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List of protected areas of Western Australia

Western Australia is the second largest country subdivision in the world.

As of 2022, based on the latest Collaborative Australian Protected Areas Database report, it contains $1,857$ separate land-based protected areas with a total area of 76,142,710 hectare, accounting for just over 30 percent of the state's land mass. By area, Indigenous Protected Areas account for the largest part of this, almost 67 percent while, by number, nature reserves hold the majority with two-third of all land-based protected areas being nature reserves.

Marine-based protected areas in Western Australia, as of 2022, covered 4,751,462 hectare or 41.05 percent of the state's waters. 41 individual Marine Protected Areas existed in the state of which the largest amount, 20, were Marine Parks, followed by Marine Reserves with 15. Marine Parks accounted for 92.25 percent of all Marine Protected Areas in the state.

Conservation Parks
As of 2022, the following 72 conservation parks exist in Western Australia, covering 1,262,139 hectare or 0.5 percent of Western Australia's land mass, and accounting for 1.66 percent of all protected areas in the state.

 * Barnabinmah
 * Blackbutt
 * Boyagarring
 * Brooking Gorge
 * Burra
 * Camp Creek
 * Cane River
 * Cape Range
 * Coalseam
 * Dardanup
 * Devonian Reef
 * Geikie Gorge
 * Goldfields Woodlands
 * Gooralong
 * Hester
 * Jinmarnkur
 * Kerr
 * Korijekup
 * Kujungurru Warrarn
 * Lakeside
 * Lane Poole Reserve
 * Laterite
 * Len Howard
 * Leschenault Peninsula
 * Leschenaultia
 * Lupton
 * Montebello Islands
 * Mount Manning Range
 * Muja
 * Penguin Island
 * R 46235
 * Rapids
 * Rock Gully
 * Rowles Lagoon
 * Shell Beach
 * Totadgin
 * Unnamed WA01333
 * Unnamed WA17804
 * Unnamed WA23088
 * Unnamed WA23920
 * Unnamed WA24657
 * Unnamed WA29901
 * Unnamed WA33448
 * Unnamed WA34213
 * Unnamed WA38749
 * Unnamed WA39584
 * Unnamed WA39752
 * Unnamed WA41986
 * Unnamed WA43290
 * Unnamed WA46756
 * Unnamed WA47100
 * Unnamed WA48291
 * Unnamed WA48436
 * Unnamed WA48717
 * Unnamed WA49144
 * Unnamed WA49220
 * Unnamed WA49363
 * Unnamed WA49561
 * Unnamed WA49742
 * Unnamed WA49994
 * Unnamed WA51272
 * Unnamed WA51376
 * Unnamed WA51963
 * Unnamed WA52103
 * Unnamed WA53269
 * Unnamed WA53313
 * Unnamed WA53632
 * Unnamed WA53971
 * Wallaroo Rock
 * Walyarta
 * Westralia

Marine Nature Reserves
As of 2022, just Marine Nature Reserves exists in Western Australia.
 * Hamelin Pool

Marine Parks
As of 2022, 20 Marine parks exist in Western Australia, covering 4,385,783 hectare or 37.88 percent of Western Australia's waters, and accounting for 92.25 percent of all marine protected areas in the state.

 * Barrow Island
 * Eighty Mile Beach
 * Jurien Bay
 * Lalang-garram / Camden Sound
 * Lalang-garram / Horizontal Falls
 * Marmion
 * Montebello Islands
 * Ngari Capes
 * Ningaloo
 * North Kimberley
 * North Lalang-garram
 * Rowley Shoals
 * Shark Bay
 * Shoalwater Islands
 * Swan Estuary
 * Swan Estuary - Alfred Cove
 * Swan Estuary - Milyu
 * Swan Estuary - Pelican Point
 * Walpole And Nornalup Inlets
 * Yawuru Nagulagun / Roebuck Bay

Overview
Western Australia has had national parks or protected areas under legislation since the early 20th century. National Parks (and the earlier forms of reserve) in Western Australia came under a range of agencies:
 * Department of Lands and Surveys: 1 January 1890 - (partly split) 31 December 1895
 * Wood and Forests Department: 1 January 1896 – 31 December 1918
 * Forests Department: 1 January 1919 – 21 March 1985
 * State Gardens Board:   15 December 1920 – 30 April 1957  (Parks and Reserves Act 1895)
 * National Parks Board:   1 May 1957 – 30 July 1977
 * Department of Fisheries and Fauna: 1 October 1964 – 31 December 1973
 * National Parks Authority:      1 August 1977 – 15 April 1985
 * The National Parks and Nature Conservation Authority replaced the National Parks Authority in 16 April 1985 ceased 30 October 2000. Then to the Conservation Commission.
 * Wildlife section of the Department of Fisheries and Wildlife: 1 January 1974 – 21 March 1985
 * Department of Environment: 1 July 2004 - 30 June 2006
 * Department of Conservation and Land Management (CALM):    22 March 1985 – 30 June 2006  (Conservation and Land Management Act 1984)
 * Department of Parks and Wildlife (2006 to 2017 ?)
 * The Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions was created on 1 July 2017

List
As of 2023, Western Australia has 112 national parks. At the time of the 2022 Collaborative Australian Protected Areas Database report, the 110 then-registered national parks covered 6,511,458 hectare or 2.58 percent of Western Australia's land mass, and accounting for 8.55 percent of all protected areas in the state.

 * Alexander Morrison
 * Avon Valley
 * Badgingarra
 * Beelu
 * Blackwood River
 * Boorabbin
 * Boorara-Gardner
 * Boyndaminup
 * Brockman
 * Bunuba
 * Cape Arid
 * Cape Le Grand
 * Cape Range
 * Cape Range (South)
 * Collier Range
 * Dalgarup
 * Danggu Gorge (formerly Geikie Gorge)
 * D’Entrecasteaux
 * Dirk Hartog Island
 * Drovers Cave
 * Dryandra Woodland
 * Drysdale River
 * Easter
 * Eucla
 * Fitzgerald River
 * Forest Grove
 * Francois Peron
 * Frank Hann
 * Gloucester
 * Goldfields Woodlands
 * Goongarrie
 * Gooseberry Hill
 * Greater Beedelup (formerly Beedelup)
 * Greater Dordagup
 * Greater Hawke
 * Greater Kingston
 * Greater Preston
 * Greenmount
 * Gull Rock
 * Hassell
 * Helena
 * Hilliger
 * Houtman Abrolhos Islands
 * Jane
 * John Forrest
 * Kalamunda
 * Kalbarri
 * Karijini
 * Karlamilyi (formerly Rudall River)
 * Kennedy Range
 * Korung (formerly Pickering Brook)
 * Lake Muir
 * Lakeside
 * Lawley River
 * Leeuwin-Naturaliste
 * Lesmurdie Falls
 * Lesueur
 * Matuwa Kurrara Kurrara
 * Midgegooroo (formerly Canning)
 * Millstream Chichester
 * Milyeannup
 * Mirima (formerly Hidden Valley)
 * Mitchell River
 * Moore River
 * Mount Augustus
 * Mount Frankland
 * Mount Frankland North
 * Mount Frankland South
 * Mount Lindesay
 * Mount Roe
 * Mungada Ridge
 * Murujuga
 * Nambung
 * Neerabup
 * Niiwalarra Islands
 * Peak Charles
 * Pimbee
 * Porongurup
 * Prince Regent
 * Purnululu
 * Scott
 * Serpentine
 * Shannon
 * Sir James Mitchell
 * Stirling Range
 * Stokes
 * Tathra
 * Torndirrup
 * Tuart Forest
 * Tunnel Creek
 * Warlibirri
 * Walpole-Nornalup
 * Walyunga
 * Wandoo
 * Warren
 * Watheroo
 * Waychinicup
 * Wellington
 * West Cape Howe
 * Whicher
 * William Bay
 * Wiltshire-Butler
 * Windjana Gorge
 * Wolfe Creek Meteorite Crater
 * Wooditjup
 * Yalgorup
 * Yanchep
 * Yelverton

Nature Reserves
As of 2022, the following 1,233 nature reserves exist in Western Australia, covering 10,074,297 hectare or 3.99 percent of Western Australia's land mass, and accounting for 13.23 percent of all protected areas in the state.

Named
As of 2022, 826 named nature reserves exist in Western Australia.

