text:
Bata

Bata, Baťa, Baţa, Batá or BATA may refer to:

Organizations

 * Bata Corporation, a multinational corporation
 * Bata Shoe Museum, a museum of the history of footwear in Toronto
 * Bay Area Toll Authority, the bridge toll administrator of the San Francisco Bay Area

Places

 * Bata (village), a village in the municipality of Pomorie, Burgas Province, Bulgaria
 * Bata, a village in Qalyubia Governorate, Egypt
 * Bata, a place in Burgas Province, Bulgaria
 * Baťa Canal, a canal in the Czech Republic
 * Bata, Equatorial Guinea, the largest city in Equatorial Guinea
 * Bata Airport, an airport in Equatorial Guinea
 * Báta, a village in Hungary
 * Bata, Pazardzhik Province, a village in Bulgaria
 * Bata, Arad, a commune in Arad County, Romania
 * Baţa, a village in Petru Rareş Commune, Bistrița-Năsăud County, Romania
 * Bata, the Greek and Genoese colony in Russia that became Novorossiysk
 * Batadorp, a former village, now neighborhood of Best, in the Netherlands

Other uses

 * Bata (god), an Egyptian bull-god of the New Kingdom
 * Bata (martial arts), various forms of stick fighting in Irish martial arts
 * Bata (name)
 * Batá drum, a double-headed Yoruba drum
 * Bata people, people of North Province, Cameroon
 * Bata, the cyprinid fish Labeo bata
 * 4318 Baťa, an asteroid

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bata


text:
User talk:Mav/archive 4

User talk:Maveric149 Archive 4 covering Friday September 7, 2002 through Monday September 30, 2002
Previous talk: Archive 3, Next talk: Archive 5

''Hey....Rodney is going to be staying in Santa Rosa tonight, so he wont be coming by tonight. Talk with ya soon. Laterz''
 * Sure. Love ya. -- mav

-- Might be time for a talk archive #3, mav. The page does take quite awhile to load and to save. --KQ 13:50 Sep 7, 2002 (UTC)
 * Yup - it's a time to do that yes it is! Done. -- mav

Mav, could you put your 2 cents in on birth/death date format over on Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style? I'm a little confused about what's being recommended. --Brion
 * Well, at least 1 and a half. ;) --mav

Hey Mav, I'm planning to put maps into all the CA county articles that show their locations within the state. I put a sample in Los Angeles County; I'm hoping for a little feedback before I save and upload 58 of them and discover they're all wrong and/or hideous. :) If you have any thoughts on the matter, please let me know. --Brion

 * I like the idea -- very much so. However, it just may be me but the extended lateral line at the top of the map and the other trailing lines at the bottom bug me. I love the idea and the simplicity of the map otherwise though. -- mav

 * (Snip, snip) How's it now? --Brion

 * How about a state plane projection in NAD 1923 -- just kidding, it looks great. --mav

--- Hello Maveric, are you the Wiki cop? I can assure you I am neither a miscreant nor a vandal. But I am a newbie. I thought I was doing something useful in de-orphaning about 70 pages. I fully intended to add stubs as I went along, as I have now done with Thule Society. Yesterday I wrote a full article in Sea of Tiberias. The flood of information contained in the plethora of help pages will have to be assimilated by me bit by bit. I'm not as young as you *g*. And any help / tips you can give me will be gratefully and gracefully received. Best wishes Renata

No cops here - just Wikipediholics who really should go to bed before they get too grumpy. :) Generally us old-timers do hate minimal stub pages and we often delete them outright. You might want to develop these short pages in your own personal sandbox (at maybe user:Renata/Sandbox) and then loose them on the 'pedia as soon as they have some encyclopedic info on them. Here is also a neat trick: Type three tildes in a row to sign your posts to talk pages (like this: ). Then see what happens when you type four. Cheers! -- mav

Maveric, I'm also something of an old-time Wikipediholic (who realized he was spending too much time here and took a few months off :)

In the time that I was gone, a lot seems to have changed. For instance, when I was last posting, stub articles were not actively discouraged. Furthermore, when somebody spent a bunch of time doing something slightly controversial, it was generally considered courteous to post to a Talk page and give them some time to defend their decision before summarily undoing their work-- unless that work was something unquestionably harmful like erasure or spamming.

I appreciate your enthusiasm for keeping Wiki together, but there's nothing that can screw up a voluntary community like this more than people stepping on each others toes. Please, in the future, just post something before you undo a chain of editing decisions. Thanks, -Dachshund 05:35 Sep 11, 2002 (UTC) (<-- yet another new thing I discovered upon my return)

I explained things rather clearly in the edit summary and on the associated talk page. Munster is a large geographic body whose only name is just Munster. Furthermore another user added her support. This has been explained already. I do not like to waste time talking about edits when I can just do them (See my INTJ statement above). Parenthetically disambiguating a province will cause more work for anybody who is trying to link to that page. --mav

On second thought I will take your statement under consideration. Perhaps one simple sentence in a talk page by me would have prevented all this unproductive chit-chat. --mav

I've answered your question on my talk page. --Brion 07:12 Sep 12, 2002 (UTC)
 * Cool, thanks. --mav

Hi Maveric, Who should I talk to about resetting my password. Unfortunately, I do not have an email address associated with my account, so I can't get a new password emailed to me. I haven't been able to access my account for several months. Any help would be appreciated. Thanks, sfmontyo.
 * The person to talk to about that would be someone with developer access, e.g. user:Lee Daniel Crocker or user:Brion VIBBER or others on a short list I can't remember.

 * Thanks, I've added an entry to Lee Daniel's user talk page. user:sfmontyo

Mav. ..... "(duplicate names are alreay covered by disamgibuation guidelines)(please don't add conventions without list consensus first)" -- no, they're not, otherwise the commotion at John Brown wouldn't have hapenned. And I wasn't adding a convention, I was putting in a pointer to a random part of wikipedia where discussion had happened -- remember? someone said "make links, don't reorganize meta data into something that's too complex" -- the idea being that when the discussion is raised on Naming conventions (common names) or on Disambiguation, people involved will be able to find earlier suggestions and decisions on the issue. Because if they don't, they may decide on something else, and John Brown may end up out of sync. Now could you go back and restore the links I put in, and maybe one on Disambiguation, now you mention it? ta. -- Tarquin 17:58 Sep 13, 2002 (UTC)
 * What was placed in the main page of those Wikipedia pages is really talk and should be placed in the corresponding talk for those pages. We needn't clutter the main Wikipedia pages with current issues -- those need to be discussed and worked on on appropriate talk pages and if need on the mailing list. --mav

 * fair enough. I suggest the talk on John Brown be moved or copied to give background -- Tarquin

 * Sounds good to me. This is just what I have done before at Talk:Linda Lovelace. --mav

-

Hey, you seem to be pretty knowledgeable--I have a question but the Village Pump won't let me add it to the bottom--is the page full or something? Anyway, I want to know how to move the contents of one article (Bacchus) to an article that currently redirects to it (Dionysus). All the other Greco-Roman gods have their primary article under the Greek name; Dionysus is the only exception and it irks me. --Tucci528

 * There are other exceptions too -- most of the Olympian gods for example. These should probably be moved and merged from there parenthetical Latin names (eg Mars (god)) to their Greek names (eg Ares). Those moves/merges move would then make is possible to have the planets at simply Mars, Jupiter, Neptune ... with a disambiguation block on top. --mav

 * I don't know if that's such a good idea--while the vast majority of the information about either Mars or Ares applies to both, some information about temples, cults and festivals would only apply to Mars. While the stories associated with the god were usually identical, the method of worship was not necessarily.  Of course, we could still do as you suggest and just include information on Mars in the Ares article, clearly labelled as applying to Mars and not Ares, but I thought I should point out a downside.  Any others' ideas? --Tucci528

Good point. This is one of the reasons why they are now separate. But I do beleive that the two should still be merged - when it comes to the mythology itself there is enough overlap to warrent this. In fact having one article that mentioned the differences between how Greeks and Romans viewed, worshiped and wrote about the gods would be most interesting. If the specific stuff that onely pertains to one or the other gets too long then sub-articles would take care of that. --mav

 * I suppose it depends on the god. I made a few redirect now, but not Mars, for example.  As the state god of the Roman Empire, he probably deserves his own article; he plays significant parts in the founding of Rome, for example, and its early history.  Jupiter, though, was identical to Zeus and is currently a redirect page.  I suppose, now that I've thought about it a bit, except for Mars, all of the gods could be redirects and nothing would be missed.  Of course, that would be confusing and inconsistent--since Ares was not very popular in Greek mythology, maybe Mars could redirect too. -- Tokerboy (who is person you were conversing with out of the three that used the id Tucci528; Tucci himself is no longer using this computer and rarely did much on Wikipedia anyway)

All of the old user pages that just redirect to new user pages should be deleted. Sure things link to them, but they are taking up space in the main namespace, rather than where they should be, which is in the User namespace. I tried to prepair them for deletion, however you didn't seem to agree with my motives. What if one of those old user pages is the same name as something that could make a useful entry? Why should they take up space in the 'pedia so that they can just redirect to their user page? I find quite annoying when I am looking for something relovant in the 'pedia, by using the Random page link, and I get some outdated user page redirect! -- Mbecker

User:The_Cunctator User:Kpjas User:Matt Stoker User:Eob User:Taw User:PaulDrye User:MMGB User:SJK User:Simon J Kissane

I agree it would probably be better to just delete them rather than having redirects; but the best way to "prepare" for that is to fix the pages that link to them. Then they can be deleted with little objection. But until then, they should remain redirects. --LDC

Mbecker what you are trying to fix is a bug. If you don't like the fact that the random page function brings you to redirects then file a bug report. If and when something else comes up that has the same name as an old user name then we can worry about fixing ancient talk links. I don't think we would ever have an encyclopedia article named The Cunctator or kpjas or maveric149 and I don't know of anybody of encyclopedia interest that shares the real names you list (except maybe Lee Daniel Crocker and Larry Sanger but those two are Wikipedians). As LDC says, at the very least each old user page link must be fixed before the pages are deleted. --mav

