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Terre Haute, Indiana

Terre Haute is a city in and the county seat of Vigo County, Indiana, United States, about 5 mi east of the state's western border with Illinois. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 58,389 and its metropolitan area had a population of 168,716.

Located along the Wabash River, Terre Haute is one of the largest cities in the Wabash Valley and is known as the Queen City of the Wabash. The city is home to multiple higher-education institutions, including Indiana State University, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, and Ivy Tech Community College of Indiana.

History
Terre Haute's name is derived from the French phrase terre haute (pronounced in French), meaning "highland". It was named by French-Canadian explorers and fur trappers to the area in the early 18th century to describe the unique location above the Wabash River (see French colonization of the Americas). At the time, the area was claimed by the French and British and these highlands were considered the border between Canada and Louisiana. The construction of Fort Harrison in 1811 marked the known beginning of a permanent population of European-Americans in the area that would become known as Terre Haute. A Wea Indian village already existed near the fort, and the orchards and meadows they kept a few miles south of the fort became the site of the present-day city. (Terre Haute's currently affiliated Order of the Arrow lodge of the Boy Scouts of America is named after the last leader of the Wea village, Jacco Godfroy.) The village of Terre Haute, then a part of Knox County, Indiana, was platted in 1816. Terre Haute became the county seat of the newly formed Vigo County in 1818, leading to increased population growth. The village's estimated 1,000 residents voted to incorporate in 1832; the village was elevated to city status in 1853.

Early Terre Haute was a center of farming, milling, and pork processing. However, the city's pre-1960 business and industrial expansion occurred largely due to transportation. The Wabash River, the building of the National Road (now US 40), and the Wabash and Erie Canal linked Terre Haute to the world and broadened the city's range of influence. The economy was based on iron and steel mills, hominy plants, and late in the 19th century, distilleries, breweries, and bottle makers. Coal mines and coal operating companies developed to support the railroads, yet agriculture remained predominant, largely due to the role of corn in making alcoholic beverages and food items.

With steady growth and development in the latter part of the 19th century, the city's vibrant neighborhoods benefited from improved fire protection, the founding of two hospitals, dozens of churches, and a number of outlets for amusement. Terre Haute's position as an educational hub was fostered as several institutions of higher education were established. The city developed a reputation for its arts and entertainment offerings. Grand opera houses were built that hosted hundreds of operas and theatrical performances. It became a stop on the popular vaudeville circuit. The development of the streetcar system and later the electric-powered trolleys in the 1890s allowed residents to travel with ease to baseball games, picnics, river excursions, amusement parks, and even horse racing. The famous "Four-Cornered" Racetrack, now the site of Memorial Stadium, was laid out in 1886 and drew the best of the country's trotters and drivers.

On the evening of Easter Sunday, March 23, 1913, a major tornado struck the city around 9:45 pm, demolishing more than 300 homes, killing 21 people, and injuring 250. Damage to local businesses and industries was estimated at $1 million to $2 million (in 1913 dollars). Up to that time, it was the deadliest tornado to hit Indiana. Heavy rains followed the tornado, causing the Wabash River to rise. By midday on Tuesday, March 25, West Terre Haute (Taylorville) was three-quarters submerged.

Like all U.S. communities, Terre Haute experienced economic swings as the country's economic base evolved. Before the Great Depression brought the U.S. economy to a near halt, influences such as Prohibition and the decline of the country's railroads had a negative effect on two of Terre Haute's major industries - distilleries/breweries and railroad repair works.In 1940, though, it was selected for a new United States penitentiary built on 1126 acre south of the city.

World War II brought an economic upswing with the development of three ordnance plants in the county and the revitalization of the coal, railroad, and agriculture industries. Terre Haute remained dependent on consumer manufacturers such as Quaker Maid, the world's largest food processing factory under one roof. The city was an enthusiastic participant in the war effort with troop send-offs, victory gardens, bond sales, civil defense drills, parades, and ceremonies. The country's 100th United Service Organizations (USO) facility opened in the city in 1943.

Following the war, Terre Haute gained several new factories: Pfizer (1948), Allis-Chalmers (1951), Columbia Records (1954), and Anaconda Aluminum (1959). The face of downtown Terre Haute began to change in the late 1960s when Interstate 70 was built, passing through Vigo County about 5 mi south of the path of U.S. 40 Wabash Avenue). As traffic began to concentrate at the U.S. 41 interchange, many downtown businesses relocated to Honey Creek Mall shopping center, built in 1968.

Throughout the period, civic groups developed to work toward boosting the economy. The Terre Haute Committee for Area Progress developed the Fort Harrison Industrial Park in the 1970s. Grow Terre Haute in the mid-1980s encouraged the establishment of new stores, factories, and high-tech industrial parks that helped to stabilize the economy and enhance community life. Most encouraging was the arrival of the Digital Audio Disc Corporation (DADC), a subsidiary of the global company, Sony, as the first American factory designed exclusively to make compact discs. In other developments over these years, railroad overpasses eased traffic congestion, law enforcement strengthened, and several national and state awards for volunteerism and citizen participation boosted local pride.

Like other Midwest manufacturing cities, Terre Haute faced daunting challenges as it neared the end of the 20th century, including the outmigration of the population and the closure of long-time manufacturing operations.

Much of the city's resiliency can be attributed to the diversity of the local economy. Manufacturing continues to be an important part of that, due to the formation of the Vigo County Industrial Park. The efforts of the Terre Haute Economic Development Corporation, in cooperation with city and county government, have made the industrial park home to some of the world's leading companies – Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional’s cold-rolled steel-processing facility, Staples Corporation’s Midwest Distribution Center, Advics automotive brake systems manufacturing facility, ThyssenKrupp Presta’s automotive steering systems manufacturing facility, and CertainTeed’s fiber cement board manufacturing plant.

The revitalization of the downtown area can be traced to the construction of First Financial Bank's new headquarters building in the late 1980s and the creation of the city's first tax increment financing district, which funded the first downtown parking structure. Over the years, more initiatives followed, including the construction of several new office buildings and a second downtown parking structure. With the efforts of nonprofit groups such as Downtown Terre Haute and the expansion of the campus of Indiana State University, changes have spurred growth downtown. Several new hotels and businesses have been added to the "Crossroads of America" near 7th and Wabash, outdoor events and festivals attract crowds nearly every weekend during the summer, and the 7th Street Arts Corridor and Terre Haute Children's Museum, completed in 2010, enhance the appeal of the downtown area. These developments over several years inspired property owners throughout downtown to rehabilitate and renovate their buildings, including Hulman & Company. A new $25 million convention center is in the works for downtown Terre Haute, with completion planned for 2021

Renovation of the city's 1930s-era Federal Building to house Indiana State University's Scott College of Business in 2010 and development of a new downtown location for Indiana State University Foundation and the university's bookstore in 2011 strengthened ties between the city and the university. In 2015, Indiana State University partnered with developers to build a student housing facility in the heart of downtown, and other downtown residential development followed.

A casino has been proposed to be built on the east side of the city near U.S. Route 40/Indiana Route 46. A referendum in November 2019 on whether to allow the casino to be built passed overwhelmingly.

Geography
Terre Haute lies along the eastern bank of the Wabash River in western Indiana, about 75 mi west of Indianapolis.

According to the 2010 census, Terre Haute has an area of 35.272 sqmi, of which 0.732 sqmi (or 2.08%) is covered by water.

The Wabash River dominates the city's geography, forming its western border. Small bluffs on the east side of town mark the edge of the historic flood plain. Lost Creek and Honey Creek drain the city's northern and southern sections, respectively. In the late 19th century (particularly during the oil craze of 1889), several oil and mineral wells were productive in and near the center of town. Pioneer Oil of Lawrenceville, Illinois, began drilling for oil at 10th and Chestnut Streets on the Indiana State University campus in December 2013, the first oil well drilled in downtown Terre Haute since 1903.

Terre Haute is at the intersection of two major roadways: U.S. 40, originally from California to Maryland, and US 41, from Copper Harbor, Michigan, to Miami, Florida. US 41 is now locally named 3rd Street, but historically was 7th Street, making "7th and Wabash" the Crossroads of America. Terre Haute is 77 mi southwest of Indianapolis and within 185 mi of Chicago, St. Louis, Louisville, and Cincinnati.

Climate
Climate in the city is characterized by relatively high summer temperatures, mean winter temperatures near freezing, and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year. The Köppen climate classification this climate is Cfa (humid subtropical).

2020 census
In the 2020 census 58,389 people, 22,977 households, and 11,747 families were residing in the city. The city's population density was 1679.15 PD/sqmi. The 25,890 housing units had an average density of 749.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 78.9% white, 10.8% African American, 4.2% Native American, 1.8% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 1.9% from other races, and 6.1% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 3.9% of the population.

Of the 22,977 households, 26.3% had children under 18 living with them, 32.3% were married couples living together, 23.3% had a male householder with no spouse present, 35.5% had a female householder with no spouse present, and 11,230 were not families. About 38.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.24, and the average family size was 2.96.

The median age in the city was 32.5 years. About 19.1% of residents were under 18; 19.5% were between 18 and 24, 25.4% were from 25 to 44, 20.8% were from 45 to 64, and 15.1% were 65 or older. The genetic makeup of the city was 51.0% male and 48.9% female.

2010 census
In the 2010 census 60,785 people, 22,645 households, and 12,646 families were residing in the city, with 107,878 people residing in Vigo County. The city's population density was 1759.8 PD/sqmi. The 25,518 housing units had an average density of 738.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 83.5% White, 10.9% African American, 0.4% Native American, 1.4% Asian, 0.8% from other races, and 2.9% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 3.1% of the population.

Of the 22,645 households, 28.8% had children under 18 living with them, 35.0% were married couples living together, 15.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 44.2% were not families. About 34.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.2% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.29, and the average family size was 2.95.

