text:
Ansonia, Ohio

Ansonia is a village in Darke County, Ohio, United States. The population was 1,160 at the 2020 census.

History
Ansonia was founded in 1845 under the name of "Dallas." The village initially grew slowly; significant expansion only came after the coming of a railroad in 1852. Because dense swamps hindered settlement in the vicinity, woodland was plentiful, and Ansonia became a center of manufacturing for hardwood products. In 1873, the residents replaced their old school with a substantial two-story building at the cost of ten thousand dollars; this building was the first home of Ansonia High School, which was founded in that year. In turn, this building was demolished and a replacement erected in 1903. Another prominent structure in the village was a mausoleum; built of marble in 1911, it was the first mausoleum in Darke County.

In its early decades, Ansonia was heavily influenced by Freemasonry. The community's first lodge was chartered on October 21, 1874, with a membership of sixteen; in its first forty years, this lodge expanded nearly eightfold. An IOOF lodge was instituted on June 18, 1875, with sixteen members; it grew nearly sevenfold in its first forty years. Sixteen women in the community founded a chapter of the Daughters of Rebekah in 1894, and a lodge of the Knights of Pythias was also established in the village in 1889.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.81 sqmi, of which 0.79 sqmi is land and 0.02 sqmi is water. It is approximately six miles north of the county seat of Greenville.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 1,174 people, 448 households, and 322 families living in the village. The population density was 1486.1 PD/sqmi. There were 500 housing units at an average density of 632.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 98.8% White, 0.3% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.2% from other races, and 0.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.6% of the population.

There were 448 households, of which 37.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 14.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 28.1% were non-families. 21.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62, and the average family size was 3.02.

The median age in the village was 35.4 years. 27.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.1% were from 25 to 44; 27.5% were from 45 to 64, and 10.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 48.5% male and 51.5% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,145 people, 451 households, and 331 families living in the village. The population density was 1,717.0 PD/sqmi. There were 479 housing units at an average density of 718.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 99.13% White, 0.26% Native American, 0.52% from other races, and 0.09% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.40% of the population.

There were 451 households, out of which 35.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.9% were married couples living together, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.6% were non-families. 23.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54, and the average family size was 2.99.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 27.7% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 30.0% from 25 to 44, 21.3% from 45 to 64, and 12.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.5 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $35,882, and the median income for a family was $38,529. Males had a median income of $28,452 versus $22,460 for females. The per capita income for the village was $16,633. About 4.2% of families and 7.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.7% of those under age 18 and 1.7% of those age 65 or over.

title: Ansonia, Ohio


text:
Arcanum, Ohio

Arcanum is a village in Darke County, Ohio, United States. The population was 2,457 at the 2020 census.

History
Arcanum was laid out in 1849. The Greenville and Miami railroad arrived to Arcanum in 1852, connecting it to Dayton and much of the outside world. This helped contribute to the majority of its economic prosperity. Arcanum received its name in November 1848 when two engineers were given the task by John Gunder. Gunder instructed the men to "select a name and have one that is not on the map of the globe." Between the first requirement and the dark, foggy November weather, the men chose "Arcanum," which conveniently means "secret, hidden." A post office has been in operation at Arcanum since 1852.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.30 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 2,129 people, 888 households, and 608 families living in the village. The population density was 1637.7 PD/sqmi. There were 980 housing units at an average density of 753.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 98.8% White, 0.1% African American, 0.2% Asian, 0.1% from other races, and 0.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.3% of the population.

There were 888 households, of which 35.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.5% were married couples living together, 11.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 31.5% were non-families. 28.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40, and the average family size was 2.94.

The median age in the village was 37.4 years. 26.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.7% were from 25 to 44; 22.6% were from 45 to 64, and 17.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 47.3% male and 52.7% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,076 people, 853 households, and 603 families living in the village. The population density was 1,789.8 PD/sqmi. There were 891 housing units at an average density of 768.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 98.75% White, 0.05% Native American, 0.19% Asian, and 1.01% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.39% of the population. There were 853 households, out of which 34.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.9% were married couples living together, 9.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.3% were non-families. 25.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43, and the average family size was 2.92.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 26.4% under the age of 18, 8.2% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 17.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.3 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $42,649, and the median income for a family was $51,429. Males had a median income of $36,850 versus $21,597 for females. The per capita income for the village was $19,597. About 2.5% of families and 3.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.0% of those under age 18 and 5.9% of those age 65 or over.

Government
The Village of Arcanum functions as a Mayor and Council form of government, meaning that the mayor will cast a vote only in the case of a tie amongst the council. The Village Administrator oversees all of the operations of the Arcanum utilities, as well as anything about the water and sewer systems.

Education
High School Men's basketball state champions 1969.

Notable People

 * Mark York, actor

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Arcanum, Ohio


text:
Castine, Ohio

Castine is a village in Darke County, Ohio, United States. The population was 110 at the 2020 census.

History
Castine was platted in 1832 and replatted in the following year. Its location was chosen because it lay at the intersection of the road between Greenville and Eaton with the road between the communities of Miami County, Ohio and New Garden, Indiana. For its first few decades, the village (then known as "New Castine") grew and prospered, but the building of the Little Miami Railroad through West Manchester, 2 mi to the south, retarded Castine's progress. Revival came with the construction of the Cincinnati Northern Railroad in 1894.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.08 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 130 people, 54 households, and 36 families living in the village. The population density was 1625.0 PD/sqmi. There were 59 housing units at an average density of 737.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 97.7% White, 0.8% Native American, 0.8% from other races, and 0.8% from two or more races.

There were 54 households, of which 29.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.7% were married couples living together, 7.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 33.3% were non-families. 31.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 2.97.

The median age in the village was 35.5 years. 23.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 31.6% were from 25 to 44; 23.1% were from 45 to 64; and 16.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 49.2% male and 50.8% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 129 people, 43 households, and 39 families living in the village. The population density was 1,700.1 PD/sqmi. There were 46 housing units at an average density of 606.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 98.45% White, 0.78% African American, and 0.78% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.55% of the population.

There were 43 households, out of which 55.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 79.1% were married couples living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 7.0% were non-families. 7.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.00 and the average family size was 3.08.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 33.3% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 36.4% from 25 to 44, 17.1% from 45 to 64, and 6.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females there were 118.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.8 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $41,250, and the median income for a family was $42,813. Males had a median income of $35,313 versus $24,792 for females. The per capita income for the village was $11,950. There were 7.7% of families and 7.0% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and none of those over 64.

title: Castine, Ohio


text:
Gettysburg, Ohio

Gettysburg is a village in Darke County, Ohio, United States. The population was 463 at the 2020 census.

History
Gettysburg was founded by natives of Adams County, Pennsylvania, in the late 1820s. When the settlement was platted by John Hershey in 1842, the community was named for Gettysburg, the county seat of Adams County. The community's first church was a congregation of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America, established in 1847 or 1848, while the first school was built in 1850.

By the 1860s the village had an active business sector including general stores, shoe shops, cabinet makers, wagon/carriage shops, harness shops, tanning yards, cooperages, blacksmiths, tinning shop, tailors, physicians, a hotel, grain elevator, flouring and saw mills. Several saloons opened but soon failed.

Around 1863 the Richmond and Covington Railroad (becoming part of the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1921) constructed a rail line that ran through Gettysburg. Early in the morning of April 30, 1865, Abraham Lincoln's Funeral Train passed through the village on its journey to his burial place in Springfield, IL.

The railroad turned the town into a busy shipping point for agricultural products. For example, in 1907 one hundred and sixty-eight rail cars of tobacco valued at over one million dollars were shipped out. Also that year 398 carloads of grain valued at $300,000 were shipped from the town's grain elevators. The rail line was abandoned in the 1980s and a portion of the railway corridor is now used for the Tecumseh Trail Multi-use Pathway, a popular recreation trail.