 * Adele Island
 * Airlie Island
 * Alco
 * Alexander
 * Alfred Cove
 * Amery
 * Anderson Lake
 * Arpenteur
 * Arthur River
 * Austin Bay
 * Badjaling
 * Badjaling North
 * Badjaling West
 * Bakers Junction
 * Baladjie Lake
 * Balannup Lake
 * Bald Island
 * Balicup Lake
 * Balkuling
 * Ballast Pit
 * Bambanup
 * Banksia
 * Barbalin
 * Barlee Range
 * Barrabarra
 * Barracca
 * Barrow Island
 * Bartletts Well
 * Bartram
 * Bashford
 * Basil Road
 * Beaufort Bridge
 * Beaumont
 * Bebenorin
 * Bedout Island
 * Beebeegnying
 * Beechina
 * Beechina North
 * Beejenup
 * Beekeepers
 * Beetalyinna
 * Bella Vista
 * Bendering
 * Benger Swamp
 * Bernier and Dorre Islands
 * Bessieres Island
 * Betts
 * Bewmalling
 * Biglin
 * Biljahnie Rock
 * Billericay
 * Billyacatting Hill
 * Biluny Wells
 * Binaronca
 * Bindoo Hill
 * Bindoon Spring
 * Birdwhistle
 * Birdwood
 * Bishops
 * Blue Gum Creek
 * Blue Well
 * Bobakine
 * Bockaring
 * Bokan
 * Bokarup
 * Bon Accord Road
 * Boodadong
 * Boodie, Double Middle Islands
 * Boolading
 * Boolanelling
 * Boonadgin
 * Boonanarring
 * Booraan
 * Boothendarra
 * Bootine
 * Boullanger, Whitlock, Favourite, Tern and Osprey Islands
 * Boundain
 * Bowgada
 * Bowgarder
 * Boyagin
 * Boyermucking
 * Bradford
 * Breakaway Ridge
 * Breaksea Island
 * Breera Road
 * Broadwater
 * Brooks
 * Brookton Highway
 * Broomehill
 * Browse Island
 * Bruce Rock
 * Buchanan
 * Bugin
 * Bulgin
 * Buller
 * Bullsbrook
 * Bundarra
 * Bungulla
 * Buntine
 * Burdett
 * Burdett North
 * Burdett South
 * Burges Spring
 * Burgess Well
 * Burma Road
 * Burnside and Simpson Island
 * Burracoppin
 * Burroloo Well
 * Bushfire Rock
 * Byrd Swamp
 * Cairlocup
 * Cairn
 * Calcaling
 * Camel Lake
 * Camerer
 * Canna
 * Capamauro
 * Capel
 * Capercup Road North
 * Cardunia Rocks
 * Cardup
 * Carlyarn
 * Carmody
 * Carnac Island
 * Caron
 * Carrabin
 * Carribin Rock
 * Carrolup
 * Cartamulligan Well
 * Cascade
 * Casuarina
 * Chandala
 * Charles Gardner Reserve
 * Chatham Island
 * Cheadanup
 * Cherry Tree Pool
 * Chester
 * Cheyne Island
 * Cheyne Road
 * Chiddarcooping
 * Chilimony
 * Chillinup
 * Chinamans Pool
 * Chinocup
 * Chinocup Dam
 * Chirelillup
 * Chittering Lakes
 * Chorkerup
 * Clackline
 * Claypit
 * Clear and Muddy Lakes
 * Clyde Hill
 * Cobertup
 * Coblinine
 * Commodine
 * Concaring
 * Condarnin Rock
 * Cookinbin
 * Coolinup
 * Coomallo
 * Coomelberrup
 * Cootayerup
 * Copley Dale
 * Corackerup
 * Corneecup
 * Coulomb Point
 * Cowerup
 * Coyrecup
 * Craig
 * Crampton
 * Creery Island
 * Cronin
 * Crooks
 * Culbin
 * Cullen
 * Cutubury
 * Dalyup
 * Damboring
 * Damnosa
 * Dangin
 * Danjinning
 * Dattening
 * De La Poer Range
 * Dead Mans Swamp
 * Depot Hill
 * Derdibin Rock
 * Dingerlin
 * Dingo Rock
 * Dingo Well
 * Dongara
 * Dongolocking
 * Donnelly River
 * Donnybrook Boyup Brook Road
 * Dookanooka
 * Dordie Rocks
 * Doubtful Islands
 * Doutha Soak
 * Dowak
 * Down Road
 * Dragon Rocks
 * Dragon Tree Soak
 * Drummond
 * Dukin
 * Duladgin
 * Dulbelling
 * Dulbining
 * Dumbleyung Lake
 * Dundas
 * Dundas Road
 * Dunn Rock
 * Durokoppin
 * East Collanilling
 * East Latham
 * East Naernup
 * East Nugadong
 * East Wallambin
 * East Yorkrakine
 * East Yornaning
 * East Yuna
 * Eastbrook
 * Eaton
 * Eclipse Island
 * Elashgin
 * Ellen Brook
 * Elliot
 * Elphin
 * Emu Hill
 * Eneminga
 * Eradu
 * Erangy Spring
 * Errina Road
 * Escape Island
 * Falls Brook
 * Faunadale
 * Fields
 * Fish Road
 * Flagstaff
 * Flat Rock
 * Flat Rock Gully
 * Flinders Bay
 * Flowery Patch
 * Folly
 * Formby
 * Forrestdale Lake
 * Fourteen Mile Brook
 * Fowler Gully
 * Freycinet, Double Islands etc
 * Frog Rock
 * Gabbin
 * Gabwotting
 * Gagarlagu
 * Galamup
 * Galena
 * Gathercole
 * Geekabee Hill
 * Geeraning
 * Gibbs Road
 * Gibson Desert
 * Gill
 * Gillingarra
 * Gingilup Swamps
 * Gingin Stock Route
 * Glasse Island
 * Gledhow
 * Glenluce
 * Gnandaroo Island
 * Gnarkaryelling
 * Goegrup Lake
 * Goodenough
 * Goodlands
 * Gorge Rock
 * Granite Hill
 * Great Victoria Desert
 * Greaves Road
 * Green Island
 * Greenbushes
 * Griffiths
 * Gundaring
 * Gundaring Lake
 * Gunyidi
 * Gwalia
 * Haag
 * Haddleton
 * Haddleton Springs
 * Hamelin Island
 * Harris
 * Harrismith
 * Harry Waring Marsupial Reserve
 * Harvey Flats
 * Hayes
 * Heathland
 * Herndermuning
 * Highbury
 * Hill River
 * Hillman
 * Hindmarsh
 * Hines Hill
 * Hobart Road
 * Holland Rocks
 * Hopkins
 * Horne
 * Hotham River
 * Howatharra
 * Hurdle Creek
 * Ibis Lake
 * Indarra Spring
 * Inkpen Road
 * Investigator Island
 * Jackson
 * Jaloran
 * Jam Hill
 * Jandabup
 * Jarrkunpungu
 * Jebarjup
 * Jeffrey Lagoon
 * Jerdacuttup Lakes
 * Jibberding
 * Jilbadji
 * Jingalup
 * Jingaring
 * Jinmarnkur Kulja
 * Jitarning
 * Jocks Well
 * Johns Well
 * Jouerdine
 * Jura
 * Kadathinni
 * Kalgan Plains
 * Kambalda
 * Karamarra
 * Karlgarin
 * Karloning
 * Karnet
 * Karroun Hill
 * Kathleen
 * Kau Rock
 * Keaginine
 * Kendall Road
 * Kenwick Wetlands
 * King Rock
 * Kirwan
 * Kockatea
 * Kodj Kodjin
 * Kodjinup
 * Kokerbin
 * Koks Island
 * Kondinin Lake
 * Kondinin Salt Marsh
 * Koodjee
 * Koolanooka
 * Koolanooka Dam
 * Koolberin
 * Kooljerrenup
 * Koornong
 * Korbel
 * Kordabup
 * Korrelocking
 * Kuender
 * Kujungurru Warrarn
 * Kulikup
 * Kulin Road
 * Kulunilup
 * Kulyaling
 * Kundip
 * Kurrawang
 * Kwolyin
 * Kwolyinine
 * Kwornicup Lake
 * Lacepede Islands
 * Lake Ace
 * Lake Barnes Road
 * Lake Biddy
 * Lake Bryde
 * Lake Campion
 * Lake Cronin
 * Lake Eyrie
 * Lake Gounter
 * Lake Hinds
 * Lake Hurlstone
 * Lake Janet
 * Lake Joondalup
 * Lake King
 * Lake Liddelow
 * Lake Logue
 * Lake Magenta
 * Lake McLarty
 * Lake Mealup
 * Lake Mears
 * Lake Mortijinup
 * Lake Muir
 * Lake Ninan
 * Lake Pleasant View
 * Lake Powell
 * Lake Shaster
 * Lake Varley
 * Lake Wannamal
 * Lake Warden
 * Lakeland
 * Lambkin
 * Lancelin and Edwards Islands
 * Landscape Hill
 * Latham
 * Lavender
 * Leda
 * Lesueur Island
 * Little Rocky Island
 * Locke
 * Locker Island
 * Lockhart
 * Long Creek
 * Long Pool
 * Low Rocks
 * Lowendal Islands
 * Mailalup
 * Mallee
 * Mallee Plain
 * Malyalling
 * Manaling
 * Mangkili Claypan
 * Manmanning
 * Manmanning Dam
 * Manning Road
 * Maragoonda
 * Marbelup
 * Marble Rocks
 * Marchagee
 * Marindo
 * Marrarup
 * Martinjinni
 * Martinup
 * Maublarling
 * Maughan
 * Mavis Jefferys
 * Maya
 * McDougall
 * McGauran
 * McGlinn
 * McIntosh Road
 * McLarty
 * McLean Road
 * Mealup Point
 * Meelon
 * Meenaar
 * Mehniup
 * Merewana
 * Merilup
 * Merredin
 * Mettabinup
 * Mettler Lake
 * Michaelmas Island
 * Mill Brook
 * Milyu
 * Mingenew
 * Mininup
 * Minniging
 * Minnivale
 * Minyulo
 * Miripin
 * Mistaken Island
 * Mockerdungulling
 * Modong
 * Moganmoganing
 * Mogumber
 * Mogumber West
 * Mokamie
 * Mokine
 * Mollerin
 * Mongelup
 * Moochamulla
 * Moojebing
 * Moomagul
 * Moondyne
 * Moonijin
 * Mooradung
 * Mooraning
 * Moore River
 * Moornaming
 * Moorumbine
 * Morangarel
 * Morangup
 * Mordetta
 * Mortlock
 * Morton
 * Moulien
 * Mount Burdett
 * Mount Byroomanning
 * Mount Caroline
 * Mount Hampton
 * Mount Manning Range
 * Mount Manypeaks
 * Mount Mason
 * Mount Ney
 * Mount Nunn
 * Mount Pleasant
 * Mount Ridley
 * Mount Shadforth
 * Mount Stirling
 * Mournucking
 * Muiron Islands
 * Mullet Lake
 * Mungaroona Range
 * Mungarri
 * Mungerungcutting
 * Munglinup
 * Muntz
 * Murapin
 * Murnanying
 * Nabaroo
 * Nallian
 * Namban
 * Namelcatchem
 * Namming
 * Nanamoolan
 * Nangeen Hill
 * Nangeenan
 * Napier
 * Napping
 * Narlingup
 * Neale Junction
 * Neaves Road
 * Needham
 * Needilup
 * Neendojer Rock
 * Neerabup
 * Nembudding
 * Nembudding South
 * Neredup
 * Ngopitchup
 * Niblick
 * Nilgen
 * Nilligarri
 * Nine Mile Lake
 * Nollajup
 * Nonalling
 * Noobijup
 * Noombling
 * Noonebin
 * Noonying
 * Noorajin Soak
 * Norpa
 * North Baandee
 * North Beacon
 * North Bonnie Rock
 * North Bungulla
 * North Dandalup
 * North Jitarning
 * North Karlgarin
 * North Sandy Island
 * North Sister
 * North Tammin
 * North Tarin Rock
 * North Turtle Island
 * North Wagin
 * North Wallambin
 * North Woyerling
 * North Yilliminning
 * Nugadong
 * Nukarni
 * Nullilla
 * Nuytsland
 * Oakabella
 * Oakajee
 * Ockley
 * Ogilvie
 * Old Store
 * One Mile Rocks
 * One Tree Point
 * Ongerup Lagoon
 * Orchid
 * Ord River
 * Overheu
 * Overshot Hill
 * Owingup
 * Pagett
 * Pallarup
 * Pallinup
 * Pantapin
 * Paperbark
 * Pardelup
 * Pardelup Road
 * Parkerville
 * Parkeyerring
 * Parry Lagoons
 * Pederah
 * Pelican Island
 * Peringillup
 * Petercarring
 * Phillips Brook
 * Piara
 * Pikaring
 * Pikaring West
 * Pindicup
 * Pingaring
 * Pingeculling
 * Pingelly
 * Pinjarrega
 * Pintharuka
 * Pintharuka Well
 * Pinticup
 * Plain Hills
 * Plumridge Lakes
 * Point Spring
 * Poison Gully
 * Pootenup
 * Port Kennedy Scientific Park
 * Powlalup
 * Protheroe
 * Quagering
 * Quairading Spring
 * Quarram
 * Queen Victoria Spring
 * Quindinup
 * Quins Hill
 * Quongunnerunding
 * Randell Road
 * Recherche Archipelago
 * Red Hill
 * Red Lake
 * Red Lake Townsite
 * Redmond Road
 * Reen Road
 * Rica Erickson
 * Ridley North
 * Ridley South
 * Riverdale
 * Roach
 * Rock Hole Dam
 * Rock View
 * Roe
 * Rogers
 * Rose Road
 * Rosedale
 * Round Island
 * Ruabon Townsite
 * Rudyard Beach
 * Rugged Hills
 * Sabina
 * Salt Lake
 * Sand Spring Well
 * Sandford Rocks
 * Sawyers
 * Scotsdale Road
 * Scriveners
 * Seagroatt
 * Seal Island (WA25645)
 * Seal Island (WA32199)
 * Serrurier Island
 * Sevenmile Well
 * Sewell
 * Shackleton
 * Shark Lake
 * Shelter Island
 * Silver Wattle Hill
 * Six Mile Road
 * Ski Lake
 * Sleeman Creek
 * Sloss
 * Smith Brook
 * Snake Gully
 * Sorensens
 * South Buniche
 * South Eneabba
 * South Jingalup
 * South Kuender
 * South Kulin
 * South Kumminin
 * South Mimegarra
 * South Sister
 * South Stirling
 * South Wilgoyne
 * Southern Beekeepers
 * Sparks Road
 * Speddingup East
 * Springdale
 * St Alouarn Island
 * St. Ronans
 * Stinton Cascades
 * Stockdill Road
 * Strange Road
 * Strathmore Hill
 * Stretton Road
 * Sugar Loaf Rock
 * Swan Island
 * Swan Lagoon
 * Sweetman
 * Taarblin Lake
 * Takenup Road
 * Talbot Road
 * Tammin Railway Dam
 * Tank Hill
 * Tanner Island
 * Tapper Road
 * Tarin Rock
 * Tennessee North
 * Tent Island
 * Tenterden
 * The Forty Four Mile
 * The Tubbs
 * Thomsons Lake
 * Three Swamps
 * Throssell
 * Timaru
 * Tinkelelup
 * Tone-Perup
 * Toolibin
 * Toolonga
 * Toompup
 * Tootanellup
 * Towerrining
 * Trigwell
 * Truslove North
 * Truslove Townsite
 * Tutanning
 * Twin Swamps
 * Two Peoples Bay
 * Twongkup
 * Twyata
 * Udumung
 * Ulva
 * Unicup
 * Urawa
 * Utcha Well
 * Vagg
 * Victor Island
 * Victoria Rock
 * Wagin Lake
 * Wahkinup
 * Walburra
 * Walbyring
 * Walcancobbing
 * Walk Walkin
 * Wallaby Hills
 * Wallambin
 * Walyahmoning
 * Walyormouring
 * Wamballup
 * Wambyn
 * Wamenusking
 * Wanagarren
 * Wandana
 * Wandi
 * Wandjagill
 * Wandoora
 * Wangeling Gully
 * Wanjarri
 * Wansbrough
 * Wardering Lake
 * Warramuggan
 * Warranine
 * Warrawah
 * Warrenup
 * Watkins Road
 * Wattening
 * Weam
 * Wedge Island
 * Wedgengully
 * Weelhamby Lake
 * Weira
 * Weirmonger
 * Weld Island
 * Wellard
 * Welsh
 * West Mount Mason
 * West Perenjori
 * Westmere
 * Whalebone Island
 * Whin Bin Rock
 * Whistler
 * White Gums
 * White Lake
 * Whitmore,Roberts,Doole Islands and Sandalwood Landing
 * Wialkutting
 * Wild Horse Swamp
 * Wilga
 * Wilgarrup
 * Williams
 * Willoughby
 * Wills
 * Wilroy
 * Wilson
 * Wingedine
 * Wockallarry
 * Wogerlin
 * Wokatherra
 * Wongamine
 * Wongan Hills
 * Wongonderrah
 * Wongoondy
 * Woodanilling
 * Woody Island
 * Woody Lake
 * Woondowing
 * Woorgabup
 * Woottating
 * Wotto
 * Woyerling
 * Wulyaling
 * Wundowlin
 * Wyalkatchem
 * Wyening
 * Wyola
 * Wyvern Road
 * Xantippe
 * Y Island
 * Yackrikine
 * Yallatup
 * Yandinilling
 * Yanneymooning
 * Yardanogo
 * Yarding
 * Yarling
 * Yarloop
 * Yarnup
 * Yarra Yarra Lakes
 * Yeal
 * Yelbeni
 * Yellowdine
 * Yenyening Lakes
 * Yeo Lake
 * Yetterup
 * Yilgerin
 * Yilliminning
 * Yorkrakine Rock
 * Yornaning
 * Yurine Swamp
 * Zuytdorp

