text:
Transcranial magnetic stimulation

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive form of brain stimulation in which a changing magnetic field is used to induce an electric current at a specific area of the brain through electromagnetic induction. An electric pulse generator, or stimulator, is connected to a magnetic coil connected to the scalp. The stimulator generates a changing electric current within the coil which creates a varying magnetic field, inducing a current within a region in the brain itself.

TMS has shown diagnostic and therapeutic potential in the central nervous system with a wide variety of disease states in neurology and mental health, with research still evolving.

Adverse effects of TMS appear rare and include fainting and seizure. Other potential issues include discomfort, pain, hypomania, cognitive change, hearing loss, and inadvertent current induction in implanted devices such as pacemakers or defibrillators.

Medical uses
TMS does not require surgery or electrode implantation.

Its use can be diagnostic and/or therapeutic. Effects vary based on frequency and intensity of the magnetic pulses as well as the length of treatment, which dictates the total number of pulses given. TMS treatments are approved by the FDA in the US and by NICE in the UK for the treatment of depression and are predominantly provided by private clinics. TMS stimulates cortical tissue without the pain sensations produced in transcranial electrical stimulation.

Diagnosis
TMS can be used clinically to measure activity and function of specific brain circuits in humans, most commonly with single or paired magnetic pulses. The most widely accepted use is in measuring the connection between the primary motor cortex of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system to evaluate damage related to past or progressive neurologic insult. TMS has utility as a diagnostic instrument for myelopathy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis.

Treatment
Repetitive high frequency TMS (rTMS) has been investigated as a possible treatment option with various degrees of success in conditions including
 * Chronic neuropathic pain
 * Motor diseases (e.g., Parkinson's disease, essential tremor)
 * Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
 * Multiple sclerosis
 * Epilepsy
 * Disorders of consciousness (e.g., vegetative state or minimally conscious state)
 * Alzheimer’s disease
 * Psychiatric diseases, such as depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, anxiety and Tourette syndrome

Adverse effects
Although TMS is generally regarded as safe, risks are increased for therapeutic rTMS compared to single or paired diagnostic TMS. Adverse effects generally increase with higher frequency stimulation.

The greatest immediate risk from TMS is fainting, though this is uncommon. Seizures have been reported, but are rare. Other adverse effects include short term discomfort, pain, brief episodes of hypomania, cognitive change, hearing loss, impaired working memory, and the induction of electrical currents in implanted devices such as cardiac pacemakers.

Procedure
During the procedure, a magnetic coil is positioned at the head of the person receiving the treatment using anatomical landmarks on the skull, in particular the inion and nasion. The coil is then connected to a pulse generator, or stimulator, that delivers electric current to the coil.

Physics
TMS uses electromagnetic induction to generate an electric current across the scalp and skull. A plastic-enclosed coil of wire is held next to the skull and when activated, produces a varying magnetic field oriented orthogonally to the plane of the coil. The changing magnetic field then induces an electric current in the brain that activates nearby nerve cells in a manner similar to a current applied superficially at the cortical surface.

The magnetic field is about the same strength as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and the pulse generally reaches no more than 5 centimeters into the brain unless using a modified coil and technique for deeper stimulation.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation is achieved by quickly discharging current from a large capacitor into a coil to produce pulsed magnetic fields between 2 and 3 teslas in strength. Directing the magnetic field pulse at a targeted area in the brain causes a localized electrical current which can then either depolarize or hyperpolarize neurons at that site. The induced electric field inside the brain tissue causes a change in transmembrane potentials resulting in depolarization or hyperpolarization of neurons, causing them to be more or less excitable, respectively.

TMS usually stimulates to a depth from 2 to 4 cm below the surface, depending on the coil and intensity used. Consequently, only superficial brain areas can be affected. Deep TMS can reach up to 6 cm into the brain to stimulate deeper layers of the motor cortex, such as that which controls leg motion. The path of this current can be difficult to model because the brain is irregularly shaped with variable internal density and water content, leading to a nonuniform magnetic field strength and conduction throughout its tissues.

Frequency and duration
The effects of TMS can be divided based on frequency, duration and intensity (amplitude) of stimulation:
 * Single or paired pulse TMS causes neurons in the neocortex under the site of stimulation to depolarize and discharge an action potential. If used in the primary motor cortex, it produces muscle activity referred to as a motor evoked potential (MEP) which can be recorded on electromyography. If used on the occipital cortex, 'phosphenes' (flashes of light) might be perceived by the subject. In most other areas of the cortex, there is no conscious effect, but behaviour may be altered (e.g., slower reaction time on a cognitive task), or changes in brain activity may be detected using diagnostic equipment.
 * Repetitive TMS produces longer-lasting effects which persist past the period of stimulation. rTMS can increase or decrease the excitability of the corticospinal tract depending on the intensity of stimulation, coil orientation, and frequency. Low frequency rTMS with a stimulus frequency less than 1 Hz is believed to inhibit cortical firing while a stimulus frequency greater than 1 Hz, or high frequency, is believed to provoke it. Though its mechanism is not clear, it has been suggested as being due to a change in synaptic efficacy related to long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression like plasticity (LTD-like plasticity).

Coil types
Most devices use a coil shaped like a figure-eight to deliver a shallow magnetic field that affects more superficial neurons in the brain. Differences in magnetic coil design are considered when comparing results, with important elements including the type of material, geometry and specific characteristics of the associated magnetic pulse.

The core material may be either a magnetically inert substrate ('air core'), or a solid, ferromagnetically active material ('solid core'). Solid cores result in more efficient transfer of electrical energy to a magnetic field and reduce energy loss to heat, and so can be operated with the higher volume of therapy protocols without interruption due to overheating. Varying the geometric shape of the coil itself can cause variations in focality, shape, and depth of penetration. Differences in coil material and its power supply also affect magnetic pulse width and duration.

A number of different types of coils exist, each of which produce different magnetic fields. The round coil is the original used in TMS. Later, the figure-eight (butterfly) coil was developed to provide a more focal pattern of activation in the brain, and the four-leaf coil for focal stimulation of peripheral nerves. The double-cone coil conforms more to the shape of the head. The Hesed (H-core), circular crown and double cone coils allow more widespread activation and a deeper magnetic penetration. They are supposed to impact deeper areas in the motor cortex and cerebellum controlling the legs and pelvic floor, for example, though the increased depth comes at the cost of a less focused magnetic pulse.

History
Luigi Galvani (1737–1798) undertook research on the effects of electricity on the body in the late-eighteenth century and laid the foundations for the field of electrophysiology. In the 1830s Michael Faraday (1791–1867) discovered that an electrical current had a corresponding magnetic field, and that changing one could induce its counterpart.

Work to directly stimulate the human brain with electricity started in the late 1800s, and by the 1930s the Italian physicians Cerletti and Bini had developed electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). ECT became widely used to treat mental illness, and ultimately overused, as it began to be seen as a panacea. This led to a backlash in the 1970s.

In 1980 Merton and Morton successfully used transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) to stimulate the motor cortex. However, this process was very uncomfortable, and subsequently Anthony T. Barker began to search for an alternative to TES. He began exploring the use of magnetic fields to alter electrical signaling within the brain, and the first stable TMS devices were developed in 1985. They were originally intended as diagnostic and research devices, with evaluation of their therapeutic potential being a later development. The United States' FDA first approved TMS devices in October 2008.

Research
TMS has shown potential therapeutic effect on neurologic conditions such as mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, persistent vegetative states, epilepsy, stroke related disability,    tinnitus, multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia,  and traumatic brain injury.

With Parkinson's disease, early results suggest that low frequency stimulation may have an effect on medication associated dyskinesia, and that high frequency stimulation improves motor function. The most effective treatment protocols appear to involve high frequency stimulation of the motor cortex, particularly on the dominant side, but with more variable results for treatment of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. It is less effective than electroconvulsive therapy for motor symptoms, though both appear to have utility. Cerebellar stimulation has also shown potential for the treatment of levodopa associated dyskinesia.

In psychiatry, it has shown potential with anxiety disorders, including panic disorder and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). The most promising areas to target for OCD appear to be the orbitofrontal cortex and the supplementary motor area. Older protocols that targeted the prefrontal dorsal cortex were less successful. It has also been studied with autism, substance abuse, addiction, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). For treatment-resistant major depressive disorder, high-frequency (HF) rTMS of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) appears effective and low-frequency (LF) rTMS of the right DLPFC has probable efficacy. Research on the efficacy of rTMS in non-treatment-resistant depression is limited.

