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Russellville, Ohio

Russellville is a village in Jefferson Township, Brown County, Ohio, United States. The population was 542 at the 2020 census.

History
Russellville was laid out in 1817 by Russell Shaw, and named for him.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.73 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 561 people, 209 households, and 139 families living in the village. The population density was 768.5 PD/sqmi. There were 236 housing units at an average density of 323.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 99.1% White, 0.5% African American, and 0.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.5% of the population.

There were 209 households, of which 40.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.3% were married couples living together, 14.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 33.5% were non-families. 25.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.28.

The median age in the village was 33.7 years. 30.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.3% were from 25 to 44; 20.8% were from 45 to 64; and 13.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 48.1% male and 51.9% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 453 people, 190 households, and 121 families living in the village. The population density was 582.2 PD/sqmi. There were 215 housing units at an average density of 276.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 98.68% White, 0.88% African American, and 0.44% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.10% of the population.

There were 190 households, out of which 27.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.8% were non-families. 32.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.98.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 25.8% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 25.4% from 25 to 44, 21.4% from 45 to 64, and 20.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 84.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.6 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $30,000, and the median income for a family was $38,594. Males had a median income of $26,875 versus $21,250 for females. The per capita income for the village was $15,010. About 4.5% of families and 7.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.4% of those under age 18 and 10.8% of those age 65 or over.

Education
Russellville Elementary School, the only school in the village, has approximately 480 pupils and 28 full-time staff.

Notable person

 * Mills Gardner, attorney and Ohio congressman

title: Russellville, Ohio


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St. Martin, Ohio

St. Martin is an unincorporated community and former village in Brown County, Ohio, United States. The community is served by the Fayetteville (45118) post office. The population was 200 at the 2020 census. In November 2011, voters chose to unincorporate St. Martin, and it now falls solely under the jurisdiction of Perry Township.

Geography
According to the 2010 census, the village had a total area of 1.09 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 129 people, 47 households, and 36 families living in the village. The population density was 118.3 PD/sqmi. There were 50 housing units at an average density of 45.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 99.2% White and 0.8% from two or more races.

There were 47 households, out of which 29.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72.3% were married couples living together, 2.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 23.4% were non-families. 14.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 2.97.

The median age in the village was 49.2 years. 19.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 16.3% were from 25 to 44; 42.7% were from 45 to 64; and 15.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 48.8% male and 51.2% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 91 people, 32 households, and 28 families living in the village. The population density was 78.3 PD/sqmi. There were 34 housing units at an average density of 29.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 100.00% White. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.10% of the population.

There were 32 households, out of which 40.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 81.3% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 12.5% were non-families. 12.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.84 and the average family size was 3.11.

In the village the population was spread out, with 28.6% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 26.4% from 25 to 44, 30.8% from 45 to 64, and 7.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.1 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $60,417, and the median income for a family was $60,833. Males had a median income of $33,750 versus $28,125 for females. The per capita income for the village was $18,833. None of the population and none of the families were below the poverty line.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: St. Martin, Ohio


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Beckett Ridge, Ohio

Beckett Ridge is a census-designated place (CDP) in West Chester Township, Butler County, Ohio, United States. The population was 9,192 at the 2020 census.

History
Beckett Ridge began as a planned community in the 1970s. Beckett Ridge occupies an area once operated as a farm by the Beckett family. Beckett Ridge was developed by Gary L. Schottenstein, chairman and CEO of Schottenstein Real Estate Group. It was the largest planned unit development in Ohio at the time.

Geography
Beckett Ridge is located in southeastern Butler County, in the west-central part of West Chester Township. It is centered on the Beckett Ridge Golf Club, occupying high ground to the north of the valley of Mill Creek.

Interstate 75 cuts across the southeast corner of the CDP, with the closest access from Exit 19 (Union Centre Boulevard). State Route 747 forms the western edge of the CDP, leading south into Glendale and north towards Middletown.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 12.4 km2, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 8,663 people, 3,107 households, and 2,420 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,780.9 /mi2. There were 3,222 housing units at an average density of 662.4 /mi2. The racial makeup of the CDP was 88.27% White, 4.83% African American, 0.18% Native American, 5.53% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.28% from other races, and 0.90% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.63% of the population.

There were 3,107 households, out of which 43.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.2% were married couples living together, 6.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.1% were non-families. 17.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.79 and the average family size was 3.21.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 30.4% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 34.6% from 25 to 44, 23.9% from 45 to 64, and 5.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.3 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $80,090, and the median income for a family was $90,758. Males had a median income of $61,008 versus $38,933 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $33,835. About 1.3% of families and 1.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.2% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

title: Beckett Ridge, Ohio


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Hamilton, Ohio

Hamilton is a city in and the county seat of Butler County, Ohio, United States. Located 20 mi north of Cincinnati, Hamilton is the second-largest city in the Greater Cincinnati area and the tenth-largest city in Ohio. The population was 63,399 at the 2020 census. Most of the city is served by the Hamilton City School District.

Fort Hamilton
Hamilton originated as Fort Hamilton, named to honor Alexander Hamilton, first Secretary of the Treasury. The fort was constructed in September through October 1791 by General Arthur St. Clair, governor of the Northwest Territory. It was the first of several built north from Fort Washington into Indian territory. The fort was built to serve as a supply station for the troops of St. Clair during his campaign in the Northwest Indian War. Later, it was used by General "Mad" Anthony Wayne. It was located 28 mi upstream from the mouth of the Great Miami River, where the river is shallow during normal flow and easily forded by men, animals and wagons on its gravelly bottom. In 1792, the fort was enlarged with a stable area by General Wayne. The fort was abandoned in 1796 after the signing of the Treaty of Greenville.

Settlement and growth
A settlement grew up around Fort Hamilton and was platted as Fairfield in 1794. By 1800, Hamilton was becoming an agricultural and regional trading town. The town was platted, government was seated, and the town named by 1803.

Hamilton was first incorporated by act of the Ohio General Assembly in 1810, but lost its status in 1815 for failure to hold elections. It was reincorporated in 1827 with Rossville, the community across the Great Miami River in St. Clair Township. The two places severed their connection in 1831 only to be rejoined in 1854. Designated the county seat, this became a city in 1857. On March 14, 1867, Hamilton withdrew from the townships of Fairfield and St. Clair to form a "paper township", but the city government is dominant.

On the afternoon of September 17, 1859, Abraham Lincoln arrived at the Hamilton Station (the station is on the city's Historic Preservation list). He gave a campaign speech in support of his fellow Republican, William Dennison, who was running for Ohio governor. Lincoln's speech concentrated on popular sovereignty. He began: "This beautiful and far-famed Miami Valley is the garden spot of the world". It was during this campaign that the relatively unknown Lincoln was first mentioned as a possible presidential contender.

Hamilton Hydraulic
The Hamilton Hydraulic, also called the Hamilton & Rossville Hydraulic, was a system devised to supply water power to shops and mills; it spurred one of Hamilton's greatest periods of industrial and population growth from 1840–1860. Specially built canals and natural reservoirs brought water from the Great Miami River north of Hamilton into the town as a source of power for future industries.

The hydraulic began about 4 mi north of Hamilton on the river, where a dam was built to divert water into the system. Nearby, two reservoirs stored water for the hydraulic, whose main canal continued south along North Fifth Street to present Market Street. There it took a sharp west turn to the river at the present intersection of Market Street and North Monument Avenue, between the former Hamilton Municipal Building and the present Courtyard by Marriott. The first water passed through the system in January 1845. As the water flowed through the canal, it turned millstones in the hydraulic. The project had been a risky one because there were no shops along its course to use the power when the company was organized in 1842, but the gamble paid off. Several small industries were built on the hydraulic in the 1840s, one was the Beckett Paper Co.

The hydraulic remained a principal source of power for Hamilton industries through the 1870s when stationary steam engines became practical and affordable. Later, most of the hydraulic canal was covered and/or filled. The hydraulic attracted auto manufacturer Henry Ford to Hamilton after World War I, when he sought a site for a tractor factory. Ford built a plant—which soon converted to producing auto parts—at the north end of North Fifth Street so it could take advantage of power provided by a branch of the hydraulic.

Industrialization
By the mid-19th century, Hamilton had developed as a significant manufacturing city. Its early products were often machines and equipment used to process the region's farm produce, such as steam engines, hay cutters, reapers and threshers. Other production included machine tools, house hardware, saws for mills, paper, paper making machinery, carriages, guns, whiskey, beer, woolen goods, and myriad and diverse output made from metal, grain, and cloth.

