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Angel Fire, New Mexico

Angel Fire is a village in Colfax County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 1,216 at the 2010 census. It is a popular ski resort destination, with over 500 acre of slopes. Angel Fire and nearby communities experience cold winter temperatures and mild temperatures in the summer.

To the north, off U.S. Route 64, is Vietnam Veterans Memorial State Park. Angel Fire is on the Enchanted Circle Scenic Byway.

Geography
Angel Fire is located in southwestern Colfax County. The village center is in the valley of Cieneguilla Creek, with housing developments climbing mountain slopes to the east and west. Angel Fire Resort, entirely within the village limits, is on the east side of the valley, with a base elevation of 8600 ft and a summit elevation of 10677 ft. Agua Fria Peak, with a summit elevation of 11078 ft, rises to the southeast of the ski area; the summit is near the southeast corner of the village limits.

The village limits extend north as far as U.S. Route 64 at a point 10 mi south of Eagle Nest. To the west, US 64 climbs over Palo Flechado Pass in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains and leads 21 mi to Taos. New Mexico State Road 434 connects the center of Angel Fire with US 64 to the north and leads south 34 mi from the village center to Mora.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village of Angel Fire has a total area of 75.0 km2, of which 74.9 km2 is land and 0.1 km2, or 0.14%, is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,048 people, 462 households, and 340 families residing in the village. The population density was 36.3 PD/sqmi. There were 1,791 housing units at an average density of 61.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 90.46% White, 0.19% African American, 1.05% Native American, 0.95% Asian, 4.48% from other races, and 2.86% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 12.12% of the population.

There were 462 households, out of which 24.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.9% were married couples living together, 5.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.2% were non-families. 20.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.56.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 19.9% under the age of 18, 3.3% from 18 to 24, 22.7% from 25 to 44, 38.1% from 45 to 64, and 15.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.2 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $48,250, and the median income for a family was $56,125. Males had a median income of $35,417 versus $26,429 for females. The per capita income for the village was $29,614. About 6.7% of families and 11.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.5% of those under age 18 and 2.3% of those age 65 or over.

Climate
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Angel Fire has a warm-summer humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps. The hottest temperature recorded in Angel Fire was 92 F on June 29, 1998, and July 13, 2004, while the coldest temperature recorded was -39 F on February 3, 2011.

Education
The school district is Cimarron Municipal Schools.

Transportation
Angel Fire is served by the Angel Fire Airport (AXX). Its runways, numbered 17 and 35, have paved lengths of 8900 by and are jet capable. The airport is managed and maintained by Ross Aviation/Pearce Enterprises and can accommodate corporate and private aircraft. UNICOM is 122.8. By elevation, Angel Fire Airport is the fifth highest in the United States. The airport briefly saw scheduled airline service during the winter of 1986/1987 by Mesa Airlines with a single flight to Albuquerque using a 19-seat Beechcraft 1900 aircraft.

Events
Every summer, the Village of Angel Fire hosts Music from Angel Fire, which has been presenting chamber music concerts to local communities since 1984. Angel Fire venues include the United Church of Angel Fire, Angel Fire Baptist Church and Angel Fire Community Center.

Every summer, the Village of Angel Fire hosts Angel Fire Fest, which has been presenting chamber music concerts to local communities since 2021. It has a vibe described as "chill" and a fun atmosphere.

title: Angel Fire, New Mexico


text:
Cimarron, New Mexico

Cimarron is a village in Colfax County, New Mexico, United States, which sits on the eastern slopes of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. The population was 792 at the 2020 census, making it the fourth most populous municipality in Colfax County.

Cimarron sits on the Cimarron River, a tributary of the 900 mile-long Canadian River, whose headwaters are at the Eagle Nest Dam, with the main part of town lying along U.S. Route 64. The village is surrounded on all sides by numerous ranches, including Philmont Scout Ranch, an extensive "high-adventure base" operated by the Boy Scouts of America. Philmont is located just four miles south of Cimarron. Other ranches also include the Chase Ranch (famous for its heart-shaped brand and allegedly the Marlboro Man's place of origin), Ted Turner's Vermejo Park Ranch, the CS Ranch, the Express UU Bar Ranch (formerly the property of Waite Phillips), and the Clearview Ranch of the western singer/songwriter R.W. Hampton, as well as numerous other small ranches. The Elliott Barker State Wildlife Area, the Valle Vidal unit of the Carson National Forest, and Cimarron Canyon State Park., are also located within the Cimarron area. 17 miles and 28 miles to the northeast is Dawson, New Mexico, a ghost town with a population of over 9,000 near the early 20th century, and the Raton Municipal Airport, respectively.

The village is a pioneer of the four-day school week (MondayThursday), which it originally implemented in the early 1970s, during a time of rising fuel and utility prices. Cimarron is home to the 1979 New Mexico High School Boys Basketball State Championship team.

History
Cimarron is located on the land of what became known as the 1700000 acre Maxwell Land Grant. In 1842, Lucien B. Maxwell, a fur trapper, came to the Beaubien-Miranda Ranch in northern New Mexico and courted and married Luz Beaubien, one of the owner's six daughters. He eventually inherited the ranch and built a mansion in 1858 on the future town site.

Maxwell built the Aztec Mill in 1864. It is preserved as the Old Mill Museum, operated by the Cimarron Historical Society. The museum's collection includes working mill parts; Native American tools, weapons and pottery; Maxwell Land Grant paperwork and documents; and other materials.

Cimarron was officially chartered in 1859 and was named for the Spanish word used to describe a mustang, meaning "wild" or "unbroken". Cimarron was the county seat of Colfax County beginning in 1872, when it replaced Elizabethtown. At that time, Cimarron was a stage stop on the Mountain Branch of the Santa Fe Trail. In 1881, the county seat was moved to Springer, a town on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. It was during this time that Lucien Maxwell, due to rising tensions, sold the Maxwell Land Grant to a group of investors, with the resultant Colfax County War in which more than two hundred people were killed.

In 1905, the St. Louis, Rocky Mountain, and Pacific Railway Co. laid tracks from Raton to Ute Park, with the intent to haul coal between Raton and Cimarron. Passengers used the daily train service, as well as ranchers who moved agricultural animals. During World War II, the tracks were removed, with the steel to be recycled to help with the shortage during the war effort.

Soon after the tracks were laid through town, tracks were also laid 22 miles up Ponil Canyon by the Cimarron and Northwestern Railway Company, to haul timber from the surrounding mountains, which were loaded with douglas fir and ponderosa pine. The railroad company delivered its timber to the Continental Tie and Lumber Company, located in Cimarron, NM, who made railroad ties and timber supports for nearby coal mines.

Cimarron continues to thrive, in part due to its proximity to Philmont Scout Ranch, as well as summer tourism.

As a tribute to many dedicated crew members, the USS Cimarron's key artifacts were donated to Cimarron, since it is the closest village to the Cimarron River Basin's Headwaters. The ship's bell now stands in front of the village's high school, Cimarron High School.

Geography
Cimarron is located in west-central Colfax County on the north bank of the Cimarron River, where it emerges from the Cimarron Range of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. U.S. Route 64 passes through the village, leading west up the Cimarron Canyon 23 mi to Eagle Nest and northeast 40 mi to Raton, the Colfax County seat. New Mexico State Road 58 leads east from Cimarron 19 mi to Interstate 25, north of Springer.

West of Cimarron is the Palisades Sill, with high cliffs surrounding the Cimarron River.

Climate
Cimarron has a borderline cool semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk) closely bordering on a subtropical highland climate, with summers featuring cool nights and warm days with frequent thunderstorms, and cold winters with occasional heavy snowfall. The lowest temperature recorded in the town was −35 F.

Demographics
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village of Cimarron has a total area of 5.2 km2, all land.

As of the census of 2010, there were 1021 people, 382 households, and 255 families residing in the village. The population density was 479.5 PD/sqmi. There were 449 housing units at an average density of 234.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 77.54% White, 0.11% African American, 1.09% Native American, 0.11% Asian, 17.23% from other races, and 3.93% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 58.89% of the population.

There were 382 households, out of which 34.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.2% were married couples living together, 8.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.0% were non-families. 29.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.89.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 27.0% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 25.1% from 25 to 44, 24.1% from 45 to 64, and 16.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.7 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $27,875, and the median income for a family was $30,677. Males had a median income of $26,125 versus $19,792 for females. The per capita income for the village was $14,248. About 9.1% of families and 12.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.1% of those under age 18 and 8.6% of those age 65 or over.

Education
The school district is Cimarron Municipal Schools.

