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St. Louis County, Missouri

St. Louis County is located in the eastern-central portion of Missouri. It is bounded by the City of St. Louis and the Mississippi River to the east, the Missouri River to the north, and the Meramec River to the south. At the 2020 census, the total population was 1,004,125, making it the most populous county in Missouri. Its county seat is Clayton. The county is included in the St. Louis, MO–IL metropolitan statistical area.

After Great Britain took over former French territory east of the Mississippi River, many ethnic French colonists moved west. They settled the area of St. Louis County and founded the city of St. Louis in the late 1700s. The US acquired this territory in 1803 with the Louisiana Purchase.

In 1877 residents of the City of St. Louis voted to separate from the county and become an independent city. In the 1960s, with growing suburban development of Greater St. Louis, the county's population overtook that of the city for the first time. Restructuring of industry resulted in job and population declines in the city, and the county has continued to expand.

Through the decades changing conditions have led many business and political leaders to propose merging the city and county as a single government. In 2019, efforts to put the issue to a statewide vote failed to get on a ballot.

Colonial settlement and early government
During the 18th century, several European colonial settlements were established in the area that would become St. Louis County. French colonists moved from east of the Mississippi River after France ceded territory to Great Britain after losing the Seven Years' War. It also ceded much of its territory west of the River to Spain.

St. Louis was founded by Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau on February 14, 1764; they became major fur traders in the city. Founded in about 1767 was Carondelet, to the south. It was annexed by the city in 1871. Florissant, then known as St. Ferdinand, was established in 1785 about twelve miles northwest of St. Louis on a tributary of the Missouri River. During the 1790s, the very small settlements known as Creve Coeur and Point Labadie were built north and west of St. Louis.

Upon the sale and transfer of French Louisiana to the United States on October 1, 1804, President Thomas Jefferson suggested the territory retain the districts drawn by Spanish officials during their decades-long rule of the territory after an arrangement with the French. During this time, the first governing body of St. Louis County was established (following the earlier Spanish governors).

This government, called the Court of Quarter Sessions, was composed of Charles Gratiot, Auguste Chouteau, Jacques Clamorgan, and David DeLaunay, all ethnic French or French Canadians; the court held judicial, executive, and legislative power. On October 1, 1812, the District of St. Louis was renamed St. Louis County (exactly eight years after its establishment) during a federal reorganization of the Louisiana Territory's status.

Antebellum growth and early education
After the transfer of Louisiana to the United States, the authority to grant incorporation to municipalities was delegated to the Territory and later was a state power. The first to gain municipal status in St. Louis County was St. Louis, which incorporated on November 9, 1809, under the territorial legislature. It gained city status on December 9, 1822. Only a handful of other municipal incorporations took place prior to the separation of the county and city: St. Ferdinand was granted incorporation in 1829 (and reincorporated as Florissant in 1843), while Bridgeton, a settlement along the Missouri River near Florissant, gained incorporation in 1843.

The towns of Pacific and Kirkwood grew substantially and incorporated in the 1850s, with their growth stimulated by construction of the Pacific Railroad (later the Missouri Pacific Railroad). Pacific, a community along the Meramec River first known as Franklin, straddles St. Louis and Franklin counties; it incorporated as Pacific in 1859. Kirkwood was settled in 1853 after Hiram Leffingwell and Richard Elliott platted and auctioned land along the railroad line; they named their settlement after James P. Kirkwood, who had planned the route of the railroad through the area. Leffingwell organized the town as a planned suburb (the first west of the Mississippi). Kirkwood was granted incorporation by the state in 1865.

Other areas of the county began to be settled during this period but did not incorporate as towns. Among these were Chesterfield, and Gumbo, which were both settled in the 1820s in west St. Louis County. Gravois and Affton were settled in south St. Louis County in the 1850s and 1860s.

The first St. Louis Public Schools were established in the major city in the 1830s. It was a decade and more before some of the settlements of St. Louis County began providing public education. In 1854, the School District of Maplewood was established. It included all of today's Maplewood district, part of what became Webster Groves, Missouri, along the south and southwest, a large part of St. Louis in the east, and to the north up to Clayton Road. The first school, originally called the Washington Institute and later renamed as Maplewood High School, opened as a one-room stone building at the crossing of Manchester Road over the Missouri Pacific Railroad tracks. Another antebellum school district was Rock Hill, which provided a one-room school across from the Rock Hill Presbyterian Church until about 1870.

The first school in Florissant opened in 1819 under the direction of the Religious of the Sacred Heart, a Roman Catholic religious congregation. The instructor, Rose Philippine Duchesne, was a French immigrant who has been described as "one of the foremost educators in the state of Missouri". A second school, initially an Indian school known as the St. Regis Academy, was operated for young boys from 1823 to 1829. The complex included the Jesuit St. Stanislaus Seminary, which continued to operate until 1971. The earliest public school in Florissant was the St. Ferdinand School, which was authorized by the General Assembly in 1845 and operated until 1871 when the Florissant School District was formed.

Government changes and early courthouses
From 1813 to 1830, the county initiated several changes to its government. By an act of the territorial legislature, the Court of Quarter Sessions was succeeded by a panel of three judges of common pleas in 1813. Two years later, this panel was succeeded by a newly created county court in 1815, composed of justices of the peace elected from the county to three-month terms. The St. Louis County Circuit Court (established in 1815 as the judicial branch of the county) was given authority in 1816 over the executive and legislative affairs of the county, superseding the court of justices of the peace.

In 1821, a hybrid County and Probate Court was established and given executive and legislative control, and in 1830, its probate functions ceased. This County Court operated as the government of St. Louis County until public scandals encouraged the state legislature to abolish it and replace it in 1859 with a Board of Commissioners.

Sessions of the County Court and other county governing bodies were held in a variety of locations during this early period. The Court of Quarter Sessions held its first meeting in 1804 at a tavern in St. Louis, then regularly at a building at Third and Plum until 1817. The county seat moved that year to a newly built one-story log cabin on Third Street between Elm and Spruce, followed by a move to the brick Baptist Church at Third and Market in 1820.

The County Court established a commission in 1822 to study a permanent courthouse (previous facilities were rented). In 1823, Auguste Chouteau and John Baptiste Charles Lucas donated two tracts of land that formed a vacant square bounded by Broadway, Fourth, Chestnut, and Market.

Between the summer of 1826 and 1833, a low-roofed two-story brick structure was built fronting Fourth Street; this was the first permanent courthouse for St. Louis County. Within a few years, however, the building's size was inadequate for the county government's needs; the original building was left in place during construction on the new building, which began in 1839. This new courthouse, now known as the Old Courthouse, included a finished rotunda, dome, and west wing by 1843; the 1833 courthouse was demolished in 1851, and by 1856, the east wing of the new courthouse was complete.

Separation of St. Louis and St. Louis County
During the antebellum period, some city leaders began to work to separate the city of St. Louis, the county's largest municipality, from the county. In 1843, a group of St. Louis city residents petitioned the state legislature to separate the two entities. The General Assembly passed a resolution calling for a referendum on the subject among county voters outside the city. This vote held on August 7, 1844, showed a majority of county voters opposed to separation.

Despite the vote, controversy continued and tension mounted between the county government and the city government during the 1840s and 1850s. Much of the dispute involved the double taxation of city residents and their proportionally lesser representation in county government. The reform of 1859, in which the County Court was abolished by the state government and replaced by a Board of Commissioners, was in large part a reaction to city outcry over mismanagement of tax money. More than a name change, the reform expanded the size of the county government council to seven members, with four seats reserved for city representation (but the city at that time had roughly ten times the population of the county, so was still underrepresented in county government). The reform temporarily ameliorated the tensions. In 1863, the General Assembly restored the name of the county government to its former name of County Court.

Despite some reforms, controversy returned and grew during the 1860s. This was largely due to what city residents considered double taxation: by the county and the city for services effectively provided by the city alone. Several plans began to circulate during the late 1860s that would relieve this burden, including home rule status for St. Louis, further reorganization of the County Court to ensure greater representation, city-county government consolidation, and separation of the two entities. The General Assembly considered several plans during this period. In March 1871, it passed a further reorganization of the County Court; the new Court would have an presiding judge elected at-large, four seats reserved to be elected by city residents, and two seats for county residents. This reform, however, pleased virtually no one pushing for reform, and it made little practical difference in the operation of the county government.