In 1922 Ira Petersime, a local businessman and entrepreneur, invented the electric poultry incubator. In short time Petersime and his son, Ray, built a manufacturing plant in Gettysburg and began shipping their incubators and other hatchery equipment all over the country and abroad. Their business grew to be one of the largest manufacturers of poultry incubators in the world. In 1933 a local historian commented that “the Petersime Incubator Co. put Gettysburg on the map of the world”. The business closed in 2006.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.44 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 513 people, 170 households, and 127 families living in the village. The population density was 1165.9 PD/sqmi. There were 194 housing units at an average density of 440.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 97.5% White, 0.4% African American, 0.2% Asian, 0.2% from other races, and 1.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.6% of the population.

There were 170 households, of which 44.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.3% were married couples living together, 12.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 25.3% were non-families. 20.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.02 and the average family size was 3.44.

The median age in the village was 32.7 years. 32.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.3% were from 25 to 44; 23.8% were from 45 to 64; and 9.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 49.1% male and 50.9% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 558 people, 187 households, and 149 families living in the village. The population density was 1,267.7 PD/sqmi. There were 201 housing units at an average density of 456.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 96.24% White, 0.72% African American, 0.36% Native American, 0.90% Asian, and 1.79% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.72% of the population.

There were 187 households, out of which 44.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.5% were married couples living together, 15.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.8% were non-families. 16.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.98 and the average family size was 3.29.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 34.8% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 30.8% from 25 to 44, 17.4% from 45 to 64, and 9.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females there were 93.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.6 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $36,250, and the median income for a family was $43,750. Males had a median income of $29,773 versus $21,875 for females. The per capita income for the village was $15,247. About 7.2% of families and 10.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.9% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

title: Gettysburg, Ohio


text:
Gordon, Ohio

Gordon is a village in Darke County, Ohio, United States. The population was 245 at the 2020 census.

History
Gordon was platted in 1849 and named for one of its first settlers. It was located at the intersection of the Dayton and Union and Ohio Electric railroads.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.17 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 212 people, 74 households, and 59 families living in the village. The population density was 1247.1 PD/sqmi. There were 79 housing units at an average density of 464.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 97.6% White, 0.5% African American, 0.5% Native American, 0.5% from other races, and 0.9% from two or more races.

There were 74 households, of which 32.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.5% were married couples living together, 10.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 20.3% were non-families. 18.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.86 and the average family size was 3.24.

The median age in the village was 40.8 years. 25% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24% were from 25 to 44; 27.4% were from 45 to 64; and 13.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 53.3% male and 46.7% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 190 people, 74 households, and 58 families living in the village. The population density was 1,159.6 PD/sqmi. There were 78 housing units at an average density of 476.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 100.00% White.

There were 74 households, out of which 40.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.6% were married couples living together, 6.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.6% were non-families. 17.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 2.93.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 29.5% under the age of 18, 4.2% from 18 to 24, 38.4% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 5.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 102.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.0 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $35,750, and the median income for a family was $38,125. Males had a median income of $35,833 versus $21,607 for females. The per capita income for the village was $16,949. None of the families and 0.5% of the population were living below the poverty line.

title: Gordon, Ohio


text:
Greenville, Ohio

Greenville is a city in and the county seat of Darke County, Ohio, United States. It is located near Ohio's western edge, about 33 mi northwest of Dayton. The population was 12,786 at the 2020 census.

History
Indigenous tribes in the region included the Wyandot, the Delaware, the Shawnee, the Ottawa, the Chippewa, the Pottawatomi, the Miami, the Wea, the Kickapoo, the Piankasha, the Kaskaskia and the Eel River. These participated in the Northwest Indian War, their effort to repel European Americans from the Northwest Territory.

Greenville is the historic location of Fort Greene Ville, built in November 1793 by General Anthony Wayne's Legion of the United States during the Northwest Indian War. Named for Revolutionary War hero Nathaniel Greene, its defenses covered about 55 acre, making it North America's largest wooden fort. It was a training ground and base of operations for the ~3000 soldiers of the Legion and Kentucky Militia before their August 1794 march northward to the Battle of Fallen Timbers. A year after the battle, the Treaty of Greenville was signed at the fort on August 3, 1795, with chiefs of the tribes that had confronted the U.S. This brought an end to the Indian wars in the area and opened the Northwest Territory for European-American settlement.

In 1805 or 1806, the Shawnee chief Tecumseh and his younger brother Tenskwatawa established an illegal settlement in Greenville. In peaceful protest of the boundary line of the Treaty of Greenville, their group occupied the confluence of Mud Creek and Greenville Creek until 1808. Under pressure from William Henry Harrison, territorial governor of Indiana, and the burgeoning population of settlers, Tecumseh, Tenskwatawa, and their followers relocated to Prophetstown, Indiana, near which the intertribal confederacy was shattered at the Battle of Tippecanoe. Tenskwatawa visited Greenville by request in 1826 as he accompanied the Shawnee during their removal by the U.S. Army.

The Army abandoned Fort Greenville in 1796; it was partly burned later that year to retrieve nails used in its construction. Local settlers carried away some of its logs for building the new settlement of Dayton, Ohio, to the south. In the War of 1812, the Army refitted what remained of the fort; it was used as a supply depot and staging area. The earliest European-American settlers came in 1807; the city of Greenville was officially founded in August 1808.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 6.66 sqmi, of which 6.60 sqmi is land and 0.06 sqmi is water.

Local airports include Darke County Airport, seven miles away in Versailles, and James M. Cox Dayton International Airport, 35 miles away in Vandalia.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 13,227 people, 5,933 households, and 3,430 families living in the city. The population density was 2004.1 PD/sqmi. There were 6,536 housing units at an average density of 990.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 96.7% White, 0.9% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 1.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.4% of the population.

There were 5,933 households, of which 26.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.2% were married couples living together, 12.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 42.2% were non-families. 37.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17, and the average family size was 2.83.

The median age in the city was 43.4 years. 21.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.8% were from 25 to 44; 25.6% were from 45 to 64, and 22.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.0% male and 54.0% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 13,294 people, 5,649 households, and 3,462 families living in the city. The population density was 2,206.4 PD/sqmi. There were 6,030 housing units at an average density of 1,000.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 97.31% White, 0.56% African American, 0.17% Native American, 0.53% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.44% from other races, and 0.97% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.14% of the population.

There were 5,649 households, out of which 27.3% had children living with them, 46.5% were married couples living together, 11.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.7% were non-families. 34.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23, and the average family size was 2.85.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.7% under the age of 18, 8.3% from 18 to 24, 25.4% from 25 to 44, 20.9% from 45 to 64, and 22.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $31,791, and the median income for a family was $38,699. Males had a median income of $33,143 versus $24,875 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,830. About 10.2% of families and 13.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.8% of those under age 18 and 14.6% of those age 65 or over.

Economy
Various companies and brands such as KitchenAid and BASF North America have offices in Greenville.

Arts and culture
Greenville hosts the Darke County Fair, which runs annually for nine days in August.

Built in 1849, the historic Bear's Mill is an example of a stonegrinding flour mill of its time. Placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, it is used today to grind cornmeal, whole-wheat flour, rye flour, and pancake mixes. The mill and the buhr stones are powered by water. Self-guided tours may be taken during regular business hours.

Greenville has a local history museum, the Garst Museum, which features the most extensive known collections of memorabilia of Annie Oakley and Lowell Thomas, both of whom were born nearby. It also holds historical artifacts relating to Anthony Wayne and the Treaty of Greenville, as well as Native American artifacts.

The museum also includes a village of shops; a wing of early American furnishings, pioneer life, and military uniforms; an early Indianapolis 500 race car built in Greenville; and an extensive genealogy room for research. Also in Greenville is St. Clair Memorial Hall, Darke County's center for the arts. Built in 1910, it has been completely remodeled and is a showpiece for all of Darke County.

Media
The city and surrounding areas are served by a daily newspaper published in Greenville, The Daily Advocate.

Notable people

 * Jack Baldschun, baseball player
 * Jack Curtner, racing driver
 * Jeffrey D. Feltman, United Nations diplomat
 * Ray Hathaway, baseball player
 * Matt Light, American football player
 * Rick Macci, tennis coach
 * Clayton Murphy, Olympian
 * Paul Norris, comic book artist
 * Annie Oakley, American sharpshooter
 * Bob Peebles, Scottish-American professional golfer
 * Gene Riegle, harness racing driver and trainer
 * Lowell Thomas, writer and broadcaster
 * Jim Van Bebber, film director

title: Greenville, Ohio


text:
Hollansburg, Ohio

Hollansburg is a village in Darke County, Ohio, United States. The population was 243 at the 2020 census.

