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Ruatapu

Ruatapu was a son of the great chief Uenuku, and a master canoeist in Polynesian tradition who is said to have lived around 30 generations ago. Most Māori stories agree he was an older half-brother of Paikea and 69 other sons, while traditions recorded from the Cook Islands sometimes state he was Uanuku Rakeiora's only son.

In the oral traditions of the Cook Islands, Ruatapu travels around central Polynesia; from the Society Islands, to the Cook Islands, and lastly to Tonga before coming back to the Cook Islands to live out the rest of his days and eventually die at Aitutaki. Most traditions record him as a prominent ancestor, gaining three wives between the last two groups of islands.

Cook Island traditions
The stories relating to Ruatapu's life are fairly consistent with each other. The Journal of the Polynesian Society records at least two variations given from Aitutaki recorded from historian Timi Koro, and Chief Isaia, and Chief Tararo of Ma'uke, translated by Major J.T. Large at Mangaia. According to a native of Atiu, there is also a tribe known as Ruatapu.

Ruatapu's travels
Ruatapu and his father Chief Uanuku Rakeiora lived at Taputapuatea on Ra'iātea some 30 or so generations ago, and were descendants of Iro-nui-ma Oata. A fond canoeist, Ruatapu had dreamed since boyhood of travelling to his own island to become ariki like his father. For this he crafted the canoe Te Kareroaitai out of a tamanu tree before setting out to the ocean upon reaching adulthood. Eight or nine days later, he arrived at Avarua Harbour at Rarotonga and met local Chief Potikitaua of Avananui village who told him the island's ariki was Chief Tangiia. He decided to settle here, and found a wife out of Uanukukaiatia, or Uanukutapu, with whom he had a son with named Tamaiva.

Four years later, Ruatapu left Rarotonga alone in search of a new island, leaving Tamaiva to grow up and become the island's ariki. After many days and nights at sea, Ruatapu arrived at Tongatapu where the first person he met was Tapotuki Tonga, who informed him that the island's ariki was Chief Kaukura. Ruatapu stayed with Tapotuki Tonga, growing fond of her, and ended up having another son with her named Moenau.

While the child was still young, Ruatapu decided to leave again, but first instructing Tapotuki Tonga's father Rangiura to take Moenau back to Rarotonga to be with Uanukukaiatia and Tamaiva, to share chiefly authority. Rangiura being another noted canoe voyager, constructed a new canoe for this voyage and named it Pouara. On this trip, the canoe capsized on a reef. The spot where this happened was called Vaenga, the place where they landed is today called Pouara after the canoe. A man named Anga brought them to Uanukukaiatia and Tamaiva. Upon the two families meeting, Uanukukaiatia and Tamaiva were jealous of Moenau and did not wish to take him in. They instructed that he should be taken to the Ngaputoru islands (Atiu, Ma'uke, and Mitiaro) where he could become ariki. After five days of rest and repairing the canoe Pouara, Rangiura and Moenau set out to Ngaputoru. On this voyage they struck bad weather and Rangiura was killed on the reef of Ma'uke. Moenau survived and was taken in by the local people.

Once he had grown into a strong young man, Moenau married a native Ma'uke woman named Te Kaumarokura, or Te Raumarokura, with whom he had a son named Te Aukura (sometimes -arikiki Mauketau is added, meaning 'Ariki of Mauketau'). Due to Moenau's greed in taking all the fishermans' catchments for himself, the people of Ma‘uke devised a plan to kill him. Two warriors named Taratekui and Taratekurapo were chosen to kill Moenau using a fine cord made out of coconut-fibre (kaa natipui). After luring him out of his house, they caught him by the testicles with the cord and overpowered him, killing him with spears before throwing the body into a cave in the Makatea. While the people of Ma'uke were joyed that he was gone, Te Kaumarokura grieved over her loss, and feared she would be killed along with their now four-year-old son Te Aukura. Instead, Taratekui and Taratekurapo pitied them, and would bring fish to them every week.

Return to the Cook Islands
All this time, Ruatapu had been on Tongatapu waiting for Rangiura to return with news of a safe arrival to Rarotonga. Due to the amount of time that had passed, he feared the worst, and tracked down his eldest son Tamaiva to ask where Moenau and Rangiura were. Tamaiva, now an adult, told Ruatapu that he had indeed met Moenau long ago as a child, but sent him to Ngaputoru. This angered Ruatapu, who at once set out for Ma'uke Island where he found a group of children playing by the beach. One child was his grandson, Te Aukura, who told him that Moenau had been killed. Te Aukura brought Ruatapu to his mother Te Kaumarokura, who was with Taratekui and Taratekurapo. She told Ruatapu they were her relatives, not her husbands, and that they were looking after her and the child.

After Ruatapu had fallen asleep in their house, the warriors confessed to Te Kaumarokura that they feared him - surely he must be a great ariki, or even an atua, and begged her to not tell him what they did to his son, to which she agreed, so he could not avenge his son's death. The next morning, Ruatapu enquired about his son's death and whether he could take the child with him. Te Kaumarokura told him a half-truth; Moenau had 'fallen' into a cave at Makatea, and had not been slain. Te Aukura did not wish to go with him, which Ruatapu respected, saying that if he left the island, Moenau's name and lineage would be forgotten there.

Three days after leaving the island, Ruatapu finally met a fisherman who told him the truth of Moenau's death, as every other person on the island had been afraid of him. Ruatapu, though, said it was too late to turn around and kill them, for he had already left in peace. Alternatively, Te Aukura had told him on their first meeting what had happened to Moenau, and so he killed a large number of the island's inhabitants by rolling the logs of coconut trees atop of them from a higher place.

The next evening he arrived at Atiu Island and went ashore, meeting the ariki Chief Renga, who asked him to help improve a natural passage through a reef called Taunganui, and make it fit for canoes. Ruatapu agreed, but had to cut his time on Atiu short when he found there wasn't enough food for everybody on the island. Chief Renga gave him food and gifts for his next voyage; some coconuts, a kura bird, a moo bird, and the roots of the tiaré maori tree which grows sweet-smelling flowers. He also renamed his then-canoe from Te Kareroakite Enuamanu, to Tueumoana. After three days of travel, Ruatapu found two large uninhabited islands sharing a lagoon, collectively naming the area Manuenua because of the large groups of tavake that were nesting there. He spent four days resting here, freeing the birds he was given, planting some of the tiaré maori roots and the coconut to grow a tree which he named Te Tuia Rongo, or Tuiorongo, and naming the planted tiaré maori roots (Te) Aravaine.

Settling at Aitutaki
Next, travelling west-north-west, he arrived at a lagoon with a number of small islands and one large island, where he passed through a small reef passage named Kopuaonu and stayed on Oaka Island, at the shingle spit called Te Okaokaanga-i-te niu-a Ruatapu. The next morning he found and ate a large unga slightly further inland, naming the spot Kaiunga. Next he planted the last of his tiaré maori root, naming it Ngaevaevaiteinaiteupoko-o Tapotuki Tongatapu after his second wife Tapotuki Tonga, or sometimes known as Te tiaré a Ruatapu. He then moved onto the mainland of this lagoon, naming the place where he landed Maitai, and moving slightly further inland he named Paengamanuiri after erecting an altar for the worship of 'evil' spirits, where the appellation of Vai-tiaré made out of tiaré flowers may still be seen today, and then moving even further in he built his marae called Aumatangi. This was all very near to a small settlement called Vaitupa, on the island of Ututakienuao Ru, today called Aitutaki. The ariki was Chief Taruia.

Finally he settled among the people of Vaitupa, taking Tutunoa as his wife, by whom he had four children. Two boys; Kirikava and Te Urutupui, a girl named Tongirau, and a boy named Touketa. Some traditions record that Te Arauenua was the secondborn son, while Tongirau may not be recorded. ) When Kirikava had grown old enough, he asked his father to teach him fishing practices. So Ruatapu gathered the bark of an au tree and treated it with kiriau - a process of leaving it in the sea for a few days before bringing it to land, to keep it from rotting for about a year. He called the people of Vaitupa to help make the nets, as they had never had nets on the island before. Together they completed a small net called a tuturua, which Ruatapu gave to his son Te Urutupui. After completing a bigger net for Kirikava, the villagers were divided into two groups, one for each net.

Both nets caught great catches of fish each. Kirikava divided the big fish (and two turtles) amongst the men in his party, but forgetting to give some to his father, while Te Urutupui gave Ruatapu the finest fish of his catchment of small fish. By showing gratitude to his father in this action, he ensured his net would always catch many fish. The next time the nets were left and pulled out, the brothers did the same as before, Kirikava's actions only making Ruatapu angry for not following tapu traditions. Kirikava replied that because Ruatapu was an ariki, so too must he, and that since he was the master of his own net, he could decide what to do with it. This being the last straw, Ruatapu banished Kirikava from his house and disowned him, stating he would not be an ariki for very long. At this Kirikava left the home, and settled his own marae called Aputu and married Te Nonoioiva, with whom he had a son named Maevarangi. Te Urutupui also took Vainepuarangi as his own wife, both wives were brought to the island by one Ru. Tongirau married a man named Te Araroa, and had a child named Te Aunuio-ota, who Ruatapu would train in wrestling and spear-fighting.