A consolidation plan proceeded in the General Assembly in 1871, backed by city political leaders Anthony Ittner and Roderick E. Rombauer. The Missouri Republican newspaper strongly backed the approach, while the Missouri Democrat argued it would lead city leaders into corruption. The latter pressed for a separation plan, support for which was led by David H. Armstrong. The separation plan gained greater support when it became clear that the mistrust between city and county residents precluded consolidation. A citizen group known as the Taxpayers League formed in 1872 to advance the separation cause. City leaders looked to Baltimore, Maryland, which had separated from Baltimore County in 1853, as an example.

The mechanism by which separation took place began in 1875 at the state constitutional convention. At the convention, a committee examined the issues of the St. Louis government, and it summarized the two options facing the region as consolidation and separation. The full convention voted to include a provision in the constitution allowing for separation; the vote was 53 in favor, 4 opposed, 11 absent. Only one member of the St. Louis delegation opposed separation:

"I am in favor of total consolidation of St. Louis County, but I am not in favor of dividing it, splitting and hacking it in this manner...I vote no."

In 1877, the City of St. Louis separated from the county, creating an independent city. The city in August 1876 narrowly approved the separation while county residents overwhelmingly opposed the separation. City residents had argued they wanted to be "rid of county taxes and state influence over county government". At the time the city had 350,000 residents while the rural county had 30,000. The rural county also had only 150 miles of gravel roads. Although the results were challenged in the courts, the two jurisdictions were formally separated in March 1877.

Postseparation political issues
The first meeting of the new County Court took place on January 22, 1877, at the home of James C. Sutton, in what is now Maplewood. The three judges appointed a new county clerk, sheriff, and treasurer. They also announced at that meeting that the new Court was functional (obviating the legal standing of the previous County Court, which continued to meet albeit without legal function until July 1877) and the transfer of all county buildings and property in the city of St. Louis to the city government. Thus the county's courthouse in St. Louis became city property. The Court also requested that the city of St. Louis continue to provide police protection to some areas of the county until the county could provide these services.

On January 29, 1877, the Court considered a report that recommended Kirkwood as the new county seat, but did not decide the issue at that time. The Court continued to meet at the Sutton House in Maplewood until February 1877, when it convened at the Des Peres Grange Hall. It agreed then to rent space at the Mount Olive Hotel, in what is now University City, until deciding on a new location for the courthouse. The Court continued to meet at the Mount Olive Hotel from March 1877 to 1879. Throughout 1877, the Court debated the question of the county seat; rejecting several sites, including Kirkwood and Florissant.

In September 1877 the Court accepted the donation of 100 acres of land on Hanley Road by a farmer named Ralph Clayton. In addition to the benefit of donated land, the site was chosen because it was on the route of the Hodiamont streetcar line, which connected from St. Louis to Florissant. An additional four acres were given by M. F. Hanley, and in May 1878, the cornerstone was laid for a new county courthouse. In October 1878 the courthouse donation and streets were platted in what would become the town of Clayton. The new courthouse and jail opened in December 1878, at a cost of $38,000. Two additions were made to the courthouse in 1912 and in 1926.

Growth of education and municipalities
In the years from the Civil War to World War I, relatively few new towns incorporated in St. Louis County; the first to incorporate after the war, Fenton, was incorporated in 1874 in southwest St. Louis County. Webster Groves incorporated in 1896, prompted by residents' demands for a police department after the murder of Bertram Atwater, a commercial artist from Chicago. Webster had earlier been settled in 1853 as a stop on the Missouri Pacific line.

Other incorporations before World War I included University City in 1906 near Washington University in St. Louis; Maplewood in 1908, also along the Missouri Pacific railroad line; Wellston in 1908 in the inner north county; Shrewsbury in 1913 east of Webster Groves; Clayton in 1913 south of University City; and Richmond Heights in 1913 south of Clayton. State law required only that 50% of residents agree to incorporation via a petition for a legal incorporation to take place; the county government had no ability to restrict the incorporation if the 50% threshold were met. Significant suburban growth in the early 20th century stimulated a rapid increase in the number of incorporations after 1935.

After the Civil War, dozens of school districts opened in St. Louis County to provide basic primary education. In Eureka, along the Missouri Pacific line to Pacific, a one-room log school opened in the town in 1870, which expanded to two stories and four rooms in about 1900. In the towns of Old Orchard and Webster Groves along the Missouri Pacific line, schools opened in 1867 and 1868, respectively. In Kirkwood, private schools began operating within a few years of the first settlers purchasing lots in 1853; in the early 1860s, these included the Kirkwood Seminary (which closed in 1889), the Kirkwood Military Academy, St. Peter Catholic School, and Concordia Lutheran School. The first public schools in Kirkwood opened in 1866 as part of the newly formed Kirkwood School District; the district provided two years of high school from 1873 and opened a four-year Kirkwood High School in 1896.

In some areas, formerly private schools became part of new public districts. In Florissant, the St. Ferdinand School (opened in 1845) became part of the Florissant School District in 1871, although it continued to be staffed by nuns. The first public school in the newly formed district opened in 1876 near St. Ferdinand and Washington Streets. In Ballwin, a school opened in 1855 by German Methodists was bought by a newly formed Ballwin School District in 1869. The one-room schoolhouse operated until 1900 when a two-room building opened as a replacement.

Postwar
A new courthouse was built in Clayton in 1945 (it serves as the 21st-century County Police headquarters). The original 1878 courthouse was torn down in 1971 to be replaced by county government plaza and modern six-story courthouse.

Several changes took place in St. Louis County education after World War II. The Florissant School District and the Ferguson School District merged in October 1951 to form the Ferguson-Florissant School District. As part of a court-ordered desegregation plan, in 1975 the Ferguson-Florissant district annexed the Kinloch and the Berkeley school districts to combine the schools.

In 1955, St. Louis County established the St. Louis County Police Department, with jurisdiction throughout the county. In 1977, St. Louis County was terrorized by three car bombings, which killed two people. The bomber was never caught.

In 1988 the Board of Freeholders proposed consolidating the county's 89 municipalities into 37 cities, eliminating all unincorporated areas. The vote in June 1989 was challenged by numerous groups on grounds questioning the board's constitutional authority. On June 25, days after the scheduled vote would have occurred, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously overturned the Missouri Supreme Court, arguing the board's land ownership requirement violated the U.S. Constitution's Equal Protection Clause.

The county passed the city in population in the 1970 census when it had 951,353 compared to the city's 622,236. Industrial restructuring cost the city many jobs and residents. By the 2010 census, the city had fewer people than in the 19th century.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 523 sqmi, of which 508 sqmi is land and 15 sqmi (2.9%) is water.

Colloquially, St. Louis County is often divided into Mid, North, West, and South sections. North County lies north of Interstate 70, West County lies west of Interstate 270, South County lies south of Interstate 44 and Mid County lies in the middle of the three main bordering highways (I-70, I-270 & I-44) and the St. Louis county-city line.

Natural boundaries
The Missouri River forms the northern border with St. Charles County, exclusive of a few areas where the river has changed its course. The Meramec River forms most of its southern border with Jefferson County. To the east is the City of St. Louis and the Mississippi River. The western boundary with Franklin County is the north–south line where the distance between the Meramec and Missouri rivers is the shortest, bisecting the city of Pacific, roughly two blocks east of Hwy OO/F (First street).

Topography
The foothills of the Ozark Mountains begin in southwestern St. Louis County, with most of the rest of the county being a fairly level plateau. This western part of the county is the least developed, due to rugged topography. Bluffs along the Mississippi in the south of the county rise about 200–300 feet above the river. A major floodplain area is the Chesterfield Valley, in the western part of the county, along the Missouri River. It was formerly called "Gumbo Flats" after its rich, dark soil; it was submerged by at least ten feet of water during the Great Flood of 1993. The Corps of Engineers constructed a higher levee, and the county has permitted construction in the floodplain.

