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Optical microscope

The optical microscope, also referred to as a light microscope, is a type of microscope that commonly uses visible light and a system of lenses to generate magnified images of small objects. Optical microscopes are the oldest design of microscope and were possibly invented in their present compound form in the 17th century. Basic optical microscopes can be very simple, although many complex designs aim to improve resolution and sample contrast.

The object is placed on a stage and may be directly viewed through one or two eyepieces on the microscope. In high-power microscopes, both eyepieces typically show the same image, but with a stereo microscope, slightly different images are used to create a 3-D effect. A camera is typically used to capture the image (micrograph).

The sample can be lit in a variety of ways. Transparent objects can be lit from below and solid objects can be lit with light coming through (bright field) or around (dark field) the objective lens. Polarised light may be used to determine crystal orientation of metallic objects. Phase-contrast imaging can be used to increase image contrast by highlighting small details of differing refractive index.

A range of objective lenses with different magnification are usually provided mounted on a turret, allowing them to be rotated into place and providing an ability to zoom-in. The maximum magnification power of optical microscopes is typically limited to around 1000x because of the limited resolving power of visible light. While larger magnifications are possible no additional details of the object are resolved.

Alternatives to optical microscopy which do not use visible light include scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy and scanning probe microscopy and as a result, can achieve much greater magnifications.

Types
There are two basic types of optical microscopes: simple microscopes and compound microscopes. A simple microscope uses the optical power of a single lens or group of lenses for magnification. A compound microscope uses a system of lenses (one set enlarging the image produced by another) to achieve a much higher magnification of an object. The vast majority of modern research microscopes are compound microscopes, while some cheaper commercial digital microscopes are simple single-lens microscopes. Compound microscopes can be further divided into a variety of other types of microscopes, which differ in their optical configurations, cost, and intended purposes.

Simple microscope
A simple microscope uses a lens or set of lenses to enlarge an object through angular magnification alone, giving the viewer an erect enlarged virtual image. The use of a single convex lens or groups of lenses are found in simple magnification devices such as the magnifying glass, loupes, and eyepieces for telescopes and microscopes.

Compound microscope
A compound microscope uses a lens close to the object being viewed to collect light (called the objective lens), which focuses a real image of the object inside the microscope (image 1). That image is then magnified by a second lens or group of lenses (called the eyepiece) that gives the viewer an enlarged inverted virtual image of the object (image 2). The use of a compound objective/eyepiece combination allows for much higher magnification. Common compound microscopes often feature exchangeable objective lenses, allowing the user to quickly adjust the magnification. A compound microscope also enables more advanced illumination setups, such as phase contrast.

Other microscope variants
There are many variants of the compound optical microscope design for specialized purposes. Some of these are physical design differences allowing specialization for certain purposes:
 * Stereo microscope, a low-powered microscope which provides a stereoscopic view of the sample, commonly used for dissection.
 * Comparison microscope has two separate light paths allowing direct comparison of two samples via one image in each eye.
 * Inverted microscope, for studying samples from below; useful for cell cultures in liquid or for metallography.
 * Fiber optic connector inspection microscope, designed for connector end-face inspection
 * Traveling microscope, for studying samples of high optical resolution.

Other microscope variants are designed for different illumination techniques:
 * Petrographic microscope, whose design usually includes a polarizing filter, rotating stage, and gypsum plate to facilitate the study of minerals or other crystalline materials whose optical properties can vary with orientation.
 * Polarizing microscope, similar to the petrographic microscope.
 * Phase-contrast microscope, which applies the phase contrast illumination method.
 * Epifluorescence microscope, designed for analysis of samples that include fluorophores.
 * Confocal microscope, a widely used variant of epifluorescent illumination that uses a scanning laser to illuminate a sample for fluorescence.
 * Two-photon microscope, used to image fluorescence deeper in scattering media and reduce photobleaching, especially in living samples.
 * Student microscope – an often low-power microscope with simplified controls and sometimes low-quality optics designed for school use or as a starter instrument for children.
 * Ultramicroscope, an adapted light microscope that uses light scattering to allow viewing of tiny particles whose diameter is below or near the wavelength of visible light (around 500 nanometers); mostly obsolete since the advent of electron microscopes
 * Tip-enhanced Raman microscope, is a variant of optical microscope based on tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, without traditional wavelength-based resolution limits. This microscope primarily realized on the scanning-probe microscope platforms using all optical tools.

Digital microscope

A digital microscope is a microscope equipped with a digital camera allowing observation of a sample via a computer. Microscopes can also be partly or wholly computer-controlled with various levels of automation. Digital microscopy allows greater analysis of a microscope image, for example, measurements of distances and areas and quantitation of a fluorescent or histological stain.

Low-powered digital microscopes, USB microscopes, are also commercially available. These are essentially webcams with a high-powered macro lens and generally do not use transillumination. The camera is attached directly to a computer's USB port to show the images directly on the monitor. They offer modest magnifications (up to about 200×) without the need to use eyepieces and at a very low cost. High-power illumination is usually provided by an LED source or sources adjacent to the camera lens.

Digital microscopy with very low light levels to avoid damage to vulnerable biological samples is available using sensitive photon-counting digital cameras. It has been demonstrated that a light source providing pairs of entangled photons may minimize the risk of damage to the most light-sensitive samples. In this application of ghost imaging to photon-sparse microscopy, the sample is illuminated with infrared photons, each spatially correlated with an entangled partner in the visible band for efficient imaging by a photon-counting camera.

Invention
The earliest microscopes were single lens magnifying glasses with limited magnification, which date at least as far back as the widespread use of lenses in eyeglasses in the 13th century.

Compound microscopes first appeared in Europe around 1620 including one demonstrated by Cornelis Drebbel in London (around 1621) and one exhibited in Rome in 1624.

The actual inventor of the compound microscope is unknown although many claims have been made over the years. These include a claim 35 years after they appeared by Dutch spectacle-maker Johannes Zachariassen that his father, Zacharias Janssen, invented the compound microscope and/or the telescope as early as 1590. Johannes' testimony, which some claim is dubious,  pushes the invention date so far back that Zacharias would have been a child at the time, leading to speculation that, for Johannes' claim to be true, the compound microscope would have to have been invented by Johannes' grandfather, Hans Martens. Another claim is that Janssen's competitor, Hans Lippershey (who applied for the first telescope patent in 1608) also invented the compound microscope. Other historians point to the Dutch innovator Cornelis Drebbel with his 1621 compound microscope.

Galileo Galilei is sometimes cited as a compound microscope inventor. After 1610, he found that he could close focus his telescope to view small objects, such as flies, close up and/or could look through the wrong end in reverse to magnify small objects. The only drawback was that his 2 foot long telescope had to be extended out to 6 feet to view objects that close. After seeing the compound microscope built by Drebbel exhibited in Rome in 1624, Galileo built his own improved version. In 1625, Giovanni Faber coined the name microscope for the compound microscope Galileo submitted to the Accademia dei Lincei in 1624 (Galileo had called it the "occhiolino" or "little eye"). Faber coined the name from the Greek words μικρόν (micron) meaning "small", and σκοπεῖν (skopein) meaning "to look at", a name meant to be analogous with "telescope", another word coined by the Linceans.

Christiaan Huygens, another Dutchman, developed a simple 2-lens ocular system in the late 17th century that was achromatically corrected, and therefore a huge step forward in microscope development. The Huygens ocular is still being produced to this day, but suffers from a small field size, and other minor disadvantages.

Popularization
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1724) is credited with bringing the microscope to the attention of biologists, even though simple magnifying lenses were already being produced in the 16th century. Van Leeuwenhoek's home-made microscopes were simple microscopes, with a single very small, yet strong lens. They were awkward in use, but enabled van Leeuwenhoek to see detailed images. It took about 150 years of optical development before the compound microscope was able to provide the same quality image as van Leeuwenhoek's simple microscopes, due to difficulties in configuring multiple lenses. In the 1850s, John Leonard Riddell, Professor of Chemistry at Tulane University, invented the first practical binocular microscope while carrying out one of the earliest and most extensive American microscopic investigations of cholera.

Lighting techniques
While basic microscope technology and optics have been available for over 400 years it is much more recently that techniques in sample illumination were developed to generate the high quality images seen today.

In August 1893, August Köhler developed Köhler illumination. This method of sample illumination gives rise to extremely even lighting and overcomes many limitations of older techniques of sample illumination. Before development of Köhler illumination the image of the light source, for example a lightbulb filament, was always visible in the image of the sample.

The Nobel Prize in physics was awarded to Dutch physicist Frits Zernike in 1953 for his development of phase contrast illumination which allows imaging of transparent samples. By using interference rather than absorption of light, extremely transparent samples, such as live mammalian cells, can be imaged without having to use staining techniques. Just two years later, in 1955, Georges Nomarski published the theory for differential interference contrast microscopy, another interference-based imaging technique.

