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C. D. Payne

C. D. Payne (born C. Douglas Payne; July 5, 1949) is an American writer of absurdist fiction who is best known for his series of novels about fictional teenager Nick Twisp. They are called the "Youth in Revolt" series or "The Journals of Nick Twisp."

In the novels the protagonist, Nick, strives to balance out his budding sexual urges while remaining an intellectual teenager in a world of moronic adults.

Along with the "Youth" series he is the author of several other novels including Frisco Pigeon Mambo and Civic Beauties, a parody of politics in the United States, which follows the lives of teenage twin girls whose father is campaigning to be Vice President. He has also published a play titled, Queen of America: A Royal Comedy in Three Acts. Frisco Pigeon Mambo was bought by Fox Animation, but was never made into a film.

Youth in Revolt was developed and distributed by Dimension Films in January 2010.

Personal life
Payne was born in Akron, Ohio, in 1949, and graduated from Harvard College in 1971. He then moved to California and lived in a trailer in Santa Monica. He has worked as a newspaper editor, cartoonist, typesetter, graphic artist, proofreader, photographer, advertising copywriter, trailer park handyman, and carpenter.

He is married and lives with his pet in Sonoma County, California.

Payne is an avid collector of campers, mobile homes, and trailers. His most prized possession is a 1964 Airstream trailer.

Nick Twisp series

 * 1) Youth in Revolt: The Journals of Nick Twisp (contains books 1–3) (Aivia Press, 1993). Contains:
 * Book 1: Youth in Revolt
 * Book 2: Youth in Bondage
 * Book 3: Youth in Exile
 * NOTE: All subsequent reprints are also titled Youth in Revolt: The Journals of Nick Twisp (Doubleday, 1995: ISBN 0-385-47693-0) (Main Street Books, 1996: ISBN 0-385-48196-9) (published by Quartet in the UK), but they contain edited versions of books 1–3.
 * Cut to the Twisp: The Lost Parts of Youth in Revolt and Other Stories (Contains the content that was edited out of the Main Street Books and Doubleday editions of Youth in Revolt, and it also contains an additional dozen short humor pieces) (Aivia Press, 2001: ISBN 1-882647-03-3)

 Revolting Youth: The Further Journals of Nick Twisp (a.k.a. Book 4: Revolting Youth) (Aivia Press, 2000: ISBN 1-882647-15-7) Young and Revolting: The Continental Journals of Nick Twisp (a.k.a. Book 5: Young and Revolting) (Infinity Publishing, 2006: ISBN 0-7414-3417-2) Revoltingly Young: The Journals of Nick Twisp's Younger Brother (a.k.a. Book 6: Revoltingly Young) (Infinity Publishing, 2006: ISBN 0-7414-3416-4) Son of Youth in Revolt: The Journals of Scott Twisp (a.k.a. Book 7: Son of Youth in Revolt) (CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2012: ISBN 1466436085) Revolt at the Beach: More Twisp Family Chronicles (a.k.a. Book 8: Youth in Venice) (Aivia Press, 2015: ISBN 1882647068) Licensed To Revolt: The Journals of Twisps on the Move (a.k.a. Book 9: Licensed To Revolt) (Aivia Press, 2018: ISBN 9781882647309) Revolting Obsessions (Aivia Press, 2019) Revolting Relations (Aivia Press, 2019) Revolting Times (Aivia Press, 2020) Revolting Narcissists (Aivia Press, 2021) Wealth Through Leisure (Aivia Press, 2022)

Other books

 * Civic Beauties: A Musical Novel (Aivia Press, 1999: ISBN 1-882647-20-3)
 * Frisco Pigeon Mambo (Aivia Press, 2000: ISBN 1-882647-24-6)
 * Invisibly Yours (CreateSpace, 2010: ISBN 1-4538-5411-8)
 * Helen and Brenda (Aivia Press, 2014: ISBN 1-4961-5109-7)
 * Cheeky Swimsuits of 1957 (Aivia Press, 2014: ISBN 1-8826-4701-7)
 * Miracle in a Can (Aivia Press, 2016: ISBN 1-8826-4712-2)
 * The Unpleasant Poet (Aivia Press, 2017: ISBN 1-8826-4708-4)
 * Cary and Randy: A Play in Two Acts (Aivia Press, 2017: ISBN 1-8826-4721-1)
 * Gambling on Divorce (Aivia Press, 2023: ISBN 9798397065313)

Plays

 * Queen of America: A Royal Comedy in Three Acts (Aivia Press, 2001: ISBN 1-882647-10-6)
 * The inaugural performance was by the City Lights Theater Company in San Jose, CA.

Television and film

 * Episode #2A of Disney's Recess; titled "Mama's Girl" (3rd episode of the second season). Aired on September 19, 1998. Teleplay was based on a story that C. D. Payne wrote for the show.
 * Frisco Pigeon Mambo. The film rights to this novel are currently owned by the now defunct Fox Animation Studios. It is unknown what the status is or plans are with these rights.
 * Youth in Revolt was released January 8, 2010.

title: C. D. Payne


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List of Unification movement people

Notable members and supporters of the Unification Church, founded by Sun Myung Moon.

Moon family
The family of Reverend Sun Myung Moon (1920–2012), founder and leader of the Unification Church, and his wife Hak Ja Han are known as the "True Family". Moon and Han are known as "True Father" and "True Mother" within the movement, and collectively as "True Parents". They were married in 1960. Their children are known as the "True Children":
 * Hyo Jin Moon (1960–2008) – Moon and Han's first son, who died of a heart attack in 2008. He was a musician and a recording facility executive. He was born in South Korea and grew up in the United States in New York State.
 * Heung Jin Moon (1966–1984) – Moon and Han's second son, died in auto accident, believed by members to be leading workshops in the afterlife in which spirits of deceased persons are taught Unification movement teachings.
 * In Jin Moon – Moon and Han's second daughter and president of the Unification Church of the United States from 2008 to 2012.
 * Kook Jin Moon – Moon and Han's fourth son. Businessman and firearms designer. Owns and operates Kahr Arms, a U.S. small arms manufacturer, former chairman of Tongil Group, a South Korean chaebol associated with the Unification Church.
 * Hyun Jin Moon (born 25 May 1969) – Moon and Han's son, a social entrepreneur, and the founder and chairman of the Global Peace Foundation and the Family Peace Association.
 * Sun Jin Moon – Moon and Han's daughter, appointed by Han as international president of the Unification Church in March 2015.
 * Un Jin Moon (born 1969) – Moon and Han's daughter. She left the church and divorced her husband, who by had been picked for her by her parents.
 * Young Jin Moon (1978–1999) – Moon and Han's second-youngest son who committed suicide in 1999, jumping himself from a casino window.
 * Hyung Jin Moon (born 1979) – Moon and Han's youngest son and former international president of the Unification Church. He has since founded a Pennsylvania-based unofficial Unification Church, militant offshoot, World Peace and Unification Sanctuary, also known as "Rod of Iron Ministries."

Unification Church members

 * Ek Nath Dhakal, Nepalese politician.
 * Mose Durst – President of the Unification Church of the United States in the 1980s, author, educator.
 * David Eaton (born July 2, 1949, in Cleveland, Ohio) is an American composer and conductor who has been the music director of the New York City Symphony since 1985.
 * Dan Fefferman – Executive Director of the International Coalition for Religious Freedom.
 * Patrick Hickey – Nevada state legislator and author of Tahoe Boy: A Journey Back Home, his autobiography which told of his experiences as a Unification Church leader and of his marriage to a Korean woman introduced to him by Moon.
 * Nansook Hong – Ex-wife of Hyo Jin Moon and ex-member of the Unification Church. Author of book about her experiences, In the Shadow of the Moons: My Life in the Reverend Sun Myung Moon's Family.
 * Frank Kaufmann – Comparative religion scholar; editor of journal Dialogue and Alliance; IRFWP director
 * Young Oon Kim (1914–1989) was a leading theologian of the Unification movement and its first missionary to the United States.
 * Chung Hwan Kwak – Former chairman and president of United Press International and of News World Communications, Inc.; former leader of many other Unification Church-affiliated organizations.  Honorary President of the Global Peace Foundation.
 * Tom McDevitt – President of The Washington Times, from 2007 to 2009. Unification movement spokesperson, and pastor in the Washington, D.C. region.
 * Julia Moon (born 1963) – widow, by posthumous wedding, of Heung Jin Moon; born Hoon Sook Pak, oldest daughter of longtime major leader and key aide Bo Hi Pak; General Director and former prima ballerina of Universal Ballet, South Korea.
 * Bo Hi Pak (1930−2019) — Founding chairman and president of The Washington Times; main translator (during the 70s and 80s) for Moon's speeches given to English speaking audiences. Author of Messiah, a biography of Sun Myung Moon.
 * Junko Sakurada (桜田 淳子) – Singer and actress.
 * Neil Albert Salonen – Former president of the Unification Church of the United States and of the University of Bridgeport.
 * Lee Shapiro (1949–1987) – Documentary filmmaker, died while filming in Afghanistan in 1987, during the Soviet–Afghan War.
 * Josette Sheeran – Vice Chairman of the World Economic Forum, formerly Executive Director of the United Nations World Food Programme and journalist and editor of The Washington Times.
 * Kevin Thompson – Pastor of the Bay Area Family Church, a Unification Church congregation located in San Leandro, California.
 * Jonathan Wells – Author of Icons of Evolution: Science or Myth? and senior fellow of the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture.
 * Andrew Wilson – Professor at Unification Theological Seminary; editor of World Scripture: A Comparative Anthology of Sacred Texts.

