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Hamburg, New Jersey

Hamburg is a borough in Sussex County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the borough's population was 3,266, a decrease of 11 (−0.3%) from the 2010 census count of 3,277, which in turn reflected an increase of 172 (+5.5%) from the 3,105 counted in the 2000 census. The United States Census Bureau's Population Estimates Program calculated that the population of Hamburg increased by 65 (+2.0%) to 3,331 in 2023.

In 1753, when Sussex County was formed from portions of Morris County, the area of present-day Hamburg was part of New Town; on February 25, 1762, it became part of the newly established Hardyston Township. On April 8, 1793, when Vernon Township was formed from Hardyston, Hamburg was included within the boundaries of Vernon. In 1852, the boundary line was changed so that Hamburg was again in Hardyston Township. Hamburg was incorporated as a borough on March 19, 1920, from portions of Hardyston Township, based on the results of a referendum held on April 24, 1920. The borough was named after Hamburg, Germany.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had a total area of 1.17 square miles (3.03 km2), including 1.15 square miles (2.96 km2) of land and 0.02 square miles (0.06 km2) of water (2.05%).

Hamburg borders the Sussex County municipalities of Franklin and Hardyston Township.

2010 census
The 2010 United States census counted 3,277 people, 1,364 households, and 884 families in the borough. The population density was 2,870.4 per square mile (1,108.3/km2). There were 1,476 housing units at an average density of 1,292.9 per square mile (499.2/km2). The racial makeup was 91.27% (2,991) White, 2.01% (66) Black or African American, 0.24% (8) Native American, 2.04% (67) Asian, 0.00% (0) Pacific Islander, 1.80% (59) from other races, and 2.62% (86) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.87% (225) of the population.

Of the 1,364 households, 30.8% had children under the age of 18; 49.5% were married couples living together; 10.8% had a female householder with no husband present and 35.2% were non-families. Of all households, 29.4% were made up of individuals and 8.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.98.

22.5% of the population were under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 30.2% from 25 to 44, 28.5% from 45 to 64, and 11.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.9 years. For every 100 females, the population had 94.3 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 88.4 males.

The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $64,016 (with a margin of error of +/− $6,681) and the median family income was $74,421 (+/− $13,156). Males had a median income of $66,083 (+/− $11,467) versus $40,735 (+/− $7,620) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $30,528 (+/− $3,671). About 7.0% of families and 7.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.6% of those under age 18 and 12.8% of those age 65 or over.

2000 census
As of the 2000 United States census there were 3,105 people, 1,173 households, and 844 families residing in the borough. The population density was 2,686.6 PD/sqmi. There were 1,233 housing units at an average density of 1,066.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the borough was 93.14% White, 0.74% African American, 0.29% Native American, 2.29% Asian, 1.67% from other races, and 1.87% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.22% of the population.

There were 1,173 households, out of which 37.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.7% were married couples living together, 10.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.0% were non-families. 23.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.65 and the average family size was 3.14.

In the borough the population was spread out, with 26.8% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 35.2% from 25 to 44, 22.8% from 45 to 64, and 8.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.9 males.

The median income for a household in the borough was $58,246, and the median income for a family was $64,773. Males had a median income of $45,729 versus $28,482 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $24,651. About 3.1% of families and 4.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.9% of those under age 18 and 6.4% of those age 65 or over.

Local government
Hamburg is governed under the borough form of New Jersey municipal government, which is used in 218 municipalities (of the 564) statewide, making it the most common form of government in New Jersey. The governing body is comprised of the mayor and the borough council, with all positions elected at-large on a partisan basis as part of the November general election. The mayor is elected directly by the voters to a four-year term of office. The borough council is comprised of six members elected to serve three-year terms on a staggered basis, with two seats coming up for election each year in a three-year cycle. The borough form of government used by Hamburg is a "weak mayor / strong council" government in which council members act as the legislative body with the mayor presiding at meetings and voting only in the event of a tie. The mayor can veto ordinances subject to an override by a two-thirds majority vote of the council. The mayor makes committee and liaison assignments for council members, and most appointments are made by the mayor with the advice and consent of the council.

, the mayor of Hamburg Borough is Republican Richard Krasnomowitz, whose term of office ends December 31, 2026. Members of the Borough Council are John Burd (R, 2025), George Endres (R, 2026), John Haig (R, 2024), Russell Law (R, 2025), Joyce Oehler (R, 2026) and Mark S. Sena (R, 2024).

In August 2018, Joyce Oehler was appointed to fill the seat expiring in December 2020 that had been held by Chris Fitzpatrick until he resigned from office. Oehler won the November 2018 special election to serve the balance of the term of office.

In April 2014, the borough council selected former councilmember Russell Law from a list of three candidates nominated by the Republican municipal committee to fill the vacant seat expiring in December 2016 of Chris Kelly, who had resigned from office after announcing that he would be moving out of the borough. Law served on an interim basis until the November 2014 general election, when he was elected to serve the one year remaining on the term of office.

Federal, state and county representation
Hamburg is located in the 5th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 24th state legislative district.

Politics
As of March 2011, there were a total of 2,064 registered voters in Hamburg, of which 322 (15.6% vs. 16.5% countywide) were registered as Democrats, 752 (36.4% vs. 39.3%) were registered as Republicans and 988 (47.9% vs. 44.1%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 2 voters registered as either Libertarians or Greens. Among the borough's 2010 Census population, 63.0% (vs. 65.8% in Sussex County) were registered to vote, including 81.3% of those ages 18 and over (vs. 86.5% countywide).

In the 2012 presidential election, Republican Mitt Romney received 733 votes (53.6% vs. 59.4% countywide), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 594 votes (43.5% vs. 38.2%) and other candidates with 30 votes (2.2% vs. 2.1%), among the 1,367 ballots cast by the borough's 2,104 registered voters, for a turnout of 65.0% (vs. 68.3% in Sussex County). In the 2008 presidential election, Republican John McCain received 852 votes (57.1% vs. 59.2% countywide), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 606 votes (40.6% vs. 38.7%) and other candidates with 24 votes (1.6% vs. 1.5%), among the 1,491 ballots cast by the borough's 2,007 registered voters, for a turnout of 74.3% (vs. 76.9% in Sussex County). In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 893 votes (63.0% vs. 63.9% countywide), ahead of Democrat John Kerry with 490 votes (34.6% vs. 34.4%) and other candidates with 27 votes (1.9% vs. 1.3%), among the 1,417 ballots cast by the borough's 1,897 registered voters, for a turnout of 74.7% (vs. 77.7% in the whole county).

In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 67.7% of the vote (570 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 29.7% (250 votes), and other candidates with 2.6% (22 votes), among the 851 ballots cast by the borough's 2,115 registered voters (9 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 40.2%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 546 votes (59.2% vs. 63.3% countywide), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 283 votes (30.7% vs. 25.7%), Independent Chris Daggett with 78 votes (8.5% vs. 9.1%) and other candidates with 12 votes (1.3% vs. 1.3%), among the 922 ballots cast by the borough's 1,985 registered voters, yielding a 46.4% turnout (vs. 52.3% in the county).

Education
The Hamburg School District serves students in public school for kindergarten through eighth grade at Hamburg School. As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of one school, had an enrollment of 243 students and 29.3 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 8.3:1.

Public school students in ninth through twelfth grades attend Wallkill Valley Regional High School together with students from Franklin Borough, Hardyston Township and Ogdensburg Borough. As of the 2018–19 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 604 students and 56.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 10.8:1.

Roads and highways
, the borough had a total of 11.04 mi of roadways, of which 7.50 mi were maintained by the municipality, 1.00 mi by Sussex County and 2.54 mi by the New Jersey Department of Transportation.

Route 23 and Route 94 intersect and pass through the borough.

Public transportation
Hamburg is served by the Sussex County Skylands Ride Service, which provides buses to Newton, Sparta, and Sussex.

Wineries

 * Cava Winery & Vineyard

Notable people
People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Hamburg include:

 * Joseph E. Edsall (1789–1865), represented New Jersey's 4th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1845 to 1847, and the New Jersey's 3rd congressional district from 1847 to 1849
 * Daniel Haines (1801–1877), politician, jurist and lawyer who served as the 14th Governor of New Jersey
 * Robert Hamilton (1809–1878), represented New Jersey's 4th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1873 to 1877
 * Heather Maloney (born 1985), singer-songwriter
 * Andrew J. Rogers (1828–1900), represented New Jersey's 4th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1863 to 1867
 * Joseph Sharp (c. 1709–1776), iron manufacturer and industrialist who established an iron works that led to the area being known as Sharpsborough

title: Hamburg, New Jersey


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John Cavendish

Sir John Cavendish (c. 1346 – 15 June 1381) was an English judge and politician from Cavendish, Suffolk, England. He and the village gave the name Cavendish to the aristocratic families of the Dukedoms of Devonshire, Newcastle and Portland.

Biography
John Cavendish was descended from the Norman Robert de Guernon, who lived during the reign of Henry I and who gave a large amount of property to the Abbey of Gloucester. A little later a son of a Robert de Gernon, Roger de Gernon, of Grimston Hall, in Trimley St Martin, Suffolk, married the heiress of John Potton of Cavendish and obtained a landed estate in the lordship and manor of Cavendish. In consequence, his four sons exchanged their father's name for that of the estate each inherited. Until about 1500, this family are recorded as Gernon alias Cavendish.

Sir John Cavendish married Alice de Odingsells, became a lawyer and was appointed as a Justice of the Common Pleas in 1371 and Chief Justice of the King's Bench in 1372. He had one son, Andrew, who succeeded his father in the manor of Overhall, together with the advowson of Cavendish church, and the Suffolk manor of Fakenham Aspes.