What is the rationale for using titles like "Biological cell" and "Mathematical group" rather than "Cell (biology)" and "Group (mathematics)" ? The second form looks better to me, since no one says "biological cell" or "mathematical group". Mathematicians says "group" in a "mathematics" context and they know what they're talking about. "Group (mathematics)" reflects that usage. -- Is there a Wikipedia page where this policy is discussed ? --FvdP

No "biological cell" and "mathematical group" are not due to any policy. The reason they are titled that way is because the original software Wikipedia used did not have the ability to have parenthetical page titles. As a biologist "biological cell" sounds very wrong to me, but then "mathematical group" doesn't sound so bad. If you feel strongly about this I will make the move (although in general I do not like parenthetically titled pages in order to preserve easy linking -- but I can't think of many cases where "biological cell" would be correct usage). --mav

As a (former) mathematician my feelings mirror yours... "mathematical group" sounds more like an association of mathematicians than a notion in mathematics. I do not feel too strongly about the issue, but "notion (domain)" sounds definitely better to me. --FvdP

Hi again, just read your second entry. Thanks for the tip. I should really have worked that out for myself, but I've only been here less than 2 days and still in a fog. But I'll try and slow down my brain and start thinking logically..... It's a wonderful project to be involved in! thanks again, -- Renata

Yep, this is a cool place indeed. If you need any help don't hesitate to ask. -- mav - Hi, it's Octothorn here. I saw your changes to my pages. Thanks. I am still getting the hang of the rules, but I am enjoying myself. -- Octothorn

 * No prob. The only real hard and fast rule around here is that this is an encyclopedia and that we should all have fun creating it. :) --mav

Hey man, this is eco. Thanks for the introduction. You'll probably find my historical views are very different than most but I assure you I will always do my best to support anything that I put in the Wikipedia. Hmmm, I can be a little over aggressive in the context of historical debate, I guess that's about it. I'll be adding much more to the martial arts section and likely making a few changes here and there to the history section (in the interest of objectivity and neutrality, of course). This is an awesome project. Keep up the good work!

--Eco

 * Objective and neutral adds and edits are always most welcome and encouraged. Yep, this is a great project and thanks for the compliment. You keep up the good work too! :) --mav

thanks for the welcome and the tips on editing...i'll try to do a better job! BTW...do you know of any wiki drawing tool? something for drawing maps or diagrams? similar to the twiki draw environment? thanks again--dennis daniels

 * Nope - I didn't even know about the twiki one. I'm going to post your message on the village pump. --mav

Hey Mav, how am I doing now? --PattonZarate

 * Looks good to me. --mav

--

Thanks for the warm welcome. I'm already hooked on this thing, so I guess I'll stay... Damn it made me do nothing constructive for 1/2day!! =) Kynen

 * But editing Wikipedia is constructive (you must repeat this to yourself 5 times a day while facing the direction of the Wikipedia server in California). ;) --mav

A quick question. I noticed you use the actual character for 2 rather than 2, so why use the actual character instead of the latter option. Is there a reason? Obviously the actual character is simpler, but does it work for all character sets (I don't know, i'm asking)? Just curious. -- Ram-Man

 * No real reason, just personal preference. It is also a standard I established for several table types. The only real advantage of 2 is that it doesn't mess-up line spacing. I'm not aware of it not working in any browsers. --mav

 * The "2" character also works in article titles (cf orders of magnitude). As far as problems... I remember someone's browser eating the characters on one page... some 5.x version of Internet Explorer on Macintosh, I think. (Probably did naïve character set conversion; the classic MacRoman character set does not include a superscript 2 character, so they got converted to regular 2s to be put into the edit box.) I don't know if that's a problem on other browsers or more current versions of IE. --Brion 23:03 Sep 21, 2002 (UTC)

 * Cool. Thanks for the info. --mav

Thanks for the nice message. What an absolutely amazing idea this place is! :) Nevilley

 * No problemo. This is a great place -- the reason is that we have great people working on it. From what I've seen so far you are just the type of person we need around here. --mav

mav, when you get a chance, could you take a look at Dragonfly? I had a hell of a time trying to hack the table into shape (I pulled it off Odonata and modified it). There are two things to check: 1) does the table look the way it's supposed to? and 2) Is there anything else that should be in the taxobox? I looked dragonfly up on the 3 sites listed in the wikiproject tree of life & none had results on it. Thanks very much, --KQ 01:17 Sep 22, 2002 (UTC)

 * I have set-up an interim solution at the artilce. --mav
 * Yeh, but I'm not sure what you're proposing on the talk page. --KQ

Answered on talk page in question. --mav

Mav: please restore my PBP page, which I own copyright on or I *would not* obviously have contributed it.

Thanks! -hkingman

-- "Academic politics are the most vicious precisely because there is so little involved." --Saul Bellow

 * All you have to do is click on the History link for the page, navigate to your version and then save it. You should also mention that you own the copyright of the page in the edit summary and state that the text is also at your personal webpage. --mav

So are you going to restore the article I submitted Maverick? Or you have more "new user greeting patrol" activities and your busy schedule to keep you frojm it? ;-)

It's really a sad commentary on the state of the 'Net that you actually assume that people violate copyright here, despite ALL the warnings everywhere not to. I hope you haven't completely lost your faith in humanity as part of the "militia" or whatever you call it.

-Hkingman

-- "shoot first, ask questions later."

-- See my statement above. It is in your power to restore the page. Unless an administrator deletes the whole page anybody can restore text. This is a vital skill to learn around here. As for the state of the 'Net comment. Just look at Page titles to be deleted and marvel at all the copyright violations. --mav

I really think you're deleting too many pages. Your definition of "junk" is overbroad. For example, impulse noise is a valid entry name, and its contents somewhat accurate. Thus your deletion violates one of the basic rules for deletion. Similarly, the Flushing Meadows content was not junk--it was largely offtopic, perhaps, but not "s92irfg945ufol P@#IUG#opfg0h(#jo". That's junk.

Also, impulse noise was on the Votes for Deletion page for less than half an hour before you deleted it. That is bad. --The Cunctator

 * If you consider "Unwanted low-quality loud sound(s)." to be a encyclopedia entry then by all means recreate it. In my book a stub is useless if it does not offer a decent definition and what was provided in impulse sound was not a decent definition (35 bytes doesn't even equal one sentence). We needn't fill our database with completely sub-par entries. These micro and off-topic stubs are created at a rate which is way faster than we have resourses to fix them. --mav

That's not the point. The point is that you're violating the deletion policies. You shouldn't do that. --The Cunctator
 * What? Deleting useless crap is part of the policy. Stop making unfounded accusations. --mav

From the Votes for deletion page:
 * Page titles should stay listed for a minimum of a week before a decision is made

and
 * In particular, do not add page titles of stubs that at least have a decent defintion and might in the future become articles

You violated both (I hope you can see that the second implies that one should not delete such stubs, even if someone else added it to the page).

And from Wikipedia_policy_on_permanent_deletion_of_pages nowhere does "delete useless crap" appear.

 * I'm the one that wrote that -- you just have a idiodic notion of what "useful definition" means. The intention was to only list page titles that may not require outright deletion (the "when in doubt" clause). I only use that page when there is some question whether an article should be deleted outright - and that is reflected in the policy. Gesh, all this for an 35 byte stub. --mav

 * In my opinion this hits the nail on the head - the sentence says "useful definition. Something that could become the first line of the first paragraph of an article is a good stub, and will be kept (I would like it differently, but just like you I do not make the policy on my own). Something that cannot be extended to a good stub or article, but only replaced by it, gets deleted. Andre Engels 13:56 Sep 23, 2002 (UTC)

 * That policy is long outdated. Common practice is to delete pages that are not articles. Everybody who can delete pages does it, so does mav, so do I. If you don't like it complain about it on the mailinglist. Anyway, we're just "being bold". Jeronimo

 * Thanks for jumping in on my behalf. You restored my blood pressure to normal levels. :) --mav

 * My two cents; I would in fact prefer a slower trigger finger on deletions of non-obscene, non-fkasljklsdfjd material -- from time to time I'll expand a sub-stub I saw in Recentchanges into a real stub, only to discover that in the few minutes I've been writing, someone has deleted the page! If I hadn't caught it just in time, I'd never have seen it, would never have been stimulated into writing a stub, the next guy to see it wouldn't have been stimulated into expanding the stub into a short article... and we'd have nothing instead of an article. I know that Cunc has a way with people that makes them defend to the death the opposite of whatever he says, but there is a certain useful core in there from time to time; just because you don't have the time or inclination to expand that sub-stub doesn't mean that no one else does, and it's very presumptuous to make the decision for the rest of us about what is or isn't a waste of time. If it's too small for you to bother with, list it in "votes for deletion"... and wait a while. Somebody might pick it up. It's "votes for deletion", not "list of articles to be immediately removed". --Brion 07:10 Sep 23, 2002 (UTC)

 * True, but almost every piece of crap could, at some point, be rewritten. However, general opinion appears to be that a non-existing page (the question mark) is much more inviting (at least more people will notice it doesn't exist) than a page saying nothing. I also think that not having pages will be more inviting to editors than having crappy pages (I felt more comfortable in the beginning editing new stuff than rewriting somebody else's, no matter how crappy). Anyway, sometimes I also pick up an article voted for deletion and write it into a stub (although yet some other people oppose stubs...), but usually I just delete crap and copyright violations unless I really think some people might think otherwise. Jeronimo

 * I agree completely. --mav

 * I do do that most of the time Brion (and when I deleted the page in question I didn't know it was listed). This deletion happened after a couple of hours of going through the new page list fixing several dozen stubs, finding copyright violations, wikifying new articles and deleting about a dozen junk pages. I do have to admit that the micro-stub in question was the best of the junk bunch but it still is useless in my book. Perhaps others would view that micro-stub deserving of inclusion on the deletion queue, but not me. I will consider this for the future (if for no other reason to prevent unproductive chit chat). Maybe The Cunctator should put his money where his mouth is and clear the new page list every day before I get to it. --mav

 * I find a stub much more inviting as an editor than a blank page. Why? A) it literally sends an invitation on Recentchanges, so I know that it exists! B) it has particular deficiencies in things that it does not cover or does not cover well, so I have immediate direction on what to write, and C) if it's really dreadful, I'll be inspired to replace it with a complete rewrite.

