text:
The Family Man

The Family Man is a 2000 American romantic fantasy comedy-drama film directed by Brett Ratner, from a screenplay by David Diamond and David Weissman. The film stars Nicolas Cage and Téa Leoni, with Don Cheadle, Saul Rubinek, and Jeremy Piven in supporting roles.

The Family Man was theatrically released in the United States on December 22, 2000, by Universal Pictures. The film received mixed reviews from critics and grossed over $124.7 million worldwide against its $60 million budget. At the 27th Saturn Awards, it was nominated for Best Fantasy Film and won Best Actress for Leoni.

Plot
Jack and Kate, who have been together since college, are at JFK Airport, where he is about to leave to take up a twelve-month internship with Barclays in London. She fears the separation will be detrimental to their relationship and asks him not to go, but he reassures her, saying their love is strong enough to last, and he flies out.

Thirteen years later, Jack is a bachelor living a carefree life as a Wall Street executive in New York City, with millions at his disposal. At work, he is putting together a multi-billion dollar merger and has ordered an emergency meeting on Christmas Day. In his office, on Christmas Eve, he gets a message to contact Kate, but, even though he remembers her, he dismisses it and does not return her call.

On his way home, Jack is in a convenience store when a young man, Cash, enters claiming to have a winning lottery ticket worth $238, but the store clerk refuses him, saying the ticket is a forgery. Cash pulls out a gun and threatens him, so Jack offers to buy the ticket and Cash eventually agrees.

Outside, Jack tries to help Cash, to which he responds by asking Jack if anything is missing from his life. Saying he has everything he needs, Cash enigmatically remarks that Jack has brought upon himself what is now going to happen, and walks away. A puzzled Jack returns to his penthouse and sleeps.

Jack wakes up next morning, Christmas Day, in a suburban New Jersey bedroom with Kate and two children. Confused, he rushes out to his condo and office in New York, but both doormen refuse his entrance and do not recognize him. Jack runs out into the street and encounters Cash now smartly dressed and driving Jack's Ferrari. Although Cash offers to explain what is happening, all he says is a vague reference to "The Organization" and that Jack is getting "a glimpse" that will help him to figure out for himself what it's about.

Jack slowly comes to realize that he is living the kind of life he might have had if he had stayed in the United States with Kate as she had asked. He has a modest family life, where he is a car tire salesman for Kate's father and she is a non-profit lawyer. Jack's young daughter, Annie, thinks he is an alien but a friendly one and assists him in fitting into his new life. With a few setbacks, he begins to succeed, bonding with his children, falling in love with Kate again and working hard at his job.

Taking advantage of a chance meeting when his former boss, chairman Peter Lassiter, comes in to have a tire blowout fixed, Jack uses his business savvy to impress Lassiter, who invites Jack to his office, where Jack worked in his 'other' life.

There, after a short interview, Lassiter offers him a position. While he is excited by the potential salary and other perks, it would involve moving to the city and Kate argues that they are very happy and should be thankful for the life they have.

Having decided that he now likes this 'other' life, Jack again sees Cash, now a store clerk. He demands to stay in his 'new' life, but Cash tells him there is no choice: "a glimpse", by definition, is an impermanent thing. That night, Jack tries to stay awake, but fails and wakes the "next day", but again Christmas Day, to find himself in his original life.

Jack forgoes closing the big acquisition deal to find Kate who is moving out of a luxury townhouse before flying to Paris. After their parting, like him, she focused on her career and has become a very wealthy corporate lawyer. She had only called him to return a box of his old possessions, and when Jack asks her to meet for coffee, she suggests that he look her up if he's ever in Paris. Jack chases after her to the airport and, as she is about to board her flight, he describes in detail their life together and their children. Intrigued, she eventually agrees to go with him for a coffee. From a distance, they are seen talking inaudibly and laughing over their coffees.

Development
Producer Marc Abraham first became aware of the project when veteran producers Alan Riche, Tony Ludwig and Howard Rosenman brought the idea to him as a pitch. He was charmed by the uplifting and universal appeal of the premise, which was reminiscent of many of his favorite films of the 1930s and '40s. With a solid screenplay by David Diamond and David Weissman in hand, the filmmakers began to look for a director who could properly present the funny, poignant and somewhat quirky elements of the material while maintaining a tone of sincerity throughout. It was essential to everyone involved that the story not pass judgment on either of the two different lifestyles of Jack Campbell presented. "The Family Man is not about "good choice vs. bad choice" but rather about the nature of choices themselves" said co-writer Weissman. "The idea was about the path not taken."

Before Brett Ratner signed on to the project, the film was originally offered to director Curtis Hanson, who accepted. Ratner was in the middle of directing Rush Hour when his agent kept offering him scripts to consider directing. Ratner told his agent he was more interested in completing  Rush Hour but near the end of the shoot for the film, his agent recommended that he read the script for The Family Man. Ratner originally wasn't interested in directing the film, but after he read the script, he immediately pursued it, saying "It reminded me of the classic films I grew up watching, except it didn't end the way most movies end and that was exciting. I felt this one in my gut. I always follow my instincts and I realized this was something that I really had to do." Ratner was convinced that he was the right choice to direct the film and set his sights on convincing the producers, mostly Abraham.

Abraham, however, wasn't sure about Ratner initially. Meanwhile, Hanson left the project to direct Wonder Boys instead. According to Abraham, "It just didn't seem like his kind of film. But after getting to know him during the entire year he stalked me, I finally figured that maybe he was the right guy for the job. He brought something really original and vibrant to the material". Ratner was officially signed on as the director after the success of Rush Hour.

Like director Ratner, star Nicolas Cage originally wasn't interested in doing a lighthearted romantic comedy drama, as he had already done 8mm and Bringing out the Dead and also finished filming Gone in 60 Seconds, but after he saw Rush Hour with his father, he accepted the part of Jack Campbell as he was inspired to do so after seeing Ratner's enthusiasm for the project. With Cage and director Ratner in place, the filmmakers needed to cast the role of Kate Reynolds, which was the most sought-after role for the film but a difficult one to cast. Both the filmmakers and Cage were impressed with Téa Leoni's ability to convey the intricate subtleties of the role.

Filming
Principal photography began on November 19, 1999, in Teaneck, New Jersey and Sleepy Hollow, New York, where fall foliage was still in evidence. Academy Award-winning special effects supervisor John Richardson, and his team had to transform the neighborhoods into a winter wonderland to set the snowbound Christmas scene. Filming finished on March 14, 2000. The Family Man was the first collaboration between Ratner and Academy Award-nominated cinematographer Dante Spinotti. They later worked together on Red Dragon, After the Sunset, X-Men: The Last Stand, Tower Heist and Hercules.

Box office
The Family Man opened at #3 at the North American box office making $15.1 million in its opening weekend, behind What Women Want and Cast Away, the latter of which opened at the top spot. After 15 weeks in release, the film grossed $75,793,305 in the US and Canada and $48,951,778 elsewhere, bringing the film's worldwide total to $124,745,083.

Critical reception
The Family Man received mixed reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a score of 53% based on 130 reviews, with an average rating of 5.5/10. The site's consensus states: "Despite good performances by Cage and especially by Leoni, The Family Man is too predictable and derivative to add anything new to the Christmas genre. Also, it sinks under its sentimentality." Metacritic reports a 42 out of 100 rating based on 28 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

Chris Gore from Film Threat said: "If you're looking for a heartfelt, feel-good holiday movie, just give in and enjoy." Matthew Turner from ViewLondon said: "Perfect feel-good Christmas-period family entertainment. Highly recommended." Common Sense Media rated it four out of five stars. Movie guide.org rates it four of four stars, noting "The Family Man is a heart-rending movie. Very well written, it makes you laugh and cry. Better yet, it’s an intentionally moral movie. It wants to prove that everyone needs love..."

