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Grand Island, New York

Grand Island is an island town in Erie County, New York, United States. As of the 2020 census, the town's population was 21,389 representing an increase of 5.00% from the 2010 census figure. The town's name is derived from the French name La Grande Île; Grand Island is the largest island in the Niagara River and the third largest in New York state. The phrase La Grande Île appears on the town seal.

Grand Island has been home to the Attawandaron Nation and an acquisition of both French and English colonial pursuits. In 1945, Grand Island was part of a plan to make a new World Peace Capital on the international border between Southern Ontario, Canada, and Western New York. The plan proposed placing the United Nations headquarters on adjacent Navy Island (Ontario), which was considered an ideal location because it lay on the boundary between two peaceful countries. An artist's rendering of the World Peace Capital showed the property with bridges spanning both countries (between Grand Island in the United States and the Canadian mainland). The proposal was turned down in favor of the current U.N. headquarters in New York City.

The town of Grand Island is in the northwestern corner of Erie County, and on the Canada–US border, although there is no river crossing to Canada. It is northwest of Buffalo, south of Niagara Falls, and is traversed by Interstate 190 and New York State Route 324.

Period before the American Revolution
In the early historical period of the island, French explorers found members of the Neutral Nation of Native Americans, also known as the Attawandaron, living on the island. By 1651, the nearby Seneca Nation had chased off or killed the Neutrals, having also absorbed some of the survivors. The Seneca then used the island for hunting and fishing.

In 1764, as part of the Treaty of Cession after the French and Indian War, the island became part of the British colonies in North America.

Period after the American Revolution
In 1815, New York State purchased Grand Island and other small islands in the Niagara River from the Iroquois nation for $1,000 in hand, and annually a perpetuity of $500 every June. The treaty was signed by Governor Daniel D. Tompkins, Peter B. Porter, Chief Red Jacket, Falling Boards, Twenty Canoes, Sharp Shins, Man Killer, and others. The Senecas reserved the right to hunt fish and fowl on the islands.

In 1824, in a precursor to modern Zionism, journalist and Utopian Mordecai Manuel Noah tried to found a "Jewish homeland on Grand Island." It would be called Ararat, after Mount Ararat, the Biblical resting place of Noah's Ark. However, the idea failed to attract Noah's fellow Jews, and it never got further than a ceremonial laying of a cornerstone. MacArthur Award-winning cartoonist Ben Katchor fictionalized Noah's scheme for Grand Island in his graphic novel The Jew of New York.

The town of Grand Island was organized in 1852 from part of the town of Tonawanda.

On August 25, 1993, the Seneca Nation commenced an action in the United States District Court for the Western District of New York to reclaim land that allegedly was taken from them without the approval of the United States. The Senecas argued the 1815 transaction with New York State violated the Trade and Intercourse Act of 1790, which prohibited Native American lands from being sold without the federal government's consent. The Senecas sought the ejection of more than 2,000 property owners on the island. By decision and order dated June 21, 2002, the trial court held the subject lands were ceded to Great Britain in the 1764 treaties of peace and the subject lands were not owned by the Seneca at the time of the 1794 Treaty of Canandaigua. New York state's purchase of them in 1815 was intended to avoid conflict with the Senecas over land it already owned. This decision was appealed, and the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit affirmed the trial court's decision on September 9, 2004. The Senecas then sought review of this decision by the Supreme Court of the United States, which was denied on June 5, 2006.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 86.2 km2, of which 73.2 km2 is land and 13.0 km2, or 15.08%, is water.

The Niagara river splits into two parts at the south end of the island and rejoins at the northwest end, about 3 mi upstream (east) of Niagara Falls.

The town lies adjacent to the border between Canada and the United States. As there is no direct bridge or ferry connection from the island to Canada, there are no customs or immigration services. Paired bridges connect the south end of the island to the town of Tonawanda, and another pair of bridges connects the northern end to the city of Niagara Falls in Niagara County. The two sets of bridges carry Interstate 190, a branch of the New York State Thruway (Interstate 90). In addition, New York State Route 324 (Grand Island Boulevard) is conjoined with I-190 at the southern bridges and reaches its western terminus in the northern part of Grand Island.

Adjacent cities and towns

 * Niagara Falls, Regional Municipality of Niagara, Ontario, Canada – west
 * Fort Erie, Regional Niagara – southwest
 * Town of Tonawanda, Erie County – southeast
 * City of Tonawanda, Erie County - east
 * City of North Tonawanda, Niagara County – east
 * Town of Wheatfield, Niagara County – northeast
 * City of Niagara Falls, Niagara County – northwest

Major highways

 * I-190.svg Interstate 190 (Niagara Thruway), crosses the island from north to southeast by the way of the North and South Grand Island Bridges.
 * NY-324.svg New York State Route 324 (Grand Island Blvd.), east-west highway from its northwest terminus at I-190 southeast through the central part of town, joining I-190 as the route travels east (south) to the town of Tonawanda by the South Grand Island Bridge. (This was the route across town between the single-span bridges that opened in 1935 until I-190 and the second spans were constructed in the 1960s.)
 * Beaver Island Parkway (also referred to on maps as South Parkway), north-south parkway from I-190 to Beaver Island State Park. (NYS Reference Route 957B)
 * West River Parkway (now closed), former north-south parkway along the western edge of town that parallels the Niagara River. It runs from Beaver Island Parkway in the south, north to Park Road in Buckhorn Island State Park near I-190 and NY 324's northern terminus. The speed limit was 55 mph. (NYS Reference Route 957C). The West River Parkway was closed in the fall of 2017 and converted into a bike path and pedestrian trail in 2018.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 18,621 people, 6,898 households, and 5,221 families residing in the town. The population density was 653.1 PD/sqmi. There were 7,355 housing units at an average density of 257.9 /sqmi. The town's racial makeup was 95.80% White, 3.17% African American, 0.25% Native American, 1.17% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.25% from other races, and 0.88% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.09% of the population.

There were 6,898 households, of which 35.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.8% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.3% were non-families. 20.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.13.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.7% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 27.7% from 45 to 64, and 11.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.4 males.

The town's median household income was $60,432, and the median family income was $70,521. Males had a median income of $48,457 versus $30,157 for females. The town's per capita income was $25,816. About 2.4% of families and 3.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.3% of those under age 18 and 5.1% of those age 65 or over.

Communities and locations on Grand Island

 * Fairview Court – A hamlet on the southwest shore of the island.
 * Falconwood – A hamlet on the southeast shore of the town, named after the Falconwood Club.
 * Ferry Village – A hamlet on the border of Beaver Island State Park.
 * Grandyle Village – Neighborhood (and census-designated place) located near Beaver Island Parkway and the South Grand Island Bridge.
 * Hennepin Road – Road within Grandyle Village named after French explorer Louis Hennepin, who observed and described Niagara Falls in 1677.
 * North Grand Island Bridge – Bridge north to the city of Niagara Falls.
 * Oakfield – A location north of Beaver Island State Park.
 * Sandy Beach – A hamlet in the northeast shore of the island.
 * Sheenwater – A location on the west shore of the island.
 * Edgewater – A location on the northeast shore of the island.
 * Sour Springs Grove – A location by the shore in the southeast part of the town.
 * South Grand Island Bridge – Bridge southeast to Tonawanda, a suburb of Buffalo.

Points of interest

 * Beaver Island State Park – a state park located at the south end of the island. The park is fully developed for many recreational activities, including a golf course.
 * Buckhorn Island State Park – a state park at the north end of Grand Island, noted for its attempts to preserve the local environment.
 * Grand Island Nike Base – a town park and senior citizen center, originally a US Army missile site which was part of Project Nike from the mid-1950s through the mid-1960s.
 * Grand Island Rod and Gun Club – an outdoor rifle range, trap and skeet range, and archery range. There is also a small pond on the land for fishing.
 * Niagara Amusement Park & Splash World – 85-acre amusement park that opened in 1961.
 * River Lea Farmhouse – an 1849 Victorian farmhouse once owned by Grover Cleveland's uncle, who hired Cleveland to work on the farm, the future president's first job.
 * Spaulding-Sidway Boathouse – listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.
 * Veterans Park – a park in the north part of the town, home to many local children's sporting events.
 * Woods Creek – a small stream that enters the Niagara River at Buckhorn Island Park.

Notable people

 * Jimmy Arias, retired tennis player
 * Carly Beth, singer-songwriter.
 * Dale Brown, best-selling military techno-thriller novelist, graduated from Grand Island High School 1974
 * Stacy Clark, singer/songwriter; graduated from Grand Island High School 1998
 * Grover Cleveland, 22nd and 24th U.S. president, owned a home in Beaver Island
 * Charles N. DeGlopper, World War II Medal of Honor recipient, born and raised on Grand Island
 * Carlin Hartman, men's assistant coach with the Oklahoma Sooners men's basketball program
 * Thom Hatch, award-winning author and historian
 * Brett Kern, NFL player for the Tennessee Titans
 * Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed, former President of Somalia
 * Mordecai Manuel Noah, American playwright, diplomat, journalist, and utopian who tried to found a Jewish homeland on Grand Island
 * Larry Playfair, retired NHL player
 * Paul Schenck, Episcopal priest
 * Rob Schenck, evangelical minister
 * Bill Scherrer, retired Major League Baseball player
 * Ramblin' Lou Schriver, country musician and radio broadcaster, retired owner of WXRL
 * Leonard F. Walentynowicz, former United States Assistant Secretary of State for Security and Consular Affairs

Public schools
Public schools are under the jurisdiction of the Grand Island Central School District.
 * Grand Island High School
 * Veronica E. Connor Middle School
 * William M. Kaegebein Elementary School
 * Huth Road Elementary School
 * Charlotte Sidway Elementary School

Parochial schools

 * St. Stephen School

title: Grand Island, New York


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Harris Hill, New York

Harris Hill is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) located in the town of Clarence in Erie County, New York, United States. The population was 5,508 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Buffalo-Niagara Falls metropolitan area. The region is named after Asa Harris, a former officer in the American Colonial Army, who established a tavern near the top of a low hill northeast of Buffalo.