History
On March 28, 1838, local landowner James Stewart platted a community in northwestern Harrison Township and named it "Union." When William Hollaman, another landowner, attempted to purchase lots in the settlement, a dispute erupted between the two men; seven months later, Hollaman attempted to avenge himself by platting another community only 1 mi to the northeast of Union, to which a third landowner, Valentine Harland, quickly made additions. The new community was given the name of "Hollansburg" as a portmanteau of the owners' names — Hollaman and Harland. Within a year, a countryside post office named "Republican" was moved to Hollansburg, and the village quickly began to outgrow Union; the two communities ultimately merged. The first church in the village, a Church of Christ, was founded in 1840, while the first school building was erected in 1848.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.12 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
In 1950 Hollansburg had 295 residents.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 227 people, 98 households, and 66 families living in the village. The population density was 1891.7 PD/sqmi. There were 117 housing units at an average density of 975.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 93.8% White, 0.4% African American, 0.4% Pacific Islander, 1.8% from other races, and 3.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.3% of the population.

There were 98 households, of which 31.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.0% were married couples living together, 9.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 32.7% were non-families. 28.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.82.

The median age in the village was 40.3 years. 26.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.7% were from 25 to 44; 28.2% were from 45 to 64; and 16.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 53.7% male and 46.3% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 214 people, 86 households, and 62 families living in the village. The population density was 1,758.9 PD/sqmi. There were 96 housing units at an average density of 789.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 98.13% White, and 1.87% from two or more races.

There were 86 households, out of which 32.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.5% were married couples living together, 10.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.9% were non-families. 26.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 2.98.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 25.7% under the age of 18, 12.1% from 18 to 24, 27.1% from 25 to 44, 21.0% from 45 to 64, and 14.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females there were 125.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.5 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $33,750, and the median income for a family was $36,111. Males had a median income of $28,125 versus $19,063 for females. The per capita income for the village was $13,317. About 3.1% of families and 4.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under the age of eighteen and 9.1% of those 65 or over.

Notable residents

 * John R. Commons, institutional economist at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.
 * Rich Mullins, singer and songwriter

title: Hollansburg, Ohio


text:
Ithaca, Ohio

Ithaca is a village in Darke County, Ohio, United States. The population was 81 at the 2020 census.

History
John Colville platted Ithaca in 1832 and gave it the name of "Twinsborough." Its location on an established highway and along the Ohio Electric Railway caused the community to grow rapidly. The present name is a transfer from Ithaca, New York.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.03 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 136 people, 44 households, and 35 families living in the village. The population density was 4533.3 PD/sqmi. There were 52 housing units at an average density of 1733.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 99.3% White and 0.7% Asian. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.7% of the population.

There were 44 households, of which 40.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 75.0% were married couples living together, 4.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.5% were non-families. 6.8% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 3.09 and the average family size was 3.37.

The median age in the village was 34.3 years. 27.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 12.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.2% were from 25 to 44; 19.9% were from 45 to 64; and 12.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 46.3% male and 53.7% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 102 people, 36 households, and 28 families living in the village. The population density was 3,363.0 PD/sqmi. There were 38 housing units at an average density of 1,252.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 100.00% White.

There were 36 households, out of which 41.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.9% were married couples living together, 8.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.2% were non-families. 16.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.83 and the average family size was 3.21.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 30.4% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 29.4% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 8.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 112.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.2 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $39,500, and the median income for a family was $47,083. Males had a median income of $33,750 versus $27,500 for females. The per capita income for the village was $14,647. None of the population and none of the families were below the poverty line.

title: Ithaca, Ohio


text:
Periodontal disease

Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, is a set of inflammatory conditions affecting the tissues surrounding the teeth. In its early stage, called gingivitis, the gums become swollen and red and may bleed. It is considered the main cause of tooth loss for adults worldwide. In its more serious form, called periodontitis, the gums can pull away from the tooth, bone can be lost, and the teeth may loosen or fall out. Halitosis (bad breath) may also occur.

Periodontal disease is generally due to bacteria in the mouth infecting the tissue around the teeth. Factors that increase the risk of disease include smoking, diabetes, HIV/AIDS, family history, high levels of homocysteine in the blood and certain medications. Diagnosis is by inspecting the gum tissue around the teeth both visually and with a probe and X-rays looking for bone loss around the teeth.

Treatment involves good oral hygiene and regular professional teeth cleaning. Recommended oral hygiene include daily brushing and flossing. In certain cases antibiotics or dental surgery may be recommended. Clinical investigations demonstrate that quitting smoking and making dietary changes enhance periodontal health. Globally, 538 million people were estimated to be affected in 2015 and has been known to affect 10–15% of the population generally. In the United States, nearly half of those over the age of 30 are affected to some degree and about 70% of those over 65 have the condition. Males are affected more often than females.

Signs and symptoms
In the early stages, periodontitis has very few symptoms, and in many individuals the disease has progressed significantly before they seek treatment.

Symptoms may include:
 * Redness or bleeding of gums while brushing teeth, using dental floss or biting into hard food (e.g., apples) (though this may also occur in gingivitis, where there is no attachment loss gum disease)
 * Gum swelling that recurs
 * Spitting out blood after brushing teeth
 * Halitosis, or bad breath, and a persistent metallic taste in the mouth
 * Gingival recession, resulting in apparent lengthening of teeth (this may also be caused by heavy-handed brushing or with a stiff toothbrush)
 * Deep pockets between the teeth and the gums (pockets are sites where the attachment has been gradually destroyed by collagen-destroying enzymes, known as collagenases)
 * Loose teeth, in the later stages (though this may occur for other reasons, as well)

Gingival inflammation and bone destruction are largely painless. Hence, people may wrongly assume painless bleeding after teeth cleaning is insignificant, although this may be a symptom of progressing periodontitis in that person.

Associated conditions
Periodontitis has been linked to increased inflammation in the body, such as indicated by raised levels of C-reactive protein and interleukin-6. It is associated with an increased risk of stroke, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis       and hypertension. It is also linked in those over 60 years of age to impairments in delayed memory and calculation abilities. Individuals with impaired fasting glucose and diabetes mellitus have a higher degrees of periodontal inflammation and often have difficulties with balancing their blood glucose level, owing to the constant systemic inflammatory state caused by the periodontal inflammation. Although no causal association was proven, there is an association between chronic periodontitis and erectile dysfunction, inflammatory bowel disease, heart disease, and pancreatic cancer.

Diabetes and periodontal disease
A positive correlation between raised levels of glucose within the blood and the onset or progression of periodontal disease has been shown in the current literature.

Data has also shown that there is a significant increase in the incidence or progression of periodontitis in patients with uncontrolled diabetes compared to those who do not have diabetes or have well-controlled diabetes. In uncontrolled diabetes, the formation of reactive oxygen species can damage cells such as those in the connective tissue of the periodontal ligament, resulting in cell necrosis or apoptosis. Furthermore, individuals with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus who have frequent exposure to periodontal pathogens have a greater immune response to these bacteria. This can subsequently cause and/or accelerate periodontal tissue destruction leading to periodontal disease.

Oral cancer and periodontal disease
Current literature suggests a link between periodontal disease and oral cancer. Studies have confirmed an increase in systemic inflammation markers such as C-Reactive Protein and Interleukin-6 to be found in patients with advanced periodontal disease. The link between systemic inflammation and oral cancer has also been well established.

Both periodontal disease and cancer risk are associated with genetic susceptibility and it is possible that there is a positive association by a shared genetic susceptibility in the two diseases.

Due to the low incidence rate of oral cancer, studies have not been able to conduct quality studies to prove the association between the two, however future larger studies may aid in the identification of individuals at a higher risk.