On 15 June 1381, he was killed during the Peasants' Revolt at Bury St Edmunds.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John Cavendish


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Battersea Power Station

Battersea Power Station is a decommissioned coal-fired power station located on the south bank of the River Thames in Nine Elms, Battersea in the London Borough of Wandsworth. It was built by the London Power Company (LPC) to the design of Leonard Pearce, Engineer in Chief to the LPC, and CS Allott & Son Engineers. The architects were J. Theo Halliday and Giles Gilbert Scott. The station is one of the world's largest brick buildings and notable for its original, Art Deco interior fittings and decor.

The building comprises two power stations, built in two stages, in a single building. Battersea A Power Station was built between 1929 and 1935 and Battersea B Power Station, to its east, between 1937 and 1941, when construction was paused owing to the worsening effects of the Second World War. The building was completed in 1955. "Battersea B" was built to a design nearly identical to that of "Battersea A", creating the iconic four-chimney structure.

"Battersea A" was decommissioned in 1975. In 1980 the whole structure was given Grade II listed status; "Battersea B" shut three years later. In 2007 its listed status was upgraded to Grade II*. The building remained empty until 2014, during which time it fell into near ruin. Various plans were made to make use of the building, but none were successful.

In 2012, administrators Ernst & Young entered into an agreement with Malaysia's S P Setia and Sime Darby to develop the site to include residential, bars, restaurants, office space (occupied by Apple and others), shops and entertainment spaces. The plans were approved and redevelopment commenced a few years later. The main Power Station building was opened to the public in October 2022.

As of 2023, the building and the overall 42 acre site development is owned by a consortium of Malaysian investors.

History
Located on the south bank of the River Thames, in Nine Elms, Battersea, an inner-city district of South West London, the building comprises two power stations, built in two stages in a single building. Battersea A Power Station was built in the 1930s and Battersea B Power Station, to its east, in the 1950s. They were built to a near-identical design, providing the four-chimney structure.

The power station was decommissioned between 1975 and 1983 and remained empty until 2014. It was designated as a Grade II listed building in 1980. In 2007 its listed status was upgraded to Grade II*.

The station is one of the world's largest brick buildings, and notable for its original, lavish Art Deco interior fittings and decor. The structure remained largely unused for more than 30years after its closure; in 2008 its condition was described as "very bad" by English Heritage, which included it in its Heritage at Risk Register. The site was also listed on the 2004 World Monuments Watch by the World Monuments Fund.

Since the station's closure, redevelopment plans have been drawn up by successive site owners. In 2004, when a redevelopment project by Parkview International stalled, the site was sold to the administrators of Irish company Real Estate Opportunities (REO), who bought it for £400million in November 2006 with plans to refurbish the station for public use and build 3,400 homes on the site. This plan fell through due to REO's debt being called in by the state-owned banks of the UK and Ireland. The site was again put up for sale in December 2011 through commercial estate agent Knight Frank. The combination of an existing debt burden of £750million, the need to make a £200million contribution to an extension to the London Underground, requirements to fund conservation of the derelict power station shell, and the presence of a waste transfer station and cement plant on the river frontage made commercial development of the site a significant challenge.

Until the late 1930s, electricity was supplied by municipal undertakings. These were small power companies that built power stations dedicated to a single industry or group of factories, and sold any excess electricity to the public. These companies used widely differing standards of voltage and frequency. In 1925 Parliament decided that the power grid should be a single system with uniform standards and under public ownership. Several of the private power companies reacted to the proposal by forming the London Power Company (LPC). They planned to heed parliament's recommendations and build a small number of very large stations.

The London Power Company's first of these super power stations was planned for the Battersea area, on the south bank of the River Thames in London. The proposal was made in 1927, for a station built in two stages and capable of generating 400megawatts (MW) of electricity when complete. The site chosen was a 15 acre plot of land which had been the site of the reservoirs for the former Southwark and Vauxhall Waterworks Company. The site was chosen for its proximity to the River Thames for cooling water and coal delivery, and because it was in the heart of London, the station's immediate supply area.

The proposal sparked protests from those who felt that the building would be too large and would be an eyesore, as well as worries about the pollution damaging local buildings, parks and even paintings in the nearby Tate Gallery. The company addressed the former concern by hiring Sir Giles Gilbert Scott to design the building's exterior. He was a distinguished architect and industrial designer, famous for his designs for the red telephone box and Liverpool Anglican Cathedral. He subsequently designed another London power station, Bankside, which now houses Tate Modern art gallery. The pollution issue was resolved by granting permission for the station on the condition that its emissions were to be treated, to ensure they were "clean and smokeless".

Construction of the first phase (the A Station) began in March 1929. The main building work was carried out by John Mowlem & Co, and the structural steelwork erection carried out by Sir William Arrol & Co. Other contractors were employed for specialist tasks. Most of the electrical equipment, including the steam turbine turbo generators, was produced by Metropolitan-Vickers in Trafford Park, Manchester. The building of the steel frame began in October 1930. Once completed, the construction of the brick cladding began, in March 1931. Until the construction of the B Station, the eastern wall of the boiler house was clad in corrugated metal sheeting as a temporary enclosure. The A Station first generated electricity in 1933, but was not completed until 1935. The total cost of its construction was £2,141,550. Between construction beginning in 1929 and 1933, there were six fatal and 201 non-fatal accidents on the site.

After the end of the Second World War, construction began on the second phase, the B Station. The station came into operation gradually between 1953 and 1955. It was nearly identical to the A Station from the outside and was constructed directly to its east as a mirror to it, which gave the power station its now familiar four-chimney layout. The construction of the B Station brought the site's generating capacity up to 509MW, making it the third largest generating site in the UK at the time, providing a fifth of London's electricity needs (with the remainder supplied by 28 smaller stations). It was also the most thermally efficient power station in the world when it opened.

The A Station had been operated by the London Power Company, but by the time the B Station was completed, the UK's electric supply industry had been nationalised, and ownership of the two stations had passed into the hands of the British Electricity Authority in 1948.

On 20 April 1964, a fire at the power station caused power failures throughout London, including at the BBC Television Centre, which was due to launch BBC2 that night; the launch was delayed until the following morning.

Design and specification
Both of the stations were designed by a team of architects and engineers. The team was headed by Leonard Pearce, the chief engineer of the London Power Company, but a number of other notable engineers were also involved, including Henry Newmarch Allott, and T. P. O'Sullivan who was later responsible for the Assembly Hall at Filton. J. Theo Halliday was employed as architect, with Halliday & Agate employed as a sub-consultant. Halliday was responsible for the supervision and execution of the appearance of the exterior and interior of the building. Architect Sir Giles Gilbert Scott was involved in the project much later on, consulted to appease public reaction, and referred to in the press as "architect of the exterior". The station was designed in the brick-cathedral style of power station design, which was popular at the time. Battersea is one of a very small number of examples of this style of power station design still in existence in the UK, others being Uskmouth and Bankside. The station's design proved popular straightaway, and was described as a "temple of power", which ranked equal with St Paul's Cathedral as a London landmark. In a 1939 survey by The Architectural Review, a panel of celebrities ranked it as their second favourite modern building.

The A station's control room was given many Art Deco fittings by architect Halliday. Italian marble was used in the turbine hall, and polished parquet floors and wrought-iron staircases were used throughout. Owing to a lack of available money following the Second World War, the interior of the B Station was not given the same treatment, and instead the fittings were made from stainless steel.

Each of the two connected stations consists of a long boiler house with a chimney at each end and an adjacent turbine hall. This makes a single main building which is of steel frame construction with brick cladding, similar to the skyscrapers built in the United States around the same time. The station is the largest brick structure in Europe. The building's gross dimensions measure 160 m by 170 m, with the roof of the boiler house standing at over 50 m. Each of the four chimneys is made from concrete and stands 103 m tall with a base diameter of 8.5 m tapering to 6.7 m at the top. The station also had jetty facilities for unloading coal, a coal sorting and storage area, control rooms and an administration block.

The A Station generated electricity using three turbo alternators; two 69MW Metropolitan-Vickers British Thomson-Houston sets, and one 105 MW Metropolitan-Vickers set, totalling 243 MW. At the time of its commissioning, the 105 MW generating set was the largest in Europe. The B Station also had three turbo alternators, all made by Metropolitan-Vickers. This consisted of two units which used 16 MW high-pressure units exhausting to a 78 MW and associated with a 6 MW house alternator, giving these units a total rating of 100 MW. The third unit consisted of a 66 MW machine associated with a 6 MW house alternator, giving the unit a rating of 72 MW. Combined, these gave the B station a generating capacity of 260 MW, making the site's generating capacity 503 MW. All of the station's boilers were made by Babcock & Wilcox, fuelled by pulverised coal from pulverisers also built by Babcock & Wilcox. There were nine boilers in the A station and six in the B station. The B station's boilers were the largest ever built in the UK at that time. The B station also had the highest thermal efficiency of any power station in the country for the first 12years of its operation.

Coal transportation
The power station consumed over 1,000,000tonnes of coal annually, mostly from pits in South Wales and North East England, delivered by coastal colliers. These were "flat-irons" with a low-profile superstructure and fold-down funnels and masts to fit under the River Thames's bridges above the Pool of London. The LPC and its nationalised successors owned and operated several "flat-irons" for this service.

Coal was usually delivered to the jetty where two cranes, capable of unloading two ships at a time at a rate of 480tonnes an hour, offloaded coal. Some coal was delivered by rail to the east of the station from the Brighton Main Line which passes nearby. A conveyor belt system moved the coal to a storage area or directly to the station's boiler rooms. The conveyor belt system consisted of a series of bridges connected by towers. The storage area was a large concrete box capable of holding 75,000tonnes of coal. It had an overhead gantry and a conveyor belt attached to the conveyor belt system for moving coal to the boiler rooms.

