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Paroxetine

Paroxetine, sold under the brand names Paxil and Seroxat among others, is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class. It is used to treat major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. It has also been used in the treatment of premature ejaculation and hot flashes due to menopause. It is taken orally (by mouth).

Common side effects include drowsiness, dry mouth, loss of appetite, sweating, trouble sleeping, and sexual dysfunction. Serious side effects may include suicidal thoughts in those under the age of 25, serotonin syndrome, and mania. While the rate of side effects appears similar compared to other SSRIs and SNRIs, antidepressant discontinuation syndromes may occur more often. Use in pregnancy is not recommended, while use during breastfeeding is relatively safe. It is believed to work by blocking the reuptake of the chemical serotonin by neurons in the brain.

Paroxetine was approved for medical use in the United States in 1992 and initially sold by GlaxoSmithKline. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication. In 2021, it was the 95th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 7million prescriptions. In 2018, it was in the top 10 of most prescribed antidepressants in the United States. In 2012, the United States Department of Justice fined GlaxoSmithKline $3 billion for withholding data, unlawfully promoting use in those under 18, and preparing an article that misleadingly reported the effects of paroxetine in adolescents with depression following its clinical trial study 329.

Medical uses
Paroxetine is primarily used to treat major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, social anxiety disorder, and panic disorder. It is also occasionally used for agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and menopausal hot flashes.

Depression
A variety of meta-analyses have been conducted to evaluate the efficacy of paroxetine in depression. They have variously concluded that paroxetine is superior or equivalent to placebo and that it is equivalent to other antidepressants. Despite this, there was no clear evidence that paroxetine was better or worse compared with other antidepressants at increasing response to treatment at any point in time.

Anxiety disorders
Paroxetine was the first antidepressant approved in the United States for the treatment of panic disorder. Several studies have concluded that paroxetine is superior to placebo in the treatment of panic disorder.

Paroxetine has demonstrated efficacy for the treatment of social anxiety disorder in adults and children. It is also beneficial for people with co-occurring social anxiety disorder and alcohol use disorder. It appears to be similar to a number of other SSRIs.

Paroxetine is used in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Comparative efficacy of paroxetine is equivalent to that of clomipramine and venlafaxine. Paroxetine is also effective for children with obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Paroxetine is approved for treatment of PTSD in the United States, Japan, and Europe. In the United States, it is approved for short-term use.

Paroxetine is also FDA-approved for generalized anxiety disorder.

Menopausal hot flashes
In 2013, low-dose paroxetine was approved in the US for the treatment of moderate-to-severe vasomotor symptoms such as hot flashes and night sweats associated with menopause. At the low dose used for menopausal hot flashes, side effects are similar to placebo and dose tapering is not required for discontinuation.

Fibromyalgia
Studies have also shown paroxetine "appears to be well-tolerated and improve the overall symptomatology in patients with fibromyalgia", but is less robust in helping with the pain involved.

Adverse effects
Common side effects include drowsiness, dry mouth, loss of appetite, sweating, insomnia, and sexual dysfunction. Serious side effects may include suicide in those under the age of 25, serotonin syndrome, and mania. While the rate of side effects appears similar compared to other SSRIs and SNRIs, antidepressant discontinuation syndromes may occur more often. Use in pregnancy is not recommended, while use during breastfeeding is relatively safe.

Paroxetine shares many of the common adverse effects of SSRIs, including (with the corresponding rates seen in people treated with placebo in parentheses):
 * nausea 26% (9%)
 * diarrhea 12% (8%)
 * constipation 14% (9%)
 * dry mouth 18% (12%)
 * somnolence 23% (9%)
 * insomnia 13% (6%)
 * headache 18% (17%)
 * hypomania 1% (0.3%)
 * blurred vision 4% (1%)
 * loss of appetite 6% (2%)
 * nervousness 5% (3%)
 * paraesthesia 4% (2%)
 * dizziness 13% (6%)
 * asthenia (weakness; 15% (6%))
 * tremor 8% (2%)
 * sweating 11% (2%)
 * sexual dysfunction (≥10% incidence).

Most of these adverse effects are transient and go away with continued treatment. Central and peripheral 5-HT3 receptor stimulation is believed to result in the gastrointestinal effects observed with SSRI treatment. Compared to other SSRIs, it has a lower incidence of diarrhea, but a higher incidence of anticholinergic effects (e.g., dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, etc.), sedation/somnolence/drowsiness, sexual side effects, and weight gain.

Due to reports of adverse withdrawal reactions upon terminating treatment, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use at the European Medicines Agency recommends gradually reducing over several weeks or months if the decision to withdraw is made. See also Discontinuation syndrome (withdrawal).

Mania or hypomania may occur in 1% of patients with depression and up to 12% of patients with bipolar disorder. This side effect can occur in individuals with no history of mania, but it may be more likely to occur in those with bipolar disorder or with a family history of mania.

Suicide
Like other antidepressants, paroxetine may increase the risk of suicidal thinking and behaviour in people under the age of 25. The FDA conducted a statistical analysis of paroxetine clinical trials in children and adolescents in 2004 and found an increase in suicidality and ideation as compared to placebo, which was observed in trials for both depression and anxiety disorders. In 2015 a paper published in The BMJ that reanalysed the original case notes argued that in Study 329, assessing paroxetine and imipramine against placebo in adolescents with depression, the incidence of suicidal behavior had been under-reported and the efficacy exaggerated for paroxetine.

Sexual dysfunction
Sexual dysfunction, including loss of libido, anorgasmia, lack of vaginal lubrication, and erectile dysfunction, is one of the most commonly encountered adverse effects of treatment with paroxetine and other SSRIs. While early clinical trials suggested a relatively low rate of sexual dysfunction, more recent studies in which the investigator actively inquires about sexual problems suggest that the incidence is higher than 70%. Symptoms of sexual dysfunction have been reported to persist after discontinuing SSRIs, although this is thought to be occasional.

Pregnancy
Antidepressant exposure (including paroxetine) is associated with shorter duration of pregnancy (by three days), increased risk of preterm delivery (by 55%), lower birth weight (by 75 g), and lower Apgar scores (by <0.4 points). The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends that for pregnant women and women planning to become pregnant, paroxetine "be avoided, if possible", as it may be associated with increased risk of birth defects.

Babies born to women who used paroxetine during the first trimester have an increased risk of cardiovascular malformations, primarily ventricular and atrial septal defects. Unless the benefits of paroxetine justify continuing treatment, consideration should be given to stopping or switching to another antidepressant. Paroxetine use during pregnancy is associated with about 1.5– to 1.7-fold increase in congenital birth defects, in particular, heart defects, cleft lip and palate, clubbed feet, or any birth defects.

Discontinuation syndrome
Many psychoactive medications can cause withdrawal symptoms upon discontinuation from administration. Paroxetine has among the highest incidence rates and severity of withdrawal syndrome of any medication of its class. Common withdrawal symptoms for paroxetine include nausea, dizziness, lightheadedness and vertigo; insomnia, nightmares and vivid dreams; feelings of electricity in the body, as well as rebound depression and anxiety. Liquid formulation of paroxetine is available and allows a very gradual decrease of the dose, which may prevent discontinuation syndrome. Another recommendation is to temporarily switch to fluoxetine, which has a longer half-life and thus decreases the severity of discontinuation syndrome.

In 2002, the U.S. FDA published a warning regarding "severe" discontinuation symptoms among those terminating paroxetine treatment, including paraesthesia, nightmares, and dizziness. The agency also warned of case reports describing agitation, sweating, and nausea. In connection with a Glaxo spokesperson's statement that withdrawal reactions occur only in 0.2% of patients and are "mild and short-lived", the International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Associations said GSK had breached two of the federation's codes of practice.

Paroxetine prescribing information posted at GlaxoSmithKline has been updated related to the occurrence of a discontinuation syndrome, including serious discontinuation symptoms.

Overdose
Acute overdosage is often manifested by emesis, lethargy, ataxia, tachycardia, and seizures. Plasma, serum, or blood concentrations of paroxetine may be measured to monitor therapeutic administration, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized patients or to aid in the medicolegal investigation of fatalities. Plasma paroxetine concentrations are generally in a range of 40–400 μg/L in persons receiving daily therapeutic doses and 200–2,000 μg/L in poisoned patients. Postmortem blood levels have ranged from 1–4 mg/L in acute lethal overdose situations. Along with the other SSRIs, sertraline and fluoxetine, paroxetine is considered a low-risk drug in cases of overdose.

