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White Sands, New Mexico

White Sands is a census-designated place (CDP) in Doña Ana County, New Mexico, United States. It consists of the main residential area on the White Sands Missile Range. As of the 2010 census the population of the CDP was 1,651. It is part of the Las Cruces Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Geography
The White Sands CDP is located in eastern Doña Ana County at the southern end of the White Sands Missile Range. It is 4 mi south of U.S. Route 70 and 27 mi east of Las Cruces, the county seat. The entrance to White Sands National Park is 34 mi to the northeast, up US 70.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 8.0 km2, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,323 people, 432 households, and 355 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 429.2 PD/sqmi. There were 667 housing units at an average density of 216.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 71.43% White, 11.56% African American, 0.98% Native American, 3.70% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 6.27% from other races, and 5.97% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 17.61% of the population.

There were 432 households, out of which 56.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72.0% were married couples living together, 6.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.8% were non-families. 16.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.06 and the average family size was 3.45.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 37.3% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 39.7% from 25 to 44, 13.0% from 45 to 64, and 0.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 27 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.7 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $43,500, and the median income for a family was $47,750. Males had a median income of $40,402 versus $21,250 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $16,186. About 1.5% of families and 2.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.8% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

The desert
The desert is located in the Tularosa Basin of New Mexico. Its white sands are not composed of quartz, like most desert sands, but of gypsum, hydrated calcium sulfate. Unlike other desert sands, it is cool to the touch, due to the high rate of evaporation of surface moisture and the fact that the sands reflect, rather than absorb, the sun's rays. At 1185 meters above sea level, there are approximately 442 square kilometers of dune fields and is known to be the world's largest surface deposit of gypsum.

Gypsum is one of the most common mineral compounds found on Earth but is rarely seen on the surface, as it dissolves easily in water. The origin of this desert dates back to around 100 million years ago, during which it was covered by a shallow sea. As its waters gradually receded, saltwater lakes were left behind, which eventually evaporated in the sun. In addition to the salt, gypsum was also laid down in thick deposits on the old seabed.

The Sacramento and San Andres Mountains, with the Tularosa Basin between them, took shape approximately 250 million years ago. Giant upheavals in the Earth's crust distorted the land along with the gypsum deposits, forcing them high into the air about 70 million years ago. Rainfall and melt water came from the mountains causing the gypsum to percolate out and the concentrated solutions were washed down the mountainsides. The gypsum solution accumulated in Lake Lucero, the lowest part of the Tularosa Basin. Water in the lake does not have any means of escaping except by evaporation, which leaves behind thin layers of crystallized gypsum, or selenite. Weathering then reduced these crystals to fine, sandy grains. Winds then carried the grains farther up the basin, and the grains piled in steep dunes that often reach as high as 15 m (50 ft). The winds carved more dunes and, while at the same time, carried small amounts of the gypsum grains by distances of up to 9 m (30 ft) a year.

This constant movement still occurs today, and with the added alkaline and the little amount of rainfall makes it difficult for plants to grow here, leaving the desert as desolate as it appears today.

Education
It is located in Las Cruces Public Schools. White Sands School is on the property of the White Sands Missile Range.

title: White Sands, New Mexico


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Artesia, New Mexico

Artesia is a city in Eddy County, New Mexico, centered at the intersection of U.S. routes 82 and 285; the two highways serve as the city's Main Street and First Street, respectively. As of the 2020 census, the city population was 12,875.

History
The town assumed its present name in 1903, after the discovery of an artesian aquifer in the area; artesian wells for agriculture flourished in the area until the aquifer became significantly depleted in the 1920s. The city was officially incorporated in 1905. It is home to one of the two Strangite meeting places in the world.

Geography
Artesia is located in northern Eddy County. US 82 leads east 64 mi to Lovington and west 110 mi to Alamogordo, while US 285 leads north 40 mi to Roswell and south 36 mi to Carlsbad, the Eddy County seat.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Artesia has a total area of 25.7 sqkm, of which 0.05 sqkm, or 0.21%, is covered by water.

The Pecos River is approximately 4 mi east of Artesia.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, 10,692 people, 4,080 households, and 2,896 families resided in the city. The population density was 1,341.3 PD/sqmi. The 4,593 housing units averaged 576.2 per square mile (222.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 72.25% White, 1.54% Native American, 1.44% African American, 0.20% Asian, 0.15% Pacific Islander, 21.56% from other races, and 2.86% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 44.98% of the population.

Of the 4,080 households, 36.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.8% were married couples living together, 14.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.0% were not families. About 26.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.15.

In the city, the population was distributed as 30.3% under the age of 18, 9.0% from 18 to 24, 25.5% from 25 to 44, 20.1% from 45 to 64, and 15.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $29,529, and for a family was $34,598. Males had a median income of $30,085 versus $19,566 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,911. About 15.7% of families and 20.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.8% of those under age 18 and 20.0% of those age 65 or over.

Economy
The principal economic activities which support Artesia are the oil and gas industry, agriculture, and dairy. Prominent local oil and gas businesses include Wilbanks Trucking Services, EOG Resources, Mack Energy Corporation, and Marbob Energy Corp. In the fall of 2010, Concho Resources acquired most of Marbob Energy Corp's assets for nearly $1.6 billion. HFSinclair Corporation also operates the Navajo Refinery, the largest refinery in New Mexico, at the corner of 1st and Main Street.

Artesia is home to the former Abo Elementary School, identified by One Nation Underground (ISBN 0-8147-7522-5) as the first and most likely only public school which is entirely underground and equipped to function as a fallout shelter. The school, completed in 1962, had a concrete slab roof which served as the school's playground. It contained a large storage facility with room for supplies for 2000 people in the event of nuclear warfare. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999 and is located at 1802 W Centre Ave.

