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Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS

The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS; Programme commun des Nations Unies sur le VIH/sida, ONUSIDA) is the main advocate for accelerated, comprehensive and coordinated global action on the HIV/AIDS pandemic.

The mission of UNAIDS is to lead, strengthen and support an expanded response to HIV and AIDS that includes preventing transmission of HIV, providing care and support to those already living with the virus, reducing the vulnerability of individuals and communities to HIV and alleviating the impact of the epidemic. UNAIDS seeks to prevent the HIV/AIDS epidemic from becoming a severe pandemic.

UNAIDS is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, where it shares some site facilities with the World Health Organization. It is a member of the United Nations Development Group. Currently, Winnie Byanyima leads UNAIDS as executive director. Former executive directors are Peter Piot (1995–2008) and Michel Sidibé (2009–2019).

UNAIDS regularly publishes articles and reports on the status of the AIDS epidemic, including roadmaps to ending HIV as a public health threat and updates on the current scientific findings on vaccines and treatments for HIV infections and AIDS.

The agency promotes the GIPA principle (greater involvement of people living with HIV) formulated in 1994, and endorsed by the United Nations in 2001 and 2006.

Goals

 * 1) Leadership and advocacy for effective action on the pandemic;
 * 2) Strategic information and technical support to guide efforts against AIDS worldwide;
 * 3) Tracking, monitoring and evaluation of the pandemic and of responses to it;
 * 4) Civil society engagement and the development of strategic partnerships;
 * 5) Mobilization of resources to support an effective response.

Role

The aim of UNAIDS is to help mount and support an expanded response to HIV/AIDS, one that engages the efforts of many sectors and partners from government and civil society.

Established by ECOSOC resolution 1994/24 on 26 July 1994, UNAIDS officially launched in January 1996. The organizations is guided by a Programme Coordinating Board with representatives of 22 governments from all geographic regions, the UNAIDS Cosponsors, and five representatives of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), including associations of people living with HIV/AIDS.

History
While UN AIDS was officially created in 1994 with UN resolution, and launched in 1996, the roots of UN AIDS can be traced back to the first recorded case of HIV/AIDS 15 years prior in 1981, and the launch of the Global Network of People living with HIV/AIDS ("GNP+") started in 1986 by Dietmar Bolle, an HIV positive specialist nurse and activist, who aimed to connect people living with HIV/AIDS around the world.

Origin: 1920s–1980 and Pre-HIV/AIDS Crisis
It is widely believed that HIV first crossed over from chimpanzees to humans in the 1920s through humans eating chimps infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), a virus similar to HIV, in what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo. Scientific and medical research determined the chimps hunt and eat two smaller monkey species red-capped mangabeys and greater spot-nosed monkeys which carried two strains of SIV which combined through infection and transmission into "SIVcpz", a virus almost identical to HIV, which eventually spread to humans.

The first "verified" case of HIV was detected retrospectively using a blood sample from 1959 from a man living in what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo, albeit there are believed to be numerous other HIV cases prior based on observed symptoms and patterns of death.

1981 First AIDS Cases Reported
The first ever AIDS cases were reported on 5 June 1981 in the United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)'s weekly epidemiological digest Morbidity and Mortality Weekly, which described rare pneumonias in five patients and "the possibility of a cellular-immune dysfunction related to a common exposure that predisposes individuals to opportunistic infections such as pneumocystosis and candidiasis". In 1982, the CDC adopted the term AIDS, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. From 1981 to 1985, doctors around the world in countries such as Belgium and France, and African countries, Zaire, Congo, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Zambia noted they had observed and treated medical cases with similar symptoms as HIV/AIDS in the 1970s. In 1985, the CDC hosted the First International Conference on AIDS in Atlanta.

1981–1994: The Global Response Prior to UNAIDS
As Lindsay Knight summarises the understanding and outlook of the early 1980s in her report, UNAIDS: The first ten years, 1996–2006: "No one could have imagined that a few cases of rare diseases damaging the immune system would herald a pandemic that has killed more than all those who died in battle during the whole of the twentieth century." However, views with respect to the speed and success of the initial response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic and crisis are mixed.

The global response to the HIV/AIDS crisis was initially led by the US based Center for Disease Control which discovered the first HIV/AIDS case. A 2011 report "AIDS: the Early Years and the CDC's Response", makes the case that it is due to the CDC's rapid and effective approach, and staff, that the virus was even discovered in the first place. The report further argues that the CDC's approach, along with partnerships with the US Food and Drug Administration, and the National Institutes of Health, are the reason that initial recommendations for diagnosis, treatment, and containment were developed, issued and disseminated so quickly (within 1–2 years of first reported case), The report states that the CDC's "excellent surveillance, rapid identification, innovative science, committed persons", among other factors help to "illustrate the power of epidemiologic investigation in understanding and preventing new diseases, even in the absence of an identified cause" and that the "CDC's reputation and staff accomplishments led to the formation of the Global AIDS program."

Critics of the global response to the HIV/AIDS crisis prior to UNAIDS assert that the initial response was slow, faltering, negligent, and exacerbated the crisis which could have been contained more expeditiously if it were not for failures of leadership, missed opportunities, wasted time, among other factors. One book which examines the global response, and describes both the positive and negative aspects states that during the first fifteen years of the HIV/AIDS crisis, "most of the world's leaders, in all sectors of society, displayed a staggering indifference to the growing challenge of this new epidemic." It explains that a combination of factors – (1) biases and stereotyped views that those ill were only from stigmatized communities such as sex workers, men who have sex with men, drug users, migrants, among others, as well as (2) political issues such as countries not wanting to admit there was a crisis and taking steps to block journalists and media reports on the breakout, (3) politicians falsely believing that the disease was limited to lower income countries with less developed medical and healthcare systems, and some politicians fear of associating their own country with sex and death – all led to a slow response, and low levels of funding for research, treatment, and support at a time when greater actions could have been taken. Other reasons for delays include some scientists dismissing concerns about HIV/AIDS becoming a global pandemic as unnecessarily alarmist.

Sexual harassment scandal
Sidibé offered his resignation from his post as head of UNAIDS following an expert report on sexual harassment in the agency that criticized his "defective leadership". Initially, when allegations surfaced in mid-2018, Sidibe refused to quit. In response to heightened scrutiny and reports of his gross mismanagement, however, Sidibe informed the agency's board on 13 December 2018 that he would leave his post in June 2019.

A panel of independent experts released a report on 13 December 2018 saying Sidibe was overseeing a "patriarchal" workplace and promoting a "cult of personality" centred on him as the all-powerful chief. The experts further said the situation could not be changed unless Sidibe, a native of Mali who has headed the UN agency for nine years, resigned.

One official with ties to senior management at the UNAIDS Geneva secretariat also noted, under Sidibe's leadership, that "UNAids mirrors the whole UN as a 'boys club' with hierarchical and patriarchal culture of discrimination, lack of transparency and accountability that enables harassment."

Sidibe denied claims that he tried to force an employee to drop allegations that she was sexually assaulted by his former deputy. Despite the scathing report, he insisted he was the right man to turn around the organisation, a claim which had been roundly rejected.

Cosponsors

 * The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
 * United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
 * World Food Programme (WFP)
 * United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
 * United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)
 * United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
 * International Labour Organization (ILO)
 * United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
 * World Health Organization (WHO)
 * World Bank
 * UN Women

The co-sponsors and the UNAIDS Secretariat form the Committee of Cosponsoring Organizations, which meets twice each year.

Leadership
The executive director of UNAIDS is Winnie Byanyima, who assumed the role on 1 November 2019. Peter Piot was the first executive director of UNAIDS. He served from its inception in 1995 until 2008, when he departed to lead the Institute for Global Health at Imperial College London. On 1 January 2009, Michel Sidibé became the new executive director of UNAIDS until 2019 when he was appointed as Minister of Health and Social Affairs of Mali. Following Mr Sidibé's departure and until the appointment of Ms Byanyima, Gunilla Carlsson, the Deputy Executive Director, Management and Governance, was appointed as UNAIDS Executive Director, ad interim. Shannon Hader is the Deputy Executive Director, Programme.

Partnerships
The United Nations Declaration Commitment on HIV/AIDS provides the guiding framework for UNAIDS action. Promoting partnerships among various stakeholders is reflected within the leadership section of the Declaration of Commitment. In particular, it calls for complementation of government efforts by the full and active participation of civil society, the business community and the private sector through:
 * Establishing and strengthening mechanisms that involve civil society including faith-based organizations (FBOs), the private sector, and people living with HIV/AIDS at all levels
 * Encouraging and supporting local and national organizations to expand and strengthen regional partnerships, coalitions and networks
 * Full participation of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), those in vulnerable groups and people mostly at risk, particularly young people
 * Addressing issue of stigma and discrimination.