Fluorescence microscopy
Modern biological microscopy depends heavily on the development of fluorescent probes for specific structures within a cell. In contrast to normal transilluminated light microscopy, in fluorescence microscopy the sample is illuminated through the objective lens with a narrow set of wavelengths of light. This light interacts with fluorophores in the sample which then emit light of a longer wavelength. It is this emitted light which makes up the image.

Since the mid-20th century chemical fluorescent stains, such as DAPI which binds to DNA, have been used to label specific structures within the cell. More recent developments include immunofluorescence, which uses fluorescently labelled antibodies to recognise specific proteins within a sample, and fluorescent proteins like GFP which a live cell can express making it fluorescent.

Components

All modern optical microscopes designed for viewing samples by transmitted light share the same basic components of the light path. In addition, the vast majority of microscopes have the same 'structural' components (numbered below according to the image on the right):
 * Eyepiece (ocular lens) (1)
 * Objective turret, revolver, or revolving nose piece (to hold multiple objective lenses) (2)
 * Objective lenses (3)
 * Focus knobs (to move the stage)
 * Coarse adjustment (4)
 * Fine adjustment (5)
 * Stage (to hold the specimen) (6)
 * Light source (a light or a mirror) (7)
 * Diaphragm and condenser (8)
 * Mechanical stage (9)

Eyepiece (ocular lens)
The eyepiece, or ocular lens, is a cylinder containing two or more lenses; its function is to bring the image into focus for the eye. The eyepiece is inserted into the top end of the body tube. Eyepieces are interchangeable and many different eyepieces can be inserted with different degrees of magnification. Typical magnification values for eyepieces include 5×, 10× (the most common), 15× and 20×. In some high performance microscopes, the optical configuration of the objective lens and eyepiece are matched to give the best possible optical performance. This occurs most commonly with apochromatic objectives.

Objective turret (revolver or revolving nose piece)
Objective turret, revolver, or revolving nose piece is the part that holds the set of objective lenses. It allows the user to switch between objective lenses.

Objective lens
At the lower end of a typical compound optical microscope, there are one or more objective lenses that collect light from the sample. The objective is usually in a cylinder housing containing a glass single or multi-element compound lens. Typically there will be around three objective lenses screwed into a circular nose piece which may be rotated to select the required objective lens. These arrangements are designed to be parfocal, which means that when one changes from one lens to another on a microscope, the sample stays in focus. Microscope objectives are characterized by two parameters, namely, magnification and numerical aperture. The former typically ranges from 5× to 100× while the latter ranges from 0.14 to 0.7, corresponding to focal lengths of about 40 to 2 mm, respectively. Objective lenses with higher magnifications normally have a higher numerical aperture and a shorter depth of field in the resulting image. Some high performance objective lenses may require matched eyepieces to deliver the best optical performance.

Oil immersion objective

Some microscopes make use of oil-immersion objectives or water-immersion objectives for greater resolution at high magnification. These are used with index-matching material such as immersion oil or water and a matched cover slip between the objective lens and the sample. The refractive index of the index-matching material is higher than air allowing the objective lens to have a larger numerical aperture (greater than 1) so that the light is transmitted from the specimen to the outer face of the objective lens with minimal refraction. Numerical apertures as high as 1.6 can be achieved. The larger numerical aperture allows collection of more light making detailed observation of smaller details possible. An oil immersion lens usually has a magnification of 40 to 100×.

Focus knobs
Adjustment knobs move the stage up and down with separate adjustment for coarse and fine focusing. The same controls enable the microscope to adjust to specimens of different thickness. In older designs of microscopes, the focus adjustment wheels move the microscope tube up or down relative to the stand and had a fixed stage.

Frame
The whole of the optical assembly is traditionally attached to a rigid arm, which in turn is attached to a robust U-shaped foot to provide the necessary rigidity. The arm angle may be adjustable to allow the viewing angle to be adjusted.

The frame provides a mounting point for various microscope controls. Normally this will include controls for focusing, typically a large knurled wheel to adjust coarse focus, together with a smaller knurled wheel to control fine focus. Other features may be lamp controls and/or controls for adjusting the condenser.

Stage
The stage is a platform below the objective lens which supports the specimen being viewed. In the center of the stage is a hole through which light passes to illuminate the specimen. The stage usually has arms to hold slides (rectangular glass plates with typical dimensions of 25×75 mm, on which the specimen is mounted).

At magnifications higher than 100× moving a slide by hand is not practical. A mechanical stage, typical of medium and higher priced microscopes, allows tiny movements of the slide via control knobs that reposition the sample/slide as desired. If a microscope did not originally have a mechanical stage it may be possible to add one.

All stages move up and down for focus. With a mechanical stage slides move on two horizontal axes for positioning the specimen to examine specimen details.

Focusing starts at lower magnification in order to center the specimen by the user on the stage. Moving to a higher magnification requires the stage to be moved higher vertically for re-focus at the higher magnification and may also require slight horizontal specimen position adjustment. Horizontal specimen position adjustments are the reason for having a mechanical stage.

Due to the difficulty in preparing specimens and mounting them on slides, for children it is best to begin with prepared slides that are centered and focus easily regardless of the focus level used.

Light source
Many sources of light can be used. At its simplest, daylight is directed via a mirror. Most microscopes, however, have their own adjustable and controllable light source – often a halogen lamp, although illumination using LEDs and lasers are becoming a more common provision. Köhler illumination is often provided on more expensive instruments.

Condenser
The condenser is a lens designed to focus light from the illumination source onto the sample. The condenser may also include other features, such as a diaphragm and/or filters, to manage the quality and intensity of the illumination. For illumination techniques like dark field, phase contrast and differential interference contrast microscopy additional optical components must be precisely aligned in the light path.

Magnification
The actual power or magnification of a compound optical microscope is the product of the powers of the eyepiece and the objective lens. For example a 10x eyepiece magnification and a 100x objective lens magnification gives a total magnification of 1,000×. Modified environments such as the use of oil or ultraviolet light can increase the resolution and allow for resolved details at magnifications larger than 1,000x.

Illumination techniques
Many techniques are available which modify the light path to generate an improved contrast image from a sample. Major techniques for generating increased contrast from the sample include cross-polarized light, dark field, phase contrast and differential interference contrast illumination. A recent technique (Sarfus) combines cross-polarized light and specific contrast-enhanced slides for the visualization of nanometric samples.

Other techniques
Modern microscopes allow more than just observation of transmitted light image of a sample; there are many techniques which can be used to extract other kinds of data. Most of these require additional equipment in addition to a basic compound microscope.
 * Reflected light, or incident, illumination (for analysis of surface structures)
 * Fluorescence microscopy, both:
 * Epifluorescence microscopy
 * Confocal microscopy

 * Microspectroscopy (where a UV-visible spectrophotometer is integrated with an optical microscope)
 * Ultraviolet microscopy
 * Near-Infrared microscopy
 * Multiple transmission microscopy for contrast enhancement and aberration reduction.
 * Automation (for automatic scanning of a large sample or image capture)

Applications
Optical microscopy is used extensively in microelectronics, nanophysics, biotechnology, pharmaceutic research, mineralogy and microbiology.

Optical microscopy is used for medical diagnosis, the field being termed histopathology when dealing with tissues, or in smear tests on free cells or tissue fragments.

In industrial use, binocular microscopes are common. Aside from applications needing true depth perception, the use of dual eyepieces reduces eye strain associated with long workdays at a microscopy station. In certain applications, long-working-distance or long-focus microscopes are beneficial. An item may need to be examined behind a window, or industrial subjects may be a hazard to the objective. Such optics resemble telescopes with close-focus capabilities.

Measuring microscopes are used for precision measurement. There are two basic types. One has a reticle graduated to allow measuring distances in the focal plane. The other (and older) type has simple crosshairs and a micrometer mechanism for moving the subject relative to the microscope.

Very small, portable microscopes have found some usage in places where a laboratory microscope would be a burden.

Limitations
At very high magnifications with transmitted light, point objects are seen as fuzzy discs surrounded by diffraction rings. These are called Airy disks. The resolving power of a microscope is taken as the ability to distinguish between two closely spaced Airy disks (or, in other words the ability of the microscope to reveal adjacent structural detail as distinct and separate). It is these impacts of diffraction that limit the ability to resolve fine details. The extent and magnitude of the diffraction patterns are affected by both the wavelength of light (λ), the refractive materials used to manufacture the objective lens and the numerical aperture (NA) of the objective lens. There is therefore a finite limit beyond which it is impossible to resolve separate points in the objective field, known as the diffraction limit. Assuming that optical aberrations in the whole optical set-up are negligible, the resolution d, can be stated as:

 * $$d = \frac { \lambda } { 2 NA }$$

Usually a wavelength of 550 nm is assumed, which corresponds to green light. With air as the external medium, the highest practical NA is 0.95, and with oil, up to 1.5. In practice the lowest value of d obtainable with conventional lenses is about 200 nm. A new type of lens using multiple scattering of light allowed to improve the resolution to below 100 nm.