The Columbia Bottom is a floodplain in the northeast of the county at the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers; this is preserved as a conservation area open to the public. The Missouri Bottom area between the two other floodplains had been developed for agriculture, but it is being increasingly developed for residential, business, and industry. The River des Peres drains the interior of the county before flowing into constructed underground channels into the City of St. Louis. It was allowed to resurface, where it forms the boundary between southern portions of St. Louis City and St. Louis County. Other streams include Coldwater Creek, Bonhomme Creek, and Creve Coeur Creek, flowing into the Missouri River; Keifer Creek, Fishpot Creek, and Grand Glaize Creek, flowing into the Meramec River; Deer Creek and Gravois Creek, flowing into the River des Peres; and Maline Creek, flowing into the Mississippi River. The highest elevation is 904 ft.

Geology
The bedrock is mainly limestone and dolomite, and much of the county near the rivers is karst terrain, with numerous caves, sinkholes, and springs. No igneous or metamorphic rock is exposed on the surface. A major outcropping of the St. Peter Sandstone formation, a fine white sandstone used for making clear glass, is mined in the southwest corner of the county in Pacific. Brick clay mining was once a major industry in the county. The Charbonier Bluff along the Missouri River is an outcropping of coal and was used a fueling station for steamboats. The "St. Louis Anticline", an underground formation, has small petroleum deposits in the north part of the county.

Flora and fauna
Before European settlement, the area was prairie and open parklike forest, maintained by Native Americans via burning. Trees are mainly oak, maple, and hickory, similar to the forests of the Ozarks; common understory trees include eastern redbud, serviceberry, and flowering dogwood. Riparian areas are heavily forested with mainly American sycamore. By the 1920s most of the timber in the county was harvested. Since that time, large parks and undeveloped areas in the western and southern parts of the county have grown dense forest cover. Old pastures are usually colonized with eastern red cedar. Most of the residential area of the county is planted with large native shade trees. In autumn, the changing color of the trees is notable. St. Louis County has the most recorded native species of plants in the state, but this is probably due to the intensive botanical research done in the area. Most species here are typical of the Eastern Woodland, but some southern species are found in swampland, and typical northern species survive in sheltered hollows. Invasive species, most notably Japanese honeysuckle, are common in some homesteads converted to parks; these are actively removed.

Large mammals include growing populations of whitetail deer and coyotes, which are becoming increasingly urbanized. Eastern gray squirrel, cottontail rabbit, and other rodents are abundant, as well as opossum, beaver, muskrat, raccoon, and skunk. Large bird species include wild turkey, Canada goose, mallard duck, various raptors like the turkey vulture and red-tailed hawk, as well as shorebirds, including the great egret and great blue heron. Winter populations of bald eagles are found by the Mississippi River around the Chain of Rocks Bridge. The county is on the Mississippi Flyway, used by migrating birds, and has a large variety of small bird species, common to the eastern U.S. The Eurasian tree sparrow, an introduced species, is limited in North America to the counties surrounding St. Louis.

Frogs are commonly found in the springtime, especially after extensive wet periods. Common species include American toad and species of chorus frogs, commonly called "spring peepers", that are found in nearly every pond. Some years have outbreaks of cicadas or ladybugs. Mosquitos and houseflies are common insect nuisances; because of this, windows are nearly universally fitted with screens, and "screened-in" porches are common in homes of the area. Populations of honeybees have sharply declined in recent years, and numerous species of pollinator insects have filled their ecological niche.

Climate
St. Louis County has a mix of a humid subtropical climate and a humid continental climate, with neither large mountains nor large bodies of water to moderate its temperature. The area is affected by both cold Canadian Arctic air, and also hot, humid air from the Gulf of Mexico. The county has four distinct seasons. Spring is the wettest season and produces erratic severe weather ranging from tornadoes to winter storms. Summers are hot, and the humidity can cause the heat index to rise to temperatures above 100 F. Fall is mild, with lower humidity and can produce intermittent bouts of heavy rainfall with the first snow flurries usually forming in late November. Winters are cool to cold with periodic snow and temperatures often below freezing. Winter storm systems, such as Alberta clippers, can bring days of heavy freezing rain, ice pellets, and snowfall.

The average annual temperature for the years 1971–2000, recorded at Lambert–St. Louis International Airport, is 56.3 F, and average precipitation is 36 in. The average high temperature in July is 88.4 F, and the average low temperature in January is 22.6 F, although these values are often exceeded. Temperatures of 0 F or below occur three days per year on average. The highest temperature ever recorded in St. Louis was 115 F, on July 14, 1954, while the lowest temperature on record is -23 F, on January 29, 1873.

Winter is the driest season, averaging about 6 inches of total precipitation. Springtime (March through May), is typically the wettest season, with under 10.5 inches. Dry spells of one or two weeks' duration are common during the growing seasons.

Thunderstorms can be expected on 40 to 50 days per year. A few of them will be severe with locally destructive winds and large hail, and occasionally accompanied by tornadoes. A period of unseasonably warm weather late in Autumn known as Indian summer is common—roses will still be in bloom as late as November or early December in some years.

Other geography
The largest natural lake in the county is Creve Coeur Lake. It was originally an oxbow of the nearby Missouri River and is now the centerpiece of a popular county park.

Manchester Road (Route 100) follows an ancient path westward out of St. Louis, following the boundary between the Missouri and Meramec watersheds. It is one of only two routes to leave the county without crossing any rivers (the other being State Highway T).

The Sinks is a karst area in the far northern part of the county, with numerous sinkholes.

Demographics
As of the census of 2020, there were 1,004,125 people. There were 404,765 households with 263,423 family households. The population density was 1,966 PD/sqmi. There were 423,749 housing units at an average density of 834 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the county was 68.3% White (66.9% Non-Hispanic White), 35.3% African American, 0.2% Native American, 3.5% Asian (1.1% Asian Indian, 1.0% Chinese, 0.3% Filipino, 0.3% Korean, 0.3% Vietnamese, 0.1% Japanese, 0.4% Other), 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.9% from other races, and 1.9% from two or more races and 2.5% Hispanic or Latino (1.5% Mexican, 0.2% Puerto Rican, 0.1% Cuban, 0.8% Other).

There were 404,765 households, out of which 31.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.00% were married couples living together, 12.70% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.00% were non-families. 28.00% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.05.

In the county, the age distribution of the population shows 25.20% under the age of 18, 8.30% from 18 to 24, 29.00% from 25 to 44, 23.50% from 45 to 64, and 14.10% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.70 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $58,532, and the median income for a family was $72,680. Males had a median income of $45,714 versus $30,278 for females. The per capita income for the county was $27,595. About 5.00% of families and 6.90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.30% of those under age 18 and 5.30% of those age 65 or over.

Economy
As of 2009, the largest employment sectors in St. Louis County are education and health (25.2%), trade and transportation (19.6%), and professional business services (12.7%). The county also has the highest per capita income in Missouri ($49,727), and nearly one-fourth of the state workforce is employed in St. Louis County, but it accounts for 27% of the state's wages. It is home to the eighth-strongest market for technology hiring, and the world's largest concentration of plant science Ph.D.'s. The St. Louis County Economic Council is the economic development agency of St. Louis County, and it is operated under the authority of the St. Louis County government. Among the largest employers in the county are Boeing (16,000 employees), Washington University in St. Louis (13,200 employees), and SSM Healthcare (12,400 employees). As of 2013, Express Scripts has approximately 4,500 employees, with a planned expansion of 1,500 jobs to be added over the five years from 2013 to 2018.

Unemployment in St. Louis County is well below the national rate of 7.7% (November 2012) at 6.5% (October); for monthly unemployment numbers since June 2012, see below:

Parks and recreation
St. Louis County owns and maintains more than 40 parks as part of its county park system, including playgrounds and nature preserves. It also operates several recreation centers, the National Museum of Transportation, and the Affton Community Center. In addition to parks owned by St. Louis County, the county is home to three Missouri state parks: Babler, Castlewood, and Route 66 State Park, and part of the Big Muddy National Fish and Wildlife Refuge and the Ulysses S. Grant National Historic Site. Several municipalities in the county also own and maintain their own park systems.

