text:
Talk:Grammatical particle

Layman's Terms, Please
I have a minor complaint in that the definition for grammatical particle is steeped in technical jargon and is difficult to understand without a background in linguistics. To further complicate the matter, while trying to understand it by context, almost all of the related words and their articles are also written at a higher level of understanding. While the technical prowess of the authors is certainly impressive, it does little to help me, a layman, understand it. Were I able to understand the definitions provided, I probably wouldn't have needed to look the term up in the first place. To know a complex subject thoroughly is admirable, but the ability to introduce a complex subject in a way that a simple person can understand it is, to many, the highest form of understanding.

Is this article speculative and not academic?
Why is the tone of this article speculative and not academic? It reads like its main authors didn't have much of a formal background in linguistics.--69.226.232.133 17:44, 12 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Well, here is your chance to put that right, and change it into an article more positive and more academically authentic and supply the "formal background in liguistics" you are missing. No time like the present, as they say. We are all Wikipedians. Dieter Simon 00:08, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually, I'm responsible for a recent rewrite of the first paragraph and I did write that with my formal background in linguistics in mind. My two cents would be that there is no rigid formal linguistic definition of the term 'grammatical particle'. And I fully concur with Dieter Simon — if you know ways to improve the article, by all means do it! — mark ✎ 07:55, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

Old discussion
How can I reduce the width of this article to make it more readable? Can anyone advise me on this? Dieter

 * The problem stemmed from some lines which had spaces at the start - such lines are rendered in a fixed font and don't break when they get to the edge of the screen. If you want to indent text without a bullet point, you can use a colon : at the start of the line, just as I have with this response. If you want to indent it with a bullet point, begin the line with a * as in the article. I've edited the article, so it should look better now. Hope this helps. --Camembert

 * Yes, many thanks, very useful. Sorry, it took me a while to get back to this.
 * --Dieter

 * Hi Dieter. Great work here. just wanted to ask about
 * It is isolated in relation to other words in the sentence, but may reflect the attitude or even the mood of the speaker or the narrator of the text on the one hand and on the other may act as a sentence connector to the previous sentence or clause.

 * Can we get a couple of examples there? --dgd

 * Sorry, dgd, have been away for a few days. Hope this helps, I know it has given me a bit of a problem answering your query

--User:Dieter Simon

Tag questions don't have to go at the end of a sentence: "It's hard to understand grammar, isn't it?" or "It's hard, isn't it?, to understand grammar." They just have to go after the verb they echo and negate (at least I can't think of a counter-example). Jacquerie27 18:07 May 4, 2003 (UTC)

Tag questions in the middle of a sentence? Are you serious?

 * Yes, perfectly serious. Jacquerie27 10:05 May 10, 2003 (UTC)

Surely, a tag question (or question tag) is "tagged on", that's the whole point of it, it is not "middled in".

 * But it's tagged on the main verb, not necessarily on the sentence as a whole. Jacquerie27 10:05 May 10, 2003 (UTC)

Apart from the faint mickey-taking, "it's hard, isn't it?, to understand grammar," it makes for some curious reading.

 * It isn't a literary form: it's colloquial or conversational English. Tag questions are much less common in formal writing. You could look in entire books of non-fiction and not find one. Jacquerie27 10:05 May 10, 2003 (UTC)

Are you talking here as logician, psychologist or linguist/grammarian? Of course, logically it is possible to put it into the middle of a sentence. It is also possible that a child, anxiously blubbering, "won't he ?, he will come", or "isn't it?, it is mine", can put the tag at the beginning.

 * Actually, that's a good example, because that is possible in English too, but it's not grammatically correct like "It's hard, isn't it?, to understand grammar", which is a perfectly good sentence in colloquial English. Jacquerie27 10:05 May 10, 2003 (UTC)

And of course, from a psychological point of view, a speaker may tumble over himself/herself anxiously, putting the tag in wherever he/she feels like in the heat of some terrified moment. But in normal practice?

 * Yes, in normal practice. Jacquerie27 10:05 May 10, 2003 (UTC)

Hardly. The fact that it may illustrate a particular psychological situation in fiction is all very well, but serious discourse it isn't. I am sorry, but we are trying to enlighten the reader in an encyclopedia about a grammatical construction and not about anything else. Otherwise it should go under the heading "fiction".

 * No, it honestly is good colloquial English. Isn't it possible in German too? (You'll have to excuse any mistakes I make.) "Nicht wahr" is a tag question in German, e.g. "Das ist Berlin, die Hauptstadt, nicht wahr?". But is this possible too?: "Das ist Berlin, nicht wahr?, die Hauptstadt." Jacquerie27 10:05 May 10, 2003 (UTC)

Sorry I was logged out once again. It's called bathos. --Dieter Simon 21:57 May 9, 2003 (UTC)

Yes, I agree that "It's hard, isn't it? to understand grammar" is logically possible as it has all the semblance of an ongoing conversation that might as well have been written in this way: "It's hard, isn't it? To understand grammar, to know the finer points, to..., etc." As it is, speech is dependent on situations, any sentence within speech might be compiled and still pass muster because that is what speech does. It conveys that which runs through the speaker's mind in however a haphazard fashion, logically possible and valid colloquially, but grammatically not always easily comprehensible.

However, our discussion arose in the course of putting the final touches on the article on 'Grammatical particle', in that we were trying to explain what a tag question is, in fact part of this article. Just how long would this article have to be if we were to include all the permutations of possible positions of the tag in all kinds of sentences? Especially, since normally encyclopedias always show the tag question at the end of the sentence, would it not be more confusing? After all, we are meant to clarify, not to make it more complicated.

As for the German sentence, yes, it has all the elements necessary, but unlike English where equivalent sentences are possible, such an example would be so much more unacceptable stylistically because in German the rules and norms of grammar are much more strictly applied. One has to bear in mind that German, though a beautiful language in certain ways, is much less able to absorb trends than English does, because of German's slightly more sclerotic constitution. --Dieter Simon 23:30 May 10, 2003 (UTC)

This whole article, while a very complete survey of particles in English, seems resultantly a bit English-centic. Maybe someone who has more than a passing knowledge of Chinese, Japanese and/or various Analytic languages' grammar could put in some description of the functions of particles in those languages, because, as I understand it, they play a much more central role in the grammar of the language than particles do in English, and don't already fit into grammatical categories like 'preposition' or 'adverb'. Maybe even this article could be renamed "Grammatical particles in English" and a more language-universal article could replace it.

Nohat 04:36 11 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Particles in Asian Languages
Since you know so much more than I do about particles in Asian languages, I invite you to write a really great addition to this part of the article. As you may see this was not written by myself, so I can't comment on what was written. Good luck, it does look it needs some elaboration. Dieter Simon 22:59, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Sentence connectors
Aren't many of the sentence connectors listed adverbs or conjunctions? As I understand grammar, many of them have the syntactic role of these parts of speech. Rintrah 16:38, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

 * You are right, of course. Sentence connectors are the more linguistic terms for conjunctions, etc. You could say the grammatic term is "conjunction", while the linguistic term "sentence connector" is that as well as other uninflected parts of syntax. Sentence connectors always refer to part of what has already been said prior to the latter clause referring to it. They therefore connect one clause with another within one sentence or they make a reference to previous sentences. They provide a background to what is said, put into context, or draw parallels.
 * Sentence connectors such as 'unless', 'but', 'however', 'only even', 'even though' or 'otherwise', or 'cause or effect' sentence connectors such 'because', 'therefore' or 'thus', are examples. Sentence connectors of 'addition' include 'as well as', 'too' 'also' 'and', 'etc'. There are many many more.

 * Another thing to remember is that they are uninflected, they do not change by having vowel changes, or by having prefixes, suffixes, in fact, no affixes whatsoever added. It might be worth your while to take a look at the separate article uninflected word.

 * Sentence connectors thus help to give style to what is being said or written and so allow a smooth continuous speech. The thing to remember is that sentence connectors help express complex ideas and relationships in a nice fluid way, leading easily from one sentence to another. Dieter Simon 22:56, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you. Your explanation is helpful. Rintrah 11:32, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

 * From the above response I am led to understand that a conjunction is just another word for a (subset of?) sentence connector. So why are there separate lists of conjunctions and sentence connectors in the Wikipedia article? As a reader who has no linguistic background but is trying to make sense of (for example) whether to file 'but' in a different category to 'yet' (the current article suggests I should), I wonder if someone could provide a clarification, either by adding a description of what distinguishes sentence connectors from conjunctions (thus requiring two separate lists) or why they are two terms for the same thing (and subsequently amalgamating the two lists). Many thanks. Orthabok (talk) 22:43, 11 May 2009 (UTC)

Phrasal verbs/verb phrases?
Firstly, sorry for disturbing any wiki-etiquette, never used the site. Verb phrases are mentioned as particles, but the entire phrase is mentioned as a particle (not just the preposition), earlier however the definition is stated as a word (or phrase) that cannot be inflected. However, I can easily say "put off" or "stop putting off your chores and do them" there, it's been inflected.