Water system
Water, essential to a thermal power station, is used to condense steam from the steam turbines before it is returned to the boiler. Water cycled through the power station's systems was taken from the Thames. The station could extract an average of 1.5million cubic metres (340million imperial gallons) of water from the river each day.

After the end of World War II, the London Power Company used the waste heat to supply the Pimlico District Heating Undertaking.

Scrubbers
The reduction of sulphur emissions was an important factor from when the station was in the design stages, as it was one of the main concerns of the protesters. The London Power Company developed an experimental technique for washing flue gases in 1925. It used water and alkaline sprays over scrubbers of steel and timber in flue ducts. The gases were subject to continuous washing; as to the principal acid pollutant by using the catalyst iron oxide, the sulphur dioxide was converted into sulphuric acid. The plant was one of the world's first commercial applications of this technique. This process was stopped in the B Station in the 1960s, when it was discovered that the discharge of these products into the Thames was more harmful than sulphur dioxide would be to the atmosphere.

Electricity output
Electricity output from Battersea A & B power stations over the period 1964–83 was as follows.

Battersea A annual electricity output GWh. { "version": 2, "width": 500, "height": 200, "data": [ {			"name": "table", "values": [ {					"x": 1964, "y": 515 },				{					"x": 1965, "y": 415 },				{					"x": 1966, "y": 399 },				{					"x": 1967, "y": 378 },				{					"x": 1968, "y": 358 },				{					"x": 1969, "y": 327 },				{					"x": 1970, "y": 325 },				{					"x": 1971, "y": 223 },				{					"x": 1972, "y": 197 },				{					"x": 1973, "y": 155 },				{					"x": 1974, "y": 136 },				{					"x": 1975, "y": 0 },				{					"x": 1961, "y": 428 }			]		}	],	"scales": [ {			"name": "x", "type": "ordinal", "range": "width", "zero": false, "domain": { "data": "table", "field": "x" }		},		{			"name": "y", "type": "linear", "range": "height", "nice": true, "domain": { "data": "table", "field": "y" }		}	],	"axes": [ {			"type": "x", "scale": "x" },		{			"type": "y", "scale": "y" }	],	"marks": [ {			"type": "rect", "from": { "data": "table" },			"properties": { "enter": { "x": { "scale": "x", "field": "x" },					"y": { "scale": "y", "field": "y" },					"y2": { "scale": "y", "value": 0 },					"fill": { "value": "steelblue" },					"width": { "scale": "x", "band": "true", "offset": -1 }				}			}		}	] } Battersea B annual electricity output GWh. { "version": 2, "width": 750, "height": 250, "data": [ {			"name": "table", "values": [ {					"x": 1964, "y": 1036 },				{					"x": 1965, "y": 1096 },				{					"x": 1966, "y": 780 },				{					"x": 1967, "y": 845 },				{					"x": 1968, "y": 969 },				{					"x": 1969, "y": 1061 },				{					"x": 1970, "y": 1082 },				{					"x": 1971, "y": 1062 },				{					"x": 1972, "y": 907 },				{					"x": 1973, "y": 670 },				{					"x": 1974, "y": 485 },				{					"x": 1975, "y": 612 },				{					"x": 1976, "y": 511 },				{					"x": 1977, "y": 347 },				{					"x": 1978, "y": 434 },				{					"x": 1979, "y": 193 },				{					"x": 1980, "y": 279 },				{					"x": 1981, "y": 150 },				{					"x": 1982, "y": 97 },				{					"x": 1983, "y": 32 },				{					"x": 1984, "y": 0 },				{					"x": 1961, "y": 830 }			]		}	],	"scales": [ {			"name": "x", "type": "ordinal", "range": "width", "zero": false, "domain": { "data": "table", "field": "x" }		},		{			"name": "y", "type": "linear", "range": "height", "nice": true, "domain": { "data": "table", "field": "y" }		}	],	"axes": [ {			"type": "x", "scale": "x" },		{			"type": "y", "scale": "y" }	],	"marks": [ {			"type": "rect", "from": { "data": "table" },			"properties": { "enter": { "x": { "scale": "x", "field": "x" },					"y": { "scale": "y", "field": "y" },					"y2": { "scale": "y", "value": 0 },					"fill": { "value": "steelblue" },					"width": { "scale": "x", "band": "true", "offset": -1 }				}			}		}	] }

Closure
The station's demise was caused by its output falling with age, coupled with increased operating costs, such as flue gas cleaning. On 17 March 1975, the A Station was closed after being in operation for 40 years. By this time the A Station was co-firing oil and its generating capacity had declined to 228 MW.

Three years after the closure of the A Station, rumours began to circulate that the B Station would soon follow. A campaign was then launched to try to save the building as part of the national heritage. As a result, the station was declared a heritage site in 1980, when the Secretary of State for the Environment, Michael Heseltine, awarded the building Grade II listed status. (This was upgraded to Grade II* listed in 2007.) On 31 October 1983 production of electricity at Station B also ended, after nearly 30 years of operation. By then the B Station's generating capacity had fallen to 146 MW. The closure of the two stations was put down largely to the generating equipment becoming outdated, and the preferred choice of fuel for electricity generation shifting from coal toward oil, gas and nuclear power.

Theme park proposal
Following the station's closure, the Central Electricity Generating Board had planned to demolish the station and sell the land for housing, but because of the building's then Grade II listed status, they had to pay the high cost of preserving the building. In 1983 they held a competition for ideas on the redevelopment of the site. It was won by a consortium led by developer David Roche and which included John Broome, owner of Alton Towers Ltd. This consortium proposed an indoor theme park, with shops and restaurants. At an estimated cost of £35 million, the scheme was risky and would require over 2 million visitors a year to make any profit. The scheme received planning approval in May 1986 and the site was purchased by John Broome for £1.5 million in 1987. Work on converting the site began the same year. British Rail planned to procure three electric multiple unit trains, designated "Class 447", to run a shuttle service from London Victoria station to the theme park.

The project was halted in March 1989, for lack of funding, after costs had quickly escalated that January, from £35 million to £230 million. By this point huge sections of the building's roof had been removed, so that machinery could be taken out. Without a roof, the building's steel framework had been left exposed and its foundations were prone to flooding.

In March 1990, the proposal was changed to a mixture of offices, shops and a hotel. This proposal was granted planning permission in August 1990, despite opposition from 14 independent organisations, including English Heritage. Despite permission being granted, no further work took place on the site between 1990 and 1993.

Parkview proposal
In 1993, the site and its outstanding debt of £70 million were bought from the Bank of America by Hong Kong-based development company, Parkview International, for £10 million. Following resolution of creditors' claims, it acquired the freehold title in May 1996. In November 1996 plans for the redevelopment of the site were submitted and outline consent was received in May 1997. Detailed consent for much of the site was granted in August 2000, and the rest in May 2001. The company received full possession of the site in 2003. Having purchased the site, Parkview started work on a £1.1 billion project to restore the building and to redevelop the site into a retail, housing and leisure complex.

During the Parkview era several masterplans for the site were developed by various architects and subsequently discarded. One notable plan, called simply "The Power Station", was masterminded by architect Nicholas Grimshaw. The scheme proposed a shopping mall, with 40 to 50 restaurants, cafés and bars, 180 shops, as well as nightclubs, comedy venues and a cinema. Cosmopolitan shops would have been sited in the A Station's turbine hall, and label name shops in the B Station's turbine hall. The boiler house would have been glazed over and used as a public space for installations and exhibitions. A riverside walkway would also be created, running continuously along the riverside from Vauxhall to Battersea Park.

Parkview claimed that 3,000 jobs would be created during the construction of the project, and 9,000 would be employed once completed, with an emphasis on local recruitment. The Battersea Power Station Community Group campaigned against the Parkview plan and argued for an alternative community-based scheme to be drawn up. The group described the plans as "a deeply unattractive project that has no affordable housing anywhere on the 38 acre site, no decent jobs for local people and no credible public transport strategy". They also criticised the appropriateness of the project for its location, and the proposal of other large buildings on the site. Keith Garner of the group said "I feel that there's a real problem of appropriateness. They need a completely different kind of scheme, not this airport-lounge treatment. What you see now is a majestic building looming up from the river. If you surround it with buildings 15 storeys high, you don't have a landmark any more."

In 2005 Parkview, English Heritage and the London Borough of Wandsworth said that the reinforcement inside the chimneys was corroded and irreparable. Wandsworth Council granted permission for them to be demolished and rebuilt. However, the Twentieth Century Society, the World Monuments Fund and the Battersea Power Station Company commissioned an alternative engineers' report that concluded that the existing chimneys could be repaired. In response, Parkview said that they had provided a legally binding undertaking to the council to provide certainty that the chimneys would be replaced "like for like", in accordance with the requirements of English Heritage and the planning authorities.

REO proposal
In November 2006, it was announced that Real Estate Opportunities, led by Irish businessmen Richard Barrett and Johnny Ronan of Treasury Holdings, had purchased Battersea Power Station and the surrounding land for €532million (£400million). REO subsequently announced that the previous plan by Parkview had been dropped and that it had appointed the practice of the Uruguayan-born architect Rafael Viñoly of New York as the new master planner for the site. The centrepiece of this masterplan was a 980-foot-high "eco tower" that dwarfed the power station and was described by London's then mayor Boris Johnson as an "inverted toilet-roll holder". The tower was quickly dropped from the scheme. Jersey law firms, Ogier, Carey Olsen and Mourant Oxannes helped REO to raise funds for the new Battersea Power Station redevelopment.

The plans included reusing part of the station building as a power station, fuelled by biomass and waste. The station's existing chimneys would be utilised for venting steam. The former turbine halls would be converted to shopping spaces, and the roofless boiler house used as a park. An energy museum would also be housed inside the former station building. The restoration of the power station building would cost £150million.