The median age in the city was 32.7 years. About 20% of residents were under 18; 18.3% were between 18 and 24, 26.4% were from 25 to 44, 22.6% were from 45 to 64, and 12.6% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the city was 51.6% male and 48.4% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, 59,614 people, 22,870 households, and 13,025 families lived in the city. The population density was 1,908.3 PD/sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 86.3% White, 9.8% African American, 0.3% Native American, 1.2% Asian, 0.5% from other races, and 1.9% from two or more races. About 1.6% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race.

Of the 22,870 households, 27.2% had children under 18 living with them, 39.0% were married couples living together, 14.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.0% were not families. About 34.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.1% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.28, and the average family size was 2.95.

The median income for a household in the city was $28,018, and for a family was $37,618. Males had a median income of $29,375 versus $21,374 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,728. 19.2% of the population and 14.8% of families were below the poverty line. Of the total population, 17.4% of those under the age of 18 and 11.4% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

Major employers

 * Advics
 * Amcor
 * Casey's General Stores
 * City of Terre Haute
 * United States Federal Correctional Complex
 * First Financial Bank
 * GE Aviation has two facilities, a large structures fabrication facility, and a component repair facility
 * Indiana State University
 * Ivy Tech Community College
 * Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
 * Sony Digital Audio Disc Corporation (Sony DADC)
 * Taghleef Industries, Inc
 * Terre Haute Regional Hospital
 * Union Associated Physicians
 * Union Hospital
 * Vigo County School Corporation
 * Vigo County
 * Wabash Valley Correctional Facility

Terre Haute Federal Correctional Complex
Terre Haute is the location of the Federal Correctional Complex on Highway 63, two miles south of the city. The complex includes a medium-security federal correctional institution and a high-security United States penitentiary. The penitentiary houses the Special Confinement Unit for inmates serving federal death sentences and contains the federal government's execution chamber. The Terre Haute prison experiments were conducted here in 1943 and 1944 by Dr. John C. Cutler.

Arts and culture
Terre Haute has made an effort to revitalize the businesses and culture in its downtown district. Festivals, museums, restaurants, shopping, and the addition of multiple hotels in the area have greatly improved the overall image of downtown Terre Haute. Its revitalization efforts were recognized in 2010 when the Indiana Chamber of Commerce named Terre Haute Indiana's Community of the Year.

Arts
Located on 7th Street between Wabash Avenue and Ohio Street, Terre Haute Arts Corridor includes the Swope Art Museum and two galleries - the Halcyon Contemporary Art Gallery and Gopalan Contemporary Art. The first Friday of every month, the area features art openings, musical performances, and socializing.

The Swope Art Museum, open and free to the public since 1942, has a collection of American art, including work by Edward Hopper, Grant Wood, Thomas Hart Benton, Janet Scudder, Andy Warhol, Ruth Pratt Bobbs, Robert Motherwell, Robert Rauschenberg, and many others.

The Turman Art Gallery at Indiana State University features rotating exhibitions by student and faculty artists. In 2007, the university was the recipient of nearly 150 Andy Warhol photographs and prints as part of the Andy Warhol Photographic Legacy Program. These additions were to be added to the other Andy Warhol prints already held in the university's permanent collection. The gallery's Permanent Art Collection and Study Collection includes a total of 3,600 paintings, sculptures, ceramics, drawings, prints, and photographs.

The cornerstone of the Terre Haute Arts Corridor is the historic Indiana Theater. Designed by famed theater architect John Eberson in Spanish Andalusian style and opened in 1922, this theater seats 1,674 and houses a screen measuring 54 x 33 ft, which is the second-largest in the state. The theater, which had long sat vacant, was recently restored and is being used for concerts, film screenings, and other events.

Terre Haute is home to several arts nonprofits, including Wabash Valley Art Spaces and Arts Illiana.

Performing arts
Community Theatre of Terre Haute presented its first shows in 1928. A staple of the Terre Haute arts scene, Community Theatre is a volunteer theatre producing five varied main stage plays and musical productions per year.

Terre Haute also features the Crossroads Repertory Theatre, a professional theater company with over a 40-year history. Its season is mid-June through late-July and performances include classic and new plays and musicals, as well as educational programs and staged reading of new plays.

Hatfield Hall is home to a 602-seat theater on the campus of Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology. A performing arts series has been held annually at Hatfield Hall for over 10 years. Indiana State University holds a performing arts series on its campus, as well. The performances of both series range from Broadway musicals, musical acts, and plays to lectures and dance productions.

Music
Terre Haute has multiple music venues and a strong music community. The Wabash Valley Musicians Hall of Fame recognizes local musicians yearly.

Locally, the Blues at the Crossroads Festival brings more than 15,000 blues fans to the city the second weekend of September each year. A statewide high-school jazz festival is hosted annually by the Phi Mu Alpha chapter at Indiana State University. Terre Haute is also the birthplace of musician/actor Scatman Crothers.

The Terre Haute Symphony Orchestra, established in 1926, is the oldest professional orchestra in Indiana, antedating the Indianapolis Symphony by four years. The Terre Haute Symphony started as a volunteer group of musicians who provided community entertainment, and has evolved into a group of paid professional musicians who complete auditions to demonstrate their skill level. A series of concerts is offered from September through April, as well as a free Children's Concert for about 3,000 fourth graders from the Wabash Valley.

Terre Haute is also home to various other music organizations, such as the Terre Haute Community Band, Terre Haute Sinfonietta Pops Orchestra, Terre Haute Children's Choir, Terre Haute Masterworks Chorale, Banks of the Wabash Chorus (which performs in Harmony Hall), the Sweet Harmony Women's Barbershop Chorus, and the Wabash Valley Musicians Hall of Fame.

Terre Haute native Paul Dresser was a late 19th-century singer, actor, songwriter, and music publisher, who became "one of the most important composers of the 1890s". In 1913, the Indiana General Assembly named Dresser's biggest hit, "On the Banks of the Wabash, Far Away" as the state song of Indiana. The Paul Dresser Birthplace in Fairbanks Park is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Vigo County Historical Society operates the property as a museum, open by appointment. In 2014, a bronze sculpture, sponsored by Art Spaces and created by Teresa Clark to celebrate the composer, was dedicated in Fairbanks Park near the Dresser House.

Museums
The Vigo County Historical Society Museum boasts a collection of artifacts in downtown Terre Haute into a 40,000 square foot, four-level building constructed in 1895. A triangle of museums is located downtown, with the Terre Haute Children's Museum and the Clabber Girl Museum just blocks away.

The three-story Children's Museum is at the intersection of Wabash Avenue and Eighth Street in downtown Terre Haute. It is a hands-on science and technology museum that has educated over 230,000 adults and children from over 22 counties in Indiana and Illinois. It has traveling exhibits focused on weather and space that educate children of Wabash Valley schools. The museum is a participant in a national consortium of 14 science and technology museums.

The Clabber Girl Museum is at Wabash and Ninth Street in downtown Terre Haute. Housed in the Hulman & Company building built in 1892, the museum has exhibits on the history of Clabber Girl, one of the oldest brands in America, and on the art of baking. The museum is adjacent to the building where the Clabber Girl Baking Powder is still manufactured today.

Kleptz Antique Auto Museum, at 625 Poplar Street, displays antique cars, motorcycles, and other auto memorabilia. Styles include a 1902 clear plastic car, a 1963 Chrysler Turbine, and a 1932 Duesenberg with a Judkins body.

The CANDLES Holocaust Museum and Education Center, created by Holocaust survivor Eva Mozes Kor, has exhibits and artifacts related to the Holocaust, eugenics, and forgiveness.

The Indiana Association of Track and Field and Cross-Country Museum is a new addition to the Terre Haute Convention and Visitors Bureau.

Terre Haute was the home of Socialist Party of America leader and five-time presidential nominee Eugene V. Debs. His former home is now a museum on the campus of Indiana State University. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1966 and is now owned and operated by the Debs Foundation. The interior of the museum features many of Debs’ possessions and other artifacts from his lifetime. It is open to the public.

Sports
The Terre Haute Rex is Terre Haute's collegiate summer baseball team, founded in 2010. A member of the Prospect League, the team plays its home games at Bob Warn Field at ISU's Sycamore Stadium, The Rex's season runs from late May through early August. The team gets its name from a product with a historic connection to the community, Rex Coffee, roasted and packed in downtown Terre Haute by Clabber Girl Corporation and for many years a household name across the Midwest.

The history of professional baseball in Terre Haute goes back to 1884 includes Hall-of-Famers Mordecai Brown and Max Carey, Josh Devore, Negro League baseball all-star Junius Bibbs, Vic Aldridge, Art Nehf (who holds the National League record for most World Series games pitched), Paul "Dizzy" Trout, Jim "Jumbo" Elliott, Harry Taylor, and Bill Butland. More recent professional stars include pitcher Tommy John (who won 288 games in his 26-year major league career) and catcher Brian Dorsett, both of whom played for the New York Yankees during their careers. Terre Haute North graduate Josh Phegley played parts of eight major league seasons and currently coaches at Michigan, and Terre Haute South graduate A.J. Reed played parts of four seasons for the Astros and White Sox.

Terre Haute was represented for 53 season in various leagues, chiefly the Central League and the Three-I League, winning seven titles (1901, 1922, 1924, 1932, 1950, 1952, and 1953) during that time.

Parks and recreation
Terre Haute has been recognized as a Tree City USA by the Division of Forestry for the Indiana Department of Natural Resources since 1999, and also received the Growth Award, which denotes a higher standard of excellence for urban forestry management. Indiana State University is one of four Tree Campuses in the state.

Terre Haute Parks Department
The Terre Haute Parks Department owns over 1000 acre of dedicated land, including community parks, neighborhood parks, block parks, and two golf courses, as well as trails, greenways, and boulevards.

Some highlights of the Terre Haute Parks Department include:
 * Deming Park – on the east side of Terre Haute at Fruitridge and Ohio Boulevard, it is the largest park, consisting of 177 acre. It is home to the Oakley Playground, Clark-Lansdbaum Holly Arboretum, an 18-hole disc golf course, a public pool, the Spirit of Terre Haute Miniature Train, and a variety of sport facilitiesn including basketball and tennis courts.
 * Dobbs Park – on the east side, Dobbs Park has a nature center and a Native American museum with an heirloom garden, a 3 acre pond, a restored prairie, a butterfly garden, and 3 mi of trails that pass restored wetlands, through pine woods, old-growth and second-growth forest and a 25 acre state nature preserve.
 * National Road Heritage Trail – a multi-use paved trail, it extends about 6.5 mi from the Twigg Rest Area to the Indiana State University campus. It is used for running, walking, biking, and rollerblading.