TMS can also be used to map functional connectivity between the cerebellum and other areas of the brain.

A study on alternative Alzheimer's treatments at the Wahrendorff Clinic in Germany in 2021 reported that 84% of participants in the study have experienced positive effects after using the treatment.

Under the supervision of Professor Marc Ziegenbein, a psychiatry and psychotherapy specialist, the study of 77 subjects with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease received frequent transcranial magnetic stimulation applications and observed over a period of time.

Improvements were mainly found in the areas of orientation in the environment, concentration, general well-being and satisfaction.

Study blinding
Mimicking the physical discomfort of TMS with placebo to discern its true effect is a challenging issue in research. It is difficult to establish a convincing placebo for TMS during controlled trials in conscious individuals due to the neck pain, headache and twitching in the scalp or upper face associated with the intervention. In addition, placebo manipulations can affect brain sugar metabolism and MEPs, which may confound results. This problem is exacerbated when using subjective measures of improvement. Placebo responses in trials of rTMS in major depression are negatively associated with refractoriness to treatment.

A 2011 review found that most studies did not report unblinding. In the minority that did, participants in real and sham rTMS groups were not significantly different in their ability to correctly guess their therapy, though there was a trend for participants in the real group to more often guess correctly.

Animal model limitations
TMS research in animal studies is limited due to its early US Food and Drug Administration approval for treatment-resistant depression, limiting development of animal specific magnetic coils.

Neurosurgery planning
Nexstim obtained United States Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act§Section 510(k) clearance for the assessment of the primary motor cortex for pre-procedural planning in December 2009 and for neurosurgical planning in June 2011.

Depression
The National Institutes of Health estimates depression medications work for 60 percent to 70 percent of people who take them. TMS is approved as a Class II medical device under the "de novo pathway". In addition, the World Health Organization reports that the number of people living with depression has increased nearly 20 percent since 2005. In a 2012 study, TMS was found to improve depression significantly in 58 percent of patients and provide complete remission of symptoms in 37 percent of patients. In 2002, Cochrane Library reviewed randomized controlled trials using TMS to treat depression. The review did not find a difference between rTMS and sham TMS, except for a period 2 weeks after treatment. In 2018, Cochrane Library stated a plan to contact authors about updating the review of rTMS for depression.

Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD)
In August 2018, the US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) authorized the use of TMS developed by the Israeli company Brainsway in the treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD).

In 2020, US FDA authorized the use of TMS developed by the U.S. company MagVenture Inc. in the treatment of OCD.

In 2023, US FDA authorized the use of TMS developed by the U.S. company Neuronetics Inc. in the treatment of OCD.

Other neurological areas
In the European Economic Area, various versions of deep TMS H-coils have CE marking for Alzheimer's disease, autism, bipolar disorder, epilepsy, chronic pain, major depressive disorder, Parkinson's disease, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), schizophrenia (negative symptoms) and to aid smoking cessation. One review found tentative benefit for cognitive enhancement in healthy people.

United Kingdom
The United Kingdom's National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) issues guidance to the National Health Service (NHS) in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland (UK). NICE guidance does not cover whether or not the NHS should fund a procedure. Local NHS bodies (primary care trusts and hospital trusts) make decisions about funding after considering the clinical effectiveness of the procedure and whether the procedure represents value for money for the NHS.

NICE evaluated TMS for severe depression (IPG 242) in 2007, and subsequently considered TMS for reassessment in January 2011 but did not change its evaluation. The Institute found that TMS is safe, but there is insufficient evidence for its efficacy.

In January 2014, NICE reported the results of an evaluation of TMS for treating and preventing migraine (IPG 477). NICE found that short-term TMS is safe but there is insufficient evidence to evaluate safety for long-term and frequent uses. It found that evidence on the efficacy of TMS for the treatment of migraine is limited in quantity, that evidence for the prevention of migraine is limited in both quality and quantity.

Subsequently, in 2015, NICE approved the use of TMS for the treatment of depression in the UK and IPG542 replaced IPG242. NICE said "The evidence on repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for depression shows no major safety concerns. The evidence on its efficacy in the short-term is adequate, although the clinical response is variable. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for depression may be used with normal arrangements for clinical governance and audit."

United States: commercial health insurance
In 2013, several commercial health insurance plans in the United States, including Anthem, Health Net, and Blue Cross Blue Shield of Nebraska and of Rhode Island, covered TMS for the treatment of depression for the first time. In contrast, UnitedHealthcare issued a medical policy for TMS in 2013 that stated there is insufficient evidence that the procedure is beneficial for health outcomes in patients with depression. UnitedHealthcare noted that methodological concerns raised about the scientific evidence studying TMS for depression include small sample size, lack of a validated sham comparison in randomized controlled studies, and variable uses of outcome measures. Other commercial insurance plans whose 2013 medical coverage policies stated that the role of TMS in the treatment of depression and other disorders had not been clearly established or remained investigational included Aetna, Cigna and Regence.

United States: Medicare
Policies for Medicare coverage vary among local jurisdictions within the Medicare system, and Medicare coverage for TMS has varied among jurisdictions and with time. For example:
 * In early 2012 in New England, Medicare covered TMS for the first time in the United States.    However, that jurisdiction later decided to end coverage after October, 2013.
 * In August 2012, the jurisdiction covering Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Colorado, Texas, Oklahoma, and New Mexico determined that there was insufficient evidence to cover the treatment, but the same jurisdiction subsequently determined that Medicare would cover TMS for the treatment of depression after December 2013.
 * Subsequently, some other Medicare jurisdictions added Medicare coverage for depression.

Limitations
There are serious concerns about stimulating brain tissue using non-invasive magnetic field methods:

First, the uncertainty in the dose (time and technical field parameters) for correct and healthy stimulation is a complex and challenging issue. While neurophysiology lacks knowledge about the nature of such a treatment of nervous diseases at the cellular level, this method involves excessive exposure of the brain to an intense field, which is several times and even orders of magnitude higher than natural electromagnetic fields in the brain.

Second, it is impossible to localize the effect of stimulation on specific neural networks that need to be treated. Neuronal activity related to mental processes, neuronal correlates of cognitive functions are still intriguing questions for contemporary research. Non-invasive brain tissue stimulation targets a large area of poorly characterized tissue. An undefined dose and target of radiation can destroy healthy cells during a treatment procedure. Because it is unclear whether magnetic fields reach only those neural structures of the brain that need treatment, this uncertainty challenges the selection of treatment for neurological disorders by magnetic fields. Thus, magnetic field exposure may destroy healthy neuronal structures. The inability to localize the effect of stimulation makes it challenging to target stimulation only to the desired neural networks.

title: Transcranial magnetic stimulation


text:
TMS

TMS may refer to:

Broadcasting

 * TMS (entertainment data), data provider
 * Test Match Special, BBC cricket coverage
 * This Movie Sucks!, a Canadian TV show on bad movies
 * That Metal Show, a US TV talk show

Media

 * Tokyo Motor Show, a biennial auto show in Japan.
 * Hobby of Model Railroading (鉄道模型趣味), a Japanese magazine on railway modelling

Organizations

 * The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, a professional organization
 * Texas Memory Systems, a manufacturer of solid-state drives
 * TMS Entertainment; formerly Tokyo Movie Shinsha Co., Ltd.; a Japanese animation studio
 * Toronto Montessori Schools, Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada
 * Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc.
 * Tramway Museum Society, the operators of the United Kingdom's National Tramway Museum
 * Trinity Mathematical Society, UK
 * TMS (production team), an English songwriting and record team
 * The Micropalaeontological Society

Schools

 * Tech Music School, London, UK
 * Temasek Secondary School, Bedok, Singapore
 * The Master's Seminary, Sun Valley, California, US
 * Tyrrell Middle School, Wolcott, Connecticut, US

People

 * T. M. Soundararajan (1922–2013), an Indian singer

Places

 * São Tomé International Airport, IATA code
 * Tuen Mun South station, Hong Kong; MTR station code

Chemistry

 * Tetramethylsilane, an organosilicon chemical compound
 * Trimethylsilanol, an organosilicon chemical compound
 * Trimethylsilyl, a functional group in chemistry
 * Tricaine methanesulfonate or tricaine mesylate, an anesthetic for fish