Unnamed
As of 2022, 407 unnamed nature reserves exist in Western Australia.

Marine
As of 2022, an additional 15 nature reserves exist in Western Australia which are listed on the marine register, consisting exclusively of offshore islands, covering 9,912 hectare or 0.09 percent of Western Australia's waters, and accounting for 0.21 percent of all marine protected areas in the state.

 * Beagle Islands
 * Boodalan
 * Buller, Whittell and Green Islands
 * Cervantes Islands
 * Essex Rocks
 * Fisherman Islands
 * Great Sandy Island
 * Lipfert, Milligan, Et cetera Islands
 * Outer Rocks
 * Rocky Island
 * Ronsard Rocks
 * Sandland Island
 * Scott Reef
 * Shoalwater Bay Islands
 * Thevenard Island

Regional parks

 * Banyowla
 * Beeliar
 * Canning River
 * Chapman River
 * Herdsman Lake
 * Jandakot
 * Meelup
 * Mundy
 * Rockingham Lakes
 * Usher-Dalyellup
 * Woodman Point
 * Wooroloo
 * Wungong
 * Yellagonga

Section 5(1)(g) and (h) Reserves
Under the CALM Act, land designated as 5(1)(g) Reserve and 5(1)(h) Reserve is land vested in the Conservation and Parks Commission of Western Australia that is not a National Park, Conservation Park, Nature Reserve, Marine Park or Marine Nature Reserve. Such land may have a wide variety of purposes, but are normally related to recreation, wildlife conservation, infrastructure and historical features.

As of 2022, 44 5(1)(g) Reserves exist in Western Australia, covering 220,824 hectare or 0.09 percent of Western Australia's land mass, and accounting for 0.29 percent of all protected areas in the state.
 * Bullock Holes Timber Reserve
 * Coonana Timber Reserve
 * Emu Rocks Timber Reserve
 * Kangaroo Hills Timber Reserve
 * Keanes Point Reserve
 * Lakeside Timber Reserve
 * Lane Poole Reserve
 * Matilda Bay Reserve
 * Monadnocks Section 5(1)(g) Reserve
 * Purnululu Conservation Reserve
 * Sandalwood Block Timber Reserve
 * Scahill Timber Reserve
 * Sedimentary Deposits Reserve
 * Stockyard Gully Reserve
 * Wallaby Rocks Timber Reserve
 * Unnamed Section 5(1)(g) Reserves (30 different areas)

As of 2022, 129 5(1)(h) Reserves exist in Western Australia, covering 786,924 hectare or 0.31 percent of Western Australia's land mass, and accounting for 1.03 percent of all protected areas in the state.
 * Barrbem
 * Broome Bird Observatory
 * Broome Wildlife Centre
 * Bundegi Coastal Park
 * Buntine
 * Darram
 * Darrmalanka
 * Gooming
 * Helms Arboretum
 * Jemarnde-wooningim
 * Jurabi Coastal Park
 * Kalgoorlie Arboretum
 * Kununurra Arboretum
 * Mandoon Farm
 * Mijing
 * Monkey Mia
 * Moondyne Convention Centre
 * Moondyne Stronghills
 * Murujuga
 * Ngamoowalem
 * Nyingguulu (Ningaloo) Coastal
 * Ord River Regeneration
 * Voyagers Park
 * Wellington Discovery Forest
 * Woodvale
 * Yallari Timber
 * Unnamed Section 5(1)(h) Reserves (103 different areas)

Indigenous Protected Areas
As of 2022, the following 18 Indigenous Protected Areas exist in Western Australia, covering 50,915,811 hectare or 20.15 percent of Western Australia's land mass, and accounting for 66.87 percent of all protected areas in the state.
 * Anangu Tjutaku Indigenous Protected Area
 * Balanggarra Indigenous Protected Area
 * Bardi Jawi Indigenous Protected Area
 * Birriliburu Indigenous Protected Area
 * Dambimangari Indigenous Protected Area
 * Karajarri Indigenous Protected Area
 * Kiwirrkurra Indigenous Protected Area
 * Matuwa and Kurrara-Kurrara Indigenous Protected Area
 * Ngaanyatjarra Indigenous Protected Area
 * Ngadju Indigenous Protected Area
 * Ngururrpa Indigenous Protected Area
 * Ninghan Indigenous Protected Area
 * Nyangumarta Warrarn Indigenous Protected Area
 * Paruku Indigenous Protected Area
 * Uunguu Indigenous Protected Area
 * Warlu Jilajaa Jumu Indigenous Protected Area
 * Wilinggin Indigenous Protected Area
 * Yawuru Indigenous Protected Area

Others
Additionally to the protected areas listed above, Western Australia, as of 2022, also has two Botanic Gardens (Kings Park and Bold Park), 172 Conservation Covenants, ten Conservation Reserves, six Management Areas, eight Private Nature Reserves, one State Reserve (Rottnest Island) and two unclassified areas (one of those being Perth Zoo). Additionally, another 50 protected areas existed in 2022 which were waiting to be gazetted.


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MI5

The Security Service, also known as MI5 (Military Intelligence, Section 5), is the United Kingdom's domestic counter-intelligence and security agency and is part of its intelligence machinery alongside the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), and Defence Intelligence (DI). MI5 is directed by the Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC), and the service is bound by the Security Service Act 1989. The service is directed to protect British parliamentary democracy and economic interests and to counter terrorism and espionage within the United Kingdom (UK).

Within the civil service community, the service is colloquially known as Box, or Box 500, after its official wartime address of PO Box 500; its current address is PO Box 3255, London SW1P 1AE.

The Security Service is derived from the Secret Service Bureau, founded in 1909. At the start of the First World War it was responsible for the arrest of enemy spies, or suspected enemy spies. Throughout the First World War, Germany continually attempted to infiltrate Britain, but MI5 was able to identify most, if not all, of the agents dispatched. During the Second World War, it developed the so-called 'double-cross' system. This involved attempting to 'turn' captured agents wherever possible, and use them to mislead enemy intelligence agencies.

After the war, the service was instrumental in breaking up a large Soviet spy ring at the start of the 1970s. It then allegedly became involved in monitoring trade unions and left-wing politicians. It also assumed responsibility for the investigation of all Irish republican activity within Britain during The Troubles. Its role was then expanded to countering other forms of terrorism, particularly in more recent years the more widespread threat of Islamic extremism. In 1996, legislation formalised the extension of the Security Service's statutory remit to include supporting the law enforcement agencies in their work against serious crime.

Structure
The Security Service comes under the authority of the Home Secretary within the Cabinet. The service is headed by a Director General (DG) at the grade of a Permanent Secretary of the Civil Service, who is directly supported by an internal security organisation, secretariat, legal advisory branch, and information services branch. The Deputy Director General is responsible for the operational activity of the service, being responsible for four branches; international counter-terrorism, National Security Advice Centre (counter proliferation and counter espionage), Irish and domestic counter-terrorism, and technical and surveillance operations.

The service is directed by the Joint Intelligence Committee for intelligence operational priorities. It liaises with SIS, GCHQ, DI, and a number of other bodies within the British government, and industrial base. It is overseen by the Intelligence and Security Committee of Members of Parliament, who are directly appointed by the Prime Minister, and by the Investigatory Powers Commissioner. Judicial oversight of the service's conduct is exercised by the Investigatory Powers Tribunal.

Legislation
Operations of the service are required to be proportionate, and compliant with British legislation, including the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000, the Investigatory Powers Act 2016, the Data Protection Act 2018, and various other items of legislation. Information held by the service is exempt from disclosure under section 23 of the Freedom of Information Act 2000.