Ruatapu grew older, and instructed Te Urutupui to take his wife to Manuenua where he could live as ariki. He gave them the canoe Tueumoana, and it took three days for them to arrive at the smaller island where Ruatapu had earlier planted the flowers and coconuts. They moved over to the bigger island and named it Te Auo Tepui.

Two years later, Rongovei arrived to Manuenua in his canoe, the Tanemaitai, and became very good friends with Te Urutupui, who told him to go back to the island of his father and bring back a wife and rule as ariki. This he did, landing at a passage called Ruaikakau near the settlement of Reureutematao Te Erui, where he took Tiapara and Punanga-atua as his wives before visiting Ruatapu to deliver news of his son. They returned to Manuenua and lived on the smaller island.

Becoming Ariki
One day, Ruatapu went up to the highest point of Aitutaki where he rested under an utu tree, out of anger towards his son Kirikava, in search of a new home. He rested under this tree at a spot which he called Teutumarama, before venturing further. Kirikava ran to catch up with him upon finding out he was gone, and begged Ruatapu not to leave. Ruatapu told him to leave, threatening to kill him with his spear and axe if he did not. Kirikava replied: “All right, my father, if it pleases you to kill your son, do so. I won’t try to stop you.” to which Ruatapu broke down and wept. He asked him to sit down so they could talk to each other, and they arranged two lines of black stones as they resolved their differences, calling the spot Te Ruatoke. Ruatapu instructed him to return home to Vaitupa where his brother and sister still lived, promising not to forget them if he became the ariki. This Kirikava did and Ruatapu continued on into the Arutanga district to a settlement called Anainga, where he found the people bringing food to the ariki, Chief Taruia. Ruatapu decided to take Taruia's place as ariki, and created a small model canoe called a kopae out of coconut leaves. He set it in the lagoon at Ruatea where one of Taruia's warriors caught it, and ran to show him, amazed and having never seen anything like it. Taruia, living at Orongo, said this was an akairo (sign) that another ariki was present on the island and that his people should find this ariki somewhere at a place called Te Upokoenua in the northern end of the island, where indeed Ruatapu was found sitting in the sand, and was brought back to Taruia via an inland route as opposed to by the coast, else the god Rongo would devour him. Upon arrival, Taruia insisted Ruatapu stay with him and accept food.

Some days later Ruatapu suggested they dam a small creek named (Vai)Reirei from running into the ocean, wasting fresh water. This was a contest of skill, which Ruatapu completed under two days, successfully damming the creek. A second challenge which Ruatapu suggested, was to see who could build a canoe the fastest before travelling to other islands. Taruia asked what purpose there would be in travelling, as all islands were about the same anyway, and no more exciting than Aitutaki. At this Ruatapu laughed, saying there were many bigger islands, and some with beautiful women of much lighter complexion - some almost white - and with a brighter hair tone, all of this sounded much better to Taruia than what his island already offered. Once again, Ruatapu proved to be the more skilled ariki, completing his canoe first and calling it Te Atua-apaipai.

Ruatapu brought the canoe down to the lagoon, and said he'd venture out in the morning. Taruia asked him not to go as his own canoe was almost finished, and they could go together. Ruatapu wouldn't agree to this at first, saying he would go first and call back out to Taruia from Rarotonga. Afterwards, he agreed to wait until the day after to give Taruia time to finish the canoe.

On the day they were ready, Ruatapu set out his canoe two hours ahead of Taruia, and intentionally capsized it knowing Taruia would find him in the water. This happened near a small island named Mainainara, and the exact spot where it happened was named Raukuruvaka, or Raukuraka. It was not long before Taruia found him and Ruatapu pleaded for his help. Taruia laughed at him, telling him that he instead would wait in Rarotonga and call back out to Ruatapu, just as he said he would to Taruia. He laughed again before sailing away out of sight. Ruatapu quickly righted his canoe and headed back for Aitutaki, calling all the mataipo together and telling the people that he did not know whether Taruia was alive. The people agreed that Ruatapu should become Aitutaki's new ariki.

Taruia, having safely landed at Avarua in Rarotonga, slowly began to realise what Ruatapu had done, and feared he had stolen the title of ariki from him. He gathered some strong men from amongst his new friends at Rarotonga and sailed back to reclaim his position. The people of Aitutaki saw Taruia's war party heading back near Tapuotuki, and Ruatapu decided to engage them in a fight, so they battled at the Ruaikakau passage, in the water. Taruia and his people withdrew and travelled for three weeks to another island, Māngarongaro, where Taruia's descendants still live today. In some traditions, his early descendant Urirau returned to Aitutaki and reclaimed the position of ariki through his success in performing a ritual at the marae of Rongo.

Ruatapu, now an old man with death closing in on him, sent for his son Kirikava to come live with him in the chief's house - Paepaeoronga - and become the new ariki upon his death. Soon, news came from Ruatapu's home village Taputapuatea that a new warrior named Tuotakura had become known amongst many islands as talented in martial arts skills such as wrestling and spear-fighting. He lived on the island of Tahiti. Since Kirikava had disobeyed his father when he was younger, he could not take on this warrior. However after much convincing, Ruatapu allowed for his people to build Kirikava a canoe to take him to Tahiti.

In a few days after arriving at Tahiti, he had watched other young warriors duel with Tuotakura, and knew he would be no match. Indeed, he proved to be no match in a contest of wrestling, and went home ashamed. This defeat, which Ruatapu could not correct himself as he was too old, depressed him so much that it sent him into bad health, and before long he had passed away, making Kirikava the new ariki of Aitutaki.

Māori traditions
In the Māori traditions of Ruatapu's life, he is always a son of Chief Uenuku, ariki of Hawaiki, and is belittled by him for being his only son born of a slave wife, and therefore being unable to use a sacred comb in his hair. With the exception of Paikea, Ruatapu kills Hawaiki's nobility aboard a canoe in every telling. The story is particularly well-known to tribes that originated in the Gisborne District such as Ngāti Porou, Ngāti Kahungunu, and Ngāi Tahu, and especially Ngāti Porou's hapū Ngāti Konohi.

In one telling of the legend, Ruatapu had been belittled by Uenuku for using the sacred comb of his elder brother, Kahutiaterangi. As revenge, Ruatapu enticed most of Uenuku's children into his canoe, sailed them to the ocean, and then sank it in an event called Te Huripureiata. Kahutiaterangi survived with the help of a whale and was thereafter known as Paikea. Meanwhile, Ruatapu convinced the gods of the tides to destroy the land and its inhabitants. Paikea fled to high ground and was saved through the intervention of the goddess Moakuramanu. One version of the myth holds that Ruatapu drowned in the flood and that his bowels became the first jellyfish, or the rebuke came when Ruatapu dared to walk on the roof of Uenuku's house.

Another telling says that Ruatapu used Uenuku's own hairpiece, believing himself to be the senior son, as the eldest, when in fact Kahutiaterangi was the senior son owing to a difference in lineage. Ruatapu then went away and built his own large canoe that could hold 140 people. Once finished he announced that he would set off in it, and then killed everyone aboard with a spear, save for Paikea, who took to the ocean and was saved by the gods.

In yet another telling says that Chief Uenuku made a canoe for the nobility and was preparing the hair of all 70 of his noble children for their first sail inside of it. Uenuku himself, combed, oiled, and tied the hair of every last one of them, except Ruatapu. When Ruatapu asked why his father had not treated his hair, Uenuku told him he could not because he was the only son of a slave woman, and his hair was not tapu like his brothers'. This put Ruatapu to shame, and so he refused to eat dinner that night, instead going down to the canoe and putting a hole in its bottom, before filling it with wood chips and hiding the canoe's bailer. In the morning when they launched the canoe, Ruatapu hid the hole with his heel. When they were far out at sea he released the hole and removed the chips. The water rushed in, and nobody could find the bailer as Ruatapu had hidden it onshore. Everybody drowned, except Paikea, who was saved through his mother's ancestor Tangaroa who summoned the whale. Ruatapu's last attempt at killing Paikea was to use an incantation to hurl waves at him. This backfired as Paikea was too far away now, and the waves just rolled back onto Ruatapu thus drowning him.

Ngāti Porou tradition
In a tradition of Ngāti Porou, Ruatapu became angry when his father Uenuku elevated his younger half-brother Kahutiaterangi ahead of him in status. Ruatapu lured Kahutiaterangi and a large number of young men of high birth into his canoe, and took them out to sea where he drowned them. He called on the gods to destroy his enemies and threatened to return as the great waves of early summer, shouting out to Kahutiaterangi that he would return to fight him: "The great waves of the eighth month, they are me! I am then approaching!" In an endnote, Reedy writes:

In the eighth month of the Māori calendar, in the early summer, large waves known as ngā tai o Rangawhenua, Rangawhenua's waves, sometimes break upon the shore on the East Coast. In this episode Ruatapu announces that in the eighth month he will take this form, and follow Paikea.

