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Fairborn, Ohio

Fairborn is a city in Greene County, Ohio, United States. The population was 34,620 at the 2020 census. It is a suburb of Dayton and part of the Dayton metropolitan area. The city is home to Wright State University, which serves nearly 12,000 undergraduate and graduate students. The city also hosts the disaster training facility known informally as Calamityville.

It is the only city in the world named Fairborn, a portmanteau created from the names Fairfield and Osborn. After the Great Dayton Flood of 1913, the region and state created a conservation district here and, in the 1920s, began building Huffman Dam to control the Mad River. Residents of Osborn were moved with their houses to an area alongside Fairfield. In 1950, the two villages merged into the new city of Fairborn.

History
Fairborn was formed from the union in 1950 of the two villages of Fairfield and Osborn. Fairfield was founded by European Americans in 1816 and Osborn in 1850.

The area of the village of Fairfield was settled by European Americans before Ohio was admitted as a state. The first log cabin was built in 1799 by George Greiner. Pioneers migrating northward and westward from Kentucky and Virginia considered this area near the Mad River desirable for settlement. They were encroaching on territory of the native Shawnee, who sometimes raided the village. Settlers retaliated. No massacres were recorded but both sides engaged in taking prisoners.

Two local accounts relate to the origin of the name "Fairfield". A local Native American chief, possibly a Shawnee, made peace and exchanged prisoners with leaders of the settlement. He said to William Cozad that, when he looked out from Reed's Hill over the town, Yonder lies a fair field. I see thousands of white men moving about in that beautiful fair field.

The other possible source for the name is after a Fairfield in England.

Nearby Osborn was named after the superintendent of the railroad named E.F. Osborn. The settlement allowed the railroad to be built through it after the nearby town of Fairfield had refused such construction. Many of the original houses of old Osborn can be found in Fairborn's Historic Osborn District, where they were moved during the early 1920s.

From 1950 to 1970, the city grew to six times its former population, surpassing Xenia (the county seat) as the most populous city in the county, due largely to development and expansion of the nearby US Air Force Base. Southwestern Portland Cement, another major employer in the region, operated the largest factory in the city during this period, mining the locally exposed Brassfield Formation.

Until the mid-1960s, the city of Fairborn prohibited African Americans from living there and declared it was a sundown town. Officials at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base are credited with working with the city residents to end such policies, especially as the United States military was integrated beginning in 1948.

The development of Interstate 675 began in the 1960s to serve as an eastern bypass of Dayton. In the early 1970s, construction began on the northernmost part of I-675, just east of Fairborn. The first segment terminated at N. Fairfield Road (exit 17). No further construction was done for over a decade. This section was jokingly referred to by some as "Fairborn's private Interstate". Dayton Mayor James H. McGee opposed the highway, contending (accurately) that it would draw economic development out of the city into the suburbs, a pattern that took place in many other cities. I-675 was eventually completed by 1987.

Fairborn's growth slowed in the 1970s. It has resumed at a moderate pace since the late 1980s. It has since been surpassed by neighboring Beavercreek in population.

In 2007, many residents of Fairborn continue to work at nearby Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, the home of the Air Force Materiel Command. It has been described as the largest, most diverse and organizationally complex base in the Air Force.

Many also work at or attend Wright State University, a university that became independent in 1967. From a small cluster of buildings, it has grown into a major campus with almost 20,000 students. Though Wright State has a Dayton address, it is legally within Fairborn jurisdiction. Wright State University has its own Police officers, who are fully sworn through the State of Ohio.

Fairborn is the home of the largest elementary school in Ohio, Fairborn Primary School. Its students included children of military assigned to the Air Force base.

Fairborn hosts an annual Sweet Corn Festival every August and the USAF marathon every September. It also has an annual 4th of July Parade.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 14.725 sqmi, of which, 14.71 sqmi is land and 0.015 sqmi is water. 8.864 sqmi of the land area was zoned as some form of residential while the remaining 3.981 sqmi was either commercial, agricultural, or industrial zoning.

2020 census
As of the census of 2020, there were 34,510 people, 14,931 households, and 8,026 families residing in the city. The population density was 2368.6 PD/sqmi. There were 16,707 housing units at an average density of 1146.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 81.8% White, 8.7% African American, 0.1% Native American, 2.4% Asian, 0% Pacific Islander, 0.6% from other races, and 6.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 3.9% of the population.

There were 14,931 households, of which 26.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.1% were married couples living together, 13.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 46.2% were non-families. 34.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.80.

The median age in the city was 34.4 years. 18.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 13.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 48.0% were from 25 to 44; 21.4% were from 45 to 64; and 14.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was reported as 46.2% male and 50.6% female.

The median income for a household in the city was $48,825, and the median income for a family was $62,995. About 12.7% of families and 18.3% of the population were below the poverty line.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 32,770 people, 14,306 households, and 7,995 families residing in the city. The population density was 2458.4 PD/sqmi. There were 15,893 housing units at an average density of 1207.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 84.8% White, 7.7% African American, 0.3% Native American, 3.1% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.8% from other races, and 3.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 2.4% of the population.

There were 14,306 households, of which 26.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.7% were married couples living together, 14.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 44.1% were non-families. 32.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.85.

The median age in the city was 32.4 years. 20.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 16.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.3% were from 25 to 44; 23.4% were from 45 to 64; and 13.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.9% male and 51.1% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 32,052 people, 13,615 households, and 8,019 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,453.4 PD/sqmi. There were 14,419 housing units at an average density of 1,103.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 87.28% White, 6.27% African American, 0.40% Native American, 3.32% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.53% from other races, and 2.14% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 1.69% of the population.

There were 13,615 households, out of which 26.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.8% were married couples living together, 12.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.1% were non-families. 31.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.86.

In the city the population was spread out, with 21.0% under the age of 18, 18.4% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 19.7% from 45 to 64, and 11.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $36,889, and the median income for a family was $44,608. Males had a median income of $34,853 versus $25,353 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,662. About 8.9% of families and 14.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.5% of those under age 18 and 7.7% of those age 65 or over.

Economy
According to the city's 2021 economic data, the top employers in the city are:

The city of Fairborn levies a 2.0% income tax along with a 0.5% "school district tax".

Parks and recreation
The City of Fairborn's Parks & Recreation Division manages 773.2 acres of parkland, nature preserves, and cemeteries in the city. Fairborn also contains 2 nature preserves, totaling 242 acres, managed by Greene County Parks and Trails. The Beaver Creek Wetlands Association, a private non-profit organization, also manages a 130 acre nature preserve within Fairborn's jurisdiction. In total, 1145.2 acre of Fairborn's 14.57 sq mi land area is a park, nature preserve, or cemetery.