Geography
Harris Hill is located at 42.96694°N, -78.67778°W (42.967058, -78.677828). Harris Hill's ZIP code 14221 is shared with nearby Williamsville.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 4.0 sqmi, all land.

Harris Hill is located in the southwest corner of the town, just north of the northern Lancaster town line, and is centered on the intersection of Main Street (NY Route 5) and Harris Hill Road.

Just to the southeast of Harris Hill, is a large crushed stone quarry located in the town of Lancaster. The quarry plunges some 30 meters into the bedrock. The quarry, now owned by Buffalo Crushed Stone, was opened in 1904. Buffalo Crushed Stone is located on the south side of Wehrle Drive, just east of Harris Hill Road in Lancaster.

History
Asa Harris's Tavern was a stop on the Underground Railroad. Freed slaves would sneak under Main Street (present-day NY Route 5) through limestone caves and exit north at the bottom of the Onondaga Formation into a swampy forest. The tavern has since been re-purposed as the Home Town Cleaners. It has since been renamed Reed's Laundry and Dry cleaning.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,881 people, 1,859 households, and 1,435 families residing in the community. The population density was 1,207.0 PD/sqmi. There were 1,992 housing units at an average density of 492.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.38% White, 0.51% African American, 0.14% Native American, 1.25% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.39% from other races, and 0.27% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.82% of the population.

There were 1,859 households, out of which 32.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.6% were married couples living together, 6.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.8% were non-families. 19.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.04.

In the community, the population was spread out, with 25.4% under the age of 18, 5.0% from 18 to 24, 24.7% from 25 to 44, 26.1% from 45 to 64, and 18.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.3 males.

The median income for a household in the area was $62,500, and the median income for a family was $66,971. Males had a median income of $52,478 versus $31,910 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $29,056. About 1.4% of families and 1.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0.7% of those under age 18 and 0.8% of those age 65 or over.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Harris Hill, New York


text:
Kenmore, New York

Kenmore is a village in Erie County, New York, United States. The population was 15,205 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Buffalo-Niagara Falls metropolitan area.

Kenmore is in the south part of the town of Tonawanda, and together with the town it is often referred to as "Ken-Ton". It is bordered to the south by the city of Buffalo. The village is in the northwest part of Erie County.

The village has received accolades: In 2009, the American Planning Association named Kenmore "One of the Top 10 Great Neighborhoods" in the United States. The village is also one of the country's 100 most densely-populated incorporated places.

History
The village of Kenmore was incorporated in 1899 from part of the town of Tonawanda. It is known as "Buffalo's First Suburb".

Louis Eberhardt, known as the "father of Kenmore", opposed naming the village "Eberhardt" after himself. He was responsible for buying farmland and subdividing the property into a suburban development. The building which is portrayed on the village logo is the Eberhardt Mansion, located at the corner of Delaware Avenue and Kenmore Avenue. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. The Kenmore Village Hall was listed in 2013 as the Tonawanda Municipal Building.

Geography
Kenmore is located at 42.965°N, -78.87167°W (42.964907, -78.871679).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.4 sqmi, all land.

Adjacent cities and towns

 * Town of Tonawanda - west, north, east
 * Buffalo - south

Major highways

 * [[Image:NY-265.svg|22px]] New York State Route 265 (Military Rd.), north–south roadway that provides the west village line.
 * [[Image:NY-384.svg|22px]] New York State Route 384 (Delaware Ave.), north–south roadway through the village from Tonawanda south into Buffalo.
 * Elmwood Avenue (Erie CR 119), important north–south roadway through the village
 * Kenmore Avenue (Erie CR 307), east–west roadway that forms the south village line.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 16,426 people, 7,071 households, and 4,235 families residing in the village. The population density was 11,437.2 PD/sqmi, one of the densest populations in the United States. There were 7,459 housing units at an average density of 5,193.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 96.85% White, 0.99% African American, 0.35% Native American, 0.58% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.35% from other races, and 0.83% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.30% of the population.

There were 7,071 households, out of which 28.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.3% were married couples living together, 11.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.1% were non-families. 34.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 3.04.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 23.3% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 30.5% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 16.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.9 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $42,252, and the median income for a family was $53,155. Males had a median income of $38,371 versus $26,875 for females. The per capita income for the village was $21,695. About 3.5% of families and 5.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.8% of those under age 18 and 4.6% of those age 65 or over.

Government
The village government consists of a mayor and four trustees, each elected to a four-year term. The current mayor is Patrick Mang.

Notable people

 * Adrian Adonis, pro wrestler
 * Zach Anner, stand-up comedian
 * Wolf Blitzer, journalist and news anchor
 * Bob Cameron, racing driver
 * Jonah Heim, American professional baseball catcher for the Texas Rangers
 * Green Jellÿ, punk band
 * Rusty Jeffers, professional bodybuilder
 * Gerda Weissmann Klein, Holocaust historian and recipient of the Medal of Freedom
 * Beth Krom, former mayor of Irvine, California
 * Jill Krowinski, current Speaker of the House, Vermont House of Representatives
 * Chris Lee, former US congressman
 * John Massé, animator
 * Chuck McCoy, radio personality, comedian, YouTube creator
 * Dan McFall, retired NHL player
 * Bernard Joseph McLaughlin, Roman Catholic bishop
 * James McLernon, retired automobile company executive
 * Jerry Ross, painter
 * Vesta M. Roy, former acting governor of New Hampshire
 * Robin Schimminger, former New York state assemblyman

title: Kenmore, New York


text:
Lackawanna, New York

Lackawanna is a city in Erie County, New York, United States, just south of the city of Buffalo in western New York State. The population was 19,949 at the 2020 census. It is one of the fastest-growing cities in New York, growing in population by 10% from 2010 to 2020. It is part of the Buffalo-Niagara Falls metropolitan area. The city of Lackawanna is in the western part of Erie County.

The town's name derives from the Lackawanna Steel Company, which owned the steel plant around which the city developed. During the early 20th century, the Lackawanna steel plant was the largest in the world. The word "Lackawanna" refers to the steel company's original location in the river valley of the same name, in eastern Pennsylvania. That place name, in turn, might come from Lenape lèkaohane, meaning "sandy stream", or lechauhanne, [lɛxaohánɛk], meaning "forks of the river".

History
Originally part of the Buffalo Creek Reservation, the area was not open to settlement until 1842 when the Seneca Indians sold it. In 1851 the town of Seneca was formed; the name was changed to West Seneca in 1852. The area now known as Lackawanna was then called West Seneca or Limestone Hill.

Lackawanna was a center of steel manufacture throughout most of the 20th century. In 1899, the Lackawanna Steel Company, based in Scranton, Pennsylvania since its founding, purchased all the land along the West Seneca shore of Lake Erie. Construction was started in 1900 and the Lackawanna Steel Company relocated to the area in 1902. The plant began operations in 1903. In 1909, the area's residents voted to split from West Seneca, forming the city of Lackawanna.

With most of the city's workers employed by Lackawanna Steel, city affairs often revolved around events at the mill. Several attempts to organize a labor union at the mill resulted in violence. In 1910, a strike was broken by mounted police, who killed one worker. In 1919, steel workers formed a union again and joined the nationwide Steel strike of 1919. The workers were joined by sympathy strikes in adjacent companies, and two picketing workers were killed by company guards. Although the strike lasted into the summer of 1920, well after the national strike had ended, the union failed to win recognition from the company. As a result of the strike, Lackawanna elected a Socialist mayor, John H. Gibbons. After another violent strike in 1941, the CIO finally succeeded in negotiating a contract for the Lackawanna steel workers.

In 1922, the Bethlehem Steel Company acquired the Lackawanna Steel Company. With the 20th-century growth of the Bethlehem Steel plant, at one time the largest in the world, came the continued growth of the city and its institutions. At its peak, the plant employed 20,000 people. It attracted immigrants from many lands to settle and make their homes. Due to industrial restructuring in the latter half of the 20th century, as well as property tax assessment increases levied on the plant by the city, the steel plant declined in business and eventually closed in 1983, following massive job layoffs.

In the 21st century, efforts have been made to develop the former steel plant brownfields to other uses. The site has a diversity of tenants, some occupying buildings remaining from the former steel plant and a few in newer buildings. Opponents say that the brownfield is not safe and claim that contaminants in the field have caused cancer and other medical issues. United States Environmental Protection Agency reports are still ongoing and contested.

As part of redevelopment, wind turbines were built on the former Bethlehem Steel property in 2007. These initial eight 2.5 megawatt turbines will provide power for up to 9,000 households and are considered a sustainable energy source.

The Buffalo Harbor South Entrance Light was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.

On November 9, 2016, a major fire broke out at the former galvanizing plant of the Bethlehem Steel complex.

