text:
Talk:Škoda Auto

Felicia/Fabia
May i ask what rationale is behind the statement that Fabia is a replacement for Felicia?

Fabia never was a Felicia replacement, as far as i know. If we look at it from a historic point of view, the Favorit competed with Golf II (was the same class and size), but had a production run ~2 years further. Both were "small family cars". Golf II was replaced by Golf III, whereas the Favorit was replaced by the Felicia, as you all know. Both were still "small family cars".

However, Fabia is built on the Polo platform, which is classed as "supermini". Also, Fabia was put on sale a ~year before Felicia was discontinued.

The fact that they are about the same size, does not make them the same class. Fabia is practically a Favorit in disguise and based on a design from 1987, when cars of this size were considered family cars.

Felicia basically does not have a successor, as it would have to be a Golf sized hatchback. The closest is Octavia, which is akin to Jetta/Bora, ergo a Golf with the longer boot. Along the same lines, Fabia has no predecessor.

In conclusion i would like to edit the Skoda auto car timeline to reflect these separate classes and amend the mention that the Fabia is a Felicia replacement.

Perhaps something like this in the Fabia article:

"Although a supermini, Fabia can be considered a successor to the Škoda Felicia, which was discontinued in 2001."

Or is that not suitable? Thoughts?

// Eazy-O —Preceding comment was added at 11:03, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

 * The octavia is still a hatchback and thus the shape is irrelevant. It is the replacement and even if it were a saloon only car it would still be the replacement as they fall into the same class. the Fabia is not a sucessor of the Felicia because its an entirely different type of vehicle. you arguement is also flawed by the fact the the octavia is a golf underneath and the fact that the borra is in essence the saloon version of the golf and not an entirely different car. (86.31.187.245 (talk) 11:41, 23 July 2008 (UTC))

 * Okay... Let's see.

 * I never mentioned Octavia not being hatchback/liftback, it's however bigger, much like the Bora is bigger than the Golf. The fact that Fabia is not Felicia's successor i quite clear to me, that's exactly what i'm questioning everyone else upon.

 * The fact that the Octavia is based on the Golf platform is, again, quite clear to me, i believe i have mentioned it in the bit which you replied to, but apparently failed to read completely?

 * To be clear, i'm asking to change the timeline and articles, to make it clear that the Fabia is in a smaller class than the Felicia and as such not a replacement for it. At most, i would concede mentioning that the Felicia has no true successor, with Octavia being the closest; and as Felicia was the smallest Škoda during late '90s, this (make's smallest car) role is now taken over by the Fabia. Something along those lines, anyway.

 * Thoughts? Also, please use proper formatting and sign your messages. Thank you.

 * Eazy-O (talk) 12:18, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

Accuracy
Just how many car manufacturers did start out manufacturing bicycles. Needs citation.

Vandalism
1st paragraph seems to have been vandalised.
 * there's also something terribly wrong with 1990's and 2000's section.--Devamech (talk) 16:30, 13 June 2011 (UTC)

Guns?
any ideas on its manufacturing of munitions activities before WWII? I've heard that the czech rep. was a huge munition mftcr...looking for confirmation from some who may know/heard.

Well the Skoda guns were pretty popular, I would assume they were making quite a bit of munitions there as well. Peter Chamberlain

AFAIK, ?koda Octavia was developed on the common basis with VW Golf IV, Audi A3 and probably some Seat and not on the larger basis of VW Passat, Audi A4 etc. --Peterlin 09:37, 2 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Maybe the Octavia name is used for different models in different places. In the UK, an Octavia is a large family saloon car.  I haven't found any exact information on the chassis but the exterior dimensions of 4,507 mm x 1,920 mm are close to the VW Passat at 4676 mm x 1740 mm. The Mk.4 VW Golf shares a platform with SEAT León, Škoda Fabia and Audi TT amongst others. See the Octavia and Fabia sections of Škoda UK website for more details. akaDruid 12:59, 2 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * In fact Octavia is based on the same chassis than Golf. For more details see Octavia and Golf. As you can see the wheel base is identical (2578 mm) in both (Radstand in Golf's technical data) and wheel track is almost identical too (Spurweite, vorn for front and hinten for rear). For reference, here is the technical data for Passat (wheel base 2709 mm). --84.250.189.193 19:00, 11 July 2006 (UTC)

Hierarchy
The following was deleted without comment. Why?<br. ''The Škoda brand is located at the bottom of the hierarchy of VAG brands: Audi, Volkswagen, SEAT, Škoda.22

 * It was correct to delete the statement because it's meaningless. In what respect is it bottom of the hierarchy? Price, speed, power, quality? No-one knows!
 * As an aside, it would be nice if you were not anonymous, please sign with four tildes(that's the wavy sign, it's 'upper case Hash' on my keyboard.
 * Adrian Pingstone 15:28, 21 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Škoda Works
I think Škoda Works should have a separate article. -- Sandius 20:07, 12 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * It does (I took the liberty of wikilinking your comment). But the person who moved it didn't have enough sense to insert a link here.  Gene Nygaard

Deleted word 'worthless' in description of Škoda. Alexisr 16:26, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

Pronunciation
The pronunciation will not work. 67.188.172.165 04:34, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

 * The pronunciation should also be given in IPA in line with many other articles in Wikipedia that give pronunciations. -- B.D.Mills  (T, C) 00:42, 20 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Pronunciations:
 * BrE: /ˈskəʊd ə/, /ˈʃkəʊd ə/
 * AmE: /ˈskoʊd ə/
 * Czech: /ˈʃko da/ - the Š is the phoneme /ʃ/ (sh), not /s/ - see Czech language
 * Reference: Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 2nd edition 2000, J.G.Wells, ISBN 0 582 36467 1. -- B.D.Mills  (T, C) 00:56, 20 April 2008 (UTC)

Interesting...
So, a car company was started because Germans can't read Czech. The world is crazy, I tell you.

Metalex or MTX?
The Melkus PT 73 Spyder was designd with inpiration from something called Škoda Metalex. I managed to find very few pictures and it seems it has MTX markings (but it says Metalex in te rear). Anybody have more info on it? // Liftarn
 * Try this link - --Jklamo 19:11, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

VW merger - not an improvement in quality/value
I disagree with the following in connection with the VW merger: "Backed by VW know-how and investments the design — both style and engineering — has improved greatly. The 1996 model Felicia was still based on the floor plan of the Favorit, but quality improvements helped and in the Czech Republic the car was as popular as it was value for money."

Regarding the quality: Skoda as one of few manufacturers continues producing spare parts for models as old as 25 years (e.g. Skoda 120). There are many of these cars still in operation in the Czech Republic, which wouldn't be the case if they were anything but very good quality. (e.g. how many Fiats that old are on the roads?) Many Favorits also still exist in the Czech Republic and abroad, despite initial claims in the media that (compared to the older models) this one was so bad that 'it wouldn't last two years'.

Regarding the value for money: New Skoda Favorits in 1990 retailed for 80,000 Czech Crowns (approximately 2500 euro), while costing about 4 times more 3 years later.

If you have references to support these facts then it would be worth adding them I think.

 * Skodas, at least in the UK, always had a better reputation than the offerings from other USSR (Unloved Soviet & Socialist Rubbish) manufacturers but the perception was that quality improved after the VW takeover. Certainly my anecdatal experience from Felicia, Fabia and Roomster ownership is that they were much better screwed together than previous cars i've owned.  Yes, Citröen, I'm looking at you. Mr Larrington (talk) 15:00, 17 August 2016 (UTC)

Company name
I have deleted following section below (named "Company name") from article. I think it's just worthless trivia and don't belong here. Many companies have names meaning something so it's not something extraordinary. it's just a coincidence between founder's name and Czech/Slovak/... word. It could be noted somewhere but definitely not in separate section IMHO.

In Czech, the word 'škoda' means "damage, detriment, disadvantage", and occurs in the stock phrase "to je škoda", which roughly means, "It's a pity". It has the same meaning in several Slavic languages such as Slovak, Slovene, Croatian, Ukrainian and Polish, though in the latter it is spelled 'szkoda'. - Miko3k 10:20, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

I beg to differ. The meaning of the company's name further highlights that this car was intended to be second-rate. It also helps explain why this car make was looked down on for many decades in Czechoslovakia and neighbouring countries. Think of Volkswagen; meaning a people's car. Adolf Hitler intended that car to be suited for the working man. It is only recently that the company has become a luxury marque. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.48.10.6 (talk) 03:31, 24 July 2009 (UTC)

You should note that the name Skoda actually came from Skoda Works. Skoda Works was a military equipment manufacturer - dont you think that the name Skoda, something like "Damage, Inc." is actually a good name for military equipment manufacturer? :) Besides, the name comes from the last name of Emil Skoda, the company founder, and has nothing to do with quality or market placement of the products. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 153.96.133.33 (talk) 09:28, 22 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Why was this bit of information regarding Emil Skoda not on the page itself. It makes sense that if a car brand is named after a person that you mention this. I am sure at the page of Opel we will see that Opel was founded by Adam Opel... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.89.37.87 (talk) 13:30, 25 January 2013 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Skoda Rapid 136 1988.jpg
Image:Skoda Rapid 136 1988.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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Fair use rationale for Image:Skoda.png
Image:Skoda.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. BetacommandBot (talk) 05:34, 24 January 2008 (UTC)

Criticism section
Here's a place for people to discuss the neutrality of the criticism section of this article. Some thoughts of mine while perusing this:
 * 1) It seems to be India-centric. What is the opinion of other Skoda subsidiaries around the world? Are some regions "better" than others?
 * 2) One website referenced frequently is the forums at team-bhp. Is this a reputable website? Should a large section of the criticism section be from their website?
 * 3) The photo didn't seem to reference anything in particular, with reference to the section. One isolated protest might not warrant a picture in the Wikipedia article.