Medicine and psychology

 * Tension myositis syndrome, a medical condition causing pain
 * Total motile spermatozoa, in semen analysis
 * Transcranial magnetic stimulation in neuroscience
 * Tandem mass spectrometry, to analyse biomolecules
 * Truth maintenance system, a knowledge representation method

Sports

 * Texas Motor Speedway, Fort Worth, Texas, US
 * TMS Ringsted, a Danish handball club

Technology

 * Tape management system, for computer backups
 * Tile Map Service, a standard for downloading maps
 * Traffic management system
 * Training management system
 * Translation management system, translation software application
 * Transport management system, managing software updates of SAP (STMS)
 * Transportation management system, logistics software application
 * Treasury management system, financial software application

Other uses

 * Tesla Model S, battery electric luxury executive car
 * "The Most Mysterious Song on the Internet", commonly abbreviated to TMS (The Mysterious Song)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: TMS


text:
Konstanz

Konstanz (, ,   , also , ), also known as Constance in English, is a university city with approximately 83,000 inhabitants located at the western end of Lake Constance in the south of Germany. The city houses the University of Konstanz and was the residence of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Konstanz for more than 1,200 years.

Location
The city is located in the state of Baden-Württemberg and situated at the banks of Lake Constance (Bodensee in German). The river Rhine, which starts in the Swiss Alps, passes through Lake Constance and leaves it, considerably larger, by flowing under a bridge connecting the two parts of the city. North of the river lies the larger part of the city with residential areas, industrial estates, and the University of Konstanz; while south of the river is the old town, which houses the administrative centre and shopping facilities in addition to the Hochschule or the University of Applied Sciences. Car ferries provide access across Lake Constance to Meersburg, and the Katamaran provides a shuttle service for pedestrians to Friedrichshafen. The Germany–Switzerland border runs along the southwestern and southern edge of the city, demarcating it from the Swiss town of Kreuzlingen.

Subdivisions
Konstanz is subdivided into 15 wards or districts (Stadtteile). The island of Mainau belonged to the ward of Litzelstetten, a separate municipality, until its incorporation into Konstanz on 1 December 1971.

History

The first traces of civilization in Konstanz date back to the late Stone Age. During the reign of Augustus, the Celts living south of the Danube were conquered by the Romans. Around 40 AD, the first Romans settled on the site. This small town on the left bank of the Rhine was probably first called Drusomagus and belonged to the Roman province of Raetia. Its later name, originally Constantia, comes either from the Roman emperor Constantius Chlorus, who fought the Alemanni in the region and built a strong fortress around 300 AD, or from his grandson Constantius II, who visited the region in 354. The remains of the late Roman fortress Constantia were discovered in 2003.

Around 585 the first bishop took up residence in Konstanz and this marked the beginning of the city's importance as a spiritual center. By the late Middle Ages, about one quarter of Konstanz's 6,000 inhabitants were exempt from taxation on account of clerical rights.

Trade thrived during the Middle Ages. Konstanz owned the only bridge in the region, which crossed the Rhine, making it a strategic location in the Duchy of Swabia. Its linen production had made an international name for the city and it was prosperous. In 1192, Konstanz gained the status of Imperial City so it was henceforth subject only to the Holy Roman Emperor.

In 1414 to 1418, the Council of Constance took place, during which, on 6 July 1415, Jan Hus (Czech religious thinker, philosopher and reformer), who was seen as a threat to Christianity by the Roman Catholic Church, was burned at the stake. It was here that the Papal Schism was ended and Pope Martin V was elected during the only conclave ever held north of the Alps. Ulrich von Richental's illustrated chronicle of the Council of Constance testifies to all the major happenings during the council as well as showing the everyday life of medieval Konstanz. The Konzilgebäude where the conclave was held can still be seen standing by the harbour. Close by stands the Imperia, a statue that was erected in 1993 to satirically commemorate the council.

In 1460, the Swiss Confederacy conquered Thurgau, Konstanz's natural hinterland. Konstanz then made an attempt to get admitted to the Swiss Confederacy, but the forest cantons voted against its entry, fearing overbearing city states; Konstanz then joined the Swabian League instead. In the Swabian War of 1499, Konstanz lost its last privileges over Thurgau to the Confederation.

The Protestant Reformation took hold in Konstanz in the 1520s, headed by Ambrosius Blarer. Soon the city declared itself officially Protestant, pictures were removed from the churches, and the bishop temporarily moved to Meersburg, a small town across the lake. The city first followed the Tetrapolitan Confession, and then the Augsburg Confession. However, in 1548 Emperor Charles V imposed the Imperial Ban on Konstanz and it had to surrender to Habsburg Austria which had suddenly attacked. Thus Konstanz lost its status as an imperial city. The new Habsburg rulers were eager to re-Catholicise the town and in 1604 a Jesuit College was opened. Its accompanying theatre, built in 1610, is the oldest theatre in Germany still performing regularly.

The city became part of the Grand Duchy of Baden in 1806. In 1821, the Bishopric of Constance was dissolved and became part of the Archdiocese of Freiburg. Konstanz became part of the German Empire in 1871 during the unification of Germany. After World War I it was included within the Republic of Baden.

On 22 October 1940, 110 of the last Jewish residents were deported to Gurs internment camp in France. Most of those who were still alive in August 1942 were murdered in either Sobibór or Auschwitz.

Because it almost lies within Switzerland, directly adjacent to the Swiss border, Konstanz was not bombed by the Allied Forces during World War II. After the war, Konstanz was included first in South Baden and then in the new state of Baden-Württemberg.

The Altstadt (Old Town), which is large considering the small size of modern Konstanz, has many old buildings and twisting alleys. The city skyline is dominated by Konstanz Cathedral, several other churches and three towers left over from the city wall, one of which marks the place of the former medieval bridge over the Rhine.

The University of Konstanz was established close to the town in 1966. It houses a library with approximately two million books, all freely accessible 24 hours a day, as well as a botanical garden (the Botanischer Garten der Universität Konstanz). Especially since 2007, the university, being one of the nine German universities most successful in the German Universities Excellence Initiative, has gained considerable reputation as a so-called "elite university".

Konstanz was the birthplace of Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin, constructor of the famous Zeppelin airships. In the late 2010s, Konstanz has become a popular destination for Einkaufstourismus, or cross-border shopping by Swiss due to lower prices on basic items in Germany, a favorable exchange rate between the Swiss franc and the euro, and a generous German VAT refund for non-European Union residents. Retail chains such as H&M and dm have built large new stores near the town's central square to cater to this trade, and some Konstanz residents feel the city is losing its historic character in the process; many of them avoid the area on Saturdays. This has led to friction with officials from Kreuzlingen as their city has seen no economic benefit from this trade, and they have been requesting that their national government bring up the issue of the VAT refund with Germany. Subsequently, Germany has introduced a minimum spend amount of €50.01 per receipt for the German VAT to be refunded. Customs clearance centres are conveniently located near shopping centres.

Climate
Its location in south-west Germany gives Konstanz a degraded oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb) with warm and humid summers (moderated by the lake) as well as cold and snowy winters.

Main sights
Konstanz was also home to a large synagogue, destroyed by the Nazi government in 1938.
 * Archaeological Museum
 * Imperia, a 9 m-tall sculpture
 * Jan Hus Museum
 * Konstanz Cathedral
 * Konzil edifice, dating to the 15th century
 * Niederburg (Lower Castle)
 * Petershausen Abbey
 * Remains of a Roman fortress, near the Cathedral
 * Schnetztor, fortified gate of the former city walls

Twin towns – sister cities
Konstanz is twinned with:
 * 🇫🇷 Fontainebleau, France (1960)
 * 🏴 Richmond upon Thames, England, United Kingdom (1983)
 * 🇨🇿 Tábor, Czech Republic (1984)
 * 🇮🇹 Lodi, Italy (1986)
 * 🇨🇳 Suzhou, China (2007)

Transport
Konstanz station is the eastern terminus of the High Rhine Railway line, running westwards to Singen, with connections to all parts of Germany and the Swiss cities of Schaffhausen and Basel. There are three other stations in Konstanz along this line: Konstanz-Fürstenberg, Konstanz-Petershausen and Konstanz-Wollmatingen. In addition, Konstanz station is linked via two connectors (in both directions) to the Lake Line, which runs along the Swiss shore of Lake Constance and the High Rhine. It is indirectly also linked to the Wil–Kreuzlingen railway line to Weinfelden, with connections to long-distance trains in Switzerland. Services are provided by the Deutsche Bahn AG and also the Swiss Federal Railways and its subsidiaries Thurbo and SBB GmbH.