UNAIDS works to promote partnerships among and between this diverse and broad range of non-state entities. This calls for increases in both the number of new actors, as well as in innovative ways of working, to facilitate increased capacity of non-state entities to respond effectively to the epidemic at all levels.

With the momentum generated by the UN Special Session on HIV/AIDS, the main challenges are to:
 * Sustain and deepen involvement of those contributing and critical to the response such as PLWHA organizations
 * Move beyond the organizations already involved and reach out to optimally engage a broad range of sectors/actors.

UNAIDS has collaborated with the Roman Catholic Church, especially Caritas Internationalis, in the fight against AIDS, something which materialized in a December 2005 message by Pope Benedict XVI. However, it indicated in a 2009 communiqué that it did not agree with the Pope's statement that condoms were unhelpful in AIDS prevention, instead calling them "essential".

From policy to action
In engaging non-state entities in an expanded response to the epidemic, the UNAIDS Secretariat:
 * Fosters and supports global, regional and country level partnerships which include linkages between and among civil society, private sector, philanthropy, media, and with particular attention to organizations of people living with HIV/AIDS
 * Supports governments and UN agencies in developing partnerships with non-state entities. This includes support for approaches intended to increase participation, improve connectedness of efforts and strengthen the various participants' capacity for action.

Donors
As the main advocate for global action on HIV/AIDS, UNAIDS leads, strengthens and supports an expanded response aimed at preventing the transmission of HIV, providing care and support, reducing the vulnerability of individuals and communities to HIV/AIDS, and alleviating the impact of the epidemic. To fulfil this mandate, UNAIDS is supported by voluntary contributions from governments, foundations, corporations, private groups (for example, students, universities, sporting clubs, etc.) and individuals.

In 2003, more than US$118.5 million was received from 30 governments, philanthropic organizations, individuals from around the world and others. The largest donors were the Netherlands followed by Norway, the United States, Sweden, the United Kingdom and Japan. In 2004, 35 governments contributed to UNAIDS including India.

In 2020 UNAIDS received US$ 247.2 million in 2020, in voluntary donations. In 2021, US$ 171.4 million in core funding was made available by twenty-seven governments, with the US leading donating $45,000,000, followed by Sweden and the Netherlands. In addition, In 2021, non-core resources amounting to US$ 75.9 million were made available to UNAIDS, led by the US, with $53,807,294, followed by the UNFPA and Russia. In November 2022, the UNAIDS had a discussion about the $35 million funding gap in the organization’s minimum operating budget of $187 million. They believe this situation to be aggravated by the war in Ukraine and movements in currency exchange markets. A month later, Australia agreed to a five year partnership with UNAIDS, committing AUD 25 million from 2022 to 2027 to the cause.

UNAIDS Goodwill Ambassadors and Global Advocates
UNAIDS engages political figures, celebrities, and subject matter experts as Ambassadors, and advocates, on a country, regional, and global level, to advocate for its agenda and policies.

UNAIDS has several Goodwill Ambassadors who help strengthen awareness of the organisation's work, including: Quarraisha Abdool Karim, Myung-Bo Hong, Toumani Diabaté, Crown Princess Mette-Marit of Norway, Princess Stephanie of Monaco, Naomi Watts, Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, Vera Brezhneva, Victoria Beckham, Chantal Biya and Pia Wurtzbach.


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Kongiganak, Alaska

Kongiganak is a census-designated place (CDP) in Bethel Census Area, Alaska, United States, and primarily sits on the eastern shore of the Kongiganak River. As of the 2010 census, the population was 439, up from 359 in 2000.

Geography
Kongiganak is located at 59.95389°N, -162.89528°W (59.953896, -162.895199).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1.9 sqmi, of which 1.7 sqmi are land and 0.2 sqmi (9.14%) is water.

History
The original Kongiganak was settled in the 19th century and was located on a small creek just above Kuskokwim Bay. In 1880, it was called "Kongiganagamute" and had a population of 175 Inuit. The site was later abandoned. It is located a few miles east of present-day Kwigillingok and about 9 miles southeast of the current Kongiganak.

The current Kongiganak was permanently settled in the 1960s when former residents of Kwigillingok sought higher ground in search of relief from floods.

It is served by Kongiganak Airport.

Demographics
The current settlement of Kongiganak first appeared on the 1970 U.S. Census as an unincorporated village. In 1980, it was reclassified as a census-designated place (CDP).

As of the census of 2000, there were 359 people, 79 households, and 60 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 212.5 PD/sqmi. There were 90 housing units at an average density of 53.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 2.79% White, 95.82% Native American, and 1.39% from two or more races. 1.67% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 79 households, out of which 55.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.5% were married couples living together, 11.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.8% were non-families. 21.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.54 and the average family size was 5.52.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 43.2% under the age of 18, 10.0% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 16.7% from 45 to 64, and 2.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 22 years. For every 100 females, there were 120.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 112.5 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $33,250, and the median income for a family was $34,750. Males had a median income of $21,875 versus $30,625 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $9,881. About 19.4% of families and 13.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.3% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

Education
Kongiganak is served by one school in the Lower Kuskokwim School District, Ayagina'ar Elitnaurvik. it serves 174 students between grades P and 12. As of 2014 the student count was 177. The Wolverines are the school mascot.

Health
Sale, importation and possession of alcohol are banned in the village.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kongiganak, Alaska


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Kwethluk, Alaska

Kwethluk is a city in Bethel Census Area in the U.S. state of Alaska. At the 2010 census the population was 721, up from 713 in 2000. It is the birthplace of Saint Olga of Alaska.

Geography
Kwethluk is located at 60.80222°N, -161.41861°W (60.802332, -161.418556). It lies at the confluence of the Kuskokwim and Kwethluk rivers in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta. The constantly changing channel gives the village its name: Kwethluk is derived from the Yupik kuik, meaning "river", plus -rrluk, meaning "bad, unnatural".

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 11.7 sqmi, of which, 10.0 sqmi of it is land and 1.7 sqmi of it (14.76%) is water.

Demographics
Kwethluk first appeared on the 1880 U.S. Census as the unincorporated Eskimo village of Kuljkhlugamute. It did not appear again until 1940 as the village of "Quithlook." The spelling was changed in 1950 to Kwethluk and the village formally incorporated as a city in 1975.

As of the census of 2000, there were 713 people, 153 households, and 132 families residing in the city. The population density was 71.4 PD/sqmi. There were 199 housing units at an average density of 19.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 4.77% White, 0.14% Black or African American, 92.85% Native American, 0.28% Asian, and 1.96% from two or more races.

There were 153 households, out of which 62.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.5% were married couples living together, 20.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 13.1% were non-families. 10.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.66 and the average family size was 5.08.

In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 47.7% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 24.7% from 25 to 44, 12.5% from 45 to 64, and 5.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 20 years. For every 100 females, there were 116.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 113.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $25,417, and the median income for a family was $27,500. Males had a median income of $24,063 versus $14,375 for females. The per capita income for the city was $6,503. About 29.2% of families and 29.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.4% of those under age 18 and 35.9% of those age 65 or over.

Education
It is served by the K-12 Ket'acik & Aapalluk Memorial School, operated by the Lower Kuskokwim School District. it has about 250 students and 15 teachers.

title: Kwethluk, Alaska


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Kwigillingok, Alaska

Kwigillingok is a census-designated place (CDP) in Bethel Census Area, Alaska,  United States. The population was 321 at the 2010 census, down from 338 in 2000.

Geography
Kwigillingok is located at 59.87227°N, -163.16616°W.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 20.2 sqmi, of which, 20.1 sqmi of it is land and 0.1 sqmi of it (0.35%) is water.

Demographics
Kwigillingok first appeared on the 1920 U.S. Census as Quigillingok, an unincorporated native village. It did not appear on the 1930 census, but was returned as "Quigilinook" in 1940. In 1950, the name was changed to the present spelling of Kwigillingok. It was made a census-designated place in 1980.

As of the census of 2000, there were 388 people, 96 households, and 89 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 16.8 PD/sqmi. There were 78 housing units at an average density of 3.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 2.07% White, 97.63% Native American, and 0.30% from two or more races.

There were 96 households, out of which 60.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 74.0% were married couples living together, 8.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 9.6% were non-families. 6.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.63 and the average family size was 4.89.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 39.9% under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 29.9% from 25 to 44, 14.2% from 45 to 64, and 7.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 26 years. For every 100 females, there were 131.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 128.1 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $36,250, and the median income for a family was $33,250. Males had a median income of $23,125 versus $50,625 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $7,577. About 28.8% of families and 34.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 46.8% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

Transportation
The Kwigillingok Airport is the only connection to the outside world, as there are no roads leading to the town.

Education
It is served by the K-12 Kwigillingok School, operated by the Lower Kuskokwim School District. it has about 144 students.

title: Kwigillingok, Alaska


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Lime Village, Alaska

Lime Village is a census-designated place (CDP) in Bethel Census Area, Alaska, United States. The 2020 census found a population of 13, down from 29 in 2010. It has also been known as Hungry Village.

