop
Emo pop (or emo pop punk) is a subgenre of emo known for its pop music influences, more concise songs and hook-filled choruses. AllMusic describes emo pop as blending "youthful angst" with "slick production" and mainstream appeal, using "high-pitched melodies, rhythmic guitars, and lyrics concerning adolescence, relationships, and heartbreak." The Guardian described emo pop as a cross between "saccharine boy-band pop" and emo.

Emo pop developed during the 1990s. Bands like Jawbreaker and Samiam are known for formulating the emo pop punk style. According to Nicole Keiper of CMJ New Music Monthly, Sense Field's Building (1996) pushed the band "into the emo-pop camp with the likes of the Get Up Kids and Jejune". As emo became commercially successful in the early 2000s, emo pop became popular with Jimmy Eat World's 2001 album Bleed American and the success of its single "The Middle". Jimmy Eat World, the Get Up Kids and the Promise Ring also are early emo pop bands. The emo pop style of Jimmy Eat World's album, Clarity influenced later emo. The emo band Braid's 1998 album Frame & Canvas has been described as emo pop by Blake Butler of AllMusic, who gave the Braid album four out of five stars and wrote that Frame & Canvas "proves to be one of Braid's best efforts". Emo pop became successful during the late 1990s, with its popularity increasing in the early 2000s. The Get Up Kids sold over 15,000 copies of their debut album, Four Minute Mile (1997), before signing with Vagrant Records. The label promoted them, sending them on tours to open for Green Day and Weezer. Their 1999 album, Something to Write Home About, reached number 31 on Billboard Top Heatseekers chart. As of May 2, 2002, Something to Write Home About sold 134,000 copies in the United States, according to Nielsen SoundScan.

As emo pop coalesced, the Fueled by Ramen label became a center of the movement and signed Fall Out Boy, Panic! at the Disco, and Paramore (all of whom had been successful). Two regional scenes developed. The Florida scene was created by Fueled by Ramen; midwest emo-pop was promoted by Pete Wentz, whose Fall Out Boy rose to the forefront of the style during the mid-2000s. Cash Cash released Take It to the Floor (2008); according to AllMusic, it could be "the definitive statement of airheaded, glittery, and content-free emo-pop ... the transformation of emo from the expression of intensely felt, ripped-from-the-throat feelings played by bands directly influenced by post-punk and hardcore to mall-friendly Day-Glo pop played by kids who look about as authentic as the "punks" on an old episode of Quincy did back in the '70s was made pretty much complete". You Me at Six released their 2008 debut album, Take Off Your Colours, described by AllMusic's Jon O'Brien as "follow[ing] the 'emo-pop for dummies' handbook word-for-word." The album was certified gold in the UK.

Emo rap
Emo rap, a genre that combines emo music with hip hop music, began in the mid–to late 2010s. Prominent artists of emo hip hop include Lil Peep, XXXTentacion, and Nothing,Nowhere. In the mid-to late 2010s, emo rap broke into the mainstream. Deceased rapper XXXTentacion's song "Sad!" peaked at number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 on June 30, 2018. Lil Uzi Vert's song "XO Tour Llif3" peaked at number 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 and the song was certified 6× platinum by the RIAA.

Origins
The beginning of emo as a subculture rather than just a style of music dates back to the mid-1990s San Diego screamo scene. The scene's bands, such as Heroin, Antioch Arrow and Swing Kids, and participants in this scene were often called "spock rock", in reference to their black-dyed hair with straight fringes. As the vocalist of Swing Kids, Justin Pearson had choppy spikes protruding from the back of his head alongside straight fringes, which was a prototype for the emo haircut. During this time, emo fashion was clean-cut and tended towards geek chic, with clothing items like thick-rimmed glasses resembling 1950s musician Buddy Holly, button-down shirts, t-shirts, sweater vests, tight jeans, converse shoes, and cardigans being common. After the 1998 release of the music video for "New Noise" by Swedish hardcore punk band Refused, straight, black hair with long, swooped bangs spread as a common fashion in hardcore punk. Refused adopted this haircut alongside black clothing and nail polish. In January 2002, the Honolulu Advertiser described emo people as "intentionally unshowy": "these guys often ride bicycles, keep diaries, write poetry and hang out at coffee shops. They prefer art films to Hollywood blockbusters and frequent independent music stores. They are usually shy and introspective."

Subsequent development
Metalcore band Eighteen Visions was the band that expanded the prototype of later emo fashion. As many hardcore bands in the 1990s had a hypermasculine image characterized by shaved heads, baseball caps and tattoos, Eighteen Visions wanted to rebel against this image. Inspired by the look of bands like Orgy and Unbroken, Eighteen Visions dressed in effeminate fashion, including skinny jeans, straightened hair, swooped bangs, black clothes and eyeliner. This emphasise on the band's presentation lead to them being derogatorily labeled "fashioncore". Fashioncore became a popular trend in hardcore and metalcore in the early 2000s, and other bands labeled as fashioncore included Avenged Sevenfold, Bleeding Through and Atreyu. Influenced by the members of Eighteen Visions, emos in the early 2000s became increasingly experimental with their hair, making use of layers, asymmetrical fringes and cutting hair using razorblades. Haircuts such as the Bob and the A-Line cut were also popular. Around 2002, the term "scene queen" began to be used as a pejorative against attractive, popular women perceived by older hardcore musicians as only being involved in hardcore for the subculture. Through this term, people who participated in the fashioncore-influenced style of emo dress began to be termed scene, which would eventually develop into its own subculture of emo. Moreover, early to mid–2000s emo and pop punk bands like My Chemical Romance, AFI, and Good Charlotte wore black clothes and eyeliner. These bands were often inspired by other bands that adopted a goth look, such as the Misfits and the Cure.