The nearest airport is at Friedrichshafen, which can be reached by a fast ferry service on the lake, which also connects Konstanz to other lakeside towns. The airport mainly hosts domestic flights, but flights to Austria and Turkey are available. The nearest international airports are in Stuttgart, in Basel, and Zurich, which has a direct train from Konstanz. Bus services within the city are provided by Stadtwerke Konstanz GmbH.

Additionally Konstanz and Friedrichshafen have been connected by the two (since 2008, three) catamarans Constance and Fridolin since 2005.

World Heritage Site
It is home to one or more prehistoric pile-dwelling (or stilt house) settlements that are part of the Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Public service and commerce

 * Ulrich Zasius (1461–1536), jurist
 * Ernst Vögelin (1529–1589), pioneer book printer
 * Wacker von Wackenfels (1550–1619), diplomat, scholar and author
 * Johann Friedrich Cotta (1764–1832) a publisher, industrial pioneer and politician; in 1825 he started steamboats on Lake Constance.
 * Johann Leonhard Hug (1765–1846) a Catholic theologian, orientalist and biblical scholar.
 * Guillaume Henri Dufour (1787–1875) a Swiss military officer, structural engineer and topographer.
 * Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin (1838–1917), a German general and inventor of the Zeppelin rigid airships.
 * Josef Albert Amann (junior) (1866–1919), gynecologist
 * Conrad Grober (1872–1948), priest and archbishop, teacher and pastor in Konstanz
 * Friedrich Flick (1883–1972), entrepreneur and convicted Nazi war criminal
 * Michaela von Neipperg (1885–1957), countess and Benedictine nun, religious superior at the Municipal Women's Clinic Konstanz
 * Siegfried Adolf Handloser (1885–1954), doctor of the German Armed Forces Medical Services
 * Melanie Risch (1887–1944), victim of Nazism
 * Werner Berger (1901–1964), SS-Oberscharführer and member of commando 99 in Buchenwald concentration camp
 * Julius Federer (1911–1984), jurist
 * Egon Mayer (1917–1944), fighter ace in the Luftwaffe during World War II
 * Werner Maihofer (1918–2009), politician (FDP), member of Bundestag, minister of the interior (1974–1978)
 * Theo Sommer (1930–2022), newspaper editor at Die Zeit since 1958, rising to editor-in-chief and publisher
 * Rolf Böhme (1934–2019), Staatssekretär (1978–1982), mayor of Freiburg (1982–2002)
 * Horst Frank (politician) (b. 1949), jurist, Lord Mayor of Konstanz 1996–2012
 * Ian Murdock (1973–2015), American software engineer, founder of the Debian project
 * Larissa Vassilian (born 1976), German-Armenian journalist

The arts

 * Tobias Pock (1609–1683), Austrian Baroque painter of Swabian descent, a pioneer of sacral art
 * Marie Ellenrieder (1791–1863), painter
 * Jacob Picard (1883–1967), writer
 * Anne Winterer (1894–1938), photographer
 * François Stahly (1911–2006), French sculptor
 * Hans Maria Wingler (1920–1984), art historian and founder of Bauhaus-Archive
 * Rosemarie Banholzer (born 1925), dialect author
 * Berthold Keller (1927–2012), trade unionist
 * Martin Gotthard Schneider (1930–2017), church musician, songwriter and theologian
 * Uli Trepte (1941–2009), musician
 * Carola Zwick (born 1966), product designer

title: Konstanz


text:
Hieratic

Hieratic (ἱερατικά) is the name given to a cursive writing system used for Ancient Egyptian and the principal script used to write that language from its development in the third millennium BCE until the rise of Demotic in the mid-first millennium BCE. It was primarily written in ink with a reed brush on papyrus.

Etymology
In the second century, the term hieratic was used for the first time by the Greek scholar Clement of Alexandria to describe this Ancient Egyptian writing system. The term derives from the Greek for "priestly writing" because at that time, for more than eight and a half centuries, hieratic had been used traditionally only for religious texts and literature.

Hieratic can also be an adjective meaning "[o]f or associated with sacred persons or offices; sacerdotal."

Development
Hieratic developed as a cursive form of hieroglyphic script in the Naqada III period of Ancient Egypt, roughly 3200–3000 BCE. Although handwritten printed hieroglyphs continued to be used in some formal situations, such as manuscripts of the Egyptian Book of the Dead, noncursive hieroglyphic script became largely restricted to monumental inscriptions.

Around 650 BCE, the even more-cursive Demotic script developed from hieratic. Demotic arose in northern Egypt and replaced hieratic and the southern shorthand known as abnormal hieratic for most mundane writing, such as personal letters and mercantile documents. Hieratic continued to be used by the priestly class for religious texts and literature into the third century AD.

Uses and materials
Through most of its long history, hieratic was used for writing administrative documents, accounts, legal texts, and letters, as well as mathematical, medical, literary, and religious texts. During the Græco-Roman period, when Demotic, and later, Greek, had become the chief administrative script, hieratic was limited primarily to religious texts. In general, hieratic was much more important than hieroglyphs throughout Egypt's history, being the script used in daily life. It was also the writing system first taught to students, knowledge of hieroglyphs being limited to a small minority who were given additional training. It is often possible to detect errors in hieroglyphic texts that came about due to a misunderstanding of an original hieratic text.

Most often, hieratic script was written in ink with a reed brush on papyrus, wood, stone, or pottery ostraca. During the Roman period, reed pens (calami) were also used. Thousands of limestone ostraca have been found at the site of Deir al-Madinah, revealing an intimate picture of the lives of common Egyptian workers. Besides papyrus, stone, ceramic shards, and wood, there are hieratic texts on leather rolls, although few have survived. There are also hieratic texts written on cloth, especially on linen used in mummification. There are some hieratic texts inscribed on stone, a variety known as lapidary hieratic. These are particularly common on stelae from the twenty-second dynasty.

During the late sixth dynasty, hieratic was sometimes incised into mud tablets with a stylus, similar to cuneiform. About five hundred of these tablets have been discovered in the governor's palace at Ayn Asil (Balat), and a single example was discovered from the site of Ayn al-Gazzarin, both in the Dakhla Oasis. At the time the tablets were made, Dakhla was located far from centers of papyrus production. These tablets record inventories, name lists, accounts, and approximately fifty letters. Of the letters, many are internal letters that were circulated within the palace and the local settlement, but others were sent from other villages in the oasis to the governor.

Characteristics
Hieratic script, unlike inscriptional and manuscript hieroglyphs, reads from right to left. Initially, hieratic could be written in either columns or horizontal lines, but after the twelfth dynasty (specifically during the reign of Amenemhat III), horizontal writing became the standard.

Hieratic is noted for its cursive nature and use of ligatures for a number of characters. Hieratic script also uses a much more standardized orthography than hieroglyphs; texts written in the latter often had to take into account extra-textual concerns, such as decorative uses and religious concerns that were not present in, say, a tax receipt. There are also some signs that are unique to hieratic, although Egyptologists have invented equivalent hieroglyphic forms for hieroglyphic transcriptions and typesetting. Several hieratic characters have diacritical additions so that similar signs could easily be distinguished.

Hieratic is often present in any given period in two forms, a highly ligatured, cursive script used for administrative documents, and a broad uncial bookhand used for literary, scientific, and religious texts. These two forms can often be significantly different from one another. Letters, in particular, used very cursive forms for quick writing, often with large numbers of abbreviations for formulaic phrases, similar to shorthand.

A highly cursive form of hieratic known as "Abnormal Hieratic" was used in the Theban area from the second half of the twentieth dynasty until the beginning of the twenty-sixth dynasty. It derives from the script of Upper Egyptian administrative documents and was used primarily for legal texts, land leases, letters, and other texts. This type of writing was superseded by Demotic—a Lower Egyptian scribal tradition—during the twenty-sixth dynasty, when Demotic was established as a standard administrative script throughout a re-unified Egypt.