Such accounts or conclusions may result from Christian influence, inspired by the Genesis flood narrative. The eighth month of the Māori calendar is Kohitātea (December–January) according to Ngāi Tūhoe.

title: Ruatapu


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Caribou County, Idaho

Caribou County is a county located in the U.S. state of Idaho. As of the 2020 Census the county had a population of 7,027. The county seat and largest city is Soda Springs.

History
Robert Stuart explored the area of Soda Springs in 1812. Donald McKenzie also explored the area in 1819. The explorers were followed by trappers, missionaries, and emigrants that would travel through on the Oregon Trail. Soda Springs' namesake springs were an attraction for the trappers who met there to socialize on November 10, 1833. Missionaries and emigrant journal entries describing the springs date back to John K. Townsend's journal entry of July 8, 1834.

In May 1863, members of the Morrisite religious sect took refuge at the junction of Soda Creek and Bear River where they formed Morristown. At the direction of General Patrick E. Conner, a fort was constructed in the fall of 1863 for their protection. Soda Springs was established as the county seat of Oneida County when it was created January 22, 1864, serving as the county seat until 1866. The 1870 census lists a population of 144 for Soda Springs. Settlement of the present town of Soda Springs occurred in May 1871 when Brigham Young and other Mormons purchased land at the present site of Soda Springs. Young would often recreate on his property holdings there.

Settlement in the western portion of the county from Thatcher to Chesterfield was primarily ranching and farming operations up until 1880. Chester Call, Chesterfield's namesake arrived in 1880, bring his family in 1881. The towns of Chesterfield and Squaw Creek Station were settled in 1882. Squaw Creek Station was the initial name for Bancroft that was established when the railroad was built. It was renamed Bancroft on July 23, 1898. Settlement at the town of Grace commenced in 1893. Chesterfield declined in population while Grace and Bancroft endured.

All of present Caribou County became a part of Bingham County when it was created on January 13, 1885. The 1890 census lists four precincts of Chesterfield, Gentile Valley (now Thatcher), Little Blackfoot (now Henry), and Soda Springs with a combined population of 1,722. The Caribou precinct with 342 residents also contained residents within present-day Caribou County, but also included territory now in Bonneville County.

Bannock County was established on March 6, 1893. Bancroft, Chesterfield, Chubb Springs (now Henry), Gentile Valley (now Thatcher), Salt River (now Freedom), and Soda Springs were in existence at the 1900 census with a combined population of 3,430.

When the legislature formed Caribou County on February 11, 1919, Bannock County retained the Gem, Gentile Valley, and Upper Portneuf valleys. The retained area contained 4,486 residents at the 1920 Census, declining to 3,572 residents by the 1940 Census. On January 11, 1948, the residents of this area voted to become part of Caribou County.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1799 sqmi, of which 1764 sqmi is land and 34 sqmi (1.9%) is water. The county's highpoint is Meade Peak at 9,963 ft above sea level.

Adjacent counties

 * Bonneville County - north
 * Lincoln County, Wyoming - east
 * Bear Lake County - south
 * Franklin County - south
 * Bannock County - west
 * Bingham County - northwest

National protected areas

 * Cache National Forest (part)
 * Caribou National Forest (part)
 * Grays Lake National Wildlife Refuge (part)

Major highways

 * [[Image:US 30.svg|20px]] US 30
 * [[Image:ID-34.svg|20px]] SH-34

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 7,304 people, 2,560 households, and 1,978 families living in the county. The population density was 4 /mi2. There were 3,188 housing units at an average density of 2 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 96.14% White, 0.05% Black or African American, 0.21% Native American, 0.08% Asian, 0.12% Pacific Islander, 2.20% from other races, and 1.19% from two or more races. 3.96% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 29.7% were of English, 12.2% German, 11.0% American, 8.2% Danish and 5.5% Irish ancestry.

There were 2,560 households, out of which 39.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.30% were married couples living together, 5.20% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.70% were non-families. 20.40% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.83 and the average family size was 3.29.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 31.70% under the age of 18, 8.20% from 18 to 24, 24.50% from 25 to 44, 22.00% from 45 to 64, and 13.60% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 99.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.60 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $37,609, and the median income for a family was $42,630. Males had a median income of $38,575 versus $20,085 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,179. About 7.00% of families and 9.60% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.60% of those under age 18 and 9.90% of those age 65 or over.

2010 census
As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 6,963 people, 2,606 households, and 1,936 families living in the county. The population density was 3.9 PD/sqmi. There were 3,226 housing units at an average density of 1.8 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 95.3% white, 0.3% American Indian, 0.2% Pacific islander, 0.2% Asian, 0.1% black or African American, 2.3% from other races, and 1.5% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 4.8% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 27.5% were English, 17.0% were German, 7.2% were Swedish, 7.0% were Danish, 5.0% were Irish, and 4.3% were American.

Of the 2,606 households, 35.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.3% were married couples living together, 6.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 25.7% were non-families, and 22.9% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.12. The median age was 37.7 years.

The median income for a household in the county was $44,958 and the median income for a family was $53,615. Males had a median income of $45,904 versus $23,837 for females. The per capita income for the county was $20,637. About 4.2% of families and 8.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.4% of those under age 18 and 5.0% of those age 65 or over.

Cities

 * Bancroft
 * Grace
 * Soda Springs

Unincorporated communities

 * Conda
 * Freedom
 * Henry
 * Wayan

Politics
Similar to Boise County, Caribou County is a reliable state bellwether, having voted for Idaho's statewide winner in every presidential election since its creation in 1919. Like all of archconservative Mormon southeastern Idaho, Caribou County has been overwhelmingly Republican since the middle 1960s. The last Democrat to carry the county was Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964. In fact, in no presidential election subsequent to that landslide has any Democratic nominee cracked one-third of the county's vote.

title: Caribou County, Idaho


text:
Canyon County, Idaho

Canyon County is located in the U.S. state of Idaho. As of the 2020 Census, the population was 231,105, which by 2022 was estimated to have risen to 251,065. making it the second-most populous county in Idaho. The county seat is Caldwell, and its largest city is Nampa. Canyon County is part of the Boise metropolitan area.

History
Hudson's Bay Company established Fort Boise in 1834 near what is now Parma, but abandoned it in 1855. Emigrants traveled through Canyon County on the Oregon Trail.

Discovery of gold in the Boise Basin in 1862 brought settlement to the region again. The lower Boise River was fully contained within Boise County from 1863 until the formation of Ada County in 1864. Settlement of the lower Boise River west of Boise City was limited prior to the completion of the Oregon Short Line Railroad. Middleton was the first European settlement of Canyon County, starting in 1863. The 1870 Census for Ada County listed 76 residents of the Boise Valley, excluding Boise City and the 1880 Census listed 44 residents at Middleton. The arrival of the railroad at Caldwell led to the establishment of a town there as of August 1883.

Businessmen James A. McGee and Alexander Duffes filed the plat for nearby Nampa in 1886. Parma was settled around the same time, with the Old Fort Boise post office being moved to the town's location; it was incorporated in 1904. Ada County established precincts for each of the settlements with a combined 1890 Census population of 2,311. Significant settlement of Greenleaf and Notus started around 1904 with the two settlements listed as precincts at the 1910 census. Notus was incorporated in 1921 while Greenleaf was incorporated prior to 1980. Melba was incorporated in 1912 while Wilder was incorporated in 1919. The City of Star annexed a portion of territory in northeast Canyon County prior to 2007, becoming the county's ninth incorporated city. The majority of Star is located within Ada County.

The Idaho Legislature created Canyon County from Ada County in an act approved March 7, 1891, effective at the November 26, 1892, election. Caldwell was established as the county seat. The county originally contained all of Canyon and Payette counties and part of Gem; Gem County formed in 1915 and Payette County in 1917. Some sources attribute the name to the canyon of the Boise River near Caldwell, while western writers John Rees and Vardis Fisher believed it was named for the Snake River canyon, which forms a natural boundary with Owyhee County to the south and west.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 604 sqmi, of which 587 sqmi is land and 16 sqmi (2.7%) is water.

Adjacent counties

 * Payette County (north)
 * Gem County (northeast)
 * Ada County (east)
 * Owyhee County (south)
 * Malheur County, Oregon (west)

National protected areas

 * Deer Flat National Wildlife Refuge (part)
 * Snake River Birds of Prey National Conservation Area (part)

Major highways

 * I-84.svg Interstate 84
 * US 20.svg US 20
 * US 26.svg US 26
 * US 30.svg US 30
 * US 95.svg US 95
 * ID-19.svg SH-19
 * ID-44.svg SH-44
 * ID-45.svg SH-45
 * ID-55.svg SH-55

2010 census
As of the 2010 census, there were 188,923 people, 63,604 households, and 47,481 families living in the county. The population density was 321.6 PD/sqmi. There were 69,409 housing units at an average density of 118.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the county was 83.0% white, 1.1% American Indian, 0.8% Asian, 0.6% black or African American, 0.2% Pacific islander, 11.4% from other races, and 3.0% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 23.9% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 18.8% were American, 17.4% were German, 13.0% were English, and 8.8% were Irish.