This can be a place for centralized discussion about the section. Please add comments below. If you have any questions, please contact me at my talk page. Ian Manka 18:07, 7 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Looks like one man protest against Skoda? I would remove the whole section... --Typ932 T·C 18:15, 7 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Typ932, you really should click on those links provided and read them through before concluding that it's a one man protest. I do NOT own a Skoda but regularly see extensive criticism being levelled on Skoda and their callous response; both on the internet and in person.Blacwiki (talk) 14:06, 8 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Where do you live? I havent heard anything like this about Skoda and Im not sure if this is really Wikipedia stuff at all --Typ932 T·C 16:44, 8 April 2009 (UTC)
 * I live in India. you should really read completely through everything and then form opinions. but since it's obvious you haven't been doing that, here is a link that details the woes of Skoda India customers. and this is just one site. let me know once you are done reading through it and I'll give you more horror stories to read. if this is not Wikipedia material, I'd be enlightened if you let me know what is. 2.66 valves per cylinder maybe? Blacwiki (talk) 17:29, 8 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Do you have any news sites, reliable magazine articles or something more realiable than forums or post from invidual skoda owner, I went thry all sources and found any what would be considered as reliable source  ? --Typ932 T·C 18:08, 8 April 2009 (UTC)

 * I dont think WP:IDONTKNOWIT alone is sufficient grounds for deletion. several links from popular media sites have been given in the criticism section (apart from the forum link) regarding these issues. blacwiki, check out RS to learn more about Sources considered reliable by wikipedia —Preceding unsigned comment added by 59.93.3.151 (talk) 18:17, 8 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Maybe popular media sites, but those are post from individual persons... we need well know magazine or similar with decent article, not post made by someone to "mediasite" it almost same as post in forum, it this kind of section is kept we need also see the other side and not just view of one person or couple in India? And is it necessary to have that critism section in the beginning of article?? --Typ932 T·C 19:45, 8 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Please check the referenced links again, they include reports from well known Indian print media sources like The Hindu,The Financial Express, Mumbai Mirror which is a supplement of The Times of India, Mid Day,Autocar India etc. I'm sure these sources meet WP:RS. Regarding the positioning, it appears to be in the middle of the page physically, and towards the end of the textual content. I fail to see where it comes in the beginning.
 * However I'm not sure this section belongs to the Skoda main page, as it has no connection to Skoda Auto itself, apart from the alleged fact that they do not intervene. Maybe a page should be created for Skoda Auto India, and this section moved to that perhaps ??? 59.93.12.144 (talk) 07:20, 9 April 2009 (UTC)
 * An article from The New York Times 10 years ago states that Skoda vehicles were thought to be unsafe, even by Skoda's executives. This fact should probably be worked into the article to allow for a greater worldwide perspective, especially because Skoda just recently entered the Indian market, as they were originally a Czech company.
 * With regards to the other sources: ideally, criticism from the present-day would come from similar, reputable news sources, such as The New York Times. While team-bhp may be a source that is popular, well-regarded in India, etc. Reliable source examples states that:
 * "Web forums and the talkback section of weblogs are rarely regarded as reliable. While they are often controlled by a single party (as opposed to the distributed nature of Usenet), many still permit anonymous commentary and we have no way of verifying the identity of a poster. Some however, are edited by reliable organizations, and therefore may possibly be justified as exceptions."
 * I strongly suggest that team-bhp references be removed from the article. I haven't examined the other third-party sources from the online sites of Indian print publications, but I'd be more inclined to accept those as parts of the article rather than the same information given on the team-bhp forums. If you have any questions, please contact me at my talk page. Ian Manka 13:31, 9 April 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree. THe team bhp and consumercomplaints links probably don't meet the criteria. I'd say a summary of this section, along with the references which meet WP:RS be added along with the Skoda Auto India's description in the main article.59.93.2.77 (talk) 14:54, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

A friend send me a link to the team bhp article and i have been watching it closely. I have also followed other websites talking about skoda services in india. I have further collaborated these stories with friends and patients who are skoda owners. Everyone seems to have the same opinion. I think the criticism section is very valid. As far as team-bhp is concerned, i have researched them as well. I found that they are completely non-biased and in fact do not take any advertisements from car companies so as to reaffirm their neutrality status. In fact, even after such a heated discussion on their forum about skoda, they still display a skoda on their masthead; thereby proving that their cars are great, it's just the service issue that needs to be addressed. One man may have started the protest, but there are a lot of skoda owners who have joined in. I don't think this section should be removed, rather let it serve as an eye-opener for future skoda buyers as well as a place where current owners can pen their feedback. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tejas Kothari (talk • contribs) 09:21, 8 April 2009 (UTC)

Ian, to address your thoughts: thanks, Blacwiki (talk) 14:41, 8 April 2009 (UTC)
 * 1) the article is indeed India centric because that's where I live. Right now, Skoda has manufacturing presence and markets in Europe and India. while the quality of the cars is undisputable - as I mentioned in the section -, it is the service and support in India that has drawn a lot of criticism. mistreating customers is the norm in India. if companies pulled the same stunts elsewhere, they would have been tarred and feathered almost instantly but not in India, thanks to the extremely slow moving judicial system.
 * 2) team-bhp.com is a very reputable forum and officially a big board. it is probably the largest single repository of unified automotive information in India. it does not run advertisements to sustain itself. regarding the paragraph about Skoda threatening to "instigate" people in lawsuits, I have screenshots link1 link2 link3 of their membership requests on team-bhp.com which establish beyond a doubt that the member represents Skoda on that forum. threatening people who are sharing their experiences with legal action is a clear attempt to trample free speech and is not something I think should be allowed to slip.
 * 3) the photo was an example of a protesting Skoda owner. I also have photographs of the car in question that met with an accident because of malpractice by the Skoda service center. would you accept that photo?
 * 4) on a different note, the very same dealer - who was forced to close down - has started another service center under a different name. as they say, it happens only in India.
 * Even though you do live in India, in an attempt to make this article more balanced, perhaps attempt to find other comments regarding the European level of service. Obviously, no one can force you to do anything you aren't necessarily passionate about, but the worldwide tag will stick around provided that European critiques (positive or negative) of Skoda are not addressed.
 * See my comments above, especially Reliable source examples.
 * Wikipedia strongly cautions against conducting original research. In fact, this section of WP:NOR indicates that primary-source photographs may only be used if a reputable third party reliably publishes such photographs, and even then, they must be used with extreme caution. Therefore, unless this single car protest was documented by reputable news organizations, it should be removed. Let's say that one person decides to protest a controversial issue. I take a photograph of that person. Should I upload that photograph to Wikipedia and add it to the article that most closely relates to that issue? Looking at the above guidelines, the answer would be an unequivocal "no."
 * (Warning: My personal opinion) I think it's unreasonable to assume that a company can have equal service across all of its affiliates. Services, by their very nature, are intangible and are tough to duplicate. Should Skoda have better quality control with regards of who to approve as an affiliate? Maybe, but I think this might be more of a matter of a few bad apples spoiling the barrel. Would Skoda like to have the best quality across all of its affiliates, from the largest to the smallest? Absolutely, but again, trying to duplicate a level of service across many affiliates is very difficult, especially for a company that has its headquarters in another continent. I don't find the lack of intervention by the Czech headquarters of Skoda to be surprising. Czech Skoda's reasoning is that they have a specific division that is dedicated to dealing with Indian Skoda Auto sales (Skoda Auto India). They trust their Indian executives to make the responsible decisions, based on their expertise in the region, and figure they need not be held responsible by the poor decisions of their subdivision. It could be an indication to change for the future, but they can attribute the blame to the Indian division. I think I'm going in circles now, but I think I've made myself (somewhat) clear. If you have any questions, please contact me at my talk page. Ian Manka 13:31, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Ian, I understand your concerns about the notability of team-bhp.com and will keep those references out of the article. I will also shortly remove the entire criticism section once I am decided on how to merge these facts with the rest of the article.
 * in my personal opinion - and this is not meant to be an attempt to justify uncommenting the commented sections - it is indeed unrealistic to assume that standards of service will be the same throughout the world. but if I was buying a car worth almost 1.5 million INR, I would expect service to be mediocre at worst and stellar at best. I certainly would not expect a dealer - who has been authorized by the manufacturer - to relieve my car of critical parts and replace them with dangerous fakes. despite being made aware of this, Skoda continues to fight a legal battle instead of doing the right thing that is to apologize and replace his car. this is one case that has received extensive coverage throughout the internet. I have personally seen friends of mine - all Skoda customers - being treated like liabilities at at least three different authorized service centers. similar experiences are also being reported all the time on a lot of forums. there is no smoke without a fire. Skoda India definitely has its affiliate selection process wrong.
 * until I suitably merge the contents of that section with the rest of the article, could the section run with the tags is currently carries, and could SkodaIndia be prevented from making further disruptive edits?Blacwiki (talk) 16:51, 9 April 2009 (UTC)
 * The tags can stay there as long as it is necessary. Skodaindia does not have any restrictions imposed on their editing, as of right now. I don't anticipate a block being necessary. If you have any questions, please contact me at my talk page. Ian Manka 13:53, 10 April 2009 (UTC)

Skodaindia appears to have attempted a disruptive edit in the section again and seems to have deleted the rest of the entire page. can someone revert the edits and rescue the page ? 59.93.12.144 (talk) 07:49, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Skodaindia has tried to muddle the page again despite a warning. this time it led to a broken reference tag that caused the rest of the page not to render. SkodaIndia has also changed the content of the section to try and indicate that the two court cases - one in Mumbai and one in Delhi, both by different claimants - are two instances of the same case!! the parts swap in the first instance is NOT an allegation; it is a fact confirmed to the newspaper by a Skoda employee. the frantic attempts by SkodaIndia to subvert this article and threaten people on a forum meant for free speech are by themselves admissions of guilt.Blacwiki (talk) 08:18, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

 * If by "a forum meant for free speech" you mean Wikipedia then you're mistaken. Wikipedia is not a soapbox. This article currently assigns undue weight to criticisms which have not significantly impacted popular perception of the subject; this will eventually need to be corrected. The whole criticisms section will eventually need to be removed; if any of it is important enough to be retained, it will be integrated into the article as a whole. Chris Cunningham (not at work) - talk 10:28, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Chris, by 'a forum meant for free speech' I meant team-bhp.com where members have been threatened with lawsuits for sharing customer service experiences. SkodaIndia began by trying to delete the whole section outright and then tried to manipulate factual statements in that section. so far, Skoda has nothing but its word to refute any of the references that were made. what does this tell you about them? 'popular perception' is a very hazy concept which differs in different places. I have attempted to describe popular perception where I live. if the content of that section is merged with the rest of the article to remove excessive bias, so be it, but these facts deserve a mention somewhere. Blacwiki (talk) 11:14, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Not when this results on the article being heavily skewed towards one particular demographic. Nothing "deserves" to be on Wikipedia; it may be included if that is the consensus, but it also may not. Chris Cunningham (not at work) - talk 13:19, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Is there any reliable well known magazine reference or similar to these claims?, I went thru all the sources and found nothing all those are made by individual forum posters --Typ932 T·C 17:48, 9 April 2009 (UTC)