Supporters of the Unification Church
These are some people well-known for their support of the Unification Church.
 * Shinzo Abe (1954–2022), Prime Minister of Japan (2006 - 2007 and 2012 - 2020). His public support of the Japanese Unification Church is cited as the main reason that in 2022 he was assassinated.
 * Ralph Abernathy, minister, civil rights leader, served as vice president of the Unification Church-affiliated group American Freedom Coalition, and served on two Unification movement boards of directors.
 * Neil Bush, businessman, son of 41st President George H. W. Bush and brother of 43rd President George W. Bush, promoted Moon and the Unification Church at events in Asia-Pacific and the United States.
 * Manu Chandaria, Kenyan businessman, is a member of the Global Leadership Council and the patron and chairman of the Global Peace Foundation in Africa.
 * Danny K. Davis, United States congressman co-sponsored a 2004 ceremony in which Moon was crowned the "King of Peace."
 * Louis Farrakhan, the leader of The Nation of Islam, an African American Islamic organization, served as a "co-officiator" at a Blessing ceremony of the Unification Church. In 2000 the Unification movement co-sponsored the Million Family March, a rally in Washington D.C. to celebrate family unity and racial and religious harmony, along with the Nation of Islam. Farrakhan was the main speaker at the event.
 * Newt Gingrich, former Speaker of the US House who spoke at events held by Unification Church-affiliated organizations and wrote opinion pieces for The Washington Times which is owned by the Unification Church.
 * Morton Kaplan, author and University of Chicago professor of political science. Editor of Unification Church owned The World & I magazine and organizer of movement sponsored conferences.
 * Kim Chong Pil (1926–2018), South Korean politician and founder of the Korean Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA), supported the Unification Church's political activism in the United States.
 * Nobusuke Kishi (1896–1987), Japanese politician and Prime Minister and grandfather of Shinzo Abe. He was longstanding supporter the Japanese Unification Church, which his postwar political agenda led him to help set up in 1963.
 * Douglas MacArthur II, American diplomat. Chairman of the World Media Association and member of the editorial advisory board of the Washington Times.
 * Emmanuel Milingo, now excommunicated Roman Catholic archbishop, married by Moon in 2001 to Unification Church member and supporter of Unification Church projects.
 * Richard L. Rubenstein, author and educator. Appointed by Moon as president of the University of Bridgeport.
 * Ryoichi Sasakawa, Japanese businessman and philanthropist. Supported Moon’s anti-communist work in Asia.
 * Ninian Smart (1927–2001), Scottish author and professor at University of Lancaster and University of California at Santa Barbara. President of the American Academy of Religion. Supported the Inter Religious Federation for World Peace, the International Conference on the Unity of the Sciences and other Unification Church affiliated projects.
 * George Augustus Stallings, Jr., former Roman Catholic priest. Organized Washington, D.C. coronation of Moon. Married and his wife were in Unification Church celebration.
 * Peter Tapsell, former Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives. In 2006, he sponsored the Unification Church organization Universal Peace Federation in New Zealand and spoke at a rally with Mrs. Moon.
 * Donald Trump, real estate investor and President of the United States (2017–2021) gave speeches at the event hosted by an affiliate of the Unification Church supporting Han's leadership and calling for Korean reunification.

Researchers and Opponents of the Unification Church
These are the organizations and people well-known for their opposition to the Unification Church and/or their malpractices. Also people who are known for their research on the organization and their beliefs.
 * Eileen Barker, British sociologist who studied the Unification Church's brainwashing practices.
 * Steven Hassan, former vice director of the Unification Church of the United States turned important anti-cult critic.
 * John Lofland lived with HSA-UWC missionary Young Oon Kim and a small group of American members and studied their activities. Lofland published his findings in 1964 as a doctoral thesis entitled "The World Savers: A Field Study of Cult Processes", and in 1966 in book form by Prentice-Hall as Doomsday Cult: A Study of Conversion, Proselytization, and Maintenance of Faith.
 * Peter Maass an investigative journalist who reported on the Unification Church's activities for The New Yorker and other publications.
 * Walter Ralston Martin, leading Christian anti-cultist. Criticized Unification Church teachings in his best-selling book The Kingdom of the Cults.
 * National Network of Lawyers Against Spiritual Sales (Zenkoku Benren), Japanese group of lawyers who provide legal assistance for cult victims.
 * Masaki Kito, acting executive for Zenkoku Benren.
 * Eito Suzuki, anti-cult investigative journalist.
 * Sayuri Ogawa, former member turned anti-cult activist.
 * Tetsuya Yamagami, the assassin of Shinzo Abe.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of Unification movement people


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Talk:Absurdist fiction

Theatre of the absurd
Is absurdist fiction related to the theatre of the absurd in any way? Would, for example, Samuel Beckett's novels qualify, or Alfred Jarry (an article I need to work on at some point)? Or is this a more recent cultural phenomenon, separate from Genet and Ionesco and so on? Either way, the theatrical version needs to be mentioned, either as an equivalent, or to make it clear there's no relationship. --Camembert

 * There is a relationship, but the difference is very basic: absurdist fiction does not include plays, only novels. Absurdist theater, or the theater of the absurd, would entail plays written by playwrites. Hope that clarifies. -EB-

 * Thanks, EB - I just wanted to make sure that "absurdist" wasn't being used here in a completely different way. I associate absurdism with Pinter and Genet and Beckett and so on, so it was a bit of a shock to see Roald Dahl here. I didn't want to add background stuff about Jarry et al and then have somebody say "not that kind of absurdism, you fool" :) --Camembert

Examples?
Well known examples of this kind of fiction?

I cannot quote many myself that I'm sure of, Catch 22, and M*A*S*H, are the only two in my head as of yet. I'll put those two in for now. I'm sure people will add to or change these at a later date. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by SGGH (talk • contribs).

-I feel like a lot of Science Fiction is absurdist, particularly New Wave stuff like Philip Dick, etc. Also Douglas Adams for a very well known example, though not Science Fiction *really*. For that matter Thomas Pynchon, Kurt Vonnegut, Franz Kafka (I think), Gabriel Garcia Marquez, JG Ballard. I think the absurdist premise can be combined with other genres in the case of a lot of these authors. It's more a mindset than a genre. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 209.30.189.166 (talk • contribs).

Is it just for books?
Is Absurdist fiction specific to books or does it include Music, Movies, and TV also? --Mjbauer95 (talk) 04:48, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

Is A Series of Unfortunate Events considered Absurdist Fiction?
Someone removed it from the list but I added it back because I saw a link to Absurdist fiction on the A Series of Unfortunate Events Page. --Mjbauer95 (talk) 04:53, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

Absurdist vs. surrealist fiction

 * I am unsure if there should be a distinction made between absurdist fiction and surrealist fiction, when the two concepts seem to be merged into one article here. I realize the two may overlap, like almost any of the many genres of ficiton, but my understanding of the difference between the two is as follows. Surrealist fiction might be called "absurd fiction" only because it involves bizareness or meaninglessness in literary ways (such as absurd situations, nonsense, non-sequiturs in plot and characters' logic, etc.). What the term "absurdist fiction" however may exclusively denote is fiction that falls under the particular philosophy of absurdism. While surrealist fiction employs absurdity (a quality of being nonsensical), absurdist fiction employs absurdism (a very specific philosophical school of thought). A good example of surrealist fiction (that I feel is purely literary nonsense rather than absurdist fiction) is Alice's Adventures in Wonderland; in this novel, there are not many obvious absurdist elements, but there are obvious absurd (and surrealist) elements. A good example of absurdist fiction (without being surrealist) is The Stranger; in this novel, nothing literally nonsensical occurs, however, the protagonist does explore the philosophy of absurdism. Are "surrealist" and "absurdist" really deemed synonymous within the realm of fiction? At the very least, the two originate from different foundations (one the surrealist art movement and the other the absurdist philosophical movement). I think the main argument is that there can be, in fact, a difference between the words "absurd" and "absurdist." Wolfdog (talk) 01:51, 15 June 2010 (UTC)