LaVern Gibson Championship Cross-Country Course
The LaVern Gibson Championship Cross Country Course has the distinction of being one of the few purpose-built cross-country courses in the world. The facility is part of 240 acre that comprise the Wabash Valley Family Sports Center east of Terre Haute. The course is built on a reclaimed coal mine and consists of an external loop of 3 km and four internal loops that allow for circuits of varying lengths. Indiana State University's cross-country team uses the Gibson Course for its home meets. The course has also hosted NCAA national championship meets.

Government
Brandon Sakbun began his first term as Terre Haute's mayor in January 2024. During the 2023 mayoral election, Sakbun defeated incumbent Duke Bennett, who had served as mayor since 2008. Sakbun received 59% of the vote and is the youngest mayor in the city's history at 27.

The city council has six members, each representing a district, and three at-large members.

Education
Terre Haute is served by the Vigo County School Corporation. The corporation manages 18 elementary schools, five middle schools, three high schools, and two alternative schools, enrolling 14,642 students from kindergarten to grade 12.

Terre Haute is also home to several higher-education establishments.

Indiana State University (ISU) is in downtown Terre Haute. It has an enrollment around 12,000. The Princeton Review placed ISU on its "Best in the Midwest" list of college and universities for nine consecutive years. ISU was also included in the Forbes' "America's Top 650 Colleges."

Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology is a private engineering school just east of the city. For 20 consecutive years, U.S. News & World Report has ranked it the nation's number-one undergraduate engineering school among institutions whose highest degree in engineering is the master's. It has an enrollment near 2,200 students on its 200 acre campus.

There is also an Ivy Tech Community College, a full-service community college which is part of the statewide system, in Terre Haute.

The city has a lending library, the Vigo County Public Library.

Newspaper

 * Tribune Star

Magazines

 * Terre Haute Living
 * Wabash Valley Business Monthly

Television

 * WTWO - NBC affiliate - Channel 2.1 (Laff - 2.2; Court TV Mystery - 2.3; Antenna TV - 2.4)
 * WTHI - CBS affiliate - Channel 10.1 (Fox/MyNet - 10.2; CW - 10.3; Ion - 10.4; Dabl - 10.5 (coming soon))
 * WAWV - ABC affiliate - Channel 38.1 (Grit - 38.2; Bounce - 38.3)

Radio

 * WISU - 89.7 FM - NPR (Rebroadcasts WFYI)
 * WZIS - 90.7 FM - Variety
 * WHOJ - 91.9 FM - Religious (Catholic)
 * WFNB - 92.7 FM - Active Rock
 * WEHP - 93.7 FM - Silent
 * W236AE - 95.1 FM - Classical (Rebroadcasts 103.7 WFIU)
 * WHLR - 95.9 FM - Classic Country
 * WMKI-LP - 96.9 FM - Alternative/Indie
 * WWVR - 98.5 FM - Classic Rock
 * WTHI - 99.9 FM - Country
 * WMGI - 100.7 FM - Top40/Pop
 * WBOW - 102.7 FM - Classic Hits
 * WVIG - 105.5 FM - Classic country
 * WYLJ - 107.5 FM - Religious (3ABN Radio)
 * WAMB - 1130 AM / 99.5 FM / 106.9 FM - Adult Contemporary
 * WIBQ - 1230 AM / 97.9 FM - News Talk
 * WPFR - 1480 AM / 106.3 FM - Conservative Talk

Airports
Two airports serve Terre Haute. The Terre Haute Regional Airport is home to Hulman Field (HUF). The airport has a partnership with multiple military units including the 181st Intelligence Wing of the Indiana Air National Guard. It also houses a flight academy through ISU. Sky King Airport is 2 mi north of Terre Haute and mostly serves training and recreational flights.

Highways

 * I-70.svg Interstate 70 to St. Louis (west) and Indianapolis (east): Terre Haute is served by multiple exits. Exit 11 connects with State Road 46, and Exit 7 connects with U.S. 41 on the southwest side of the city. Exit 3 serves West Terre Haute, Indiana, via Darwin Road, which provides easy access to downtown Terre Haute via US 150. Exit 1 onto National Drive is marked for both Terre Haute and West Terre Haute, but is only accessible via the eastbound lanes of I-70.
 * US 40.svg US 40 to Effingham (west) and Indianapolis (east). Travels with Interstate 70. US 40 ran through Terre Haute on Wabash Ave., but in January 2011 INDOT gave the road to the city and paid the city to take care of Wabash Ave.
 * US 41.svg US 41 to Rockville (north) and Evansville (south). It is the main north–south thoroughfare on Terre Haute's west side. From Maple St. south to I-70, it is marked as 3rd St.; along this stretch is US-41's interchange with I-70.
 * US 150.svg US 150 enters Terre Haute from neighboring West Terre Haute, Indiana. At 3rd St., US-150 turns south, following the path of US-41.
 * begins at its intersection with US 40 just west of Rose-Hulman. From here, the highway runs south with US 40 to an interchange with I-70. The road then heads through Riley on its way to Bloomington.
 * enters Terre Haute on the city's north side crossing the Wabash River. SR 63 ends at the interchange with US 41 on the north side of town.
 * , also known as the Terre Haute Bypass, is a limited access highway running from the interchange of IN-46 and I-70 to US-41 near the industrial park on the city's southside.
 * serves the far eastern edge of the city and passes by Terre Haute Regional Airport. It ends at an intersection with US 40 and IN-46.

Bus service
All city and intercity buses serve the downtown Cherry Street Multi-Modal Transportation Facility.
 * The Terre Haute Transit Utility provides bus service via seven day and three evening routes throughout the city. The system's ridership in 2012 was 376,763.
 * Greyhound Lines provides interstate bus service (St. Louis—Indianapolis).
 * Miller Transportation Hoosier Ride provides daily round trip express and local bus service to Indianapolis.

Railways
Historically, the city was a rail hub. The New York Central Railroad used the Big Four Depot. Its last train was the St. Louis-New York City Southwestern Limited in 1967. The last train serving Terre Haute, Amtrak's Kansas City, Missouri-New York City train, National Limited, stopped running in 1979.

The Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad ('Milwaukee Road') and the Pennsylvania Railroad used Union Station. Prior to the 1971 establishment of Amtrak, the Penn Central (combined company after the merger of the New York Central and the Pennsylvania Railroad), ran these St. Louis-New York City trains through Terre Haute: Penn Texas and the Spirit of St. Louis. Until 1965 the C&EI ran the Dixie Flyer from Chicago through Terre Haute, to Evansville, Nashville, Atlanta, and on to Jacksonville, Florida. Until 1968 the C&EI ran the Georgian from Chicago through Terre Haute, on the same route to Atlanta. Up to the same time, the C&EI ran through Terre Haute the New Orleans-bound Humming Bird.

Notable people

 * Charles G. Abrell, United States Marine and Medal of Honor recipient
 * Ray Arcel, boxing coach
 * Birch Bayh, former U.S. Senator from Indiana, former Speaker of the Indiana House of Representatives
 * Max Carey, Hall of Fame Major League Baseball player
 * Helen Corey, cookbook author, television producer, educator, first Syrian-American to hold elected office in Indiana
 * Scatman Crothers, musician and actor
 * Eugene V. Debs, Indiana State Senator, five-time American presidential candidate, and leader of the Socialist Party of America
 * Terry Dischinger, National Basketball Association player, NBA Rookie of the Year; Chicago Zephyrs, Detroit Pistons and Portland Trail Blazers
 * Theodore Dreiser, author of Sister Carrie and An American Tragedy
 * Paul Dresser, singer, songwriter (On the Banks of the Wabash, Far Away), and actor
 * Zhivago Duncan, contemporary artist
 * Max Ehrmann, author of "Desiderata"
 * Philip Jose Farmer, speculative fiction and fantasy author of the Riverworld series
 * Ruben Gonzales (tennis), professional tennis player
 * Tony Hulman, former owner of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway
 * Tommy John, pitcher for the Chicago White Sox and New York Yankees
 * Howard Andrew Jones, American speculative fiction and fantasy author and editor
 * William G. Kerckhoff, businessman, philanthropist, co-founder of Beverly Hills, California
 * Emil W. Leipziger, rabbi
 * Bobby Leonard, former coach of the Indiana Pacers
 * Clyde Lovellette, Hall of Fame National Basketball Association player
 * Mick Mars, guitarist of Mötley Crüe
 * Ernestine Myers, dancer and dance educator
 * Art Nehf, an American baseball pitcher who played 15 seasons in Major League Baseball, mostly for the New York Giants
 * Teresa Hord Owens, General Minister and President of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)
 * John T. Scott, Justice of the Indiana Supreme Court
 * Janet Scudder, sculptor, painter, and high school art teacher
 * Gage Skidmore, photographer
 * Abe Silverstein, aerospace engineer
 * John Gould Stephenson, Librarian of Congress
 * Jane Street, labor organizer
 * Bill Thompson (voice actor), voice of Droopy Dog and Wallace Wimple
 * Margaret Hoberg Turrell, composer and philanthropist

Legends
One well-known Terre Haute legend is the story of Stiffy Green, a stone bulldog that allegedly at one time guarded the mausoleum in Highland Lawn Cemetery of florist John G. Heinl, the brother-in-law of Eugene V. Debs and the father of journalist Robert Debs Heinl. The statue is now housed in the Vigo County Historical Society Museum, in Terre Haute.