By the early 20th century, the town was a heavy-manufacturing center for vaults and safes, machine tools, cans for vegetables, paper, paper making machinery, locomotives, frogs and switches for railroads, steam engines, diesel engines, foundry products, printing presses, and automobile parts. During the two world wars, its factories manufactured war materiel, Liberty ship engines, and gun lathes. Manufacturers used coke to feed furnaces. Its by-product, gas, fueled street lights. The Great Miami River valley, in which Hamilton was located, had become an industrial giant.

The county courthouse, constructed between 1885 and 1889, has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places because of its monumental architecture. The city has three historic districts: Dayton Lane, German Village and Rossville. Like Cincinnati, Hamilton attracted many German and Italian immigrants from the mid-19th century on, whose influence was expressed in culture, food and architecture. Hamilton also had a Jewish community; with increased immigration by Eastern European Jews, they founded Beth Israel Synagogue in 1901 as an Orthodox alternative to Hamilton's Reform synagogue. It had been founded by German Jews in the 1880s, when nearby Cincinnati was a center of Reform Judaism in the United States. At the time around 250 Jewish families lived in Hamilton.

1913 flood
Geographic and geological evidence shows that floods have occurred throughout the valley since prehistoric times. Since European-American settlement, diaries, anecdotes, folk tales, letters, and official records have provided documentation of relatively common severe floods in 1814, 1828, 1832, 1847, 1866, 1883, 1897, 1898, and 1907.

In March 1913, the greatest flood occurred. Heavy rain fell over the entire watershed, and the ground was frozen, as well as saturated from previous lighter rains. This resulted in a high rate of run-off from the rain: an estimated 90% flowed directly into the streams, creeks, and rivers. Between 9 - 11 in of rain fell over five days, March 25 to 29, 1913. An amount equivalent to about 30 days' discharge of water over Niagara Falls flowed through the Miami Valley during the ensuing flood. In the Great Miami River Valley, 360 persons died, about 200 of whom were from Hamilton. Some drowned, some were washed away and never found, others died from various diseases and complications, and some committed suicide because of severe losses. Damage in the valley was calculated at $100 million, the equivalent of $2 billion in 21st-century value. The flood waters were so powerful that within two hours they destroyed all four of Hamilton's bridges: Black Street, High-Main Street, Columbia, and the railroad bridge.

In Hamilton, the flood waters rose with unexpected and frightening suddenness, reaching over three to eight feet in depth in downtown, and up to eighteen feet in the North End, along Fifth Street and through South Hamilton Crossing. The waters spread from D Street on the west to what is now Erie Highway on the east. The waters' rise was so swift that many people were trapped in the upper floors of businesses and houses. In some cases, people had to escape to their attics, and then break through the roof as the waters rose even higher. Temperatures hovered near freezing. The water current varied, but in constricted locations it raced at more than twenty miles per hour. The dead people, more than 1,000 drowned horses, other livestock, and pets, and sewage tainted the water. Nearly one-third of the population was left homeless and displaced: 10,000 of the 35,000 residents of Hamilton. Thousands of houses were destroyed by the flood; afterward, many that were too damaged to repair had to be demolished by city workers. Following the 1913 flood, residents realized that the only way to prevent future flooding was to deal with protection on a watershed basis. Citizens from all the major cities in the valley, Piqua, Troy, Dayton, Carlisle, Franklin, Miamisburg, Middletown, and Hamilton, gathered together to find a solution and worked with legislative representatives to draft enabling legislation to create the Miami Conservancy District. It was passed by the state and signed into law by Governor James Cox. Although challenged several times in the courts, the laws withstood those attacks. The law and District have also withstood the tests of time. By 1915, the District hired an engineering staff, which developed plans for valley-long channel improvements, levees, and storage basins to temporarily retain excessive rains. The system was designed to withstand rains and flows that would be up to 40% greater than those of 1913. Waters have been retained more than 1,000 times, thereby preventing flooding. Construction began in 1915 and was completed in 1923. The Miami Conservancy District was the first of its kind in the nation and has been an example of flood control protection. It is unique for having been developed, built, and supported financially just by those who benefit. The Miami Conservancy District is financially supported by an assessment on each property that was affected by the 1913 waters, related to the present value of the property because it is not at risk of flooding. All the other areas within the District are assessed because they benefit by reducing or eliminating danger to infrastructure, commerce, and transportation.

20th century to present
In the 1920s, many Chicago gangsters established second homes in Hamilton. This gave Hamilton the nickname "Little Chicago". Some of these men appeared to have invested in what became an active district of gambling and prostitution. During World War II, the military declared the entire city off-limits to its enlisted personnel because of its numerous gambling and prostitution establishments. Madame Freeze's and the long row of prostitution houses along Wood Street (now called Pershing Avenue) were notorious among soldiers. Factories in Hamilton converted their operations to support the war effort, manufacturing military supplies, such as tank turrets, Liberty ship and submarine engines, and machined and stamped metal parts.

With the 1950s came the construction of the new interstate highway I-75, part of a nationwide system and one which bypassed the city. A decision made to reduce traffic through the city resulted in cutting it off from the newest transportation network, and businesses were drawn to areas outside with access to the highway. Until 1999, when the Butler County Veterans Highway was built, Hamilton was the second-largest city in the United States without direct interstate access.

In the late 20th century, industrial restructuring in heavy manufacturing resulted in widespread loss of jobs in older industrial cities, as operations were merged, relocated, and finally moved offshore. Like other Rust Belt cities in the northern tier, Hamilton has struggled to develop a new economy after such wide-scale changes, but it has retained more of its population than many such cities. In addition, since the late 20th century it has attracted new immigrants, primarily Hispanics from Mexico and Latin America.

On March 30, 1975, Easter Sunday, James Ruppert murdered 11 family members in his mother's house at 635 Minor Avenue in Hamilton, in what is referred to as the "Easter Sunday Massacre". The murders shocked the town of Hamilton and the entire country. This was the deadliest shooting inside a private residence in American history.

On May 28, 1986, as part of a plan to increase publicity about Hamilton and aid in city revitalization, the City Council voted 5–1 in favor of adding an exclamation point to the city's name, similarly to the popular musical Oklahoma!. Thus, Hamilton officially became Hamilton!  While at the time used extensively in the city's documents, letterheads, business cards and on local signage, the United States Board on Geographic Names did not include the exclamation point; nor did Rand McNally maps. The exclamation point is generally no longer used. It is not in use on the Hamilton municipal website.

In 2009, the city won the Berkeley Springs International Water Tasting Awards for best-tasting municipal water for the United States; and in 2010, a gold medal for the best in the world.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 22.08 sqmi, of which 21.60 sqmi is land and 0.48 sqmi is water.

2020 census
As of the census of 2020, there were 63,399 people living in the city, for a population density of 2,955.66 people per square mile (1,141.18/km2). There were 27,392 housing units. The racial makeup of the city was 74.6% White, 9.9% Black or African American, 0.6% Native American, 0.9% Asian, 0.4% Pacific Islander, 6.1% from some other race, and 7.5% from two or more races. 10.0% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 24,700 households, out of which 31.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.8% were married couples living together, 20.7% had a male householder with no spouse present, and 32.8% had a female householder with no spouse present. 33.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.9% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49, and the average family size was 3.14.

23.4% of the city's population were under the age of 18, 61.4% were 18 to 64, and 15.2% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35.1. For every 100 females, there were 93.4 males.

According to the U.S. Census American Community Survey, for the period 2016-2020 the estimated median annual income for a household in the city was $52,995, and the median income for a family was $62,579. About 19.6% of the population were living below the poverty line, including 29.3% of those under age 18 and 8.3% of those age 65 or over. About 56.3% of the population were employed, and 14.9% had a bachelor's degree or higher.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 62,477 people, 24,658 households, and 15,489 families residing in the city. The population density was 2892.5 PD/sqmi. There were 27,878 housing units at an average density of 1290.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 84.0% White, 8.5% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.6% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 3.6% from other races, and 2.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.4% of the population.

There were 24,658 households, of which 32.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.3% were married couples living together, 17.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.2% were non-families. 30.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.06.

The median age in the city was 35.3 years. 24.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.6% were from 25 to 44; 24.9% were from 45 to 64; and 13.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.8% male and 51.2% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 60,690 people, 24,188 households, and 15,867 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,808.2 PD/sqmi. There were 25,913 housing units at an average density of 1,199.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 88.94% White, 7.55% African American, 0.29% Native American, 0.45% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 1.46% from other races, and 1.28% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.58% of the population.

There were 24,188 households, out of which 31.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.5% were married couples living together, 15.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.4% were non-families. 29.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.02.

In the city the population was spread out, with 25.8% under the age of 18, 9.8% from 18 to 24, 29.9% from 25 to 44, 20.2% from 45 to 64, and 14.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $35,365, and the median income for a family was $41,936. Males had a median income of $32,646 versus $23,850 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,493. About 10.6% of families and 13.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.1% of those under age 18 and 9.8% of those age 65 or over.