In July 2008, Lime Village gained notoriety when it was reported that their gasoline prices were more than double of the already-high national average of over $4/gallon with Lime Village selling regular unleaded gasoline at $8.55/gallon. The high prices were considered ironic considering that Alaska is one of the main suppliers of oil in the United States, but have the highest state average due to scattered villages throughout Alaska such as Lime Village making it difficult to transport oil and other goods.

Geography
Lime Village is located at 61.34139°N, -155.49083°W (61.341383, -155.490944).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 82.5 sqmi, of which, 80.3 sqmi of it is land and 2.2 sqmi of it (2.67%) is water.

Demographics
Lime Village first appeared on the 1940 U.S. Census as the unincorporated village of Hungry. It did not appear on the 1960 census. It returned in 1970 as Lime Village. It was made a census-designated place (CDP) in 1980.

2000
As of the census of 2000, there were 6 people, 5 households, and 0 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 0.1 PD/sqmi. There were 24 housing units at an average density of 0.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 83.33% White, and 16.67% from two or more races.

There were 5 households, out of which none were married couples living together, and 100.0% were non-families. 80.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.20 and the average family size was 0.00.

In the CDP the population was spread out, with 66.7% from 25 to 44, 33.3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 200.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 200.0 males.

2010
As of the census of 2010, there were 29 people and 11 households. The population density was 0.1 PD/sqmi. There were 24 housing units at an average density of 0.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 3.4% White, 93.1% Native American (79.3% specified Alaska Native), and 3.4% from two or more races.

School
The Lime Village School, formerly operated by the Iditarod Area School District, closed in 2007, when the enrollment of six students failed to meet the state-mandated minimum of ten students. As of Fall 2008 the school remained closed. The lack of access to local schooling has increased urban migration, though many migrants continue to spend summers in the village.

title: Lime Village, Alaska


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Lower Kalskag, Alaska

Lower Kalskag (Лоуэр-Калскаг) is a city in Bethel Census Area, Alaska, United States. It is twenty-six miles west of Aniak. At the 2010 census the population was 282, up from 267 in 2000.

Geography
Lower Kalskag is located at 61.51361°N, -160.35917°W (61.513735, -160.359050).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.7 sqmi, of which, 1.3 sqmi of it is land and 0.4 sqmi of it (25.58%) is water.

Lower Kalskag, referred to by the locals as just "Lower", is linked to Upper Kalskag (Upper) by a single two mile maintained gravel/dirt road.

Lower Kalskag is accessible only by small plane, boat, and vehicles via the river "ice road" (Winter only).

Demographics
Lower Kalskag first appeared on the 1940 U.S. Census erroneously as the unincorporated village of Kalskag. In 1950, it reported as Lower Kalskag. It formally incorporated in 1969.

As of the census of 2000, there were 267 people, 66 households, and 54 families residing in the city. The population density was 208.2 PD/sqmi. There were 79 housing units at an average density of 61.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 4.49% White, 88.76% Native American, and 6.74% from two or more races.

There were 66 households, out of which 62.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.0% were married couples living together, 24.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.7% were non-families. 15.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 1.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.05 and the average family size was 4.53.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 44.9% under the age of 18, 13.5% from 18 to 24, 22.1% from 25 to 44, 15.4% from 45 to 64, and 4.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 21 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $25,625, and the median income for a family was $27,500. Males had a median income of $16,667 versus $36,250 for females. The per capita income for the city was $7,654. About 36.7% of families and 40.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 51.4% of those under the age of eighteen and 35.7% of those 65 or over.

title: Lower Kalskag, Alaska


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Mekoryuk, Alaska

Mekoryuk (Nunivak Cup'ig: Mikuryarmiut; Central Yup'ik: Mikuryar) is a city located on Nunivak Island in the Bethel Census Area, Alaska, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 191, down from 210 in 2000.

History
Nunivak Island has been inhabited for 2,000 years by the Nuniwarmiut, or Nunivak Cup'ig people.

The community's first contact with Europeans was in 1821 when explorers from the Russian-American Company arrived on their island. These Russians recorded 400 people living in 16 villages on the Nunivak Island.

While conducting the 1880 United States Census, Ivan Petrof recorded 702 Yup'ik in 9 villages, including 117 people at "Koot", near the site of present-day Mekoryuk. An epidemic in 1900 left only four surviving families in the village.

In the 1930s, the Evangelical Covenant Church was built at Mekoryuk, followed by a school in 1939. People moved to the village from other areas of the island to be near the school. Reindeer herding was introduced in 1920 by an Eskimo-Russian trader. The operation was purchased by the United States government in the 1940s and a slaughterhouse was built in 1945. The reindeer were crossed with caribou from Denali Park. The resulting animals were larger and less tame than other reindeer. 34 musk ox from Greenland were transferred to the Nunivak Island in 1934 in an effort to save the species from extinction. Today, the musk-ox herd numbers around 500, and calves from this herd have been relocated and introduced to other areas of Alaska.

In the mid-20th century, Mekoryuk became the only permanent population center on the island. Until the 1940s, the traditional lifestyle and traditional ceremonies and religious beliefs were practiced.

The 1950s and 1960s brought considerable change. Mekoryuk Airport was built in 1957. When the Territorial Guard was formed, men were sent to Fort Richardson near Anchorage for training. During this time, many families moved to Bethel during the winter to be near the high school, returning in the spring for fishing and sea mammal hunting. A high school was constructed in Mekoryuk in 1978.

Geography
Mekoryuk is located at the mouth of Shoal Bay on the north shore of Nunivak Island in the Bering Sea. The island lies 48 km west of the Alaska coast. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 7.4 sqmi, of which, 7.4 sqmi of it is land and 0.14% is water.

Climate
Mekoryuk has a tundra climate (Köppen: ET), that borders on a subarctic climate (Köppen: Dfc).

Demographics
Mekoryuk first appeared on the 1950 U.S. Census as "Mekoryok." It appeared as the current spelling in 1960. It was formally incorporated in 1969.

As of the census of 2000, there were 210 people, 73 households, and 48 families residing in the city. The population density was 28.5 PD/sqmi. There were 96 housing units at an average density of 13.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 3.33% White, 90.48% Native American, and 6.19% from two or more races. 0.48% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 73 households, out of which 31.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.2% were married couples living together, 15.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.2% were non-families. 32.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.88 and the average family size was 3.77.

In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 32.4% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 29.0% from 25 to 44, 22.4% from 45 to 64, and 9.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 116.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 136.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $30,833, and the median income for a family was $33,750. Males had a median income of $25,417 versus $11,667 for females. The per capita income for the city was $11,958. About 13.7% of families and 21.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 36.7% of those under the age of eighteen and 15.8% of those 65 or over.

Education
Lower Kuskokwim School District operates the Nuniwarmiut School, K-12. In 1984 the building was constructed.

Health
Sale, importation and possession of alcohol are banned in the village.

title: Mekoryuk, Alaska


text:
Napakiak, Alaska

Napakiak is a city in Bethel Census Area, Alaska, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 354, up one resident from 353 since 2000.

Geography
Napakiak is located at 60.69333°N, -161.97361°W (60.693282, -161.973491), on the north bank of the Kuskokwim River, approximately 10 mi downriver (southwest) of Bethel.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 13.0 km2, of which 11.4 km2 is land and 1.6 km2, or 12.26%, is water.

Demographics
Napakiak first appeared on the 1880 U.S. Census as the unincorporated Inuit village of "Napahaiagamute." All 98 residents were of the Inuit tribe. It next returned in 1900 as the village of "Naparegarak." In 1910, it returned as Napakiak (with the alternative 1880 name of Napahaiagamute). In 1920, it returned as "Napakiakamute." It did not appear on the 1930 census. It next appeared again in 1940 and in every successive census to date as Napakiak. It formally incorporated in 1970.

As of the census of 2000, there were 353 people, 90 households, and 71 families residing in the city. The population density was 75.2 PD/sqmi. There were 101 housing units at an average density of 21.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 1.42% White, 1.70% Black or African American, 96.03% Native American, and 0.85% from two or more races. 0.28% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Most of the residents are Yup'ik people. The sale, importation or possession of alcohol is forbidden in the village.

There were 90 households, out of which 48.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.3% were married couples living together, 18.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.1% were non-families. 16.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.92 and the average family size was 4.52.

In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 38.8% under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 17.0% from 45 to 64, and 7.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 26 years. For every 100 females, there were 130.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 109.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $28,750, and the median income for a family was $29,167. Males had a median income of $26,250 versus $43,750 for females. The per capita income for the city was $7,319. About 16.2% of families and 20.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.7% of those under age 18 and 9.1% of those age 65 or over.

Education
Lower Kuskokwim School District operates the William N. Miller School, PreK-12. it has 96 students.