 * A deleted page, on the other hand, A) doesn't announce its presence once another deletion knocks it off the top of the log, B) gives no hint towards specific improvements, and C) a continued absence is less offensive than continued presence of a substandard work, so the state of absence is more likely to be tolerated to continue (ie, there is less impetus to improve the work by writing additional text).

 * The same when dealing with links from other pages; if I see a link to an existing page on a subject I have interest it, I'll probably follow it to see what's there! If it's substandard, I'll probably work on it. If there's a question-mark link, I'm much more likely to simply ignore it. Maybe that's not how you work, but it is how I work, and I doubt I'm the only one. Please don't actively work against us. --Brion

 * Lets see, Recent Changes has an average of 40 edits an hour and the deletion page gets maybe a couple dozen entries a day. It looks like Recent Changes is an inferior way for useless micro-stubs to announce their presence. There is a reason we have edit links; ? = no useful content. If a stub is useless I will delete it. --mav

 * Obviously it's working pretty well or they wouldn't be getting seen by the voracious deleters. ;) --Brion

 * This is probably bordering on thread hijacking, but ... would it be possible to have a marker for stub articles, and a special way to highlight links to them (similar to the links to nonexistent articles getting the '?')? Having '!' would be cute, but then it'd look like there wasn't an article, so ... maybe a dashed underline instead of solid? Is that even possible in standard html? Maybe there could even be an option not to display them? (Apologies for bringing this here, but I really miss a faster, threaded discussion forum for general issues and assistance - this is where I was seeing what brought me the idea, so I put it here. If it's been discussed already, well, I just don't know how to find it, newb that I am...) -- Olofe

 * Yep - I think that would be a most excellent idea and have already proposed something very similar on the Wikipedia mailing list (please join if you want to help shape Wikipedia's future -- I'll find the thread for you later). And don't worry about thread hijacking; this is a time honored tradition here in Wikiland (esp. on this page; whenever I'm gone for a couple of days I often come back to find a thread on my page between two other Wikipedians. One person asks me a question then somebody else answers it for me). --mav

 * Got it. Not sure if I'll be signing up for that. I'm still so new here I want to see if my interest lasts. -- OlofE

Hi Maveric, I saw you asking for programms for creating chemical structure formulas. I use two different ones:
 * "Formeleditor" from http://www.martin-buchholz-online.de/strukedit.html . It is rather simple but sufficient for small diagrams. This one is in German only, so you would have to know that:
 * Linke Maustaste is the left mousebutton,
 * Rechte Maustaste is the right one,
 * Neu zeichnen means redraw,
 * Einzeln löschen deletes the last item you draw,
 * Datei is the "File"-Menu.
 * A little more complicated but also more powerfull is ACD/ChemSketch. It's freeware version is available at http://www.acdlabs.com/download/chemsk.html . This one can even draw 3D-diagrams. -- JeLuF

Very cool! Thanks for the info. This also partially answers a question I recently got from a newbie. --mav

Hi mav, I wrote to you in Talk:Famous Belgians. Under Biographical Listing all national lists are now listed as "Famous...), not "List of famous"...). Because you reverted, the Belgians are now sticking out like sore thumbs (don't they ever....I don;t know if you know, but the Belgians are a bit of a joke in Western Europe).

Are you having yet another sleepless night? --- Renata

 * Instead of "sticking out like sore thumbs" it would more correct to say "leading the pack". That is just one of the first bio lists to be moved - the others will follow. But alas, I must go to bed now. --mav

When putting a copyright violation notice on a page, why do you put a link to the Google cache of a web search, instead of a link to the page itself? -phma

 * Personal preference. That is the way I found the violation and I want to show the way I found it to everyone - esp. the offender. --mav

Ok, I'll give it a shot. I'm not so good at doing several things at once, though--better at one task at a time. :-) --KQ
 * Slave to the wiki too, eh? One of us, one of us... ;) --mav

Hi Maverick ! I've got a "technical" question. When one does change the name of a page (a move), is there any way it shows ? Does the change appear anywhere ? Does it show in the recentchange list ? If not, how can we know somebody changed the name of a page unless we just stumble on it and wonder ? If there's no way to know about it, do you think it is correct ? user:anthere
 * Good question. I just moved Goscinny to René Goscinny. The way it works is that the database changes the name of Goscinny to René Goscinny. Thus the history of Goscinny is moved to René Goscinny as if Goscinny never served as the name of the article. To further complicate matters, Goscinny is simultaneously "created" and turned into a redirect to René Goscinny. I suggested that there should be a "moved pages log" but such a log does not exist yet. What I do is search the last 5000 edits in Recent Changes for the words "moved to" and see if the moves are in fact good ones. To my great surprise the vast majority of them are valid moves. So there really is nothing to be worried about. However, if a move mistake is made it can only be correctly fixed by a admin. --mav

 * Hum. Okay, I tried. So if I understood well, unless one see the modification in the recent changes, there's basically no way any other can know it was done, unless he was "really" looking carefully at this page. Better than on the phase I we are still using in french (when I rename a page, it doesnot appear anywhere) but still rather discreet (considering the nomber of changes made per day on the en.wiki). That is coherent with some surprising changes I noticed here. Glad to hear I probably am not crazy. I believe a moved pages log would be interesting indeed.
 * True for tildas use, but the ~ and the | are not available on my keyboard at home, and I keep forgetting the shortcuts. Okay, I give it a try, where's my popchar ? :-)
 * Maybe a five tilda in a row could lead to the talk page of the wikipedian rather than to his personal page ??? It would gain time when answering on somebody else discussion page... Anthere

Regarding Amphibian, the intent in making it a disambiguation page was to support all possible meanings of that noun, as per http://www.dictionary.com/search?q=amphibian. I don't think that Mr. Engels greatly improved on my previous effort by removing the link to aircraft... Regards, R.C. Ingham.
 * The link to aircraft served no function, in my opinion. A disambiguation page should link to the various pages that it can be disambiguated to, so that the reader can choose which one he meant (or which one the writer of the referring page meant). I don't think anyone searching for information on amphibious aircraft would be helped by a link to aircraft. Andre Engels

Don't want you to think I ignore your comments on my talk page about September 11. I figured that how I've edited such entries made clear my strategy. It's evident that everyone isn't happy with the current situation (putting tributes on the respective talk page) or even the premise that it's possible for there to be valid entries for the non-famous victims (I'd argue there can be, since enough media has been produced on just about every one to fill in an individual story). So I'm certainly open to suggestion. --The Cunctator

 * At this point, whatever is done will have to be debated on the list first. Sigh... --mav

- Thanks Maveric for the kind welcome! --John

 * No problem. :) --mav

Mav, I'm trying to keep up with the diffs between the competing Jehova Witness versions. Unfortunately, the diff-er seems to do a really poor job of it. Large segments of the two versions are identical, but the wikipedia diff puts them in red. It is picking up on trivial words "the" "as" "of" and claiming they are enough to form a match between paragraphs. See especially the paragraph with the very unique identifier "144,000" is misrepresented as having completely changed, when it has hardly been touched. I pester you because I don't know if this a known issue or if I should go to the trouble of writing a bug report. Advice welcome. --MimirZero

 * This happens whenever paragraphs are moved and is often a tactic of people who want to hide their edits. I've been trying to make sense of the diffs too but it has been difficult. I don't think this is a bug but I will keep check recent diffs of less controversial articles to see if the same problem is happening there. --mav
 * Really? People do that to hide changes?  I've done it to reorganize topics I thought were presented poorly; I never noticed that it made a big mess (of course, I'll continue anyway if the article needs it).  Anyway ... damn, that's sneaky.  --KQ

 * Perhaps I should have added that it "seems" to be a tactic used by some. This is a noted limitation of the diff function. --mav
 * Eh, well, that's a problem, though. --KQ

About the boilerplates on the county articles. You originally told me not to put them in because there wouldn't be enough information. After you said that, I got the whole idea about adding all this data to the counties (and there will be more to come in the future). So the idea that there will never be enough information seems very naive. I alone have planned on adding stuff, and I am hardly the only one working on these articles. Thus it is not strange to view them as an important part as these articles grow. When I started, I never would have even considered doing any particular standard for these articles had not those notices been there at the very beginning. If we stick them in talk pages, many people will never look at them, people like myself. So I ask, what is the point of the Wikipedia manual of style telling us to put boilerplates in certain articles? I'm not trying to contradict you, just trying to understand their purpose. It seems to me that if this *is* going to be in print someday, it would *far* easier to remove the boilerplates when it is done then to go back and reformat every single article to look in a standard format. In fact I am sure there is some way to write some sort of script to remove the boilerplates. I will comply if you so desire, but I currently don't agree (for what it's worth). Maybe you can explain? -- Ram-Man

Where does it talk about boilerplates in the Manual of Style? Anyway, perhaps I didn't fully explain the reasons for my original objection. What I just stated on your talk page is merely an extention of that. Having boilerplates like that are way too self-conscience and considerations on how Wikipedia articles will look in print form are important.

I see little need for us to ever have to go through and reformat everything to conform to a WikiProject. That's not what WikiProjects are for. The idea of WikiProjects is for a group of users to start-up basic guidelines on how they will create a group of articles. Only those people who know about and agree to the conventions of the WikiProject are bound to its guidelines. Everyone else should feel completely free to hit edit when they see something to contribute and they should not in any way whatsoever feel obligated to first read and agree to the WikiProject guidelines before editing the article. The boilerplate in effect asks potential contributors to do this. Everytime I think of this, I think of yet another way why this is a bad thing. --mav

 * So then, shouldn't we remove the boilerplates from *all* countries as well as counties? I guess a related question that bothers me is how important is consistency here?  I have not always agreed with what some people want and have felt free to experiment, especially with respect to the Wikiprojects (which I do not neccesarily follow, like it suggests).  Yet people obviously made those projects for a reason, and I suppose it is partially to have a standard look.  Does this encyclopedia feel that having a similar look is not so important? For instance, someone put a lot of work into the California state and county articles, yet they very different from most of the other articles.  Should we just leave them be or should we try to modify the format (not the content) to have them all be similar?  Oh, I'll stop with the boilerplates this time.  :) -- Ram-Man

 * Yes. There should be no WikProject boilerplates in any article, just the talk. I don't place them the WikiProject Elements or WikiProject Tree of Life articles and Jheijmans doesn't place them in WikiProject Countries or WIkiProject Sport articles. I see that the administrative subdivision articles are copying the ancient boilerplate used for WikiProject US States. I know I should have removed those boilerplate months ago so I guess it is my fault. I didn't notice the boilerplate being used for the other WikiProjects simply because their submission rates are very low.