Interactions
Interactions with other drugs acting on the serotonin system or impairing the metabolism of serotonin may increase the risk of serotonin syndrome or neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)-like reaction. Such reactions have been observed with SNRIs and SSRIs alone, but particularly with concurrent use of triptans, MAO inhibitors, antipsychotics, or other dopamine antagonists.

The prescribing information states that paroxetine should "not be used in combination with an MAOI (including linezolid, an antibiotic which is a reversible non-selective MAOI), or within 14 days of discontinuing treatment with an MAOI", and should not be used in combination with pimozide, thioridazine, tryptophan, or warfarin.

Paroxetine interacts with the following cytochrome P450 enzymes:
 * CYP2D6 for which it is both a substrate and a potent inhibitor.
 * CYP2B6 (strong) inhibitor.
 * CYP3A4 (weak) inhibitor.
 * CYP1A2 (weak) inhibitor.
 * CYP2C9 (weak) inhibitor.
 * CYP2C19 (weak) inhibitor.

Paroxetine has been shown to be an inhibitor of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2).

Pharmacodynamics
Paroxetine is the most potent and one of the most specific selective serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). It also binds to the allosteric site of the serotonin transporter, similarly to escitalopram, though less potently so. Paroxetine also inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine to a lesser extent (<50 nmol/L). Based on evidence from four weeks of administration in rats, the equivalent of 20 mg paroxetine taken once daily occupies approximately 88% of serotonin transporters in the prefrontal cortex.

Pharmacokinetics
Paroxetine is well-absorbed following oral administration. It has an absolute bioavailability of about 50%, with evidence of a saturable first pass effect. When taken orally, it achieves maximum concentration in about 6–10 hours and reaches steady-state in 7–14 days. Paroxetine exhibits significant interindividual variations in volume of distribution and clearance. Less than 2% of an oral dose is excreted in urine unchanged.

Paroxetine is a mechanism-based inhibitor of CYP2D6.

Society and culture
Paroxetine was approved for medical use in the United States in 1992 and initially sold by GlaxoSmithKline. It is available as a generic medication. In 2021, it was the 95th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 7million prescriptions.

GlaxoSmithKline has paid substantial fines, paid settlements in class-action lawsuits, and become the subject of several highly critical books about its marketing of paroxetine, in particular the off-label marketing of paroxetine for children, the suppression of negative research results relating to its use in children, and allegations that it failed to warn consumers of substantial withdrawal effects associated with use of the drug.

Marketing
In early 2004, GSK agreed to settle charges of consumer fraud for $2.5 million. The legal discovery process also uncovered evidence of deliberate, systematic suppression of unfavorable Paxil research results. One of GSK's internal documents read, "It would be commercially unacceptable to include a statement that efficacy [in children] had not been demonstrated, as this would undermine the profile of paroxetine".

The United States Department of Justice fined GlaxoSmithKline $3 billion in 2012, for withholding data, unlawfully promoting use in those under 18, and preparing an article that misleadingly reported the effects of paroxetine in adolescents with depression following its clinical trial study 329.

In February 2016, the UK Competition and Markets Authority imposed record fines of £45 million on companies which were found to have infringed European Union and UK Competition law by entering into agreements to delay the market entry of generic versions of the drug in the UK. GlaxoSmithKline received the bulk of the fines, being fined £37,600,757. Other companies, which produce generics, were issued fines which collectively total £7,384,146. UK public health services are likely to claim damages for being overcharged in the period where the generic versions of the drug were illegally blocked from the market, as the generics are over 70% less expensive. GlaxoSmithKline may also face actions from other generics manufacturers who incurred loss as a result of the anticompetitive conduct. On 18 April 2016, appeals were lodged with the Competition Appeal Tribunal by the companies which were fined.

GSK marketed paroxetine through television advertisements throughout the late 1990s and early 2000s. Commercials also aired for the CR version of the drug beginning in 2003.

Economics
In 2007, paroxetine was ranked 94th on the list of bestselling drugs, with over $1 billion in sales. In 2006, paroxetine was the fifth-most prescribed antidepressant in the U.S. retail market, with more than 19.7 million prescriptions. In 2007, sales had dropped slightly to 18.1 million but paroxetine remained the fifth-most prescribed antidepressant in the U.S.

Brand names
Brand names include Aropax, Paretin, Brisdelle, Deroxat, Paxil, Pexeva, Paxtine, Paxetin, Paroxat, Paraxyl, Sereupin, Daparox and Seroxat.

Research
Several studies have suggested that paroxetine can be used in the treatment of premature ejaculation. In particular, intravaginal ejaculation latency time (IELT) was found to increase with 6- to 13-fold, which was somewhat longer than the delay achieved by the treatment with other SSRIs (fluvoxamine, fluoxetine, sertraline, and citalopram). However, paroxetine taken acutely ("on demand") 3–10 hours before coitus resulted only in a "clinically irrelevant and sexually unsatisfactory" 1.5-fold delay of ejaculation and was inferior to clomipramine, which induced a fourfold delay.

There is also evidence that paroxetine may be effective in the treatment of compulsive gambling and hot flashes.

Benefits of paroxetine prescription for diabetic neuropathy or chronic tension headache are uncertain.

Although the evidence is conflicting, paroxetine may be effective for the treatment of dysthymia, a chronic disorder involving depressive symptoms for most days of the year.

There is evidence to support that paroxetine selectively binds to and inhibits G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) in mice with heart failure. Since GRK2 regulates the activity of the beta adrenergic receptor, which becomes desensitized in cases of heart failure, paroxetine (or a paroxetine derivative) could be used as a heart failure treatment in the future.

Paroxetine has been identified as a potential disease-modifying osteoarthritis drug.

Veterinary use
Paroxetine may be useful in the treatment of canine or feline behavioral diagnoses and is effective in the treatment of social anxiety, depression, and agitation associated with depression.

Other organisms
Paroxetine is a common finding in waste water. It is highly toxic to the alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (syn. Raphidocelis subcapitata).

It also is toxic to the soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.

Alberca et al., 2016 finds paroxetine acts as a trypanocide against T. cruzi.

Alberca et al., 2016 finds a leishmanicide effect. Alberca finds that paroxetine produces cell death of the promastigotes of L. infantum. The mechanism of action remains unknown.

Various types of bacteria are able to break down paroxetine in the environment. These include, for example Pseudomonas sp., Bosea sp., Shewanella sp., Species of Chitinophagaceae and Acinetobacter sp.

title: Paroxetine


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Loomis, Nebraska

Loomis is a village in Phelps County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 383 at the 2010 census.

History
Loomis was founded in 1885. It was named for N. H. Loomis, a railroad official.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.33 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 382 people, 155 households, and 111 families living in the village. The population density was 1157.6 PD/sqmi. There were 170 housing units at an average density of 515.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 96.6% White, 1.0% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 0.3% Pacific Islander, 0.5% from other races, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.9% of the population.

There were 155 households, of which 33.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.8% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 28.4% were non-families. 24.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 2.92.

The median age in the village was 38.5 years. 28.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.2% were from 25 to 44; 28.9% were from 45 to 64; and 13.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 52.1% male and 47.9% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 397 people, 162 households, and 110 families living in the village. The population density was 1,229.0 PD/sqmi. There were 177 housing units at an average density of 547.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 97.98% White, 1.01% from other races, and 1.01% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.26% of the population.

There were 162 households, out of which 34.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.8% were married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.5% were non-families. 29.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 3.03.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 28.2% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 22.9% from 25 to 44, 27.0% from 45 to 64, and 13.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 111.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.0 males.

As of 2000 the median income for a household in the village was $36,719, and the median income for a family was $47,000. Males had a median income of $27,361 versus $20,536 for females. The per capita income for the village was $17,015. About 5.1% of families and 4.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.0% of those under age 18 and 3.6% of those age 65 or over.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Loomis, Nebraska


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Foster, Nebraska

Foster is a village in Pierce County, Nebraska, United States. It is part of the Norfolk, Nebraska Micropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 51 at the 2010 census.

History
A post office was established in Foster in 1886, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 2002. The community was named for George Foster, an original owner of the town site.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.22 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 51 people, 26 households, and 17 families residing in the village. The population density was 231.8 PD/sqmi. There were 32 housing units at an average density of 145.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 100.0% White.

There were 26 households, of which 23.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.8% were married couples living together, 11.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.6% were non-families. 34.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.96 and the average family size was 2.41.