A plastic built "eco-dome" was to be built to the east of the power station. This building was originally planned to have a large 300 m chimney, but this has now been abandoned in favour of a series of smaller towers. The eco-dome would house offices, and aim to reduce energy consumption in the buildings by 67% compared to conventional office buildings, by using the towers to draw cool air through the building. 3,200 new homes would also be built on the site to house 7,000 people.

In June 2008 a consultation process was launched, which revealed that 66% of the general public were in favour of the plans. At an event at the station on 23 March 2009, it was announced that REO were to submit the planning application for their proposal to Wandsworth Council.

The Council gave planning consent on 11 November 2010. REO hoped construction would begin in 2011, but this was cancelled. The station structure itself was expected to be repaired and secure by 2016, with completion of the whole project by 2020. Plans included the construction of 3,400 apartments and 3500000 sqft of office space. Approximately 28,000 inhabitants and 25,000 workers would be expected to occupy the space once complete.

Reuters reported in September 2011 that lenders would allow more time for a new equity partner to be found: Lenders to the owner of Battersea Power Station in London waived a debt maturity deadline yesterday while talks with potential new equity partners for its redevelopment continued, a source close to the process told Reuters. AIM-listed Real Estate Opportunities is seeking a partner for the 5.5 billion pound ($9 billion) development, and its senior lenders Lloyds and Ireland's National Asset Management Agency have already extended a deadline once relating to the £400million REO paid for the site in 2006. 'The banks have nothing to gain by calling the debt in. Talks with new equity partners continue, and an announcement may come in the next few weeks,' the source said.

However, in November 2011, Lloyds and NAMA called in the debt and the REO scheme collapsed into administration.

Farrell and Partners urban park proposal
In February 2012, Sir Terry Farrell's architectural firm put forward a proposal to convert the power station site into an "urban park" with an option to develop housing at a later date. In this vision, Farrell proposed to demolish all but the central boiler hall and chimneys and display the switching equipment from the control rooms in 'pods'. However, this plan was always unlikely to bear fruit due to the Grade II listing status of the building.

Chelsea F.C. interest
In November 2008, Chelsea F.C. was reported to be considering moving to a new purpose built stadium at Battersea Power Station. The proposed stadium was to hold between 65,000 and 75,000 fans and feature a retractable roof. The proposals were designed by HOK Sport, the same company who designed Wembley Stadium. However, the scheme was seriously in doubt due to concerns for the preservation of the site and the collapse of the REO scheme in late November 2011.

On 4 May 2012, Chelsea announced a bid to purchase the site to build a 60,000-seater stadium in conjunction with property developers Almacantar. However the bid was not accepted.

2012 redevelopment plans
Following the failure of the REO bid to develop the site, in February 2012, the power station was put up for sale on the open market for the first time in its history. The sale was conducted by the commercial estate agent, Knight Frank, on behalf of the site's creditors. In May 2012, several bids were received for the landmark site, which was put on the market after Nama and Lloyds Banking Group called in loans held by Treasury Holdings' Real Estate Opportunities (REO). Bids were received from Chelsea F.C. with other interested parties including a Malaysian interest, SP Setia, London & Regional, a company owned by the London-based Livingstone brothers, and housebuilder Berkeley. The net price was £400million which would discharge the £325million to cover the debts held by Nama and Lloyds plus a £100million contribution to the Northern line extension. If the sale was unsuccessful, the administrator or its agent(s) would have kept the landowner's duty to maintain and preserve the site per its listed status.

Agreement with Malaysian developers
In June 2012, Knight Frank announced that administrators Ernst & Young had entered into an exclusive agreement with Malaysian developers S P Setia (a property company), Sime Darby (a trading conglomerate) and Employees Provident Fund (Malaysia's largest pension fund). Following due diligence and agreement of the final terms of the deal, the sale to the Malaysian consortium was completed in September 2012.

The redevelopment of the site will use the existing Vinoly master plan which intends to position the power station as the central focus of the regenerated site, housing a blend of shops, cafes, restaurants, art and leisure facilities, office space and residential accommodation. The plan includes the restoration of the historic power station itself, the creation of a new riverside park to the north of the power station and the creation of a new High Street which is designed to link the future entrance to Battersea Power Station tube station with the power station. The redevelopment is hoped to bring about the extension of the existing riverside walk and facilitate access directly from the power station to Battersea Park and Chelsea Bridge. The full redevelopment consists of eight main phases, some of which are planned to run concurrently. The plan includes over 800 homes of varying sizes.

Construction work on Phase 1, called Circus West Village, designed by architects SimpsonHaugh and dRMM, is being undertaken by Carillion and commenced in 2013 alongside work on the power station. Phase 1 was completed in 2017, with the Northern line extension and its new Battersea Power Station terminus completed in 2021. Circus West Village now has over 1500 residents and over 23 restaurants, cafes and retailers now open.

WilkinsonEyre was appointed in 2013 to carry out the restoration of the Grade II* listed Power Station. Work commenced in 2013 and plans included the restoration of the art deco structure internally and externally, reconstruction of the chimneys, and refurbishment of the historic cranes and jetty as a new river taxi stop. Restoration work on the power station's chimneys was completed in 2017. In 2019, the jetty in front of the power station opened to the public for the first time in its history. Retail brands now open inside the power station include BOSS, Jo Malone London, Uniqlo, Mac Cosmetics, Space NK, Watches of Switzerland and many more. In May 2021, the first residents moved into their new homes at the power station. As part of the development, a 200-seat theatre, the Turbine Theatre, was established in railway arches under the Grosvenor Bridge in September 2019.

In October 2013, Frank Gehry was appointed joint architect with Foster + Partners to design "Phase 3" of the scheme, which will provide "the gateway to the entire development and the new Northern line extension".

London Underground extension

The London Underground's Northern line was extended to serve Nine Elms and the power station, branching off at Kennington station. Two stations, Nine Elms station and Battersea Power Station station, opened on 20 September 2021. The construction cost £1.1billion and is 2 mi long. The developers provided £270m towards the construction of the extension.

Apple
In September 2016, Apple announced plans to consolidate 1,400 London employees, from seven locations, at the station by 2021, occupying around 500000 sqft of the power station building as its new London headquarters. The move was later delayed to 2022 by the COVID-19 pandemic. Apple and other firms will share the site with over 4,000 homes, of which 295 are in the power station.

2022 opening
Works were completed and nearly forty years after the lights were switched off, Battersea Power Station opened its doors to the public on Friday 14 October 2022, marking the first time the public were able to explore the iconic building and the first tranche of shops, bars, restaurants and leisure venues.

Electric Boulevard, a new pedestrianised high street, that runs between Gehry Partners' Prospect Place and Foster + Partners' Battersea Roof Gardens to the riverside neighbourhood's Zone 1 London Underground Station, opened the same day.

As well as 254 apartments inside the power station itself, the 42-acre site also contains apartment buildings designed by US architect Frank Gehry and by Foster + Partners. The first residents had moved in to the power station in May 2021. The roof-gardens have been designed by Andy Sturgeon and his team. It won the Garden of the Year Award 2024 of the Society of Garden Designers.

Event venue
The power station has been used for various sporting, cultural and political events. Since 22 August 2009, the station has been used as a venue on the Red Bull X-Fighters season. On 13 April 2010 the station was used as the venue for the launch of the Conservative Party's 2010 general election manifesto. Between 6 and 7 May 2010, the station site was used by Sky News in their coverage of the election. Most recently, the power station has been used for a light show.

In popular culture

Battersea Power Station has become an iconic structure, featured in or used as a shooting location for many films, television programmes, music videos, and video games. One of the station's earliest film appearances was in Alfred Hitchcock's 1936 film Sabotage; this was before the construction of the B station.

The station gained exposure in the cover photograph of Pink Floyd's 1977 album, Animals, which sold millions of copies worldwide. The photo, taken in early December 1976, shows the power station with an inflatable pink pig floating above it. It was tethered to one of the power station's southern chimneys, but broke loose from its moorings and drifted into the flight path of Heathrow Airport. The album itself was officially launched at an event at the power station.

The control room of Station A is used as the backdrop for a scene in Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (1983). The station appears in the 1997 music video for The Pillows song, "Hybrid Rainbow". In the 2006 movie Children of Men, it serves as the fictional "Ark of Arts". A pig balloon also appears in the scene as homage to Pink Floyd. Scenes from the 2008 Batman film The Dark Knight were filmed at Battersea. Battersea was featured as a redeveloped shopping centre in the 2020 video game Watch Dogs: Legion.

title: Battersea Power Station


text:
Talk:Saxophonist

Shouldn't the bottom say, more correctly, 'sax players in the simpsons'? I say we add either more saxophonists from fiction, I can't think of any, or get rid of the Simpsons references. -Tubby

I say kill the simpsons reference! -- Tarquin

 * Lisa is a rotten sax player. Lousy.  I mean this quite seriously.  Whoever is dubbing her is just noodling, and if Bleeding Gums is her teacher then him too.  There are a thousand studio guys who could have done a better job.  Unless those two could get lost in a longer list of fictional sax players, then let's bounce them.  Ike Quebec, Red Prysock, and Arnett Cobb have lived in vain if these two stay, and we don't have articles on any of them.  Racking my brain, the only fictional sax player I can think of appears on the Stan Freberg parody of rock and roll where he honks so much the studio is invaded by geese.Ortolan88

 * "Bleeding Gums" Murphy can go, but I think Lisa is famous enough to make the list; she is probably more "real" to many people than Adolphe Sax himself. Instead of strictly fictional characters, we could change it into a list of non-professional musicians, i.e. people who are famous for something besides their sax playing: Bill Clinton, for example. -- Merphant