Have I misunderstood? Or perhaps you were referring to the phrase when used as a noun. e.g. "They were finally given the go ahead to start the project." (that, can't be inflected)

And someone made reference to particles in Asian languages? I speak Mandarin and some Japanese and could give a thorough explanation of their functions...should I? --124.78.83.152 19:02, 30 August 2007 (UTC)weiming

 * I think there may be a misunderstanding as to the definition of grammatical particle and that of phrasal verb. It is the grammatical particle (or particle for short) as a function word which is the uninflected word, not the phrasal verb. The phrasal verb does indeed consist of inflected, as well as uninflected parts. So every time a word which cannot have its form changed, have affixes added, or is inflected in any way that is the particle, such as "to", "the", "over", and the many others cited in the article 'grammatical particle'. However, a 'phrasal verb' does indeed consist of a verb, a preposition, an adverb, etc. and it is the verb which may be inflected but not the prepositions and the adverbs (not those ending in -ly) which are uninflected. The inclusion of 'verb phrase' as an alternative term for 'phrasal verb' is indeed misleading, and I shall take it out because it cannot be understood in this context. So, yes, you are right, it is misleading. Dieter Simon 23:12, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

Writing a new article for "sentence connector"
We have a red link for "sentence connector", so I shall be writing a new article for this as there isn't one in Wikipedia. The term definitely exists out there, and there are a number of sources for it on the Internet. Dieter Simon (talk) 23:08, 7 April 2008 (UTC)

I took "zzz" off the list of interjections...
...because it's not a word. It's a noncommunicative sound. If snoring is language then by the same logic the sound of chewing, breathing, etc. would also have to be considered language. Westknife (talk) 07:02, 15 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Snoring is a noncommunicative sound. Zzz is an English word that conventionally represents this sound, and I suppose it would have to be classified as an interjection. But I don't care if it's on or off the list. As long as we replace it with brrrr… CapnPrep (talk) 15:50, 15 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Well, we don't seem to have. Anyway, what's the difference? Is it anti-zzz and pro-brrrr week? Dieter Simon (talk) 00:42, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

Corrected Thai Particles link
If the bot takes it out, please can someone with more privilege correct it. The old Geocities link is dead and the page has moved to http://siamsmile.webs.com/thaiparticles/thaiparticles.html. Thank you. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Blutey (talk • contribs) 21:38, 16 November 2009 (UTC)

Definition of Particle
The article begins with "a function word that is not assignable to any of the traditional grammatical word classes (such as pronouns, articles or conjunctions". However, in 3.2.4, a conjunction is given under the heading "3. Different types of particle". How can a particle not be connected with a conjunction but a conjunction can be connected with a particle? There's a contradiction here. Jonwoss00 (talk) 19:07, 13 April 2010 (UTC)

 * You are completely right. The article at present makes no sense at all. The section "Different types of particles in English" lists articles, prespositions, adverbs, interjections and conjunctions, all of which are exactly the traditional word classes that "particles" are said not to be. 86.174.47.33 (talk) 21:21, 22 May 2010 (UTC)

 * The problem was, some of the definitions could have been expressed slightly less convoluted. The main thing to be considered is that a particle is uninflected. Really, any word that cannot be inflected is a particle, while words that are inflected usually have a meaning which is independent of the sentence (or context) within which they appear. House (inflected) has a meaning generally understood even on its own, whereas and (uninflected) as a conjunction without a context cannot be understood and is purely part of a sentence to reflect that something has been said prior to it and that it is adding something within the sentence. And therefore is a participle.
 * Hope this helps. Dieter Simon (talk) 23:16, 23 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Hi there! Thanks, it seems to make a bit more sense now. I have a couple more quibbles:

 * In grammar, a particle is a function word that does not belong to any of the inflected grammatical word classes (such as nouns, pronouns, verbs, or articles.
 * Since the article "the" is mentioned later as an example of a particle, I wonder if it might be less confusing to delete "articles" from this "such as" list.

 * In English, the infinitive marker to and the negator not are examples of words that are usually regarded as particles.
 * To me, with my modicum of knowledge of the simple, traditional parts of speech, the choice of these two examples gives the strong impression that particles are words unclassifiable according to that traditional scheme. It does not give any hint that the category might include the plethora of adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, interjections and sentence connectors that are listed later. Can we give a more representative set of examples up front? 86.174.161.247 (talk) 01:14, 24 May 2010 (UTC)

 * It is not really as difficult as you might think. A particle is any word that can neither add a suffix, such as -s, -es, -ed, -er, or -est, nor is an irregular type of verb such a buy/bought, take/taken. All these are inflected examples, therefore are not particles. As for your query about prepositions, conjunctions, etc., just think whether they can change or not or whether something can be added to them. You will find none of these categories can change. To, on, whether, no, yes, about, hi, and, etc., all of these belong to one or the other of the categories you and the article mention, and are uninflected and particles. The article the cannot change and is therefore uninflected and a particle. As to the phrasal verb type of adverb up as in give up or under as in go under, they are the adverbs that do not inflect and so are also particles. However, -ly adverbs may inflect to -ier or -iest, and should not be counted among the particles.
 * Don't let the categories throw you, just think: can this word be inflected or not. That is your main consideration. Dieter Simon (talk) 22:38, 24 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Hi, thanks for your advice, but my purpose in commenting was really to improve the article, not have you provide supplememntary explanations on the talk page. I still think (and correct me if I'm wrong) that the mention of articles in the "such as" list in the lead section is confusing and contradictory, and that the examples "not" and infinitive "to" are misleading in the narowness of their scope. 86.173.171.67 (talk) 00:47, 25 May 2010 (UTC).

 * I agree with much of the above re the inconsistencies in the article, and have tried to fix it. See my talk below Chrismorey (talk) 23:05, 4 September 2013 (UTC)

All I can say is that I can't help you any further. There is no further thing I can say. If you can lay your hands on the "Oxford Comapanion to the English Language" as cited, please do so. It will substantiate my points. Dieter Simon (talk) 22:01, 25 May 2010 (UTC)

 * I am not seeking substantiation of your points. I am requesting improvement of the article in those areas that I have highlighted. 86.135.25.222 (talk) 21:54, 31 May 2010 (UTC)

Confusing?
You bet. If GPs are a word class or part of speech, which seems clear to me, only words that do not fall into other classes can be particles. All particles are uninflectable (this seems not to be contentious), but it does not seem logical to say that all uninflectable words are particles, since they usually have perfectly good functions, e.g. conjunctions, prepositions. This is true of nearly all the examples given previously, which I've axed BTW.

However if GPs are merely non-inflecting words (i.e. the definition is based on grammatical behaviour not lexical function), a word could be both a particle and an adverb, preposition, conjunction etc. This seems counter-intuitive and IMO serves no obvious purpose.

Anyway I've tried to make the article internally consistent and indicate where there is ambiguity. NB I don't regard the German website cited by a previous editor as the best authority for English grammar. I don't propose to engage in dispute, which seems to me fruitless. Language is after all about communication. The article needs an expert and I've so tagged it.

The reference to "function words" was removed since the definition of function words conflicts with that of particles. The following reference was removed, but is put here in case anyone wants to reinstate it: http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/fun/welsh/Glossary_main.html Interjections

IMO the best candidate for a particle in modern spoken English is like as in the ubiquitous 'He was like, "Oh my God!" ' Chrismorey (talk) 06:45, 4 September 2013 (UTC)

Meaning
"In Latin, particles are the adverb, the preposition, the conjunction and the interjection (a word that has emotion"

What is the meaning of this sentence? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.91.51.235 (talk) 13:24, 15 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Yeah, that's not very clearly worded, and "a word that has emotion" is just nonsense. I'll have a go at rewording it, though I'll have not objections if someone removes the whole section altogether. – Uanfala (talk) 20:23, 15 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Well, I've removed it all: there's no point in merely mentioning that in language X such-and-such word classes are particles, unless there's some actual examples of e.g. how they're delimited. – Uanfala (talk) 20:28, 15 October 2019 (UTC)

Weird
Why the abbreviation is ptcl in small capitals font, and not PTCL. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.91.51.235 (talk) 13:25, 15 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Glossing abbreviations are normally formatted in small caps. And as to why small caps are formatted the way they are, you can ask at Template talk:Smallcaps. – Uanfala (talk) 20:30, 15 October 2019 (UTC)

English
What is a grammatical signals? 103.91.143.180 (talk) 12:23, 25 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Thank you for noticing, IP reader. It has been corrected.--FeralOink (talk) 10:18, 28 May 2023 (UTC)

English not subordinate to other languages; Original research is redundant
I am going to change the subheadings in the article. It doesn't make sense to have English as a major heading, then various other languages (which actually seem to use particles more than English does!) be subordinate/lower level headings.

I am going to remove the content contained in the WP:OR tagged subheading and copy it here, for the following reasons:

 * 1) It has been tagged original research since March 2017, without any remedial efforts in the intervening SIX (6) years;
 * 2) It is redundant, i.e. it repeats content that is already in the lead and other parts of the article, specifically, examples in the English language.
 * 3) Although it is the second sub-heading to appear in the article, it references examples in the English language only. Yet the single source provided as a reference is about the German language. (That source is a parked domain although it has been archived).