Of the 63,604 households, 42.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.7% were married couples living together, 12.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 25.3% were non-families, and 20.1% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.92 and the average family size was 3.36. The median age was 31.6 years.

The median income for a household in the county was $43,218 and the median income for a family was $48,219. Males had a median income of $38,132 versus $28,356 for females. The per capita income for the county was $18,366. About 12.7% of families and 17.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.8% of those under age 18 and 8.5% of those age 65 or over.

2000 census
As of the 2000 census, there were 131,441 people, 45,018 households and 33,943 families living in the county. The population density was 223 /mi2. There were 47,965 housing units at an average density of 81 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 83.10% White, 0.32% Black or African American, 0.85% Native American, 0.80% Asian, 0.13% Pacific Islander, 12.17% from other races, and 2.62% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 18.61% of the population. 15.9% were of German, 12.7% English, 10.3% American and 7.6% Irish ancestry.

There were 45,018 households, of which 39.80% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.70% were married couples living together, 10.10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.60% were non-families. 19.80% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.85 and the average family size was 3.28.

30.90% of the population were under the age of 18, 10.70% from 18 to 24, 28.30% from 25 to 44, 19.10% from 45 to 64, and 11.00% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.30 males.

The median household income was $35,884 and the median family income was $40,377. Males had a median income of $29,418 compared with $22,044 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,155. About 8.70% of families and 12.00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.50% of those under age 18 and 10.70% of those age 65 or over.

Cities

 * Caldwell
 * Greenleaf
 * Melba
 * Middleton
 * Nampa
 * Notus
 * Parma
 * Star (partially)
 * Wilder

Unincorporated communities

 * Bowmont
 * Huston
 * Riverside
 * Roswell
 * Sunnyslope
 * Walters Ferry, Idaho

Politics
Like the majority of Idaho, Canyon County is reliably Republican by comfortable margins. The last time a Democratic candidate carried the county was in 1936 by Franklin D. Roosevelt. In elections, Republican candidates usually achieve approximately two-thirds of the vote from Canyon County.

Education
School districts include:
 * Caldwell School District 132
 * Homedale Joint School District 370
 * Kuna Joint School District 3
 * Marsing Joint School District 363
 * Melba Joint School District 136
 * Middleton School District 134
 * Nampa School District 131
 * Notus School District 135
 * Parma School District 137
 * Vallivue School District 139
 * West Ada School District (Meridian Joint School District 2)
 * Wilder School District 133

Residents are in the area (and the taxation zone) for College of Western Idaho.

title: Canyon County, Idaho


text:
Camas County, Idaho

Camas County is a county in the southern portion of the U.S. state of Idaho. The county seat and largest city is Fairfield. The county was established 107.64942511383816 years ago in 1917 by the Idaho Legislature with a partition of Blaine County on February 6. It is named for the camas root, or Camassia, a lily-like plant with an edible bulb found in the region, that Native Americans and settlers used as a food source. As of the 2020 census, the population was 1,077, making it the second-least populous county in the state, after Clark County.

Camas County is part of the Hailey, ID Micropolitan Statistical Area.

History
Native presence on the Camas Prairie dates back over 11,000 years ago. The Shoshoni, Northern Piute, and Nez Perce migrated annually to the Camas Prairie to gather camas and yampa for their winter food storage. Explorer, Donald Mackenzie discovered the Camas Prairie by 1820 and the area slowly grew in importance as a travel route. Military escorts for wagon trains headed to Oregon started using the route through the Camas Prairie in 1852. The route was later named Goodale Cutoff, for Timothy Goodale who first brought migrants through the Camas Prairie in 1862. When the cavalry was stationed at Fort Boise the southern portion of the Camas Prairie was an important feeding ground for their horses. In 1869, a treaty ratified by the US Senate provided a portion of the "Kansas Prairie" instead of the "Camas Prairie" to be retained by the Bannock Indians. The error may have made by the person who transcribed the treaty. Since there was no "Kansas Prairie" in Idaho, the treaty rights of the Bannocks were ignored. When they found a few settlers were allowing their hogs to feed on the Bannocks' traditional food source, the camas root, they objected (without results), which was a major cause of the Bannock War of 1878.

The Camas Prairie was initially entirely within Alturas County when initial settlement started following the Bannock War. While the Lava mining district near Fairfield was active in the 1880s, Camas County's settlements were primarily agricultural. By the fall of 1881, over 60 farming operations were in existence. Town settlements at Crichton and Soldier occurred almost simultaneously in 1884. Corral was settled no later than 1886. The Camas Prairie became part of Logan County when it was formed in 1889 with the mountainous area north of the prairie remaining within Alturas County. At the 1890 Census, Alturas County contained the Little Smoky precinct with 95 residents while Logan County contained the Corral, Crichton, Soldier, and Spring Creek precincts with a combined population of 805. In 1891, the Idaho Legislature attempted to transfer all five Camas precincts to a new county named Alta. The Idaho Supreme Court found the act unconstitutional. Blaine County included all five Camas precincts when it was organized in 1895. The settlement at Crichton was abandoned in 1896. The decline at Crichton, led to a slight decline to 836 residents within the five Camas precincts at the 1890 census. By 1910, the precincts more than doubled to reach a population of 1,804 residents. A railroad reached the Camas Prairie in 1911 and ran through what is now Fairfield. The railroad's arrival led the majority of settlement in Soldier to locate to what became known as Fairfield.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1079 sqmi, of which 1074 sqmi is land and 4.5 sqmi (1.0%) is water. The highest point is Camas County Highpoint at 10337 ft, on the county's northern border with Blaine County.

Adjacent counties

 * Blaine County - east
 * Lincoln County - southeast
 * Gooding County - south
 * Elmore County - west

2020 census
As of the 2020 census, there were 1,077 people living in the county.

2010 census
As of the 2010 census, there were 1,117 people, 487 households, and 326 families living in the county. The population density was 1.0 PD/sqmi. There were 831 housing units at an average density of 0.8 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 94.1% white, 0.5% American Indian, 0.3% black or African American, 0.1% Asian, 1.8% from other races, and 3.2% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 6.7% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 24.8% were German, 20.2% were American, 15.1% were English, 8.8% were Irish, and 7.3% were Swedish.

Of the 487 households, 28.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.3% were married couples living together, 5.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 33.1% were non-families, and 28.3% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.77. The median age was 44.3 years.

The median income for a household in the county was $44,145 and the median income for a family was $43,092. Males had a median income of $39,022 versus $25,938 for females. The per capita income for the county was $19,659. About 14.1% of families and 16.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.0% of those under age 18 and 4.0% of those age 65 or over.

2000 census
As of the 2000 census, there were 991 people, 396 households, and 287 families living in the county. The population density was 0.8 /mi2. There were 601 housing units at an average density of 0.6 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 95.16% White, 1.21% Black or African American, 0.30% Native American, 0.20% Asian, 0.91% from other races, and 2.22% from two or more races. 5.55% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 20.5% were of German, 18.1% American, 15.4% English and 7.4% Irish ancestry.

There were 396 households, out of which 30.80% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.20% were married couples living together, 4.50% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.50% were non-families. 22.20% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 2.92.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 24.70% under the age of 18, 6.60% from 18 to 24, 28.20% from 25 to 44, 27.50% from 45 to 64, and 13.00% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 104.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.20 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $34,167, and the median income for a family was $40,156. Males had a median income of $30,500 versus $21,563 for females. The per capita income for the county was $19,550. About 7.20% of families and 8.30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.20% of those under age 18 and 8.50% of those age 65 or over.

City

 * Fairfield

Unincorporated communities

 * Corral
 * Hill City
 * Soldier

Politics
With its small and mostly white population, Camas County is one of the most consistently Republican counties in Idaho, having last backed Democrats in 1960, when it voted for John F. Kennedy.

Third-party candidates have historically performed well in Camas. In 1992, Independent Ross Perot got 29.84% of the vote. In 1996, Reform Party candidate Ross Perot got 17.46%. In 2000, Reform Party candidate Pat Buchanan got 3.94%. In 2016, Evan McMullin got 5.59%.

Transportation
U.S. Highway 20 runs east–west through the county's center, at elevations just over 5000 ft above sea level, connecting west to Mountain Home in Elmore County; to the east it intersects State Highway 75 in Blaine County. The northern terminus of State Highway 46 is at US-20, 4 mi east of Fairfield; it runs south over the Mount Bennett Hills into Gooding County and on to Gooding.

Recreation
The Soldier Mountain ski area, opened 76.6302470317415 years ago in 1948, is 12 mi north of Fairfield, in the Soldier Mountains of the Sawtooth National Forest.

Education
There is one school district in the county: Camas County School District 121.

The county is in the catchment area, but not the taxation zone, for College of Southern Idaho.

title: Camas County, Idaho


text:
Butte County, Idaho

Butte County is a rural county located in the U.S. state of Idaho. As of the 2020 census, the population was 2,574, making it the third-least populous county in Idaho. Its county seat and largest city is Arco. The county was established in 1917 from parts of Bingham, Blaine, and Jefferson counties. The county gained territory in the Clyde area from Custer County in 1937 to reach its present boundary.