Influence
Hieratic has had influence on a number of other writing systems. The most obvious is that on Demotic, its direct descendant. Related to this are the Demotic signs of the Meroitic script and the borrowed Demotic characters used in the Coptic alphabet and Old Nubian.

Outside of the Nile Valley, many of the signs used in the Byblos syllabary apparently were borrowed from Old Kingdom hieratic signs. It is also known that early Hebrew used hieratic numerals.

Unicode
The Unicode standard considers hieratic characters to be font variants of the Egyptian hieroglyphs, and the two scripts have been unified. Hieroglyphs were added to the Unicode Standard in October 2009 with the release of version 5.2.

title: Hieratic


text:
Friedrichshafen

Friedrichshafen ( or ; Low Alemannic: Hafe or Fridrichshafe) is a city on the northern shoreline of Lake Constance (the Bodensee) in Southern Germany, near the borders of both Switzerland and Austria. It is the district capital (Kreisstadt) of the Bodensee district in the federal state of Baden-Württemberg. Friedrichshafen has a population of about 63,000.

19th and early 20th century
Friedrichshafen was established in 1811 as part of the new Kingdom of Württemberg, an ally of France during the Napoleonic Wars. It was named for King Frederick I of Württemberg, who privileged it as a free port and transshipment point for the kingdom's Swiss trade. Friedrichshafen was created from the former city of Buchhorn, whose coat of arms it adopted. The new city also incorporated the former village of Hofen, whose monastery was refurbished to serve as the summer residence of the Württemberger kings.

King William I continued improving the city, including the purchase of the steamship Wilhelm. Ministers and senior officials built villas around the royal castle, and many foreign tourists visited the city as well, including Tsar Alexander II of Russia. The first track laid by the Royal Württemberg State Railways connected the port to Ravensburg in 1847. Heilbronn was connected in 1850, and a ferry to Romanshorn in Switzerland began operating in 1869. Despite their previous opposition to Prussia, under the federal structure of the German Empire, Württemberg and Friedrichshafen continued to enjoy some special privileges following their incorporation into Germany following the Franco-Prussian War.

Ferdinand von Zeppelin established his famous dirigible factory at the end of the 19th century. The 128m-long LZ1 airship rose from its mooring on July 2, 1900. Other aviation companies, including Maybach, also arose in Friedrichshafen to help service the industry, which received a major impetus from World War I. Following the Treaty of Versailles, the Kingdom of Württemberg was dissolved but the deposed royal family continued in their possession of their castle in Friedrichshafen, despite a workers' revolution there in November, 1918.

World War II
Friedrichshafen served the Nazi regime as a resort for workers. The presence of Zeppelin, Maybach, Dornier, and Zahnradfabrik made it an important German industrial center during World War II. Between 1942 and 1945, the factories used slave labor of hundreds of concentration camp prisoners from Dachau and Dora-Mittelbau. They were housed first at Zeppelin's hangar and then, following its destruction during a raid, the V-2 factory Raderach. The prisoners were also used to dig tunnels near Friedrichshafen to protect production sites from the repeated bombing.

Between June 1943 and February 1945, the city was targeted for Allied bombing attacks. The most accurate took place on April 28, 1944, and destroyed most of the old town center. Approximately two-thirds of the city was destroyed over the course of the war.

Modern Germany
Following World War II, Friedrichshafen was part of the French occupation zone before its incorporation into Baden-Württemberg, West Germany. In the aftermath of the war, Maybach and many other aviation companies turned to automobile construction, while Claudius Dornier purchased Theodor Kober's failed Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen and established Dornier Flugzeugwerke. Owing to the provisions of the Versailles treaty, many of the planes were initially produced in Italy, Spain, the Netherlands or Japan, but resumed work at its Friedrichshafen and other German factories following the rise of the Nazi regime. The 1937 Hindenburg disaster and a subsequent embargo on sending American helium to Germany, however, effectively ended the production of German dirigibles. The German aeronautics industry was again banned for many years after the war, and companies again failed or shifted production.

The city's principal recovery dates to its establishment as the administrative seat of the Bodenseekreis district of West Germany, in 1973. The last French troops withdrew from their "Durand de Villers" Quarter (Quartier Durand de Villers) in 1992.

Geographical location
Friedrichshafen is located on a gently curved bay on the north shore of Lake Constance and on the southwest edge of the Schussen. The city is over an altitude of 395.2 m above sea level. NHH on the shores of Lake Constance up to 501.6 m in Ailingen. The core city is located not far to the west of the confluence of the Rotach and Lake Constance. Coming from Oberteuringen, this river reaches the city west of the village of Ailingen and flows through some smaller districts before it flows into the lake on the eastern edge of the city center. The somewhat larger Schussen touches the northeast corner of the urban area.

Neighboring communities
The following municipalities border the city of Friedrichshafen:

Immenstaad, Markdorf, Oberteuringen, Ravensburg, Meckenbeuren, Tettnang and Eriskich.

Climate
Friedrichshafen's climate is mainly influenced by the Lake Constance and the nearby Alps. Compared to the Hinterland, the temperatures are rather mild. The proximity to the Alps creates foehn winds and sometimes strong thunderstorms. In addition, fog often forms in winter.

Border with Baden
The border line between the former states of Baden and Württemberg ran on the Grenzbach between Friedrichshafen, Fischbach and Immenstaad. Remains of the "Grenzhof" can still be found between the Bundesstraße 31 and the nature-protected shore zone.

Aviation
Airship construction in the first third of the 20th century attracted considerable industry and contributed significantly to Friedrichshafen's relative prosperity. Friedrichshafen is best known for having been home to the Luftschiffbau Zeppelin Airship Company, the aircraft manufacturer Dornier Flugzeugwerke, ZF Friedrichshafen, a manufacturer of transmission systems and MTU Friedrichshafen GmbH, the engine manufacturing company founded by Wilhelm Maybach. Ferdinand von Zeppelin, who was born in Konstanz (Constance), originally had his airships built in a floating airship hangar on the lake which could be aligned with the wind to support the difficult launch procedure of rigid airship flight. Today there is a large Zeppelin Museum in Friedrichshafen sited near the lake shore. In recent years the company ZLT Zeppelin Luftschifftechnik GmbH, also located in Friedrichshafen, is the constructor of small, semi-rigid airships designed by the Zeppelin firm, named (called Zeppelin NT), by using modern technology. These airships can be booked for sightseeing tours above Lake Constance.

Airbus Defence and Space maintains a site outside Friedrichshafen in Immenstaad am Bodensee, which is considered today as the successor of the Dornier Flugzeugwerke company. The Dornier Museum is located at the Friedrichshafen Airport and displays restored Dornier aviation technology as well as modern space technology.

AERO Friedrichshafen is a yearly aviation conference that hosted an attendance of 33,400 in 2011, and 30,800 in 2012. Aero 2013 took place on 24–27 April 2013 at Friedrichshafen Airport.

Other
Rolls-Royce Power Systems AG (MTU), the German engine manufacturing company owned by Rolls-Royce is also located in Friedrichshafen.

Apart from industry and tourism, various international regular trade fairs, such as Aero (aviation technology), Interboot (water sports), OutDoor, Motorradwelt (Motorbikes), Eurobike (bicycles) and Tuning World Bodensee (car tuning) are important economical factors. There is a large fair ground (Messe Friedrichshafen) near Friedrichshafen airport where all these and many more trade fairs take place every year. Furthermore, the Graf-Zeppelin-Haus cultural centre has become a popular location for congresses, conferences, musical and other events.

Friedrichshafen is the location for Europe's largest ham radio convention.

Education
Zeppelin University, a private research university, is the only private university in the state of Baden-Württemberg to have received the rare right to confer PhD titles to its students. Only founded in 2003, its Cultural & Communication Management programme has been already ranked the best university programme in that field in German speaking countries, according to the prestigious CHE ranking. The programme in Public Management & Governance was ranked 4th while the programme in Corporate Management & Economics was ranked 6th among all examined German, Austrian, Swiss and Dutch universities (figures from 2011). Zeppelin University holds the title of the 'most committed' university in Germany with regard to civil society issues (Stifterverband für die deutsche Wissenschaft/Stiftung Mercator 2011). Ravensburg University of Cooperative Education also has a campus in Friedrichshafen.