Government
Hamilton City Council consists of seven members who are elected in non-partisan elections at staggered intervals and serve four-year terms. They elect a mayor within the council, and together select and appoint a professional city manager to operate the city. Operating as the legislative branch of the city, the Council provides policy direction to the City Manager. The judge of the municipal court is also an elected official. The City Manager operates as chief executive officer, directing a workforce of more than 675 permanent employees and a $400+ million budget. The city also maintains a Public Safety Director for the city, responsible for police protection, staffed by more than 110 full-time professionals, and fire protection, staffed by more than 110 full-time fire fighters.

The current mayor of Hamilton is Patrick Moeller and the city manager is Joshua Smith.

The city's council-manager government was established in 1926, based then on election by proportional representation with a single transferable vote. This system was developed to try to meet the rapidly changing needs of cities with their growing immigrant populations. "The PR STV ballot allows voters to rank order their choices in either at-large or multimember district elections. With each ballot ultimately counting toward the election of one candidate, voters' preferences can be transferred to second or subsequent choices if their most preferred candidate is already elected or has no chance of election, thus maximizing the proportion of effective votes and permitting minorities to win their share of seats."

Hamilton was one of several major Ohio cities that adopted the single transferable vote form of elections in the early 20th century; Ashtabula was the first in 1915. This system was considered more progressive than plurality voting, with winner take all, and the at-large election system found in some cities, which also benefited the majority and generally succeeded in preventing minorities from gaining office. Use of single transferable vote resulted in more minorities, including women, being able to enter politics and attain positions on city councils which they likely otherwise would not have gained in at-large voting. Under the Voting Rights Act of 1965, a significant minority is that representing 5% or more of the population.

The success of single transferable vote nationally led to a political backlash from bosses and parties that lost power. In Hamilton, opponents mounted numerous campaigns to repeal the charter, finally succeeding after four failed referendums in 12 years. Since the city of Hamilton returned to plurality voting, the African-American minority has less frequently been able to win seats on the council. In 2015, however, city council members include two women (white) and an African-American man; other members are white males.

Culture
Hamilton has three designated Historic Districts: Dayton Lane, German Village, and Rossville. The industrial city is seeking to revitalize through the arts; it declared itself the "City of Sculpture" in 2000. Its initiative has attracted many sculpture installations to the city, which founded the Pyramid Hill Sculpture Park.

Library system
The Lane Public Library is located in an architecturally significant building in the heart of Hamilton's Historic German Village. Built in 1866 by local philanthropist Robert Clark Lane, the library building has since been improved by six separate renovations and expansion projects. Lane donated the first collection of materials to the library, approximately 3,000 books. Today, the collection numbers over 123,000. It has a local history room, which also has materials related to genealogy. The library also features the Lane Libraries Community Technology Center, located on the ground floor of the historic Robinson-Schwenn Building at 10 Journal Square in downtown Hamilton.

Sports
Hamilton was home to minor league baseball in 1884, 1889, 1911 and 1913, as the Hamilton Mechanics played as members of the Ohio State League.

The Hamilton Joes are a collegiate summer baseball team that competes in the Great Lakes Summer Collegiate League, which is one of eight leagues formed under the National Alliance of College Summer Baseball. The club was named after Cincinnati Reds baseball player and broadcaster Joe Nuxhall. The Joes inaugural season was in 2009. They won the GLSCL championship in 2010 and 2016. There have been 40 former Joes drafted or signed into professional baseball.

West Side Little League of Hamilton has been to the Little League World Series contested in South Williamsport, Pennsylvania, in, , , , and. In 2021, they won the Tom Seaver bracket and advanced to the championship game, where they lost to a team from Taylor, Michigan. West Side Little League has also won the state championship 19 times since 1988 in the majors division.

Transportation
Hamilton station is currently unused. It previously serviced passenger trains to Detroit (until 1971), Chicago, Washington and New York City (until 2005).

The Butler County Regional Transit Authority provides bus service in the city with connections to Middletown, Oxford, as well as Springdale, where riders can transfer to the Southwest Ohio Regional Transit Authority, which serves greater Cincinnati.

Education
Hamilton is served by the Hamilton City School District, which operates Hamilton High School. The district has underway a major $200 million capital program including construction of eight elementary schools, a freshman school, two completely renovated middle schools, and an upgraded high school with two new gyms, a new media center, six new classrooms and a new cafeteria. In 2002, President George W. Bush visited Hamilton and signed the No Child Left Behind Act into law at Hamilton High School.

The Talawanda City School District and Talawanda High School in Oxford, Ohio serves a small portion of the city. The Ross Local School District and Ross High School operate outside the city proper, serving a small portion of the city and surrounding rural area.

Father Stephen T. Badin High School, a private Catholic high school of the Archdiocese of Cincinnati, and several Catholic elementary schools (St. Ann Catholic School, St. Peter in Chains School, St. Joseph Consolidated School, Sacred Heart of Jesus School and Queen of Peace School), serve the city and surrounding area. Richard Allen Schools, a charter school system, has a campus in Hamilton: Richard Allen Academy.

Miami University, based in Oxford, Ohio, has a regional campus in the city. Miami University Hamilton opened in 1968 and now has more than 5,000 students.

Notable people

 * Denicos Allen, linebacker for Michigan State University
 * William Allen (1827-1881), United States Congressman
 * Jim Blount, newspaper editor
 * Leroy "Sugarfoot" Bonner, guitarist (Ohio Players)
 * Frank Clair, former Canadian Football League coach
 * Ray Combs (1956-1996), comedian and second host of Family Feud
 * Aaron Cook, professional baseball player
 * Sheehan Donoghue, Wisconsin assemblyman
 * Robert Dove, Parliamentarian of the U.S. Senate
 * Greg Dulli, musician
 * Byron Elliott, Justice of the Indiana Supreme Court
 * Warren Gard (1873-1929), United States congressman, lawyer
 * Kevin Grevey, professional basketball player
 * Ronald Hamilton, opera singer
 * Jon Hoke, secondary coach for the Atlanta Falcons
 * William Dean Howells, author
 * Fannie Hurst, author
 * Steven Ittel, organometallic chemist
 * David Klarich, politician from Missouri
 * Eric Lange, actor (Lost, Victorious)
 * Mark Lewis, professional baseball player
 * Joshua L. Liebman, rabbi
 * John Martinkovic, NFL player
 * Robert McCloskey (1914-2003), author and illustrator of children's books
 * Patrick McCollum, nationally recognized naturalist, conservationist
 * Kevin McGuff, women's college basketball coach at Ohio State University
 * Steve Morse, guitarist
 * William Pitt Murray, Minnesota politician and lawyer
 * Pamela Myers, actress
 * Jane Nelson, Texas state senator
 * Joe Nuxhall, professional baseball player
 * Adam Pankey, NFL Offensive Tackle
 * Patricia Parris, voice actress
 * Mark Peck, New Zealand member of Parliament
 * Nan Phelps, artist
 * Floyd "Breezy" Reid, American football running back
 * Frederick Rentschler, aircraft engine designer, aviation engineer, and industrialist
 * Charles Richter, seismologist and creator of Richter scale
 * Glen Edward Rogers, American serial killer
 * Bonnie Rotten, pornographic actress
 * James Ruppert, mass murderer
 * George A. Sanderson, 13th Secretary of the United States Senate
 * Paul Sarringhaus, NFL player
 * David Shaw, musician
 * Fannie Douglass Smith, journalist
 * Simon Stepaniak, NFL player
 * Van Stephenson, musician
 * John Cleves Symmes Jr., soldier, philosopher
 * Pat Tabler, professional baseball player and broadcaster
 * Jim Tracy, professional baseball player and manager
 * Roger Troutman, singer, songwriter
 * Scott Walker, musician, singer, member of the Walker Brothers
 * Brad Warner, zen priest and author
 * Andrew R. Wheeler, lawyer and Acting Administrator of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
 * Jane Delaplaine Wilson, author, daughter of Joshua Deleplane, one of the pioneer settlers of Ohio
 * Andrew Wyant, author and fitness entrepreneur
 * Jimmy Wynn, MLB player

title: Hamilton, Ohio


text:
Jacksonburg, Ohio

Jacksonburg is a small village in Butler County, Ohio, United States. The population was 55 at the 2020 census.

History
Jacksonburg was founded on February 16, 1816. The village was named after General Andrew Jackson, afterward seventh President of the United States.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.02 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 63 people, 21 households, and 17 families living in the village. The population density was 3150.0 PD/sqmi. There were 22 housing units at an average density of 1100.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 90.5% White, 4.8% Native American, and 4.8% from two or more races.

There were 21 households, of which 33.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.9% were married couples living together, 23.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 14.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 19.0% were non-families. 19.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.00 and the average family size was 3.35.