The median age in the village was 52.3 years. 15.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 3.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 17.6% were from 25 to 44; 39.3% were from 45 to 64; and 23.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 51.0% male and 49.0% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 63 people, 32 households, and 16 families residing in the village. The population density was 291.3 PD/sqmi. There were 34 housing units at an average density of 157.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 98.41% White and 1.59% Native American.

There were 32 households, out of which 18.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 3.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.9% were non-families. 46.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.97 and the average family size was 2.82.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 20.6% under the age of 18, 3.2% from 18 to 24, 27.0% from 25 to 44, 22.2% from 45 to 64, and 27.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 142.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 150.0 males.

As of 2000 the median income for a household in the village was $30,625, and the median income for a family was $41,250. Males had a median income of $26,250 versus $16,667 for females. The per capita income for the village was $17,127. There were no families and 5.4% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 25.0% of those over 64.

title: Foster, Nebraska


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Hadar, Nebraska

Hadar is a village in Pierce County, Nebraska, United States. It is part of the Norfolk, Nebraska Micropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 293 at the 2010 census.

History
Hadar was platted in 1883, soon after the arrival of the railroad. The name Hadar is derived from a German word meaning "strife" or "discord", and the town was so named when the original group of German pioneers could not agree on where to settle.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.40 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 293 people, 113 households, and 87 families residing in the village. The population density was 732.5 PD/sqmi. There were 120 housing units at an average density of 300.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 97.6% White, 0.3% African American, 0.3% Asian, 0.7% from other races, and 1.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.7% of the population.

There were 113 households, of which 35.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.1% were married couples living together, 5.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 23.0% were non-families. 21.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.03.

The median age in the village was 41.2 years. 25.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.8% were from 25 to 44; 30.4% were from 45 to 64; and 13.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 50.2% male and 49.8% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 312 people, 117 households, and 82 families residing in the village. The population density was 784.9 PD/sqmi. There were 123 housing units at an average density of 309.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 96.79% White, 0.32% Asian, 2.24% from other races, and 0.64% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.88% of the population.

There were 117 households, out of which 37.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.8% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.1% were non-families. 25.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.25.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 29.8% under the age of 18, 9.0% from 18 to 24, 30.1% from 25 to 44, 19.2% from 45 to 64, and 11.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 113.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.7 males.

As of 2000 the median income for a household in the village was $42,679, and the median income for a family was $48,750. Males had a median income of $28,214 versus $18,750 for females. The per capita income for the village was $16,743. About 1.1% of families and 0.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.2% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

Education
Immanuel Lutheran School is a Christian school of the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod in Hadar.

title: Hadar, Nebraska


text:
McLean, Nebraska

McLean is a village in Pierce County, Nebraska, United States. It is part of the Norfolk, Nebraska Micropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 36 at the 2010 census.

History
McLean got its start following construction of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad through the territory. Some people say it was named for Donald McLean, a railroad employee, while others believe it was named after McLean, Ohio.

The McLean post office was established in 1900.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.10 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 36 people, 18 households, and 9 families residing in the village. The population density was 360.0 PD/sqmi. There were 25 housing units at an average density of 250.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 100.0% White.

There were 18 households, of which 22.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, and 50.0% were non-families. 44.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 27.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.00 and the average family size was 2.89.

The median age in the village was 44.5 years. 22.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 0.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.8% were from 25 to 44; 30.5% were from 45 to 64; and 19.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 47.2% male and 52.8% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 38 people, 18 households, and 9 families residing in the village. The population density was 400.9 PD/sqmi. There were 26 housing units at an average density of 274.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 100.00% White.

There were 18 households, out of which 33.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.4% were married couples living together, and 50.0% were non-families. 50.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 22.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.11 and the average family size was 3.22.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 26.3% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 26.3% from 25 to 44, 15.8% from 45 to 64, and 23.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 111.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.0 males.

As of 2000 the median income for a household in the village was $27,292, and the median income for a family was $45,417. Males had a median income of $26,750 versus $28,750 for females. The per capita income for the village was $17,225. None of the population and none of the families were below the poverty line.

title: McLean, Nebraska


text:
Osmond, Nebraska

Osmond is a city in Pierce County, Nebraska, United States. It is part of the Norfolk, Nebraska Micropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 791 at the 2020 census.

History
Osmond was established in 1890 when the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad was extended to that point. It was likely named for a railroad official.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.80 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
At the 2010 census there were 783 people in 319 households, including 215 families, in the city. The population density was 978.8 PD/sqmi. There were 360 housing units at an average density of 450.0 /sqmi. The racial makup of the city was 97.8% White, 0.3% African American, 0.3% Asian, 0.5% from other races, and 1.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.8%.

Of the 319 households 31.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.0% were married couples living together, 6.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 32.6% were non-families. 29.5% of households were one person and 16.6% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.94.

The median age was 43.1 years. 26.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.1% were from 25 to 44; 24.5% were from 45 to 64; and 23.2% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.3% male and 52.7% female.

2000 census
At the 2000 census there were 796 people in 340 households, including 218 families, in the city. The population density was 1,133.4 PD/sqmi. There were 370 housing units at an average density of 526.8 /sqmi. The racial makup of the city was 98.24% White, 0.13% African American, 0.25% Native American, 0.63% Asian, 0.75% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.26%.

Of the 340 households 28.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.3% were married couples living together, 6.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.6% were non-families. 33.5% of households were one person and 21.8% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.94.

The age distribution was 25.6% under the age of 18, 4.9% from 18 to 24, 22.1% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 27.0% 65 or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.9 males.

As of 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $27,120, and the median family income was $35,000. Males had a median income of $28,750 versus $17,981 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,356. About 5.8% of families and 7.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.0% of those under age 18 and 7.9% of those age 65 or over.

title: Osmond, Nebraska


text:
Matthäus Merian the Elder

Matthäus Merian der Ältere (or "Matthew", "the Elder", or "Sr."; 22 September 1593 – 19 June 1650) was a Swiss-born engraver who worked in Frankfurt, Germany for most of his career, where he also ran a publishing house. He was a member of the patrician Basel Merian family.

Early life and marriage
Born in Basel, Merian learned the art of copperplate engraving in Zürich. He next worked and studied in Strasbourg, Nancy, and Paris, before returning to Basel in 1615. The following year he moved to Oppenheim, Germany where he worked for the publisher Johann Theodor de Bry, who was the son of renowned engraver and traveler Theodor de Bry.

In 1617, Merian married Maria Magdalena de Bry, daughter of the publisher, and was for a time associated with the de Bry publishing house. In 1620, when Oppenheim was destroyed by fire during the Spanish occupation, they moved back to Basel, but three years later returned to Germany, this time to Frankfurt. They had four daughters and three sons, including Matthäus Merian the Younger. Maria Magdalena de Bry died in 1645 and the following year Matthäus married Johanna Sibylla Heim. Five years later, Matthäus died, leaving his wife with two small children, Anna Maria Sibylla Merian (born 1647), who later became a pioneering naturalist and illustrator, and a son, Maximilian, who died before his third birthday.

Later career
In 1623 Merian took over the publishing house of his father-in-law after de Bry's death. In 1626 he became a citizen of Frankfurt and could henceforth work as an independent publisher. He spent most of his working life in Frankfurt.

Early in his life, he had created detailed town plans in his unique style, e.g. a plan of Basel (1615) and a plan of Paris (1615). With Martin Zeiler (1589–1661), a German geographer, and later (c. 1640) with his own son, Matthäus Merian (der Jüngere, i.e. "the Younger" or "Jr.") (1621–1687), he produced a series of Topographia. The 21-volume set was collectively known as the Topographia Germaniae. It includes numerous town plans and views, as well as maps of most countries and a World Map—it was such a popular work that it was re-issued in many editions. He also took over and completed the later parts and editions of the Grand Voyages and Petits Voyages, originally started by de Bry in 1590 and included volumes India Orientalis and America Occidentalis.

Merian's work inspired the Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna by Erik Dahlberg. The German travel magazine Merian is named after him.

He was also noted for the finesse of his alchemical illustrations, in books such as the Musaeum Hermeticum (1678) and Atalanta Fugiens (1618). He undertook the engravings for the encyclopaedic work of insect natural history De Serpentibus, compiled by John Jonston. This tradition would be taken up by his daughter.

Matthäus Merian died after several years of illness in 1650 in Langenschwalbach, near Wiesbaden.