Sports
VfB Friedrichshafen is a professional volleyball team based on Friedrichshafen. It is one of the top teams in Bundesliga.

Music
The Seehasen-Fanfarenzug was founded in 1956 on the occasion of the Seehasenfest and Erich Deisel, a teacher at the Graf Zeppelin Gymnasium. At that time the club consisted of four drummers and two fanfare players. In 1959 the first typical yellow and red costumes reminiscent of the character from the Spanish era were designed. In 1972 the fanfare band took part in the German Championship of Fanfare Bands and came eighth place. Up until the 50th anniversary in 2006, he organized many concerts abroad and won several prizes in competitions across Germany.

The Friedrichshafen Music School was founded in 1953 as a municipal educational institution. In 2003 it moved to the newly built building near the Graf Zeppelin Gymnasium.

Festivals
Friedrichshafen has a number of town and local festivals that are held annually. Since 1985, the Kulturufer has taken place at the beginning of the summer holidays, a ten-day tent festival on the shores of Lake Constance. The performances range from music events to cabaret, drama and dance to readings, acrobatics and street theater. There is also a daily theater program for children in the tent. The Kulturufer is organized by the Culture Office and the Office for Family, Youth and Social Affairs. One of the most famous and oldest festivals in Friedrichshafen is the Seehasenfest, a local kids festival that has been taking place since the post-war period.

Transport
Friedrichshafen Stadt station enjoys train services at regular intervals to Lindau and Ulm, as well as to Basel in Switzerland.

A car ferry service links Friedrichshafen to Romanshorn in Switzerland, and various other towns around the lake can also be reached by ferry. Since 2005, a fast catamaran ferry connection has been in service between Friedrichshafen and Konstanz.

Friedrichshafen has a local airport called Friedrichshafen Airport which offers, among other services, daily international connections provided mainly by Lufthansa CityLine and Turkish Airlines. The Zeppelin manufacturing company Luftschiffbau Zeppelin (LZ) was re-established in 1993, and a commercial airline Deutsche Zeppelin Reederei (DZR) began flying passenger service from Friedrichshafen Airport in 2001. , 12 scheduled routes were offered with additional flights to selected cities.

The nearest big cities are Konstanz, Ravensburg, Bregenz, St. Gallen, Ulm, Augsburg, Munich, Zürich, and Stuttgart.

Before 1900

 * Matteo Pertsch (1769–1834), Austrian classical architect responsible for many historic structures in Trieste
 * Frederick Miller (1824–1888), brewery owner in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
 * Heinrich Lanz (1838–1905), agricultural machinery manufacturers Heinrich Lanz AG, Lanz Bulldog
 * Wilhelm Maybach (1846–1929), engine designer and industrialist
 * Barbara Margaretha Meta von Salis (1855–1929), Swiss feminist and historian
 * Hugo Eckener (1868–1954), manager of the Luftschiffbau Zeppelin during the inter-war years
 * Hermann Blau (1871–1944), engineer and chemist and inventor of Blau gas
 * Ludwig Dürr (1878–1956), airship designer
 * Claude Dornier (1884–1969), airplane builder and founder of Dornier GmbH
 * Friedrich von Arnauld de la Perière (1888–1969), aviator
 * Franz-Zeno Diemer (1889–1954), flight pioneer
 * Oberleutnant Hans Bethge (1890–1918), World War I flying ace and aerial commander
 * Richard Vogt (1894–1979), engineer and aircraft designer

Since 1900

 * Alfonsas Dargis (1909–1996), Lithuanian painter, graphic artist, set designer and poet
 * Liselotte Herrmann (1909–1938), Communist Resistance fighter in Nazi Germany
 * Friedrich Jung (1915–1997), doctor and leading academic and research pharmacologist in the GDR
 * Albrecht Roser (1922–2011), puppeteer
 * Princess Marie Alexandra of Schleswig-Holstein (1929–2000), wife of local restaurateur
 * Carl, Duke of Württemberg (born 1936), head of the House of Württemberg
 * Nico Stehr (born 1942), university professor
 * Helmut Willke (born 1945), sociologist who studies the effect of globalization on modern society
 * Stefan Waggershausen (born 1949), singer, composer, and songwriter
 * Laurent Gathier (born in 1953 in Friedrichshafen), French engineer and space pioneer
 * Patrick A. Baeuerle (born 1957), molecular biologist
 * Peter Rundel (born 1958), violinist and conductor
 * Hubert Knoblauch (born 1959), sociologist
 * Alissa Walser (born 1961), writer, daughter of poet Martin Walser
 * Tasos Zembylas (born 1962), philosopher and social scientist
 * Stefan Sommer (born 1963), Chief Executive Officer of ZF Friedrichshafen AG
 * Philippe Bühler (born 1981), singer
 * Alicia von Rittberg (born 1993), actress and local student
 * Philipp Riederle (born 1994), author, consultant and podcaster

Sport

 * Jörg Diesch (born 1951), sailor, Olympian winner in 1976
 * Eckart Diesch (born 1954), sailor, Olympic athlete 1976
 * John Jurkovic (born 1967), former American football player currently employed as a US broadcaster
 * Stefanie Rothweiler (born 1979), Olympian participant in sailing
 * Steffen Wohlfarth (born 1983), footballer
 * Kerstin Wohlbold (born 1984), handball player
 * Max Günthör (born 1985), volleyball player
 * Chantal Laboureur (born 1990), volleyball and beach volleyball player
 * Simon Zoller (born 1991), footballer
 * Liane Lippert (born 1998), cyclist
 * Giulia Gwinn (born 1999), footballer

Twin towns – sister cities
Friedrichshafen is twinned with:

 * 🇩🇪 Delitzsch, Germany
 * 🇮🇹 Imperia, Italy
 * 🇺🇸 Peoria, United States
 * 🇧🇾 Polotsk, Belarus
 * 🇫🇷 Saint-Dié-des-Vosges, France
 * 🇧🇦 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

The relationships to the twin cities are supported by the local government together with twin city associations. In Friedrichshafen there had been founded the associations Freundeskreis Polozk, Peoria Club, Arbeitskreis S.Dié and Amici di Imperia.

Friedrichshafen has friendly relations with:
 * 🇯🇵 Tsuchiura, Japan

title: Friedrichshafen


text:
Dungannon and South Tyrone Borough Council

Dungannon and South Tyrone Borough Council (Comhairle Buirge Dhún Geanainn agus Thír Eoghain Theas, Ulster Scots: Rathgannon an Sooth Owenslanngh Cooncil) was a local council in Northern Ireland from 1973 until 2015. It was originally named Dungannon District Council, gaining borough status and adding "South Tyrone" to its name on 25 November 1999, after petitioning the Secretary of State for the Environment. In May 2015, under local government reorganisation in Northern Ireland it merged with Cookstown District Council and Magherafelt District Council to become Mid-Ulster District Council.

Subdivisions
The main town in the district was Dungannon, where the council was headquartered. The council area covered the southern part of County Tyrone (along with a small area of County Armagh) and had a population of nearly 58,000. Its smaller towns included: Augher, Clogher, Fivemiletown, Ballygawley, Caledon, Aughnacloy, Benburb, Moy and Coalisland. The council area was divided into four electoral areas: Blackwater, Clogher Valley, Dungannon Town and Torrent. In the 2005 elections, 22 members were elected from the following political parties: 8 Sinn Féin, 5 Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), 4 Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) 4 Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) and 1 Éirígí (EIR). The Council adopted the d'Hondt system in 2001 which allows the position of Mayor and Deputy Mayor to be allocated according to party size. The last mayor was Councillor Michelle O'Neill (SF) and the Deputy Mayor was Councillor Norman Badger (UUP). In elections for the Westminster Parliament it was split between the Mid-Ulster and Fermanagh & South Tyrone constituencies.

Review of Public Administration
Under the Review of Public Administration (RPA) the council was due to merge with Magherafelt District Council and Cookstown District Council in 2011 to form a single council for the enlarged area totalling 1714 km2 and a population of 120, 096. The next election was due to take place in May 2009, but on 25 April 2008, Shaun Woodward, Secretary of State for Northern Ireland announced that the scheduled 2009 district council elections were to be postponed until the introduction of the eleven new councils in 2011.

Population
The area covered by Dungannon and South Tyrone Borough Council has a population of 57,852 residents according to the 2011 Northern Ireland census.


text:
Talk:Johnston County, Oklahoma

Untitled
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help.