Is there any particular reason this page is at Saxophonist rather than List of saxophonists? It seems like it would be better suited to being officially a list; I can't think of anything substantive to say in saxophonist that wouldn't be better suited to saxophone except listing players. Mindspillage 23:03, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Agreed - I'll fix it myself shortly if nobody beats me to it. ¦ Reisio 10:27, 2005 July 27 (UTC)

 * It probably would have been better to do a page move, rather than copy the content into a new article. I have made the old page into a redirect, which I guess will accomplish the same thing. I'm thinking that the articles that still link [to "Saxophonist"] (i.e. when the word "saxophonist" occurs) should, for the most part, link to the main Saxophone article instead (or in any event, should skip the redirect). I'll try to get started on that task in a bit. -- Gyrofrog  (talk) 17:10, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I think Saxophonist has a useful place, even if only a stub. A list of saxophonists does not explain what a saxophonist is, or anything associated with the word - that's why I made a new article instead of moving this one. ¦ Reisio 18:25, 2005 July 27 (UTC)

 * Yes, but given that there is already a Saxophone article, would Saxophonist ever expand much past a dictionary definition? At least, this is what I got out of Mindspillage's original suggestion. I see an article for violinist that might be along the lines of what you had in mind.  Note, on the other hand, that guitarist looks much the same as this article did, and could rightly be called "List of guitarists."  Also compare with flautist and trumpeter.  There's not much precedent either way, based on these examples. -- Gyrofrog  (talk) 19:25, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * It's fine by me, but Saxophonist is still redirecting to List of saxophonists and not Saxophone. ¦ Reisio 20:08, 2005 July 27 (UTC)

 * I guess I should have just left everything alone ;). Since the content used to be at "Saxophonist," it made sense to redirect to the new "List of Saxophonists." What I meant was go through the list of articles that link to "Saxophonist" and point them to "Saxophone" instead (my rationale is that the person reading the article knows the subject is a saxophonist, so have the link point to "Saxophone" since a list of other saxophonists won't mean as much). Which, though time-consuming, is something I'm perfectly happy to do. But maybe it's better to leave it like you had it, if we can expand "Saxophonist." -- Gyrofrog  (talk) 21:01, 27 July 2005 (UTC)

 * OK, now that the elevator has finally reached the top floor I can see how it would make more sense to redirect "Saxophonist" to "Saxophone." -- Gyrofrog (talk) 23:54, 28 July 2005 (UTC)

Michael Antunes is a saxophonist from John Cafferty and The Beaver Brown Band.

title: Talk:Saxophonist


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Hugh the Great

Hugh the Great (c. 898 – 16 June 956) was the duke of the Franks and count of Paris. He was the most powerful magnate in France.

Son of King Robert I of France, Hugh was Margrave of Neustria. He played an active role in bringing King Louis d'Outremer back from England in 936. Seeking an alliance with the Holy Roman Emperor, Otto the Great, he married Otto's younger sister, Hedwig of Saxony in 937. They were the parents of Hugh Capet. Hedwig's sister, Gerberga of Saxony, was the wife of Louis IV of France. Although he often fought with Louis, he supported the accession of Louis and Gerberga's son, Lothair of France.

Biography
Hugh was the son of King Robert I of France and Béatrice of Vermandois. He was born in Paris, Île-de-France, France. His eldest son was Hugh Capet who became King of France in 987. His family is known as the Robertians.

In 922 the barons of Western Francia, after revolting against the Carolingian King Charles the Simple (who fled his kingdom under their onslaught), elected Robert I, Hugh's father, as king of Western Francia. At the death of Robert I, in battle at Soissons in 923, Hugh refused the crown and it went to his brother-in-law Rudolph. Charles sought help in regaining his crown from Hugh's cousin Count Herbert II of Vermandois, who instead of helping the king imprisoned him. Herbert then used his prisoner as an advantage in pressing his own ambitions, using the threat of releasing the king up until Charles' death in 929. From then on Herbert II of Vermandois struggled with King Rudolph and Duke Hugh. Finally Rudolph and Herbert II came to an agreement in 935.

At the death of Rudolph in 936, Hugh was in possession of nearly all of the region between the Loire and the Seine, corresponding to the ancient Neustria, with the exceptions of Anjou and of the territory ceded to the Normans in 911. He took a very active part in bringing King Louis IV (d'Outremer) from the Kingdom of England in 936. Historians have wondered why the powerful Hugh the Great called the young Louis to throne instead of taking it himself, as his father had done fifteen years earlier. In the first place, he had many rivals, especially Hugh, Duke of Burgundy (King Rudolph's brother) and Herbert II, Count of Vermandois who probably would have challenged his election. But above all, it seems that he was shocked by the early death of his father. Richerus explains that Hugh the Great remembered his father who had died for his "pretentions" and this was the cause of his short and turbulent reign.

In 937 Hugh's second wife, Eadhild, died. Later that year, he married Hedwige of Saxony, a daughter of King Henry the Fowler of Germany and Matilda. Soon after this, his third marriage, he was drawn into a prolonged quarrel with Louis IV.

In 938 King Louis IV began attacking fortresses and lands formerly held by members of his family, some held by Herbert II of Vermandois. In 939 king Louis attacked Hugh the Great and Duke William Longsword of Normandy, after which a truce was concluded, lasting until June. That same year Hugh, along with Count Herbert II of Vermandois, Count Arnulf I of Flanders and Duke William Longsword paid homage to the Emperor Otto the Great, and supported him in his struggle against Louis.

When Louis fell into the hands of the Normans in 945, he was handed over to Hugh in exchange for their young duke Richard. Hugh released Louis IV in 946 on condition that he should surrender the fortress of Laon. In 948 at a church council at Ingelheim the bishops, all but two being from Germany, condemned and excommunicated Hugh in absentia, and returned Archbishop Artauld to his See at Reims. Hugh's response was to attack Soissons and Reims while the excommunication was repeated by a council at Trier. In 953 Hugh finally relented and made peace with Louis IV, the church and his brother-in-law Otto the Great.

On the death of Louis IV, Hugh was one of the first to recognize Lothair as his successor, and, at the intervention of Lothair's mother, Gerberga of Saxony, was instrumental in having him crowned. In recognition of this service Hugh was invested by the new king with the duchies of Burgundy and Aquitaine. In the same year, however, Duke Gilbert of Burgundy acknowledged himself his vassal and betrothed his daughter to Hugh's son Otto-Henry. At Giselbert's death (8 April 956) Hugh became effective master of the duchy, but on 16 June Hugh died in Dourdan.

Family
Hugh married first, in 922, Judith, daughter of Roger, Count of Maine, and his wife Rothilde, a daughter of Emperor Charles the Bald. She died childless in 925.

Hugh's second wife was Eadhild, daughter of Edward the Elder, king of the Anglo-Saxons, and half-sister of King Æthelstan. They married in 926 and she died in 937, childless. Hugh's married his third wife, Hedwig of Saxony, daughter of Henry the Fowler and Matilda, in 937. She and Hugh had:

 * Beatrice married Frederick I, Duke of Upper Lorraine.
 * Hugh Capet (c. 939–996)
 * Emma (c. 943 – aft. 968).
 * Otto, Duke of Burgundy, a minor in 956.
 * Odo-Henry (Henry I, Duke of Burgundy) (946–1002)

title: Hugh the Great


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Talk:Dynamic programming

Confusion
The first paragraph of the second part and the article on algorithms states that dynamic programming is a bottom-up approach, but later this article says dynamic programming may use bottom-up or top-down approaches. --zeno 11:46, 9 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * I've revised that section. It was very vague and somewhat incorrect. I hope there's less confusion now. Derrick Coetzee 20:18, 5 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Weirdness
The page says "i dont know" in those terms, which is not only weirdly misplaced, but also improperly formatted. Someone check.

Misplaced section
The part following "The steps for using dynamic program goes as follows:" is out of place. Out of nowhere the article starts using terms like 'gap penalties' and 'sequence alignment.' Seems like this was copied from some article on a specific application, such as protien sequencing. Anon, Wed Jul 11 14:11:43 EDT 2007

Too many examples
This is not a textbook. One good example would suffice. Even worse, many of them are just too long (and boring). Put them in wikibooks. Unfortunately, any attempt to fix this article would be blocked as "vandalism". Way to go, Wikipedia!

Why ALGOL
Hello, in

function fib(n) if n <= 1 return n   return fib(n − 1) + fib(n − 2)

I doubt that the return function would return a false if, so maybe you make a if n larger or equal to 1 out of it ? That also has the nice side effect that the Fibonacci numbers would become larger than -1, like the original series is larger than +1, I guess that is what you intended ...

Approach to this article
I think this article suffers from bush-beating which is a common feature of computer language theory articles. If one closely examines the literature on DP, and compares it to algorithms for converting recursive programs into iterative (and thus, forgetful) programs, one will see a lot of overlap. The introduction here doesn't quite do the topic credit with words like 'paradigm' or 'optimization method'. It's an algorithm itself, and it operates on recursively defined data. That's concrete. You convert each sub-problem to also return its intermediates, then convert all sub-problems to re-usages of returned intermediates. Rinse and repeat. If the substructure is optimal, you get the optimum.