After his death, his sons Matthäus Jr. and Caspar took over the publishing house. They continued publishing the Topographia Germaniae and the Theatrum Europaeum under the name Merian Erben (i.e. Merian Heirs).

title: Matthäus Merian the Elder


text:
Pierce, Nebraska

Pierce is a city in and county seat of Pierce County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 1,767 at the 2010 census.

History
Pierce was platted in 1871, and a courthouse was erected that same year. Like Pierce County, the name honors President Franklin Pierce.

The city became a point of international interest in 2013 due to the Lambrecht auto auction, at which nearly 500 classic cars were put up for sale.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.93 sqmi, of which, 0.91 sqmi is land and 0.02 sqmi is water.

Demographics
It is part of the Norfolk, Nebraska Micropolitan Statistical Area.

2010 census
At the 2010 census there were 1,767 people, 706 households, and 479 families living in the city. The population density was 1941.8 PD/sqmi. There were 747 housing units at an average density of 820.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 98.9% White, 0.3% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.2% from other races, and 0.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.2%.

Of the 706 households 34.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.8% were married couples living together, 8.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 32.2% were non-families. 29.3% of households were one person and 16.6% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 2.97.

The median age was 40.2 years. 26% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.9% were from 25 to 44; 24.6% were from 45 to 64; and 18.8% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.8% male and 50.2% female.

2000 census
At the 2000 census, there were 1,774 people, 682 households, and 465 families living in the city. The population density was 2,023.2 PD/sqmi. There were 736 housing units at an average density of 839.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 99.10% White, 0.23% Native American, 0.11% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.23% from other races, and 0.28% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.73% of the population.

Of the 682 households 35.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.1% were married couples living together, 7.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.7% were non-families. 29.5% of households were one person and 17.4% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.12.

The age distribution was 28.2% under the age of 18, 8.3% from 18 to 24, 25.4% from 25 to 44, 18.1% from 45 to 64, and 20.1% 65 or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.6 males.

The median household income was $35,288, and the median family income was $43,068. Males had a median income of $27,436 versus $21,034 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,702. About 6.7% of families and 8.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.9% of those under age 18 and 14.4% of those age 65 or over.

Points of interest

 * Gilman Park Arboretum
 * Willow Creek State Recreation Area, located 4 miles southwest of Pierce.

title: Pierce, Nebraska


text:
Plainview, Nebraska

Plainview is a city in Pierce County, Nebraska, United States. It is part of the Norfolk, Nebraska Micropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 1,246 at the 2010 census.

History
The area of Plainview was first settled by William B. Chilvers around 1871. A year later in 1872, the first post office was established. The township was named Roseville after the first Postmaster, Charles Rose. In 1874, after Christian Lerum made a suggestion, the area and the post office were renamed to Plainview. The town of Plainview was incorporated and officially became Plainview Township in April 1886.

Plainview was platted in 1880 when the railroad was extended to that point. It took its name after Plainview, Minnesota, and from the scenic landscapes of the surrounding plains.

When Plainview was platted in 1880, there were roughly 80 settlers, two churches (one Methodist and one Congregational), one doctor, one drug store, two blacksmiths, two general stores, one hotel, and two agricultural implement dealers. The first school was made out of sod and was organized in 1872. The Bank of Plainview was the first bank in Plainview and was organized in 1884.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.08 sqmi, all land.

Points of interest
Plainview promotes itself as the "Klown Kapital" of the world, boasting a Klown Festival every June and a Klown Doll Museum with more than 4,500 pieces on display. Plainview has three structures on the National Register of Historic Places: the Foy George Memorial Band Shell; the Fremont, Elkhorn and Missouri Valley Railroad depot, now serving as the Plainview Historical Museum; and the Carnegie library, still in use as such. The site of Plainview's first sod house is on city land; the city also has two Sears Catalog homes.

The Plainview News is the city's only newspaper.

Plainview is served by an independent telephone company, and has state-of-the-art fiber optics throughout the city. Plainview holds the distinction of being the first city in Nebraska with fiber-optic lines for every resident and business.

The city council is a four-person council with a mayor position. Council members serve four-year terms, with a rotating schedule of term limits. The mayor also recently appointed a city administrator.

Plainview was used as the fictional "Hawthorne" where much of the 2013 film Nebraska takes place.

A volunteer fire department and EMS serves Plainview.

2010 census
At the 2010 census there were 1,246 people in 562 households, including 334 families, in the city. The population density was 1153.7 PD/sqmi. There were 656 housing units at an average density of 607.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 98.2% White, 0.3% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.6% from other races, and 0.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 1.3%.

Of the 562 households 24.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.5% were married couples living together, 6.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.6% were non-families. 36.7% of households were one person and 19.4% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.16 and the average family size was 2.79.

The median age was 46.7 years. 21.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.2% were from 25 to 44; 26.4% were from 45 to 64; and 25.4% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.4% male and 51.6% female.

2000 census
At the 2000 census there were 1,353 people in 588 households, including 362 families, in the city. The population density was 1,249.1 PD/sqmi. There were 656 housing units at an average density of 605.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 97.71% White, 0.15% African American, 1.03% Native American, 0.44% Asian, and 0.67% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 0.37%.

Of the 588 households 27.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.4% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.3% were non-families. 36.6% of households were one person and 22.4% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.92.

The age distribution was 23.4% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 22.1% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 28.1% 65 or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.0 males.

The median household income was $27,056, and the median family income was $35,625. Males had a median income of $28,516 versus $21,979 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,814. About 8.0% of families and 13.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.7% of those under age 18 and 15.4% of those age 65 or over.

Notable people

 * Vern Hoscheit, minor league baseball player and major league coach
 * Arthur L. Miller, U.S. Representative from Nebraska
 * Ben Sasse, U.S. Senator from Nebraska
 * Del Shankel, Chancellor Emeritus of the University of Kansas

title: Plainview, Nebraska


text:
Columbus, Nebraska

Columbus is a city in and the county seat of Platte County, in the state of Nebraska in the Midwestern United States. The population was 24,028 at the 2020 census, making it the 10th most populous city in Nebraska.

Native Americans and Exploration
In the 18th century, the area around the confluence of the Platte and the Loup Rivers was used by a variety of Native American tribes, including Pawnee, Otoe, Ponca, and Omaha. The Pawnee are thought to have descended from the Protohistoric Lower Loup Culture; the Otoe had moved from central Iowa into the lower Platte Valley in the early 18th century; and the closely related Omaha and Ponca had moved from the vicinity of the Ohio River mouth, settling along the Missouri by the mid-18th century. In 1720, Pawnee and Otoe allied with the French massacred the Spanish force led by Pedro de Villasur just south of the present site of Columbus. In 1739, the French traders Pierre and Paul Mallet stayed at the Pani-Maha village near this site while making the first known French voyage to Spanish-ruled Santa Fe.

In the 19th century, the "Great Platte River Road"—the valley of the Platte and North Platte Rivers running from Fort Kearny to Fort Laramie— was the principal route of the westward expansion. For travellers following the north bank of the Platte, the Loup River, with its soft banks and quicksands, represented a major obstacle. In the absence of a ferry or a bridge, most of these followed the Loup for a considerable distance upstream before attempting a crossing: the first major wave of Mormon emigrants, for instance, continued up that river to a point about three miles downstream from present-day Fullerton.

Settlement and early history
The site of Columbus was settled by the Columbus Town Company on May 28, 1856. The group took its name from Columbus, Ohio, where most of the settlers had originally lived. The townsite was selected for its location on the proposed route of the transcontinental railroad.

Just west of the Columbus site, the Elk Horn and Loup Fork Bridge and Ferry Company, headed by James C. Mitchell, had laid out the townsite of Pawnee. In 1855, Mitchell had obtained from the First Nebraska Territorial Legislature the right to operate a ferry across the Loup River. The two companies consolidated in November 1856.

At the time of its initial settling, the land Columbus occupied still belonged to the Pawnee. However, in 1857, the Pawnee signed a treaty whereunder they gave up the bulk of their Nebraska lands, save for a reservation on what is now Nance County, Nebraska.

In 1858, the Platte County Commissioners passed an act of incorporation making Columbus a town; at this time there were 16 citizens. It became the county seat shortly thereafter. In that same year, at the recommendation of the U.S. Army, a ferry across the Loup was installed; contemporary documents suggest that the Mitchell company had failed to act on its right to operate such a ferry.

