text:
Glorieta, New Mexico

Glorieta is a census-designated place (CDP) in Santa Fe County, New Mexico, United States. It is part of the Albuquerque–Santa Fe–Las Vegas combined statistical area. The population was 430 at the 2010 census. The community is located in the southern Sangre de Cristo Mountains, along Interstate 25 on the east side of Glorieta Pass.

History
The area was the site of two battles in New Mexico history, the Capture of Santa Fe and the Battle of Glorieta Pass.

Geography
Glorieta is located along the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (now the BNSF); it was a stop along the record-breaking Scott Special passenger train.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 7.6 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 859 people, 315 households, and 223 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 68.7 PD/sqmi. There were 339 housing units at an average density of 27.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 78.11% White, 0.23% African American, 2.10% Native American, 0.23% Asian, 15.83% from other races, and 3.49% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 56.00% of the population.

There were 315 households, out of which 34.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.4% were married couples living together, 13.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.2% were non-families. 19.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.00.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 25.7% under the age of 18, 5.6% from 18 to 24, 31.4% from 25 to 44, 28.3% from 45 to 64, and 9.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.9 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $36,250, and the median income for a family was $46,429. Males had a median income of $34,432 versus $31,625 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $19,564. About 7.7% of families and 16.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.3% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

Education
It is within Santa Fe Public Schools.

It is zoned to El Dorado Community School (K-8) in El Dorado. Its high school is Santa Fe High School.

title: Glorieta, New Mexico


text:
Jaconita, New Mexico

Jaconita is a census-designated place (CDP) in Santa Fe County, New Mexico, United States. It is part of the Santa Fe, New Mexico Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 332 at the 2010 census. It is considered to be a part of the Pojoaque Valley.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 0.7 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 343 people, 147 households, and 98 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 508.4 PD/sqmi. There were 170 housing units at an average density of 252.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 49.85% White, 0.29% African American, 0.58% Asian, 42.86% from other races, and 6.41% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 62.97% of the population.

There were 147 households, out of which 27.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.7% were married couples living together, 10.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.7% were non-families. 26.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.84.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 21.0% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 29.7% from 25 to 44, 25.9% from 45 to 64, and 16.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 110.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 111.7 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $41,667, and the median income for a family was $61,875. Males had a median income of $37,727 versus $32,411 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $22,888. About 4.4% of families and 8.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 43.1% of those age 65 or over.

Education
It is zoned to Pojoaque Valley Schools. Pojoaque Valley High School is the zoned comprehensive high school.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jaconita, New Mexico


text:
La Cienega, New Mexico

La Cienega is a census-designated place (CDP) in Santa Fe County, New Mexico, United States. It is part of the Santa Fe, New Mexico, metropolitan statistical area. The population was 3,007 at the 2000 census.

La Cienega is located on the site of a Keres pueblo that took part in the 1680 Pueblo Revolt.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 13.4 sqmi, all land.

The South End of the Rockies Historical Marker, marking the southern terminus of the Rocky Mountains, is about three miles west of La Cienega.

Wetlands

The name La Cienega refers to an important feature, a cienega (spring and associated marsh) that supplies water to El Rancho de las Golondrinas and the Santa Fe River Canyon at the foot of the Caja del Rio. The cienega itself is managed by the Santa Fe Botanical Garden as the Leonora Curtin Wetland Preserve. La Cienega is an Area of Critical Environmental Concern and has been a focus of recent efforts to create an open space corridor between Santa Fe and the Rio Grande.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,007 people, 1,033 households, and 761 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 225.3 PD/sqmi. There were 1,079 housing units at an average density of 80.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 60.86% White, 0.50% African American, 1.43% Native American, 0.30% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 31.19% from other races, and 5.65% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 70.80% of the population.

There were 1,033 households, out of which 44.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.1% were married couples living together, 10.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.3% were non-families. 19.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.91 and the average family size was 3.35.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 31.1% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 33.9% from 25 to 44, 22.0% from 45 to 64, and 4.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.3 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $38,028, and the median income for a family was $46,578. Males had a median income of $31,178 versus $30,092 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $17,329. About 7.2% of families and 6.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.3% of those under age 18 and 8.1% of those age 65 or over.

Education
It is within Santa Fe Public Schools.

The area is divided between the boundary of Nina Otero Community School (K-8) and those of Amy Biehl Elementary School and Milagro Middle School. The area is divided between Santa Fe High School and Capital High School.

Previously all of it was zoned to Capital High. In 2017 the district recommended changing the boundary of a section of the area to Santa Fe High.

title: La Cienega, New Mexico


text:
La Puebla, New Mexico

La Puebla is a census-designated place (CDP) in Santa Fe County, New Mexico, United States. It is part of the Santa Fe, New Mexico Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 1,296 at the 2000 census.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2.4 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,296 people, 492 households, and 340 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 542.0 PD/sqmi. There were 524 housing units at an average density of 219.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 56.64% White, 0.39% African American, 2.55% Native American, 0.46% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 34.57% from other races, and 5.32% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 79.94% of the population.

There were 492 households, out of which 40.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.4% were married couples living together, 14.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.7% were non-families. 22.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.15.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 29.9% under the age of 18, 8.5% from 18 to 24, 32.3% from 25 to 44, 21.4% from 45 to 64, and 8.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.9 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $29,107, and the median income for a family was $34,833. Males had a median income of $30,741 versus $26,964 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $16,582. About 10.3% of families and 18.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.0% of those under age 18 and 48.9% of those age 65 or over.

Education
The cmmunity is in the Española Public Schools. The comprehensive public high school is Española Valley High School.

title: La Puebla, New Mexico


text:
Lamy, New Mexico

Lamy is a census-designated place (CDP) in Santa Fe County, New Mexico, United States. Its population was 218 at the 2010 census. It is located approximately 18 mi south of the city of Santa Fe.

History
The community was named for Archbishop Jean-Baptiste Lamy, and lies within the Bishop John Lamy Spanish Land Grant, which dates back to the eighteenth century. Jean-Baptiste Lamy's influence over this area includes his creation of Santa Fe's first English teaching school, as well as establishing other similar institutions.

Lamy Junction
Lamy Junction Community is a notable set of 14 Coalition Era pueblos and other structures. This archeological site is located near the junction of US Highway 285 and Santa Fe County Road 233.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1.1 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
Lamy is part of the Santa Fe, New Mexico, Metropolitan Statistical Area.

As of the census of 2000, there were 137 people, 55 households, and 33 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 126.2 PD/sqmi. There were 64 housing units at an average density of 59.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 74.45% White, 2.92% Native American, 18.25% from other races, and 4.38% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 44.53% of the population.

There were 55 households, out of which 40.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.1% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.2% were non-families. 29.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.18.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 27.7% under the age of 18, 10.2% from 18 to 24, 26.3% from 25 to 44, 28.5% from 45 to 64, and 7.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.0 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $43,333, and the median income for a family was $27,083. Males had a median income of $25,568 versus $0 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $16,765. There were 17.5% of families and 20.5% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and none of those over 64.

Education
It is within Santa Fe Public Schools.

It is zoned to El Dorado Community School (K-8) in El Dorado. Its high school is Santa Fe High School.

Rail
The former Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad (ATSF), now the Burlington Northern Santa Fe (BNSF), passes through Lamy. This railroad, usually called just the "Santa Fe," was originally planned to run from Atchison, Kansas, on the Missouri River, to Santa Fe, the capital city of New Mexico, and then points west. However, as the tracks progressed west into New Mexico, the civil engineers in charge realized that the hills surrounding Santa Fe made this impractical. Hence, they built the railway line though Lamy, instead. In 1909, it officially opened to passengers. Later on, a spur line was built from Lamy to Santa Fe, bringing the railroad to Santa Fe at last. In 1896 the Fred Harvey Company built the luxurious El Ortiz Hotel here, and was designed by Mary Elizabeth Jane Colter. Thus Lamy became an important railroad junction. The El Ortiz Hotel was then later demolished after its closing in 1947. From 1992 to 2014, the spur line was taken over by the Santa Fe Southern Railway, which operated a popular excursion train, using vintage passenger railcars and modern freight cars, between Santa Fe and Lamy.

The significance of Lamy as a railroad junction is related in the Oscar-nominated documentary, The Day After Trinity (1980), about the building of the first atomic bomb, and is referred to by instrumental group the California Guitar Trio in a five-part suite Train to Lamy on their second album Invitation (1995).

Sky Railway
In 2020, several prominent Santa Fe residents, including novelist George R.R. Martin, created Sky Railway, an excursion train that runs on Santa Fe Southern Railway's route between Lamy and Santa Fe. Sky Railway began operations in December, 2021.

Museum
The Lamy Railroad and History Museum, located in the historic "Legal Tender" restaurant building, is dedicated to preserving local history and heritage, with  emphasis on the railroads and their impact on the area. The museum buildings, formerly the Pflueger General Merchandise Store (built in 1881) and the attached Annex Saloon (built in 1884), are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Legal Tender Saloon and Restaurant re-opened as the Legal Tender at The Lamy Railroad & History Museum in March 2012, after 14 years. The restaurant and museum are run as a non-profit and the waitstaff are volunteers. It is open Thursday through Sunday.