 * I've gone through the criticism section and double-checked the sources. Most were unreliable or misleading, so I've commented those out. Once again, we need reliable sources if the information presented is to remain the article. Let me know what people think of the new version. If it's okay with everyone, after a few days, I will remove the portions I've commented out to clean up the section when viewed in the "edit" window. If you have any questions, please contact me at my talk page. Ian Manka 13:53, 10 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Now that there's a Škoda India article has been created, I have removed the criticism section from this article and have moved it there. If you have any questions, please contact me at my talk page. Ian Manka 11:29, 14 April 2009 (UTC)

Operating Profit
Operating profit 200-odd billion? That can't be; is it supposed to be million, maybe —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.127.8.25 (talk) 09:04, 24 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Obviously as it's a company based in Czech Republic that figure is in Kc.--ЗAНИA talk talk] 16:06, 18 May 2014 (UTC)

Laurin & Klement
Why is Laurin & Klement car models in Skoda page, these are made before Skoda bought the company, in my opinion they dont belong to this page, there is also own Laurin & Klement article in wikipedia. Škoda Auto is not founded as the infobox says "1895 as Laurin & Klement", the Skoda auto was formed in 1924 after Skoda works bought the Laurin and Klement. You could say Skoda auto was founded as Skoda Works in 1859-- >Typ932 T·C 15:33, 19 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Any opinions of this?. There are other companies also which dont count their history like this -- >Typ932 T·C 15:58, 3 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Skoda made cars before the L&K merger, ie Skoda Hispano-Suiza. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.89.37.87 (talk) 13:28, 25 January 2013 (UTC)

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Deal with problem editors as such, instead of protecting page, or even tiny grammar edits become a hassle
Please remove the unnecessary comma from "Rear of a Škoda Popular Special, on display at the Sportauto Museum" in image caption. Or better yet, unprotect the page so we don't have to make requests like this for trivial edits. Both of the editwarriors on this page 3RR'd the same day, back to back, and could have been blocked for it. There is no need for page protection, much less for weeks and weeks, as the page is not attracting vandalism, nor even seeing any editwarring except between two individuals who can be dealt with as individuals. — SMcCandlish  Talk⇒ ʕ(Õلō)ˀ  Contribs. 05:37, 9 December 2011 (UTC)

What about the Rapid, Yeti, Roomster, Citigo?
DilbertsDog (talk) 13:36, 15 May 2013 (UTC)

need help
I need help from an expert or a wikipedian for the skoda 130 photo. (It is in section post world war II, oh and please put text in!) Written by 174.60.119.235 (talk) 13:47, 9 October 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 21:11, 14 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Skoda Octavia IV combi.jpg

Does We Have to add new Skoda NFT Project?
With due respect to the editors,

Could we have to add a new topic to the Skoda Wikipedia page regarding the "Skodaverse India" project. It involves Skoda's exploration of NFTs (Non-Fungible Tokens) in the blockchain and cryptocurrency domain.

Reference: https://www.skoda-auto.co.in/news/news-detail/skoda-auto-enters-the-realm-of-nfts-with-skodaverse-india Tarunmahajanantier (talk) 07:02, 4 July 2023 (UTC)

 * It doesn't seem that notable to me. Opok2021 (talk) 14:01, 12 October 2023 (UTC)
 * @Opok2021 ok no worries Nick Winsley (talk) 14:24, 12 October 2023 (UTC)

The Skoda Logo in the infobox is unsourced and appears to be incorrect
The logo (apparently since 2022), is unsourced and according to the Skoda website (https://www.skoda-auto.com/world/logo-history), the logo in the infobox is the same logo Skoda (L&K) used from 1905-1929. The current logo is also shown on the website. Could someone show me sources for this or it will have to be changed to the current logo. Opok2021 (talk) 13:55, 12 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Škoda Auto


text:
Lahore

Lahore is the capital and largest city of the Pakistani province of Punjab. It is the second largest city in Pakistan, after Karachi, and 26th largest in the world, with a population of over 13 million. Located in north-eastern Punjab along the River Ravi, it is the largest Punjabi-speaking city in the world. Lahore is one of Pakistan's major industrial and economic hubs. It has been the historic capital and cultural centre of the wider Punjab region, and is one of Pakistan's most socially liberal, progressive, and cosmopolitan cities.

Lahore's origin dates back to antiquity. The city has been inhabited for around two millennia, although it rose to prominence in the late 10th century. Lahore was the capital of several empires during the medieval era, including the Hindu Shahis, Ghaznavids and Delhi Sultanate. It reached the height of its splendor under the Mughal Empire between the late 16th and early 18th centuries and also served as its capital city for many years. During this period, it was one of the largest cities in the world. The city was captured by the forces of the Persian Afsharid ruler Nader Shah in 1739. Although the Mughal authority was re-established, it fell into a period of decay while being contested among the Afghans and the Sikhs between 1748 and 1798. Lahore eventually became the capital of the Sikh Empire in the early 19th century, regaining some of its lost grandeur. Lahore was annexed to the British Raj in 1849 and became the capital of British Punjab. Lahore was central to the independence movements of both India and Pakistan, with the city being the site of both the Declaration of Indian Independence and the resolution calling for the establishment of Pakistan. It experienced some of the worst rioting during the Partition period preceding Pakistan's independence. Following the success of the Pakistan Movement and the subsequent partition of British India in 1947, Lahore was declared the capital of Pakistan's Punjab province.

Lahore exerts a strong cultural influence over Pakistan. A UNESCO City of Literature and major center for Pakistan's publishing industry, Lahore remains the foremost center of Pakistan's literary scene. The city is also a major centre of education in Pakistan, with some of Pakistan's leading universities based in the city. For many years, Lahore was home to Pakistan's film industry, Lollywood, though in recent years most filming has shifted to Karachi. Lahore is a major centre of Qawwali music. The city also hosts much of Pakistan's tourist industry, with major attractions including the Walled City, the famous Badshahi and Wazir Khan mosques, as well as several Sikh and Sufi shrines. Lahore is also home to the Lahore Fort and Shalimar Gardens, both of which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Etymology
The origin of Lahore's name is unclear. The city's name has been variously recorded by early Muslim historians as Luhawar, Lūhār, and Rahwar. The Iranian polymath and geographer, Abu Rayhan Al-Biruni, referred to the city as Luhāwar in his 11th century work, Qanun, while the poet Amir Khusrow, who lived during the Delhi Sultanate period, recorded the city's name as Lāhanūr. Yaqut al-Hamawi records the city's name as Lawhūr, mentioning that it was famously known as Lahāwar. Persian historian Firishta mentions the city as Alahwar in his work, with al-Ahwar being another variation.

One theory suggests that Lahore's name is a corruption of the word Ravāwar, as R to L shifts are common in languages derived from Sanskrit. Ravāwar is the simplified pronunciation of the name Iravatyāwar, a name possibly derived from the Ravi River, known as the Iravati River in the Vedas. Another theory suggests the city's name may derive from the word Lohar, meaning "blacksmith".

According to a legend, Lahore's name derives from Lavpur or Lavapuri ("City of Lava"), and is said to have been founded by Prince Lava, the son of Sita and Rama. The same account attributes the founding of nearby Kasur to his twin brother Kusha, though it was actually established in the 16th century.

Origins
No definitive record of Lahore's early history exists, and its ambiguous historical background has given rise to various theories about its establishment and history. Hindu legend states that Keneksen, the founder of the Solar dynasty, migrated out from the city.

Alexander the Great's historians make no mention of any city near Lahore's location during his invasion in 326 BCE, suggesting the city had not been founded by that point or was not noteworthy. Ptolemy mentions in his Geography a city called Labokla situated near the Chenab and Ravi rivers which may have been in reference to ancient Lahore, or an abandoned predecessor of the city. Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang gave a vivid description of a large and prosperous unnamed city that may have been Lahore when he visited the region in 630 CE during his tour of India. Xuanzang described the city, then under Taank rule, as a great Brahmin city.

The first document that mentions Lahore by name is the Hudud al-'Alam ("The Regions of the World"), written in 982 CE, in which Lahore is mentioned as a town which had "impressive temples, large markets and huge orchards".

Lahore, previously a town, first emerged as a notable city in 11th century during the era of Sufi saint Ali al-Hajvery. Few other references to Lahore remain from before its capture by the Ghaznavid Sultan Mahmud in the 11th century. During this time, Lahore appears to have served as the capital of Punjab under Raja Anandapala of the Üdi Shahi empire, who moved his capital there from Waihind.

Ghaznavid

Sultan Mahmud conquered Lahore between 1020 and 1027, making it part of Ghaznavid Empire. He appointed Malik Ayaz as its governor in 1021. In 1034, the city was captured by Nialtigin, the rebellious governor of Multan. However, his forces were expelled by Malik Ayaz in 1036.

With the support of Sultan Ibrahim, Malik Ayaz rebuilt and repopulated the city, which had been devastated after the Ghaznavid invasion. He also erected city walls and a masonry fort was built in 1037–1040 on the ruins of a previous one. A confederation of Hindu princes unsuccessfully laid siege to Lahore in 1043–44 during Ayaz's rule. The city became a cultural and academic centre, renowned for poetry.

Lahore was formally made the eastern capital of Ghaznavid Empire during the reign of Khusrau Shah in 1152. After the fall of Ghazni in 1163, It became the sole capital. Under their patronage, poets and scholars from other cities of Ghaznavid Empire congregated in Lahore. The entire city of Lahore during the medieval Ghaznavid era was probably located west of the modern Shah Alami Bazaar and north of the Bhatti Gate.