Railroads and growth
Growth of the town was slow until 1863. In that year, construction began in Omaha on the transcontinental railroad. The Homestead Act, passed the previous year, attracted a host of settlers to the Plains and gave rise to increased emigrant traffic business. The ferry across the Loup was replaced by a seasonal pontoon bridge, used in the summer and taken up in the winter. The railroad reached Columbus in June 1866, when the city's population was about 75.

The energetic and eccentric promoter George Francis Train envisioned building "a magnificent highway of cities" from coast to coast along the Union Pacific route; Columbus was to be one of these. In 1865, he bought several hundred lots in the city. In the following year, seeing the nearby townsite of Cleveland as a threat to his plans for Columbus, he bought the only building on the site, a hotel, and moved it to Columbus. He renamed the building the Credit Foncier Hotel, after his land company, Credit Foncier of America; in it, he set aside a room permanently reserved for the President of the United States. Train believed that the capital of the United States should be in the geographic center of the nation, and promoted Columbus as "...the new center of the Union and quite probably the future capital of the U.S.A."

Columbus grew and prospered during the 1870s, as a result of both expanding agriculture in Platte County and traffic on the railroad. During the decade, the population of the county grew threefold, and Columbus became the trade center for an eight-county area. The Black Hills Gold Rush in 1875 led the city's merchants to promote it as a staging and outfitting area for gold seekers, who could ride the railroad to Columbus and then travel overland to the gold fields.

In 1879, Columbus became the focus of a war between railroad companies. The Burlington and Missouri proposed to develop a line from Lincoln through Columbus and into northwestern Nebraska, and urged the citizens of Platte County to vote a bond of $100,000 for construction expenses. Union Pacific financier Jay Gould, displeased at the prospect of competition, informed the voters of the county that if the measure passed, he would do his best to ruin Columbus. After a heated campaign, the measure passed despite Gould's threats. The Burlington and Missouri built a line from Lincoln to Columbus, but stopped there; for their diagonal route across Nebraska, they chose one that crossed the Union Pacific at Grand Island rather than Columbus.

Gould sought to make good on his threat. When the Union Pacific developed its subsidiary Omaha, Niobrara and Black Hills Railroad, he directed that it cross the Loup River at Lost Creek, then run south to join the Union Pacific's main line at Jackson (since renamed Duncan), bypassing Columbus. Fortunately for Columbus, an ice jam destroyed the Lost Creek bridge in the spring of 1881. Railroad officials agreed to reroute the line down the north bank of the Loup to Columbus in exchange for a $25,000 contribution from the city.

Automobile age

In 1911, the Meridian Highway project was launched with the formation of a Meridian Road association in Kansas. Later that same year, John Nicholson, originator of the highway, spoke at a meeting in Columbus, at which the Nebraska Meridian Road Association was organized. The proposed north–south transcontinental highway crossed the Platte and the Loup rivers at the Columbus bridges. In 1922, it was designated a state highway. The completion of the Meridian Bridge in 1924, replacing a seasonal ferry across the Missouri River at the Nebraska-South Dakota border, made the highway a year-round route from Canada to Mexico. In 1928, the route became U.S. Highway 81.

In 1913, the Lincoln Highway was established as an east–west transcontinental highway. It followed the Platte River route across Nebraska; ultimately, about half of its mileage was on the Union Pacific right-of-way. It also crossed the Loup on the bridge at Columbus. In 1926, the route became U.S. Highway 30.

Traffic on the two transcontinental auto routes through and near central Columbus spurred a burst of commercial construction. Hotels were expanded and new ones built; service garages were opened. To make the route through Columbus more attractive to motorists, the city undertook to illuminate and pave the downtown streets. By 1925, all of the city's major commercial thoroughfares were paved, and almost every lot along 13th Street (the Lincoln Highway) between 23rd and 29th Avenues was occupied by a commercial building.

Rural Platte County suffered badly from the Great Depression. Grain and livestock prices had been high during World War I, engendering a bubble in farmland; to acquire additional acres, farmers had secured them with mortgages not only on the newly purchased land, but also on their older holdings. The fall in the prices of agricultural commodities, combined with drought-induced crop failures in 1934 and 1936, forced many such farmers to abandon their lands.

The civic and commercial leaders of Columbus aggressively sought federal and state funds for local construction projects during this time. In 1931, the Meridian Viaduct was completed, carrying the combined Meridian and Lincoln highways across the Union Pacific tracks and eliminating a grade-level crossing. In 1930–31, the aging and inadequate bridge across the Platte was replaced; in 1932–33, a new bridge was built at the Loup crossing.

Hydro power
The most expensive and ambitious of Columbus's Depression-era public-works efforts was the construction of the Loup Project. This was a 35 mi canal running from a diversion weir on the Loup River in Nance County to the Platte River about 1 mi below the mouth of the Loup. The waters of the canal run through two hydroelectric generating stations: one north of Monroe with a capacity of 7,800 kW; and one at Columbus with a capacity of 45,600 kW.

Initially financed with a loan and grant of $7.3 million from the Public Works Administration, construction of the diversion structure, canal, and powerhouses began in August 1934 and was finished, apart from some final details, in September 1938. At its peak, in October 1936, the project directly employed 1,352 people.

To make payments on the Loup Project bonds, the Loup River Public Power District had to find a market for its electricity. Rural electrification was not expanding rapidly, and private power companies in Nebraska were only willing to buy a small fraction of the project's power. Although the provisions of the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 gave East Coast holding companies an incentive to sell off their Nebraska subsidiaries, bankers were unwilling to finance their sale to the Loup District because of its debts from the canal project.

In 1939, Consumers Public Power District was formed in Columbus. The new organization's purpose was to buy power from the Loup Project and from the Tri-County and Sutherland projects on the Platte in central Nebraska, and to market it to consumers and municipal utilities. To this end, it was authorized to issue revenue bonds for the purchase of privately held power companies. By 1942, it had purchased all of the private electrical utilities in Nebraska outside of the immediate vicinity of Omaha; by 1949, the last of the private utilities had been bought up, making Nebraska the only state in the nation to be served entirely by public power.

World War II to 2000
With the arrival of World War II, Columbus's boosters sought a war plant for Columbus. They persuaded the federal government to purchase 90 acre in northeastern Columbus, and to build a railroad line to the site. Before construction of the projected aluminum-extrusion plant could begin, however, it became clear that the war would end soon and that the plant would not be needed. The site was sold as surplus property to the Loup District for a fraction of its original cost; the district turned it into an industrial site. In 1946, Behlen Manufacturing built a factory on the site; the rest of the available land was occupied soon thereafter.

Columbus Public Schools in 1968 cut off non-resident students in order to become financially solvent, leaving students north of town without an education. In response, Lakeview Community Schools was formed. There are also several Catholic schools in Columbus, including Scotus Central Catholic High School.

Columbus made headlines in 1997 when 25 million pounds of beef from a Hudson Foods plant in the city were recalled. At the time, it was the largest recall in United States history.

In 1999, the East-Central District Health Department was formed as the Platte-Colfax County District Health Department. Platte County, including Columbus, is one of four counties served by the health department, which is located in Columbus along with the Good Neighbor Community Health Center.

2000-present
Over 20% of Columbus residents are Hispanic or Latino, as of the 2020 census. In 2009, Fernando Lopez, Karen Gomez and Maria Davila founded Columbus-based Centro Hispano Comunitario de Nebraska which provides immigration, education and business services in three counties.

A Columbus man died during the midwestern flooding in 2019. He had been trying to help someone stranded in the floodwaters when the bridge he was crossing collapsed.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Columbus City Council passed a mask mandate in a special meeting held in late November. The council voted four to four on the mandate and Mayor Jim Bulkley broke the tie in favor of the mandate. In January 2021, the council voted on an amended ordinance which required masks only if cases hit a certain level. The ordinance expired on Feb. 23, 2021.

Voters in the 2020 election approved a community building project, with space for a library, a potential children's museum, an art gallery, coffee shop, community room and City Hall. A previous library ballot measure had failed in 2017. Demolition of the library began in May 2021. The Columbus Community Building held its grand opening in July of 2023 with the Library and City Hall moving into the building immediately, followed by the Columbus Arts Council, Children's Museum, and a coffee shop.

A fire smoldered at the Columbus Archer Daniels Midland facility for several weeks in summer 2021. Columbus' fire chief resigned less than a week after the public found out about the fire.