Emma Cochrane from Empire in 2015 wrote: "This is exactly the kind of adult fantasy you want to see at Christmas and, as such, it's highly enjoyable entertainment", and gave the film three stars out of five.

title: The Family Man


text:
User:Tarquin/metrication

 * Radio horizon

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Tarquin/metrication


text:
Alberti bass

Alberti bass is a particular kind of accompaniment figure in music, often used in the Classical era, and sometimes the Romantic era. It was named after Domenico Alberti (1710–1740/46), who used it extensively, although he was not the first to use it.

Alberti bass is a kind of broken chord or arpeggiated accompaniment, where the notes of the chord are presented in the order lowest, highest, middle, highest. This pattern is then repeated several times throughout the music. The broken chord pattern helps to create a smooth, sustained, flowing sound on the piano. "Chords of harmony broken up into short patterns. Steady bass patterns in orchestral music which give the rhythmic drive to Classical music, compensating for the energetic drive of the Baroque basso continuo line."

Alberti bass is usually found in the left hand of pieces for keyboard instruments, especially for Mozart's piano pieces. However, it is also found in pieces for other instruments. It has been described as, "a true tolerable monotony," and as "perhaps the most overworked fixture of eighteenth-century music."

Well-known examples of Alberti bass include the beginning of Mozart's Piano Sonata, K 545, and the third movement of Beethoven's Moonlight Sonata. A famous example from 20th-century American popular music is the bass guitar part of the 1962 surf rock standard "Pipeline", by The Chantays. Alberti bass is also used in the ending theme of Nintendo's Super Mario Bros. 2.

title: Alberti bass


text:
Talk:Nicolas Cage

Image Change
My apologies to everyone & @FlightTime for not starting a discussion & reaching a consensus before changing the photo. My reasoning was as follows. Seeing how Nicolas was preparing for a role & died his hair from his natural color to jet black. It makes sense to change this photo to one that better represents Nicolas as he looks usually & naturally. I also feel the photo i had chosen was an overall better photo in general of him. Curious to get everyone’s thoughts Elvisisalive95 (talk) 22:43, 12 December 2023 (UTC)
 * No apologies needed. I have no favorite between the two, I just wanted all other editors who watch this page to be able to voice their opinions. Cheers, -  FlightTime  ( open channel ) 22:54, 12 December 2023 (UTC)
 * @FlightTime Absolutely, it seems no one is opposed to it so i will make the change later on today at the 24 hour mark if no one voices opposition. Elvisisalive95 (talk) 15:48, 13 December 2023 (UTC)
 * The norm on waiting for a reply on a consensus issue is seven days. -  FlightTime  ( open channel ) 21:35, 13 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Choco chip cookie.png Thank you. I’ll abide by that timeframe Elvisisalive95 (talk) 22:12, 13 December 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 20 March 2024
Remove the red links of Tom Chivers in 222 reference! 2804:7F2:5AD:51C1:6DE3:F240:5B9B:AAD0 (talk) 23:28, 20 March 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅ Jamedeus (talk) 03:10, 21 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nicolas Cage


text:
Talk:Alberti bass

Nifty! I can hardly wait to go home and play it... --Ed Poor

'''Fascinating..... can wait to get home and play this either mate! This is a work of art.'''

Definition is wrong or examples are wrong
I was taught that Alberti bass is as the definition - lowest, highest, middle, highest. This is also what this article claims. A cursory search seems to agree with this. However, many of the examples here do not follow this pattern?

Either the definition needs to be amended (with something like "usually") or a bunch of the examples should be deleted.

I think the Beethoven example in the article doesn't belong right? Alberti bass should be bottom top middle top but the Beethoven example is just ascending arpeggios.

Change the recording !
Erhm... Does anyone support my opinion that a *real* recording (with a live pianist and a real instrument) would enhance the pleasure and interest of the listener ? I upload in a few minutes such a recording (I make it myself so it is free of rights under the usual disclaimer) under the url http: (here the ritual two slashes) manu.amiot.free.fr/podcasts/alberti.ogg

If anyone is competent for the rewiring, please feel free to put the file at the appropriate location with a link on it ! The interpret will remain 'anon' (one one the best ! ;-) ), the instrument is a grand Erard dated 1875. A bit late' for WAM but much, much better than MIDI isn'it ?

ea

PS : there are interesting mathematical properties of the Alberti Bass... More about these in a later article. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 82.250.144.85 (talk) 13:23, 23 March 2007 (UTC). hi

Apropos "Secrets" by One Republic. The arpeggiation pattern played by the strings on that track is 1,3,5,3,5,3,1,3, which does not follow the classical definition of Alberti Bass (1,5,3,5). Perhaps I am wrong, and Alberti bass is more inclusive than just low, high, middle, high, but every time I have ever heard a discussion of Alberti bass, it was limited to the aforementioned apreggiation pattern of 1,5,3,5. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.223.209.120 (talk) 03:41, 29 November 2011 (UTC)

redirect requests
Alberti figuration and Alberti figure would be two helpful redirects here. Thanks. 86.176.50.96 (talk) 07:51, 7 May 2016 (UTC) [IPs can't create redirects]

Good points of writing
I enjoyed the sentence 'The broken chord pattern helps to create a smooth, sustained, flowing sound on the piano.' having been applied to describe Alberti Bass, which highlighted the average rhythm of pianist' hands making it like a peaceful surface of water. It was also the educational requirements towards our learners' controllability of fingering and forces. Jason M. C., Han (talk) 09:36, 29 September 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alberti bass


text:
Talk:List of people in systems and control

What is this?
What's this?? -- JeLuF

 * It could use some sort of explanation, and made into a bulleted list. -- Zoe

 * Systems and Control is apparently some sort of academic field -- in engineering I guess. --Ed Poor

Maybe there should be links to Dynamical systems and Control theory? If I knew how to add them while retaining the text (i.e. systems for the dynamical systems link), I would have done that. I'll try to look it up and come back to do it. Spalding 06:34, Aug 30, 2004 (UTC)

OK, I found it and applied it. I hope I guessed correctly. I'm pretty sure I did based on following the external links. Spalding 06:40, Aug 30, 2004 (UTC)

Criteria ?
It is not clear who is included in this list. Only living people or all people (living/historical) who have made outstanding contributions? Probably the former. But Rudolf Kalman (still living) is not included (arguably the most famous of all). None of the pioneers of the field (Richard Bellman, Pontryagin, Kolmogorov, Wiener, Zames, Nyquist, etc.) are included. A very peculiar list. Encyclops 13:34, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I think the criteria should be: The 'active list' should have about 50 important names, each of whom has published a book (or an important set of papers) and maintains an active web site in a western language (sorry, I don't understand Japanese and Chinese). The 'historical' names are kept separate since they don't have a web site. I have implemented this scheme. Encyclops 14:25, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Sounds good! Jugander 18:01, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

Adding people
How did you choose these 50 people, I think there are significant people who are not included.

 * The original list was not built through any rigorous selection process. If there is someone you think should be added/removed, suggest/motivate it here, or go ahead and make the edit. The list should be kept to a managable length, I feel, a management that should probably be discussed here, but in general, be bold! --jugander (t) 09:02, 18 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I'd argue that Lennart Ljung prof. of control theory at Linköping University, Sweden, be added to the list. He's made significant contributions to the field of control theory, has published thirteen books on the topic, hundreds of publications, he's an honorary doctor at four other universities, he's a fellow of the IEEE, and has received numerous other awards. Arguably one of the bigger names in the field. You can read his CV here:.