Notable people

 * Eliza Gilkyson, singer, resided in Lamy, as described by her song The Hill Behind This Town on the album Songs from the River Wind
 * Thom Ross, artist, resides in Lamy
 * James Thomas Stevens, poet, resided in Lamy

title: Lamy, New Mexico


text:
Los Cerrillos, New Mexico

Los Cerrillos is a census-designated place (CDP) in Santa Fe County, New Mexico, United States. It is part of the Santa Fe, New Mexico Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 229 at the 2000 census. Accessible from State Highway 14 or The Turquoise Trail, Cerrillos is on the road from Santa Fe to Albuquerque, closer to Santa Fe. There are several shops and galleries, a post office, and the Cerrillos Hills State Park, which has five miles of hiking trails. The Cerrillos Turquoise Mining Museum contains hundreds of artifacts from the American Old West and the Cerrillos Mining District. It also displays cardboard cutouts of characters from the film Young Guns and information on other movies which have been filmed in and around Cerrillos.

Geography
Los Cerrillos is referred to as Cerrillos by local residents.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1.4 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 229 people, 111 households, and 59 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 164.5 PD/sqmi. There were 129 housing units at an average density of 92.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 79.04% White, 0.44% Native American, 0.44% Asian, 16.16% from other races, and 3.93% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 50.66% of the population.

There were 111 households, out of which 21.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.3% were married couples living together, 7.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.8% were non-families. 41.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.06 and the average family size was 2.83.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 17.9% under the age of 18, 2.2% from 18 to 24, 31.9% from 25 to 44, 33.2% from 45 to 64, and 14.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.1 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and over, there were 106.6 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $13,661, and the median income for a family was $31,161. Males had a median income of $30,446 versus $31,250 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $14,215. About 25.9% of families and 18.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under the age of eighteen or sixty-five or over.

History

The first, confirmable human presence on the Galisteo River occurred around 10,500 years ago. Over the centuries, both large and small communities spread throughout the Galisteo Basin. Archeological evidence of pre-Columbian human inhabitants includes pottery, vases, cups, eating and cooking utensils, stone hammers, wedges, mauls, and religious items.

The Ancestral Puebloans began mining Cerrillos turquoise in approximately 700-900 AD. Evidence of established long-term settlements, dating back to the 13th century, includes pit-house villages. In the 14th century, there was increased upheaval and conflict between communities, including the burning of the Burnt Corn Ruin. During the 15th century, an influx of Apache and Navajo in the Galisteo Basin influenced and impacted the Puebloans. By the time Francisco Vázquez de Coronado arrived in the region, circa 1540–42, a number of indigenous settlements were abandoned.

Mining in the Cerrillos Hills continued with the arrival of Spanish colonizers. The Native peoples were used for slave labor to mine these materials out of the hills under Spanish colonial rule. In 1581, the Spanish identified lead-silver deposits in “Sierra de San Mateo,” the modern Cerrillos Hills. At the turn of the 17th century, the Spanish permanently settled in the area. During the 1660s, however, a drought put economic pressure on the Spanish, while Puebloans abandoned settlements and Plains Indians conducted raids.

A Spanish explorer, Antonio de Espejo, wrote about these treasures being mined at a place of “little hills." This is the source of Cerrillos' name.

In 1680, a landslide occurred in the hills, causing mines to cave in and bury about 25 miners. When the Spanish attempted to restart mining operations, the Native workers revolted. Around 1695-1696 Diego de Vargas appointed Alonso Rael de Aguilar as alcalde of the mining camp El Real de Los Cerrillos. However, tumultuous events in the late 17th century – drought, small pox, and ongoing raids – effectively ended Native turquoise mining. The Tewa people left the area, though there were efforts in the early 18th century to repopulate with reassembled Tanos.

During the 18th century, the Spanish continued to register land grants and mine claims in the area. The earliest well-documented Spanish mine claim was registered in 1709 by General Don Juan de Ulibarri. After Mexican Independence, restrictions on foreign visitors in New Mexico were lifted in 1821, increasing trade. Following the end of the Mexican–American War in 1848, the US Government manipulated land grants to make it easier for Anglo-Americans to purchase land. Between 1846 and 1869, the Cerrillos Hills were claimed by the Baca y Delgado Family Land Grant. In 1870, the US Government rejected the family's grant claim and made the land available for public purchase.

In 1871, Stephen B. Elkins purchased 606 acres of US Government land located along the Galisteo River. He planned to build a mining town on the railroad. In the same year, Elkins gained ownership of the Ortiz Mining Grant, which contained coal deposits. Frank Dimmick and Robert Hart registered their Bonanza #3 claim in the Cerrillos Hills on January 15, 1879. The two Colorado miners set up camp and by 1880 there were five camps with a combined population of between 1,200 and 1,500 people. Further discovery of precious metal deposits led to increased immigration and an economic boom. Eventually, there were over 2,000 Territorial mines established in the hills. March 8, 1880 was declared Cerrillos Founder's Day. In addition to turquoise, the mines produced gold, copper, silver, galena, manganese, and iron.

Cerrillos Station was connected to the railway on February 15, 1880. The main line of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway ran within only three miles of Los Cerrillos. The rapid growth of Cerrillos gave opportunities to people who moved in. During the 1880s, the rate of development increased around Cerrillos Station and saloons, a school, churches, stores, and hotels were built.

In either 1899 or 1901, electricity was first supplied to the town of Cerillos by the Cochiti Gold Mining Company electric plant in Madrid, New Mexico. Telephone lines arrived in 1905. By 1900, the mines began to shut down. The population of the area dwindled during the Great Depression and World War II. In 1961, the Cerrillos primary school was closed due to shrinking enrollment and financial difficulties.

Today, only a few of the buildings from Cerrillos' boom remain. Some of the buildings still show evidence of past movies filmed ("Young Guns" and "Outrageous Fortune") on Main Street. In January 2000, Santa Fe County purchased 1,116 acres of the Cerrillos Hills and created the Santa Fe County Cerrillos Hills Historic Park. In 2009, the park was renamed Cerrillos Hills State Park.

Education
It is within Santa Fe Public Schools.

It is zoned to Amy Biehl Elementary School, Milagro Middle School, and Santa Fe High School.

Previously it was zoned to Capital High School. In 2017 the district recommended changing the boundary of the area to Santa Fe High.

title: Los Cerrillos, New Mexico


text:
Madrid, New Mexico

Madrid is a census-designated place (CDP) in Santa Fe County, New Mexico, United States. It is part of the Santa Fe, New Mexico Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 149 at the 2000 census and 204 in 2010. Today, Madrid has become an artists' community with galleries lining New Mexico State Road 14 (the Turquoise Trail). It retains remnants of its history with the Mineshaft Tavern and the Coal Mine Museum.

Beginnings
Lead mines in the area around Madrid captured the interest of Roque Madrid in the 17th century. It is unclear whether the current name of the community comes from that of earlier residents or the capital of Spain. The dominant English pronunciation of the name differs from that of the Spanish capital, with emphasis on the first syllable: MAD-rid. Coal mining began in the area around 1835.

The coal deposits were called the Cerrillos Coal Bank following the arrival in early 1880 of the New Mexico & Southern Pacific Railroad (as the AT&SF in New Mexico was organized), named after the nearby mining and railroad town of Cerrillos Station. After a dozen years at the Coal Bank of wildcat, unpermitted, and unorganized mining the AT&SF acquired the property on December 10, 1891, and through purposefully-created subsidiaries solidified its control. The Cerrillos Coal & Iron Co. developed the layout for the town, mines, and facilities, and the Cerrillos Coal Railroad Co. built the 6.25 mi standard gauge spur from the AT&SF main line at Waldo Junction.

In late August 1892, the spur finally terminated at the relatively new mining camp of Keeseeville (an illegal trespass settlement, however one whose 20-acre plat had been approved by Santa Fe County). At the site of Keeseeville, which the Cerrillos Coal Railroad co-opted, the town of Madrid was built. More accurately the Cerrillos Coal Railroad transported-in, section by section, prefabricated wooden miner's cabins from as far away as Topeka, Kansas; there were insufficient carpenters and suppliers in the region to provide the instant infrastructure that was needed for the town.

Madrid celebrated its "founding" in 1895. Since the town was for the next 80 years wholly owned by a series of corporations, the town itself was never incorporated. In the late 1940s, the demand for coal withered: Natural gas gradually replaced coal as the preferred home-heating fuel, and the AT&SF was replacing its coal-fired steam locomotives with diesel-electrics. By 1954 the Albuquerque and Cerrillos Coal Company ceased to operate and most of the residents moved away. The railroad spur was removed shortly thereafter.

Madrid Miners semi-pro baseball team
The Miners were started by the Madrid Employees Club and won many pennants. The Oscar Huber Ballpark was the first lighted ballpark west of the Mississippi in the 1920s.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1.4 sqmi, all land.