The median age in the village was 29.8 years. 30.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 28.5% were from 25 to 44; 27% were from 45 to 64; and 4.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 54.0% male and 46.0% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 67 people, 22 households, and 17 families living in the village. The population density was 3,436.6 PD/sqmi. There were 22 housing units at an average density of 1,128.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 97.01% White, and 2.99% from two or more races.

There were 22 households, out of which 31.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.1% were married couples living together, 13.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.2% were non-families. 18.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.05 and the average family size was 3.50.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 28.4% under the age of 18, 9.0% from 18 to 24, 29.9% from 25 to 44, 19.4% from 45 to 64, and 13.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 123.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 118.2 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $38,125, and the median income for a family was $38,750. Males had a median income of $30,417 versus $28,750 for females. The per capita income for the village was $11,771. None of the population is below the poverty line.

Notable person

 * James Middleton Cox, Governor of Ohio

title: Jacksonburg, Ohio


text:
Millville, Ohio

Millville is a village in Butler County, Ohio, United States. The population was 634 at the 2020 census. Millville sits between Oxford, Ohio and Cincinnati, Ohio along U.S. Route 27.

Millville is part of Greater Cincinnati, just west of Hamilton, Ohio.

History
The village was established in 1815 by Joseph Van Horn, who opened a grist mill there about 1805.

Approximately 5.5 miles to the north is the historic Presbyterian cemetery that includes graves of early pioneers including some who served in the revolutionary war. There are many graves of families with the name Ross, the name of nearby town Ross, Ohio.

Notable people
Major League Baseball's first commissioner, Kenesaw Mountain Landis, was born in Millville.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.58 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 708 people, 269 households, and 197 families living in the village. The population density was 1220.7 PD/sqmi. There were 298 housing units at an average density of 513.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 97.5% White, 0.1% African American, 0.1% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 0.4% from other races, and 1.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.3% of the population.

There were 269 households, of which 36.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.2% were married couples living together, 13.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 26.8% were non-families. 23.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.03.

The median age in the village was 38.9 years. 23% of residents were under the age of 18; 11.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.3% were from 25 to 44; 27.4% were from 45 to 64; and 14% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 48.2% male and 51.8% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 817 people, 312 households, and 247 families living in the village. The population density was 1,382.8 PD/sqmi. There were 330 housing units at an average density of 558.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 98.29% White, 0.61% African American, 0.12% Native American, 0.12% Asian, 0.37% from other races, and 0.49% from two or more races.

There were 312 households, out of which 35.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.6% were married couples living together, 15.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.8% were non-families. 17.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 2.93.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 25.6% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 30.5% from 25 to 44, 25.8% from 45 to 64, and 11.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 87.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.4 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $45,341, and the median income for a family was $45,972. Males had a median income of $39,306 versus $25,208 for females. The per capita income for the village was $18,835. About 6.5% of families and 7.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.9% of those under age 18 and 11.0% of those age 65 or over.

Education
The village of Millville and surrounding Ross Township is served by the Ross Local School District and Ross High School. The athletic teams at Ross are known as the Rams and compete in the Southwest Ohio Conference (SWOC).

Schools

 * Morgan Elementary
 * Elda Elementary
 * Ross Middle School
 * Ross High School

title: Millville, Ohio


text:
New Miami, Ohio

New Miami is a village in St. Clair Township, located in central Butler County in the southwestern part of the U.S. state of Ohio. The population was 2,217 at the 2020 census.

New Miami is a small village sitting north of Hamilton, Ohio. Originally known as Coke Otto, Otto or Kokotto for its large coal field and steel mill. It is notable for its involvement in the case of Barrow v. Village of New Miami as a potential speed trap community.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 3.95 sqmi, of which 3.91 sqmi is land and 0.04 sqmi is water.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 2,249 people, 792 households, and 590 families residing in the village. The population density was 2471.4 PD/sqmi. There were 877 housing units at an average density of 963.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 92.0% White, 5.2% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.1% from other races, and 2.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.2% of the population.

There were 792 households, of which 39.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.1% were married couples living together, 18.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 9.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 25.5% were non-families. 19.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.84 and the average family size was 3.22.

The median age in the village was 36.1 years. 26.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.7% were from 25 to 44; 26.8% were from 45 to 64; and 11.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 50.4% male and 49.6% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,469 people, 877 households, and 701 families residing in the village. The population density was 2,782.1 PD/sqmi. There were 934 housing units at an average density of 1,052.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 92.99% White, 5.35% African American, 0.65% Native American, 0.08% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.12% from other races, and 0.77% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.69% of the population.

There were 879 households, out of which 35.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.4% were married couples living together, 17.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.0% were non-families. 15.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.82 and the average family size was 3.11.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 27.9% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 21.3% from 45 to 64, and 12.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 99.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.1 males. There are an average of 15.2 spare tires per person in the town.

The median income for a household in the village was $35,476, and the median income for a family was $40,057. Males had a median income of $30,938 versus $19,966 for females. The per capita income for the village was $15,538. About 10.3% of families and 11.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.2% of those under age 18 and 5.9% of those age 65 or over.

History
The United Coke and Gas Company built a number of Otto-Hoffman type coke ovens circa 1905 for the Hamilton Otto Coke Company. The coke plant covered about 50 acre with a battery of 120 coke ovens, thus New Miami was referred to as Coke Otto. The property was purchased in 1937 by The American Rolling Mill Company which changed its name to ARMCO in 1948. The company is now AK Steel Holdings in Middletown, Ohio. One of Armco's best-known products may be the crash barriers installed around many auto-racing tracks, particularly in Formula One. These barriers are commonly called "Armco". New Miami was incorporated as a village in 1929.

Around January 2013, New Miami entered into a contract with Optotraffic to fit the village with speed cameras around US-127. Those caught speeding in the area of the village would be force to pay a fee of ninety-five dollars, but would not result in points being added to their driver's license. By February 2014, the camera system that was in place was stopped by a Butler County Judge. At the time, the village had reported that it had received at least one million dollars during the period the system was up. In December 2015, the village created a new system with Blue Line Solutions to allow officers to use the otherwise automatic speed cameras, which went into full effect in February 2016 with some modifications.

A lawsuit, Barrow v. Village of New Miami took place from 2014 to 2017 that would eventually force New Miami to pay back the close to two million the village received from the fines and the over one million that was paid to Optotraffic over the approximately forty-five thousand citations that were issued during the program.

title: New Miami, Ohio


text:
Olde West Chester, Ohio

Olde West Chester is a census-designated place (CDP) in West Chester Township, Butler County, Ohio, United States. The population was 201 at the 2020 census.

History
Olde West Chester was originally known as Mechanicsburg, and under the latter name was laid out in 1817 by Hezekiah Smith.

Geography
Originally called simply "West Chester", Olde West Chester is located in the center of West Chester Township and is bordered to the west by the CDP of Beckett Ridge.

Interstate 75 forms the northwestern edge of the CDP, with access from Exit 21 to the north and Exit 19 to the south. Cincinnati-Dayton Road, formerly U.S. Route 25, the Dixie Highway, is the main street through the community. Downtown Cincinnati is 19 mi to the south, and Dayton is 34 mi to the north.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the Olde West Chester CDP has a total area of 0.9 km2, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 232 people, 85 households, and 62 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 666.8 PD/sqmi. There were 91 housing units at an average density of 261.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 91.38% White, 4.31% African American, 1.29% Native American, 1.29% Asian, 1.29% from other races, and 0.43% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.72% of the population.

There were 85 households, out of which 41.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.8% were married couples living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.9% were non-families. 15.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.73 and the average family size was 3.10.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 26.7% under the age of 18, 5.2% from 18 to 24, 36.2% from 25 to 44, 23.3% from 45 to 64, and 8.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.9 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $85,159, and the median income for a family was $87,187. Males had a median income of $45,357 versus $31,667 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $29,342. About 11.9% of families and 7.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under the age of eighteen and 50.0% of those 65 or over.

title: Olde West Chester, Ohio


text:
Oxford, Ohio

Oxford is a city in northwestern Butler County, Ohio, United States. The population was 23,035 at the 2020 census. A college town, Oxford was founded as a home for Miami University and lies in the southwestern portion of the state approximately 40 mi northwest of Cincinnati and 40 mi southwest of Dayton. It is part of the Cincinnati metropolitan area.

History
Miami University was chartered in 1809, and Oxford was laid out by James Heaton on March 29, 1810, by the Ohio General Assembly's order of February 6, 1810. It was established in Range 1 East, Town 5 North of the Congress Lands in the southeast quarter of Section 22, the southwest corner of Section 23, the northwest corner of Section 26, and the northeast corner of Section 27. The original village, consisting of 128 lots, was incorporated on February 23, 1830. Oxford was elevated to city status in 1971. Freedom Summer started with orientations at Western College for Women in June 1964. This event is commemorated near the Kumler Chapel on the Western campus, now a part of Miami University.