Spurious examples
I think some of the examples (Kafka, Gogol) predate the absurdist philosophical/literary movement and their inclusion is a kind of historical revisionism, the same kind of revisionism that calls Hamlet an existentialist work, to lend authority to the movement. I removed Kafka and Gogol from the list, but their inclusion now makes me doubt the veracity of the rest of the items listed. Does someone have citations for any of the works listed? There's a difference between "works that feature strange or absurd events" and "works of absurdist fiction", and I'm concerned that the list contains the former rather than the latter. Augurar (talk) 17:41, 26 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Augurar, I would have to agree with you... It seems that someone is confusing seemingly absurd fiction with "absurdist" fiction. Specifically, there is nothing absurdist about Kafka's The Metamorphosis or The Trial. If anything, someone who finds those works to be absurdist is openly indicating they haven't actually read the text or didn't understand the story. Both stories have deep purposes to their narrative, with explicit morals derived from their stories. To suggest that these stories are absurdist (assuming the editor comprehended its meaning correctly) is to imply that the contributor did not understand what they read... Stevenmitchell (talk) 00:46, 7 September 2015 (UTC)

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Image in this Article
I'm not sure if this was intentional, but I like how the image in this article can also be interpreted as an absurdist statement. On my computer screen, it just shows up as a squashed blank white thing. An absurdist image on an article related to absurdism. Very nice touch. 鄭予愷 (talk) 03:04, 9 November 2020 (UTC)

Typing Error? Egg scholar?
In the Ideology section of this article it states that Frederich Nietzsche was a "Latin and Greek egg scholar." What exactly is an egg scholar? Richaardvark (talk) 17:57, 10 July 2024 (UTC)

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Talk:List of Unification movement people

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Supporters section
Is this section okay? It seems kind of weird to me to list people by what seems to be their mostly indirect connection to something. Do we have, for instance, a list of supporters of Notre Dame University? Mightyherculescalifornia (talk) 11:26, 1 August 2022 (UTC)


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District of Duchy of Lauenburg

Duchy of Lauenburg (Herzogtum Lauenburg; ) is the southernmost Kreis, or district, officially called District of Duchy of Lauenburg (Kreis Herzogtum Lauenburg; ), of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is bordered by (from the west and clockwise) the district of Stormarn, the city of Lübeck, the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (districts of Nordwestmecklenburg and Ludwigslust-Parchim), the state of Lower Saxony (districts of Lüneburg and Harburg), and the city state of Hamburg. The district of Herzogtum Lauenburg is named after the former Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg.

Geography
The district's territory comprises most of the former Duchy's territory north of the river Elbe, except of the Amt Neuhaus. All the former Saxe-Lauenburgian areas beyond the Elbe belong today to the Lower Saxon districts of Cuxhaven (Land of Hadeln), Harburg and Lüneburg.

The district's area contains a number of historically important towns, e.g. Lauenburg/Elbe, Mölln and Ratzeburg. This importance was due to the Old Salt Route (Alte Salzstraße), one of the major medieval trade routes. Salt from the salt-works south of the Elbe river was transported northward to Lübeck. The transport of salt was also the motive for constructing the oldest artificial waterway of Europe, the Stecknitz Canal (1398). It was replaced in 1900 by the Elbe-Lübeck Canal.

The landscape is characterised by numerous lakes, forming the Lauenburg Lakes Nature Park. The largest lake is the Ratzeburger See with an area of 16 km².

History
The district Herzogtum Lauenburg is named after the medieval Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg, which was one of the remnants of the original Duchy of Saxony. The Duchy of Saxony was partitioned in a process started in 1269, nine years after in 1260 Albert II and John I had succeeded their father Albert I of Saxony. In 1269, 1272 and 1282, the brothers gradually divided their governing competences within the three territorially unconnected Saxon areas along the Elbe river (one called Land of Hadeln, another around Lauenburg upon Elbe and the third around Wittenberg upon Elbe), thus preparing a partition.

After John I's resignation in 1282, Albert II ruled with his still minor nephews Albert III, Eric I and John II, who by 1296 definitely partitioned the duchy providing Saxe-Lauenburg for the brothers, and Saxe-Wittenberg for their uncle Albert II. The last document, mentioning the brothers and their uncle Albert II as Saxon fellow dukes dates back to 1295. A deed of 20 September 1296, circumscribing Saxe-Lauenburg, mentions the Vierlande (now Hamburg), Sadelbande (Land of Lauenburg), the Land of Ratzeburg, the Land of Darzing (later Amt Neuhaus), and the Land of Hadeln (the latter two now Lower Saxony) as the joint territory of the brothers, separate of Saxe-Wittenberg.

Saxe-Lauenburg was also known simply as Lauenburg. While the territory of Saxe-Wittenberg changed drastically over the centuries, the Duchy of Lauenburg remained almost unchanged, until it lost its independence in 1689, when it was inherited by the Principality of Lüneburg. From 1815–1864 it was ruled in personal union by the Duke of Holstein, being simultaneously King of Denmark. In 1864 it fell to Prussia after the Second Schleswig War. For a short period Lauenburg was still an autonomous entity, but in 1876 it was incorporated as a district into the Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein.

Lauenburg upon Elbe was the first capital and name-giving to the Duchy, before it moved in 1619 to Ratzeburg, which remained the capital also when the Duchy was downgraded to a district within Prussia. In 1937—by a territorial redeployment within the scope of the Greater Hamburg Act—the city of Geesthacht (formerly a part of Hamburg), some Mecklenburgian exclaves, including Ratzeburg's Cathedral immunity district, and some Lübeckian exclaves within the district territory, were incorporated into the district.

In May 1945 British forces captured the district territory, which in September 1944 had been determined in the London Protocol to become part of the British Zone of Occupation. On 13 November 1945 the British general Colin Muir Barber and the Soviet general major Nikolay Grigoryevich Lyashchenko (Николай Григорьевич Лященко) signed the Barber-Lyashchenko Agreement (or the Gadebusch Agreement) in Gadebusch, redeploying some municipalities of the Duchy of Lauenburg District and neighbouring Mecklenburg, then part of the Soviet Zone of Occupation. Thus some eastern suburbs of Ratzeburg, such as Ziethen in Lauenburg, Mechow, Bäk and Römnitz became part of the district, while the Lauenburgian municipalities of Dechow, Groß and Klein Thurow (now component parts of Roggendorf) as well as Lassahn (now a component part of Zarrentin am Schaalsee) were ceded to Mecklenburg. The redeployment was accomplished on 26 November, the respective occupational forces had until 28 November to withdraw to their respective new zonal territories.

Coat of arms
The coat of arms displays a white horse, the ancient symbol of the duchy of Saxony. The horse is surrounded by a black and white checked border, which represents the colours of Prussia. This is a modified version of the arms used when Saxe-Lauenburg was ruled in personal union with the Danish monarchy, 1815-64. The former arms featured a golden horse's head on a red shield.

The coat of arms was granted on 12 November 1866, after the Hohenzollern dynasty started to rule Saxe-Lauenburg in personal union with the Kingdom of Prussia. In 1876 the duchy was incorporated in a real union into Prussia, forming a district within the Prussian Province of Schleswig-Holstein. The usage of the coat of arms was discontinued, as then districts were not allowed to use coats of arms. Today the coat of arms is used by the district, displayed with a crown on top.

District Administrator
From 1873–82 the Hereditary Land Marshal (Erblandmarschall) was responsible for administration of the district and the appointment of offices. The landrat (about in county commissioner), as a Prussian official, dealt only with the national administration.

 * 1873–1874: Regierungsassessor Jungbluth
 * 1874–1881: Graf Andreas von Bernstorff

After 1 October 1882 the Landrat became responsible also for local administration, free from state control.

 * 1882–1897: Oskar von Dolega-Kozierowski
 * 1897–1900: Graf Finck von Finckenstein
 * 1900–1907: Friedrich von Bülow
 * 1907–1919: Emil Mathis
 * 1919–1927: Kurt Schönberg
 * 1927–1933: Gustav Voigt
 * 1933–1938: Theodor Fründt, NSDAP
 * 1939–1945: Erich Jüttner, NSDAP

A change in government came about after the Second World War with the 1946 county statute issued by the British military government. The Landrat now temporarily functioned as an honorary head of the district council (Kreistag), which now dealt with the administration of the district directly. Later, however, the Landrat took over the district administration again.