Government
St. Louis County government is divided between executive power vested in the County Executive and legislative power vested in the County Council. The current county executive is Sam Page, who was appointed on April 29, 2019. The county executive's term is four years without term limits, and the position is elected by the population of the entire county. The council consists of seven members elected from separate districts within the county, with four-year terms beginning on January 1 following elections. In 1950, St. Louis County became the first Missouri county to adopt a home-rule charter under the Missouri Constitution, and the current charter was adopted by voters on November 6, 1979.

Public Safety
The St. Louis County Police Department operates under the authority of the St. Louis County Board of Police Commissioners and is the largest law enforcement agency in St. Louis County. Although it is directly responsible for law enforcement in unincorporated areas of the county, several municipalities contract with the county police for public safety services. Municipalities that maintain service agreements with the county police are Black Jack, Fenton, Ferguson, Grantwood Village, Green Park, Hanley Hills, Jennings, Marlborough, Norwood Court, Pasadena Hills, Twin Oaks, Valley Park, Wilbur Park, and Wildwood. A total of 58 of the 90 municipalities in the county maintain their own police departments. Eighty-one of the local towns run their own courts.

St. Louis County fire services are provided by 20 municipal fire departments and 23 fire protection districts. The fire protection districts exist as independent, taxing governments that are unrelated to the St. Louis County government, while the municipal fire departments are funded through municipal taxes and are administered by their respective cities.

Politics
As of March 2016, there were 648,073 registered voters in St. Louis County, down from 708,283 registered voters in April 2013. At the federal level, the county is represented by Democrat Cori Bush of the 1st district, and Republican Ann Wagner of the 2nd district. Since 1992, the county has favored Democratic candidates in the presidential elections. Democrats are generally strongest in the northern portion of the county, which has a high Black population, while Republicans have historically dominated the western and southern parts of the county. In recent years however, Republicans have seen the western and southern portion of the county, made up of suburbs, become much more competitive. St. Louis County is a diverse, college-educated, suburban, and affluent county, with a large Black population, as well as a new influx of Asian Americans. These factors in recent years have pushed the county to become safer for Democrats. Historically, the Republican voters in this area were more moderate voters, fiscally conservative yet socially liberal. St Louis County overall is a Democratic stronghold, having voted for the Democratic presidential nominee in each election since 1992, and with increasing margins since 2000. In 2004, 2012, 2016, and 2020, it was only one of four counties in the state to vote Democratic. In 2020, Joe Biden won the county with over 60% of the vote, the best ever showing for a Democrat in the county. As of the 2022 elections, of the five senators (who have residences in St. Louis County) elected to the Missouri Senate, four are Democrats and one is a Republican. Of the 27 representatives elected to the Missouri House of Representatives, 19 are Democrats and 8 are Republicans. All of North County elects Democrats to the Missouri General Assembly, most of Mid County also elect Democrats, while most of West County and South County elects Republicans.

Education
Education in St. Louis County is provided by 23 public school districts, 20 private high schools, both a unified public library system and several municipal libraries, and several colleges and universities. Several of the school districts in the county also maintain a voluntary student transfer agreement with the St. Louis Public Schools that allows county residents to attend magnet schools in the city of St. Louis.

Public Schools
School districts include: • Affton School District

• Bayless School District

• Brentwood School District

• School District of Clayton

• Ferguson-Florissant School District

• Hancock Place School District

• Hazelwood School District

• Jennings School District

• Kirkwood School District

• Ladue School District

• Lindbergh Schools

• Maplewood Richmond Heights School District

• Mehlville School District

• Meramec Valley R-III School District

• Normandy Schools Collaborative

• Parkway School District

• Pattonville School District

• Ritenour School District

• Riverview Gardens School District

• Rockwood School District

• School District of University City

• Valley Park School District

• Webster Groves School District

Special School District of St. Louis County (SSD) operates schools for differently abled students.

Private Schools
• Barat Academy

• Chaminade College Preparatory School (All Boys)

• Christian Brothers College High School (All Boys)

• Cor Jesu Academy (All Girls)

• De Smet Jesuit High School (All Boys)

• Incarnate Word Academy (All Girls)

• John Burroughs School

• Lutheran High School North

• Lutheran High School South

• Mary Institute and St. Louis Country Day School

• Nerinx Hall High School (All Girls)

• The Principia

• Saint Louis Priory School (All Boys)

• St. John Vianney High School (All Boys)

• St. Joseph's Academy (All Girls)

• Ursuline Academy (All Girls)

• Villa Duchesne (All Girls)

• Visitation Academy of St. Louis (All Girls)

• Westminster Christian Academy

• Whitfield School

Higher Education
• Concordia Seminary

• Eden Theological Seminary

• Fontbonne University

• Kenrick–Glennon Seminary

• Logan University

• Maryville University

• Missouri Baptist University

• St. Louis Christian College

• Saint Louis University

• St. Louis Community College

• University of Missouri–St. Louis

• Washington University in St. Louis

• Webster University

Library
St. Louis County libraries include the unified St. Louis County Library and several municipal library systems.

Health care
In 1927, a $1 million bond was issued allocating funds for the construction of the first St. Louis County Hospital. Construction of the 200-bed, the non-segregated hospital began in 1929 in the city of Clayton. The hospital opened in July 1931 and ran until June 1986.

Current list of hospitals in St. Louis County:

Communities
One-third of the county population lives in unincorporated areas, for which the county government provides services such as zoning, code enforcement, refuse disposal, and police protection. In addition to the county-level government, there are 90 municipal governments in St. Louis County that also provide services. These vary widely in population and area. The smallest towns in population are Champ with a 2020 population of 10, Country Life Acres (population 74), and Mackenzie (population 134); 14 county municipalities have a 2010 population under 500, and fewer than a third exceed 10,000. In area, the smallest town is Mackenzie (12.8 acre) while 14 other towns are 0.1 mi2 or less. At the other end of the scale, Florissant has a population over 50,000, and Wildwood at the far west of the county is 66 sqmi. St. Louis County municipalities include:

Cities

 * Ballwin
 * Bella Villa
 * Bellefontaine Neighbors
 * Berkeley
 * Beverly Hills
 * Black Jack
 * Breckenridge Hills
 * Brentwood
 * Bridgeton
 * Calverton Park
 * Charlack
 * Chesterfield
 * Clarkson Valley
 * Clayton (county seat)
 * Cool Valley
 * Country Club Hills
 * Crestwood
 * Creve Coeur
 * Crystal Lake Park
 * Dellwood
 * Des Peres
 * Edmundson
 * Ellisville
 * Eureka
 * Fenton
 * Ferguson
 * Flordell Hills
 * Florissant
 * Frontenac
 * Glendale
 * Green Park
 * Greendale
 * Hazelwood
 * Huntleigh
 * Jennings
 * Kinloch
 * Kirkwood
 * Ladue
 * Lakeshire
 * Manchester
 * Maplewood
 * Maryland Heights
 * Moline Acres
 * Normandy
 * Northwoods
 * Oakland
 * Olivette
 * Overland
 * Pacific (mostly in Franklin County)
 * Pagedale
 * Pasadena Hills
 * Pine Lawn
 * Richmond Heights
 * Rock Hill
 * Shrewsbury
 * St. Ann
 * St. John
 * Sunset Hills
 * Town and Country
 * Twin Oaks
 * University City
 * Valley Park
 * Velda City
 * Velda Village Hills
 * Vinita Park
 * Warson Woods
 * Webster Groves
 * Wellston
 * Wildwood
 * Winchester
 * Woodson Terrace

Villages

 * Bellerive Acres
 * Bel-Nor
 * Bel-Ridge
 * Champ
 * Country Life Acres
 * Grantwood Village
 * Hanley Hills
 * Hillsdale
 * Marlborough
 * Norwood Court
 * Pasadena Park
 * Riverview
 * Sycamore Hills
 * Uplands Park
 * Westwood
 * Wilbur Park

Census-designated places

 * Affton
 * Castle Point
 * Concord
 * Glasgow Village
 * Lemay
 * Mehlville
 * Oakville
 * Old Jamestown
 * Sappington
 * Spanish Lake