They are:

 * 5/3 Commons
 * Central Park
 * Cold Springs Reserve
 * Community Park
 * Fair Creek Park
 * Fairfield Park
 * Garland Wetland Reserve
 * Hidden Hills Wetland
 * Maplewood Park
 * Mercer Log House
 * Oakes Quarry Park
 * Osborn Park
 * Patterson Park
 * Rona Hills Park
 * Sandhill Park

 * Shawnee Park
 * Strautman Landing Park
 * Tecumseh Park
 * Valle Greene Park
 * Valle View Reserve
 * Wedgewood Park
 * Wright Park
 * Wright Brothers Huffman Prairie Bikeway
 * Hall Cemetery
 * Fairfield Cemetery
 * Highview Cemetery
 * Hebble Creek Reserve (Greene County)
 * Cemex Reserve (Greene County)
 * James P. Amon Biodiversity Reserve (Beaver Creek Wetlands Association)

Public Schools

 * Fairborn Primary School (formerly 5 Points Elementary School), grades pre-K-2
 * Fairborn Intermediate School (formerly Palmer-South), grades 3–5
 * Fairborn Baker Middle School (formerly Fairborn Baker High School), grades 6–8
 * Fairborn High School (formerly Park Hills High School), grades 9–12

Private Schools

 * Bethlehem Lutheran School, grades pre-K-8 (Lutheran)

Post-secondary institutions

 * Wright State University, a public undergraduate and postgraduate university with over 19,000 students
 * Air Force Institute of Technology, a postgraduate university located on Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (open to uniformed military and DoD civil service personnel only)

Fairborn is served by a branch of the Greene County Public Library.

Notable people

 * Brian Billick — head coach of the Baltimore Ravens, 1999–2007
 * Roger B. Chaffee — astronaut who died in the Apollo 1 fire
 * Kevin DeWine — Ohio Representative to the 70th district; Speaker Pro Tempore of the Ohio House of Representatives
 * Gus Grissom — astronaut who died in the Apollo 1 fire
 * J. D. Harmeyer — entertainment figure who appears on Howard Stern Show
 * Colonel Gregory H. Johnson — NASA astronaut
 * Gary A. Klein — pioneer in the field of naturalistic decision
 * Martha Masters — classical guitarist
 * Buddy Miller — roots musician, singer-songwriter, and producer, member of Emmylou Harris's Spyboy Band
 * Roger Osborne — author
 * Michael J. Saylor — founder of MicroStrategy
 * Mark Turner — jazz saxophonist and teacher at the Manhattan School of Music
 * Jackie (Waddell) Warner — actress in the reality television series Work Out

title: Fairborn, Ohio


text:
Jamestown, Ohio

Jamestown is a village in Greene County, Ohio, United States. The population was 2,052 at the 2020 census.

Jamestown is part of the Dayton Metropolitan Statistical Area.

History
Jamestown was platted in 1816, and named after Jamestown, Virginia, the native home of a first settler.

Geography
Parts of Jamestown are located in Silvercreek, Ross, and New Jasper Townships.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.21 sqmi, all of it land.

Jamestown is located south of U.S. Route 35 on State Route 72. It is east of Lake Shawnee.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 1,993 people, 758 households, and 524 families living in the village. The population density was 1647.1 PD/sqmi. There were 836 housing units at an average density of 690.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 95.1% White, 2.4% African American, 0.1% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.6% from other races, and 1.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.7% of the population.

There were 758 households, of which 36.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.8% were married couples living together, 16.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 30.9% were non-families. 25.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.04.

The median age in the village was 36.7 years. 25.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.2% were from 25 to 44; 23.6% were from 45 to 64; and 16% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 45.3% male and 54.7% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,917 people, 743 households, and 529 families living in the village. The population density was 1,579.3 PD/sqmi. There were 791 housing units at an average density of 651.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 94.47% White, 4.07% African American, 0.42% Native American, 0.47% Asian, 0.16% from other races, and 0.42% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.47% of the population.

There were 743 households, out of which 38.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.3% were married couples living together, 15.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.8% were non-families. 25.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 3.08.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 29.2% under the age of 18, 8.5% from 18 to 24, 30.3% from 25 to 44, 19.5% from 45 to 64, and 12.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 92.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.9 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $40,599, and the median income for a family was $43,705. Males had a median income of $32,679 versus $21,080 for females. The per capita income for the village was $17,117. About 9.4% of families and 11.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.4% of those under age 18 and 20.1% of those age 65 or over.

Education
The Greeneview Local School District operates three schools in the village: Greeneview Elementary School, Greeneview Middle School, and Greeneview High School. Jamestown has a public library, a branch of the Greene County Public Library.

Notable natives

 * Gary Bradds, NBA basketball player
 * Terry Bradds, jazz guitarist
 * Matt Brown, UFC fighter
 * Fred Claire, Los Angeles Dodgers general manager
 * Roland James, NFL football player

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jamestown, Ohio


text:
Shawnee Hills, Greene County, Ohio

Shawnee Hills is a census-designated place (CDP) in Greene County, Ohio, United States. Shawnee Hills consists of a planned community centered on the 250 acre Shawnee Lake. The population was 2,230 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Dayton Metropolitan Statistical Area, and should not be confused with the incorporated village of Shawnee Hills in Delaware County.

Geography
Shawnee Hills is located in southeastern Greene County surrounding Lake Shawnee, a reservoir built on Caesar Creek, a west-flowing tributary of the Little Miami River. The community is in the eastern part of New Jasper Township and the western part of Silvercreek Township, and is bordered to the east by the village of Jamestown. Xenia, the Greene County seat, is 8 mi to the northwest.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the Shawnee Hills CDP has a total area of 7.7 sqkm, of which 6.9 sqkm is land and 0.7 sqkm, or 9.62%, is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,355 people, 819 households, and 705 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 885.0 PD/sqmi. There were 859 housing units at an average density of 322.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.11% White, 0.89% African American, 0.64% Native American, 0.42% Asian, 0.08% from other races, and 0.85% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.68% of the population.

There were 819 households, out of which 38.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 74.7% were married couples living together, 7.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 13.9% were non-families. 11.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.88 and the average family size was 3.09.

In the CDP the population was spread out, with 27.3% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 27.9% from 45 to 64, and 8.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 101.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.2 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $55,022, and the median income for a family was $53,942. Males had a median income of $36,048 versus $28,857 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $19,209. About 1.6% of families and 3.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.0% of those under age 18 and 2.5% of those age 65 or over.

title: Shawnee Hills, Greene County, Ohio


text:
Spring Valley, Ohio

Spring Valley is a village in Greene County, Ohio, United States. The population was 415 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Dayton Metropolitan Statistical Area.

History
Spring Valley had its start in the early 1840s by the building of the Little Miami Railroad through that territory. The town was platted in 1844.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.27 sqmi, all of it land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 479 people, 198 households, and 136 families living in the village. The population density was 1774.1 PD/sqmi. There were 221 housing units at an average density of 818.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 97.3% White, 0.2% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.2% from other races, and 2.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.8% of the population.

There were 198 households, of which 26.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.0% were married couples living together, 9.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 31.3% were non-families. 23.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.83.

The median age in the village was 43.8 years. 19.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.7% were from 25 to 44; 34.7% were from 45 to 64; and 14.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 50.3% male and 49.7% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 510 people, 195 households, and 147 families living in the village. The population density was 1,832.9 PD/sqmi. There were 211 housing units at an average density of 758.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 95.88% White, 1.76% African American, 0.39% Native American, 0.20% Asian, and 1.76% from two or more races.