 * 1945–1946: Ewald Raaz
 * 1946–1948: Wilhelm Gülich, SPD
 * 1948–1950: Fritz Vagt, CDU
 * 1950–1969: Gerhard Wandschneider
 * 1969–1975: Klaus Prößdorf
 * 1975–2002: Günter Kröpelin, CDU
 * 2002–2015: Gerd Krämer, independent
 * 2015–present: Dr. Christoph Mager, CDU

District President
The District President (Kreispräsident) is the chairman of the district council and is selected from its members. The president chairs the meetings of the council and represents the district, together with the landrat, abroad.

 * 19??–1994: Norbert Brackmann, CDU
 * 1994–2003: Helga Hinz, SPD
 * 2003–present: Meinhard Füllner, CDU

Organisation
Contrary to others in Schleswig-Holstein, this district is characterised by numerous relatively small municipalities, which practise direct democracy and citizens' participation. The administration most often takes place via offices, which are often of a very manageable size. To that extent, the scope of the planned Schleswig-Holstein Administrative Structure Law will be quite significant: according to the draft of the Ministry of the Interior, a minimum size of 8000 inhabitants was to be implemented for Ämter and independent municipalities as a regional reorganisation due 1 April 2007. Thus, the existence of six of the eleven Ämter of the district is threatened. However, a minimum size for municipalities belonging to an Amt has not yet been officially determined. Until the deadline, the possibility for voluntary unions exists, which, according to the draft, may as well cross district boundaries.

The economical emphasis of the district lies on the Hamburg bacon-belt, while the eastern parts in the Lauenburg Lakes Nature Park with their abundance of water cater more to tourism and are largely focused on agriculture. The district belongs to Hamburg Metropolitan Region.

Transportation

 * In 2003, the public transit system in the district was integrated into the Hamburger Verkehrsverbund (HVV).
 * Connections to the Autobahn network are provided by the A1 (Hamburg–Lübeck) in the west, the A 24 (Hamburg–Berlin) in the south, the A 25 (Geesthacht–Hamburg) and the A 20 (Lübeck–Rostock) in the north of the district.
 * Railway connections exist from Hamburg to Büchen and on to Berlin; and from Lüneburg to Büchen and on to Lübeck, via Mölln/Ratzeburg. Both routes are operated by Deutsche Bahn AG. From Bergedorf to Geesthacht, there is still the old Bergedorf-Geesthachter Eisenbahn (BGE) freight route, which now serves as a museum railway line, belonging to the privately operated AKN Eisenbahn.
 * The Elbe harbour of Lauenburg/Elbe constitutes one end of the Elbe-Lübeck Canal, established in 1900. Via the Trave river, it connects the Central European network of canals to Lübeck and the Baltic Sea. The canal served as a part of the Old Salt Route.
 * Nearby airports are Lübeck Airport and Hamburg Airport.

Towns and municipalities
(Populations as of 30 June 2005 in brackets)

title: District of Duchy of Lauenburg


text:
University of Tromsø

The University of Tromsø – The Arctic University of Norway (Norwegian: Universitetet i Tromsø – Norges arktiske universitet; Northern Sami: Romssa universitehta – Norgga árktalaš universitehta) is a state university in Norway and the world's northernmost university. Located in the city of Tromsø, Norway, it was established by an act of parliament in 1968, and opened in 1972. It is one of ten universities in Norway. The University of Tromsø is the largest research and educational institution in Northern Norway and the sixth-largest university in Norway. The university's location makes it a natural venue for the development of studies of the region's natural environment, culture, and society.

The main focus of the university's activities is on auroral light research, space science, fishery science, biotechnology, linguistics, multicultural societies, Saami culture, telemedicine, epidemiology and a wide spectrum of Arctic research projects. The close vicinity of the Norwegian Polar Institute, the Norwegian Institute of Marine Research and the Polar Environmental Centre gives Tromsø added weight and importance as an international centre for Arctic research. Research activities, however, are not limited to Arctic studies. The university researchers work within a broad range of subjects and are recognised both nationally and internationally.

Mergers
On 1 January 2009, the University of Tromsø merged with Tromsø University College. The college's teacher education department (the descendant of the Tromsø Seminarium first established in 1848) became part of the university's department of education and pedagogy. On 1 August 2013, the university merged with Finnmark University College to form Universitetet i Tromsø – Norges arktiske universitet (The University of Tromsø – The Arctic University of Norway), thereby adding campuses in Alta, Hammerfest, and Kirkenes. On 1 January 2016, Narvik University College and Harstad University College merged with UiT - The Arctic University of Norway. As of January 2016 the university now has six campus locations in northern Norway, the main campus being Tromsø.

Spy case in 2022
In October 2022 a guest researcher at UiT was arrested by the Norwegian Police Security Service and charged with espionage against Norway. The researcher posed as a Brazilian researcher named José Assis Giammaria, but later revealed that he is a Russian citizen by the name Mikhail Valerijevitsj Mikusjin.

Mikusjin is a suspected illegalist who worked for the Russian intelligence service GRU.

Faculties and other units
The university is primarily divided into six faculties with multiple subordinate departments and several associated centres.

 * Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics
 * Department of Arctic and Marine Biology
 * The Norwegian College of Fishery Science
 * School of Business and Economics
 * Norwegian College of Fishery Science
 * Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology
 * Department of Industrial Engineering
 * Department of Building, Energy and Material Technology
 * Department of Automation and Process Engineering
 * Department of Computer Science and Computational Engineering
 * Department of Electrical Engineering
 * Faculty of Health Sciences
 * Department of Medical Biology
 * Department of Community Medicine
 * Department of Clinical Medicine
 * Department of Pharmacy
 * Department of Clinical Dentistry
 * Department of Psychology
 * Department of Health and Care Sciences
 * School of sport sciences
 * Department of Social Education
 * Faculty of Humanities, Social Sciences and Education
 * The Barents Institute
 * Centre for Women's and Gender Research
 * Centre for Peace Studies, Tromsø (CPS)
 * Department of Tourism and Northern Studies
 * Centre for Sami Studies
 * Department of Archaeology, History, Religious Studies and Theology
 * Department of Philosophy
 * Department of History and Religious Studies
 * Department of Culture and Literature
 * Department of Education
 * Department of Language and Linguistics
 * Center for Advanced Study in Theoretical Linguistics
 * Department of Social Sciences
 * Department of Language and Culture
 * Department of Child Welfare and Social Work
 * Faculty of Law
 * Norwegian Centre for the Law of the Sea
 * The Arctic University Museum of Norway and the Academy of Arts
 * The Arctic University Museum of Norway
 * Conservatory of Music
 * Academy of Arts
 * Faculty of Science and Technology
 * Department of Chemistry
 * Department of Computer Science
 * Department of Geosciences
 * Department of Mathematics and Statistics
 * Department of Physics and Technology
 * Department of Technology and Safety
 * Tromsø School of Aviation
 * Lie-Størmer Center for fundamental structures in computational and pure mathematics
 * The University Library

Campus Tromsø
University Campus Brevika in Tromsø consists of total 34 buildings and objects.
 * Administration building, 1989 (John Kristoffersen Arkitektkontor AS)
 * Arctic Biology building, 1993 (Arkitektkontoret Amundsen AS)
 * Ardna
 * Breivang building, 1951 / renovated 2016 (Arkitektkontoret Amundsen AS)
 * Breivika III, 1983 (Arkitektkontoret Dalsbøe & Østgaard AS / Borealis Arkitekter AS)
 * Exact Sciences (Realfag) building, 1978 (John Kristoffersen Arkitektkontor)
 * Lower and Upper Gazebo buildings (Nedre og Øvre Lysthus), 1991 (Blå strek arkitekter AS)
 * Medical and Health Faculty building, 1991 (Borealis Arkitekter AS & John Kristoffersen Arkitektkontor AS)
 * Museum Botanical Unit (Kvaløyvegen 30), built in 1952 as aquarium (Reidar Kolstrand), taken by museum in 1959, converted to Marine biology station in 1982 (Eigill Hallset), rebuilt and restored in 1999.
 * Natural Sciences (Naturfag) building, 1974, extended 1988, restored and rebuilt 2003 (A2-arkitektkontor AS, by architect MNAL Øyvind Ragde, Aall & Løkeland AS Redevelopment: Paul Pincus, Borealis AS)
 * Norwegian College of Fishery Science, 1994 (Steinsvik Arkitektkontor AS)
 * Northern Lights Observatory, 1971 (Terje Jacobsen & Eigill Hallset)
 * Northern Lights Planetarium / Science Centre of Northern Norway, 1989 (John Kristoffersen Arkitektkontor AS)
 * Operations Centre, 1985 (Arkitektkontoret Dalsbøe & Østgaard AS)
 * Pharmacy Building, 1998 (Borealis Arkitekter AS)
 * Polar Museum
 * Theoretical Subjects (Teorifag) building, Houses 1-6, 2004 (Telje-Torp-Aasen Arkitektkontor AS)
 * Tromsø University Museum, 1961 (Blakstad & Munthe-Kaas Arkitektkontor, Oslo)
 * University Library, 1981 (Arkitektkontoret Dalsbøe & Østgaard AS in cooperation with Ark. MNAL Leif Olav Moen)