In popular culture
Comedian Steve Martin referred to Terre Haute as "Nowhere, U.S.A." in an interview with Playboy in 1978. He made these claims after a performance in the same year where he stated that he had difficulty finding any open downtown restaurants. He then was invited back to take a tour of the city in December 1979. He then premiered his film The Jerk at one of the city's theatres. In Martin's 1982 film Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid, he mocked Terre Haute at the end. He saved the world from being decimated by a cheese bomb, and only Terre Haute was hit. Martin then says "Damn, and they were about to get a public library.

In the television show Family Affair, the three siblings, Cissy, Buffy, and Jody, were originally from Terre Haute.

Sister cities
Terre Haute has two sister city relationships:
 * Tajimi, Gifu, Japan (established in 1960s)
 * Tambov, Russia

title: Terre Haute, Indiana


text:
Talk:Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Held indefinitely without trial Trump DoJ request, add here ?
Trump's DoJ asked Congress to allow chief judges to detain people indefinitely without trial during emergencies.

In one request, the DoJ asked Congress to give the attorney general (William Barr, implied in ref) and top judges broad powers that would allow them to pause court proceedings during emergencies or “whenever the district court is fully or partially closed by virtue of any natural disaster, civil disobedience, or other emergency situation.” These new powers would apply to “any statutes or rules of procedure otherwise affecting pre-arrest, post-arrest, pre-trial, trial, and post-trial procedures in criminal and juvenile proceedings and all civil process and proceedings.”

The DoJ’s requests are unlikely to make it through a Democratic-led House. X1\ (talk) 20:46, 23 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Betsy Woodruff Swan, DOJ seeks new emergency powers amid coronavirus pandemic; One of the requests to Congress would allow the department to petition a judge to indefinitely detain someone during an emergency. March 21, 2020 Politico.com

More current, from Snopes: X1\ (talk) 23:08, 25 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Bethania Palma Did DOJ Propose Rollback of Defendants’ Rights During Pandemic? Any changes affecting constitutional guarantees afforded federal criminal defendants in the U.S. would ultimately be up to Congress. 24 March 2020

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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Bhavani

Bhavānī (also known as Bhāvya, Tulajā, Turajā, Tvarita, Aṃbā, Jagadambā and Aṃbē) is an epithet associated with Adi Shakti (Durga). Bhavani translates to "giver of life," meaning the power of nature or the source of creative energy. She is considered to be a nurturing mother figure who provides for her devotees and also plays the role of dispensing justice by killing evil Asuras.

Etymology
Bhavānī is an aspect of Durga, and she is considered to be a mother who provides well for her devotees and plays the role of dispensing justice by killing Asuras. She is often seen as independent goddess, separate from Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. However, According to the Śiva Purāṇa, Bhavānī is the supreme goddess and the consort of Lord Bhava (Sadasiva). Bhavānī (भवानी, “the giver of existence”).—One of the names of the Goddess, Devī, who is regarded as the female principle of the divine; the embodiment of the energies of the Gods. Bhavānī (भवानी) is an epithet of the Goddess (Devī), who incarnated as Satī, according to the Śivapurāṇa 2.2.14. Accordingly, as Brahmā narrated to Nārada:—“[...] On seeing the mother of the universe born of Vīriṇī, Dakṣa joined his palms in reverence, paid respects to her, and eulogised her. [...] O mother of the universe, those who eulogise Thee with the names of Bhavānī, Ambikā, Jaganmāyā and Durgā will have everything”. The Goddess has a great variety of names referable to her various forms, attributes, and actions, but these names are not always used accurately and distinctively. As the mother of the world, she is Gauri, Maa Sherawali, Ambikā or Jagaṭ Jananī (the reading Jagaṭ Jananī/Jaga Jananī for Jaganmāyā is preferable). In her fiercer form, she is Durgā, the inaccessible.

Temples of Bhavani
Bhavani Temple, Mahua, Bhavnagar, Gujarat temple is believed to be more than 5000 years old. Legends say that when Shri Krishna had to marry Devi Rukmini, the Devi waited for Lord Krishna in this temple.

The Tulja Bhavani temple in Tuljapur in the Osmanabad District of Maharashtra is considered one of the 51 Shakti Pithas (pilgrimage sites). This temple was built close to the 12th century CE. Another Tulja Bhavani temple was constructed between 1537 and 1540 CE in Chittorgarh, located at coordinates 18.01139°N, 76.12564°W.

History
Worship of the primeval energy, Shakti, in the form of the Mother Goddess, is seen in the four Shakti Peethas of Maharashtra: Bhavānī, with her seat at Tuljapur, Mahalakshmi at Kolhapur, Mahamaya Renuka at Mahur, and Saptashrungi at Vani. Śrī Bhavānī Amman is also worshipped in the state of Tamil Nadu (Periyapalayam). Other Shakti temples in the Maharashtra state are those at Ambejogai,   Aundh, Maharashtra, and Karnataka.

The goddess Bhavānī is held in great reverence throughout Maharashtra. She is considered to be an embodiment of ugra or ferocity, as well as a Karunaswaroopini, an embodiment of mercy. A number of castes, sub-castes, and families from Maharashtra consider her their family deity or Kuladevata. The Bhavani temple in Tuljapur is located on a hill known as Yamunachala, on the slopes of the Sahayadri range in Maharashtra near Solapur. The temple entrance is elevated and visitors ascend a flight of steps to reach the shrine.

Historic records speak of the existence of this temple from as early as the 12th century CE. Bhavānī is worshipped in the form of a granite image, 3 ft tall, with eight arms that hold weapons and one hand in abhayā mūdra (giving blessings to devotees), she kills the demon Mahishasura in 4 different forms which are Katyayani (10-armed), Mahalakshmi (18-armed/1000 armed Devī Ćaṇḍika from Durgā Saptaśatī), Ugrachanda (18-armed) and Bhadrakali (16-armed). Legend says that a demon by the name of Matang wreaked havoc upon the devas and humans, who approached Brahma for help.

Upon his advice, they turned to the Mother Goddess Shakti. She took the form of the destroyer and, empowered by the other Saptamātṛka (Brāhmaṇī, Vaiṣṇavī, Māheśvari, Indrāṇi, Kaumārī, Vārāhī, and Ćāmuṇḍā.), vanquished the demon and allowed the restoration of peace. Legend also describes how Bhavānī vanquished another demon who had taken the form of a wild buffalo, Mahishasura (hence her name Mahishasura Mardhini or "the slayer of Mahisha the demon"). Later, she is said to have taken abode on the Yamunachala hill, which is now home to the temple. Bhavānī is said to have come here to save Anubhuti from the demon known as Kukur. In a battle with the goddess, Kukur took the form of a buffalo; Bhavani cut off his head, and he then started changing into his original form. At that time, she stabbed her trident into his chest. Hence, she is in form of Mahishasura Mardini Durga. Four worship services are offered at the temple each day.

The festivals of special significance are Gudi Padwa in the month of Chaitra, Shriral Sashti, Lalita Panchami, Makara Sankranti, and Rathasaptami. The statue of the deity is taken out in procession on Tuesdays. Navaratri is also celebrated with great fanfare, and it culminates in Vijaya Dasami. Sri Bhavani Devi is said to be Adi Parashakti herself, and the name Bhavani has several meanings. According to Lalitha Sahasranamam, Bhavānī means the deity who always helps devotees gain mukti. Adi Shankara said, "A Person who recites the name Bhavani with true devotion thrice every day will not acquire sorrow, sin, illness and unexpected death." People occasionally confuse Bhavani devi with Renuka Devi; however, their stories are different. There are many texts which name Bhavani as the wife of Sadasiva.

Bhavai is also worshipped as clan deity by many Hindus, notably by many Rajput, Marathas, the Deshastha Brahmins of Maharashtra and the Agris of Konkan. According to local tradition, Shivaji, the founder of the Maratha Empire, was presented with the Chandrahasa sword by Bhavani for the battle against evil.

Image of Tulja Bhavani
The image (murti ) of Tulja Bhavani is made of black stone, about 3 ft in height and 2 ft in width. The face of the goddess is described as beautiful and smiling. The goddess is asta-bhuja (with 8 hands) Durga. Her long hair is coming out of the crown. She has a quiver on her back. The sun and the moon are present. Her lion stands near her. The image is self-manifested and movable.

It is moved three times a year from its place to the bedroom of Mā Bhavānī. Below the lion, sage Markandeya is chanting the Durga-saptashati shlokas. The lady sage Anubhuti is on the left side of the goddess; she is in a hanging position and is meditating on the goddess. It is chala murti, moved thrice a year during the long sleeping periods of maa Bhavani. The face of Sati had fallen in Tuljapur, and due to this the face is decorated with saris and ornaments.

title: Bhavani


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Bhima

In the Hindu epic Mahabharata, Bhima (भीम, ) is the second among the five Pandavas. The Mahabharata relates many events that portray the might of the hero Bhima. Bhima was born when Vayu, the wind god, granted a son to Kunti and Pandu. After the death of Pandu, Kunti with her sons stayed in Hastinapura. From his childhood, Bhima had a rivalry with his cousins Kauravas, especially Duryodhana. Duryodhana and his uncle, Shakuni, tried to kill Bhima multiple times. One was by poisoning and throwing Bhima into a river. Bhima was rescued by Nāgas and was given a drink which made him very strong and immune to all venom.

After the event of Lakshagriha, the Pandavas and their mother decided to hide from Hastinapura. During this period Bhima slew many rakshasas including Bakasura and Hidimba. Bhima had three wives — Hidimbi, the rakshasi sister of Hidimba, Draupadi, who was married to all the five Pandavas, and Valandhara, a princess of Kashi Kingdom. Ghatotkacha, Sutasoma and Savarga were his three sons.

After the brothers founded the city of Indraprastha, Bhima went to Magadha and killed its mighty ruler, Jarasandha. Later Yudhishthira was invited by Duryodhana to play a game of dice, in which he lost. The Pandavas along with their wife, Draupadi, were sent into exile for thirteen years. During their exile, Bhima met his spiritual brother, Hanuman. For incognito, the Pandavas chose the Matsya Kingdom to hide. There Bhima disguised himself as a cook named Ballava. He also killed the general of the kingdom, Kichaka, as he tried to molest Draupadi. During the Kurukshetra War, Bhima alone killed a hundred Kaurava brothers in the battle. He was considered to have the physical strength of 10,000 elephants approximately.