Surpassing the resolution limit
Multiple techniques are available for reaching resolutions higher than the transmitted light limit described above. Holographic techniques, as described by Courjon and Bulabois in 1979, are also capable of breaking this resolution limit, although resolution was restricted in their experimental analysis.

Using fluorescent samples more techniques are available. Examples include Vertico SMI, near field scanning optical microscopy which uses evanescent waves, and stimulated emission depletion. In 2005, a microscope capable of detecting a single molecule was described as a teaching tool.

Despite significant progress in the last decade, techniques for surpassing the diffraction limit remain limited and specialized.

While most techniques focus on increases in lateral resolution there are also some techniques which aim to allow analysis of extremely thin samples. For example, sarfus methods place the thin sample on a contrast-enhancing surface and thereby allows to directly visualize films as thin as 0.3 nanometers.

On 8 October 2014, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Eric Betzig, William Moerner and Stefan Hell for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy.

Structured illumination SMI
SMI (spatially modulated illumination microscopy) is a light optical process of the so-called point spread function (PSF) engineering. These are processes which modify the PSF of a microscope in a suitable manner to either increase the optical resolution, to maximize the precision of distance measurements of fluorescent objects that are small relative to the wavelength of the illuminating light, or to extract other structural parameters in the nanometer range.

Localization microscopy SPDMphymod
SPDM (spectral precision distance microscopy), the basic localization microscopy technology is a light optical process of fluorescence microscopy which allows position, distance and angle measurements on "optically isolated" particles (e.g. molecules) well below the theoretical limit of resolution for light microscopy. "Optically isolated" means that at a given point in time, only a single particle/molecule within a region of a size determined by conventional optical resolution (typically approx. 200–250 nm diameter) is being registered. This is possible when molecules within such a region all carry different spectral markers (e.g. different colors or other usable differences in the light emission of different particles).

Many standard fluorescent dyes like GFP, Alexa dyes, Atto dyes, Cy2/Cy3 and fluorescein molecules can be used for localization microscopy, provided certain photo-physical conditions are present. Using this so-called SPDMphymod (physically modifiable fluorophores) technology a single laser wavelength of suitable intensity is sufficient for nanoimaging.

3D super resolution microscopy
3D super resolution microscopy with standard fluorescent dyes can be achieved by combination of localization microscopy for standard fluorescent dyes SPDMphymod and structured illumination SMI.

STED
Stimulated emission depletion is a simple example of how higher resolution surpassing the diffraction limit is possible, but it has major limitations. STED is a fluorescence microscopy technique which uses a combination of light pulses to induce fluorescence in a small sub-population of fluorescent molecules in a sample. Each molecule produces a diffraction-limited spot of light in the image, and the centre of each of these spots corresponds to the location of the molecule. As the number of fluorescing molecules is low the spots of light are unlikely to overlap and therefore can be placed accurately. This process is then repeated many times to generate the image. Stefan Hell of the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry was awarded the 10th German Future Prize in 2006 and Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2014 for his development of the STED microscope and associated methodologies.

Alternatives
In order to overcome the limitations set by the diffraction limit of visible light other microscopes have been designed which use other waves.
 * Atomic force microscope (AFM)
 * Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
 * Scanning ion-conductance microscopy (SICM)
 * Scanning tunneling microscope (STM)
 * Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
 * Ultraviolet microscope
 * X-ray microscope

It is important to note that higher frequency waves have limited interaction with matter, for example soft tissues are relatively transparent to X-rays resulting in distinct sources of contrast and different target applications.

The use of electrons and X-rays in place of light allows much higher resolution – the wavelength of the radiation is shorter so the diffraction limit is lower. To make the short-wavelength probe non-destructive, the atomic beam imaging system (atomic nanoscope) has been proposed and widely discussed in the literature, but it is not yet competitive with conventional imaging systems.

STM and AFM are scanning probe techniques using a small probe which is scanned over the sample surface. Resolution in these cases is limited by the size of the probe; micromachining techniques can produce probes with tip radii of 5–10 nm.

Additionally, methods such as electron or X-ray microscopy use a vacuum or partial vacuum, which limits their use for live and biological samples (with the exception of an environmental scanning electron microscope). The specimen chambers needed for all such instruments also limits sample size, and sample manipulation is more difficult. Color cannot be seen in images made by these methods, so some information is lost. They are however, essential when investigating molecular or atomic effects, such as age hardening in aluminium alloys, or the microstructure of polymers.

title: Optical microscope


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Green Lake Township, Michigan

Green Lake Township is a civil township of Grand Traverse County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 6,703 at the 2020 census, an increase from 5,784 at the 2010 census. The township is named after Green Lake, one of two large lakes in the township (the other being Duck Lake).

The township is the home of Interlochen Center for the Arts, a prestigious arts boarding school. Interlochen State Park is also within the township.

History
Green Lake Township was organized in 1883, from part of Blair Township. This makes it the newest township in Grand Traverse County.

Interlochen Center for the Arts was established in Green Lake Township in 1928 by Joseph E. Maddy.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 36.3 sqmi, of which 29.4 sqmi is land and 6.9 sqmi (19.10%) is water. The township is located in the west of Grand Traverse County, sharing a boundary with Benzie County.

Green Lake Township's most notable features are the two large lakes within its borders, Green Lake and Duck Lake. Interlochen Center for the Arts and Interlochen State Park are located on the isthmus between these two lakes. Additionally, a small portion of Long Lake extends into Green Lake Township from the north. The headwaters of the Platte River at Long Lake are within the township.

The Green Lake Airport is a small, unpaved airport located in the south of the township.

Adjacent townships

 * Long Lake Township (north)
 * Garfield Township (northeast)
 * Blair Township (east)
 * Mayfield Township (southeast)
 * Grant Township (south)
 * Colfax Township, Benzie County (southwest)
 * Inland Township, Benzie County (west)
 * Almira Township, Benzie County (northwest)

Major highways

 * runs east–west through the township. To the west, the highway enters Benzie County, and runs south along Lake Michigan. To the east, the highway turns northbound, and runs through Traverse City. Further north, the highway runs north, again along Lake Michigan, to Mackinaw City via Charlevoix and Petoskey.
 * is a former highway that ran entirely within Green Lake Township. A north–south highway, it connected US 31 to Interlochen Center for the Arts and Interlochen State Park, along a road now known as J. Maddy Parkway.

Communities

 * Diamond Park is a small resort community on the western shores of Green Lake (°N, °W).
 * Duck Lake Park is a small community on the southeastern shore of Duck Lake (°N, °W).
 * Duck Lake Peninsula is a residential community on the peninsula in Duck Lake (°N, °W).
 * Interlochen is a census-designated place within the township known for the Interlochen Center for the Arts (°N, °W).
 * Monroe Center is an unincorporated community on the border with Blair Township (°N, °W)
 * Peninsula Resort is a ghost town and residential community on the peninsula in Green Lake (°N, °W)
 * Wylie is a ghost town that has been enveloped by the Interlochen Center for the Arts (°N, °W).

Demographics
As of the census of 2020, there were 6,703 people, 2,437 households, residing in the township. The population density was 184.7 PD/sqmi. The racial makeup of the township was 93.2% White, 0.8% African American, 0.7% Native American, 0% Asian, 0.5% Pacific Islander,and 2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.8% of the population.

There were 2,437 households, out of which 16% had children under the age of 18 living with them and 15.2% had someone living in the dwelling who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.5.

In the township the population was not very spread out, with 16% under the age of 18, and 15.2% who were 65 years of age or older. 68.8% of the township fell into the 18-65 age range. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 males, there were 96.8 females.

The median income for a household in the township was $72,656, and the per capita income was $35,652. About 6.9% of the population were below the poverty line.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Green Lake Township, Michigan


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Kingsley, Michigan

Kingsley is a village in Grand Traverse County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 1,431 at the 2020 census. The village is located within Paradise Township and is part of the Traverse City metropolitan area.

History
The land Kingsley sits on today was originally owned by its founders, Judson Kingsley and Myron S. Brownson. In 1872, the Pennsylvania Railroad was completed between Cadillac and Traverse City. Kingsley built a station for the new railroad, which happened to run through his property. Kingsley also opened a post office, known as Kingsley Station. In 1876, Judson Kingsley platted Kingsley Station as a new village under the shortened name of Kingsley.