Railroads
The Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad, originally the Lackawanna and Western Railroad, operated from 1851 to 1960. In 1960 it was consolidated with the Erie Railroad to become the Erie Lackawanna Railway. This operated until 1976, when it was absorbed by Conrail.

Notable court case
The city of Lackawanna was the defendant in the 1971 district court decision Kennedy-Park Homes Association v. City of Lackawanna. This decision forbade the municipal government (Lackawanna) from interfering with the construction of a low-income housing development in a predominantly white section of the city. The court ruled such action would amount to racial discrimination.

The Lackawanna Six
The Lackawanna Six (also known as the Buffalo Six) are a group of Yemeni Americans convicted of providing "material support" to Al-Qaeda. The group was accused of traveling to Afghanistan and Pakistan in the spring of 2001 to attend terrorist training camps. The men had claimed that their travel was to Pakistan only, and for the purpose of religious instruction.

The group was arrested in Lackawanna on September 13, 2002, by the FBI. A member of the Lackawanna Cell, Jaber A. Elbaneh, never returned to the U.S. after his trip to Afghanistan. In September 2003 the FBI announced a $5 million reward for information leading to his arrest. Captured by Yemen police, he was convicted and sentenced to a prison in Yemen for involvement in the 2002 bombing of the French oil tanker Limburg off the coast of Yemen. The remaining members of the group pleaded guilty in December 2003 and were given various sentences in federal prison.

Jaber Elbaneh escaped from a Yemeni prison in 2006 after joining a successful group prison break. He was identified as one of 23 people, 12 of them Al-Qaeda members, who escaped on February 3, 2006. On February 23, 2006, the FBI confirmed the escape, as they issued a national press release naming Elbaneh to the FBI Most Wanted Terrorists list. On May 20, 2007, Elbaneh turned himself in to Yemen authorities on the condition that his prison sentence would not be extended. The incident of the Lackawanna Six has tarnished the city's reputation, but it is recovering.

In July 2009, it was reported that prior to authorities sending in 130 federal and local members of the Western New York Joint Terrorism Task Force, there were suggestions that federal troops be used to capture the suspects. At the time, Vice President Dick Cheney and Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld believed that the Yemeni men should be declared enemy combatants and could have been tried by a military tribunal. President Bush rejected this proposal, and the arrests proceeded without incident.

Geography
The city has an area of 17.1 km2, of which 0.1 sqkm, or 0.75%, is water. Lackawanna sits on Lake Erie, although the Bethlehem Steel facility's remnants occupy the waterfront. Smokes Creek (named after Seneca Indian Chief Sayenqueraghta who was nicknamed "Old Smoke") runs through the city before it discharges into Lake Erie.

Abbott Road is a major road that runs north–south through the city. Ridge Road is a main east–west road in the city.

Adjacent cities and towns

 * City of Buffalo—north
 * Town of West Seneca—east
 * Town of Orchard Park—southeast
 * Town of Hamburg—south
 * Village of Blasdell—south
 * Lake Erie—west

Major highways

 * [[Image:I-90.svg|20px]] [[Image:NYS Thruway Sign.svg|20px]] Interstate 90 (New York State Thruway), runs through the extreme southeast corner of the city.
 * [[Image:US 62.svg|20px]] U.S. Route 62 (South Park Ave.), North–south roadway that runs through the city from Buffalo into Blasdell and Hamburg.
 * [[Image:NY-5.svg|20px]] New York State Route 5 (Fuhrmann Blvd., Hamburg Tprk.), North-South (signed east–west) roadway through the city that runs from Hamburg to Buffalo. Busy north–south (signed east–west) route for traffic to and from Buffalo.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 19,064 people, 8,192 households, and 4,775 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,114.0 PD/sqmi. There were 8,951 housing units at an average density of 1,462.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 83.99% White, 9.50% African American, 0.40% Native American, 0.31% Asian (excluding Yemeni Arabs), 0.01% Pacific Islander, 2.30% from other races, and 3.49% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 5.08% of the population. Lackawanna also has a sizeable Yemeni population.

There were 8,192 households, out of which 26.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.2% were married couples living together, 16.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.7% were non-families. Of all households 37.0% were made up of individuals, and 15.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 3.06.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 24.5% under the age of 18, 8.5% from 18 to 24, 28.0% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 18.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.5 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $29,354, and the median income for a family was $39,237. Males had a median income of $32,063 versus $22,794 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,727. About 13.1% of families and 16.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.4% of those under age 18 and 9.0% of those age 65 or over.

Government
The city of Lackawanna has a mayor-council form of government. A councilmember is elected from each of the four wards of the city, considered single-member districts. The mayor and council president are elected at-large. Fire and police services are also provided by city-run departments.

Because of its resemblance to a popular mid-20th century west coast building type, Lackawanna's burnt-orange city hall is distinctive for possibly being the only dingbat city hall in the United States.

Religious institutions
The city of Lackawanna is home to fourteen Protestant churches, the Masjid Alhuda Guidance Mosque (the largest mosque in the Buffalo area), ten Roman Catholic churches, including Our Lady of Victory Basilica (OLV); and Saint Stephen Serbian Orthodox Church.

Our Lady of Victory Basilica
Lackawanna's Our Lady of Victory Basilica is a National Shrine. Next to the basilica is Holy Cross Cemetery. It has been a parish cemetery since 1849, although burials date to 1830.

Father Nelson Baker was responsible for the building of a working boys' home (protectory) in 1898. He also supervised construction of an infants' home in 1907, a maternity home in 1915, Our Lady of Victory Hospital in 1919, and the Basilica of Our Lady of Victory in 1926. Father Baker named the basilica after the shrine of Notre Dame des Victoires in Paris, which he visited as a seminarian in 1874. He was in charge of the basilica and the institutions of charity until his death at 94, on July 29, 1936.

Father Baker's social programs have evolved into Baker Victory Services, which care for more than 2,500 children each day. Baker Victory Services Adoption Program has evolved into a renowned resource for a wide range of adoptive services. Their mission is to assist birth mothers, families and adoptees through the often complex and always emotional adoption process. Our Lady of Victory Hospital, closed in 1999, is being converted into senior housing. The Homes of Charity provide the funds to continue Baker's social programs through donations.

Our Lady of Victory Basilica had its 75th anniversary in 2001. The Catholic Church named Father Baker a "Servant of God" in 1987, the first step towards declaring him a saint. In 1999, Father Baker's remains were moved from Holy Cross Cemetery and re-interred inside the basilica. This was a recommended step for his canonization process. On January 14, 2011, Pope Benedict XVI approved a document of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints declaring Father Baker "Venerable." His cause for canonization, as an "apostle of charity," continues under review by Vatican officials.

Public
Children in Lackawanna attend school in the Lackawanna City School District. Grades Pre-K to 1 attend Truman Elementary School. Martin Road Elementary School has grades K–5. In a shared building, grades 6 through 8 are in the Lackawanna Middle School section and grades 9 through 12 are in Lackawanna High School section.

The Global Concepts Charter School, a charter school in the New York State system, offers education from Kindergarten through Grade 12. The school consists of two separate buildings. The K-8 building is at 1001 Ridge Road. The high school, grades 9–12, are at 30 Johnson Street.

Private
Our Lady of Victory Elementary School, a private school affiliated with the Roman Catholic Church, includes kindergarten through Grade 8.

Notable people

 * R. J. Adams (aka Bob Shannon), film and TV actor, radio personality (WKBW)
 * Father Nelson Baker, Roman Catholic priest responsible for building the Basilica of Our Lady of Victory; "Padre of the Poor"; established social programs (for orphans, people with disabilities, and unwed mothers), which still serve over 2,500 people a day
 * John Batorski, former professional football player
 * Raymond Castilloux, racing cyclist, winner of first place classification at New York Central Park representing US cycling team at the Tokyo 1964 Olympics
 * Raymond F. Gallagher, former New York State Senator
 * Joe Hesketh, former Major League Baseball pitcher who played from 1984 through 1994 for the Montreal Expos, Atlanta Braves and Boston Red Sox
 * Ron Jaworski, ESPN broadcaster and former quarterback for the Philadelphia Eagles, Los Angeles Rams, Miami Dolphins, and Kansas City Chiefs
 * Mike Mamula, defensive lineman for Boston College Eagles who was selected #7 in the first round by the Philadelphia Eagles in the 1995 NFL draft
 * Pat McMahon, former college baseball coach
 * Abdulsalam Noman, former city councilman and first Yemeni-American elected in New York State
 * John R. Pillion, former US congressman
 * Francis J. Pordum, former New York State Assemblyman
 * Frederick F. Pordum, former Erie County Legislator
 * Connie Porter, author best known for her books for children and young adults Her novel All-Bright Court is set in Lackawanna.
 * Ruben Santiago-Hudson, actor and playwright; set his musical Lackawanna Blues in the Lackawanna community of 1956 Major acting role was in ABC series "Castle." In 1996 he received Tony Award for performance in "Seven Guitars". The Fine Arts Center at Global Concepts Charter High School is named in his honor.
 * Dick Shawn (born Richard Schulefand), actor, comedian, and singer; appeared in The Producers and It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World; his parents owned a store in Lackawanna
 * Dr. Lonnie Smith, award-winning jazz organist; has worked closely with George Benson; has appeared with Dizzy Gillespie, Gladys Knight, and Dionne Warwick
 * Margaret M. Sullivan, New York Times public editor; serves on the Pulitzer Prize Board; previously editor of The Buffalo News; media columnist at the Washington Post
 * John B. Weber, the youngest colonel (age 20) in the Civil War after his appointment to the 89th United States Colored Infantry; elected to Congress and served from 1885 to 1889; first commissioner of the immigration station at Ellis Island.
 * Dr. Debbie Almontaser, founded and is a former principal of the Khalil Gibran International Academy. She is also a community activist of Yemeni descent.

title: Lackawanna, New York


text:
Lake Erie Beach, New York

Lake Erie Beach is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Evans, Erie County, New York, United States. The population was 3,872 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Buffalo–Niagara Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area.