Environmental issues
Black "gob piles" of accumulated spoil, the waste rock removed during coal mining, cover the hillsides and stain the red earth in the arroyo that runs between rows of Madrid's historic miners’ cabins. These visible traces of the past bring money from tourists and filmmakers to the town, but they also create difficulty for many of the residents as rains cause abandoned mine drainage to flow down the hills in rivulets, covering roads and driveways, and flooding backyards, crawlspaces, and basements. The Abandoned Mine Land (AML) Reclamation Program has worked with residents to create some barricades to redirect the water flowing down the hills without removing or covering the coal piles that are an historic resource to the town. Residents disagree on what else should be done.

Demographics
As of the 2010 census, there were 204 people, 134 households, and 33 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 146 PD/sqmi. There were 167 housing units at an average density of 119 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 96.1% White, 0% African American, 0% Native American, 0.5% from other races, and 2.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.4% of the population.

There were 134 households, out of which 9.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 13.4% were married couples living together, 6.0% had a male householder with no wife present, 5.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 75.4% were non-families. 64.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.52 and the average family size was 2.33.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 7.4% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 30.5% from 25 to 44, 45.6% from 45 to 64, and 9.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 102 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107.7 males.

According to the 2016 American Community Survey, the median income for a household in the CDP was $32,813. The per capita income for the CDP was $28,675. 20.5% of the population was living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 37.1% of those over 65.

Education
It is within Santa Fe Public Schools.

It is zoned to Amy Biehl Elementary School, Milagro Middle School, and Santa Fe High School.

Previously it was zoned to Capital High School. In 2017 the district recommended changing the boundary of the area to Santa Fe High.

Film
The ending of the film Wild Hogs (2007) was set and filmed in the town.

Literature
Belinda Vasquez Garcia's novel, The Witch Narratives: Reincarnation (2012), is set in Madrid during the 1920s and 1930s when Madrid was a company-owned coal-mining town.

Madrid and details about the town's attractions are mentioned in chapter 15 of A.J. DeWall's novel, Forever Man (2014).

Television
In the opening scene of Breaking Bad ("Ozymandias"), Walter White takes a break after his first methamphetamine cook to call his wife, Skyler, to suggest the family do something the show's creator (Vince Gilligan) says he and his girlfriend did, "head up to Turquoise Trail and stop at Tinkertown, maybe grab some lunch in Madrid".

In the A&E series Longmire, the interior scenes at the Red Pony Bar were filmed at The Mine Shaft Tavern in Madrid.

Notable people

 * Mae Marsh, actress
 * Daniel Quinn, author

title: Madrid, New Mexico


text:
Pojoaque, New Mexico

Pojoaque (Tewa: Pʼohsųwæ̨geh Ówîngeh/P'osuwaege Owingeh [p’òhsũ̀wæ̃̀gè ʔówîŋgè]), Po’su wae geh, which translates to “water gathering place”, is a unincorporated community in Santa Fe County, New Mexico, United States. It is part of the Santa Fe, New Mexico Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 1,907 at the 2010 census. For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined Pojoaque as a census-designated place (CDP). Pojoaque Pueblo, a neighboring community, is an Indian reservation, and the town of Pojoaque is a collection of communities near the pueblo with people from various ethnic backgrounds. The area of Pojoaque includes the neighborhoods of Cuyamungue, Jacona, Jaconita, Nambé and El Rancho.

Pojoaque
In the early 17th century, the first Spanish mission, San Francisco de Pojoaque was founded. During the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, Pojoaque was abandoned, and was not resettled until circa 1706. By 1712, the population had reached 79. During the revolt of 1837, New Mexico native Manuel Armijo defeated the rebels at Puertocito Pojoaque, east of Santa Cruz de la Cañada. In the early 1900s, the Pojoaque Valley School District was established to serve the educational needs of the valley.

Pojoaque Pueblo
Pojoaque Pueblo is one of the six Tewa-speaking Rio Grande Pueblos, and a member of the Eight Northern Pueblos. The Pueblo was settled around 500 AD, with the population peaking in the 15th and 16th centuries.

In about 1900, a severe smallpox epidemic caused the pueblo to be abandoned once again by 1912. In 1934, Pojoaque Pueblo was reoccupied, and became a federally recognized Indian reservation in 1936.

Pojoaque Pueblo remains a major employer in the region, owning several business enterprises, including the gaming operations of three casino locations: Buffalo Thunder Resort, Cities of Gold Casino, and Jake's Casino. Prior to 2017, the New Mexico state gaming compacts signed by the pueblo expired, but the pueblo has continued gaming operations and resumed negotiations with the state of New Mexico.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2.9 square miles (7.5 km$2$), all land.

Pojoaque Creek runs from the Sangre de Cristo Mountains from Nambé Lake westward. Passing through the pueblo, it joins the Rio Tesuque to form the Pojoaque River, which flows into the Rio Grande.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,261 people, 493 households, and 332 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 437.3 PD/sqmi. There were 533 housing units at an average density of 184.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 52.10% White, 0.56% African American, 17.37% Native American, 26.57% from other races, and 3.41% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 62.17% of the population.

There were 493 households, out of which 38.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.7% were married couples living together, 13.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.5% were non-families. 26.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.10.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 28.9% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 30.4% from 25 to 44, 23.3% from 45 to 64, and 8.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.3 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $15,875, and the median income for a family was $24,719. Males had a median income of $19,830 versus $17,105 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $13,968. About 17.2% of families and 18.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.4% of those under age 18 and 15.3% of those age 65 or over.

Arts and culture
Pojoaque Pueblo opened the Poeh Museum in 1987, and the Cities of Gold Casino in the mid-1990s.

In 2008 the Pueblo opened the Buffalo Thunder resort and casino, New Mexico's largest and most expensive resort. The estimated cost for the resort project in 2004 was $250 million.

Education
The Pojoaque Valley is served by the Pojoaque Valley School District, which administers several schools, teaching Kindergarten through twelfth grade:
 * Pojoaque Valley High School
 * Pojoaque Middle School
 * Pojoaque Sixth Grade Academy
 * Pojoaque Intermediate School
 * Pablo Roybal Elementary School

Pojoaque Valley High School competes in the NMAA District 2AAAA in athletics.

title: Pojoaque, New Mexico


text:
Rio Chiquito, New Mexico

Rio Chiquito is a census-designated place in Santa Fe County, New Mexico, United States. It is part of the Santa Fe, New Mexico Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 103 at the 2000 census.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1.5 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 103 people, 32 households, and 30 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 67.1 PD/sqmi. There were 37 housing units at an average density of 24.1 per square mile (9.3/km$2$). The racial makeup of the CDP was 37.86% White, 62.14% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 90.29% of the population.

There were 32 households, out of which 56.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 75.0% were married couples living together, 12.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 6.3% were non-families. 6.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.22 and the average family size was 3.23.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 34.0% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 28.2% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 9.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 119.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.3 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $44,135, and the median income for a family was $44,135. Males had a median income of $46,250 versus $50,156 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $13,983. None of the population and none of the families were below the poverty line.

Education
The community is in Española Public Schools. The comprehensive public high school is Española Valley High School.

title: Rio Chiquito, New Mexico


text:
Rio en Medio, New Mexico

Rio en Medio is a census-designated place (CDP) in Santa Fe County, New Mexico, United States. It is part of the Santa Fe, New Mexico Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 131 at the 2000 census.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 0.4 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
As of the 2000 census, there were 131 people, 40 households, and 31 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 297.1 PD/sqmi. There were 43 housing units at an average density of 97.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 43.51% White, 7.63% African American, 6.87% Native American, 2.29% Asian, 25.19% from other races, and 14.50% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 77.86% of the population.

There were 40 households, out of which 32.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.5% were married couples living together, 17.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.5% were non-families. 12.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.28 and the average family size was 3.74.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 29.0% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 29.0% from 25 to 44, 26.0% from 45 to 64, and 7.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.8 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $32,143, and the median income for a family was $32,143. Males had a median income of $0 versus $15,536 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $9,723. None of the population and none of the families were below the poverty line.

Education
It is within Santa Fe Public Schools.

title: Rio en Medio, New Mexico


text:
San Ildefonso Pueblo, New Mexico

San Ildefonso Pueblo (Tewa: 	Pʼohwhogeh Ówîngeh [p’òhxʷógè ʔówîŋgè] "where the water cuts through" ) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Santa Fe County, New Mexico, United States, and a federally recognized tribe, established c. 1300 C.E. The Pueblo is self-governing and is part of the Santa Fe, New Mexico Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 524 as of the 2010 census, reported by the State of New Mexico as 1,524 in 2012, and there were 628 enrolled tribal members reported as of 2012 according to the Department of the Interior. San Ildefonso Pueblo is a member of the Eight Northern Pueblos, and the pueblo people are from the Tewa ethnic group of Native Americans, who speak the Tewa language.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the pueblo has a total area of 4.2 sqmi, of which 3.9 sqmi is land and 0.2 sqmi (5.54%) is water.

San Ildefonso Pueblo is located at the foot of Black Mesa.

Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 524 people residing in the San Ildefonso CDP. The racial makeup was 62.2% Native American, 11.3% White, 21.2% from other races, and 5.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 31.9% of the population. There were 212 households, out of which 29.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them. As of 2010, the population was distributed with 26.3% under the age of 18, 14.3% who were 65 years of age or older, females comprised 51.7%, and males comprised 48.3% of the population.