In 1874, Brownson, a practicing medic from Steuben County, New York, bought land adjacent to that of Kingsley. In July 1882, Brownson platted his land into a new settlement he called Paradise. In 1893, the villages of Kingsley and Paradise united and incorporated under the name of Kingsley.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.44 sqmi, of which 1.42 sqmi is land and 0.02 sqmi is water. The Kingsley ZIP code, 49649, serves the majority of Paradise Township, as well as the southwest corner of Union Township, the western portion of Fife Lake Township, a portion of northern Greenwood Township, the northeast corner of Hanover Township, a large portion of eastern Mayfield Township, and the southeast corner of Blair Township.

Government
The village president of Kingsley is Mary Lajko, who has served since 2022. The president pro tempore is Eric Weger, and village trustees are Gabe Bogart, Chris Bott, Chris McPherson, Cortney Wallace, and Randy Weber.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 1,480 people, 519 households, and 380 families living in the village. The population density was 1042.3 PD/sqmi. There were 568 housing units at an average density of 400.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 95.6% White, 0.7% African American, 1.1% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 0.1% from other races, and 2.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.4% of the population.

There were 519 households, of which 45.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.7% were married couples living together, 17.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 26.8% were non-families. 21.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.83 and the average family size was 3.26.

The median age in the village was 32.6 years. 31.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.7% were from 25 to 44; 22.1% were from 45 to 64; and 9.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 48.1% male and 51.9% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,469 people, 501 households, and 375 families living in the village. The population density was 1,324.8 PD/sqmi. There were 524 housing units at an average density of 472.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 97.28% White, 0.27% African American, 0.82% Native American, 0.75% from other races, and 0.88% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.77% of the population.

There were 501 households, out of which 47.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.3% were married couples living together, 15.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.1% were non-families. 19.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.90 and the average family size was 3.31.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 33.9% under the age of 18, 9.9% from 18 to 24, 33.6% from 25 to 44, 15.5% from 45 to 64, and 7.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.4 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $40,229, and the median income for a family was undetermined. Males had a median income of more than females. The per capita income for the village was $16,508. About 17.3% of the population were below the poverty line.

Climate
This climatic region has large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Kingsley has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.

Education
Kingsley is served by the Kingsley Area Schools district with Kingsley Elementary, Kingsley Middle, and Kingsley High schools. Kingsley's sports teams are known as the "Stags", and their official colors are orange and black. The orange and black motif can be seen adorning buildings throughout the village.

Transportation
The nearest airport to Kingsley with commercial service is Traverse City's Cherry Capital Airport. This airport offers year-round service to Detroit and Chicago–O'Hare, as well as seasonal service to a number of additional locations.

Kingsley was formerly a station on the Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad. Today, it is served by the Great Lakes Central Railroad. However, Kingsley is no longer a station.

M-113 runs east–west through downtown Kingsley as Main Street. M-113 serves as a connector between US 131 and M-37, two major north–south routes. East of Kingsley, M-113 has a junction with the shorter M-186, another short east–west route that can be used to access Fife Lake.

title: Kingsley, Michigan


text:
South Woodbridge, California

South Woodbridge was a former census-designated place (CDP) in San Joaquin County, California, United States. The population was 2,825 at the 2000 census. For the 2010 census, the CDP's of South Woodbridge and North Woodbridge were merged into Woodbridge.

Geography
South Woodbridge is located at 38.15417°N, -121.30611°W (38.154118, -121.306008).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP had a total area of 0.4 square miles (1.0 km2), of which, 0.4 square miles (1.0 km2) of it was land and 2.63% was water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,825 people, 891 households, and 733 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 7,675.2 PD/sqmi. There were 914 housing units at an average density of 2,483.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 76.21% White, 0.14% African American, 0.99% Native American, 4.85% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 13.73% from other races, and 4.04% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 27.40% of the population.

There were 891 households, out of which 47.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.4% were married couples living together, 12.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.7% were non-families. 13.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.15 and the average family size was 3.46.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 33.5% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 29.6% from 25 to 44, 22.1% from 45 to 64, and 7.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.3 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $48,476, and the median income for a family was $51,810. Males had a median income of $40,427 versus $31,354 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $19,067. About 4.5% of families and 7.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.5% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

title: South Woodbridge, California


text:
Long Lake Township, Michigan

Long Lake Township, officially the Charter Township of Long Lake, is a charter township of Grand Traverse County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 9,956 at the 2020 census, an increase from 8,662 at the 2010 census.

Long Lake Township is one of three charter townships in Grand Traverse County, the others being East Bay Township and neighboring Garfield Township. Long Lake, from which the township takes its name, is the largest lake entirely within Grand Traverse County. Much of Long Lake Township is suburban due to its proximity to Traverse City.

History
The Long Lake township area was initially settled in 1862 when Ira Chase and his brother-in-law Eliphalet Fillmore traveled from Whitewater township to Grand Traverse County to select land. The next few years saw the gradual influx of families who cleared forested areas to establish farms. An annual cycle of farming in the summer, logging in the winter, and maple sugaring in the spring began. The end of the Civil War brought additional settlers and in November 1866 a group of men petitioned the Board of Supervisors of Grand Traverse County to form "Viola Township" from Township 27 north, Range 12 west, of old Traverse Township. In January 1867, Long Lake Township was formally organized.

The population of the township was 333 in 1870, rising to 434 in 1880. The most notable historical incident in the early 1870s was the probable murder of John Eley, his wife Philopena, and their two daughters in July 1871. The family disappeared and neighbors later discovered blood on the walls of the family's house. A hired hand, William Benton, was the prime suspect, since he claimed to have been sold the Eleys' farm. The case was never solved.

In the late 1870s, members of the Society of Friends (Quakers) began to move to the township from Indiana. A smaller number of people from Bohemia also settled in the area. The township's population was 663 persons in 152 households in 1900.

Farming continued to be the primary source of income. The rise of the auto industry in the late 1910s to 1920s led many younger people to leave the area to settle in the Detroit and Flint areas of Michigan. Today, many residents of Long Lake township are retirees or commute to work in Traverse City.

Long Lake Township converted from a civil township to a charter township in 2022.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 35.6 sqmi, of which 30.1 sqmi is land and 5.5 sqmi (15.52%) is water.

The most defining feature of the township is the eponymous Long Lake. Most of the lake is within the township, although a small portion extends south into Green Lake Township. The lake drains through the Platte River to Lake Michigan. The second largest lake in the township is Bass Lake, which is also shared to the south with Green Lake Township.

Long Lake Township lies within miles of both Traverse City and Lake Ann. Much of Long Lake Township is suburbanized because of the township's proximity to Traverse City.

Adjacent townships

 * Solon Township, Leelanau County (north)
 * Elmwood Charter Township, Leelanau County (northeast)
 * Garfield Township (east)
 * Blair Township (southeast)
 * Green Lake Township (south)
 * Inland Township, Benzie County (southwest)
 * Almira Township, Benzie County (west)
 * Kasson Township, Leelanau County (northwest)

Transportation
Long Lake Township contains only one state trunkline highway, M-72. The highway runs east–west along the northern border of the township. To the east, the highway enters Traverse City, and to the west, the highway enters Leelanau County and runs toward Empire. The highway is considered "transpeninsular", as it traverses the entire Lower Peninsula from Empire on Lake Michigan to Harrisville on Lake Huron.

A major local thoroughfare is North Long Lake Road. Also known as County Road 610, North Long Lake Road runs east–west a few miles south of M-72, serving local residents. The roadway continues east into Garfield Township, and enters Traverse City as West Front Street. To the west of Long Lake Township, County Road 610 continues into Lake Ann as Maple Street, and continues west in northern Benzie County.

Long Lake Township contains no railways or airfields.

Communities
Long Lake Township is located within 2 mi of the city of Traverse City, to its east. The village of Lake Ann is also just 1 mi west of Long Lake Township's border with Benzie County.
 * Cedar Run is a ghost town in the northwestern part of the township, at 44.76278°N, -85.81369°W. Cedar Run was given a post office in 1868, and was traversed by a line of the Manistee and North-Eastern Railroad in 1892.
 * Friend was a rural post office in 1881 and 1882.
 * Long Lake is an unincorporated community on the northern shores of Long Lake, along North Long Lake Road. The community was established by Hannah, Lay & Company as the location of a sawmill west of Traverse City in 1871. The community had a post office from 1873 to 1878, and 1884 to 1887. The community is located at 44.74767°N, -85.7645°W.
 * Long Lake Peninsula, a residential community on the peninsula in Long Lake (44.70917°N, -85.73861°W).
 * Neal was the location of a post office lasting from 1890 to 1903.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 7,648 people, 2,742 households, and 2,111 families residing in the township. The population density was 254.0 PD/sqmi. There were 3,210 housing units at an average density of 106.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the township was 97.19% White, 0.26% African American, 0.72% Native American, 0.44% Asian, 0.26% from other races, and 1.12% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.93% of the population.