 * It is important for an encyclopedia to have a similar look but not at the cost of having boilerplates that intimidate potential contributors and are out of place in print. Besides, WikiProjects are supposed to be built-up over a period of time before major additions are added. It took over a month of collaboration with many Wikipedians to refine the beta-level layout for the elements articles and another month after that to perfect it. The other major WikiProjects (Countries and Tree of Life) took similar amounts of time and collaboration/input before much real work was done with them. --mav

 * Thanks for the info. You've been more than helpful.  I'll be sure to act accordingly (now that I finally understand the purpose and all) -- Ram-Man

 * I'm glad I was able to help but I fear I was too pushy. PS The number one Wikipedia convention is inertia -- people more or less copy the style they see in other articles naturally. Since you are doing the work of formatting and creating all these county articles you are setting up a major amount of inertia for the particular formating you use. People will naturally copy this style. In short, there really is no need for a boilerplate anyway (yet another reason to not have it). However, I do watch each of the WikiProject articles I create in order to modify any contributions to those articles that do not conform to the WikiProject (I'm rather liberal in what I let through though - no need to stifle innovation). For you, simply watching pages that link from the county list pages will work fine. --mav

Emailed answer. --AN - woah dude I expect an explanation from you-yor heavy-handed censoring is totally uncalled for-I understand the sentiment but you are squashing things a little too quickly--lir lapollutionestsimauvaise@yahoo.com I am an INTP and I DO NOT appreciate your J interference-try adding a little more P to your life hmm? --Lir

 * Perhaps. However I did leave a note on your user talk page about this. No answer. I also left a note on Talk:Anarcosocial-communist. No answer. Wikipedia is an encyclopedia and as such can't have entries on ordinary people. --mav

HOW DARE u pretend to run a site that is objective and then censor the content of a definition of anarchism-why dont you read the entry a few times. --Lir

The entry in question did not have any Google hits. This has already been noted in the talk for the page. Our NPOV policy prevents us from having original research. We are also not a homepage provider. But there still is Metapedia at http://meta.wikipedia.com where you can be as POV and as ideosyncratic as you want - so long as you don't break any laws. ;)--mav

Well, have you dreamed about wikipedia yet? ... Somebody should add that to the wikipediholic test & assign it a point value, if it hasn't been done already. --KQ

 * Yeah - probably every night since I stay up late thinking about Wikipedia. Of course it's all in black and white. --mav
 * You dream about it in black and white? Interesting ... Because you're dreaming about editing articles, or ... ?  --KQ

What's the order for the listings on the year pages? Events // Births // Deaths or Births // Deaths // Events. I notice they're not all consistent. Also, I hope not to have to redo several hundred pages. :-) --KQ

 * As I understand it, Events // Births // Deaths is correct and Births // Deaths // Events 'outdated'. I know no official policy about this, but I conclude it from three points I noticed:

 * 1) The year pages in the last two centuries and the day pages all have Events-Births-Deaths. The Births-Deaths-Events order appears only at earlier years with usually only very few events
 * 2) I see pages being converted from BDE to EBD (both by myself and by others), but not the other way around
 * 3) Looking in the history of the day and year pages, it seems that many EBD pages were created as BDE, and changed later.
 * My own policy is to convert BDE to EBD if I am editing the page anyway (in those cases I will also delete the 'Years in Review' link, and if necessary correct the sequence of decades shown to have the decade of the year itself in the center). Andre Engels 11:22 Sep 29, 2002 (UTC)

User:Banshee doesn't seem to be noticing that there's a problem with Beloit College. I don't want to be too quick on the trigger, so I'm asking you to do it: If you agree it's warranted, would you please move the text from the subject page to the talk page in hopes that will get Banshee's attention? -- isis 07:37 Sep 29, 2002 (UTC)

 * I'll go ahead and replace the text with my kinder, gentler possible copyright violation notice. At this point, we don't want other Wikipedians to edit the text just to have their edits lost when/if we remove the text for good. --mav

Mav, have you seen the layout of oxygen? If you're trying to put more into the element data table, maybe a full-width design would be worth considering. (just sen your sandbox page. great pic!) -- Tarquin 08:54 Sep 29, 2002 (UTC)

Yeah, I'm already aware of the oxygen table. That table was created by Magnus way back in the Nupedia chalkboard days (that was a wiki hosted at Nupedia before Wikipedia was created). The merits of both tables were debated back in Feb and it was decided that a vertical, list-like table would be best - thus the current table. Besides there are 20 elements that have already been converted (and this has taken me many months). Thanks for the compliment on the pic (all it is really is just a cleaned-up screenshot of our perio table made with the GIMP and an added diagram from Kontour). --mav

At lithium, I expected an image map (no, please don't add one--that would be very intimidating for newbies). That's quite an interesting idea, though. --KQ

 * Thanks. I agree that having an image map would be a bit much. I do plan on having good expanatory notes on each of the image description pages. Otherwise they can navigate using the included group and period nav bars. --mav 18:35 Sep 29, 2002 (UTC)

Hi mav. If you have a minute to spare could you have a quick look at User:G_from_B/Sandbox where I'm trying to set up a fact table for the WikiProject Protected Areas. Above the upper left corner I have this "µ" character and I can't get rid of it. Can you tell me what I'm doing wrong? If it takes too much time, don't worry, I'll try to find it myself. Cheers -- User:G_from_B
 * No need to do this anymore, mav. Bth found the mistake. Guy

- Hi mav. I'd just like to draw your attention to Talk:Carbon/Temp where I posted a couple of things (for some reason I couldn't edit Wikipedia Talk:WikiProject Elements, I think maybe it was too large for my browser to handle). Ta. --Bth 15:32 Sep 30, 2002 (UTC)

 * Response at the indicated page. --mav

-- Talk continued at user talk:maveric149/archive 5

title: User talk:Mav/archive 4


text:
Apophis

Apophis may refer to:

Ancient Egypt

 * Apep or Apophis, an Ancient Egyptian mythological deity who was the primordial force [or embodiment] of chaos.
 * Apepi (pharaoh) or Apophis (reigned c. 1580–1550 BC), a 15th-Dynasty Hyksos pharaoh

Other uses

 * 99942 Apophis, a near-Earth asteroid
 * Apophis (Stargate), a Stargate SG-1 fictional villain

title: Apophis


text:
Apep

Apep, also spelled Apepi, Aapep (Ancient Egyptian: ꜥꜣpp(y) ; Coptic:  ), or Apophis (Ancient Greek:  ), was the ancient Egyptian deity who embodied darkness and disorder, and was thus the opponent of light and Ma'at (order/truth). Ra was the bringer of light and hence the biggest opposer of Apep.

Features
Because Ra was the solar deity, bringer of light, and thus the upholder of Ma'at, Apep was viewed as the greatest enemy of Ra, and thus was given the title Enemy of Ra, and also "the Lord of Chaos".

"The Lord of Chaos" was seen as a giant snake or serpent leading to such titles as Serpent from the Nile and Evil Dragon. Some elaborations said that he stretched 16 yards in length and had a head made of flint.

Presented on a Naqada I (c. 4000-3550 BCE) C-ware bowl (now in Cairo) a snake was painted on the inside rim combined with other desert and aquatic animals as an enemy of a deity, seemingly a solar deity, who is invisibly hunting in a big rowing vessel. The snake on the inside rim is believed to be Apep.

The few descriptions of Apep's origin in myth usually demonstrate that it was born after Ra, usually from his umbilical cord. Geraldine Pinch claims that a much later creation myth explained that, "Apophis sprang from the saliva of the goddess Neith when she was still in the primeval waters. Her spit became a snake 120 yards long." But Apep was commonly believed to have existed from the beginning of time in the waters of Nu of primeval chaos.

Battles with Ra

Tales of Apep's battles against Ra were elaborated during the New Kingdom. Storytellers said that every day Apep must lie below the horizon and not persist in the mortal kingdom. This appropriately made him a part of the underworld. In some stories, Apep waited for Ra in a western mountain called Manu, where the sun set, and in others, Apep lurked just before dawn, in the Tenth region of the Night. The wide range of Apep's possible locations gained him the title World-Encircler. It was thought that his terrifying roar would cause the underworld to rumble. Myths sometimes say that Apep was trapped there, because he had been the previous chief god overthrown by Ra, or because he was evil and had been imprisoned.

The Coffin Texts imply that Apep used a magical gaze to overwhelm Ra and his entourage. Ra was assisted by a number of defenders who travelled with him, including Set and possibly the Eye of Ra. Apep's movements were thought to cause earthquakes, and his battles with Set may have been meant to explain the origin of thunderstorms. In one account, Ra himself defeats Apep in the form of a cat.

Religious Practices
Ra's victory each night was thought to be ensured by the prayers of the Egyptian priests and worshippers at temples. The Egyptians practiced a number of rituals and superstitions that were thought to ward off Apep, and aid Ra in continuing his journey across the sky.

In an annual rite called the Ritual of Overthrowing Apophis, priests would build an effigy (sculpture or model of a person or a deity) of Apep that was thought to contain all of the evil and darkness in Egypt, and burn it to protect everyone from Apep's evil for another year.

The Egyptian priests had a detailed guide to fighting Apep, referred to as The Books of Overthrowing Apep (or the Book of Apophis, in Greek). The chapters described a gradual process of dishonoring, dismemberment, and disposal, which include:
 * Spitting Upon Apep
 * Defiling Apep with the Left Foot
 * Taking a Lance to Smite Apep
 * Fettering Apep
 * Taking a Knife to Smite Apep
 * Putting Fire Upon Apep

In addition to stories about Ra's victories, this guide had instructions for making wax models, or small drawings, of the serpent, which would be spat on, mutilated and burnt, whilst reciting spells that would aid Ra in killing Apep. Fearing that even the image of Apep could give power to the demon, any rendering would always include another deity to subdue the monster.