Etymology
The word Bhīma in Sanskrit means "fearful", "terrific", "terrible", "awful", "formidable", "tremendous".

Birth and early life
Along with other Pandava brothers, Bhima was trained in religion, science, administration and military arts by the Kuru preceptors, Kripa and Drona. Specifically, he became a master in using the mace. Bhima's strong point throughout the epic remains his towering strength. He was so wrathful and strong that it was impossible even for Indra to subdue him in a battle. Bhima was also renowned for his giant appetite – at times, half of the total food consumed by the Pandavas was eaten by him.

Bhima and Hanuman were celestial brothers, as both of them are Vayu's children. He prayed to Vayu and idolized his brother Hanuman. He used to play practical jokes on the Kaurava brothers; he used to engage in wrestling bouts where he out-powered them with consummate ease.

Bhima's antics against his cousins angered Duryodhana so much that he wanted him dead. He hatched a cunning plot where he poisoned Bhima's food and drowned him in river Ganges. The Naga king Vasuki saved Bhima and also apprised him of Duryodhana's hatred for him. It is also Vasuki who bestowed upon him the immense strength of ten thousand elephants.

Duryodhana, with his counsellor Purochana, hatched a plan to burn the Pandavas alive at a palace of lac named Lakshagriha at Varnavata, which Duryodhana had built. Thanks to prior notice from Vidura, the Pandavas managed to escape the palace; Bhima carrying Kunti and his four brothers to safety. Bhima also barricaded the palace of Purochana and set fire to it, thereby ensuring Purochana became a victim of his own evil plot.

After they escaped from the murder plot, Kunti suggests that they live incognito (agyatavasa) to avoid further problems from the Kauravas. During their stay at Ekachakra village (present-day Kaivara) they came to know of a demon, Bakasura, who troubled people by eating members of their village and their provisions. Bhima brought his might to the fore and killed Bakasura, much to the delight of the villagers.

Marriage and children
At the time Bhima kills the demon Hidimba who was king of demons of the forest Kamyaka, he meets his sister Hidimbi; they eventually get married and have a son, Ghatotkacha. Hidimbi promises Kunti that she and Ghatotkacha will stay out of the Pandavas' lives and away from the luxuries of court. When Bhima killed the demon Hidimba, he became the King of Kamyaka for five years. In the Mahabharata, the demon army from Kamyaka fought the war alongside Pandavas.

When Bhima killed the demon Bakasura,he saved a Naga princess from him named Nagashri.Then they get married and bore a son Vilalsena.They lived in the their maternal kingdom.Vilalsena fought the Kurukshetra War and died.

The Pandavas attended the svayamvara of the princess of Panchala, Draupadi. The Pandavas, led by Arjuna, were successful at the svayamvara. With his brothers, he was married to Draupadi, who gave birth to a son, Sutasoma.

Bhima married Valandhara,the eldest daughter of Devesha,king of Kashi,in a self choice ceremony.They had two sons Sarvaga.

Conquest for Rajasuya
When Yudhishthira became emperor of Indraprastha he sent his four younger brothers out in different directions to subjugate kingdoms for the rajasuya sacrifice. Bhima was sent out to the east, since Bhishma thought the easterners were skilled in fighting from the backs of elephants and in fighting with bare arms. He deemed Bhima to be the most ideal person to wage wars in that region. The Mahabharata mentions several kingdoms to the east of Indraprastha which were conquered by Bhima. Key battles include his fights with:
 * Bhima and Jarasandh Wrestling.jpgandha of the Magadha empire: Jarasandha was a major hurdle before Yudhishthira when the latter decided to perform the rajasuya yajna. As Jarasandha was a powerful warrior, it was extremely necessary for Pandavas to eliminate him. Krishna, Bhima and Arjuna disguised as Brahmins travelled to Magadha and met Jarasandha. After a formal meeting, Jarasandha enquired about their intentions. Krishna, Bhima and Arjuna revealed their actual identification. Krishna then challenged Jarasandha for a duel and gave him the freedom to choose any one belligerent. Jarasandha selected Bhima for a duel. Both Bhima and Jarasandha were accomplished wrestlers. The duel continued for several days and neither of them was willing to give up. Bhima overpowered Jarasandha after a long duel and almost took Jarasandha to death but Bhima was unable to kill Jarasandha. When Bhima looked at Krishna for guidance, Krishna picked a twig and dissected it into two halves and threw the parts in opposite directions. Bhima complied with his instructions and dissected the body of Jarasandha. He threw the dissected parts in opposite directions. Jarasandha was killed as two halves of the body could not conjoin. Jarasandha held 100 kings in prison and made them ready to sacrifice them. He was known to have a rivalry with Krishna and he wanted the 101st king to be given for the sacrifice. Since Bhima killed Jarasandha, the 100 kings became the supporters of Yudhishthira and accepted him as the Chakravarti (universal ruler).
 * Dasarnas: where the king called Sudharman with his bare arms fought a fierce battle with Bhima, who later appointed the mighty Sudharman as the first-in-command of his forces.
 * Karna: Bhima encountered Karna with the help of his forces. Bhima then subjugated Karna and brought him under his sway.
 * Shishupala of Chedi Kingdom, (who welcomed Bhima and hosted him for thirty days)
 * Matsya, Maladas and the country called Madahara, Mahidara, and the Somadheyas, Vatsabhumi, and the king of the Bhargas, as also the ruler of the Nishadas and Manimat:
 * Southern Mallas and the Bhagauanta mountain.
 * Sarmakas and the Varmakas

Slaying Kirmira
Right at the start of the exile, in the woods of Kamyaka, the Pandavas encountered the demon Kirmira, the brother of Bakasura and a friend of Hidimba. A fierce battle ensued between Bhima and the demon, where the two equally matched fighters hurled rocks and trees at each other. Eventually, Bhima emerged victorious.

Saugandhika's search and encounter with Hanuman
Draupadi requested that Bhima bring her some Saugandhika lotuses after witnessing it's beauty. Bhima sets out into the forest in search of the lotuses when he comes across Hanuman while the latter's tail is in his way. When requested to move the tail out of the way, Hanuman being sleepy asks Bhima to move around it or lift it out of his way, as a test of humility. Bhima tries to move Hanuman's tail out of the way and fails, upon which Hanuman reveals his identity and the fact that he is Bhima's half-brother since both of them are sons of Vayu, the God of Wind.

Killing Jatasura
In another minor incident in the epic, Jatasura, a rakshasa disguised as a Brahmin abducted Yudhishthira, Draupadi and the twin brothers, Nakula, and Sahadeva during their stay at Badarikashrama. His objective was to seize the weapons of the Pandavas. Bhima, who was gone hunting during the abduction, was deeply upset when he came to know of Jatasura's evil act on his return. A fierce encounter followed between the two gigantic warriors, where Bhima emerged victorious by decapitating Jatasura and crushing his body.

Cook at Virata's kingdom
Along with his brothers, Bhima spent his last year of exile in the kingdom of Virata. He disguised himself as a cook named Ballava (within themselves Pandavas called him Jayanta). Once during a great festival, people from neighbouring countries had come to the Kingdom of Virata. There was a wrestling bout where a wrestler from a different state, Jimuta proved to be invincible. Much to the delight of King Virata and his subjects, Bhima challenged Jimuta and knocked him out in no time. This greatly enhanced the reputation of the Pandavas in unfamiliar territory.

Kichaka Vadha
Kichaka, the army commander of Virata, tried to sexually assault Draupadi, who was under the guise of a maid named Sairindhri. Draupadi reported this incident to Bhima. Bhima covered himself with silk robes. He slew him the moment he tried to touch him. Kichaka was crushed and slaughtered into a meatball by Bhima. Later Kichaka's allies plotted to murder Sairindri, but Bhima vanquished all of them.

During the Kurukshetra War
Before the battle had begun, Bhima suggested that Satyaki would lead the Pandava forces, as their general, but Yudhishthira and Arjuna opted for Dhrishtadyumna. The charioteer of Bhima's chariot was Vishoka while the flag bore the image of a gigantic lion in silver with its eyes made of lapis lazuli and his chariot was yoked to horses as black as bears or black antelopes. He wielded a celestial bow named Vayavya- which was given by Vayu, had a massive conch named Paundra and also possessed a huge mace whose strength is equivalent to a hundred thousand maces (presented by Hanuman). Bhima distinguishes himself in battle several times throughout the war; some of Bhima's major engagements during the war include:

14th day
On the 14th day of the war, Bhima defeated Drona by smashing his chariot eleven times and penetrating the Kaurava formation in order to aid Arjuna in his quest to slay Jayadratha. Duryodhana sends a legion of elephants to check Bhima's advance, and Bhima thoroughly destroys the army, leaving a bloody trail of elephant entrails. Durmasena (Dussasana's son), on Duryodhana's order, attempted to stop Bhima. But Bhima in his bloodlust killed Durjaya by hitting him on the head. Bhima also defeated Alambusha on the 14th day. On the same day, Bhima and Karna fought several times. During one such battle, Bhima while chasing Karna encountered Vikarna along with seven Kaurava brothers. They were sent by Duryodhana to protect Karna. In the battle that ensued, Vikarna was killed. Bhima grieved Vikarna's death by praising his noble deeds. Bhima and Karna engaged in duel in which Karna attempted to hide in his chariot when Bhima had the upper hand. Bhima snatched the flagstaff of Karna's chariot, an action that sent Karna into a fit of rage. However both warriors stayed their hand from slaying each other, remembering their respective oaths. Thirty-one of Duryodhana brothers were also killed by Bhima that day. Bhima slew Bahlika, the King of the Bahlika kingdom, on the night of the fourteenth day.