Article classification
This article meets the requirements for Class C. I have made the change for WP:Oklahoma. Bruin2 (talk) 00:49, 15 September 2013 (UTC)
 * Also changed class for WikiProject U.S. CountiesBruin2 (talk) 00:48, 26 September 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Johnston County, Oklahoma. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx to http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx
 * Added tag to http://www.census.gov/popest/data/counties/totals/2015/CO-EST2015-alldata.html
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html to http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 12:12, 26 April 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Johnston County, Oklahoma. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://www.webcitation.org/607Y936yA?url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/40/40069.html to http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/40/40069.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070325000434/http://www.johnstoncountyems.net/ to http://www.johnstoncountyems.net/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 11:19, 29 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Johnston County, Oklahoma


text:
Talk:Kay County, Oklahoma

Untitled
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help.

Translation into Chinese Wikipedia
The 19:59, 29 May 2008 NE2 version of this article is translated into Chinese Wikipedia.--Wing (talk) 20:06, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

Article classification
This article meets the requirements for Class C. Bruin2 (talk) 05:08, 17 September 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Kay County, Oklahoma. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx to http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx
 * Added tag to http://www.census.gov/popest/data/counties/totals/2015/CO-EST2015-alldata.html
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html to http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 12:02, 3 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Kay County, Oklahoma. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://www.webcitation.org/608f0KRkf?url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/40/40071.html to http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/40/40071.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 13:52, 7 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kay County, Oklahoma


text:
Talk:Kingfisher County, Oklahoma

Untitled
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help.

Housing Authority??
I am looking for information on the housing authority for this county, and can't find a speck anywhere! If anyone could help me, plz email me at PetallessRose04@yahoo.com —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.12.90.63 (talk) 01:24, 3 November 2008 (UTC)

Article classification
This article meets the requirements for Class C. Bruin2 (talk) 17:43, 27 September 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Kingfisher County, Oklahoma. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx to http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html to http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 09:49, 6 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Kingfisher County, Oklahoma. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://www.webcitation.org/608jMVwzz?url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/40/40073.html to http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/40/40073.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 22:08, 10 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kingfisher County, Oklahoma


text:
Talk:Kiowa County, Oklahoma

Untitled
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help.

Translation into Chinese Wikipedia
The 19:36, 28 November 2009 Hu12 version of this article is translated into Chinese Wikipedia.--Wing (talk) 21:06, 5 March 2010 (UTC)

Article classification
This article meets the requirements for Class C. I have made the change accordingly. Bruin2 (talk) 20:53, 17 January 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Kiowa County, Oklahoma. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx to http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html to http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 13:45, 6 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Kiowa County, Oklahoma. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://www.webcitation.org/608k03qSX?url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/40/40075.html to http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/40/40075.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 02:12, 11 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kiowa County, Oklahoma


text:
Talk:Latimer County, Oklahoma

Untitled
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help.

Article reclassification
This article meets the requirements for Class C. Bruin2 (talk) 02:34, 17 February 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Latimer County, Oklahoma. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20160708144914/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/counties/totals/2015/CO-EST2015-alldata.html to http://www.census.gov/popest/data/counties/totals/2015/CO-EST2015-alldata.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:19, 12 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Latimer County, Oklahoma. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://www.webcitation.org/6099Yg15x?url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/40/40077.html to http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/40/40077.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 22:55, 17 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Latimer County, Oklahoma


text:
Talk:LeFlore County, Oklahoma

Untitled
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help.

Article classification
This article meets the requirements for Class C. Bruin2 (talk) 02:00, 20 December 2013 (UTC)

Requested move 22 October 2022

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. Per consensus, use local name in absence of widely accepted usage. (closed by non-admin page mover) – robertsky (talk) 10:37, 30 October 2022 (UTC)

Le Flore County, Oklahoma → LeFlore County, Oklahoma – An IP recently changed "Le Flore" to "LeFlore" within the article. They did a global replace are broke several links, so I reverted it. Their justification was that "LeFlore is one word - see LeFlore County websites". I haven't found any central county website, but there related ones such as the tax office and the Sheriff's dept. that don't have a space - which lends credibility to that postition. Other places, like the US Census (see sources in the article) have the space.

We have inconsistent usage in other titles - LeFlore County Courthouse and Cedar Lake (Le Flore County, Oklahoma), It also shows up in section headings of other articles and various categories. I'm not sure which way it should be, but everything should be made consistent.

This potentially goes beyond this one article, but is seems to me like discussing it here is best and then applying the outcome broadly to all occurrences of LeFlore County, Oklahoma throughout the project. MB 16:59, 22 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Oklahoma has been notified of this discussion. UtherSRG (talk) 20:36, 22 October 2022 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support as the sheriff's office uses that name. cookie monster   755  06:03, 28 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Support given this WP:NCGN clause: If no name can be shown to be widely accepted in English, use the local name. Since this seems to be the case here, we thus default to the local usage (without a space). — Ceso femmuin mbolgaig mbung, mellohi! (投稿) 04:27, 30 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:LeFlore County, Oklahoma


text:
Talk:Iowa County, Wisconsin

Untitled
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Iowa County, Wisconsin. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx to http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx
 * Added tag to http://www.census.gov/popest/data/counties/totals/2015/CO-EST2015-alldata.html
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2Fwww%2Fdecennial.html to http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:44, 12 April 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Iowa County, Wisconsin. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://www.webcitation.org/606p9mKks?url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/55/55049.html to http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/55/55049.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 03:53, 16 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Iowa County, Wisconsin


text:
Talk:Green Lake County, Wisconsin

Untitled
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The [[Wikipedia:WikiProject U.S. counties|WikiProject U.S. Counties!

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on Green Lake County, Wisconsin. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx to http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140103082820/http://www.census.gov/geo/reference/docs/cenpop2010/CenPop2010_Mean_ST.txt to https://www.census.gov/geo/reference/docs/cenpop2010/CenPop2010_Mean_ST.txt
 * Added tag to http://www.census.gov/popest/data/counties/totals/2015/CO-EST2015-alldata.html
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2Fwww%2Fdecennial.html to http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov/ to http://factfinder2.census.gov/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:22, 24 March 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Green Lake County, Wisconsin. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://www.webcitation.org/605kWmQK4?url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/55/55047.html to http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/55/55047.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 11:29, 23 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Green Lake County, Wisconsin


text:
Talk:Green County, Wisconsin

Untitled
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help.

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Green County, Wisconsin. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx to http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx
 * Added tag to http://www.census.gov/popest/data/counties/totals/2015/CO-EST2015-alldata.html
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2Fwww%2Fdecennial.html to http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov/ to http://factfinder2.census.gov/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 22:46, 24 March 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Green County, Wisconsin. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://www.webcitation.org/605kRAN3E?url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/55/55045.html to http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/55/55045.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 10:41, 23 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Green County, Wisconsin


text:
Talk:Grant County, Wisconsin

Untitled
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help.

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Grant County, Wisconsin. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx to http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx
 * Added tag to http://www.census.gov/popest/data/counties/totals/2015/CO-EST2015-alldata.html
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2Fwww%2Fdecennial.html to http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov/ to http://factfinder2.census.gov/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:53, 24 March 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Grant County, Wisconsin. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://www.webcitation.org/605jAuIzw?url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/55/55043.html to http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/55/55043.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html
 * Added tag to http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/MapItDrawServlet?geo_id=16000US5508850&_bucket_id=50&tree_id=420&context=saff&_lang=en&_sse=on
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111002145217/http://www.lmhscscorecard.com/sc/brief.cgi?s=1&c=4 to http://www.lmhscscorecard.com/sc/brief.cgi?s=1&c=4

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:32, 22 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Grant County, Wisconsin


text:
Talk:Forest County, Wisconsin

Untitled
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help.

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Forest County, Wisconsin. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx to http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx
 * Added tag to http://www.census.gov/popest/data/counties/totals/2015/CO-EST2015-alldata.html
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2Fwww%2Fdecennial.html to http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov to http://factfinder2.census.gov

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:09, 2 January 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Forest County, Wisconsin. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://www.webcitation.org/604BHFu7r?url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/55/55041.html to http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/55/55041.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://factfinder2.census.gov/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 00:09, 4 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Forest County, Wisconsin


text:
Talk:Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin

Untitled
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help.