Government
Columbus is governed by a mayor and city council, which has eight members who represent four wards. The council members are elected for four-year terms on a staggered basis. Columbus' mayor is also elected for a four-year term. The current mayor is Jim Bulkley and the current council members are Council President Rich Jablonski, Ron Schilling, Hope Freshour, J. Prent Roth, Troy Hiemer, Cynthia Alarcón, Katherine Lopez, and Charlie Bahr.

Evelyn Kusek was the first female city council member and served as the first female council president in 1967 and 1968. Sandra Riley served as the second female city council president in 1991, 1992 and 1993. Beth Augustine-Schulte served as the third female city council president in 2021, 2022, and 2023.

Geography
Columbus is located 85 mi west of Omaha and 75 mi northwest of Lincoln. It is on the north side of the Loup River near its confluence with the Platte River. U.S. Highways 30 and 81 intersect in the city, and the main line of the Union Pacific railroad passes through it. The city lies at an elevation of 1447 ft. It is built on the flat terrain of the Platte River valley; rolling hills rise to the north of the city.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 10.08 sqmi, of which 9.85 sqmi is land and 0.23 sqmi is water.

Climate
Columbus has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dwa), with cold, dry winters and hot, humid summers. Precipitation is highest in the late spring and summer months, with an annual average of 26.87 in.

2020 census
The 2020 United States census counted 24,028 people, 9,535 households, and 5,732 families in Columbus. The population density was 2,323.8 per square mile (897.2/km$2$). There were 10,028 housing units at an average density of 969.8 per square mile (374.5/km$2$). The racial makeup was 74.64% (17,935) white, 1.48% (355) black or African-American, 1.14% (273) Native American, 0.75% (180) Asian, 0.02% (4) Pacific Islander, 12.35% (2,967) from other races, and 9.63% (2,314) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race was 23.0% (5,401) of the population.

Of the 9,535 households, 28.4% had children under the age of 18; 45.9% were married couples living together; 27.4% had a female householder with no husband present. 36.0% of households consisted of individuals and 14.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.4 and the average family size was 3.2.

25.1% of the population was under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 25.1% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 16.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37.5 years. For every 100 females, the population had 100.9 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 100.6 males.

The 2016-2020 5-year American Community Survey estimates show that the median household income was $57,919 (with a margin of error of +/- $4,391) and the median family income $75,696 (+/- $4,083). Males had a median income of $40,580 (+/- $2,797) versus $30,000 (+/- $2,355) for females. The median income for those above 16 years old was $33,573 (+/- $2,403). Approximately, 5.2% of families and 8.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.8% of those under the age of 18 and 6.0% of those ages 65 or over.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 22,111 people, 8,874 households, and 5,811 families residing in the city. The population density was 2244.8 PD/sqmi. There were 9,322 housing units at an average density of 946.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 88.1% White, 0.5% African American, 0.9% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 8.2% from other races, and 1.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 16.3% of the population.

There were 8,874 households, of which 32.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.4% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.5% were non-families. 29.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.04.

The median age in the city was 37.1 years. 26.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.8% were from 25 to 44; 25.4% were from 45 to 64; and 15.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.5% male and 50.5% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 20,971 people, 8,302 households, and 5,562 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,337.3 PD/sqmi. There were 8,818 housing units at an average density of 982.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 87.19% White, 1.45% African American, 0.35% Native American, 0.48% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 3.49% from other races, and 1.00% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 12.65% of the population.

There were 8,302 households, out of which 34.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.7% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.0% were non-families. 28.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.09.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 28.2% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 28.0% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 14.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.3 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $38,874, and the median income for a family was $48,669. Males had a median income of $30,980 versus $22,063 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,345. About 4.5% of families and 6.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.7% of those under age 18 and 6.5% of those age 65 or over.

Economy
Columbus's economy is based on agriculture and manufacturing, with many industrial companies attracted by cheap, plentiful hydroelectric power. Major manufacturing employers include Becton Dickinson, a medical products company that operates two facilities in Columbus; Behlen Manufacturing, which produces steel buildings, grain bins, and agricultural equipment; Columbus Hydraulics Co. is an Hydraulic cylinder manufacturing company The company designs and manufactures hydraulic cylinders for agriculture, construction, turf, utility, and railroad,;  CAMACO, a manufacturer of automotive seat frames; Cargill, which operates a ground-beef processing plant; Archer Daniels Midland, which runs a corn-milling facility; and Vishay Dale Electronics, a subsidiary of Vishay Intertechnology that produces electronic components. Major non-manufacturing employers include Nebraska Public Power District, which is headquartered in Columbus; Columbus City Schools; and Columbus Community Hospital.

Media
Columbus has one newspaper, the Columbus Telegram. The newspaper is published five days a week.

There are 6 radio stations in Columbus. KTLX at FM 91.3 is a religious station; KKOT at FM 93.5 plays classic hits. KZEN at FM 100.3 broadcasts country music; the station is licensed in Central City, but the studio is in Columbus. KLIR at FM 101.1 plays adult contemporary music; KJSK at AM 900 is a news talk station; and KTTT at AM 1510 is a polka and oldies country station.

Education
A Carnegie library was built in 1913–15; the current Columbus Public Library replaced it in 1977.

Central Community College
A campus of Central Community College is located four miles (6 km) northwest of the city. Its athletic teams are the Raiders.

Primary and secondary schools
Columbus Public Schools operates Columbus High School, a middle school and five elementary schools: Centennial, West Park, North Park, Lost Creek, and Emerson. The district has closed several elementary schools within the past 10 years, most recently the nearby Duncan Elementary School, which had been in the district since 1967. Columbus High, with 1,100 students is the largest area high school. Its athletic teams are the Discoverers.

Scotus Central Catholic High School is a Catholic school named after John Duns Scotus; it serves grades 7 through 12. Its teams are the Shamrocks.

Lakeview Community Schools, including Lakeview High School, serves a rural community north of the city. The school district is located just north of Lake Babcock, and its teams are the Vikings.

Attractions

The Andrew Jackson Higgins National Memorial in Pawnee Park features a life-sized replica of a Higgins boat with bronze statues of soldiers exiting into the sand. The memorial includes sand samples from 58 beaches of historic significance: D-Day beaches of World War II, and beaches in Korea and Vietnam. The site is also home to the Freedom Memorial, which incorporates steel from the remains of the World Trade Center, destroyed by terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001.

Glur's Tavern, built in 1876, is the oldest tavern west of the Missouri River still in operation. The tavern was patronized by "Buffalo Bill" Cody during his frequent visits to Columbus. The tavern is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.

The Platte County Agricultural Society hosts a number of events at Agricultural Park. The Platte County Fair is held there annually. Live thoroughbred horse racing takes place at the park every year from late July through mid-September; races from other tracks are simulcast throughout the year. U.S. 30 Speedway stages weekly auto races from April to September.

The Columbus Marching Festival is held every September, hosting High School marching bands from in and outside of the state.

The Columbus Days Parade is held a week in August in downtown Columbus, NE.

Pawnee Plunge
Pawnee Plunge is an outdoor water park located in Columbus. It first opened in late May 2006, and features four main waterslides that include a tube slide, a regular slide, a speed slide, and a unique splashbowl slide that visitors often refer to as the "toilet bowl." The park also has a small "lazy river."

During its first week, the park attracted over 13,000 visitors.

The park is funded by the City of Columbus with a $1/2$-cent sales tax.

Notable people
Columbus is the birthplace of Andrew Jackson Higgins, creator/designer of the Landing Craft, Vehicle, Personnel (LCVP), or Higgins boat, used during World War II.

Noteworthy current or former residents of Columbus include Chuck Hagel, US Secretary of Defense from 2013 to 2015; actor Brad William Henke; world heavyweight boxing champion Leon Spinks; architect Emiel Christensen; and NFL football players Joe Blahak, Cory Schlesinger, and Chad Mustard.

Lucas Cruikshank, creator of YouTube series FRED and its main character Fred Figglehorn, is a former Columbus resident.

Lon Milo DuQuette, occultist author and musician, is a graduate of Columbus High School.

Lotan Harold DeWolf (31 January 1905 – 24 March 1986), usually cited as L. Harold Dewolf, was an American Methodist minister and professor of systematic theology at Boston University where he was Martin Luther King Jr.'s "primary teacher and mentor".DeWolf was born on 31 January 1905 in Columbus, Nebraska. He obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree from Nebraska Wesleyan University in 1924, then pursued theological studies at Boston University where, in 1926, he obtained a Bachelor of Sacred Theology degree. His father was a minister at the First Methodist Church in Columbus.