As of 2000, the median income for a household in San Ildefonso was $30,000, and the median income for a family was $30,972. Males had a median income of $19,792 versus $19,250 for females. The per capita income for the pueblo was $11,039. About 19.1% of families and 14.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 50.0% of those age 65 or over.

History
The Pueblo was established around 1300 A.D. and founded by people who had migrated from the Mesa Verde complex in Southern Colorado, by way of Bandelier (elevation about 7000 feet), just south of present-day Los Alamos, New Mexico. People thrived at Bandelier due to the rainfall and the ease of constructing living structures from the surrounding soft volcanic rock. But after a prolonged drought, the people moved down into the valleys of the Rio Grande around 1300 C.E. (Pueblo IV Era). The Rio Grande and other arroyos provided the water for irrigation.

The Spanish conquistadors tried to subdue the native people and force Catholicism on the native people during the early 17th century, which led to the Pueblo Revolt of 1680. The people withstood the Spaniards by climbing to the top of the Black Mesa. The siege ended with the surrender of the native people, but the Spanish gave the native people some freedom of religion and other self-governing rights.

Both the people and the lands of the Pueblo of San Ildefonso were affected by intrusion of Spanish colonists. Due to these encroachments, by the 1760s some native families reported that they had no agricultural lands to support themselves. Part of their lands were restored to San Ildefonso by a 1786 decision of Governor Juan Bautista de Anza. Mexico took control of the area in 1821, and later the United States gained control in 1848 following the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Congress created the modern reservation in 1858 confirming a grant of 17,292 acres of land to the pueblo, and the grant was patented in 1864.

By the time the land was patented under the laws of the United States in 1864, there were only 161 pueblo members left. A smallpox outbreak in 1918 took the population below 100. The people of San Ildefonso continued to lead an agricultural based economy until the early 20th century when Maria Martinez and her husband Julian Martinez rediscovered how to make the Black-on-Black pottery for which San Ildefonso Pueblo would soon become famous. From that time the Pueblo has become more tourist-oriented, with numerous tourist shops. Because of close proximity to the state capital, Santa Fe, and the presence of the Los Alamos National Laboratory, many of those employed in the pueblo have state or federal government jobs.

Politics
San Ildefonso is governed by a civil government consisting of an executive branch (the governor) and a legislative branch (the tribal council).

The pueblo has experienced political controversy in recent years with significant appeals to the Bureau of Indian Affairs. In 2011, former pueblo Lt. Governor Paul D. Rainbird was sentenced to 33 months on federal charges of illegal trafficking in contraband cigarettes. In 2012, the Interior Board of Indian Appeals vacated BIA decisions to acknowledge the results of an election for Governor of the Pueblo of San Ildefonso for the 2008/09 term which had resulted in the governorship of Leon Roybal.

In 2012, the Pueblo adopted a new constitution through general election overseen by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. One of the results of the new constitution is that, for the first time, women are allowed to run for tribal council positions. To date, there is no publicly available copy of the newly adopted constitution. The 1996 San Ildefonso Code is the most recent available copy of local laws governing the pueblo.

Economic development
The San Ildefonso Pueblo Enterprise Corporation (SIPEC) is a federally chartered Section 17 Corporation which is wholly owned by the Pueblo de San Ildefonso. SIPEC is charged with working with companies and individuals who share a vision of utilizing the Pueblo's strategic location for fostering economic and job growth for the Pueblo de San Ildefonso.

Education
It is zoned to Pojoaque Valley Public Schools. Pojoaque Valley High School is the zoned comprehensive high school.

The Bureau of Indian Education operates the San Ildefonso Day School, an elementary school, in the pueblo.

Culture
The people of San Ildefonso have a strong sense of identity and retain ancient ceremonies and rituals tenaciously, as well as tribal dances. While many of these ceremonies and rituals are closely guarded, San Ildefonso Feast Day is open to the public every January 23. Other dances open to the public include Corn Dance, which occurs in the early to mid-part of September, and dances at Easter.

There was an art movement called the San Ildefonso Self-Taught Group, which included such noted artists as Alfonso Roybal, Tonita Peña, Julian Martinez, Abel Sanchez, Crecencio Martinez, and Jose Encarnacion Peña.

Notable people

 * Alfred Aguilar (b. 1933), painter and ceramicist
 * José Angela "Joe" Aguilar (b. 1898), potter and painter
 * José Vicente Aguilar (b. 1924), painter
 * Clara Archilta (1912–1994), watercolor painter and beadworker
 * Gilbert Benjamin Atencio (1930–1995), painter
 * Awa Tsireh a.k.a. Alfonso Roybal (1898–1955), watercolor artist
 * Crucita Calabaza also known as Blue Corn (1921–1999), pottery artist
 * Joe Herrera (1923–2001), painter
 * Edgar Lee Hewett (1865–1946), anthropologist, instrumental to the development of the San Ildefonso Self Taught Group
 * Manuel Lujan (1928–2019), member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1969–1989), United States Secretary of Interior (1989–1993)

 * Julian Martinez (1879–1943), pottery artist
 * Maria Martinez (1887–1980), pottery artist
 * Jose Encarnacion Peña (1902–1979), painter
 * Tonita Peña (1893–1949), watercolor artist
 * Oqwa Pi (also known as Abel Sanchez; 1899–1971), painter, watercolorist, muralist
 * Josefa Roybal, painter, potter
 * Martina Vigil-Montoya (1856–1916), ceramics painter

title: San Ildefonso Pueblo, New Mexico


text:
Santa Cruz, New Mexico

Santa Cruz, historically known as Santa Cruz de la Cañada, is a census-designated place (CDP) in Santa Fe County, New Mexico, United States. It is part of the Santa Fe, New Mexico Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 423 at the 2000 census.

Overview
The area that was later to be occupied by the village of Santa Cruz de la Cañada is located 25 miles northwest of Santa Fe, New Mexico, and a half-mile east of Española, New Mexico, at 5,655 feet AMSL, and UTM NAD 83, Z-13S, 404927E, 3983643N in the valley of the Santa Cruz River half-mile from its confluence with the Rio Grande. Upon arrival of Spanish conquistadores in 1540, the Santa Cruz area was inhabited by Tewa speakers (descendants of "Ancestral Puebloans," formerly referred to as "Anasazi"), and after Vargas' "reconquests" (of the Pueblo Revolt) of 1692 and 1696, by southern Tewa (or Tano) who had been relocated from the Galisteo Basin, 45 miles south, as a result of Vargas' Spanish repopulation efforts on behalf of the Spanish Crown. Among the best reference materials for this history is: "The Pueblo Indian Revolt of 1696 and the Franciscan Missions in New Mexico" by J. Manuel Espinosa (1991).

Colonial period
The nearby, and unsuccessful, Spanish colony at San Gabriel established by the explorer Juan de Oñate at Ohkay Owingeh in 1598 produced Spanish haciendas and ranchos in the vicinity. During the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, Hispanic settlers were forced to leave the area. In 1695, following the Reconquest of 1692-1694 and the second Pueblo Revolt in 1696, Governor and Captain General of New Mexico, Don Diego de Vargas reestablished the Hispanic settlement. It was established as a new Spanish villa for those that had arrived from Mexico City as settlers and participants in the military campaigns during the reconquest. It was named Villa Nueva de Santa Cruz de los Españoles Mejicanos del Rey Nuestro Señor Carlos Segundo (The New Town of the Holy Cross of Mexican Spaniards under the King Our Lord Charles II). It later shortened simply to Santa Cruz de la Cañada (la Cañada translates as "a small river or creek valley").

The new Hispanic community was the second villa established by the Spanish in New Mexico and was one of only three established during the colonial period, the first being Santa Fe and the last, Albuquerque. The area surrounding Santa Cruz de la Cañada was described during this period as containing many copious fruit orchards irrigated by the Santa Cruz River and its tributaries.

The original population of Tano Pueblo Natives in the area were at first grouped by Diego de Vargas into two pueblos with the same names (San Lazaro and San Cristobal) as previously established in this Galisteo Basin, but were relocated from the area by the end of the 17th century, following the second Pueblo Revolt. Many of the Tewa People left the area to join the Hopi people and became the Hopi-Tewas at First Mesa.

The existing Santa Cruz Catholic Church building in the Holy Cross Parish was originally constructed between 1733 and 1748 to replace a structure that was reported to be in danger of collapsing and beyond repair, although the Archdiocese of Santa Fe archives do not have a record either that Santa Cruz was a parish or that there was a church building existing at that time. The first baptism in the community was recorded on September 15, 1710. Artwork in the church has been contributed by well known local Santeros. The church is currently maintained by the Sons of the Holy Family and is open to tourists and visitors Monday through Friday.

Mexican period
Throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth century, frontier settlement at Santa Cruz de la Cañada had produced a rustic and self-reliant population. With news of Mexican independence in 1821, the town was hardly affected with the exception of the new government's laws and office appointments. Trade with the United States had been forbidden under the former Spanish government, but now enterprising Anglo-Americans began pouring down the Santa Fe Trail, bringing a new prosperity to the region

The Revolt of 1837 was centered in Santa Cruz de la Cañada. In 1835, Mexico's new autocratic and unpopular provincial governor, Albino Pérez, was met on his arrival in Santa Fe with suspicion and opposition, on the basis of rumors of aggressive new tax collections. Following his defeat in Texas, President Antonio López de Santa Anna, with his "Siete Leyes," was moving toward government centralization, an increased ability to tax, and eventually to military dictatorship.