That photo of "countryside" is pretty subpar. It's a parking lot.

Two fond du lacs as well as a north fond du lac
I've lived in FDL all my life adn there is not a city Fond du Lac and a town Fond du Lac and a North Fond du Lac all in the relative same spot. There is a Fond du Lac with 40,000+ people and a North FDL with like 4,000 but I don't know where the third Fond du Lac(town)with 2,000 people came from.... There is the City of Fond du Lac, and the City of North Fond du Lac. Everything remaining in the township where the two cities are located is a legal entity know as the Town of Fond du Lac. Yup. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 143.235.146.217 (talk) 21:39, 10 December 2007 (UTC)
 * One of the reasons I like about Wikipedia is the WikiProject Wisconsin. I love Wisconsin history especially with the cities, villages, towns, and unincorporated communities in Wisconsin. Each city, town, village, county, unincorporated community, in Wisconsin has their unique, special history.Thank you-RFD (talk) 21:55, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

Important Geographic Feature
Someone should add in a bit about the "escarpment" that runs through western Fond du Lac County (near Oakfield). It is a high point where rivers on the west and south sides of the feature flow towards the Wisconsin and Mississippi Rivers. Rivers north and east of the point flow toward the lakes and eventually to the Atlantic. I don't want to add it cause I don't remember the official name of this land feature; several years since elementary school. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.117.3.110 (talk) 18:50, 30 March 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx to http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx
 * Added tag to http://www.census.gov/popest/data/counties/totals/2015/CO-EST2015-alldata.html
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2Fwww%2Fdecennial.html to http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov to http://factfinder2.census.gov

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 10:43, 2 January 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://www.webcitation.org/604Auo267?url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/55/55039.html to http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/55/55039.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://factfinder2.census.gov/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 05:41, 3 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin


text:
Talk:Florence County, Wisconsin

Untitled
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help.

In correct township listing
I was on google maps earlier today and came across some wrong information that is referenced on your website. I have filed error reports with google maps as well. We have worked diligently with google maps in the past in order to keep our roads and maps as up-to-date as possible.

Your website talks about Florence County, Wisconsin.

It correctly lists: Towns: Aurora, Commonwealth, Fence, Fern, Florence, Homestead, Long Lake and Tipler

It incorrectly lists: Unincorporated communities: Aurora, Commonwealth, Fence, Fern, Hematite, Pulp, Ridgetop, Spread Eagle, Tipler, Tyran

The errors: -	None of the Townships within Florence County are incorporated. -	Of the unincorporated communities that are listed on your website there are certain names that do not actually exist: o	Hematite o	Pulp o	Ridgetop o	Tyran -	Spread Eagle is part of the Town of Florence. It is generally considered to be an area located on the map how it shows up in google maps.

Please help us clean-up the records for the Town. If you have any questions, please contact us.

71.13.109.154 (talk) 18:55, 29 April 2015 (UTC)

(Note: I copied this from the Teahouse Questions)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Florence County, Wisconsin. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx to http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx
 * Added tag to http://www.census.gov/popest/data/counties/totals/2015/CO-EST2015-alldata.html
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html to http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov to http://factfinder2.census.gov

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 20:54, 1 January 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Florence County, Wisconsin. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://www.webcitation.org/604A6HVLU?url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/55/55037.html to http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/55/55037.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://factfinder2.census.gov/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:12, 2 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Florence County, Wisconsin


text:
Talk:Eau Claire County, Wisconsin

Untitled
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help.

population estimates and other pertinent info
Tom e rtalk 05:01, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 one external links on Eau Claire County, Wisconsin. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6962cjXgL?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naco.org%2FCounties%2FPages%2FFindACounty.aspx to http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2Fwww%2Fdecennial.html to http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov to http://factfinder2.census.gov

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 11:37, 19 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 6 external links on Eau Claire County, Wisconsin. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://www.webcitation.org/603dnC905?url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/55/55035.html to http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/55/55035.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070329012534/http://www.rootsweb.com/~wioconto/index.htm to http://www.rootsweb.com/~wioconto/index.htm
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://factfinder2.census.gov/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20091103101042/http://www.naco.org/Template.cfm?Section=Find_a_County&Template=%2Fcffiles%2Fcounties%2Fcounty.cfm&id=55035 to http://www.naco.org/Template.cfm?Section=Find_a_County&Template=%2Fcffiles%2Fcounties%2Fcounty.cfm&id=55035

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 13:15, 16 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Eau Claire County, Wisconsin


text:
Talk:Dunn County, Wisconsin

Untitled
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help.

Two Mondovis in Wisconsin?
So, there is a Mondovi, Wisconsin in Buffalo County, Wisconsin, but I also have a source that says there is a Mondovi in Dunn County, Wisconsin. Can anyone verify this?--Hraefen Talk 17:16, 7 May 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 one external links on Dunn County, Wisconsin. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6962cjXgL?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naco.org%2FCounties%2FPages%2FFindACounty.aspx to http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2Fwww%2Fdecennial.html to http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov to http://factfinder2.census.gov

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 20:34, 17 December 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 5 external links on Dunn County, Wisconsin. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://www.webcitation.org/603cQBUft?url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/55/55033.html to http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/55/55033.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070329012534/http://www.rootsweb.com/~wioconto/index.htm to http://www.rootsweb.com/~wioconto/index.htm
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://factfinder2.census.gov/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:48, 14 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Dunn County, Wisconsin


text:
Lyfing of Winchester

Lyfing of Winchester (died March 1046) was an Anglo-Saxon prelate who served as Bishop of Worcester, Bishop of Crediton and Bishop of Cornwall.

Life
Lyfing's uncle was Burhweald, Bishop of Cornwall, according to the medieval chronicler William of Malmesbury. He was probably a monk either at Winchester Abbey or at Glastonbury Abbey. In 1009, he became Abbot of Tavistock, and that was always his favourite of the offices he held. In 1027, he became the Bishop of Crediton, and about the same time he became Bishop of Cornwall on the death of his uncle Brihtwold, so he united those two sees, with the seat at Crediton. His elevation probably was due both to his family and to his assistance to Cnut in Rome. There is also some indication he may have been a protégé of Godwin, Earl of Wessex.

In 1038 or 1039, Lyfing also became Bishop of Worcester, but was deprived of the see in 1040. King Harold Harefoot gave Worcester to Lyfing because of Lyfing's support of Harold. His deprivation was due to King Harthacnut's belief that Lyfing was involved in the death of Harthacnut's half brother Alfred Atheling. Lyfing was accused by Aelfric Puttoc, the archbishop of York, who briefly replaced Lyfing at Worcester. Lyfing seems to have claimed that he was merely following the orders of Harold Harefoot. However, he was restored to Worcester in 1041 and held the three sees until his death on 20, 23 or 25 March 1046.

Lyfing was a close friend and trusted counsellor of King Canute the Great and accompanied him on a pilgrimage to Rome in 1027. Florence of Worcester, the medieval chronicler, claims that Lyfing, along with Godwin, was instrumental in securing the succession of Edward the Confessor to the throne of England on Harthacnut's death. A tradition at Worcester also recorded that it was Lyfing, along with Archbishop Eadsige of Canterbury, who forced Sweyn Godwinson to release Eadgifu, the abbess of Leominster whom Sweyn had kidnapped. In revenge, Sweyn raided the lands of the diocese of Worcester.

Before Lyfing's death, Aldred, who succeeded him at Worcester, had probably been acting as his suffragan or co-bishop. When Lyfing died, he chose to be buried at Tavistock Abbey. Lyfing was a pluralist and never enjoyed a good reputation. However, the D version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle describes him as "the eloquent bishop", which may imply that he was noted as an important preacher. Tavistock monks also remembered him as a great benefactor to their monastery.

title: Lyfing of Winchester


text:
543 BC

The year 543 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as year 211  Ab urbe condita. The denomination 543 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Events

 * North Indian Prince Vijaya invades Ceylon and establishes a Sinhalese dynasty after he was banished from his father's kingdom
 * Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens, purifies the island of Delos. (approximate)
 * Guided by Chinese statesman Zi Chan, the State of Zheng institutes a formal code of law.

Deaths

 * Gautama Buddha Mahaparinibbana (traditional in Thailand and elsewhere - basis of Thai solar calendar)

title: 543 BC