There were 195 households, out of which 33.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.5% were married couples living together, 8.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.6% were non-families. 20.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 2.99.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 23.7% under the age of 18, 10.2% from 18 to 24, 30.8% from 25 to 44, 23.7% from 45 to 64, and 11.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 103.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.5 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $42,500, and the median income for a family was $44,231. Males had a median income of $31,382 versus $26,250 for females. The per capita income for the village was $26,071. About 1.4% of families and 2.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.4% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

title: Spring Valley, Ohio


text:
Wilberforce, Ohio

Wilberforce is a census-designated place (CDP) in Greene County, Ohio, United States. The population was 2,410 at the 2020 census.

History
After Wilberforce College was established in 1856, the community was also named for the English statesman William Wilberforce, who worked for the abolition of slavery and achieved the end of the slave trade in the United Kingdom and its empire. The small community served as an important stop for refugee slaves on the Underground Railroad before the American Civil War, as it had seven stations.

The Ohio Historical Society operates the National Afro-American Museum and Cultural Center, which provides exhibits and learning opportunities for the regional community. The Association of African American Museums, also located in Wilberforce and supported by the private university, works to build professional capacity among smaller museums.

Geography
Wilberforce is located in central Greene County and is bordered to the southwest by the city of Xenia, the county seat. Wilberforce is part of the Dayton Metropolitan Statistical Area.

U.S. Route 42 passes through the community, leading southwest 3.5 mi to the center of Xenia and northeast 4.5 mi to Cedarville. Downtown Dayton is 19 mi to the west of Wilberforce.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 8.0 km2, of which 0.06 km2, or 0.78%, is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,579 people, 189 households, and 133 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 510.7 PD/sqmi. There were 220 housing units at an average density of 71.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 84.17% African American, 11.21% White, 0.38% Native American, 0.13% Asian, 0.13% from other races, and 3.99% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.27% of the population.

There were 189 households, out of which 26.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.1% were married couples living together, 9.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.6% were non-families. 28.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.14.

In the CDP the population was spread out, with 7.8% under the age of 18, 69.5% from 18 to 24, 9.4% from 25 to 44, 7.4% from 45 to 64, and 5.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 21 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.8 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $31,641, and the median income for a family was $39,038. Males had a median income of $4,706 versus $23,906 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $10,483. None of the families and 6.5% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 16.3% of those over 64.

Education
The community has two historically black universities: Wilberforce University, with its associated Payne Theological Seminary, and Central State University.

Wilberforce University
Wilberforce University was established privately in 1856 as a joint project by the Methodist Episcopal Church of Cincinnati and African Methodist Episcopal Church. In 1863 the AME Church sold another property in order to buy the college after its temporary closing due to financial problems during the war. It was the first college to be owned and operated by African Americans. Bishop Daniel Payne, who led the founding and later purchase of the college, was its first president and served for many years. Many prominent scholars have taught there.

Among them was Charles Young, a West Point graduate and 19th-century US Army officer who served with the Buffalo Soldiers in the West and later taught at Wilberforce. Born into slavery, Young became the highest-ranking African-American officer in the US Army, a status that lasted until after World War I. His former residence, Youngsholm, has been designated as a National Historic Landmark and the Charles Young Buffalo Soldiers National Monument.

Their most famous graduate is Dorothy Vaughan, who is one of the women featured in Margot Lee Shetterly's history Hidden Figures: The Story of the African-American Women Who Helped Win the Space Race (2016). It was adapted as a biographical film of the same name, also released in 2016.

Central State University
Central State University was established by the state legislature in 1887 as a commercial, normal and industrial department, which was located at Wilberforce in the late 19th century. In 1947, the department had expanded to four-year programs and it was established as a separate institution. With continued development, it achieved university status in 1965.

title: Wilberforce, Ohio


text:
Xenia, Ohio

Xenia is a city in and the county seat of Greene County, Ohio, United States. Located in southwestern Ohio, it is 15 mi east of Dayton and is part of the Dayton metropolitan area as well as the Miami Valley region. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 25,441. The city's name comes from the Greek word Xenia (ξενία), which means "hospitality".

History
Xenia was founded in 1803, the same year Ohio was admitted to the Union. In that year, Hollander-American pioneer John Paul bought 2,000 acre of land from Thomas and Elizabeth Richardson of Hanover County, Virginia, for "1050 pounds current moneys of Virginia." Paul influenced county commissioners to locate the county seat on this land at the forks of the Shawnee creeks, stimulating development of the settlement here.

Joseph C. Vance was named to survey the site and lay out the town. The following year, he bought the town site of 257 acre from John Paul for $250. The name of the new village was chosen in typically democratic fashion. Vance called a town meeting to discuss possible names. The committee had considered several suggestions without reaching any decision. Then the Rev. Robert Armstrong proposed the name "Xenia," meaning "hospitality" in Greek, because of the fine hospitality extended to him in this friendly community. When a tie vote occurred, Laticia Davis, wife of Owen Davis, was invited to cast the deciding ballot. She voted for "Xenia."

The first session of the Ohio General Assembly created Greene County from the Northwest Territory. It took in the homeland of the Shawnee Indians. Their chief tribal village was north of Xenia at Old Chillicothe, now called Old Town. The Shawnee war chief Tecumseh was born there in 1768. The Catawba also lived in and around Xenia, many of their descendants, such as the Jeffries family intermarried with the local free Black community and the White community as well.

William Beattie was Xenia's first businessman. In 1804, he opened a tavern which became a center of community affairs. In 1804, John Marshall built Xenia's first house. The first log school house was constructed in 1805, and, that same year, the Rev. James Towler became the town's first postmaster. The growing community soon attracted many pioneer industries - flour mills, sawmills, woolen mills, pork packing plants, oil mills, and tow mills.

A petition for incorporation, dated March 24, 1817, was circulated among the 88 households of Xenia, and on July 21, 1817, that petition, containing 66 signatures, was filed with the Court of Common Pleas of Greene County. On October 27, 1817, the petition for incorporation was granted by the Court and Xenia became a municipal corporation.

The arrival of the Little Miami Railroad (now the site of the Little Miami Scenic Trail, which passed through Xenia Station) in 1843, stimulated the development of additional industries and connected the city to other markets. On March 2, 1850, the Ohio General Assembly rode from Columbus, Ohio to Xenia and back on the newly completed Columbus and Xenia Railroad.

From the summer of 1851, tourists would come from Cincinnati, as well as plantations from the South, to visit the nearby Xenia Springs and Tawawa House, a hotel and health spa about three miles away. It was established as a summer resort to draw on interest in the medicinal properties of the springs. Skin specialist Dr. Samuel Spilsbee from Cincinnati served as Superintendent of the hotel. It was three stories high, and the grounds of the complex also included separate cottages. After it went out of business, the complex was purchased for use as Wilberforce College, a historically black college founded by a collaboration between the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) and the Cincinnati Conference of the Methodist Church. By 1860 most of the 200 students were mixed-race children of wealthy white fathers from the South, planters and businessmen who were prevented from getting them educated there. In the early years of the war, the college closed briefly after Southerners withdrew their children. The AME Church took it over, and continued to operate it.

On Wednesday morning, February 13, 1861, President-Elect Abraham Lincoln made a brief appearance in the city as his inaugural train traveled from Cincinnati east to Columbus. He gave a short speech; the traveling reporter from the New York Times did not record it as Lincoln expressed sentiments that he had repeated in previous stops. According to the Times writer, "a very large crowd assembled, and amid the firing of a cannon and enthusiasm, Mr. Lincoln addressed them from the rear car, reiterating what he had said before.".