Townships

 * Airport
 * Bonhomme
 * Chesterfield
 * Clayton
 * Concord
 * Creve Coeur
 * Ferguson
 * Florissant
 * Gravois
 * Hadley
 * Jefferson
 * Lafayette
 * Lemay
 * Lewis and Clark
 * Maryland Heights
 * Meramec
 * Midland
 * Missouri River
 * Normandy
 * Northwest
 * Norwood
 * Oakville
 * Queeny
 * Spanish Lake
 * St. Ferdinand
 * Tesson Ferry
 * University
 * Wildhorse

Unincorporated communities

 * Ascalon
 * Carsonville
 * Earth City
 * Fort Belle Fontaine
 * Glencoe
 * Grover
 * Mackenzie
 * Peerless Park
 * Pond
 * St. George
 * Sherman
 * Times Beach

title: St. Louis County, Missouri


text: Talk:Kidbrooke

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Kidbrooke


text:
Talk:Kingsbury, London

Untitled
Awful lot of disambiguation; do we need a disambiguation page?--Londoneye 11:47, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

Picture
Although it's nice to have images in an article I don't think the photo of Kingsbury Circus serves any purpose. It's just a roundabout with a tree in the middle. Any objections to removing it? Rogwan (talk) 16:26, 24 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I removed the image as there was no argument against. Rogwan (talk) 20:31, 9 January 2009 (UTC)

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Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Kingsbury (disambiguation) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 10:01, 25 July 2018 (UTC)

Queensbury connection
You say: Kingsbury was historically a rural parish… It formerly included Queensbury.

The Wiki page on Queensbury says: The name Queensbury was adopted for the tube station to match neighbouring Kingsbury and has no historical basis.

They can’t both be correct. Valetude (talk) 18:58, 27 April 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kingsbury, London


text:
Talk:Knightsbridge

Untitled
The factors apparently used to rank Knightsbridge as a top importance article seem bizarre. The London Plan merely identifies the shopping frontages of Knightsbridge and Brompton Road as being at the top of London's retail hierarchy along with the major shoppings streets of the West End.

The various Albertopolis cultural institutions mentioned are geographically in South Kensington not Knightsbridge, which surely has a much better claim to top importance status.--Lang rabbie 20:53, 19 April 2007 (UTC)

Under "Property" there over 20 "citation needed" tags, eventhough it is under a page in length. i dont know if this is spam or genuine, but it would be great if someone would add links or remove some tags, they seem to ruin this section, thanks JJB 22:11, 27 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, it reads like an estate agent on a slow day. Much of it needs a severe Knightsbridge Bob. It would be better to replace most of the 'cites reqd' with a general 'unencyclopaedic', or start again. Kbthompson 22:33, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Knightsbridge


text:
Talk:Leyton

Waltham Forest, London not Essex
Leyton is in London, specifically in the London Borough of Waltham Forest. While historically it was part of Essex, it is important that the lede is simple, clear and not misleading / confusing. I have moved all the historically aspects to the second paragragh. Can we discuss edits that change this order, before just 'reverting to old wording'? Jonnyspeed20 (talk) 17:16, 14 August 2021 (UTC)

Oliver Close
There was a decision made to redirect the article Oliver Close (Estates) to Leyton. An editor has now deleted the redirect and written a stub about Oliver Close. Any concerns about this? I notice there's a link in this article to Oliver Close now, so maybe it's a good idea. -- Rob C (Alarob) 18:08, 9 June 2007 (UTC)

I don't think this should even be in Wikipedia. It holds no significance as far as I'm concerned. It's just a small housing area in Leyton. The fact that it is built on a bronze age settlement isn't enough because I'm fairly sure _most_ buildings in London area built on or around historical settlements! --87.75.28.66 (talk) 16:56, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

Over the past 15 years
How can someone seriously put this in an article? It is a phrase from a news item. Dates, please. Also, what does "partially bisected mean?

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title: Talk:Leyton


text:
Talk:Limehouse

Thanks to Mintguy for the correction concerning Martin Frobisher getting the black rock. However, Sir Humphrey Gilbert was involved in the Society of the New Art which attempted to produce gold, and their laboratory was at Limehouse. A little hint: why not correct pages rather than reverting to a former page. Removed a range of corrections. e.g. there are no tube stations in the area - tube stations are constructed by driving a tube through the ground and then building a railway inside. Local services are provided by the underground which is constructed by cut and cover. Also the term nearest refers to only those staiosn with the greatest propinquity to the area. Thus it is correct to list Stepney Green underground station, Limehouse DLR station and Westferry DLR station. The other stations listed are some distance away, particularly Bow Church DLR which is beyond Bow Common and Bow Road underground station. I was particularly suprised that someone so knowledgeable about Martin frobisher would remove the reference to Ratcliffe. Was it not from here that Frobisher departed to play his part in the defeat of teh Spanish Armada? Anyway I have taken the reference to the sea monster to the Humphrey Gilbert page, as he did not encounter the beast at Limehouse. Harry Potter

--

Well the only reference I've found to Gilbert, Limehouse and the Society of the New Art is from http://www.t0.or.at/karloff/darkterrors.html. It appears to be complete nonsense. So I've reverted it. Mintguy 00:57 3 Jun 2003 (UTC)

I suggest:

a) that you use other sources of reference than the internet whereby you might learn something. You could try the Local History Library at Bancroft Road. b) that if you have problems with some of the content that you edit the page rather than treacherising it. You can always enter into debate with people rather than simply assuming anything you do not know is nonsense.Harry Potter

 * Yeah, but.... sea monsters??? -- Wapcaplet 11:37 3 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Narrow Street
Bit of duplication here. And the Narrow Street entry is, in some respects, superior, when it is talking about Limehouse in general. I've copied a bit of it over, but maybe the general Limehouse bits should be moved over here? Tarquin Binary 10:00, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

Further to that, what needs moving over here is the history section from Narrow Street insofar as it talks about Limehouse in general. Later. Tarquin Binary 10:10, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes I agree 100% they could do with some copyediting to make Narrow Street more of a satellite article of Limehouse rather than the other way round. MRSC 10:15, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Happy New Year, Steve. I'm kind of on the Tower Hamlets thing for now, too - long bracing Thames-side hikes help with the detox programme :( OK, I'll see if I can disentangle Limehouse this week - merge and separate, sort of. Also looking at fixing up Wapping and Shadwell, which need work, some time soon. Tarquin Binary 11:08, 8 January 2006 (UTC)

Adrian Gilbert
I'm removing the wikipedia link on Adrian Gilbert, as it leads not to a page about the 16th century alchemist (there doesn't seem to be one) but to a page about a modern writer.

Limehouse Blues
Does this place have anything to do with the song "Limehouse Blues"? dq 15:29, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

How to write about settlements
WikiProject UK geography/How to write about settlements provides guidance on how to improve this article. In a nutshell, there are quite a few issues which still need to be addressed and some aspects which need to be reorganised.

In summary, the suggested headings for sections are as follows:

* Geography and administration * History * Landmarks * Demographics * Economics * Places of Interest * Culture * Present Day (Communal facilities, Transport, Education, Industry & Commerce, Sport) * Notable Residents (ie people who meet the criteria of Wikipedia:Notability (people)

Although there's lots of good progress on the history side, this article is a bit lightweight on the present day. It also seems to lack rather a lot of references for the information provided so far.

On this basis, quite a lot needs to be done to improve this article. Click the link to the guide to see more details about what sort of things should be included in each action.