Also, the Security Service Act of 1989 establishes several legal key mechanisms aimed at ensuring the accountability and control of the Service. Certain provisions from this act were later integrated into the Intelligence Services Act of 1994 with European Commission on Human Rights later having endorsed these mechanisms in multiple applications under the European Convention on Human Rights. Additionally, the Service is subject to oversight and accountability through various other means. These oversight mechanisms have evolved over time to meet changing governmental requirements, with the Service now being held accountable through a variety of oversight arrangements.

Oversight
All employees of the service are bound by the Official Secrets Act. In certain circumstances, officers handling agents or informers may authorise them to carry out activity which would otherwise be criminal within the United Kingdom. The Security Service "is authorised to investigate any person or movement that might threaten the...security" of the United Kingdom.

The current Director General is Ken McCallum, who succeeded Andrew Parker in April 2020.

Centenary and awards
The service marked its centenary in 2009 by publishing an official history titled The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5, written by Christopher Andrew, Professor of Modern and Contemporary History at Cambridge University.

Members of the Security Service are recognised annually by King Charles III at the Prince of Wales's Intelligence Community Awards at St James's Palace or Clarence House alongside members of the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), and GCHQ. Awards and citations are given to teams within the agencies as well as individuals.

Early years
The Security Service is derived from the Secret Service Bureau, founded in 1909, and concentrating originally on the activities of the Imperial German government, as a joint initiative of the Admiralty and the War Office. The Bureau was initially split into naval and army sections which, over time, specialised respectively in foreign target espionage and internal counter-espionage activities. The former specialisation was a result of a growing interest at the Admiralty, at the time, in intelligence regarding the fleet of the Imperial German Navy. This division was formalised, as separate home and foreign sections, prior to the beginning of the First World War. Following a number of administrative changes, the home section became known as Directorate of Military Intelligence, Section 5 and the abbreviation MI5: the name by which it is still known in popular culture. (The foreign/naval section of the Secret Service Bureau was to become the basis of the later Secret Intelligence Service, or MI6.)

The founding head of the Army section was Vernon Kell of the South Staffordshire Regiment, who remained in that role until the early part of the Second World War. Its role was originally quite restricted, as the section existed solely to ensure national security through counter-espionage. With a small staff, and working in conjunction with the Special Branch of the Metropolitan Police, the service was responsible for overall direction and the identification of foreign agents, while Special Branch provided the manpower for the investigation of their affairs, arrest and interrogation.

On the day after the declaration of the First World War, the Home Secretary, Reginald McKenna, announced that "within the last twenty-four hours no fewer than twenty-one spies, or suspected spies, have been arrested in various places all over the country, chiefly in important military or naval centres, some of them long known to the authorities to be spies".

These arrests have provoked recent historical controversy. According to the official history of MI5, the actual number of agents identified was 22, and Kell had started sending out letters to local police forces on 29 July, giving them advance warning of arrests to be made as soon as war was declared. Portsmouth Constabulary jumped the gun and arrested one on 3 August, and not all of the 22 were in custody by the time that McKenna made his speech, but the official history regards the incident as a devastating blow to Imperial Germany, which deprived them of their entire spy ring, and specifically upset the Kaiser.

In 2006, his article 'Entering the Lists' was published in the journal Intelligence and National Security, outlining the products of his research into recently opened files. Hiley was sent an advance copy of the official history, and objected to the retelling of the story. He later wrote another article, 'Re-entering the Lists', which asserted that the list of those arrested published in the official history was concocted from later case histories.

Inter-war period
MI5 proved consistently successful throughout the rest of the 1910s and 1920s in its core counter-espionage role. Throughout the First World War, Germany continually attempted to infiltrate Britain, but MI5 was able to identify most, if not all, of the agents dispatched. MI5 used a method that depended on strict control of entry and exit to the country and, crucially, large-scale inspection of mail. In post-war years, attention turned to attempts by the Soviet Union and the Comintern to surreptitiously support revolutionary activities within Britain. MI5's expertise, combined with the early incompetence of the Soviets, meant the bureau was successful in correctly identifying and closely monitoring these activities.

In the meantime, MI5's role had grown substantially. Due to the spy hysteria, MI5 had formed with far more resources than it actually needed to track down German spies. As is common within governmental bureaucracies, this caused the service to expand its role to use its spare resources. MI5 acquired many additional responsibilities during the war. Most significantly, its strict counter-espionage role blurred considerably. It acquired a much more political role, involving the surveillance not merely of foreign agents, but also of pacifist and anti-conscription organisations, and of organised labour. This was justified by citing the common belief that foreign influence was at the root of these organisations. Thus, by the end of the First World War, MI5 was a fully-fledged investigating force (although it never had powers of arrest), in addition to being a counter-espionage agency. The expansion of this role continued after a brief post-war power struggle with the head of the Special Branch, Sir Basil Thomson.

After the First World War, budget-conscious politicians regarded Kell's department as unnecessary. In 1919, MI5's budget was slashed from £100,000 to just £35,000, and its establishment from over 800 officers to a mere 12. At the same time, Sir Basil Thomson of Special Branch was appointed Director of Home Intelligence, in supreme command of all domestic counter-insurgency and counter-intelligence investigations. Consequently, as official MI5 historian Christopher Andrew has noted in his official history Defence of the Realm (2010), MI5 had no clearly defined role in the Anglo-Irish War of 1919–1921. To further worsen the situation, several of Kell's officers defected to Thomson's new agency, the Home Intelligence Directorate. MI5 therefore undertook no tangible intelligence operations of consequence during the Irish War of Independence. MI5 did undertake the training of British Army case-officers from the Department of Military Intelligence (DMI), for the Army's so-called "Silent Section", otherwise known as M04(x). Quickly trained by MI5 veterans at Hounslow Barracks, outside London, these freshly-minted M04(x) Army case-officers were deployed to Dublin beginning in the spring of 1919. Over time, 175 officers were trained and dispatched to Ireland. In Ireland, they came under the command of General Cecil Romer and his Deputy, Lieutenant Colonel Stephen Searle Hill-Dillon.

In April 1919, Colonel Walter Wilson of the Department of Military Intelligence arrived in Dublin to take over the day-to-day management of these 175 Army intelligence-officers, and the unit was designated as the "Dublin District Special Branch" (DMI/MO4(x)/DDSB), because it operated exclusively within the confines of the Army's Dublin Military District. Royal Marine Colonel Hugh Montgomery of the Department of Naval Intelligence, was also seconded to Romer's intelligence staff at this time.

British Army after-action reports and contemporary accounts indicate that M04(x)/DDSB was considered by some a highly amateurish outfit. Serious cover constraints, coupled with alcohol abuse and social fraternisation with local prostitutes would prove the downfall of several of these amateur sleuths.

Despite these failings, it was not MI5, but one of Basil Thomson's agents, John Charles Byrnes, a double agent within the IRA, who identified Michael Collins, and came close to arranging his capture. The IRA identified Byrnes as a British spy and murdered him in March 1920.

The intelligence staff of Michael Collins Irish Republican Army penetrated the unit. Using DMP detectives Ned Broy and David Nelligan, Michael Collins was able to learn the names and lodgings of the M04(x) agents, referred to by IRA operatives as 'The Cairo Gang'. On Bloody Sunday in 1920, Collins ordered his counter-intelligence unit, The Squad, to assassinate 25 M04(x) agents, several British courts-martial officers, at least one agent reporting to Basil Thomson, and several intelligence officers attached to the Royal Irish Constabulary Auxiliary Division, at their lodgings throughout Dublin.

Although the shooting of 14 British officers had the desired effect on British morale, in many ways Bloody Sunday was a botched job. Three of Collins's men were apprehended after engaging in a shoot-out on the street, and at least two of the wounded British officers had no connection whatsoever to British intelligence. Moreover, with MO4(x) having fielded a total of 175 agents of the DDSB, Collins's operation only temporarily slowed British momentum. Within days, the remaining 160-odd M04(x) agents were re-established in secure quarters inside solidly loyalist hotels in Dublin, from where they continued to pursue Collins and the IRA relentlessly right up until the truce of July 1921.

In December 1920, the entire DDSB was transferred from British Army command to civil command under Deputy Police Commissioner General Ormonde Winter, and thereafter was known as "D Branch" within Dublin Castle. By January 1921, the highly experienced MI6 operative David Boyle arrived at Dublin Castle to take over the day-to-day management of D Branch. The unit's former commander, Colonel Wilson, resigned in protest against having had his command taken from him. D Branch thrived under Boyle's leadership.

The net impact of Collins's strike of Bloody Sunday, 21 November 1920, was therefore quite negligible, even though the IRA had not gone up against MI5 professionals, but instead only against a quickly trained outfit of amateur army "D-Listers". That afternoon, a mixed force of the British Army, the Royal Irish Constabulary, and the Black and Tans retaliated by indiscriminately shooting dead 14 civilians at a Gaelic Football match at Croke Park.

In 1921, Sir Warren Fisher, the government inspector-general for civil-service affairs, conducted a thorough review of the operations and expenditures of Basil Thomson's Home Intelligence Directorate. He issued a scathing report, accusing Thomson of wasting both money and resources, and conducting redundant as well as ineffectual operations. Shortly thereafter, in a private meeting with Prime Minister David Lloyd George, Sir Basil Thomson was sacked, and the Home Intelligence Directorate was formally abolished. With Thomson out of the way, Special Branch was returned to the command of the Commissioner of The Criminal Investigation Division at Scotland Yard. Only then was Vernon Kell able once again to rebuild MI5 and re-establish it in its former place as Britain's chief domestic spy agency.

MI5 operated in Italy during inter-war period, and helped Benito Mussolini get his start in politics with a £100 weekly wage.

MI5's efficiency in counter-espionage declined from the 1930s. It was, to some extent, a victim of its own success. It was unable to break the ways of thinking it had evolved in the 1910s and 1920s. In particular, it was unable to adjust to the new methods of the Soviet intelligence services: the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) and Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU). It continued to think in terms of agents who would attempt to gather information simply through observation or bribery, or to agitate within labour organisations and the armed services, while posing as ordinary citizens. The NKVD, meanwhile, had evolved more sophisticated methods; it began to recruit agents from within the upper classes (most notably from Cambridge University), whom it regarded as a long-term investment. Such NKVD agents succeeded in gaining positions within the government, and, in Kim Philby's case, within British intelligence itself, from where they were able to provide the NKVD with sensitive information. The most successful of these agents; Harold 'Kim' Philby, Donald Maclean, Guy Burgess, Anthony Blunt, and John Cairncross; went undetected until after the Second World War, and became known as the Cambridge Five.

Second World War
One of the earliest actions of Winston Churchill on coming to power in early 1940 was to sack the agency's long-term head, Vernon Kell. He was replaced initially by the ineffective Brigadier A.W.A. Harker, as Acting Director General. Harker in turn was quickly replaced by David Petrie, a Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) man, with Harker remaining as his deputy. With the ending of the Battle of Britain, and the abandonment of invasion plans (correctly reported by both SIS and the Bletchley Park Ultra project), the spy scare eased, and the internment policy was gradually reversed. This eased pressure on MI5, and allowed it to concentrate on its major wartime success, the so-called 'double-cross' system. This was a system based on an internal memo drafted by an MI5 officer in 1936, which criticised the long-standing policy of arresting and sending to trial all enemy agents discovered by MI5. Several had offered to defect to Britain when captured; before 1939, such requests were invariably turned down. The memo advocated attempting to 'turn' captured agents wherever possible, and use them to mislead enemy intelligence agencies. This suggestion was turned into a massive and well-tuned system of deception during the Second World War.