DP should be a reliable device in your brain, but this article contributes greatly to the nebular thinking about it. This device is really important because it comprehensively solves a key problem and reminds people to observe limits of applicability. 184.19.20.241 (talk) 12:47, 1 October 2023 (UTC)

 * I'd also like to add that Bellman's equation (although possibly correct, hard to tell) is completely overloaded for the purpose and that optimal substructure is the correct condition for optimality of DP. Concerns about infinite problems are addressed by noting that DP can apply to both numerical and symbolic computations. When DP is applied to data that define symbolic terms, that's how you do it with infinite and continuous objects. 184.19.20.241 (talk) 13:11, 1 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dynamic programming


text:
Mitford family

The Mitford family is an aristocratic English family whose principal line had its seats at Mitford, Northumberland. Several heads of the family served as High Sheriff of Northumberland. A junior line, with seats at Newton Park, Northumberland, and Exbury House, Hampshire, descends via the historian William Mitford (1744–1827) and were twice elevated to the British peerage, in 1802 and 1902, under the title Baron Redesdale.

The family became particularly known in the 1930s and later for the six Mitford sisters, great-great-great-granddaughters of William Mitford, and the daughters of David Freeman-Mitford, 2nd Baron Redesdale, and his wife Sydney Bowles. They were celebrated and at times scandalous figures, who were described by The Times journalist Ben Macintyre as "Diana the Fascist, Jessica the Communist, Unity the Hitler-lover; Nancy the Novelist; Deborah the Duchess and Pamela the unobtrusive poultry connoisseur".

Background
The family traces its origins in Northumberland back to the time of the Norman Conquest. In the Middle Ages they had been Border Reivers based in Redesdale. The main line had its family seat first at Mitford Castle, then Mitford Old Manor House, prior to building Mitford Hall in 1828; all three are near Mitford, Northumberland.

Mitford siblings

 * Nancy Mitford (28 November 1904 – 30 June 1973) married Peter Rodd, whom she subsequently divorced, and had a longstanding relationship with French politician and statesman Gaston Palewski. She lived in France for much of her adult life. She wrote many novels, including the semi-autobiographical The Pursuit of Love and Love in a Cold Climate. She was also a biographer of historical figures, including the Sun King.
 * Pamela "Pam" Mitford (25 November 1907 – 12 April 1994) was called "Woman" by her siblings. John Betjeman, who for a time was in love with her, referred to her as the "Rural Mitford". She married and later divorced millionaire physicist Derek Jackson, and spent much of the 1960s living with Giuditta Tommasi (died 1993), an Italian horsewoman.
 * Thomas David "Tom" Mitford (2 January 1909 – 30 March 1945), the only son, was educated at Eton, where he had an affair with James Lees-Milne. He later had a lengthy affair with Austrian Jewish dancer Tilly Losch during her marriage to Edward James. According to Jessica's letters, Thomas supported British fascism and was posted to the Burma campaign after he had refused to fight in Europe. He died in action.
 * Diana Mitford (17 June 1910 – 11 August 2003) married aristocrat and writer Bryan Guinness, 2nd Baron Moyne in 1929. She left him in 1933 for British fascist leader Sir Oswald Mosley, Bt., with whom she had two sons, Alexander and Max Mosley. The couple were interned in Holloway Prison from May 1940 until November 1943.
 * Unity Valkyrie Mitford (8 August 1914 – 28 May 1948) was known as "Bobo" or "Boud" to her siblings. Her adulation of, and friendship with, Adolf Hitler was widely publicised. She shot herself in the head just hours after Britain declared war on Germany. Her suicide attempt failed but left her with brain damage for the rest of her life. In 1944 her family sent her to the Scottish islet of Inch Kenneth, where she lived out the war. She died of pneumococcal meningitis at West Highland Cottage Hospital, Oban.
 * Jessica Lucy "Decca" Mitford (11 September 1917 – 22 July 1996), unlike the rest of her family, was a communist. She eloped with Esmond Romilly to Spain to participate in the Civil War; they subsequently moved to the United States, and Esmond died in action in the Second World War. She remained in the U.S. most of her adult life, where she married Robert Treuhaft and was a member of the American Communist Party until 1958. She wrote several volumes of memoirs and several volumes of polemical investigation, including the best-selling The American Way of Death (1963) about the funeral industry. She was the grandmother of James Forman Jr. and Chaka Forman, sons of the African-American civil rights leader James Forman by her daughter Constancia Romilly.
 * Deborah Vivien "Debo" Mitford (31 March 1920 – 24 September 2014) was nicknamed "Nine" by her sister Nancy (Debo's supposed mental age.) She married Andrew Cavendish, who later became the Duke of Devonshire, and with him turned his ancestral home Chatsworth House into one of Britain's most successful stately homes. She wrote several books.

Mitford sisters

The sisters gained widespread attention for their stylish and controversial lives as young people, and for their public political divisions between communism and fascism. Nancy and Jessica became well-known writers: Nancy wrote The Pursuit of Love and Love in a Cold Climate, and Jessica The American Way of Death (1963). Deborah managed Chatsworth, one of the most successful stately homes in England.

Jessica and Deborah married nephews of prime ministers Winston Churchill and Harold Macmillan, respectively. Deborah and Diana both married wealthy aristocrats. Unity and Diana were well known during the 1930s for being close to Adolf Hitler. Jessica turned her back on her inherited privileges and eloped with her cousin, Esmond Romilly, who was hoping to report on the Spanish Civil War for the News Chronicle, having briefly fought with the International Brigade. Jessica's memoir, Hons and Rebels, describes their upbringing, and Nancy drew upon her family members for characters in her novels. In 1981, Deborah became politically active when she and her husband Andrew Cavendish, 11th Duke of Devonshire, joined the new Social Democratic Party.

The sisters and their brother Thomas were the children of David Freeman-Mitford, 2nd Baron Redesdale, and his wife Sydney, the daughter of Thomas Bowles. To their children, they were known as "Farve" and "Muv", respectively. David and Sydney married in 1904. The family homes changed from Batsford House to Asthall Manor beside the River Windrush in Oxfordshire, and then Swinbrook Cottage nearby, with a house at Rutland Gate in London. They also lived in a cottage in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, which they used as a summer residence. The siblings grew up in an aristocratic country house with emotionally distant parents and a large household with numerous servants; this family dynamic was not unusual for upper-class families of the time. The parents disregarded formal education of women of the family, and they were expected to marry at a young age to a financially well-off husband. The children had a private language called "Boudledidge", and each had a different nickname for the others.

On the outbreak of the Second World War, their political views came into sharper relief. "Farve" remained a conservative who had long favoured the Neville Chamberlain's approach of appeasing Germany, but once Britain declared war on Germany, he returned to being an anti-German British patriot, while "Muv" continued her fascist sympathies and usually supported her fascist children. The couple separated in 1943 as a result of this conflict. Nancy, a moderate socialist, worked in London during the Blitz and informed on her fascist siblings to the British authorities. Pamela remained seemingly non-political, although according to her sister Nancy, Pamela and Derek Jackson were virulent anti-Semites verbally during World War II who had called for all Jews in England to be killed, and also wanted an early end to the war with Germany before England lost any more money.

Tom, a fascist, refused to fight Germany but volunteered to fight against Imperial Japan; he was killed in action in Burma in 1945. Diana, also a fascist, married to Sir Oswald Mosley, leader of the British Union of Fascists, was imprisoned in London from May 1940 until November 1943 under Defence Regulation 18B. Unity, fanatically devoted to Hitler and Nazism, was distraught over Britain's war declaration against Germany on 3 September 1939, and tried to commit suicide later that day by shooting herself in the head. She failed in the suicide attempt, but suffered brain damage that eventually led to her early death in 1948. Jessica, a communist, had moved to the US, but her husband Esmond Romilly, a Republican veteran from the Spanish Civil War who volunteered for the Royal Canadian Air Force in World War II, died in 1941 when his bomber developed mechanical problems over the North Sea and went down. In numerous letters Jessica said that her daughter Constancia received a pension from the Canadian government after Esmond's death until she turned 18. The strong political rift between Jessica and Diana left them estranged from 1936 until their deaths, although they did speak to each other in 1973, as their eldest sister Nancy was on her deathbed. Aside from Jessica and Diana's estrangement, the sisters kept in frequent contact with each other in the decades after World War II. The sisters were prolific letter-writers, and a substantial body of correspondence still exists, principally letters between them.

In popular culture

 * Nancy Mitford's 1949 novel, Love in a Cold Climate, which was based on the family, was serialised by Thames Television in 1980 and by the BBC in 2001. Her novel The Pursuit of Love was serialised by the BBC in 2021.
 * The daughters were the subject of a 1981 musical, The Mitford Girls, by Caryl Brahms and Ned Sherrin, and of a song, "The Mitford Sisters", by Luke Haines.
 * A fictional family based on the Mitford sisters features prominently in Jo Walton's 2007 novel Ha'penny; Viola Lark, one of the point-of-view characters, is one of the sisters, another is married to Himmler, and a third is a Communist spy.
 * The fictional "Combe sisters" in the BBC 2 series Bellamy's People, first broadcast in 2010, bear a striking resemblance to the Mitford sisters. Bellamy meets two of the surviving Combe sisters, said to have been notorious in the 1930s and '40s for their extreme political views, now living together in a strained relationship in the dramatically different political realities of 2010. One an avid fascist and the other a committed Communist, the sisters have hit upon the solution of dividing their stately home down the middle, each converting her side into a homage to her ideology.
 * Sharon Horgan, Samantha Spiro, and Sophie Ellis-Bextor played a version of the Mitford Sisters in a song-based sketch for Season 2 of the Sky Arts comedy series Psychobitches, in the winter of 2014.
 * In his French language trilogy of novels – Le Vent du soir (1985), Tous les hommes en sont fous (1985), and Le Bonheur à San Miniato (1987) – Jean d'Ormesson recounts a much-imagined version of the exploits of four of the Mitford sisters, through the characters Pandora, Vanessa, Atalanta, and Jessica.
 * A portion of Jessica Mitford's writing is used as a spoken-word introduction to the song "Last Act of Defiance", about the New Mexico State Penitentiary riot, on thrash metal band Exodus's 1989 album Fabulous Disaster.
 * Jessica Fellowes has written six mystery novels, The Mitford Murders (2017), Bright Young Dead (2018), The Mitford Scandal (2020),The Mitford Trial (2021), The Mitford Vanishing (2022), and The Mitford Secret (2023), which feature the three oldest sisters, Nancy, Pamela, and Diana as major characters, and the rest of the family in supporting roles.
 * Diana Mitford is depicted in Season 6 of the BBC/Netflix TV series Peaky Blinders (2022), played by British actress Amber Anderson. The show is set in the 1930s and depicts Diana, and husband Oswald Mosley, getting involved with fictional protagonist Tommy Shelby to advance their political goals.
 * In the Discworld novel The Fifth Elephant by Terry Pratchett, werewolf Watchwoman Angua von Überwald refers to two relatives of hers as Nancy and Unity. Angua's brother Wolfgang is a werewolf supremacist whose personal insignia reflect those of Nazism.
 * In the fourth series of BBC comedy television series The Thick Of It, British Government minister Peter Mannion describes his special adviser Emma Messinger as having "turned into the wrong Mitford sister" during a presentation where she remarks on the physical attractiveness of a likely candidate for Leader of the Opposition.