Tourism

 * Philmont Scout Ranch
 * Old Mill Museum
 * Cimarron Historic District and Old Town
 * St. James Hotel
 * U.S. Route 64 Median Self History Tour
 * NRA Whittington Center
 * Dawson Cemetery
 * Cimarron Canyon State Park
 * Casa del Gavilan Historic Inn

Notable people

 * Pete Burleson, (1848–1925), cattle rancher, lawman

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cimarron, New Mexico


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Eagle Nest, New Mexico

Eagle Nest is a village in Colfax County, New Mexico. The population was 290 at the time of the 2010 census. Located along the Enchanted Circle Scenic Byway, Eagle Nest is a small summer-home and resort destination. Originally named Therma, the village was renamed Eagle Nest in the 1930s. The town is located in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains (a sub-range of the Rocky Mountains) in northern New Mexico near the Colorado border.

Geography
Eagle Nest is located in western Colfax County in the Moreno Valley, between the Cimarron Range to the east and the main mass of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains to the west. The village is at the north end of Eagle Nest Lake, a reservoir on the Cimarron River.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 13.1 km2, of which 10.9 km2 is land and 2.2 km2, or 16.76%, is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 306 people, 141 households, and 90 families residing in the village. The population density was 71.0 PD/sqmi. There were 333 housing units at an average density of 77.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 84.97% White, 0.33% African American, 3.27% Native American, 6.21% from other races, and 5.23% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 12.75% of the population.

There were 141 households, out of which 27.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.4% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.5% were non-families. 31.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.65.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 22.5% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 23.2% from 25 to 44, 41.2% from 45 to 64, and 6.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.6 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $36,477, and the median income for a family was $38,750. Males had a median income of $22,292 versus $18,333 for females. The per capita income for the village was $17,974. About 18.4% of families and 22.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 35.5% of those under the age of eighteen and 20.8% of those 65 or over.

Eagle Nest Lake

Eagle Nest Lake State Park is New Mexico's newest state park, and a popular camping, fishing and sightseeing attraction. A new visitor center was scheduled opened in 2010. The main game fish caught in the 2400 acre lake are kokanee salmon and rainbow trout.

Climate
Eagle Nest has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb), bordering on a subalpine climate (Dfc), with very large day-night temperature variations, very warm afternoons and chilly mornings in summer, and extremely cold mornings in winter. On average, 250 mornings have minima below 32 F and 40.3 mornings fall below 0 F, though maxima top freezing on all but 25.5 afternoons. Eagle Nest holds numerous low temperature records for New Mexico, including the coldest temperatures ever recorded in the state during January, March, April, May, July, and November.

Snowfall is fairly heavy, averaging 62.8 in and reaching 140 in between July 1934 and June 1935, but the abundant sunshine and relatively low latitude limit cover even in mid-winter to 4 in.

Education
The school district is Cimarron Municipal Schools.

title: Eagle Nest, New Mexico


text:
Maxwell, New Mexico

Maxwell is a village in Colfax County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 254 at the 2010 census, down from 274 in 2000. Maxwell was established in 1879 as a railroad town on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. It was named in honor of Lucien Maxwell, who provided the land for the original townsite from his Maxwell Land Grant.

Geography
Maxwell is located near the center of Colfax County in the valley of the Canadian River. Interstate 25 passes through the east side of the village, with access from Exit 426. I-25 leads north 26 mi to Raton, the Colfax County seat, and southwest 81 mi to Las Vegas.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.23 km2, all land.

The United States Fish and Wildlife Service manages the Maxwell National Wildlife Refuge, located 2 mi northwest of the village. The refuge offers excellent birding opportunities during the spring and fall migrations. It consists of several lakes, fields and woodlots managed for birds and the areas other wildlife.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 274 people, 117 households, and 76 families residing in the village. The population density was 577.5 PD/sqmi. There were 148 housing units at an average density of 311.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 86.50% White, 4.01% Native American, 7.30% from other races, and 2.19% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 55.47% of the population.

There were 117 households, out of which 29.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.3% were married couples living together, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.2% were non-families. 29.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.91.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 25.2% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 24.5% from 25 to 44, 23.7% from 45 to 64, and 19.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.4 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $23,750, and the median income for a family was $28,750. Males had a median income of $22,083 versus $20,625 for females. The per capita income for the village was $11,231. About 22.0% of families and 21.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.6% of those under the age of eighteen and 8.0% of those 65 or over.

1964 tornado
On May 29, 1964, an F3 tornado struck Maxwell and claimed one life, causing eight injuries. A total of 50 homes were destroyed. It was one of only four F3 tornadoes in New Mexico history.

title: Maxwell, New Mexico


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Raton, New Mexico

Raton is a city and the county seat of Colfax County in northeastern New Mexico. The city is located just south of Raton Pass. The city is also located about 6.5 miles south of the New Mexico–Colorado border and 85 miles west of Texas.

History
Ratón is Spanish for mouse.

Raton Pass had been used by Spanish explorers and Native Americans for centuries to cut through the rugged Rocky Mountains, and the mountain branch of the Santa Fe Trail cuts through the city, along what is now Business I-25.

The post office at this location was named Willow Springs from 1877 to 1879, Otero from 1879 to 1880, then renamed Raton in 1880.

Raton was founded at the site of Willow Springs, a stop on the Santa Fe Trail. The original 320 acre for the Raton townsite were purchased from the Maxwell Land Grant in 1880. In 1879, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway bought a local toll road and established a busy rail line. Raton quickly developed as a railroad, mining, and ranching center for the northeast part of the New Mexico territory, as well as the county seat and principal trading center of the area.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 20.6 km2, all land. The Raton Range and Raton Peak are located immediately north of the town. The Raton Range is a 75 mi ridge that extends east from the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. Raton Pass and the Raton Basin are also named for the Raton Range.

Geology
The Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary, also known as the K-Pg or K-T boundary, or the iridium layer, can be viewed in Raton. A well-preserved sequence of rocks spans the K-T boundary in Climax Canyon Park in Raton. The rocks have been studied for evidence of the iridium anomaly cited as evidence of a large meteorite impact at the end of the Cretaceous. It is interpreted to have caused the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, which killed off dinosaurs and many other species of flora and fauna 66 million years ago.

Demographics
As of the United States Census of 2000, 7,282 people, 3,035 households, and 1,981 families were residing in the city. The population density was 992 PD/sqmi. The 3,472 housing units averaged of 473.2 per square mile (182.6/km$2$). The racial makeup of the city was 78.04% White, 0.23% African American, 1.59% Native American, 0.40% Asian, 16.20% from other races, and 3.53% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 56.96% of the population.

Of the 3,035 households, 30.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.0% were married couples living together, 12.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.7% were not families. About 30.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35, and the average family size was 2.92.

In the city, the population was distributed as 25.1% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 24.9% from 25 to 44, 23.9% from 45 to 64, and 18.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $27,028, and for a family was $31,762. Males had a median income of $24,946 versus $18,433 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,223. About 14.8% of families and 17.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.2% of those under age 18 and 10.4% of those age 65 or over.

In the United States Census of 2010, the population of Raton had dropped to 6,885, and was estimated to have dropped to 6,066 by July 1, 2018.

In the United States Census of 2020, the population of Raton had dropped to 6,041.

Parks and recreation
Run to Raton, a motorcycle rally that includes camp-outs, vendors, free music, and a pin-up contest, takes place every July.

Raton was the site of New Mexico's first horse racetrack, La Mesa Park, which closed in 1992.

Raton hosts the International Balloon Rally, a hot-air balloon gathering, held on the Fourth of July weekend.

Roads

 * I-25
 * US 64
 * US 87

Rail

 * Raton Amtrak Station is a stop on the Southwest Chief route.

Air

 * Raton Municipal Airport

Notable people

 * Tom W. Blackburn, writer who also wrote the lyrics to "The Ballad of Davy Crockett"
 * Edwin Fullinwider, Olympic fencer
 * Noel Mazzone, former offensive coordinator for the University of Arizona football team, current offensive coordinator for New Orleans Breakers of the new USFL
 * Paul L. Modrich received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2015
 * John Morrow, United States Representative from New Mexico
 * John R. Sinnock, United States Mint engraver known for work on the FDR dime
 * Petro Vlahos, three-time Academy Award-winning Hollywood special-effects pioneer
 * Robert W. Warren, attorney general of Wisconsin
 * Bennie L. Woolley, Jr., racehorse trainer who won the 2009 Kentucky Derby
 * The Fireballs, a rock and roll group who sang "Bottle of Wine", originated in Raton.

title: Raton, New Mexico


text:
Diana Mosley

Diana, Lady Mosley (née Mitford; 17 June 1910 – 11 August 2003), known as Diana Guinness between 1929 and 1936, was a British aristocrat, fascist, writer and editor. She was one of the Mitford sisters and the wife of Oswald Mosley, leader of the British Union of Fascists.

Initially married to Bryan Guinness, heir to the barony of Moyne, who were both part of the Bright Young Things, a social group of young Bohemian socialites in 1920s London, her marriage ended in divorce as she was pursuing a relationship with Oswald Mosley. In 1936, she married Mosley at the home of the propaganda minister for Nazi Germany, Joseph Goebbels, with Adolf Hitler as a guest of honour. Her involvement with fascist political causes resulted in three years' internment during the Second World War, when Britain was at war with the fascist regime of Nazi Germany. She later moved to Paris and enjoyed some success as a writer. In the 1950s, she contributed diaries to Tatler and edited the magazine The European. In 1977, she published her autobiography, A Life of Contrasts, and two more biographies in the 1980s.