There were 2,742 households, out of which 42.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.6% were married couples living together, 7.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.0% were non-families. 16.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.77 and the average family size was 3.15.

In the township the population was spread out, with 29.5% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 32.1% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 8.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.0 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $48,826, and the median income for a family was $55,386. Males had a median income of $37,303 versus $26,920 for females. The per capita income for the township was $21,943. About 2.7% of families and 3.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.3% of those under age 18 and 5.9% of those age 65 or over.

Education
The entirety of Long Lake Township is zoned within Traverse City Area Public Schools. The district operates two elementary schools within the township – Long Lake Elementary School and Westwoods Elementary School. Middle and high school students are zoned to Traverse City West Middle School and Traverse City West Senior High School, respectively, both of which are located in neighboring Garfield Township.

Notable people

 * Demas T. Craw, posthumous Medal of Honor recipient, was born and raised in Long Lake Township.
 * Robert P. Griffin, Justice of the Michigan Supreme Court from 1987 to 1994; United States Senator from 1966 to 1979; U.S. Representative from 1957 to 1966 – also buried at Linwood Cemetery.

title: Long Lake Township, Michigan


text:
Mayfield Township, Grand Traverse County, Michigan

Mayfield Township is a civil township of Grand Traverse County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 1,786 at the 2020 census, an increase from 1,550 at the 2010 census.

There is community named Mayfield in Grand Traverse County, located several miles northeast of the township in adjacent Paradise Township.

History
Mayfield Township was organized in November 1867 from part of Traverse Township.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 36.1 square miles (93.4 km2), of which 35.9 square miles (93.0 km2) is land and 0.2 square mile (0.4 km2) (0.44%) is water.

Mayfield Township is located in the south of Grand Traverse County, and shares a boundary with Wexford County.

Major highways

 * runs north-south through the heart of the township. The highway enters the south of the township from the village of Buckley, which straddles the Wexford county line. The highway continues due north for three miles, before entering a pair of 90 degree curves, and heading north again. The highway exits the township north into Blair Township, where it continues north into Traverse City and the Old Mission Peninsula
 * begins at a junction with M-37 in the northwest of the township, before heading due east as a section line road. The highway travels for a few miles before entering Paradise Township, and running through Kingsley.

Communities

 * Bartlett was the site of a rural post office in Mayfield Township from 1879 until 1903.
 * Hannah is a small community at 44.58473°N, -85.63562°W. A post office at Hannah was established in 1881, operating until 1904. In 1885, a Catholic church was built in the community. The town takes its name from the Hannah Lay and Company, which conducted lumber operations in Grand Traverse County. The company's founder was Perry Hannah, who later became the first mayor of Traverse City. Today, Hannah remains the location of a catholic school and parish.
 * Immediately south of the Mayfield Township line lies the village of Buckley in Wexford County.
 * Just east of Mayfield Township lies the village of Kingsley.
 * The city of Traverse City is about 12 mi north of Mayfield Township.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,271 people, 439 households, and 338 families residing in the township. The population density was 35.4 PD/sqmi. There were 480 housing units at an average density of 13.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the township was 97.88% White, 0.39% African American, 0.79% Native American, 0.08% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, and 0.79% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.47% of the population.

There were 439 households, out of which 36.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.2% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.8% were non-families. 17.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.88 and the average family size was 3.20.

In the township the population was spread out, with 29.3% under the age of 18, 8.3% from 18 to 24, 31.0% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 8.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 108.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.6 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $40,820, and the median income for a family was $44,464. Males had a median income of $31,250 versus $19,844 for females. The per capita income for the township was $15,755. About 6.5% of families and 8.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.0% of those under age 18 and 9.9% of those age 65 or over.


text:
Paradise Township, Michigan

Paradise Township is a civil township of Grand Traverse County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 4,952 at the 2020 census, an increase from 4,713 at the 2010 census. The village of Kingsley is located within the township.

History
Paradise Township was organized in April 1870 from a portion of Traverse Township – Town 25 north, of Ranges 9 and 10 west, and the south half of Township 26 north of Ranges 9 and 10 west.

Communities

 * The village of Kingsley is within the township. All of the township south of Mayfield is served by the Kingsley ZIP code 49649.
 * Mayfield is an unincorporated community within the township a few miles north of Kingsley.
 * Summit City is an unincorporated community within the township, several miles southeast of Kingsley at °N, °W. Summit City was established as a station on the Traverse City Railroad, first called "Summit". A post office at Summit City lasted from 1874 to 1955.
 * Westminster is a ghost town south of Kingsley at °N, °W. It was founded as a station on the Traverse City Railroad, and was the site of a lumber mill completed in 1883.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 53.0 sqmi, of which 52.9 sqmi is land and 0.1 sqmi (0.13%) is water. The Boardman River flows through the north of the township.

Paradise Township is the largest township in Grand Traverse County by land area, and second largest in total area, behind Whitewater Township. The township shares a boundary with Wexford County, to the south.

Major highway

 * is a state trunkline highway that traverses the township east to west.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,191 people, 1,374 households, and 1,082 families residing in the township. The population density was 79.3 PD/sqmi. There were 1,481 housing units at an average density of 28.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the township was 97.07% White, 0.21% African American, 0.86% Native American, 0.19% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.45% from other races, and 1.19% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.48% of the population.

There were 1,374 households, out of which 45.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.8% were married couples living together, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.2% were non-families. 15.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.01 and the average family size was 3.32.

In the township the population was spread out, with 33.0% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 33.1% from 25 to 44, 18.3% from 45 to 64, and 7.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.4 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $44,776, and the median income for a family was $45,652. Males had a median income of $34,804 versus $21,902 for females. The per capita income for the township was $16,507. About 4.5% of families and 5.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.1% of those under age 18 and 6.1% of those age 65 or over.

title: Paradise Township, Michigan


text:
Peninsula Township, Michigan

Peninsula Township is a civil township of Grand Traverse County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The township had a population of 6,068 at the 2020 census, an increase from 5,433 at the 2010 census.

Peninsula Township is coterminous with the Old Mission Peninsula, which projects about 17 mi north from its base in Traverse City into Grand Traverse Bay, an arm of Lake Michigan. The peninsula divides the Grand Traverse Bay into an East Arm and West Arm. The peninsula is well known for its cherry harvest and viticulture, and is included in the Old Mission Peninsula AVA, a federally recognized viticultural region. At the northern tip of the peninsula is Mission Point Light, which lies just south of the 45th parallel north.

Also included within Peninsula Township is Power Island, a small island in the West Arm of Grand Traverse Bay.

History
The settlement at Old Mission was the first community founded by Europeans in the Grand Traverse Bay region, as a duty of the federal government under the Treaty of Washington (1836). It was founded in May 1839 by Rev. Peter Dougherty and Rev. John Fleming. They had spent the winter on Mackinac Island, and founded a Presbyterian mission at the small Old Mission Harbor, which of course did not yet have that name. The location is a convenient and strategic location along canoe routes between native settlements in the Grand Traverse Bay region. At the time of their arrival there were a few Native American residents of what appeared to be a nearly abandoned village at the harbor. These natives made smoke signals over their watch fire to summon a substantial number of men of the tribe to canoe across the bay to join the visitors for a multi-day parlay. The mission had peaceful relations with native residents in the surrounding area. The settlement was originally known as Grand Traverse.

In June 1839 Henry Schoolcraft arrived at the mission in a small vessel and helped found a school there. By 1841 a seasonal village that was important for sheltering tribal members during trading expeditions, hunts, fishing endeavors, and gathering nearby wild rice had grown to a permanent village, with 5 log buildings as well as several wigwams at the settlement. By 1850 the settlement had grown to a considerable size, and the schooner Arrow was making weekly trips to the mission from Mackinaw City.

In 1851, a post office was established in Grand Traverse, with W.R. Stone as first postmaster. This was the only official post office in the Grand Traverse Bay region, indeed the only one between Mackinaw City and Croton. In 1852, Rev. Dougherty decided to move his mission across the west bay along the Leelanau Peninsula to an existing Native American village at the site of modern Omena, thus establishing a "New Mission." The previous community was nicknamed as the "Old Mission" in the early 1850s. By the time of the civil war, the Presbyterian organization which funded Dougherty had financial difficulty, and missionary activities were discontinued. Dougherty sold his land there in 1868.

In 1852, the U.S. Postal Service, in consultation with Albert Tracy Lay, a founding father of Traverse City, decided to rename the post office at Grand Traverse to "Old Mission" and named the post office at the Boardman River from "Grand Traverse City" to "Traverse City", as the former was too long a name per post office guidelines.