The community is located southwest of the village of Angola.

Geography
Lake Erie Beach is located at 42.62361°N, -79.08167°W (42.623658, -79.081635), between NY Route 5 and the Lake Erie shore. It is northeast of Evangola State Park.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3.8 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,499 people, 1,709 households, and 1,213 families living in the hamlet. The population density was 1,168.7 PD/sqmi. There were 2,096 housing units at an average density of 544.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the community was 97.60% White, 0.20% African American, 0.64% Native American, 0.09% Asian, 0.22% from other races, and 1.24% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.93% of the population.

There were 1,709 households, out of which 35.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.7% were married couples living together, 12.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.0% were non-families. 24.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.11.

In the village the population was spread out, with 27.7% under the age of 18, 6.2% from 18 to 24, 31.1% from 25 to 44, 24.6% from 45 to 64, and 10.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.3 males.

The median income for a household in the community was $36,603, and the median income for a family was $39,841. Males had a median income of $35,949 versus $23,974 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $15,643. About 5.8% of families and 8.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.1% of those under age 18 and 3.1% of those age 65 or over.

title: Lake Erie Beach, New York


text:
Talk:John I, Duke of Brabant

Untitled
Is the Battle of Woeringen listed here same as the Battle of Worringen listed on List of battles (alphabetical)? Ktsquare

The article says he was Duke of Lorraine, but he seems to be missing in the list Duke of Lorraine. Any hint? olivier 14:33, May 18, 2004 (UTC)
 * See the second paragraph of Duke of Lorraine: only the dukes of Upper Lorraine are listed there. It might be better here to say that John was Duke of Lower Lorraine. Eugene van der Pijll 06:30, 19 May 2004 (UTC)

Why no mention of his reputed connection with brewing? The illustration even shows him with a glass of beer. See [Gambrinus]. don't have a handle 22:06, 8 July 2012 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.5.251.86 (talk)

Birth/death places/dates
According to the various language Wikipedias, he was:

 * {|border="1" cellpadding="2"

! scope="col" width="100" | Born In ! scope="col" width="100" | Year ! scope="col" width="100" | Died In ! scope="col" width="100" | Year ! scope="col" width="100" | Wiki
 * Leuven || 1252/1253 || Bar-le-Duc || 3 May 1294 || English
 * Brussels || 1253 || Leuven || 3 May 1294 || French
 * Leuven || 1254 || Bar-le-Duc || 3 May 1294 || Dutch
 * . || 1252 or 1253 || .|| 3 May 1294 || German
 * Brussels || 1254 || Antwerp || 3 May 1294 || Esperanto
 * Brussels || 1253 || Leuven || 3 May 1294 || Portuguese
 * Brussels || 1253 || Antwerp || 3 May 1294 || Russian
 * Leuven || 1252/1253 || Leuven || 3 May 1294 || Swedish
 * . || 1253 ||. || 1294 ||Japanese
 * }
 * Brussels || 1253 || Leuven || 3 May 1294 || Portuguese
 * Brussels || 1253 || Antwerp || 3 May 1294 || Russian
 * Leuven || 1252/1253 || Leuven || 3 May 1294 || Swedish
 * . || 1253 ||. || 1294 ||Japanese
 * }
 * Leuven || 1252/1253 || Leuven || 3 May 1294 || Swedish
 * . || 1253 ||. || 1294 ||Japanese
 * }
 * }

More than enough discrepancies - two birthplaces, three death places, three versions of birth date. Only consistency is in death date. Has anyone a RELIABLE source for any of this? One almost certain inaccuracy in this English version is that he was wounded in an "encounter" at a marriage ceremony. It seems to have been a tournament at a marriage ceremony, and took place the previous year, on 12 Sept 1293. This happened at Bar-le-Duc, but it's unlikely he hung around there for 9 months waiting to die! Emeraude (talk) 15:38, 31 January 2011 (UTC)

Kingdom of France?
The article was marked as a Kingdom of France-related stub, but Brabant was never in France, but in the Holy Roman Empire. Could it be reclassified? Tom (talk) 09:43, 5 June 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:John I, Duke of Brabant


text:
Marilla, New York

Marilla is a town in Erie County, New York, United States. The population was 5,189 at the 2020 census. The name of the town is derived from Marilla Rogers, an early school teacher.

History
This part of the county was first settled around 1827. At the time, the land where Marilla sits (along with neighboring Elma) was part of the Buffalo Creek Reservation, and members of the Ebenezer Society were the first to settle on the Seneca lands. The land was opened to general settlement shortly after the Treaty of Buffalo Creek was finalized in 1842.

The town of Marilla was organized in 1853 from parts of the towns of Alden and Wales. Marilla Rogers gave her name to this town; she died in 1855 when she was 38, just two years after the town was given the name.

Located on Two Rod Road is one of the town's oldest stores: the historic Marilla General Store, currently known as the Marilla Country Store.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 71.34 km2, of which 71.24 sqkm is land and 0.10 sqkm, or 0.14%, is water.

Buffalo Creek flows through the southwest part of the town, and Cayuga Creek flows through the northeast part of town.

Adjacent towns

 * Alden - north
 * Lancaster - northwest
 * Elma - west
 * Aurora - southwest
 * Wales - south
 * Bennington in Wyoming County - east

Major highways

 * [[Image:NY-354.svg|22px]] New York State Route 354 (Clinton Street), east–west highway through the north part of town from Elma into Bennington.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 5,709 people, 2,021 households, and 1,616 families residing in the town. The population density was 207.2 PD/sqmi. There were 2,088 housing units at an average density of 75.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 99.09% White, 0.12% African American, 0.07% Native American, 0.16% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.14% from other races, and 0.40% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.46% of the population.

There were 2,021 households, out of which 36.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.1% were married couples living together, 8.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.0% were non-families. 17.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.82 and the average family size was 3.21.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 27.2% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 27.4% from 25 to 44, 27.2% from 45 to 64, and 11.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.0 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $51,868, and the median income for a family was $56,572. Males had a median income of $41,477 versus $23,700 for females. The per capita income for the town was $23,820. About 2.6% of families and 3.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.6% of those under age 18 and 4.9% of those age 65 or over.

Communities and locations in Marilla

 * Buffalo Creek – A stream that flows westward through the south part of the town.
 * Bush Gardens – A small hamlet in the northeast part of the town.
 * Marilla – A hamlet in the northwest part of the town, located on Buffalo Creek and at the junction of Two Rod and Bullis Roads. The community was founded around 1829.
 * Porterville – A hamlet in the southwest corner of the town, located on Buffalo Creek. The name of the community is from Archibald Porter, an early mill operator.
 * Williston – location near the junction of Williston and Three Rod roads. The name comes from the Willis family, early settlers.

Schools
Students in Marilla attend either the Iroquois Central School District or Alden Central School District. Marilla Primary, a K-4 school in the Iroquois School District, is located in Marilla on Bullis Road.

Public schools in Marilla are under the jurisdiction of the Iroquois School District or the Alden Central School District. Both Iroquois and Alden Central Schools consistently enjoy rankings within the top school districts in the Western New York region. Alden Central Schools ranked number seven in 2011, while Iroquois came in at number eleven. Consisting of approximately 3,000 students district-wide, Iroquois divides its students in an unconventional manner, with three separate primary schools, an intermediate (5th grade)/middle school for students from 6th to 8th grade, and a high school for students in 9th to 12th grade. While the primary schools are located in the respective towns indicated by their names (Elma Primary, Marilla Primary, and Wales Primary), the other two schools are located on the same expansive campus at 2111 Girdle Road in Elma. The Campus is divided by offices in such that the high school and middle school are separated by the district offices, acting as a buffer between the similar age groups. The three buildings are connected by walkways, but it is rare that students should need to leave the building to which their grade belongs. In accord, the primary, middle, and high school buildings each have their own gymnasium, cafeteria, library, and administrative offices. One of the greatest assets of this school district is the expansive undeveloped areas surrounding every school, providing plenty of open space for younger students to play and older students to participate in extracurricular activities. Some of the latest additions to the school, in fact, involve the development of a large field directly across the street from the high school. In addition, the middle school library was recently remodeled, an extra wing of classrooms was added to the high school.

title: Marilla, New York


text:
Newstead, New York

Newstead is the northeasternmost town in Erie County, New York, United States. The population was 8,689 at the 2020 census. The name is reportedly derived from Newstead Abbey in England.

Newstead is northeast of Buffalo, and its principal community is the village of Akron.

History
The town was first settled circa 1801.

The town of Newstead was established in 1823 as the "Town of Erie" from the eastern part of the town of Clarence. In 1831, the town's name was changed to "Newstead", reportedly on the advice of Abigail Fillmore, who was fond of the poetry of Lord Byron.

A fire in the 1870s destroyed town records, leaving little historical information about the town between 1823 and 1870.