Health
Sale, importation and possession of alcohol are banned in the village.

Miscellaneous
Napakiak is the terminus of a unique 8.5 mi prototype single-wire earth return electrical intertie from Bethel, Alaska, constructed in 1981.

title: Napakiak, Alaska


text:
Barcelonès

Barcelonès is the most populated comarca (county) of Catalonia, Spain. It contains Barcelona, which is the capital of Catalonia and of the comarca itself, and four adjacent inner suburbs.

Notwithstanding, the comarca does not have a governing comarcal council; it was dissolved in 2019. Its functions had been and are superseded by the Metropolitan Council of the Barcelona Metropolitan Area (AMB), which include representatives from municipalities further outside the comarca itself. All combined, Barcelonès municipalities send 39 councilors out of the Metropolitan Council's 90, making up more than 43% of the council voting power.

title: Barcelonès


text:
Napaskiak, Alaska

Napaskiak is a city in Bethel Census Area, Alaska, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 405, up from 390 in 2000.

Geography
Napaskiak is located at 60.70693°N, -161.76096°W.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.8 sqmi, of which, 3.5 sqmi of it is land and 0.3 sqmi of it (9.14%) is water.

Demographics
Napaskiak first appeared on the 1880 U.S. Census as the unincorporated Inuit village of "Napaskiagamute." All 196 residents were Inuit. In 1890, it returned as "Napaskeagamiut." All residents that year also were native. It did not appear on the census again until 1940, under the present spelling of Napaskiak. In 1950 and 1960, it was returned under the spelling of "Napaiskak." The spelling was reverted to the prior Napaskiak in 1970. It was formally incorporated the following year (1971).

As of the census of 2000, there were 390 people, 82 households, and 70 families residing in the city. The population density was 112.3 PD/sqmi. There were 95 housing units at an average density of 27.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 1.54% White, 97.44% Native American, 0.26% Asian, and 0.77% from two or more races. 0.26% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 82 households, out of which 56.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.8% were married couples living together, 18.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 14.6% were non-families. 13.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.76 and the average family size was 5.24.

In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 43.6% under the age of 18, 10.3% from 18 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 11.8% from 45 to 64, and 6.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 22 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.4 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $31,806, and the median income for a family was $32,083. Males had a median income of $25,469 versus $25,000 for females. The per capita income for the city was $8,162. About 16.9% of families and 20.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.1% of those under age 18 and 20.0% of those age 65 or over.

Education
Lower Kuskokwim School District operates the Zacharias John Williams Memorial School, PreK-12. it has 155 students, with 90% classified as learners of English as a second language, 85% are on free or reduced lunch programs, and the majority are of Central Yupik Eskimo origins; that year only two students were not Yupik. That year the school had 34 employees, with four of them being native Alaskans; the employees included 16 teachers. The current building opened in October 2016, and the original building opened in 1982.

title: Napaskiak, Alaska


text:
Newtok, Alaska

Newtok is a small village on the Ningliq River in the Bethel Census Area, Alaska, United States. At the 2010 census, the population was 354, up from 321 in 2000. Climate change is forcing the primarily Central Yup'ik Alaska Native village to consider relocation. Mertarvik is the destination of those leaving the village.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1.1 sqmi, of which, 1.0 sqmi of it is land and 0.1 sqmi of it (7.21%) is water.

Demographics
Newtok first appeared on the 1950 U.S. Census as "Keyaluvik", an unincorporated native village. This was also the name of the earlier settlement just to the west, which became known as "Old Keyaluvik." In 1960, the name was changed to Newtok. Newtok formally incorporated in 1976, but disincorporated in 1997. It was then made a census-designated place (CDP), effective with the 2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 321 people, 63 households, and 51 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 313.1 PD/sqmi. There were 67 housing units at an average density of 65.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 3.12% White, 95.33% Native American, and 1.56% from two or more races.

There were 63 households, out of which 68.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.5% were married couples living together, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.0% were non-families. 19.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 5.10 and the average family size was 5.96.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 45.2% under the age of 18, 10.0% from 18 to 24, 26.8% from 25 to 44, 14.3% from 45 to 64, and 3.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 21 years. For every 100 females, there were 118.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 112.0 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $32,188, and the median income for a family was $32,188. Males had a median income of $26,250 versus $15,625 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $9,514. About 29.8% of families and 31.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 38.9% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

Environmental issues
In 2007, The New York Times reported that erosion made Newtok an island between the widening Ningliq River and a slough to the north, because Alaskan permafrost is melting due to climate change. Coastal storms and thawing permafrost have worn away the land upon which Newtok was built. According to The New York Times article, because the village is below sea-level and sinking, the town could be washed away within a decade.

Erosion of the tundra by the river has destroyed much of the area of the village, including the barge dock. The United States Army Corps of Engineers' March 2009 report estimates the highest point in the town, the high school, will be under water by the year 2017.

The town was featured in the 2009 History Channel's TV show, Tougher in Alaska, in the episode called "Dangerous Earth."

In 2015, Newtok was one of the two towns featured in the Al Jazeera English Fault Lines documentary, When the Water Took the Land.

By 2019, the first residents moved to a new town, Mertarvik.

Education
Lower Kuskokwim School District operates the Ayaprun School, K-12. the school has 128 students, 12 teachers, and 27 other employees. Its continuation is the Mertarvik Pioneer School.

Relocation
Land has been acquired for a new townsite called Mertarvik on nearby Nelson Island about 9 mi away, and $1 million in government funding has been obtained to build a dock for delivering building supplies.

As of 2016, although the town's roughly 400 residents voted in 2003 to relocate to higher ground nine miles away, progress has been slow.

On December 24, 2016, the village made a disaster declaration request to the Federal Emergency Management Agency for disaster assistance due to "flooding, persistent erosion, and permafrost degradation starting on January 1, 2006 and continuing." The request would "include relocation of the Yupik Tribe (population of ~350 people)."

During the summer of 2018, a 6,000 square-foot community center was built, as were 8 houses. Plans for 2019 include interior work in the community center so it can be used as a school, a generator building, and 13 more houses. Construction of roads, pipes, and a water treatment plant is planned. The goal is to complete relocation by 2023.

In September 2022, Typhoon Merbok caused damage to fuel barrels and moved the ocean shoreline closer to the edge of the town.

title: Newtok, Alaska


text:
Nightmute, Alaska

Nightmute ( or Negta ) is a city and village in Bethel Census Area, Alaska, United States. The population was 208 at the 2000 census and 280 as of the 2010 census.

History
Negtemiut literally means ‘the people of the pressed-down place’. The first element is negte- ‘to press down on’. The suffix is -miut ‘people’.

It first appeared on the 1940 U.S. Census as the unincorporated native village of "Nigtmuit". In 1950 and 1960, it was spelled "Nigtmute". In 1970, the spelling used was "Nightmute". It formally incorporated in 1974.

In 1964, many of its residents relocated by dogsled and founded the bayside community of Toksook Bay about 15 mi downriver. The relocation was to avoid the yearly spring-winter migration to and from Umkumiut and Nightmute.

Geography
Nightmute is located on Nelson Island near Toksook Bay. The two villages connect by snowmachine trail in winter.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 101.5 sqmi, of which 97.0 sqmi is land and 4.6 sqmi (4.50%) is water. Nightmute lies 15 to 17 miles east of the neighboring village of Toksook Bay.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 208 people, 47 households, and 38 families residing in the city. The population density was 2.1 PD/sqmi. There were 54 housing units at an average density of 0.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 91.83% Native American, 5.29% White and 2.88% from two or more races. 0.96% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 47 households, out of which 61.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.2% were married couples living together, 17.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.1% were non-families. 10.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.43 and the average family size was 5.03.

In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 41.3% under the age of 18, 13.5% from 18 to 24, 28.4% from 25 to 44, 12.0% from 45 to 64, and 4.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 22 years. For every 100 females, there were 108.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.9 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $35,938, and the median income for a family was $36,250. Males had a median income of $21,250 versus $23,125 for females. The per capita income for the city was $9,396. About 7.1% of families and 10.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.6% of those under the age of eighteen and none of those 65 or over.

Education
The school is Negtemiut Elitnaurviat School, a.k.a. Nightmute School, operated by the Lower Kuskokwim School District.

Health
Sale, importation and possession of alcohol are banned in the village.

Popular culture
Nightmute is the setting of the 2002 Christopher Nolan film Insomnia, starring Hilary Swank, Al Pacino, and Robin Williams. The film was not shot in the real Nightmute, but Squamish, British Columbia.

title: Nightmute, Alaska


text:
Nunapitchuk, Alaska

Nunapitchuk  is a city in Bethel Census Area, Alaska, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 496, up from 466 in 2000.

Geography
Nunapitchuk is located at 60.89639°N, -162.45444°W (60.896352, -162.454383).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 8.6 sqmi, of which, 7.9 sqmi of it is land and 0.7 sqmi of it (8.07%) is water.