Honorary doctors

 * Mari Boine, Norway (2018)
 * Olav Holt, Norway (2018)
 * Richard Horton, UK (2018)
 * Arieh Warshel, US (2018)
 * Laila Stien, Norway (2015)
 * Trond Mohn, Norway (2015)
 * Oran R. Young, US (2015)
 * Jonas Gahr Støre, Norway (2011)
 * Narve Bjørgo, Norway (2008)
 * Ole Henrik Magga, Norway (2008)
 * Barbara Neis, Canada (2008)
 * Steven Pinker, US (2008)
 * Johan P. Olsen, Norway (2006)
 * Jan Raa, Norway (2006)
 * Rodolfo Stavenhagen, Mexico (2006)
 * Ottar Brox, Norway (2003)
 * Erica I.A. Daes, Greece (2003)
 * Tor Hagfors, Norway (2003)
 * Nawal el-Saadawi, Egypt (2003)
 * Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama, Tibet (2001)
 * Mordechai Vanunu, Israel (2001)
 * William Nygaard, Norway (1998)
 * Salman Rushdie, UK (1998)
 * Mikhail Gorbachev, Russia (1998)
 * Robert Paine, Canada (1998)
 * Susanne Romaine, UK (1998)
 * Rigoberta Menchú Tum, Guatemala (1996)
 * Carsten Smith, Norway (1995)
 * Desmond Mpilo Tutu, South Africa (1994)
 * Jørn Dyerberg, Denmark (1993)
 * Torstein Bertelsen, Norway (1993)
 * Georg Henrik von Wright, Finland (1993)
 * Ragnhild Sundby, Norway (1993)
 * Helga Marie Hernes, Norway (1993)
 * Parzival Copes, Canada (1993)
 * Amy van Marken, Netherlands (1987)
 * Kjell Bondevik, Norway (1982)
 * Peter F. Hjort, Norway (1982)

Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov received an honorary doctorate at the University of Tromsø in 2011 for having secured an agreement on the dividing line in the Barents Sea but lost his status after 28 February 2022 due to a board decision related to his co-responsibility for the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Notable faculty

 * Nils Jernsletten (born 1934), professor of Sámi and editor of Sámi newspaper Ságat (1964–1966)
 * Jelena Porsanger (born 1967), Russian Sami ethnographer, university rector

Notable alumni

 * Monica Kristensen Solås (born 1950), glaciologist, meteorologist, polar explorer and crime novelist
 * Svein-Erik Hamran (born 1960), led the development of the RIMFAX for the Mars rover Perseverance
 * Sandra Márjá West (born 1990), politician and festival manager of Riddu Riđđu
 * Marianne Haukland (born 1989), politician and member of the Standing Committee on Family and Cultural Affairs

Logo
The ravens in the university's logo are Huginn and Muninn. In Norse mythology, Hugin and Munin travel the world for Odin, bringing him news and information. Huginn represents thought and Muninn memory. Ravens are an early Norse symbol, used, for example, on the raven banner.

title: University of Tromsø


text:
Gay panic defense

The gay panic defense or homosexual advance defence is a victim blaming strategy of legal defense, which refers to a situation in which a heterosexual individual charged with a violent crime against a homosexual (or bisexual) individual claims they lost control and reacted violently because of an unwanted sexual advance that was made upon them. A defendant will use available legal defenses against assault and murder, with the aim of seeking an acquittal, a mitigated sentence, or a conviction of a lesser offense. A defendant may allege to have found the same-sex sexual advances so offensive or frightening that they were provoked into reacting, were acting in self-defense, were of diminished capacity, or were temporarily insane, and that this circumstance is exculpatory or mitigating.

The trans panic defense is a closely related legal strategy applied in cases of assault or murder of a transgender individual whom the assailant(s) had engaged with, or were close to engaging with, in sexual relations, and claim to have been unaware that the victim was transgender, producing in the attacker an alleged trans panic reaction. In most cases, the violence or murder is perpetrated by a heterosexual man to a heterosexual trans woman.

Broadly, the defenses may be called the "gay and trans panic defense" or the "LGBTQ+ panic defense".

History
The gay panic defense grew out of a combination of legal defenses from the mid-nineteenth century and a mental disorder described in the early twentieth, seeking to apply the legal framework of the temporary insanity defense, provocation defense, or self-defense, often by using the mental condition of "homosexual panic disorder".

Homosexual panic disorder
Edward J. Kempf (1886–1971), a psychiatrist, coined the term "homosexual panic" in 1920 and identified it as a condition of "panic due to the pressure of uncontrollable perverse sexual cravings", and classified it as an acute pernicious dissociative disorder, meaning that it involved a disruption in typical perception and memory functions. Kempf identified the condition during and after World War I at St. Elizabeths Hospital in Washington, D.C.

The disorder was briefly included in DSM-1 as a supplementary term in Appendix C but did not appear in any subsequent editions of DSM and thus is not considered a diagnosable condition by the American Psychiatric Association.

Unlike the legal defense created later and named after it, the onset of the condition was not attributed to unwanted homosexual advances. Rather, Kempf stated that it was caused by the individual's own "aroused homosexual cravings".

Homosexual panic as a mental health disorder is distinct from the homosexual panic defense (HPD) (also known as "gay panic defense") within the legal system. Whereas homosexual panic disorder was at one point considered a diagnosable medical condition, the HPD implies only a temporary loss of self-control.

Types of defenses
The gay panic defense strategy usually falls into three categories of defenses: the provocation defense, self defense (including imperfect self defense) and insanity based defenses (including temporary insanity, irresistible impulse, and diminished responsibility). The gay panic defense is not a stand-alone defense, but rather a legal tactic used by the defense which seeks to obtain an acquittal, a mitigated sentence, or a conviction of a lesser offense.

Australia
In Australia, it is known as the "homosexual advance defence" (HAD). Of the status of the HAD in Australia, Kent Blore wrote in 2012:

"Although the homosexual advance defence cannot be found anywhere in legislation, its entrenchment in case law gives it the force of law. ... Several Australian states and territories have either abolished the umbrella defence of provocation entirely or excluded non-violent homosexual advances from its ambit. Of those that have abolished provocation entirely, Tasmania was the first to do so in 2003."

In Australia, as of 2023, all Australian states have either abolished the provocation defense altogether (Tasmania in 2003, Victoria in 2005, Western Australia in 2008 and South Australia in 2020), or have restricted its application. Queensland restricted the defense of provocation in 2011, and further restricted it in 2017 (with a clause to allow it in 'exceptional circumstances' to be determined by a magistrate). In a differing approach, New South Wales, the ACT and Northern Territory have implemented changes to stipulate that non-violent sexual advances (of any kind, including homosexual) are not a valid defense. In New South Wales, the law on provocation was amended to provide that the provocative conduct of the deceased must also have constituted a serious indictable offense.

South Australia was the first Australian jurisdiction to legalize consensual homosexual acts in 1975; however, it was the only Australian jurisdiction not to have repealed or overhauled the gay panic defense. In 2015, the South Australian state government was awaiting the report from the South Australian Law Reform Institute and the outcome of the appeal to the High Court from the Court of Criminal Appeal of South Australia. In 2011, Andrew Negre was killed by Michael Lindsay bashing and stabbing him. Lindsay's principal defense was that he stabbed Negre in the chest and abdomen but Negre's death was the result of someone else slitting Negre's throat. The secondary defense was that Lindsay's action in stabbing Negre was because he had lost self-control after Negre made sexual advances towards him and offered to pay Lindsay for sex. The jury convicted Lindsay of murder and he was sentenced to life imprisonment with a 23-year non-parole period. The Court of Criminal Appeal upheld the conviction, finding that the directions to the jury on the gay panic defense were flawed, but that every reasonable jury would have found that an ordinary person would not have lost self-control and acted in the way Lindsay did. The High Court held that a properly instructed jury might have found that an offer of money for sex made by a Caucasian man to an Aboriginal man in the latter's home and in the presence of his wife and family may have had a pungency that an unwelcome sexual advance made by one man toward another in other circumstances would not have. Lindsay was re-tried and was again convicted of murder. The Court of Criminal Appeal upheld the conviction, and an application for special leave to appeal to the High Court was dismissed. In April 2017, the South Australian Law Reform Institute recommended that the law of provocation be reformed to remove discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and/or gender, but that the removal of a non-violent sexual advance as a partial defence to murder be deferred until stage 2 of the report was produced. Finally, in 2020, South Australia abolished the defense of provocation altogether.