 * Agreed, Ljung should be on the list. If no one objects, feel free to make the change. This discussion page isn't very lively. jugander (t) 11:28, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Very good choice! Encyclops 13:42, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

Subsections?
I think we should separate the names into subsections, like nonlinear control, optimal control, etc...Jiuguang Wang (talk) 16:39, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Hi, I think it is also possible to recreate this list into a table where the experise is a column, see for example
 * List of systems engineering at universities,
 * or List of Athabasca University people.
 * Off cause these examples are not exact examples. But that use a table seems to be a new trend in lists. -- Mdd (talk) 16:50, 22 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Done (well, not really). Any suggestions for additional table headings? (I've removed the birth/death info - doesn't seem to be very relevant). Jiuguang Wang (talk) 17:26, 22 April 2008 (UTC)
 * You could add columns with:
 * Nationality, see for example List of systems biology research groups
 * Specialism (like nonlinear control, optimal control)
 * I also wonder where the "Historical figures in systems and control" went? -- Mdd (talk) 18:00, 22 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Oops...Jiuguang Wang (talk) 18:06, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 19 external links on List of people in systems and control. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100305064239/http://www.control.lth.se/~kja/ to http://www.control.lth.se/~kja/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20020930175920/http://www.control.lth.se/~bob/ to http://www.control.lth.se/~bob/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20061028201217/http://icme.stanford.edu/faculty/boyd/ to http://icme.stanford.edu/faculty/boyd/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120615082428/http://motion.mee.ucsb.edu/ to http://motion.mee.ucsb.edu/
 * Added tag to http://dahleh.mit.edu/
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20121212195639/http://www.me.berkeley.edu/faculty/hedrick/ to http://www.me.berkeley.edu/faculty/hedrick/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050831143735/http://www.ece.ucsb.edu/Faculty/Kokotovic/default.html to http://www.ece.ucsb.edu/Faculty/Kokotovic/default.html
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20060906035121/http://www.ee.ucla.edu/faculty/bios/laub.htm to http://www.ee.ucla.edu/faculty/bios/laub.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120723103831/http://www.new.ox.ac.uk/fellows/david.limebeer to http://www.new.ox.ac.uk/fellows/david.limebeer
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110401031236/http://faculty.washington.edu/mesbahi/pmwiki/ to http://faculty.washington.edu/mesbahi/pmwiki/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20051028114424/http://roger.ecn.purdue.edu/~rotea/ to http://roger.ecn.purdue.edu/~rotea/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20050828205621/http://www.eecs.wsu.edu/~saberi/enter.html to http://www.eecs.wsu.edu/~saberi/enter.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081228105547/http://homepages.cwi.nl/~schuppen/ to http://homepages.cwi.nl/~schuppen/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20021102065117/http://www.cdsp.neu.edu/info/faculty/shafai/shafai.html to http://www.cdsp.neu.edu/info/faculty/shafai/shafai.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060203201933/http://maeweb.ucsd.edu/~skelton/ to http://maeweb.ucsd.edu/~skelton/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20030426203051/http://www.win.tue.nl/~wscoas/ to http://www.win.tue.nl/~wscoas/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110712170632/http://ecs.utdallas.edu/systems-engineering/yurkovich.html to http://ecs.utdallas.edu/systems-engineering/yurkovich.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20030707010506/http://www.math.rug.nl/~willems/ to http://www.math.rug.nl/~willems/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20020930175943/http://www.control.lth.se/~bjorn/ to http://www.control.lth.se/~bjorn/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110722132755/http://psdc.yu.ac.kr/members/professor.html to http://psdc.yu.ac.kr/members/professor.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 22:44, 5 December 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on List of people in systems and control. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060902030242/http://www.ssm.wustl.edu/~jfacc/Home/Personnel/Isidori/isidori.html to http://www.ssm.wustl.edu/~jfacc/Home/Personnel/Isidori/isidori.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20020927214018/http://www-ics.acs.i.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~yy/ to http://www-ics.acs.i.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~yy/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 09:02, 1 January 2018 (UTC)

Inclusion criteria again
The discussions above about criteria for inclusion date back to 2006 when our ideas about notability and inclusion were much less developed. There are a lot of redlinks in the active researchers section. This shouldn't be a list of everyone who has ever written a paper on control theory. I think the inclusion criteria should be only persons who have an article on Wikipedia, or whose work has an article. A strong case needs to be made for including anyone who is entirely redlinked. SpinningSpark 11:30, 8 December 2021 (UTC)


text:
Renate Künast

Renate Elly Künast (born 15 December 1955) is a German politician of Alliance 90/The Greens party. She was the Minister of Consumer Protection, Food and Agriculture from 2001 to 2005 and subsequently served as chairwoman of her party's parliamentary group in the Bundestag.

Early life and career
Künast was born in Recklinghausen, North Rhine-Westphalia. She studied social work in Düsseldorf and worked from 1977 to 1979 in this profession in a jailhouse in Berlin. After that she studied law at the Free University of Berlin until 1985. During her student years, she often protested against the Gorleben nuclear-fuel reprocessing plant. She later worked as lawyer specializing on aliens law and criminal law.

Career in state politics
Since 1979, Künast has been a member of the German Green Party (Bündnis 90/Die Grünen), first in the Alternative List in West Berlin. In the 1990s she was member of parliament and chairwoman of the Green Party's group in the state parliament of Berlin. During that time, she won cross-party respect for her leading role in drafting a new democratic constitution for the reunified city-state. Künast eventually became the party's spokeswoman for legal issues. In 1998, she re-assumed the floor leadership post alongside Michaele Schreyer.

In national politics, Künast came to be known as a tough negotiator for her work in drafting the national red-green coalition agreement after the 1998 federal parliamentary elections. In October 1999, she was the Green' front-runner in Berlin's state elections.

From June 2000 to March 2001, Künast served as co-chair of Bündnis 90/Die Grünen on the national level, together with Fritz Kuhn.

Minister for Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection, 2001–2005
Künast became Minister for Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection in the second government of Germany Gerhard Schröder in 2001. Since her party at the time did not allow the combination of functions in the party and the government in one person, she had to resign from her role as the party's co-chair.

By naming someone with no experience in farming to head a ministry with such sweeping powers, Schröder was widely considered gambling that any loss of support among farmers would be more than compensated by support from ecologically conscious Germans alarmed by the discovery of mad cow disease.

Künast held the office of Minister for Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection until 2005, over time becoming known for increasing consumer protection, supporting organic farming, and expanding animal welfare. During her time in office, she ranked behind only Schröder and Foreign Minister Joschka Fischer in public opinion polls.

Member of the German Parliament, 2002–present
Following the 2002 elections, Künast was part of the Green Party's team in the negotiations with the Social Democrats on a coalition agreement for the second government under the leadership of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder.

After the 2005 federal election, Künast became co-chair of the Green Party's parliamentary group, initially together with Fritz Kuhn and later with Jürgen Trittin. In the 2005 vote, she won against Trittin and Katrin Göring-Eckardt. Also since 2005, she has been serving on the Committee on the Election of Judges (Wahlausschuss), which is in charge of appointing judges to the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany.

Künast announced on 5 November 2010 that she we would be the candidate for Governing Mayor of Berlin for Alliance 90/The Greens in the 2011 Berlin state election. At the time of the announcement, her party was eight percentage points ahead of the Social Democrats in the opinion polls. Under her leadership, the Green Party came third with 17.6 percent of the vote, ten percentage points behind the Social Democrates but still up from the 13.1 percent they won in the previous election. However, incumbent Klaus Wowereit from the Social Democrats chose to enter a coalition with the conservative CDU, leaving Künast without any role in Berlin state politics.