Systemic implications
Periodontal disease (PD) can be described as an inflammatory condition affecting the supporting structures of the teeth. Studies have shown that PD is associated with higher levels of systemic inflammatory markers such as Interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF). To compare, elevated levels of these inflammatory markers are also associated with cardiovascular disease and cerebrovascular events such as ischemic strokes.

The presence of a wide spectrum inflammatory oral diseases can increase the risk of an episode of stroke in an acute or chronic phase. Inflammatory markers, CRP, IL-6 are known risk factors of stroke. Both inflammatory markers are also biomarkers of PD and found to be an increased level after daily activities, such as mastication or toothbrushing, are performed. Bacteria from the periodontal pockets will enter the bloodstream during these activities and the current literature suggests that this may be a possible triggering of the aggravation of the stroke process.

Other mechanisms have been suggested, PD is a known chronic infection. It can aid in the promotion of atherosclerosis by the deposition of cholesterol, cholesterol esters and calcium within the subendothelial layer of vessel walls. Atherosclerotic plaque that is unstable may rupture and release debris and thrombi that may travel to different parts of the circulatory system causing embolization and therefore, an ischemic stroke. Therefore, PD has been suggested as an independent risk factor for stroke.

A variety of cardiovascular diseases can also be associated with periodontal disease. Patients with higher levels of inflammatory markers such as TNF, IL-1, IL-6 and IL-8 can lead to progression of atherosclerosis and the development and perpetuation of atrial fibrillation, as it is associated with platelet and coagulation cascade activations, leading to thrombosis and thrombotic complications.

Experimental animal studies have shown a link between periodontal disease, oxidative stress and cardiac stress. Oxidative stress favours the development and progression of heart failure as it causes cellular dysfunction, oxidation of proteins and lipids, and damage to the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), stimulating fibroblast proliferation and metalloproteinases activation favouring cardiac remodelling.

During SARS Covid 19 pandemic, Periodontitis was significantly associated with a higher risk of complications from COVID‐19, including ICU admission, need for assisted ventilation and death and increased blood levels of markers such as D‐dimer, WBC and CRP which are linked with worse disease outcome.

Inadequate nutrition and periodontal disease
Periodontal disease is multifactorial, and nutrition can significantly affect its prognosis. Studies have shown that a healthy and well-balanced diet is crucial to maintaining periodontal health. Nutritional deficiencies can lead to oral manifestations such as those in scurvy and rickets disease. Different vitamins will play a different role in periodontal health: Nutritional supplements of vitamins have also been shown to positively affect healing after periodontal surgery and many of these vitamins can be found in a variety of food that we eat within a regular healthy diet. Therefore, vitamin intakes (particularly vitamin C) and dietary supplements not only play a role in improving periodontal health, but also influence the rate of bone formation and periodontal regeneration. However, studies supporting the correlation between nutrition and periodontal health are limited, and more long-term research is required to confirm this.
 * Vitamin C: Deficiencies may lead to gingival inflammation and bleeding, subsequently advancing periodontal disease
 * Vitamin D: Deficiencies may lead to delayed post-surgical healing
 * Vitamin E: Deficiencies may lead to impaired gingival wound healing
 * Vitamin K: Deficiencies may lead to gingival bleeding

Causes
Periodontitis is an inflammation of the periodontium, i.e., the tissues that support the teeth. The periodontium consists of four tissues:
 * gingiva, or gum tissue,
 * cementum, or outer layer of the roots of teeth,
 * alveolar bone, or the bony sockets into which the teeth are anchored, and
 * periodontal ligaments (PDLs), which are the connective tissue fibers that run between the cementum and the alveolar bone.

The primary cause of gingivitis is poor or ineffective oral hygiene, which leads to the accumulation of a mycotic   and bacterial matrix at the gum line, called dental plaque. Other contributors are poor nutrition and underlying medical issues such as diabetes. Diabetics must be meticulous with their homecare to control periodontal disease. New finger prick tests have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration in the US, and are being used in dental offices to identify and screen people for possible contributory causes of gum disease, such as diabetes.

In some people, gingivitis progresses to periodontitis – with the destruction of the gingival fibers, the gum tissues separate from the tooth and deepened sulcus, called a periodontal pocket. Subgingival microorganisms (those that exist under the gum line) colonize the periodontal pockets and cause further inflammation in the gum tissues and progressive bone loss. Examples of secondary causes are those things that, by definition, cause microbic plaque accumulation, such as restoration overhangs and root proximity.

Smoking is another factor that increases the occurrence of periodontitis, directly or indirectly,  and may interfere with or adversely affect its treatment. It is arguably the most important environmental risk factor for periodontitis. Research has shown that smokers have more bone loss, attachment loss and tooth loss compared to non-smokers. This is likely due to several effects of smoking on the immune response including decreased wound healing, suppression of antibody production, and the reduction of phagocytosis by neutrophils

Ehlers–Danlos syndrome and Papillon–Lefèvre syndrome (also known as palmoplantar keratoderma) are also risk factors for periodontitis.

If left undisturbed, microbial plaque calcifies to form calculus, which is commonly called tartar. Calculus above and below the gum line must be removed completely by the dental hygienist or dentist to treat gingivitis and periodontitis. Although the primary cause of both gingivitis and periodontitis is the microbial plaque that adheres to the tooth surfaces, there are many other modifying factors. A very strong risk factor is one's genetic susceptibility. Several conditions and diseases, including Down syndrome, diabetes, and other diseases that affect one's resistance to infection, also increase susceptibility to periodontitis.

Periodontitis may be associated with higher stress. Periodontitis occurs more often in people in the lower classes than people in the upper classes.

Genetics appear to play a role in determining the risk for periodontitis. It is believed genetics could explain why some people with good plaque control have advanced periodontitis, whilst some others with poor oral hygiene are free from the disease. Genetic factors which could modify the risk of a person developing periodontitis include: Diabetes appears to exacerbate the onset, progression, and severity of periodontitis. Although the majority of research has focused on type 2 diabetes, type 1 diabetes appears to have an identical effect on the risk for periodontitis. The extent of the increased risk of periodontitis is dependent on the level of glycaemic control. Therefore, in well managed diabetes there seems to be a small effect of diabetes on the risk for periodontitis. However, the risk increases exponentially as glycaemic control worsens. Overall, the increased risk of periodontitis in diabetics is estimated to be between two and three times higher. So far, the mechanisms underlying the link are not fully understood, but it is known to involve aspects of inflammation, immune functioning, neutrophil activity, and cytokine biology.
 * Defects of phagocytosis: person may have hypo-responsive phagocytes.
 * Hyper-production of interleukins, prostaglandins and cytokines, resulting in an exaggerated immune response.
 * Interleukin 1 (IL-1) gene polymorphism: people with this polymorphism produce more IL-1, and subsequently are more at risk of developing chronic periodontitis.

Mechanism
As dental plaque or biofilm accumulates on the teeth near and below the gums there is some dysbiosis of the normal oral microbiome. As of 2017 it was not certain what species were most responsible for causing harm, but gram-negative anaerobic bacteria, spirochetes, and viruses have been suggested; in individual people it is sometimes clear that one or more species is driving the disease. Research in 2004 indicated three gram negative anaerobic species: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Bacteroides forsythus and Eikenella corrodens.

Plaque may be soft and uncalcified, hard and calcified, or both; for plaques that are on teeth the calcium comes from saliva; for plaques below the gumline, it comes from blood via oozing of inflamed gums.

The damage to teeth and gums comes from the immune system as it attempts to destroy the microbes that are disrupting the normal symbiosis between the oral tissues and the oral microbe community. As in other tissues, Langerhans cells in the epithelium take up antigens from the microbes, and present them to the immune system, leading to movement of white blood cells into the affected tissues. This process in turn activates osteoclasts which begin to destroy bone, and it activates matrix metalloproteinases that destroy ligaments. So, in summary, it is bacteria which initiates the disease, but key destructive events are brought about by the exaggerated response from the host's immune system.

Classification

There were several attempts to introduce an agreed-upon classification system for periodontal diseases: in 1989, 1993, 1999, and 2017.