If anyone wants to re-insert this content, it will be available. FeralOink (talk) 10:17, 28 May 2023 (UTC)

Removed WP:OR content section

Related concepts and ambiguities
Depending on context, the meaning of the term may overlap with concepts such as morpheme, marker, or even adverb as in English phrasal verbs such as out in get out. Under a strict definition, in which a particle must be uninflected, English deictics like this and that would not be classed as such (since they have plurals and are therefore inflected), and neither would Romance articles, since they are inflected for number and gender.

This assumes that any function word incapable of inflection is by definition a particle. However, this conflicts with the above statement that particles have no specific lexical function per se, since non-inflecting words that function as articles, prepositions, conjunctions, interjections have a clear lexical function. This disappears if particles are taken to be a separate class of words, where one characteristic (which they share with some words of other classes) is that they do not inflect.

title: Talk:Grammatical particle


text:
SGF

SGF may mean:

 * Smart Game Format, a computer file format
 * Société générale de financement, Québeca, Canada
 * South Glens Falls, a village in upstate New York
 * Sovereign Grace Fellowship of Canada, for Baptist churches
 * Springfield–Branson National Airport, Springfield, Missouri, US, IATA code
 * The Spaceguard Foundation, to protect Earth from collisions with astronomical objects

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: SGF


text:
Smart Game Format

The Smart Game Format (SGF) is a file format used for storing records of board games. Go is the game that is most commonly represented in this format and is the default. SGF was originally created under a different name by Anders Kierulf for his SmartGO program.

The main purposes of SGF are to store records of played games and to provide features for storing annotated and analyzed games (e.g. board markup, variations). It is a text-only, tree-based format.

Most Internet Go servers and Go software from 1990 support this format.

About the format
An SGF file is composed of pairs of properties and property values, each of which describes a feature of the game. A partial list of properties appears below.

There is no strict checking of the contents of these tags, so it is possible to put any text into the result tag for example.

Variations are nested in brackets, and also usually assigned letters. The first branch (variation A) is the main branch. This notation stems from Newick format.

Coordinate system for points and moves
The first letter designates the column (left to right), the second the row (top to bottom). The upper left part of the board is used for smaller boards, e.g. letters "a"-"m" for 13*13.

The author intentionally broke with the tradition of labeling moves (and points) with letters "A"-"T" (excluding "i") and numbers 1-19. Two lower-case letters in the range "a"-"s" were used instead, for reasons of simplicity and compactness.

The upper left corner as origin of the board corresponds to the way most modern computers represent screen coordinates to simplify integration of text and graphics.

Supported games
Games currently supported are Amazons, Ataxx, Backgammon, Blokus, Byte, Chase, Chess, DVONN, Exxit, Focus, Gess, GIPF, Go, Gobblet, Gomoku+Renju, Hex, Hive, Hnefatafl, Jungle, Kropki, Kuba, Lines of Action, Neutron, Nine men's morris, Octi, Philosopher's Football, Plateau, PÜNCT, Quadrature, Reversi (Othello), Sahara, Shogi, TAMSK, Tantrix, Trax, Tripples, Tumbling Down, TwixT, Xiangqi, YINSH and ZÈRTZ. Although not officially supported, the sgf format is also used for Meridians. The standard specifies additional game-specific properties for Go, Backgammon, Lines of Action, Hex, Amazons, Octi, Gess, and TwixT.

Format Versions
The first version of SGF, FF[1], was conceived by Anders Kierulf in 1987. It is Appendix A in his Ph.D. thesis. FF[3] was written by Martin Müller in 1993. The current version of the SGF is FF[4] by Arno Hollosi, and is supported by most current SGF readers. FF[2] was never made public. The format has been published under the Open Content License. Current development status (2016) is "not active".

FF[4] is outdated, but has not been replaced by something more recent. For a description of current usage and some recommendations, see.

Limitations
The FF[4] standard has some problems that make it impossible, or at least unreasonable, to adopt it for large game collections. For some discussion, see.

The fact that there is no standard designation for many properties that one might wish to represent is not really a limitation. The system is extensible, one can invent new labels, and of course that has happened already. After a while, the popular ones among the new labels become standard.

title: Smart Game Format


text:
Bluenose

Bluenose was a fishing and racing gaff rig schooner built in 1921 in Lunenburg, Nova Scotia, Canada. A celebrated racing ship and fishing vessel, Bluenose under the command of Angus Walters, became a provincial icon for Nova Scotia and an important Canadian symbol in the 1930s, serving as a working vessel until she was wrecked in 1946. Nicknamed the "Queen of the North Atlantic", she was later commemorated by the Bluenose one-design sloop (1946) and a replica, Bluenose II (1963). The name Bluenose originated as a nickname for Nova Scotians from as early as the late 18th century.

Design and description
Bluenose was designed by William James Roué, and intended for both fishing and racing. Built to compete with American schooners for speed, the design that Roué originally drafted in late 1920 had a waterline length of 36.6 m which was 2.4 m too long for the competition. Sent back to redesign the schooner, Roué produced a revised outline. The accepted revisal placed the inside ballast on top of the keel to ensure that it was as low as possible, improving the overall speed of the vessel. One further alteration to the revised design took place during construction. The bow was raised by 0.5 m to allow more room in the forecastle for the crew to eat and sleep. The alteration was approved of by Roué. The change increased the sheer in the vessel's bow, giving the schooner a unique appearance.

The design, that was accepted and later built was a combination of the designs of both Nova Scotian and American shipbuilders had been constructing for the North Atlantic fishing fleet. The vessel was constructed of Nova Scotian pine, spruce, birch and oak and the masts were created from Douglas fir. Bluenose had a displacement of 258 t and was 43.6 m long overall and 34.1 m at the waterline. The vessel had a beam of 8.2 m and a draught of 4.85 m.

The schooner carried 930 m2 of sail. Bluenose's mainmast reached 38.4 m above deck and the schooner's foremast reached 31.3 m. Her mainboom was 24.7 m and the schooner's foreboom was 9.9 m. The vessel had a crew of 20 and her hull was painted black. The vessel cost $35,000 to build.

Career
Bluenose was constructed by Smith and Rhuland in Lunenburg, Nova Scotia. The schooner's keel was laid in 1920. The Governor General the Duke of Devonshire drove a golden spike into the timber during the keel-laying ceremony. She was launched on 26 March 1921, and christened by Audrey Smith, daughter of the shipbuilder Richard Smith. She was built to be a racing ship and fishing vessel, in response to the defeat of the Nova Scotian fishing schooner Delawana by the Gloucester, Massachusetts, fishing schooner  Esperanto in 1920, in a race sponsored by the Halifax Herald newspaper.

Bluenose was completed in April 1921 and performed her sea trials out of Lunenburg. On 15 April, the schooner departed to fish for the first time. Bluenose, being a Lunenburg schooner, used the dory trawl method. Lunenburg schooners carried eight dories, each manned by two members of the crew, called dorymen. From the dories, lines of strong twine up to 2.5 km long which had 3 ft lines with hooks on the end spaced every 3 m were released, supported at either end by buoys which acted as markers. The dorymen would haul in the catch and then return to the ship. This was done up to four times a day. The fishing season stretched from April to September and schooners stayed up to eight weeks at a time or until their holds were full.

Bluenose's captain and part owner for most of her fishing and racing career was Angus Walters. As Walters only had master's papers for home waters, Bluenose in some international races was sometimes under the command of the deep sea Lunenburg captain George Myra until the schooner reached the racing port. The crew of Bluenose during her fishing career were mostly from Lunenburg but also included several Newfoundlanders. Crew were paid either by the size of the catch when they returned to port or some took a share in the vessel, known as a "sixty-fourth".

Racing
After a season fishing on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland under the command of Angus Walters, Bluenose set out to take part in her first International Fisherman's Cup. The International Fisherman's Cup was awarded to the fastest fishing schooner that worked in the North Atlantic deepsea fishing industry. The fastest schooner had to win two out of three races in order to claim the trophy. The Canadian elimination race to determine who would represent Canada in the 1921 International Fishermen's Trophy race off Halifax, Nova Scotia took place in early October. A best two-out-of-three competition, Bluenose won the first two races easily. Bluenose then defeated the American challenger Elsie, for the International Fishermen's Trophy, returning it to Nova Scotia in October 1921. The following year, Bluenose defeated the American challenger Henry S. Ford, this time in American waters off Gloucester. Henry S. Ford had been constructed in 1921 based on a design intended to defeat Bluenose.

In 1923, Bluenose faced Columbia, another American yacht newly designed and constructed to defeat the Canadian schooner. The International Fishermen's Trophy race was held off Halifax in 1923 and new rules were put in place preventing ships from passing marker buoys to landward. During the first race, the two schooners duelled inshore, the rigging of the vessels coming together. However, Bluenose won the first race. During the second race, Bluenose broke the new rule and was declared to have lost the race. Angus Walters protested the decision and demanded that no vessel be declared winner. The judging committee rejected his protest, which led Walters to remove Bluenose from the competition. The committee declared the competition a tie, and the two vessels shared the prize money and the title. The anger over the events led to an eight-year hiatus in the race.