15th day
On the 15th day of the war, Bhima attacked Duryodhana and defeated him after a fierce exchange. Bhima's son Ghatotkacha was killed by Karna. Bhima saw the day as a failure as he failed to save his son from Karna. Later, he killed an elephant called Ashwatthama as a plan for killing Drona. Bhima is the only one in the Pandava camp who defends Dhrishtadyumna when Arjuna and Satyaki lambast him for Drona's murder. Later Bhima along with Satyaki even saved Dhrishtadyumna from Ashwatthama by covering his escape. They attacked Ashwatthama together before ultimately retreating from the battlefield after being defeated by Kripi.

16th day
Bhima was the only warrior who refused to submit to the invincible Narayanastra weapon launched by Ashwatthama and had to dragged to his safety by Arjuna and Krishna. Bhima and Ashwatthama engaged in an archery duel that ended in a draw.

On the 16th day of the war, Karna was appointed to protect Dushasana from the clutches of Bhima. Bhima would defeat Karna in an archery duel and proceed to wreak havoc upon the Kaurava armies by slaughtering thousands of troops. Bhima also defeated Shakuni and caused Duryodhana to flee by firing a hundred arrows at him.

Bhima defeated and brutally killed Dushasana on the 16th day of the war in front of Duryodhana and Karna. Bhima killed Dushasana by beheading him and ripping his chest apart. Bhima then squeezed the blood from Dushasana's heart and dressed Draupadi's hair.

Death of Duryodhana
After 18 days of the war, Duryodhana went and hid under a lake. After given the option to choose the opponent, Duryodhana chose Bhima as his opponent. Bhima clashed with Duryodhana in a mace duel. Though Bhima had superior strength, Duryodhana had superior skills. Krishna reminded Arjuna about Bhima's oath to smash Duryodhana's thigh during the duel. Arjuna signaled to Bhima by slapping his thigh. Understanding that sign, Bhima threw his mace towards Duryodhana's thigh while the latter was in mid-air during a jump. After defeating Duryodhana, Bhima taunted Duryodhana by kicking his head repeatedly and dancing madly. Enraged at this sight, Balarama grabbing his plough attempted to attack Bhima, but was stopped by Krishna. Krishna convinced his brother by reminding him of Bhima's oath and the encroaching onset of the Kali Yuga.

Later years and death
Yudhishthira appointed Bhima as the commander-in-chief of Hastinapura. Upon the onset of the Kali Yuga, Bhima and the other Pandavas retired. Giving up all their belongings and ties, the Pandavas made their final journey of pilgrimage to the Himalayas.

On the journey, the group, one by one, begins to fall. When Bhima tires and falls down, he asks his elder brother why he, Bhima, is unable to complete the journey to heaven. Yudhishthira explains his brother's vice of gluttony. In some versions of the story, Yudhishthira points out Bhima's boastfulness, pride, and battle-lust as the reasons for his fall.

Indonesia

Bhima also has clothes that symbolize greatness, namely: Gelung Pudaksategal, Fertilizer Jarot Asem, Sumping Surengpati, Kelatbahu Candrakirana, Nagabanda Belt and Cinde Udaraga Pants. Some of the divine gifts he received included: Kampuh Cloth or Poleng Bintuluaji, Candrakirana Bracelets, Nagasasra Necklaces, Surengpati Sumping Fertilizer and Jarot Asem Pudak Fertilizers.

Bhima is popular among Javanese Muslims.

Wayang story
After Bharatayuddha war was over, the Pandavas came to see King Destarastra and the other Astina elders. It turned out that Destarastra still held a grudge against Werkudara who heard that many of his sons had died at the hands of Werkudara, especially Dursasana who he killed cruelly. When the Pandavas came to pay homage to Destarastra, Destarastra secretly recited the Aji Lebursaketi mantra to destroy Werkudara, however, Prabu Kresna who knew about it pushed Werkudara aside so that the stone statue was affected by the aji-aji. Immediately, the statue was crushed to ashes. Destarastra later admitted his mistake and he withdrew from society and lived as a hermit in the forest with his wife and Dewi Kunti. Some puppet standards say that Prabu Destarastra was killed before the Baratayuda war broke out when Krishna became the Pandavas' ambassador to Astina. At that time he was trampled to death by his sons who were running for fear of the anger of King Krishna who had become a Brahala.

In popular culture

 * Central character in Randamoozham novel written by M T Vasudevan Nair
 * In the Hindi film Mahabharat (1965), Dara Singh portrayed the character.
 * In Hindi television series Mahabharat (1988) and Mahabharat Katha (1997), Praveen Kumar portrayed the character.
 * In the Hindi television series Shri Krishna (1993), Mahendra Ghule portrayed the character.
 * In the Hindi television series Draupadi (2001), Vindu Dara Singh played the character.
 * In the Hindi television series Kahaani Hamaaray Mahaabhaarat Ki (2008), Chetan Hansraj played the character.
 * The character of Bheem from the Indian animation series Chhota Bheem is inspired by Mahabharata's character.
 * In the Hindi television series Mahabharat (2013), Saurav Gurjar portrayed the character.
 * Sunny Deol has also voiced the character in the Hindi animation film Mahabharat.
 * In the Hindi television series Dharmakshetra (2014) Dinesh Mehta played the character.
 * In the Hindi television series Suryaputra Karn (2015) Ketan Karande portrayed the character.
 * In the Hindi television series RadhaKrishn, Zuber Ali is currently portraying the character.
 * In the mobile game Fate/Grand Order, Bhima exists as a playable character

title: Bhima


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Vayu

Vayu (, वायु, ), also known as Vata and Pavana, is the Hindu god of the winds as well as the divine messenger of the gods. In the Vedic scriptures, Vayu is an important deity and is closely associated with Indra, the king of gods. He is mentioned to be born from the breath of Supreme Being Vishvapurusha and also the first one to drink Soma. The Upanishads praise him as Prana or 'life breath of the world'. In the later Hindu scriptures, he is described as a dikpala (one of the guardians of the direction), who looks over the north-west direction. The Hindu epics describe him as the father of the god Hanuman and Bhima. The followers of the 13th-century saint Madhva believe their guru as an incarnation of Vayu. They worship the wind deity as Mukhyaprana and consider him as the son of the god Vishnu.

Connotations
The word for air (vāyu) or wind (pavana) is one of the classical elements in Hinduism. The Sanskrit word Vāta literally means 'blown'; Vāyu, 'blower' and Prāna, 'breathing' (viz. the breath of life, cf. the *an- in animate). Hence, the primary referent of the word is the 'deity of life', who is sometimes for clarity referred to as Mukhya-Vāyu (the chief Vayu) or Mukhya Prāna (the chief of life force or vital force).

Sometimes the word vāyu, which is more generally used in the sense of the physical air or wind, is used as a synonym for prāna. Vāta, an additional name for the deity Vayu, is the root of vātāvaranam, the Sanskrit and Hindi term for 'atmosphere'.

Hindu texts and philosophy
In the Rigveda, Vayu is associated with the winds, with the Maruts being described as being born from Vayu's belly. Vayu is also the first god to receive soma in the ritual, and then he and Indra share their first drink.

In the hymns, Vayu is 'described as having "exceptional beauty" and moving noisily in his shining coach, driven by two or forty-nine or one-thousand white and purple horses. A white banner is his main attribute'. Like the other atmospheric deities, he is a 'fighter and destroyer', 'powerful and heroic'.

In the Upanishads, there are numerous statements and illustrations of the greatness of Vayu. The Brihadaranyaka Upanishad says that the gods who control bodily functions once engaged in a contest to determine who among them is the greatest. When a deity such as that of vision would leave a man's body, that man would continue to live, albeit as a blind man and having regained the lost faculty once the errant deity returned to his post. One by one the deities all took their turns leaving the body, but the man continued to live on, though successively impaired in various ways. Finally, when Mukhya Prāna started to leave the body, all the other deities started to be inexorably pulled off their posts by force, 'just as a powerful horse yanks off pegs in the ground to which he is bound'. This caused the other deities to realize that they can function only when empowered by Vayu, and can be overpowered by him easily. In another episode, Vayu is said to be the only deity not afflicted by demons of sin who were on the attack. This Vayu is "Mukhya Prana Vayu". The Chandogya Upanishad says that one cannot know Brahman except by knowing Vayu as the udgitha (the mantric syllable om).

Avatars
American Indologist Philip Lutgendorf says, "According to Madhva whenever Vishnu incarnates on earth, Mukhya Prana/Vayu accompanies him and aids his work of preserving dharma. Hanuman the friend and helper of Rama in the Treta Yuga, the strongman Bhima in Mahabharata, set at the end of Dvapara Yuga and Madhva in the Kali Yuga. Moreover, since the deity himself does not appear on earth until the end of kali age, the incarnate Vayu/Madhva serves during this period as the sole 'means' to bring souls to salvation". Vayu is also known as Pavana and Matharishwa.

In the Mahabharata, Bhima was the spiritual son of Vayu and played a major role in the Kurukshetra War. He utilised his huge power and skill with the mace for supporting Dharma.

 * The first avatar of Vayu is considered to be Hanuman. His stories are told in Ramayana. Since Hanuman is the spiritual son of Vayu he is also called Pavanaputra 'son of Pavana' and Vāyuputra. Today, Pavan is a fairly common Hindu name.
 * The second avatar of Vayu is Bhima, one of the Pandavas appearing in the epic the Mahabharata.
 * Madhvacharya, is considered as the third avatar of Vayu. Madhva declared himself as an avatar of Vayu and showed the verses in Rigveda as a proof.  Author C. Ramakrishna Rao says, "Madhva explained the Balitha Sukta in the Rigveda as referring to the three forms of Vayu".

Buddhism
In East Asian Buddhism, Vayu is a dharmapāla and often classed as one of the (十二天) grouped together as directional guardians. He presides over the northwest direction.