In 1853, Peninsula Township was organized as one of Grand Traverse County's first two townships, the other being Traverse Township (taking up all of mainland Grand Traverse County, excluding the Old Mission Peninsula).

Beginning in the early 1940s, the Michigan State Highway Department (now MDOT) constructed Center Road to allow for easier access up the peninsula, with motorists previously having to remain on narrow and winding shoreline roads. Center Road is today the northernmost leg of state trunkline highway M-37.

Geography
Peninsula Township contains the landmass known as the Old Mission Peninsula, and Power Island. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 31.8 square miles (82.5 km$2$), of which 27.9 square miles (72.2 km$2$) is land and 4.0 square miles (10.3 km$2$) (13%) is water.

Old Mission Peninsula
The Old Mission Peninsula extends about 17 mi from the Lower Peninsula of Michigan into Grand Traverse Bay, itself a bay of Lake Michigan. The peninsula separates Grand Traverse Bay into its West Arm and East Arm. Additionally, the peninsula is adjacent to Bowers Harbor and Old Mission Harbor, smaller inlets of the West Arm and East Arm, respectively. At its widest, the peninsula is only about 3.25 miles shore-to-shore (5.23 kilometers). Unlike the rest of mainland Grand Traverse County, the Old Mission Peninsula, like the neighboring Leelanau Peninsula, has unusually steep and rising terrain for the region. The northern end of the peninsula, however, is much flatter than the rest, and is a part of the Antrim–Charlevoix Drumlin Field.

Major highway

 * (historically known as Center Road) runs for 17.25 mi along the backbone of the peninsula, terminating in a cul-de-sac at Old Mission Point. It was designated what is now known as a Pure Michigan Byway Scenic Route in June 2007. The M-37 Scenic Heritage Route proposal is itself a unique resource concerning the character of the peninsula, and the activities along this byway. South of the peninsula, in Traverse City, M-37 intersects highways US 31 and M-72.

Communities

 * Archie, a ghost town on the shore of East Grand Traverse Bay, at 44.835°N, -85.53972°W. Archie was given a post office in 1885, which lasted until September 1900. The post office reopened the following December, but was closed again in 1902.
 * Mapleton is an unincorporated community roughly midway up the Old Mission Peninsula, along M-37 at 44.89528°N, -85.50667°W. Mapleton was founded in 1859 by the Ogden family of New York state, with a post office opening the same year. The post office lasted until 1904. Today, despite being a small community, Mapleton is marked by signage along M-37.
 * Neahtawanta is a historic summer resort colony at °N, °W. The word "Neahtawanta" derives from Ojibwe words meaning "placid waters", in reference to Bowers Harbor. Neahtawanta was established in 1890 by the Neahtawanta Association, and a post office was established in 1907, only lasting until 1914. Today, Neahtawanta is still occupied by large summer resort homes, and the Neahtawanta Inn remains open.
 * Ogdensburg, a ghost town at 44.92825°N, -85.50514°W. Ogdensburg was founded by the same Ogden family in 1855, and was one of the region's first settlements. Today, all that remains is a cemetery.
 * Old Mission is an unincorporated community in the township near the end of the peninsula on the east arm of the bay at 44.96222°N, -85.48528°W.
 * Traverse City is immediately adjacent Peninsula Township, bordering it to the south. Much of the south of Peninsula Township has suburbanized due to its proximity to Traverse City. Traverse City, though, is politically independent of Peninsula Township, and the two are administered separately.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 5,265 people, 2,131 households, and 1,625 families residing in the township. The population density was 189.0 PD/sqmi. There were 2,613 housing units at an average density of 93.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the township was 97.28% White, 0.06% African American, 0.36% Native American, 0.59% Asian, 0.97% from other races, and 0.74% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.01% of the population.

There were 2,131 households, out of which 27.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70.4% were married couples living together, 4.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.7% were non-families. 20.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 2.84.

In the township the population was spread out, with 23.1% under the age of 18, 4.2% from 18 to 24, 19.3% from 25 to 44, 33.5% from 45 to 64, and 19.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.9 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $66,019, and the median income for a family was $82,426. Males had a median income of $52,750 versus $34,620 for females. The per capita income for the township was $40,753. About 1.1% of families and 2.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0.3% of those under age 18 and 2.3% of those age 65 or over.

Recreation

 * The "Old Mission Peninsula Cruise" is considered to be a "serendipitous" adventure for road bike riders. It is favored by local riders, including bicycle clubs, because of the scenery, the quality of the road, and lack of traffic.
 * The peninsula is a great place to sea kayak. The bay offers a shelter from the prevailing westerly winds and from the Lake Michigan waves. One can get close to shore, the lighthouse, picnic grounds and parks. Maps, rentals and guided tours are available.
 * There are many recurrent and special events. A calendar is available.

Wineries
There are eleven wineries on the Old Mission Peninsula. The Old Mission Peninsula sits close to the 45th parallel, a latitude known for growing prestigious grapes. The two Grand Traverse Bays provide the ideal maritime climate and the rich soil does the rest. Northern Michigan specializes in growing white grapes and is known for its Rieslings which grow well in the summer months and late fall which Traverse City is known for. Every October the wineries host a harvest fest. Some Riesling grapes are spared being picked in the fall to be picked when they freeze, from which Ice Wine is made. The wineries along the Old Mission Peninsula are 2 Lads Winery, Black Star Farms, Bonobo Winery, Bowers Harbor Vineyards, Brys Estate Vineyard & Winery, Chateau Chantal Winery And Inn, Chateau Grand Traverse, Hawthorne Vineyards, Mari Vineyards, Tabone Vineyards and Peninsula Cellars.

title: Peninsula Township, Michigan


text:
Union Township, Grand Traverse County, Michigan

Union Township is a civil township of Grand Traverse County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 514 at the 2020 Census, making it the least populous township in the county. Much of Union Township is protected by the Traverse City Management Unit of the Pere Marquette State Forest.

History
Union Township was organized in October 1884.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 36.0 square miles (93.2 km$2$), of which 35.8 square miles (92.8 km$2$) is land and 0.2 square mile (0.4 km$2$) (0.47%) is water. The township is located in the east of Grand Traverse County, sharing a boundary with Kalkaska County.

The primary source of the Boardman River, the confluence of the river's north and south branches, is located in Union Township.

Union Township contains no state trunkline highways. However, US Highway 131 comes within 600 ft of the township's southeastern corner.

Communities

 * Jacks Landing is an unincorporated community in the northwest of the township, on the shore of Rennie Lake. It is located at °N, °W.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 417 people, 157 households, and 116 families residing in the township. The population density was 11.6 per square mile (4.5/km$2$). There were 222 housing units at an average density of 6.2 per square mile (2.4/km$2$). The racial makeup of the township was 97.60% White, 1.20% Native American, and 1.20% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.72% of the population.

There were 157 households, out of which 34.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.2% were married couples living together, 5.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.5% were non-families. 20.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.04.

In the township the population was spread out, with 26.1% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 30.7% from 25 to 44, 31.2% from 45 to 64, and 6.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 124.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 118.4 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $51,250, and the median income for a family was $51,964. Males had a median income of $38,958 versus $26,750 for females. The per capita income for the township was $19,016. About 9.5% of families and 11.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.2% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.


text:
Whitewater Township, Michigan

Whitewater Township is a civil township of Grand Traverse County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 2,688 at the 2020 census, an increase from 2,597 at the 2010 census. Whitewater Township includes shores on Elk Lake and Lake Skegemog, two large lakes in the Chain of Lakes. A portion of the township is within the Grand Traverse Indian Reservation.

History
Whitewater Township was organized in October 1859 from part of Traverse Township. This makes it Grand Traverse County's third township, after Traverse Township and Peninsula Township. The township was named after the Whitewater River, which has since been renamed Acme Creek.

Communities

 * Angell (often spelled Angel) is a ghost town in the north of the township. A rail line from Williamsburg to Elk Rapids was built in the area in 1892. Angell was established as a depot and post office on the line, with the post office lasting from 1892 to 1909. The community was located at °N, °W.
 * Mabel (sometimes spelled Mable) is a ghost town located at °N, °W. Mable was established as lumber settlement and station on the new Chicago and West Michigan Railway in 1892.
 * Williamsburg is an unincorporated community in the township on M-72 about midway between Traverse City and Kalkaska at °N, °W.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 53.6 sqmi, of which 47.8 sqmi is land and 5.8 sqmi (10.77%) is water.

Whitewater Township forms the northeastern corner of Grand Traverse County, bordering Antrim County to the north and Kalkaska County to the east.