Mamluk
Following the Siege of Lahore in 1186, the Ghurid ruler Muhammad captured the city and imprisoned the last Ghaznavid ruler Khusrau Malik, thus ending Ghaznavid rule over Lahore. Lahore was made an important establishment of the Mamluk dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate following the assassination of Muhammad of Ghor in 1206. Under the reign of Mamluk sultan Qutb ud-Din Aibak, Lahore attracted poets and scholars from medieval Muslim World. Lahore at this time had more poets writing in Persian than any other city. Following the death of Aibak, Lahore first came under the control of the Governor of Multan, Nasir ad-Din Qabacha, and then was briefly captured in 1217 by the sultan in Delhi, Iltutmish.

In an alliance with local Khokhars in 1223, Khwarazmian sultan Jalal al-Din Mangburni captured Lahore after fleeing from Genghis Khan's invasion of his realm. Mangburni then fled from Lahore to the city of Uch Sharif after Iltutmish's army re-captured Lahore in 1228.

The threat of Mongol invasions and political instability in Lahore caused future sultans to regard Delhi as a safer capital for the sultanate, even though Delhi was considered a forward base whereas Lahore was widely considered as the centre of Islamic culture in northeastern Punjab.

Lahore came under progressively weaker central rule under Iltutmish's descendants in Delhi, to the point that governors in the city acted with great autonomy. Under the rule of Kabir Khan Ayaz, Lahore was virtually independent from the Delhi Sultanate. Actual Sultanate rule on Lahore lasted only a few decades until the locals reclaimed their autonomy. Lahore was sacked and ruined by the Mongol army in 1241. Lahore governor Malik Ikhtyaruddin Qaraqash fled the Mongols, while the Mongols held the city for a few years under the rule of the Mongol chief Toghrul.

In 1266, sultan Balban reconquered Lahore, but in 1287 under the Mongol ruler Temür Khan, the Mongols again overran northern Punjab. Because of Mongol invasions, Lahore region became a city on a frontier, with the region's administrative centre shifted south to Dipalpur. The Mongols again invaded northern Punjab in 1298, though their advance was eventually stopped by Ulugh Khan, brother of Sultan Alauddin Khalji of Delhi. The Mongols again attacked Lahore in 1305.

Tughluq
Lahore briefly flourished again under the reign of Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq (Ghazi Malik) of the Tughluq dynasty between 1320 and 1325, though the city was again sacked in 1329 by Tarmashirin of the Central Asian Chagatai Khanate, and then again by the Mongol chief Hülechü. Khokhars seized Lahore in 1342, but the city was retaken by Ghazi Malik's son, Muhammad bin Tughluq. The weakened city then fell into obscurity and was captured once more by the Khokhar chief, Shaikha in 1394. By the time the Mongol conqueror Timur captured the city in 1398 from Shaikha, he did not loot it because it was no longer wealthy.

Late Sultanates
Timur gave control of the Lahore region to Khizr Khan, governor of Multan, who later established the Sayyid dynasty in 1414 – the fourth dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. The city was twice besieged by Malik Jasrat during the reign of Mubarak Shah, the longest of which being in 1431–32. To combat Jasrat, the city was granted by the Sayyid dynasty to Bahlul Lodi in 1441, though Lodi would then displace the Sayyids in 1451 by establishing himself upon the throne of Delhi.

Bahlul Lodi installed his cousin, Tatar Khan, to be governor of the city, though Tatar Khan died in battle with Sikandar Lodi in 1485. Governorship of Lahore was transferred by Sikandar Lodi to Umar Khan Sarwani, who quickly left the management of this city to his son Said Khan Sarwani. Said Khan was removed from power in 1500 by Sikandar Lodi, and Lahore came under the governorship of Daulat Khan Lodi, son of Tatar Khan and former employer of Guru Nanak (the founder of Sikhism).

Early Mughal
Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire, captured and sacked Lahore and Dipalpur, although he retreated after the Lodi nobles backed away from assisting him. The city became a refuge to Humayun and his cousin Kamran Mirza when Sher Shah Suri rose in power in the Gangetic plains, displacing Mughals. Sher Shah Suri seized Lahore in 1540, though Humayun reconquered Lahore in February 1555. The establishment of Mughal rule eventually led to the most prosperous era of Lahore's history. Lahore's prosperity and central position has yielded more Mughal-era monuments in Lahore than either Delhi or Agra.

By the time of the rule of the Mughal empire's greatest emperors, a majority of Lahore's residents did not live within the walled city itself but instead lived in suburbs that had spread outside the city's walls. Only 9 of the 36 urban quarters around Lahore, known as guzars, were located within the city walls during the Akbar period. During this period, Lahore was closely tied to smaller market towns known as qasbahs, such as Kasur and Eminabad, as well as Amritsar, and Batala in modern-day India, which in turn, linked to supply chains in villages surrounding each qasbah.

Akbar
Beginning in 1584, Lahore became the Mughal capital when Akbar began re-fortifying the city's ruined citadel, laying the foundations for the revival of the Lahore Fort. Akbar made Lahore one of his original twelve subah provinces, and in 1585–86, relegated governorship of the city and subah to Bhagwant Das, brother of Mariam-uz-Zamani, who was commonly known as "Jodhabhai".

Akbar also rebuilt the city's walls and extended their perimeter east of the Shah Alami bazaar to encompass the sparsely populated area of Rarra Maidan. The Akbari Mandi grain market was set up during this era, which continues to function to the present-day. Akbar also established the Dharampura neighbourhood in the early 1580s, which survives today. The earliest of Lahore's many havelis date from the Akbari era.

Lahore's Mughal monuments were built under the reign of Akbar and several subsequent emperors. Lahore reached its cultural zenith during this period, with dozens of mosques, tombs, shrines, and urban infrastructure developed in the city.

Jahangir
During the reign of Emperor Jahangir in the early 17th century, Lahore's bazaars were noted to be vibrant, frequented by foreigners, and stocked with a wide array of goods. In 1606, Jehangir's rebel son Khusrau Mirza laid siege to Lahore after obtaining the blessings of the Sikh Guru Arjan Dev. Jehangir quickly defeated his son at Bhairowal, and the roots of Mughal–Sikh animosity grew. Sikh Guru Arjan Dev was executed in Lahore in 1606 for his involvement in the rebellion. Emperor Jahangir chose to be buried in Lahore, and his tomb was built in Lahore's Shahdara Bagh suburb in 1637 by his wife Nur Jahan, whose tomb is also nearby.

Shah Jahan
Jahangir's son, Shah Jahan (reigned 1628–1658), was born in Lahore in 1592. He renovated large portions of the Lahore Fort with luxurious white marble and erected the iconic Naulakha Pavilion in 1633. Shah Jahan lavished Lahore with some of its most celebrated and iconic monuments, such as the Shahi Hammam in 1635, and both the Shalimar Gardens and the extravagantly decorated Wazir Khan Mosque in 1641. The population of pre-modern Lahore probably reached its zenith during his reign, with suburban districts home to perhaps 6 times as many compared to within the Walled City.

Aurangzeb
Shah Jahan's son, Aurangzeb, last of the great Mughal Emperors, further contributed to the development of Lahore. Aurangzeb built the Alamgiri Bund embankment along the Ravi river in 1662 in order to prevent its shifting course from threatening the city's walls. The area near the embankment grew into a fashionable locality, with several nearby pleasure gardens laid by Lahore's gentry. The largest of Lahore's Mughal monuments, the Badshahi Mosque, was raised during Aurangzeb's reign in 1673, as well as the iconic Alamgiri Gate of the Lahore fort in 1674.

Late Mughal
Civil wars regarding succession to the Mughal throne following Aurangzeb's death in 1707 led to weakening control over Lahore from Delhi, and a prolonged period of decline in Lahore. Mughal preoccupation with the Marathas in the Deccan Plateau eventually resulted in Lahore being governed by a series of governors who pledged nominal allegiance to the ever-weaker Mughal emperors in Delhi.

Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah I died en route to Lahore as part of a campaign in 1711 to subdue Sikh rebels under the leadership of Banda Singh Bahadur. His sons fought a battle outside Lahore in 1712 for succession to the Mughal crown, with Jahandar winning the throne. Sikh rebels were defeated during the reign of Farrukhsiyar when Abd as-Samad and Zakariyya Khan suppressed them.

Nader Shah's brief invasion of the Mughal Empire in early 1739 wrested control away from Zakariya Khan Bahadur. Though Khan was able to win back control after the Persian armies had left, the trade routes had shifted away from Lahore, and south towards Kandahar instead. Indus ports near the Arabian Sea that served Lahore also silted up during this time, reducing the city's importance even further.

Struggles between Zakariyya Khan's sons following his death in 1745 further weakened Muslim control over Lahore, thus leaving the city in a power vacuum, and vulnerable to foreign marauders.

Durrani invasions
The Durrani ruler Ahmad Shah occupied Lahore in 1748. Following Ahmed Shah Durrani's quick retreat, the Mughals entrusted Lahore to Mu’īn al-Mulk Mir Mannu. Ahmad Shah again invaded in 1751, forcing Mir Mannu into signing a treaty that nominally subjected Lahore to Durrani rule. Lahore was third time conquered by Ahmad Shah in 1752. The Mughal Grand Vizier Ghazi-Din Imad al-Mulk seized Lahore in 1756, provoking Ahmad Shah to invade for fourth time in 1757, after which he placed the city under the rule of his son, Timur Shah.

Durrani rule was interrupted when Lahore was conquered by Adina Beg Arain with the assistance of Marathas in 1758 during their campaigns against Afghans. After Adina Beg's untimely death in 1758, however, Marathas occupied the city. The following year, Durranis again marched and conquered it. After the Durranis withdrew from the city in 1765, Sikh forces quickly occupied it. By this time, the city had been ravaged several time and had lost all of its former grandeur. The Durranis invaded two more times—in 1797 and 1798—under Shah Zaman, but the Sikhs re-occupied the city after both invasions.

Early
Expanding Sikh Misls secured control over Lahore in 1767, when the Bhangi Misl state captured the city. In 1780, the city was divided among three rulers: Gujjar Singh, Lahna Singh, and Sobha Singh. Instability resulting from this arrangement allowed nearby Amritsar to establish itself as the area's primary commercial centre in place of Lahore.