In 1925, a group of Halifax businessmen ordered the construction of a schooner designed to defeat Bluenose. Haligonian was launched that year and a race was organized between the two ships. However, while returning to port with her catch, Haligonian ran aground in the Strait of Canso. The vessel required repairs and the race with Bluenose was cancelled. In 1926, a new race was organized, which Bluenose won easily. A new American schooner was designed and built in 1929–1930 to defeat Bluenose, Gertrude L. Thebaud. She was the last schooner of her type constructed for the fishing fleet in Gloucester. In 1930 off Gloucester, Massachusetts, Bluenose was defeated 2–0 in the inaugural Sir Thomas Lipton International Fishing Challenge Cup. The second race was controversial, as it was called off due to weather issues both times Bluenose took the lead. The following year, Gertrude L. Thebaud challenged Bluenose for the International Fisherman's Trophy. Bluenose won handily, beating the American schooner in both races.

Fishing schooners became obsolete during the 1930s, displaced by motor schooners and trawlers. Salt cod, the main fishing industry in the North Atlantic had been surpassed by the fresh fish industry requiring faster vessels. In 1933, Bluenose was invited to the World's Fair in Chicago, stopping in Toronto on her return voyage. In 1935, Bluenose sailed to Plymouth after being invited as part of the Silver Jubilee of King George V. During her visit, she took part in a race with schooner-yachts, specifically designed for racing. Bluenose came third. On her return trip to Nova Scotia, Bluenose encountered a strong gale that lasted for three days. Enough damage was done to the schooner that Bluenose was forced to return to Plymouth to effect repairs. She was made seaworthy enough to sail to Lunenburg where further repairs were done. In 1936, Bluenose had diesel engines installed and topmasts removed to allow the schooner to remain on the fishing grounds year-round.

In 1937, Bluenose was challenged once more by the American schooner Gertrude L. Thebaud in a best-of-five series of races for the International Fisherman's Trophy. However, the financial difficulties of the owners of Bluenose almost prevented the race from going ahead. Furthermore, Bluenose's sailing gear had been placed in storage after the schooner had been refitted with diesel engines. It was only with the intervention of American private interests that Bluenose was made ready for the race. Beginning on 9 October 1938, the first race, off Boston, was won by Gertrude L. Thebaud. Bluenose won the second which was sailed off Gloucester, but a protest over the ballast aboard Bluenose led to modifications to the schooner. She was found to be too long at the waterline for the competition. The alterations completed, Bluenose won the third race sailed off Gloucester, by an even greater margin than the second race. During the fourth race sailed off Boston, the topmast of Bluenose snapped, which contributed to Gertrude L. Thebaud's win. The fifth race, sailed off Gloucester was won by Bluenose, retaining the trophy for the Nova Scotians. This was the last race of the fishing schooners of the North Atlantic.

Coastal trade and fate
During World War II, Bluenose remained at dock in Lunenburg. No longer profitable, the vessel was sold to the West Indies Trading Company in 1942. The vessel was once again stripped of masts and rigging and converted into a coastal freighter for work in the Caribbean Sea, carrying various cargoes between the islands. Laden with bananas, she struck a coral reef off Île à Vache, Haiti, on 28 January 1946. Wrecked beyond repair, with no loss of life, the schooner was abandoned on the reef. The vessel broke apart on the reef.

Various divers and film makers have claimed to have found the wreck of Bluenose, most recently in June 2005 by divers from the Caribbean Marine Institute searching for Henry Morgan's ship HMS Oxford (1656). However, the large number of wrecks on the reef at Île à Vache and the scattered condition of the wreckage has made identification difficult.

Fame and commemoration
Bluenose, under full sail, is portrayed on the Bluenose postage stamp 50-cent issued by the Canadian government on 6 January 1929. Bluenose has been featured on a 1982 60-cent stamp that commemorated the International Philatelic Youth Exhibition. Bluenose is featured on a 1988 37-cent issue that celebrated Bluenose skipper Angus Walters. The Bluenose stamp is the MacGuffin of Tommy Tricker and the Stamp Traveller, a 1988 fantasy movie about young stamp collectors.

Bluenose also appears on the current Nova Scotia license plate. The fishing schooner on the Canadian dime, added in 1937 at the height of fame for Bluenose, was actually based on a composite image of Bluenose and two other schooners, but has for years been commonly known as Bluenose. In 2002, the government of Canada declared the depiction on the dime to be Bluenose.

Bluenose appears on a 2021 commemorative silver dollar issued by the Royal Canadian Mint, in honour of its centennial. The obverse of the coin depicts King George V, who was Canada's head of state in 1921.

Bluenose and her captain, Angus Walters, were included into the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame in 1955, making her the first and only non-human inductee until 1960, when she was joined by Canadian hydroplane champion Miss Supertest III. That same year another honour was bestowed upon the sailing ship when a new Canadian National Railways passenger-vehicle ferry for the inaugural Yarmouth–Bar Harbor service was launched as MV Bluenose.

Canadian folk singer Stan Rogers wrote a song entitled "Bluenose" celebrating the ship. It appears on his albums Turnaround and Home in Halifax (live).

Bluenose one-design sloop
Roué produced a design, at the request of a group from the Armdale Yacht Club in Halifax, for a small one-design sloop that would be both fast and elegant and could be sailed easily by two or three people. The schooner Bluenose was still afloat, but had been sold to the West Indian Trading Company for use as a freighter. The new class was given the name Bluenose to help perpetuate the memory of the great champion. The first Bluenose-class sloops were launched in the spring of 1946, just months after Bluenose was lost on a Haitian reef.

The first twelve boats were constructed at the same time together by their first owners under the direction of master boatbuilder John H. Barkhouse, of Barkhouse Boatyard in Chester, Nova Scotia. Many of these original twelve boats are still actively sailed or even raced. B1 was allowed to fall into a state of disrepair, but has since been restored and is on display at the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic.

Bluenose II
In 1963, a replica of Bluenose was built at Lunenburg using the original Bluenose plans and named Bluenose II. The replica was built by Smith and Rhuland, sponsored by the Oland Company. It was used as a marketing tool for the Oland Brewery Schooner Lager beer brand and as a pleasure yacht for the Oland family. Bluenose II was sold to the government of Nova Scotia in 1971 for the sum of $1 or 10 Canadian dimes. The replica schooner is used for tourism promotion as a "sailing ambassador". In honour of her predecessor's racing record, Bluenose II does not officially race. The replica has undergone several refits to extend her life. This vessel was decommissioned and dismantled in 2010, and an entirely new Bluenose (also named Bluenose II, since Transport Canada deemed it a "reconstruction") was built as close to the original schooner deemed necessary and launched in Lunenburg in 2013. Various subcomponents for this Bluenose II project were supplied from notable firms including the ships keel at Snyder's Shipyard in Dayspring, the ships backbone of laminated ribs at Covey Island Boatworks in Riverport and assembly of the vessel in Lunenburg. Much controversy has surrounded the vessel due to overspending on the "refit". After further repairs ownership of the restored Bluenose II was returned to the province of Nova Scotia and she began a tour of Nova Scotia ports in the summer of 2015.

Bluenose II spends much of the year tied up at the Lunenburg Foundry wharf in its home port of Old Town Lunenburg, Nova Scotia, a UNESCO World Heritage site and origin of its predecessor. In the summer, the schooner tours the Atlantic seaboard and the Gulf of St. Lawrence, routinely stopping in ports across Nova Scotia, as well as Montreal, Quebec City and many ports of call in the United States, serving as a goodwill ambassador and promoting tourism in Nova Scotia. In the summer months, the schooner also offers onboard tours and harbour cruises.

In mid-2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown, Bluenose II restricted its summer tour to Nova Scotia ports. The schooner's 20-person crew formed a Bluenose quarantine bubble for training, maintenance and sailing, and its visits to ports aside from Lunenburg were restricted to at-anchors or sail-pasts.

Bluenose IV
In 2007, Joan Roué, the great-granddaughter of Bluenose designer William Roué, started raising funds to build a new Bluenose. She cited the need for a new ambassador for Nova Scotia and Canada, listing the particulars at a Bluenose IV website. The name Bluenose III is owned by the province of Nova Scotia, and Roué could not reach an agreement for its use on the new schooner; Roué and North Atlantic Enterprises proceeded anyway, under the name Bluenose IV. An agreement was reached with Snyder's Shipyard to build the new replica when fundraising was completed. However, as of 2009, Roué had not succeeded in raising the required funds. The effort came to an end when the Province of Nova Scotia and the Canadian federal government constructed the new Bluenose II in 2013.

title: Bluenose


text:
Handicapping in Go

Within most systems and at most levels in the game of Go, a handicap is given to offset the strength difference between players of different ranks.

Forms of handicaps
In the game of Go, a handicap is given by means of stones and compensation points. In contrast to an even game, in which Black plays first, White plays the first move in a game with handicap (after Black's handicap stones have been placed).

Handicap stones
The rank difference within a given amateur ranking system is one guide to how many handicap stones should be given to make the game a more equal contest. As a general rule, each rank represents the value of one stone. (In terms of points, one stone is considered to be 13-16 points, but this figure is not constant over levels: the more skillful a player, the greater the usefulness of each stone.)