History
The first settlement in Butte County occurred about 4 mi south of the present town site of Arco in 1878. The settlement was then known by the names of Kennedy Crossing and Lower Crossing of the Lost River and was located in eastern Alturas County. Once the post office was established in 1879, the settlement became known as Arco. The ghost town of Era was settled in 1885. Settlement of Antelope, Martin and Island (now Moore) also occurred prior to 1890. Alturas county established precincts for all five Butte County settlements existing at the 1890 census containing a combined population of 389. The settlements became part of Blaine County in 1895. Blaine County created precincts for all of the settlements except Martin and added a precinct for Clyde. At the 1900 census, the five precincts totaled 714 residents increasing to 1787 in 1910. Construction of a railroad from Blackfoot to Mackay resulted in relocation of the town of Arco to its present site in 1901. Butte County is included in the Idaho Falls, ID Metropolitan Statistical Area. Much of the eastern part of the county is the vast Idaho National Laboratory, which extends eastward into neighboring counties.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 2234 sqmi, of which 2232 sqmi is land and 2.0 sqmi (0.1%) is water.

The Little Lost River is located in Butte County. Its waters, along with the Big Lost River, disappear from the surface to flow underground into the Snake River Plain aquifer in Butte County.

The county was named for the volcanic buttes that rise from the desert plain; the largest is Big Southern Butte, located in the southern part of the county. It rises 2500 ft above the desert floor and was used as a landmark by pioneers.

The southwestern portion of the county includes the visitor center at the Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve, which extends south & west into three other counties.

Adjacent counties

 * Custer County - northwest
 * Lemhi County - northwest
 * Clark County - northeast
 * Jefferson County - east
 * Bingham County - southeast
 * Blaine County - southwest

Highways

 * [[Image:US 20.svg|20px]] US 20
 * [[Image:US 26.svg|20px]] US 26
 * [[Image:US 93.svg|20px]] US 93
 * [[Image:ID-22.svg|20px]] SH-22
 * [[Image:ID-33.svg|20px]] SH-33

National protected areas

 * Caribou-Targhee National Forest (part)
 * Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve (part)
 * Salmon-Challis National Forest (part)

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,899 people, 1,089 households, and 802 families living in the county. The population density was 1 /mi2. There were 1,290 housing units at an average density of 1 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 94.65% White, 0.28% Black or African American, 0.69% Native American, 0.24% Asian, 2.38% from other races, and 1.76% from two or more races. 4.14% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 25.3% were of English, 13.4% American, 8.5% German, 6.3% Irish and 5.5% Swedish ancestry.

There were 1,089 households, out of which 32.80% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.20% were married couples living together, 7.40% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.30% were non-families. 23.60% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.14.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 29.00% under the age of 18, 6.30% from 18 to 24, 24.00% from 25 to 44, 25.70% from 45 to 64, and 14.90% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 101.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.30 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $30,473, and the median income for a family was $36,950. Males had a median income of $37,750 versus $20,962 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,948. About 14.70% of families and 18.20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.70% of those under age 18 and 8.10% of those age 65 or over.

2010 census
As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 2,891 people, 1,129 households, and 788 families living in the county. The population density was 1.3 PD/sqmi. There were 1,354 housing units at an average density of 0.6 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 95.5% white, 0.4% American Indian, 0.2% Pacific islander, 0.2% Asian, 0.2% black or African American, 2.0% from other races, and 1.5% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 4.1% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 33.4% were English, 18.5% were German, 10.6% were American, 9.1% were Irish, 7.6% were Danish, and 7.2% were Scottish.

Of the 1,129 households, 31.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.8% were married couples living together, 7.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 30.2% were non-families, and 26.4% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.10. The median age was 41.7 years.

The median income for a household in the county was $39,413 and the median income for a family was $47,225. Males had a median income of $42,500 versus $26,563 for females. The per capita income for the county was $20,414. About 9.0% of families and 13.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.2% of those under age 18 and 5.0% of those age 65 or over.

2016
As of 2016, the largest self-reported ancestries/ethnicities in Butte County, Idaho were:

Cities

 * Arco
 * Butte City
 * Moore

Unincorporated communities

 * Darlington
 * Lost River
 * Howe

Politics
Prior to 1976, Butte County only failed to back the national winner in 1944 in presidential elections between 1920 and 1972. Since 1968, the county has become a Republican Party stronghold, especially since 2000. No Democratic Party candidate has won a quarter of the county's votes since Bill Clinton in 1996.

Education
School districts include:
 * Butte County Joint School District 111
 * Mackay Joint School District 182

College of Eastern Idaho includes this county in its catchment zone; however this county is not in its taxation zone.

title: Butte County, Idaho


text:
Boundary County, Idaho

Boundary County is the northernmost county of the U.S. state of Idaho. As of the 2020 census, the population was 12,056. The county seat and largest city is Bonners Ferry.

Boundary County was created by the Idaho Legislature on January 23, 1915. It is so named because it borders Canada, and is therefore the only county in Idaho with an international border. It is also only one of three counties in the United States that borders two states and a foreign country, the others being Coös County, New Hampshire and Erie County, Pennsylvania; these three counties additionally make up the entirety of the international border of their respective states, the only three counties nationwide to do so.

History
Boundary County was formed on January 23, 1915, from Bonner County. It was named Boundary County because it lies on the border of Canada, Washington and Montana.

Boundary County has seven election precincts: Bonners Ferry, Copeland, Kootenai, Moyie, Naples, North Bonners Ferry, and Valley View. All contain part of Bonners Ferry City except Copeland, Moyie, and Naples precincts. Moyie Springs was incorporated in 1947.

Settlement of the area started with the establishment of Bonners Ferry on the Kootenai River in 1864. Settlement was limited to the ferry operation until about 1890. The town of Bonners Ferry was established in 1893. At that point settlement was still sparse with small ranching and mining operations, but an expanding timber economy. By 1900, other areas started to develop with the Boulder (now Kootenai), Boundary (now Copeland), and Naples precincts first listed in the U.S. Census of that year. The Moyie precinct first appeared in the 1910 census.

In 1980, convicted spy Christopher John Boyce found refuge in Boundary County, for a few months, after his escape from the Lompoc Federal Correctional Complex. He stayed at the home of Gloria Ann White. Boyce sustained himself during his stay with a series of bank robberies in the surrounding area, allegedly with technical assistance from White.

In 1992, Boundary County was the scene of the Ruby Ridge siege by 350–400 armed federal agents against Randy Weaver and his family.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1278 sqmi, of which 1269 sqmi is land and 9.3 sqmi (0.7%) is water.

Adjacent counties

 * Lincoln County, Montana – east/Mountain Time Border
 * Bonner County – south
 * Pend Oreille County, Washington – west
 * Regional District of Central Kootenay, British Columbia – north

National protected areas

 * Pacific Northwest National Scenic Trail (part)
 * Kaniksu National Forest (part)
 * Kootenai National Forest (part)
 * Kootenai National Wildlife Refuge

Highways

 * [[Image:US 2.svg|20px]] US 2
 * [[Image:US 95.svg|20px]] US 95
 * [[Image:ID-1.svg|20px]] SH-1

Airports
Boundary County Airport is a county-owned, public-use airport located two nautical miles (3.7 km) northeast of the central business district of Bonners Ferry.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 9,871 people, 3,707 households, and 2,698 families living in the county. The population density was 8 /mi2. There were 4,095 housing units at an average density of 3 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 95.24% White, 0.16% Black or African American, 2.02% Native American, 0.58% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 0.86% from other races, and 1.07% from two or more races. 3.39% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 21.4% were of German, 12.9% American, 12.7% English, 9.9% Irish and 6.4% Norwegian ancestry.

There were 3,707 households, out of which 34.10% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.40% were married couples living together, 7.50% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.20% were non-families. 23.10% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.07.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 29.20% under the age of 18, 6.90% from 18 to 24, 24.40% from 25 to 44, 26.20% from 45 to 64, and 13.40% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 101.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.60 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $31,250, and the median income for a family was $36,440. Males had a median income of $31,209 versus $18,682 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,636. About 11.50% of families and 20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.50% of those under age 18 and 11.40% of those age 65 or over.

2010 census
As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 10,972 people, 4,421 households, and 2,976 families living in the county. The population density was 8.6 PD/sqmi. There were 5,175 housing units at an average density of 4.1 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 94.8% white, 1.7% American Indian, 0.6% Asian, 0.3% black or African American, 0.1% Pacific islander, 0.5% from other races, and 2.1% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 3.7% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 22.5% were German, 12.8% were English, 11.2% were Irish, 7.4% were American, 5.9% were Norwegian, 5.4% were Dutch, and 5.1% were Scottish.

Of the 4,421 households, 29.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.0% were married couples living together, 7.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 32.7% were non-families, and 27.5% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.00. The median age was 42.8 years.

The median income for a household in the county was $37,712 and the median income for a family was $43,562. Males had a median income of $36,125 versus $26,076 for females. The per capita income for the county was $18,011. About 15.7% of families and 18.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.0% of those under age 18 and 13.4% of those age 65 or over.