Demographics
Nunapitchuk first appeared on the 1940 U.S. Census as the unincorporated native village of "Nunatpichuk" (apparently erroneously spelled). It was returned as Nunapitchuk in 1950 and 1960. In 1969, Nunapitchuk and the neighboring village of Kasigluk were merged to form the city of Akolmiut. (See City of Akolmiut below) In 1982, both communities decided to dissolve Akolmiut and become separate cities again. Nunapitchuk returned again beginning on the 1990 census and in every successive census to date (2010).

As of the census of 2000, there were 466 people, 105 households, and 91 families residing in the city. The population density was 59.3 PD/sqmi. There were 120 housing units at an average density of 15.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 3.43% White, 95.49% Native American, 0.43% Asian, 0.21% from other races, and 0.43% from two or more races.

There were 105 households, out of which 67.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.6% were married couples living together, 11.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 12.4% were non-families. 10.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 1.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.44 and the average family size was 4.88.

In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 41.8% under the age of 18, 10.3% from 18 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 15.7% from 45 to 64, and 4.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 23 years. For every 100 females, there were 109.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 115.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $29,286, and the median income for a family was $30,313. Males had a median income of $16,250 versus $36,250 for females. The per capita income for the city was $8,364. About 14.6% of families and 20.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.9% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

City of Akolmiut (1969-1982)
The former city of Akolmiut was the result of the consolidation of neighboring villages of Nunapitchuk and Kasigluk incorporating into a city in 1969. After appearing on the 1970 and 1980 censuses, the communities decided to separate themselves back into two independent cities again in 1982, resuming their former names.

Life in Nunapitchuk
Nunapitchuk is part of the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, and as such sits on swampy tundra. There are no roads to or within Nunapitchuk; buildings are connected by a network of boardwalks. The village is accessible by small aircraft, boats, and hovercraft, as weather permits.

The village's grocery and fuel needs are served by a single general store, owned and operated by the local Alaska Native Corporation, Nunapitchuk, Limited. Many locals also practice subsistence fishing and hunting.

The city regularly experiences flooding. In May 2020, historic flooding caused significant damage.

Sale, importation and possession of alcohol are banned in the village.

Education
Lower Kuskokwim School District operates the Anna Tobeluk Memorial School, K-12. the school had 203 students, 15 certified teachers, and 16 classified employees. English is the sole language of instruction at Tobeluk.

title: Nunapitchuk, Alaska


text:
Oscarville, Alaska

Oscarville is a census-designated place (CDP) in Bethel Census Area, Alaska, United States. The population was 70 at the 2010 census, up from 61 in 2000.

Geography
Oscarville is located at 60.72139°N, -161.76833°W (60.721274, -161.768440).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1.6 sqmi, of which, 1.5 sqmi of it is land and 0.1 sqmi of it (8.54%) is water.

Demographics
Oscarville first reported on the 1940 U.S. Census as an unincorporated native village. In 1980, it was made a census-designated place (CDP).

As of the census of 2000, there were 61 people, 15 households, and 12 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 40.6 PD/sqmi. There were 20 housing units at an average density of 13.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 0.00% White, 98.36% Native American, and 1.64% from two or more races.

There were 15 households, out of which 53.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.7% were married couples living together, 6.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.0% were non-families. 20.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.07 and the average family size was 4.58.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 42.6% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 27.9% from 25 to 44, 14.8% from 45 to 64, and 8.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 25 years. For every 100 females, there were 110.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 133.3 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $8,125, and the median income for a family was $16,250. Males had a median income of $24,375 versus $0 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $5,824. There were 50.0% of families and 40.0% of the population living below the poverty line, including 18.8% of under eighteens and 100.0% of those over 64.

Education
Lower Kuskokwim School District operates the Qugcuun Memorial School, K-12. the school had 13 students. It is a bilingual English-Yup'ik school.

title: Oscarville, Alaska


text:
Platinum, Alaska

Platinum is a city in Bethel Census Area, Alaska, United States. The population was 61 at the 2010 census, up from 41 in 2000.

Geography
Platinum is located at 59.01306°N, -161.81639°W. It is located on Goodnews Bay adjacent to the mouth of the Small River and eleven miles southwest of Goodnews and the Kilbuck Mountains.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 44.7 sqmi, of which, 44.6 sqmi of it is land and 0.1 sqmi of it (0.16%) is water.

Climate
Platinum has a subarctic climate (Dfc) with short, cool and rainy summers and long, cold winters with moderate snowfall peaking during March.

History
Platinum was named in the 1930s due to the platinum ore found in the area. The site was a mining boomtown by 1937 boasting a roadhouse, two trading posts and a population of 50. A post office had been established in 1935. An earlier Inuit village called Arviq had been abandoned. The town was incorporated as a city in 1975.

Ray Petersen Flying Service was awarded the exclusive contract in 1937 to fly for the Goodnews Bay platinum and iridium mine, hauling miners and company supplies out of his base at Bethel, Alaska.

During World War II, the Alaska Territorial Guard served to safeguard it against Japanese attack as it was the only source of the strategic metal platinum in the Western Hemisphere.

Demographics
Platinum first appeared on the 1940 U.S. Census as an unincorporated village. It formally incorporated in 1975.

As of the census of 2000, there were 41 people, 17 households, and 9 families residing in the city. The population density was 0.9 PD/sqmi. There were 26 housing units at an average density of 0.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 7.32% White, 90.24% Native American, and 2.44% from two or more races.

There were 17 households, out of which 47.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 29.4% were married couples living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.2% were non-families. 41.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 2.90.

In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 26.8% under the age of 18, 2.4% from 18 to 24, 43.9% from 25 to 44, 17.1% from 45 to 64, and 9.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 130.8 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $21,250, and the median income for a family was $22,500. The per capita income for the city was $7,632. There are 33.3% of families living below the poverty line and 22.0% of the population, including 33.3% of under eighteens and none of those over 64

Education
Lower Kuskokwim School District operates the Arviq School, K-12. Due to a decline in student enrollment it closed in Spring 2001, but it reopened in October 2007. the school had 20 students.

Geology
In 1926, Walter Smith, an Eskimo, discovered what he thought was "white gold" at the mouth of Fox Gulch, a tributary of Platinum Creek. Samples sent to the United States Bureau of Mines in Fairbanks determined it was actually platinum. In 1928, Charles Thorsen discovered platinum in Clara Creek, while Edward St. Clair discovered platinum in Squirrel Creek. Consolidation of the subsequent mining claims resulted in Goodnews Bay Mining Co. and Clara Creek Mining Co. becoming the major operators mining these placer deposits containing 60 per cent platinum and 22 percent iridium. The largest nugget was found on Squirrel Creek and weighed 1.5 ounces. These placers are found in the drainage east of Red Mountain, which is composed of dunite. However, platinum has not been found on the mountain. Goodnews Bay Mining Co. started operating a dragline excavator on Squirrel Creek on August 11, 1934, and on Platinum Creek and Fox Gulch in 1937. The company started operations with a dredge in Nov. 1937. The Clara Creek Mining Co. started mining operations on Clara Creek in 1936. A total of 3000 ounces of platinum metals were recovered from all mining operations between 1927 and 1934, and 18,000 ounces between 1934 and 1937.

title: Platinum, Alaska


text:
Quinhagak, Alaska

Quinhagak is a city in Bethel Census Area, Alaska, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city is 776, up from 669 in 2010.

The Yupik name for the village is Kuinerraq, meaning "new river channel." It has been dated to at least 1000 AD.

Quinhagak is near the Nunalleq archaeological site, which has "easily the largest collection of pre-contact Yup'ik material anywhere," according to anthropologist Rick Knecht. Thousands of items dating from 1350 to 1670 have been uncovered. These include many organic artifacts preserved in permafrost. The site is located along eroding coastline and up to 75% of the original site is thought to have washed away as of 2013, including the original excavation site.

Geography
Quinhagak is located at 59.75337°N, -161.9027°W. It is situated on the Kanektok River and near the Arolik River, approximately a mile from the Kuskokwim Bay of the Bering Sea.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 5.2 sqmi, of which, 4.7 sqmi of it is land and 0.6 sqmi of it (10.86%) is water.

Demographics
Quinhagak has appeared under six different names on census records over the course of a century. It first appeared on the 1880 U.S. Census as the unincorporated Inuit village of "Quinchahamute." In 1890, it returned as "Quinhaghamiut." In 1900, it returned as "Kwiniak." In 1910, it returned as "Kwinak", with the alternative spelling of "Quinhagak." In 1920 and 1930, it appeared exclusively under its present spelling of Quinhagak. From 1940 to 1970, it was spelled as "Kwinhagak." It was formally incorporated in 1975 with the current spelling of Quinhagak.