1999 classification
The 1999 classification system for periodontal diseases and conditions listed seven major categories of periodontal diseases, of which 2–6 are termed destructive periodontal disease, because the damage is essentially irreversible. The seven categories are as follows:

 * Gingivitis
 * Chronic periodontitis
 * Aggressive periodontitis
 * Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease
 * Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis/periodontitis
 * Abscesses of the periodontium
 * Combined periodontic-endodontic lesions

Moreover, terminology expressing both the extent and severity of periodontal diseases are appended to the terms above to denote the specific diagnosis of a particular person or group of people.

Severity
The "severity" of disease refers to the amount of periodontal ligament fibers that have been lost, termed "clinical attachment loss". According to the 1999 classification, the severity of chronic periodontitis is graded as follows:
 * Slight: 1 – of attachment loss
 * Moderate: 3 – of attachment loss
 * Severe: ≥ 5 mm of attachment loss

Extent
The "extent" of disease refers to the proportion of the dentition affected by the disease in terms of percentage of sites. Sites are defined as the positions at which probing measurements are taken around each tooth and, generally, six probing sites around each tooth are recorded, as follows:

 * Mesiobuccal
 * Mid-buccal
 * Distobuccal
 * Mesiolingual
 * Mid-lingual
 * Distolingual

If up to 30% of sites in the mouth are affected, the manifestation is classified as "localized"; for more than 30%, the term "generalized" is used.

2017 classification
The 2017 classification of periodontal diseases is as follows:

Periodontal health, gingival disease and conditions

 * Periodontal health and gingival health
 * Clinical gingival health on an intact periodontium
 * Clinical gingival health on an intact periodontium
 * Stable periodontitis
 * Non periodontitis person
 * Gingivitis - Dental biofilm induced
 * Associated with the dental biofilm alone
 * Mediated by systemic and local risk factors
 * Drug induced gingival enlargement.
 * Gingival diseases - Non dental biofilm induced
 * Genetic/developmental disorders
 * Specific infections
 * Inflammatory and immune conditions
 * Reactive processes
 * Neoplasms
 * Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic
 * Traumatic lesions
 * Gingival pigmentation.

Periodontitis

 * Necrotizing periodontal diseases
 * Necrotizing Gingivitis
 * Necrotizing periodontitis
 * Necrotizing stomatitis
 * Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease
 * Periodontitis

Other conditions affecting the periodontium

(Periodontal Manifestations of Systemic Diseases and Developmental and Acquired Conditions)

 * Systemic disease of conditions affecting the periodontal support tissues
 * Other Periodontal Conditions
 * Periodontal abscesses
 * Endodontic- periodontal lesions
 * Mucogingival deformities and conditions
 * Gingival Phenotype
 * Gingival/Soft Tissue Recession
 * Lack of Gingiva
 * Decreased Vestibular Depth
 * Aberrant Frenum/muscle position
 * Gingival Excess
 * Abnormal Color
 * Condition of the exposed root surface
 * Traumatic occlusal forces
 * Primary Occlusal Trauma
 * Secondary Occlusal Trauma
 * Tooth and prosthesis related factors
 * Localized tooth-related factors
 * Localized dental prostheses-related factors

Peri-implant diseases and conditions

 * Peri-implant health
 * Peri-implant mucositis
 * Peri-implantitis
 * Peri-implant soft and hard tissue deficiencies

Staging
The goals of staging periodontitis is to classify the severity of damage and assess specific factors that may affect management.

According to the 2017 classification, periodontitis is divided into four stages; after considering a few factors such as:

 * Amount and percentage bone loss radiographically
 * Clinical attachment loss, probing depth
 * Presence of furcation
 * Vertical bony defects
 * History of tooth loss related to periodontitis
 * Tooth hypermobility due to secondary occlusal trauma

Grading
According to the 2017 classification, the grading system for periodontitis consists of three grades:

 * Grade A: Slow progression of disease; no evidence of bone loss over last five years
 * Grade B: Moderate progression; < 2mm of bone loss over last five years
 * Grade C: Rapid progression or future progression at high risk; ≥ 2mm bone loss over five years

Risk factors affecting which grade a person is classified into include:

 * Smoking
 * Diabetes

Periodontal probing
Dentists and dental hygienists measure periodontal disease using a device called a periodontal probe. This thin "measuring stick" is gently placed into the space between the gums and the teeth, and slipped below the gumline. If the probe can slip more than 3 mm below the gumline, the person is said to have a gingival pocket if no migration of the epithelial attachment has occurred or a periodontal pocket if apical migration has occurred. This is somewhat of a misnomer, as any depth is, in essence, a pocket, which in turn is defined by its depth, i.e., a 2-mm pocket or a 6-mm pocket. However, pockets are generally accepted as self-cleansable (at home, by the person, with a toothbrush) if they are 3 mm or less in depth. This is important because if a pocket is deeper than 3 mm around the tooth, at-home care will not be sufficient to cleanse the pocket, and professional care should be sought. When the pocket depths reach 6 to 7 mm in depth, the hand instruments and ultrasonic scalers used by the dental professionals may not reach deeply enough into the pocket to clean out the microbial plaque that causes gingival inflammation. In such a situation, the bone or the gums around that tooth should be surgically altered or it will always have inflammation which will likely result in more bone loss around that tooth. An additional way to stop the inflammation would be for the person to receive subgingival antibiotics (such as minocycline) or undergo some form of gingival surgery to access the depths of the pockets and perhaps even change the pocket depths so they become 3 mm or less in depth and can once again be properly cleaned by the person at home with his or her toothbrush.

Prevention
Daily oral hygiene measures to prevent periodontal disease include:
 * Brushing properly on a regular basis (at least twice daily), with the person attempting to direct the toothbrush bristles underneath the gumline, helps disrupt the bacterial-mycotic growth and formation of subgingival plaque.
 * Flossing daily and using interdental brushes (if the space between teeth is large enough), as well as cleaning behind the last tooth, the third molar, in each quarter.
 * Using an antiseptic mouthwash: Chlorhexidine gluconate-based mouthwash in combination with careful oral hygiene may cure gingivitis, although they cannot reverse any attachment loss due to periodontitis.
 * Regular dental check-ups and professional teeth cleaning as required: Dental check-ups serve to monitor the person's oral hygiene methods and levels of attachment around teeth, identify any early signs of periodontitis, and monitor response to treatment.

Typically, dental hygienists (or dentists) use special instruments to clean (debride) teeth below the gumline and disrupt any plaque growing below the gumline. This is a standard treatment to prevent any further progress of established periodontitis. Studies show that after such a professional cleaning (periodontal debridement), microbial plaque tends to grow back to precleaning levels after about three to four months. Nonetheless, the continued stabilization of a person's periodontal state depends largely, if not primarily, on the person's oral hygiene at home, as well as on the go. Without daily oral hygiene, periodontal disease will not be overcome, especially if the person has a history of extensive periodontal disease.

Management

The cornerstone of successful periodontal treatment starts with establishing excellent oral hygiene. This includes twice-daily brushing with daily flossing. Also, the use of an interdental brush is helpful if space between the teeth allows. For smaller spaces, products such as narrow picks with soft rubber bristles provide excellent manual cleaning. Persons with dexterity problems, such as with arthritis, may find oral hygiene to be difficult and may require more frequent professional care and/or the use of a powered toothbrush. Persons with periodontitis must realize it is a chronic inflammatory disease and a lifelong regimen of excellent hygiene and professional maintenance care with a dentist/hygienist or periodontist is required to maintain affected teeth.

Initial therapy
Removal of microbial plaque and calculus is necessary to establish periodontal health. The first step in the treatment of periodontitis involves nonsurgical cleaning below the gum line with a procedure called "root surface instrumentation" or "RSI", this causes a mechanical disturbance to the bacterial biofilm below the gumline. This procedure involves the use of specialized curettes to mechanically remove plaque and calculus from below the gumline, and may require multiple visits and local anesthesia to adequately complete. In addition to initial RSI, it may also be necessary to adjust the occlusion (bite) to prevent excessive force on teeth that have reduced bone support. Also, it may be necessary to complete any other dental needs, such as replacement of rough, plaque-retentive restorations, closure of open contacts between teeth, and any other requirements diagnosed at the initial evaluation. It is important to note that RSI is different to scaling and root planing: RSI only removes the calculus, while scaling and root planing removes the calculus as well as underlying softened dentine, which leaves behind a smooth and glassy surface, which is not a requisite for periodontal healing. Therefore, RSI is now advocated over root planing.

Reevaluation
Nonsurgical scaling and root planing are usually successful if the periodontal pockets are shallower than 4 –. The dentist or hygienist must perform a re-evaluation four to six weeks after the initial scaling and root planing, to determine if the person's oral hygiene has improved and inflammation has regressed. Probing should be avoided then, and an analysis by gingival index should determine the presence or absence of inflammation. The monthly reevaluation of periodontal therapy should involve periodontal charting as a better indication of the success of treatment, and to see if other courses of treatment can be identified. Pocket depths of greater than 5 – which remain after initial therapy, with bleeding upon probing, indicate continued active disease and will very likely lead to further bone loss over time. This is especially true in molar tooth sites where furcations (areas between the roots) have been exposed.

Surgery
If nonsurgical therapy is found to have been unsuccessful in managing signs of disease activity, periodontal surgery may be needed to stop progressive bone loss and regenerate lost bone where possible. Many surgical approaches are used in the treatment of advanced periodontitis, including open flap debridement and osseous surgery, as well as guided tissue regeneration and bone grafting. The goal of periodontal surgery is access for definitive calculus removal and surgical management of bony irregularities which have resulted from the disease process to reduce pockets as much as possible. Long-term studies have shown, in moderate to advanced periodontitis, surgically treated cases often have less further breakdown over time and, when coupled with a regular post-treatment maintenance regimen, are successful in nearly halting tooth loss in nearly 85% of diagnosed people.

Local drug delivery
Local drug deliveries in periodontology has gained acceptance and popularity compared to systemic drugs due to decreased risk in development of resistant flora and other side effects. A meta analysis of local tetracycline found improvement. Local application of statin may be useful.

Systemic drug delivery
Systemic drug delivery in conjunction with non-surgical therapy may be used as a means to reduce the percentage of the bacterial plaque load in the mouth. Many different antibiotics and also combinations of them have been tested; however, there is yet very low-certainty evidence of any significant difference in the short and long term compared to non-surgical therapy alone. It may be beneficial to limit the use of systemic drugs, since bacteria can develop antimicrobial resistance and some specific antibiotics might induce temporary mild adverse effects, such as nausea, diarrhoea and gastrointestinal disturbances.

Adjunctive systemic antimicrobial treatment
There is currently low-quality evidence suggesting if adjunctive systemic antimicrobials are beneficial for the non-surgical treatment of periodontitis. It is not sure whether some antibiotics are better than others when used alongside scaling and root planing).

Maintenance
Once successful periodontal treatment has been completed, with or without surgery, an ongoing regimen of "periodontal maintenance" is required. This involves regular checkups and detailed cleanings every three months to prevent repopulation of periodontitis-causing microorganisms, and to closely monitor affected teeth so early treatment can be rendered if the disease recurs. Usually, periodontal disease exists due to poor plaque control resulting from inappropriate brushing. Therefore, if the brushing techniques are not modified, a periodontal recurrence is probable.

Other
Most alternative "at-home" gum disease treatments involve injecting antimicrobial solutions, such as hydrogen peroxide, into periodontal pockets via slender applicators or oral irrigators. This process disrupts anaerobic micro-organism colonies and is effective at reducing infections and inflammation when used daily. A number of other products, functionally equivalent to hydrogen peroxide, are commercially available, but at substantially higher cost. However, such treatments do not address calculus formations, and so are short-lived, as anaerobic microbial colonies quickly regenerate in and around calculus.

Doxycycline may be given alongside the primary therapy of scaling (see § initial therapy). Doxycycline has been shown to improve indicators of disease progression (namely probing depth and attachment level). Its mechanism of action involves inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases (such as collagenase), which degrade the teeth's supporting tissues (periodontium) under inflammatory conditions. To avoid killing beneficial oral microbes, only small doses of doxycycline (20 mg) are used.

Phage therapy may be a new therapeutic alternative.

Prognosis
If people have 7-mm or deeper pockets around their teeth, as measured by a periodontal probe, then they would likely risk eventual tooth loss over the years. If this periodontal condition is not identified and people remain unaware of the progressive nature of the disease, then years later, they may be surprised that some teeth will gradually become loose and may need to be extracted, sometimes due to a severe infection or even pain.

According to the Sri Lankan tea laborer study, in the absence of any oral hygiene activity, approximately 10% will experience severe periodontal disease with rapid loss of attachment (>2 mm/year). About 80% will experience moderate loss (1–2 mm/year) and the remaining 10% will not experience any loss.

Epidemiology
Periodontal disease world map - DALY - WHO2004.svg for periodontal disease per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004.

{{legend|#b3b3b3|no data}} {{legend|#ffff65|<3.5}} {{legend|#fff200|3.5–4}} {{legend|#ffdc00|4–4.5}} {{legend|#ffc600|4.5–5}} {{legend|#ffb000|5–5.5}} {{legend|#ff9a00|5.5–6}}

{{legend|#ff8400|6–6.5}} {{legend|#ff6e00|6.5–7}} {{legend|#ff5800|7–7.5}} {{legend|#ff4200|7.5–8}} {{legend|#ff2c00|8–8.5}} {{legend|#cb0000|>8.5}} ]] Periodontitis is very common, and is widely regarded as the second most common dental disease worldwide, after dental decay, and in the United States has a prevalence of 30–50% of the population, but only about 10% have severe forms.

Chronic periodontitis affects about 750 million people or about 10.8% of the world population as of 2010.

Like other conditions intimately related to access to hygiene and basic medical monitoring and care, periodontitis tends to be more common in economically disadvantaged populations or regions. Its occurrence decreases with a higher standard of living. In Israeli populations, individuals of Yemenite, North-African, South Asian, or Mediterranean origin have higher prevalence of periodontal disease than individuals from European descent. Periodontitis is frequently reported to be socially patterned, i.e. people from the lower end of the socioeconomic scale are affected more often than people from the upper end of the socioeconomic scale.

History
An ancient hominid from 3 million years ago had gum disease. Records from China and the Middle East, along with archaeological studies, show that mankind has had periodontal disease for at least many thousands of years. In Europe and the Middle East archaeological research looking at ancient plaque DNA, shows that in the ancient hunter-gatherer lifestyle there was less gum disease, but that it became more common when more cereals were eaten. The Otzi Iceman was shown to have had severe gum disease. Furthermore, research has shown that in the Roman era in the UK, there was less periodontal disease than in modern times. The researchers suggest that smoking may be a key to this.

Etymology
The word "periodontitis" (Greek: περιοδοντίτις) comes from the Greek peri, "around", ( GEN ), "tooth", and the suffix, in medical terminology "inflammation". The word pyorrhea (alternative spelling: pyorrhoea) comes from the Greek (πυόρροια), "discharge of matter", itself from, "discharge from a sore", rhoē, "flow", and the suffix -ia. In English this term can describe, as in Greek, any discharge of pus; i.e. it is not restricted to these diseases of the teeth.

Economics
It is estimated that lost productivity due to severe periodontitis costs the global economy about US$54 billion each year.

Other animals
Periodontal disease is the most common disease found in dogs and affects more than 80% of dogs aged three years or older. Its prevalence in dogs increases with age, but decreases with increasing body weight; i.e., toy and miniature breeds are more severely affected. Recent research undertaken at the Waltham Centre for Pet Nutrition has established that the bacteria associated with gum disease in dogs are not the same as in humans. Systemic disease may develop because the gums are very vascular (have a good blood supply). The blood stream carries these anaerobic micro-organisms, and they are filtered out by the kidneys and liver, where they may colonize and create microabscesses. The microorganisms traveling through the blood may also attach to the heart valves, causing vegetative infective endocarditis (infected heart valves). Additional diseases that may result from periodontitis include chronic bronchitis and pulmonary fibrosis.

title: Periodontal disease


text:
New Madison, Ohio

New Madison is a village in Darke County, Ohio, United States. The population was 840 at the 2020 census.

History
New Madison was platted by Zadock Smith in 1817 for purposes of land speculation, but his efforts failed; he was unable to sell any of the lots. Two years later, he sold the land to Ernestus Putnam, who replatted the village and began to sell lots in 1831; unlike Smith, Putnam saw the establishment of a successful community. The village was named after Madison, Indiana by Ernestus Putman. Ernestus Putman previously lived in Madison, In. and he named it New Madison after he bought the village. The first church in the community was a Presbyterian congregation. While the community's first school was founded in its early years, the building was replaced by a substantial two-story structure in 1870; it in turn was replaced by a larger built in 1897.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.41 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 892 people, 352 households, and 252 families living in the village. The population density was 2175.6 PD/sqmi. There were 381 housing units at an average density of 929.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 97.8% White, 0.7% African American, 0.1% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 0.4% from other races, and 0.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.9% of the population.

There were 352 households, of which 39.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.4% were married couples living together, 14.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 28.4% were non-families. 23.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 2.96.

The median age in the village was 36 years. 28.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.1% were from 25 to 44; 23.7% were from 45 to 64; and 13.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 47.6% male and 52.4% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 817 people, 344 households, and 239 families living in the village. The population density was 2,196.4 PD/sqmi. There were 368 housing units at an average density of 989.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 97.43% White, 0.12% African American, 0.61% Asian, and 1.84% from two or more races.

There were 344 households, out of which 29.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.7% were married couples living together, 7.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.5% were non-families. 25.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.81.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 24.0% under the age of 18, 8.2% from 18 to 24, 28.0% from 25 to 44, 23.3% from 45 to 64, and 16.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 94.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.9 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $33,625, and the median income for a family was $44,531. Males had a median income of $34,545 versus $25,272 for females. The per capita income for the village was $17,233. About 6.4% of families and 7.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.8% of those under age 18 and 3.3% of those age 65 or over.

Notable people

 * Gene Force, racecar driver
 * Clayton Murphy, Olympic Runner

title: New Madison, Ohio


text:
New Weston, Ohio

New Weston is a village in Darke County, Ohio, United States. The population was 124 at the 2020 census.

History
New Weston was founded in the 1880s during the construction of a railroad line through Allen Township by a predecessor of the Cincinnati, Jackson and Mackinaw Railroad. It was one of the last communities to be founded in Darke County.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.26 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 136 people, 45 households, and 33 families living in the village. The population density was 523.1 PD/sqmi. There were 57 housing units at an average density of 219.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 97.8% White, 1.5% African American, and 0.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.1% of the population.

There were 45 households, of which 48.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.1% were married couples living together, 17.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 26.7% were non-families. 20.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.02 and the average family size was 3.58.

The median age in the village was 28 years. 38.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 31.6% were from 25 to 44; 17.6% were from 45 to 64; and 7.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 51.5% male and 48.5% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 135 people, 48 households, and 33 families living in the village. The population density was 528.0 PD/sqmi. There were 52 housing units at an average density of 203.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 97.78% White, and 2.22% from two or more races.

There were 48 households, out of which 35.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.3% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.3% were non-families. 29.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.81 and the average family size was 3.27.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 31.9% under the age of 18, 9.6% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 20.0% from 45 to 64, and 9.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females, there were 107.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 109.1 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $38,333, and the median income for a family was $39,375. Males had a median income of $30,313 versus $19,375 for females. The per capita income for the village was $13,270. There were 8.1% of families and 12.6% of the population living below the poverty line, including 16.7% of under eighteens and none of those over 64.

title: New Weston, Ohio


text:
North Star, Ohio

North Star is a village in Darke County, Ohio, United States. The population was 224 at the 2020 census.

History
North Star was platted in 1852 along the road between Greenville and Celina, approximately midway between the two cities. Its name was derived from its location on the edge of the Great Black Swamp, as it was the northernmost point in Darke County that was not wetland.

A historic site in the village is St. Louis' Catholic Church. Built in 1914, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.53 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 236 people, 88 households, and 59 families living in the village. The population density was 445.3 PD/sqmi. There were 91 housing units at an average density of 171.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 100.0% White.

There were 88 households, of which 29.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.7% were married couples living together, 5.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 33.0% were non-families. 28.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.36.

The median age in the village was 37 years. 30.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.8% were from 25 to 44; 18.7% were from 45 to 64; and 22.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 47.5% male and 52.5% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 209 people, 77 households, and 56 families living in the village. The population density was 401.4 PD/sqmi. There were 80 housing units at an average density of 153.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 99.52% White and 0.48% Asian.

There were 77 households, out of which 29.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70.1% were married couples living together, 1.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.0% were non-families. 24.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.71 and the average family size was 3.28.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 28.7% under the age of 18, 4.8% from 18 to 24, 24.9% from 25 to 44, 20.6% from 45 to 64, and 21.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.7 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $50,938, and the median income for a family was $57,188. Males had a median income of $35,714 versus $21,719 for females. The per capita income for the village was $17,917. None of the families and 5.4% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 28.1% of those over 64.

Notable people

 * Annie Oakley - Entertainer, Sharpshooter
 * Craig Stammen - Major League Baseball pitcher

title: North Star, Ohio


text:
Osgood, Ohio

Osgood is a village in Darke County, Ohio, United States. The population was 306 at the 2020 census.

History
Osgood was founded in the 1880s. While its earliest settlers were primarily Protestants, a Roman Catholic parish was erected in the village in 1906. Today, St. Nicholas' Catholic Church has been recognized as a historic site.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.34 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 302 people, 120 households, and 82 families living in the village. The population density was 888.2 PD/sqmi. There were 121 housing units at an average density of 355.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 98.3% White and 1.7% Native American. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.3% of the population.

There were 120 households, of which 30.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.8% were married couples living together, 6.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 0.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 31.7% were non-families. 29.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 3.17.

The median age in the village was 38.4 years. 28.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.1% were from 25 to 44; 17.5% were from 45 to 64; and 22.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 52.6% male and 47.4% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 255 people, 103 households, and 77 families living in the village. The population density was 742.1 PD/sqmi. There were 104 housing units at an average density of 302.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 100.00% White.

There were 103 households, out of which 25.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.1% were married couples living together, 5.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.2% were non-families. 24.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 2.92.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 23.5% under the age of 18, 5.1% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 22.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.2 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $41,731, and the median income for a family was $48,125. Males had a median income of $37,875 versus $24,375 for females. The per capita income for the village was $18,686. None of the families and 0.4% of the population were living below the poverty line.

title: Osgood, Ohio


text:
Palestine, Ohio

Palestine is a village in Darke County, Ohio, United States. The population was 180 at the 2020 census.

History
Palestine was platted by Samuel Loring in 1833. It has always been a small community, although its population declined during the twentieth century; the 1910 census recorded 216 residents.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.15 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 200 people, 79 households, and 54 families living in the village. The population density was 1333.3 PD/sqmi. There were 89 housing units at an average density of 593.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 93.5% White, 5.0% African American, and 1.5% from two or more races.

There were 79 households, of which 34.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.1% were married couples living together, 15.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 31.6% were non-families. 29.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.07.

The median age in the village was 33.5 years. 30% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.5% were from 25 to 44; 23% were from 45 to 64; and 16% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 50.0% male and 50.0% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 170 people, 57 households, and 45 families living in the village. The population density was 1,152.9 PD/sqmi. There were 73 housing units at an average density of 495.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 94.71% White and 5.29% African American.

There were 57 households, out of which 50.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.9% were married couples living together, 5.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.3% were non-families. 14.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.98 and the average family size was 3.26.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 31.2% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 34.7% from 25 to 44, 8.8% from 45 to 64, and 16.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 97.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.3 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $26,250, and the median income for a family was $36,250. Males had a median income of $0 versus $0 for females. The per capita income for the village was $17,983. None of the population or families were below the poverty line.

title: Palestine, Ohio


text:
Pitsburg, Ohio

Pitsburg is a village in Monroe Township, Darke County, Ohio, United States. The population was 381 at the 2020 census.

History
Pitsburg was founded under the name of "Arnettsville" in the 19th century, but it languished: an author writing in 1880 described it as "liv[ing] only in name and story." The community revived over the next several decades; by 1914, the village included a school, a Methodist Episcopal church, multiple businesses, and over two hundred residents.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.19 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 388 people, 148 households, and 113 families living in the village. The population density was 2042.1 PD/sqmi. There were 160 housing units at an average density of 842.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 98.7% White, 0.3% Native American, and 1.0% Asian.

There were 148 households, of which 37.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.2% were married couples living together, 10.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 23.6% were non-families. 20.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 2.98.

The median age in the village was 40.3 years. 27.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.5% were from 25 to 44; 27.6% were from 45 to 64; and 13.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 47.9% male and 52.1% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 392 people, 135 households, and 108 families living in the village. The population density was 2,066.5 PD/sqmi. There were 158 housing units at an average density of 832.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 97.96% White, 1.28% Native American, 0.26% Pacific Islander, and 0.51% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.51% of the population.

There were 135 households, out of which 44.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.6% were married couples living together, 5.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.0% were non-families. 19.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.90 and the average family size was 3.25.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 36.0% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 34.4% from 25 to 44, 19.4% from 45 to 64, and 3.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females there were 101.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 109.2 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $51,591, and the median income for a family was $62,273. Males had a median income of $44,500 versus $26,563 for females. The per capita income for the village was $18,763. None of the families and 4.0% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 28.0% of those over 64.

title: Pitsburg, Ohio


text:
Rossburg, Ohio

Rossburg is a village in Darke County, Ohio, United States. The population was 159 at the 2020 census.

History
Rossburg was platted by John G. Ross in 1868. In its early years, the community was also known as "Hagerman"; under this name a post office was established in the community on December 19, 1883, and it operated under this name until November 4, 1905. The village was known as Rossville in 1881 to 1890. The village was very small until a period of growth began circa 1883, when a predecessor of the Cincinnati, Jackson and Mackinaw Railroad built a railroad line through Rossburg.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.14 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 201 people, 77 households, and 58 families living in the village. The population density was 1435.7 PD/sqmi. There were 81 housing units at an average density of 578.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 100.0% White. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.5% of the population.

There were 77 households, of which 32.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.1% were married couples living together, 9.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 9.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 24.7% were non-families. 22.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.03.

The median age in the village was 39.8 years. 22.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.5% were from 25 to 44; 30.5% were from 45 to 64; and 10.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 50.7% male and 49.3% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 224 people, 86 households, and 62 families living in the village. The population density was 1,600.2 PD/sqmi. There were 89 housing units at an average density of 635.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 99.11% White, 0.45% Native American, 0.45% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.45% of the population.

There were 86 households, out of which 31.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.1% were married couples living together, 5.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.9% were non-families. 26.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.16.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 26.8% under the age of 18, 11.2% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 22.8% from 45 to 64, and 11.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 89.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.0 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $30,583, and the median income for a family was $43,125. Males had a median income of $30,833 versus $18,906 for females. The per capita income for the village was $16,376. About 3.5% of families and 4.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under the age of eighteen and 5.6% of those 65 or over.

title: Rossburg, Ohio


text:
Union City, Ohio

Union City is a village in Darke County, Ohio, United States. The population was 1,582 at the 2020 census. It is directly across the state line from its twin city of Union City, Indiana.

History
Union City was platted in 1838 and incorporated on December 6, 1853. Incorporation came during a period of growth occasioned by the opening of a line of the Greenville and Miami Railroad through the town on December 12, 1852.

One house in Union City, the Lambert-Parent House, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.97 sqmi, of which 0.92 sqmi is land and 0.05 sqmi is water.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 1,666 people, 657 households, and 422 families living in the village. The population density was 1810.9 PD/sqmi. There were 754 housing units at an average density of 819.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 93.1% White, 0.9% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 2.9% from other races, and 2.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.1% of the population.

There were 657 households, of which 35.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.7% were married couples living together, 18.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35.8% were non-families. 31.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41, and the average family size was 2.97.

The median age in the village was 38.3 years. 26.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.5% were from 25 to 44; 26.6% were from 45 to 64, and 15.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 47.4% male and 52.6% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,767 people, 690 households, and 445 families living in the village. The population density was 1,919.0 PD/sqmi. There were 780 housing units at an average density of 847.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 94.91% White, 1.36% African American, 0.40% Native American, 0.17% Asian, 2.15% from other races, and 1.02% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.64% of the population.

There were 690 households, out of which 32.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.1% were married couples living together, 13.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.4% were non-families. 29.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42, and the average family size was 2.95.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 26.8% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 26.9% from 25 to 44, 19.6% from 45 to 64, and 17.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.6 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $26,442, and the median income for a family was $30,603. Males had a median income of $28,684 versus $19,211 for females. The per capita income for the village was $14,906. About 18.8% of families and 20.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 30.4% of those under age 18 and 6.4% of those age 65 or over.

Media

 * KISS TV is a local-access television station. It broadcasts on the local Time Warner Cable feed, as well as online.
 * WJYW 88.9 "Joy FM" broadcasts a Contemporary Christian music format. It is licensed to the neighboring Indiana community of the same name, but has a studio on the Ohio side.
 * WTGR 97.5 FM "Tiger Country" is licensed to (and transmits from) the local community with a studio in Greenville.

Notable people

 * Garland Anderson - composer and classical pianist
 * Curtis Enis - National Football League tailback
 * Chris Hawkey - Radio personality and musician

title: Union City, Ohio


text:
Versailles, Ohio

Versailles is a village in Darke County, Ohio, United States. It is the only village in Wayne Township. The population was 2,692 at the 2020 census.

History
Founded in 1819, the village is named after the city of Versailles in France. Versailles was originally named Jacksonville, in honor of Andrew Jackson and his victory at the Battle of New Orleans. Later on, as a large number of early residents were of French descent, it was suggested that the village's name be changed to "Versailles" in memory of their homeland. Versailles became the new name of the village in 1837.

Village name
The proper local pronunciation of the name is ver-sales, with the accent on the second syllable, unlike the French city of the same name.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.88 sqmi, of which 1.87 sqmi is land and 0.01 sqmi is water.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 2,687 people, 1,083 households, and 686 families living in the village. The population density was 1436.9 PD/sqmi. There were 1,150 housing units at an average density of 615.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 99.0% White, 0.2% African American, 0.1% Native American, 0.1% from other races, and 0.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.6% of the population. 45.9% were of German, 33.8% French, and 11.0% Irish ancestries.

There were 1,083 households, of which 32.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.2% were married couples living together, 7.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36.7% were non-families. 33.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39, and the average family size was 3.06.

The median age in the village was 39.8 years. 25.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.6% were from 25 to 44; 24.2% were from 45 to 64, and 19.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 47.7% male and 52.3% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,589 people, 1,061 households, and 687 families living in the village. The population density was 1,482.5 PD/sqmi. There were 1,109 housing units at an average density of 635.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 99.38% White, 0.04% African American, 0.12% Native American, 0.08% Asian, 0.12% from other races, and 0.27% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.12% of the population.

There were 1,061 households, out of which 31.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.5% were married couples living together, 7.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.2% were non-families. 32.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35, and the average family size was 3.00.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 25.5% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 28.4% from 25 to 44, 19.0% from 45 to 64, and 20.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.3 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $37,908, and the median income for a family was $47,717. Males had a median income of $32,440 versus $25,194 for females. The per capita income for the village was $18,275. About 3.5% of families and 5.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.1% of those under age 18 and 9.3% of those age 65 or over.

Government
Versailles' municipal building, the Versailles Town Hall and Wayne Township House, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Poultry Days
Versailles is also known for hosting its yearly Poultry Days festival on the second full weekend of June. The festival consists of crowning a "Ms. Chick" and "Little Miss Chick," a carnival, a parade, the production of over 25,000 slow roasted chicken dinners, and the Poultry Days Ultimate tournament.

Education
The Versailles Exempted Village School District operates one Elementary, Middle, and Jr./Sr. High School. The school building was finished in 2010 and resides at 280 Marker Road within the village limits. The school was paid for by the Versailles people in tax dollars.

title: Versailles, Ohio