I'm going to have a go at sorting out some bits and will be back! Cosmopolitancats 00:52, 27 March 2007 (UTC)

A note re Notables
Guidance on inclusion of local notables when writing about places "Notable residents - Notability is a key word in this title (as opposed to famous and/or non-notable residents), and wikipedia has a strict policy on who should be included as a notable person (they should meet the criteria set out at Wikipedia:Notability (people)). This section should be well referenced like any other. It should make it clear (if applicable) that some people may not have been born in a certain place, any may have just been resident for a time. It should also indicate (if applicable) that some of these people may be from a wider area (such as satellite towns/villages) and that some are historically notable.(see WP:N for more information)." Hence there need to be some sort of reference to a reliable source for inclusion of a notable with a link to the area. I note none exists at present for those listed but suspect these could be found for some but not others. If you're adding a new notable please provide a reference. In due course, if no reference is provided names will need to be deleted to improve the overall standard of the article.Cosmopolitancats 01:15, 27 March 2007 (UTC)
 * While I admire your persistence, it is well known that David Owen lives in Limehouse - since 1965. You will only find general references to it - possibly under the Limehouse declaration, or the gang of four. The exact address is a state secret, I know where it is, I've been there. But if I told you, well, 'nuff said. Kbthompson 18:36, 29 March 2007 (UTC)
 * You don't need to - I know where it is too! ;) Knowing something and being able to convey to others that this is a reliable bit of info are two different things as I'm sure you will agree.
 * I'd actually just come to congratulate you on digging out the sources that you have and to say one of the really enjoyable bits about seeing sources is when peopl identify websites or books or documents that I didn't know about. Bottom line that's the big bonus of citations - it leads you to other knowledge and opportunities for finding out about more things.  A good thing - and I hope you will agree a jolly good additional reason for sharing reference sources with others.
 * Limehouse declaration would be a very interesting source to provide! Cosmopolitancats 22:06, 29 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Prize for the weirdest ref of the week claim: The alchymical laboratory reference. It is actually listed in the Calendar of the Patent Rolls, Limehouse exact location unknown, but a lot of psychogeographers are trying to identify it, or should that be psycho geographers ... Kbthompson 17:22, 1 April 2007 (UTC)

Broken Blossoms
Griffith's film "Broken Blossoms" is set in Limehouse.
 * http://www.untoldlondon.org.uk/archives/TRA43336.html

George Formby's first hit was "Chinese Laundry blues"
 * 'Oh Mr. Wu,
 * what shall I do,
 * I'm feeling kind of Limehouse Chinese Laundry Blues’.

Ogg (talk) 09:02, 15 March 2008 (UTC)

Charles Dickens' novel Our Mutual Friend is largely set in the Limehouse district. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.108.36.62 (talk) 13:55, 2 January 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Limehouse


text: Talk:Malden, London

title: Talk:Malden, London


text:
Talk:Marylebone

Untitled
Would somebody (preferable someone who lives there) give a pronunciation guide for Marylebone please? I just googled and got a variety of opinions: Mar-le-bone, Mahr-leh-bahn, Mar-lee-bone, Marrybun, maribun, Marley-bone.... I'm more confused than ever. ;) Fabiform 18:59, 21 Jan 2004 (UTC)

'Marry-lubun (stress on first syllable). Secretlondon 19:01, Jan 21, 2004 (UTC)

Like MARRY-lubun (rhymes with Larry), MAR-ee-lubun (rhymes with Larry)? Perhaps you could write it in SAMPA? Fabiform 21:12, 21 Jan 2004 (UTC)

I'd use ["m{r\lU%b@n] (SAMPA), [ˈmæɹlʊˌbən] (IPA) with the r-sound almost silent but lengthening the preceding vowel. (Although I do live south of the river, so...)

Mar-le-bn was also common when I lived there (but I did leave nearly 30 years ago. I think the article should probably say that there were or are alternative pronunciations in reasonably common use. BenPlouviez 11:10, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

The transcription does not correlate with how the man on the recording is pronouncing it. He's pronouncing it more like /ˈmɑːləbə̆ʊn/ (with /əʊ/ as a short dipthong that could make it sound just like /ə/ )  (I suppose it's best to write a transcription from the bus recordings)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.246.24.37 (talk) 11:32, 12 April 2011 (UTC)

I don't live there, but I think the usual modern pronunciation, for example when the place is mentioned on TV, is marry-le-bone. The alternative pronunciations are traditional, and used either locally, or by upper-class individuals who like to show off their knowledge. The most extreme version I have heard is something like mar-bn. But the turnover of population, and the modern tendency to pronounce names as they are spelled, is driving out the traditional versions. It's a bit like Cirencester, which was traditionally pronounced Sissiter, but now almost always siren-sester. It's a shame to see the traditional pronunciations dying out, but probably inevitable. So long as they don't start calling Leicester Lie-sester!109.146.52.227 (talk) 15:31, 16 November 2014 (UTC)

London borough
The term in the article the Marylebone is a London borough is confusing. It is not one of the 33 electoral London Boroughs (is it in Camden?)

 * The Metropolitan Borough of St Marylebone existed until 1965 in the county of London. It is now in the City of Westminster--Henrygb 22:43, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Lords
The St John's Wood article also lays claim to Lord's Cricket Ground; surely it isn't in both areas? Grant65 (Talk) 14:52, Feb 27, 2005 (UTC)

Isn't lord's actually closer to Lisson Grove then St John's Wood? Simply south 10:54, 5 September 2006 (UTC)

Historical Information
There is so little historical information on this page, do sentences like "Most of its houses are fine buildings with exquisite interiors, when put on the market now will have a price tag in excess of £10 million. It has attracted people who understand attractive buildings" really belong on a wikipedia entry? It looks like it was written by an estate agent — Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.66.229.8 (talk) 09:25, 11 September 2012 (UTC)

Speaking of belonging in a wiki entry: what's with all this about a "3boys1flat" and why on earth is it on here? Mildlydiscouraging (talk) 23:47, 13 June 2018 (UTC)

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Changing External Link
The external link to the St Marylebone Society had the wrong URL (to a beta version) for their website. It has been corrected to the current website for the St Marylebone Society. 79.66.196.140 (talk) 12:19, 15 April 2019 (UTC) :15 April 2019

I have also corrected the description of the external link. The SMS constitution in 1948 created the only amenity society for the whole Metropolitan Borough of St Marylebone. The Borough was subsumed into the City of Westminster in 1965. Three other amenity societies are now consulted by Westminster Council for Planning purposes within this area. Nevertheless, the Society's area of interest remains as defined in its constitution ( see www.stmarylebone.org/about.htm). 79.66.196.140 (talk) 12:51, 15 April 2019 (UTC) :15 April 2019

title: Talk:Marylebone


text:
Talk:Mayfair

Residents
Unsourced list moved from article. Needs sourcing, and putting into context. Much of these are probably better off being placed in the articles on the streets named.  SilkTork  ✔Tea time  23:53, 31 December 2013 (UTC)