Mosley's 1989 appearance on BBC Radio 4's Desert Island Discs was controversial due to her Holocaust denial and admiration of Hitler. She was also a regular book reviewer for Books and Bookmen and later at The Evening Standard in the 1990s. A family friend, James Lees-Milne, wrote of her beauty, "She was the nearest thing to Botticelli's Venus that I have ever seen". She was described by obituary writers such as the historian Andrew Roberts as "unrepentant" about her previous political associations.

Early life
Diana Mitford was the fourth child and third daughter of David Freeman-Mitford, 2nd Baron Redesdale (1878–1958), and his wife Sydney (1880–1963). She was a first cousin of Clementine Churchill, second cousin of Sir Angus Ogilvy, and first cousin, twice removed, of Bertrand Russell. She was raised in the country estate of Batsford Park, Gloucestershire, then from the age of 10 at the family home, Asthall Manor in Oxfordshire, and later at Swinbrook House, a home her father had built in the nearby village of Swinbrook.

She was educated at home by a series of governesses, except for a six-month period in 1926, when she was sent to a day school in Paris. In childhood, her younger sisters Jessica Mitford ("Decca") and Deborah ("Debo", later the Duchess of Devonshire), were particularly devoted to her. At the age of 18, shortly after her presentation at Court, she became secretly engaged to Bryan Walter Guinness. In her youth, Mitford was considered part of the social set known as 'The Bright Young Things'.

Marriages
Guinness, an Irish aristocrat, writer and brewing heir, would inherit the barony of Moyne. Diana's parents were opposed to the engagement but in time were persuaded; Sydney was particularly uneasy at the thought of two such young people having possession of such a large fortune, but she was eventually convinced Bryan was a suitable husband. They married on 30 January 1929; her sisters Jessica and Deborah were too ill to attend the ceremony. The couple had an income of £20,000 a year, an estate at Biddesden in Wiltshire, and houses in London and Dublin. They were well known for hosting social events involving the Bright Young People. The writer Evelyn Waugh exclaimed that her beauty "ran through the room like a peal of bells", and he dedicated the novel Vile Bodies to her. Portraits of her were painted by Augustus John, Pavel Tchelitchew and Henry Lamb. She was one of a series of society beauties photographed as classical figures by Madame Yevonde. The couple had two sons, Jonathan (b. 1930) and Desmond (1931–2020).

In February 1932, Diana met Sir Oswald Mosley at a garden party at the home of the society hostess Emerald Cunard. He soon became leader of the newly formed British Union of Fascists and Diana became his lover; Mosley was then married to Lady Cynthia Mosley, a daughter of Lord Curzon, a former Viceroy of India, and his first wife, the American mercantile heiress Mary Victoria Leiter. Diana left her husband, "moving with a skeleton staff of nanny, cook, house-parlourmaid and lady's maid to a house at 2 Eaton Square, round the corner from Mosley's flat", but Sir Oswald would not leave his wife. Quite suddenly, Cynthia died in 1933 of peritonitis. Mosley was devastated by the death of his wife, but later started an affair with her younger sister, Lady Alexandra Metcalfe.

Mitford's parents did not approve of her decision to leave Guinness for Mosley, and she was briefly estranged from most of her family. Her affair and eventual marriage to Mosley also strained relationships with her sisters. Jessica and Deborah were initially not permitted to see Diana, for she was "living in sin" with Mosley in London. Deborah eventually came to know Mosley and ended up liking him very much. Jessica despised Mosley's beliefs and became permanently estranged from Diana in the later 1930s. Pam and her husband Derek Jackson got along well with Mosley. Nancy never liked Mosley and, like Jessica, despised his political beliefs, but was able to learn to tolerate him for the sake of her relationship with Diana. Nancy wrote the novel Wigs on the Green, which satirised Mosley and his beliefs. After it was published in 1935, relations between the sisters became strained-to-non-existent and it was not until the mid-1940s that they were able to get back to being close again.

The couple rented Wootton Lodge, a country house in Staffordshire that Diana had intended to buy. She furnished much of her new home with much of the Swinbrook furniture that her father was selling. The Mosleys lived at Wootton Lodge along with their children from 1936 to 1939.

Nazi Germany
In 1934, Diana visited Germany with her then 19-year-old sister Unity. While there, they attended the first Nuremberg rally after the Nazi rise to power. Unity, a friend of Hitler, introduced Diana to him in March 1935. They returned for the second rally later that year and were entertained as his guests at the 1935 rally. In 1936, he provided a Mercedes-Benz to chauffeur Diana to the Berlin Olympic games. She became well acquainted with Winifred Wagner and Magda Goebbels.

Diana and Oswald secretly married on 6 October 1936 in the drawing room of Nazi propaganda chief Joseph Goebbels. Adolf Hitler, Robert Gordon-Canning and Bill Allen were in attendance. The marriage was kept secret until the birth of their first child in 1938. In August 1939, Hitler told Diana over lunch that war was inevitable.

Mosley and Diana had two sons: (Oswald) Alexander Mosley (born 1938) and Max Rufus Mosley (1940–2021). Hitler presented the couple with a silver framed picture of himself. The Mosleys were interned during much of the Second World War, under Defence Regulation 18B, along with other British fascists including Norah Elam.

MI5 documents released in 2002 described Lady Mosley and her political leanings. "Diana Mosley, wife of Sir Oswald Mosley, is reported on the 'best authority', that of her family and intimate circle, to be a public danger at the present time. Is said to be far cleverer and more dangerous than her husband and will stick at nothing to achieve her ambitions. She is wildly ambitious." On 29 June 1940, eleven weeks after the birth of her fourth son, Max, Diana was arrested (hastily stuffing Hitler's photograph under Max's cot mattress when the police came to arrest her) and taken to a cell in F Block in London's Holloway Prison for women. She and her husband were held without charge or trial under the provisions of 18B, on the advice of MI5. The couple were initially held separately but, after personal intervention by Churchill, in December 1941, Mosley and two other 18B husbands (one of them Mosley's friend Captain H.W. Luttman-Johnson) were permitted to join their wives at Holloway. After more than three years' imprisonment, they were both released in November 1943 on the grounds of Mosley's ill health; they were placed under house arrest until the end of the war and were denied passports until 1949.

Lady Mosley's prison time failed to disturb her approach to life; she remarked in her later years that she felt better treated than earlier prisoners.

According to an anecdote in her The Daily Telegraph obituary, Evelyn Waugh saw Lady Mosley wear a diamond swastika brooch among her jewels as she left prison.

Post-war
After the war ended, the couple kept homes in Ireland, with apartments in London and Paris. Their recently renovated Clonfert home, a former Bishop's palace, burned down in an accidental fire. In her memoirs, Diana blamed her cook, writing that the fire could have been extinguished had it not been for the cook who ran back to her room to retrieve her possessions and in doing so delayed efforts to control the fire. Following this, they moved to a home near Fermoy, County Cork, later settling permanently in France, at the Temple de la Gloire, a Palladian temple in Orsay, southwest of Paris, in 1950 (built in 1801 to honour the French victory of December 1800 at Hohenlinden, near Munich). Gaston and Bettina Bergery had told the Mosleys that the property was on the market. They were neighbours of the Duke and Duchess of Windsor, who lived in the neighbouring town Gif-sur-Yvette, and soon became their close friends.

Once again they became known for entertaining, but were barred from all functions at the British Embassy. During their time in France, the Mosleys quietly went through another marriage ceremony; Hitler had safeguarded their original marriage licence, and it was never found after the war. During this period, Mosley was unfaithful to Diana, but she found for the most part that she was able to learn to keep herself from getting too upset regarding his adulterous habits. She told an interviewer: "I think if you're going to mind infidelity, you better call it a day as far as marriage goes. Because who has ever remained faithful? I mean, they don't. There's passion and that's it." Diana was also a lifelong supporter of the British Union of Fascists (BUF), and its postwar successor the Union Movement.

At times, she was vague when discussing her loyalties to Britain, her strong belief in fascism, and her attitude to Jews. In her 1977 autobiography A Life of Contrasts, she wrote, "I didn't love Hitler any more than I did Winston [Churchill]. I can't regret it, it was so interesting." In her final interviews with Duncan Fallowell in 2002, she responded that her reaction to the newsreels of death camps was "Well, of course, horror. Utter horror. Exactly the same probably as your reactions." However, when asked about having revulsion against Hitler for this, she said that "I had a complete revulsion against the people who did it but I could never efface from my memory the man I had actually experienced before the war. A very complicated feeling. I can't really relate those two things to each other. I know I'm not supposed to say that but I just have to." At other times, however, she behaved so as to suggest intense anti-semitic attitudes; the journalist Paul Callan remembered mentioning that he was Jewish while interviewing her husband in Diana's presence. According to Callan, "I mentioned, just in the course of conversation, that I was Jewish—at which Lady Mosley went ashen, snapped a crimson nail and left the room ... No explanation was given but she would later write to a friend: 'A nice, polite reporter came to interview Tom [as Mosley was known] but he turned out to be Jewish and was sitting there at our table. They are a very clever race and come in all shapes and sizes.'" Diana offered to entertain her teenage half-Jewish nephew, Benjamin Treuhaft, on a trip to France. The offer was refused by Benjamin's mother, Jessica, who remained estranged from Diana over the latter's political past. In a 2000 interview with The Guardian, Diana said that "Maybe instead they [European Jews] could have gone somewhere like Uganda: very empty and a lovely climate" (a reference to the Uganda Scheme proposed by Zionists in 1903).