Beginning with the capture of an agent named Arthur Owens, codenamed 'Snow', MI5 began to offer enemy agents the chance to avoid prosecution (and thus the possibility of the death penalty) if they would work as British double-agents. Agents who agreed to this were supervised by MI5 in transmitting bogus 'intelligence' back to the German secret service, the Abwehr. This necessitated a large-scale organisational effort, since the information had to appear valuable but actually be misleading. A high-level committee, the Wireless Board, was formed to provide this information. The day-to-day operation was delegated to a sub-committee, the Twenty Committee (so called because the Roman numerals for twenty, XX, form a double cross). The system was extraordinarily successful. A post-war analysis of German intelligence records found that of the 115 or so agents targeted against Britain during the war, all but one (who committed suicide) had been successfully identified and caught, with several 'turned' to become double agents. The system played a major part in the massive campaign of deception which preceded the D-Day landings, designed to give the Germans a false impression of the location and timings of the landings (see Operation Fortitude).

While the double-cross work dealt with enemy agents sent into Britain, a smaller-scale operation run by Victor Rothschild targeted British citizens who wanted to help Germany. The 'Fifth Column' operation saw an MI5 officer, Eric Roberts, masquerade as the Gestapo's man in London, encouraging Nazi sympathisers to pass him information about people who would be willing to help Germany in the event of invasion. When his recruits began bringing in intelligence, he promised to pass that on to Berlin. The operation was deeply controversial within MI5, with opponents arguing that it amounted to entrapment. By the end of the war, Roberts had identified around 500 people. But MI5 decided not to prosecute, and instead covered the work up, even giving some of Roberts' recruits Nazi medals. They were never told the truth.

All foreigners entering the country were processed at the London Reception Centre (LRC) at the Royal Victoria Patriotic Building, which was operated by MI5 subsection B1D; 30,000 were inspected at LRC. Captured enemy agents were taken to Camp 020, Latchmere House, for interrogation. This was commanded by Colonel Robin Stephens. There was a reserve camp, Camp 020R, at Huntercombe, which was used mainly for long term detention of prisoners.

It is believed that two MI5 officers participated in 'a gentle interrogation' given to the senior Nazi Heinrich Himmler after his arrest at a military checkpoint in the northern German village of Bremervörde in May 1945. Himmler subsequently killed himself during a medical examination by a British officer by means of a cyanide capsule that he had concealed in his mouth. One of the MI5 officers, Sidney Henry Noakes of the Intelligence Corps, was subsequently given permission to keep Himmler's braces and the forged identity document that had led to his arrest.

Post-Second World War
The Prime Minister's personal responsibility for the service was delegated to the Home Secretary David Maxwell-Fyfe in 1952, with a directive issued by the Home Secretary setting out the role and objectives of the Director General. The service was subsequently placed on a statutory basis in 1989 with the introduction of the Security Service Act. This was the first government acknowledgement of the existence of the service.

The post-war period was a difficult time for the service, with a significant change in the threat as the Cold War began, being challenged by an extremely active KGB, and increasing incidence of the Northern Ireland conflict, and international terrorism. Whilst little has yet been released regarding the successes of the service, there have been a number of intelligence failures which have created embarrassment for both the service and the government. For instance, in 1983, one of its officers, Michael Bettaney, was caught trying to sell information to the KGB. He was subsequently convicted of espionage.

Following the Michael Bettaney case, Philip Woodfield was appointed as a staff counsellor for the security and intelligence services. His role was to be available to be consulted by any member or former member of the security and intelligence services who had "anxieties relating to the work of his or her service" that it had not been possible to allay through the ordinary processes of management-staff relations, including proposals for publications.

The service was instrumental in breaking up a large Soviet spy ring at the start of the 1970s, with 105 Soviet embassy staff known or suspected to be involved in intelligence activities being expelled from the country in 1971.

One episode involving MI5 and the BBC came to light in the mid-1980s. MI5 officer Ronnie Stonham had an office in the BBC, and took part in vetting procedures.

Controversy arose when it was alleged that the service was monitoring trade unions and left-wing politicians. A file was kept on Labour Prime Minister Harold Wilson from 1945, when he became a Member of Parliament (MP), although the agency's official historian, Christopher Andrew maintains that his fears of MI5 conspiracies and bugging were unfounded. As Home Secretary, the Labour MP Jack Straw discovered the existence of his own file dating from his days as a student radical.

One of the most significant and far reaching failures was an inability to conclusively detect and apprehend the 'Cambridge Five' spy ring, which had formed in the inter-war years, and achieved great success in penetrating the government, and the intelligence agencies themselves. Related to this failure were suggestions of a high-level penetration within the service, Peter Wright (especially in his controversial book Spycatcher) and others believing that evidence implicated the former Director General, Roger Hollis, or his deputy Graham Mitchell. The Trend inquiry of 1974 found the case unproven of that accusation, and that view was later supported by the former KGB officer Oleg Gordievsky. Another spy ring, the Portland spy ring, exposed after a tip-off by Soviet defector Michael Goleniewski, led to an extensive MI5 surveillance operation.

In 1991, MI5 revealed its head publicly for the first time and declassified some information, "such as the number of its employees and its organizational structure."

There have been strong accusations levelled against MI5 for having failed in its obligation to provide care for former police agents who had infiltrated the Provisional IRA during the Troubles. The two most notable of the agents, Martin McGartland and Raymond Gilmour, went on to reside in England using false identities, and in 2012, launched test cases against the agency. Both men claimed to journalist Liam Clarke in the Belfast Telegraph that they were abandoned by MI5 and were "left high and dry despite severe health problems as a result of their work and lavish promises of life-time care from their former Intelligence bosses". Both men suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Following the United States invasion of Afghanistan, on 9 January 2002, the first MI5 staff arrived at Bagram. On 12 January 2002, following a report by an MI6 officer that a detainee appeared to have been mistreated before, an MI6 officer was sent instructions that were copied to all MI5 and MI6 staff in Afghanistan about how to deal with concerns over mistreatment, referring to signs of abuse: 'Given that they are not within our custody or control, the law does not require you to intervene to protect this'. It went on to say that the Americans had to understand that the UK did not condone such mistreatment, and that a complaint should be made to a senior US official if there was any coercion by the US in conjunction with an MI6 interview.

The Security Service's role in counter-terrorism
The end of the Cold War resulted in a change in emphasis for the operations of the service, assuming responsibility for the investigation of all Irish republican activity within Britain, and increasing the effort countering other forms of terrorism, particularly in more recent years the more widespread threat of Islamic extremism.

Whilst the British security forces in Northern Ireland have provided support in the countering of both republican and loyalist paramilitary groups since the early 1970s, republican sources have often accused these forces of collusion with loyalists. In 2006, an Irish government committee inquiry found that there was widespread collusion between British security forces and loyalist terrorists in the 1970s, which resulted in eighteen deaths. In 2012, a document based review by Sir Desmond de Silva QC into the 1989 murder of Belfast solicitor Patrick Finucane found that MI5 had colluded with the Ulster Defence Association (UDA). The review disclosed that MI5 assessments of UDA intelligence consistently noted that the majority came from MI5 sources, with an assessment in 1985 finding 85% came from MI5. Prime Minister David Cameron accepted the findings, and apologised on behalf of the British government, and acknowledged significant levels of collusion with Loyalists in its state agencies.

On 10 October 2007, the lead responsibility for national security intelligence in Northern Ireland returned to the Security Service from the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI), that had been devolved in 1976 to the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) during Ulsterisation. During April 2010, the Real IRA detonated a 120 lb car bomb outside Palace Barracks in County Down, which is the headquarters of MI5 in Northern Ireland and also home to the 2nd Battalion The Mercian Regiment.

MI5 is understood to have a close working relationship with the Republic of Ireland's Special Detective Unit (SDU), the counter-terrorism and counter-intelligence section of the Garda Síochána (national police), particularly with regards to threats from dissident republican terrorism and Islamic terrorism. Executive liaison groups enable MI5 to safely share secret, sensitive, and often raw intelligence with the police, on which decisions can be made about how best to gather evidence and prosecute suspects in the courts. Each organisation works in partnership throughout the investigation, but MI5 retain the lead for collecting, assessing and exploiting intelligence. The police take lead responsibility for gathering evidence, obtaining arrests, and preventing risks to the public.

Serious crime
In 1996, legislation formalised the extension of the Security Service's statutory remit to include supporting the law enforcement agencies in their work against serious crime. Tasking was reactive, acting at the request of law enforcement bodies such as the National Criminal Intelligence Service (NCIS), for whom MI5 officers performed electronic surveillance and eavesdropping duties during Operation Trinity. This role has subsequently been passed to the Serious Organised Crime Agency (SOCA) and then the National Crime Agency (NCA).

Surveillance
In 2001, after the 11 September attacks in the U.S., MI5 started collecting bulk telephone communications data under a little understood general power of the Telecommunications Act 1984 (instead of the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 which would have brought independent oversight and regulation). This was kept secret until announced by the Home Secretary in 2015. This power was replaced by the Investigatory Powers Act 2016 which introduced new surveillance powers overseen by the Investigatory Powers Commission (IPC) it introduces.

In July 2006, parliamentarian Norman Baker accused the British Government of "hoarding information about people who pose no danger to this country", after it emerged that MI5 holds secret files on 272,000 individuals, equivalent to one in 160 adults. It had previously been revealed that a 'traffic light' system operates:
 * Green: active; about 10% of files
 * Amber: enquiries prohibited, further information may be added; about 46% of files
 * Red: enquiries prohibited, substantial information may not be added; about 44% of files.

Participation of MI5 officers in criminal activity
In March 2018, the government acknowledged that MI5 officers are allowed to authorise agents to commit criminal activity in the UK. Maya Foa, the director of Reprieve, said: "After a seven-month legal battle, the prime minister has finally been forced to publish her secret order, but we are a long way from having transparency. The public and parliament are still being denied the guidance that says when British spies can commit criminal offences, and how far they can go. Authorised criminality is the most intrusive power a state can wield.  Theresa May must publish this guidance without delay".

In November 2019, four human rights organisations claimed that the UK government has a policy dating from the 1990s to allow MI5 officers to authorise agents or informers to participate in crime, and to immunise them against prosecution for criminal actions. The organisations said the policy allowed MI5 officers to authorise agents and informers to participate in criminal activities that protected national security or the economic well-being of the UK. The organisations took the UK government to the Investigatory Powers Tribunal, seeking to have it declare the policy illegal, and to issue an injunction against further 'unlawful conduct'. In December 2019, the tribunal dismissed the request of the human rights organisations in a 3-to-2 decision. The potential criminal activities include murder, kidnap, and torture, according to a Bloomberg report.

Allegations of collusion in torture
In October 2020, Rangzieb Ahmed brought a civil claim against MI5, alleging that Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence agency had arrested him in 2006, and that MI5 had colluded in torture by submitting questions which were put to him under torture in Pakistan. This claim was rejected by the High Court on 16 December 2020.

Buildings
MI5 was based at Watergate House in the Strand from 1912 until 1916, when it moved to larger facilities at 16 Charles Street for the remaining years of the First World War. After the First World War, it relocated to smaller premises at 73–75 Queen's Gate in 1919, and then moved to 35 Cromwell Road in 1929, before transferring to the top floor of the South Block of Thames House on Millbank in 1934. The Service spent the first year of the Second World War at Wormwood Scrubs, before moving to Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire, in 1940. After the Second World War, MI5 was based at Leconfield House (1945–1976), and 140 Gower Street (1976–1994, since demolished), before returning to Thames House in 1994.

The national headquarters at Thames House draws together personnel from a number of locations into a single HQ facility: Thames House also houses the Joint Terrorism Analysis Centre (JTAC), a subordinate organisation to the Security Service; prior to March 2013, Thames House additionally housed the Northern Ireland Office (NIO). The service has offices across the United Kingdom, including a HQ in Northern Ireland.

Details of a northern operations centre in Greater Manchester were revealed by the firm who built it.

Directors General of the Security Service

 * 1909–1940: Sir Vernon Kell (born 1873 – d. 1942)
 * 1940–1941: Oswald Allen Harker (born 1886 – d. 1968)
 * 1941–1946: Sir David Petrie (born 1879 – d. 1961)
 * 1946–1953: Sir Percy Sillitoe (born 1888 – d. 1962)
 * 1953–1956: Dick White (born 1906 – d. 1993)
 * 1956–1965: Roger Hollis (born 1905 – d. 1973)
 * 1965–1972: Martin Furnival Jones (born 1912 – d. 1997)
 * 1972–1979: Michael Hanley (born 1918 – d. 2001)
 * 1979–1981: Howard Smith (born 1919 – d. 1996)
 * 1981–1985: John Jones (born 1923 – d. 1998)
 * 1985–1988: Antony Duff (born 1920 – d. 2000)
 * 1988–1992: Patrick Walker (born 1932 - d. 2021)
 * 1992–1996: Stella Rimington (born 1935)
 * 1996–2002: Stephen Lander (born 1947)
 * 2002–2007: Eliza Manningham-Buller (born 1948)
 * 2007–2013: Jonathan Evans (born 1958)
 * 2013–2020: Andrew Parker (born 1962)
 * 2020–present: Ken McCallum

Past names of the Security Service
Although the Service is commonly referred to as 'MI5', this was its official name for only thirteen years (1916–1929). However, it is still used as a sub-title on the various pages of the official Security Service website, as well as in their web address (https://www.MI5.gov.uk).
 * October 1909: founded as the Home Section of the Secret Service Bureau;
 * April 1914: became a sub-section of the War Office Directorate of Military Operations, section 5 (MO5) — MO5(g);
 * September 1916: became Military Intelligence section 5 — MI5;
 * 1929: renamed the Defence Security Service;
 * 1931: renamed the Security Service.

Cover name
MI5 has previously used Government Communications Planning Directorate (GCPD) as a cover name when sponsoring research related to drone usage in charging recording devices.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: MI5


text:
George Gallup

George Horace Gallup (November 18, 1901 – July 26, 1984) was an American pioneer of survey sampling techniques and inventor of the Gallup poll, a successful statistical method of survey sampling for measuring public opinion.

Life and career
Gallup was born in Jefferson, Iowa, the son of Nettie Quella (Davenport) and George Henry Gallup, a dairy farmer. As a teen, George Jr., known then as "Ted", would deliver milk and used his salary to start a newspaper at the high school, where he also played football. His higher education took place at the University of Iowa, where he was a football player, a member of the Iowa Beta chapter of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity, and editor of The Daily Iowan, an independent newspaper which serves the university campus. He earned his B.A. in 1923, his M.A. in 1925 and his Ph.D. in 1928.

He then moved to Des Moines, Iowa, where he served as head of the Department of Journalism at Drake University until 1931. That year, he moved to Evanston, Illinois, as a professor of journalism and advertising at Northwestern University. The next year, he moved to New York City to join the advertising agency of Young and Rubicam as director of research (later serving as vice president from 1937 to 1947). He was also a professor of journalism at Columbia University, but he had to give up this position shortly after he formed his own polling company, the American Institute of Public Opinion (Gallup Poll), in 1935.

Gallup is often credited as the developer of public polling. In 1932, Gallup did some polling for his mother-in-law, Ola Babcock Miller, a candidate who was a long shot from winning a position as Iowa Secretary of State. With the Democratic landslide of that year, she won a stunning victory, furthering Gallup's interest in politics.

In 1936, his new organization achieved national recognition by correctly predicting, from the replies of only 50,000 respondents, that Franklin Roosevelt would defeat Alf Landon in the U.S. Presidential election. This was in direct contradiction to the widely-respected Literary Digest magazine whose poll based on over two million returned questionnaires predicted that Landon would be the winner. Not only did Gallup get the election right, he correctly predicted the results of the Literary Digest poll, as well as using a random sample smaller than theirs but chosen to match it.

Twelve years later, his organization had its moment of greatest ignominy, when it predicted that Thomas Dewey would defeat Harry S. Truman in the 1948 election, by between 5% and 15%; Truman won the election by 4.5%. Gallup believed the error was mostly due to his decision to end polling three weeks before Election Day, thus failing to account for Truman's comeback.

In 1947, he launched the Gallup International Association, an international association of polling organizations. With friends-cum-rivals Elmo Roper and Archibald Crossley, he was instrumental in the establishment of the Market Research Council, the National Council on Public Polls, and the American Association for Public Opinion Research. In 1948, with Claude E. Robinson, he founded Gallup & Robinson, an advertising research company.

In 1958, Gallup grouped all of his polling operations under what became The Gallup Organization.

Gallup died in 1984 of a heart attack at his summer home in Tschingel ob Gunten, a village in the Bernese Oberland of Switzerland. He was buried in Princeton Cemetery. His wife died in 1988, and their son, writer and pollster George Gallup Jr., died in 2011.

title: George Gallup


text:
Philip V of Macedon

Philip V (238–179 BC) was king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon from 221 to 179 BC. Philip's reign was principally marked by the Social War in Greece (220-217 BC) and a struggle with the emerging power of the Roman Republic. He would lead Macedon against Rome in the First (212-205 BC) and Second (200-196 BC) Macedonian Wars. While he lost the latter, Philip later allied with Rome against Antiochus III in the Roman-Seleucid War. He died in 179 BC from illness after efforts to recover the military and economic condition of Macedonia and passed the throne onto his elder son, Perseus of Macedon.

Early life

Philip was the son of Demetrius II of Macedon and Chryseis. Philip was nine years old when his father died in 229 BC. His elder paternal half-sister was Apama III. Philip's great-uncle, Antigonus III Doson, administered the kingdom as regent and then king until his death in 221 BC when Philip was seventeen years old (Plb. 4.2.5, 4.5.3-4; Just. 28.4.16, 29.1.1).

Philip was attractive and charismatic as a young man. A dashing and courageous warrior, he was compared to Alexander the Great, modelled himself on Philip II, and is said by Polybius to have become a universal beloved of the Greeks (κοινός τις...ἐρώμενος...τῶν Ἑλλήνων; Plb. 7.8.11) because of his benevolent conduct towards them. He had a close relationship with Aratus of Sicyon, who until 213 BC held a prestigious position at his court.

After ascending to the throne, in the first year of his reign Philip V pushed back the Dardani and other tribes in the north of Macedonia.

The Social War
The Social War (220–217 BC) began following the establishment of the Hellenic League (Symmachy) of Greek federations (eventually including the Achaeans, Acarnanians, Boeotians, Euboeans, Magnesians, Messenians, and Thessalians) was assembled in Corinth in 224 BC at the instigation of Antigonus III Doson, the uncle and predecessor of Philip V. Philip took over leadership of the Hellenic League in 221/0 BC and led the Hellenic League on a three-year war against Aetolia, Sparta and Elis. Following the sack of Thermum, the Aetolian political and religious capital, the Aetolians agreed to peace. Philip's troops destroyed 2,000 statues and hauled away vast sums of treasure which included some fifteen thousand shields and suits of arms with which the Aetolians had decorated their stoas (Plb. 5.9). These shields were the arms taken from the enemies of the Aetolians during their previous military victories and included the shields of the Gauls who had raided Greece in the 3rd century BC.

Philip and his Greek allies in the Hellenic League ultimately claimed victory against the Aetolians, Spartans and Elians at the conference of Naupactus in 217 BC (Plb. 5.102-105). During the war, Philip V was able to stabilise and increase his own authority amongst his own ministers and became well-known and respected for his leadership and military prowess among the Greeks (Plb. 4.77.1-4; 5.104.4-11; 7.11.4-6).

First Macedonian War (214–205 BC)
After the Peace of Naupactus in 217 BC, Philip V tried to replace Roman influence along the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea, forming alliances or lending patronage to certain island and coastal provinces such as Lato on Crete. He first tried to invade Illyria from the sea, but with limited success. His first expedition in 216 BC had to be aborted, while he suffered the loss of his whole fleet in a second expedition in 214 BC. A later expedition by land met with greater success when he captured Lissus in 212 BC.

In 215 BC, Philip V signed a Macedonian–Carthaginian Treaty with Hannibal Barca the Carthaginian general (Plb. 7.9; Livy 23.33, 38.7). Their treaty defined spheres of operation and interest, but achieved little of substance or value for either side. Philip V became heavily involved in assisting and protecting his allies from attacks from the Spartans, the Romans and their allies.

Rome's alliance with the Aetolian League in 211 BC effectively neutralised Philip's advantage on land (Livy 26.24.6-11). The intervention of Attalus I of Pergamum on the Roman side further exposed Philip's position in Macedonia. Philip was able to take advantage of the withdrawal of Attalus from the Greek mainland in 207 BC, along with Roman inactivity and the increasing role of Philopoemen, the strategos of the Achaean League. Philip and his troops sacked Thermum, the religious and political centre of Aetolia for the second time, destroying any remaining structures (Plb. 11.7.2), and the king was able to force the Aetolians to accept his terms in 206 BC. The following year (205 BC) he was able to conclude the Peace of Phoenice with Rome and its allies (Livy 29.12.14).

Expansion in the Aegean
Following an agreement with the Seleucid king Antiochus III to capture Egyptian-held territory from the boy king Ptolemy V (Plb. 15.20), Philip invaded their territories in Asia Minor, besieging Samos and capturing Miletus. This expansion of Macedonian influence created alarm in a number of neighbouring states, including Attalid Pergamum and Rhodes. Philip responded by ravaging Attalid territory and destroying the temples outside the walls of Pergamon (Didodorus XXVIII 5). Their navies clashed with Philip's off Chios and Lade (near Miletus) in 201 BC. Philip then invaded Caria. Although the Rhodians and Attalids successfully blockaded his fleet at Bargylia, they nevertheless sent an appeal to the Romans for help. At around the same time, the Romans finally defeated Carthage. Although very little in Philip's recent actions in Thrace and Asia Minor could be said to concern the Roman Republic directly, the Senate passed a decree supporting Pergamum and Rhodes and Marcus Valerius Laevinus was sent to investigate (Livy 31.3). Simultaneously, Philip's relationship with Athens suddenly deteriorated. The Acarnanian League launched a raid on Attica, aided by troops which they had received from Philip V. Attalus I and Rhodes convinced the Athenians to declare war on Macedon and Philip dispatched a force of 2,000 infantry and 200 cavalry under the command of Philokles to invade Attica and place the city of Athens under siege (Livy 31.14-16).

Second Macedonian War
In light of reports from Laevinus and further embassies from Pergamon, Rhodes, and Athens, Publius Sulpicius Galba one of the consuls for 200 BC was tasked with resolving the troubles in Macedonia. He organised a formal declaration of war in March (Livy 31.4-8) then recruited troops, and crossed the Adriatic in autumn (Livy 31.12-14). Meanwhile, Philip was besieging Abydos in the Hellespont. During the siege of Abydos, in the autumn of 200 BC, Philip was met by Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, a Roman ambassador on his way back from Egypt, who urged him not to attack any Greek state or to seize any territory belonging to Ptolemy and to go to arbitration with Rhodes and Pergamon. Philip protested that he was not in violation of any of the terms of the Peace of Phoenice, but in vain. As he returned to Macedonia after the fall of Abydos, he learnt of the landing of Sulpicius' force in Epirus.

Campaigns against Sulpicius
Gaius Claudius Centho was sent with 20 ships and 1,000 men to aid the Athenians, then led a surprise raid on the city of Chalcis in Euboea, one of the key Antigonid strongholds known as the 'fetters of Greece'. Philip rushed to Chalcis with a force of 5,000 men and 300 cavalry. Finding that Claudius had already withdrawn, he sped on towards Athens, where he defeated the Athenian and Attalid troops in a battle outside the Dipylon Gate and encamped at Cynosarges, made a series of unsuccessful assaults on Eleusis, Piraeus, and Athens. Then he ravaged the sanctuaries throughout Attica and withdrew to Boeotia. The damage to the rural and deme sanctuaries of Attica was severe and marked the permanent end of their use.

Over the winter of 200-199 BC, the diplomatic efforts of Philip, Sulpicius, and the Athenians centred on the Aetolian League, which seemed inclined to support the Romans but remained neutral at this stage. In the spring, Sulpicius and the Dardanians separately invaded Upper Macedonia, while the Aetolian League joined the war on the Roman side and invaded Magnesia and Perrhaebia, then continued to ravage Thessaly. There, Philip suddenly appeared and completely defeated their force. He spent some time besieging the Aetolian city of Thaumaci, but gave up and withdrew as winter approached. He spent the winter training his army and engaging in diplomacy, particularly with the Achaean League.

Campaigns against Flamininus
Publius Villius Tappulus replaced Sulpicius in command, but spent most of the year dealing with a mutiny. In summer 198 BC Philip marched west and encamped on both sides of the Aoös river where it passed through a narrow ravine. Villius marched to meet him, but was still considering what to do when he learnt that his successor, Titus Quinctius Flamininus was on his way to Corcyra to assume command. At a peace conference, Flamininus announced the Romans' new peace terms. Up to this point, the Romans had merely ordered Philip to stop attacking the Greek cities. Now Flamininus demanded that he should make reparations to all the Greek cities he had harmed and withdraw all his garrisons from cities outside Macedonia, including Thessaly, which had been part of the Macedonian kingdom continuously since 353 BC. Philip stormed out of the meeting in anger and Flamininus decided to attack. In the subsequent Battle of the Aous, the Macedonian force collapsed and fled, suffering 2,000 casualties. Philip gathered up the survivors and retreated to Thessaly and then to Tempe.

Over the winter of 198/197 BC, Philip declared his willingness to make peace. The parties met at Nicaea in Locris in November 198 - Philip sailed from Demetrias, but he refused to disembark and meet Flamininus and his allies on the beach, so he addressed them from the prow of his ship. To prolong the proceedings, Flamininus insisted that all his allies should be present at the negotiations. He then reiterated his demands that Philip should withdraw all his garrisons from Greece, Illyria, and Asia Minor. Philip was not prepared to go this far and he was persuaded to send an embassy to the Roman Senate. When this embassy reached Rome, the Senate demanded that Philip surrender the "fetters of Greece," Demetrias, Chalcis, and Corinth, but Philip's envoys claimed they had no permission to agree to this, so the war continued. Over the rest of the winter, Philip mobilised all the manpower of his kingdom, which amounted to 18,000 men. To these he added 4,000 peltasts from Thrace and Illyria, and 2,500 mercenaries. All these forces were gathered at Dion.

In June 197 BC, Flamininus marched north through Thermopylae, with allies from Aetolia, Gortyn, Apollonia, and Athamania. Philip marched south into Thessaly and the two armies met at the Battle of Cynoscephalae (Plb. 18.18-27; Livy 33.5-11). In what proved to be the decisive engagement of the war, the legions of Flamininus defeated Philip's Macedonian phalanx. Philip himself fled on horseback, collected the survivors, and withdrew to Macedonia. Philip was forced to sue for peace on Roman terms.

Peace treaty with Rome
In 196 BC Philip V signed a peace treaty with the Romans. As per the treaty, Philip V had to relinquish his claim to all Greek cities on the mainland and Asia Minor, including the "fetters" of Greece - Corinth, Chalcis and Demetrias (Plb. 18.44-46). He could also no longer harvest timber on the territory under his control. This effectively meant he could not build up an arsenal of weapons, such as large naval vessels.

Following the peace treaty, Philip cooperated with the Romans and provided material support for their wars against the Spartans under Nabis in 195 BC. Philip V also supported the Romans against Antiochus III the Great and the Aetolian League. After the Roman–Seleucid War the Romans allowed Philip V to keep territory he had conquered, such as Demetrias, the Magnesian coastline of Thessaly, parts of Athamania, parts of Dolopia, parts of Perrhaebia, and a number of towns in the Malian Gulf.

Internal reforms
Philip V was able to generate revenue by imposing taxes on the population of Macedonia and the exploitation of royal property, including mining, forestry and agriculture. According to the Roman historian Livy, less than half of the tributum paid to Philip V was passed on to Rome after 168 BC. Following the Second Macedonian War, Philip V increased his revenues from agriculture and mines. Philip focused on consolidating power within Macedonia. He reorganised the country's internal affairs and finances. Mines were reopened, and a new currency was minted.

Final years
However, Rome continued to be suspicious of Philip's intentions. Accusations by Macedon's neighboring states, particularly Pergamon, led to constant interference from Rome. Feeling the threat growing that Rome would invade Macedon and remove him as king, he tried to extend his influence in the Balkans by force and diplomacy. However, his efforts were undermined by the pro-Roman policy of his younger son Demetrius, who was encouraged by Rome to consider the possibility of succession ahead of his older brother, Perseus. This eventually led to a quarrel between Perseus and Demetrius which forced Philip to decide reluctantly to execute Demetrius for treason in 180 BC. This decision had a severe impact on Philip's health and he died a year later at Amphipolis towards the end of 179 B.C.

He was succeeded by his eldest son Perseus, who ruled as the last king of Macedon.

title: Philip V of Macedon


text:
Skinny

Skinny is another word for thin. It can also mean:

People

 * Skinny (rapper), Saudi-American hip hop rapper
 * Kyle Graham (1899–1973), American Major League Baseball pitcher
 * Skinny Graham (outfielder) (1909–1967), American Major League Baseball player
 * Skinny Johnson (1911–1980), American college basketball player
 * Nedal Hussein (born 1977), Australian boxer
 * Skinny O'Neal (1899–1981), American Major League Baseball pitcher
 * Dominick Pizzonia (born 1941), New York mobster known as "Skinny Dom"
 * Jack Titus (1908–1978), Australian rules football player
 * Jonathan M. Wainwright (general) (1883–1953), American World War II army general and Medal of Honor recipient

Entertainment

 * Skinny (band), defunct British electronica/rock band
 * Skinny (They Can't Get Enough), 1988 album by rap group The Skinny Boys
 * "Skinny," a song by Billie Eilish from her album Hit Me Hard and Soft, 2024
 * "Skinny Skinny", a song by Ashton Irwin from the 2020 album Superbloom
 * Skinny (novel), 2004 debut novel of Ibi Kaslik
 * Skinny Pete, a character in the American TV series Breaking Bad
 * Skinnies, an alien race in the science fiction novel Starship Troopers by Robert Heinlein

Other uses

 * SKINNY (directing team)
 * Skinny Client Control Protocol
 * Skinny pig, a breed of hairless guinea pig
 * Skinny, a technical trail feature found on some mountain biking trails
 * Skinny Mobile, a subsidiary of Spark New Zealand

title: Skinny


text:
Skinny Client Control Protocol

The Skinny Client Control Protocol (SCCP) is a proprietary network terminal control protocol originally developed by Selsius Systems, which was acquired by Cisco Systems in 1998.

SCCP is a lightweight IP-based protocol for session signaling with Cisco Unified Communications Manager, formerly named CallManager. The protocol architecture is similar to the media gateway control protocol architecture, in that is decomposes the function of media conversion in telecommunication for transmission via an Internet Protocol network into a relatively low-intelligence customer-premises device and a call agent implementation that controls the CPE via signaling commands. The call agent product is Cisco CallManager, which also performs as a signaling proxy for call events initiated over other common protocols such as H.323, and Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) for voice over IP, or ISDN for the public switched telephone network.

Protocol components
An SCCP client uses TCP/IP to communicate with one or more Call Manager applications in a cluster. It uses the Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) over UDP-transport for the bearer traffic (real-time audio stream) with other Skinny clients or an H.323 terminal. SCCP is a stimulus-based protocol and is designed as a communications protocol for hardware endpoints and other embedded systems, with significant CPU and memory constraints.

Some Cisco analog media gateways, such as the VG248 gateway, register and communicate with Cisco Unified Communications Manager using SCCP.

Origin
Cisco acquired SCCP technology when it acquired Selsius Corporation in 1998. For this reason the protocol is also referred to in Cisco documentation as the Selsius Skinny Station Protocol. Another remnant of the origin of the Cisco IP phones is the default device name format for registered Cisco phones with CallManager. It is SEP, as in Selsius Ethernet Phone, followed by the MAC address. Cisco also has marketed a Skinny-based softphone called Cisco IP Communicator.

Client examples
Examples of SCCP client devices include the Cisco 7900 series of IP phones, Cisco IP Communicator softphone, and the 802.11b wireless Wireless IP Phone 7920, along with Cisco Unity voicemail server.

Other implementations

Other companies, such as Symbol Technologies, SocketIP, and Digium, have implemented the protocol in VoIP terminals and IP phones, media gateway controllers, and softswitches. An open source implementation of a call agent is available in the Asterisk and FreeSWITCH systems. IPBlue provides a soft phone that emulates a Cisco 7960 telephone. Twinlights Software distributes a soft phone implementation for Android-based devices. The Cisco Unified Application Environment, the product acquired by Cisco when they purchased Metreos, supports using SCCP to emulate Cisco 7960 phones allowing applications to access all Cisco line-side features.

title: Skinny Client Control Protocol


text:
Jackson ratio

Researched and devised by Dr. Oliphant Jackson, the Jackson ratio is a method of determining whether a member of the tortoise species Testudo graeca or Testudo hermanni is maintaining its optimum bodyweight, which is necessary for a successful hibernation.

Calculation
The Jackson ratio is calculated by taking the weight of the tortoise in grams and dividing it by the cube of the length of the tortoise's carapace in centimeters. This is essentially a value of the density of the tortoise in g/cm3. The optimal value for this ratio is 0.21 with a range of 0.18–0.22 being acceptable for hibernation. Values significantly less than this indicate an underweight tortoise and larger values are indicative of overweight tortoises.

The Jackson ratio is expressed as a graph of minimum and optimum weights for a given carapace length. This exhibits the same principle without the maths.

title: Jackson ratio


text:
O2

O2, O-2, o2, O2, O2, O2− or O2+ may refer to:

Science and technology

 * O2 or dioxygen, the common allotrope of the chemical element oxygen
 * O(2-), the ion oxide
 * O2-, the ion superoxide
 * O2+, the ion dioxygenyl
 * O(2+), doubly ionized oxygen
 * O2, an EEG electrode site according to the 10–20 system
 * SGI O2, a Unix workstation computer
 * UOC O2, institutional repository of the Open University of Catalonia
 * O2, the earliest defined spectral class for stars

Places

 * The O2, an entertainment district in London, England
 * The O2 Arena, the arena within The O2
 * O2 Arena (Prague) or Sazka Arena, an arena in Prague, Czech Republic
 * O2 Centre, an indoor shopping and entertainment centre on Finchley Road, London, England
 * O2 Residence, a part of the Jumeirah Lake Towers in Dubai, United Arab Emirates
 * O2 World (Berlin), an indoor arena in Berlin, Germany
 * O2 World (Hamburg), an indoor arena in Hamburg, Germany
 * Otoyol 2, a motorway in Turkey called "O2"
 * The O2 (Dublin), the former name of 3Arena
 * Ring 2 (Aarhus), a road in Aarhus, Denmark, which appears as "O2" on signs
 * Ring 2 (Copenhagen), a road in Copenhagen, Denmark, which appears as "O2" on signs

Film

 * Oxygen (2021 film) or O2, an American-French survival thriller film in production
 * O2 (2020 film), an Estonian-Latvia-Lithuanian-Finnish historical spy thriller film
 * O2 (2022 film), an Indian Tamil language survival thriller film

Albums

 * O2 (FireHouse album) (2000) album of the rock band FireHouse
 * O2 (O-Town album) (2002) album by American boy band O-Town
 * O2 (Tonéx album) (2002) album by Gospel singer Tonéx
 * O2: Avalon Remixed, a 2002 album by Avalon
 * O2 (Son of Dave album), 2006 album by Son of Dave

Songs

 * "O2", a song by Orange Range from Panic Fancy
 * "O2", a 2002 song by Sleater-Kinney from One Beat
 * "O2", a song by Suho from Self-Portrait

Other arts, entertainment, and media

 * Ö2, a radio service for Austria and South Tyrol
 * O2, a character in Kirby 64: The Crystal Shards

Businesses and organisations

 * O2, trading name for Telefónica Europe, a European telecommunications provider
 * O2 Store, a chain of retail stores owned and operated by Telefónica Europe, with regional subsidiaries:
 * O2 (brand), Telefónica mobile network global brand name
 * O2 (Ireland), merged into Three Ireland
 * O2 (UK)
 * O2 Czech Republic
 * Telefónica Germany
 * Telefónica Slovakia
 * O2 Academy, a chain of music venues
 * O2 Wireless USA or H2O Wireless, a prepaid wireless service by Locus Telecommunications
 * O2TV, a Russian independent socially political TV channel

Vehicles and vessels

 * Cessna O-2 Skymaster, a military twin-engine light aircraft
 * Douglas O-2, a military single-engine observation biplane
 * O 2-class submarine, a class of submarines of the Royal Netherlands Navy
 * Oldershaw O-2, a glider
 * SP&S Class O-2, a 1910 steam locomotives class
 * USS O-2 (SS-63), a 1918 United States O class submarine
 * Orbital O2, a tidal power turbine in Orkney
 * GNR Class O2, a class of British steam locomotives classified O2 by both the GNR and the LNER

Other uses

 * O-2, a pay grade in the US uniformed services
 * First lieutenant (United States) in the Army, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Space Force
 * Lieutenant (junior grade) in the Navy, Coast Guard, Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, and NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps

title: O2


text:
Thomas Midgley Jr.

Thomas Midgley Jr. (May 18, 1889 – November 2, 1944) was an American mechanical and chemical engineer. He played a major role in developing leaded gasoline (tetraethyl lead) and some of the first chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), better known in the United States by the brand name Freon; both products were later banned from common use due to their harmful impact on human health and the environment. He was granted more than 100 patents over the course of his career.

Midgley contracted polio in 1940 and was left disabled; in 1944, he was found strangled to death by a device he devised to allow him to get out of bed unassisted. It was reported to the public that he had been accidentally killed by his own invention, but his death was declared by the coroner to be a suicide.

Early life
Thomas Midgley Jr. was born in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, on May 18, 1889, the son of Hattie Louise (née Emerson) (1865 – 1950) and Thomas Midgley Sr. (1840 – 1934). His family had a history of inventing; his father was an inventor in the field of automobile tires while his maternal grandfather, James Emerson, invented the inserted tooth saw. He grew up in Columbus, Ohio, and graduated from Cornell University in 1911 with a degree in mechanical engineering.

Early on, Midgley had a penchant for finding useful applications for known substances. In high school, he used the chewed bark of the slippery elm trees to give baseballs a more curved trajectory, a practice professional players would later pick up. Later in life, he was known to always carry a copy of the periodic table, his main tool in the search for the substance that would mark his breakthrough invention.

Leaded gasoline

In 1916, Midgley began working at General Motors. In December 1921, while working under the direction of Charles Kettering at Dayton Research Laboratories, a subsidiary of General Motors, he discovered (after discarding tellurium due to the difficult-to-eradicate smell) that the addition of tetraethyllead (TEL) to gasoline prevented knocking in internal combustion engines. The company named the substance "Ethyl", avoiding all mention of lead in reports and advertising. Oil companies and automobile manufacturers (especially General Motors, which owned the patent jointly filed by Kettering and Midgley) promoted the TEL additive as an inexpensive alternative superior to ethanol or ethanol-blended fuels, on which they could make very little profit. In December 1922, the American Chemical Society awarded Midgley the 1923 Nichols Medal for the "Use of Anti-Knock Compounds in Motor Fuels". This was the first of several major awards he earned during his career.

In 1923, Midgley took a long vacation in Miami to cure himself of lead poisoning. He said, "I find that my lungs have been affected and that it is necessary to drop all work and get a large supply of fresh air." That year, General Motors created the General Motors Chemical Company (GMCC) to supervise the production of TEL by the DuPont company. Kettering was elected as president with Midgley as vice president. However, after two deaths and several cases of lead poisoning at the TEL prototype plant in Dayton, Ohio, the staff at Dayton was said in 1924 to be "depressed to the point of considering giving up the whole tetraethyl lead program". Over the course of the next year, eight more people died at DuPont's plant in Deepwater, New Jersey. In 1924, dissatisfied with the speed of DuPont's TEL production using the "bromide process", General Motors and the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey (now known as ExxonMobil) created the Ethyl Gasoline Corporation to produce and market TEL. Ethyl Corporation built a new chemical plant using a high-temperature ethyl chloride process at the Bayway Refinery in New Jersey. However, within the first two months of its operation, the new plant was plagued by more cases of lead poisoning, hallucinations, insanity, and five deaths.

The risks associated with exposure to lead have been known at least since the 2nd century BC, while efforts to limit lead's use date back to at least the 16th century. Midgley experienced lead poisoning himself, and was warned about the risk of lead poisoning from TEL as early as 1922. Midgley well knew the hazards of lead. He investigated whether the risks, both in production and use, could be managed. Testing on the exhaust was completed, which he used to support the idea that 1 part tetraethyl lead per 1300 of gasoline could safely be used. After the initial worker exposures, controls were developed to allow the process to operate safely. Leaded gasoline use grew exponentially. The chronic impacts of environmental lead were grossly underestimated.

On October 30, 1924, Midgley participated in a press conference to demonstrate the apparent safety of TEL, in which he poured TEL over his hands, placed a bottle of the chemical under his nose, and inhaled its vapor for sixty seconds, declaring that he could do this every day without succumbing to any problems. However, the State of New Jersey ordered the Bayway plant to be closed a few days later, and Jersey Standard was forbidden to manufacture TEL again without state permission. Production was restarted in 1926 after intervention by the federal government. High-octane fuel, enabled by lead, was important to the military. Midgley later took a leave of absence from work after being diagnosed with lead poisoning. He was relieved of his position as vice president of GMCC in April 1925, reportedly due to his inexperience in organizational matters, but he remained an employee of General Motors.

Freon
In the late 1920s, air conditioning and refrigeration systems employed compounds such as ammonia (NH3), chloromethane (CH3Cl), propane, methyl formate (C2H4O2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) as refrigerants. Though effective, these were toxic, flammable or explosive. The Frigidaire division of General Motors, at that time a leading manufacturer of such systems, sought a non-toxic, non-flammable alternative to these refrigerants.

Midgley, working with Albert Leon Henne, soon narrowed his focus to alkyl halides (the combination of carbon chains and halogens), which were known to be highly volatile (a requirement for a refrigerant) and also chemically inert. They eventually settled on the concept of incorporating fluorine into a hydrocarbon. They rejected the assumption that such compounds would be toxic, believing that the stability of the carbon–fluorine bond would be sufficient to prevent the release of hydrogen fluoride or other potential breakdown products. The team eventually synthesized dichlorodifluoromethane, the first chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), which they named "Freon". This compound is more commonly referred to today as "Freon 12", or "R12".

Freon and other CFCs soon largely replaced other refrigerants, but also had other applications. A notable example was their use as a propellant in aerosol products and asthma inhalers. The Society of Chemical Industry awarded Midgley the Perkin Medal in 1937 for this work. In 1941, the American Chemical Society gave Midgley its highest award, the Priestley Medal. This was followed by the Willard Gibbs Award in 1942. He also held two honorary degrees and was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences. In 1944, he was elected president and chairman of the American Chemical Society.

Death
In 1940, at the age of 51, Midgley contracted polio and was left severely disabled. He devised an elaborate system of ropes and pulleys to lift himself out of bed. On November 2, 1944, at the age of 55, he was found dead at his home in Worthington, Ohio. He had been killed by his own device after he became entangled in it and died of strangulation. His death was ruled a suicide by the coroner. He left behind a widow, Carrie M. Reynolds from Delaware, Ohio, whom he had married on August 3, 1911.

Legacy
Midgley's legacy is tied in with the negative environmental impact of leaded gasoline and freon. Environmental historian J. R. McNeill opined that Midgley "had more adverse impact on the atmosphere than any other single organism in Earth's history", and Bill Bryson remarked that Midgley possessed "an instinct for the regrettable that was almost uncanny". Fred Pearce, writing for New Scientist, described Midgley as a "one-man environmental disaster".

Use of leaded gasoline, which he invented, released large quantities of lead into the atmosphere all over the world. High atmospheric lead levels have been linked with serious long-term health problems from childhood, including neurological impairment,  and with increased levels of violence and criminality in America   and around the world. Time magazine included both leaded gasoline and CFCs on its list of "The 50 Worst Inventions".

Midgley died three decades before the ozone-depleting and greenhouse gas effects of CFCs in the atmosphere became widely known. In 1987, the Montreal Protocol phased out the use of CFCs like Freon.

The harm of leaded gasoline and chlorofluorocarbons have been framed as lessons in known unknowns and unknown unknowns, respectively. When leaded gasoline was invented it was known that lead had harmful effects on human health in large quantities, and that leaded gasoline caused emissions of trace amounts of lead to the atmosphere, but it was not known whether those trace amounts had adverse effects. The existence of the ozone layer, however, and the potential for chlorofluorocarbons to harm it, was not known at the time.

In 2024 it was announced that Terence Winter--writer of 2013's The Wolf of Wall Street--has co-written a feature film about Midgley entitled "Midge."

title: Thomas Midgley Jr.