Ahead of the 2013 elections, Künast announced her candidacy to lead the Green Party’s campaign. In an internal vote, she ultimately lost against Katrin Göring-Eckardt and Jürgen Trittin.

After the 2013 elections, the resignation of Künast and Trittin as co-leaders of the Green Party's group in parliament cleared the way for the election of Göring-Eckardt and Anton Hofreiter. Instead, Künast unsuccessfully ran against Claudia Roth for the office of Vice President of the German Bundestag. She eventually served as chairwoman of the Committee on Legal Affairs and Consumer Protection from 2014 until 2017. Since 2018, she has been a member of the Committee on Food and Agriculture.

In the negotiations to form a so-called traffic light coalition of the Social Democrats (SPD), the Green Party and the FDP following the 2021 federal elections, Künast led her party's delegation in the working group on agriculture and nutrition; her co-chairs from the other parties are Till Backhaus and Carina Konrad.

In July 2024, Künast announced that she would not stand in the 2025 federal elections but instead resign from active politics by the end of the parliamentary term.

Corporate boards

 * KfW, Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Supervisory Directors (2003-2005)

Non-profit organizations

 * Stiftung Forum Recht, Member of the Board of Trustees (since 2022)
 * Alice Salomon University of Applied Sciences, Member of the Board of Trustees
 * Association of German Foundations, Member of the Parliamentary Advisory Board
 * German Forum for Crime Prevention (DFK), Member of the Board of Trustees
 * German Foundation for International Legal Cooperation (IRZ), Member of the Board of Trustees
 * Humanist Union, Member

In addition, Künast serves on the board of trustees of the Berlin-based AIDS-Hilfe (AIDS-Help) group, and is an honorary member of the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation and the Angelo Roncalli Committee within that organization.

Human rights
In 2010, Künast criticized Chancellor Angela Merkel for speaking at an award ceremony for Danish cartoonist Kurt Westergaard in Potsdam, arguing that while it was true that the right to freedom of expression also applies to Westergaard's controversial Muhammad cartoons "if a chancellor also makes a speech on top of that, it serves to heat up the debate."

In August 2012, Künast was one of 124 members of the Bundestag to sign a letter that was sent to the Russian ambassador to Germany, Vladimir Grinin, expressing concern over the trial against the three members of Pussy Riot. "Being held in detention for months and the threat of lengthy punishment are draconian and disproportionate", the lawmakers said in the letter. "In a secular and pluralist state, peaceful artistic acts -- even if they can be seen as provocative -- must not lead to the accusation of serious criminal acts that lead to lengthy prison terms."

In 2015, Künast was the initiator of a bill in favor of legalizing assisted suicide, arguing that "a punishment of commercial euthanasia would expose doctors to the severe risk of legal investigations." However, the Bundestag later voted to criminalize organizations that assist patients seeking to terminate their lives in return for payment and makes assisting a suicide punishable by up to three years in prison.

Regulation of digital platforms
In 2021, Künast requested the personal data of several Facebook users to pursue the authors of 22 insulting comments against her, many of which were of a sexist or violent nature. In 2022, the Federal Constitutional Court sided with Künast personal data.

Economic policy
Amid the financial crisis of 2007–08, Künast proposed to solve the state-owned banks' financial woes and to merge the Germany's then eight regional banks into one institution, which would concentrate on regional economic development. In a 2008 interview with newspaper Welt am Sonntag: "The regional banks should be merged into one and their functions need to be clearly laid out." Ahead of the 2009 federal elections, in an attempt to come up with an antidote to the other political parties' hijacking of green ideas, Künast and her fellow lead candidate Jürgen Trittin backed up their critique of incumbent Chancellor Angela Merkel's government with a "Green New Deal", calling for €20 billion ($27.4 billion) a year to be invested in climate protection, environmental technology and education.

Consumer protection
In 2010, Künast called for a ban on advertising for sweets aimed at children.

Relations with the CDU
Over the course of her career, Künast has regularly dismissed prospects for an alternative coalition between the Greens and Angela Merkel's Christian Democratic Union on a national level.

Recognition
In 2010, Künast – along with Cécile Duflot, Monica Frassoni, and Marina Silva – was named by Foreign Policy magazine to its list of top global thinkers, for taking Green mainstream.

Personal life
Künast has been married to lawyer Rüdiger Portius since 2011. From 2001, she shared an apartment with Katrin Göring-Eckardt in Berlin’s Friedenau district.

Hate speech
Künast was personally extremely insulted by hate speech on the net; mostly on Facebook she got sexually insulted. Künast fights more consistently than almost any other German politician against these form of violent by anonymous persons.

The Berlin Regional Court initially found that these were all permissible expressions of opinion, Künast had provoked these comments because of a misleading statement in 1986 about sex with children. Künast lodged an appeal. As a result, the district court obliged Facebook to provide information about the authors of some comments, so that the politician could take legal action against these people.

All this has been annulled by the Federal Constitutional Court (BVG) in February 2022. The Berlin courts had not weighed properly. The Berlin court had always evaluated all comments in the context of the discussion, BVG said. But even with a reference to a public debate, not everything is allowed.

Antisemitism
In July 2009 Künast was accused of antisemitism by the Jerusalem Post, after she had allegedly been overheard calling the pro-Israel "Stop The Bomb" organisation a "Mossad front", which she denied.

Domestic security
In October 2015 Künast advised the police officer Tania Kambouri during a talk show that the police should take their shoes off before raids in mosques. Kambouri had published a book about her experience with the rising violence by Muslim men against law enforcement and especially against women.

In July 2016 Künast posted a Tweet in which she questioned the shooting of an Afghan refugee and ISIS sympathiser who severely injured five people with an axe. She was criticized for publicly accusing the police of wrongdoing without knowing the details and before the official investigation was started. Members from her party distanced themselves from the statement and said that they trusted the German police. Police union chief Rainier Wendt called her a "parliamentary smart aleck".

title: Renate Künast


text:
Joschka Fischer

Joseph Martin "Joschka" Fischer (born 12 April 1948) is a German former politician of the Alliance 90/The Greens party. He served as the foreign minister and as the vice chancellor of Germany in the cabinet of Gerhard Schröder from 1998 to 2005. Fischer has been a leading figure in the German Greens since the 1970s, and according to opinion polls, he was the most popular politician in Germany for most of the Schröder government's duration. Following the September 2005 election, in which the Schröder government was defeated, he left office on 22 November 2005. In September 2010, he supported the creation of the Spinelli Group, a Europarliamentarian initiative founded with a view to reinvigorate efforts to federalise the European Union.

Early life
Fischer was born in Gerabronn in Württemberg-Baden, the third child of a butcher, whose family had lived in Budakeszi, Hungary, for several generations. Fischer's family had to leave Hungary in 1946 after it was occupied by the Soviet Union, and ethnic Germans were persecuted and expelled by the authorities. His nickname Joschka is derived from the Hungarian Jóska, diminutive of Joseph (Hungarian József). He was brought up Catholic and served in his childhood as an altar boy in his parish in Oeffingen. Fischer dropped out of high school in 1965, and started an apprenticeship as a photographer, which he quit in 1966. Because Fischer never gained a school-leaving certificate, he never attended a university or a college. He neither did compulsory military service nor the alternative civilian service for conscientious objectors, because he failed his physical examination due to poor eyesight.