Portions of Elk Lake and Lake Skegemog, both of which forming part of the Chain of Lakes, lie within Whitewater Township. These lakes form part of the county line, with both Antrim and Kalkaska counties.

Adjacent townships
By land

 * Elk Rapids Township, Antrim County (north)
 * Clearwater Township, Kalkaska County (east)
 * Kalkaska Township, Kalkaska County (east)
 * Boardman Township, Kalkaska County (southeast)
 * Union Township (south)
 * East Bay Township (southwest)
 * Acme Township (west)

By water

 * Milton Township, Antrim County (northeast)

Transportation
Only one state trunkline highway, M-72, runs through Whitewater Township. The highway runs east–west through the center of the township. To the west, M-72 reaches a junction with US 31 at Acme, and continues toward Traverse City. To the east, M-72 enters Kalkaska County, and reaches a junction with US 131 and M-66 in Kalkaska.

Grand Traverse County Roads 605 (Elk Lake Road/Williamsburg Road) and 660 (Supply Road) serve as local thoroughfares in the township.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,467 people, 896 households, and 712 families residing in the township. The population density was 51.6 PD/sqmi. There were 1,176 housing units at an average density of 24.6 per square mile (9.5/km$2$). The racial makeup of the township was 97.08% White, 0.28% African American, 0.93% Native American, 0.57% Asian, 0.20% Pacific Islander, 0.28% from other races, and 0.65% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.93% of the population.

There were 896 households, out of which 37.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70.8% were married couples living together, 4.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.5% were non-families. 15.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.72 and the average family size was 3.02.

In the township the population was spread out, with 27.0% under the age of 18, 5.0% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 27.0% from 45 to 64, and 12.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.8 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $49,572, and the median income for a family was $54,737. Males had a median income of $38,500 versus $22,438 for females. The per capita income for the township was $21,890. About 3.4% of families and 4.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.1% of those under age 18 and 4.8% of those age 65 or over.

title: Whitewater Township, Michigan


text:
Alma, Michigan

Alma is the largest city in Gratiot County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 9,488 at the 2020 census. It was incorporated as the Village of Alma in 1872 and became a city in 1905.

Alma hosts the annual Highland Festival on Memorial Day weekend. It brings members of Scottish clans and interested onlookers together for a weekend of Highland dancing, bagpipes, kilts, and camaraderie.

Alma College, a small liberal-arts institution of approximately 1,300 students, is located in town and focuses on multidisciplinary learning in a residential setting.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 6.09 sqmi, of which 5.93 sqmi is land and 0.16 sqmi is water.

History
Alma was founded in 1853 by Ralph Ely. Perhaps first known for the Alma Springs Sanitarium, built and promoted in the 1880s by millionaire lumberman and capitalist Ammi W. Wright, it achieved its greatest prominence nationally in the 1910s and 1920s as home of the Republic Motor Truck Company, briefly the largest exclusive truck manufacturer in the world. At one point the maker of one out of every nine trucks on the roads in the United States. It was one of the major suppliers of "Liberty trucks" used by American troops during World War I.

Alma was the home of Leonard Refineries which sold gasoline and other petroleum products throughout the lower peninsula of Michigan from its founding in 1936 until about 1966. In 1953 Alma became the first place that high-octane gas, 96 octane, was produced.

2020 census
As of the census[2] of 2020, there were 9,488 people, 3,519 households, and 2,033 families living in the city. The population density was 1,583.4 /mi2. There were 3,784 housing units at an average density of 638.1 /mi2. The city's racial makeup was 95.0% White, 2.8% African American, 0.7% Native American, 0.6% Asian, and 0.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.1% of the population.

There were 3,519 households, 33.3% were married couples living together, 37.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 19.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and the average family size was 2.68

The median age in the city was 30.8 years. 18.2% of residents were under the age of 18, and 17.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.9% male and 52.1% female. The median income for a household in the city was $36,408; about 24.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 34.7% of those under age 18 and 12.4% of those age 65 or over. The employment rate in the city is 54.2%.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 9,383 people, 3,468 households, and 2,033 families living in the city. The population density was 1582.3 PD/sqmi. There were 3,784 housing units at an average density of 638.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 92.8% White, 0.9% African American, 0.6% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 2.8% from other races, and 2.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.1% of the population.

There were 3,468 households, of which 30.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.4% were married couples living together, 15.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 41.4% were non-families. 34.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.92.

The median age in the city was 30.8 years. 21.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 21.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.1% were from 25 to 44; 20.7% were from 45 to 64; and 15.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.9% male and 53.1% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 9,275 people, 3,220 households, and 2,022 families living in the city. The population density was 1,729.7 PD/sqmi. There were 3,476 housing units at an average density of 648.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 93.75% White, 0.53% African American, 0.52% Native American, 0.75% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 2.57% from other races, and 1.88% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.21% of the population.

There were 3,220 households, out of which 32.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.6% were married couples living together, 13.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.2% were non-families. 30.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.98.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.9% under the age of 18, 20.4% from 18 to 24, 23.0% from 25 to 44, 17.8% from 45 to 64, and 16.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 81.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.3 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $33,536, and the median income for a family was $44,229. Males had a median income of $35,013 versus $20,655 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,218. About 8.5% of families and 11.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.1% of those under age 18 and 7.6% of those age 65 or over.

Transportation

 * Public bus transportation is provided on a dial-a-ride service basis by the Alma Transit Center from 7:00 a.m.-8:00 p.m. during weekdays. The transportation service is available for Alma, St. Louis, Ithaca and Pine River Township.
 * Indian Trails provides daily intercity bus service to Alma between St. Ignace and East Lansing, Michigan.
 * General aviation services are available at Gratiot Community Airport, located about 3 miles southwest of the city.
 * Public bus transportation is provided on a dial-a-ride service basis by the Alma Transit Center from 7:00 a.m.-8:00 p.m. during weekdays. The transportation service is available for Alma, St. Louis, Ithaca and Pine River Township.
 * Indian Trails provides daily intercity bus service to Alma between St. Ignace and East Lansing, Michigan.
 * General aviation services are available at Gratiot Community Airport, located about 3 miles southwest of the city.

Local media
The Morning Sun newspaper, based in Mt. Pleasant, serves the Alma area as its daily newspaper. The Gratiot County Herald, based in Ithaca, serves the Alma area as its weekly newspaper. Alma is home to three commercial radio stations. WQBX (104.9 FM) plays satellite-fed hot adult contemporary music, and sister station WFYC (1280 AM) is an ESPN Radio affiliate.

Standalone AM WMLM (1520 AM), licensed to nearby St. Louis, plays classic country music, also satellite-fed.

The Alma area is located about midway between Saginaw and Grand Rapids, and thus also receives TV and radio signals from both cities, as well as Mt. Pleasant and Lansing.

Notable people

 * Keegan Akin, professional baseball player, born in Alma
 * Dan Goggin, actor and writer (Nunsense)
 * Louisa Boyd Yeomans King, gardener and author; lived c. 1902–1927
 * Betty Mahmoody, author of Not Without My Daughter; born in Alma
 * Kevin Puts, composer, winner of the 2012 Pulitzer Prize for Music and the 2023 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Classical Composition; grew up in Alma
 * Ralph Rapson, modernist architect; born in Alma

Climate
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Alma has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfa" on climate maps.

title: Alma, Michigan


text:
Arcada Township, Michigan

Arcada Township is a civil township of Gratiot County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 census, the township population was 1,671.

Communities

 * The city of Alma is on the northern edge of the township, but is administratively autonomous.
 * Eugene was a post office here from 1894 until 1902.
 * The city of Ithaca is at the southeast corner of the township, but is administratively autonomous.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 32.7 sqmi, of which 32.5 sqmi is land and 0.2 sqmi (0.49%) is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,708 people, 655 households, and 495 families residing in the township. The population density was 52.5 PD/sqmi. There were 693 housing units at an average density of 21.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the township was 96.08% White, 0.12% African American, 0.18% Native American, 0.41% Asian, 1.23% from other races, and 1.99% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.63% of the population.

There were 655 households, out of which 33.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.9% were married couples living together, 8.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.4% were non-families. 21.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.01.

In the township the population was spread out, with 26.4% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 26.3% from 25 to 44, 26.6% from 45 to 64, and 14.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.5 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $44,097, and the median income for a family was $50,161. Males had a median income of $36,063 versus $23,611 for females. The per capita income for the township was $20,781. About 5.6% of families and 7.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.4% of those under age 18 and 4.0% of those age 65 or over.

title: Arcada Township, Michigan


text:
Ashley, Michigan

Ashley is a village in Gratiot County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 508 at the 2020 census. The village is located in the northwest corner of Elba Township. No major state trunkline runs through the village, although M-57 passes within one mile to the south. Ashley was platted in 1884.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.64 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 563 people, 195 households, and 133 families living in the village. The population density was 879.7 PD/sqmi. There were 221 housing units at an average density of 345.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 97.9% White, 1.1% African American, 0.2% Asian, 0.7% from other races, and 0.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.2% of the population.