Ahmad Shah Durrani's grandson, Zaman Shah, invaded Lahore in 1796, and again in 1798–99. Ranjit Singh negotiated with the Afghans for the post of subahdar to control Lahore following the second invasion.

By the end of the 18th century, the city's population drastically declined, with its remaining residents living within the city walls, while the extramural suburbs lay abandoned, forcing travellers to pass through abandoned and ruined suburbs for a few miles before reaching the city's gates.

Sikh Empire
In the aftermath of Zaman Shah's 1799 invasion of Punjab, Ranjit Singh, of nearby Gujranwala, began to consolidate his position. Singh was able to seize control of the region after a series of battles with the Bhangi chiefs who had seized Lahore in 1780. His army marched to Anarkali, where according to legend, the gatekeeper of the Lohari Gate, Mukham Din Chaudhry, opened the gates allowing Ranjit Singh's army to enter Lahore. After capturing Lahore, Sikh soldiers immediately began plundering Muslim areas of the city until their actions were reined in by Ranjit Singh.

Ranjit Singh's rule restored some of Lahore's lost grandeur, but at the expense of destroying the remaining Mughal architecture for building materials. He established a mint in the city in 1800, and moved into the Mughal palace at the Lahore fort after repurposing it for his own use in governing the Sikh Empire. In 1801, he established a Gurdwara Ram Das to mark the site where Guru Ram Das was born in 1534.

Lahore became the empire's administrative capital, though the nearby economic centre of Amritsar had also been established as the empire's spiritual capital by 1802. By 1812, Singh had mostly refurbished the city's defences by adding a second circuit of outer walls surrounding Akbar's original walls, with the two separated by a moat. Singh also partially restored Shah Jahan's decaying Shalimar Gardens and built the Hazuri Bagh Baradari in 1818 to celebrate his capture of the Koh-i-Noor diamond from Shuja Shah Durrani in 1813. He erected the Gurdwara Dera Sahib to mark the site of Guru Arjan Dev's death (1606). The Sikh royal court also endowed religious architecture in the city, including a number of Sikh gurdwaras, Hindu temples, and havelis.

While much of Lahore's Mughal-era fabric lay in ruins by the time of his arrival, Ranjit Singh's rule saw the re-establishment of Lahore's glory, though the Mughal monuments suffered during the Sikh period. Singh's armies plundered most of Lahore's most precious Mughal monuments, and stripped the white marble from several monuments to send to different parts of the Sikh Empire during his reign. Monuments plundered for decorative materials include the Tomb of Asif Khan, the Tomb of Nur Jahan, and the Shalimar Gardens. Ranjit Singh's army also desecrated the Badshahi Mosque by converting it into an ammunition depot and a stable for horses. The Sunehri Mosque in the Walled City was also converted to a gurdwara, while the Mariyam Zamani Mosque was repurposed into a gunpowder factory.

Late
The Sikh royal court (Lahore Durbar) underwent a quick succession of rulers after the death of Ranjit Singh. His son Kharak Singh died on 6 November 1840, soon after taking the throne. On that same day, the next appointed successor to the throne, Nau Nihal Singh, died in an accident at the gardens of Hazuri Bagh. Maharaja Sher Singh was then selected as Maharajah, though his claim to the throne was quickly challenged by Chand Kaur, widow of Kharak Singh and mother of Nau Nihal Singh, who quickly seized the throne. Sher Singh raised an army that attacked Chand Kaur's forces in Lahore on 14 January 1841. His soldiers mounted weaponry on the minarets of the Badshahi Mosque in order to target Chand Kaur's forces in the Lahore fort, destroying the fort's historic Diwan-e-Aam. Kaur quickly ceded the throne, but Sher Sing was then assassinated in 1843 in Lahore's Chah Miran neighbourhood along with his wazir Dhiyan Singh. Dhyan Singh's son, Hira Singh, sought to avenge his father's death by laying siege to Lahore in order to capture his father's assassins. The siege resulted in the capture of his father's murderer, Ajit Singh. Duleep Singh was then crowned Maharajah, with Hira Singh as his wazir, but his power would be weakened by the continued infighting among Sikh nobles, as well as confrontations against the British during the two Anglo-Sikh wars.

After the conclusion of the two Anglo-Sikh wars, the Sikh Empire fell into disarray, resulting in the fall of the Lahore Durbar, and commencement of British rule after they captured Lahore and the wider Punjab region.

British colonial period

The British East India Company seized control of Lahore in February 1846 from the collapsing Sikh state and occupied the rest of Punjab in 1848. Following the defeat of the Sikhs at the Battle of Gujrat, British troops formally deposed Maharaja Duleep Singh in Lahore that same year. Punjab was then annexed to the British Indian Empire in 1849.

At the commencement of British rule, Lahore was estimated to have a population of 120,000. Prior to annexation by the British, Lahore's environs consisted mostly of the Walled City surrounded by plains interrupted by settlements to the south and east, such as Mozang and Qila Gujar Singh, which have since been engulfed by modern Lahore. The plains between the settlements also contained the remains of Mughal gardens, tombs, and Sikh-era military structures.

The British viewed Lahore's Walled City as a bed of potential social discontent and disease epidemics, and so largely left the inner city alone, while focusing development efforts in Lahore's suburban areas and Punjab's fertile countryside. The British instead laid out their capital city in an area south of the Walled City that would first come to be known as "Donald's Town" before being renamed "Civil Station".

Under early British rule, formerly prominent Mughal-era monuments that were scattered throughout Civil Station were also re-purposed and sometimes desecrated – including the Tomb of Anarkali, which the British had initially converted to clerical offices before re-purposing it as an Anglican church in 1851. The 17th-century Dai Anga Mosque was converted into railway administration offices during this time, the tomb of Nawab Bahadur Khan was converted into a storehouse, and the tomb of Mir Mannu was used as a wine shop. The British also used older structures to house municipal offices, such as the Civil Secretariat, Public Works Department, and Accountant General's Office.

The British built the Lahore Railway Station just outside the Walled City shortly after the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857; the station was therefore styled as a medieval castle to ward off any potential future uprisings, with thick walls, turrets, and holes to direct gun and cannon fire for the defence of the structure. Lahore's most prominent government institutions and commercial enterprises came to be concentrated in Civil Station in a half-mile wide area flanking The Mall, where unlike in Lahore's military zone, the British and locals were allowed to mix. The Mall continues to serve as the epicentre of Lahore's civil administration, as well as one of its most fashionable commercial areas. The British also laid the spacious Lahore Cantonment to the southeast of the Walled City at the former village of Mian Mir, where unlike around The Mall, laws did exist against the mixing of different races.

Lahore was visited on 9 February 1870 by Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh – a visit in which he received delegations from the Dogras of Jammu, Maharajas of Patiala, the Nawab of Bahawalpur, and other rulers from various Punjabi states. During the visit, he visited several of Lahore's major sights. British authorities built several important structures around the time of the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria (1887) in the distinctive Indo-Saracenic style, including the Lahore Museum and Mayo School of Industrial Arts.

The British carried out a census of Lahore in 1901, and counted 20,691 houses in the Walled City. An estimated 200,000 people lived in Lahore at this time. Lahore's posh Model Town was established as a "garden town" suburb in 1921, while Krishan Nagar locality was laid in the 1930s near The Mall and Walled City. Lahore played an important role in the independence movements of both India and Pakistan. The Declaration of the Independence of India was moved by Jawaharlal Nehru and passed unanimously at midnight on 31 December 1929 at Lahore's Bradlaugh Hall. The Indian Swaraj flag was adopted this time as well. Lahore's jail was used by the British to imprison independence activists such as Jatin Das, and was also where Bhagat Singh was hanged in 1931. Under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the All India Muslim League passed the Lahore Resolution in 1940, demanding the creation of Pakistan as a separate homeland for the Muslims of India.

Partition
The 1941 census showed that city of Lahore had a population of 671,659, of which was 64.5% Muslim, with the remainder 35% being Hindu and Sikh, alongside a small Christian community. The population figure was disputed by Hindus and Sikhs before the Boundary Commission that would draw the Radcliffe Line to demarcate the border of the two new states based on religious demography. In a bid to have Lahore awarded to India, they argued that the city was only 54% Muslim, and that Hindu and Sikh domination of the city's economy and educational institutions should trump Muslim demography. Two-thirds of shops, and 80% of Lahore's factories belonged to the Hindu and Sikh community. Kuldip Nayyar claimed that Cyril Radcliffe had told him in 1971 that he originally had planned to give Lahore to the new Dominion of India, but decided to place it within the Dominion of Pakistan, which he saw as lacking a major city as he had already awarded Calcutta to India.

As tensions grew over the city's uncertain fate, Lahore experienced Partition's worst riots. Carnage ensued in which all three religious groups were both victims and perpetrators. Early riots in March and April 1947 destroyed 6,000 of Lahore's 82,000 homes. Violence continued to rise throughout the summer, despite the presence of armoured British personnel. Hindus and Sikhs began to leave the city en masse as their hopes that the Boundary Commission would award the city to India came to be regarded as increasingly unlikely. By late August 1947, 66% of Hindus and Sikhs had left the city. The Shah Alami Bazaar, once a largely Hindu quarter of the Walled City, was entirely burnt down during subsequent rioting.

When Pakistan's independence was declared on 14 August 1947, the Radcliffe Line had not yet been announced, and so cries of "Long live Pakistan" and "God is greatest" were heard intermittently with "Long live Hindustan" throughout the night. On 17 August 1947, Lahore was awarded to Pakistan on the basis of its Muslim majority in the 1941 census and was made capital of the Punjab province in the new state of Pakistan. The city's location near the Indian border meant that it received large numbers of refugees fleeing eastern Punjab and northern India, though it was able to accommodate them given the large stock of abandoned Hindu and Sikh properties that could be re-distributed to newly arrived refugees.

Modern
Partition left Lahore with a much-weakened economy, and a stymied social and cultural scene that had previously been invigorated by the city's Hindus and Sikhs. Industrial production dropped to one-third of pre-Partition level by the end of the 1940s, and only 27% of its manufacturing units were operating by 1950, and usually well-below capacity. Capital flight further weakened the city's economy while Karachi industrialized and became more prosperous.