The discovery of gypsum and the growth of the related cement industry helped promote the area.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 132.21 km2, of which 131.46 km2 is land and 0.74 km2, or 0.56%, is water.

Newstead is in the northeast corner of the county, and Tonawanda Creek defines the northern boundary.

Adjacent towns

 * Clarence - west
 * Royalton in Niagara County - north
 * Alabama in Genesee County - east
 * Pembroke in Genesee County - east
 * Darien in Genesee County - southeast
 * Alden - south
 * Lancaster - southwest

The village of Akron lies within the town, east of the town's geographic center.

Major highways in the Town of Newstead

 * [[Image:I-90.svg|20px]] [[Image:NYS Thruway Sign.svg|20px]] Interstate 90 (New York State Thruway) (east-west), passes through the southern part of town from Clarence to Pembroke.
 * [[Image:NY-5.svg|20px]] New York State Route 5 (Main St.), east–west highway that passes through the southern part of town from Clarence to Pembroke.
 * [[Image:NY-93.svg|20px]] New York State Route 93 (Maple Rd., Lewis Rd., Buell St. in Newstead; Cedar St., Buffalo St., Buell St. in Akron), north–south highway from Youngstown that travels through Niagara County and into Newstead and has its southern terminus south of Akron at NY 5 (Main Street).

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 8,404 people, 3,371 households, and 2,332 families residing in the town. The population density was 164.9 PD/sqmi. There were 3,623 housing units at an average density of 71.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 98.20% White, 0.40% African American, 0.77% Native American, 0.12% Asian, 0.10% from other races, and 0.40% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.52% of the population.

There were 3,371 households, out of which 30.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.2% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.8% were non-families. 26.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.02.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 24.0% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 23.8% from 45 to 64, and 16.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.3 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $40,580, and the median income for a family was $50,255. Males had a median income of $34,306 versus $24,011 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,447. About 2.9% of families and 4.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.3% of those under age 18 and 6.1% of those age 65 or over.

Communities and locations in Newstead

 * Akron – Village located on NY-93, north of NY-5.
 * Akron Airport (9G3) – A general aviation airport on the hilltop east of Akron village.
 * Akron Falls County Park – Located within the village of Akron, along the banks of Murder Creek. The park provides picnicking, walking trails, and some sports fields.
 * Akron Junction – A former location where a defunct railroad line branched. This location is on a hiking/bicycle trail north of Leisurewood Recreational Community.
 * Falkirk – A previous community in Newstead, now absorbed into Akron village.
 * Hawkins Corners – A location now of historical interest only, south of Akron.
 * Leisurewood Recreational Community – A large seasonal community composed of trailers and recreational vehicles, occupied primarily during the summer months. It is southwest of Akron.
 * Murder Creek – A tributary of Tonawanda Creek that flows through the town. The name stems from when an Indian man was killed there.
 * Murrays Corner – A hamlet on NY-5 by the intersection of Crittenden Road, southeast of Akron village.
 * Sand Hill – A small hamlet in the northwest part of the town, consisting of a few residences and a church. The hamlet is by the intersection of Rapids and Crego roads.
 * South Newstead – A location near the border with the town of Alden at the junction of South Newstead and Buckwheat roads. Residences and farms are scattered through the area. Formerly, a post office was located in this area.
 * Swifts Mills – A location of historical interest in the north part of the town, located on Murder Creek.
 * Tonawanda Reservation – A small inhabited part of this Indian reservation is in the eastern part of the town. Several retail establishments sell discount cigarettes and untaxed gasoline.

Recreation
Newstead and the town of Clarence have constructed several miles of biking and jogging trails that link the towns on a former railroad right-of-way. The Octagon House in the village of Akron is open to visitors who wish to examine this architectural style.

Newstead, because of its vast expanses of open space, has become a popular place for golf course construction.

Notable people

 * Jack Davis, industrialist
 * Charles F. Tabor, former New York State Attorney General

title: Newstead, New York


text:
North Boston, New York

North Boston is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Boston in Erie County, New York, United States. As of the 2010 census, the CDP population was 2,521. It is part of the Buffalo–Niagara Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area.

North Boston is on the northern town line, located around the junction of NY Routes 277 and 391.

Geography
North Boston is located at 42.68194°N, -78.78417°W (42.681935, -78.784065).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 4.1 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
At the 2000 census there were 2,680 people, 1,049 households, and 766 families living in the CDP. The population density was 652.9 PD/sqmi. There were 1,080 housing units at an average density of 263.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 99.10% White, 0.07% African American, 0.19% Native American, 0.04% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.26% from other races, and 0.30% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.90%.

Of the 1,049 households 31.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.1% were married couples living together, 8.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.9% were non-families. 23.0% of households were one person and 9.4% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.02.

The age distribution was 24.0% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 26.3% from 45 to 64, and 14.1% 65 or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.5 males.

The median household income was $45,898 and the median family income was $57,266. Males had a median income of $35,833 versus $29,479 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $22,089. About 1.0% of families and 1.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.2% of those under age 18 and 4.2% of those age 65 or over.

title: North Boston, New York


text:
Sardinia, New York

Sardinia is a town in Erie County, New York, United States. The town lies in the southeast corner of Erie County and is considered one of the county's "Southtowns". The town is southeast of Buffalo. The population was 2,775 at the 2010 census. The town is reportedly named after an old Christian hymn, Sardinia, and the homonymous Mediterranean island.

History
The area known today as the town of Sardinia was first settled circa 1809. George Richmond, from Vermont, and Ezra Nott are considered the first settlers. By 1810, there were approximately fifteen other families in the area, most of whom lived along Cattaraugus Creek, near Genesee and Savage roads. The town of Sardinia was founded in 1821 from the eastern part of the town of Concord. By 1823, there were farms, churches, a post office, taverns, a carding mill, a woolen factory, a gristmill and a tannery. The hamlet of Chaffee developed by the mid-19th century after the construction of the Springville and Sardinia Railroad. The hamlet of Protection also developed around this time and eventually served as a depot of the Buffalo, New York and Philadelphia Railroad.

Historic buildings
The town of Sardinia has 38 historic buildings. The Old Sardinia Town Hall, also known as the First Baptist Church of Sardinia and now home to the historical society, and Rider-Hopkins Farm and Olmsted Camp are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Legal issues
A notable lawsuit is Gernatt Asphalt Products, Inc. v. Town of Sardinia, in which the interests of the town were upheld by the New York Court of Appeals in regard to rezoning to prevent mining in 1996.

Schools
Most of Sardinia attends the Pioneer Central School District. Those not served by the Pioneer Central School District attend either the Holland School District or the Springville GI district.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 130.6 km2, of which 130.0 km2 is land and 0.6 km2, or 0.46%, is water.

The south town line is defined by Cattaraugus Creek and is the border of Cattaraugus County (town of Yorkshire). The east town line is the border of Wyoming County (town of Arcade). The East Branch of Cazenovia Creek flows northward from Sardinia.

New York State Route 39 crosses the town from west to east, and New York State Route 16 passes through from north to south.

Hydrography
The town of Sardinia is situated across three watersheds: Cazenovia Creek-Buffalo River watershed to the north; Buffalo Creek watershed to the northeast; and Cattaraugus Creek watershed to the south. Approximately 645 acre of land are regulated wetlands by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYS DEC), while less than 12.4 acre are federal wetlands regulated by the United States Army Corps of Engineers (US ACOE). Most regulated wetlands are located on the eastern portion of the town. The main watercourse in the town of Sardinia is Cattaraugus Creek, which is also one of the main waterways in Erie County. Cattaraugus Creek flows southwest towards Lake Erie. Other significant streams include: Hosmer Brook, Dresser Creek, Otis Creek and Richmond Gulf.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,692 people, 944 households, and 731 families residing in the town. The population density was 53.6 PD/sqmi. There were 1,017 housing units at an average density of 20.3 per square mile (7.8/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.59% White, 0.33% African American, 0.26% Native American, 0.33% Asian, 0.15% from other races, and 1.34% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.59% of the population.

There were 944 households, out of which 36.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.5% were married couples living together, 6.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.5% were non-families. 17.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.85 and the average family size was 3.21.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 27.8% under the age of 18, 6.1% from 18 to 24, 28.7% from 25 to 44, 26.3% from 45 to 64, and 11.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.1 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $41,025, and the median income for a family was $45,556. Males had a median income of $32,333 versus $20,923 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,803. About 4.8% of families and 7.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.1% of those under age 18 and 14.5% of those age 65 or over.

Notable people

 * Eliza Nelson Fryer, educator and missionary
 * Archibald N. Randall, former Wisconsin state senator
 * Melville J. Salter, former Lt. Governor of Kansas
 * Charles Bennett Smith, former US congressman

Communities and locations in Sardinia

 * Chaffee – A hamlet by the east town line on NY-16.
 * Colegroves Corners – A former community that became part of Sardinia hamlet.
 * Glenwood – A community that includes the ski resort of Kissing Bridge.
 * Johnstons Corners – A location formed by the intersection of Allen and Savage roads, west of Chafee.
 * Matteson Corners – A former community in the north part of the town.
 * Paradise Lake – A small lake north of Sardinia hamlet.
 * Pratham – A former community in the town.
 * Protection – A location on the northern town line which was once a small community in the town.
 * Sardinia – A hamlet in the south part of the town on NY-39.
 * Shepards Corners – A location formed by the intersection of Genesee and Warner Gulf roads, south of Scott's Corners.
 * Scott's Corners – A location formed by the intersection of Allen and Warner Gulf roads northwest of Sardinia hamlet.

title: Sardinia, New York


text:
Sloan, New York

Sloan is a village in Erie County, New York, United States. The population was 3,661 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Buffalo–Niagara Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area and is in the town of Cheektowaga.