Mainstream prevalence
Emo fashion in the mid-to late 2000s included skinny jeans, tight T-shirts (usually short-sleeved, and often with the names of emo bands), studded belts, Converse sneakers, Vans and black wristbands. Thick, horn-rimmed glasses remained in style to an extent, and eye liner and black fingernails became common during the mid-2000s. The best-known facet of emo fashion is its hairstyle: flat, straight, usually jet-black hair with long bangs covering much of the face, which has been called a fad. Emo fashion has been confused with goth and scene fashion.

As emo became a subculture, people who dressed in emo fashion and associated themselves with its music were known as "emo kids" or "emos". My Chemical Romance, Hawthorne Heights, AFI, Dashboard Confessional, Taking Back Sunday, Good Charlotte, Brand New, From First to Last, Bullet for My Valentine, Story of the Year, Funeral for a Friend, Silverstein, Simple Plan, Aiden, Fall Out Boy,  The Used, Finch, Panic! at the Disco, Paramore, Twenty One Pilots, The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus and The All-American Rejects are all bands that emos are commonly known for listening to.

Stereotypes
Emo has been associated with a stereotype of emotion, sensitivity, shyness, introversion or angst. More controversially, stereotypes surrounding the genre included depression, self-harm and suicide, in part stoked by depictions of emo fans as a "cult" by British tabloid Daily Mail. Emos and goths were often distinguished by the stereotype that "emos hate themselves, while goths hate everyone." In 2020, The Independent wrote on such stereotypes, that "emo was singled out for the destructive behaviour of teenagers who'd found a home in a subculture that offered them community and a vehicle for self-expression."

Suicide and self harm
In 2008, emo music was blamed for the suicide by hanging of British teenager Hannah Bond by the coroner at her inquest and her mother, Heather Bond, who suggested that the music and fandom glamorised suicide. They suggested Hannah's apparent obsession with My Chemical Romance was linked to her death. It was said at the inquest that she was part of an Internet "emo cult", and an image of an emo girl with bloody wrists was on her Bebo page. Hannah reportedly told her parents that her self-harm was an "emo initiation ceremony". Heather Bond criticised emo culture: "There are 'emo' websites that show pink teddies hanging themselves." The coroner's statements were featured in a series of articles in the Daily Mail. After they were reported in NME, fans of emo music contacted the magazine to deny that it promoted self-harm and suicide. My Chemical Romance reacted online: "We have recently learned of the suicide and tragic loss of Hannah Bond. We'd like to send our condolences to her family during this time of mourning. Our hearts and thoughts are with them". The band also posted that they "are and always have been vocally anti-violence and anti-suicide".

The Guardian later described the purported link and subsequent backlash against emo in the 2000s as a "moral panic", while Kerrang! compared it to historic controversies involving Judas Priest and Ozzy Osbourne, unduly demonising the subculture, and poorly examining mental health issues of young people.

Backlash
Emo received a lot of backlash during the 2000s. Warped Tour founder Kevin Lyman said that there was a "real backlash" by bands on the tour against emo groups, but he dismissed the hostility as "juvenile". The backlash intensified, with anti-emo groups attacking teenagers in Mexico City, Querétaro, and Tijuana in 2008. Legislation was proposed in Russia's Duma regulating emo websites and banning emo attire in schools and government buildings, with the subculture perceived as a "dangerous teen trend" promoting anti-social behaviour, depression, social withdrawal and suicide. The BBC reported that in March 2012, Shia militias in Iraq shot or beat to death as many as 58 young Iraqi emos. Metalheads and punks often were known for hating emos and criticizing the emo subculture.

Terminology
The term "emo" has been the subject of controversy amongst artists, critics, and fans alike. Some find the label to be loosely defined with the term at times being used to describe any music that expresses emotion. The mainstream success of emo and its related subculture caused the term to be conflated with other genres.

Many bands labeled as emo rejected the emo label. In Chris Payne's book Where Are Your Boys Tonight? (2023), Bayside vocalist Anthony Raneri stated that he believed emo became "a dirty word" around the time of its mainstream success in the 2000s. He explains this derogatory use of the word derived from hipsters adopting the term to demean rock artists they saw as being "not as cool as" the popular indie rock groups of the time, namely the Strokes. My Chemical Romance singer Gerard Way said in 2007 that emo is "a pile of shit": ""I think there are bands that we get lumped in with that are considered emo and, by default, that starts to make us emo. All I can say is that anyone actually listening to the records, putting the records next to each other and listening to them, [would know there are] actually no similarities.""

Brendon Urie of Panic! at the Disco said : "It's ignorant! The stereotype is guys that are weak and have failing relationships write about how sad they are. If you listen to our songs, not one of them has that tone." Adam Lazzara of Taking Back Sunday said he always considered his band rock and roll instead of emo. Guitarist of the Get Up Kids, Jim Suptic, noted the differences between the 2000s mainstream acts when compared to the emo bands of the 1990s, saying, “The punk scene we came out of and the punk scene now are completely different. It's like glam rock now. We played the Bamboozle fests this year and we felt really out of place... If this is the world we helped create, then I apologise.” Vocalist of AFI, Davey Havok, described emo as “such a strange and meaningless word.” Early emo musicians also have rejected the label. Guy Picciotto, the vocalist of Rites of Spring, said he considers the emo label "retarded" and always considered Rites of Spring a punk rock band: "The reason I think it's so stupid is that - what, like the Bad Brains weren't emotional? What - they were robots or something? It just doesn't make any sense to me." Sunny Day Real Estate's members said they consider themselves simply a rock band, and said that back in the early days, the word "emocore" was an insult: "While I don't disrespect anyone for using the term emo-core, or rock, or anything, but back in the day, emo-core was just about the worst dis that you could throw on a band."