Her appearance on the BBC Radio 4 programme Desert Island Discs with Sue Lawley in 1989 remains controversial due to Mosley's Holocaust denial and admiration of Hitler. Mosley told Lawley that she had not believed the extermination of Jews by Nazi Germany until "years" after the war, and that she thought the official death figure of six million Jewish victims was too high. The broadcast of this episode had to be rescheduled several times because it kept coinciding with Jewish holidays and prompted hundreds of complaints to the BBC. In 2016, a writer at the BBC described it as the most controversial of all Desert Island Discs episodes. Her choices of music to be played on Desert Island Discs were: Symphony No. 41 (Mozart), "Casta Diva" from Norma (Bellini), "Ode to Joy" (Beethoven), Die Walküre (Wagner), Liebestod (Wagner), "L'amour est un oiseau rebelle" from Carmen (Bizet), "A Whiter Shade of Pale" (Procol Harum) and Polonaise in F-sharp minor (Chopin).

After their early twenties, Diana and her sister Jessica only saw each other once, when they met for half an hour as their elder sister, Nancy, lay dying in Versailles. Diana said of Jessica in 1996: "I quite honestly don't mind what Decca [Jessica] says or thinks," adding that "She means absolutely nothing to me at all. Not because she's a Communist but simply because she's a rather boring person, really."

In 1998, due to her advancing age, she moved out of the Temple de la Gloire and into an apartment in the 7th arrondissement of Paris. Temple de la Gloire was sold in 2000 for £1 million. Throughout much of her life, particularly after her years in prison, she was afflicted by regular bouts of migraines. In 1981, she underwent successful surgery to remove a brain tumour. She convalesced at Chatsworth House, the residence of her sister Deborah. In the early 1990s, she was also successfully treated for skin cancer. In later life, she also suffered from deafness.

Mosley attended the funeral of René de Chambrun, the son-in-law of Vichy France Prime Minister Pierre Laval, in 2002.

Writer
Mosley was shunned in the British media for a period after the war, and the couple established their own publishing company, Euphorion Books, named after a character in Goethe's Faust. This allowed Oswald to publish, and Diana was free to commission a cultural list. After his release from jail, Oswald declared the death of fascism. Diana initially translated Goethe's Faust. Other notable books published by Euphorion under her aegis included La Princesse de Clèves (translated by Nancy, 1950), Niki Lauda's memoirs (1985), and Hans-Ulrich Rudel's memoirs, Stuka Pilot. She also edited several of her husband's books.

While in France, Mosley edited the fascist cultural magazine The European for six years, and to which she sometimes contributed material. She provided articles, book reviews, and regular diary entries. Many of her contributions were republished in 2008 in The Pursuit of Laughter. In 1965, she was commissioned to write the regular column "Letters from Paris" for Tatler. She reviewed autobiographical and biographical accounts as well as the occasional novel. Characteristically she would provide commentary of her own experiences and personal information of the subject of the book under discussion. She wrote regularly for Books and Bookmen. Her 1980 review of a biography on Magda Goebbels attracted attention from Christopher Hitchens. Hitchens objected to a passage where Mosley wrote: "Everyone knows the tragic end. As the Russians surrounded Berlin, the Goebbels painlessly killed their children and then themselves. The dead children were described by people who saw them as looking 'peacefully asleep'. Those who condemn this appalling, Masada-like deed must consider the alternative facing the distraught Magda." Hitchens insisted that the New Statesman issue an editorial condemning the Masada trope. In her eighties, Mosley became the lead reviewer for the London Evening Standard during A. N. Wilson's seven-year tenure as literary editor. In 1996, following Wilson's departure, his successor was asked by the new editor of the newspaper, Max Hastings to stop running Mosley's reviews. Hastings is reported to have said that he did not want any more "bloody Lady Hitler" in the newspaper.

Mosley wrote the foreword and introduction of Nancy Mitford: A Memoir by Harold Acton. She produced her own two books of memoirs: A Life of Contrasts (1977, Hamish Hamilton), and Loved Ones (1985). The latter is a collection of pen portraits of close relatives and friends such as the writer Evelyn Waugh among others. In 1980, she released The Duchess of Windsor, a biography.

In 2007, letters between the Mitford sisters, including communications to and from Diana, were published in the compilation The Mitfords: Letters Between Six Sisters, edited by Charlotte Mosley. The Sunday Times journalist India Knight described her (and Unity) as "both chilling and gruesomely fascinating". A following collection consisting of her letters, articles, diaries and reviews was released as The Pursuit of Laughter in December 2008.

Death
Mosley died in Paris in August 2003, aged 93. Her cause of death was given as complications related to a stroke she had suffered a week earlier, but reports later surfaced that she had been one of the many elderly fatalities of the heat wave of 2003 in mostly non-air-conditioned Paris. She was buried at St Mary's Churchyard, Swinbrook, Oxfordshire, alongside her sisters.

She was survived by her four sons: Jonathan and Desmond Guinness, and Alexander and Max Mosley. Her stepson Nicholas Mosley was a novelist who also wrote a critical memoir of his father for which Mosley reportedly never forgave him, despite their previously close relationship. A great-granddaughter, Jasmine Guinness, a great-niece, Stella Tennant and a granddaughter, Daphne Guinness are models.

British journalist Andrew Roberts criticised Mosley following her death in the pages of The Daily Telegraph (16 August 2003), reporting that when he interviewed her for his book Eminent Churchillians, she had surprised him by not serving up a "David Irving-style refutation" of the Holocaust by declaring "I'm sure he [Hitler] was to blame for the extermination of the Jews. He was to blame for everything, and I say that as someone who approved of him." However, her other remarks about Hitler showed the lifelong "same disdain for equivocation" she had always displayed, prompting him to call her an "unrepentant Nazi and effortlessly charming", and her views "disgusting, unchanged" and "repulsive". A. N. Wilson wrote for the same newspaper and said that her public loyalty for Oswald and Hitler were disastrous mistakes, claiming that privately Mosley had admitted that the Nazis were "really rather awful". Three days later, letters to the editor from both her son, Jonathan Guinness, Lord Moyne, and his daughter (her granddaughter), Daphne Guinness, attempted to refute Roberts' statements by citing her "lack of hypocrisy", claiming Mosley's "upper-class etiquette" would prohibit giving any sort of explanation or an apology to a journalist, and that regardless of her giving a Hitler salute during the singing of God Save The King in 1935, she was never a threat to wartime Britain.

A sarcastic commentary by Canadian human-rights activist and Telegraph columnist Mark Steyn appeared in the same issue. He described Mosley’s unwavering allegiance to Hitler and fascism as that of "a silly kid". An equally "indulgently dismissive attitude" of her opinions was seconded in the Sunday edition in an interview with her stepson Nicholas Mosley, with whom she had refused to speak for over two decades after the publication of Beyond the Pale, his unfavorable memoir of her husband.

In literature and film
Mosley inspired the protagonist of the 2018 novel After the Party by Cressida Connolly. She is portrayed extensively in the sixth and final season of  Peaky Blinders by Amber Anderson.

title: Diana Mosley


text:
Springer, New Mexico

Springer is a town in Colfax County, New Mexico, United States. Its population was 1,047 at the 2010 census.

History

In 1877, William T Thornton, representing the Maxwell Land Grant and Railway Company commissioned Melvin Whitson Mills to "sell, locate, survey, map and plat, and lay out town site, no exceeding three hundred and twenty acres". Judge Mills selected a location along the Cimarron called Las Garzas and laid out the townsite and graded the streets. The Maxwell Land Grand and Railway Company conveyed the deed to Mills on March 31, 1880. The deed bequeathed the town Maxwell, but by 1883 according to the deed for the Mills Mansion, it was named Springer after two brothers: Charles Springer, a rancher near Cimarron and brother Frank, a lawyer and official of the Maxwell Land Grant Company.

The town was the county seat of Colfax County from 1882—1897 and keeps the former Courthouse as a museum. The location was chosen due to anticipation of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway coming and as it was halfway between the Mountain Branch and Cimarron Cutoff of the Santa Fe Trail.