Politics
Like most of Idaho, Boundary County is solidly Republican. The last Democratic presidential candidate to carry the county was Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964.

Television
A local translator district provides broadcast television stations from Spokane, WA.

Radio
KBFI, 1450 AM - Bonners Ferry has been home to KBFI AM 1450 since 1983. It is owned by local licensee Radio Bonners Ferry, Inc, owned by Blue Sky Broadcasting, Inc. While licensed to Bonner's Ferry and its transmitter site is there, KBFI shares studios and offices with its sister stations (KSPT, KIBR, and KPND), at 327 Marion Avenue in Sandpoint, Idaho.

KQFR, 90.7 FM - On September 7, 2022, FM radio air-waves over Bonners Ferry came alive with the sounds of KQFR, 90.7 FM, a full-time (24/7) Christian Family Radio station. Affiliated with "Cornerstone Christian School," KQFR transmits from atop Black Mountain. Programming includes traditional gospel music, children's story hours, health messages, as well as good news of the soon return of Jesus Christ. Licensed in Moyie Springs, KQFR has been heard North of Creston, BC, South to Hayden, ID, East into Troy, MT, and West to Post Falls, ID.

Newspapers
Bonners Ferry is served by a single newspaper and several online news outlets. The weekly Bonners Ferry Herald, owned by Hagadone Publishing is the official paper of record.

Cities

 * Bonners Ferry
 * Moyie Springs

Unincorporated communities

 * Copeland
 * Eastport
 * Good Grief
 * Naples
 * Porthill
 * Curley Creek

Education
There is one school district in Boundary County: Boundary County School District 101.

It is in the catchment area, but not the taxation zone, for North Idaho College.

title: Boundary County, Idaho


text:
Bonneville County, Idaho

Bonneville County is a county located in the U.S. state of Idaho. As of the 2020 census, the population was 123,964, making it the fourth-most populous county in Idaho and the most populous in eastern Idaho. Its county seat and largest city is Idaho Falls. Bonneville County was established in 1911 and named after Benjamin Bonneville (1796–1878), a French-born officer in the U.S. Army, fur trapper, and explorer in the American West. Benjamin was the son of Nicholas Bonneville of France, an Illuminati member who had written the "Illuminati Manifesto for World Revolution" in 1792, which played a significant role in the French revolution. Bonneville County is part of the Idaho Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area.

History
Bonneville County was established February 7, 1911, by the state legislature from the north and east parts of Bingham County, Idaho. It was named for Capt. B.L.E. Bonneville, of the U.S. Army, who explored throughout the Snake River area in the 1830s. A settlement developed at the site of the Idaho Falls, Idaho ferry on the Snake River in 1864. This settlement was to be known as Idaho Falls after 1891.

Today, Bonneville County stretches up from two desert floors through a fertile valley of plush crops and into heavily forested peaks. The area that became Bonneville County was first associated with Oneida County which stretched through most of southern and southeastern Idaho. It was later reapportioned and formed the northern end of Bingham County. It wasn't until 1911 that Bonneville County was formed, and Idaho Falls became the County seat. During all of this time, and even before people started making boundaries and setting up towns, villages and governments, there was a rich part to the region. Indians roamed much of the county in travels to Camas Harvest, and in 1808 John Corter came through the area. In 1810, Major Andrew Henry saw the country, and in 1832, the man whose name was later to be immortalized by the institution of the county, Captain B.L.E. Bonneville, visited the area.

The first bona fide town in the county, Keenan, was in the extreme eastern portion of Bonneville County near Caribou Mountain. Keenan boasted a population of nearly 1,000 people. It was about this same time, 1870, that Caribou City also sprang up and Eagle Rock, the forerunner of present-day Idaho Falls, began to acquire a population. There was a time during this growth and settlement period when it appeared Caribou City would outgrow Eagle Rock.

The gold rush into the Caribou region was not considered a small one despite the brevity of the settlements. An estimated $50 million was taken out of the region in gold dust and nuggets. Aside from the gold on Caribou Mountain, cattle raising was the first major industry. Before the coming of the railroad, Matt Taylor bought and trailed a herd of cattle into the valley. As more settlers came, they too started herds and stock raising became a profitable, growing industry.

Experiments proved that many farm products could be raised in the area and farms spread over the valley. In 1888, a group of farmers planted small acreages of potatoes. That fall they sold them for 90 cents per hundred weights, and a new industry was created. During the early 20th century, more experiments had shown that sugar beets could be grown successfully. In 1902, Mark Austin surveyed the possibilities and recommended that a sugar factory be built east of Idaho Falls. In 1903 the cornerstone for the building was laid. That fall the factory was in production and the small town of Lincoln built up around it.

From the building of the ferry in 1863 to 1900 the face of Bonneville County changed considerably. The Utah and Northern Railroad Company made Eagle Rock a division point, built maintenance shops and the town grew. In 1885, Eagle Rock had a population of 1,500. In 1887 the railroad shops moved to Pocatello, leaving Eagle Rock almost a ghost town. With the development of irrigation, the town took on a new life and it became the most important shipping point between Ogden, Utah and Butte, Montana.

Idaho Falls
On August 26, 1891, the name of Eagle Rock was changed to Idaho Falls due to the cataract in the river on the west edge of the city. The town became a city on April 6, 1900, with Joseph A. Clark as its first Mayor. Idaho Falls was on its way and headed for a future that would one day see it as headquarters for an atomic energy installation; but in the year of 1900, it was still a city under the control of Blackfoot. Blackfoot was the county seat of Bingham County which still harbored Idaho Falls and it was to be 11 years before Idaho Falls became the county seat.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1901 sqmi, of which 1866 sqmi is land and 35 sqmi (1.8%) is water. The Snake River flows northwest through the Bonneville County, beginning at the Wyoming border as the Palisades Reservoir. The river exits the county about midway on its northern border, turns and re-enters approximately 20 mi west to flow southwest through Idaho Falls.

Adjacent counties

 * Madison County - north
 * Teton County - north
 * Teton County, Wyoming - northeast
 * Lincoln County, Wyoming - southeast
 * Caribou County - south
 * Bingham County - west
 * Jefferson County - northwest

Major highways

 * [[Image:I-15.svg|25px]] - Interstate 15
 * [[Image:US 20.svg|25px]] - US 20
 * [[Image:US 26.svg|25px]] - US 26
 * [[Image:US 91.svg|25px]] - US 91
 * [[Image:ID-31.svg|25px]] - SH-31
 * [[Image:ID-43.svg|25px]] - SH-43

National protected areas

 * Caribou National Forest (part)
 * Grays Lake National Wildlife Refuge (part)
 * Targhee National Forest (part)

2010 census
As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 104,234 people, 36,629 households, and 26,787 families living in the county. The population density was 55.9 PD/sqmi. There were 39,731 housing units at an average density of 21.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the county was 90.6% white, 0.8% Asian, 0.8% American Indian, 0.6% black or African American, 0.1% Pacific islander, 5.1% from other races, and 2.1% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 11.4% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 23.4% were English, 17.4% were German, 9.9% were American, and 7.8% were Irish.

Of the 36,629 households, 40.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.7% were married couples living together, 10.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 26.9% were non-families, and 22.4% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.81 and the average family size was 3.32. The median age was 31.7 years.

The median income for a household in the county was $50,445 and the median income for a family was $58,346. Males had a median income of $46,498 versus $29,008 for females. The per capita income for the county was $23,218. About 8.1% of families and 11.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.9% of those under age 18 and 6.6% of those age 65 or over.

2000 census
As of the 2000 census, there were 82,522 people, 28,753 households, and 21,449 families living in the county. The population density was 44 PD/sqmi. There were 30,484 housing units at an average density of 16 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 92.79% White, 0.49% Black or African American, 0.65% Native American, 0.82% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 3.72% from other races, and 1.46% from two or more races. 6.91% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 25.3% were of English, 14.3% German and 12.2% American ancestry.

There were 28,753 households, out of which 40.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.00% were married couples living together, 9.30% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.40% were non-families. 21.40% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.83 and the average family size was 3.33.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 32.10% under the age of 18, 9.50% from 18 to 24, 27.20% from 25 to 44, 21.00% from 45 to 64, and 10.20% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females there were 99.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.20 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $41,805, and the median income for a family was $48,216. Males had a median income of $38,745 versus $22,514 for females. The per capita income for the county was $18,326. About 7.40% of families and 10.10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.20% of those under age 18 and 5.90% of those age 65 or over.

Cities

 * Ammon
 * Idaho Falls
 * Iona
 * Irwin
 * Ririe (partially)
 * Swan Valley
 * Ucon

Census-designated place

 * Lincoln

Unincorporated communities

 * Beachs Corner
 * Bone
 * Osgood
 * Palisades

Ghost towns

 * Herman
 * Caribou City

Politics
Like most of Idaho, Bonneville County has been powerfully Republican for many decades. The last Democratic nominee to win it was Harry S. Truman in 1948. It is very conservative for an urban county; underlining this, Lyndon B. Johnson is the last Democrat to manage even 40 percent of the county's vote.