There were 195 households, of which 33.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.2% were married couples living together, 13.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 31.8% were non-families. 27.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 2.98.

The median age in the village was 41.3 years. 24.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.6% were from 25 to 44; 24.3% were from 45 to 64; and 21.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 45.8% male and 54.2% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 526 people, 193 households, and 141 families living in the village. The population density was 815.9 PD/sqmi. There were 206 housing units at an average density of 319.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 99.24% White, 0.38% African American, 0.19% from other races, and 0.19% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.38% of the population.

There were 193 households, out of which 33.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.5% were married couples living together, 9.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.9% were non-families. 23.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 2.91.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 22.6% under the age of 18, 11.0% from 18 to 24, 24.3% from 25 to 44, 21.5% from 45 to 64, and 20.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.0 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $32,917, and the median income for a family was $35,833. Males had a median income of $33,125 versus $19,500 for females. The per capita income for the village was $15,714. About 10.8% of families and 14.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.4% of those under age 18 and 23.5% of those age 65 or over.

title: Ashley, Michigan


text:
Bethany Township, Michigan

Bethany Township is a civil township of Gratiot County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 census, the township population was 1,773, up from 1,407 in 2010.

History
A Lutheran mission aimed at reaching the Ojibwe was established here in 1847 by Edward R. Baierlein. The mission lasted until 1857 when the Ojibwe were relocated to Isabella County, Michigan. Bethany Township was organized in 1858.

Communities

 * The city of St. Louis is at the western edge of the township, but is administratively autonomous.
 * The village of Breckenridge is on the eastern boundary within neighboring Wheeler Township.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 35.2 sqmi, of which 35.2 sqmi is land and 0.03% is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,492 people, 518 households, and 395 families residing in the township. The population density was 99.2 PD/sqmi. There were 543 housing units at an average density of 15.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the township was 64.63% White, 29.47% African American, 1.32% Native American, 0.54% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 1.46% from other races, and 2.52% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.87% of the population.

There were 518 households, out of which 35.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.1% were married couples living together, 5.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.6% were non-families. 18.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.73 and the average family size was 3.13.

In the township the population was spread out, with 10.9% under the age of 18, 13.0% from 18 to 24, 51.3% from 25 to 44, 19.0% from 45 to 64, and 5.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 399.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 494.6 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $43,177, and the median income for a family was $48,942. Males had a median income of $27,044 versus $23,750 for females. The per capita income for the township was $15,177. About 5.7% of families and 7.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.8% of those under age 18 and 7.9% of those age 65 or over.

title: Bethany Township, Michigan


text:
Breckenridge, Michigan

Breckenridge is a village in Gratiot County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 1,328 at the 2010 census. The village is located in Wheeler Township.

History
Breckenridge was founded in 1872 when the Pere Marquette Railroad came through the area. It was incorporated as a village in 1908.

The village has had graded schooling since 1893 and currently has one school district: Breckenridge Community Schools.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.07 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 1,328 people, 535 households, and 349 families residing in the village. The population density was 1241.1 PD/sqmi. There were 595 housing units at an average density of 556.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 96.8% White, 0.5% African American, 0.8% Native American, 0.8% from other races, and 1.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.4% of the population.

There were 535 households, of which 35.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.2% were married couples living together, 16.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.8% were non-families. 29.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.02.

The median age in the village was 35.8 years. 27.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.8% were from 25 to 44; 25.1% were from 45 to 64; and 13.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 48.3% male and 51.7% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,339 people, 543 households, and 360 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,268.4 PD/sqmi. There were 580 housing units at an average density of 549.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 95.15% White, 0.15% Native American, 0.07% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 3.21% from other races, and 1.34% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.75% of the population.

There were 543 households, out of which 35.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.3% were married couples living together, 14.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.7% were non-families. 30.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.05.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 28.3% under the age of 18, 9.9% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 13.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.2 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $36,200, and the median income for a family was $40,313. Males had a median income of $31,979 versus $24,083 for females. The per capita income for the village was $16,204. About 8.5% of families and 8.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.5% of those under age 18 and 2.2% of those age 65 or over.

Notable people

 * Jim Northrup, outfielder for the Detroit Tigers, Montreal Expos, and Baltimore Orioles; born in Breckenridge

title: Breckenridge, Michigan


text:
Elba Township, Gratiot County, Michigan

Elba Township is a civil township of Gratiot County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 1,293 at the 2020 census.

Communities

 * The village of Ashley is in the northeast corner of the township.
 * Bannister is an unincorporated community located in the southeast corner of the township, situated on the Maple River at 43.1325°N, -84.42194°W. The ZIP code is 48807. A post office was established here in 1883.

History
Elba Township was established in 1856.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 35.1 sqmi, all land. The township contains portions of the Maple River State Game Area.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,394 people, 526 households, and 389 families residing in the township. The population density was 39.7 PD/sqmi. There were 557 housing units at an average density of 15.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the township was 98.13% White, 0.29% African American, 0.22% Native American, 0.07% Asian, 0.50% from other races, and 0.79% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.43% of the population.

There were 526 households, out of which 32.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.9% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.9% were non-families. 23.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.00.

In the township the population was spread out, with 24.8% under the age of 18, 8.2% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 21.5% from 45 to 64, and 17.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.1 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $35,650, and the median income for a family was $41,786. Males had a median income of $35,326 versus $22,105 for females. The per capita income for the township was $18,323. About 8.0% of families and 13.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.8% of those under age 18 and 12.9% of those age 65 or over.

title: Elba Township, Gratiot County, Michigan


text:
Baywood-Los Osos, California

Baywood-Los Osos (locally known as Los Osos-Baywood Park) is an unincorporated community in western San Luis Obispo County, California. The population was 14,351 in the 2000 census. It includes the communities of Los Osos, which is located near Morro Bay, Baywood Park, and the former community of Cuesta-by-the-Sea.

Geography and natural history
Baywood-Los Osos is located at 35.31667°N, -120.83556°W (35.316795, -120.835605).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP had a total area of 7.6 sqmi, of which, 7.6 sqmi of it was land and 0.13% was water.

This locale was settled originally by Chumash peoples who developed habitation sites and exploited marine resources for food.

Demographics
Baywood-Los Osos was a census-designated place (CDP) through the 2000 census, but the CDP was abolished before the 2010 census. As of the census of 2000, there were 14,351 persons, 5,892 households, and 3,876 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,883.5 PD/sqmi. There were 6,214 housing units at an average density of 815.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 88.27% White, 0.64% African American, 0.69% Native American, 4.56% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 2.49% from other races, and 3.28% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.00% of the population.

There were 5,892 households, out of which 27.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.9% were married couples living together, 9.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.2% were non-families. 25.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.91.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 21.6% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 24.7% from 25 to 44, 27.1% from 45 to 64, and 19.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.2 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $46,558, and the median income for a family was $55,838. Males had a median income of $39,311 versus $31,450 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $24,838. About 5.0% of families and 8.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.4% of those under age 18 and 5.1% of those age 65 or over.

Politics
In the California State Legislature, Baywood-Los Osos is in, and in.

In the United States House of Representatives, Baywood-Los Osos is in.

title: Baywood-Los Osos, California


text:
Emerson Township, Michigan

Emerson Township is a civil township of Gratiot County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 849 at the 2020 census.

History
Emerson Township was formed in 1855.

Communities

 * The northeast quadrant of the city of Ithaca is at the southwest corner of the township, but is administratively autonomous.
 * The cities of Alma and St. Louis are just a few miles northwest on U.S. Highway 127.
 * Beebe is an unincorporated community within the township at 43.33528°N, -84.54806°W. It was established in 1883.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 35.2 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 966 people, 353 households, and 282 families residing in the township. The population density was 27.4 PD/sqmi. There were 383 housing units at an average density of 10.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the township was 97.00% White, 0.10% African American, 0.41% Native American, 0.21% Asian, 1.76% from other races, and 0.52% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.90% of the population.

There were 353 households, out of which 36.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.7% were married couples living together, 5.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.1% were non-families. 17.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.71 and the average family size was 3.05.

In the township the population was spread out, with 26.8% under the age of 18, 8.2% from 18 to 24, 26.9% from 25 to 44, 23.5% from 45 to 64, and 14.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.0 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $45,054, and the median income for a family was $46,447. Males had a median income of $34,375 versus $21,923 for females. The per capita income for the township was $18,159. About 11.7% of families and 12.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.1% of those under age 18 and 6.5% of those age 65 or over.

title: Emerson Township, Michigan