As Apep was thought to live in the underworld, he was sometimes thought of as an Eater of Souls. Thus the dead also needed protection, so they were sometimes buried with spells that could destroy Apep. The Book of the Dead does not frequently describe occasions when Ra defeated the chaos snake explicitly called Apep. Only Book of the Dead Spells 7 and 39 can be explained as such.

title: Apep


text:
Mehen

In Egyptian mythology, the name Mehen (Ⲙⲉϩⲉⲛ), meaning 'coiled one', referred to a mythological snake-god and to a board game.

Snake god
The earliest known references to Mehen occur in the Coffin Texts. Mehen is a protective deity who is depicted as a snake which coils around the sun god Ra during his journey through the night, for instance in the Amduat.

In the German-Egyptian dictionary by R. Hannig, it is said that the Mehen (mḥn) or the Mehenet (mḥnt) snake is equivalent to the Ouroboros.

Relationship between snake-god and Mehen game
The precise relationship between the deity and the Mehen game is unknown. For instance it is not known whether the game derives from the mythological character, or the character derives from the game.

It is known that the object known as mehen depicts a game rather than a religious fetish as studies of paintings in tombs and game boards and equipment demonstrate this. The rules and method of playing the game are unknown, although rules have been created in modern times based on assessments of how it may have been played.

title: Mehen


text:
Ammit

Ammit (ꜥm-mwt, "Devourer of the Dead"; also rendered Ammut or Ahemait) was an ancient Egyptian goddess with the forequarters of a lion, the hindquarters of a hippopotamus, and the head of a crocodile—the three largest "man-eating" animals known to ancient Egyptians. In ancient Egyptian religion, Ammit played an important role during the funerary ritual, the Judgment of the Dead.

Nomenclature
Ammit means "devourer of the dead"  ("Devoureress of the Dead" ) or "Swallower of the Dead", where  is the verb "to swallow", and  signifies "the dead", more specifically the dead who had been adjudged not to belong to the  "blessed dead" who abided by the code of truth (Ma'at).

Iconography
Ammit is denoted as a female entity, commonly depicted with the head of a crocodile, the forelegs and upper body of a lion (or leopard ), and the hind legs and lower body of a hippopotamus. The combination of three deadly animals of the Nile: crocodile, lion, and hippopotamus, suggests that no one can escape annihilation, even in the afterlife. She is part lioness, but her leonine features may present in the form of a mane, which is usually associated with male lions. In the Papyrus of Ani, Ammit is adorned with a tri-colored nemes, which were worn by pharaohs as a symbol of kingship. Versions of the Book of the Dead from the New Kingdom started to include Ammit. During the eighteenth dynasty, the crocodile-lion-hippopotamus hybrid was the conventional depiction of Ammit. She appeared in scenes showing the Judgment of the Dead, in tombs and funerary papyri. In this scene, Ammit is shown with other Egyptian gods in Duat, waiting to learn if she can consume the heart of the deceased. A stylistic shift occurred, during the Third Intermediate Period. Around the twenty-first dynasty, the Judgment of the Dead scene was painted on the interior and exterior of coffins. The coffin lid of Ankh-hor, a chief from the twenty-second dynasty featured Ammit bearing the head of a hippopotamus, and the body of a dog with rows of paps. While the Papyrus of Nes-min (ca. 300-250 BCE) from the Ptolemaic Period, portrayed Ammit with the head of a crocodile, and the body of a dog.

Role in ancient Egyptian religion
Unlike other gods featured in ancient Egyptian religion, Ammit was not worshipped. Instead, Ammit was feared and believed to be a demon rather than a deity, due to her role as the 'devourer of the dead'. During the New Kingdom, deities and demons were differentiated by having a cult or center of worship. Demons in ancient Egyptian religion had supernatural powers and roles, but were ranked below the gods and did not have a place of worship. In the case of Ammit, she was a guardian demon. A guardian demon was tied to a specific place, such as Duat. Their appearance was based on a hybrid of an animal or a human and was denoted so the dead could recognize them. Guardian demons that appeared as a hybrid of animals were an amalgamation of traits meant to be feared and to differentiate them from deities associated with humanity. Prior to the New Kingdom and the creation of Chapter 125 in the Book of the Dead, Ammit did not have a large presence in ancient Egyptian religion. However, Khonsu, the god of the moon, was depicted as a 'devourer of the dead and hearts' in Old Kingdom pyramid texts and Middle Kingdom coffin texts.

Throughout the First Intermediate Period and the Middle Kingdom, a collection of spells was created to form the Coffin Texts. In Spell 310, Khonsu burned hearts heavier than the feather of ma'at during the Judgment of the Dead. In Spell 311, Khonsu devoured the hearts of the gods and the dead. Divine hearts were devoured for their power. Hearts deemed impure during judgment were devoured, leaving the deceased trapped in Duat. These spells were among those adapted into the Book of the Dead starting in the New Kingdom.

Spells 310 and 311 of the Coffin Texts are referred to in Chapters 79, and 125 in the Book of the Dead. Chapter 79 refers to the burning of the heart, while the scene of judgment and devouring of hearts is found in Chapter 125. Instead of Khonsu devouring the heart of the dead, Ammit was referred to as the 'devourer of the dead'. Ammit was present during the weighing of the heart, usually near the scale waiting to learn the results. If the heart of the dead was impure, she ate their heart leaving them soulless and trapped in Duat.

Weighing of the heart
The Book of the Dead was a collection of funerary texts used to guide the dead to Duat, the Egyptian underworld. The process of the Judgment of the Dead was described in Chapter 125. The ruler of Duat, Osiris, presided over judgment. New Kingdom depictions of this scene occurred at the Hall of the Two Truths (or Two Maats). Anubis, the Guardian of the Scales, conducted the dead towards the weighing scale. Ammit would be situated near the scale, awaiting the results. While Thoth, the god of hieroglyphs and judgment, would record the results. The heart of the deceased was weighed against the feather of Ma'at, the goddess of truth. The feather of Ma'at symbolized the balance, and truthfulness needed to be present during one's lifetime. The heart or Ib, represented the individual's soul and was the key to traveling to Aaru.

In Chapter 125 of the Book of the Dead, the deceased is given a series of declarations to recite at the Judgment of the Dead. The Declaration of Innocence was a list of 42 sins the deceased was innocent of committing. The Declaration to the Forty-two Gods and The Address to the Gods were recited directly to the gods, proclaiming the deceased's purity and loyalty.

After the declarations are recited, their heart is weighted. If the heart was weighted less than the feather of Ma'at, the deceased was ruled to be pure. Thoth recorded the result and Osiris would allow the deceased to continue their voyage toward Aaru and immortality. If the heart was heavier than the feather of Ma'at, the deceased was deemed impure. Ammit would devour their heart, leaving the deceased without a soul. Ancient Egyptians believed the soul would become restless forever, dying a second death. Instead of living in Aaru, the soulless individual would be stuck in Duat. Ammit is often depicted sitting in a crouched position near the scale, ready to eat the heart. Ancient Egyptians were buried with a copy of the Book of the Dead, guaranteeing they would be successful at the Judgment of the Dead. Thus, Ammit was left hungry without any hearts to eat, and the consecrated dead was then able to bypass the Lake of Fire, featured in Chapter 126 of the Book of the Dead.

In popular culture
Saba Mubarak portrays Ammit in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) television series Moon Knight (2022). In the Mummies Alive! cartoon series, the main villain Scarab accidentally summons Ammut, and she sticks around. In the show, she is a dog-like and rather small-sized pet who does not speak. In Rick Riordan’s series The Kane Chronicles, Ammit is portrayed. In Primeval, Ammit was a Pristichampsus that came through an Anomaly (a gateway in time) to ancient Egypt, where people believed it to be a god.

title: Ammit


text:
Perverse incentive

A perverse incentive is an incentive that has an unintended and undesirable result that is contrary to the intentions of its designers. The cobra effect is the most direct kind of perverse incentive, typically because the incentive unintentionally rewards people for making the issue worse. The term is used to illustrate how incorrect stimulation in economics and politics can cause unintended consequences.

The original cobra effect
The term cobra effect was coined by economist Horst Siebert based on an anecdotal occurrence in India during British rule. The British government, concerned about the number of venomous cobras in Delhi, offered a bounty for every dead cobra. Initially, this was a successful strategy; large numbers of snakes were killed for the reward. Eventually, however, people began to breed cobras for the income. When the government became aware of this, the reward program was scrapped. When cobra breeders set their snakes free, the wild cobra population further increased. This story is often cited as an example of Goodhart's law or Campbell's law.

Pest control campaigns

 * The Great Hanoi Rat Massacre occurred in 1902, in Hanoi, Vietnam (then known as French Indochina), when, under French colonial rule, the colonial government created a bounty program that paid a reward for each rat killed. To collect the bounty, people would need to provide the severed tail of a rat. Colonial officials, however, began noticing rats in Hanoi with no tails. The Vietnamese rat catchers would capture rats, sever their tails, then release them back into the sewers so that they could produce more rats.
 * Experiencing an issue with feral pigs, the U.S. Army post of Fort Benning (now named Fort Moore) in Georgia offered hunters a $40-bounty for every pig tail turned in. Over the course of the 2007–2008 program, the feral pig population in the area increased. While there were some reports that individuals purchased pigs' tails from meat processors then resold the tails to the Army at the higher bounty price, a detailed study of the bounty scheme found different effects from perverse incentives were mainly responsible. Both the pigs' fertility rate and offspring survival rates increased under the scheme. This was due to improved nutrition made available by the feed bait used to attract the animals to hunting sites. Secondly, hunters were found to be more likely to preferentially target large males as "trophy"-quality game, while ignoring females and juveniles as targets. Removal of mature males from the population has a negligible impact on population growth, as remaining mature males can each stud many breeding sows.