Education
School districts include:
 * Bonneville Joint School District 93
 * Idaho Falls School District 91
 * Ririe Joint School District 252
 * Shelley Joint School District 60
 * Soda Springs Joint School District 150
 * Swan Valley Elementary School District 92

College of Eastern Idaho includes this county in its catchment zone, and this is the only county in its taxation zone.

title: Bonneville County, Idaho


text:
Talk:Atascosa County, Texas

Untitled
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. counties standards might help.

To add to article
Basic information to add to this article: the etymology of the word "Atascosa." 173.88.246.138 (talk) 22:38, 3 June 2022 (UTC)

Economy
Hello Can you explain ? The relevance to the article is spelled out in my text and supported with a reference. Invasive Spices (talk) 10 August 2022 (UTC)
 * You wrote:
 * "Costs may be as high as $1,500 per acre ($3,700/ha) for growers to hire hand weeders for strawberry. Herbicides are rarely used in this crop here. Texas A&M Extension doesn't agree with that practice and recommends Spartan 4F (sulfentrazone) as a pre-emergent and Select Max (clethodim) as a post-emergent."
 * This is an article about a county in Texas. How will this text improve the article for Wikipedia's readers? Magnolia677 (talk) 15:52, 10 August 2022 (UTC)
 * There's nothing unusual about my edit. You still have made no attempt at explaining your reversion. Invasive Spices (talk) 10 August 2022 (UTC) 16:16, 10 August 2022 (UTC)
 * You're serious right? Seriously, you're being serious?? Ok then. Well, readers of this county article would certainly find the price of hand weeders to be a bit "out-of-scope", as they would the recommendation to use sulfentrazone and clethodim herbicide. Please take a moment to read WP:PN. Magnolia677 (talk) 17:52, 10 August 2022 (UTC)
 * WP:NPA. Invasive Spices (talk) 10 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Invasive Spices, I don't see the supposed personal attack by . But I also don't see how some details relating to planting strawberries are relevant to this article, and "are rarely used in this crop here" is a bit vague, at the least. Now, if you had written up the A&M experiment, part of which took place on a farm in this county, we might be on somewhat encyclopedic grounds here, though it's still very tenuous. Drmies (talk) 22:25, 14 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Whatever you want to call it responding with Please take a moment to read WP:PN. was insulting. Economic impacts, employment impacts, weeds, cultivation of crops, these are all subjects which affect people's lives and are commonly mentioned on articles here. My text isn't ungrammatical, isn't "patent nonsense", and doesn't indicate a lack of language ability on my part. The other user also shouldn't follow my edits and revert edits to other pages instead of discussing things here.
 * As for the experiment, I don't see why it should be written up here at all. I deliberately didn't do that. That's a PRIMARY and AgriLife Today recommending the study and its conclusions and its author is the important SECONDARY information here. The fact that some of its trials were conducted here is indeed tenuous but the fact that they describe the conclusions as being worth caring about here is useful.
 * "are rarely used in this crop here" matches the source text. Herbicides aren't used in strawberry fields here, and instead growers are using a more expensive and less effective method. The experts think that's unnecessary and they get specific as to what would be better so strawberry growing will expand here.
 * When this is decided I would also like to add that Poteet is the strawberry capital of the state. The unusual concentration of this one thing in this county will explain why it was singled out for importance in the trials and in the article. Invasive Spices (talk) 15 August 2022 (UTC)

 * @, while may have no bedside manner and from time to time crosses the line into bullying WP:BULLY, I do find that they are correct in many of their edits. The issues at hand is Magnolia677's laxness of critiquing when undoing or deleting a change by another user and the use of sarcasm in dealing with conflicts. Sarcasm is a tool usually found in the arsenal of teenage boys. We all need to strive to behave in a more professional manner.

 * Magnolia677 was correct in removing your entry on the Economy in the Atascosa County, Texas article. The section in the Economy gets too specific about one subject while there is nothing else about the economies of each county. I am guilty of having done that as well. I would have focused on building an Economy section with general information and then added more specific events on how it affects their economies.

 * What I would have said is: The section in the Atascosa County it less about the economy and more about the practice of weed management. More could be written about the county's weed management, it it should be as what is county policy and would likely not be in the Economy section. Anyway I hope this is a more useful critique to you in your work on this page and I hope this is helpful to Magnolia677 as well in their future critiques. Myotus (talk) 16:27, 9 September 2022 (UTC)

 * I will endeavor to spell out the economic impact of things. I just want to note again that because Wikipedia is a wiki, waiting until we have a finished product is not desirable or possible. Magnolia677 adding further economic information so we have a more rounded Economics section would have been welcome. Invasive Spices (talk) 9 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Atascosa County, Texas


text:
Bonner County, Idaho

Bonner County is a county in the northern part of the U.S. state of Idaho. As of the 2020 census, the population was 47,110. The county seat and largest city is Sandpoint. Partitioned from Kootenai County and established in 1907, it was named for Edwin L. Bonner, a ferry operator.

Bonner County comprises the Sandpoint, Idaho Micropolitan Statistical Area.

History
Bonner County was formed on February 21, 1907. It was named for travel entrepreneur Edwin L. Bonner, a ferry operator.

In 1864, the Idaho Legislature created the counties of Lah-Toh and Kootenai. Kootenai County initially covered all of present-day Bonner and Boundary counties and a portion of present-day Kootenai County. It also overlapped part of the existing boundary of Shoshone County. Sin-na-ac-qua-teen, a trading post in present-day Bonner County on the south shore of the Pend Oreille River near Laclede, was named county seat. The government of Kootenai failed to organize due to lack of settlement within the county boundary. In 1867, the legislature repealed the act that created the two counties and consolidated them into a county that retained the Kootenai name. Rathdrum became the county seat when Kootenai County organized in 1881.

The tiny portion of Bonner County south of the 48th parallel and east of Shoshone County was not in any of Idaho's counties from 1863 to 1907, the longest time frame any non-county area existed in the State of Idaho. The Idaho panhandle north of the Clearwater River's basin was in Spokane County, Washington, prior to Idaho's creation as a territory in 1863. When Idaho defined its original counties by February 1864, it attached the former Spokane County area to Nez Perce County for judicial purposes. Legislators creating Kootenai County in December 1864 lacked knowledge of the geography of the area and failed to fully include the non-county area within the county boundaries of Kootenai or Lah-Toh. The non-county area was fully included within Bonner County when it was formed in 1907.

Boundary County was formed from Bonner County in 1915.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1919 sqmi, of which 1735 sqmi is land and 185 sqmi (9.6%) is water. The highest point in the county is Scotchman Peak, elevation 7018 ft.

Adjacent counties

 * Pend Oreille County, Washington– northwest
 * Boundary County – north
 * Lincoln County, Montana – east/Mountain Time Border
 * Sanders County, Montana – southeast/Mountain Time Border
 * Shoshone County – southeast
 * Kootenai County – south
 * Spokane County, Washington – southwest

National protected areas

 * Pacific Northwest National Scenic Trail (part)
 * Coeur d'Alene National Forest (part)
 * Kaniksu National Forest (part)
 * Kootenai National Forest (part)

Major highways

 * [[Image:US 2.svg|20px]] US 2
 * [[Image:US 95.svg|20px]] US 95
 * [[Image:Idaho 41.svg|20px]] SH-41
 * [[Image:Idaho 57.svg|20px]] SH-57
 * [[Image:Idaho 200.svg|20px]] SH-200

Rivers and lakes

 * Albeni Falls Dam
 * Clark Fork River
 * Cocolalla
 * Kelso Lake
 * Lake Pend Oreille
 * Pack River
 * Pend Oreille River
 * Priest Lake

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 36,835 people, 14,693 households, and 10,270 families living in the county. The population density was 21 /mi2. There were 19,646 housing units at an average density of 11 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 96.58% White, 0.11% Black or African American, 0.87% Native American, 0.27% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.42% from other races, and 1.70% from two or more races. 1.64% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 20.9% were of German, 11.7% English, 11.7% American, 9.6% Irish and 5.3% Norwegian ancestry.

There were 14,693 households, out of which 30.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.60% were married couples living together, 7.50% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.10% were non-families. 24.00% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 2.94.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 25.50% under the age of 18, 6.70% from 18 to 24, 25.40% from 25 to 44, 29.30% from 45 to 64, and 13.10% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 100.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.20 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $32,803, and the median income for a family was $37,930. Males had a median income of $32,504 versus $21,086 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,263. About 11.90% of families and 15.50% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.20% of those under age 18 and 10.20% of those age 65 or over.

2010 census
As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 40,877 people, 17,100 households, and 11,591 families living in the county. The population density was 23.6 PD/sqmi. There were 24,669 housing units at an average density of 14.2 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 96.0% white, 0.8% American Indian, 0.5% Asian, 0.1% Pacific islander, 0.1% black or African American, 0.4% from other races, and 2.1% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 2.2% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 25.4% were German, 15.3% were Irish, 15.2% were English, 6.2% were Norwegian, and 5.0% were American.