As of the census of 2000, there were 555 people, 137 households, and 113 families residing in the city. The population density was 118.5 PD/sqmi. There were 153 housing units at an average density of 32.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 96.04% Native American, 1.26% from two or more races, and 2.70% White 0.72% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 137 households, out of which 50.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.2% were married couples living together, 12.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.8% were non-families. 12.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 1.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.05 and the average family size was 4.52.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 37.1% under the age of 18, 9.5% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 16.0% from 45 to 64, and 7.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 27 years. For every 100 females, there were 109.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 115.4 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $25,156, and the median income for a family was $25,313. Males had a median income of $23,750 versus $36,250 for females. The per capita income for the city was $8,127. About 27.2% of families and 26.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 34.0% of those under age 18 and 25.0% of those age 65 or over.

Economy
The village hosts a commercial fishing industry and fish plant (not operational since the Platinum Fish Processing Plants opening in 2010). Although a commercial fishing village, there has been no commercial fishing since the local processor, Coastal Villages Seafood/Coastal Villages Region Fund, stopped buying salmon since 2016.

Most Quinhagak households practice subsistence hunting and gathering in addition to any wage work they are able to find, utilizing the village's excellent location for salmon and trout fishing, bird, caribou, and moose hunting, and berry picking. Much of the work available is government-funded (through the Lower Kuskokwim School District, which runs the local school, or through the Native Village of Kwinhagak).

Education
Lower Kuskokwim School District operates the Kuinerrarmiut Elitnaurviat School, K-12. The school has approximately 220 students enrolled with 37 staff members.

title: Quinhagak, Alaska


text:
Red Devil, Alaska

Red Devil is a census-designated place (CDP) in Bethel Census Area, Alaska, United States. The population was 23 at the 2010 census, down from 48 in 2000. Their post office was founded in 1957.

History
The village was named after the Red Devil Mine, established in 1921 by Hans Halverson when numerous mercury (quicksilver) deposits were discovered in the surrounding Kilbuck-Kuskokwim Mountains. By 1933, the mine was producing substantial quantities of mercury. Although the mine changed ownership twice over the years, it continued to operate until 1971.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 26.4 sqmi, of which, 24.2 sqmi of it is land and 2.2 sqmi of it (8.34%) is water.

Demographics
Red Devil first appeared on the 1960 U.S. Census as an unincorporated village. In 1980, it was made a census-designated place (CDP).

As of the census of 2010, there were 23 people, 12 occupied households, residing in the CDP. The population density was 1.9 PD/sqmi. There were 22 housing units at an average density of 0.9/sq mi (0.4/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 17.4% White, 43.5% Native American, and 39.1% from two or more races. The population was spread out, with 2 people under the age of 14, 2 people 15 to 19 and the remaining 19 people were 25 or older. The median income for a household for 2009 in the CDP was $59,886. 40.4% of the population lives beneath the poverty line.

title: Red Devil, Alaska


text:
Sleetmute, Alaska

Sleetmute (Deg Xinag: Tovisq'oł) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Bethel Census Area, Alaska, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 86, down from 100 in 2000.

Geography and climate
Sleetmute is located on the east bank of the Kuskokwim River, 1.5 miles north of its junction with the Holitna River. It lies 79 miles east of Aniak, 166 miles northeast of Bethel, and 243 miles west of Anchorage.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 105.3 sqmi, of which, 99.5 sqmi of it is land and 5.8 sqmi of it (5.49%) is water.

Demographics
Sleetmute first appeared on the 1930 U.S. Census as the unincorporated village of "Sleitmut." In 1940, it returned as "Sleitmute." In 1950, and in every successive census, it has returned as Sleetmute. In 1980, it was made a census-designated place (CDP).

As of the census of 2000, there were 100 people, 33 households, and 25 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1.0 PD/sqmi. There were 51 housing units at an average density of 0.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 11.00% White and 89.00% Native American.

There were 33 households, out of which 33.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.5% were married couples living together, 21.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.2% were non-families. 24.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.03 and the average family size was 3.56.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 33.0% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 17.0% from 25 to 44, 29.0% from 45 to 64, and 13.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 138.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 109.4 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $15,000, and the median income for a family was $20,417. Males had a median income of $6,250 versus $0 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $8,150. There were 47.4% of families and 57.7% of the population living below the poverty line, including 78.6% of under eighteens and 25.0% of those over 64.

Education
The Kuspuk School District operates a K-12 rural school, Jack Egnaty, Sr. School.

In popular culture
Sleetmute is mentioned in multiple episodes of the television series Northern Exposure. For example, in the episode "Midnight Sun", Dr. Fleishman coaches the town of Cicely's basketball team and tries to end Sleetmute's domination.

title: Sleetmute, Alaska


text:
Stony River, Alaska

Stony River (Gidighuyghatno’ Xidochagg Qay’ in Deg Xinag, K'qizaghetnu Hdakaq’ in Dena'ina) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Bethel Census Area, Alaska, United States. The population was 54 at the 2010 census, down from 61 in 2000.

Native inhabitants are mixed Athabaskan and Yup'ik ancestry of Alaska Native. Stony River village is the modern contact point between Yu'pik Eskimo and three distinct Athabaskan peoples: Deg Hit'an, Dena'ina, and Upper Kuskokwim. Today there is considerable multilingualism in Stony River village between Yu'pik and three distinct Athabaskan languages.

Geography
The Stony River CDP is located at 61.7875°N, -156.59111°W (61.787592, -156.591194) on an island in the Kuskokwim River at the mouth of the Stony River, approximately 140 mi northeast (upriver) of Bethel.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 12.6 km2, of which 8.0 km2 is land and 4.6 km2, or 36.71%, is water.

Demographics
Stony River first appeared on the 1970 U.S. Census as an unincorporated village. It was made a census-designated place (CDP) in 1980.

As of the census of 2000, there were 61 people, 19 households, and 14 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 16.8 PD/sqmi. There were 25 housing units at an average density of 6.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 14.75% White, 78.69% Native American, and 6.56% from two or more races.

There were 19 households, out of which 52.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.4% were married couples living together, 5.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.3% were non-families. 21.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.21 and the average family size was 3.64.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 39.3% under the age of 18, 13.1% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 11.5% from 45 to 64, and 6.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 24 years. For every 100 females, there were 117.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 131.3 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $20,714, and the median income for a family was $20,714. Males had a median income of $8,750 versus $0 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $5,469. There were 38.9% of families and 38.7% of the population living below the poverty line, including 36.7% of those under 18 and none of those over 64.

Education
The Kuspuk School District operates a K-12 rural school, Gusty Michael School.

title: Stony River, Alaska


text:
Toksook Bay, Alaska

Toksook Bay (TOOK-sook or TUCK-sook) is a city and village on Nelson Island in Bethel Census Area, Alaska. The population was 590 at the 2010 census, up from 532 in 2000. As of 2018, the estimated population was 667, making it the largest village on the island.

Toksook Bay (pronounced Tuqsuk Bay in Yup'ik) was established in 1964 by residents of nearby Nightmute. Nunakauyaq is its ‘real name’. Almost the entire population are members of the Alaska Native Nunakauyarmiut ("People of Nunakauyaq"), who rely on fishing and other subsistence activities.

History
The community was chosen as the site of first enumeration of the 2020 U.S. Census, due to the remoteness of the Alaskan Bush and the necessity of collecting census data early from remote sites. The enumeration started on January 21, 2020.

Demographics

Toksook Bay first appeared on the 1970 U.S. Census as an unincorporated village. It formally incorporated in 1972.

As of the census of 2000, there were 532 people, 106 households, and 94 families residing in the city. The population density was 16.1 PD/sqmi. There were 110 housing units at an average density of 3.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 2.44% White, 94.36% Native American, and 3.20% from two or more races.

There were 106 households, out of which 68.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.1% were married couples living together, 12.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 11.3% were non-families. Of all households 10.4% were made up of individuals, and 0.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 5.02 and the average family size was 5.45.

In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 44.0% under the age of 18, 9.8% from 18 to 24, 27.4% from 25 to 44, 14.1% from 45 to 64, and 4.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 22 years. For every 100 females, there were 118.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 124.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $30,208, and the median income for a family was $32,188. Males had a median income of $22,813 versus $36,250 for females. The per capita income for the city was $8,761. About 26.9% of families and 27.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 37.4% of those under age 18 and 28.6% of those age 65 or over.

Education
The Lower Kuskokwim School District operates Nelson Island School, K–12.

title: Toksook Bay, Alaska


text:
Tuluksak, Alaska

Tuluksak is a census-designated place (CDP) in Bethel Census Area, Alaska, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 373, down from 428 in 2000.

Geography
Tuluksak is located at 61.10249°N, -160.96065°W.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3.1 sqmi, of which, 3.0 sqmi of it is land and 0.1 sqmi of it (2.24%) is water.