The term “mall emo” has been used to separate mainstream bands like Paramore, Hawthorne Heights, My Chemical Romance, Panic! at the Disco, and Fall Out Boy from the less commercially viable bands that proceeded and succeeded them. The term "mall emo" dates back to around 2002, when many emo fans did not like the change emo was going through at the time when the genre became mainstream.

Tom Mullen, editor of the Anthology of Emo book, created the website Washed Up Emo in 2007 in response to the mainstream perceptions of the genre, intending to impart information about the genre's history. He later created the website Is This Band Emo? in 2014, which explains whether various bands are classified under the genre alongside humorous responses.

title: Emo


text:
Category 3 cable

Category 3 cable, commonly known as  or station wire, and less commonly known as VG or voice-grade (as, for example, in 100BaseVG), is an unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cable used in telephone wiring. It is part of a family of standards defined jointly by the Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) and the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) and published in TIA/EIA-568-B.

Although designed to reliably carry data up to 10 Mbit/s, modern data networks run at much higher speeds, and or better cable is generally used for new installations. Cat 3 cables may have 2, 3 or 4 pairs.

Networking
was widely used in computer networking in the early 1990s for 10BASE-T Ethernet and, to a much lesser extent, for 100BaseVG Ethernet, Token Ring and 100BASE-T4. The original Power over Ethernet 802.3af specification supports the use of cable, but the later 802.3at Type 2 high-power variation does not. In some use cases and for short distances, Cat 3 may be capable of carrying 100BASE-TX (2 pairs) or even 1000BASE-T (4 pairs). Such use cases include hobbyist retrofitting short home telephone Cat 3 networks for Ethernet.

Dedicated 100BASE-T4 networks, supporting 100 Mbit/s over Cat 3, appear to have been a rarity as very few network interface controllers and switches were ever released. Some examples include the 3com 3C250-T4 Superstack II HUB 100, IBM 8225 Fast Ethernet Stackable Hub and Intel LinkBuilder FMS 100 T4. The same applies to network interface controller cards. Bridging 100BASE-T4 with 100BASE-TX required additional network equipment.

Replacement
Starting in the mid-1990s, new structured cabling installations were often built with the higher performing cable required by 100BASE-TX. or is now used for all modern structured cabling installations. Many large institutions have policies that any upgrade to a network using must involve upgrading to.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Category 3 cable


text:
User talk:Redbeard~enwiki

Welcome to Wikipedia! If you have any questions, or need help, ask me. --Ed Poor

Hello there Redbeard, welcome to the 'pedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions or how to format them visit our manual of style. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. BTW, nice work on the Dune-related articles. Cheers! --maveric149

Thank you for your pointers. And for the praise on the articles. I hope to keep working on them. --Redbeard

 * Not a problem. :) --mav

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Redbeard. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Redbeard~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 02:38, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 18:00, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Redbeard~enwiki


text:
Major suit

In the card game contract bridge, the major suits are spades and hearts. The major suits are of prime importance for tactics and scoring as they outrank the minor suits while bidding and also outscore them (30 per contracted trick for major suits—compared to 20 for minor suits). Much of the tactics of bidding in bridge revolves around the attempt by partners to find a "fit" in one of the major suits that will allow them to make a game contract. Another reason why the major suits is more desirable than the minor suits is that they need one less trick to make game. Of the two major suits, spades rank higher than hearts.

Suit combinations
Fundamentally, there are three ways to divide four suits into pairs: by color, by rank and by shape resulting in six possible suit combinations.
 * Color is used to denote the red suits (hearts and diamonds) and the black suits (spades and clubs).
 * Rank is used to indicate the major (spades and hearts) versus minor (diamonds and clubs) suits.
 * Shape is used to denote the pointed (diamonds and spades, which visually have a sharp point uppermost) versus rounded (hearts and clubs) suits. This is used only as a mnemonic.

title: Major suit


text:
Alice Heine

Marie Alice Heine (February 10, 1857 – December 22, 1925) was an American-born Princess consort of Monaco, by marriage to Prince Albert I of Monaco. Marcel Proust used her as a model for the Princesse de Luxembourg in his novel, In Search of Lost Time. Her first husband was the Duke of Richelieu, and one of the titles of her second husband was Duke of Mazarin; she was thus unique in bearing the titles of both Cardinal Richelieu and Cardinal Mazarin.

Early life
Marie Alice Heine was born at 910 Rue Royale, in the French Quarter of New Orleans, Louisiana. Her French father, Michel Heine, was a scion of a prominent German-rooted Berlin and Paris banking Jewish family. His brother was Armand Heine, and both were cousins of poet Heinrich Heine and of journalist and press publisher Gustav Heine, later Baron Heine von Geldern. Michel was born in Bordeaux, France, and moved to New Orleans in 1843, and become a successful financier and real-estate developer. Heine's mother was Marie Amélie Céleste Miltenberger, daughter of Joseph Alphonse Miltenberger, an architect and cast-iron importer by trade of French Alsatian descent, and his Creole wife, Marie Céleste Dorfeuille. Her family built three interconnected Miltenberger mansions on Rue Royale. She had two younger brothers, Paul Henri and Isaac Georges.

The American Civil War sent the family back to France, where the teenaged Alice's youth and beauty, and her family's wealth, made a great impression in Parisian society. A & M Heine, her father's firm, helped finance Napoleon III's war with Prussia.

Michel and Amélie became regulars in the court of Napoleon III, who, along with the Empress Eugénie, became godparents to the New Orleans-born Heine.