Of the 17,100 households, 27.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.3% were married couples living together, 7.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 32.2% were non-families, and 26.0% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.82. The median age was 45.8 years.

The median income for a household in the county was $41,943 and the median income for a family was $51,377. Males had a median income of $40,076 versus $30,829 for females. The per capita income for the county was $24,745. About 10.1% of families and 14.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.3% of those under age 18 and 6.7% of those age 65 or over.

Politics
Like other counties in Idaho, Bonner County is strongly Republican-leaning. The last Democrat to win the county in a presidential election was Bill Clinton in 1992, and incumbent president George H.W. Bush fell to third place in the county, behind independent candidate Ross Perot. The tourism-oriented city of Sandpoint is more of a swing town and occasionally backs Democrats, but the rest of the county remains strongly Republican.

Cities

 * Sandpoint
 * Clark Fork
 * Dover
 * East Hope
 * Hope
 * Kootenai
 * Oldtown
 * Ponderay
 * Priest River

Census-designated place

 * Blanchard
 * Coolin
 * Laclede

Unincorporated communities

 * Careywood
 * Cocolalla
 * Colburn
 * Lamb Creek
 * Nordman
 * Outlet Bay
 * Sagle
 * Vans Corner
 * Westmond

Ski area

 * Schweitzer Mountain Resort

Education
School districts include:
 * Lake Pend Oreille School District 84
 * Lakeland Joint School District 272
 * West Bonner County School District 83

It is in the catchment area, but not the taxation zone, for North Idaho College.

title: Bonner County, Idaho


text:
Boise County, Idaho

Boise County is a rural mountain county in the U.S. state of Idaho. As of the 2020 United States Census, the population was 7,610. The county seat is historic Idaho City, which is connected through a series of paved and unpaved roads to Lowman, Centerville, Placerville, Pioneerville, Star Ranch, Crouch, Garden Valley, and Horseshoe Bend.

Boise County is part of the Boise, ID Metropolitan Statistical Area.

The Bogus Basin ski area is in the southwestern part of the county. The county's eastern area contains the central section of the Sawtooth Wilderness, the western part of the Sawtooth National Recreation Area.

In 2010, the center of Idaho's population was in Boise County.

History
The county was established on February 4, 1864, with its county seat at Idaho City. It was named for the Boise River, which was named by French-Canadian explorers and trappers for the great variety of trees growing along its banks in the lower desert valley. The county is one of four Idaho counties that also existed under Washington Territory. On January 12, 1863, The Washington territorial legislature established the county containing most of Idaho below 114° 30', excluding the territory lying west of the Payette River. They established its county seat at what later became Idaho City.

The Boise Basin, which contains Idaho City, was one of the nation's richest gold mining districts; gold was discovered in 1862, and more of it was pulled from present-day Boise County than from the entire state of Alaska. At its peak in the mid-1860s, Idaho City was the largest city in the Northwest, and it was this rapid population influx that led to the establishment of the Idaho Territory in 1863. The lower–elevation communities of Horseshoe Bend (Payette River) and Boise (Boise River) were staging areas for the Boise Basin mines.

The county's boundaries changed several times during Idaho's territorial period. Owyhee County (Idaho's oldest) and a portion of Oneida County were carved from the southern and eastern portion of the county as it existed under Washington Territory in late December 1863 and January 1864. When Idaho Territory established the county in February 1864, it contained all of present Ada, Canyon, and Payette counties. It also included most of present Boise and Gem Counties, the southern half of Washington County, and small portions of Adams, Custer, Owyhee, and Valley counties.

When Ada County was created in December 1864, most of that territory was transferred to Ada County, leaving only small portions of Custer, Gem, Payette, Valley, and Washington counties together with most of present-day Boise County. The Boise River portion of the current western boundary was established by 1866. The southern boundary common to present Ada County was defined the following year. The northern boundary was most volatile Between 1873 and 1887 with the boundary shifting further north into Valley County, back south below Cascade, and then again north to include the North Fork of Payette River Basin. The county obtained its current boundary after Gem County was created in 1915 and Valley County in 1918.

In March 2011, the county filed a Chapter 9 bankruptcy petition due to judgment against the county for violating the Fair Housing Act. The county's petition for Chapter 9 relief was denied.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1907 sqmi, of which 1899 sqmi is land and 7.4 sqmi (0.4%) is water. The highest point in the county is Thompson Peak at 10751 ft, on its eastern border in the Sawtooth Wilderness. The county's lowest point is on the Payette River, on its western border with Gem County, at approximately 2500 ft.

The elevated central basin area rises 1700 ft higher than Horseshoe Bend for instance and thus receives significantly more snow during the winter. Star Ranch, Placerville, and Centerville average 4300 ft above sea level whereas Horseshoe Bend is 1700 ft lower, Garden Valley is 1157 ft lower, and Idaho City is 400 ft lower. Snow volumes around the county are best illustrated by the county Snow Load Map. Placerville roofs must be designed to withstand 150 pounds per square foot of snow whereas Horseshoe Bend is a third of that at 52.

Adjacent counties

 * Valley County - north
 * Custer County - east
 * Elmore County - south
 * Ada County - southwest
 * Gem County - northwest

National protected areas

 * Boise National Forest (part)
 * Sawtooth National Recreation Area (part)
 * Sawtooth Wilderness (part)

Major highways

 * - Ponderosa Pine Scenic Byway
 * - Payette River Scenic Byway
 * - Payette River Scenic Byway

The county's two primary routes are scenic byways. Both are two-lane undivided highways for most of their length. The Ponderosa Pine Scenic Byway on State Highway 21 climbs northeast from Boise to Idaho City and Lowman, and ends at Stanley in Custer County, at the junction with State Highway 75. The Payette River Scenic Byway on State Highway 55 is a designated national scenic byway. It heads north from Eagle to Horseshoe Bend and climbs the whitewater of the Payette River to Cascade and McCall in Valley County, and ends at New Meadows in Adams County, at the junction with US Route 95.

The closest thing to a traffic signal in Boise County is a flashing red light for Highway 52 where it meets Highway 55, in Horseshoe Bend. Highway 55 has a flashing yellow.
 * Highway 52 & Highway 55 Horseshoe Bend

2000 census
As of the 2000 United States Census, there were 6,670 people, 2,616 households, and 1,899 families in the county. The population density was 3.5 /mi2. There were 4,349 housing units at an average density of 2 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 95.23% White, 0.12% Black or African American, 0.93% Native American, 0.30% Asian, 0.10% Pacific Islander, 1.30% from other races, and 2.01% from two or more races. 3.42% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 18.4% were of German, 14.8% American, 13.8% English and 9.8% Irish ancestry.

There were 2,616 households, out of which 30.70% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.50% were married couples living together, 5.80% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.40% were non-families. 21.80% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 2.93.

The county population contained 26.90% under the age of 18, 4.70% from 18 to 24, 27.10% from 25 to 44, 30.30% from 45 to 64, and 11.00% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.30 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $38,651, and the median income for a family was $43,138. Males had a median income of $35,802 versus $26,250 for females. The per capita income for the county was $18,787. About 9.00% of families and 12.90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.40% of those under age 18 and 7.70% of those age 65 or over.

2010 census
As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 7,028 people, 2,974 households, and 2,051 families in the county. The population density was 3.7 PD/sqmi. There were 5,292 housing units at an average density of 2.8 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 95.4% white, 0.8% American Indian, 0.4% Asian, 0.2% black or African American, 0.1% Pacific islander, 0.8% from other races, and 2.3% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 3.5% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 26.0% were German, 17.4% were English, 10.9% were Irish, 8.6% were American, and 6.0% were Scottish.

Of the 2,974 households, 24.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.5% were married couples living together, 5.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 31.0% were non-families, and 25.3% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.80. The median age was 48.4 years.

The median income for a household in the county was $48,789 and the median income for a family was $60,042. Males had a median income of $48,676 versus $36,919 for females. The per capita income for the county was $24,288. About 8.9% of families and 16.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.4% of those under age 18 and 9.6% of those age 65 or over.

Population history

 * 1863 - 16,835 (17,435)
 * 1864 - 15,158

Cities

 * Crouch
 * Horseshoe Bend
 * Idaho City
 * Placerville

Census-designated places

 * Banks
 * Garden Valley
 * Lowman
 * Robie Creek

Unincorporated communities

 * Brownlee
 * Centerville
 * Gardena
 * Grandjean
 * Grimes Pass
 * New Centerville
 * Pioneerville
 * Quartzburg
 * Washington Mill

Politics
Hattie F. Noble was the first woman to represent Boise in 1898, after Idaho had given voting rights to women in 1896.

Boise County is a reliable state bellwether, similar to Caribou County, having voted for Idaho's statewide winner in every presidential election since statehood. Like Idaho as a whole, Boise County voters are reliably Republican. In only one national election since 1948 has the county selected the Democratic Party candidate.

Education
School districts include:
 * Basin School District 72
 * Boise City Independent School District 1
 * Emmett Independent School District 221
 * Garden Valley School District 71
 * Horseshoe Bend School District 73

Residents are in the area (but not the taxation zone) for College of Western Idaho.

title: Boise County, Idaho