The Springer Correctional Center, operated by the New Mexico Corrections Department, is located 2 mi northwest of Springer. The correctional center is one of New Mexico's oldest detention facilities, having begun operation in 1909 as the New Mexico Boys' School.

Geography
Springer is located in southern Colfax County in the valley of the Cimarron River, 6 mi west of where that river flows into the Canadian River.

Interstate 25 passes along the west side of the town, with access from exits 412 and 414. I-25 leads north 40 mi to Raton, the county seat, and southwest 68 mi to Las Vegas. The western terminus of U.S. Routes 56 and 412 is in the center of Springer. The two routes together lead 82 mi east to Clayton.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Springer has a total area of 3.8 km2, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,285 people, 520 households, and 372 families residing in the town. The population density was 876.6 PD/sqmi. There were 605 housing units at an average density of 412.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 79.46% White, 1.09% Native American, 14.94% from other races, and 4.51% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 69.96% of the population.

There were 520 households, out of which 33.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.2% were married couples living together, 14.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.3% were non-families. 26.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 2.86.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.9% under the age of 18, 5.2% from 18 to 24, 25.1% from 25 to 44, 22.3% from 45 to 64, and 21.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.7 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $27,850, and the median income for a family was $34,563. Males had a median income of $24,479 versus $19,000 for females. The per capita income for the town was $14,606. About 14.9% of families and 16.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.0% of those under age 18 and 8.9% of those age 65 or over.

Notable people

 * Fred Graham - athlete and actor
 * Antonio M. Fernandez - member of the U.S. House of Representatives, 1943 - 1956
 * Ernest Medina - former infantry captain in the United States Army
 * Antoun Saadeh - Lebanese politician and founder of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party

title: Springer, New Mexico


text:
Clovis, New Mexico

Clovis is a city in and the county seat of Curry County, New Mexico. The population was 38,567 at the 2020 census. Clovis is located in the New Mexico portion of the Llano Estacado, in the eastern part of the state.

A largely agricultural community, closely bordering Texas, it is noted for its role in early rock music history and for nearby Cannon Air Force Base, current home to the 27th Special Operations Wing which is also known as "The Steadfast Line". A Paleo-Indian site was found near Clovis, where in 1929 a distinctive kind of stone spear-point was discovered. These points were called Clovis points, and the culture associated with them was named the Clovis culture. The Clovis people were early inhabitants who created a widespread culture in the New World. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway system helped establish Clovis over one hundred years ago, which continues to be a major hub of operations for that railroad and its successor, BNSF Railway. Also notable is the Southwest Cheese Company, the largest cheddar cheese producer in North America.

It is the principal city of the Clovis Micropolitan statistical area, which is part of the larger Clovis-Portales CSA.

Prehistory
The Eastern New Mexico region was home to the prehistoric Clovis culture, an anthropologically significant group of early Native Americans. Several remains have been found at the Blackwater Draw site (south of Clovis, near Portales), which remains a historical and tourist site.

Rail history
Clovis began in 1906, when the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway was being constructed through the area and railway engineers were instructed to "locate and buy the first level section of land west of Texico" on which to build a town site and railroad facilities.

At first known as "Riley's Switch", the site was renamed Clovis. A likely-apocryphal story states that a daughter of a rail official (accounts vary whether her father was AT&SF president Edward Payson Ripley, chief engineer James Dunn, or an unnamed station master) was studying about Clovis, the first Catholic king of the Franks, and proposed the name.

Town history
The land was bought on October 2, 1906, and the railroad began offering town lots for sale on May 1, 1907. The settlement built up quickly and in 1909 was incorporated.

On August 24, 2008, eight prisoners escaped from the Clovis Jail by shimmying up plumbing pipes. The escape was highlighted on the television show America's Most Wanted.

Clovis celebrated its centennial in 2009.

The Clovis Carver Public Library was the site of a mass shooting in August 2017 in which two people were killed and four wounded.

In 2023, the FW1 Ute Reservoir pipeline project started construction to provide potable water by 2030 for Cannon Air Force Base and the communities of Clovis, Portales, Elida, and Texico.

Geography
Clovis is located in southeastern Curry County at 34.40472°N, -103.20528°W (34.4047987, -103.2052272), 9 mi west of the Texas border. The city's geographic center is at an elevation of 4281 ft above sea level.

U.S. Routes 60, 70, and 84 pass through the city. US 60 and 84 lead west 60 mi to Fort Sumner, while US 70 leads southwest 19 mi to Portales and 110 mi to Roswell. The three highways lead east together to the state line at Texico, New Mexico, and Farwell, Texas. Cannon Air Force Base is 7 mi west of the center of Clovis.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 23.792 sqmi, of which 23.625 sqmi is land and 0.167 sqmi, or 0.73% is water from the several artificial ponds in Clovis' multiple public parks.

Climate
The climate is relatively temperate with low humidity and high winds. Summers are warm with occasional extreme heat and winters are cool with frequent, extreme cold. Severe thunderstorms are often in the spring with rainstorms prevalent during summer evenings. Tornadoes are known to occur and Clovis is located on the southern edge of Tornado Alley. Several inches of snowfall frequently occur each winter, typically for several weeks in January–February, often resulting in minor flooding due to the non-existent runoff system. High winds are common due to the flat, open land and regularly gust well above 30 mph and average 12 mph. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Clovis has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated BSk on climate maps.

2020 census
As of the 2020 census, there were 38,567 people, 15,043 households, and 9,551 families residing in the city. The population density was 1632.5 PD/sqmi. There were 17,051 housing units. The racial makeup of the city was 55.6% White, 6.9% African American, 1.3% Native American, 1.9% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 17.7% from some other races and 16.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 47.1% of the population. 26.5% of residents were under the age of 18, 7.8% were under 5 years of age, and 12.6% were 65 and older.

2000 census
As of the 2000 census, there were 32,667 people, 12,458 households, and 8,596 families residing in the city. The population density was 1458.9 /mi2. There were 14,269 housing units at an average density of 637.3 /mi2. The racial makeup of the city was 71.3% White, 7.3% Black, 1.0% Native American, 1.6% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 15.0% from other races, and 3.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino were 33.4% of the population.

There were 12,458 households, out of which 36.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.8% were married couples living together, 14.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.0% were non-families. 26.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.12.

In the city, the population was 30.0% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 19.5% from 45 to 64, and 13.0% who were ages 65 or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $28,878, and the median income for a family was $33,622. Males had a median income of $26,586 versus $20,375 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,561. About 17.2% of families and 21.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.2% of those under age 18 and 14.6% of those age 65 or over.

Clovis has a population of 39,860 since the year 2014 and since the year 2000 the population increased by twenty-two percent. The number of males and females in the Clovis population are very close in numbers; there are approximately 20,451 males and 19,409 females. Almost 47% of the population in Clovis is white (non-Hispanic), 42% is Hispanic, 7% is African-American, 2% are two different races, and less than 2% is Asian. Cannon Air Force Base, which is located 10 miles west of the city, has increased the wide variety of people throughout the past several years. The population is spread throughout 22.9 square miles, which compared to other towns nearby, is rather large.

The income for a household, as of 2015, was about $41,000 for the city of Clovis but for the state of New Mexico as a whole, it averaged around $45,382.

Economics and industry

Like most of east-central New Mexico and west Texas, the surrounding area plays host to significant agriculture and ranching activities, including peanut and cotton farming and cattle ranching used for both meat and dairy production. Several processing plants exist for these products; in 2004 construction began on the Southwest Cheese Company plant between Clovis and Portales. The plant commenced operations in late 2005 and provided a small boost to the local economy by employing over 200 personnel. It is one of the largest plants of its type in the world, processing milk provided by the numerous local dairies in excess of 2.3 billion pounds of milk annually.

In 1995, the Santa Fe was merged into the BNSF Railway, which operates a division point and large freight classification yard on its Southern Transcon at Clovis, with a dispatcher's office monitoring traffic over the Belen Cutoff. This 235 mi rail corridor is one of the most heavily trafficked routes in the western United States, often with more than 100 mostly intermodal freight trains arriving and leaving Clovis daily. The Southwestern Railroad, formerly the AT&SF Pecos Valley branch line, connects to the BNSF here, shipping potash from mines near Carlsbad.

Clovis is home to Cannon Air Force Base (the 27th Special Operations Wing), Burlington Northern Railroad, the Southwest Cheese Plant, Cummins-Natural Gas Engines, and many locally owned and operated businesses. This community also is surrounded by thousands of acres of farming, ranching, and dairy land. Agriculture is thus a mainstay of the local economy. Many high-school students participate in FFA (Future Farmers of America), where they learn about agriculture. Many local jobs depend on this sector of the economy. According to City-Data.com, the 2016 cost of living index for Clovis was around 83.5, which is well below the national average.

Clovis' location adjacent to Cannon Air Force Base, a special operations base, has had a large impact on the community. Clovis hosts a local organization, the Committee of Fifty, whose stated purpose is to lobby to keep Cannon AFB open; it subsequently helped coordinate the successful campaign which resulted in the realignment of Cannon to its new special ops mission.