Community safety and harm reduction

 * In 2002 British officials in Afghanistan offered Afghan poppy farmers $700 an acre in return for destroying their poppy crops. This ignited a poppy-growing frenzy among Afghan farmers who sought to plant as many poppies as they could in order to collect payouts from the cash-for-poppies program. Some farmers harvested the sap before destroying the plants, getting paid twice for the same crop.
 * Gun buyback programs are carried out by governments to reduce the number of guns in circulation, by purchasing firearms from citizens at a flat rate (and then destroying them). Some residents of areas with gun buyback programs have 3D printed large numbers of crude parts that met the minimum legal definition of a firearm, for the purpose of immediately turning them in for the cash payout.
 * The FASTER Act of 2021 in the U.S. was intended to aid those with an allergy to sesame in avoiding the substance by ensuring foods that contain it are labeled. However, the stringent requirements for preventing cross-contamination if the ingredients did not include sesame made it simpler and less expensive for many companies to instead add sesame to their products and label it as an ingredient, decreasing the number of sesame-free products available and creating the risk of an allergic reaction occurring from previously safe foods.
 * In Alberta, under the Child, Youth and Family Enhancement Act, every person must report suspected child abuse to a director or police officer, and failure to do so is punishable by a $10,000 fine plus 6 months of imprisonment, with the fine increased from $2,000 to $10,000 as a politician's response to a little girl who died of a catastrophic head injury after she was placed in kinship care. However, according to criminal law professor Narayan, enforcing it would cause people to overreport, which wastes resources, and it would also create a chilling effect that prevents people from reporting child abuse observed over a period of time, as that would incriminate them for failing to report earlier. There is a similar law in other Canadian provinces.

Environmental and wildlife protection

 * The United States Endangered Species Act of 1973 imposes development restrictions on landowners who find endangered species on their property. While this policy has some positive effects for wildlife, it also encourages preemptive habitat destruction (draining swamps or cutting down trees that might host valuable species) by landowners who fear losing the lucrative development-friendliness of their land because of the presence of an endangered species. In some cases, endangered species may even be deliberately killed to avoid discovery. This same perverse incentive has also been observed in other countries, including Canada and various European countries.
 * In 2005 the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change began an incentive scheme to cut down on greenhouse gases. Companies disposing of polluting gases were rewarded with carbon credits, which could eventually get converted into cash. The program set prices according to how serious the damage the pollutant could do to the environment was and attributed one of the highest bounties for destroying HFC-23, a byproduct of a common refrigerant, HCFC-22. As a result, companies began to produce more of this refrigerant in order to destroy more of the byproduct waste gas, and collect millions of dollars in credits. This increased production also caused the price of the refrigerant to decrease significantly, motivating refrigeration companies to continue using it, despite the adverse environmental effects. In 2013, credits for the destruction of HFC-23 were suspended in the European Union.
 * Renewable Heat Incentive scandal – (commonly referred to as the Cash for Ash scandal) Introduced by the devolved government in Northern Ireland, the Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) was a 20-year scheme intended to encourage businesses to reduce energy usage and promote switching to green sources. However, the subsidy for the renewable energy was greater than its cost, which allowed businesses to make a profit by switching to green sources and then increasing their energy use rather than reducing it. In some cases, an income was obtained simply by heating empty buildings. The political fall-out caused the Northern Ireland Executive to collapse in 2017. It was not re-convened until 2020.

Historic preservation schemes
As an incentive to preserve historical buildings, governments may designate older structures as historical properties; such classification may prevent or impede further sale or alteration of the property. Any compensation offered may be significantly less than normal commercial returns on properties or land. Examples related to this type of perverse incentive include:
 * The United Kingdom's listed building regulations are intended to protect historically important buildings by requiring owners to seek permission before making changes to buildings that have been listed. In 2017, the owners of an unlisted historic building in Bristol destroyed a 400-year-old ceiling the day before a scheduled visit by listings officers, allegedly to prevent the building from being listed, which could have limited future development.
 * According to the National Trust for Historic Preservation an increase in arson in the United States in the 1970s may have been the result of perverse incentives arising from government regulation: In particular, the Tax Reform Act of 1976 provided for loss of tax benefits if owners demolished buildings, possibly promoting arson as a way of clearing land without financial penalty. The law was later altered to remove this aspect.

Healthcare cost control

 * Paying medical professionals and reimbursing insured patients for treatment but not prevention encourages medical conditions to be ignored until treatment is required. Moreover, paying only for treatment effectively discourages prevention (which would improve quality of life for the patient but would also reduce the demand for future treatments). Payment for treatment also generates a perverse incentive for unnecessary treatments that could be harmful – for example, in the form of side effects of drugs and surgery. These side effects themselves can then trigger a demand for further treatments.
 * Under the American Medicare program, doctors are reimbursed at a higher rate if they administer more expensive medications to treat a condition. This creates an incentive for the physician to prescribe a more expensive drug when a less expensive one might do.

Humanitarian and welfare policies

 * In the 2000s, Canada negotiated a "Safe Third Country Agreement" with the U.S. under which applicants for political asylum could only apply in the first of the two countries they reached, in order to discourage asylum shopping. Among the provisions was one that denied anyone entering Canada at an official port of entry from requesting asylum there, in theory limiting asylum applications to either those filed by refugees in camps abroad or those who could legally travel to Canada and do so at an immigration office. In the late 2010s, some migrants began entering Canada illegally, between official border crossings, at places like Roxham Road between New York and Quebec, since once they were in Canada, they were allowed to file applications with the full range of appeals available to them, a process that could take years. Canada wound up processing thousands more applications for asylum than it had planned to.
 * The "welfare trap" theory describes perverse incentives that occur when money earned through part-time or minimum-wage employment results in a reduction in state benefits that would have been greater than the amount earned, thereby creating a barrier to low-income workers re-entering the workforce. According to this theory, underlying factors include a full tax exemption for public assistance while employment income is taxed; a pattern of welfare paying more per dependent child (while employers are prohibited from discriminating in this manner, and their workers often must purchase daycare); or loss of welfare eligibility for the working poor ending other means-tested benefits (public medical, dental, or prescription drug plans; subsidised housing; legal aid), which are expensive to replace at full market rates. If the withdrawal of means-tested benefits that comes with entering low-paid work causes there to be no significant increase in total income or even a net loss, then this gives a powerful disincentive to take on such work.

Promotional schemes and public relations

 * Hacktoberfest is an October-long celebration to promote contributions to the free and open-source software communities. In 2020, participants were encouraged to submit four or more pull requests to any public free or open-source (FOS) repository, with a free "Hacktoberfest 2020" T-shirt for the first 75,000 participants to do so. The free T-shirts caused frivolous pull requests on FOS projects.
 * Around 2010, online retailer Vitaly Borker found that customer posts elsewhere on the Internet about negative experiences with his eyeglass-sale website, DecorMyEyes, actually drove more traffic to it since the sheer volume of links pushed the site to the top of Google searches. He thus made a point of responding to customer complaints about the poor quality of the merchandise they received and/or misfilled orders rudely, with insults, threats of violence and other harassment. Borker continued these practices under different names throughout the next decade despite serving two separate sentences in U.S. federal prison over charges arising from them.

Returns for effort

 * The 20th-century paleontologist G. H. R. von Koenigswald used to pay Javanese locals for each fragment of hominin skull that they produced. He later discovered that the people had been breaking up whole skulls into smaller pieces to maximize their payments.
 * In building the first transcontinental railroad in the 1860s, the United States Congress agreed to pay the builders per mile of track laid. As a result, Thomas C. Durant of Union Pacific Railroad lengthened a section of the route, forming a bow shape and unnecessarily adding miles of track.
 * Funding fire departments by the number of fire calls that are made is intended to reward fire departments that do the most work. However, it may discourage them from fire-prevention activities, leading to an increase in actual fires.

In literature
In his autobiography, Mark Twain says that his wife, Olivia Langdon Clemens, had a similar experience: "Once in Hartford the flies were so numerous for a time, and so troublesome, that Mrs. Clemens conceived the idea of paying George a bounty on all the flies he might kill. The children saw an opportunity here for the acquisition of sudden wealth. ... Any Government could have told her that the best way to increase wolves in America, rabbits in Australia, and snakes in India, is to pay a bounty on their scalps. Then every patriot goes to raising them."

title: Perverse incentive


text:
Maat

Maat or Maʽat (Egyptian: mꜣꜥt /ˈmuʀʕat/, Coptic: ⲙⲉⲓ) comprised the ancient Egyptian concepts of truth, balance, order, harmony, law, morality, and justice. Ma'at was also the goddess who personified these concepts, and regulated the stars, seasons, and the actions of mortals and the deities who had brought order from chaos at the moment of creation. Her ideological opposite was Isfet (Egyptian jzft), meaning injustice, chaos, violence or to do evil.

Pronunciation
Cuneiform texts indicate that the word m3ˤt was pronounced /múʔʕa/ during the New Kingdom of Egypt, having lost the feminine ending t. Vowel assimilation of u to e later produced the Coptic word "truth, justice".

History
The earliest surviving records indicating that Maat is the norm for nature and society, in this world and the next, were recorded during the Old Kingdom of Egypt, the earliest substantial surviving examples being found in the Pyramid Texts of Unas (ca. 2375 BCE and 2345 BCE).

Later, when most goddesses were paired with a male aspect, her masculine counterpart was Thoth, as their attributes are similar. In other accounts, Thoth was paired off with Seshat, goddess of writing and measure, who is a lesser-known deity.

After her role in creation and continuously preventing the universe from returning to chaos, her primary role in ancient Egyptian religion dealt with the Weighing of the Heart that took place in the Duat. Her feather was the measure that determined whether the souls (considered to reside in the heart) of the departed would reach the paradise of the afterlife successfully. In other versions, Maat was the feather as the personification of truth, justice, and harmony.

Pharaohs are often depicted with the emblems of Maat to emphasise their roles in upholding the laws and righteousness. From the Eighteenth Dynasty (c. 1550 – 1295 BC) Maat was described as the daughter of Ra, indicating that pharaohs were believed to rule through her authority.

Goddess
Maat was the goddess of harmony, justice, and truth represented as a young woman. Sometimes she is depicted with wings on each arm or as a woman with an ostrich feather on her head. The meaning of this emblem is uncertain, although the god Shu, who in some myths is Maat's brother, also wears it. Depictions of Maat as a goddess are recorded from as early as the middle of the Old Kingdom (c. 2680 to 2190 BCE).

The sun-god Ra came from the primaeval mound of creation only after he set his daughter Maat in place of isfet (chaos). Kings inherited the duty to ensure Maat remained in place, and they with Ra are said to "live on Maat", with Akhenaten (r. 1372–1355 BCE) in particular emphasising the concept to a degree that the king's contemporaries viewed as intolerance and fanaticism. Some kings incorporated Maat into their names, being referred to as Lords of Maat, or Meri-Maat (Beloved of Maat).