In 1967, he became active in the German student movement and left-wing movement (post-) 1968 (the so-called Spontis), first in Stuttgart and after 1968 in Frankfurt am Main. For his regular income, Fischer took several low-wage jobs, such as working in a left-wing bookstore in Frankfurt. During this period, he began attending university events, including lectures organized by left-wing revolutionary students by Theodor W. Adorno, Jürgen Habermas and Oskar Negt. He studied the works of Marx, Mao and Hegel and became a member of the militant group, Revolutionärer Kampf (Revolutionary Struggle). Fischer was a leader in several street battles involving the radical Putzgruppe (literally "cleaning squad", with the first syllable being an acronym for Proletarische Union für Terror und Zerstörung, "Proletarian Union for Terror and Destruction"), which attacked a number of police officers. Photos of one such brawl in March 1973, which were later to haunt Fischer, show him clubbing policeman Rainer Marx, to whom he later publicly apologized.

Fischer is a close friend of Daniel Cohn-Bendit, whom he met during that time. In 1969, Fischer was photographed in Algeria at a meeting of the PLO, which remained a terrorist organization until 1988. In 1971, he began working for the car manufacturer Opel and attempted to organise his fellow workers for the coming communist revolution. (This was not organising on behalf of a regular labour union: the vast majority of Opel's workers had already been organised for decades by IG Metall, the German metalworkers' union.) This resulted in his dismissal from the company after six months. Fischer then continued making a living with unskilled work while continuing his activism. He worked as a taxi driver from 1976 to 1981 and later in a bookstore in Frankfurt.

In the Deutscher Herbst (German autumn) of 1977, Germany was rattled by a series of left-wing terrorist attacks by the Red Army Faction (RAF) and Revolutionary Cells (RZ). According to Fischer's own account, witnessing these events, particularly the kidnapping and murder of Hanns-Martin Schleyer and the Entebbe hijacking, made him renounce violence as a means for political change. Instead, he became involved in the new social movements and later in the newly founded Green Party, mainly in the state of Hesse.

In May 1981, the Hessian Secretary of Commerce Heinz-Herbert Karry was murdered with a firearm that in 1973 had been transported in Fischer's car, along with other weapons stolen from an American army base. Fischer maintained he had given the car to the later terrorist Hans-Joachim Klein solely for the purpose of having Klein fit it with a new engine. Only later had Fischer learned that his car had been used to transport stolen weapons.

As Foreign Minister, Fischer apologised for the violence of his Putzgruppe days, without disassociating himself from the radical movement. Some critics continue to charge that Fischer was the leading figure of a 1976 discussion that led to the use of Molotov cocktails in an upcoming demonstration in support of RAF member Ulrike Meinhof. Fischer was arrested on 14 May 1976 as a suspect in the Molotov cocktail attacks on police, but was released after two days. Fischer stated that he never used Molotov cocktails against the police. The firebombing of policeman Jürgen Weber's police car left Weber with burns over 60% of his body.

Green politician

From 1983 to 1985, Fischer was a member of the Bundestag for the Green party. His stint in federal parliament saw him frequently engage in a frank and confrontational debating style, exemplified by an incident on 18 October 1984, when he addressed Richard Stücklen, then vice president of the parliament, with the words: "If I may say so, Mr. President, you are an asshole" (German: "Mit Verlaub, Herr Präsident, Sie sind ein Arschloch."). In 1985, Fischer became Minister for the Environment in the Landtag of Hesse in the first governmental Red-Green coalition between the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the Greens. Fischer caused a stir when he appeared at his oath of office ceremony wearing trainers. These trainers are now part of the shoe collection at the German Leather and Shoe Museum in Offenbach, Hesse.

Fischer also expressed his thoughts very frankly in the periodical of the Hessian Green party "Stichwort Grün". In the edition of October 1989—one month before the fall of the Berlin Wall—he penned an article with the heading: "Der Wiedervereinigung die Schnauze verbieten!" (Shutting up the re-unification!)

Fischer was again environment minister in Hessen from 1991 to 1994 and then became co-chairman of the Greens' parliamentary faction in the Bundestag. Fischer was respected for his oratory skills, as well as for his charisma on the political stage. For a large part of the 1990s, with the social democrats languishing in the opinion polls, Fischer's admirers referred to him as the "real" leader of the opposition. He parlayed his clout into political success, as he moved the Greens to the centre ground of German politics, paving the way for their first participation in the nation's federal government.

Foreign Minister

In September 1998, the Social Democratic Party of Germany, led by Gerhard Schröder, defeated the Christian Democratic Union government of Helmut Kohl. The SPD's 41% and the Greens' 7% of the vote set the two parties on a possible path to government through a coalition. Schröder stated his preference for a red-green coalition, as did an overwhelming majority of SPD members. After several weeks of negotiations, a SPD-Green government took power on 27 October 1998, with Fischer appointed as Minister of Foreign Affairs. By 2005, he was the second longest-serving foreign minister in German postwar history (after Hans-Dietrich Genscher).

In mid-April 1999, Germany came up with the first peace plan for the war in Kosovo, when Fischer produced a proposal, notably including Russia, that would have rewarded the beginning of a Yugoslav pullout from Kosovo with a bombing pause. In May 1999, however, an antiwar protester flung a bag of red paint at Fischer during a party convention debating NATO's airstrikes on Yugoslavia in the war over Kosovo; Fischer suffered a perforated eardrum.

In an effort to make it easier for antiwar critics to back Schröder's decision to send German Bundeswehr troops to Afghanistan in 2001, Fischer and Development Minister Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul announced a 256 million marks ($115 million) humanitarian-aid package for Afghan refugees. In late 2001, Fischer hosted – under the auspices of the United Nations – a ten-day conference at the German government guesthouse above the Rhine River, where delegates from four Afghan factions signed the Bonn Agreement establishing a transitional government for the country to replace the deposed Taliban regime. At the time, Germany's longstanding links to Afghanistan and its 2001 chairmanship of the Afghanistan Support Group of countries pledging humanitarian and reconstruction aid for the country, were the reasons it was picked to host the meeting.

In September 2001, Fischer summoned Ahmad Azizi, the Iranian ambassador to Germany, for urgent talks after several reformist intellectuals – including Akbar Ganji, Mehrangiz Kar and Ezzatollah Sahabi – were given prison sentences of between four and 10 years for participating in a 2000 academic and cultural conference sponsored by the Heinrich Böll Foundation in Berlin in late 2000.

In 2005, critics charged that Fischer's relaxing of controls on visa regulations for Ukraine, would allow illegal immigrants to enter Germany with fake identities. A parliamentary committee was established to examine the case, and unlike in other such committee hearings, Fischer's statement (and that of other top officials) was shown live on public television. Fischer's appearance before the committee lasted twelve hours. (See German Visa Affair 2005).

Fischer represented the German government at the funeral services for Foreign Minister Anna Lindh of Sweden on 19 September 2003 in Stockholm; Pope John Paul II on 8 April 2005 in Rome; and former UK Foreign Secretary Robin Cook on 12 August 2005 in Edinburgh.

After the defeat of the coalition government in the 2005 election, Fischer announced that he would retire to the backbench. "After 20 years of power, now I want my freedom back", Fischer said. On 13 October 2005, it was announced that Frank-Walter Steinmeier of the SPD would succeed Fischer as foreign minister.

Western Balkans policy
In 1999, Fischer supported German military participation in the Kosovo War. This proved to be a highly controversial position since Fischer's plan not only clashed with the largely pacifist philosophy of The Greens, but because it also supported for the first time since World War II active participation of German soldiers in combat. Fischer justified this military involvement with allegations that Serbia was planning to commit genocide against the Kosovo Albanians.