In Japan, he is called Fūten (風天). He is included with the other eleven devas, which include Taishakuten (Śakra/Indra), Katen (Agni), (Yama), Rasetsuten (Nirṛti/Rākṣasa), Ishanaten (Īśāna), Bishamonten (Vaiśravaṇa/Kubera), Suiten (Varuṇa) Bonten (Brahmā), Jiten (Pṛthivī), Nitten (Sūrya/Āditya) and Gatten (Candra).

title: Vayu


text:
Bhrigu

Bhrigu (भृगु, ) was a rishi in Hinduism. He was one of the seven great sages, the Saptarshis, and one of the many Prajapatis (the facilitators of creation) created by Brahma. The first compiler of predictive astrology and also the author of Bhrigu Samhita, an astrological (jyotisha) classic. Bhrigu is considered a manasaputra ("mind-born-son") of Brahma. The adjectival form of the name, Bhargava, is used to refer to the descendants and the school of Bhrigu. According to Manusmriti, Bhrigu was a compatriot of and lived during the time of Manu, the progenitor of humanity. Along with Manu, Bhrigu had made important contributions to the Manusmriti, which was constituted out of a sermon to a congregation of saints in the state of Brahmavarta, after the great floods in this area. As per the Skanda Purana, Bhrigu migrated to Bhrigukaccha, modern Bharuch, on the banks of the Narmada river in Gujarat, leaving his son Chyavana at Dhosi Hill.

According to Bhagavata Purana, he was married to Khyati, one of the nine daughters of Prajapati Kardama. She was the mother of Lakshmi as Bhargavi. They also had two sons named Dhata and Vidhata. He had one more son with Kavyamata, who is better known than Bhrigu himself – Shukra, learned sage and guru of the asuras. The sage Chyavana is also said to be his son with Puloma, as is the folk hero Mrikanda. [Maha:1.5] One of his descendants was sage Jamadagni, who in turn was the father of sage Parashurama, considered an avatar of Vishnu.

Legends
Bhrigu is mentioned in the Shiva Purana and the Vayu Purana, where he is shown present during the great yajna of Daksha (his father-in-law). He supports the continuation of the Daksha yajna even after being warned that without an offering for Shiva, it was asking for a catastrophe for everyone present there. In the Tattiriya Upanishad, he is described to have had a conversation with his father Varuni on Brahman.

In the Bhagavad Gita, Krishna says that among sages, Bhrigu is the representative of the opulence of God.

Testing the Trimurti
The Bhagavata Purana describes a legend in which sages gathered at the bank of the river Sarasvati to participate in a great yajna. The gathered sages could not decide who among the Trimurti (supreme trinity) of Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva was pre-eminent and should be the recipient of the yajna. They deputed Bhrigu to determine this answer.

Upon being entrusted with the task, Bhrigu decided to test each of the Trimurti. He first visited Brahma at Satyaloka, and to test his patience, he refused to sing in his praise or prostrate before him. Brahma grew angry, but realised that his son was testing him and allowed him to pass. Bhrigu left for Kailasha, the abode of Shiva. Upon seeing the sage, Shiva rose to his feet and moved forward with great joy to embrace the sage. Bhrigu, however, refused the embrace, and tested him by calling the deity a maligner of social conventions and rituals. Shiva was infuriated and prepared to strike the sage with his trident, but was calmed by his consort, Parvati. The sage then travelled to the abode of Vishnu, Vaikuntha. Vishnu was resting his head on the lap of Lakshmi when the sage arrived. Bhrigu kicked Vishnu on the chest to wake him up, enraged by the perceived insult. Vishnu woke up, greeted Bhrigu, and starts massaging his feet, regarding his chest to have been sanctified due to its contact with the sage's foot. Overpowered with emotion, Bhrigu went back to the sages and declared Vishnu to be the greatest among the Trimurti.

According to some traditions, Vishnu's consort Lakshmi grew angry at him because the chest was considered as Lakshmi's place (vakshasthala) and left Vaikuntha to be born on earth. She was found on a lotus flower, and was raised by Bhrigu and his wife Khyati, which is why another name of Lakshmi is Bhargavi, daughter of Bhrigu. Since she was found on a lotus, she is also called Padmavati.

A variation of this is the legend behind Tirupati, in which a furious Lakshmi is born as Padmavati on earth and Vishnu assumes the form of Srinivasa and Venkateswara.

Associated sites
Bhrigu is regarded to have had his ashram (hermitage) on the Vadhusar River, a tributary of the Drishadwati River near Dhosi Hill in the state of Brahmavarta, presently on the border of Haryana and the Jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan in India.

His son Chyavana, known for Chyavanprash also had his Ashram at Dhosi Hill. Bhrigu is also worshipped at Bharuch, Swamimalai, Tirumala, Ballia, Nanguneri, Thiruneermalai, and Mannargudi.

An ashram for Bhrigu is in Maruderi, Kanchipuram district in Tamil Nadu. Khedbrahma in Gujarat is associated with Brahma and Bhrigu's legend of testing the Trimurti. Lastly, Bhrigu migrated to Bhuinj Satara, Maharashtra where he took Samadhi. His ashram and his daughter's temple also situated there. His son's ashram and samadhi are also situated on Chyavaneshwar hill near Bhuinj.

Upanishads
In Tattiriya Upanishad, first six anuvakas of Bhrigu Valli are called Bhargavi Varuni Vidya, which means "the knowledge Bhrigu got from (his father) Varuni". It is in these anuvakas that sage Varuni advises Bhrigu with one of the oft-cited definition of Brahman, as "that from which beings originate, through which they live, and in which they re-enter after death, explore that because that is Brahman". This thematic, all encompassing, eternal nature of reality and existence develops as the basis for Bhrigu's emphasis on introspection and inwardization, to help peel off the outer husks of knowledge, in order to reach and realize the innermost kernel of spiritual self-knowledge.

Bhrigu Samhita
Bhrigu decided to write his famous books of astrology, the Bhrigu Samhita. Bhrigu collected birth charts, wrote full-life predictions, and compiled them together as Bhrigu Samhita. Bhrigu Samhita is believed to be one of the first book of its kind in the field of astrology.

Lineage
The lineage of Bhrigu includes Shukra, Chyavana, Shaunaka, Jamadagni, Parashurama, Bhargava, Balai, and Dadhichi.

title: Bhrigu


text:
Talk:Iowa State University/archive0

I emailed the Dean of Students, Peter Englin, and he does not recall making such a quote. Also, I could find no reference to the "controversy" surrounding the curriculum described in the last edit other than might exisit in the mind of the editor. Also, removed the description of the "Cyclones" team name- "	The sports teams are nicknamed the "Cyclones" because their football team supposedly plays football like a Cyclone might " is redundant. David de Paoli]]

You are a moron. Do the cardinals play sports like a cardinal might?

 * Oh, that's a sure sign of your intelligence and maturity, dude; Someone edits out, among other things, your campus gossip,  ALL CAPS LOCK COMMENTS on some misspelled distortion of a Monty Python line and unsubstantiated quotes and you call *me* a moron. I'm not going to get in an edit war with you- I don't have the time or inclination.  Wikipedia is an online encyclopedia, not a BBS or homepage for your ALL CAPS pseudo- political rants or bitching and moaning about your *suffering* at college. But, I guess the Iowa State entry has indeed become Lir's little "sound- off" hompage- Lir is fierce: hear him roar!David de Paoli]]

What are you talking about dear stupid dave? The cyclones were named cyclones because somebody thought they played like cyclones-not because cyclones are pretty. I can't help it that you get all bitchy about stuff that you know nothing about.

 * Glad to see you're back on your anti- psychotic meds, little man. Keep up the good work ;) David de Paoli 00:37 Oct 10, 2002 (UTC)]]

Pete Englin can lie if he wants but I have heard him expressly make such statements. Of course he would die any controversy at his school-thats his job to make such denials. You are the one guilty of breach of NPOV.

 * Really? *I'm* guilty of breaching NPOV when editing your "contributions"? GIve us all an intelligible example, please.David de Paoli]]

Of course you are. You are editing out factual statements because they don't agree with your biases.

 * Erm...yah. Good example, Einstein. David de Paoli 00:37 Oct 10, 2002 (UTC)]]

 * Have such statements been quoted in any newspaper or other publication, even a student newspaper, that can be cited as a source? If so, attributing the quote to the newspaper that quotes Englin would be immensely helpful. Also, it often facilitates discussion on the Talk pages if you sign your name after your posts, just so everyone knows who's talking. Obviously, any kind of nickname will do; ideally it will be one you use to log in, so you can use three tildes (~'s) to sign your name automatically, or four to sign it with a timestamp. Wesley 13:23 Oct 8, 2002 (UTC)

If you browse through the Iowa State newspaper you will find mention of unrest at the campus including riots, hunger strikes, sit-ins, and the like. Mr. Englin is very careful not to make statements to newspapers. I know the man personally and he has been very clear to me that Iowa State is interested in scientific research only. You will probably find mention of that in the newspaper as well, at least mention of people's suspicion that Iowa State is accepting undergraduate students in programs where the budget is slashed in order to provide greater funding for corporate research. Lir 13:39 Oct 8, 2002 (UTC)

 * That's nice, lir, but the onus is not on the reader to look up newspaper articles. The onus is on *you* as a contributor to substantiate your quotes or leave them out. Merely putting in "allegedly said" in front of a quote is not encyclopedic. David de Paoli]]

 * A link to this newspaper would be useful, at a minimum. Also, there's a difference between "has students [or faculty] with a drug addiction problem" and being known for such a problem. Vicki Rosenzweig

well there /is/ a link on the page to the iastate website.

Well I guess you people have never been to Iowa. Better leave the Iowa section for those that have.

title: Talk:Iowa State University/archive0


text:
Neraka

Neraka has a number of meanings.
 * Neraka is another spelling of Naraka, the underworld and Hell in Indian religions, such as Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism
 * Naraka (Hinduism)
 * Naraka (Buddhism)
 * Naraka (Jainism)
 * Knights of Neraka, fictional characters in the Dragonlance fantasy series

title: Neraka


text:
Naraka

Naraka (नरक) is the realm of hell in Indian religions. According to some schools of Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism, Naraka is a place of torment. The word Neraka (modification of Naraka) in Indonesian and Malaysian has also been used to describe the Islamic concept of Hell.

Alternatively, the "hellish beings" that are said to reside in this underworld are often referred to as Narakas. These beings are also termed in Sanskrit as Narakiyas (नारकीय, Nārakīya), Narakarnavas (नरकार्णव, Narakārṇava) and Narakavasis (नरकवासी, Narakavāsī).