In 2023, one Hector Enrique Valencia Valencia in New South Wales was found not guilty of murder after discovering a sex worker he'd engaged with was a trans woman and proceeding to strangle her with a telephone cord. The presiding justice stated that it could not be proven beyond a reasonable doubt that Valencia had intended to seriously harm her. He was instead found guilty of manslaughter.

New Zealand
In 2003, a gay interior designer and former television host, David McNee, was killed by a part-time sex worker, Phillip Layton Edwards. Edwards said at his trial that he told McNee he was not gay, but would masturbate in front of him on a "no-touch" basis for money. The defense successfully argued that Edwards, who had 56 previous convictions and had been on parole for 11 days, was provoked into beating McNee after he violated their "no touching" agreement. Edwards was jailed for nine years for manslaughter.

In July 2009, Ferdinand Ambach, 32, a Hungarian tourist, was convicted of killing Ronald Brown, 69, by hitting him with a banjo and shoving the instrument's neck down Brown's throat. Ambach was initially charged with murder, but the charge was downgraded to manslaughter after Ambach's lawyer successfully invoked the gay panic defense.

On November 26, 2009, the New Zealand Parliament voted to abolish Section 169 of the Crimes Act 1961, removing the provocation defense from New Zealand law, although it was argued by some that this change was more a result of the failed provocation defense in the Sophie Elliott murder trial by her ex-boyfriend.

Philippines
Lance Cpl. Joseph Scott Pemberton, a U.S. Marine from Massachusetts, was convicted of homicide (but not of murder) in the killing of Jennifer Laude in a motel room in Olongapo in the Philippines in 2014. Police said that Pemberton became enraged after discovering that Laude was transgender. After Pemberton served six years of a ten-year sentence, President Rodrigo Duterte gave him an absolute pardon. Sen. Imee Marcos said the pardon would help the Philippines maintain "very deep and very cordial" relations with the US.

United Kingdom
Guidance given to counsel by the Crown Prosecution Service of England and Wales states: "The fact that the victim made a sexual advance on the defendant does not, of itself, automatically provide the defendant with a defence of self-defence for the actions that they then take." In the UK, it has been known for decades as the "Portsmouth defence"  or the "guardsman's defence". The latter term was used in a 1980 episode of Rumpole of the Bailey.

Federal laws
In 2018, Senator Edward Markey (D-MA) and Representative Joseph Kennedy III (D-MA) introduced S.3188 and H.R.6358, respectively, which would ban the gay and trans panic defense at the national level. Both bills died in committee.

In June 2019, the bill was reintroduced in both houses of Congress as the Gay and Trans Panic Defense Prohibition Act of 2019 (S.1721 and H.R.3133). The bills would prohibit a federal criminal defendant from asserting, as a defense, that the nonviolent sexual advance of an individual or a perception or belief of the gender, gender identity, or expression, or sexual orientation of an individual excuses or justifies conduct or mitigates the severity of an offense. Similarly to S.3188, after being sent to committee, the bill died at the end of 2020, and was re-introduced (as S.1137) in April 2021. It was reintroduced in January 2023.

State laws

In 2006, the California State Legislature amended the Penal Code to include jury instructions to ignore bias, sympathy, prejudice, or public opinion in making their decision, and a directive was made to educate district attorneys' offices about panic strategies and how to prevent bias from affecting trial outcomes. The American Bar Association (ABA) unanimously passed a resolution in 2013 urging governments to follow California's lead in prescribing explicit juror instructions to ignore bias and to educate prosecutors about panic defenses.

Following the ABA's resolution in 2013, the LGBT Bar is continuing to work with concerned lawmakers at the state level to help ban the use of this tactic in courtrooms across the country.

On September 27, 2014, Governor Jerry Brown signed Assembly Bill No. 2501, making California the first state in the US to ban the gay and trans panic defense. AB 2501 states that discovery of, knowledge about, or potential disclosure of the victim's actual or perceived gender, gender identity, gender expression, or sexual orientation does not, by itself, constitute sufficient provocation to justify a lesser charge of voluntary manslaughter.

In August 2017, Bruce Rauner, Governor of Illinois, signed SB1761, banning the gay and trans panic defenses in that state.

In June 2018, H7066aa and S3014, bills to prohibit the gay and trans panic defense passed the Rhode Island Assembly with overwhelming margins: The House voted 68–2 and the Senate voice voted 27–0. The Governor of Rhode Island signed the bill into law a month later in July 2018. The law went into effect immediately.

In 2019, the New York State Legislature once again considered banning the gay panic defense. For the 2019–2020 session, the bills considered were S3293 and A2707; prior versions of the bill have died in committee (S7048, 2013–14 session; A5467/S499, 2015–16 session; A5001/S50, 2017–18 session). On June 30, 2019, the day of the NYC Pride March, Governor Andrew Cuomo signed the ban into law, effective immediately.

In April 2019, both houses of the Hawaii State Legislature passed bills to prohibit the gay and trans panic defense (HB711 and SB2). A conference committee was set up to reconcile the two versions of the bill; the reconciled bill passed both houses on April 26, 2019, and was signed into law two months later, on June 26, 2019, by the Governor David Ige. It went into effect immediately.

In May 2019, the Nevada Legislature passed SB97 to prohibit the gay and trans panic defense used within Nevada state courts and tribunals. On May 14, 2019, Governor Steve Sisolak signed SB97 into law. The law went into effect on October 1, 2019.

In June 2019, the Connecticut General Assembly passed SB-0058 unanimously to prohibit the trans and gay panic defense. The bill was signed into law by Governor Ned Lamont. The law went into effect on October 1, 2019, as per the rules governed under the Constitution of Connecticut.

Also in June 2019, the Maine Legislature passed a bill (House vote 132–1 and Senate vote 35–0), which was signed by Governor Janet Mills on June 21, 2019, to ban the "gay and trans panic defense" effective immediately.

New Jersey passed a bill without a single vote in opposition to ban the gay and trans panic defense; it was signed into law in January 2020.

In February 2020, the Washington State Legislature passed a bill (House vote 90–5 with 3 excused and Senate vote 46–3) to abolish the gay panic defense. The bill was signed into law in March 2020, by the Governor of Washington State Jay Inslee. Washington state became the tenth US state to ban the gay panic defense when the law went into effect in June 2020.

In July 2020, Colorado became the 11th US state to abolish the gay panic defense. The final vote was 63–1–1 in the House and 35–0 in the Senate.

In December 2020, the Council of the District of Columbia unanimously voted on a bill to ban the use of the "gay and trans panic defense". Mayor Muriel Bowser said she would sign the measure. The bill will then go to Capitol Hill for a 30 legislative day review by Congress, required by the District of Columbia Home Rule Act.

As of January 2021, similar bills have been introduced in several other states.

In 2023, New Hampshire enacted HB 315, sponsored by Rep. Shaun Filiault. The state officially became the first Republican-controlled state to abolish the gay and trans panic defense, and went into effect on midnight January 1, 2024.

Effective from August 1, 2024, Minnesota implemented a law explicitly banning the gay and trans panic defense within an “omnibus justice bill” passed and signed into law in May 2024.

The Michigan legislature passed a ban on the use of the gay and trans panic defense on June 27, 2024.

Use of the gay panic defense
The gay panic defense is invoked as an affirmative defense, but only to strengthen a more "traditional criminal law defense such as insanity, diminished capacity, provocation, or self-defense" and is not meant to provide justification of the crime on its own. While using the gay panic defense to explain insanity has typically not been successful in winning a complete acquittal, diminished capacity, provocation, and self-defense have all been used successfully to reduce charges and sentences.

Historically, in US courts, use of the gay panic defense has not typically resulted in the acquittal of the defendant; instead, the defendant was usually found guilty, but on lesser charges, or judges and juries may have cited homosexual solicitation as a mitigating factor, resulting in reduced culpability and sentences.

In 1995, the tabloid talk show The Jenny Jones Show filmed an episode titled "Revealing Same Sex Secret Crush". Scott Amedure, a 32-year-old gay man, publicly revealed on the program that he was a secret admirer of Jonathan Schmitz, a 24-year old straight man. Three days after the episode was filmed, Schmitz confronted and killed Amedure. Schmitz was tried for the first-degree murder of Scott Amedure, however, he was convicted on the lesser offense of second-degree murder after asserting the gay panic defense.