Clovis Municipal Airport provides a base for general aviation and daily service by Key Lime Air to and from Denver International Airport and Dallas Fort Worth International Airport.

In addition to the agricultural, military and railroading sectors, music has contributed to the economy of Clovis almost since the city originated. Norman Petty Studio in Clovis is where several different artists have recorded; one of the most famous is Buddy Holly.

Health care
Plains Regional Medical Center is the primary hospital serving Clovis. It is part of the Presbyterian Healthcare Services based in Albuquerque.

Architecture
Southwest, Spanish Mission, or Adobe architectural styles are prevalent, being considered representative of New Mexico. Much of Clovis architecture is indistinguishable from the group of styles prevalent throughout most small towns and suburbs since the 1930s.

The Hotel Clovis, a local landmark, opened on October 20, 1931. The hotel was designed by architect Robert Merrill, combining an Art Deco exterior with Southwestern Indian interior. The elegant ballroom hosted such names as Louis Armstrong, Glenn Miller, Tommy Dorsey, and Hank Williams, and the nearby train depot supplied the hotel with most of its business. The hotel closed shortly after the Santa Fe Railroad discontinued passenger train service to Clovis in 1971. The building is currently being renovated into affordable housing. As of January 2013, housing is being offered to the community on a first come-first served basis, with some apartments being available now, and others on an "as finished" basis.

Downtown Clovis has three historic movie theaters, including the State Theater.

Public education
Clovis is served by several public schools making up the Clovis Municipal Schools:
 * Elementary schools
 * Arts Academy at Bella Vista
 * Barry Elem.
 * Cameo Elem.
 * Highland Elem.
 * James Bickley Elem.
 * La Casita Elem.
 * Lincoln-Jackson Pre-School
 * Lockwood Elem.
 * Los Ninos Pre-School
 * Mesa Elem.
 * Parkview Elem.
 * Ranchvale Elem. [Permanently Closed]
 * Sandia Elem.
 * Zia Elem.
 * Middle schools
 * Gattis Middle School
 * Marshall Middle School
 * Yucca Middle School
 * Junior high school
 * Clovis High School Freshman Campus
 * High school
 * Clovis High School

Private schools

 * Clovis Christian School
 * Eastern Plains Early/Head Start

Post-secondary education
For post-secondary education, there is one community college, Clovis Community College (CCC). Eastern New Mexico University is the nearest university, located 20 mi south in Portales.

Culture
Clovis is the namesake of stone-age spear points that were found locally in 1929. Clovis points are the characteristically fluted projectile points associated with the North American Clovis culture. These artifacts date to the Paleoindian period, approximately 13,500 years ago.

The arts
Performances including music and drama often take place at Clovis Community College, Eastern New Mexico University, and the Lyceum Auditorium, as well as at the Special Events Center, located adjacent to the county fairgrounds. The Clovis Music Festival is, locally, a high-profile event held annually mid April. The Clovis Civic Center hosts this and other entertainment events. The Special Events Center holds events such as rodeos, auctions, and concerts.

The Clovis-Carver Public Library is located downtown and provides many services. Many resources are available to the public such as books, study and research material, DVDs, access to computers and much more. The library also holds many public functions that are free to the public. These functions can include author readings, summer reading programs for children and adults, and holiday programs. There is also a mobile program that delivers books to patrons who are homebound. The Friends of the Library organization holds biannual used book sales to help raise money for library programs.

Music
The town was home to the Norman Petty Recording Studio, founded by musician Norman Petty. Artists including Waylon Jennings, Charlie "Sugartime" Phillips, Bobby Fuller and Roy Orbison cut their earliest recordings at the studio.

In film
The city served as the principal filming location for the 2016 movie Hell or High Water, which began shooting in May 2015. Three locations in the city were used as banks in the film; the local Suddenlink office at 1106 N Main Street (used in the opening scenes), the Western Bank branch at 901 Pile Street, and an unused, former bank at 2108 N Main Street. A local restaurant, Bill's Jumbo Burger at 2113 N Main Street, was also used in the movie.

Notable people

 * Kenny Bernstein, drag racer and NASCAR and IndyCar team owner
 * D.J. Brigman, PGA Tour golfer
 * Hank Baskett, former NFL player
 * Robert C. Brack, district judge
 * Howard C. Bratton, lawyer and jurist
 * Jack Elton Bresenham, computer scientist
 * D. J. Brigman, golfer
 * Dennis K. Chesney, astronomer and planet discoverer
 * Bruce Cox, photographer
 * Jaye Crockett, basketball player
 * Anna Crook, politician
 * Dolores Crow, Idaho state legislator
 * Odis Echols, politician, songwriter, lobbyist, and radio broadcaster
 * Edwina Garcia, politician
 * Earl Ben Gilliam, district judge
 * Dunny Goode, football coach
 * Robert Grant, member of the Kansas House of Representatives
 * Wayne Hale, NASA engineer
 * Clinton Harden, politician
 * Benjamin Harjo Jr., painter and printmaker
 * Mark Harris, NFL player for the San Francisco 49ers
 * Carl Hatch, state senator and district judge
 * Jerry Haymes, rock n' roll musician
 * Nathan Hecht, Chief Justice of the Texas Supreme Court
 * Andrew W. Hockenhull, attorney and state governor
 * Stuart Ingle, state senator
 * Bubba Jennings, college basketball coach
 * Bryce Jordan, university administrator and musicologist
 * Carroll Leavell, politician
 * Patrick H. Lyons, politician
 * Thomas J. Mabry, attorney, politician, and judge
 * Fred K. Mahaffey, US Army four-star general
 * John F. Mulholland Jr., retired US Army and CIA worker
 * Jerry Nuzum, NFL player for the Pittsburgh Steelers
 * Matt Othick, retired NBA player
 * Norman Petty, musician, songwriter, record producer
 * Charlie Phillips, country music singer/songwriter
 * Andrea Reeb, attorney and politician
 * Jimmie V. Reyna, lawyer and circuit judge
 * Angela Rockwood, model and actress
 * Clovis Ruffin, fashion designer
 * Alvy Ray Smith, computer scientist
 * JJ Williams, soccer player
 * Martin R. Zamora, politician and farmer

title: Clovis, New Mexico


text:
Grady, New Mexico

Grady is a village in Curry County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 107 at the 2010 census.

Geography
Grady is located in Eastern New Mexico in the physiographic region known as the Llano Estacado or Staked Plains.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.2 sqmi, all land.

History
Grady was established in 1907 with a strong community of farming and ranching. The Village was named after Pearl B. Grady, who owned most of the town site. Pearl Grady was also the first postmaster.

Grady was chosen as the pending railroad depot for the Atchison Topeka & Santa Fe Railway (ATSF), but as it turned out, Grady was by-passed.

During Grady's history, the village had a hotel, two grocery stores, a bank, a doctor, a dentist, a drugstore, café, lumber & hardware store and a few other small businesses.

In 1925 a fire consumed the entire south side of the village destroying all of the businesses except the hotel.

In February 1952, a tornado hit Grady, with a number of homes destroyed.

Since the 1960s, the Village of Grady's population has remained close to 100 people and consists mainly of an older population of farmers. The public school is a center piece of Grady, but enrollment continues to decline.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 98 people, 38 households, and 28 families residing in the village. The population density was 395.2 PD/sqmi. There were 48 housing units at an average density of 193.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 90.82% White, 7.14% from other races, and 2.04% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.20% of the population.

There were 38 households, out of which 34.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.8% were married couples living together, 7.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.3% were non-families. 23.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 3.07.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 28.6% under the age of 18, 4.1% from 18 to 24, 29.6% from 25 to 44, 21.4% from 45 to 64, and 16.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 71.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 70.7 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $26,250, and the median income for a family was $33,333. Males had a median income of $33,750 versus $26,250 for females. The per capita income for the village was $13,000. About 8.3% of families and 12.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 37.5% of those under age 18 and 0.0% of those age 65 or over.

Education
The Grady Municipal School District operates public schools.

title: Grady, New Mexico


text:
Melrose, New Mexico

Melrose is a village in Curry County, New Mexico, United States. Its population was 651 at the 2010 census. The town is losing population due to rural exodus. Melrose is served by Melrose Elementary School and Melrose High School.

William Hanna (1910–2001), co-founder of Hanna Barbera Studios, was born in Melrose.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.7 sqmi, all land.

History
During the New Deal, a series of federal programs was initiated during the Great Depression, and the Melrose Art Center was established. The facility was considered to be located in the smallest town to have such a federal art center. Estella García was one of the teachers at the Center.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, 736 people, 309 households, and 200 families were residing in the village. The population density was 427.2 people per mi2 (165.2/km2). The 375 housing units averaged 217.7 per mi2 (84.2/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 92.12% White, 0.27% African American, 1.49% Native American, 0.68% Asian, 3.53% from other races, and 1.90% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 11.55% of the population.

Of the 309 households, 28.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.0% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.0% were not families. About 33.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34, and the average family size was 2.99.