The city's weakened economy, and proximity to the Indian border, meant that the city was deemed unsuitable to be the Pakistani capital after independence. Karachi was therefore chosen to be the capital on account of its relative tranquility during the Partition period, stronger economy, and better infrastructure.

After independence, Lahore slowly regained its significance as an economic and cultural centre of western Punjab. Reconstruction began in 1949 of the Shah Alami Bazaar, the former commercial heart of the Walled City until it was destroyed in the 1947 riots. The Tomb of Allama Iqbal was built in 1951 to honour the philosopher-poet who provided the spiritual inspiration for the Pakistan movement. In 1955, Lahore was selected to be the capital of all West Pakistan during the single-unit period that lasted until 1970. Shortly afterwards, Lahore's iconic Minar-e-Pakistan was completed in 1968 to mark the spot where the Pakistan Resolution was passed. With support from the United Nations, the government was able to rebuild Lahore, and most scars from the communal violence of Partition were ameliorated.

The second Islamic Summit Conference was held in the city in 1974. In retaliation for the destruction of the Babri Masjid in India, riots erupted in 1992 in which several non-Muslim monuments were targeted, including the tomb of Maharaja Sher Singh, and the former Jain temple near The Mall. In 1996, the International Cricket Council Cricket World Cup final match was held at the Gaddafi Stadium in Lahore.

The Walled City of Lahore restoration project began in 2009, when the Punjab government restored the Royal Trail from Akbari Gate to the Lahore Fort with money from the World Bank.

Geography

Lahore is in northeastern portion of Pakistan, lying between 31°15′—31°45′ N and 74°01′—74°39′ E. The city is bounded on the north and west by the Sheikhupura District, on the east by Wagah, and on the south by Kasur District. The Ravi River flows on the northern side of Lahore. Lahore city covers a total land area of 404 km².

Climate
Lahore has a semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSh), falling just under the category of humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cwa). The hottest month is June, where temperatures routinely exceed 45 C. The monsoon season starts in late June, and the wettest months are July, August and September. with heavy rainfalls and evening thunderstorms with the possibility of cloudbursts and flash floods. The coolest month is January, with dense fog.

The city's record high temperature was 50.4 C, recorded on 5 June 2003. On 10 June 2007, a temperature of 48 C was recorded; this was in the shade, and the meteorological office recording the figure reported a heat index in direct sunlight of 55 C. The highest rainfall in a 24-hour period is 221 mm, recorded on 13 August 2008.

Population
The results of the 2017 Census determined the population of Lahore to be 11,126,285, with an annual growth rate of 4.07% since 1998. Gender-wise, 52.35% of the population are male, 47.64% are female, and 0.01% are transgender. Lahore is a demographically young city, with over 40% of its inhabitants below the age of 15.

Ethnic groups
According to the 2017 Pakistani census, the largest groups in terms of ethnicity and caste are Punjabi Arains, constituting 40%, followed by Kashmiris at 30% with other groups such as Punjabi Rajputs and Punjabi Kamboh at 5% each.

Religion
According to the 2017 Census, the vast majority of Lahore's population are Muslims (94.7%), roughly the same as in the 1998 Census, and up from 60% in 1941. Other religions include Christians (5.14%, slightly less than 5.80% in 1998; though according to the 1998 Census, they formed around 9.0% of the rural population) and small numbers of Ahmadis, Baháʼís, Hindus, Parsis, and Sikhs. There is also a small but longstanding Zoroastrian community.

Since Lahore contains some of Sikhism's holiest sites, it is a major pilgrimage destination for Sikhs. Lahore's first church was built during the reign of Emperor Akbar in the late 16th century, but was then leveled by Shah Jahan in 1632. Due to the few numbers of Hindus living in Lahore, the only two functional Hindu temples in the city are the Shri Krishna Mandir and the Valmiki Mandir.

Languages
The Punjabi language is the most-widely spoken native language in Lahore, with 80% of Lahore counting it as their first language according to the 2017 Census. Lahore is the largest Punjabi-speaking city in the world. According to the 2017 Pakistani census 12.6% speak Urdu, 2.7% Pashto, 1.02% Saraiki and 2.78% other mother tongues.

Urdu and English are used as official languages and as mediums of instruction and media administration. However, Punjabi is also taught at graduation level and used in theatres, films, and newspapers from Lahore. Several Lahore-based prominent educational leaders, researchers, and social commentators have demanded that the Punjabi language should be declared as the medium of instruction at the primary level and be used officially in the Punjab Assembly, Lahore.

Old City
Lahore's modern cityscape consists of the historic Walled City of Lahore in the northern part of the city, which contains several World Heritage Sites and national heritage sites. Lahore's urban planning was not based on geometric design but was instead built piecemeal, with small cul-de-sacs, as katrahs and galis developed in the context of neighbouring buildings. Though certain neighbourhoods were named for particular religious or ethnic communities, the neighbourhoods themselves typically were diverse and were not dominated by the namesake group.

Lahore's urban typology is similar to other ancient cities in South Asia, such as Peshawar, Multan and Delhi – all of which were founded near a major river, and included an old walled city and royal citadel.

By the end of the Sikh rule, most of Lahore's massive haveli compounds had been occupied by settlers. New neighbourhoods occasionally grew up entirely within the confines of an old Mughal haveli, such as the Mohallah Pathan Wali, which grew within the ruins of a haveli of the same name, built by Mian Khan. By 1831, all Mughal Havelis in the Walled City had been encroached upon by the surrounding neighbourhood, leading to the modern-day absence of any Mughal Havelis in Lahore.

A total of thirteen gates once surrounded the historic walled city. Some of the remaining gates include the Raushnai Gate, Masti Gate, Yakki Gate, Kashmiri Gate, Khizri Gate, Shah Burj Gate, Akbari Gate, and Lahori Gate. Southeast of the walled city is the spacious British-era Lahore Cantonment.

Architecture

Lahore is home to numerous monuments from the Mughal Dynasty, Sikh Empire, and the British Indian Raj. The architectural style of the Walled City of Lahore has traditionally been influenced by Mughal and Sikh styles.

Sikh period
By the arrival of the Sikh Empire at the end of the 18th century, Lahore had decayed from its former glory as the Mughal capital. Rebuilding efforts under Ranjit Singh and his successors were influenced by Mughal practices, and Lahore was known as the 'City of Gardens' during the Ranjit Singh period. Later, British maps of the area surrounding Lahore dating from the mid-19th century show many walled private gardens which were confiscated from the Muslim noble families bearing the names of prominent Sikh nobles – a pattern of patronage which was inherited from the Mughals.

While much of Lahore's Mughal-era fabric lay in ruins by the time of his arrival, Ranjit Singh's army's plundered most of Lahore's most precious Mughal monuments, and stripped the white marble from several monuments to send to different parts of the Sikh Empire. Monuments plundered of their marble include the Tomb of Asif Khan and the Tomb of Nur Jahan; the Shalimar Gardens was plundered of much of its marble, and its costly agate gate was stripped. The Sikh state also demolished a number of shrines and monuments laying outside the city's walls.

Still, Sikh rule left Lahore with several monuments, and a heavily altered Lahore Fort. Ranjit Singh's rule restored some of Lahore's previous grandeur, and the city was left with a large number of religious monuments from this period. Several havelis were built during this era, though only a few still remain.

British period
As the capital of British Punjab, the city derived much of its architecture from British colonialists. Structures were built predominantly in the Indo-Gothic style – a syncretic architectural style that blends elements of Victorian and Islamic architecture o r in the distinct Indo-Saracenic style. The British also built neoclassical Montgomery Hall, which today serves as the Quaid-e-Azam Library.

Lawrence Gardens were also laid near Civil Station, and were paid for by donations solicited from both Lahore's European community, as well as from wealthy locals. The gardens featured over 600 species of plants, and were tended to by a horticulturist sent from London's Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew.

The leafy suburbs to the south of the Old City, as well as the Cantonment southwest of the Old City, were largely developed under British colonial rule, and feature colonial-era buildings built alongside leafy avenues.

The British authorities built several important structures around the time of the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria in 1887 in the distinctive Indo-Saracenic style, such as the Lahore Museum and Mayo School of Industrial Arts. Other prominent examples of the Indo-Saracenic style in Lahore include Lahore's prestigious Aitchison College, the Punjab Chief Court (today the Lahore High Court), Lahore Museum, and the University of the Punjab.

Many of Lahore's most important buildings were designed by civil engineer and architect Sir Ganga Ram, who is considered "the father of modern Lahore".

Parks and gardens
Lahore is also known as "the city of gardens" due to its large number of gardens. The Shahdara Bagh was one of the earliest Mughal gardens, laid out in 15th century, and contains the Tomb of Jahangir. The Shalimar Gardens were laid out during the reign of Shah Jahan and were designed to mimic the Islamic paradise of the afterlife described in the Qur'an. The gardens follow the familiar charbagh layout of four squares, with three descending terraces. In 1818, Hazuri Bagh was built during reign of Ranjit Singh to celebrate his capture of the Koh-i-Noor diamond from Shuja Shah Durrani.

The Lawrence Garden was established in 1862 and was originally named after Sir John Lawrence, late 19th-century British Viceroy to India. The Circular Garden, which surrounds the Walled City on three sides, was established by 1892. The former parade ground adjacent to Badshahi Mosque was also renamed during the British era as Minto Park, which after restoration was re-established as Iqbal Park.

The many other gardens and parks in the city include Hazuri Bagh, Iqbal Park, Mochi Bagh, Gulshan-e-Iqbal Park, Model Town Park, Jilani Park, Nasir Bagh Lahore, Jallo Park, Lahore Zoo Safari Park, and Changa Manga, a human-made forest near Lahore in the Kasur district. Another example is the Bagh-e-Jinnah, a 141 acre botanical garden that houses entertainment and sports facilities as well as a library.