Maat had a central role in the ceremony of the Weighing of the Heart, where the decedent's heart was weighed against her feather.

Principle
Maat represents the ethical and moral principle that all Egyptian citizens were expected to follow throughout their daily lives. They were expected to act with honor and truth in matters that involve family, the community, the nation, the environment, and the gods.

Maat as a principle was formed to meet the complex needs of the emergent Egyptian state that embraced diverse peoples with conflicting interests. The development of such rules sought to avert chaos and it became the basis of Egyptian law. From an early period the king would describe himself as the "Lord of Maat" who decreed with his mouth the Maat he conceived in his heart.

The significance of Maat developed to the point that it embraced all aspects of existence, including the basic equilibrium of the universe, the relationship between constituent parts, the cycle of the seasons, heavenly movements, religious observations and good faith, honesty, and truthfulness in social interactions.

The ancient Egyptians had a deep conviction of an underlying holiness and unity within the universe. Cosmic harmony was achieved by correct public and ritual life. Any disturbance in cosmic harmony could have consequences for the individual as well as the state. An impious king could bring about famine, and blasphemy could bring blindness to an individual. In opposition to the right order expressed in the concept of Maat is the concept of Isfet: chaos, lies and violence.

In addition, several other principles within ancient Egyptian law were essential, including an adherence to tradition as opposed to change, the importance of rhetorical skill and the significance of achieving impartiality and "righteous action". In one Middle Kingdom (2062 to c.1664 BCE) text, the creator declares "I made every man like his fellow". Maat called the rich to help the less fortunate rather than exploit them, echoed in tomb declarations: "I have given bread to the hungry and clothed the naked" and "I was a husband to the widow and father to the orphan".

To the Egyptian mind, Maat bound all things together in an indestructible unity: the universe, the natural world, the state, and the individual were all seen as parts of the wider order generated by Maat.

A passage in the Instruction of Ptahhotep presents Maat as follows:

Law
There is little surviving literature that describes the practice of ancient Egyptian law. Maat was the spirit in which justice was applied rather than the detailed legalistic exposition of rules. Maat represented the normal and basic values that formed the backdrop for the application of justice that had to be carried out in the spirit of truth and fairness. From the Fifth Dynasty (c. 2510–2370 BCE) onwards, the vizier responsible for justice was called the Priest of Maat and in later periods judges wore images of Maat.

Later scholars and philosophers also would embody concepts from the Sebayt, a native wisdom literature. These spiritual texts dealt with common social or professional situations, and how each was best to be resolved or addressed in the spirit of Maat. It was very practical advice, and highly case-based, so few specific and general rules could be derived from them.

During the Greek period in Egyptian history, Greek law existed alongside Egyptian law. The Egyptian law preserved the rights of women, who were allowed to act independently of men and own substantial personal property, and in time, this influenced the more restrictive conventions of the Greeks and Romans. When the Romans took control of Egypt, the Roman legal system, which existed throughout the Roman Empire, was imposed in Egypt.

Scribes
The ethical aspect of Maat gave rise to the social formation of groups of elite individuals called sesh referring to intellectuals, scribes, or bureaucrats. Besides serving as the civil servant of the kingdom, the sesh had a central role in the society since the ethical and moral concepts of Maat were further formulated, promoted, and maintained by these individuals. Scribes in particular held prestigious positions in ancient Egyptian society as they were a primary means for the transmission of religious, political, and commercial information.

Although few were formally literate, writing was an important part of citizens' lives in Ancient Egypt, and scribes, for the large part, carried out literate functions for large masses of individuals. Since everyone was taxed, for example, their contributions were recorded by scribes. During periods of natural disasters, additionally, scribes worked on distant assignments, which were often in the form of letters. These letters were written and read by scribes for those who were not literate which enabled communication with superiors and families.

Written texts were often read aloud in public by scribes, who also wrote most of the letters, regardless of the sender's writing ability. Thus, scribes were involved in both writing and reading the letters. Since scribes read the letters out loud in public, they could not use the first person to present the king's voice. Thus, the texts were presented in the third person grammatical structure. However, much of ancient Egyptian writing was symbolic and operated on a much deeper level than narratives might suggest. Religious concerns, as well as the hierarchical structure of Ancient Egyptian society, created important distinctions between elite classes and everyone else. The political and ideological interests of the elite dominated and directed the majority of social and cultural life in Ancient Egypt. Rhetoric has also been acknowledged as playing a role in the maintenance of social hierarchies, with its priorities of maintaining harmony and social order.

Illiterate people had a priority to get scribes to their villages because this procedure allowed the government to limit excessive abuses by pointing out the importance of the complaints of the poor. Scribal instructional texts emphasize fair treatment of all peoples and how anyone who abuses their power is subject to punishment. Although this procedure was regulated by the local government, it helped provide the poor with the feeling that their petitions were put before higher officials' requests. Although the main responsibility of scribes was to compose the work, transfer it or communicate, some scribes added additional commentary. The scribe's role in judicial system should also be taken into consideration. Local and insignificant crimes were usually led by a scribe or a foreman during the trial.

Thoth was the patron of scribes who is described as the one "who reveals Maat and reckons Maat; who loves Maat and gives Maat to the doer of Maat". In texts such as the Instruction of Amenemope the scribe is urged to follow the precepts of Maat in his private life as well as his work. The exhortations to live according to Maat are such that these kinds of instructional texts have been described as "Maat Literature".

Scribal schools
Scribal schools emerged during the Middle Kingdom Era (2060 – 1700 BCE). Although scribal practices had been implemented before this period, there is no evidence of "systematic schooling" occurring in a materialized institution during the Old Kingdom (2635 – 2155 BCE). Scribal schools were designed to transform people to the literate sesh or scribes who could function for society and bureaucracy. Therefore, literacy among ancient Egyptians revolved around the mastery of writing and reading in their specific purposes of conducting administration.

In scribal schools, students were selectively chosen based on the same date of birth around Egypt. Most of the apprentice scribes were boys, but some privileged girls received similar instruction as the boys in the scribal schools. They could either live at school with their peers or stay with their parents, depending on geographical adjacency. The students were taught two types of writing by their teachers who were priests: sacred writing and instructive writing. Sacred writing emphasized Maat and its moral as well as ethical values and instructions, while instructive writing covered specific discussion about land-measurement and arithmetic for evaluating the annual changes of river and land configurations; as well as for calculating tax, logging commercial business, and distributing supply.

Learning instructions in scribal schools were available for very young prospective students (5–10 years old students). This elementary instruction took 4 years to complete, and then, they could become apprentices of a tutor - an advanced level of education that elevated their scribal careers. In the elementary level, pupils received instructions from the tutors while sitting in circle around the tutors. The lessons were implemented in different fashions: reading was recited aloud or chanted, arithmetic was studied mutely, and writing was practiced by copying classical short literacy and the Miscellanies, a short composition specifically aimed to teach writing.

When learning writing, scribal apprentices were required to go over sequential steps. They firstly had to memorize a brief passage by chanted recital following the teachers. Later on, they were asked to copy some paragraphs to train their writing abilities, either on ostraca or wooden tablets. Once the instructors deemed the pupil had made some progress, they would assign the same first two steps toward Middle Egyptian manuscripts, consisting of classical work and instructions. After that, the same methods were implemented to Middle Egyptian texts, in which grammar and vocabulary took the most part.

Besides honing reading, writing, and arithmetic skills, students of scribal schools also learned other skills. Male students were involved in physical training, while female students were asked to practice singing, dancing, and musical instruments.

As rhetorical concept
Although little mythology survives concerning the goddess Maat, she was the daughter of the Egyptian Sun god Ra; and the wife of Thoth, the god of wisdom who invented writing, which directly connects Maat to ancient Egyptian rhetoric. Maat (which is associated with solar, lunar, astral, and the river Nile's movements) is a concept based on humanity's attempt to live in a natural harmonic state. Maat is associated with the judgment of the deceased and whether a person has done what is right in their life. Thus, to do Maat was to act in a manner unreproachable or inculpable. So revered was the concept of Maat that Egyptian kings would often pay tribute to gods, offering small statues of Maat, indicating that they were successfully upholding the universal order: the interconnection among the cosmic, divine, natural, and human realms. When rhetors are attempting to achieve balance in their arguments, they are practicing Maat.

George Kennedy, a history of rhetoric scholar, defines rhetoric as the transmission of emotion and thought through a system of symbols, including words, to influence the emotions and thoughts of others. Maat sought to influence its audience to action as well. Scholars have closely examined this relationship between ancient Egyptian rhetoric and the concept of Maat, using three specific areas: 1) ancient Egyptian texts that actually taught Maat; 2) ancient Egyptian letter writing that embodied the performance of Maat; 3) ancient Egyptian letter writing that used Maat as persuasion

In ancient Egyptian texts
The Egyptian elite learned how to be part of the elite class through instructions text, such as The Instructions of Ptahhotep, that used Maat as the basis of concrete principles and guidelines for effective rhetoric. A passage from Ptahhotep presents Maat as instruction:

Another passage emphasizes the importance of Maat and how wisdom was also to be found among the women at the grindstones.

The lesson learned through Maat here is beneficence: the reader is advised to be benevolent and kind. An even stronger argument is being made – if you do not feed people, they will become unruly; on the other hand, if you take care of your people, they will take care of your memorial or tomb The excerpt from Phahhotep employs Maat to teach the reader how to be a more effective king. The Tale of The Eloquent Peasant is an extended discourse on the nature of Maat in which an officer under the direction of the King is described as taking the wealth of a nobleman and giving it to a poor man he had abused. Another text describes how the divine King:

Performance in ancient Egyptian letters
Letter writing became a significant part of the daily function of ancient Egyptian citizens. It became the means of communication between superiors and families; thus, Egyptians became incessant letter writers. Letters were not merely "mailed" to their recipients; they were performed by scribes who often wrote them on behalf of a king. Since language is the basis by which a community identifies itself and others, the scribes would perform Maat to build upon a community's language to become more persuasive.

Persuasion in ancient Egyptian letters
James Herrick states that the major objective of rhetoric is for a rhetor to persuade (to alter) an audience's view to that of the rhetor; for example, an attorney uses rhetoric to persuade a jury that his/her client is innocent of a crime. Maat in letters written to subordinates to persuade allegiance to them and the pharaoh; subordinates would evoke Maat to illustrate a desire to please. To directly disagree with a superior was considered highly inappropriate; instead, inferior citizens would indirectly evoke Maat to assuage a superior's ego to achieve the desired outcome.