Hinduism

Naraka is a realm in the Vedas, a place where souls are sent for the expiation of their sins. It is mentioned primarily in the Dharmashastras, Itihasas, and the Puranas, but also described in the Vedic samhitas, the Aranyakas and the Upanishads. Some Upanishads speak of 'darkness' instead of hell. A summary of the Upanishads and the Bhagavad Gita mentions hell several times. Adi Sankara also mentions it in his commentary on the Vedanta sutra. With the exception of the views of one Hindu philosopher, Madhva, it is not seen as a place of eternal damnation within Hinduism.

In Puranas like Bhagavata Purana, Garuda Purana, and Vishnu Purana, there are elaborate descriptions of many hells. They are situated above the Garbhodaka Ocean. The Vishnu Purana mentions the names of the various Narakas:

"The names of the different Narakas are as follows: Raurava, Śūkara, Rodha, Tāla, Viśasana, Mahājvāla, Taptakumbha, Lavaṇa, Vimohana, Rudhirāndha, Vaitaranī, Krimīśa, Krimibhojana, Asipatravana, Kṛṣṇa, Lālābhakṣa, Dāruṇa, Pūyavāha, Pāpa, Vahnijvāla, Adhośiras, Sandansa, Kālasūtra, Tamas, Avīci, Śvabhojana, Apratiṣṭha, and another Avīci. These and many other fearful hells are the awful provinces of the kingdom of Yama, terrible with instruments of torture and with fire; into which are hurled all those who are addicted when alive to sinful practices."

Yama, the god of death and justice, judges living beings after their death and assigns appropriate punishments. For instance, the murderer of a Brahman, the stealer of gold, or a drinker of wine goes to the hell termed as Shukara, meaning swine. According to some Vedanta schools of thought, Nitya-samsarins (forever transmigrating ones) can experience Naraka for expiation. After the period of punishment is complete, they are reborn on earth in human or bestial bodies. Therefore, Naraka is not an abode of everlasting punishment.

Yama Loka is the abode of Yama. Yama is also referred to as the Dharmaraja, or the king of dharma; Yama Loka may be compared to a temporary purgatorium for sinners (papi). According to Hindu scriptures, Yama's divine assistant, Chitragupta, maintains a record of the individual deeds of every living being in the world, and based on the complete audit of his deeds, dispatches the soul of the deceased either to Svarga (Heaven), or to the various Narakas, according to the nature of their sins. The scriptures describe that even people who have done a majority of good deeds could come to Yama Loka for redemption from the minor sins they have committed, and once the punishments have been served for those sins, they could be sent for rebirth to earth or to heaven.

At the time of death, sinful souls are vulnerable for capture by Yamaduttas, servants of Yama (who comes personally only in special cases). According to the Bhagavata Purana, Yama orders his servants to leave Vaishnavas alone. Sri Vaishnavas are taken by Vishnuduttas to Vaikuntha, and Gaudiya Vaishnavas to Goloka.

Buddhism

In Buddhism, Naraka refers to the worlds of greatest suffering. Buddhist texts describe a vast array of tortures and realms of torment in Naraka; an example is the Devadūta-sutta from the Pāli Canon. The descriptions vary from text to text and are not always consistent with each other. Though the term is often translated as "hell", unlike the Abrahamic hells, Naraka is not eternal, though when a timescale is given, it is suggested to be extraordinarily long. In this sense, it is similar to purgatory, but unlike both Abrahamic hell and purgatory, there is not inherently any God required to be involved in determining a being's entry and exit to and from the realm. Rather, the being is brought here—as is the case with all the other realms in the Buddhist cosmology—by natural law: the law of karma, and they remain until the negative karma that brought them there has been used up.

Jainism
In Jainism, Naraka is the name given to realm of existence in Jain cosmology having great suffering. The length of a being's stay in a Naraka is not eternal, though it is usually very long—measured in billions of years. A soul is born into a Naraka as a direct result of his or her previous karma (actions of body, speech and mind), and resides there for a finite length of time until his karma has achieved its full result. After his karma is used up, he may be reborn in one of the higher worlds as the result of an earlier karma that had not yet ripened. Jain texts mention that these hells are situated in the seven grounds at the lower part of the universe. The seven grounds are:

 * 1) Ratna prabha
 * 2) Sharkara prabha
 * 3) Valuka prabha
 * 4) Panka prabha
 * 5) Dhuma prabha
 * 6) Tamaha prabha
 * 7) Mahatamaha prabha

title: Naraka


text:
Talk:Sturmabteilung

Date conflict?
The list of leaders states that Emil Maurice was the leader of the Sturmabteilung from 1920 to 1921. But the text says that the group was formed by Hitler in 1921. Is this correct? If so, it should be addressed in the text somehow. Tablesaw 19:33, Feb 27, 2004 (UTC)

The page on Ernst_R%F6hm states "At the end of the war, Roehm founded the "Freikorps", a right-wing militia, in Munich. In 1920, he became an Nazi-party member and the Freikorps became Hitler's Brownshirts - the Sturmabteilung (SA)." The information on this page appears to be incorrect. Refer. - porge 06:56, 10 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Blackshirts
So what were blackshirts? The SS or an Italian Fascist militia? This article makes both claims. The blackshirts article claims the latter. Taco Deposit | Talk-o to Taco 21:24, Apr 5, 2005 (UTC) Never mind. Taco Deposit | Talk-o to Taco 21:25, Apr 5, 2005 (UTC)

Political Violence Under the Swastika: 581 Early Nazis
A misquote from this book was present in this article.

Originally, the article read : Other historians contend that the SA and SS were awash with Marxists and socialist revolutionaries, where "The utopians and those who speak of a Marxist republic have the highest membership in the SA and SS (77.6 and 63 percent respectively)."

This is an incorrect interpretation of the text in 2 ways.

First, the 77.6% and 63 % do not refer to the portion of the SS or SA that are part of the aforementioned groups. Instead, it refers to the opposite, namely the part of the aforementioned groups that joined the SA/SS.

Secondly, neither Utopians nor those who speak of a marxist republic are Marxists or socialist revolutionaries. The section of the book from which this quote is extracted talks about Nazi views on the Weimar Republic. The Utopians are Nazis who believe that the Weimar will be prelude to a 1000 year Reich."Those who speak about a Marxist Republic" are Nazis who believe that the Weimar Republic was controlled by Marxists. Neither group are socialist revolutionaries or marxists.

In conclusion, the assertion that other historians contend that the SA and SS were awash with Marxists and socialist revolutionaries is not supported by the source, and should thus be removed.

For completeness sake, a large excerpt containing the context of the statement :

The perception groups vary a good deal in their dates of joining the NSDAP. Those who call the republic Jewish-run and the Utopians already made up the bulk of the pre-1925 party. The Utopians and those who speak of a Marxist republic also figure prominently in the years of reconstruction of the party, 1925 to mid-192 9. More than half of the critics of multi-partyism and of the traditional anti-capitalists, by contrast, joined only after the 1930 elections. These last two groups also are the more rural groups in the sample and may well have been drawn in only as the movement expanded into the hinterland of the cities to which political competition at first tended to limit itself. This progression is confirmed by the patterns of stormtrooper membership and activity. The Utopians and those who speak of a Marxist republic have the highest membership in SA and SS (77.6 and 63%, respectively). They also have the highest number of people who became stormtroopers directly upon joining the party, and also the largest numbers of "graduates" to the SS. By contrast, those criticizing alleged Jewish control, the "liberalistic-Marxist system," and the traditional anti-capitalists not only joined the SA and SS less often, but frequently only a year or more after joining the party. The anti-Marxists and Utopians, consequently, are the most heavily involved in the street-fighting and in meeting-hall brawls. The critics of the "liberalistic-Marxist system" and of alleged Jewish control are the most involved in proselytizing, while the traditional anti-capitalists and the critics of the multi-party state tend to limit themselves to electioneering

Hitler hated Strasser?
In the article it is written:

''' A masterstroke was to claim that Gregor Strasser, whom Hitler hated, was part of the planned conspiracy against him. '''

Could someone provide a source where Hitler says, in his own words, that he hated Gregor Strasser? It seems from an historical perspective that Strasser and Adolf Hitler got along actually rather well, and some would even go so far as to say that Strasser remained loyal to Hitler to the very end, and was killed because Heinrich Himmler and his associates wanted him gone. Oogalee Boogalee (talk) 22:19, 25 April 2023 (UTC)
 * There were two different periods in Strasser's relations to Hitler. From early on, and even after Hitler ousted his brother Otto Strasser from the party, Strasser was a high official in the party, holding many and varied positions, and Hitler trusted him then, but once Gregor Strasser began to respond to Schleicher's overtures to join a coalition authoritarian government (hopefully bringing the Nazi Party along with him), and then Strasser resigned all his party offices, but remained a member of the party, things changed. Hitler -- who despised anyone who he felt had betrayed him -- turned 180 degrees against Strasser -- which ended up with Strasser being murdered in the Night of the Long Knives.  That could not possibly have occurred without Hitler's approval, so I think that "hated" is an appropriate summary description.  I doubt that we'll find any direct quote of Hitler saying "I hate Gregor Strasser", any more than we'll ever find a memo from Hitler saying "Kill all the Jews", but that was the situation nonetheless. Beyond My Ken (talk) 23:01, 25 April 2023 (UTC)
 * "...whom Hitler felt had betrayed him..." would be directly supported by Kershaw (2008) p.249, if others agree with the OP that "hated" is inappropriate. Beyond My Ken (talk) 23:19, 25 April 2023 (UTC)
 * BMK, I agree with your language as cited to Kershaw. Kierzek (talk) 17:35, 26 April 2023 (UTC)

Membership
In the infobox, I've queried a no. of more than 4 million members during the war Billsmith60 (talk) 22:02, 9 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sturmabteilung


text:
Bhumiya

Bhumiya is a village in Barakot Tahsil, Champawat District, Uttarakhand, India.

title: Bhumiya