Fischer represented the German government at the funeral services for Prime Minister Zoran Đinđić of Serbia on 16 March 2003 (alongside Development Minister Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul) and President Boris Trajkovski of Macedonia on 5 March 2004 in Skopje.

Transatlantic relations
On fundamental issues like the International Criminal Court, the Kyoto Protocol, and the crisis in the Middle East, Fischer was openly differing with the Bush administration.

In 1999, both Fischer and Justice Minister Herta Däubler-Gmelin appealed for clemency for the LaGrand brothers, two German citizens sentenced to death in Arizona. According to the German government, the LaGrands had been denied their rights as German citizens because prosecutors did not inform the German consulate of the brothers' arrest in 1982 until a decade later. However, both were put to death, one in a cloud of cyanide gas. In response, the European Union submitted an anti-death-penalty resolution to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights.

Although Fischer was in favour of stationing German troops in Afghanistan, he advised chancellor Schröder not to join the war in Iraq. Fischer famously confronted United States Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld at the 39th Munich Security Conference in 2003 on the secretary's purported evidence for Iraq's possession of weapons of mass destruction ("Excuse me, I am not convinced").

Middle East policy
Fischer has been criticized for attending a 1969 conference of the Palestine Liberation Organization, where Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat called for an all-out war on Israel "until the end".

During their time in government, both Fischer and Chancellor Gerhard Schröder were widely considered sincerely, if not uncritically, pro-Israeli. In 1999, Fischer led a delegation including European Commissioner Manuel Marín and the European Union's Special Envoy to the Middle East Miguel Ángel Moratinos on a visit to Jerusalem and the Palestinian territories, but also to a range of other countries which have a crucial role in the peace process, including Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Egypt. By 2001, he emerged as a pivotal figure in the hopes for the Israeli–Palestinian peace process, in part because he helped bring about a lull in the violence after the Dolphinarium discotheque massacre in June 2001. His intervention led to an announced cease-fire arranged by George Tenet, the United States Director of Central Intelligence; Fischer had been in Tel Aviv at the time of the blast. Fischer later brokered a meeting between Arafat and the Israeli foreign minister, Shimon Peres, to discuss how to implement the cease-fire.

In July 2002, Fischer presented a proposal that called for Arafat to appoint an interim prime minister. After the vote, the proposal said, elected officials could continue democratic reforms leading to a provisional Palestinian state by the end of 2003 and to final borders by 2005. He represented the German government at the funeral services for Arafat on 12 November 2004 in Cairo and at the inauguration of the new Holocaust Memorial Museum at Yad Vashem in March 2005.

European integration
In May 2000, Fischer proposed the creation of a European federation with a directly elected president and parliament sharing real executive and legislative powers. Fischer proposed the eventual enactment of a constitutional treaty that would set out which powers were to be shifted to the new European executive and parliament, and those that remained at national level. In response, President Jacques Chirac of France urged Germany in June 2000 to join France in spearheading a core group of European Union countries that would move faster than others toward political and economic union.

In October 2002, Fischer was appointed by the German government to the Convention on the Future of Europe, replacing Peter Glotz. Fischer had expressed a keen interest in taking part in the convention during the coalition talks with Chancellor Gerhard Schröder following the 2002 elections. In a paper jointly signed by Fischer and French Foreign Minister Dominique de Villepin, in November 2002, Germany and France pushed for a mutual defence commitment to be part of the constitution. In 2004, he was one of the signatories to the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe.

Relations with Russia
Fischer has long been critical of Russia, especially on human rights. However, during his time as foreign minister, Germany's relations with Russia were primarily guided by Chancellor Gerhard Schröder. In 2004, Fischer called on Ukraine to hold a recount of the presidential elections after Putin-backed candidate Viktor Yanukovich was the first to declare his victory despite mass protests in Kyiv.

Non-profit work
From September 2006 until 2007, Fischer was a senior fellow at the Liechtenstein Institute on Self-Determination, and as a visiting professor co-taught with Wolfgang F. Danspeckgruber at Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, both at Princeton University. He has also spoken at other American universities on various topics in foreign affairs and international relations.

In addition, Fischer joined various non-governmental organizations, including:
 * Arab Democracy Foundation, Founding Member of the Board of Trustees (since 2007)
 * Council on Foreign Relations, Member
 * European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR), Founding Co-chairman of the Board (alongside Martti Ahtisaari and Mabel van Oranje)
 * United Nations Association of Germany (DGVN), Member of the Presidium
 * Institute for Human Sciences (IWM), Member of the Board of Patrons
 * Roland Berger Human Dignity Award, Member of the Awards Committee

On 15 September 2010 Fischer supported the new initiative Spinelli Group, which was founded to reinvigorate efforts towards federalisation of the European Union (EU). Other prominent supporters are: Jacques Delors, Daniel Cohn-Bendit, Guy Verhofstadt, Andrew Duff, Elmar Brok.

Business activities
Since 2008, Fischer has been Senior Strategic Counsel at Albright Stonebridge Group, Washington, DC, consulting firm led by Madeleine Albright. In this capacity, he advised Siemens, BMW and Deutsche Börse.

In 2009, Fischer took a post as adviser to the Nabucco pipeline project, which involved the German RWE company. According to media reports, the "six-digit salary" consultancy contract had already been signed.

Other for-profit activities include:
 * Meridiam, Member of the supervisory board (since 2012)
 * Tilray, Member of the Advisory Board

Recognition

 * 2002 – Honorary doctorate of the University of Haifa
 * 2003 – Buber Rosenzweig Medal (awarded by Paul Spiegel)
 * 2004 – Gottlieb Duttweiler Prize (awarded by Micheline Calmy-Rey and Jean-Claude Juncker)
 * 2006 – Honorary doctorate of Tel Aviv University
 * 2009 – Leo Baeck Medal (awarded by James Wolfensohn and Henry Kissinger)
 * 2012 – Honorary doctorate, University of Michigan
 * 2016 – Medal for Extraordinary Merits for Bavaria in a United Europe

Personal life
Prior to the German Visa Affair 2005, Fischer was a popular politician, "loved by an entire nation." Writing in Der Spiegel, journalist Charles Hawley opined that since 1998, "Joschka Fischer's popularity has been virtually unassailable: The icon of the environmentally minded Green Party could, it seemed, do no wrong. Indeed, Fischer was so popular in 2002 that Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder largely based his early election campaign on the fact that Fischer would remain at his side at the helm of Germany's political leadership." As Germany's Foreign Minister, Fischer's popularity soared when he opposed the Iraq War, and his very public struggle with his weight endeared him to many Germans.

Up until 1996, Fischer was a bon vivant, and often spoke openly about his love for good wines and food despite his "chunky" figure. As he ascended to the Foreign Ministry, Fischer decided to lose weight, transforming his body almost overnight by refraining from alcohol and becoming a vegetarian. In 2000, he covered the topic of his weight loss by writing the book My Long Race Towards Myself on his experience, which became an immediate bestseller in Germany. Half a year before becoming foreign minister, he had his marathon debut at the 1998 Hamburg Marathon (clocking 3:41) As minister, he finished New York in 1999 (3:55) and Berlin in 2000 (3:55) Afterwards, he reduced training and during the months preceding the Iraq War, Fischer began putting on weight again.

Fischer was married to German-Iranian film producer and screenwriter Minu Barati in 2005. It is his fifth marriage. His two children with his previous partner and eventual wife, Inge Vogel (to whom he was married from 1984 to 1987), were born in 1979 and 1983, respectively. At the time of his wedding with Barati in 2005, she was mother to a six-year-old daughter from a previous relationship, while Fischer's children were 23 and 26 of age at the time. The couple lives with Barati's daughter.