In the village, the age distribution was 25.8% under 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 22.4% from 25 to 44, 24.7% from 45 to 64, and 20.2% who were 65 or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.6 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $26,607, and for a family was $31,635. Males had a median income of $24,643 versus $15,667 for females. The per capita income for the village was $13,053. About 16.4% of families and 21.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 30.4% of those under age 18 and 15.3% of those age 65 or over.

title: Melrose, New Mexico


text:
Texico, New Mexico

Texico is a city in Curry County, New Mexico, United States. Its population was 1,130 at the 2010 census. The city is located on the Texas-New Mexico border with the town of Farwell across the border.

History
The name is a portmanteau of "Texas" and "New Mexico". Texico is located on the Texas-New Mexico border. The city of Farwell borders Texico on the Texas side of the border.

In 2023, the FW1 Ute Reservoir pipeline project started construction to provide potable water by 2030 for Cannon Air Force Base and the communities of Clovis, Portales, Elida, Texico.

Geography
Texico is located on the high plains of Eastern New Mexico in a region known as the Llano Estacado. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.8 sqmi, all land.

Climate
According to the Köppen climate classification, Texico has a semiarid climate, BSk on climate maps.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, 1,065 people, 381 households, and 278 families were residing in the city. The population density was 1,299 /mi2. The 414 housing units averaged 504.9 per sq mi (194.9/km$2$). The racial makeup of the city was 59.15% White, 4.60% African American, 1.22% Native American, 0.09% Asian, 0.09% Pacific Islander, 31.46% from other races, and 3.38% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 47.32% of the population.

Of the 381 households, 37.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.4% were married couples living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.8% were not families. About 23.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.80, and the average family size was 3.34.

In the city, the age distribution was 30.8% under 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 19.7% from 45 to 64, and 12.8% who were 65 or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.2 males. For every 100 females aged 18 and over, there were 89.5 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $24,519, and for a family was $29,554. Males had a median income of $23,672 versus $15,250 for females. The per capita income for the city was $10,584. About 17.3% of families and 20.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.8% of those under age 18 and 19.4% of those aged 65 or over.

Education
Texico is within the Texico Municipal Schools school district.

title: Texico, New Mexico


text:
Fort Sumner, New Mexico

Fort Sumner is a village in and the county seat of De Baca County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 1,031 at the 2010 U.S. Census, down from the figure of 1,249 recorded in 2000. Fort Sumner is the spring and fall home of the Columbia Scientific Balloon Facility.

History
Named after former New Mexico Territory military governor Edwin Vose Sumner, U.S. Fort Sumner was a military fort established in 1862 and charged with the internment of nearby Navajo and Mescalero Apache populations from 1863 to 1868. The federal government closed the fort in 1868 and sold its buildings to Lucien Maxwell, a prominent New Mexico landowner, in 1870. In the latter 1870s Maxwell's son Pete befriended legendary outlaw Billy the Kid, and it was in his house that Billy was killed by Pat Garrett. Billy the Kid is buried in the old military cemetery in Fort Sumner, as is Lucien Maxwell.

In 1866, the U.S. government was holding thousands of Native American Indians at Fort Sumner after they were subdued by Kit Carson. Charles Goodnight and Oliver Loving saw a business opportunity and decided to sell beef to the United States Government so that the captive, displaced, and imprisoned Native Americans could be fed. This enterprise led to the establishment of the Goodnight-Loving Trail.

In March 1908, the Eastern Railway of New Mexico (as subsidiary of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway) arrived as part of the Belen Cutoff; now BNSF.

In the 1920s the Transcontinental Air Transport airline built an airfield in Fort Sumner as part of its coast-to-coast air passenger network, but the site was abandoned when the airline's ambitious plans collapsed in the Great Depression. The airfield was reopened by the United States Army Air Forces as a training base during World War II. After the war, the base became the Fort Sumner Municipal Airport, and was chosen as a launch site for NASA's high-altitude balloon program (see Columbia Scientific Balloon Facility).

Geography
Fort Sumner is located northeast of the center of De Baca County on the north side of the Pecos River.

U.S. Route 60 passes through the village as Sumner Avenue, leading east 61 mi to Clovis and west 58 mi to Vaughn. U.S. Route 84 comes in from the north as 4th Street, leading northwest 44 mi to Santa Rosa. US 84 runs east from Fort Sumner with US 60 to Clovis and the Texas border beyond it.

Climate
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village of Fort Sumner has a total area of 8.66 km2, of which 8.58 sqkm is land and 0.08 sqkm, or 0.93%, is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,249 people, 533 households, and 312 families residing in the village. The population density was 374.6 /mi2. There were 680 housing units at an average density of 204.0 /mi2. The racial makeup of the village was 81.91% White, 0.80% Native American, 0.08% Asian, 15.29% from other races, and 1.92% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 48.28% of the population.

There were 533 households, out of which 22.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.8% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.3% were non-families. 38.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 23.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.97.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 22.4% under the age of 18, 5.6% from 18 to 24, 21.2% from 25 to 44, 19.5% from 45 to 64, and 31.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.3 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $19,583, and the median income for a family was $28,625. Males had a median income of $24,722 versus $16,953 for females. The per capita income for the village was $13,327. About 20.4% of families and 25.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 33.9% of those under age 18 and 17.1% of those age 65 or over.

Education
Fort Sumner Municipal Schools is the school district of all of De Baca County.

In popular culture

 * Fort Sumner is featured in the video game, American Truck Simulator.

title: Fort Sumner, New Mexico


text:
Lake Sumner, New Mexico

Lake Sumner is a census-designated place (CDP) in De Baca County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 143 at the 2010 census, up from the figure of 86 recorded in 2000.

Geography
Lake Sumner is located in northern De Baca County and surrounds Lake Sumner, a reservoir formed by Sumner Dam on the Pecos River. Sumner Lake State Park occupies the east and west sides of the lake at its south end, near the outlet. U.S. Route 84 forms the northeastern edge of the CDP; the highway leads southeast 10 mi to Fort Sumner, the De Baca County seat, and northwest 34 mi to Santa Rosa.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 177.3 km2, of which 161.0 km2 is land and 16.3 km2, or 9.17%, is water.

Climate
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Lake Sumner has a cold semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps. The hottest temperature recorded at Lake Sumner was 112 F on June 12, 2022, while the coldest temperature recorded was -24 F on January 13, 1963.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 86 people, 44 households, and 27 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1.4 people per square mile (0.5/km2). There were 188 housing units at an average density of 3.0/sq mi (1.2/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 90.70% White, 1.16% Asian, 3.49% from other races, and 4.65% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 17.44% of the population.

There were 44 households, out of which 18.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.4% were married couples living together, and 38.6% were non-families. 34.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.95 and the average family size was 2.48.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 14.0% under the age of 18, 4.7% from 18 to 24, 17.4% from 25 to 44, 33.7% from 45 to 64, and 30.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 52 years. For every 100 females, there were 120.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 111.4 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $25,250, and the median income for a family was $29,167. Males had a median income of $28,750 versus $23,750 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $17,590. There were no families and 10.5% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 45.5% of those over 64.

Education
Fort Sumner Municipal Schools is the school district of all of De Baca County.

title: Lake Sumner, New Mexico


text:
Anthony, New Mexico

Anthony is a city in Doña Ana County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 9,360 at the 2010 census. It is located on the New Mexico–Texas state line in the Upper Mesilla Valley (immediately north of Anthony, Texas), and on Interstate 10, 24 miles south of Las Cruces and 18 miles north of El Paso, Texas.

History
In an election held on January 5, 2010, Anthony residents voted in favor of incorporating the community. A total of 561 votes were cast, with 410 (73.1%) supporting the measure and 151 (26.9%) opposed. The new municipality officially came into existence on July 1, 2010.

On January 18, 2024 the city of Anthony board of trustees passed a resolution of "no confidence" against it's mayor Diana Murillo. The board concluded that she was mismanaging city funds and that her administration was "a detriment to the well-being of the city, its residents and city employees.".

In March 2024, Murillo was ordered to repay $24,000 of taxpayers funds she used for a personal legal battle.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3.9 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
The city is part of the El Paso–Las Cruces combined statistical area.

As of the census of 2010, there were 9,360 people, 2,467 households, and 1,858 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,362.4 people per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 61.5% White, 0.8% African American, 0.5% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, and 2.5% from other races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 97.4% of the population.

There were 2,467 households, out of which 9.9% had children under the age of 5 living with them, 35.9% were under the age of 18, and 8.7% were over the age of 65.

The median income for a household is $22,216. The per capita income for the city was $9,239. About 40.2% of the population is below the poverty line.

Education
Anthony is located within the Gadsden Independent School District.

Gadsden Elementary, Loma Linda Elementary and Anthony Elementary are all located within the city boundaries. Gadsden High School, Gadsden Middle School, Alta Vista Early College High School and Anthony Charter School, a satellite campus of Doña Ana Community College, and a branch of New Mexico State University all sit just outside the municipality.