For example, a 3 kyu player gives a 7 kyu player four handicap stones to allow for an interesting game with roughly equal challenge for both players. If traditional fixed placement of the handicap stones is used, nine stones is normally the maximum handicap. Larger handicaps are certainly possible; but with such a great difference in strength, Black may be simply bewildered, and not understand how many of White's moves relate to his own.

The above rank relationship reliably applies for single-digit kyu (1-9k) and amateur dan (1-7d) ranks. The advantage of moving first is equivalent to only half a stone of handicap, as the opponent then has the initiative. Because White gets the next move after Black places the handicap stones, a nominal handicap of n stones is therefore in reality half a stone less than n.

Nowadays professional ranks are awarded by professional Go players' organizations; they are, unlike amateur ranks, not reliable as a measure of current playing strength, but rather an indication of achievements. Before the late 20th century, they were used as strength measurement, with a difference in skill of less than a third of a stone per rank.

Small board handicaps
Small boards are often used for novice players (double-digit kyu players) just learning to play Go, or for quick games. As the fewer moves made when playing on smaller boards gives White fewer chances to overcome the advantage conferred by the handicap, smaller handicaps are used on smaller Go boards (most commonly 13×13 and 9×9).

The per-rank handicap is therefore reduced, by a scaling factor. Various estimates have been given for the factor that applies to 13×13, in the range 2.5 up to 4; and on grounds both theoretical and experimental (small-board tournament play). The evidence is that 2.5 is more realistic than 4, for clock games. The corresponding factor for a 9×9 board is not easy to understand, and the change for each stone added is very large.

One theoretical approach is according to the distribution of the number of moves made in a game on a board of a given size relative to the number made on a 19×19 board. Using estimates that a 19×19 game will last about 250-300 moves, a 13×13 game about 95-120 moves, and a 9×9 game about 40-50 moves, a quadratic formula for the ratio of the mean number of plays may apply. Arguing that White catches up by means of Black's 'small errors', so that White's deficit drifts at a constant rate, it makes sense to take the ratio of game lengths as scaling factor.

Each full stone of handicap on a 13×13 board is in any case probably equivalent to about 2.5 to 3 ranks, and each full stone on a 9×9 board is equivalent to about 6 ranks. For example, if the appropriate handicap is 9 (i.e., 8.5) stones on a 19×19 board, the handicap between those two players is reduced to 4 (because 3.5 × 2.5 = 8.75) stones on a 13x13 board and 2 (1.5 × 6 = 9) stones on a 9×9 board. A 5 (i.e., 4.5) stone handicap on a 9×9 board is accordingly equivalent to a handicap of 27 or 28 stones on a 19×19 board.

These figures are not a consensus, but have wide support. They can be used to give rankings, by converting 13×13 handicaps back to rank difference.

Fixed placement
There are 9 star points marked on a 19 x 19 board – in each corner on the (4,4) point, in the middle of each side on the fourth line, (4,10); and the very center of the board, (10,10). Traditionally handicaps are always placed on the star points, as follows:

As the stones are always at the same (4,4) points in the corners, Black always plays more (4,4) openings, and doesn't gain experience playing the (3,4) openings, or others such as (3,3), (5,4), (5,3), etc., except on two and three stones.

Free placement
Recently, some have advocated free placement of handicap stones. Free placement means one can place handicap stones anywhere on the board without restriction. Here is the list of countries and servers that use free placement of handicap stones:

Although free placement is less common because many players are attached to tradition, especially in East Asian countries, it offers advantages which are not available with fixed placement.

Advantages
For weaker players: For stronger players:
 * They can choose their opening strategies according to their own understanding of the game, and thus follow a consistent strategy.
 * They can think for themselves and learn about different opening strategies through actual game experience.
 * The mandatory handicap points stress influence rather than taking territory directly; some weaker players have a more territorial style.
 * They can learn a much larger range of corner plays in actual competition against stronger opponents.
 * Many more variations with fewer repetitions mean the game is more refreshing, challenging, and interesting to the strong player. They may be more willing to play and teach the weaker player.

Disadvantages
With free placement, weaker players may not place their stones in respect to their comparable handicap to their opponent, thus eliminating the point of the handicap. The standard fixed handicap points allow for a good standard that allows novices to have the handicap they need since they are not experienced and may not be able to take advantage of the free placement of handicap stones. Therefore, free placement handicap may be best suited for more experienced players or those who want more flexibility and variety in play.

Compensation points
When the difference in strength is one rank, no handicap stone is given. Instead the stronger player takes White but without compensation points. The compensation points are called Komi in Japanese. It is a custom that Black plays first; White moves second. Playing first is regarded as a significant advantage in modern go, and to make the game fair to both players, this advantage must be compensated. It is regarded that playing first is equal to half a move or more ahead throughout the game.

Another common type of compensation used is the reverse compensation points, where the weaker player takes black, and is given both the first move and compensation points too. This is more advantageous than the above situation.

Compensation points are sometimes preferred to stones because the players would like to play or practice as if it is an even game. They would like to have the feel of an "even game". White (the stronger player) must play better to overcome these disadvantages (points gained by playing first + compensation points).

Fixed compensation point (komi) system
When ranks are equal, Black gets advantages by playing first. The advantage of that first move is compensated by compensation points. However, there are still no absolute standards on the number of compensation points due to the difficulty of determining a fair value. 6.5 points are used in Japan and Korea. 7.5 points are used in China and USA (see AGA rules). The 0.5 points is used to prevent a draw.

Auction compensation point system
As no one can be absolutely sure what the fair number of compensation points is, some advocate another system which is often used in some amateur matches and tournaments. There are no fixed compensation points. The decision is left to both players. They arrive at a value through negotiation and bidding. This is called auction compensation point system.

Examples of auction komi systems include:

 * one player chooses how big komi will be given to White and the other player then chooses to play Black or White.
 * the game is without komi; one player makes the first move of Black (not too weak and not too strong) and the other one then chooses to play Black or White. This is an application of the pie rule.
 * the players do an "auction" by saying: "I am willing to play Black against XXX komi" and the player who wins the auction plays Black.

Handicap strategy
Handicap go is the traditional form of teaching given to go players. Fixed handicap placements are in effect a form of graded tutorials: if you cannot beat your teacher with a nine-stone handicap, some fundamental points are still to be learned.

The pedagogic value of fixed handicaps is an old debate for Western players. The "theory" of handicap go shares with much of the rest of the Japanese pedagogic go literature a less explicit approach, based on perception as much as analysis. Whether fixed handicap placement makes it easier or more difficult for the weaker player to learn these fundamental points is moot. The nature of these "tutorial" steps may certainly be misunderstood and contested by Western players new to the game. Handicaps are also unpopular with Chinese players, who have more of a tradition of equality at the board rather than deference to a teacher.

There are some book treatments of low-handicap go by strong professionals (Kobayashi Koichi and Kajiwara Takeo, in particular); and examples of pro-pro games to follow. With the traditional handicap placements, the only consistent strategy Black can follow depends on the use of influence. This is particularly true in the early stages of the middle-game fighting.

While Black often assumes that consolidating territory from the opening stages should be enough to win, that is not the case when the handicap stones are placed on the star points, where they are more effective in obtaining influence than territory. If Black does not understand and utilize the value of star-point handicap stones for attack, White will gradually build a more advantageous position, and steadily close the gap.

title: Handicapping in Go


text:
Xavier Serbiá

Francisco Xavier Serbiá Queipo (born July 24, 1968, in San Juan, Puerto Rico ) is a financial commentator, syndicated columnist, and was news anchor of CNN Dinero at CNN en Español, from 2010 to 2023. Serbiá is also a former member of the boy band Menudo.

In Finance and journalism
Having already decided that music would not be part of his future, he finished his studies specializing in Finance, partly due to the financial problems he had thanks to the accountants who managed his fortune.

Serbiá has a master's degree in Financial Economics from Trinity College, Connecticut. He pursued an MBA with a specialization in Finance and also passed level I of the CFA exam.

Serbiá is the author of the best-seller "Four steps to wealth", published by Santillana. He is also a Yahoo! Finance writer. in Spanish on his weekly program "Conexión Dinero", and financial staff editor for Siempre Mujer's "Money Matters", published by Meredith Corporation.

Serbiá's columns are published by El Diario La Prensa of New York, El Nuevo Día, Puerto Rico, Ser Padres. For the International Center for Journalists, Xavier Serbiá was the instructor in online courses in Spanish on personal finance coverage for Hispanic journalists and journalists who cover US financial issues.

Serbia also launched xavierserbia.com, a financial site in Spanish. The site includes his opinions, videos, and questions and answers from a financial party.

In 2003, Serbiá was chosen by NBC-Telemundo and Ford to present the series "The Road to Triumph", in which he served as writer, advisor and presenter. He also appeared as a commentator on Telemundo (Noticiero Nacional), "NY Noticiero 47", "Mañana This" and "América en Vivo", "María Elvira Live", among others.

Serbiá also hosted a Spanish version of the game show Remote Control, named Control Remoto, for three months on Puerto Rican television's WAPA-TV during 1989. Mr. Serbiá has a master's degree in Economics from Trinity College and an MBA in Finance from Keller Graduate School of Management.