Marion Van Berg (January 15, 1896 – May 3, 1971) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse trainer. He was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1970.[1] His son, Jack Van Berg, also went on to racing horse fame. Van Berg Stables was headquartered in Columbus, NE at the location of the Van Berg Sales Pavilion.

Jack Van Berg John Charles "Jack" Van Berg, (June 7, 1936 in Columbus, Nebraska – December 27, 2017) was an American Hall of Fame horse trainer. Born into a horse racing family, his father was the Hall of Fame trainer, Marion Van Berg.[1] Both father and son have been inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in Saratoga Springs, New York.

Jim Pillen (born December 31, 1955)[1][2][3] is an American politician, veterinarian and livestock producer serving as the 41st and current governor of Nebraska since 2023.[4] A member of the Republican Party, Pillen served on the University of Nebraska Board of Regents from 2013 to 2023.

Ernest Hausmann (born August 20, 2003) is an American football linebacker. A native of Uganda, he played college football for Nebraska in 2022 and entered the NCAA transfer portal after the 2022 season where he was ranked the top player in the portal. He transferred to the Michigan Wolverines.

title: Columbus, Nebraska


text:
Cornlea, Nebraska

Cornlea is a village in Platte County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 36 at the 2010 census.

History
Cornlea had its start in the year 1886 as a siding on the railroad. Cornlea's location in the Corn Belt caused its name, meaning "land of corn", to be selected. Cornlea was originally built up chiefly by German Catholics. The town was incorporated as a village in 1902.

A post office was established in Cornlea in 1887, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1989.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.09 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 36 people, 12 households, and 10 families living in the village. The population density was 400.0 PD/sqmi. There were 13 housing units at an average density of 144.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 91.7% White and 8.3% African American.

There were 12 households, of which 41.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.3% were married couples living together, 8.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 16.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 16.7% were non-families. 16.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.00 and the average family size was 3.30.

The median age in the village was 38.5 years. 27.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 19.5% were from 25 to 44; 36.1% were from 45 to 64; and 8.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 52.8% male and 47.2% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 41 people, 14 households, and 9 families living in the village. The population density was 452.2 PD/sqmi. There were 15 housing units at an average density of 165.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 100.00% White. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.44% of the population.

There were 14 households, out of which 42.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.1% were married couples living together, 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.6% were non-families. 28.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.93 and the average family size was 3.70.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 43.9% under the age of 18, 4.9% from 18 to 24, 26.8% from 25 to 44, 12.2% from 45 to 64, and 12.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 109.1 males.

As of 2000 the median income for a household in the village was $33,750, and the median income for a family was $35,833. Males had a median income of $31,250 versus $26,250 for females. The per capita income for the village was $9,627. None of the population and none of the families were below the poverty line.

title: Cornlea, Nebraska


text:
Creston, Nebraska

Creston is a village in Platte County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 203 at the 2010 census.

History
Creston was laid out in 1886 when the Fremont, Elkhorn and Missouri Valley Railroad was extended to that point. It was named from its lofty elevation. Creston was originally built up chiefly by Germans. The town was incorporated as a village in 1890.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.21 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 203 people, 89 households, and 53 families residing in the village. The population density was 966.7 PD/sqmi. There were 101 housing units at an average density of 481.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 97.0% White, 1.5% Asian, and 1.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.5% of the population.

There were 89 households, of which 30.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.1% were married couples living together, 10.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.4% were non-families. 37.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 3.04.

The median age in the village was 38.5 years. 29.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 3.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.6% were from 25 to 44; 28% were from 45 to 64; and 17.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 47.8% male and 52.2% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 215 people, 96 households, and 60 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,040.6 PD/sqmi. There were 105 housing units at an average density of 508.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 99.07% White, 0.47% African American, and 0.47% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.33% of the population.

There were 96 households, out of which 37.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.9% were married couples living together, 10.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.5% were non-families. 33.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.87.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 28.4% under the age of 18, 5.6% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 19.1% from 45 to 64, and 17.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 108.1 males.

As of 2000 the median income for a household in the village was $27,222, and the median income for a family was $30,781. Males had a median income of $24,375 versus $23,438 for females. The per capita income for the village was $14,974. About 5.8% of families and 10.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.9% of those under the age of eighteen and 11.4% of those 65 or over.

title: Creston, Nebraska


text:
Duncan, Nebraska

Duncan is a village in Platte County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 351 at the 2010 census.

History
The transcontinental railroad reached the site of Duncan in 1866. Among the first settlers in the area were Polish and Swiss immigrants. In June 1869, the post office of Cherry Hill was established on the site.

In October 1871, the townsite of Jackson was laid out by officials of the Union Pacific Railroad. Jackson was chosen in 1879 as the southern terminus of the Omaha, Niobrara, and Black Hills Railroad, a Union Pacific subsidiary, purportedly because railroad magnate Jay Gould was angry at the town of Columbus for promoting a rival railroad in the region.

In 1880, the settlement's name was changed to Duncan, owing to the existence of another Jackson in Dakota County. The new name honored General Wood B. Duncan, a prominent onetime local resident. In the following year, an ice jam destroyed the Omaha, Niobrara, and Black Hills Railroad bridge across the Loup River; the line was later moved to branch off the main line of the Union Pacific at Columbus.

A Baptist church was organized in Duncan in 1881. In the following year, St. Stanislaus Church was built by the Polish Roman Catholics of the Duncan area. In 1883, St. Paul's Methodist Episcopal Church was established.

The Village of Duncan was incorporated in 1913.

Geography
Duncan lies between the Loup River and the Platte River, on U.S. Route 30, 8 mi west of Columbus.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.42 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 351 people, 137 households, and 99 families residing in the village. The population density was 835.7 PD/sqmi. There were 142 housing units at an average density of 338.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 98.0% White, 0.3% Native American, 0.3% Asian, and 1.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.3% of the population.

There were 137 households, of which 31.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.3% were married couples living together, 4.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 27.7% were non-families. 21.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 2.96.

The median age in the village was 39.4 years. 24.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.9% were from 25 to 44; 30.4% were from 45 to 64; and 14% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 54.1% male and 45.9% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 359 people, 138 households, and 93 families residing in the village. The population density was 890.2 PD/sqmi. There were 145 housing units at an average density of 359.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 95.82% White, 0.56% Native American, 0.28% Asian, 1.67% from other races, and 1.67% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.23% of the population.

There were 138 households, out of which 32.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.1% were married couples living together, 4.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.6% were non-families. 26.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.24.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 30.9% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 23.1% from 45 to 64, and 11.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 127.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 112.0 males.

As of 2000 the median income for a household in the village was $36,932, and the median income for a family was $42,031. Males had a median income of $26,023 versus $21,023 for females. The per capita income for the village was $15,475. About 4.2% of families and 5.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.5% of those under the age of eighteen and 9.5% of those 65 or over.

Economy
The economy is based on farming, cattle feeding, hogs, manufacturing and retailing. Duncan is where all Dorothy Lynch salad dressings are manufactured. In 1964, Tasty-Toppings, Inc. purchased the recipe and rights to Dorothy Lynch and built a production facility in Columbus, Nebraska. The company later expanded its production capacity with a modern 64000 sqft plant in Duncan, and is the town's largest employer.

Landmarks
The former route of the Lincoln Highway on the north side of the railroad tracks can still be seen today. A concrete marker at the southeast corner of 8th Street and Main Avenue indicates the northeastern end of a 2.4 mi section that has not changed significantly since the 1920s. This section of road, including the marker and an avenue of hackberry trees through which the old highway passed just south of downtown Duncan, is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as Lincoln Highway-Duncan West.

Religion

The only remaining organized church in Duncan is St. Stanislaus Catholic Church. The current church was built in 1939; the patron saint's name is inscribed on the cornerstone in Polish.

In the past 25 years, many changes have taken place in the parish. 1971 saw the formation of the first Parish Council which assists the pastor and congregation in decision making and leadership. A parish center was constructed and dedicated in 1979. Also in 1980, a senior citizen group named the Golden Age Club was formed.

Plans for the church's future include ongoing remodeling for the old parish hall, recently renamed Pulaski Hall. In the fall of 1992 a church youth group was formed for the parish's high school students. Membership currently is about 25 youth who once a year transform Pulaski Hall into a "Haunted Hall" at Halloween as one of their fundraisers. The group promotes fellowship and responsibility.