Uses of the trans panic defense

 * A trans panic defense was used in 2004–2005 in California by the three defendants in the Gwen Araujo homicide case, who claimed that they were enraged by the discovery that Araujo, a transgender teenager with whom they had engaged in sex, had a penis. Following their initial suspicions about her birth-assigned sex, Araujo was "subjected to forced genital exposure in the bathroom, after which it was announced that she was 'really a man. The defendants claimed that Araujo's failure to disclose her birth-assigned sex and anatomy was tantamount to deception, and that the subsequent revelation of her birth-assigned sex "had provoked the violent response to what Thorman represented as a sexual violation 'so deep it's almost primal. The first trial resulted in a jury deadlock; in the second, defendants Mike Magidson and Jose Merél were convicted of second-degree murder, while the jury again deadlocked in the case of Jason Cazares. Cazares later entered a plea of no contest to charges of voluntary manslaughter. The jury did not return the requested hate crime additions to the convictions for the defendants.
 * Angie Zapata was beaten to death by Allen Andrade in July 2008. After Andrade learned that Zapata had a penis, she smiled at him and said "I'm all woman"; his defense attorney stated the smile "was a highly provoking act, and it would cause someone to have an aggressive reaction" when arguing to have the charge against him dropped to second-degree murder. Judge Marcelo Kopcow rejected that argument, and Andrade was sentenced to a mandatory sentence of life in prison without the possibility of parole after he was convicted by a jury of first-degree murder in 2009 after two hours of deliberation. The conviction included a hate crime endorsement, believed to be the first instance of a hate crime application when the victim was transgender.
 * Islan Nettles was beaten to death in Harlem just after midnight on August 17, 2013. The killer, James Dixon, was not indicted until March 2015, despite turning himself in three days after the attack and confessing that he had flown into "a blind fury" when he realized that Nettles was a transgender woman. Dixon pleaded not guilty to first-degree manslaughter at his indictment. Dixon was not charged with murder, which would have required proof of intent, nor was he charged with a hate crime. During his confession, Dixon said that his friends had mocked him for flirting with Nettles, not realizing that she was transgender. Furthermore, in an incident a few days prior to the beating, his friends had teased him after he flirted with two transgender women while he was doing pull-ups on a scaffolding at 138th Street and Eighth Avenue. Dixon pleaded guilty and received a sentence of 12 years' imprisonment, a sentence that Nettles' mother felt was too lenient.

title: Gay panic defense


text:
Tabernacle Choir

The Tabernacle Choir at Temple Square, formerly known as the Mormon Tabernacle Choir, is an American choir, acting as part of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). It has performed in the Salt Lake Tabernacle for over 100 years. The Tabernacle houses an organ, consisting of 11,623 pipes, which usually accompanies the choir.

The choir was founded on August 22, 1847, twenty-nine days after the Mormon pioneers entered the Salt Lake Valley. Prospective singers must be church members who are eligible for a temple recommend, between 25 and 55 years of age at the start of choir service, and live within 100 mi of Temple Square.

The choir is one of the most famous in the world. It first performed for a U.S. president in 1911, and has performed at the inaugurations of presidents Lyndon B. Johnson (1965), Richard Nixon (1969), Ronald Reagan (1981), George H. W. Bush (1989), George W. Bush (2001), and Donald Trump (2017). The choir's weekly devotional program, Music & the Spoken Word, is one of the longest-running radio programs in the world, and has aired every week since July 15, 1929.

History

The Tabernacle was completed in October 1867 and the choir held its first concert there on July 4, 1873.

The choir started out fairly small and rather undisciplined. On April 6, 1869, George Careless was appointed as the choir's conductor and the Tabernacle Choir began to improve musically. Under Careless, the first large choir was assembled by adding smaller choral groups to the main Salt Lake Choir. This larger choir, just over 300, sang at the church's October 6–8, 1873 general conference. It was at this point that the choir began to match the size of the spacious Tabernacle. On September 1, 1910, the choir sang the song "Let the Mountains shout for Joy" as their first ever recording. Three hundred of the 600 members showed up for the recording.

Since July 15, 1929, the choir has performed a weekly radio broadcast, Music & the Spoken Word, which is one of the longer-running continuous radio network broadcasts in the world.

Later directors brought more solid vocal training and worked to raise the standards of the choir. The choir also began improving as an ensemble and increased its repertoire from around one hundred songs to nearly a thousand. On July 15, 1929, the choir performed its first radio broadcast of Music & the Spoken Word. By 1950, the Tabernacle Choir at Temple Square performed numerous concerts each year and had released its first long-playing recording. During the 1950s, the choir made its first tour of Europe and earned a Grammy Award for its recording of the "Battle Hymn of the Republic."

At the end of the choir's 4,165th live broadcast on July 12, 2009, the show's host, Lloyd D. Newell, announced another milestone that the show had hit: the completion of its 80th year in existence. The show has been televised since the early 1960s and is now broadcast worldwide through approximately 1,500 radio and television stations.

On October 5, 2018, the choir retired the name "The Mormon Tabernacle Choir" and adopted the name "The Tabernacle Choir at Temple Square" in order to align with the direction of LDS Church leadership regarding the use of terms "Mormon" and "LDS" in referencing church members. The new name retains the reference to the historic Salt Lake Tabernacle, which has been the choir's home for over 150 years, and its location on Temple Square in Salt Lake City, Utah.

Several award-winning popular artists have reflected on the beauty of the choir's music publicly, including Bryn Terfel, Gladys Knight (of Gladys Knight & the Pips), Sting (of The Police), James Taylor, Ric Ocasek (of The Cars), and The Osmonds.

Milestones

Since its establishment, the Tabernacle Choir at Temple Square has performed and recorded extensively, both in the United States (where U.S. President Ronald Reagan called it "America's Choir" ) and around the world. The following are some of its key points:
 * Visited twenty-eight countries outside the United States.
 * Performed at thirteen World's Fairs and Expositions.
 * Released more than 130 musical compilations and several films and videotapes.
 * Reached more than 100 million YouTube views on its channel (in October 2017).
 * "Come, Thou Fount of Every Blessing" became the choir's first video to surpass 10 million YouTube views (in July 2020).

The Tabernacle Choir at Temple Square has performed for ten presidents of the United States beginning with William Howard Taft. The choir has also performed at the inaugurations of United States presidents Lyndon B. Johnson (1965), Richard M. Nixon (1969), Ronald Reagan (1981), George H. W. Bush (1989), George W. Bush (2001), and Donald Trump (2017).

Other notable events the choir has performed at include the following: It has also participated in several significant events, including:
 * Performed over twenty times at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, including at the opening ceremony, where they sang the national anthem and the Olympic Hymn under the direction of John Williams.
 * The American Bicentennial in Washington, D.C. (July 4, 1976)
 * The Constitution's bicentennial celebration at Independence Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1987)
 * National broadcasts honoring the passing of U.S. presidents:
 * Franklin D. Roosevelt (April 12, 1945)
 * John F. Kennedy (November 24, 1963)