As an actor, Serbia acted in a sitcom named La Pensión de Doña Tere as well as on the teen musical comedy films Menudo: La Pelicula and Una aventura llamada Menudo, the two latter in which he shared credits with his fellow Menudo band members.

He left CNN in February 2023.

Personal
Serbiá's first wife died. He is now married to an Argentine named Fabiana Uballes. He has one son.

In pop culture
Serbia is played by Samu Jove in the 2020 Amazon Prime Video series based on Menudo, Subete A Mi Moto.

With Menudo

 * Es Navidad (1980)
 * Fuego (1981)
 * Xanadu (1981)
 * Quiero Ser (1981)
 * Por Amor (1982)
 * Una aventura llamada Menudo (1982)
 * Feliz Navidad (1982)

With Proyecto M

 * Proyecto M (1987)

As a solo artist (as Xavier)

 * Sere (1991)
 * Para Siempre (1992)

title: Xavier Serbiá


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Novels

Scope
WikiProject Novels aims to define a standard of consistency for articles about novels and literary genres associated with fictional narratives. It also aims to encourage and provide the structure for enhancing the writing of high quality articles on all manner of different novels. For the purpose of this project, "Novels" are deemed to include all works of narrative fiction that exhibit novel-like structure, regardless of length and genre. (This includes full novels, novellas, novelettes and short stories.) It also aims to encourage and promote the writing of articles on all types of such Novels. (see "" for more details of what is in or out of scope.)

Naming, style and notability

 * Naming conventions (books): guideline for the naming of Wikipedia articles about books
 * Manual of Style/Novels: an MOS guideline to layout and other considerations about writing articles on narrative prose fiction
 * Manual of Style/Writing about fiction: an MOS guideline to writing about fiction
 * Notability (books): the notability guideline as it pertains to books

Article templates
Articles should be written to an agreed basic style for standardization purposes. We encourage all participants to use this template not only as a starting place for new articles, but also as a guide to amend any existing articles that need improvement. There are currently two supported templates:

For novel articles:
 * /ArticleTemplate (including /InfoboxCode)

For fictional character articles:
 * /CharacterArticleTemplate

Parentage

 * WikiProject Literature
 * WikiProject Books – logically encapsulates the subject of Novels.

Descendant Wikiprojects

 * Children's literature Project
 * Artemis Fowl Project
 * Horror Project
 * Science Fiction Project

Sister Wikiprojects

 * Romance - covers novels and author biographies

Project organization
There are currently four major elements to our project organization. Participants (or membership), a Job Centre, specialist Departments and special interest Task forces.

Members
The list of Wikipedians who are committed to the WikiProject can be found at WikiProject Novels/Members. If you are interested in participating, please feel free to join by visiting that page.

Once you join, you are welcome to add this template to your user page:. This userbox automatically adds you to the WikiProject Novels participants category and appears as such:

Guestbook
This is a list of Wikipedians who are not committed to the WikiProject, but who are sympathetic to the cause. Feel free to express your support by signing the list below:

Job Centre
If a member is interested in becoming involved with the work of the project, they are welcome to visit the "responsibility clearing house" or Job Centre. From here it is possible to join multiple areas of the project that need supervising and/or updating, including our five departments, which are listed below. Departments are specialised areas of the project for a targeted activity, serving the aims of the whole in a smaller way.

Assessment Department
The assessment department focuses on assessing the quality of Wikipedia's novel and novel related articles. The resulting article ratings are used within the project to aid in recognizing excellent contributions and identifying topics in need of further work, and are also expected to play a role in the WP:1.0 program. The assessment is done in a distributed fashion through parameters in the NovelsWikiProject project banner; this causes the articles to be placed in a set of categories that serves as the basis for an automatically generated worklist.

Automation Department
The automation department of the Novels WikiProject uses various automated and semi-automated methods to perform batch tasks that would be extremely tedious to do manually; it collects requests for tasks, discusses whether they are suitable for automation, and attempts to match them with bot operators or users of semi-automated tools for implementation. All project members are invited to request tasks and to comment on the suitability of outstanding requests.

Collaboration Department
The project's Collaboration of the Month seeks to identify particular articles that would benefit from a significant collaborative effort. Every month (currently), a single article is selected as the focus, and the project attempts to improve it, potentially to featured article standards. All articles dealing with some aspect of novel literature (except for current featured articles and featured article candidates) are eligible, and everyone is invited to nominate candidates. The current collaboration article is .

Outreach Department
The outreach department acts as the project's central point of coordination for recruiting new members and maintaining the interest of current participants. Its primary activity is the production of monthly project newsletters, it also contains a welcome message that can be sent to each new member as they join.

Peer Review Department
The peer review department conducts peer reviews of articles on request; this helps to obtain ideas for further improvement by having contributors who may not have previously worked on particular articles examine them. Project members are invited to submit articles to the department in lieu of using the generic peer review process.

Task forces

 * Please discuss any proposals for new task forces with other members or with the project as a whole before creating them.

Task forces are informal groups of editors gathered for collaborative work on a particular topic within the field of Novels (as defined in the "scope" above); all project members are encouraged to participate in any task forces that interest them.

 * General topics
 * Short stories

 * Genres
 * Crime
 * Fantasy
 * Military fiction
 * Science fiction

 * Areas or nationalities
 * Australian

 * Specific authors and series
 * Chronicles of Narnia task force
 * His Dark Materials task force
 * Lemony Snicket task force

 * Rick Riordan task force
 * Shannara task force
 * Sword of Truth task force
 * Twilight task force
 * The 39 Clues task force
 * Roald Dahl task force
 * Harry Potter task force

 * Periods

 * Napoleonic fiction – note: parent project is Wikiproject Military history
 * 19th Century

 * Proposed

 * Task force for the Malazan Universe created by Steven Erikson and Ian C. Esslemont.

Hierarchy definition
Since there are many types of novel, boundaries must be set so that other WikiProjects can guide articles that this one does not include. (Just like the discussion on the Wikipedia:WikiProject Novels/Novel categorization project page.) So far, the included titles are those that a common reader would call a "novel". Serial novels, such as "Twilight" and "Harry Potter" are included, with subcategories of Young adult fiction, and Children's fiction, as well as Adult fiction (for mature audience due to language, situations or sexuality).

Included

 * Novels and novellas, novelettes and short stories
 * Fictional books that are commonly considered to be novels
 * Fictional characters used therein.

 * Fictional locations used therein.

Category hierarchy
Novel articles are sorted under many categories; look in Category:Novels for a list. There are three "main" categories that most books are sorted to: then also by the following, as applicable.
 * Category:Novels by year (for example [[:Category:1893 novels]] )
 * Category:Novels by genre (for example [[:Category:Science fiction novels]] ) (see table below)
 * Category:Novels by country (for example [[:Category:Spanish novels]] )
 * Category:Novels by age-group (for example [[:Category:Young adult novels]] )
 * Category:Novels by writer (for example [[:Category:Novels by Bernard Cornwell]] )
 * Category:Novels by award (for example [[:Category:John W. Campbell Award for Best Science Fiction Novel-winning works]] )
 * Category:Novel series by featured character (for example [[:Category:Miss Marple novels]] )
 * Category:Novels by language (for example [[:Category:Spanish-language novels]])
 * Category:Novels by series (for example [[:Category:Shannara novels]]) (for categories on each series) (sub-divided by Genre)
 * Category:Novel series (for example [[Cat Who series]]) (for articles about the series themselves) (sub-divided by Genre)
 * Category:Novels based on works (for example [[:Category:Novels based on films]] )
 * Category:Novels by topic (for example [[:Category:Novels about slavery]] )

Novels by age-group
Here is a list of categories that short stories are often sorted to:
 * Category:Short stories by year (for example [[:Category:1893 short stories]] )
 * Category:Short stories by genre (for example [[:Category:Science fiction short stories]] ) (see table below)
 * Category:Short stories by country (for example [[:Category:American short stories]] )
 * Category:Short stories by writer (for example [[:Category:Short stories by Isaac Asimov]] )
 * Category:Short stories by series (for example [[:Category:Ender's Game series short stories]]) (for categories on each series) (sub-divided by Genre)
 * Category:Short story series (for example [[Robot series (Asimov)]]) (for articles about the series themselves) (sub-divided by Genre)
 * Category:Short story collections by genre (for example [[:Category:Fantasy short story collections]] )
 * Category:Short story collections by nationality (for example [[:Category:British short story collections]] )
 * Category:Short story collections by writer (for example [[:Category:Short story collections by Arthur Conan Doyle]] )
 * Category:Fiction anthologies (for example [[:Category:Horror anthologies]]) (anthologies defined here as collections of multiple author's work)
 * Short stories by age-group (not a category) (see table below)

Literary genres
These genres are not included within the project's scope:
 * Graphic novels
 * Manga
 * Anime
 * Nonfiction books on any subject
 * Plays, poetry and comics that were published as books.