Oxford became a qualified Tree City USA as recognized by the National Arbor Day Foundation in 1996.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 6.68 sqmi, all land. Oxford is a part of Oxford Township, originally called the College Township.

2020 census
As of the census of 2020, there were 23,035 people and 7,187 households living in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 79.6% White, 5.0% African American, 0.2% Native American, 8.8% Asian, 1.3% from other races, and 5.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race were 4.0% of the population.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 21,371 people, 5,799 households, and 1,909 families living in the city. The population density was 3199.3 PD/sqmi. There were 6,622 housing units at an average density of 991.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 87.6% White, 4.0% African American, 0.2% Native American, 5.4% Asian, 0.6% from other races, and 2.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race were 2.3% of the population.

There were 5,799 households, of which 14.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 24.6% were married couples living together, 6.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 67.1% were non-families. 33.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.78.

The median age in the city was 21.4 years. 6.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 67.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 10.9% were from 25 to 44; 8.8% were from 45 to 64; and 5.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.6% male and 52.4% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 21,943 people, 5,870 households, and 2,066 families living in the city. The population density was 3,734.4 PD/sqmi. There were 6,134 housing units at an average density of 1,043.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 91.2% White, 4.3% African American, 0.2% Native American, 2.4% Asian, <0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.5% from other races, and 1.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race were 1.44% of the population.

There were 5,870 households, out of which 16.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 26.8% were married couples living together, 6.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 64.8% were non-families. 32.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 2.85.

In the city, 8.3% of the population was under the age of 18, 66.8% was from 18 to 24, 11.7% from 25 to 44, 8.4% from 45 to 64, and 4.8% was 65 years of age or older. The median age was 21 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $25,164, and the median income for a family was $52,589. Males had a median income of $35,833 versus $24,637 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,165. About 13.4% of families and 43.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.8% of those under age 18 and 8.1% of those age 65 or over.

Arts and culture

Festivals and performances include:
 * Oxtoberfest.
 * Lectures and live performances at Miami University.
 * The Uptown Music Concerts is a four-month event featuring outdoor performance.
 * The Oxford Wine Festival is an annual summer festival.
 * The Oxford Community Arts Center (OCAC) is a performing arts facility in Oxford. Events include the Chocolate Meltdown in January. The OCAC building was previously used for the Oxford Female Institute in 1849, then as the Oxford College for Women in 1906 after the Oxford Female Institute merged with the Oxford Female College. After the closing of the school in 1928, Miami University bought the building and renovated it. It is often used as a venue for large events such as weddings.

Oxford has a public library, a branch of the Lane Libraries.

Museums include the Robert A. Hefner Museum of Natural History, the Karl E. Limper Geology Museum, the William Holmes McGuffey Museum, and the Miami University Art Museum.

Parks and recreations
The Miami University Natural Areas has over 17 miles of hiking trails throughout Oxford. Hikers can hike through the Silvoor Biology Sanctuary and up to the bluffs, or through the 100 acre Western Woods to enjoy a "magnificent stand of oaks, beech and maples".

Primary and secondary
Talawanda School District is the public school district serving Oxford.

The McGuffey Montessori School offers grades PK to 8.

Post-secondary
Miami University, the large public research university of around 20,000 students that Oxford was established around, has historically always been the largest and most prominent post-secondary institution in the city. The Western College for Women operated from 1853 to 1974, first as a seminary and later as a liberal arts college before it merged with Miami University. The Oxford College for Women in uptown Oxford was founded in 1849 in affiliation with the Presbyterian Church, and became a dormitory of Miami in 1928 before it became the Oxford Community Arts Center.

Transportation
The Butler County Regional Transit Authority provides bus service in the city with connections to Hamilton, Middletown, as well as Springdale, where riders can transfer to the Southwest Ohio Regional Transit Authority serving greater Cincinnati.

Notable people

 * Walter Alston, Major League Baseball manager, member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum
 * Bill Bartlett, lead guitarist of The Lemon Pipers, psychedelic/bubblegum pop band, they had a Billboard #1 hit in 1968, "Green Tambourine"
 * Jerome Conley, former mayor of Oxford and Dean of Miami University
 * Khashyar Darvich, film producer and director
 * David J. Eicher, chief editor of Astronomy magazine and author of publications on astronomy and American History
 * Edith Emerson, painter
 * Weeb Ewbank, football coach, 3-time World Champion (1958, 1959, 1968), member of Pro Football Hall of Fame
 * Earle Foxe, theater and film actor
 * Victor Furth, architect
 * Kason Gabbard, Major League Baseball pitcher
 * Nick Gillespie, libertarian journalist, former editor-in-chief of Reason magazine, current editor of reason.tv
 * Caroline Harrison, wife of President Benjamin Harrison
 * Russell Benjamin Harrison, son of Benjamin and Caroline Harrison, Indiana politician
 * Darrell Hedric, basketball head coach and scout
 * Oliver Toussaint Jackson, businessman
 * Edgar Stillman Kelley, composer and music educator at Western College for Women
 * Lorenzo Lorraine Langstroth, "Father of American Beekeeping"
 * Henry MacCracken, educator, chancellor of University of Pittsburgh and New York University
 * Samuel Taylor Marshall, attorney and founder of Beta Theta Pi fraternity
 * William Holmes McGuffey, educator
 * William H. McSurely, Illinois state representative and judge
 * Rob Miller, architect
 * Maurice Rocco, pianist

Sister cities
Differdange, Luxembourg, which is home to the Miami University Dolibois European Center. is a sister city to Oxford.

title: Oxford, Ohio


text:
User:Danielsavoiu/Term logic

Aristotle's logical system
Aristotle recognised four kinds of quantified sentences, each of which contain a subject and a predicate:

 * Universal affirmative: Every S is a P.
 * Written SaP (a comes from af-fir-mo, Latin for "I affirm"; the first vowel is taken, since it is universal)

 * Universal negative: No S is a P.
 * Written SeP (e comes from ne-go, Latin for "I deny"; the first vowel is taken, since it is universal)

 * Particular affirmative: Some S are P.
 * Written SiP (i comes from af-fir-mo, Latin for "I affirm"; the second vowel is taken, since it is particular)

 * Particular negative: Not every S is a P.
 * Written SoP (o comes from ne-go, Latin for "I deny"; the second vowel is taken, since it is particular)

There are various ways to combine such sentences into syllogisms, both valid and invalid. In Mediaeval times, students of Aristotelian logic classified every possibility and gave them names. For example, the Barbara syllogism is as follows:

 * Every Y is a Z.
 * Every X is a Y.
 * Therefore, every X is a Z.

Barbara comes from the three sentences used:

MaP SaM - SaP

At first glance, this may seem the same as:

SaM MaP - SaP

However, in Aristotelian logic this is not so. One logical law states that the predicate must be given by the first premise, the subject by the second. It would however be correct to write:

SaM MaP - PaS

A syllogism can furthermore fall into one of the following patterns: I   I I   III   I V M?P | P?M | M?P | P?M S?M | S?M | M?S | M?S

For each there are several valid modes. To check for validity, see if the terms are distributed. To be distributed means to be either:
 * 1) Subject of a Universal Premise (SaP; SeP)
 * 2) Predicate of a Negative Premise (Sep; SoP)

Lastly, a premise can be converted or obverted to fall into a specific valid case. Conversion is generally achieved by switching terms.

Sap = PiS

SiP = PiS

SeP = PoS

SoP = Ø

Obversion is generally achieved by negating the predicate.

SaP = Se-P

SiP = So-P

SeP = Sa-P

SoP = Ø

Due to technical limitations, the negated term cannot be displayed as it should be. It is not S?-P, but rather S?P with a line over the P.

Aristotle also recognised the various immediate entailments that each type of sentence has. For example, the truth of a universal affirmative entails the truth of the corresponding particular affirmative, as well as the falsity of the corresponding universal negative and particular negative. The square of opposition or square of Boethius lists all these logical entailments.

Famously, Aristotelian logic runs into trouble when one or more of the terms involved is empty (has no members). For example, under Aristotelian logic, "all trespassers will be prosecuted" implies the existence of at least one trespasser.

title: User:Danielsavoiu/Term logic


text:
Miami International Airport

Miami International Airport, also known as MIA and historically as Wilcox Field, is the primary international airport serving Miami, Florida and its metropolitan area with over 1,000 daily flights to 185 domestic and international destinations, including most countries in Latin America. The airport is in an unincorporated area in Miami-Dade County, 8 mi west-northwest of Downtown Miami, in metropolitan Miami, adjacent to the cities of Miami and Miami Springs, and the village of Virginia Gardens. Nearby cities include Hialeah, Doral, and the Census-designated place of Fontainebleau.

In 2021, Miami International Airport became the busiest international cargo airport in the U.S.  and the busiest U.S. gateway for international passengers, surpassing John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City. As of 2021, it is the 10th busiest airport in the U.S. with 17,500,096 passengers for the year. It is Florida's busiest airport by total aircraft operations, total cargo traffic and total passenger traffic. The airport is American Airlines' third-largest hub and serves as its primary gateway to Latin America and the Caribbean. Miami also serves as a focus city for Avianca, Frontier Airlines, and LATAM, both for passengers and cargo operations.

Miami International Airport covers 1335 ha. It is South Florida's main airport for long-haul international flights and a hub for the Southeastern United States with passenger and cargo flights to cities throughout the Americas, Europe, Africa, and Asia. It is the largest gateway between the U.S. and Latin America and the Caribbean and one of the largest airline hubs in the nation.

History

The first airport on the site of MIA opened in the 1920s and was known as Miami City Airport. Pan American World Airways ("Pan Am") opened an expanded facility adjacent to City Airport, Pan American Field, in 1928. Pan American Field was built on 116 acres of land on 36th Street and was the only mainland airport in the eastern United States that had port of entry facilities. Its runways were located around the threshold of today's Runway 26R. Eastern Air Lines began to serve Pan American Field in 1931, followed by National Airlines in 1936. National used a terminal on the opposite side of LeJeune Road from the airport and would stop traffic on the road in order to taxi aircraft to and from its terminal. Miami Army Airfield opened in 1943 during World War II to the south of Pan American Field. The runways of the two were originally separated by railroad tracks, but the two airfields were listed in some directories as a single facility.

Following World War II in 1945, the City of Miami established a Port Authority and raised bond revenue to purchase Pan American Field, which had been since renamed 36th Street Airport, from Pan Am. It merged with the former Miami Army Airfield, which was purchased from the United States Army Air Force south of the railroad in 1949 and expanded further in 1951 when the railroad line itself was moved south to make more room. United States Air Force Reserve troop carrier and rescue squadrons also operated from the airport from 1949 through 1959, when the last unit relocated to nearby Homestead Air Force Base (now Homestead Air Reserve Base). Pan Am and Eastern also constructed maintenance bases in Miami in the late 1940s, which made the airport the world's largest commercial aircraft maintenance and overhaul facility at the time.

The old terminal on 36th Street was closed in 1959 when the "20th Street Terminal" opened, at the time the largest central airport terminal in the world, with five concourses and a 270-room hotel. This terminal was repeatedly renovated and expanded through the 1990s to create the modern MIA terminal complex.

Nonstop flights to Chicago and Newark started in late 1946, but nonstops didn't reach west beyond St. Louis and New Orleans until January 1962. Nonstop transatlantic flights to Europe began in 1970. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Air Florida had a hub at MIA, with a nonstop flight to London, England which it acquired from National upon the latter's merger with Pan Am. Air Florida ceased operations in 1982 after the crash of Air Florida Flight 90. British Airways flew a Concorde SST (supersonic transport) triweekly between Miami and London via Dulles International Airport in Washington, D.C., from 1984 to 1991.

After former Apollo 8 astronaut Frank Borman became president of Eastern Air Lines in 1975, he moved Eastern's headquarters from Rockefeller Center in New York City to Building 16 in the northeast corner of MIA, Eastern's maintenance base. Eastern remained one of the largest employers in the Miami metropolitan area until ongoing labor union unrest, coupled with the airline's acquisition by Texas Air in 1986, ultimately forced the airline into bankruptcy in 1989. Eastern operated out of Concourses B through D on the north side of the terminal, where American's Concourse D stands today. Concourse E was the home for most international carriers, while Pan Am operated out of Concourses E and F.

American Airlines hub
Amid Eastern's turmoil, American Airlines CEO Robert Crandall sought a new hub in order to utilize new aircraft which AA had on order. AA studies indicated that Delta Air Lines would provide strong competition on most routes from Eastern's hub at Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport in Atlanta, but that MIA had many key routes only served by Eastern. American Airlines announced that it would establish a base at MIA in August 1988. Lorenzo considered selling Eastern's profitable Latin America routes to AA as part of a Chapter 11 reorganization of Eastern in early 1989 but backed out in a last-ditch effort to rebuild the MIA hub. The effort quickly proved futile, and American Airlines purchased the routes (including the route authority between Miami and London then held by Eastern sister company Continental Airlines) in a liquidation of Eastern which was completed in 1990. Later in the 1990s, American transferred more employees and equipment to MIA from its failed domestic hubs at Nashville, Tennessee, and Raleigh–Durham, North Carolina. The hub grew from 34 daily departures in 1989 to 157 in 1990, 190 in 1992, and a peak of 301 in 1995, including long-haul flights to Europe and South America. Today Miami is American's largest air freight hub and is the main connecting point in the airline's north–south international route network.

In December 1992, South African Airways launched flights to Johannesburg via Cape Town using a Boeing 747. The company's codeshare agreement with American Airlines supported the route. The carrier later decided to codeshare with Delta Air Lines instead, which operated a hub in Atlanta. Consequently, South African replaced its Miami service with a flight to Atlanta in January 2000.

American began the development of the current North Terminal in the 1990s, which replaced the existing Concourses A through D. Although the terminal was originally scheduled to be completed in 2004, numerous delays arose in the construction process, and Miami-Dade County took over control of the project in 2005, at which time the project had a budget of $2.85 billion. The terminal was ultimately completed in 2011 and included a new "Skytrain" people mover system, as well as a wing for American Eagle commuter flights.

Other hub operations
Pan Am was acquired by Delta Air Lines in 1991, but filed for bankruptcy shortly thereafter. Its remaining international routes from Miami to Europe and Latin America were sold to United Airlines for $135 million as part of Pan Am's emergency liquidation that December. United's Latin American hub offered 24 daily departures in the summer of 1992, growing to 36 daily departures to 21 destinations in the summer of 1994, but returned to 24 daily departures in the summer of 1995 and never expanded further. United ended flights from Miami to South America, and shut down its Miami crew base, in May 2004, reallocating most Miami resources to its main hub in O'Hare International Airport in Chicago. United ceased all mainline service to Miami in 2005 with the introduction of its low-cost product Ted.

Iberia also established a Miami hub in 1992, positioning a fleet of DC-9 aircraft at MIA to serve destinations in Central America and the Caribbean. The hub took advantage of rights granted under the 1991 bilateral aviation agreement between the United States and Spain. During the 1990s, the airport had sterile international-to-international transit facilities in Concourse D (American, British, and Alitalia) and Concourse F (Iberia and four Central American carriers), and there were plans to establish a sterile corridor for international connecting passengers between six concourses. However, the September 11, 2001, attacks made it necessary for many foreigners to obtain a visa in order to transit the United States, and as a result, United Airlines and Iberia closed their hubs in 2004.

Future
MIA is projected to process 77 million passengers and 4 million tons of freight annually by 2040. To meet such a demand, the Miami-Dade Board of County Commissioners approved a $5 billion improvement plan to take place over 15 years and concluding in 2035. The comprehensive plan includes concourse optimization, construction of two on-site luxury hotels, the demolition of Concourse G, and expansion of the airport's cargo capacity.

Terminals
Miami International Airport contains three terminals (North, Central, and South) and six concourses for a total of 131 gates. With the exception of Concourse G, all concourses contain gates to access U.S. Customs and Border Protection facilities.

 * Concourse D contains 51 gates. The eastern section opened in 1995 as Concourse A, and the other parts opened in March 2013.
 * Concourse E contains 18 gates. Opened throughout the early 1980s, the satellite terminal opened in 1974.
 * Concourse F contains 19 gates. Opened in the 1970s.
 * Concourse G contains 14 gates. Opened in the mid-1960s.
 * Concourse H contains 13 gates. Opened in March 1998.
 * Concourse J contains 15 gates. Opened in August 2007.

American operates three Admirals Clubs and one Flagship Lounge across Concourses D & E. Numerous other lounges exist across the airport as well, including an American Express Centurion Lounge located in Concourse D. The North Terminal (Concourse D) is for the exclusive use of American Airlines. The Central Terminal (Concourses E, F, and G) has varied uses; Concourse E is mainly used by American and its Oneworld partner airlines along with some Caribbean and Latin American airlines, and E's satellite terminal has a gate that can accommodate an Airbus A380. Concourses F and G are used by non-AA domestic and Canadian carriers and flights. The South Terminal (Concourses H and J) is the main non-Oneworld international terminal. Concourse H is largely used by Delta and non-Oneworld international carriers that send narrowbody planes largely from Central and the northern parts of South America, and some widebody flights; and Concourse J is used by most non-Oneworld international carriers that send widebody planes and is the main terminal at MIA for non-Oneworld trans-continental flights. Concourse J also has one gate that can accommodate an A380.

Ground transportation
Miami International Airport uses the MIA Mover, a free people mover system to transfer passengers between MIA terminals and the Miami Intermodal Center (MIC) that opened to the public on September 9, 2011. The MIC provides direct access from the airport to ground transportation (shuttle/bus/rail) as well as rental car companies. A Metrorail station opened at the MIC on July 28, 2012; a Tri-Rail station followed on April 5, 2015. Plans for Amtrak to operate a station at the MIC have been on hold since it was discovered that the platform built for that purpose was too short for Amtrak trains. As of early 2022, there is still no Amtrak service at the MIC.

The rental car center consolidates airport car rental operations at the MIC.

Miami International Airport has direct public transit service to Miami-Dade Transit's Metrorail, Metrobus network; Greyhound Bus Lines and to the Tri-Rail commuter rail system. Metrorail operates the Orange Line train from Miami International Airport to destinations such as Downtown, Brickell, Health District, Coconut Grove, Coral Gables, Dadeland, Hialeah, South Miami, and Wynwood. It takes approximately 15 minutes to get from the airport to Downtown.

Miami-Dade Transit operates an Airport Flyer bus that connects MIA directly to South Beach.

MIA is served directly by Tri-Rail, Miami's commuter rail system, which began service on April 5, 2015. Tri-Rail connects MIA to northern Miami-Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach counties. Tri-Rail directly serves points north such as Boca Raton, Deerfield Beach, Delray Beach, Fort Lauderdale, Hollywood, Pompano Beach and West Palm Beach.

Cargo yard
MIA has a number of air cargo facilities. The largest cargo complex is located on the west side of the airport, inside the triangle formed by Runways 12/30 and 9/27. Cargo carriers such as LATAM Cargo, Atlas Air, Amerijet International, and DHL operate from this area. The largest privately owned facility is the Centurion Cargo complex in the northeast corner of the airport, with over 51000 m2 of warehouse space. FedEx and UPS operate their own facilities in the northwest corner of the airport, off of 36th Street. In addition to its large passenger terminal in Concourse D, American Airlines operates a maintenance base to the east of Concourse D, centered around a semicircular hangar originally used by National Airlines which can accommodate three widebody aircraft.

Accidents and incidents

 * On January 22, 1952, an Aerodex Lockheed Model 18 Lodestar on a test flight crashed after takeoff due to engine failure, all 5 occupants were killed.
 * On August 4, 1952, a Curtiss C-46 Commando on a ferry flight crashed on approach to MIA because of the failure of the elevator control system, all 4 occupants died.
 * On March 25, 1958, Braniff International Airways Flight 971, a Douglas DC-7 crashed 5 km WNW of MIA after attempting to return to the airport because of an engine fire crashing into an open marsh, 9 passengers out of 24 on board were killed.
 * On October 2, 1959, a Vickers Viscount of Cubana de Aviación was hijacked on a flight from Havana to Antonio Maceo Airport, Santiago by three men demanding to be taken to the United States. The aircraft landed at Miami International Airport.
 * On February 12, 1963, Northwest Airlines Flight 705, a Boeing 720, crashed into the Everglades while en route from Miami to Portland, Oregon, via Chicago O'Hare, Spokane, and Seattle. All 43 passengers and crew died.
 * On February 13, 1965, an Aerolíneas de El Salvador (AESA) Curtiss C-46 Commando, a cargo flight, had an engine failure shortly after takeoff and crashed into an automobile junkyard, and both occupants died.
 * On March 5, 1965, a Fruehaf Inc. Lockheed Model 18 Lodestar nosed down after takeoff due to elevator trim tab problems, and both occupants were killed.
 * On June 23, 1969, a Dominicana de Aviación Aviation Traders Carvair, a modified DC-4, en route to Santo Domingo was circling back to Miami International Airport with an engine fire when it crashed into buildings 1 mile short of Runway 27. All 4 crewmembers aboard the Carvair and 6 on the ground were killed.
 * On April 14, 1970, an Ecuatoriana de Aviacion Douglas DC-7, a cargo flight, crashed after takeoff from MIA beyond the runway and slid 890 feet before striking a concrete abutment, both occupants were killed.
 * On December 29, 1972, Eastern Air Lines Flight 401, a Lockheed L-1011, crashed into the Everglades. The plane had left JFK International Airport in New York City bound for Miami. There were 101 fatalities out of the 176 passengers and crew on board. (This incident is the subject of the movie The Ghost of Flight 401.)
 * On June 21, 1973, a Warnaco Inc. Douglas DC-7, a cargo flight, crashed into the Everglades 6 minutes after takeoff in heavy rain, wind, and lightning. All three occupants died.
 * On December 15, 1973, a Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation operated by Aircraft Pool Leasing Corp, a cargo flight, crashed 1.3 miles E of MIA because of overrotation of the aircraft causing a stall, crashing into a parking lot and several homes, all three occupants were killed, along with six on the ground.
 * On September 27, 1975, a Canadair CL-44 operated by Aerotransportes Entre Rios (AER), crashed after takeoff because of an external makeshift flight control lock on the right elevator, 4 crew and 2 passengers of the 10 on board died.
 * On January 15, 1977, a Douglas DC-3, registration N73KW of Air Sunshine crashed shortly after take-off on a domestic scheduled passenger flight to Key West International Airport, Florida. All 33 people on board survived.
 * On January 6, 1990, a Grecoair Lockheed JetStar crashed after aborting takeoff and exiting the runway, One occupant of the two on board died.
 * On May 11, 1996, ValuJet Airlines Flight 592, a McDonnell Douglas DC-9 crashed into the Everglades 10 minutes after taking off from MIA while en route to Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport after a fire broke out in the cargo hold, killing 110 people.
 * On August 7, 1997, Fine Air Flight 101, a Douglas DC-8 cargo plane, crashed onto NW 72nd Avenue less than a mile (1.6 km) from the airport. All four occupants on board and one person on the ground were killed.
 * On November 20, 2000, American Airlines Flight 1291, an Airbus A300 en route to Port-au-Prince, Haiti, returned to Miami following a cabin depressurization. During the evacuation one of the emergency exit doors explosively opened, killing a flight attendant.
 * On September 15, 2015, Qatar Airways Flight 778 to Doha overran Runway 9 during takeoff and collided with the approach lights for Runway 27. The collision, which went unnoticed during the 13.5-hour flight, tore a 46 cm hole in the pressure vessel of the Boeing 777-300ER aircraft just behind the rear cargo door. The crew was confused by a printout from an onboard computer and erroneously began takeoff on Runway 9 at the intersection of Taxiway T1 rather than at the end of the runway, which trimmed roughly 1370 m from the length of the runway available for takeoff.
 * On June 21, 2022, RED Air Flight 203 departed from Las Américas International Airport in the Dominican Republic at 3:36 pm. The aircraft landed at Miami International Airport on runway 09 at 5:38 pm with their McDonnell Douglas MD-82. Once the aircraft landed, the left main landing gear collapsed, causing the MD-82 to skid off the runway before coming to a halt on the side of runway 09. The damage included the broken right main landing gear was broken, extreme damage to the nose, and a fire on the right wing. There were no reported casualties; three passengers were left with minor injuries.
 * On January 18, 2024, Atlas Air Flight 095, a cargo Boeing 747-87UF, N859GT en route to San Juan, experienced an engine fire shortly after takeoff from Miami International Airport. The plane safely returned to the airport and made an emergency landing within 15 minutes of takeoff.

title: Miami International Airport


text:
Ross, Ohio

Ross is a census-designated place (CDP) in Ross Township, Butler County, Ohio, United States. The population was 3,478 at the 2020 census. Ross sits along U.S. Route 27 between Cincinnati, Ohio and Oxford, Ohio. Ross is part of the Cincinnati metropolitan area.

History
The settlement was laid out by Dr. Benjamin Franklin Clark on February 1, 1817, as Venus; the spelling later became corrupted as "Venice". Since there was already another post office in the state called Venice, near Lake Erie, this one was renamed in 1834 as Ross.

Geography
Ross is located along the southern border of Butler County. To the south are the townships of Crosby and Colerain in Hamilton County, including the CDP of Dunlap in Colerain Township.

U.S. Route 27 forms the eastern edge of the CDP, leading south to Cincinnati and north to Oxford. State Routes 126 and Ohio State Route 128 run through the center of Ross as Hamilton Cleves Road. Route 126 splits off to the west toward Brookville, Indiana, while Route 128 continues southwest towards Cleves. The Great Miami River forms the southeastern edge of the CDP.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP of Ross has a total area of 8.14 km2, of which 8.07 km2 is land and 0.07 km2, or 0.85%, is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,971 people, 725 households, and 551 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,162.8 PD/sqmi. There were 753 housing units at an average density of 444.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.97% White, 0.20% African American, 0.36% Native American, 0.20% Asian, 0.10% from other races, and 1.17% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.61% of the population.