History
The village was incorporated in 1896 from part of Cheektowaga. With the CSX Frontier yard to the village's north and the Norfolk Southern Bison yard to the village's south, it was a historically important railroad town like nearby Depew. These yards were originally the New York Central and Erie-Lackawanna, respectively.

For much of its history the village had a police force ranging from three to six officers. The force was abolished circa 1978, and the four patrolmen and one captain were absorbed by the Cheektowaga Police Department, which to this day provides police services to the village.

Visniak brand soft drinks were made in Sloan.

Notable people

 * Jerry Augustyniak, drummer for 10,000 Maniacs
 * Edmund P. Radwan, former US congressman

Geography
Sam Sloan owned the land which extended to the New York State Thruway when it was founded, but it is only 1 sqmi today. Sloan is located at 42.89444°N, -78.79139°W (42.894458, -78.791353).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.8 sqmi, all land.

The village is bounded on the north by New York State Route 130 (Broadway) and on the east by New York State Route 240 (Harlem Road).

Demographics
At the 2000 census there were 3,775 people, 1,680 households, and 1,033 families living in the village. The population density was 4,755.6 PD/sqmi. There were 1,789 housing units at an average density of 2,253.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 99.05% White, 0.21% African American, 0.13% Native American, 0.13% Asian, 0.16% from other races, and 0.32% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.72%.

Of the 1,680 households 24.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.5% were married couples living together, 12.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.5% were non-families. 33.3% of households were one person and 18.9% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.89.

The age distribution was 20.1% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 28.8% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 24.2% 65 or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.2 males.

The median household income was $29,420 and the median family income was $39,863. Males had a median income of $31,679 versus $23,438 for females. The per capita income for the village was $15,964. About 10.1% of families and 11.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.1% of those under age 18 and 3.9% of those age 65 or over.

title: Sloan, New York


text:
Springville, New York

Springville is a village in the southeastern section of the town of Concord in Erie County, New York, United States. Springville is the principal community in the town and a major business location in southern Erie County. The population was 4,296 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Buffalo–Niagara Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area. Springville was originally named "Fiddler's Green" before it was renamed "Springville". Springville is well known for being home to Glenn "Pop" Warner, an important figure in American Football history.

History
In 1808, Samuel Cochran became the first permanent settler in the town, it had been a tract of land once known as Holland Purchase. The Springville Academy, opening in 1830, became the first high school in Erie County. It was given its current name, Springville Griffith Institute, in 1867 to honor Archibald Griffith, a donor. The village of Springville was incorporated in 1834 from part of the town of Concord. The Dygert Farm on Elk Street was the site of the 1866 and 1867 Erie County Fair, and also served as training grounds for Jim Thorpe.

The Springville post office contains a mural, Fiddler's Green, painted in 1939 by Victoria Hutson Huntley. Federally commissioned murals were produced from 1934 to 1943 in the United States through the Section of Painting and Sculpture, later called the Section of Fine Arts, of the Treasury Department.

Springville is home to five National Register of Historic Places-listed (NRHP) buildings (Citizens National Bank; Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railroad Station; Baptist Church of Springville; United States Post Office; Scoby Power Plant and Dam) and the NRHP-listed East Main-Mechanic Streets Historic District and East Hill Historic District.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 3.7 sqmi, of which 3.7 sqmi is land and 0.27% is water.

Cattaraugus Creek and Cattaraugus County are south of the village.

New York State Route 39 (NY 39), a major east–west truck road, becomes Main Street upon entering Springville. U.S. Route 219, the Southern Expressway, passes just west of the village. NY 240 (Vaughn Street), a major north–south truck road, marks the east border of the village.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,252 people, 1,705 households, and 1,091 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,164.4 PD/sqmi. There were 1,798 housing units at an average density of 492.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 98.28% White, 0.49% African American, 0.21% Native American, 0.40% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.19% from other races, and 0.40% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.61% of the population.

There were 1,705 households, out of which 31.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.3% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.0% were non-families. 31.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 3.01.

The population was spread out in the village with 25.1% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 26.9% from 25 to 44, 21.8% from 45 to 64, and 19.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.1 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $38,221, and the median income for a family was $49,422. Males had a median income of $39,452 versus $24,621 for females. The per capita income for the village was $19,302. About 5.4% of families and 7.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.0% of those under age 18 and 3.5% of those age 65 or over.

Notable people

 * Bertrand Chaffee, businessman, farmer, and philanthropist; president of the Springville and Sardinia Railroad
 * Joseph Gallup Cochran (1817–1871), Presbyterian missionary, minister, teacher, and translator.
 * C. DeForest Cummings, former Syracuse Orange football coach
 * Emmons Dunbar, agriculturalist, college football coach
 * Erwin F. Dygert, noted importer of Belgian horses, and harness racing
 * Elon Howard Eaton, ornithologist, attended school in Springville
 * Ken Knowlton, computer graphics pioneer
 * Asher P. Nichols, state senator
 * Fletcher Pratt, author and historian
 * Tom Reynolds, Republican politician
 * George Schuster, driver in the 1908 New York to Paris Auto Race
 * Allen D. Scott, former New York state senator
 * Bill Simon, songwriter (with Jack Yellen), jazz critic, saxophonist
 * Joey Snyder III, pro golfer
 * Bill Warner, college football coach, brother of Pop Warner
 * Pop Warner, coach, prompter, helped shape football into the form it is played today
 * Christine Weidinger, opera singer
 * Jack Yellen, songwriter (including "Ain't She Sweet" and the Franklin D. Roosevelt campaign tune "Happy Days Are Here Again")

Arts and culture

 * Springville Center for the Arts - A community multi-arts center that produces theater shows, gallery exhibits, workshops and more. The original establishment closed in 2007. Their new establishment is the former Baptist Church building at the corner of North Buffalo Street and Franklin Street.

Schools

 * Springville-Griffith Institute Central School District

title: Springville, New York


text:
Town Line, New York

Town Line is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in Erie County, New York, United States. The population was 2,367 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Buffalo–Niagara Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area. The community is located on the boundary between the towns of Lancaster and Alden. Town Line is notable for having held a nonbinding vote to secede from the United States in 1861, and for having held a ceremonial vote to rejoin the United States in 1946.

History
According to Town Line oral lore, in 1861, 125 men gathered in an informal meeting at a local schoolhouse and passed (85 to 40) a resolution to secede from the United States. Because Town Line was never an incorporated municipal entity in the first place and had no well-defined boundaries, the resolution had no legal effect; neither the Confederacy nor the Union ever formally recognized the action. Alden Historical Society archivist Karen Muchow has stated that there are no written records of the action. According to Muchow, several members of the German-American community fled to Canada and twenty residents fought for the Union Army. While the reason behind the vote is unknown, author Daren Wang and others have opined that Town Line residents—some of whom had emigrated from Germany to avoid conscription—were motivated by opposition to a potential military draft being necessitated by the Civil War.

Town Line held a ceremony on January 24, 1946 to "rejoin" the Union. Hollywood celebrity Cesar Romero participated in the festivities. On that day, residents voted, 90 to 23, to rescind the 19th-century secession vote.

Geography
Town Line is located at 42.885°N, -78.55833°W (42.884974, -78.558428). According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 4.6 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,521 people, 906 households, and 759 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 543.5 per square mile (209.8/km²). There were 925 housing units at an average density of 199.4/sq mi (77.0/km²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 99.29% White, 0.20% Native American, 0.16% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, and 0.32% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.44% of the population.

There were 906 households out of which 32.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 74.4% were married couples living together, 6.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.2% were non-families. 13.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.78 and the average family size was 3.05.

In the CDP, the population was spread out with 23.9% under the age of 18, 6.1% from 18 to 24, 25.4% from 25 to 44, 31.1% from 45 to 64, and 13.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.4 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $51,548, and the median income for a family was $57,054. Males had a median income of $36,589 versus $30,000 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $21,957. About 3.6% of families and 3.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.9% of those under age 18 and 2.7% of those age 65 or over.

title: Town Line, New York


text:
Wales, New York

Wales is a town in Erie County, New York, United States. The town is one of the "Southtowns" of Erie County by virtue of its position in the southeast part of the county, southeast of Buffalo. As of the 2010 census the town had a population of 3,005.

History
The town was formed in 1818 from the town of Willink.

Originally a farming community, the town of Wales is documented through profiles of its churches, civic organizations, businesses, and individual citizens. Established in 1818, the town of 3,000 residents is located in a scenic area of Erie County amid woodlands and streams. Town boards over the years have been respectful of the residents' desire to maintain a small-town atmosphere and quality of life, and the transition to modern life has emphasized small, family-oriented businesses. Personal commitment and a spirit of volunteerism have prevailed in the community, as evidenced by its many interactive organizations.

The town is named because its hills and green fields reminded settlers of the nation of Wales.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 92.3 km2, of which 92.2 km2 is land and 0.1 km2, or 0.14%, is water.

The east town line is the border of Wyoming County.

New York State Route 400 passes through the southwest part of the town.