References (can be made to)

 * Nonfiction books that discuss the novel in question
 * Audio CDs, mp3s, and audio tapes – that are readings or dramatisations of the novel in question
 * plays, poetry, short stories and comics that are the basis of the novel
 * plays, poetry, short stories and comics based on the novel
 * films, television adaptations and radio adaptations based on the novel being discussed

Article infoboxes
Infoboxes belong at the top of an article. Each article should only have one infobox depending on what the article is about. Instructions for completion are included on each page.
 * infobox book
 * infobox short story
 * infobox character
 * infobox book series

Project template
Project templates belong at the top of an article's talk page. Articles may belong to one or more projects. They may also be added to relevant template and category talk pages.
 * WikiProject Novels

Internal project organization

 * Wikipedia:WikiProject Novels/Navigation: the main navigation box
 * WikiProject Novels announcements: project announcements and top work tasks; place this on your userpage to provide information on the current state of project

Navigational templates

 * See Templates for fiction series general list
 * Category:Book templates: overall category for book related templates
 * Category:Novel (book) navigational boxes: template for a single novel
 * Category:Novel series navigational boxes: template for a single novel series
 * Category:Writer navigational boxes: templates for a complete author's output

List of articles that need work

 * Category:Novels articles needing expert attention – category of articles tagged as needing Novels project expert attention.
 * /Worklist
 * /ArticlesNeeded
 * /InfoboxNeeded
 * /InfoboxIncomplete
 * Film/book articles to be split
 * New hitlists added to the main worklist.
 * List of literary works with eponymous heroes
 * List of literary works with eponymous heroines

Incoming articles
Sorting articles out from the main "dumping categories"

! Main cat !! Stub cat
 * Category:Books || Category:Book stubs
 * Category:Novels || Category:Novel stubs
 * Category:Short stories || Category:Story stubs
 * }
 * Category:Short stories || Category:Story stubs
 * }
 * }

Articles being challenged

 * WikiProject_Novels/Articles-Images_in_danger_of_deletion
 * WikiProject Novels/Disputed novel articles
 * WikiProject_Novels/Disputed book cover images

Project management work needed

 * Supervise the announcements template
 * Assist with the production of the monthly newsletter
 * Promote the work of the WikiProject
 * Tag articles on their talk pages
 * Scan for new articles and "bring them into the fold" by encouraging good style and tagging the talk page.
 * Developing the "Task Forces"

Watchlist

 * This Main page: changes
 * Project Watch List: [ view] · [ edit] · changes

title: Wikipedia:WikiProject Novels


text:
User:Pwlfong

I worked on the following:
 * Ceiling function
 * Floor function
 * Pigeonhole principle
 * Fermat prime
 * Fermat number
 * Prime number
 * Integer partition

title: User:Pwlfong


text:
Sopron

Sopron (Ödenburg, ) is a city in Hungary on the Austrian border, near Lake Neusiedl/Lake Fertő.

Ancient times-13th century
When the area that is today Western Hungary was a province of the Roman Empire, a city called Scarbantia stood here. Its forum was located where the main square of Sopron can be found today.

During the Migration Period, Scarbantia was believed to be deserted. When Hungarians arrived in the area, the city was in ruins. From the 9th to the 11th centuries, Hungarians strengthened the old Roman city walls and built a castle. The city was named in Hungarian after a castle steward named Suprun. In 1153, it was mentioned as an important city.

In 1273, King Otakar II of Bohemia occupied the castle. Even though he took the children of Sopron's nobility with him as hostages, the city opened its gates when the armies of King Ladislaus IV of Hungary arrived. Ladislaus rewarded Sopron by elevating it to the rank of free royal town.

16th-19th centuries
During the Ottoman occupation of Hungary, the Ottoman Turks ravaged the city in 1529, but did not occupy it. Many Hungarians fled from the occupied areas to Sopron, and the city's importance grew.

While the Ottomans occupied most of Central Europe, the region north of Lake Balaton remained in the Kingdom of Hungary (1538–1867) (captaincy between Balaton and Drava).

In 1676, Sopron was destroyed by a fire. The modern city was born over the next few decades, when Baroque buildings were built to replace the destroyed medieval ones. Sopron became the seat of the comitatus Sopron.

The town was the seat of the Ödenburg comitat near 1850. After the compromise of 1867 and until 1918, the city (known with the dual bilingual name of Sopron - Ödenburg) was part of the Habsburg-ruled Kingdom of Hungary.

20th century to present

Following the breakup of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, ethnic Germans inhabited parts of four western Hungarian counties: Pozsony (Pressburg in German; Bratislava in Czech/Slovak), Vas (Eisenburg), Sopron (Ödenburg) and Moson (Wieselburg). The German-inhabited parts of those counties were initially awarded to Austria in the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919). After local unrest and Italian diplomatic mediation in the Venice Protocol, Sopron's status as part of Hungary (along with that of the surrounding eight villages) was decided by a controversial, local plebiscite held on December 14, 1921, with 65% voting for Hungary. Since then Sopron has been called Civitas Fidelissima ("The Most Loyal Town", A Leghűségesebb Város), and the anniversary of the plebiscite is a city holiday. However, the western parts of Vas, Sopron and Moson counties joined Austria and now form the Austrian federal state of Burgenland, and Pressburg/Pozsony was awarded to Czechoslovakia.

Sopron suffered greatly during World War II and was bombed several times. The Soviet Red Army captured the city on April 1, 1945.

The city of Sopron and the village of Sopronbánfalva began to stretch towards each other at the beginning of the 20th century, they unified in 1950 and since the areas have merged. Sopron and the village of Balf unified in 1985.

On August 19, 1989, Sopron was the site of the Pan-European Picnic, a protest on the border between Austria and Hungary, which was used by over 600 citizens of East Germany to escape to the West. As the first successful crossing of the border, it helped pave the way for the mass flight of East German citizens that led to the fall of the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989.

During the Socialist era, the government tried to turn Sopron into an industrial city, but much of the medieval town center remains, allowing the city to remain an attractive site for tourists.

Today, Sopron's economy immensely benefits from the European Union. Having been a city close to nowhere, that is, to the Iron Curtain, Sopron now has re-established full trade relations to nearby Austria. Furthermore, after being suppressed during the Cold War, Sopron's German-speaking culture and heritage are now recognized again. As a consequence, many of the city's street-and traffic-signs are written in both Hungarian and German making it an officially bilingual city due to its proximity to the Austrian frontier. Visitors admire the large number of buildings in this city that reflect medieval architecture—rare in war-torn Hungary. Situated close to the Austrian border, Sopron receives many visitors from Vienna (70 km away), and from Bratislava, Slovakia (77 km away), as well as from the United States, Great Britain, The Netherlands, Japan, and Scandinavia, who visit to take advantage of the excellent low-cost dental services offered: Sopron boasts so many dental clinics—more than 300—that the city is known as the "dental capital of the world."

Wine production
Sopron is a significant wine producing region, one of the few in Hungary to make both red and white wines. Grapes include Kékfrankos for red wine and Traminer (Gewürztraminer) for white wine. In climate it is similar to the neighbouring Burgenland wine region in Austria, and several winemakers make wine in both countries. Blue Frankish (= Kékfrankos, Blaufränkisch), Traminer, and Green Veltliner (= Zöld Veltelini, Grüner Veltliner) are well-known Sopron wines. Sopron's Blue Frankish and Pinot Noir wines are particularly prized.

The group of ethnic German wine growers in the Sopron area in the Habsburg Monarchy were the so-called Ponzichter.

Demographics

In 1910, Sopron had 33,931 inhabitants (51% German, 44.3% Hungarian, 4.7% other). Religions: 64.1% Roman Catholic, 27.8% Lutheran, 6.6% Jewish, 1.2% Calvinist, 0.3% other. In 2001, the city had 56,125 inhabitants (92.8% Hungarian, 3.5% German, 3.7% other). Religions: 69% Roman Catholic, 7% Lutheran, 3% Calvinist, 8.1% Atheist, 11.9% no answer, 1% other.

Architecture
The architecture of the old section of town reflects its long history; walls and foundations from the Roman Empire are still common, together with a wealth of Medieval, Renaissance, and Baroque structures, often artistically decorated, showing centuries of stability and prosperity.

There is an old synagogue and other remains from the town's former Jewish community, which was expelled in the 16th century.

On Daloshegy, there is a 165-metre tall FM-/TV-broadcasting tower, nicknamed "Rakéta" (Hungarian for rocket).

Places of interest

 * City centre
 * Firewatch Tower
 * Walls with Roman origin
 * Széchenyi Square and Flag of Loyalty
 * Kecske Church
 * Esterházy Palace (baroque)
 * Eggenberg House
 * City Hall (eclectic, 1895)
 * Storno House (renaissance)
 * Fabricius House
 * "Two Moors" House (18th century baroque)
 * Chemist's Museum (15th–16th century. The house was pronounced the first national monument in Hungary by Louis II of Hungary in 1525.)
 * Lábasház (16th–17th century)
 * Gambrinus House (Old city hall)
 * Taródi Castle (István Taródi built the castle by himself. He started the building operations in 1945, when he was 20.)