When Pérez had Juan José Esquibel, the alcalde (mayor) of Santa Cruz, jailed in 1837, influential members of the community raised a militia. Pérez led a force in response which was defeated by the rebels at Black Mesa near San Ildefonso Pueblo before he reached Santa Cruz. The rebels beheaded Pérez and killed some of his government officials, then appointed genizaro José González as new governor. Later, utilizing the support of Anglo merchants in Santa Fe, New Mexico native Manuel Armijo defeated of the rebels at Puertocito Pojoaque, east of Santa Cruz de la Cañada.

Territorial period
The arrival of the American Army under Stephen W. Kearny in 1846 ended the twenty-five years of Mexican rule in New Mexico. In January 1847, however, rebellious forces murdered the first U.S. assigned Governor, Charles Bent, at his home in Taos, beginning the Taos Revolt. Occupying forces in Santa Fe quickly moved an army north under Colonel Sterling Price to stop the rebellion. Colonel Price's troops first met armed resistance at Santa Cruz against a poorly armed and trained force of rebels which they subdued with cannon. The skirmish would become known as the Battle of Cañada.

Statehood through present
Santa Cruz has continued to maintain much of its traditions and history especially through the Catholic Church. The mission church, built after the first fell into disrepair in the early eighteenth century, remains active and vibrant with a large and dedicated congregation. The arrival of the railroad in the 1880s brought the growth of a new town named Española. The growth of the new city eventually encompassed the old Spanish community and has largely concealed it. Once considered the second most important settlement in New Mexico, the town is now masked by its popular tourist neighbors Taos and Santa Fe.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 0.7 square mile (1.8 km$2$), all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 423 people, 147 households, and 108 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 608.3 PD/sqmi. There were 172 housing units at an average density of 247.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 71.63% White, 0.95% Native American, 0.24% Asian, 0.47% Pacific Islander, 24.35% from other races, and 2.36% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 91.73% of the population.

There were 147 households, out of which 47.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.1% were married couples living together, 32.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.5% were non-families. 21.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.88 and the average family size was 3.33.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 35.5% under the age of 18, 13.2% from 18 to 24, 25.1% from 25 to 44, 18.4% from 45 to 64, and 7.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 25 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.9 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $28,750, and the median income for a family was $21,438. Males had a median income of $23,924 versus $10,833 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $10,278. About 23.9% of families and 22.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 35.0% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

Education
It is in Española Public Schools. The comprehensive public high school is Española Valley High School.

In 1962 there was a school in Santa Cruz; the science room had been destroyed after an explosion occurred, so there were efforts to establish a new science room.

title: Santa Cruz, New Mexico


text:
Sombrillo, New Mexico

Sombrillo is a census-designated place (CDP) in Santa Fe County, New Mexico, United States. It is part of the Santa Fe, New Mexico Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 493 according to the 2000 census.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1.0 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 493 people, 179 households, and 138 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 508.0 PD/sqmi. There were 191 housing units at an average density of 196.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 76.67% White, 1.01% African American, 1.01% Native American, 0.61% Asian, 17.65% from other races, and 3.04% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 50.30% of the population.

There were 179 households, out of which 34.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.2% were married couples living together, 11.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.9% were non-families. 21.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 2.99.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 21.9% under the age of 18, 9.5% from 18 to 24, 26.0% from 25 to 44, 34.9% from 45 to 64, and 7.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 83.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.0 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $47,000, and the median income for a family was $46,125. Males had a median income of $34,821 versus $33,352 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $16,809. None of the families and 1.4% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and none of those over 64.

Education
It is in Española Public Schools. Sombrillo has one elementary school, Tony E. Quintana "Sombrillo" Elementary. The comprehensive public high school is Española Valley High School.

title: Sombrillo, New Mexico


text:
Tesuque, New Mexico

Tesuque (Tewa: Tetsʼúgéh Ówîngeh / Tetsugé Oweengé ) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Santa Fe County, New Mexico, United States. It is part of the Santa Fe, New Mexico, Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 1,094 at the 2020 census. The area is separate from but located near Tesuque Pueblo, a member of the Eight Northern Pueblos, and the Pueblo people are from the Tewa ethnic group of Native Americans who speak the Tewa language. The pueblo was listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 7.0 sqmi, all land. Camel Rock is a distinctive rock formation. The landmark is along U.S. Routes 84/285 across from the Camel Rock Studios owned by Tesuque Pueblo.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 909 people, 455 households, and 249 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 130.6 PD/sqmi. There were 541 housing units at an average density of 77.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 75.25% White, 0.44% African American, 0.44% Native American, 0.77% Asian, 18.37% from other races, and 4.73% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 35.64% of the population.

There were 455 households, out of which 16.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.5% were married couples living together, 8.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.1% were non-families. 38.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.00 and the average family size was 2.61.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 14.7% under the age of 18, 4.7% from 18 to 24, 23.8% from 25 to 44, 41.3% from 45 to 64, and 15.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.6 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $36,029, and the median income for a family was $80,043. Males had a median income of $43,833 versus $42,650 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $52,473. About 7.3% of families and 12.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 29.5% of those age 65 or over.

Education
It is within Santa Fe Public Schools.

It is zoned to Tesuque Elementary School, Milagro Middle School, and Santa Fe High School.

Notable people

 * Augustine Abeyta, painter
 * Carlene Carter, singer and songwriter
 * Howie Epstein, American musician
 * Lynne and Dennis Comeau, shoe designers
 * Dominic Frontiere, composer
 * Ali MacGraw, actress and model
 * Armistead Maupin, author
 * Cormac McCarthy, author
 * Anthony Michaels-Moore, opera singer
 * Eliot Porter, nature photographer who lived in Tesuque.
 * Michael Tobias, author
 * Carol Jean Vigil, New Mexico's first female Native American state court judge
 * Rufina Vigil, painter

Cultural references

 * Tesuque is mentioned in Willa Cather's 1927 novel Death Comes for the Archbishop
 * There is a passing mention of Tesuque in chapter 6 of the 1932 novel Brave New World by Aldous Huxley.
 * Tesuque is mentioned in the 1966 novel The Last Gentleman
 * Michael Tobias' 2005 novel, The Adventures of Marigold, is set in Tesuque.
 * Tesuque is also mentioned in the 2016 Stuart Woods novel "Dishonorable Intentions".
 * In the final episode of the crime drama series Breaking Bad
 * In the penultimate episode of the animated comedy drama series BoJack Horseman

title: Tesuque, New Mexico


text:
Elephant Butte, New Mexico

Elephant Butte is a city in Sierra County, New Mexico, United States, located near Elephant Butte Reservoir and Elephant Butte Lake State Park. The population was 1,447 at the time of the 2020 census.

History
Elephant Butte was named from Elephant Butte, a butte nearby thought to resemble an elephant.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.0 sqmi, all land.

Government
As of January 2022, the current mayor of Elephant Butte is Phillip Mortensen while John Mascaro serves as city manager.

Demographics
At the 2010 census, there were 1,431 people in 772 households, including 464 families, in the city. The population density was 477.0 people per square mile. There were 1,316 housing units at an average density of 438.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 92.2% White, 0.3% African American, 0.9% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 2.9% from other races, and 3.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 13.6%.

Of the 772 households 7.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.4% were married couples living together, 4.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.9% were non-families. 9.3% of households had individuals under 18 years and 56.0% had individuals age 65 or older. The average household size was 1.85 and the average family size was 2.31.

The age distribution was 8.7% under the age of 18 and 43% 65 or older. The median age was 62.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.2 males.

As of the 2000 census, the median household income was $31,705, and the median family income was $37,344. Males had a median income of $30,809 versus $22,125 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,345. About 7.4% of families and 10.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.4% of those under age 18 and 5.2% of those age 65 or over.

Education
Truth or Consequences Municipal Schools is the school district for the entire county. Truth or Consequences Middle School and Hot Springs High School, both in Truth or Consequences, are the district's secondary schools.

Notable people

 * Crystal Diamond, member of the New Mexico Senate since 2021
 * David Parker Ray, kidnapper, torturer, rapist and suspected serial killer

title: Elephant Butte, New Mexico


text:
Truth or Consequences, New Mexico

Truth or Consequences (often abbreviated as T or C ) is a city in the U.S. state of New Mexico, and the county seat of Sierra County. In 2020, the population was 6,052. It has frequently been noted on lists of unusual place names for having chosen to rename itself in March 1950 after the Truth or Consequences radio show. The name is often hyphenated (Truth-or-Consequences, T-or-C) for clarity, though the formal name contains no punctuation.