Climate
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Wales has a warm-summer humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps. The hottest temperature recorded in Wales was 95 F on July 10, 2020, and July 17, 2022, while the coldest temperature recorded was -19 F on December 13, 1988, and February 14–15, 2016.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,960 people, 1,116 households, and 841 families residing in the town. The population density was 83.1 PD/sqmi. There were 1,165 housing units at an average density of 32.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 98.58% White, 0.10% African American, 0.37% Native American, 0.37% Asian, 0.20% from other races, and 0.37% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.74% of the population.

There were 1,116 households, out of which 34.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.3% were married couples living together, 7.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.6% were non-families. 19.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.65 and the average family size was 3.07.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 24.9% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 27.8% from 45 to 64, and 11.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.9 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $51,486, and the median income for a family was $59,350. Males had a median income of $40,125 versus $29,737 for females. The per capita income for the town was $21,616. About 2.1% of families and 3.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.0% of those under age 18 and 3.5% of those age 65 or over.

Notable people

 * Alice Moore Hubbard, American feminist, writer, and, with her husband, Elbert Hubbard was a leading figure in the Roycroft movement
 * John James Knowlton, former Wisconsin State Assemblyman
 * Wally Schang, a catcher in major league baseball from 1913 to 1931. Schang Rd. in Wales named after him
 * Adoniram J. Warner, former US Congressman, Union Army General in American Civil War

Communities and locations in Wales

 * Buffalo Creek – A stream flowing northward through the town.
 * Colgrave – A location on Centerline Road in the western part of the town.
 * Goodleburg Cemetery – An unused cemetery located in the town.
 * South Wales – A hamlet on the border of the town of Aurora in the southeast part of Wales. This community lies at the south end of NY-400 on NY-16 and is the home of the Gow School.
 * Wales Center – A hamlet near the northern town border.
 * Wales Hollow (or "Woods Hollow") – A location near the town's western edge.

title: Wales, New York


text:
Williamsville, New York

Williamsville is a village in Erie County, New York, United States. The population was 5,423 at the 2020 census. The village is named after Jonas Williams, an early settler. It is part of the Buffalo-Niagara Falls metropolitan area.

Williamsville is located mostly within the town of Amherst, but Creek Road and Creek Heights in the south part of the village (near the Wehrle Drive underpass of the New York State Thruway) are in the town of Cheektowaga. The village is in the northeastern quadrant of Erie County.

The Williamsville Central School District is a school system covering Williamsville, most of the eastern part of Amherst, and a small portion of the western end of Clarence.

History
The community developed where the major road between Batavia and Buffalo crossed Ellicott Creek just above Glen Falls. The water power offered by the waterfall attracted millers. The first mill was built by Jonas Williams in 1811, giving the village its first name, "Williams Mills". It still stands today, next to Glen Park, and is known as the Williamsville Water Mill.

Several other mills were built near Glen Falls during the 19th century. In 1841, a raceway was constructed to divert water from Ellicott Creek to the mills, creating an island known today as Island Park. A stagecoach stop, tavern, and inn was built along the main road near Ellicott Creek by Oziel Smith in 1827. Today it is known as the Eagle House. The close crossing of the main road and Ellicott Creek's Glen Falls was the initial attraction, around which Williamsville grew. The village was incorporated in 1850.

Ss. Peter and Paul Church was loosely operating in the early 1820s, and the current church construction began in 1834 following the sale of land for the church from a non-parishioner, Oziel Smith, and was finished in 1836. St. John Neumann arrived to lead Ss. Peter and Paul Catholic Church from 1836 to 1840. Ss. Peter and Paul School was started by St. John Neumann in 1836, who also served as one of its first teachers.

During the War of 1812, American troops were stationed in Williamsville in the area between Garrison Road and Ellicott Creek. American soldiers and British prisoners were treated in a field hospital and log barracks that lined Garrison Road. A small cemetery, located on Aero Drive between Wehrle and Youngs Road, was used to bury the men who did not survive. General Winfield Scott used the Evans House as his headquarters in the Spring of 1813 when his entire army of 5,000–6,000 men were stationed in Williamsville. In 1813, when the British burned Buffalo, people fled to the safety of Williamsville, nearby Harris Hill, and Erie, Pennsylvania.

The village of Williamsville was one of more than 550 villages incorporated by New York State in 1850.

In 1983, Williamsville passed a Historic Preservation Code "to promote the awareness of landmarks of historic, cultural, social and architectural significance in the Village of Williamsville and to safe guard the heritage, character and quality of life unique to the Village through the preservation of these landmarks."

Every summer in Williamsville, Old Home Days is held in Island Park, located directly on Main Street in the village. The Carnival begins with a parade on the opening Tuesday, and for four days, thousands of people enjoy rides, food, and the people of Williamsville. The Old Home Days festival is in remembrance of several women who in the mid-19th century came to the park once each summer to drink tea and catch up on the years past.

In 2010, government downsizing activist Kevin Gaughan campaigned to dissolve the village government. After a highly contentious campaign, a dissolution referendum was held on August 17, 2010, where voters rejected dissolution by a 5–1 margin.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.2 sqmi, all land.

Ellicott Creek flows through the village from south to north. The Onondaga Escarpment runs through the village east to west. Glen Falls marks the place where Ellicott Creek falls over the escarpment. An early name for Ellicott Creek was "Eleven Mile Creek".

Main Street is part of the east–west New York State Route 5 (NY 5). American surveyor Joseph Ellicott had the "Great Iroquois Trail", an ancient path from the Hudson River to Lake Erie, improved. It was known as the "Buffalo Road" and, later, "Main Street". North Union Road, part of NY 277, is a major north–south road through the west end of the village. Transit Road, surveyed by Joseph Ellicott, was named for an important surveying instrument (a transit level). Transit Road marks the boundary between townships (Amherst and Clarence, Cheektowaga and Lancaster), inter alia. Joseph Ellicott's surveys of western New York divided the Holland Purchase land into a grid of more or less square of townships with boundaries aligned north–south and east–west, a system related to the Public Land Survey System (PLSS) used in most of the rest of post-colonial America. In western New York, strict accordance to the PLSS was not required or followed, since the land was not federally owned, but had passed directly from the Seneca Indians to land speculators such as the Holland Land Company.

The New York State Thruway (Interstate 90 or I-90) passes through the south part of the village and connects to I-290. A Thruway toll plaza located near the village has been a matter of controversy for years and recent proposals suggest it may be moved farther east.

Demographics
As of the 2020 US Census there were 5,423 people, 2,364 households, 1,308 families residing in the village, 594 with own children under 18 years. The population density was 4,283.6 people/mi2 (1,653.9 /km2). The racial makeup of the village was 86.4% White, 4.6% Asian, 3.6% African American, 0.13% Native American, 0.83% of other races, and 4.7% of two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.7% of the population.

There were 2,364 households, out of which 27.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 9.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.7% were non-families. 37.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 22.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.11 and the average family size was 2.83.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 18.7% under the age of 19, 6.0% from 20 to 24, 23.2% from 25 to 44, 23.5% from 45 to 64, and 24.4% who were 65 years of age or older, with a median age of 45. The population was 47.3% male and 52.7% female.

According to the 2000 US Census, there were 2,695 housing units at an average density of 2,107.0 /sqmi. The median income for a household in the village was $47,557, and the median income for a family was $65,300. Males had a median income of $43,500 versus $32,172 for females. The per capita income for the village was $27,177. About 2.5% of families and 4.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.7% of those under age 18 and 4.7% of those age 65 or over.

In 2007 it was found that the violent crimes per 1,000 residents were measured at 1.13, where as the national median was 4.0, property crimes (per 1000) were at 16.98, the national average was 29.4, and crimes per square mile were at 13, the national average was at 39.3.

Landmarks
Williamsville has several parks. Glen Park, 10 acre (the site of an amusement park in the 1940s and 1950s), offers views of Ellicott Creek as it falls over the Onondaga Escarpment, forming the 27 ft Glen Falls; Island Park has a large pavilion and is the site of Old Home Days and the Taste of Williamsville events during the summer.

There are 34 sites in Williamsville designated as landmarks by the village's Historic Preservation Commission The Williamsville Christian Church and the Williamsville Water Mill Complex are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Festival
The main festival in Williamsville is Old Home Days and there also is the Taste of Williamsville. During the summer there is Music on Main, a musical festival hosted by several businesses on Main Street where local bands play on street corners during various days.

Parks and recreation
Recreational facilities in town include a rollerskating rink and the 1.5 mi Lehigh Memory Trail.

Education
Children of school age may attend public schools within the Williamsville Central School District, whose boundaries cover the entire village as well as much of the adjacent unincorporated Town of Amherst. Williamsville Central operates six elementary (grades K-4), four middle (5-8), and three high (9-12) schools. Of those, Village of Williamsville children are districted to Forest Elementary, Mill Middle, and Williamsville South High School.

The private schools of Williamsville include Saints Peter and Paul, as well as Christian Central Academy.