Government
Following the successful incorporation vote, elections for city offices – mayor, municipal judge, and municipal trustees – were held on April 13, 2010. Ramon S. Gonzalez defeated four other candidates in the mayoral race, receiving 55.6 percent of the vote. Peggy Sue Scott was elected to the position of municipal judge. Thirteen candidates competed for the four available municipal trustee positions. They were won by Betty Gonzalez, Juan M. Acevedo, Diana Murillo, and James G. Scott. The first council meeting took place on July 7, 2010.

The final, canvassed results for the March 6 election in Anthony, are as follows: The total number of ballots cast in the election was 1,391, according to a canvass certificate. Of those, 1,244 were cast on election day, 136 were cast in early voting and 11 were cast in absentee voting.
 * Mayor: Arnulfo Castañeda, 224 (winner); Juan Acevedo, 181
 * Two trustees: James Scott, 231 (winner); Pilar Madrid, 255 (winner); Janny Brumlow, 160
 * Municipal judge: Peggy Scott, 340 (winner)

title: Anthony, New Mexico


text:
Chaparral, New Mexico

Chaparral is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Doña Ana and Otero counties, New Mexico. The population was 14,631 at the 2010 census. Chaparral is primarily a bedroom community for the neighboring city of El Paso, Texas, and the neighboring military installations of White Sands Missile Range and Fort Bliss. It is officially part of the Las Cruces Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Geography
Chaparral is located in the southeast corner of Doña Ana County and the southwest corner of Otero County at 32.03917°N, -106.42972°W (32.039072, −106.429630). Its southern border is the Texas state line, the northern limit of the city of El Paso. Chaparral is geographically isolated from the rest of Doña Ana County due to its location on the east side of the Franklin Mountains.

Downtown El Paso, Texas is 20 mi to the south, Fort Bliss in Texas is 19 mi to the south, and the White Sands Missile Range is 30 mi to the north.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the Chaparral CDP has a total area of 153.4 km2, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 6,117 people, 1,837 households, and 1,497 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 157.8 /mi2. There were 2,134 housing units at an average density of 55.1 /mi2. The racial makeup of the CDP was 70.69% White, 1.26% African American, 1.29% Native American, 0.43% Asian, 0.18% Pacific Islander, 21.38% from other races, and 4.77% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 64.49% of the population.

There were 1,837 households, out of which 48.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.6% were married couples living together, 14.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.5% were non-families. 15.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.32 and the average family size was 3.70.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 36.2% under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 18.9% from 45 to 64, and 7.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.1 males. For every 100 females aged 18 and over, there were 95.1 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $22,692, and the median income for a family was $26,153. Males had a median income of $23,904 versus $17,750 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $10,033. About 25.2% of families and 31.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 42.6% of those under age 18 and 24.8% of those age 65 or over.

Education
As part of the Gadsden Independent School District, Chaparral has the following public schools:

Elementary schools

 * Chaparral Elementary School
 * Desert Trail Elementary School
 * Sunrise Elementary School
 * Yucca Heights Elementary school

Middle schools

 * Chaparral Middle School

High schools

 * Chaparral High School

Doña Ana Community College maintains a satellite campus in Chaparral.

Transportation
Commercial air and rail transportation are available in the neighboring city of El Paso, Texas. Several highways (state and federal) pass through Chaparral:
 * NM 213, which runs north–south connecting El Paso to White Sands Missile Range. In Chaparral it is known as War Highway (which refers to its construction during World War II as a military access road) and connects to Martin Luther King Boulevard (Texas Farm to Market Road 3255) at the El Paso city limits.
 * NM 404, which runs east–west. This highway connects Chaparral to Anthony, New Mexico and Interstate 10, which is approximately 10 mi to the west through the Anthony Gap. In both Anthony and Chaparral it is known as O'Hara Road.
 * U.S. Route 54, which runs north–south along Chaparral's eastern border, connects to Dyer Street and the Patriot Freeway in El Paso.

Town highlights

 * Chaparral High School
 * Dolores Wright Park
 * Chaparral Taekwondo Academy

Notable people

 * Willie D. Madrid, member of the New Mexico House of Representatives
 * Siddeeq Shabazz, professional football player

title: Chaparral, New Mexico


text:
Doña Ana, New Mexico

Doña Ana is a census-designated place (CDP) in Doña Ana County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 1,211 at the 2010 census.

History
Doña Ana is named for Doña Ana Robledo, who died there in 1680 while fleeing the Pueblo Revolt. In 1846, the British traveler George Frederick Ruxton passed through Doña Ana near the eastern bank of the Rio Grande River. He said, "Doña Ana is a very recent settlement of ten or fifteen families, who, tempted by the richness of the soil, abandoned their farms in the valley of El Paso, and have here attempted to cultivate a small tract of land in the very midst of the Apaches, who have already paid them several visits and carried off or destroyed their stock of cattle. The huts are built of log and mud, and situated on the top of a tabular bluff which looks down upon the river bottom"

Geography
Doña Ana is located near the center of Doña Ana County. Interstate 25 forms the eastern edge of the CDP, with access from Exit 9. I-25 leads south 6 mi to Las Cruces and northwest 33 mi to Hatch.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1.7 km2, all land.

Demographics
Doña Ana is part of the Las Cruces Metropolitan Statistical Area.

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,379 people, 447 households, and 363 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,885.3 PD/sqmi. There were 465 housing units at an average density of 635.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 45.76% White, 0.44% Black or African American, 1.67% Native American, 0.51% Asian, 47.14% from other races, and 4.50% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 87.09% of the population.

There were 447 households, out of which 39.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.9% were married couples living together, 17.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.6% were non-families. 16.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.09 and the average family size was 3.43.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 30.5% under the age of 18, 11.4% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 21.5% from 45 to 64, and 9.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females there were 98.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.1 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $27,292, and the median income for a family was $32,685. Males had a median income of $18,295 versus $13,047 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $10,542. About 17.8% of families and 22.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.5% of those under age 18 and 44.2% of those age 65 or over.

Education
It is located in Las Cruces Public Schools.

title: Doña Ana, New Mexico


text:
Hatch, New Mexico

Hatch is a village in Doña Ana County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 1,648 at the 2010 census. The town is experiencing moderate growth, along with its outliers of Salem, Arrey, Derry, and Rincon. Hatch is widely known as the "best chile place in the World," for growing a wide variety of peppers, especially the New Mexican cuisine staple, and one of New Mexico's state vegetables, the New Mexico chile.

History
Hatch was originally settled as Santa Barbara in 1851; however, Apache raids drove the farmers away until 1853, when the nearby Fort Thorn was established. Fort Thorn closed in 1859, and the town was abandoned again in 1860. It was not until 1875 that it was re-occupied and at that time it was renamed "Hatch" for colonizer Edward Hatch, who was then of the military District of New Mexico.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 3.1 sqmi, all land.

The village is located just off Interstate 25, about 40 mi northwest of Las Cruces, and approximately 80 mi northwest of El Paso, Texas.

Demographics
It is part of the Las Cruces Metropolitan Statistical Area.

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,673 people, 538 households, and 402 families residing in the village. The population density was 540.2 PD/sqmi. There were 635 housing units at an average density of 205.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 46.03% White, 0.36% African American, 0.96% Native American, 0.24% Pacific Islander, 50.03% from other races, and 2.39% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 79.20% of the population.

There were 538 households, out of which 43.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.7% were married couples living together, 14.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.1% were non-families. 20.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.11, and the average family size was 3.63.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 35.7% under the age of 18, 9.7% from 18 to 24, 24.3% from 25 to 44, 17.9% from 45 to 64, and 12.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.9 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $21,250, and the median income for a family was $23,819. Males had a median income of $21,923 versus $17,188 for females. The per capita income for the village was $14,619. About 28.5% of families and 34.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 50.1% of those under age 18 and 14.6% of those age 65 or over.

Economy
The Hatch Chile Festival is an annual event that occurs each Labor Day. This event attracts people worldwide to a place known as the chile capital of the world. The small town has accommodated up to 30,000 people for this event. This small farming community is known worldwide for raising renowned chiles. By 2012, Hatch chiles were being marketed under their name in most major urban markets in the US. Other crops such as onions, cotton, and corn are also raised there. Irrigation of local farms is accomplished by wells pumping ground water along with surface water irrigation ditches. These divert water from the Rio Grande and two lakes approximately 20 mi north of Hatch named Caballo (Spanish for "horse") and Elephant Butte Reservoir (named after a rock formation in the middle of the lake that looks similar to an elephant).

Hatch is 40 mi northwest of Las Cruces, New Mexico, on Interstate 25, and 34 mi south of Spaceport America, a new purpose-built spaceport being built by the New Mexico Spaceport Authority (NMSA) with state and county funding. In 2012, the NMSA announced it would be building a spaceport visitor's center in Hatch.

Education
Hatch Valley Public Schools is the local school district.

title: Hatch, New Mexico