Personal life
She had been christened in New Orleans.

She married her first husband, Marie Odet Armand Aimable Chapelle de Jumilhac, Marquis of Jumilhac then 7th Duke of Richelieu and Duke of Aiguillon, in Paris on February 27, 1875. They had one son and one daughter:

 * Marie Odet Jean Armand Chapelle de Jumilhac (1875–1952), who became the 8th and last Duke of Richelieu, as well as the Duke of Aiguillon and Marquis of Jumilhac, upon the death of his father in Athens on June 28, 1880. In 1913, he married Eleanor Douglas Wise (1890–1972) of Maryland, United States, daughter of John Sergeant Wise. Without issue.
 * Odile Marie Auguste Septimanie Chapelle de Jumilhac (1879–1974), who in 1905 married Gabriel Marie François Hippolyte Ferri Eugène de La Rochefoucauld (1875–1942), becoming the Countess de La Rochefoucauld and later on June 22, 1909, Princess de La Rochefoucauld Kingdom of Bavaria (cousin of the Prince de La Rochefoucauld-Montbel). They had a daughter, Anne Alice Elisabeth Amélie de La Rochefoucauld (1906–1980), who married twice and had no issue.

Princess consort of Monaco
Heine first met Albert, Hereditary Prince of Monaco, in Madeira in 1879. At the time, Albert was still in an unhappy marriage with Lady Mary Victoria Douglas-Hamilton. Albert's first marriage was eventually annulled by the Church on January 3, 1880, and he and Alice began a relationship soon thereafter. Alice married Albert on October 30, 1889, shortly after his accession. According to Thomas Fouilleron, director of the Monaco Palace Archives, "Prince Albert I was deeply in love with her. It is one of the very first love marriages of the Principality".

Albert was interested in oceanography and was often on sea expeditions. While he was away, Heine took a greater interest in the Monegasque opera season. She "set about bringing class and distinction to a country financed by the casino at Monte Carlo", and devoted her energies to making Monaco one of Europe's great cultural centers with its opera, theater, and the ballet under the direction of the famed Russian impresario, Sergei Diaghilev. Her affair with singer-composer Isidore de Lara resulted in Prince Albert slapping her in view of an audience at the Opéra de Monte-Carlo.

Alice and Prince Albert I separated judicially on May 30, 1902 (Monaco), and June 3, 1902 (France), but remained married. Upon the prince's death 20 years later, Alice became the Dowager Princess of Monaco. She did not remarry.

Legacy
Her former home in New Orleans is one of the most photographed buildings in the French Quarter. Today, The Royal Courtyard Bistro & Bar, Nola Rock Company and Frank Relle Photography all occupy this mansion.

title: Alice Heine


text:
Al-Darazi

Muhammad ibn Isma'il al-Darazi (محمد بن إسماعيل الدرزي) was an 11th-century Isma'ili preacher and early leader of the Druze faith who was labeled a heretic in 1016 and subsequently executed in 1018 by the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ((r. 996 – 1021)).

Life
Little information is known about the early life of al-Darazi. He was also known as Nashtakin. According to most sources, he was born in Bukhara. He is believed to have been of Persian origins and his title al-Darazi is Persian – meaning 'the tailor'. He arrived in Cairo in 1015, or 1017, after which he joined the newly emerged Druze movement.

Al-Darazi was converted to be one of the early preachers of the Unity faith (which became known as the Druze faith). At that time, the movement enlisted a large number of adherents. However, he was later considered a renegade and is usually described by the Druze as following the traits of Satan, in particular, arrogance.

This view is based on the observation that as the number of his followers grew, he became obsessed with his leadership and gave himself the title “The Sword of the Faith”. In the Epistles of Wisdom, Hamza ibn Ali warns al-Darazi, saying, “Faith does not need a sword to aid it.” However, al-Darazi ignored Hamza's warnings and continued to challenge the Imam. This attitude led to disputes between al-Darazi and Hamza ibn Ali, who disliked his behaviour. Al-Darazi argued that he should be the leader of the Da’wa rather than Hamza ibn Ali and gave himself the title “Lord of the Guides”, because Caliph al-Hakim referred to Hamza as “Guide of the Consented”.

By 1018, al-Darazi had gathered around him partisans – "Darazites" – who believed that universal reason became incarnated in Adam at the beginning of the world, was then passed from him to the prophets, then into Ali and hence into his descendants, the Fatimid Caliphs. Al-Darazi wrote a book laying out this doctrine. He read from his book in the principal mosque in Cairo, which caused riots and protests against his claims and many of his followers were killed. Hamza ibn Ali refuted his ideology calling him "the insolent one and Satan". The controversy created by al-Darazi led Caliph al-Hakim to suspend the Druze da'wa in 1018 AD.

In an attempt to gain the support of al-Hakim, al-Darazi started preaching that al-Hakim and his ancestors were the incarnation of God.

It is believed that al-Darazi allowed wine, forbidden marriages and taught metempsychosis although it has been argued that his actions might have been exaggerated by contemporary and later historians and polemicists.

Death
An inherently modest man, al-Hakim did not believe that he was God, and felt al-Darazi was trying to depict himself as a new prophet. Al-Hakim preferred Hamza ibn Ali ibn Ahmad over him and al-Darazi was executed in 1018, leaving Hamza the sole leader of the new faith.

Aftermath
Even though the Druze do not consider al-Darazi the founder of their faith (rather, they refer to him as their "first heretic" ), rival groups probably attached the name of the controversial preacher to the new sect and it has stuck with them ever since. Druze refer to themselves as "unitarians" (al-Muwahhidūn).

title: Al-Darazi


text:
Controllability

Controllability is an important property of a control system and plays a crucial role in many control problems, such as stabilization of unstable systems by feedback, or optimal control.