Demographics
Tuluksak first appeared on the 1880 U.S. Census as an unincorporated Inuit village. All 150 residents were Inuit. In 1890, it returned as "Tuluksagmiut." All residents were listed as Native. It did not report again until 1920, when it returned under its original 1880 spelling of Tuluksak. It has returned in every successive census to date. In 1970, it formally incorporated. In 1997, it disincorporated as a city and was reclassified as a census-designated place (CDP).

As of the census of 2000, there were 428 people, 86 households, and 76 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 140.1 PD/sqmi. There were 93 housing units at an average density of 30.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 5.14% White, 94.16% Native American and 0.70% Asian.

There were 86 households, out of which 53.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.3% were married couples living together, 9.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 11.6% were non-families. 11.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.98 and the average family size was 5.37.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 39.7% under the age of 18, 12.4% from 18 to 24, 28.7% from 25 to 44, 11.4% from 45 to 64, and 7.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 24 years. For every 100 females, there were 117.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.4 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $31,563, and the median income for a family was $33,125. Males had a median income of $21,250 versus $31,250 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $7,132. About 21.3% of families and 27.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 33.6% of those under age 18 and 11.1% of those age 65 or over.

title: Tuluksak, Alaska


text:
Tuntutuliak, Alaska

Tuntutuliak is a census-designated place (CDP) in Bethel Census Area, Alaska, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 408, up from 370 in 2000.

Geography
Tuntutuliak is located at 60.34278°N, -162.67278°W (60.342643, -162.672666).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 119.4 sqmi, of which, 119.2 sqmi of it is land and 0.2 sqmi of it (0.13%) is water.

Demographics
Tuntutuliak first appeared on the 1950 U.S. Census as the unincorporated village of "Tuntatuliag." The spelling was changed to the present Tuntutuliak effective with the 1970 census. It was made a census-designated place (CDP) in 1980.

As of the census of 2000, there were 370 people, 84 households, and 74 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 3.1 /mi2. There were 97 housing units at an average density of 0.8 /mi2. The racial makeup of the CDP was 0.81% White, 98.92% Native American, and 0.27% from two or more races. 0.81% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 84 households, out of which 54.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.1% were married couples living together, 16.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 11.9% were non-families. 10.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 1.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.40 and the average family size was 4.74.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 42.7% under the age of 18, 11.1% from 18 to 24, 25.4% from 25 to 44, 15.4% from 45 to 64, and 5.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 23 years. For every 100 females, there were 110.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 109.9 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $25,500, and the median income for a family was $26,000. Males had a median income of $38,750 versus $18,750 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $7,918. About 27.3% of families and 23.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.1% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

The main language spoken in the village is Yup'ik (translated to Yupiaq which means "genuine" or "real" people). This is the first language which the children are exposed to. That would make English their second language which is learned in the local school (Lewis Angapak Memorial School).

The name Tuntutuliak in the Yup'ik language means "the land of many caribou." The first settlers of the village moved to Tuntutuliak from an old village site called Qinaq. What is left of the old village is nothing but graves, and maybe a bear home at the end of the river called "Avcuamciq" which divided Qinaq in half.

The governing body of the village is called the Tuntutuliak Tribal Council. The council is also divided into several other smaller companies. Those companies are the Environmental Protection Agency, the local police department(VPOs-Village Police Officers, VPSOs-Village Public Safety Officers), and the health clinic.

Education
Lower Kuskokwim School District operates Lewis Angapak Memorial School, K-12. the students are Yupik people.

title: Tuntutuliak, Alaska


text:
Tununak, Alaska

Tununak (Too-new-nak) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Bethel Census Area, Alaska, United States. At the 2020 census, the population was 411.

Geography
Tununak is located at 60.58056°N, -165.25944°W (60.580477, -165.259486).

It is located on the northwest side of Nelson Island in the Bering Sea. It is approximately 5 mi from the closest village Toksook Bay and a year-round trail exists between the two villages.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 60.7 sqmi, of which, 60.5 sqmi of it is land and 0.2 sqmi of it (0.33%) is water.

Demographics
Tununak first appeared on the 1880 U.S. Census as "Tanunak", an unincorporated village of 8 residents, all Inuit. It appeared on the 1890 census as the village of "Dununuk." In 1940, it appeared again as "Tanunak" until it was incorporated as Tununak in 1975. It was disincorporated in 1997 and made a census-designated place (CDP) effective with the 2000 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 325 people, 82 households, and 59 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 5.4 /mi2. There were 93 housing units at an average density of 1.5 /mi2. The racial makeup of the CDP was 94.77% Central Yupik, 3.08% White, and 2.15% from two or more races.

There were 82 households, out of which 47.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 7.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.0% were non-families. 23.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 1.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.96 and the average family size was 5.00.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 42.5% under the age of 18, 10.8% from 18 to 24, 26.8% from 25 to 44, 12.9% from 45 to 64, and 7.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 23 years. For every 100 females, there were 139.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 159.7 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $25,000, and the median income for a family was $26,500. Males had a median income of $18,125 versus $0 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $7,653. About 29.6% of families and 30.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 37.9% of those under age 18 and 50.0% of those age 65 or over.

The naturalist Edward Nelson, who visited the island in 1878, noted 6 people living on Nelson Island: 5 Yupik and one non-Yupik trader.

Composition
In 2003 there were seventy houses. There were also two shops and a video/DVD rental business.

Government and infrastructure
In 2003 the community had a post office.

In 2003 "honey buckets" for human waste and wells for drinking water were used due to a lack of sewage and water systems.

Education
Lower Kuskokwim School District operates Paul T. Albert Memorial School, K-12. It is a bilingual English-Yugtun school. there are about 108 students at the school, all Alaska Natives. In 2003 it was the building of the largest size in Tununak. Kimberly C. Price, who formerly taught at the school, stated that students are in mainly Yupik speaking houses and generally retain fluency of the language.

The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) formerly operated a school in Tununak. It was converted into school district employee housing.

Transportation

 * Tununak Airport

There was a single main road.

title: Tununak, Alaska


text:
Upper Kalskag, Alaska

Upper Kalskag (Аппер-Калскаг) is a city in Bethel Census Area, Alaska, United States. It is thirty miles west of Aniak. At the 2010 census the population was 210, down from 230 in 2000.

Culture and history
Upper Kalskag is a traditional Yup'ik village, with a culture centered on subsistence activities. The founding residents were from the native village of Kaltkhagamute, four miles down river. The Russian explorer Lavrenty Zagoskin reported a population of 120 in 1843 for Kaltkhagamute (Khalkagmute). Over the years, residents of Crow Village, Ohagamiut, Russian Mission, and Paimute also moved to the village. Russian and American explorers brought both Roman Catholic and Russian Orthodox religious influences, but the village's Russian Orthodox practitioners left to establish Lower Kalskag 2 miles downriver in 1940. George Morgan, a German immigrant who founded Georgetown, established a general store and post office in 1932. Paul N. Kameroff, Sr. also established a general store, a pool hall, and a coffee shop around 1930. The government school was built in that timeframe as well. The community once owned a herd of about 2000 caribou.

Geography
Upper Kalskag is located at 61.5375°N, -160.31611°W (61.537440, -160.316070).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.1 sqmi, of which, 3.8 sqmi of it is land and 0.3 sqmi of it (8.47%) is water.

Upper Kalskag, referred to by the locals as just "Upper", is linked to Lower Kalskag (Lower) by a single two mile maintained gravel/dirt road.

Upper Kalskag is accessible only by small plane, boat, and automobile via the river "ice road" (Winter only). The ice road is constructed each winter from Aniak to Bethel by drilling and marking holes in the ice every 100 yards and subsequently marking and plowing a route on the river where the ice depth is sufficient.

Demographics
Upper Kalskag first reported on the 1940 U.S. Census erroneously as the unincorporated village of "Old Kalskag." The population was 70 instead of 76, while the population accredited to Upper Kalskag (then called "Kalskag") was actually for Lower Kalskag. It would continue to report as Kalskag on the census until it formally incorporate as Upper Kalskag in 1975.

As of the census of 2000, there were 230 people, 62 households, and 44 families residing in the city. The population density was 60.8 PD/sqmi. There were 66 housing units at an average density of 17.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 8.70% White, 0.43% Black or African American, 85.65% Native American, and 5.22% from two or more races.

There were 62 households, out of which 56.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.1% were married couples living together, 16.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.0% were non-families. 24.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.71 and the average family size was 4.55.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 43.9% under the age of 18, 10.4% from 18 to 24, 27.0% from 25 to 44, 12.6% from 45 to 64, and 6.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 22 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 111.5 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $28,333, and the median income for a family was $32,708. Males had a median income of $16,667 versus $20,938 for females. The per capita income for the city was $7,859. About 24.5% of families and 24.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.4% of those under the age of eighteen and 5.3% of those 65 or over.

title: Upper Kalskag, Alaska


text:
King Salmon, Alaska

King Salmon is a census-designated place (CDP) in Bristol Bay Borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. It is 284 mi southwest of Anchorage. As of the 2020 census the population was 307, down from 374 in 2010. It is home to Katmai National Park and Preserve. King Salmon is the borough seat of neighboring Lake and Peninsula Borough, but does not serve that purpose in its own borough, whose borough seat is in Naknek.