In 2004, he commissioned German heraldist Dieter Krieger to produce a coat of arms, which was registered to the Rhein-Main Wappenrolle. The arms are a type of a "Canting arms"; party per fesse silver and gules, in chief crossed axes with red blades and black handles, in base, a fish in the first. Crest of the red eagle's wings, mantling red doubled silver.

He describes himself as Catholic, but not very religious.

title: Joschka Fischer


text:
User:Tillwe

de:Benutzer:Tillwe

A wikipedia user page

'''Disclaimer -- at the moment, I don't have much time for wikipedia, so if you want to contact me, do this via my eMail (see personal website), not via user-talk. Thanks!'''

Till Westermayer (b. February 5, 1975), living in Freiburg (Germany), sociologist (M.A., Albert-Ludwigs-Universität).

Some photographs I took can be found at Flickr and can be used at Wikipedia (cc). There are also some photographs at commons.

= Pages I started / reworked / added significantly to =

Sociology

 * List of sociologists related changes
 * Ulrich Beck
 * Peter L. Berger
 * Pierre Bourdieu
 * Auguste Comte
 * Heinz von Foerster
 * Thomas Luckmann
 * Georg Simmel
 * Anselm Strauss
 * Albion Woodbury Small
 * Langdon Winner
 * Informational society (stub)
 * Information society
 * Industrial society (stub)
 * Social constructionism (major rewording)

 * Human ecology

 * Charles Taylor

Psychology

 * Gestalt effect
 * Max Wertheimer
 * Wolfgang Köhler
 * Kurt Koffka
 * Abraham Maslow and Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Science fiction / utopias

 * Three Californias Trilogy by Kim Stanley Robinson
 * The Years of Rice and Salt by Kim Stanley Robinson
 * Ecotopia by Ernest Callenbach

Greens

 * List of Green party issues related changes
 * German green party
 * Reinhard Bütikofer
 * Joschka Fischer
 * Renate Künast
 * Jürgen Trittin
 * Global Greens Charter
 * Green Party of Switzerland
 * De Groenen (Netherlands)
 * Reworking Worldwide green parties
 * European Greens
 * Indulis Emsis (stub)
 * Latvian Green Party

 * Social movement

Politics of Germany

 * Constitution of Germany: only a stub at the moment
 * Bundeswehr

 * Karl Arnold
 * Johannes Rau
 * Gerhard Schröder (some additons, background)

World

 * Global protests against war on Iraq
 * Richard Perle
 * World Summit on the Information Society

University related topics

 * Albert-Ludwigs-Universität
 * Burschenschaft (NPOVing)
 * Wikiproject universities

Places

 * Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald
 * Breisgau

 * Freiburg
 * Gundelfingen
 * Schwäbisch Hall
 * Memmingen (adopted from German wikipedia)

People

 * Ilya Prigogine
 * Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
 * Frederic Vester

Ideas

 * ubuntu (ideology)

MiscMisc

 * Copenhagen Free University
 * 1933 U.S. 20 dollar gold coin

My Sandbox
User:Tillwe/sandbox

=Small Print= I agree to multi-license all my contributions to en.Wikipedia and de.Wikipedia, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

title: User:Tillwe


text:
Molar (tooth)

The molars or molar teeth are large, flat teeth at the back of the mouth. They are more developed in mammals. They are used primarily to grind food during chewing. The name molar derives from Latin, molaris dens, meaning "millstone tooth", from mola, millstone and dens, tooth. Molars show a great deal of diversity in size and shape across the mammal groups. The third molar of humans is sometimes vestigial.

Human anatomy
In humans, the molar teeth have either four or five cusps. Adult humans have 12 molars, in four groups of three at the back of the mouth. The third, rearmost molar in each group is called a wisdom tooth. It is the last tooth to appear, breaking through the front of the gum at about the age of 20, although this varies among individuals and populations, and in many cases the tooth is missing.

The human mouth contains upper (maxillary) and lower (mandibular) molars. They are: maxillary first molar, maxillary second molar, maxillary third molar, mandibular first molar, mandibular second molar, and mandibular third molar.

Mammal evolution
In mammals, the crown of the molars and premolars is folded into a wide range of complex shapes. The basic elements of the crown are the more or less conical projections called cusps and the valleys that separate them. The cusps contain both dentine and enamel, whereas minor projections on the crown, called crenulations, are the result of different enamel thickness. Cusps are occasionally joined to form ridges and expanded to form crests. Cingula are often incomplete ridges that pass around the base of the crown.

Mammalian, multicusped cheek teeth probably evolved from single-cusped teeth in synapsids, although the diversity of therapsid molar patterns and the complexity in the molars of the earliest mammals make determining how this happened impossible. According to the widely accepted "differentiation theory", additional cusps have arisen by budding or outgrowth from the crown, while the rivalling "concrescence theory" instead proposes that complex teeth evolved by the clustering of originally separate conical teeth. Therian mammals (placentals and marsupials) are generally agreed to have evolved from an ancestor with tribosphenic cheek teeth, with three main cusps arranged in a triangle.

Morphology
Each major cusp on an upper molar is called a cone and is identified by a prefix dependent on its relative location on the tooth: proto-, para-, meta-, hypo-, and ento-. Suffixes are added to these names: -id is added to cusps on a lower molar (e.g., protoconid); -ule to a minor cusp (e.g., protoconulid). A shelf-like ridge left lower part of the crown (on an upper molar) is called a cingulum; the same feature on the lower molar a cingulid, and a minor cusp on these, for example, a cingular cuspule or conulid.

Tribosphenic
The design that is considered one of the most important characteristics of therian mammals is called a tribosphenic molar. Among living mammals, the tribosphenic tooth is found in most insectivorous mammals as well as young platypuses, even though adults platypuses are toothless.

In tribosphenic teeth, the lower molar is divided into two regions: the three-cusped trigonid, or shearing end, and the talonid, or crushing heel. In modern tribosphenic molars, the trigonid is towards the front of the jaw and the talonid is towards the rear. The trigonid is defined by three large cusps: the protoconid is on the buccal/labial (cheek) side of the tooth, while the anterior paraconid and posterior metaconid are on the lingual (tongue) side.

Upper molars look like three-pointed mountain ranges, with their features mirrored from the lower molars. The protocone cusp is on the lingual side of the tooth, while the anterior paracone and posterior metacone are on the buccal side. The protocone of the upper molar and talonid basin of the lower molar mesh together as a crushing system similar to a mortar and pestle.

Tribosphenic molars were present in the direct ancestors of all three living mammal groups, but it was most likely not ancestral to mammals as a whole. Many paleontologists argue that it developed independently in monotremes (from australosphenidans), rather than being inherited from a common ancestor that they share with marsupials and placentals (from boreosphenidans); this idea still has some critics. For example, the dentition of the Early Cretaceous monotreme Steropodon is similar to those of Peramus and dryolestoids, which suggests that monotremes are related to some pre-tribosphenic mammals, but, on the other hand, the status of neither of these two groups is well-established.

Some Jurassic mammalia forms, such as docodonts and shuotheriids, have "reversed tribosphenic" molars, in which a talonid-like structure develops towards the front of the lower molar, rather than towards the rear. This variant is regarded as an example of convergent evolution.

Quadrate
From the primitive tribosphenic tooth, molars have diversified into several unique morphologies. In many groups, a fourth cusp, the hypocone (hypoconid), subsequently evolved (see below). Quadrate (also called quadritubercular or euthemorphic) molars have a hypocone, an additional fourth cusp on the lingual (tongue) side of the upper molar, located posterior to the protocone. Quadrate molars appeared early in mammal evolution and are present in many species, including hedgehogs, raccoons, and many primates, including humans. There may be a fifth cusp.