Controllability and observability are dual aspects of the same problem.

Roughly, the concept of controllability denotes the ability to move a system around in its entire configuration space using only certain admissible manipulations. The exact definition varies slightly within the framework or the type of models applied.

The following are examples of variations of controllability notions which have been introduced in the systems and control literature:
 * State controllability
 * Output controllability
 * Controllability in the behavioural framework

State controllability
The state of a deterministic system, which is the set of values of all the system's state variables (those variables characterized by dynamic equations), completely describes the system at any given time. In particular, no information on the past of a system is needed to help in predicting the future, if the states at the present time are known and all current and future values of the control variables (those whose values can be chosen) are known.

Complete state controllability (or simply controllability if no other context is given) describes the ability of an external input (the vector of control variables) to move the internal state of a system from any initial state to any final state in a finite time interval.

That is, we can informally define controllability as follows: If for any initial state $$\mathbf{x_0}$$ and any final state $$\mathbf{x_f}$$ there exists an input sequence to transfer the system state from $$\mathbf{x_0}$$ to $$\mathbf{x_f}$$ in a finite time interval, then the system modeled by the state-space representation is controllable. For the simplest example of a continuous, LTI system, the row dimension of the state space expression $$\dot{\mathbf{x}} = \mathbf{A}\mathbf{x}(t) + \mathbf{B}\mathbf{u}(t)$$ determines the interval; each row contributes a vector in the state space of the system. If there are not enough such vectors to span the state space of $$\mathbf{x}$$, then the system cannot achieve controllability. It may be necessary to modify $$\mathbf{A}$$ and $$\mathbf{B}$$ to better approximate the underlying differential relationships it estimates to achieve controllability.

Controllability does not mean that a reached state can be maintained, merely that any state can be reached.

Controllability does not mean that arbitrary paths can be made through state space, only that there exists a path within the prescribed finite time interval.

Continuous linear systems
Consider the continuous linear system

 * $$\dot{\mathbf{x}}(t) = A(t) \mathbf{x}(t) + B(t) \mathbf{u}(t)$$
 * $$\mathbf{y}(t) = C(t) \mathbf{x}(t) + D(t) \mathbf{u}(t).$$

There exists a control $$u$$ from state $$x_0$$ at time $$t_0$$ to state $$x_1$$ at time $$t_1 > t_0$$ if and only if $$x_1 - \phi(t_0,t_1)x_0$$ is in the column space of
 * $$W(t_0,t_1) = \int_{t_0}^{t_1} \phi(t_0,t)B(t)B(t)^{T}\phi(t_0,t)^{T} dt$$

where $$\phi$$ is the state-transition matrix, and $$W(t_0,t_1)$$ is the Controllability Gramian.

In fact, if $$\eta_0$$ is a solution to $$W(t_0,t_1)\eta = x_1 - \phi(t_0,t_1)x_0$$ then a control given by $$u(t) = -B(t)^{T}\phi(t_0,t)^{T}\eta_0$$ would make the desired transfer.

Note that the matrix $$W$$ defined as above has the following properties:
 * $$W(t_0,t_1)$$ is symmetric
 * $$W(t_0,t_1)$$ is positive semidefinite for $$t_1 \geq t_0$$
 * $$W(t_0,t_1)$$ satisfies the linear matrix differential equation
 * $$\frac{d}{dt}W(t,t_1) = A(t)W(t,t_1)+W(t,t_1)A(t)^{T}-B(t)B(t)^{T}, \; W(t_1,t_1) = 0$$

 * $$W(t_0,t_1)$$ satisfies the equation
 * $$W(t_0,t_1) = W(t_0,t) + \phi(t_0,t)W(t,t_1)\phi(t_0,t)^{T}$$

Rank condition for controllability
The Controllability Gramian involves integration of the state-transition matrix of a system. A simpler condition for controllability is a rank condition analogous to the Kalman rank condition for time-invariant systems.

Consider a continuous-time linear system $$\Sigma$$ smoothly varying in an interval $$[t_0,t]$$ of  $$\mathbb{R}$$:

 * $$\dot{\mathbf{x}}(t) = A(t) \mathbf{x}(t) + B(t) \mathbf{u}(t)$$
 * $$\mathbf{y}(t) = C(t) \mathbf{x}(t) + D(t) \mathbf{u}(t).$$

The state-transition matrix $$\phi$$ is also smooth. Introduce the n x m matrix-valued function $$M_0(t) = \phi(t_0,t)B(t)$$ and define
 * $$M_k(t)$$ = $$\frac{\mathrm{d^k} M_0}{\mathrm{d} t^k}(t), k\geqslant 1$$.

Consider the matrix of matrix-valued functions obtained by listing all the columns of the $$M_i$$, $$i = 0,1, \ldots, k$$:

$$M^{(k)}(t) := \left[M_0(t), \ldots, M_k(t)\right] $$.

If there exists a $$\bar{t} \in [t_0,t]$$ and a nonnegative integer k such that $$\operatorname{rank}M^{(k)}(\bar{t})=n$$, then $$\Sigma$$ is controllable.

If $$\Sigma$$ is also analytically varying in an interval $$[t_0,t]$$, then $$\Sigma$$ is controllable on every nontrivial subinterval of $$[t_0,t]$$ if and only if there exists a $$\bar{t} \in [t_0,t]$$ and a nonnegative integer k such that  $$\operatorname{rank}M^{(k)}(t_i)=n$$.

The above methods can still be complex to check, since it involves the computation of the state-transition matrix $$\phi$$. Another equivalent condition is defined as follow. Let $$B_0(t) = B(t)$$, and for each $$i \geq 0$$, define

 * $$B_{i+1}(t) $$= $$A(t)B_i(t) - \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d} t}B_i(t). $$

In this case, each $$B_i$$ is obtained directly from the data $$ (A(t),B(t)).$$ The system is controllable if there exists a $$\bar{t} \in [t_0,t]$$ and a nonnegative integer $$k$$ such that $$\textrm{rank}( \left[ B_0(\bar{t}), B_1(\bar{t}), \ldots, B_k(\bar{t}) \right]) = n $$.

Example
Consider a system varying analytically in $$ (-\infty,\infty) $$ and matrices

$$A(t) = \begin{bmatrix} t & 1 & 0\\ 0 & t^{3} & 0\\ 0 & 0 & t^{2} \end{bmatrix}$$, $$B(t) = \begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ 1 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix}.$$ Then $$ [B_0(0),B_1(0),B_2(0),B_3(0)] = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1 & 0 &-1\\ 1 & 0 & 0&0\\ 1 & 0 & 0&2 \end{bmatrix}$$ and since this matrix has rank 3, the system is controllable on every nontrivial interval of $$\mathbb{R}$$.

Continuous linear time-invariant (LTI) systems
Consider the continuous linear time-invariant system

 * $$\dot{\mathbf{x}}(t) = A \mathbf{x}(t) + B \mathbf{u}(t)$$
 * $$\mathbf{y}(t) = C \mathbf{x}(t) + D \mathbf{u}(t)$$

where
 * $$\mathbf{x}$$ is the $$n \times 1$$ "state vector",
 * $$\mathbf{y}$$ is the $$m \times 1$$ "output vector",
 * $$\mathbf{u}$$ is the $$r \times 1$$ "input (or control) vector",
 * $$A$$ is the $$n \times n$$ "state matrix",
 * $$B$$ is the $$n \times r$$ "input matrix",
 * $$C$$ is the $$m \times n$$ "output matrix",
 * $$D$$ is the $$m \times r$$ "feedthrough (or feedforward) matrix".

The $$n \times nr$$ controllability matrix is given by

 * $$R = \begin{bmatrix}B & AB & A^{2}B & ...& A^{n-1}B\end{bmatrix}$$

The system is controllable if the controllability matrix has full row rank (i.e. $$\operatorname{rank}(R)=n$$).

Discrete linear time-invariant (LTI) systems
For a discrete-time linear state-space system (i.e. time variable $$k\in\mathbb{Z}$$) the state equation is

 * $$\textbf{x}(k+1) = A\textbf{x}(k) + B\textbf{u}(k)$$

where $$A$$ is an $$n \times n$$ matrix and $$B$$ is a $$n \times r$$ matrix (i.e. $$\mathbf{u}$$ is $$r$$ inputs collected in a $$r \times 1$$ vector). The test for controllability is that the $$n \times nr$$ matrix

 * $$\mathcal{C} = \begin{bmatrix}B & AB & A^{2}B & \cdots & A^{n-1}B\end{bmatrix}$$

has full row rank (i.e., $$\operatorname{rank}(\mathcal C) = n$$). That is, if the system is controllable, $$\mathcal C$$ will have $$n$$ columns that are linearly independent; if $$n$$ columns of $$\mathcal C$$ are linearly independent, each of the $$n$$ states is reachable by giving the system proper inputs through the variable $$u(k)$$.

Derivation
Given the state $$\textbf{x}(0)$$ at an initial time, arbitrarily denoted as k=0, the state equation gives $$\textbf{x}(1) = A\textbf{x}(0) + B\textbf{u}(0),$$ then $$\textbf{x}(2) = A\textbf{x}(1) + B\textbf{u}(1)= A^2\textbf{x}(0)+AB\textbf{u}(0)+B\textbf{u}(1),$$ and so on with repeated back-substitutions of the state variable, eventually yielding

 * $$\textbf{x}(n)=B\textbf{u}(n-1) + AB\textbf{u}(n-2) + \cdots + A^{n-1}B\textbf{u}(0) + A^n\textbf{x}(0)$$

or equivalently

 * $$\textbf{x}(n)-A^n\textbf{x}(0)= [B \, \, AB \, \, \cdots \, \, A^{n-1}B] [\textbf{u}^T(n-1) \, \,  \textbf{u}^T(n-2) \, \, \cdots \,  \, \textbf{u}^T(0)]^T.$$

Imposing any desired value of the state vector $$\textbf{x}(n)$$ on the left side, this can always be solved for the stacked vector of control vectors if and only if the matrix of matrices at the beginning of the right side has full row rank.

Example
For example, consider the case when $$n=2$$ and $$r=1$$ (i.e. only one control input). Thus, $$B$$ and $$A B$$ are $$2 \times 1$$ vectors. If $$\begin{bmatrix}B & AB\end{bmatrix}$$ has rank 2 (full rank), and so $$B$$ and $$AB$$ are linearly independent and span the entire plane. If the rank is 1, then $$B$$ and $$AB$$ are collinear and do not span the plane.

Assume that the initial state is zero.

At time $$k=0$$: $$x(1) = A\textbf{x}(0) + B\textbf{u}(0) = B\textbf{u}(0)$$

At time $$k=1$$: $$x(2) = A\textbf{x}(1) + B\textbf{u}(1) = AB\textbf{u}(0) + B\textbf{u}(1)$$

At time $$k=0$$ all of the reachable states are on the line formed by the vector $$B$$. At time $$k=1$$ all of the reachable states are linear combinations of $$AB$$ and $$B$$. If the system is controllable then these two vectors can span the entire plane and can be done so for time $$k=2$$. The assumption made that the initial state is zero is merely for convenience. Clearly if all states can be reached from the origin then any state can be reached from another state (merely a shift in coordinates).

This example holds for all positive $$n$$, but the case of $$n=2$$ is easier to visualize.

Analogy for example of n = 2
Consider an analogy to the previous example system. You are sitting in your car on an infinite, flat plane and facing north. The goal is to reach any point in the plane by driving a distance in a straight line, come to a full stop, turn, and driving another distance, again, in a straight line. If your car has no steering then you can only drive straight, which means you can only drive on a line (in this case the north-south line since you started facing north). The lack of steering case would be analogous to when the rank of $$C$$ is 1 (the two distances you drove are on the same line).

Now, if your car did have steering then you could easily drive to any point in the plane and this would be the analogous case to when the rank of $$C$$ is 2.

If you change this example to $$n=3$$ then the analogy would be flying in space to reach any position in 3D space (ignoring the orientation of the aircraft). You are allowed to: Although the 3-dimensional case is harder to visualize, the concept of controllability is still analogous.
 * fly in a straight line
 * turn left or right by any amount (Yaw)
 * direct the plane upwards or downwards by any amount (Pitch)

Nonlinear systems
Nonlinear systems in the control-affine form

 * $$\dot{\mathbf{x}} = \mathbf{f(x)} + \sum_{i=1}^m \mathbf{g}_i(\mathbf{x})u_i$$

are locally accessible about $$x_0$$ if the accessibility distribution $$R$$ spans $$n$$ space, when $$n$$ equals the rank of $$x$$ and R is given by:

 * $$R = \begin{bmatrix} \mathbf{g}_1 & \cdots & \mathbf{g}_m & [\mathrm{ad}^k_{\mathbf{g}_i}\mathbf{\mathbf{g}_j}] & \cdots & [\mathrm{ad}^k_{\mathbf{f}}\mathbf{\mathbf{g}_i}] \end{bmatrix}.$$

Here, $$[\mathrm{ad}^k_{\mathbf{f}}\mathbf{\mathbf{g}}]$$ is the repeated Lie bracket operation defined by

 * $$[\mathrm{ad}^k_{\mathbf{f}}\mathbf{\mathbf{g}}] = \begin{bmatrix} \mathbf{f} & \cdots & j & \cdots & \mathbf{[\mathbf{f}, \mathbf{g}]} \end{bmatrix}. $$

The controllability matrix for linear systems in the previous section can in fact be derived from this equation.

Null Controllability
If a discrete control system is null-controllable, it means that there exists a controllable $$u(k)$$ so that $$x(k_0) = 0$$ for some initial state $$x(0) = x_0$$. In other words, it is equivalent to the condition that there exists a matrix $$F$$ such that $$A+BF$$ is nilpotent.

This can be easily shown by controllable-uncontrollable decomposition.

Output controllability
Output controllability is the related notion for the output of the system (denoted y in the previous equations); the output controllability describes the ability of an external input to move the output from any initial condition to any final condition in a finite time interval. It is not necessary that there is any relationship between state controllability and output controllability. In particular:
 * A controllable system is not necessarily output controllable. For example, if matrix D = 0 and matrix C does not have full row rank, then some positions of the output are masked by the limiting structure of the output matrix, and therefore unachievable. Moreover, even though the system can be moved to any state in finite time, there may be some outputs that are inaccessible by all states. A trivial numerical example uses D=0 and a C matrix with at least one row of zeros; thus, the system is not able to produce a non-zero output along that dimension.
 * An output controllable system is not necessarily state controllable. For example, if the dimension of the state space is greater than the dimension of the output, then there will be a set of possible state configurations for each individual output. That is, the system can have significant zero dynamics, which are trajectories of the system that are not observable from the output. Consequently, being able to drive an output to a particular position in finite time says nothing about the state configuration of the system.

For a linear continuous-time system, like the example above, described by matrices $$A$$, $$B$$, $$C$$, and $$D$$, the $$m \times (n+1)r$$ output controllability matrix
 * $$\begin{bmatrix} CB & CAB & CA^2B & \cdots & CA^{n-1}B & D\end{bmatrix}$$

has full row rank (i.e. rank $$m$$) if and only if the system is output controllable.

Controllability under input constraints
In systems with limited control authority, it is often no longer possible to move any initial state to any final state inside the controllable subspace. This phenomenon is caused by constraints on the input that could be inherent to the system (e.g. due to saturating actuator) or imposed on the system for other reasons (e.g. due to safety-related concerns). The controllability of systems with input and state constraints is studied in the context of reachability  and viability theory.

Controllability in the behavioral framework
In the so-called behavioral system theoretic approach due to Willems (see people in systems and control), models considered do not directly define an input–output structure. In this framework systems are described by admissible trajectories of a collection of variables, some of which might be interpreted as inputs or outputs.

A system is then defined to be controllable in this setting, if any past part of a behavior (trajectory of the external variables) can be concatenated with any future trajectory of the behavior in such a way that the concatenation is contained in the behavior, i.e. is part of the admissible system behavior.

Stabilizability
A slightly weaker notion than controllability is that of stabilizability. A system is said to be stabilizable when all uncontrollable state variables can be made to have stable dynamics. Thus, even though some of the state variables cannot be controlled (as determined by the controllability test above) all the state variables will still remain bounded during the system's behavior.

Reachable set
Let T ∈ Т and x ∈ X (where X is the set of all possible states and Т is an interval of time). The reachable set from x in time T is defined as:

$$R^T{(x)} = \left\{ z \in X : x \overset{T}{\rightarrow} z \right\}$$, where x$T →$z denotes that there exists a state transition from x to z in time T.

For autonomous systems the reachable set is given by :
 * $$\mathrm{Im}(R)=\mathrm{Im}(B)+\mathrm{Im}(AB)+....+\mathrm{Im}(A^{n-1}B)$$,

where R is the controllability matrix.

In terms of the reachable set, the system is controllable if and only if $$\mathrm{Im}(R)=\mathbb{R}^n$$.

Proof We have the following equalities:
 * $$R=[B\ AB ....A^{n-1}B]$$
 * $$\mathrm{Im}(R)=\mathrm{Im}([B\ AB ....A^{n-1}B])$$
 * $$\mathrm{dim(Im}(R))=\mathrm{rank}(R)$$

Considering that the system is controllable, the columns of R should be linearly independent. So:
 * $$\mathrm{dim(Im}(R))=n$$
 * $$\mathrm{rank}(R)=n$$
 * $$\mathrm{Im}(R)=\R^{n}\quad \blacksquare$$

A related set to the reachable set is the controllable set, defined by:
 * $$C^T{(x)} = \left\{ z \in X : z \overset{T}{\rightarrow} x \right\}$$.

The relation between reachability and controllability is presented by Sontag:

(a) An n-dimensional discrete linear system is controllable if and only if:
 * $$R(0)=R^k{(0)=X}$$  (Where X is the set of all possible values or states of x and k is the time step).

(b) A continuous-time linear system is controllable if and only if:
 * $$R(0)=R^e{(0)=X}$$ for all e>0.

if and only if $$C(0)=C^e{(0)=X}$$ for all e>0.

Example Let the system be an n dimensional discrete-time-invariant system from the formula:
 * Φ(n,0,0,w)=$$\sum\limits_{i=1}^n A^{i-1}Bw(n-1)$$ (Where Φ(final time, initial time, state variable, restrictions) is defined is the transition matrix of a state variable x from an initial time 0 to a final time n with some restrictions w).

It follows that the future state is in $$R^k{(0)}$$ ⇔ it is in the image of the linear map:
 * Im(R)=R(A,B)≜ Im($$[B\ AB ....A^{n-1}B]$$),

which maps,
 * $$u^{n}$$→X

When $$u=K^{m}$$ and $$X=K^{n}$$ we identify R(A,B) with a n by nm matrix whose columns are the columns of $$B,\ AB, ....,A^{n-1}B$$ in that order. If the system is controllable the rank of $$[B\ AB ....A^{n-1}B]$$ is n. If this is truth, the image of the linear map R is all of X. Based on that, we have:
 * $$R(0)=R^k{(0)=X}$$ with XЄ$$\R^{n}$$.

title: Controllability


text:
Talk:Al-Darazi

Islamic sect?
Is it right to call the Druzes a sect of Islam. I think that neither they themselves or Muslims consider Druzism Islam. What about founder of the Druze derivation of Islam. --Error 00:15, 23 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Considering that they have long called themselves Muwahhidun, and virtually all Muslims regard tawheed as the preeminent and most pertinent truth, and that all true prophets and imams were musleem, I don't think it's unjustifiable to include them under Islam.

Come on! How many "Islamic" derivatives considered all other Islamic permutations non-Islamic. (Much the same for Christians.)

The real issue is that we denominate the Muwahiddun by the name their antagonists gave them, and which, unlike Quakers, Shakers, and whomever, never agreed to it. Since any comprehensive article will point this out -- just as several Wiki ones do now -- that should make everyone happy (of course nothing ever will!). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.234.242.137 (talk) 23:26, 19 March 2013 (UTC)

About the Hakim section
GreenEcho the book im referencing is a documentary that was written by more than one person. wikiperdia's NPOV policy states that you can balance the Article by other sources than having only one POV. and I balanced the article for you so please don't revert before checking the article and the policy. « Hiram 111 ΔTalK Δ 10:25, 20 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I added a cite and cleaned up the writing - it was/is kind of poorly written and needs grammarnatin'.  Naahid بنت الغلان  Click to talk 13:02, 20 July 2008 (UTC)

Turk? or Iranian?
I personally hate this kinds of arguments but we really have to make this thing clear. Sources needs to support his Turkic identity. Every other sources I've found mentions Iranian identity, so does his name 'Anushtakin'.

Even if he was from a Turkic identity it doesn't mean he was a Turk. 'Turk' should be changed with word 'Turkic'. I'm editing and deleting the word Turk until sources are added. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.182.186.148 (talk) 12:29, 14 September 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Ad-Darazi. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120426105258/http://www.druze.ca/AboutDruze.html to http://www.druze.ca/AboutDruze.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 19:20, 3 October 2016 (UTC)

Ad-Darazi as one of the seven prophets of the Druze (sic)
Incredible that it needs posting, but the article currently says "Ad-Darazi is one of the seven prophets of the Druze". It is an obvious mistake to anyone who knows a little bit about the Druze faith. It seems to have been a mistake - someone clearly mistook Muhammad ibn Isma'il (the founder of the Ismaili sect), one of the Druze's prophets, for Ad-Darazi, whose first and third names where also Muhammad and Ismail, but who is a totally distinct character and an antagonist to the Druze. The Ad-Darazi itself starts saying he is considered an heretic by the Druze. So I simply removed the second paragraph that says that Ad-Darazi is one of the seven prophets of the Druze, but it has been added three times back to the article, so I am just leaving this here for posterity so other people who stumble upon such blatant mistake in the Article's lead in the future will know they are not the only ones who laughed at it, but sometimes Wikipedia users like to keep Wikipedia wrong. Dan Palraz (talk) 22:55, 13 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Al-Darazi