Geography
King Salmon is on the north bank of the Naknek River on the Alaska Peninsula, about 16 mi upriver from Naknek, near Naknek Lake. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 171.0 sqmi, of which, 169.6 sqmi is land and 1.4 sqmi (0.82%) is water.

Climate
King Salmon has a subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc) even though it is at 58° North. Temperatures, especially extreme ones, are much less moderate than in the subpolar oceanic climate of the Pacific Ocean side of the Alaska Peninsula; however, average temperatures in winter are still milder than some locations in the coterminous United States, such as Fargo, North Dakota. The town lies just below the southern limit of sporadic permafrost in Alaska, and is strongly sheltered from the extremely wet Aleutian Low which drops most of its moisture on the opposite (eastern) side of the mountains. It is a lot colder than fellow west-coast climates of Europe on the same latitude due to the influence of the Siberian High on Bering Sea surface temperatures. In summer, King Salmon catches up to similar latitudes in the British Isles, where the difference is much stronger in winter. The area remains quite a bit colder year round than around the Baltic Sea in a similar west-facing location.

The warmest temperature recorded is 89 F in July 2019 and the coldest is -48 F in January 1989. Winter days are sometimes very cold due to winds from the interior during cold waves. The coldest daily maximum measured was -34 F, also in January 1989. During the 1991–2020 normals, the coldest daily maximum averaged -12 F. Warm summer nights are a rarity, although 65 F was recorded in August 1919. The warmest low in a regular year averages a modest 55 F.

Demographics
King Salmon first appeared on the 1960 U.S. Census as an unincorporated village. It was made a census-designated place (CDP) as of the 1980 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 442 people, 196 households, and 105 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 2.6 PD/sqmi. There were 343 housing units at an average density of 2.0 /mi2. The racial makeup of the CDP was 66.29% White, 1.13% Black or African American, 28.96% Native American, 0.23% Asian (i.e. 1 person), 0.23% from other races, and 3.17% from two or more races. 0.45% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 196 households, out of which 30.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.4% were married couples living together, 4.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.4% were non-families. 41.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 1.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 3.17.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 26.2% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 35.7% from 25 to 44, 28.1% from 45 to 64, and 2.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 122.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 131.2 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $54,375, and the median income for a family was $64,375. Males had a median income of $45,000 versus $35,500 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $26,755. About 8.8% of families and 12.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.5% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

Parks

 * Katmai National Park and Preserve

History
In the 1930s, the U.S. government built an air navigation silo at the site of present-day King Salmon. At the beginning of World War II, the U.S. Army Air Forces built an air base around the silo. It was maintained by the Civil Aeronautics Administration throughout the war.

In the 1940s and 1950s, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers constructed a 25 km long road from King Salmon to Naknek. Other government agencies, such as the National Park Service, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, and the United States Weather Bureau, built facilities at King Salmon. The King Salmon Inn opened in 1956.

King Salmon is now a government, transportation, and service and shipment center for the commercial red salmon and sport fishing industries.

The Air Force base closed in 1994, and is kept in caretaker status (mothballed) by Anchorage-based Chugach Federal Solutions, Inc. King Salmon Airport is now a public access airport.

King Salmon is one of the sites of Super Dual Auroral Radar Network.

In 2010, a local National Weather Service employee and his wife were involved in a domestic terrorism plot that had proceeded to the operational phase. A hit list of 20 people that included media and military personnel was found.

title: King Salmon, Alaska


text:
Naknek, Alaska

Naknek is a census-designated place located in and the borough seat of Bristol Bay Borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. As of the 2020 census, the population of the CDP was 470, down from 544 in 2010.

Naknek is located on the north bank of the Naknek River, close to where the river runs into the Kvichak Bay arm of the northeastern end of Bristol Bay. South Naknek is on the other side of the river.

Geography
Naknek is located at 58.73972°N, -156.97167°W (58.739857, -156.971704).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 82.20 sqmi, of which, 81.54 sqmi is land and 0.67 sqmi is water. The total area is 0.85% water.

History
Captain Vasiliav of the Imperial Russian Navy (IRN) reported an Eskimo village here around 1821, naming it "Naugiek". Lieutenant Sarichev, also of the IRN, listed it as "Naugvik" in 1826, while Captain Tebenkov of the IRN spelled it "Naknek" in 1852. Fort Surarov or "Sowaroff" was built nearby, if not at this location. The Naknek post office was established in 1907.

Demographics
Naknek first appeared on the 1880 U.S. Census as one of two unincorporated Inuit villages called "Paugwik." This apparently also included the future village of South Naknek on the south side of the Naknek River. The community appeared on Ivan Petroff's 1880 Census map as "Kinghiak", but did not include a separate population. There is confusion as to whether the villages listed on the 1890 census, Pakwik (population 93) and Kinuyak (AKA Kinghiak) (population 51) were on either the south or north side of the river, but credited "Kinuyak" here for Naknek, which also included an unnamed native village on Naknek Lake. In 1900, it returned as Naknek. It did not appear on the 1910 census, but returned again in 1920 and to date. It was made a census-designated place (CDP) as of the 1980 census.

As of the census of 2000, there were 678 people, 247 households, and 162 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 8.1 PD/sqmi. There were 455 housing units at an average density of 5.4 /mi2. The racial makeup of the CDP was 49.47% White, 2.00% Black or African American, 45.28% Native American, 0.15% Asian, 0.74% Pacific Islander, and 2.36% from two or more races. 0.29% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 247 households, out of which 44.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.0% were married couples living together, 6.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.4% were non-families. 25.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74 and the average family size was 3.44.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 35.0% under the age of 18, 4.6% from 18 to 24, 34.8% from 25 to 44, 21.8% from 45 to 64, and 3.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 116.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 121.6 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $53,393, and the median income for a family was $65,000. Males had a median income of $44,375 versus $35,341 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $21,182. About 3.1% of families and 3.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.9% of those under the age of 18 and none of those 65 and older.

Education
Naknek is served by the Bristol Bay Borough School District. Naknek Elementary and Bristol Bay Middle/High School are housed in the same building and serve about 100 students.

Notable residents

 * Adelheid Herrmann, Alaskan state legislator (1983–89), researcher
 * Jay Hammond, Alaskan governor

title: Naknek, Alaska


text:
South Naknek, Alaska

South Naknek is a census-designated place (CDP) in Bristol Bay Borough, Alaska, United States. At the 2020 census the population was 67, down from 79 in 2010.

Geography
South Naknek is located at 58.71167°N, -157.0175°W (58.711630, -157.017460).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 89.88 sqmi, of which, 87.45 sqmi of it is land and 2.43 sqmi of it (2.70%) is water.

Demographics
South Naknek first appeared on the 1880 U.S. Census as one of two unincorporated Inuit villages called "Paugwik." This apparently also included the future village of Naknek on the north side of the Naknek River. There is confusion as to whether the villages listed on the 1890 census, Pakwik (population 93) and Kinuyak (AKA Kinghiak) (population 51) were on either the south or north side of the river. Not until the 1940 census would South Naknek return again, and (for the first time) under that name. It did not appear in 1950, but returned again in 1960 and in every successive census. It was made a census-designated place (CDP) as of the 1980 census. Within the present boundaries is also the former village of Savonoski, which appeared once on the 1940 census with a population of 20, located east of the village of South Naknek (now a ghost). This is not to be confused with a village of the same name, which was evacuated following the Katmai eruptions of 1912.

As of the census of 2000, there were 137 people, 46 households, and 33 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1.4 PD/sqmi. There were 137 housing units at an average density of 1.4 /mi2. The racial makeup of the CDP was 13.14% White, 1.46% Black or African American, 83.94% Native American, 0.73% Asian and 0.73% Pacific Islander. 2.19% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 46 households, out of which 39.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.1% were non-families. 15.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.98 and the average family size was 3.32.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 29.9% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 32.1% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 6.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 128.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 128.6 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $22,344, and the median income for a family was $44,375. Males had a median income of $30,625 versus $23,750 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $13,019. There were 16.1% of families and 27.1% of the population living below the poverty line, including 41.7% of under eighteens and none of those over 64.

Education
Young residents of South Naknek attend high school at Bristol Bay High School, in Naknek, Alaska. Naknek is located on the opposite side of the river. There is no bridge connecting the two towns, so school-children must be flow across the river and the beginning and the end of the school day. The Bristol Bay School District has provided this service as recently as 2008 for school-children whose "school bus" from South Naknek to Naknek is an airplane.

title: South Naknek, Alaska