Temples
The earliest evidence for a dedicated temple is in the New Kingdom (c. 1569 to 1081 BCE) era, despite the great importance placed on Maat. Amenhotep III commissioned a temple in the Karnak complex, whilst textual evidence indicates that other temples of Maat were located in Memphis and at Deir el-Medina. The Maat temple at Karnak was also used by courts to meet regarding the robberies of the royal tombs during the rule of Ramesses IX.

Weighing of the Heart
In the Duat, the Egyptian underworld, the hearts of the dead were said to be weighed against her single "Feather of Maat", symbolically representing the concept of Maat, in the Hall of Two Truths. This is why hearts were left in Egyptian mummies while their other organs were removed, as the heart (called "ib") was seen as part of the Egyptian soul. If the heart was found to be lighter or equal in weight to the feather of Maat, the deceased had led a virtuous life and would go on to Aaru. Osiris came to be seen as the guardian of the gates of Aaru after he became part of the Egyptian pantheon and displaced Anubis in the Ogdoad tradition. A heart which was unworthy was devoured by the goddess Ammit and its owner condemned to remain in the Duat.

The weighing of the heart, as typically pictured on papyrus in the Book of the Dead, or in tomb scenes, shows Anubis overseeing the weighing and Ammit seated awaiting the results to consume those who failed. The image contains a balancing scale with an upright heart standing on one side and the Shu-feather standing on the other. Other traditions hold that Anubis brought the soul before the posthumous Osiris who performed the weighing. While the heart was weighed the deceased recited the 42 Negative Confessions as the Assessors of Maat looked on.

Assessors of Maat
The Assessors of Maat are the 42 deities listed in the Papyrus of Nebseni, to whom the deceased make the Negative Confession in the Papyrus of Ani. They represent the forty-two united nomes of Egypt, and are called "the hidden Maati gods, who feed upon Maat during the years of their lives;" i.e., they are the righteous minor deities who deserve offerings. As the deceased follows the set formula of Negative Confessions, he addresses each god directly and mentions the nome of which the god is a patron, in order to emphasize the unity of the nomes of Egypt.

Funerary texts

Egyptians were often entombed with funerary texts in order to be well equipped for the afterlife as mandated by ancient Egyptian funerary practices. These often served to guide the deceased through the afterlife, and the most famous one is the Book of the Dead or Papyrus of Ani (known to the ancient Egyptians as The Book of Coming Forth by Day). The lines of these texts are often collectively called the "Forty-Two Declarations of Purity". These declarations varied somewhat from tomb to tomb as they were tailored to the individual, and so cannot be considered a canonical definition of Maat. Rather, they appear to express each tomb owner's individual practices in life to please Maat, as well as words of absolution from misdeeds or mistakes, made by the tomb owner in life, which could be declared as not having been done, and through the power of the written word, wipe particular misdeed from the afterlife record of the deceased. Many of the lines are similar, however, and paint a very unified picture of Maat.

The doctrine of Maat is represented in the declarations to Rekhti-merti-f-ent-Maat and the 42 Negative Confessions listed in the Papyrus of Ani. The following are translations by E. A. Wallis Budge.

42 Negative Confessions (Papyrus of Ani)
The negative confessions one would make after death could be individualized, that is, vary from person to person. These were the confessions found in the Papyrus of Ani:

 * 1) Hail, Usekh-nemmt, who comest forth from Anu, I have not committed sin.
 * 2) Hail, Hept-khet, who comest forth from Kher-aha, I have not committed robbery with violence.
 * 3) Hail, Fenti, who comest forth from Khemenu, I have not stolen.
 * 4) Hail, Am-khaibit, who comest forth from Qernet, I have not slain men and women.
 * 5) Hail, Neha-her, who comest forth from Rasta, I have not stolen grain.
 * 6) Hail, Ruruti, who comest forth from Heaven, I have not purloined offerings.
 * 7) Hail, Arfi-em-khet, who comest forth from Suat, I have not stolen the property of God.
 * 8) Hail, Neba, who comest and goest, I have not uttered lies.
 * 9) Hail, Set-qesu, who comest forth from Hensu, I have not carried away food.
 * 10) Hail, Utu-nesert, who comest forth from Het-ka-Ptah, I have not uttered curses.
 * 11) Hail, Qerrti, who comest forth from Amentet, I have not committed adultery.
 * 12) Hail, Hraf-haf, who comest forth from thy cavern, I have made none to weep.
 * 13) Hail, Basti, who comest forth from Bast, I have not eaten the heart.
 * 14) Hail, Ta-retiu, who comest forth from the night, I have not attacked any man.
 * 15) Hail, Unem-snef, who comest forth from the execution chamber, I am not a man of deceit.
 * 16) Hail, Unem-besek, who comest forth from Mabit, I have not stolen cultivated land.
 * 17) Hail, Neb-Maat, who comest forth from Maati, I have not been an eavesdropper.
 * 18) Hail, Tenemiu, who comest forth from Bast, I have not slandered anyone.
 * 19) Hail, Sertiu, who comest forth from Anu, I have not been angry without just cause.
 * 20) Hail, Tutu, who comest forth from Ati, I have not debauched the wife of any man.
 * 21) Hail, Uamenti, who comest forth from the Khebt chamber, I have not debauched the wives of other men.
 * 22) Hail, Maa-antuf, who comest forth from Per-Menu, I have not polluted myself.
 * 23) Hail, Her-uru, who comest forth from Nehatu, I have terrorized none.
 * 24) Hail, Khemiu, who comest forth from Kaui, I have not transgressed the law.
 * 25) Hail, Shet-kheru, who comest forth from Urit, I have not been angry.
 * 26) Hail, Nekhenu, who comest forth from Heqat, I have not shut my ears to the words of truth.
 * 27) Hail, Kenemti, who comest forth from Kenmet, I have not blasphemed.
 * 28) Hail, An-hetep-f, who comest forth from Sau, I am not a man of violence.
 * 29) Hail, Sera-kheru, who comest forth from Unaset, I have not been a stirrer up of strife.
 * 30) Hail, Neb-heru, who comest forth from Netchfet, I have not acted with undue haste.
 * 31) Hail, Sekhriu, who comest forth from Uten, I have not pried into other's matters.
 * 32) Hail, Neb-abui, who comest forth from Sauti, I have not multiplied my words in speaking.
 * 33) Hail, Nefer-Tem, who comest forth from Het-ka-Ptah, I have wronged none, I have done no evil.
 * 34) Hail, Tem-Sepu, who comest forth from Tetu, I have not worked witchcraft against the king.
 * 35) Hail, Ari-em-ab-f, who comest forth from Tebu, I have never stopped the flow of water of a neighbor.
 * 36) Hail, Ahi, who comest forth from Nu, I have never raised my voice.
 * 37) Hail, Uatch-rekhit, who comest forth from Sau, I have not cursed God.
 * 38) Hail, Neheb-ka, who comest forth from thy cavern, I have not acted with arrogance.
 * 39) Hail, Neheb-nefert, who comest forth from thy cavern, I have not stolen the bread of the gods.
 * 40) Hail, Tcheser-tep, who comest forth from the shrine, I have not carried away the khenfu cakes from the spirits of the dead.
 * 41) Hail, An-af, who comest forth from Maati, I have not snatched away the bread of the child, nor treated with contempt the god of my city.
 * 42) Hail, Hetch-abhu, who comest forth from Ta-she, I have not slain the cattle belonging to the god.

title: Maat


text:
IARU

IARU may refer to:
 * International Amateur Radio Union
 * International Alliance of Research Universities
 * Irish Amateur Rowing Union - former title of Rowing Ireland
 * An alternative spelling for Aaru in ancient Egyptian mythology

title: IARU


text:
Aaru

Aaru (jꜣrw, lit. 'reeds'), or the Field of Reeds (sḫt-jꜣrw, sekhet-aaru), is the name for heavenly paradise in Egyptian mythology. Ruled over by Osiris, an Egyptian god, the location has been described as the of the Nile Delta.

Ancient Egyptians believed that the soul resided in the heart, and that each individual would therefore undergo a "Weighing of the Heart" in the afterlife; each human heart is weighed on a giant scale against an ostrich feather, which represents the concept of the goddess Maat. All souls that successfully balance the scales will be allowed to start a long and perilous journey to Aaru, where they will exist in peace and pleasure for eternity. Conversely, hearts that are heavy with evil will tumble from the scale pan and fall into the crocodilian jaws of the goddess Ammit. Any souls that are subject to Ammit's "second death" are doomed to restlessness in the Duat. Qualifying souls undergo a long journey and face many perils before finally reaching Aaru. Once they arrive, they enter through a series of gates — the exact number of gates varies across sources, with given figures alternating between 15 gates and 21 gates. They are uniformly described as being guarded by deities and evil demons, and if the deceased passed through these final gates, they would be rowed across the water to the shores of the Field of Reeds.

Aaru was usually placed in the east, where the Sun rises, and has been described as comprising boundless reed fields, like those of the Nile Delta. Consequently, this ideal hunting and farming ground enabled qualified souls to live for eternity; more precisely, Aaru was envisaged as a series of islands covered in fields of reeds. The part where Osiris later dwelt is sometimes known as the "field of offerings" (sḫt-ḥtpt).

Resident deities
Aaru was also a residence for various deities worshiped by the deceased. Therefore, the deceased live eternally in the presence and amongst the gods, ruled over by the resident god, Osiris. As a result, the deceased ate and drank the same delicacies devoured by their gods.

In popular culture

 * Aaru makes an appearance in the episode "Asylum" of the Disney+ series Moon Knight (2022) where Taweret weighs the hearts of Marc Spector and his alter Steven Grant on the Scales of Justice to determine if they would be allowed to enter the Field of Reeds, which Marc manages to reach.
 * In Assassin's Creed Origins, Aaru is a heavenly aspect of the game.
 * In the game Genshin Impact, there is a small village within the eastern desert of the region of Sumeru known as Aaru Village, built by inhabitants of an ancient city that was once ruled by King Deshret, the Scarlet King, and one of Sumeru's three god-kings.

title: Aaru