Notable people

 * Marty Angelo, minister and author
 * Jacob Artist, actor on FOX's Glee
 * Justin Bailey, player in the NHL
 * Alfred F. Beiter (1894–1974), former US congressman
 * Charles F. Bishop (1844–1913), former mayor of Buffalo, New York
 * Roy Turnbull Black (1888–1962), chess player
 * Shirley Chisholm, Congresswoman, following her retirement from Congress
 * W. H. Clatworthy (1915–2010), University at Buffalo professor, World War II veteran
 * Thomas Dao (1921–2009), physician who developed breast cancer treatment alternatives
 * Jim Dombrowski, former pro football player
 * Benjamin Ellicott (1765–1827), former US congressman
 * Jeff Farkas, former NHL player
 * Paul Fix II, racecar driver
 * Shelby Fix, media personality
 * Charles V. Fornes (1844–1929), former US congressman
 * Scott E. Friedman, author and attorney
 * David Goggins, Navy SEAL and author
 * Glenn Gronkowski, American football player
 * Rob Gronkowski, American football player for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers
 * Robert Guthrie (1916–1995), developed the bacterial inhibition assay used to screen infants for phenylketonuria at birth
 * Nelson K. Hopkins (1816–1904), lawyer and politician
 * Robert Kinkel, Trans-Siberian Orchestra composer and keyboardist
 * David Leggio, minor league hockey player
 * Dan Macaulay, singer, songwriter
 * Wendie Malick, American actor
 * Todd Marchant, retired professional ice hockey player
 * Kendell McFayden, professional soccer player
 * John Neumann (1811–1860), canonized Roman Catholic priest and bishop who was the founder and first pastor of SS Peter and Paul Catholic Church in Williamsville
 * Lyman C. Pettit (1868–1950), founder and first president of the Pentecostal Collegiate Institute (now Eastern Nazarene College)
 * Andrew Poturalski, professional hockey player
 * Mary Lou Rath, former New York state senator
 * Mario J. Rossetti (1935–2014), New York Supreme Court justice
 * Alex Sahlen, professional soccer player
 * Peter Salovey, twenty-third President of Yale University
 * Peter Scamurra, retired NHL player
 * Cole Schneider, ice hockey player
 * John B. Sheffer II, former village mayor, New York assemblyman and state senator
 * Lindsay Shookus, NBC producer
 * Faith Whittlesey (1939–2018), former White House senior staff member
 * Sameera Fazili, deputy director of National Economic Council in the Biden Administration

title: Williamsville, New York


text:
Chesterfield, New York

Chesterfield is a town in Essex County, New York, United States. The population was 2,445 at the 2010 census. The name possibly is from a location in New England.

Chesterfield is in the northeasternmost part of the county and is 13 miles west of Burlington, Vermont (by ferry), 16 mi south of Plattsburgh, 77 mi south of Montreal, Quebec, and 144 mi north of Albany.

The town is entirely inside the Adirondack Park.

History
The town was formed in 1802 from part of the town of Willsboro. The early settlers were from the New England area.

Poke-O-Moonshine Mountain Fire Observation Station was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 272.9 sqkm, of which 204.7 sqkm is land and 68.2 sqkm, or 24.99%, is water.

The northern town line is the border of Clinton County, consisting of the Ausable River, and the eastern town line is marked by Lake Champlain and Vermont.

Interstate 87, the Northway, is a major divided highway running north–south through Chesterfield. US Route 9 and New York State Route 22 are north–south highways adjacent to the Interstate.

Ferry service is seasonally available between Port Kent and Burlington, Vermont.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,409 people, 948 households, and 678 families residing in the town. The population density was 30.6 PD/sqmi. There were 1,374 housing units at an average density of 17.4 per square mile (6.7/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.76% White, 0.25% African American, 0.21% Native American, 0.21% Asian, 0.58% from other races, and 1.00% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.87% of the population.

There were 948 households, out of which 32.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.3% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.4% were non-families. 21.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 2.93.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 24.4% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 28.8% from 25 to 44, 26.9% from 45 to 64, and 12.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.8 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $39,875, and the median income for a family was $43,015. Males had a median income of $36,417 versus $25,156 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,421. About 9.1% of families and 12.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.5% of those under age 18 and 6.0% of those age 65 or over.

Communities and inhabited locations

 * Keeseville – A hamlet on the northern border of the town at US-9 and NY-22.
 * Port Douglas – A hamlet in the eastern part of the town, located on the shore of Lake Champlain at Corlear Bay and on County Road 16.
 * Port Kent – A hamlet in the northeastern corner of the town on Lake Champlain.

Geographical and similar locations

 * Alice Falls – A waterfall in the Ausable River, northeast of Keeseville.
 * Augur Lake – A lake by the northern town line, southwest of Keeseville.
 * Ausable Chasm – A location on the Ausable River, northeast of Keeseville.
 * Butternut Pond – A lake near the southern town line.
 * Corlear Bay – A bay of Lake Champlain in the northeastern part of Chesterfield.
 * Mud Brook – A tributary of the Ausable River, entering the river by Ausable Chasm.
 * Schuyler Island – An island in Lake Champlain off Trembleau Point.
 * Trembleau Point – A short peninsula in Lake Champlain in the northeast of Chesterfield.
 * Wickham Marsh Wildlife Management Area – A conservation area north of Port Kent.
 * Willsboro Bay – The northern part of the bay is in the southeast of Chersterfield.

title: Chesterfield, New York


text:
Crown Point, New York

Crown Point is a town in Essex County, New York, United States, located on the west shore of Lake Champlain. The population was 2,024 at the 2010 census. The name of the town is a direct translation of the original French name, Pointe à la Chevelure.

The town is on the eastern edge of Essex County. It is 43 mi southwest of Burlington, Vermont, 53 mi northeast of Queensbury, 120 mi south of Montreal, Quebec and 107 mi north of Albany.

History
Two European forts were built by colonists because of the area's strategic location at the narrows of Lake Champlain. The forts preceded organization of the town by more than half a century: first was Fort Saint-Frédéric built by the French in 1731, who came to this area from their colonial settlements to the north at Quebec and Montreal. They competed with the British for the fur trade with Native Americans in the area.

During the Seven Years' War (known as the French and Indian War in North America), the British gained control of this area. Before that, the French retreated and destroyed their fort to keep it out of the hands of the British. The latter built Fort Crown Point in 1759, then the largest earthen fort in their colonies. With British victory in the war, after 1763 France ceded all its territory in North America east of the Mississippi River to Britain.

During colonial times and the American Revolutionary War, the fort at Crown Point continued to be important for its strategic location – on the west shore of Lake Champlain about 15 mi north of Fort Ticonderoga, about a day's travel by the modes of that time. After the failure of the patriot American invasion of Canada in 1776, Fort Crown Point represented the northernmost area under American control. During the British Saratoga campaign in 1777, General John Burgoyne organized a supply magazine here to support his Siege of Ticonderoga.

The town of Crown Point, located a few miles south of the 1759 Fort, is an original town of the county, established in 1788 following the Revolution and before the organization of Essex County. Parts of Crown Point were later drawn off to form the town of Elizabethtown (1798). The modern European-American settlement of the town began around 1800 with an influx of settlers from Vermont.

Crown Point holds the New York state January record low of -48 F.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 212.0 km2, of which 197.2 km2 is land and 14.8 km2, or 6.99%, is water.

The eastern town line, defined by Lake Champlain, is the border of Vermont (Addison County). The Champlain Bridge (Route 17) connected Crown Point to Vermont until 2009, when the bridge was demolished as unsafe. A temporary ferry service, operated by the Lake Champlain Transportation Company and funded by the states of New York and Vermont, provided access from Crown Point to Vermont from late 2009 until late 2011. The new bridge at Crown Point, scheduled to open in August 2011, opened to traffic that November.

The town of Crown Point lies entirely within the Adirondack Park.

New York State Route 9N, New York State Route 22, and New York State Route 185 are north–south and east–west highways that pass through Crown Point. NY-9N and NY-22 are conjoined through the town. NY-185 runs up the Crown Point peninsula.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,119 people, 797 households, and 578 families residing in the town. The population density was 27.8 PD/sqmi. There were 1,063 housing units at an average density of 13.9 per square mile (5.4/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.50% White, 0.09% African American, 0.24% Native American, 0.38% Asian, 0.14% from other races, and 1.65% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.14% of the population.

There were 797 households, out of which 33.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.2% were married couples living together, 8.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.4% were non-families. 21.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.06.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 28.0% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 27.0% from 25 to 44, 23.8% from 45 to 64, and 14.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.0 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $33,958, and the median income for a family was $39,853. Males had a median income of $31,106 versus $20,074 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,692. About 10.8% of families and 14.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.9% of those under age 18 and 9.6% of those age 65 or over.

Communities and locations in Crown Point

 * Bulwagga Bay – A bay between Crown Point peninsula and the mainland of the county.
 * Burdick Crossing – A hamlet in the northeastern part of the town, near the south end of Crown Point on County Road 48.
 * Cold Spring Park – A hamlet in the northeastern section of the town, on County Road 7.
 * Crown Point – The hamlet of Crown Point is in the eastern part of the town on Routes NY-9N and NY-22. Crown Point Green Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.
 * Crown Point – A peninsula at the southern end of Lake Champlain and the site of some historic fortifications.
 * Crown Point Center – A hamlet west of Factoryville at the junction of County Roads 2 and 7.
 * Crown Point State Historic Site – A state park/historical site at the northern tip of Crown Point peninsula.
 * Eagle Lake – A lake partly in the southwestern part of the town.
 * Factoryville – A hamlet west of Crown Point village.
 * Ironville – A hamlet in the southern part of the town, on County Road 2 at the northern end of Penfield Pond. It is the location of the Ironville Historic District.
 * Penfield Pond – A lake partly inside Crown Point at the southern town line.
 * Putts Creek Wildlife Management Area – A conservation area north of Crown Point village.

title: Crown Point, New York