Economy
, the city's gross domestic product (GDP) by purchasing power parity (PPP) was estimated at $40 billion with a projected average growth rate of 5.6 percent. This is on par with Karachi, Pakistan's economic hub, with Lahore (having half the population) fostering an economy that is 51% of the size of Karachi's ($78 billion in 2008). It is estimated that Lahore contributes 11.5% to the national economy, and 19% to the provincial economy of Punjab. As a whole, Punjab has a $115 billion economy, making it the first (and to date, only) Pakistani Subdivision with an economy of more than $100 billion, at the rank 144. Lahore's GDP is projected to be $102 billion by 2025, with a slightly higher growth rate of 5.6% per annum, as compared to Karachi's 5.5%.

A major industrial agglomeration with about 9,000 industrial units, Lahore has shifted in recent decades from manufacturing to service industries. Some 42% of its workforce is employed in finance, banking, real estate, community, cultural, and social services. The city is Pakistan's largest software and hardware producing centre, and hosts a growing computer-assembly industry. The city has always been a centre for publications; 80% of Pakistan's books are published in Lahore, and it remains the foremost centre of literary, educational, and cultural activity in Pakistan.

The Lahore Expo Centre is one of the biggest projects in the history of the city and was inaugurated on 22 May 2010. Defense Raya Golf Resort, also under construction, will be Pakistan's and Asia's largest golf course. The project is the result of a partnership between DHA Lahore and BRDB Malaysia. The rapid development of large projects such as these in the city is expected to boost the economy of the country. Ferozepur Road of the Central business districts of Lahore contains high-rises and skyscrapers including Kayre International Hotel and Arfa Software Technology Park.

Public transportation

Lahore's main public transportation system is operated by the Lahore Transport Company (LTC) and Punjab Mass Transit Authority (PMTA). The backbone of its public transport network is the PMTA's Lahore Metrobus and the Orange Line of the Lahore Metro train. LTC and PMTA also operates an extensive network of buses, providing bus service to many parts of the city and acting as a feeder system for the Metrobus. The Orange Line metro spans 27.1 km around the city and operates at a speed of 80 km/h.

Metrobus
The Lahore Metrobus is a bus rapid transit service operating in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Lahore Metrobus service is integrated with Lahore Transport Company's local bus service to operate as one urban transport system, providing a connected transit service across Lahore District with connections to neighboring suburban communities.

Low occupancy vehicles
Low occupancy vehicle (LOVs)—functionally a medium-sized van or wagon—run on routes throughout the city. They function like buses and operate on many routes throughout the city.

Orange Line
The Orange Line Metro Train is an automated rapid transit system in Lahore. The Orange line is the first of the three proposed rail lines proposed for the Lahore Metro. As of 2020, it is the primary metro rail line in the city. The line spans 27.1 km, with 25.4 km elevated and 1.72 km underground, and had a cost of 251.06 billion rupees ($1.6 billion). The line consists of 26 subway stations (Ali Town Station to Dera Gujran Station) and is designed to carry over 250,000 passengers daily. CRRC Zhuzhou Locomotive rolled out the first of 27 trains for the metro on 16 May 2017. The train has speed up to 80 km/h. For improved durability, its bogies are heat-resistant, can manage unstable voltage, and feature energy-saving air-conditioning. Successful initial test trials were run in mid-2018, and commercial operations began on 25 October 2020.

Blue Line
The Blue Line is a proposed 24 km line from Chauburji to College Road Township. Along the way, it will connect places like Mozang Chungi, Shadman Chowk, Jail Road, Mian Boulevard Gulberg, Mian Boulevard Garden Town, and Faisal Town.

Purple Line
The Purple Line is a proposed 19 km line from Bhaati Chowk to the Allama Iqbal International Airport. Along the way, it will connect places like Brandreth Road, Railway Station, Allama Iqbal Road, Dharampura, and Ghazi Road.

Taxi and rickshaw
Ride-sharing services such as Uber and Careem are available in the city. Motorcycle rides are also available in the city, which have been introduced by private companies.

Auto rickshaws play an important role of public transport in Lahore. As of 2019, there were approximately 82,000 auto rickshaws and 65,000 motorcycle rickshaws in the city. Motorcycle rickshaws, usually called chingchi (after the Chinese company Jinan Qingqi Motorcycle Co. Ltd, who first introduced these to the market) or chand gari ('moon car') are cheaper than auto rickshaws and provide a shared ride experience for multiple passengers and fares, whereas auto rickshaws cater to only one passenger or group for a fare. Since 2002, all auto rickshaws have been required to use compressed natural gas as fuel, and all-electric rickshaws were introduced in 2023.

Railways
Lahore Junction Station serves as the main railway station for Lahore, and serves as a major hub for all Pakistan Railways services in Northern Pakistan. It includes services to Peshawar and the national capital metropolitan area of Islamabad–Rawalpindi, and long-distance services to Karachi and Quetta. Lahore Cantonment Station also operates a few trains.

Buses
Lahore Badami Bagh Bus Terminal (known colloquially as "Lari Adda") serves as a hub for intercity bus services in Lahore, served by multiple bus companies providing a comprehensive network of services in Punjab and neighbouring provinces. Lahore Jinnah Bus Terminal is also a major bus stand in southern Lahore. Apart from these stations, multiple privately owned bus transportation companies operate from Band Road (referred to colloquially as Chowk Yateem Khana), offering intercity transport at varying fares and comfort levels.

Airports
Pakistan's third busiest airport, Allama Iqbal International Airport (IATA: LHE), straddles the city's eastern boundary. The new passenger terminal was opened in 2003, replacing the old terminal which now serves as a VIP and Hajj lounge. The airport was named after the national poet-philosopher, Muhammad Iqbal, and is a secondary hub for the national carrier, Pakistan International Airlines. Walton Airport in Askari neighbourhood provides general aviation facilities. Sialkot International Airport (IATA: SKT) and Faisalabad International Airport (IATA: LYP) also serve as alternate airports for the Lahore area, in addition to serving their respective cities.

Allama Iqbal International Airport connects Lahore with many cities worldwide (including domestic destinations) by both passenger and cargo flight including Ras al Khaimah, Guangzhou (begins 28 August 2018), Ürümqi, Abu Dhabi, Barcelona, Beijing–Capital, Copenhagen, Dammam, Dera Ghazi Khan, Doha, Dubai–International, Islamabad, Jeddah, Karachi, Kuala Lumpur–International, London–Heathrow, Manchester, Medina, Milan–Malpensa, Multan, Muscat, Oslo–Gardermoen, Paris–Charles de Gaulle, Peshawar, Quetta, Rahim Yar Khan, Riyadh, Salalah, Tokyo–Narita, Toronto–Pearson, Mashhad, Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi, and Tashkent.

Roads

There are a number of municipal, provincial and federal roads that serve Lahore.
 * Municipal roads
 * Canal Road – serves as the major north–south artery
 * Provincial highways
 * Lahore Ring Road
 * Lahore–Kasur Road (Ferozepur Road)
 * Lahore–Raiwind Road (Raiwind Road)
 * Lahore–Sharaqpur Road (Sagianwala Bypass Road)
 * Lahore–Wagah Road
 * Grand Trunk Road (G.T Road )
 * Federal highways
 * M-2 motorway
 * M-3 motorway
 * M-11 motorway
 * N-5 National Highway (Multan Road)
 * N-60 National Highway (Sargodha–Lahore road)

Metropolitan Corporation
Under Punjab Local Government Act 2013, Lahore is a metropolitan area under the authority of the Metropolitan Corporation Lahore. The Metropolitan Corporation Lahore is a body consisting of nine deputy mayors (one from each zone in the district) and the city's mayor – all of whom are elected in popular elections. The Metropolitan Corporation approves zoning and land use, coordinates urban design and planning, sets environmental protection laws, and provides municipal services.

Mayor
As per the Punjab Local Government Act 2013, the Mayor of Lahore is the elected head of the Metropolitan Corporation of Lahore. The mayor is directly elected in municipal elections every four years alongside 9 deputy town mayors. Mubashir Javed of the Pakistan Muslim League (N) was elected mayor of Lahore in 2016. The mayor is responsible for the administration of government services, the composition of councils and committees overseeing Lahore City District departments and serves as the chairperson for the meeting of the Lahore Council. The mayor also functions to help devise long-term development plans in consultation with other stakeholders and bodies to improve the condition, livability, and sustainability of urban areas.

Neighbourhoods
Lahore District is a subdivision of the Punjab, and is further divided into 9 administrative zones. Each town in turn consists of a group of union councils, of which there are 274 total.

Politics
The 2015 local government elections for Union Councils in Lahore yielded the following results:

Festivals
The people of Lahore celebrate many festivals and events throughout the year, including Islamic, traditional Punjabi, Christian, and national holidays and festivals.

Many people decorate their houses and light candles to illuminate the streets and houses during public holidays; roads and businesses may be lit for days. Many of Lahore's dozens of Sufi shrines hold annual festivals called urs to honour their respective saints. For example, the mausoleum of Ali Hujwiri at the Data Darbar shrine has an annual urs that attracts up to one million visitors per year. The popular Mela Chiraghan festival in Lahore takes place at the shrine of Madho Lal Hussain, while other large urs take place at the shrines of Bibi Pak Daman, and at the Shrine of Mian Mir. Eid ul-Fitr and Eid ul-Adha are celebrated in the city with public buildings and shopping centers decorated in lights. The people of Lahore also commemorate the martyrdom of Imam Husain at Karbala with massive processions that take place during the first ten days of the month of Muharram.

Basant is a traditional Punjabi festival that marks the coming of spring. Basant celebrations in Pakistan are centred in Lahore, and people from all over the country and abroad come to the city for the annual festivities. Kite-flying competitions traditionally take place on city rooftops during Basant, while the Lahore Canal is decorated with floating lanterns. Courts have banned kite-flying because of casualties and power installation losses. The ban was lifted for two days in 2007, then immediately reimposed when 11 people were killed by celebratory gunfire, sharp kite-strings, electrocution, and falls related to the competition.

Lahore's churches are elaborately decorated for Christmas and Easter celebrations. Shopping centers and public buildings also feature Christmas installations to celebrate the holiday, even though Christians only constitute 3% of the total population of Lahore in 2016.

Tourism
Lahore remains a major tourist destination in Pakistan. The Walled City of Lahore was renovated in 2014 and is popular due to the presence of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Among the most popular sights are the Lahore Fort, adjacent to the Walled City, and home to the Sheesh Mahal, the Alamgiri Gate, the Naulakha pavilion, and the Moti Masjid. The fort and adjoining Shalimar Gardens have been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1981.