In many mammals, additional smaller cusps called conules appear between the larger cusps. They are named after their locations, e.g. a paraconule is located between a paracone and a metacone, a hypoconulid is located between a hypoconid and an entoconid.

Bunodont
In bunodont molars, the cusps are low and rounded hills rather than sharp peaks. They are most common among omnivores such as pigs, bears, and humans. Bunodont molars are effective crushing devices and often basically quadrate in shape.

Hypsodont
Hypsodont dentition is characterized by high-crowned teeth and enamel that extends far past the gum line, which provides extra material for wear and tear. Some examples of animals with hypsodont dentition are cattle and horses, all animals that feed on gritty, fibrous material. Hypsodont molars can continue to grow throughout life, for example in some species of Arvicolinae (herbivorous rodents).

Hypsodont molars lack both a crown and a neck. The occlusal surface is rough and mostly flat, adapted for crushing and grinding plant material. The body is covered with cementum both above and below the gingival line, below which is a layer of enamel covering the entire length of the body. The cementum and the enamel invaginate into the thick layer of dentin.

Brachydont
The opposite condition to hypsodont is called brachydont or brachyodont (from brachys 'short'). It is a type of dentition characterized by low-crowned teeth. Human teeth are brachydont.

A brachydont tooth has a crown above the gingival line and a neck just below it, and at least one root. A cap of enamel covers the crown and extends down to the neck. Cementum is only found below the gingival line. The occlusal surfaces tend to be pointed, well-suited for holding prey and tearing and shredding.

Zalambdodont
Zalambdodont molars have three cusps, one larger on the lingual side and two smaller on the labial side, joined by two crests that form a V- or λ-shape. The larger inner cusp might be homologous with the paracone in a tribosphenic molar, but can also be fused with the metacone. The protocone is typically missing. The two smaller labial cusps are located on an expanded shelf called the stylar shelf. Zalambdodont molars are found in, for example, golden moles and solenodons.

Dilambdodont
Like zalambdodont molars, dilambdodont molars have a distinct ectoloph, but are shaped like two lambdas or a W. On the lingual side, at the bottom of the W, are the metacone and paracone, and the stylar shelf is on the labial side. A protocone is present lingual to the ectoloph. Dilambdodont molars are present in shrews, moles, and some insectivorous bats.

Lophodont
Lophodont teeth are easily identified by the differentiating patterns of ridges or lophs of enamel interconnecting the cusps on the crowns. Present in most herbivores, these patterns of lophs can be a simple, ring-like edge, as in mole rats, or a complex arrangement of series of ridges and cross-ridges, as those in odd-toed ungulates, such as equids.

Lophodont molars have hard and elongated enamel ridges called lophs oriented either along or perpendicular to the dental row. Lophodont molars are common in herbivores that grind their food thoroughly. Examples include tapirs, manatees, and many rodents.

When two lophs form transverse, often ring-shaped, ridges on a tooth, the arrangement is called bilophodont. This pattern is common in primates, but can also be found in lagomorphs (hares, rabbits, and pikas) and some rodents.

Extreme forms of lophodonty in elephants and some rodents (such as Otomys) is known as loxodonty. The African elephant belongs to a genus called Loxodonta because of this feature.

Selenodont
In selenodont molars (so-named after moon goddess Selene), the major cusp is elongated into crescent-shaped ridge. Examples include most even-toed ungulates, such as cattle and deer.

Secodont
Many carnivorous mammals have enlarged and blade-like teeth especially adapted for slicing and chopping called carnassials. A general term for such blade-like teeth is secodont or plagiaulacoid.

title: Molar (tooth)


text:
Talk:Molar (tooth)

Radiograph image
I think that the periapical radiograph used to illustrate this article is misleading as it shows two heavily restored molars and a premolar. Firstly I dont think that an x-ray is really the best illustration, surely a photo could be found... secondly if we are to have an x-ray the molars illustrated need to be unrestored, and in their natural state. Teeth dont naturally have root canal work and fillings you know!. Plus the root canal work that has been done is pretty shonky- note the external resorbtion of the anterior root of the first molar tooth... it needs extraction not inclusion in wikipedia as a fine example of a molar!- Ashley Payne 08:10, 25 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Tangent
Ah, finally a molar article I sink my teeth into... --Ed Poor 20:17 Oct 9, 2002 (UTC)

So what's the molar of the story? -phma

 * It's no story, it's an entire molarity play - on words --Ed Poor

What is the meaning of "molar" as used in "at a more molar level"?

Tribosphenic molar
A while back, I anonymously created this article, and I think it shoulld be merged here. Ingoolemo  talk 20:25, 1 October 2005 (UTC)

Hypsodont
In the same vein as above, there is an article for Hypsodont that somebody might want to do something with. JSYK.. - N (talk) 03:26, 28 January 2006 (UTC)

Removed "roggodent" bit; old vandalism.
Removed "Roggodent: The tooth has a tendency to stay in one place and rot to nothing". The formation appears incorrect (should be -dont, not -dent), the edit was made from an IP address that was, a few minutes earlier, engaged in vandalism, and Google turns up nothing but mirrors of Wikipedia, and nothing whatsoever for the Scholar search, when "roggodent" or "roggodont" are entered, while both turn up works on comparative dental anatomy for terms like "loxodont". grendel|khan 16:14, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

Platypus baby teeth
The platypus article claims (at least at the moment) that although people thought the teeth of the juvenile platypu,were tribosphenic (with related evolutionary implications), they are not, because they evolved under a separate process. If that is the case, this page should be changed to reflect it. --Cromwellt|talk|contribs 18:00, 22 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I didn't read the rest of the page, which explains the debate. Either way, the first part should not state it as fact if it is under debate, IMHO.  --Cromwellt|talk|contribs 18:02, 22 July 2009 (UTC)

On classification
I'm confused: are human molars bondont, brachydont, quadrate, or all of the above? I think the morphology needs clarification, i.e. if some molar terms are for shape while others are for structure, it should be made clear. Similarly, captions should clearly list the type illustrated, such as e.g. "Pig molar (an example of a quadrate molar)"--Animalparty-- (talk) 23:33, 21 December 2013 (UTC)

Categories
According to the article: human teeth are: Quadrate, Bunodont & Brachydont cattle teeth are Hypsodont & Selenodont horse teeth are Hypsodont and Lophodont If this is correct, then teeth obviously can belong to several groups. This being the case, would it not make more sense to put in a line before the various categories (or at least before Quadrate) indicating this?Glevum (talk) 21:30, 16 June 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Molar (tooth). Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20160303211122/http://carnegiemnh.net/assets/science/vp/LuoEtAl(2001a).pdf to http://carnegiemnh.net/assets/science/vp/LuoEtAl(2001a).pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 18:14, 22 March 2016 (UTC)

Which side is the protocone?
I am confused. Immediately under the heading "Morphology" on the left side of the page is a figure captioned "Generalized cusp of a mammalian molar ..." showing "protoconid" on the "labial" side and "paraconid" and "metaconid" on the "lingual" side. But on the right side of the page is a figure captioned "Generalized tribosphenic molar: The protocone is on the lingual (tongue) side, while the anterior paracone and posterior metacone are on the buccal (cheek) side of the jaw)." These are opposite orientations. The text says nothing about the orientation of these features but notes that the suffix "-id" refers to the lower molar. Does this mean that the upper and lower molars are reversed? Or is one of these figures in error? Marty39 (talk) 01:32, 3 October 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Molar (tooth)