Gallery
The Mitford sisters by William Acton:

title: Mitford family


text:
Hampton Township, New Jersey

Hampton Township is a township in Sussex County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 4,893, a decrease of 303 (−5.8%) from the 2010 census count of 5,196, which in turn reflected an increase of 253 (+5.1%) from the 4,943 counted in the 2000 census.

Hampton Township was formed from portions of Sussex County by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 11, 1864. The township was named for Jonathan Hampton, who donated land in 1769 to the Episcopal Church of Newton. State legislator Robert Hamilton, an Episcopalian, appreciated Hampton's generosity, and gave the township its name. Portions of the township were taken on February 24, 1904, to form Fredon Township.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, Hampton township had a total area of 25.48 square miles (66.00 km2), including 24.57 square miles (63.63 km2) of land and 0.91 square miles (2.36 km2) of water (3.58%). The township is located in the Kittatinny Valley, a section of the Great Appalachian Valley that stretches 700 mi from Canada to Alabama.

Crandon Lakes (with a 2010 Census population of 682 in Hampton Township, out of a CDP total of 1,178 ) is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) split between Hampton Township and Stillwater Township. Other unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Balesville, Emmons Station, Halsey, Lake Kemah, Little Swartswood Lake, Mecca Lake, Myrtle Grove, Paulins Kill Lake, Smiths Hill, Spring Lake and Washingtonville.

Smiths Hill is a hill located at 41.0826°N, -74.74683°W in the Kittatinny Valley of the Appalachian Mountains. The summit rises to 863 ft.

The township borders the Sussex County municipalities of Frankford Township, Fredon Township, Lafayette Township, Newton and Stillwater Township.

2010 census
The 2010 United States census counted 5,196 people, 2,021 households, and 1,445 families in the township. The population density was 213.2 per square mile (82.3/km2). There were 2,200 housing units at an average density of 90.3 per square mile (34.9/km2). The racial makeup was 96.44% (5,011) White, 0.83% (43) Black or African American, 0.08% (4) Native American, 1.19% (62) Asian, 0.02% (1) Pacific Islander, 0.44% (23) from other races, and 1.00% (52) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.85% (200) of the population.

Of the 2,021 households, 28.1% had children under the age of 18; 60.0% were married couples living together; 8.3% had a female householder with no husband present and 28.5% were non-families. Of all households, 23.6% were made up of individuals and 9.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.03.

21.0% of the population were under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 21.3% from 25 to 44, 35.1% from 45 to 64, and 14.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44.9 years. For every 100 females, the population had 95.8 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 93.9 males.

The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $77,639 (with a margin of error of +/− $5,453) and the median family income was $86,795 (+/− $7,981). Males had a median income of $63,168 (+/− $9,682) versus $37,682 (+/− $3,054) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $32,953 (+/− $3,286). About 3.0% of families and 7.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.4% of those under age 18 and 6.1% of those age 65 or over.

2000 census
As of the 2000 United States census there were 4,943 people, 1,857 households, and 1,413 families residing in the township. The population density was 200.7 PD/sqmi. There were 2,026 housing units at an average density of 82.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the township was 97.29% White, 0.97% African American, 0.02% Native American, 0.67% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.30% from other races, and 0.73% from two or more races. 1.90% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 1,857 households, out of which 36.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.2% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.9% were non-families. 20.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.65 and the average family size was 3.10.

In the township the population was spread out, with 26.5% under the age of 18, 5.5% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 28.4% from 45 to 64, and 11.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.3 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $60,698, and the median income for a family was $67,386. Males had a median income of $48,882 versus $36,500 for females. The per capita income for the township was $25,353. 2.0% of the population and 1.2% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 2.0% of those under the age of 18 and 2.2% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

Local government
Hampton Township is governed under the Township form of New Jersey municipal government, one of 141 municipalities (of the 564) statewide that use this form, the second-most commonly used form of government in the state. The Township Committee is comprised of five members, who are elected directly by the voters at-large in partisan elections to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with either one or two seats coming up for election each year as part of the November general election in a three-year cycle. At an annual reorganization meeting, the Township Committee selects one of its members to serve as Mayor.

, members of the Hampton Township Committee are Mayor Timothy S. Dooley (R, term on committee and as mayor ends December 31, 2024), David S. Hansen (R, 2026), Eileen Klose (R, 2025), Ed Ramm (R, 2024) and Philip L. Yetter (R, 2026).

In January 2015, the township committee selected Scott MacKenzie to fill the vacant seat of Keith Gourlay expiring in December 2016. MacKenzie served on an interim basis until the November 2015 general election, when he was elected to serve the one year remaining on the term of office, while Keith Gourlay—who had left office earlier—was elected to a term expiring in December 2018.

The township passed an ordinance that prohibits short-term rentals below 150 days as of May 2021, targeting people using companies such as Airbnb.

Federal, state and county representation
Hampton Township is located in the 5th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 24th state legislative district.

Politics
As of March 2011, there were a total of 3,600 registered voters in Hampton Township, of which 615 (17.1% vs. 16.5% countywide) were registered as Democrats, 1,565 (43.5% vs. 39.3%) were registered as Republicans and 1,418 (39.4% vs. 44.1%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 2 voters registered as either Libertarians or Greens. Among the township's 2010 Census population, 69.3% (vs. 65.8% in Sussex County) were registered to vote, including 87.7% of those ages 18 and over (vs. 86.5% countywide).

In the 2012 presidential election, Republican Mitt Romney received 1,479 votes (58.3% vs. 59.4% countywide), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 989 votes (39.0% vs. 38.2%) and other candidates with 55 votes (2.2% vs. 2.1%), among the 2,535 ballots cast by the township's 3,676 registered voters, for a turnout of 69.0% (vs. 68.3% in Sussex County). In the 2008 presidential election, Republican John McCain received 1,636 votes (58.3% vs. 59.2% countywide), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 1,109 votes (39.6% vs. 38.7%) and other candidates with 32 votes (1.1% vs. 1.5%), among the 2,804 ballots cast by the township's 3,517 registered voters, for a turnout of 79.7% (vs. 76.9% in Sussex County). In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 1,641 votes (63.6% vs. 63.9% countywide), ahead of Democrat John Kerry with 887 votes (34.4% vs. 34.4%) and other candidates with 45 votes (1.7% vs. 1.3%), among the 2,579 ballots cast by the township's 3,257 registered voters, for a turnout of 79.2% (vs. 77.7% in the whole county).

In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 71.7% of the vote (1,100 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 25.1% (385 votes), and other candidates with 3.3% (50 votes), among the 1,550 ballots cast by the township's 3,684 registered voters (15 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 42.1%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 1,226 votes (61.9% vs. 63.3% countywide), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 538 votes (27.1% vs. 25.7%), Independent Chris Daggett with 184 votes (9.3% vs. 9.1%) and other candidates with 21 votes (1.1% vs. 1.3%), among the 1,982 ballots cast by the township's 3,547 registered voters, yielding a 55.9% turnout (vs. 52.3% in the county).

Education
The Hampton Township School District serves public school students in pre-kindergarten through sixth grade at McKeown School. As of the 2022–23 school year, the district, comprised of one school, had an enrollment of 323 students and 39.2 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 8.2:1.

Students in seventh through twelfth grade for public school attend Kittatinny Regional High School located in Hampton Township, which serves students who reside in Fredon, Hampton, Sandyston, Stillwater and Walpack townships. The high school is located on a 96 acres campus in Hampton Township, about seven minutes outside of the county seat of Newton. As of the 2022–23 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 781 students and 79.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 9.8:1. Kittatinny Regional High School was recognized as a National Blue Ribbon School of Excellence in 1997-98.

Transportation
, the township had a total of 51.51 mi of roadways, of which 25.99 mi were maintained by the municipality, 21.24 mi by Sussex County and 4.28 mi by the New Jersey Department of Transportation.

U.S. Route 206 is the primary highway serving Hampton Township. Much of the section of US 206 in Hampton Township is concurrent with Route 94. Other significant roads traversing the township include County Route 519 and County Route 521.

title: Hampton Township, New Jersey


text:
Hardyston Township, New Jersey

Hardyston Township is a township in Sussex County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 8,125, a decrease of 88 (−1.1%) from the 2010 census count of 8,213,  which in turn reflected an increase of 2,042 (+33.1%) from the 6,171 counted in the 2000 census.

History
Hardyston Township was set off from portions of Newton Township by Royal charter on February 25, 1762. It was named after Josiah Hardy, who was royal governor of New Jersey from 1761 to 1763. The original British spelling of Hardiston was Americanized to Hardyston after the American Revolutionary War.