The town progressed rapidly during the mid-19th century. Artificial gas was provided in the 1840s and continued in use until natural gas was made available in 1905. The first fire engine house was built in 1831; the telephone came to Xenia in 1879; electricity in 1881 and a water works system in 1886. Xenia opened its first free public library in 1899. By 1900, the city was operating its own sewage system.

Following the Civil War, the Ohio Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home was built in Xenia. Some of its building remains in use by a Christian ministry organization.

Xenia elected Cornelius Clark as its first mayor in 1834. On January 1, 1918, the current city commission-manager plan succeeded the old form of municipal government.

Tornadoes
Xenia has a history of severe storm activity. According to local legend, the Shawnee referred to the area as "the place of the devil wind" or "the land of the crazy winds" (depending upon the translation).

On April 3, 1974, a verified F5 rated tornado on the Fujita scale cut a path directly through the middle of Xenia during the 1974 Super Outbreak, the second largest series of tornadoes in recorded history. The disaster killed 34 people (including two Ohio National Guardsmen who died days later in a related fire), injured an additional 1,150, destroyed almost half of the city's buildings, and left 10,000 people homeless. Five schools, including Xenia High School, Central Junior High School, McKinley Elementary, Simon Kenton Elementary, and Saint Brigid Catholic School were destroyed, as were nine churches and 180 businesses. Ted Fujita himself rated the tornado an F6 in an essay he wrote, but the rating was never confirmed.

The city's plight was featured in the national news, including a 1974 NBC television documentary, Tornado!, hosted by Floyd Kalber. President Richard Nixon visited stricken areas of Xenia following the devastation. Comedian Bob Hope organized a benefit to raise funds for Xenia and, in appreciation, the new Xenia High School Auditorium was named the "Bob Hope Auditorium." In recognition of their coverage of this tornado, the staff of the Xenia Daily Gazette won the Pulitzer Prize for Spot News Reporting in 1975.

Xenia was struck by an F2 tornado on April 25, 1989, and again by an F4 tornado on September 20, 2000. The 1989 tornado caused over $2 million (~$ in ) in damage, but no one was killed. The twister of 2000 killed one person, and injured 100 people. This tornado followed a path roughly parallel to that of the 1974 tornado.

Xenia currently has a system of tornado sirens. After the 1974 tornado outbreak, the city purchased a system of five Federal Signal Thunderbolt sirens for warning. During the 2000 tornado strike, the lack of backup power silenced the Thunderbolts, so the city purchased five Federal Signal 2001-SRNB series sirens with battery backup to reinforce/replace the Thunderbolts.

Railroads
Several railroad lines owned by the Baltimore & Ohio (B&O) and Pennsylvania (PRR) railroads once served Xenia, for both freight and passenger service. Since restructuring of the railroad industry in the mid-twentieth century, all lines have since been abandoned, the last being dismantled by 1989.

The lines that previously served Xenia were:
 * B&O Wellston subdivision, between Washington Court House and Dayton.
 * PRR Little Miami branch, between Cincinnati and Springfield; a portion of the line ran down Detroit Street and was the first section to be dismantled.
 * PRR Pittsburgh-St. Louis mainline; Amtrak operated the National Limited passenger service over this line until 1979.

The roadbeds of five of Xenia's six rail lines were converted for rail trail use. The one exception — the B&O line west of town — was not converted because it closely paralleled the PRR mainline for most of its length.

Xenia was served by two interurban railways until the 1940s: In the postwar period, automobile ownership increased, and the federal government subsidized the construction of numerous interstate highways. Both changes influenced the decline of regional transit, such as the interurban railways.
 * Dayton & Xenia Transit Company
 * Springfield & Xenia Railway

Geography
Today Xenia is centrally located in the "transportation triangle" formed by three major interstate highways: I-70, I-71, and I-75. These north-south, east–west arteries are within minutes of Xenia via U.S. Routes 35, 42, and 68, tying the community to one of the nation's largest 90-minute highway markets. Before the creation of the U.S. Interstate Highway system, U.S. 68 was one of the main southward routes from the major city of Detroit, Michigan. Within Xenia, U.S. 68 is named "Detroit Street".

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 13.29 sqmi, of which, 13.28 sqmi is land and 0.01 sqmi is water.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 25,719 people, 10,390 households, and 6,631 families residing in the city. The population density was 1936.7 PD/sqmi. There were 11,424 dwelling units at an average density of 860.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 82.0% White, 13.4% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 0.5% from other races, and 3.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.7% of the population.

There were 10,390 households, of which 32.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.6% were married couples living together, 16.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36.2% were non-families. 31.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.98.

The median age in the city was 37.1 years. 24.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.6% were from 25 to 44; 24.9% were from 45 to 64; and 15.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.2% male and 52.8% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 24,164 people, 9,378 households, and 6,527 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,989.3 PD/sqmi. There were 9,924 dwelling units at an average density of 817.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 83.30% White, 13.51% African American, 0.34% Native American, 0.29% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.53% from other races, and 1.98% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.09% of the population.

There were 9,378 households, out of which 34.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.2% were married couples living together, 15.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.4% were non-families. 26.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.02.

In the city the population was spread out, with 27.1% under the age of 18, 9.6% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 21.3% from 45 to 64, and 13.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.4 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $36,457, and the median income for a family was $43,046. Males had a median income of $34,497 versus $24,094 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,481. About 8.9% of families and 11.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.8% of those under age 18 and 9.4% of those age 65 or over.

Economy
Xenia has, or once had, the following industries:
 * Hooven and Allison rope factory (1870-2003)
 * Xenia Shoe Manufacturing
 * Xenia Ironcasting Foundry (founded 1920)
 * Bob Evans Restaurants meat packing plant
 * Xenia Workhouse
 * Kroehler Furniture factory (destroyed 1974)
 * McDonald Farm Stone Quarry - stone used to represent Ohio in the Washington Monument
 * Dodds Monuments - grave and memorial sculptors (founded 1864)
 * Eavey Grocers (1865-1970)

Arts and culture
The annual Dayton Hamvention is held at the Greene County Fairgrounds, having been moved from the now closed Hara Arena in Trotwood, Ohio in May 2017. This event typically attracts over 20,000 amateur radio enthusiasts from around the world.

Government
The Xenia City Council exercises the powers and authority of a municipal corporation as determined by the constitution of the State of Ohio and the Charter and ordinances of the City of Xenia. The City Council is composed of seven elected council members, including one mayor. Council members are each elected for one four-year term of office.

City Council members and term start years:
 * Mayor Sarah Mays
 * Councilman and City Council President William Urschel
 * Councilman and City Council Vice President Wesley Smith
 * Councilman James Crawford
 * Councilwoman Faith Sorice
 * Councilman Ethan Reynolds
 * Councilman Levi Dean

The City Manager is Brent Merriman.

Education
The Xenia Community School District has 1 preschool, 5 elementary, 1 middle, and 1 high school:

 * Xenia Preschool (formerly Central Middle School) (Grade PreK)
 * Cox Elementary School (Grade K-5)
 * McKinley Elementary School (Grade K-5)
 * Arrowood Elementary (Grade K-5)
 * Shawnee Elementary (Grade K-5)
 * Tecumseh Elementary (Grade K-5)
 * Warner Middle School (Grade 6–8)
 * Xenia High School (Grade 9–12)
 * Spring Hill Elementary (as of 2012 defunct)

Private schools in Xenia:
 * Legacy Christian Academy (Grade Pre-K-12)
 * St. Brigid School (Grade Pre-K-8)

Xenia has the main branch library and administrative offices of the Greene County Public Library.