Albemarle Street: Aldford Street: Audley Square: Avery Row: Bentinck Street: Fitzmaurice Place: Berkeley Square: Berkeley Street: Broadbent Street: Brook Street: Bruton Place: Bruton Street: Carlos Place: Charles Street: Chesterfield Hill: Chesterfield Street: Chesterfield Hill: Clarges Street: Clifford Street: Curzon Street: Davies Street: Dover Street: Duke Street (also enters into Marylebone): Dunraven Street: Farm Street: Grafton Street: Green Street: Groom Place: Grosvenor Square: Grosvenor Street: Hertford Street: Park Street:
 * Robert Adam (1728–1792) Scottish Architect – No 13
 * William Ewart (1817–1889) Irish Politician & Manufacturer – No 14
 * Alexander Graham Bell (1847–1922) Scottish inventor of the telephone and hearing aid, performed first long distance call from No 33
 * John Gilbert Winant (1889–1947) American Politician – No 7
 * Irving Allen (1905–1987) Polish Film & Theatre Producer – No 3
 * W H Davies (1871–1940) Welsh Poet, dubbed the 'Tramp Poet' – No 13
 * Leslie Henson (1891–1957) English Comedy Actor – No 4
 * William Petty, Earl of Kerry (1811–1836) British Politician - No 9, Lansdowne House
 * Harry Gordon Selfridge (1864–1947) American department store founder – Blue Plaque
 * Horace Walpole (1717–1797) British 'Man of Letters', Politician & Novelist – No 11 Berkeley Square (He also lived at No 22 & No 5 Arlington Street, St James's)
 * Bernard Sunley British Philanthropist & Businessman – Lived at & formed charity at No 20 – Green Plaque
 * George Canning (1770–1827) British Prime Minister in 1827 – No 50 – Blue Plaque
 * Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive of India (1725–1774) British Soldier & Statesman – No 50 – Blue Plaque
 * Benita Hume (1906–1967) English Actress – No 9
 * Robert Baldwin Ross (1869–1918) English journalist, close friend and executor of Oscar Wilde – No 7, Mayfair Chambers
 * Jimi Hendrix (1942–1970) American Musician – No 23 – English Heritage Blue Plaque
 * George Frederic Handel (1685–1759) Anglo-German composer – No 25 – English Heritage Blue Plaque
 * John Beresford Fowler (1906–1977) English Interior Designer – No 39
 * Jeffry Wyattville (1766–1840) English Architect – No 39 – Blue Plaque
 * Frankie Howerd (1917–1992) English Comedy Actor – No 46
 * Valentine Ackland (1906–1969) English Poet – No 54
 * Colen Campbell (1676–1729) Scottish Architect – No 76 – Blue Plaque
 * Ronald Firbank (1886–1926) English Novelist – No 78 (He also lived at No 40, Clarges Street)
 * William Withey Gull (1816–1890) English Physician, suspected in the Jack the Ripper murders – No 74
 * Robert Bentley Todd (1809–1860) Irish Physician – No 74
 * Kay Hammond (1909–1980) English Actress – No 40
 * Frances Carson (1895–1973) American Actress – No 13
 * Harold Fielding (1916–2003) English Theatre Producer – No 13
 * Queen Elizabeth II (1926–) - born at No 21 (since demolished)
 * Edward Marsh (polymath) (1872–1953) English Civil Servant – No 30
 * Detmar Blow (1867–1939) English Architect – No 3
 * Oscar Wilde (1854–1900) Irish Poet & Novelist – No 9
 * Archibald Primrose (1847–1929) British Prime Minister 1894–1895 – No 20
 * Ian Fleming (1908–1964) English author of 'James Bond' novels, journalist, and naval intelligence officer – No 21, Hays Mews
 * Robbie Ross (1869–1918) English Journalist, confidante, and executor of Oscar Wilde – No 3
 * Beau Brummell (1778–1840) English Socialite, Dandy– No 4 – Blue Plaque
 * Anthony Eden (1897–1977) British Prime Minister 1955 to 1957– No 4 – Blue Plaque
 * W Somerset Maugham (1874–1965) British Novelist & Playwright – No 6 – Blue Plaque
 * Thomas Babington Macaulay (1800–1859) English Poet, Politician & Historian – No 3
 * Sir Austin Bide (1915–2008) British Industrialist – Clarges House, No's 6–12
 * Edmund Kean (1787–1833) English Theatre Actor – No 12 (demolished?)
 * Elizabeth Carter (1717–1806) English Poet – Nos 20 & 21
 * Charles James Fox (1749–1806) British Statesman – No 45 – Blue Plaque
 * William Bowman (1816–1892) English Surgeon – No 5
 * Robert Liston (1794–1847) English Surgeon – No 5
 * Eliab Harvey (1758–1830) British Navy Officer – No 8
 * Alexander Crichton (1763–1856) Scottish Physician – No 17
 * Sir John Moore, 1st Baronet (1718–1779) British Navy Admiral – No 18
 * Peter Sellers (1925–1980) English Comedy Actor – Had a flat in Glendore House 1964–1968
 * Harry Nilsson (1941–1994) American Musician – No 9 (Flat 14)
 * Cass Elliot (1941–1974) American Musician died in Nilsson's flat – No 9
 * Keith Moon (1946–1978) English Musician died in Nilsson's flat – No 9
 * Nancy Mitford (1904–1973) English Novelist & Essayist worked at No 10 – Blue Plaque
 * Benjamin Disraeli (1804–1881) British Prime Minister – No 19 – Plaque?
 * Francis Chantrey (1781–1841) English Sculptor – No 24
 * Rufus Isaacs (1860–1935) English Politician. Jurist – No 32 – Red Plaque
 * Ronald Firbank (1886–1926) English Novelist – No 33
 * Cicely Courtneidge (1893–1980) English Actress & Comedienne – No 43
 * Jack Hulbert (1892–1978) English Comedy Actor – No 43
 * John Elliotson (1791–1868) English Physician – No 2, Bourdon House
 * Hugh Grosvenor (1879–1953) 2nd Duke of Westminster – No 2, Bourdon House
 * Beryl Grey (1927--) Ballerina – No 32, Claridge House
 * May Fortescue (1862–1950) English Theatre Actress/Singer – No 29
 * Samuel Whitbread (1764–1815) English Politician – No 35
 * Simon Bolivar (1783–1830) Venezuelan Revolutionary – No 4 – Blue Plaque
 * William S Burroughs (1914–1997) American Novelist – No 8
 * Edward Lear (1812–1888) English Poet & Writer – No 27 – Blue Plaque
 * Alfred Milner 1st Viscount Milner (1854–1925) British Politician/Colonial Administrator – No 47
 * Thomas Anstey Guthrie (1856–1934) English Novelist as F. Anstey – No 60
 * P G Wodehouse (1881–1975) English Humourist, Writer, Novelist – No 17
 * Tallulah Bankhead (1902–1968) American Actress & TV Host – No 1
 * Amherst Villiers (1900–1991) English Automotive & Aviation Engineer – No 22, Farm House
 * Sarah Siddons (1755–1831) Welsh Theatre Actress – No 8
 * Gainsborough Dupont (1754–1797) English Artist – No 17
 * Hilda Bayley (1888–1971) English Actress – No 21
 * Jill Bennett (1931–1990) English Actress – No 22
 * Lord David Cecil (1902–1986) English Biographer/Historian – No 24
 * Alfred Lyttelton (1857–1913) British Politician, Footballer, Cricketer – No 4
 * Alexander McQueen (1969–2010) British Fashion Designer – No 7
 * Renee Vivien (1877–1909) British Poet who wrote in French – No 10
 * Thomas Sopwith (1888–1989) British Aviation pioneer – No 46 – Blue Plaque
 * Beatles British Pop Group. All 4 Beatles stayed at No 57 in 1963
 * Leslie Mitchell (1905–1985) Scottish TV Broadcaster – No 20
 * John Adams (1735–1826) 2nd President of the United States – No 9 – Engraved Brass Plaque
 * Frederick Handley Page (1885–1962) English Aviation pioneer – No 18 (in Flat 3) – Blue Plaque
 * Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury (1801–1885) English Politician – No 24
 * Kenneth Clark (1903–1983) English TV Broadcaster, Art Historian – Flat at No 32
 * Sir Joseph Lockwood (1904–1991) British Businessman – Flat at No 33
 * Woolf Barnato (1895–1948) British Racing Car Driver, one of the 1920s "Bentley Boys" – Flat at No 50
 * Alice Keppel (1868–1947) British Society Hostess & lover of King Edward VII – No 16
 * Sir Alexander Korda (1893–1956) British Film Producer – offices at No 21 & 22
 * Cecil Kershaw (1895–1972) Rugby player for England – No 32
 * Sir David Lionel Goldsmid-Stern-Salomons (1851–1925) English Inventor – No 49
 * Joseph Moses Levy (1812–1888) English Newspaper publisher, helped found The Daily Telegraph – No 51
 * Anne Oldfield (1683–1730) English Stage Actress – No 60
 * John Adrian Louis Hope, 1st Marquess of Linlithgow (1860–1908) Scottish Aristocrat, First Governor-General of Australia – No 66
 * Sydney Smirke (1798–1877) English Architect – No 80
 * Wendy Richard (1943–2009) English Television Actress – The Shepherd's Tavern – Blue PlaqueHertford Street:
 * Sarah Miles (1941–) English Theatre and Film Actress - No 58