Tours
From its first national tour in 1893, under the direction of Evan Stephens, to the Chicago World's Fair, the choir has performed in locations around the world, including:
 * Los Angeles (1926) Hollywood Bowl.
 * Chicago (1934) Century of Progress Exposition.
 * San Diego (1935) California Pacific International Exposition.
 * Western Europe (August 19 – September 17, 1955) Glasgow, Manchester, Cardiff, Prince Albert Hall in London, Amsterdam, Scheveningen, Copenhagen, West Berlin, Wiesbaden, Bern, Palais de Chaillot in Paris. Also sang at the dedication of the Bern Switzerland Temple on 11 September 1955 on this tour.
 * Central America (1968, 1972)
 * Western Europe (1973, 1998)
 * Western Europe (June 5–21, 1982) Bergen International Festival in Bergen, Oslo, Stockholm, Helsinki, Copenhagen, Aalborg, Rotterdam, Royal Albert Hall in London.
 * Central Europe and the former Soviet Union (June 8–29, 1991) Frankfurt, Strasbourg, Zürich, Vienna, Budapest, Prague, Dresden, Berlin, Warsaw, Moscow, Leningrad.
 * Israel (December 26, 1992 – January 6, 1993) Haifa, Jerusalem, Tel Aviv.
 * Japan/Korea (September 8–13, 1979) Festival Hall in Osaka, Kaikan Hall in Kyoto, Fumon-kan Hall in Tokyo, Seoul National Theater in Seoul.
 * Japan/Korea (1982)
 * Brazil (May 24–30, 1981) "Week of Music of the Americas" and Ibirapuera Auditorium in São Paulo.
 * South Pacific (June 14 – July 5, 1988) Laie, Honolulu, Auckland, Christchurch, Wellington, Adelaide, Brisbane, Melbourne, Perth, Sydney.
 * Eastern United States (2003) Interlochen, Wolftrap, Saratoga, Lincoln Center, Tanglewood.
 * Canada and Eastern United States (June 20–27, 2011) Chautauqua, New York City, Norfolk, Philadelphia, Toronto, Washington, D.C.
 * Western United States (2012)
 * Midwest United States (June 12–20, 2013) Chicago, Columbus, Indianapolis, Madison, Milwaukee, Minneapolis.
 * Eastern United States (June 24 – July 7, 2015) Bethel Woods, Bethesda, Boston, New York City, Saratoga Springs.
 * Western Europe (June 27 – July 16, 2016) Brussels, Berlin, Frankfurt, Nuremberg, Rotterdam, Vienna, Zürich.
 * U.S. West Coast (June 19 – July 2, 2018) Costa Meta, Los Angeles, Berkeley, Mountain View, Rohnert Park, Vancouver, Seattle.
 * In the Philippines (February 20-29, 2024) - The Choir, with 400 singers and orchestra members, for the second stop of its world tour, performed for the first time in the Philippines during the interfaith concert with Leaders, including Cardinal Jose Advincula at the University of Santo Tomas. The Choir also performed at Makati Shangri-La, Manila and SM Mall of Asia where Lea Salonga will perform as guest artist. It also visited the Manila American Cemetery to honor the fallen US soldiers.

Multi-year global ministry tour
A "heritage tour," which would have taken the Choir to various European venues, had been planned for 2021, but was postponed to 2022, before subsequently being canceled. In 2023, the choir announced it would embark on a multi-year, multi-stop global ministry tour. The first stop took the choir to Mexico City, Mexico for six days, where they performed multiple concerts, engaged in service projects, and recorded a music video. In late 2023, the choir announced that the next stop in their tour would be the Philippines in 2024.

Christmas concerts

The choir performs an annual Christmas concert in the Conference Center in Salt Lake City during the month of December. Typically, the concert consists of three performances: a Thursday dress rehearsal, followed by Friday and Saturday concerts. The combined audience for each concert series is approximately 63,000. Tickets to the concert are free, and are available on a first-come, first-served basis. A live album (CD/DVD) is typically released, along with the concert being aired on PBS and BYUtv, during December of the following year. The concert traditionally concludes with a performance of "Angels, from the Realms of Glory".

Guest artists participate and sing with the choir most years. A guest narrator is also invited most years to read the Christmas story from the Book of Luke. Past guest artists have included:
 * 2000: R&B singer Gladys Knight and actress Roma Downey
 * 2001: Actress Angela Lansbury
 * 2002: News anchor Walter Cronkite
 * 2003: Mezzo-soprano Frederica von Stade and baritone Bryn Terfel
 * 2004: Broadway actress Audra McDonald and actor Peter Graves
 * 2005: Soprano Renée Fleming and actress Claire Bloom
 * 2006: Soprano Sissel Kyrkjebø
 * 2007: A cappella group the King's Singers
 * 2008: Broadway singer Brian Stokes Mitchell and actor Edward Herrmann
 * 2009: Jazz singer Natalie Cole and historian David McCullough
 * 2010: Pop singer David Archuleta and actor Michael York
 * 2011: Operatic baritone Nathan Gunn and actress Jane Seymour
 * 2012: Tenor Alfie Boe and news anchor Tom Brokaw The event also featured Col. Gail "Hal" Halvorsen.
 * 2013: Soprano Deborah Voigt and actor John Rhys-Davies
 * 2014: Broadway actor Santino Fontana and The Sesame Street Muppets
 * 2015: Broadway actress Laura Osnes, actor Martin Jarvis, and four Metropolitan Opera soloists.
 * 2016: Tenor Rolando Villazón
 * 2017: Actress Sutton Foster and actor Hugh Bonneville
 * 2018: Actress and coloratura soprano Kristin Chenoweth
 * 2019: Broadway actress Kelli O'Hara and actor Richard Thomas
 * 2020: No concert (owing to COVID-19 pandemic)
 * 2021: Broadway actress and soprano Megan Hilty and actor Neal McDonough
 * 2022: Broadway actress Lea Salonga and actor David Suchet
 * 2023: Broadway actor Michael Maliakel and actress Lesley Nicol

Pioneer Day concerts
The choir holds a yearly summer concert in mid-late July as part of Utah's Pioneer Day celebrations. Unlike the Christmas concerts, there are only two shows: one on Friday and the other on the following Saturday. The tickets are available on a first-come, first-served basis. A guest artist is typically invited every year. Past guest artists have included:

 * 2011: Brian Stokes Mitchell and Linda Eder
 * 2012: Katherine Jenkins
 * 2013: Nathan Pacheco and Lindsey Stirling
 * 2014: Santino Fontana and Sylvia McNair
 * 2015: Laura Osnes
 * 2016: King's Singers
 * 2017: Alex Boyé
 * 2018: Matthew Morrison and Laura Michelle Kelly
 * 2019: Sissel Kyrkjebø
 * 2020: No concert (owing to COVID-19 pandemic)
 * 2021: No concert (owing to COVID-19 pandemic)
 * 2022: Shea Owens
 * 2023: Adassa, Alex Melecio,

Leadership
The Tabernacle Choir at Temple Square has about fifteen staff members including a president, directors, organists, a Music and the Spoken Word announcer, and two business-related staff members.

Music directors
Mack Wilberg is the current director, with associate director Ryan Murphy.

Organists
Richard Elliott, Andrew Unsworth, Linda Margetts, Brian Mathias, and Joseph Peeples are the current organists.

Music and the Spoken Word announcers
Since its inception in 1929, the "spoken word" segment of the program has been voiced by four separate individuals. The original writer, producer, and announcer of the spoken portion of the broadcast was Edward (Ted) Kimball, who would stand at the top of a tall ladder and announce the name of each performance piece into the microphone suspended from the Tabernacle ceiling. Kimball remained at the post for only 11 months, when he was replaced by Richard L. Evans, who continued in that capacity until his death in 1971. J. Spencer Kinard took over as announcer in 1972 until he stepped down in 1990. Lloyd D. Newell has been the announcer since then.

Awards and inductions
The choir has a number of awards, including the National Medal of Arts (2003), a Grammy Award for Best Performance by a Vocal Group or Chorus (1960), and four Emmy Awards (1987, 2013, 2014). The choir is also an inductee to the American Classical Music Hall of Fame (2015) and the National Association of Broadcasters Broadcasting Hall of Fame (2004). The 320-person choir is the largest act to chart on the Billboard Hot 100—their version of "The Battle Hymn of the Republic" reached No. 13 in 1959.

Other awards
1944
 * Peabody Award — Music and the Spoken Word for Outstanding Entertainment in Music

1961
 * Peabody Award — Music and the Spoken Word — "Let Freedom Ring"

1981
 * Freedoms Foundation's George Washington Award — Music and the Spoken Word — Fourth of July Broadcast

1988
 * Freedoms Foundation's George Washington Award

2003
 * International Radio and Television Society Foundation's Special Recognition Award
 * Chorus America's Margaret Hillis Award for Choral Excellence

2004
 * Library of Congress' National Recording Registry — Handel's Messiah (1959)

2006
 * Mother Teresa Award

2010
 * National Radio Hall of Fame — Music and the Spoken Word

Recordings
Since its first recording in 1910, the choir has earned five gold albums (two in 1963: The Lord's Prayer and Handel's Messiah; one in 1979: The Joy of Christmas; and two in 1985: The Mormon Tabernacle Choir Sings Christmas Carols and Joy to the World) and two platinum albums (in 1991, Hallmark Christmas: Carols of Christmas and in 1992, Hallmark Christmas: Celebrate Christmas!). The choir has made over 200 recordings and continues to produce albums. For some live performances and albums, the choir has collaborated with large orchestras such as the New York Philharmonic, the Philadelphia Orchestra, the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra of London, the Boston Pops Orchestra, and the Orchestra at Temple Square. The choir's own record label was formed in 2003.

Filmography

 * This Is Cinerama (1952)
 * Mr. Krueger's Christmas (1980), starring James Stewart
 * Nora's Christmas Gift (1989)
 * Singing with Angels (2016)

title: Tabernacle Choir


text: Talk:Violence against LGBT people

title: Talk:Violence against LGBT people