History
The area is noted for its hot springs, and the first public bath in the area was built at John Cross Ranch over Geronimo Springs in the late 19th century. The hot springs are part of the Hot Springs Artesian Basin. However, major settlement did not begin until the construction of Elephant Butte Dam and its reservoir in 1912; the dam was completed in 1916. It was a part of the Rio Grande Project, an early large-scale irrigation effort authorized under the Newlands Reclamation Act of 1902. In 1916, the town was incorporated as Hot Springs. It became the Sierra County seat in 1937. By the late 1930s, Hot Springs was filled with 40 different natural-hot-spring spas – one per every 75 residents at the time – though primarily catering to visitors.

The city changed its name from Hot Springs to Truth or Consequences as the result of a radio show contest. In March 1950, Ralph Edwards, the host of the NBC Radio quiz show Truth or Consequences, announced that he would air the program on its 10th anniversary from the first town that renamed itself after the show; Hot Springs officially changed its name on March 31, 1950, and the program was broadcast from there the following evening. Edwards visited the town during the first weekend of May for the next 50 years. This event became known as Fiesta and eventually included a beauty contest, a parade, and a stage show. The city still celebrates Fiesta each year during the first weekend of May. The parade generally features local dignitaries, last year's Miss Fiesta pageant queen, and the winner of Hatch Chile Queen pageant. Fiesta also features a dance in Ralph Edwards Park.

Hot springs
Several hot springs are located in Truth or Consequences. The combined flow of the hot springs complex in Truth or Consequences is estimated at 99 liters per second.

Before World War II, there were about 40 hot springs spas in Truth or Consequences. By 2008, the Hot Springs Association in Truth or Consequences had 10 spa facilities as members. Five of those obtained their water from wells, and La Paloma Hot Springs & Spa (formerly Marshall Hot Springs), Riverbend Hot Springs, Indian Springs Bath House, Artesian Bath House, and Hay-Yo-Kay Hot Springs are from free-flowing hot springs.

The New Mexico Department of Energy, Minerals, and Natural Resources created two demonstration projects using geothermal energy in Truth or Consequences in the 1980s. The Carrie Tingley Hospital, for children with physical disabilities, used state funding to create a physical-therapy program in Truth or Consequences, but has since moved to Albuquerque. The local Senior Citizen's Center benefits from a geothermal space heating system.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 12.8 sqmi, of which 12.6 sqmi is land and 0.1 sqmi (0.86%) is water.

The city is located on the Rio Grande, near Elephant Butte Reservoir. The city is served by the Truth or Consequences Municipal Airport, Interstate 25, I-25 Business, New Mexico State Road 51 (NM 51), NM 181 and NM 187.

Climate
Truth or Consequences has a cool desert climate (Köppen BWk) with three main seasons. The summer season from April to June is very dry and generally hot with large diurnal temperature variation, giving way in July to the monsoon season which remains very hot – and is more uncomfortable due to the hotter nights – but is much more humid as rainfall from thunderstorms is frequent. The winter season from October to March has pleasantly mild and sunny days and cold to very cold nights, with very occasional rainfall from extratropical cyclones.

On average over the year, 88.6 days top 90 F, 20.3 days top 100 F, and 68.8 nights fall below 32 F. The record low is -7 F on January 11, 1962. The lowest maximum temperature on record has been 15 F on January 1948, but during most years every single day will top freezing and on average only 20.2 days fail to top 50 F. The hottest temperature on record is 111 F on June 26–27, 1994, though minimums virtually never stay above 75 F due to the low humidity and hot sun.

Precipitation is generally scarce apart from monsoonal storms. The wettest month on record has been July 2008 with 6.38 in, but totals above 4.00 in are confined to the monsoon season apart from an anomaly in December 1991 when three major subtropical cyclones brought 4.70 in. Also, 1991 was the wettest full calendar year with 16.70 in. Snowfall is rare, with a median of zero and mean of 0.9 in; the heaviest daily snowfall recorded in Truth or Consequences is the 14.0 in that fell during a harsh cold spell on December 9, 1960.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 7,289 people, 3,450 households, and 1,859 families residing in the city. The population density was 576.0 PD/sqmi. There were 4,445 housing units at an average density of 351.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 85.35% White, 0.63% African American, 1.77% Native American, 0.16% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 9.36% from other races, and 2.68% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 27.4% of the population.

There were 3,450 households, out of which 20.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.5% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.1% were non-families. 41.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 22.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.04 and the average family size was 2.75.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 20.2% under the age of 18, 5.7% from 18 to 24, 20.1% from 25 to 44, 24.6% from 45 to 64, and 29.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.4 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $20,986, and the median income for a family was $28,750. Males had a median income of $23,214 versus $18,207 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,415. About 15.6% of families and 23.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 33.3% of those under age 18 and 18.1% of those age 65 or over.

Education
Truth or Consequences Schools is the school district for all of the county.

Sierra Elementary Complex and Truth or Consequences Elementary School are elementary schools in the community. Truth or Consequences Middle School and Hot Springs High School, both in Truth or Consequences, are the district's secondary schools.

Arts and culture
The Sierra County Arts Council oversees Truth or Consequences and supports cultural and artistic diversity to county residents. It presents public lectures, sponsors events and murals as well as misc performances.

Notable artists who live and work in Truth or Consequences include the painter Delmas Howe who was called, in 1990, by the art writer Edward Lucie-Smith "probably America's best known ‘gay artist’—in the sense that he is the best-known artist who puts homosexual feeling at the very center of his work.”

Truth or Consequences has several art galleries, including The Center Gallery, Desert Archaic, Truth or Consequences Contemporary, Artist Abbey, Xochi's Bookstore and Gallery, among others. Although located over 200 miles from Santa Fe, the town is considered an art-centric hub in New Mexico, and includes a periodic "Art Hop" built around Main Street and the historical hot springs district.

Truth or Consequences, N.M. is a 1997 American neo-noir film directed by and starring Kiefer Sutherland, Vincent Gallo, and Rod Steiger among others.

title: Truth or Consequences, New Mexico


text:
Williamsburg, New Mexico

Williamsburg is a village in Sierra County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 462 at the 2020 census. The village, though small, is located adjacent to Truth or Consequences, and has essentially become a suburb. Though the town is experiencing moderate growth now, especially along I-25, in the near future there is a high possibility of its becoming a booming bedroom community for lakesiders from Elephant Butte. Williamsburg, New Mexico is named after its first mayor, Dr. Thomas B. Williams (1893-1967).

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.5 square mile (1.2 km2), all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 527 people, 264 households, and 153 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,096.2 PD/sqmi. There were 345 housing units at an average density of 717.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 91.84% White, 1.71% African American, 0.76% Native American, 0.19% Asian, 1.90% from other races, and 3.61% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 13.09% of the population.

There were 264 households, out of which 15.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.9% were married couples living together, 8.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.7% were non-families. 35.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.00 and the average family size was 2.51.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 15.9% under the age of 18, 3.4% from 18 to 24, 15.6% from 25 to 44, 29.2% from 45 to 64, and 35.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 55 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.8 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $23,750, and the median income for a family was $27,679. Males had a median income of $27,917 versus $19,250 for females. The per capita income for the village was $15,549. About 5.5% of families and 9.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.7% of those under age 18 and 6.2% of those age 65 or over.

Education
Truth or Consequences Municipal Schools is the school district for the entire county. Truth or Consequences Middle School and Hot Springs High School, both in Truth or Consequences, are the district's secondary schools.

title: Williamsburg, New Mexico


text:
Alamo, New Mexico

Alamo is a census-designated place (CDP) in Socorro County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 1,085 at the 2010 census. It is the largest community on the Alamo Navajo Indian Reservation.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 39.7 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,183 people, 256 households, and 229 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 29.8 PD/sqmi. There were 272 housing units at an average density of 6.9 per square mile (2.6/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 94.59% Native American, 3.89% White, 0.08% African American, 0.08% Asian, 0.42% from other races, and 0.93% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.06% of the population.

There were 256 households, out of which 59.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.9% were married couples living together, 28.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 10.5% were non-families. 8.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.62 and the average family size was 4.87.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 41.9% under the age of 18, 13.3% from 18 to 24, 27.9% from 25 to 44, 12.2% from 45 to 64, and 4.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 22 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.7 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $15,347, and the median income for a family was $15,060. Males had a median income of $18,125 versus $17,308 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $4,039. About 65.9% of families and 69.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 72.5% of those under age 18 and 62.0% of those age 65 or over.

Government
The Alamo Navajo School Board (ANSB), federally funded, was used as a vehicle to have public works projects without needing to involve the Navajo Nation bureaucracy. Cindy Yurth of the Navajo Times wrote that it is "the de facto government of Alamo".

Economy
By 2012 the ANSB was the only employer in Alamo.

Education
Alamo falls within the Magdalena Municipal Schools which operates schools in Magdalena, New Mexico.

Alamo Navajo Community School is a K-12 Bureau of Indian Education-affiliated tribal school. From 1930 to 1941 a Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) operated a school in the community, but after that point students were boarded at distant schools. Students began attending Magdalena Municipal Schools in 1957 after the BIA opened a dormitory facility in that city. Alamo Community Navajo school opened with grades K-8 on October 1, 1979, and with high school added on December 15, 1980.

title: Alamo, New Mexico


text:
Magdalena, New Mexico

Magdalena is a village in Socorro County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 938 at the 2010 census.