Fairs and festivals
The Duncan Ribfest is a two-day summer street festival that usually takes place the last weekend of June. The 2008 event attracted an estimated 5,000 people over a two-day period. Ribfest is the largest summer event in downtown Duncan. Festival entertainment including live polka, classic rock, and country music. The members of the Duncan Fire Department have been volunteering their time each year and have raised funds to help purchase new equipment through this event. Along with the fire department, it is also sponsored by Duncan Wrestling members.

Transportation
Duncan lies on the natural overland route across Nebraska running up the Platte and the Loup valleys, and transportation has always been a major factor in its history.

The village is located on the main line of the Union Pacific Railroad, running into and out of Columbus with 60 freight trains daily. The railroad carries 60,000 inbound cars (excluding through cars) and 40,000 outbound cars annually.

In 1913, the cross-country Lincoln Highway was established. The highway, which paralleled the Union Pacific tracks through Duncan, was enthusiastically supported by the citizenry. It ran through central Duncan until 1928, when it was shifted to the south side of the tracks in order to eliminate grade-level crossings between Columbus and Grand Island. The south-side route is now used by U.S. Highway 30.

Notable person

 * Cory Schlesinger (June 23, 1972-), NFL fullback, former Nebraska Cornhusker football player

title: Duncan, Nebraska


text:
Humphrey, Nebraska

Humphrey is a city in Platte County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 760 at the 2010 census.

History
Humphrey was platted in 1880 when the Omaha, Niobrara and Black Hills Railroad was extended to that point. It was named after Humphrey, New York, the former hometown of the first postmaster.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.50 sqmi, all land.

2000 census
At the 2000 census there were 786 people in 317 households, including 213 families, in the city. The population density was 1,808.4 PD/sqmi. There were 328 housing units at an average density of 754.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 98.98% White, 0.25% African American, 0.38% Asian, 0.13% Pacific Islander, and 0.25% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.64%.

Of the 317 households 32.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.7% were married couples living together, 6.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.8% were non-families. 30.9% of households were one person and 21.1% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.14.

The age distribution was 29.8% under the age of 18, 5.6% from 18 to 24, 23.7% from 25 to 44, 16.7% from 45 to 64, and 24.3% 65 or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.4 males.

The median household income was $39,250, and the median family income was $46,645. Males had a median income of $32,917 versus $21,719 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,863. About 4.8% of families and 6.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.3% of those under age 18 and 5.0% of those age 65 or over.

2010 census
At the 2010 census there were 760 people in 315 households, including 219 families, in the city. The population density was 1520.0 PD/sqmi. There were 334 housing units at an average density of 668.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 98.2% White, 0.4% African American, 0.5% Native American, 0.8% from other races, and 0.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.7%.

Of the 315 households 31.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.4% were married couples living together, 7.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 30.5% were non-families. 26.7% of households were one person and 15.3% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 2.92.

The median age was 40.6 years. 25.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.8% were from 25 to 44; 24% were from 45 to 64; and 22.5% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50.8% male and 49.2% female.

Education
Humphrey Public Schools operates the single public school in the town: Humphrey Public School.

Transportation
Intercity bus service to the city is provided by Express Arrow.

Notable person

 * Max Carl (Gronenthal), singer and songwriter for Grand Funk Railroad and .38 Special, grew up in Humphrey.

title: Humphrey, Nebraska


text:
Monroe, Nebraska

Monroe is a village in Platte County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 284 at the 2010 census.

History
The first settlement at Monroe was made in the 1850s. Monroe was not platted until 1889 when the railroad extended a siding to that point. It was named for President James Monroe.

The Monroe Congregational Church and New Hope Cemetery, located in the nearby community of O'Kay, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.17 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 284 people, 121 households, and 79 families living in the village. The population density was 1670.6 PD/sqmi. There were 128 housing units at an average density of 752.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 97.2% White, 0.4% African American, 0.4% Asian, and 2.1% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.9% of the population.

There were 121 households, of which 26.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.9% were married couples living together, 4.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.7% were non-families. 26.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.89.

The median age in the village was 45 years. 22.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 19.7% were from 25 to 44; 31.4% were from 45 to 64; and 18.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 48.6% male and 51.4% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 307 people, 119 households, and 89 families living in the village. The population density was 1,753.8 PD/sqmi. There were 125 housing units at an average density of 714.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 98.37% White, 0.33% Pacific Islander, 1.30% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.63% of the population.

There were 119 households, out of which 37.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.7% were married couples living together, 9.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.2% were non-families. 21.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 3.01.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 27.4% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 30.6% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 14.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.2 males.

As of 2000 the median income for a household in the village was $37,292, and the median income for a family was $43,977. Males had a median income of $27,917 versus $21,607 for females. The per capita income for the village was $16,311. About 4.7% of families and 6.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.4% of those under the age of eighteen and 17.8% of those 65 or over.

Education
In 2001, Monroe, Silver Creek, and Genoa merged into a single Twin River School District. After the consolidation, only a K-6 school remained in Monroe. This was closed in the fall of 2007. The school district retains possession of the Monroe gym, which it uses for junior high athletic events.

title: Monroe, Nebraska


text:
Platte Center, Nebraska

Platte Center is a village in Platte County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 336 at the 2010 census.

History
Platte Center was platted in 1880 by the railroad. It was named from its location near the geographical center of Platte County. Platte Center was incorporated as a village in 1885.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.30 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 336 people, 141 households, and 93 families living in the village. The population density was 1120.0 PD/sqmi. There were 146 housing units at an average density of 486.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 97.0% White, 0.3% Asian, and 2.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.3% of the population.

There were 141 households, of which 29.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.9% were married couples living together, 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.0% were non-families. 31.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.97.

The median age in the village was 40.5 years. 25.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.6% were from 25 to 44; 23.9% were from 45 to 64; and 20.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 51.8% male and 48.2% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 359 people, 147 households, and 103 families living in the village. The population density was 1,202.2 PD/sqmi. There were 159 housing units at an average density of 532.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 97.0% White, 0.3% African American, 1.4% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 1.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.1% of the population.

There were 147 households, out of which 28.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.3% were married couples living together, 4.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.9% were non-families. 28.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.95.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 25.6% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 25.1% from 25 to 44, 24.5% from 45 to 64, and 18.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.8 males.

As of 2000 the median income for a household in the village was $35,114, and the median income for a family was $40,357. Males had a median income of $27,813 versus $20,938 for females. The per capita income for the village was $16,438. About 2.2% of families and 5.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 8.5% of those age 65 or over.

Notable person

 * General Alfred Maximilian Gruenther – World War II general and NATO's Supreme Allied Commander in Europe (SACEUR) (1953–1956)

title: Platte Center, Nebraska


text:
Tarnov, Nebraska

Tarnov is a village in Platte County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 46 at the 2010 census.

History
Tarnov was laid out in 1889. A large share of the early settlers being natives of Tarnów, Poland, caused the name to be selected.

A post office was established at Tarnov in 1891, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1969.

On August 19, 1943, the U.S. Army dropped seven practice bombs on Tarnov, mistaking it for either the Stanton Bombing Range, which was located 25 miles to the northeast, or a bombing range to the southwest, near Silver Creek. The B-17s, from the Sioux City, Iowa, Army Air Field, did little damage and no one was injured or killed.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.03 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 46 people, 21 households, and 12 families residing in the village. The population density was 1533.3 PD/sqmi. There were 26 housing units at an average density of 866.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 100.0% White.

There were 21 households, of which 38.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.9% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 42.9% were non-families. 38.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.19 and the average family size was 3.00.

The median age in the village was 42.3 years. 23.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 28.3% were from 25 to 44; 30.4% were from 45 to 64; and 10.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 54.3% male and 45.7% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 63 people, 24 households, and 15 families residing in the village. The population density was 2,117.5 PD/sqmi. There were 31 housing units at an average density of 1,041.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 100.00% White.

There were 24 households, out of which 37.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 12.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.5% were non-families. 29.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.33.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 30.2% under the age of 18, 12.7% from 18 to 24, 27.0% from 25 to 44, 20.6% from 45 to 64, and 9.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 117.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 120.0 males.

As of 2000 the median income for a household in the village was $29,375, and the median income for a family was $31,250. Males had a median income of $27,813 versus $22,083 for females. The per capita income for the village was $10,014. There were 14.3% of families and 14.5% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 100.0% of those over 64.

title: Tarnov, Nebraska