Possible resources
British History - Edward Walford: British History - F. H. W. Sheppard:
 * BBC News story: Reviving the Mayfair May Fair
 * 'Mayfair', Old and New London: Volume 4 (1878)
 * 'Grosvenor Square and its neighbourhood', Old and New London: Volume 4 (1878)
 * 'Berkeley Square and its neighbourhood', Old and New London: Volume 4 (1878
 * 'Hanover Square and neighbourhood', Old and New London: Volume 4 (1878)
 * 'Piccadilly: Northern tributaries', Old and New London: Volume 4 (1878)
 * 'Mansions in Piccadilly', Old and New London: Volume 4 (1878)
 * 'Piccadilly: Burlington House', Old and New London: Volume 4 (1878)
 * 'Regent Street and Piccadilly', Old and New London: Volume 4 (1878)
 * 'Plan pocket: The Grosvenor Estate in Mayfair', Survey of London: volume 39: The Grosvenor Estate in Mayfair, Part 1 (General History) (1977)
 * The Acquisition of the Estate; The Manor of Ebury; The Grosvenor Marriage
 * The Grosvenor family's large estate in northern Mayfair
 * Survey of London: volume 40: The Grosvenor Estate in Mayfair, Part 2 (The Buildings) (1980)

- I am steadily working my way round my Monopoly board with the aim of improving all articles on it, so this is on my radar. If I don't get to it first, maybe can give it a go. Or possibly as he's local. Ritchie333 (talk) (cont)  14:02, 8 July 2015 (UTC)

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"Butchers in two consecutive sentences"
What's the point of this edit, which has now been made by an anon IP editor three times in succession? The original text looks fine to me. Martinevans123 (talk) 15:03, 16 November 2018 (UTC)

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The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 05:08, 2 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Monopoly expensive squares.jpg

What to put in the infobox
There was a reason the article didn't have an infobox, but I can't remember what. I think it was due to it sandwiching images further down and making a mess. Anyway, I think it should have:
 * A map
 * Not a grid reference (the area covers multiple entries and hence makes no sense)
 * Counties : I would go with Westminster / London. You don't want the Association of British Counties on your back.
 * Parliament / assembly
 * Post town / district - ambivalent, but if people can't bear not to have them then I suppose we'll manage

Anything else? Ritchie333 (talk) (cont)  14:00, 9 March 2021 (UTC)
 * A map at infobox size is wholly useless. Really a traditional area like this, which doesn't align with any current political/postal etc divisions is too complicated for an infobox to handle. Obviously the key fact about Mayfair is that only very rich people live there, & no box that doesn't get that up front is worth having. Perhaps this was the "reason the article didn't have an infobox"? Johnbod (talk) 14:10, 9 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Indeed it was - looks like I was struggling to get a working map and couldn't do it. Ritchie333 (talk) (cont)  14:22, 9 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Very wise - to me the version here ain't worth having! Johnbod (talk) 14:35, 9 March 2021 (UTC)

Coming late to the punch up- Mayfair is similar to Bloomsbury which has a very pretty infobox. The map however leaves something to be desired but is consistent with similar articles. I have left myself a few notes on wikicartography in my user-page that may be useful or entertaining- as the UK place infobox may not have caught up with infobox school. may be what you were thinking about — Preceding unsigned comment added by ClemRutter (talk • contribs) 16:07, 9 March 2021 (UTC)
 * That's a nice map, but much too wide for an infobox, and the rest of the information isn't worth giving such prominence to (which goes for Bloomsbury too). At least let's not have a multiple image - yuk! Johnbod (talk) 18:07, 9 March 2021 (UTC)

 * See the infobox in Covent Garden – a somewhat imprecise district which is an FA. For coordinates, I would focus on the site of the original May fair, which was in the Great Brookfield which is now Curzon Street. Andrew🐉(talk) 11:43, 11 March 2021 (UTC)

RFC: Infobox
Should we add an infobox after this discussion above, and per previous edit. 112.204.206.165 (talk) 05:22, 25 May 2023 (UTC)
 * You forgot to mention this edit, where the reason I removed the infobox was specifically "can't get a decent map working". Ritchie333 (talk) (cont)  12:25, 25 May 2023 (UTC)

 * Yes. It's weird to come to an article on a location like this and not have a map and other summary info in an infobox. The above-mentioned Covent Garden is a good example of what readers are apt to expect.  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼  06:35, 25 May 2023 (UTC)
 * No Neutral per previous threads, simply because nobody could actually come to a consensus what we should put in it. However, if somebody wants to draft an infobox here that looks good and informative, and fits in with the page layout, I'll have a think about it. Indeed, the question of what should go in an infobox is probably a more relevant one than simply having one or not. Ritchie333 (talk) (cont)  10:25, 25 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes per SMcCandlish. It's very odd for non-stub articles about geographic places not to have an infobox. Covent Garden, Isle of Dogs, Fitzrovia, Dalston, Millbank, De Beauvoir Town, etc. all manage to have apparently uncontroversial infoboxes, and I'm not seeing anything here that can't be accommodated. Thryduulf (talk) 11:17, 25 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes - Infoboxes are extremely useful for finding quick information in a single glance. The contents of the infobox can be argued later, but the existence of an infobox should not be controversial. Incidentally, I see nothing objectional about the suggested infobox below. Fieari (talk) 07:15, 26 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes, please. They are useful for structured information. Contentious entries can just be omitted. I like the infobox below. SWinxy (talk) 23:49, 27 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes - An infobox would be useful in this case. JoseJan89 (talk) 08:57, 5 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Not this one below, which is completely useless. Yes, it's in London, that's London, England, and ceremonially it's in London, which is in the UK. Nothing about the most glaringly obvious thing about Mayfair, which any Monopoly player can tell you. Johnbod (talk) 10:39, 5 June 2023 (UTC)

Side discussion
Here is a mockup of an infobox for the article. Comments welcome. I notice that the "Police", "Fire" and "Ambulance" fields are automatically populated, which is actually one of my objections - how is that relevant to the article. But that's a discussion for the template itself. Ritchie333 (talk) (cont)  12:16, 25 May 2023 (UTC)

 * Ah, I've worked out how to turn these off, so I've updated to follow suit. Ritchie333 (talk) (cont)  12:18, 25 May 2023 (UTC)
 * That looks good. I don't have an objection to police et al, but equally they aren't the most important so I'm happy with them either in or out. One of the district articles I looked at (but I can't remember which one) had a map showing the location in the UK rather than the borough or Greater London, which I think is less useful than the presentation here. Thryduulf (talk) 13:21, 25 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mayfair


text:
Talk:Mill Hill

Factual information

 * This article does not really give much factual information, does it? It has much guesswork: inaccurate facts such as Mill Hill School being a boys' school (see Mill Hill School website; and Mill Hill East station being "one of the oldest" (see Notes about closed line Mill Hill East - Edgware). There is much history connected with transportation which is missing
 * There are also many POV statements: do we really need to know about the drinking establishments? I am sure that, with all that history behind it, we can say much more than just that is is one such another suburb for the drinking classes!!! There are large areas of open ground given over to sports etc facilities: what about those?
 * I also note that it is on a list of London villages, yet two parts are called towns! A glance at the London Atlas makes it very hard to see where the old part is - surely it can be better described? Nor does it show how Mill Hill is in three parts ...
 * In the words of the old teachers: can do better! Peter Shearan 06:30, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh and PS: there are at least twenty other places in UK called Mill Hill Peter Shearan 06:31, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Sai
I've removed the reference to Mill Hill Sai centre as it is not a district of Mill Hill. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.170.48.12 (talk • contribs) 3 July 2006

"becks"
I'm going to have to edit this page - the word "becks" is racist, and I agree with Peter Shearan it needs a degree of objectivity. Hugh Petrie he also quoted "... an horrible mixture of fact and fiction." Quote of the year!!!!

Advocacy
I've removed the text about the North and West London Light railway as it is speculative information from an advocacy group. Grim23 ★ 02:06, 15 September 2009 (UTC)

Section Tile: Development or Future plans
The section title "Development" is a bit vague. The guidelines for writing about UK settlements suggests an optional title of "Future plans", I think that it more accurately describes this section. Grim23 ★ 01:04, 23 September 2009 (UTC)

Also I think this section could be trimmed of some planning minutia and POV pushing. Grim23 ★ 20:54, 22 January 2010 (UTC)

Saracens
Even know they are technically a Hendon address, I was wondering if the club should be noted in the sports section because they a very much a part of the Mill Hill community also. Govvy (talk) 12:55, 3 June 2017 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Mill Hill