"The Lady on the Mountain" is a rock formation on Magdalena Peak overlooking Magdalena. Spanish soldiers saw the profile of a woman on the west face of the peak. A priest with them was reminded of a similar peak in Spain called "La Sierra de Maria Magdalena", so he called the New Mexico one "La Sierra de Magdalena". The pass to the south of the peak became known as Magdalena Gap, and when a town grew up it received the same name.

Magdalena continues to be a ranching community while strengthening its art, astronomy and geology venues. The reopening of the Magdalena Hall Hotel (circa 1917) and the renovation of other historical buildings allow visitors to connect to the past. The Magdalena Public Library and Boxcar Museum are housed in the old railroad depot. Several rock and mineral shops have been around since the mining boom days. The ghost town of Kelly and two festivals, the "Open Studio and Gallery Tour" and the "Old Timers Reunion and Rodeo", bring tourists to the area. The "Enchanted Skies Star Party" in early fall brings astronomers and astro-photographers together under its very dark skies.

The Very Large Array lies 24 miles due west of the community. The Magdalena Ridge Observatory lies 25 miles southeast at an elevation of 10,600 feet. Magdalena is located 26 miles west of Socorro.

History
In 1884, the village of Magdalena was named after Magdalena Peak when its post office opened. Magdalena was incorporated as a town in 1913, during a mining boom.

Magdalena is known as the "Trails End" for the railroad spur line that was built in 1884 by the New Mexico Railroad company (A local subsidiary of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe) from Socorro to Magdalena to transport the cattle, sheep wool, timber and ore. Thousands of cattle and sheep were driven into town (cowboy style) from the west, using the historic "Magdalena Trail". This stockyard driveway was used annually, from 1885 through 1916, when the driveway was officially designated by law through the signing of the "Grazing Homestead Act". It remained continually in use through 1971. The original stockyards are still intact. AT&SF closed the railroad branch on November 20, 1970, and it was removed shortly thereafter.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 6.2 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 913 people, 372 households, and 244 families residing in the village. The population density was 146.8 PD/sqmi. There were 470 housing units at an average density of 75.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 63.05% White, 0.55% African American, 10.54% Native American, 21.80% from other races, and 5.04% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 51.64% of the population.

There were 372 households, of which 30.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.2% were married couples living together, 13.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.4% were non-families. 30.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.06.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 27.2% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 23.7% from 25 to 44, 27.8% from 45 to 64, and 16.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.3 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $22,917, and the median income for a family was $30,625. Males had a median income of $26,000 versus $21,875 for females. The per capita income for the village was $13,064. About 20.8% of families and 25.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 30.0% of those under age 18 and 23.0% of those age 65 or over.

Media
In the late 19th century there was a newspaper briefly published in Magdalena known as the Magdalena Mountain Mail. Shortly after being founded in 1888, it merged with the Socorro Times, and the combined paper failed in the following year. It was followed in the early 20th century by Prospectus Printing Company's short lived Magdalena World, published only in 1918, and the Magdalena News published from 1909 to 1940. In the second half of the 20th century, the name Mountain Mail was revived in 1979 as a monthly, and starting in 1992 it had a weekly edition called the High Country Round-Up. The 21st century saw the end of newspaper publishing in Magdalena when the Mountain Mail published its last issue on June 27, 2013. It was also the last remaining locally owned newspaper in Socorro Country.

Education
Magdalena Municipal Schools is the school district.

Kelly ghost town
In 1883, about 2.5 mi south of Magdalena, the Kelly Mine opened in the community of Kelly. The Kelly Mine produced lead, silver, zinc and smithsonite until the markets collapsed. Kelly's population reached nearly 3,000 during the mining boom. The last residents of Kelly departed in 1947 and it is now a ghost town. The Kelly Church still stands and is the site of periodic festivities.

title: Magdalena, New Mexico


text:
Socorro, New Mexico

Socorro (, sə-KOR-oh) is a city in Socorro County in the U.S. state of New Mexico. It is in the Rio Grande Valley at an elevation of 4579 ft. In 2010 the population was 9,051. It is the county seat of Socorro County. Socorro is located 74 mi south of Albuquerque and 146 mi north of Las Cruces. The instruments used by the LINEAR program are located at Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site (ETS) on the White Sands Missile Range (WSMR) near Socorro, New Mexico.

Founding
In June 1598, Juan de Oñate led a group of Spanish settlers through the Jornada del Muerto, an inhospitable patch of desert that ends just south of the present-day city of Socorro. As the Spaniards emerged from the desert, Piro Indians of the pueblo of Teypana gave them food and water. Therefore, the Spaniards renamed this pueblo Socorro, which means "help" or "aid". Later, the name "Socorro" would be applied to the nearby Piro pueblo of Pilabó.

Nuestra Señora de Perpetuo Socorro, the first Catholic mission in the area, was probably established c. 1626. Fray Agustín de Vetancurt would later write that around 600 people lived in the area during this period. Mines in the Socorro mountains were opened by 1626.

During the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, Spanish refugees stopped in the pueblo of Socorro. A number of Piro Indians followed the Spaniards as they left the province to go south to safety. With no protection of Spanish troops, Socorro was destroyed and the remaining Piro were killed by the Apache and other tribes.

The Spanish did not initially resettle Socorro when they re-conquered New Mexico. Other than El Paso, there were no Spanish settlements south of Sabinal (which is approximately 30 mi north of Socorro) until the 1800s. In 1800, governor Fernando Chacon gave the order to resettle Socorro and other villages in the area. However, Socorro was not resettled until about 1815. In 1817, 70 Belen residents petitioned the crown for land in Socorro. The 1833 Socorro census lists over 400 residents, with a total of 1,774 people living within the vicinity of the village.

The mission of San Miguel de Socorro was established soon after Socorro was resettled. The church was built on the ruins of the old Nuestra Señora de Socorro.

Territorial period
In August 1846, during the Mexican–American War, New Mexico was occupied by the American Army. In Las Vegas, New Mexico, Colonel Stephen W. Kearny proclaimed New Mexico's independence from Mexico. On their way to begin their assault on Mexico, American troops stopped in Socorro. A British officer, Lt. George Ruxton, commented that these soldiers were "unwashed and unshaven, were ragged and dirty, without uniforms..." and were lacking in discipline.

In September 1850, New Mexico became a territory of the United States. At the time, New Mexico encompassed what is now the states of New Mexico and Arizona. In 1850, the population of Socorro was only 543 people. This included 100 American soldiers who were soon moved to Valverde.

The first military post built near Socorro was Fort Conrad, 30 mi south of the town. Built in August 1851, the fort was badly constructed and was abandoned for Fort Craig, located a few miles away. Fort Craig was first occupied on March 31, 1854.

The New Mexico and Southern Pacific Railroad (a subsidiary of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe) arrived in July 1880, as it built south through the Rio Grande valley on its way toward El Paso. Its presence contributed to growth of the community, as it also became a center of mining activity of lead and zinc.

The New Mexico School of Mines (now the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology) was founded in Socorro in 1889.

On April 24, 1964, Lonnie Zamora, a local policeman, claimed to have observed a flying saucer and two little beings. Zamora's claim is known as the Lonnie Zamora incident.

Geography and geology
Socorro is located 75 mi south of Albuquerque, at an average elevation of 4605 ft. The town lies adjacent to the Rio Grande in a landscape dominated by the Rio Grande rift and numerous extinct volcanoes. The immediate region encompasses approximately 6000 ft of vertical relief between the Rio Grande and the Magdalena Mountains. Notable nearby locales include the Cibola National Forest, the Bureau of Land Management Quebradas Scenic Backcountry Byway, and the Bosque del Apache and Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuges. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 14.4 sqmi, of which 0.04 sqmi, or 0.21%, is water.

Climate
Socorro has a cold semi-arid climate (BSk). Summers are hot, reaching 90 F on an average of 82 days annually. Winters are mild, but nights are cold with 126 days falling to or below freezing per year. The record high temperature of 109 F was recorded on June 26, 1994, while the record low of -16 F was recorded on December 21, 1909.

Socorro averages 10.05 in of annual precipitation, with a peak of 2.43 in in July.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 8,877 people, 3,415 households, and 2,151 families residing in the city. The population density was 615.8 PD/sqmi. There were 3,940 housing units at an average density of 273.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 66.16% White, 0.74% African American, 2.77% Native American, 2.24% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 23.24% from other races, and 4.79% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 54.50% of the population. There were 3,415 households, out of which 31.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.5% were married couples living together, 14.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.0% were non-families. 29.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 3.02. In the City of Socorro 25.4% of the total population was under the age of 18, 16.9% from 18 to 24, 25.7% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 11.6% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $22,530, and the median income for a family was $33,013. Males had a median income of $31,517 versus $23,071 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,250. About 24.1% of families and 32.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 44.4% of those under age 18 and 23.6% of those age 65 or over.

The languages spoken at home were 62.41% English, 35.64% Spanish, 0.90% Chinese, 0.76% German, and 0.36% Navajo.

Economy
Major employers in Socorro include the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology (NM Tech), the Bureau of Land Management, Socorro General Hospital, the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, municipal and county governments, Socorro Consolidated Schools.