The city is home to several ancient religious sites, including prominent Hindu temples: the Krishna Temple and Valmiki Mandir. The Samadhi of Ranjit Singh, also located near the Walled City, houses the funerary urns of the Sikh ruler Maharaja Ranjit Singh. The most prominent religious building is the Badshahi Mosque, constructed in 1673; it was the largest mosque in the world upon construction. Another popular sight is the Wazir Khan Mosque, constructed in 1635 and known for its extensive faience tile work.

Religious sites
Well-known religious sites in the city include:

 * Badshahi Mosque
 * Dai Anga Mosque
 * Darbar Madho Lal Hussain
 * Data Darbar Complex
 * Grand Jamia Mosque, Lahore
 * Gurdwara Dera Sahib
 * Gurdwara Janam Asthan Guru Ram Das
 * Krishna Mandir, Lahore
 * Lava Temple
 * Lohari Gate Mosque
 * Masjid of Mariyam Zamani
 * Masjid Shuhada
 * Moti Masjid (Lahore Fort)
 * Muhammad Saleh Kamboh Mosque
 * Neevin Mosque
 * Oonchi Mosque
 * Sacred Heart Cathedral, Lahore
 * Shab Bhar Mosque
 * Shaheed Ganj Mosque
 * St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church
 * Suneri Mosque
 * Valmiki Temple
 * Wazir Khan Mosque

Museums

 * Army Museum Lahore
 * Fakir Khana
 * Islamic Summit Minar
 * Javed Manzil
 * Lahore Museum
 * National History Museum
 * House of NANNA's by Dr. Ejaz Anwar
 * Como Museum of Art
 * National Museum of Science and Technology
 * Shakir Ali Museum
 * Tollinton Market-Lahore City Heritage Museum

Tombs

 * Tomb of Ali Mardan Khan
 * Tomb of Allama Iqbal
 * Tomb of Anarkali
 * Tomb of Asif Khan
 * Tomb of Dai Anga
 * Tomb of Jani Khan
 * Tomb of Jahangir
 * Tomb of Nadira Begum
 * Tomb of Nur Jahan
 * Tomb of Dai Anga
 * Buddhu's Tomb
 * Cypress Tomb or Sarowala Maqbara
 * Tomb of Zeb-un-Nissa Begum
 * Tomb of Gul Begum
 * Tomb of Malik Ayaz
 * Kuri Bagh
 * Mai Dai
 * Mian Khan
 * Nusrat Khan
 * Prince Pervez
 * Qutb-ud-din Aibak
 * Saleh Kamboh
 * Mir Niamat Khan
 * Rasul Shahyun
 * Zafar Jang Kokaltash

Shrines

 * Bibi Pak Daman
 * Ali Hujwiri
 * Mian Mir
 * Madho Lal Hussain
 * Khawaja Tahir Bandgi
 * Ghazi Ilm Din Shaheed
 * Sheikh Musa Ahangar
 * Khawaja Mehmud
 * Nizam-ud-Din
 * Siraj-ud-Din Gilani
 * peer makki
 * Baba Shah Jamal

Samadhis

 * Bhai Vasti Ram
 * Ranjit Singh
 * Samadhi of Bhai Mani Singh
 * Sir Ganga Ram
 * Bhai Taru Singh

Havelis
There are many havelis inside the Walled City of Lahore, some in good condition while others need urgent attention. Many of these havelis are fine examples of Mughal and Sikh architecture. Some of the havelis inside the Walled City include:
 * Chuna Mandi Havelis
 * Dina Nath Ki Haveli
 * Haveli Barood Khana
 * Haveli Mian Khan (Rang Mehal)
 * Haveli of Nau Nihal Singh
 * Haveli Shergharian (near Lal Khou)
 * Haveli Sir Wajid Ali Shah (near Nisar Haveli)
 * Lal Haveli beside Mochi Bagh
 * Mubarak Begum Haveli Bhatti Gate
 * Mubarak Haveli – Chowk Nawab Sahib, Mochi/Akbari Gate
 * Mughal Haveli (residence of Maharaja Ranjeet Singh)
 * Nisar Haveli
 * Salman Sirhindi ki Haveli

Other landmarks

 * Shahi Hammam
 * Alhamra Art Council
 * Lahore Royal Fort
 * Greater Iqbal Park

Historic neighbourhoods

 * Anarkali
 * Badami Bagh
 * Baghbanpura
 * Begampura
 * Heera Mandi
 * Mughalpura
 * Shahdara Bagh
 * Walled City of Lahore

Education
Lahore is known as Pakistan's educational capital, with more colleges and universities than any other city in Pakistan. The literacy rate of Lahore is 74%. The city is Pakistan's largest producer of professionals in the fields of science, technology, IT, law, engineering, medicine, nuclear sciences, pharmacology, telecommunication, biotechnology, microelectronics, and nanotechnology, and has the only future hyper high-tech center in Pakistan. Most of the reputable universities are public, but in recent years there has also been an upsurge in the number of private universities. Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS) is the only AACSB accredited business school in Pakistan. Lahore hosts some of Pakistan's oldest and best educational institutes, including:

 * Aitchison College, established in 1886
 * Beaconhouse National University, established in 2003
 * Central Model School, established in 1883
 * Crescent Model Higher Secondary School, established in 1968
 * College of Home Economics, established in 1955
 * College of Statistical and Actuarial Sciences, established in 1950
 * Convent of Jesus and Mary, established in 1867
 * Dayal Singh College, established in 1910
 * De'Montmorency College of Dentistry, established in 1929
 * Fatima Jinnah Medical University, established in 1948
 * Forman Christian College, established in 1864
 * Government College University, Lahore, established in 1864
 * Hailey College of Commerce, established in 1927
 * Islamia College, established in 1892
 * Jamia Ashrafia, established in 1947
 * King Edward Medical University, established in 1860
 * Kinnaird College for Women University, established in 1913
 * Lady Maclagan Training College, established in 1933
 * Lady Willingdon Nursing School, established in 1933
 * Lahore College for Women University, established in 1922
 * Lahore Garrison University
 * Lahore Grammar School, established in 1979
 * Lahore Medical and Dental College, established in 1997
 * Lahore School of Economics, established in 1993
 * Lahore University of Management Sciences, established in 1986
 * M.A.O College, established in 1933
 * Muslim Model High School, established in 1890
 * National College of Arts, established in 1875
 * Oriental College, established in 1876
 * Pakistan Institute of Fashion and Design, established in 1994
 * PakTurk International Schools and Colleges, established in 2006
 * Queen Mary College, established in 1908
 * Sacred Heart High School, established in 1906
 * Shaikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan Medical and Dental College, established in 2009
 * St. Anthony's High School, established in 1892
 * St. Francis High School, established in 1842
 * University College of Pharmacy, established in 1944
 * University Law College, established in 1868
 * University of Central Punjab, established in 2002
 * University of Education, established in 2002
 * University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, established in 1921
 * University of Health Sciences, Lahore, established in 2002
 * University of Lahore, established in 1999
 * University of Management and Technology (Lahore), established in 2002
 * University of the Punjab, established in 1882
 * University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, established in 1882

Sports
Lahore has successfully hosted many international sports events, including the finals of the 1990 Men's Hockey World Cup and the 1996 Cricket World Cup. The headquarters of all major sports governing bodies in Pakistan are located in Lahore, including cricket, hockey, rugby, and football. Lahore is also home to the head office of the Pakistan Olympic Association.

Gaddafi Stadium is a Test cricket ground in Lahore. It was completed in 1959, and renovations were carried out by Pakistani architect Nayyar Ali Dada in the 1990s.

The multi purpose Punjab Stadium located near the headquarters of the Pakistan Football Federation, is mainly used for football matches and has hosted several events including AFC President's Cup and FIFA World Cup qualifiers.

Lahore is home to several golf courses, including the Lahore Gymkhana Golf Course, the Lahore Garrison Golf and Country Club, the Royal Palm Golf Club, and newly built Defence Raya Golf & Country Club. Lake City, a 9-hole course, opened in nearby Raiwind Road in 2011. The newly opened Oasis Golf and Aqua Resort is a state-of-the-art resort, featuring golf, water parks, and leisure activities like horse riding and archery.

The Lahore Marathon is part of an annual package of six international marathons sponsored by Standard Chartered Bank across Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. More than 20,000 athletes from Pakistan and all over the world participate in this event. It was first held on 30 January 2005, and again on 29 January 2006. More than 22,000 people participated in the 2006 race. The third marathon was held on 14 January 2007. Plans exist to build Pakistan's first sports city in Lahore, on the bank of the Ravi River.

 * Professional sports teams from Lahore

Twin towns and sister cities
The following international cities have been declared twin towns and sister cities of Lahore.

 * 🇹🇷 Istanbul, Turkey (1975)
 * 🇰🇵 Sariwon, North Korea (1988)
 * 🇨🇳 Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (1992)
 * 🇧🇪 Kortrijk, Belgium (1993)
 * 🇲🇦 Fez, Morocco (1994)
 * 🇺🇿 Bukhara, Uzbekistan (1995)
 * 🇺🇿 Samarkand, Uzbekistan (1995)
 * 🇮🇷 Isfahan, Iran (2004)
 * 🇮🇷 Mashad, Iran (2006)
 * Glasgow, Scotland (2006)
 * 🇺🇸 Chicago, Illinois, United States (2007)
 * 🇷🇸 Belgrade, Serbia (2007)
 * 🇵🇱 Kraków, Poland (2007)
 * Coimbra, Portugal (2007)
 * 🇹🇯 Dushanbe, Tajikistan (2008)
 * 🇪🇸 Córdoba, Spain (2008)
 * 🇨🇴 Bogotá, Colombia (2009)
 * 🇮🇷 Amol, Iran (2010)
 * 🇧🇷 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (2015)

Awards
In 1966, the Government of Pakistan awarded a special flag, the Hilal-i-istaqlal, to the cities of Lahore, Sargodha, and Sialkot for showing severe resistance to the enemy during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, as these cities were targets of the Indian aggression. Every year on Defence Day (6 September), this flag is hoisted in these cities in recognition of the will, courage, and perseverance of their people.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lahore