Hardyston was incorporated on February 21, 1798, by an act of the New Jersey Legislature as one of New Jersey's original group of 104 townships. Over the centuries, portions of the township were taken to form Vernon Township (April 8, 1793), Sparta Township (April 14, 1845), Franklin (March 18, 1913) and Hamburg (March 19, 1920).

Hardyston was serviced first by the New Jersey Midland Railway, which built the station in Stockholm. However, there was a dispute over the name as that area was known as Snufftown because of the snuff factory along the Pequannock River, which provide the water power. Through a series of events between the residents of Stockholm and the railroad, the area eventually changed the name from Snufftown to Stockholm. Later, it was the New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway, who provided service into the early 1960s when a mud slide removed a large section of trackage in West Milford Township and coupled with low productivity, the line was not repaired and service was disconnected. Today, the New York Susquehanna and Western Railway runs freight through Hardyston. The main highways are Route 23 and Route 94.

A large eastern portion of the township is owned by the City of Newark, Essex County, for their Pequannock River Watershed, which provides water to the city from an area of 35000 acres that also includes portions of Jefferson Township, Kinnelon, Rockaway Township, Vernon Township and West Milford.

Cemetery
The township contains North Church Cemetery / North Hardyston Cemetery. Notable burials there include:
 * Samuel Fowler (1779–1844), who served in the House of Representatives from 1833 to 1837.
 * Samuel Fowler (1851–1919), represented New Jersey's 4th congressional district from 1893 to 1895.
 * Daniel Haines (1801–1877) 14th Governor of New Jersey, from 1843 to 1845, and from 1848 to 1851.
 * John Linn (1763–1821) was a U.S. Representative from New Jersey from 1817 to 1821.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 32.65 square miles (84.56 km2), including 31.99 square miles (82.84 km2) of land and 0.66 square miles (1.72 km2) of water (2.03%).

Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Beaver Lake, Beaver Run, Big Springs, Bradys Pond, Hamburg, Hardistonville, Holland, Lake Stockholm, Monroe, North Church, Rudeville, Rudstown, Silver Lake, Stockholm, Summit Lake and Tamarack Lake.

Postal ZIP Codes covering Hardyston Township include 07460 Stockholm, 07416 Franklin Borough, 07419 Hamburg Borough, and a small part of 07848 Lafayette Township.

The township borders the municipalities of Franklin, Hamburg, Lafayette Township, Ogdensburg, Sparta Township, Vernon Township and Wantage Township in Sussex County; Jefferson Township in Morris County; and West Milford in Passaic County.

In terms of physical geography, nearly all of Hardyston (excluding the portion of the township west of Hamburg along Route 94) lies within the New York – New Jersey Highlands, part of the greater Crystalline Appalachians that extend as far south as the Blue Ridge Mountains. Hardyston is home to portions of Hamburg Mountain (east of Franklin) and Pochuck Mountain (near Scenic Lakes) within this region. The remaining northwestern portion of the township lies within the Ridge-and-valley Appalachians. The prominent feature in the ridge-and-valley portion of the Township is the Wallkill Valley, through which the Wallkill River flows northeast to New York state.

2010 census
The 2010 United States census counted 8,213 people, 3,255 households, and 2,376 families in the township. The population density was 256.9 /sqmi. There were 3,783 housing units at an average density of 118.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup was 91.65% (7,527) White, 2.61% (214) Black or African American, 0.17% (14) Native American, 3.01% (247) Asian, 0.01% (1) Pacific Islander, 1.21% (99) from other races, and 1.35% (111) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.56% (457) of the population.

Of the 3,255 households, 28.9% had children under the age of 18; 59.9% were married couples living together; 9.3% had a female householder with no husband present and 27.0% were non-families. Of all households, 22.1% were made up of individuals and 7.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 2.97.

21.3% of the population were under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 24.8% from 25 to 44, 32.8% from 45 to 64, and 14.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43.4 years. For every 100 females, the population had 94.5 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 93.2 males.

The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $81,655 (with a margin of error of +/− $6,575) and the median family income was $93,657 (+/− $14,035). Males had a median income of $70,592 (+/− $9,771) versus $42,899 (+/− $4,944) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $38,383 (+/− $2,894). About 3.5% of families and 6.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.3% of those under age 18 and 10.4% of those age 65 or over.

2000 census
As of the 2000 United States census there were 6,171 people, 2,319 households, and 1,716 families residing in the township. The population density was 192.3 PD/sqmi. There were 2,690 housing units at an average density of 83.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the township was 95.56% White, 0.84% African American, 0.16% Native American, 1.57% Asian, 0.49% from other races, and 1.38% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.22% of the population.

There were 2,319 households, out of which 35.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.4% were married couples living together, 7.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.0% were non-families. 21.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.12.

In the township the population was spread out, with 25.7% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 31.9% from 25 to 44, 26.8% from 45 to 64, and 10.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.7 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $65,511, and the median income for a family was $72,199. Males had a median income of $51,503 versus $32,319 for females. The per capita income for the township was $28,457. About 2.7% of families and 4.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.9% of those under age 18 and 5.6% of those age 65 or over.

Local government
Hardyston Township operates under a special charter granted by the New Jersey Legislature. The township is one of 11 municipalities (of the 564) statewide that use a special charter. The governing body is comprised of the five-member Township Council, whose members are elected at-large in partisan elections to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with either one or two seats coming up for election each year as part of the November general election. At an annual reorganization meeting held in the first week of January, the council selects a mayor and a deputy mayor from among its members.

, the members of the Hardyston Township Council are Mayor Frank Cicerale (R, term on committee ends December 31, 2026; term as mayor ends 2025), Deputy Mayor Brian J. Kaminski (R, term on committee ends 2026; term as deputy mayor ends 2024), Stanley J. Kula (R, 2025), Carl B. Miller (R, 2024) and Santo Verrilli (R, 2025).

Federal, state and county representation
Hardyston Township is located in the 5th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 24th state legislative district.

Politics
As of March 2011, there were a total of 5,487 registered voters in Hardyston Township, of which 870 (15.9% vs. 16.5% countywide) were registered as Democrats, 1,962 (35.8% vs. 39.3%) were registered as Republicans and 2,652 (48.3% vs. 44.1%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 3 voters registered as Libertarians or Greens. Among the township's 2010 Census population, 66.8% (vs. 65.8% in Sussex County) were registered to vote, including 84.9% of those ages 18 and over (vs. 86.5% countywide).

In the 2012 presidential election, Republican Mitt Romney received 2,186 votes (57.8% vs. 59.4% countywide), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 1,531 votes (40.5% vs. 38.2%) and other candidates with 55 votes (1.5% vs. 2.1%), among the 3,782 ballots cast by the township's 5,658 registered voters, for a turnout of 66.8% (vs. 68.3% in Sussex County). In the 2008 presidential election, Republican John McCain received 2,325 votes (57.2% vs. 59.2% countywide), ahead of Democrat Barack Obama with 1,654 votes (40.7% vs. 38.7%) and other candidates with 65 votes (1.6% vs. 1.5%), among the 4,062 ballots cast by the township's 5,304 registered voters, for a turnout of 76.6% (vs. 76.9% in Sussex County). In the 2004 presidential election, Republican George W. Bush received 2,194 votes (62.3% vs. 63.9% countywide), ahead of Democrat John Kerry with 1,279 votes (36.3% vs. 34.4%) and other candidates with 34 votes (1.0% vs. 1.3%), among the 3,522 ballots cast by the township's 4,507 registered voters, for a turnout of 78.1% (vs. 77.7% in the whole county).

In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 70.6% of the vote (1,565 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 26.3% (583 votes), and other candidates with 3.1% (69 votes), among the 2,227 ballots cast by the township's 5,686 registered voters (10 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 39.2%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 1,637 votes (62.2% vs. 63.3% countywide), ahead of Democrat Jon Corzine with 753 votes (28.6% vs. 25.7%), Independent Chris Daggett with 205 votes (7.8% vs. 9.1%) and other candidates with 29 votes (1.1% vs. 1.3%), among the 2,633 ballots cast by the township's 5,287 registered voters, yielding a 49.8% turnout (vs. 52.3% in the county).

Education
Public school students in pre-kindergarten through eighth grade attend the schools of the Hardyston Township School District. As of the 2020–21 school year, the district, comprised of two schools, had an enrollment of 593 students and 57.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 10.4:1. Schools in the district (with 2020–21 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics ) are Hardyston Township School with 318 students in grades Pre-K–5 and Hardyston Middle School with 274 students in grades 6–8.

For ninth through twelfth grades, public school students attend Wallkill Valley Regional High School which also serves students from Franklin Borough, Hamburg Borough and Ogdensburg Borough, and is part of the Wallkill Valley Regional High School District. As of the 2020–21 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 590 students and 52.2 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.3:1. Seats on the high school district's nine-member board of education are allocated based on the populations of the constituent municipalities, with four seats assigned to Hardyston Township.

Transportation
, the township had a total of 63.53 mi of roadways, of which 44.23 mi were maintained by the municipality, 8.71 mi by Sussex County and 10.59 mi by the New Jersey Department of Transportation.

New Jersey Route 23 and New Jersey Route 94 are the main highways serving Hardyston Township. County Route 515 and County Route 517 also traverse the township.

Wineries

 * Cava Winery & Vineyard

Notable people
People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Hardyston Township include:
 * A. L. A. Himmelwright (1865–1936), a civil engineer, author, adventurer and marksman who was the general manager of The Roebling Construction Company
 * Christopher Sieber (born 1969), actor best known for his roles as Kevin Burke in Two of a Kind starring Mary-Kate Olsen and Ashley Olsen, and Lord Farquaad in Shrek the Musical

title: Hardyston Township, New Jersey