Golf
The Elfego Baca Golf Shoot is named after a former mayor of Socorro who survived a gun battle near what is now Reserve, New Mexico, involving over 4,000 bullets that were fired over the course of 36 hours. The golf shoot begins by teeing off from Socorro Peak, also known as M Mountain, at an altitude of 7243 ft, golfers proceed down the side of the mountain some 2,550 vertical feet to the one hole almost three miles (5 km) away.

Points of interest

 * San Miguel de Socorro – San Miguel Mission
 * National Radio Astronomy Observatory Very Large Array
 * Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge
 * Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge
 * Trinity (nuclear test) site, White Sands Missile Range
 * Owl Bar and Cafe

Education
Socorro Consolidated School District has approx. 2,000 students and 285 staff. Socorro has one public high school, Socorro High School.

The town is the location of the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, which is a state-funded research- and teaching-oriented university. New Mexico Tech has approximately 1,500 undergraduate students, 500 graduate students, and 150 academic staff.

Currently, the Summer Science Program in Astrophysics is hosted at New Mexico Tech.

Highways

 * Interstate 25, north–south travel: north through Albuquerque and south to Las Cruces which is the terminus for I-25 where it intersects I-10.
 * U.S. Route 60, east–west travel: east through Clovis; west through Magdalena to Arizona.
 * NM 1
 * NM 439

Rail
Freight service is provided by a BNSF line from Belen, New Mexico to El Paso, Texas. Passenger service ceased in 1968, when ATSF (BNSF’s predecessor) cancelled its El Pasoan train.

Airport
The Socorro airport, located on the southern edge of the city, received scheduled airline service by Continental Airlines in the early 1950s. A Douglas DC-3 aircraft provided a daily northbound flight to Albuquerque (that went on to Denver after several stops) and a southbound flight to El Paso with stops at Truth or Consequences and Las Cruces. Zia Airlines, a small commuter airline, also made on-demand flag stops at the Socorro airport on their flights between Albuquerque and Las Cruces in the mid 1970s. The airport remains in use as a general aviation facility with several based aircraft.

In popular culture
Actress Jodie Foster stayed in Socorro while filming the movie Contact (1997) at the Very Large Array fifty miles west of the city. Based on the map that was faxed to Jodie Foster's character (Dr. Eleanor Arroway) in the film, the Socorro airport was also the location of meeting between Dr. Arroway and S.R. Hadden.

12 Strong (2018) had several scenes recorded in Socorro, NM due to how similar the terrain was to Afghanistan. Filming specifically took place on M Mountain for several days, among the Energetic Materials Research and Testing Center's bomb range. 50 extras from Socorro and surrounding areas were used in several scenes in the film. Originally titled "Horse Soldiers", filming also took place in White Sands National Monument, and Fort Bliss. During this time, production crew and actors were seen in Socorro as they mostly stayed in local hotels, and ate out at local restaurants. Chris Hemsworth was spotted at the Socorro Springs restaurant and New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology's gym.

Notable people

 * Elfego Baca (1865–1945), lawman, lawyer, and politician
 * Jeff Bhasker, record producer and musician
 * Holm O. Bursum (1867–1953), politician
 * Conrad Hilton (1887–1979), founder of the Hilton Hotels chain
 * Robert Fortune Sanchez (1938–2012), Roman Catholic archbishop
 * Jan Thomas, (1958-) Children's writer and illustrator.

title: Socorro, New Mexico


text:
Chamisal, New Mexico

Chamisal is a census-designated place (CDP) in Taos County, New Mexico. It is located along the scenic High Road to Taos. The population was 301 at the time of the 2000 census. Chamisal was founded by settlers on the Las Trampas Land Grant which dates back to 1751.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1.6 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 301 people, 121 households, and 79 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 182.6 PD/sqmi. There were 156 housing units at an average density of 94.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 16.28% White, 0.33% African American, 0.66% Native American, 0.33% Pacific Islander, 76.08% from other races, and 6.31% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 92.03% of the population.

There were 121 households, out of which 26.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.6% were married couples living together, 11.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.9% were non-families. 31.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.18.

In the CDP the population was spread out, with 24.6% under the age of 18, 4.7% from 18 to 24, 25.9% from 25 to 44, 28.6% from 45 to 64, and 16.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 98.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.0 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $18,250, and the median income for a family was $29,286. Males had a median income of $25,357 versus $15,938 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $8,641. About 18.6% of families and 30.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 33.7% of those under the age of eighteen and 38.3% of those 65 or over.

Education
The community is in the Peñasco Independent School District.

title: Chamisal, New Mexico


text:
Picuris Pueblo, New Mexico

Picuris Pueblo (Tiwa: P'įwweltha [p’ī̃wːēltʰà]) is a historic pueblo in Taos County, New Mexico, United States. The federally recognized tribe of Pueblo people inhabit the community. Picurís Pueblo is a member of the Eight Northern Pueblos. Their own name for their pueblo is P'įwweltha, meaning "mountain warrior place" or "mountain pass place." They speak the Picuris dialect of the Northern Tiwa language, part of the Kiowa-Tanoan language family. For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined that community as a census-designated place (CDP). The 2010 census estimated that 68 people lived in the CDP, while 267 people in the U.S. reported being of the tribal group Picuris alone and 439 reported being of the tribal group Picuris alone or in combination with other groups.

Geography
Picuris Pueblo is located in northern New Mexico, on the western slopes of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains and 18 miles south of Taos Pueblo. Average elevation in the pueblo is over 7,000 feet.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 0.4 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 86 people, 38 households, and 18 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 192.7 PD/sqmi. There were 60 housing units at an average density of 134.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 10.47% White, 70.93% Native American, 16.28% from other races, and 2.33% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 26.74% of the population.

There were 38 households, out of which 10.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 21.1% were married couples living together, 13.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 52.6% were non-families. 42.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 3.33.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 16.3% under the age of 18, 10.5% from 18 to 24, 30.2% from 25 to 44, 24.4% from 45 to 64, and 18.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.7 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $11,528, and the median income for a family was $16,875. Males had a median income of $21,000 versus $23,333 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $12,492. There were 36.0% of families and 28.7% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 45.0% of those over 64.

In 1990, 147 of the 1,882 enrolled tribal members lived in the pueblo; however, the number reduced to 86 in 2000. At the 2010 Census, the population was recorded as 68. By 2014, it was one of the smallest Tiwa pueblos.

History
The Picuris people previously lived in an earlier, larger village of about 3,000 people now known as Pot Creek, near Taos. They migrated to the present location along the Rio Pueblo de Taos about 1250 CE. In the 15th century it was one of the largest Tiwa pueblos, influenced by Apache and other Plains Indian cultures, as was the Taos Pueblo.

In the late 17th century people from the pueblos of New Mexico revolted against the Spanish colonialists, particularly during a revolt between 1680 and 1696 when they fought for autonomy and their land. Following this period the people of the pueblo were dispersed and had abandoned their pueblo until 1706. At that time they joined with the Spanish to fight against attacks by Comanche and Apache tribes. Then, the Picuris pueblo people settled into a peaceful period.

Spanish explorer Don Juan de Oñate named the pueblo "Pikuria" - which means "those who paint." The pueblo was influenced by the Spanish, particularly adoption of Christian religious practices and letting go of traditional rituals and ceremonies. The San Lorenzo de Picurís church was built of adobe by 1776 and was restored in the 21st century. Having been influenced by the Spanish and then the Americans for centuries, the Picuris adopted telephone and electrical services, paved roads and television. They resumed their traditional customs, which are performed throughout the year, and became self-governing again in the mid-1920s. , the pueblo maintained a growing herd of buffalo. Pueblo is a member of the Intertribal Buffalo Council.

Government
The Pueblo's headquarters is in Peñasco, New Mexico. Their tribal officers, led by a tribal governor, are elected every two years. In 1991, the tribe opened the four-star Hotel Santa Fe and the Amaya Restaurant, serving Native American cuisine, in Santa Fe, New Mexico.

Education
The community is in the Peñasco Independent School District.

Tourism
Located within the Pueblo are the San Lorenzo de Picurís church and the Picuris Pueblo Museum, which displays and sells the works of local weavers, potters and beadworkers. Picuris is particularly known for its micaceous pottery. Excavated dwellings are located within the pueblo. Self-guided tours and permits for photography within the pueblo are available to visitors. Visitors may fish for trout at Pu-La Lake by contacting the Picurís Pueblo Fish & Game and Parks & Wildlife. There are also picnic and campground facilities.

Events
Their major feast day is San Lorenzo's Day on August 10, during which people of all ages engage in races and the Sunset Dance held on August 9. There are Corn Dances and Buffalo Dances in June and August, which may be private ceremonies. There are also dances held New Year's Day and in late January and early February that are open to the public.

An Arts & Crafts fair of weaving, sculpture, beadwork, and jewelry is held the first weekend in July.

Notable people

 * Anthony Durand (1956–2009), micaceous potter
 * Cora Durand (1902 - 1998), micaceous potter
 * Maria Ramita Martinez (1884–1969) micaceous potter
 * Joseph Rael (b. 1935), New Age writer
 * Rosalie Simbola Aguilar (c. 1898–1947), potter

title: Picuris Pueblo, New Mexico