There were 725 households, out of which 37.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.9% were married couples living together, 12.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.0% were non-families. 20.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the average family size was 3.13.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 27.1% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 29.2% from 25 to 44, 22.9% from 45 to 64, and 11.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.3 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $41,429, and the median income for a family was $46,354. Males had a median income of $37,463 versus $26,167 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $18,701. About 4.1% of families and 3.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.5% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

Economics
Ross functions as a bedroom community northwest of Cincinnati, and includes small businesses and family-owned restaurants, serving the local community and travelers along US-27.

Education
Ross Local Schools serve the CDP proper and surrounding Ross Township. The buildings are located on three campuses and serve Kindergarten through 12th grade. The athletic teams are known as the Rams and compete in the Southwest Ohio Conference (SWOC).

Schools

 * Morgan Elementary School
 * Elda Elementary School
 * Ross Intermediate School
 * Ross Middle School
 * Ross High School

title: Ross, Ohio


text:
Seven Mile, Ohio

Seven Mile is a village in Butler County, Ohio, United States. The population was 712 at the 2020 census.

Seven Mile is served by Edgewood Local School District. Seven Mile Elementary School is the only school located within the village limits.

History
On October 6, 1791, 2,200 troops marched to the area and encamped in the bottom on the east side of the creek. The area was then called Seven Mile after the creek name. The Indian name for Seven Mile Creek was Watamaw, meaning shining water.

Seven Mile was laid out on a turnpike in 1841. It took its name from nearby Sevenmile Creek. Seven Mile was incorporated as a village in 1875.

In 1905, Seven Mile contained a hotel, a harness shop, a tin shop, meat store, and a mill. The village was spared during the Great Dayton Flood due to the elevated railroad grade separating it from Sevenmile Creek.

At the turn of the 20th century, the village celebrated a peculiar type of parade called the "Rag'n Fads" where all the children dressed up in the most tattered clothes they owned, according to the April 6, 1901, issue of Leslie's Weekly.

After a 2016 Ohio law legalized marijuana for medicinal uses to treat 21 ailments, including cancer, traumatic brain injury, post-traumatic stress disorder or chronic pain, Seven Mile was chosen as a site for one of only two dispensary locations within Butler County. The location was chosen because of its proximity to Ohio 127 and it is centrally located within a region that includes Butler, Darke and Preble counties. The dispensary opened October 24, 2019.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.72 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 751 people, 295 households, and 206 families residing in the village. The population density was 1043.1 PD/sqmi. There were 317 housing units at an average density of 440.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 97.6% White, 0.1% African American, 0.1% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 0.7% from other races, and 1.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.3% of the population.

There were 295 households, of which 35.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.5% were married couples living together, 12.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 30.2% were non-families. 22.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 2.97.

The median age in the village was 40.3 years. 23.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.4% were from 25 to 44; 29.8% were from 45 to 64; and 14.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 48.5% male and 51.5% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 678 people, 254 households, and 197 families residing in the village. The population density was 894.6 PD/sqmi. There were 259 housing units at an average density of 341.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 98.53% White, 0.29% African American, 0.74% Asian, and 0.44% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.74% of the population.

There were 254 households, out of which 36.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.8% were married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.4% were non-families. 18.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.65 and the average family size was 3.04.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 27.5% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 29.1% from 25 to 44, 21.8% from 45 to 64, and 15.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 91.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.6 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $41,705, and the median income for a family was $49,000. Males had a median income of $37,917 versus $21,806 for females. The per capita income for the village was $18,092. About 4.5% of families and 4.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.6% of those under age 18 and 4.9% of those age 65 or over.

Government
Seven Mile is run by a 6 member village Council. The mayor holds tie break authority to break a tie vote. Council members serve 4 year terms and are limited to 5 terms.

Presently Seven Mile operates both a Police Department and Fire Department. Both operate on a volunteer basis. Presently the Fire Department provides Life Squad service to parts of Wayne and Milford Twp. North of the village.

title: Seven Mile, Ohio


text:
Somerville, Ohio

Somerville is a census-designated place (CDP) and former village in Milford Township, Butler County, Ohio, United States. The population was 258 at the 2020 census.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village had a total area of 0.25 sqmi, all land.

History
Somerville was incorporated as a village in 1832. On March 15, 2016, Somerville residents voted 52% to 48% to dissolve the village into Milford Township, after its entire council faced term limits or resigned.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 281 people, 96 households, and 74 families living in the village. The population density was 1124.0 PD/sqmi. There were 106 housing units at an average density of 424.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 98.2% White and 1.8% from two or more races.

There were 96 households, of which 34.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.3% were married couples living together, 10.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 8.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 22.9% were non-families. 19.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.93 and the average family size was 3.34.

The median age in the village was 37.8 years. 24.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.1% were from 25 to 44; 31.2% were from 45 to 64; and 12.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 53.0% male and 47.0% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 294 people, 106 households, and 85 families living in the village. The population density was 1,014.4 PD/sqmi. There were 110 housing units at an average density of 379.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 99.66% White, and 0.34% Asian.

There were 106 households, out of which 33.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.3% were married couples living together, 13.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.9% were non-families. 16.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.77 and the average family size was 2.99.

In the village the population was spread out, with 26.5% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 28.2% from 25 to 44, 24.5% from 45 to 64, and 13.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.9 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $32,857, and the median income for a family was $34,583. Males had a median income of $34,167 versus $18,594 for females. The per capita income for the village was $13,892. About 5.9% of families and 10.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.2% of those under the age of eighteen and 5.3% of those 65 or over.

title: Somerville, Ohio


text:
South Middletown, Ohio

South Middletown is a former census-designated place (CDP) in Lemon Township, Butler County, Ohio, United States. The population was 264 at the 2000 census. The area of South Middletown is now within the city limits of Middletown.

Geography
South Middletown is located at 39.48194°N, -84.41278°W (39.481858, -84.412822).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP had a total area of 0.1 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 264 people, 96 households, and 62 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 2,472.2 PD/sqmi. There were 107 housing units at an average density of 1,002.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 98.11% White, 0.38% African American, and 1.52% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.76% of the population.

There were 96 households, out of which 30.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.0% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.4% were non-families. 25.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.38.

In the CDP the population was spread out, with 31.8% under the age of 18, 10.2% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 18.6% from 45 to 64, and 9.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.7 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $45,750, and the median income for a family was $45,750. Males had a median income of $32,500 versus $24,333 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $19,620. None of the families and 5.7% of the population were living below the poverty line.

title: South Middletown, Ohio


text:
Trenton, Ohio

Trenton is a city in northeastern Butler County, Ohio, United States, west of Middletown. The population was 13,021 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Cincinnati metropolitan area.

History
Trenton was originally called Bloomfield, and under the latter name was platted in 1815. Bloomfield was named for Joseph Bloomfield, governor of New Jersey. In 1831, it was discovered that there was already a Bloomfield post office in Ohio, and so the town was renamed after the state capital of New Jersey at Trenton. Originally in Madison Township, it later annexed land in Wayne Township.

Trenton was once a stop on the Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton Railway.

Geography
Trenton is located on the west bank of the Great Miami River.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.56 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 11,869 people, 4,160 households, and 3,258 families living in the city. The population density was 2602.9 PD/sqmi. There were 4,454 housing units at an average density of 976.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 96.2% White, 1.0% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 1.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.7% of the population.

There were 4,160 households, of which 47.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.0% were married couples living together, 15.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 21.7% were non-families. 17.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.85 and the average family size was 3.18.

The median age in the city was 32.2 years. 31% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 30.7% were from 25 to 44; 20.8% were from 45 to 64; and 9.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.6% male and 51.4% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 8,746 people, 3,189 households, and 2,519 families living in the city. The population density was 2,310.4 PD/sqmi. There were 3,376 housing units at an average density of 891.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 98.24% White, 0.48% African American, 0.18% Native American, 0.29% Asian, 0.21% from other races, and 0.61% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.87% of the population.

There were 3,189 households, out of which 43.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.2% were married couples living together, 10.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.0% were non-families. 17.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74 and the average family size was 3.08.

In the city the population was spread out, with 29.6% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 34.3% from 25 to 44, 18.6% from 45 to 64, and 8.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.7 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $50,933, and the median income for a family was $54,794. Males had a median income of $40,621 versus $26,703 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,451. About 3.1% of families and 3.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.9% of those under age 18 and 8.0% of those age 65 or over.

Education
Trenton is served by Edgewood High School.

title: Trenton, Ohio