Amusement

 * Cartoon Forum (From Tuesday 14 to Friday 17 September 2010)
 * Spring Festival of Sopron (Soproni Tavaszi Fesztivál)
 * Festal Weeks of Sopron (Soproni Ünnepi Hetek)
 * VOLT festival
 * Civitas Pinceszínház (Civitas Basement Theater)
 * Liszt Ferenc Művelődési Központ (Franz Liszt Conference and Cultural Centre )

Politics
The current mayor of Sopron is Ciprián Farkas (Fidesz-KDNP).

The local Municipal Assembly, elected at the 2019 local government elections, is made up of 18 members (1 Mayor, 12 Individual constituencies MEPs and 5 Compensation List MEPs) divided into this political parties and alliances:

Sports
The women's basketball team Sopron Basket is one of the most successful Hungarian basketball team in the history with 15 National titles and they success in Europe, in 2022 they won EuroLeague. MFC Sopron was a football team based in Sopron. The successor of the club is Soproni VSE.

Notable residents

 * Rogerius of Apulia (1205-1266), medieval chronicler
 * Anna Maria von Eggenberg, née Brandenburg-Bayreuth (1609-1680), Margravine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth and Princess of Eggenberg
 * Dániel Berzsenyi (1776-1836), poet
 * Ludwig von Benedek (1804-1881), Austrian general
 * Franz Liszt (1811-1886), composer
 * Franz von Suppé (1819-1895), composer
 * Julius Lenck (1845 - 1901), Hungarian-German brewer, wholesaler and the founder of the Sopron Brewery (Soproni Sörgyár).
 * Gyula Fényi (1845-1927), astronomer
 * László Rátz (1863-1930), mathematics teacher
 * Kálmán Kánya (1869-1945), politician, diplomat, Foreign Minister
 * Franz Lehár (1870-1948), composer
 * Béla Bartók (1881-1945), composer
 * Charles I of Austria (1887-1922), last king of Hungary
 * Georg Trakl (1887-1914), poet
 * Mátyás Rákosi (1892-1971), politician, communist leader
 * David-Zvi Pinkas (1895-1952), signatory of the Israeli declaration of independence
 * Margaret Mahler (1897-1985), psychoanalyst
 * Sandor Gallus (1907-1996), archaeologist
 * Géza Ankerl (born 1933), Professor of MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), sociologist
 * Alexander Gallus (born 1940), medical researcher
 * József Szájer (born 1961), politician
 * István Hiller (born 1964), politician, Minister of Culture
 * Mihály Tóth (born 1974), football player
 * Vilmos Radasics (born 1983), BMX rider
 * Tímea Babos (born 1993), tennis player
 * Botond Balogh (born 2002), football player
 * Balogh de Mankó Bük, Hungarian nobility
 * József Rokop, freedom fighter
 * Terezia Mora, writer

Twin towns – sister cities
Sopron is twinned with:

 * 🇩🇪 Bad Wimpfen, Germany
 * 🇸🇰 Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia
 * 🇮🇹 Bolzano, Italy
 * 🇮🇱 Eilat, Israel
 * 🇦🇹 Eisenstadt, Austria
 * 🇯🇵 Kazuno, Japan
 * 🇩🇪 Kempten, Germany
 * 🇷🇴 Mediaș, Romania
 * Rorschach, Switzerland
 * 🇫🇮 Seinäjoki, Finland
 * 🇬🇷 Sparta, Greece

title: Sopron


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Novels

More opinions needed at Requested move Nineteen Eighty-Four → 1984
It would be really helpful to get more opinions here. Thanks! —PermStrump ( talk )

A new series of Australian crime novels by PJ barker.Murder out west
inspector axel Rasmussen tracks down killers in western Australian outback and brings them to justice. 103.189.63.92 (talk) 01:54, 22 April 2024 (UTC)

Requested move at Talk:Justine (de Sade novel)
There is a requested move discussion at Talk:Justine (de Sade novel) that may be of interest to members of this WikiProject. Safari Scribe Edits! Talk! 11:33, 21 June 2024 (UTC)

Help with a merge?
A while ago, I proposed merging Draft:The Outskirter's Secret, Rosemary Kirstein, and The Steerswoman all to a combined series article Steerswoman books. On the talk page, there was a thumbs-up and no objections, except... I've now read the first book and really liked it, so I don't want to read the spoilery plot summary of the second one! Would someone here be willing to help out and execute this merge so I can stay spoiler-free? ~ L 🌸 (talk) 05:29, 26 June 2024 (UTC)

Proposed merge of Finn (short story) into You Like It Darker
There is currently a discussion regarding a proposed merge at. voorts (talk/contributions) 16:10, 4 July 2024 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Justinian (novel)

The article Justinian (novel) has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "almost 9 years later, I do not believe this meets the notability guidelines for a book. Although the author is often discussed and interviewed, this pen name and novel has not been covered as far as I can tell except by a few blogs."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Gnisacc (talk) 19:30, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

Ubik: ISBN and OCLC
Why does Ubik use ISBN and OCLC of a British edition published in 2006? It would be more sensibile to use OCLC of the first edition by Doubleday, wouldn't it?-- Carnby (talk) 22:49, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Novels


text:
Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr

Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr (9 July 1576 – 7 June 1618), was an English nobleman, for whom the bay, the river, and, consequently, a Native American people and U.S. state, all later called "Delaware", were named. A member of the House of Lords, from the death of his father in 1602 until his own death in 1618, he served as the governor of Virginia from 1610 to 1611.

There have been two creations of Baron De La Warr, and West came from the second. He was the son of Thomas West, 2nd Baron De La Warr, of Wherwell Abbey in Hampshire, and Anne Knollys, daughter of Catherine Knollys; making him a great-grandson of Mary Boleyn, the sister of Anne Boleyn, the second wife of King Henry VIII. He was born at Wherwell, Hampshire, England, and died at sea while travelling from England to Virginia. Counting from the original creation of the title, West would be the 12th Baron.

Early life
As the eldest son of the 2nd Baron De La Warr, Thomas West received his education at Queen's College, Oxford. He served in the English army under Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, and, in 1601, was charged with supporting Essex's ill-fated insurrection against Queen Elizabeth I, but acquitted of those charges. He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Lymington in 1597.

He succeeded his father as Baron De La Warr in 1602. It was said that he became a member of the Privy Council, but this has been disproved. In 1645 Dame Cicly petitioned the House of Lords to continue the pension that King James had granted her husband.

Governor of Virginia
Lord De La Warr was the largest investor in the London Company, which received two charters to settle colonists in the New World, and furnished and sent several vessels to accomplish that aim. He was appointed governor-for-life and captain-general of the Virginia, to replace the governing council of the colony under the presidency of Captain John Smith. Subsequently, in November 1609, the Powhatans killed John Ratcliffe, the Jamestown Colony's Council President, and attacked the colony in what became the First Anglo-Powhatan War. As part of England's response, De La Warr recruited and equipped a contingent of 150 men and outfitted three ships at his own expense, and sailed from England in March 1610.

In 1610 captain Samuel Argall named Delaware Bay in honor of Lord De La Warr. Shortly afterwards Dutch settlers along the bay gave it a different name, but the name Delaware Bay was restored when the English took control of the area in 1665. Lord De La Warr contracted malaria or scurvy in 1611. He left the colony on a ship captained by Sir Samuel Argall headed to the West Indies to recover but was blown off course by a storm and forced to return to England.

Later that year, De La Warr published a book titled The Relation of the Right Honourable the Lord De-La-Warre, Lord Governour and Captaine Generall of the Colonie, planted in Virginea. Although attributed to De La Warr, the book was actually written by company employee Samuel Calvert.

In the Autumn of 1616, Baron De La Warr and his wife Lady Cecilia, introduced John Rolfe and his wife, Pocahontas, into English society. The visitors from Virginia were in London to raise funds for the Virginia Company of London and to encourage colonization of Virginia. De La Warr remained the nominal governor, and after receiving complaints from the Virginia settlers about Argall's tyranny in governing them on his behalf, he set sail for Virginia again in 1618 aboard the Neptune to investigate those charges. He died at sea on 7 June

Death
It was thought for many years that Lord De La Warr had been buried in the Azores or at sea. By 2006, researchers had concluded that his body was brought to Jamestown for burial. In October 2017, archaeologists excavated remains from underneath one of the churches at Historic Jamestowne, but it is not yet known if De La Warr's is one of those.

Personal life
On 25 November 1596, De La Warr married Cecily Shirley (died c. 1662), the daughter of Sir Thomas Shirley of Wiston, Sussex, and his wife Anne, daughter of Sir Thomas Kempe. They had children:
 * Cecilia (died February 1638), who married firstly Sir Francis Bindlosse and secondly after 1629 John Byron, 1st Baron Byron. She was buried at Hucknall-Torkard in Nottinghamshire.
 * Lucy, who married Sir Robert Byron (d. after 1643), Governor of Liverpool and a Colonel in the service of the Royalist Infantry Forces who fought in the English Civil War.
 * Robert, who married Elizabeth Coch.
 * Henry (1603–1628), who succeeded his father as the 4th Baron De La Warr, married Isabella, daughter of Sir Thomas Edmondes, in March 1625. He died at the age of 24 and was succeeded by his son Charles West, 5th Baron De La Warr.

Lord De La Warr's brother, John West, later became governor and married Anne Percy, daughter of George Percy.

title: Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr