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New College, Oxford

New College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom. Founded in 1379 by Bishop William of Wykeham in conjunction with Winchester College as New College's feeder school, New College was one of the first colleges in the university to admit and tutor undergraduate students.

The college is in the centre of Oxford, between Holywell Street and New College Lane (known for Oxford's Bridge of Sighs). Its sister college is King's College, Cambridge. The choir of New College has recorded over one hundred albums, and has won two Gramophone Awards.

History
Despite its name, New College is one of the oldest of the Oxford colleges; it was founded in 1379 by William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester, as "Saint Mary College of Winchester in Oxenford", with both graduates and undergraduates. It became known as "New College" because there was already a college dedicated to St Mary in Oxford (Oriel College).

Foundation
In 1379 William of Wykeham decided to found a college. He applied to King Richard II for a royal charter permitting the foundation. In addition, he wrote a charter of his own, requiring his college to have a warden and seventy scholars. He purchased the necessary land in separate lots from the City of Oxford, Merton College and Queen's College. The area had been the City Ditch, a dangerous place by the city's wall; it had been used within living memory for burials during the Black Death.

The college was founded the same year in conjunction with a feeder school, Winchester College (founded 1382, opened 1394). The two institutions have striking architectural similarities: both were the work of master mason William Wynford. The first stone was laid on 5 March 1380. The college had occupied the buildings by 14 April 1386. William of Wykeham then drew up the statutes of the college. The coat of arms of the college is William of Wykeham's. It features two black chevrons, one said to have been added when he became a bishop and the other possibly representing his skill with architecture, since the chevron was a device used by masons. Winchester College uses the same arms. The college's motto, created by William of Wykeham, is "Manners Makyth Man".

New College was established to have prayers said for William of Wykeham's soul. He instructed that there were to be ten chaplains, three clerks and a choir of 16 choristers on the foundation of the college.

As well as being one of the first Oxford colleges to take undergraduates and to appoint tutors to teach them, New College was the first in Oxford to be deliberately designed around a main quadrangle. The college was about as large as all of the (six) existing Oxford colleges combined.

Civil wars
The Royalists used the cloisters and bell tower to store munitions early in the English Civil War. In August 1651, the college was fortified by Parliamentarian forces. In 1685, Monmouth's rebellion involved Robert Sewster, a fellow of the college, who commanded a company of university volunteers, mostly from New College; they exercised on the bowling green.

Academic
Students at New College were until 1834 exempt from taking the university's examinations for the BA and (in earlier times) the MA degrees, and were also ineligible for honours, though they still had to take the college's own tests. The college used to have a reputation for "Golden scholars, silver bachelors, leaden masters and wooden doctors." More recently, like many of Oxford's colleges, New College admitted its first mixed-sex cohort in 1979, after six centuries as an institution for men only.

The choristers were originally accommodated within the walls of the college, under one schoolmaster. Since then the school has expanded; in 1903 the choristers moved to New College School in Savile Road.

College links
King Henry VI is said to have established his own new colleges, King's College, Cambridge, and Eton College, either in admiration of William of Wykeham's twinned institutions of New College and Winchester College, or at least to have modified his plans to outdo them.

New College and Winchester College have from the mid 15th century been formally linked to Eton College and King's College, Cambridge, a four-way relationship known as the Amicabilis Concordia. King's and New College are sister colleges.

Buildings and gardens
At the time of its foundation, the college was a grand example of the "perpendicular style". With the evolution of the college over the centuries, it has regularly added to its original quadrangle. The upper storey of the quad was added in the sixteenth century as attics which, in 1674, were replaced by a third storey proper as seen today. The oval turf at the centre of the quad is an eighteenth-century addition. Many of its buildings are listed as being of special architectural or historical importance.

The initial building phase saw the construction of the Great Quad with the Gate Tower, the dining hall with the four-storeyed Muniment Tower for access, the chapel, the cloisters (consecrated as a burial site in 1400) with the four-storeyed bell tower (1400), along with the Warden's Barn in New College Lane (1402) and the Long Room (behind the SE corner of the Great Quad), purpose-built as a garderobe.

The three-sided Garden Quadrangle, open at one end and begun by the addition of The Chequer to the east of the Great Quad in 1449, was completed in two stages between 1682 and 1707. Further college expansion led to the formation of Holywell Quad in the 19th century. A range known as 'New Buildings' was built along Holywell Street between 1872 and 1896, partly by George Gilbert Scott in High Victorian style (1872), and partly, including the Robinson Tower over the entrance gates, by Basil Champneys in late Victorian style (1885, 1896).

New College is building a new development on its Savile Road site, next to New College School. The Gradel Quadrangles were designed by David Kohn Architects and received planning permission in June 2018. They will provide an additional 99 student rooms, additional dining and kitchen space, a flexible learning hub and a performance venue. In 2022, Sir Robert McAlpine was proceeding with construction.

Hall
The hall is the dining room of the college and its dimensions are eighty feet by forty feet (24 m × 12 m). In his charter, Wykeham forbade wrestling, dancing and all noisy games in the hall due to the close proximity of the college chapel and the lodgings below the hall; he further prescribed the use of Latin in conversation. The linenfold panelling was added while Archbishop Warham was bursar. The floor was paved with marble in 1722. By the end of the 18th century, the open oak roof had been replaced by a ceiling. When the Junior Common Room offered £1000 to restore the hall roof, work began in 1865 under the architect George Gilbert Scott to create the current roof. The plain windows were replaced with stained glass, and the portraits were relocated. The hall underwent a major restoration project in 2015.

Chapel
The chapel was based on the plan of Merton Chapel. The transepts and tower that made Merton Chapel T-shaped were omitted, and a screen separated the main chapel from the ante-chapel. The medieval interior was modified after the Reformation, with the removal of secondary altars, the rood loft, and the reredos' statues, the reredos being covered in plaster. Much of the medieval stained glass in the ante-chapel was restored in a 20-year project which was commended in the 2007 Oxford Preservation Trust Environmental Awards. The chapel contains a statue of Lazarus by Sir Jacob Epstein and a painting by El Greco. Some of the stained glass windows, including the Great West Window, were designed by the 18th-century portraitist Sir Joshua Reynolds.

Gardens and city wall
The Middle Gateway opens to the Garden Quadrangle. The gardens include a mound that was first arranged in 1594 (with steps added in 1649, but now smooth with one set of stairs). In a 1761 edition of Pocket Companion for Oxford the mound is described:

 * "In the middle of the Garden is a beautiful Mount with an easy ascent to the top of it, and the Walks around it, as well as the Summit of it, guarded with Yew Hedges. The Area before the Mount being divided into four Quarters, [..] the King's Arms, [..] opposite to it the Founder's; in the third a Sun Dial; and the Fourth, a Garden-Knot, all planted in Box, and neatly cut."

When William of Wykeham acquired the land on which to build the college, he agreed to maintain the city wall. The herbaceous border that runs alongside the wall is mentioned in Historic England's listing of the garden.

Sports ground
The New College sports ground south of the University Parks was established in the 1880s. The Weston buildings, which accommodate postgraduate students, were built next to the ground in 1999.

Treasures
The college treasures include paintings and a substantial silver collection. The library contains a copy of the first printed edition of Aristotle. A Barbara Hepworth statue stands by the City Wall.

Choir

In 1379, William of Wykeham provided for a choral foundation of clerks and boy choristers. The tradition continues today with choral services during term. The choir often performs Renaissance and Baroque music, including Handel's works. As well as appearing repeatedly at the BBC Proms, the choir has made numerous concert tours.

The choir has recorded over one hundred albums. In 1997, the choir won a Gramophone Award in the best-selling disc category for their album Agnus Dei, and in 2008, they won a Gramophone Award in the early music category for their recording of Nicholas Ludford's Missa Benedicta. On 29 June 2015, at the invitation of the Holy See and the Cappella Musicale Pontificia Sistina, the choir sang at the Papal Pallium mass for the Solemnity of Saints Peter and Paul in St. Peter's Basilica.

Organ
The original organ was given by William Porte (1420–1423). An organ was removed in 1547 under Edward VI, and likewise in 1572. A Willis organ installed in 1874 contained parts from organs by Samuel Green in 1776, James Chapman Bishop, and Dallam in 1663.

The present instrument was constructed by Grant, Degens and Bradbeer in 1969. In 2014 the organ was restored, with the key actions and other mechanisms being completely renewed by Goetze and Gwynn.

Outreach
New College has launched Step-Up, a sustained contact outreach initiative which seeks to inspire students from partner schools in England and Wales to apply to Oxford and supports them to make a competitive application. The college founded the Oxford for Wales consortium, Oxford Cymru, along with Jesus College and St Catherine's College, offering support to students from state schools in Wales.

Rowing
A New College rowing eight is recorded from 1840; the New College Boat Club was "Head of the River" in Eights Week in 1887 and several years from 1896. The club headed the Torpids competition in 1882, 1896, and 1900 to 1904. The club represented Great Britain at the Summer Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1912, and earned a silver medal.

Organisation and administration
The head of the college is the warden, who is responsible for academic leadership, chairs the governing body, and represents the college. Policy is defined and actioned by the warden together with the fellows of the college, who are scholars. New College is one of the constituent self-governing colleges of the University of Oxford, which has a federal organisation. The warden is supported by specialist officers including tutors, bursar, librarian, and chaplain.

The students are divided into a Middle Common Room consisting of the college's graduates, and a Junior Common Room for the undergraduates; these are run by their own committees.

title: New College, Oxford


text:
Elroy, North Carolina

Elroy is a town in Wayne County, North Carolina, United States. In 2007, the estimated population was 3,905. It is included in the Goldsboro, North Carolina Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 6.4 sqmi, all of it land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,896 people, 1,534 households, and 1,087 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 606.4 PD/sqmi. There were 1,718 housing units at an average density of 267.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 70.87% White, 21.20% African American, 0.21% Native American, 1.93% Asian, 4.03% from other races, and 1.77% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.88% of the population.

There were 1,534 households, out of which 33.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.8% were married couples living together, 12.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.1% were non-families. 23.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 2.99.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 24.9% under the age of 18, 10.5% from 18 to 24, 32.0% from 25 to 44, 23.1% from 45 to 64, and 9.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.6 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $35,286, and the median income for a family was $37,853. Males had a median income of $25,943 versus $21,776 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $17,197. About 10.1% of families and 11.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.4% of those under age 18 and 14.5% of those age 65 or over.

Education
Education in Elroy is administered by the Wayne County Public School system with children attending schools in nearby townships. Higher education is offered through Wayne Community College in Goldsboro.

Passenger

 * Air: Elroy is served through nearby Kinston Regional Jetport with service to Orlando, Florida. Raleigh-Durham International Airport is the closest major airport with service to more than 45 domestic and international destinations. Goldsboro-Wayne Municipal Airport is an airport located nearby, but is only used for general aviation.
 * Interstate Highway: I-795 is the closest Interstate to Elroy, which is located 6.5 miles west in Goldsboro.
 * Elroy is not served directly by passenger trains. The closest Amtrak station is located in Selma.
 * Bus: The area is served by Greyhound with a location in nearby Goldsboro.

Roads

 * The main highway in Elroy is US 70. NC 111 also that runs through the area.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Elroy, North Carolina


text:
Eureka, North Carolina

Eureka is a town in Wayne County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 197 at the 2010 census. It is included in the Goldsboro, North Carolina Metropolitan Statistical Area.

History
The Town of Eureka, NC was originally incorporated in 1879 as the Town of Saul's Cross Roads (PrL 1879-90) and the name was changed to Town of Eureka in 1901 (PrL 1901-186).

The Eureka United Methodist Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

On January 24, 1961, a B-52 bomber transporting two extremely powerful nuclear bombs crashed 3 miles south from the center of the city. The bombs were all recovered, however, one uranium component of the second bomb was lost in the crash. It is still buried in the ground today. A sign was erected in the center of the city recounting the story.

In 2019, the NC General Assembly suspended the charter for the town in order for the State to come in and assist it with problems including upgrades to the local sewer system. The finances and administration of the Town currently fall under the duties of the State Treasurer. The suspension of the charter runs through June 30, 2024, but is subject to extension, if needed.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.4 sqmi, all of it land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 244 people, 108 households, and 72 families residing in the town. The population density was 683.5 PD/sqmi. There were 124 housing units at an average density of 347.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 76.23% White and 23.77% African American. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.69% of the population.

There were 108 households, out of which 21.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.9% were married couples living together, 12.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.3% were non-families. 32.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.79.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 19.3% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 23.4% from 25 to 44, 26.2% from 45 to 64, and 24.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.7 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $29,545, and the median income for a family was $36,250. Males had a median income of $26,500 versus $31,875 for females. The per capita income for the town was $14,396. About 9.1% of families and 11.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.8% of those under the age of eighteen and 13.0% of those 65 or over.

Education
Education in Eureka is administered by the Wayne County Public School system with children attending schools in nearby townships. Higher education is offered through Wayne Community College in Goldsboro.

Passenger

 * Air: Eureka is served through nearby Kinston Regional Jetport with service to Orlando, Florida. Raleigh-Durham International Airport is the closest major airport with service to more than 45 domestic and international destinations. Goldsboro-Wayne Municipal Airport is an airport located nearby, but is only used for general aviation.
 * Interstate Highway: I-795 is the closest Interstate to Eureka, which is located 6.5 miles west in Fremont.
 * Eureka is not served directly by passenger trains. The closest Amtrak station is located in Wilson.
 * Bus: The area is served by Greyhound with a location in nearby Goldsboro.

Roads

 * The main highways in Eureka are NC 111 and NC 222.

title: Eureka, North Carolina


text:
Nuffield College, Oxford

Nuffield College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England. It is a graduate college specialising in the social sciences, particularly economics, politics and sociology. Nuffield is one of Oxford's newer colleges, having been founded in 1937, as well as one of the smallest, with only around 90 students and 60 academic fellows. It was also the first Oxford college to accept both men and women, having been coeducational since foundation, as well as being the first college exclusively for graduate students in either Oxford or Cambridge.

As of 2021, the college had an estimated financial endowment of £282m. Due to its small intake, it was the wealthiest educational institution per student in the world in 2013. Since 2017, Nuffield has committed to underwriting funding for all new students accepted to the college. Between 2019 and 2023, 5.1% of applicants to the college were admitted.

Its architecture is designed to conform to the traditional college layout and its modernist spire is a landmark for those approaching Oxford from the west.

History
Nuffield College was founded in 1937 after a donation to the University of Oxford by Lord Nuffield, the industrialist and founder of Morris Motors. On 16 November 1937, the University entered a Deed of Covenant and Trust with Lord Nuffield. He donated land for the college on New Road, to the west of the city centre near the mound of Oxford Castle, on the site of the largely disused basin of the Oxford Canal. As well as the land, Nuffield gave £900,000 to build the college and to provide it with an endowment. For the creation of Nuffield College and for his other donations he was described in 1949 by an editorial in The Times as "the greatest benefactor of the University since the Middle Ages".

From its inception, Nuffield College initiated a number of trends at both Oxford and Cambridge. It was the first college to have both women and men housed together. It was also the first college to consist solely of graduate students. In addition, it was the first in modern times to have a defined subject focus, namely the social sciences.

Nuffield appointed its first fellows in 1939, a group that notably included the historian Margery Perham, but the outbreak of World War II meant that the college's construction did not begin until 1949. During the War, Nuffield hosted the Nuffield College Social Reconstruction Survey, which examined issues related to post-War reconstruction. Nuffield admitted its first students in 1945, and received its Royal Charter from the hands of the Duke of Edinburgh on 6 June 1958.

In the 1960s, Nuffield became closely associated with Harold Wilson's "modernizing" Labour government. During his tenure as Wilson's Chancellor of the Exchequer, future Labour prime minister James Callaghan, who had no formal university education, took tutorials in economics at Nuffield overseen by College fellow Ian Little. Such was the perceived intimacy between College and government that decades later, writer Christopher Hitchens could recall the "fast set that revolved between Nuffield and Whitehall".

Buildings
Nuffield is located on the site of the basin of the Oxford Canal to the west of Oxford. The land on which the college stands was formerly the city's principal canal basin and coal wharfs..

The architect Austen Harrison, who had worked in Greece and Palestine, was appointed by the University to design the buildings. His initial design, heavily influenced by Mediterranean architecture, was rejected by Nuffield, who called it "un-English" and refused to allow his name to be associated with it. Harrison reworked the plans, aiming for "something on the lines of Cotswold domestic architecture", as Nuffield wanted. The plans were approved by Lord Nuffield in 1940. Construction of the college began after the war in 1949. Restrictions on construction after the Second World War meant that work on the college was not completed until 1960. The original plan for the college to occupy land on both sides of Worcester Street was scaled down as a result of budget and material shortages, and to this day the land to the west of the college is occupied by a "temporary" car park. In one change, the tower, which had been planned to be ornamental, was redesigned to hold the college's library. It was the first tower built in Oxford for 200 years and is about 150 ft tall, including the flèche on top. The buildings are arranged around two quadrangles, with residential accommodation for students and fellows in one, and the hall, library and administrative offices in the other. The chapel has stained glass windows designed by John Piper.

The architectural aesthetic of the final design, particularly the tower and its flèche, has attracted some criticism; unlike the other "dreaming spires" of Oxford, Nuffield's tower is a masonry-clad steel-framed book-stack. The architectural historian Sir Howard Colvin said that Harrison's first design was Oxford's "most notable architectural casualty of the 1930s"; it has also been described as a "missed opportunity" to show that Oxford did not live "only in the past". Reaction to the architecture of the college has been largely unfavourable. In the 1960s, it was described as "Oxford's biggest monument to barren reaction". The tower has been described as "ungainly", and marred by repetitive windows. The travel writer Jan Morris wrote that the college was "a hodge-podge from the start". However, the architectural historian Sir Nikolaus Pevsner, although unimpressed with most of the college, thought that the tower helped the Oxford skyline and predicted it would "one day be loved". The writer Simon Jenkins doubted Pevsner's prediction, and claimed that "vegetation" was the "best hope" for the tower – as well as the rest of the college.

Academics
Around a third of Nuffield's fellows hold appointments at the University of Oxford as lecturers, readers or professors. In addition, the college fully funds around a dozen "Official Fellowships", which the college views as tenured research professorships (although most also teach on the University's graduate programme), and about a dozen three-year Postdoctoral research fellows. The college also houses a number of young scholars who hold distinguished awards, such as British Academy post-doctoral fellowships, some senior research fellows and a group of research-active emeritus and honorary fellows. The college also produces works in the Nuffield Election Studies. The college is also home to the Centre for Social Investigation, an interdisciplinary research group examining inequalities and social progress in Britain.

The college was the birthplace of the "Oxford School" of Industrial Relations; it pioneered the development of cost-benefit analysis for developing countries; and it has made a major contribution to the methodology of econometrics.

Student Life
All Nuffield students are members of the College Junior Common Room. Annual traditions include the Nuffield ball and Christmas Pantomime. All members of the College enjoy free lunches throughout the year. Nuffield fields men's and women's cricket and football teams, while rowing is in association with the Linacre College Boat Club.

Notable students and fellows
Many prominent people have studied at Nuffield, including Mark Carney, former Governor of the Bank of England; Manmohan Singh, former Prime Minister of India; Geoff Gallop, former Premier of Western Australia; Nicholas Stern, former Chief Economist of the World Bank and President of the British Academy; and Jonathan Levin, President of Stanford University.

Notable fellows have included psephologist David Butler, political philosopher Michael Oakeshott, political theorist and economist G. D. H. Cole, researcher of inequality Tony Atkinson, and statistician David Cox, who served as Warden between 1988 and 1994. Among the college's fellows and former fellows are three Nobel Prize laureates, John Hicks, James Mirrlees, and Amartya Sen.

Visiting fellows include Stephanie Flanders, former BBC economics editor; Tim Harford, author and economist; and George Soros, investor and philanthropist.

In 2008, a third of all economists who were fellows of the British Academy had connections to Nuffield, as did a quarter of all political science, sociology and social statistics fellows.

Wardens

 * Sir Harold Butler, 1938–1945
 * Sir Henry Clay, 1945–1949
 * Alexander Loveday, 1949–1954
 * Sir Norman Chester, 1954–1978
 * Michael Brock, 1978–1988
 * Sir David Cox, 1988–1994
 * Sir Anthony Atkinson, 1994–2006
 * Sir Stephen Nickell, 2006–2012
 * Sir Andrew Dilnot, 2012–present

Visitors
The Visitor of Nuffield College is ex officio the Master of the Rolls.

title: Nuffield College, Oxford


text:
Fremont, North Carolina

Fremont is a town in Wayne County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 1,255 at the 2010 census. It is included in the Goldsboro, North Carolina Metropolitan Statistical Area.

History
Originally named Nahunta, it was renamed Fremont in 1869 after Col. Sewall Lawrence Fremont, a former U.S. Army artilleryman and chief engineer of the Wilmington and Wheldon Railroad from 1854 to 1871.

The Aycock Birthplace, Barnes-Hooks Farm, and Dred and Ellen Yelverton House are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 1.4 sqmi, all of it land.

2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 1,196 people, 426 households, and 212 families residing in the town.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,463 people, 591 households, and 369 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,074.6 PD/sqmi. There were 671 housing units at an average density of 492.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 45.86% White, 50.72% African American, 0.21% Native American, 0.34% Asian, 2.32% from other races, and 0.55% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.67% of the population.

There were 591 households, out of which 27.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.1% were married couples living together, 19.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.4% were non-families. 35.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 3.11.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.8% under the age of 18, 6.1% from 18 to 24, 24.0% from 25 to 44, 24.1% from 45 to 64, and 20.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 81.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.0 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $25,167, and the median income for a family was $34,375. Males had a median income of $31,250 versus $18,869 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,892. About 15.6% of families and 21.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 34.6% of those under age 18 and 17.7% of those age 65 or over.

Education
Education in Fremont is administered by the Wayne County Public Schools system. Schools located in Fremont include Fremont STARS Elementary School, Norwayne Middle School and Charles B. Aycock High School. Higher education is offered through Wayne Community College in Goldsboro.

Passenger

 * Air: Fremont is served through nearby Kinston Regional Jetport with service to Orlando, Florida. Raleigh-Durham International Airport is the closest major airport with service to more than 45 domestic and international destinations. Goldsboro-Wayne Municipal Airport is an airport located nearby, but is only used for general aviation.
 * I-795 is the closest Interstate Highway on the outskirts of Fremont intersecting with NC 222, while Interstate 95 is located 15 miles west in Kenly.
 * Fremont is not served directly by passenger trains. The closest Amtrak station is located in Wilson.
 * Bus: The area is served by Greyhound with a location in nearby Goldsboro.

Roads

 * The main highways in Fremont are US 117 and NC 222.

title: Fremont, North Carolina


text:
Goldsboro, North Carolina

Goldsboro, originally Goldsborough, is a city in and the county seat of Wayne County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 33,657 at the 2020 census. It is the principal city of and is included in the Goldsboro, North Carolina Metropolitan Statistical Area. The nearby town of Waynesboro was founded in 1787, and Goldsboro was incorporated in 1847. It is the county seat of Wayne County.

The city is situated in North Carolina's Coastal Plain and is bordered on the south by the Neuse River and the west by the Little River, approximately 40 mi southwest of Greenville, 50 mi southeast of Raleigh, the state capital, and 75 mi north of Wilmington in Southeastern North Carolina. Seymour Johnson Air Force Base is located in Goldsboro.

History
Around 1787, when Wayne County was formed, a town named Waynesborough grew around the county's courthouse. In 1787, William Whitfield III (son of William Whitfield II) and his son were appointed "Directors and Trustees" for designing and building the town. Located on the east bank of the Neuse River, the town became the county seat. Population growth in Waynesborough continued through the 1830s. However, this changed once the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad was completed in the early 1840s. By then, a hotel had been built at the intersection of the railroad and New Bern Road, which grew into a community after the train started to transport passengers from there.

More and more citizens soon relocated from Waynesborough to this growing village, named eventually "Goldsborough's Junction" after Major Matthew T. Goldsborough, an Assistant Chief Engineer with the railroad line. Later this was shortened simply to Goldsborough. In 1847, the town was incorporated and became the new Wayne County seat following a vote of the citizens of Wayne County. Local legend has it the Goldsborough supporters put moonshine in the town's well to encourage people to vote for Goldsborough.

In the following decades, Goldsborough's growth continued in part by new railroad connections to Charlotte and Beaufort. By 1861, the town's population was estimated to be 1,500. It was the trading center of a rural area that started with yeoman farmers. By this time, it had been developed as large cotton plantations dependent on the labor of enslaved African Americans, as the invention of the cotton gin had enabled profitable cultivation of short-staple cotton in the up-counties.

Because of its importance as railroad junction, Goldsborough played a significant role in the Civil War, both for stationing Confederate troops and for transporting their supplies. The town also provided hospitals for soldiers wounded in nearby battles.

In December 1862, the Battle of Goldsborough Bridge was waged, in which both sides fought for possession of the strategically significant Wilmington and Weldon Railroad Bridge. Union General John Foster arrived with his troops on December 17, aiming to destroy this bridge in order to put an end to the vital supply chain from the port of Wilmington. He succeeded on that same day, his troops overpowering the small number of defending Confederate soldiers and burning down the bridge. On their way back to New Bern, Foster's men were attacked again by Confederate troops, but they survived with fewer casualties than the enemy. The important bridge at Goldsborough was rebuilt in a matter of weeks.

Goldsborough was the scene of another Union offensive in 1865, during Union General Sherman's Carolinas Campaign. After the battles of Bentonville and Wyse Fork, Sherman's forces met with the armies of Schofield, their troops taking over the city in March. During the following three weeks, Goldsborough was occupied by over 100,000 Union soldiers. After the war was over, some of these troops continued to stay in the city.

In 1869, the spelling of the city was officially changed to Goldsboro. Wayne County was part of North Carolina's 2nd congressional district following the Civil War, when it was known as the "Black Second", for its majority-black population. This district elected four Republican African Americans to Congress in the 19th century, three of them after the Reconstruction era. The attorney George Henry White was the last to serve, being elected in 1894 and serving two terms.

The Democrat-dominated legislature established legal racial segregation in public facilities. To further this, in the 1880s it authorized a facility to serve the black mentally ill, the State Hospital in Goldsboro. In 1899 the legislature authorized an addition but did not appropriate sufficient funds. This operated until after passage of civil rights legislation requiring integration of public facilities. In addition, the hospital was affected by the 1970s movement to de-institutionalize care for the mentally ill. Most states have failed to adequately support community programs to replace such facilities.

During World War II the North Carolina congressional delegation was successful in gaining the present-day Seymour Johnson Air Force Base, which opened on the outskirts of Goldsboro in April 1942 as a US Army Air Forces installation named Seymour Johnson Field. From this point on, the city's population and businesses increased as a result of the federal defense installation. The base's name was changed to Seymour Johnson AFB in 1947 following the establishment of the US Air Force as an independent service.

The city is home to Goldsboro Milling Company, the 10th largest producer of hogs in the U.S., and also a major producer of turkeys. The Borden Manufacturing Company, First Presbyterian Church, L. D. Giddens and Son Jewelry Store, Goldsboro Union Station, Harry Fitzhugh Lee House, Odd Fellows Lodge, and Solomon and Henry Weil Houses are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Nuclear accident
In 1961, two 3.8 megaton hydrogen bombs were dropped accidentally on the village of Faro, 12 mi north of Goldsboro, after a B-52 aircraft broke up in mid air. The two Mark 39 nuclear bombs were released after the crew abandoned a B-52 bomber which had suffered mid-flight structural failure. Both bombs went through several steps in the arming sequence, but neither detonated. One bomb was recovered. Although much of the second bomb was also recovered, a missing piece containing uranium was believed to have sunk deep into the swampy earth and could not be recovered. The piece remains in land that the Air Force eventually purchased in order to prevent any land use or digging. In 2013, it was revealed that three safety mechanisms on one bomb had failed, leaving just one low-voltage switch preventing detonation.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 24.8 sqmi, of which 24.8 sqmi is land and 0.04 sqmi  (0.08%) is water.

The Neuse River defines the southern boundary of the city. Little River is a class WS-III river that provides the water source for Goldsboro. It runs through the west of the city, and joins the Neuse River about 2 mi south of US 70. Stoney Creek runs through the east of the city between downtown and the Seymour Johnson Air Force Base. As of 1982 the Goldsboro waste-water treatment plant accounted for 59% of total effluent discharged into the Neuse between Clayton and Kinston.

The closest lakes to the city center are McArthur Lake, 3.3 mi to the southwest, Cedar Lake, 4.6 mi to the north and Quaker Neck Lake, 4.7 mi to the west. Quaker Neck Lake is an artificial lake that supplies cooling water to the H.F. Lee Energy Complex. The closest reservoirs are Cogdells Pond, 2.6 mi to the northeast and Wills Pond, 5.4 mi to the west. Wills Pond is also known as Bear Creek W/S Lake Number Four. Wills Pond impounds Old Mill Branch, a tributary of Bear Creek that flows east and enters Bear Creek near its headwaters.

Climate
Goldsboro's location on the Atlantic Coastal Plain lends it a Humid subtropical climate, with hot humid summers and cool winters. The hottest month is July, with an average high temperature of 91 °F (31 °C), and an average low of 71 °F (22 °C). The coldest month is January, with an average high of 54 °F (11 °C), and an average low of 34 °F (0 °C). Annual total rainfall is 52.53 inches (1,334 mm), falling relatively evenly with a slight wet season in the late summer/early fall. Some light to moderate snowfall can take place in winter, but amounts can fluctuate greatly and can range from no snow to totals over one foot (30 cm) in some years.

2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 33,657 people, 14,404 households, and 8,320 families residing in the city.

2019
As of 2019 census estimates, there were 34,186 people and 14,339 households residing in the city. The population density was 1,214.9 PD/sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 52.7% African American, 39.9% White, 0.3% Native American, 2.2% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, and 4.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.8% of the population.

The median income for a household in the city was $33,043, and the median income for a family was $59,844. Males had a median income of $55,223 versus $56,850 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,666. About 26.2% of the population were below the poverty line.

Sites of interest

 * Cliffs of the Neuse State Park is a state park located near the city. It covers 751 acre along the southern banks of the Neuse River. It has a swimming area, several hiking trails, fishing areas, a nature museum, and picnic areas. The cliffs rise 90 feet above the Neuse River.
 * Waynesborough Historical Village is a reconstructed "village" located near the original site of the town of Waynesborough. It is home to historical Wayne County buildings ranging from various periods of time. These buildings include a family home, a medical office, a one-room school, a law office, and a Quaker Meeting House.
 * Herman Park includes a recreational center, miniature train, tennis courts, picnic shelters, a turn-of-the-century park house, gazebo, goldfish pond, fountain, and children's playground.
 * The Oheb Shalom synagogue's Romanesque Revival building is one of fewer than a hundred nineteenth-century synagogues still standing in the United States, and the second oldest synagogue building in the state.

Government
Chuck Allen served as the city's Mayor, succeeding Alfonzo "Al" King in 2016 who succeeded Hal Plonk in 2002. As mayor, Allen was the official and ceremonial head of city government and presides at all City Council meetings. The mayor and the city council are elected to office for a four-year term. Goldsboro has a council-manager government. As of 2020, the city manager is Tim Salmon.

In June 2021, Allen abruptly resigned citing health issues.

City council

 * 1st District: Hiawatha Jones
 * 2nd District: Bill Broadway
 * 3rd District: Taj Polak
 * 4th District: Brandi Matthews
 * 5th District: Charles Gaylor
 * 6th District: Greg Batts

Federal representatives
Goldsboro has been in North Carolina's 7th congressional district since January 3, 2017, and is currently represented by Republican David Rouzer. Beginning on January 3, 2021, Goldsboro will be in North Carolina's 1st congressional district and will be represented by Democrat G. K. Butterfield.

Goldsboro is represented in the Senate by Republicans Ted Budd and Thom Tillis.

Colleges

 * North Carolina Wesleyan College Goldsboro campus
 * Wayne Community College

High schools

 * Eastern Wayne High School
 * Goldsboro High School
 * Rosewood High School
 * Wayne Early/Middle College High School
 * Wayne School of Engineering
 * Charles B. Aycock High School
 * Spring Creek High School
 * Southern Wayne High School
 * Wayne School of Technical Arts

Middle schools

 * Dillard Middle School
 * Eastern Wayne Middle School
 * Greenwood Middle School
 * Rosewood Middle School
 * Brogden Middle School
 * Norwayne Middle School
 * Spring Creek Middle School

Elementary schools

 * Carver Heights Elementary School
 * Dillard Academy Charter School
 * Eastern Wayne Elementary School
 * Grantham Elementary School
 * Meadow Lane Elementary School
 * North Drive Elementary School
 * Rosewood Elementary School
 * School Street Early Learning Center
 * Spring Creek Elementary School
 * Tommy's Road Elementary School

Private schools

 * Faith Christian Academy
 * Pathway Christian Academy
 * St. Mary Catholic School
 * Wayne Christian School
 * Wayne Country Day School
 * Wayne Preparatory Academy

Newspaper
The Goldsboro News-Argus is a paid subscription to Goldsboro's daily newspaper with a circulation of approximately 16,500.

Goldsboro Daily News is a free online daily newspaper.

Television
Goldsboro supports one television station. WHFL TV 43 is a low-power broadcast station on UHF channel 43 and is also found on two local cable networks. The station is a FamilyNet affiliate and carries religious, local, and family programming. The area is also served by television stations from the Raleigh-Durham and Greenville areas. CBS affiliate WNCN-TV, Channel 17, is licensed to Goldsboro but has its studios in Raleigh. Up until August 2010, a Public, educational, and government access (PEG) cable TV station called PACC-10 TV was available to Time Warner Cable customers. The station aired its own programming as well as City Council and County Commissioner meetings. Time Warner Cable transferred the channel to Wayne County which currently provides local announcements and community interest programming.

Radio stations based in Goldsboro

 * WZKT 97.7 FM Country
 * WFMC 730 AM Black Gospel
 * WGBR 1150 AM News/Talk
 * WSSG 1300 AM/92.7 FM JAMZ Urban

Transportation
The closest civilian airport is Wayne Executive Jetport, but is only used for general aviation. The nearest public commercial airport is Pitt-Greenville Airport in Greenville about 36 miles northeast of Goldsboro. However, most residents use Raleigh-Durham International Airport for domestic and international travel.

Major highways that run through the city are US 70 (the main thoroughfare through Goldsboro), US 13, US 117, NC 111, and NC 581. I-795 now connects Goldsboro to I-95 in Wilson.

The Goldsboro Bypass which is a route of U.S. 70 was fully opened in May 2016. Previously NC 44 while partially open and under construction, it became US 70 Bypass upon completion and has been designated as Future Interstate 42.

The city has a bus system known as Gateway which runs four routes.

Until the 1960s, the Southern Railway and the Seaboard Coast Line ran passenger trains in and out of Goldsboro Union Station to points west, north and south.

Hospitals

 * Wayne Memorial Hospital (North Carolina), a medical facility located in Goldsboro, is the county's second-largest employer.
 * Cherry Hospital is a psychiatric hospital which first started in 1880 as a facility to treat mentally ill African Americans. A museum depicting its history is also part of the hospital campus.
 * O'Berry Neuro-Medical Center is a North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services hospital providing rehabilitative services to people with intellectual disabilities/ developmental disabilities.

Notable people

 * George Altman, baseball player for Chicago Cubs
 * Christopher R. Barron, member of board of directors and co-founder of GOProud
 * Curtis Hooks Brogden, 19th-century politician
 * Dan Bullock, United States Marine, Private First Class, Vietnam War
 * Doris Coley, singer, member of The Shirelles
 * Annie Dove Denmark, educator
 * Jimmy Graham, tight end for New Orleans Saints and Seattle Seahawks
 * Johnny Grant, radio personality, television producer and honorary mayor of Hollywood
 * Andy Griffith, actor, lived in Goldsboro, teaching English, drama, and music at Goldsboro High School
 * John W. Gulick, U.S. Army major general
 * Anne Jeffreys, actress, born Annie Jeffreys Carmichael on January 26, 1923, in Goldsboro, North Carolina
 * John H. Kerr, III, state senator
 * Joshua Kindred, US federal judge in Alaska
 * Clyde King, baseball pitcher and manager of Atlanta Braves and New York Yankees
 * Jerry Narron, baseball catcher and coach, and manager of Texas Rangers and Cincinnati Reds
 * Mark O'Meara, golfer who won 1998 Masters and British Open
 * Jarran Reed, NFL defensive tackle
 * Kenneth Claiborne Royall, Army general and last Secretary of War
 * Dave Simmons, football player for four NFL teams
 * David Thornton, football player for Tennessee Titans and Indianapolis Colts
 * Big Daddy V, former WWE wrestler. His real name was Nelson Frazier Jr
 * Greg Warren, long snapper for Pittsburgh Steelers
 * Joby Warrick, winner of two Pulitzer Prizes
 * Thomas Washington, an admiral during World War I
 * William Henry Washington, 19th-century politician
 * Coby White, NBA basketball player for Chicago Bulls

title: Goldsboro, North Carolina


text:
Mar-Mac, North Carolina

Mar-Mac is a census-designated place (CDP) in Wayne County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 3,011 at the 2007 census. It is included in the Goldsboro, North Carolina Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 4.4 sqmi, of which, 4.4 sqmi of it is land and 0.04 sqmi of it (0.68%) is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,004 people, 1,232 households, and 868 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 685.7 PD/sqmi. There were 1,485 housing units at an average density of 338.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 75.00% White, 19.54% African American, 0.53% Native American, 1.50% Asian, 2.10% from other races, and 1.33% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.16% of the population.

There were 1,232 households, out of which 30.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.1% were married couples living together, 13.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.5% were non-families. 24.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 2.88.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 22.5% under the age of 18, 9.5% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 26.8% from 45 to 64, and 12.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.1 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $40,145, and the median income for a family was $43,235. Males had a median income of $30,279 versus $21,715 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $18,794. About 5.3% of families and 7.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.9% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

Education
Education in Mar-Mac is administered by the Wayne County Public School system with children attending schools in nearby townships. Higher education is offered through Wayne Community College in Goldsboro and Mount Olive College in Mount Olive.

Passenger

 * Air: Mar-Mac is served through nearby Kinston Regional Jetport, although it no longer has sceduled commercial service. Raleigh-Durham International Airport is the closest major airport with service to more than 45 domestic and international destinations. Goldsboro-Wayne Municipal Airport is an airport located nearby, but is only used for general aviation.
 * Interstate Highway: I-795 is the closest Interstate to Mar-Mac, which is located 5 miles north in Goldsboro.
 * Mar-Mac is not served directly by passenger trains. The closest Amtrak station is located in Selma.
 * Bus: The area is served by Greyhound with a location in nearby Goldsboro.

Roads

 * The main highways in Mar-Mac are US 117 and US 13.

title: Mar-Mac, North Carolina


text:
Pikeville, North Carolina

Pikeville is a town in Wayne County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 678 at the 2010 census. It is included in the Goldsboro, North Carolina Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is notable for being the home of Collier Motors, an automobile sales and service business established in 1955 that has remained an American Motors (AMC) dealership.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.5 sqmi, all of it land.

Early history
Torhunta was a large Native American farming community in present-day northern. The Native Americans left North Carolina and returned to their home in New York where they became members of the Iroquois Nation. After the Native Americans left the area, there was an influx of settlers who came into the rich Neuse River lands and began to clear plantations. Many of these settlers were of the Religious Society of Friends, also known as Quakers.

Samuel Pike moved to the area and settled on the south side of Nahunta Swamp which had been granted by King George II of Great Britain in 1763. This grant of land included between 2,500 and 3000 acre. In 1785, Pike deeded most of this land to his only son Nathan. It was this Nathan Pike for whom the township, the Post Office, and later the town was named.

Nathan Pike owned and operated a large tavern, shop, trading post and hotel. It was then known as Pike’s Junction. In 1856, the first post office opened. During the period of 1793 to 1835 Pike sold around 2000 acre of his land to other families who came here to settle.

Civil War
During General Sherman’s Carolinas campaign in 1865, Pikeville suffered the same fate of many southern towns. Union soldiers destroyed the hotel and tavern Nathan Pike had built, and many buildings and homes were damaged or destroyed. Some of General Sherman’s forces camped in areas east of Pikeville during this time.

Turn of the century
The first school in the area was located at a crossroads named Mount Carmel in 1865. In 1908, the Pikeville grade school was made Pikeville High School. It was composed of the schools of Mount Carmel, Sherrad’s Cross Roads, Pleasant Grove, Oak Dale, Possum Trot, Taylor’s Oak Grove, Smith’s Patetown as well as Pikeville grade School. In 1960, Charles B. Aycock High School was opened in Pikeville in honor of the state governor who was an advocate for quality education.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 719 people, 306 households, and 197 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,355.7 PD/sqmi. There were 334 housing units at an average density of 629.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 96.52% White, 1.11% African American, 0.42% Native American, 0.83% Asian, 0.42% from other races, and 0.70% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.95% of the population.

There were 306 households, out of which 30.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.6% were married couples living together, 8.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.6% were non-families. 32.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.98.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.0% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 28.8% from 25 to 44, 20.9% from 45 to 64, and 17.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.6 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $37,500, and the median income for a family was $53,750. Males had a median income of $30,469 versus $23,750 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,526. Below the poverty line were 8.2% of people, 6.4% of families, 8.5% of those under 18 and 12.1% of those over 64.

Education
Education in Pikeville is administered by the Wayne County Public Schools system. Schools located in the town include Northeast Elementary School, Northwest Elementary School and Charles B. Aycock High School. Higher education is offered through Wayne Community College in Goldsboro.

Passenger

 * Air: Raleigh-Durham International Airport is the closest major airport with service to more than 45 domestic and international destinations. Wayne Executive Jetport is an airport located nearby, but is only used for general aviation.
 * Interstate Highway: Interstate 795 runs just west of Pikeville and I-95 is located 15 mi west in Kenly.
 * Pikeville is not served directly by passenger trains. The closest Amtrak station is located in Wilson.
 * Bus: The area is served by Greyhound with a location in nearby Goldsboro.

Roads

 * The main highways in Pikeville are Interstate 795 and US 117.

title: Pikeville, North Carolina


text:
Oriel College, Oxford

Oriel College is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in Oxford, England. Located in Oriel Square, the college has the distinction of being the oldest royal foundation in Oxford (a title formerly claimed by University College, whose claim of being founded by King Alfred is no longer promoted). In recognition of this royal connection, the college has also been historically known as King's College and King's Hall. The reigning monarch of the United Kingdom (since 2022, Charles III) is the official visitor of the college.

The original medieval foundation established in 1324 by Adam de Brome, under the patronage of King Edward II of England, was the House of the Blessed Mary at Oxford, and the college received a royal charter in 1326. In 1329, an additional royal grant of a manor house, La Oriole, eventually gave rise to its common name. The first design allowed for a provost and ten fellows, called "scholars", and the college remained a small body of graduate fellows until the 16th century, when it started to admit undergraduates. During the English Civil War, Oriel played host to high-ranking members of the king's Oxford Parliament.

The main site of the college incorporates four medieval halls: Bedel Hall, St Mary Hall, St Martin Hall, and Tackley's Inn, the last being the oldest standing medieval hall in Oxford. The college has nearly 40 fellows, about 300 undergraduates and some 250 graduates. Oriel was the last of Oxford's men's colleges to admit women in 1985, after more than six centuries as an all-male institution. Today, however, the student body has almost equal numbers of men and women. Oriel's notable alumni include two Nobel laureates; prominent fellows have included founders of the Oxford Movement. Among Oriel's more notable possessions are a painting by Bernard van Orley and three pieces of medieval silver plate. , the college is ranked twentieth in academic performance out of thirty colleges in the Norrington Table, having topped the table in 2015–16.

Middle Ages
On 24 April 1324, the Rector of the University Church, Adam de Brome, obtained a licence from King Edward II to found a "certain college of scholars studying various disciplines in honour of the Virgin" and to endow it to the value of £30 a year. Brome bought two properties in 1324, Tackley's Hall, on the south side of the High Street, and Perilous Hall, on the north side of Broad Street, and as an investment, he also purchased the advowson of a church in Aberford.

Oriel College Charter.jpg.

The concluding nine words give the date as 21 January in the nineteenth year of his reign.]] Brome's foundation was confirmed in a charter dated 21 January 1326, in which the Crown, represented by the Lord Chancellor, was to exercise the rights of Visitor; a further charter drawn up in May of that year gave the rights of Visitor to Henry Burghersh, Bishop of Lincoln, as Oxford at that time was part of the diocese of Lincoln. Under Edward's patronage, Brome diverted the revenues of the University Church to his college, which thereafter was responsible for appointing the Vicar and providing four chaplains to celebrate the daily services in the church. The college lost no time in seeking royal favour again after Edward II's deposition, and Edward III confirmed his father's favour in February 1327, but the amended statutes with the Bishop of Lincoln as Visitor remained in force. In 1329, the college received by royal grant a large house belonging to the Crown, known as La Oriole, on the site of what is now First Quad. It is from this property that the college acquired its common name, "Oriel"; the name was in use from about 1349. The word referred to an oratoriolum, or oriel window, forming a feature of the earlier property.

In the early 1410s several fellows of Oriel took part in the disturbances accompanying Archbishop Arundel's attempt to stamp out Lollardy in the university; the Lollard belief that religious power and authority came through piety and not through the hierarchy of the Church particularly inflamed passions in Oxford, where its proponent, John Wycliffe, had been head of Balliol. Disregarding the provost's authority, Oriel's fellows fought bloody battles with other scholars, killed one of the Chancellor's servants when they attacked his house, and were prominent among the group that obstructed the Archbishop and ridiculed his censures.

In 1442, Henry VI sanctioned an arrangement whereby the town was to pay the college £25 a year from the fee farm (a type of feudal tax) in exchange for decayed property, allegedly worth £30 a year, which the college could not afford to keep in repair. The arrangement was cancelled in 1450.

Early Modern

In 1643, a general obligation was imposed on Oxford colleges to support the Royalist cause in the English Civil War. The King called for Oriel's plate, and almost all of it was given, the total weighing 29 lb. 0 oz. 5 dwt. of gilt, and 52 lb. 7 oz. 14 dwt. of "white" plate. In the same year the college was assessed at £1 of the weekly sum of £40 charged on the colleges and halls for the fortification of the city. When the Oxford Parliament was assembled during the Civil War in 1644, Oriel housed the executive committee of the Privy Council, Parliament being held at neighbouring Christ Church. Following the defeat of the Royalist cause, the university was scrutinised by the Parliamentarians, and five of the eighteen Oriel fellows were removed. The Visitors, on their own authority, elected fellows between 1648 and October 1652, when without reference to the Commissioners, John Washbourne was chosen; the autonomy of the college in this respect seems to have been restored.

In 1673 James Davenant, a fellow since 1661, complained to William Fuller, then Bishop of Lincoln, about Provost Say's conduct in the election of Thomas Twitty to a fellowship. Bishop Fuller appointed a commission that included the Vice-Chancellor, Peter Mews; the Dean of Christ Church, John Fell; and the Principal of Brasenose, Thomas Yates. On 1 August Fell reported to the Bishop that: "When this Devil of buying and selling is once cast out, your Lordship will, I hope, take care that he return not again, lest he bring seven worse than himself into the house after 'tis swept and garnisht." On 24 January 1674, Bishop Fuller issued a decree dealing with the recommendations of the commissioners—a majority of all the fellows should always be present at an election, so the provost could not push an election in a thin meeting, and fellows should be admitted immediately after their election. On 28 January Provost Say obtained from the King a recommendation for Twitty's election, but it was withdrawn on 13 February, following the Vice-Chancellor's refusal to swear Twitty into the university and the Bishop's protests at Court.

During the early 1720s, a constitutional struggle began between the provost and the fellows, culminating in a lawsuit. In 1721, Henry Edmunds was elected as a fellow by 9 votes to 3; his election was rejected by Provost George Carter, and on appeal, by the Visitor, Edmund Gibson, then Bishop of Lincoln. The provost continued to reject candidates, fuelling discontent among the fellows, until a writ of attachment against the Bishop of Lincoln was heard between 1724 and 1726. The opposing fellows, led by Edmunds, appealed to the original statutes, claiming the Crown as Visitor, making Gibson's decisions invalid; Provost Carter, supported by Bishop Gibson, appealed to the second version, claiming the Bishop of Lincoln as Visitor. The jury decided for the fellows, supporting the original charter of Edward II.

In a private printing of 1899, Provost Shadwell lists thirteen Gaudies observed by the college during the 18th century; by the end of the 19th century all but two, the Feast of the Immaculate Conception and the Purification of the Virgin, had ceased to be celebrated.

Modern

In the early 19th century, the reforming zeal of Provosts John Eveleigh and Edward Copleston gained Oriel a reputation as the most brilliant college of the day. It was the centre of the "Oriel Noetics" — clerical liberals such as Richard Whately and Thomas Arnold were fellows, and during the 1830s, two intellectually eminent fellows of Oriel, John Keble and Saint John Henry Newman, supported by Canon Pusey (also an Oriel fellow initially, later at Christ Church) and others, formed a group known as the Oxford Movement, alternatively as the Tractarians, or familiarly as the Puseyites. The group was disgusted by the then Church of England and sought to revive the spirit of early Christianity. Tension arose in college since Provost Edward Hawkins was a determined opponent of the Movement.

During the First World War, a wall was built dividing Third Quad from Second Quad to accommodate members of Somerville College in St Mary's Hall while their college buildings were being used as a military hospital. At that time Oxford separated male and female students as far as possible; Vera Brittain, one of the Somerville students, recalled an amusing occurrence during her time there in her autobiography, Testament of Youth:

"[...] the few remaining undergraduates in the still masculine section of Oriel not unnaturally concluded that it would be a first-rate 'rag' to break down the wall which divided them from the carefully guarded young females in St. Mary Hall. Great perturbation filled the souls of the Somerville dons when they came down to breakfast one morning to find that a large gap had suddenly appeared in the protecting masonry, through which had been thrust a hilarious placard:

OO MADE THIS 'ERE 'OLE?'

'MICE!!!'

Throughout that day and the following night the Senior Common Room, from the Principal downwards, took it in turns to sit on guard beside the hole, for fear any unruly spirit should escape through it to the forbidden adventurous males on the other side."

In 1985, the college became the last all-male college in Oxford to start to admit women for matriculation as undergraduates. In 1984, the Senior Common Room voted 23–4 to admit women undergraduates from 1986. The Junior Common Room president believed that "the distinctive character of the college will be undermined".

A second feast day was added in 2007 by a benefaction from George Moody, formerly of Oriel, to be celebrated on or near St George's Day (23 April). The only remaining gaudy had then been Candlemas; the new annual dinner was to be known as the St. George's Day Gaudy. The dinner is black tie and gowns, and by request of the benefactor, the main course will normally be goose.

First Quad (Front Quad)
The Oriel Street site was acquired between 1329 and 1392. Nothing survives of the original buildings, La Oriole and the smaller St Martin's Hall in the south-east; both were demolished before the quadrangle was built in the artisan mannerist style during the 17th century. The south and west ranges and the gate tower were built around 1620 to 1622; the north and east ranges and the chapel buildings date from 1637 to 1642. The façade of the east range forms a classical E shape comprising the college chapel, hall and undercroft. The exterior and interior of the ranges are topped by an alternating pattern of decorative gables. The gate house has a Perpendicular portal and canted Gothic oriel windows, with fan vaulting in the entrance. The room above has a particularly fine plaster ceiling and chimney piece of stucco caryatids and panelling interlaced with studded bands sprouting into large flowers.

Hall
In the centre of the east range, the portico of the hall entrance commemorates its construction during the reign of Charles I with the legend Regnante Carolo, 'Charles, being king', in capital letters in pierced stonework. The portico was completely rebuilt in 1897, and above it are statues of two kings: Edward II, the college's founder, on the left, and probably either Charles I or James I, although this is disputed; above those is a statue of the Blessed Virgin Mary, after whom the college is officially named. The top breaks the Jacobean tradition and has classical pilasters, a shield with garlands, and a segmental pediment.

The hall has a hammerbeam roof and a louvre in the centre, which was originally the means of escape for smoke rising from a fireplace in the centre of the floor. The wooden panelling was designed by Ninian Comper and was erected in 1911 in place of some previous 19th-century Gothic type, though even earlier panelling, dating from 1710, is evident in the buttery.

Behind the high table is a portrait of Edward II; underneath is a longsword brought to the college in 1902 after being preserved for many years on one of the college's estates at Swainswick, near Bath. On either side are portraits of Sir Walter Raleigh and Joseph Butler. The other portraits around the hall include other prominent members of Oriel such as Matthew Arnold, Thomas Arnold, James Anthony Froude, John Keble, John Henry Newman, Richard Whately and John Robinson. In 2002, the college commissioned one of the largest portraits of Queen Elizabeth II, measuring 92 by, from Jeff Stultiens to hang in the hall; the painting was unveiled the following year. The stained glass in the windows display the coats of arms of benefactors and distinguished members of the college; three of the windows were designed by Ninian Comper. The window next to the entrance on the east side contains the arms of Regius Professors of Modern History who have been ex officio fellows of the college.

Chapel

The current chapel is Oriel's third, the first being built around 1373 on the north side of First Quadrangle. By 1566, the chapel was located on the south side of the quadrangle, as shown in a drawing made for Elizabeth I's visit to Oxford in that year. The present building was consecrated in 1642 and despite subsequent restorations it largely retains its original appearance.

The bronze lectern was given to the college in 1654. The black and white marble paving dates from 1677 to 1678. Except for the pews on the west, dating from 1884, the panelling, stalls and screens are all 17th-century, as are the altar and carved communion rails. Behind the altar is the oil-on-panel painting The Carrying of the Cross, also titled Christ Falls, with the Cross, before a City Gate, by the Flemish Renaissance painter Bernard van Orley. A companion piece to the painting is in the National Gallery of Scotland. The organ case dates from 1716; originally designed by Christopher Schreider for St Mary Abbots Church, Kensington, it was acquired by Oriel in 1884.

Above the entrance to the chapel is an oriel that, until the 1880s, was a room on the first floor that formed part of a set of rooms that were occupied by Richard Whately, and later by Saint John Henry Newman. Whately is said to have used the space as a larder and Newman is said to have used it for his private prayers – when the organ was installed in 1884, the space was used for the blower. The wall that once separated the room from the ante-chapel was removed, making it accessible from the chapel. The organ was built by J. W. Walker & Sons in 1988; in 1991 the space behind the organ was rebuilt as an oratory and memorial to Newman and the Oxford Movement. A new stained-glass window designed by Vivienne Haig and realised by Douglas Hogg was completed and installed in 2001.

During the late 1980s, the chapel was extensively restored with the assistance of donations from Lady Norma Dalrymple-Champneys. During this work, the chandelier, given in 1885 by Provost Shadwell while still a fellow, was put back in place, the organ was restored, the painting mounted behind the altar, and the chapel repainted. A list of former chaplains and organ scholars was erected in the ante-chapel.

Second Quad (Back Quad)
Originally a garden, the demand for more accommodation for undergraduates in the early 18th century resulted in two free-standing blocks being built. The first block erected was the Robinson Building on the east side, built in 1720 by Bishop Robinson at the suggestion of his wife, as the inscription over the door records. Its twin block, the Carter Building, was erected on the west side in 1729, as a result of a benefaction by Provost Carter. The two buildings stood for nearly a hundred years as detached blocks in the garden, and the architectural elements of First Quad are repeated on them — only here the seven gables are all alike. Between 1817 and 1819, they were joined up to First Quad with their present, rather incongruous connecting links. In the link to the Robinson Building, two purpose-built rooms have been incorporated – the Champneys Room, designed by Weldon Champneys, the nephew of Basil Champneys, and the Benefactors Room, a panelled room honouring benefactors of the college. A Gothic oriel window, belonging to the provost's lodgings, was added to the Carter Building in 1826.

The north range houses the library and senior common rooms; designed in the Neoclassical style by James Wyatt, it was built between 1788 and 1796 to accommodate the books requested by Edward, Baron Leigh, formerly High Steward of the university and an Orielensis, whose gift had doubled the size of the library. The two-storey building has rusticated arches on the ground floor and a row of Ionic columns above, dividing the façade into seven bays — the ground floor contains the first purpose-built senior common rooms in Oxford, above is the library.

On 7 March 1949, a fire spread from the library roof; over 300 printed books and the manuscripts on exhibition were completely destroyed, and over 3,000 books needed repair, though the main structure suffered little damage and restoration took less than a year.

Third Quad (St Mary's Quad)
The south, east and west ranges of Third Quadrangle contain elements of St Mary Hall, which was incorporated into Oriel in 1902; less than a decade later, the Hall's buildings on the northern side were demolished for the construction of the Rhodes Building. Bedel Hall in the south was formally amalgamated with St Mary Hall in 1505.

In the south range, parts of the medieval buildings survive and are incorporated into staircase ten — the straight, steep flight of stairs and timber-framed partitions date from a mid-15th century rebuilding of St Mary Hall. The former Chapel, Hall and Buttery of St Mary Hall, built in 1640, form part of the Junior Library and Junior Common Room. Viewed from Third Quad, the chapel, with its Gothic windows, can be seen to have been built neatly on top of the Hall, a unique example in Oxford of such a plan.

On the east side of the quad is a simple rustic style timber-frame building; known as "the Dolls' House", it was erected by Principal King in 1743.

In 1826 an ornate range was erected by St Mary Hall in the Gothic Revival style, incorporating the old gate of St Mary Hall, on the west side of the quad. Designed by Daniel Robertson, it contains two quite ornate oriels placed asymmetrically, one is of six lights, the other four. They are the best example of the pre-archaeological Gothic in Oxford. The large oriel on the first floor at the north end was once the drawing room window of the Principal of the Hall. Parts of the street wall incorporated into this range show traces of blocked windows dating from the same period of rebuilding in the 15th century as the present-day staircase ten.

The Rhodes Building, pictured, was built in 1911 using £100,000 left to the college for that purpose by former student Cecil Rhodes. It was designed by Basil Champneys and stands on the site of the house of the St Mary Hall Principal, on the High Street. Champneys's first proposal for the building included an open arcade to the High Street, a domed central feature and balustraded parapet. The left hand block and much of the centre was to be given up to a new provost's lodging, and the five windows on the first floor above the arcade were to light a gallery belonging to the lodging. The college eventually decided to retain the existing provost's lodging and demanded detailing "more in accordance with the style which has become traditional in Oxford". It became the last building of the Jacobean revival style in Oxford.

The staircases of the interior façade are decorated with cartouches similar to those found in First Quad, and likewise bear the arms of important figures in the college's history; (13) Sir Walter Raleigh who was an undergraduate from 1572 to 1574, (14) John Keble who was a fellow between 1811 and 1835, (archway) Edward Hawkins who was provost from 1828 until 1882 and (15) Gilbert White who was an undergraduate from 1739 until 1743 and a fellow from 1744 until 1793.

The building was not entirely well received; William Sherwood, Mayor of Oxford and Master of Magdalen College School, wrote: "Oriel [has] broken out into the High, ... destroying a most picturesque group of old houses in so doing, and, to put it gently, hardly compensating us for their removal."

Statue of Cecil Rhodes
On the side facing the High Street, there is a statue of Rhodes over the main entrance, with Edward VII and George V beneath. These formed part of a group of seven statues commissioned for the building from the sculptor Henry Pegram. The inscription reads: "", which, as well as acknowledging Rhodes's munificence, is a chronogram giving the date of construction, 1911.

The statue has been the subject of protests for several years in the wake of the Rhodes Must Fall movement in 2015. Hundreds of protestors again demanded its removal in June 2020, in the wake of the removal of the statue of Edward Colston in Bristol a few days previously. The statues had been targeted during the protests that arose following the murder of George Floyd in the United States. On 20 May 2021, however, the college decided not to remove the statue despite the majority of members of a commission to decide its future recommending removal; Oriel College cited costs and "complex" planning procedures. Roughly 150 Oxford lecturers stated they will not teach Oriel students more than is required in their contracts in protest at the decision to keep the statue.

Island Site (O'Brien Quad)
This is a convex quadrilateral of buildings, bordered by the High Street, and the meeting of Oriel Street and King Edward Street in Oriel Square. The site took six hundred years to acquire and although it contains teaching rooms and the Harris Lecture Theatre, it is largely given over to accommodation.

On the High Street, No. 106 and 107 stand on the site of Tackley's Inn; built around 1295, it was the first piece of property that Adam de Brome acquired when he began to found the college in 1324. It comprised a hall and chambers leased to scholars, behind a frontage of five shops, with the scholars above and a cellar of five bays below. The hall, which was open to the roof, was 33 ft long, 20 ft wide, and about 22 ft high; at the east end was a large chamber with another chamber above it. The south wall of the building, which survives, was partly of stone and contains a large two-light early 14th-century window. The cellar below is of the same date and is the best preserved medieval cellar in Oxford; originally entered by stone steps from the street, it has a stone vault divided into four sections by two diagonal ribs, with carved corbels.

No. 12 Oriel Street, now staircases 19 and 20, is the oldest tenement acquired by the college; known as Kylyngworth's, it was granted to the college in 1392 by Thomas de Lentwardyn, fellow and later provost, having previously been let to William de Daventre, Oriel's fourth provost, in 1367. A back wing to the property was added around 1600 and further work to the front was conducted in 1724–1738. In 1985, funded by a gift from Edgar O'Brien and £10,000 from the Pilgrim Trust, Kylyngworth's was refurbished along with Nos. 10, 9 and 7.

King Edward Street was created by the college between 1872 and 1873 when 109 and 110 High Street were demolished. The old shops on each side of the road were pulled down and rebuilt, and to preserve the continuity, the new shops were numbered 108 and 109–112. Named after the college's founder, the road was opened in 1873. On the wall of the first floor of No. 6, there is a large metal plaque with a portrait of Cecil Rhodes; underneath is the inscription: In this house, the Rt. Hon Cecil John Rhodes kept academical residence in the year 1881. This memorial is erected by Alfred Mosely in recognition of the great services rendered by Cecil Rhodes to his country.

In the centre of the quad is the Harris Building, formerly Oriel court, a real tennis court where Charles I played tennis with his nephew Prince Rupert in December 1642 and King Edward VII had his first tennis lesson in 1859. The building was in use as a lecture hall by 1923, and after modernisation between 1991 and 1994, funded by Sir Philip and Lady Harris, contains accommodation, a seminar room and the college's main lecture theatre. The bronze plaque in the lobby commemorates his father, Captain Charles William Harris, after whom the building is named. The building was opened by John Major, then Prime Minister, on 10 August 1993.

Rectory Road
Bordered by the Cowley Road, this site was formerly Nazareth House, a residential care home convent — Goldie Wing (shown left) and Larmenier House are its surviving buildings. Nazareth House itself was demolished to make room for two purpose-built halls of residence, James Mellon Hall (shown right) and David Paterson House. The two new halls were opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 8 November 2000.

As it is about ten minutes' walk from college and more peaceful than the middle of the city, it has become the principal choice of accommodation for Oriel's graduates and finalists. The site has its own common rooms, squash court, gymnasium and support staff.

Bartlemas
Bartlemas is a conservation area that incorporates the remaining buildings of a leper hospital founded by Henry I; it includes the sports grounds for Oriel, Jesus and Lincoln Colleges, along with landscaping for wildlife and small scale urban development. In 1326 Provost Adam de Brome was appointed warden of St Bartholomew's; a leper hospital in Cowley Marsh, the hospital was later granted to the college by Edward III, along with the payments it had been receiving from the fee farm. It was increasingly used as a rest house for sick members of the college needing a change of air. In 1649 the college rebuilt the main hospital range north of the chapel, destroyed in the Civil War, as a row of four almshouses, called Bartlemas House. Bartlemas Chapel and two farm cottages are the other extant buildings.

Filming location
The buildings of Oriel College were used as a location for Hugh Grant's first film, Privileged (1982), as well as Oxford Blues (1984), True Blue (1991) and The Dinosaur Hunter (2000). The television crime series Inspector Morse used the college in the episodes "Ghost in the Machine" (under the name of "Courtenay College"), "The Silent World of Nicholas Quinn", "The Infernal Serpent", "Deadly Slumber", "Twilight of the Gods" and "Death is now My Neighbour", and in the one-off follow on, Lewis, the Middle Common Room and Oriel Square were used.

Heraldry

The college's coat of arms are blazoned: "Gules, three lions passant guardant or within a bordure engrailed argent". In recognition of Oriel's foundation by King Edward II, the arms are based on the royal arms of England, which also feature three lions, with a bordure added as a mark of difference.

The Prince of Wales's feathers, often adopted as insignia by members of the college, appear as decorative elements within the college buildings and appear on the official college tie. It probably represents Edward, the Black Prince, Prince of Wales, who first adopted the device, the senior grandson of King Edward II, although it may represent King Charles I, who was Prince of Wales when the building of First Quad began in the 17th century.

In 2009, the College of Arms granted the college the use of a heraldic badge, particularly for the boat club and the Tortoise Club, a society of college rowing alumni. The badge is blazoned: "A tortoise displayed the shell circular azure charged with two concentric annulets argent".

Prayer and graces
One of the following two college prayers is recited by the provost or the senior fellow present at the conclusion of Evensong on Sundays and other services:

"Modern:

O merciful God and Father, from whom the whole family in Heaven and Earth is named, who art always to be praised both in the living and in the dead: we give Thee hearty thanks for our memorable Founder Edward II, Adam de Brome and all other our Benefactors; and we beseech Thee that we may rightly use the advantages afforded in this place by their munificence; and this life ended, may with them be made partakers of the glorious resurrection to the Life Everlasting; through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.

Traditional:

Lord God, the resurrection and the life of all who believe, who art always to be praised both in the living and in the dead, we give Thee hearty thanks for our memorable Founder Edward II, Adam De Brome our principal Benefactor, and all other our Benefactors, by whose benefits we are here maintained in godliness and learning; and we beseech Thee that, using Thy gifts rightly, we may be led to the immortal glory of the resurrection, through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen."

A full list of benefactors is read out on certain occasions, including Commemoration Sunday and at services before gaudies.

Before Formal Hall, the following Latin ante cibum grace is recited by a student Bible clerk. The translation is reputedly by Erasmus in his Convivium Religiosum of a grace recorded by Saint John Chrysostom:

"Benedicte Deus, qui pascis nos a iuventute nostra et praebes cibum omni carni, reple gaudio et laetitia corda nostra, ut nos, affatim quod satis est habentes, abundemus in omne opus bonum. Per Jesum Christum Dominum nostrum, cui tecum et Spiritu Sancto sit omnis honos, laus et imperium in saecula saeculorum. Amen.

Blessed God, who feeds us from our youth and provides food for all flesh, fill our hearts with joy and gladness, that we, having enough to satisfy us, may abound in every good work. Through Jesus Christ our Lord, to whom with you and Holy Spirit, be all honour, praise and power for all ages. Amen."

After the meal, the provost or the presiding fellow may recite a short Latin prayer (Benedicto benedicatur, per Jesum Christum, Dominum nostrum. Amen; 'Let praise be given to/by the Blessed One, though Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen') instead of the following full post cibum grace:

"Domine Deus, resurrectio et vita credentium, qui semper es laudandus tum in viventibus tum in defunctis, gratias tibi agimus pro Edvardo Secundo Fundatore nostro, pro Adamo de Brome praecipuo Benefactore, caeterisque Benefactoribus nostris, quorum beneficiis hic ad pietatem et ad studia bonarum literarum alimur: rogantes ut nos his donis tuis ad tuam gloriam recte utentes, una cum illis ad Resurrectionis gloriam immortalem perducamur, per Jesum Christum Dominum nostrum. Amen.

Lord God, the resurrection and life of all who believe in thee, who art always worthy to be praised by both the living and the dead, we give thee thanks for Edward the Second, our Founder; for Adam de Brome, our principal benefactor; and for all our other benefactors, by whose benefits we are here maintained in godliness and learning; and we beseech thee that, using these thy gifts rightly, we may be led to the immortal glory of the resurrection, through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen."

Student life
Accommodation is provided for all undergraduates, and for some graduates, though some accommodation is off-site. Members are generally expected to dine in hall, where there are two sittings every evening, Informal Hall and Formal Hall, except on Saturdays, where there are no sittings.

Between 2001 and 2010, Oriel students chose not to be affiliated to the Oxford University Student Union. In a 2010 student referendum, the junior common room decided to re-affiliate. However, in 2013, in a fresh referendum, the Oriel JCR again voted to disaffiliate from OUSU.

Arts
Oriel has its own drama society, the Oriel Lions, which funds college and Oxford University shows.

The college also has its own student-run publication, The Poor Print, which publishes a range of content, including news, poetry, photography, science, comment, drawing, music, events and entertainment. Each issue is based around a theme, decided upon by the editors, and content comes from members of all common rooms and the college staff. Originally set up in 2013, the publication in its current guise was established in Michaelmas 2014 as an online-only magazine, with a fortnightly print edition then introduced in 2015.

Sport
Croquet may be played in St Mary quad in the summer, as can bowls on the south lawn of First Quad. The sports ground at Bartlemas is used for a variety of sports.

Rowing

Rowing at the college is run by the Oriel College Boat Club, carried out from the college's own boat house near Christ Church Meadow. Oriel has had a reputation for its success in rowing, in particular the two intercollegiate bumps races, Torpids and Eights Week.

As of 2018, Oriel holds 33 Torpids men's headships, the most of any college. It also holds 32 Summer Eights Headships, second to Christ Church, at 33; from 1968 to 2018, Oriel won 25 headships. In 2006, Oriel claimed the first ever double headship in Torpids, rowing over as Head of the River in both the men's and women's first divisions. In 2018, the college repeated this victory with their second double headship. It remains the only college to have achieved a double headship in Torpids.

In addition to the Oxford-based races, Oriel crews compete in external events including the Head of the River Race, the Women's Eights Head of the River Race, the Henley Boat Races and regional events. In 2016 the men's first boat won the men's eights collegiate event at the Fairbairn Cup, it won again in 2017 and won the entire event in 2018.

In Tom Brown at Oxford by Thomas Hughes, Oriel's win in the 1842 Head of the River Race, with Oriel bumping Trinity, was re-written as Brown's college "St Ambrose" taking first place, with "Oriel" in second place.

Associated people
Oriel has produced many notable alumni, from statesmen and cricketers to industrialists; a notable undergraduate in the 16th century was Sir Walter Raleigh, an explorer during the Age of Discovery. At the graduate level, the college boasts as former fellows the principal founders of the Oxford Movement: John Keble, Edward Bouverie Pusey, and John Henry Newman. The college has produced many other churchmen, bishops, cardinals, governors, and two Nobel Prize recipients: Alexander Todd (Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1957) and James Meade (Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, 1977).

The professorial fellowships held by the college are the Regius Professor of Modern History, currently held by Lyndal Roper; the Oriel and Laing Professor of the Interpretation of Holy Scripture, currently held by Hindy Najman; the Nolloth Professor of the Philosophy of the Christian Religion, currently held by Mark Wynn; and the Nuffield Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology.

In the 1700s, Oriel attracted its first transatlantic students, sons of planters in the Colony of Virginia. One such student, Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron, "came to regret giving a job to a young surveyor: George Washington".

Notable possessions
Oriel has three notable pieces of medieval plate. The first is a French beaker and cover in silver gilt; past estimates on its dating from 1460 to 1470 are thought mistaken, and circa 1350, with later decoration, was later expounded. It was bought in 1493 for £4.18s.1d., under the mistaken belief that it had belonged to Edward II. In a college inventory of plate dated 21 December 1596, it is named as the Founder's Cup.

The second notable piece of plate is a mazer of maplewood with silver gilt mounts, dating from 1470 to 1485. On the edge of the rim is a row of grouped beads; below is an inscription in black letters:
 * Vir racione vivas non quod petit atra voluptas sic caro casta datur lis lingue suppeditatur
 * Man, in thy draughts let reason be thy guide, and not the craving of perverted lust;
 * So honest nourishment will be supplied, and strife of tongue be trampled in the dust

This type of shallow drinking vessel was quite common in the Middle Ages, but the only other mazers in Oxford are three dating from the 15th century, and one standing mazer from 1529 to 1530, all belonging to All Souls. Third is a coconut cup, one of six in Oxford; the Oriel cup has silver gilt mounts and dates from the first quarter of the 16th century.

Among the later plate are two flagons, two patens and a chalice which date from 1640 to 1641. The larger pieces of Buttery Plate include the Sanford and Heywood grace cups, dated 1654–1655 and 1669–1670, a rosewater ewer gifted in 1669, a punchbowl dating from 1735 to 1736, and the great Wenman tankard presented in 1679, which holds a gallon and is the largest in Oxford. Many of the 17th- and 18th-century tankards were given by commensales and commoners as a form of an admission fee.

Oriel also possesses an engrossment of the Magna Carta.

title: Oriel College, Oxford


text:
Seven Springs, North Carolina

Seven Springs is a town in Wayne County, North Carolina, United States. It lies next to the Neuse River. The 2012 population was estimated at 111. It is included in the Goldsboro, North Carolina Metropolitan Statistical Area.

History
The town was incorporated as Whitehall in 1855, named in homage to the 1741 home of planter William Whitefield. In December 1862, during the American Civil War, a battle was fought near the town. In 1881 the community was reincorporated as White Hall. That year a hotel and resort opened to bring customers to seven mineral springs in the town's vicinity. The resort closed in 1944. In 1951 the town was renamed Seven Springs. Seven Springs' population peaked in 1960 with 207 residents. In 1999 the Neuse River flooded during Hurricane Floyd, causing the town's population to halve. Hurricane Matthew in 2016 and Hurricane Florence in 2018 led to further decline; by 2020, the town had only 55 residents, and many of the businesses on the principal street in the community were left abandoned.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.3 sqmi, all of it land. It sits along the Neuse River.

Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 110 people, 43 households, and 27 families residing in the town. The population density was 261.9 PD/sqmi. There were 67 housing units at an average density of 204.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 81.8% White and 8.2% African American.

There were 43 households, out of which 14.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.2% were married couples living together, 18.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.9% were non-families. 32.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 23.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.00 and the average family size was 2.32.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 17.4% under the age of 18, 4.7% from 18 to 24, 20.9% from 25 to 44, 23.3% from 45 to 64, and 33.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 50 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 69.0 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $28,750, and the median income for a family was $29,063. Males had a median income of $29,375 versus $26,250 for females. The per capita income for the town was $46,922. There were no families and 8.0% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 16.0% of those over 64.

Education
Education in Seven Springs is administered by the Wayne County Public Schools system. Spring Creek Middle School and Spring Creek High School are located within the community. Higher education is offered through Wayne Community College in Goldsboro.

title: Seven Springs, North Carolina


text:
Walnut Creek, North Carolina

Walnut Creek is a village in Wayne County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 835 in 2010. It is included in the Goldsboro, North Carolina Metropolitan Statistical Area.

The village is built around the Walnut Creek Country Club.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.9 square miles (4.8 km$2$), of which, 1.5 square miles (4.0 km$2$) of it is land and 0.3 square miles (0.8 km$2$) of it (17.20%) is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 859 people, 322 households, and 293 families residing in the village. The population density was 556.1 PD/sqmi. There were 332 housing units at an average density of 214.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 95.23% White, 1.63% African American, 0.12% Native American, 2.10% Asian, and 0.93% from two or more races.

There were 322 households, out of which 33.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 87.6% were married couples living together, 3.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 8.7% were non-families. 7.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 2.80.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 22.7% under the age of 18, 3.5% from 18 to 24, 18.2% from 25 to 44, 40.3% from 45 to 64, and 15.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.7 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $96,037, and the median income for a family was $98,071. Males had a median income of $80,000 versus $27,292 for females. The per capita income for the village was $45,070. None of the population or families were below the poverty line.

Education
Education in Walnut Creek is administered by the Wayne County Public Schools system with children attending schools in nearby townships. Higher education is offered through Wayne Community College in Goldsboro.

Passenger

 * Air: Walnut Creek is served through nearby Kinston Regional Jetport with service to Orlando, Florida. Raleigh-Durham International Airport is the closest major airport with service to more than 45 domestic and international destinations. Goldsboro-Wayne Municipal Airport is an airport located in Wayne County, but is only used for general aviation.
 * Interstate Highway: I-795 is the closest Interstate to Walnut Creek, which is located 10 miles west in Goldsboro.
 * Walnut Creek is not served directly by passenger trains. The closest Amtrak station is located in Selma.
 * Bus: The area is served by Greyhound with a location in nearby Goldsboro.

Roads

 * The main highway in Walnut Creek is US 70.

title: Walnut Creek, North Carolina