Media
Xenia is part of the Dayton media market, the 64th-largest media market in the United States.

Newspapers
The main newspaper in Xenia is the Xenia Daily Gazette, founded in 1868. The Gazette is published two days a week. A community-based online source, Xenia's Word on the Street, is also available. The larger Dayton Daily News, which covers the entire Dayton metro area, includes a community section for Xenia in both the printed and online versions. In February 2023, it was announced that the Gazette would reduce "the number of printed editions each week while expanding local news coverage" on their website due to inflationary costs.

Radio
Radio stations based in Xenia:
 * 1500 AM WBZI "Real Roots Radio" (simulcasts on F.M. translator 100.3/W262BG)
 * 95.3 FM WZLR "The Eagle" (Classic Rock)

Notable people

 * Doug Adair, television news anchor and journalist
 * Doug Adams, NFL player
 * Steve Austria, U.S. Congressman
 * Elizabeth Gowdy Baker, painter
 * Clarence Belt, racing driver
 * Una Mae Carlisle, jazz musician
 * Dean Chenoweth, hydroplane and auto racer in Motorsports Hall of Fame of America
 * John Barry Clemens, NBA player
 * Trent Cole, NFL defensive end
 * Lloyd Gearhart, MLB player and scout
 * Charley Grapewin, actor
 * Caitlin Halligan, lawyer and nominee for federal judge
 * Chris Hero, pro wrestler for WWE and NXT
 * Roger Huston, harness race caller
 * Coates Kinney, lawyer, journalist, and poet
 * John Little, U.S. Congressman
 * Roger McMurrin, conductor
 * Rose Murphy, jazz singer
 * Larry D. Nichols, puzzle enthusiast and inventor of Pocket Cube
 * Obiwu, poet and author
 * Aftab Pureval, Mayor of Cincinnati
 * Helen Hooven Santmyer, novelist
 * Arthur M. Schlesinger, Sr., historian
 * Thomas Taggart, Mayor of Indianapolis and U.S. Senator from Indiana
 * Tecumseh, Shawnee Chief during the War of 1812
 * Ridgely Torrence, poet
 * Sarah A. Worden (1855-1918), painter, art instructor

Film

 * Xenia is the setting for Harmony Korine's film Gummo (1997); the movie was not filmed in Xenia, however, but in Korine's hometown of Nashville, Tennessee.

title: Xenia, Ohio


text:
Yellow Springs, Ohio

Yellow Springs is a village in northern Greene County, Ohio, United States. The population was 3,697 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Dayton metropolitan area and is home to Antioch College.

History
In 1825, the village was founded by William Mills and approximately 100 families, followers of Robert Owen, who wanted to emulate the utopian community at New Harmony, Indiana. The village was named after nearby natural springs with waters high in iron content. The communitarian efforts dissolved due to internal conflicts.

The completion of the Little Miami Railroad in 1846 brought increased commerce, inhabitants, and tourism to this area of Greene County. Many regular visitors of the 19th century came for the springs, as these were believed to have medicinal benefits. The village of Yellow Springs was incorporated in 1856.

Antioch College
Antioch College was founded in 1850 by the Christian Connection, and began operating in 1853 with the distinguished scholar Horace Mann as its first president.

In 1920, Arthur E. Morgan became president of Antioch College; he was known for his innovations and implemented a much-imitated work-study program for students. An engineer by training, Morgan left Antioch to become head of the Tennessee Valley Authority during President Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration. Upon his return to Yellow Springs, Morgan was a key leader of Quaker intentional community developments in Ohio and North Carolina.

In 1926, the Antioch Company was founded by two then-current Antioch College students as "The Antioch Bookplate Company". The company expanded to selling children's books, gifts, and craft products, In 2008, the company sold off its Antioch Publishing business, and focused the remaining business on the company's Creative Memories brand of custom framing and scrapbooking items. The remaining Yellow Spring facility of Creative Memories closed in 2012.

Antioch College expanded beginning in 1964, to include 38 "centers" around the country by the end of 1979. Its by-laws were changed to define Antioch as a "network", not a college, owned by Antioch University Corporation. In 1986, 32 of its units around the country were closed, leaving six campuses, which included both its original College campus in Yellow Springs and the college's School of Adult and Experiential Learning there. It operated separately as Antioch University McGregor. That adult and graduate education school was renamed as Antioch University Midwest in 1988. It closed in late 2020.

In 2008, citing financial exigency, the university closed the college campus in Yellow Springs. College alumni, forming the Antioch College Continuation Corporation, bought back the college's name and campus. They reopened in 2011 as the independent Antioch College.

Now, Antioch University and Antioch College are wholly separate institutions.

Freed slaves
The Conway Colony, a group of 30 freed slaves who were transported by Moncure D. Conway, the abolitionist son of their former owner, were settled in this village in 1862.

Wheeling Gaunt, a former slave who had purchased his own freedom, came to Yellow Springs in the 1860s. By his death in 1894, he owned a substantial amount of land. Gaunt bequeathed to the village a large piece of land on its western side, requesting that the rent be used to buy flour for the "poor and worthy widows" of Yellow Springs. Although the land was used to create Gaunt Park, and thus does not generate rent, the village expanded the bequest to include sugar. It still delivers flour and sugar to the village's widows at Christmas time, a tradition that generates annual media coverage.

Activism
During the Red Scare of the 1950s, Yellow Springs and Antioch College came under scrutiny for alleged sympathies of faculty and students to the Communist Party, due to many locals' support of left-wing politics. After being questioned by the Ohio House Un-American Activities Committee, Antioch president Douglas McGregor released a statement in 1952 that "Antioch upholds the American tradition of academic freedom. This means the right to hear and investigate all sides of any question, including the question of Russia and Communism".

By the late 1960s and early 1970s, the village became a center of activity for the Civil Rights Movement and anti-war movement in southwestern Ohio. Villagers have retained a progressive cast in their politics, attracting new residents with similar ideas and establishing a unique sociopolitical demographic element in a primarily conservative region of the state.

In 1979, Yellow Springs held the distinction of being the smallest municipality to pass an ordinance prohibiting discrimination based on sexual orientation. As of 2014, it had the largest LGBT population of all Ohio's villages.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 2.02 sqmi, all land.

The village takes its name from a nearby natural spring whose waters are rich in iron, leaving a yellowish-orange coloring on the rocks. Now included within the nearby Glen Helen Nature Preserve, in the mid-19th century, it became the center of a resort. During this period, many individuals traveled to areas of such springs, believing the waters had medicinal benefits.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 3,487 people, 1,672 households, and 902 families living in the village. The population density was 1726.2 PD/sqmi. There were 1,805 dwelling units at an average density of 893.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 78.1% White, 12.0% African American, 0.6% Native American, 1.5% Asian, 0.4% from other races, and 7.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.0% of the population.

There were 1,672 households, of which 25.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.4% were married couples living together, 13.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 46.1% were non-families. 39.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.04 and the average family size was 2.70.

The median age in the village was 48.5 years. 19.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20.6% were from 25 to 44; 33.1% were from 45 to 64; and 21.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 46.0% male and 54.0% female.

According to the US Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey, the median income for a household in the village was $56,000 and the median income for a family was $71,379. Males had a median income of $52,208 versus $52,019 for females. The per capita income for the village was $32,886. About 6.7% of families and 15.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.0% of those under age 18 and 10.1% of those age 65 or over.

Arts and culture
National Register of Historic Places listings in Yellow Springs include Antioch Hall, North and South Halls, South School, and the Yellow Springs Historic District. Young's Jersey Dairy is a family-operated dairy farm and restaurant several visitor attractions outside the scope of a typical dairy farm, including batting cages, miniature golf, and a petting zoo.

Relative to its size, Yellow Springs has a large arts community. Local organizations include:
 * Yellow Springs Arts Council
 * Yellow Springs Theater Company
 * Yellow Springs Kids Playhouse (now folded)
 * Chamber Music Yellow Springs (CMYS)
 * The World House Choir
 * The Yellow Springs Community Chorus
 * The Yellow Springs Chamber Orchestra
 * The Yellow Springs Community Band (YSCB)
 * Yellow Springs Strings (Senior Orchestra)

Parks and recreation
Yellow Springs is home to or near numerous parks, including the Glen Helen Nature Preserve, Little Miami Bike Trail, John Bryan State Park, and Clifton Gorge State Nature Preserve. Various parks are owned by the Village of Yellow Springs and run through its Parks and Recreation department. The Village's largest park is Gaunt Park, which has two baseball diamonds and a pool. Just north of the Village is Ellis Park, which has a picnic area and a pond. Several additional neighborhood park areas are scattered through the village.

Education
Yellow Springs Exempted Village School District operates three schools in the village: Mills Lawn Elementary, McKinney Middle School, and Yellow Springs High School.

The only private elementary school in Yellow Springs is the Antioch School, a democratic school for students in preschool through sixth grade. It was founded by Arthur Ernest Morgan as a laboratory school of Antioch College.

Antioch College, a private liberal arts college, was founded at Yellow Springs in 1850. The city was also home to Antioch University Midwest, part of the Antioch University network, until 2020. Its functions were absorbed into Antioch University's online division, and its building put up for sale. However, Antioch University's administration, as well as its online division and Graduate School of Leadership & Change, remain headquartered in Yellow Springs.

Yellow Springs has a public library, a branch of the Greene County Public Library.

Media
Yellow Springs is the home of public radio station WYSO, which is a member station of National Public Radio and was licensed to the Board of Trustees of Antioch College until WYSO became independently owned and operated in 2019. The station continues in collaboration with the college, such as by working with college students as interns.

Local news and events are covered by an independent weekly newspaper, the Yellow Springs News.

Notable people

 * Paul Abels, clergyman
 * Noah Adams, public radio journalist and author
 * Arnold Adoff, poet and author
 * Cindy Blackman, jazz/rock drummer; wife of Carlos Santana
 * Alice Griffith Carr, Red Cross nurse in World War I
 * Dave Chappelle, American comedian and actor
 * Suzanne Clauser, screenwriter and novelist
 * Mike DeWine, former US Senator, former Ohio Attorney General, current 70th Governor of Ohio
 * Monica Drake, assistant managing editor, New York Times
 * Jewel Freeman Graham, educator, social worker, attorney, and World YWCA president
 * Richie Furay, singer, songwriter, and Rock & Roll Hall of Fame member
 * Virginia Hamilton, children's author
 * Anne Harris, musician and actor
 * Jon Barlow Hudson, sculptor
 * Mike Kahoe, Major League Baseball player
 * Coretta Scott King, civil rights leader and wife of Martin Luther King Jr.
 * John Lithgow, actor
 * Neal Vernon Loving, racing pilot and aeronautical engineer
 * Trace Lysette, actress
 * Michael Malarkey, actor and musician
 * David Nibert, sociologist, author and animal rights activist
 * Catherine Roma, choral conductor
 * David Wilcox, American folk musician
 * Julia Reichert, Documentary filmmaker

title: Yellow Springs, Ohio


text:
Hope and Glory (film)

Hope and Glory is a 1987 comedy-drama war film written, produced, and directed by John Boorman based on his own experiences growing up in London during the Second World War. It was distributed by Columbia Pictures. The title is derived from the traditional British patriotic song "Land of Hope and Glory". The film tells the story of the Rowan family and their experiences, as seen through the eyes of the son, Billy (Sebastian Rice-Edwards).

A critical and commercial success, the film won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy and received five Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture, Best Director, and Best Original Screenplay (all for Boorman). It also received 13 BAFTA Award nominations, winning for Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Susan Wooldridge).

Plot
The film begins on 3 September 1939, the day Britain declared war on Germany. It tells the story of the Rowan family (Billy, his sisters Sue and Dawn, and his parents Grace and Clive), who live in a suburb of London. Clive joins the army, leaving Grace alone to watch over the children. She almost sends Billy and Susie away from London, but pulls them back at the last second on the train platform when she realizes she cannot bear to be apart from them. Thus, Billy stays in London for the first years of the war.

Seen through the eyes of 10-year-old Billy, the "fireworks" provided by the Blitz (September 1940 – May 1941) every night are as exciting as they are terrifying, and the ruins they leave behind are a fascinating playground for Billy and other boys his age, who are largely unsupervised. The other members of Billy's family do not see things in quite the same way as the bombs continue to drop, but their will to survive brings them closer together. The nightly raids do not provide the only drama, as Billy's older sister, Dawn, falls for Canadian soldier Bruce, becomes pregnant, and, finding her life turned upside down, soon discovers the value of her family.

When the Rowan's house burns down (not as a result of an air raid, but due to an ordinary fire), the family moves to the bucolic Thames-side home of Grace's parents. This provides an opportunity for Billy to spend more time with his curmudgeonly Grandfather George, who teaches him "the ways of the river".

In the autumn of 1942, Winston Churchill delivers his famous "end of the beginning" speech. Bruce returns from his secret posting and goes AWOL to find Dawn. Immediately after they are married in the village church, MPs take Bruce away. That afternoon in the living room of her grandparents' house, Dawn gives birth to a son, surrounded by her family. Billy swoons at the sight.

Although Grace has rented a house for the family just down the river, Billy must go back to London until he can get into the local school. George drives the miserable boy to his old school, only to find the block filled with screaming, ecstatic children, as a stray bomb has destroyed the building ("Thank you Adolf!" one boy cries). Roaring with laughter, George drives Billy home. The adult Billy recalls: "In all my life, nothing ever quite matched the perfect joy of that moment. My school lay in ruins, and the river beckoned with the promise of stolen days." The credits roll over imagery of the river, to the music of "Land of Hope and Glory".

Cast
John Boorman provides the voice of the film's narrator. Boorman's daughter, Katrine Boorman, appears as Charity (one of Grace's sisters), while his son, Charley Boorman, appears as the downed Luftwaffe pilot.

Filming locations
According to TCM-host Dave Karger's afterword to an April 2021 broadcast of the film, Boorman re-created the street on which he lived. The million-dollar, 40-acre set was the largest constructed in England since World War II. The main film set was built on the disused runway at the former Wisley Airfield in Surrey, and the scenes by the river were shot near Shepperton Lock. Filming also took place in Hightown Road, Ringwood, Hampshire, and at Bray Studios in Berkshire.

Archival footage
The "newsreel" footage that Bill sees at the local cinema in the film contains scenes from the 1969 film Battle of Britain.

Critical response
Hope and Glory received very positive reviews at the time of its release, and was named one of the best films of 1987 by over 50 critics. Only Broadcast News appeared on more top 10 lists in 1987.

On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 96% "Fresh" score based on 26 reviews, with an average rating of 8.3/10. On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 86 out of 100 based on 15 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.

The film was favourably reviewed by critic Pauline Kael in her film reviews collection Hooked: "It's hard to believe that a great comedy could be made of the Blitz but John Boorman has done it. In his new, autobiographical film, he has had the inspiration to desentimentalize wartime Britain and show us the Second World War the way he saw it as an eight-year-old. The war frees the Rohans from the dismal monotony of their pinched white-collar lives. He doesn't deny the war its terrors. Yet he gives everything a comic flip. That's the joy of the film: the war has its horrors, but it also destroys much of what the genteel poor like Grace Rohan (Sarah Miles), have barely been able to acknowledge they wanted destroyed. It's like a plainspoken, English variant of the Taviani brothers' The Night of the Shooting Stars."

Critic Emanuel Levy's review was also positive, writing: "Director John Boorman offers a warmly nostalgic view of his childhood in a London suburb during WWII."

In 1987, Roger Ebert wrote: "Maybe there is something in the very nature of war, in the power of guns and bombs, that appeals to the imagination of little boys. Bombers and fighter planes and rockets and tanks are thrilling at that age when you are old enough to understand how they work but too young to understand what they do. John Boorman's Hope and Glory is a film about that precise season in the life of a young British boy who grows up in a London suburb during World War II. The film is first of all a painstaking re-creation of the period. All of the cars and signs look right, and there are countless small references to wartime rationing, as when the older sister draws seams on her legs to make fake nylons. But after re-creating the period, Boorman also reconstructs the very feeling that was in the air. Hope and Glory is an enormous success right now in England, where every frame must have its special memories for British audiences. Through American eyes, it is a more universal film, not so much about war as about memory. When we are young, what happens is not nearly as important as what we think happens. Perhaps that's true even when we are not so young."

Box office
Goldcrest Films invested £1,288,000 in the film and received £1,665,000, making them a profit of £377,000.

The film made £845,927 in the UK.

Sequel
A sequel to the film, titled Queen and Country, was made in 2014. The sequel tells the story of an older Bill Rohan as a soldier during the Korean War. It was selected to be screened as part of the Directors' Fortnight section of the 2014 Cannes Film Festival, and received a general theatrical release in 2015.

title: Hope and Glory (film)


text:
Fort Meade

Fort George G. Meade is a United States Army installation located in Maryland, that includes the Defense Information School, the Defense Media Activity, the United States Army Field Band, and the headquarters of United States Cyber Command, the National Security Agency, the Defense Courier Service, Defense Information Systems Agency headquarters, and the U.S. Navy's Cryptologic Warfare Group Six. It is named for George G. Meade, a Union general from the U.S. Civil War, who served as commander of the Army of the Potomac. The fort's smaller census-designated place includes support facilities such as schools, housing, and the offices of the Military Intelligence Civilian Excepted Career Program (MICECP).

History
Initially called Camp Annapolis Junction, the post was opened as "Camp Admiral" in 1917 on 29.7 sqmi acquired for a training camp. The post was called Camp Meade Cantonment by 1918, Camp Franklin Signal Corps school was located there and in 1919, the Camp Benning tank school—formed from the World War I Camp Colt and Tobyhanna schools—was transferred to the fort before the Tank Corps was disbanded.

Renamed to Fort Leonard Wood (February 1928 – March 5, 1929), the fort's Experimental Motorized Forces in the summer and fall of 1928 tested vehicles and tactics in expedition convoys (Camp Meade observers had joined the in-progress 1919 Motor Transport Corps convoy). In 1929, the fort's 1st Tank Regiment encamped on the Gettysburg Battlefield.

During World War II, Fort Meade was used as a recruit training post and prisoner of war camp, in addition to a holding center for approximately 384 Japanese, German, and Italian immigrant residents of the U.S. arrested as potential fifth columnists. The Second U.S. Army Headquarters transferred to the post on June 15, 1947; and in 1957, the post became headquarters of the National Security Agency.

Cold War air defense
From the 1950s until the 1970s, the Fort Meade radar station had various radar equipment and control systems for air defense (e.g., the 1st Martin AN/FSG-I Antiaircraft Defense System). Fort Meade also had the first Nike Ajax surface-to-air missiles in December 1953 (operational May 1954) and an accidental firing occurred in 1955 with Battery C, 36th AAA Missile Battalion. In 1962, the Army's Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 13th Air Defense Artillery Group, transferred from Meade to Homestead AFB for initial deployment of MIM-23 Hawk missiles, and during the Cuban Missile Crisis, the 6th Battalion (HAWK), 65th Artillery at Fort Meade (a United States Strike Command unit) was deployed to the Miami/Key West area (the 8th Battalion (Hawk) was at the fort in late 1964). Fort Meade bomb disposal experts were dispatched to secure nuclear bombs in the 1964 Savage Mountain B-52 crash.

Expansion
In 1977, a merger organized the fort's U.S. Army Intelligence Agency as part of the United States Army Intelligence and Security Command. On October 1, 1991, a wing of the Air Force Intelligence Command transferred to Fort Meade, and the organization was replaced by the 70th Operations Group on May 1, 2005. In the early 1990s, 12.7 sqmi was transferred from the post to the Patuxent Research Refuge. A planned closure of the post in the 1990s was not implemented, and the Defense Information School moved to the fort in 1995. The 311th Signal Command headquarters was at Fort Meade from 1996 to September 2006. The 70th Intelligence Wing headquarters was established at Fort Meade on July 17, 2000, and the Base Realignment and Closure, 2005, designated Fort Meade to gain 5,700 positions. Fort Meade currently has more than 54,000 employees (service members and civilians), and is the largest employer in the state of Maryland and second largest installation by employee population in the Army.

Hazardous waste
After an August 27, 2007, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency order to assess the contamination at 14 hazardous waste sites on Fort Meade (e.g., ordnance disposal area, 1940s waste dump, closed sanitary landfill), a September 2007 environmental impact report identified adding two golf courses would be a "significant threat to the biological and territorial integrity of the Patuxent Research Refuge". The US Army responded that it is "taking steps to limit the environmental damage."

Defense Information Systems Agency
After United States Cyber Command was established at the post in 2009; on April 15, 2011, the Defense Information Systems Agency ribbon-cutting for the move from Arlington County, Virginia, was at the agency's Fort Meade complex of 95 acre.

Defense Information School
The consolidation of the Defense Information School and the Defense Visual Information School in fiscal 1996 and further consolidation with the Defense Photography School in fiscal 1998 created a single focal point in the Department of Defense for these specialties fields. Advancements in information technology and recent base realignment and closure initiatives have contributed to the evolution of the school. The result is a single school proud of its historical roots and dedicated to serving the diverse requirements for public affairs, broadcasting and visual information.

Security incidents
Alleged gunman Hong Young was arrested in connection with shootings at five public places in Maryland, including an NSA building, theaters and occupied vehicles in late February 2015. No motive has been established but his estranged wife attributed his behavior to mental issues, and he told police he heard voices telling him to shoot at a random driver.

On March 30, 2015, National Security Agency police officers shot and killed a person who attempted to drive an SUV through a restricted entrance to the NSA campus in Fort Meade, Maryland. A passenger in the SUV was injured, as was an officer, and both were treated at a hospital. President Obama was briefed but the FBI determined "we do not believe it is related to terrorism."

On February 14, 2018, National Security Agency police officers shot and wounded an individual who rammed an SUV into a barricade near an entry gate outside of the facility. In the immediate aftermath of the event, the NSA announced that there was "no ongoing security or safety threat."

Geography
Fort Meade is bordered by the Baltimore–Washington Parkway on the west and is about 5 mi east of Interstate 95. It is located between Washington, D.C., and Baltimore. It is located in proximity to Odenton, Columbia, Jessup, Hanover, Laurel, and Severn.

Based units
Notable military and government units based at Fort George G. Meade.

United States Army
United States Army Civil Affairs & Psychological Operations Command (Airborne)

United States Army Corps of Engineers
 * 352nd Civil Affairs Command

 * North Atlantic Division
 * Baltimore District
 * Bay Area Office

United States Army Criminal Investigation Command

 * 68th Military Police Detachment (CID)

United States Army Forces Command

 * First Army Division East
 * 72nd Field Artillery Brigade
 * 3rd Training Support Battalion

United States Army Intelligence & Security Command

 * 704th Military Intelligence Brigade
 * Headquarters and Headquarters Company
 * 741st Military Intelligence Battalion
 * 742nd Military Intelligence Battalion (Network Warfare)
 * 780th Military Intelligence Brigade
 * Headquarters and Headquarters Company
 * 781st Military Intelligence Battalion
 * 902nd Military Intelligence Group
 * Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment
 * 308th Military Intelligence Battalion

United States Army Recruiting Command

 * 1st Recruiting Brigade
 * Medical Recruiting Brigade
 * 1st Medical Recruiting Battalion

United States Army Reserve

 * 48th Combat Support Hospital
 * 200th Military Police Command

United States Army Training and Doctrine Command

 * Asymmetric Warfare Group

Maryland Army National Guard

 * 32nd Civil Support Team

Other
 * 241st Military Police Detachment
 * 55th Signal Company (Combat Camera)
 * Army Audit Agency
 * Army Public Affairs Center
 * Forensic Toxicology Drug Testing Laboratory
 * US Army Field Band

United States Marines
Marine Corps Forces Cyberspace Command

 * Headquarters Marine Corps Cyberspace Command

Marine Corps Information Command

 * Marine Cryptologic Support Battalion
 * Headquarters Marine Cryptologic Support Battalion
 * Company B
 * Company L

United States Air Force
Air Combat Command

 * Sixteenth Air Force
 * 70th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Wing
 * Headquarters 70th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Wing
 * 70th Operations Support Squadron
 * 659th Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Group
 * 7th Intelligence Squadron
 * 41st Intelligence Squadron
 * 691st Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Group
 * 22nd Intelligence Squadron
 * 29th Intelligence Squadron
 * 34th Intelligence Squadron
 * 707th Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Group
 * 32nd Intelligence Squadron
 * 94th Intelligence Squadron
 * 707th Communications Squadron
 * 707th Force Support Squadron

Air Force Reserve Command

 * Tenth Air Force
 * 655th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Wing
 * 655th Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group
 * 16th Intelligence Squadron
 * 512th Intelligence Squadron

United States Navy
United States Fleet Cyber Command (United States Tenth Fleet)

 * Cryptologic Warfare Group Six

Department of Defense
Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency

 * Consolidated Adjudications Facility

Defense Information Systems Agency

 * Headquarters Defense Information Systems Agency

Defense Media Activity

United States Cyber Command
 * Headquarters Defense Media Activity
 * Defense Information School

 * Headquarters United States Cyber Command

United States Transportation Command

 * Defense Courier Service
 * Defense Courier Station, Baltimore

United States Department of the Navy
Naval Criminal Investigative Service

 * Department of the Navy Central Adjudication Facility

United States Environmental Protection Agency

 * Environmental Science Center

Library of Congress

 * Book Storage Facility

National Security Agency

 * Headquarters National Security Agency

Library of Congress
Fort Meade is used as a storage facility for the United States Library of Congress.

In 1994, a 100 acre site located in the U.S. Army Base at Fort Meade, MD was transferred to the U.S. Congress to provide additional storage capacity for the Library of Congress and other legislative bodies. The current master plan includes the land to construct up to 13 Phased Storage Modules for collections, if this number is needed.

In subsequent years, Congress provided construction funds in the Architect of the Capitol budget for Module 1, completed in 2002, for Module 2, completed in 2005 and Modules 3 and 4 and four cold storage rooms, completed in 2009. A full-scale three-year transfer program of the special format collections to Modules 3 and 4 and the four cold storage rooms began in Spring 2010 and was completed in September 2012. Module 5 has been fully funded with occupancy scheduled for September 2017.

The state-of-the art storage modules are being built to store, preserve and protect the library's collections. Collections include books and bound periodicals as well as special format collections, such as maps, manuscripts, prints, photographs, sheet music, and microfilm masters. If needed and constructed, the 13 collections storage modules will provide a total of 180,600 gross sq ft of archival storage space for the library's collections.

Museums
The Fort George G. Meade Museum exhibited the post's historical artifacts, including uniforms, insignia, and equipment. The museum also had a small collection of vehicles, including a Renault FT, a MK VIII Liberty Tank, an M3A1 Stuart, an M4A3E8 Sherman, an M41 Walker Bulldog, an M47 Patton, armored personnel carriers such as an M113, M114, M84, a Nike Ajax missile, and a UH-1H helicopter. The Fort George G. Meade Community Council noted in July 2018 that the museum would close, with artifacts relocated to the National Museum of the United States Army under construction in Fort Belvoir, Virginia.

Transportation
Since 2005, the NSA operates a shuttle service from the Odenton station of MARC to its Visitor Control Center at Fort Meade. In 2009, the U.S. Army established a similar shuttle service from the Odenton station to the Army section of Fort Meade; the NSA operates this service, allowing garrison employees, persons with Fort Meade visitor passes, and U.S. Department of Defense IDs to board.

Housing concerns
In February 2019, Secretary of the Army Mark Esper, Chief of Staff Mark Milley, and Sgt. Maj. of the Army Daniel A. Dailey met with the commander of IMCOM, the Fort Meade garrison commander, and Army families over safety concerns with housing units on the base in which residents were exposed to lead and asbestos. After speaking with the CEO for the company which manages the house maintenance of the installation, the senior leaders of the Army will determine necessary actions. "We are deeply troubled by the recent reports highlighting the deficient conditions in some of our family housing. It is unacceptable for our families who sacrifice so much to have to endure these hardships in their own homes."—Secretary of the Army, Mark T. Esper and Chief of Staff of the Army, Gen. Mark A. Milley

title: Fort Meade