The city has one of the few residential training sites of the Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers, mostly for the United States Border Patrol, BIA Police, and the US Air Marshals. The center is located on the former campus of the College of Artesia, which operated from 1966 to 1971.

Artesia has a high-voltage direct current back-to-back station which connects the eastern and western electric grids in Eddy County. This tie, built by General Electric in 1983, can transfer a maximum power of 200 megawatts. The used voltage is 82 kV.

The Artesia Restaurant and Hotel is prominently featured as a location in the film The Man Who Fell to Earth starring David Bowie.

Immigration
Artesia was the site of the Artesia Detention Center, that was responsible for individuals entering the US illegally and going through proper dockets that are in compliance with current US immigration laws. This location had incidents of humanitarian issues, for example a US citizen child was detained and legal issues due to its remoteness and the extent of this immigration issue. It was closed in December 2014.

Education
Artesia is served by the Artesia Public School District with these schools:
 * Artesia High School (grades 10–12)
 * Artesia Junior High School (grades 8–9)
 * Artesia Intermediate School (grades 6–7)
 * Central Elementary School (grades 1–5)
 * Hermosa Elementary School (grades 1–5)
 * Roselawn Elementary School (grades 1–5)
 * Yeso Elementary School (grades 1–5)
 * Yucca Elementary School (grades 1–5)
 * Grand Heights Early Child Ctr. (kindergarten)

The Artesia Bulldogs play in 5A football division and have won 30 state titles. This is the fourth most in the United States. Head Coach and Athletic Director Cooper Henderson, also a former player, has led the Bulldogs to 14 titles.

Notable people

 * Vernon Asbill (born 1945), educator and former member of the New Mexico Senate
 * Mack C. Chase (born 1931), oil and natural gas tycoon
 * Candy Ezzell (born 1953), member of the New Mexico House of Representatives
 * Tanner Gray (born 1999), National Hot Rod Association driver
 * Taylor Gray (born 2005), racing driver
 * Ray Handley (born 1944), former New York Giants head coach
 * Alexa Havins (born 1980), Daytime Emmy Award-winning television actress
 * Landry Jones (born 1989), quarterback for Oklahoma Sooners and NFL's Pittsburgh Steelers
 * Steve Jones (born 1958), professional golfer
 * Cody Lambert (born 1961), professional rodeo cowboy
 * Edgar Mitchell (born 1930), Astronaut who walked on the Moon during the 1971 Apollo 14 mission
 * Terry Lee Williams (born 1950), first African American to serve in the Utah State Senate

Climate
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Artesia has a cold semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps. The hottest temperature recorded in Artesia was 116 F on June 29, 1918, while the coldest temperature recorded was -20 F on January 11, 1962.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Artesia, New Mexico


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Carlsbad, New Mexico

Carlsbad is a city in and the county seat of Eddy County, New Mexico, United States. As of the 2020 census, the city population was 32,238. Carlsbad is centered at the intersection of U.S. Routes 62/180 and 285, and is the principal city of the Carlsbad-Artesia Micropolitan Statistical Area, which has a total population of 62,314. Located in the southeastern part of New Mexico, Carlsbad straddles the Pecos River and sits at the eastern edge of the Guadalupe Mountains.

Carlsbad is a hub for potash mining, petroleum production, and tourism. Carlsbad Caverns National Park is located 20 mi southwest of the city, and Guadalupe Mountains National Park lies 54 mi southwest across the Texas border. The Lincoln National Forest is to the northwest of town.

History
The development of southeastern New Mexico in the late 19th century was fueled by the arrival of colonies of immigrants from England, Switzerland, France, and Italy. Located along the banks of the Pecos River, Carlsbad was originally christened the town of Eddy on September 15, 1888, and organized as a municipal corporation in 1893; the settlement bore the name of Charles B. Eddy, co-owner of the Eddy-Bissell Livestock Company.

With the commercial development of local mineral springs near the flume for medicinal qualities, the town later voted to change its name to Carlsbad after the famous European spa Karlsbad, Bohemia (now Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic), which in turn was named after Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia. On March 25, 1918, the growing town surpassed a population of 2,000, allowing then-governor of New Mexico Washington Ellsworth Lindsey to proclaim Carlsbad a city.

Most of Carlsbad's development was due to irrigation water. Local cattlemen recognized the value of diverting water from the Pecos River to the grazing lands on Eddy's Halagueno Ranch. Many construction projects were undertaken to establish an irrigation system within the town. The Avalon Dam was constructed upstream of town, and canals diverted the water into town. Conflict arose when the canals met the river downstream; as a result, the Pecos River Flume was built, first out of wood and later concrete (the flume is often titled the only place where a river crosses itself).

Key to the growth of the area was special excursion trains that brought visitors from the East at reduced fares. Before the Pecos Valley Railroad arrived in 1891, travel parties met at the railroad station in Toyah, Texas, and were driven by buggy 90 mi over a rough, dusty road to this small but growing settlement on the banks of the Pecos River. Most of the early construction in Carlsbad was completed with locally manufactured bricks. The bricks were quite soft and of poor quality. The former First National Bank building at the corner of Canal and Fox streets is one of the few remaining buildings constructed with local brick. The re-discovery of Carlsbad Caverns (then known as "Bat Cave") by local cowboys in 1901 and the subsequent establishment of Carlsbad Caverns National Park on May 14, 1930, gained the town of Carlsbad substantial recognition.

In 1925, potash was discovered near Carlsbad, and for many years Carlsbad dominated the American potash market. Following the decline of the potash market in the 1960s, the residents and leaders of Carlsbad lobbied for the establishment of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), a site where low-level nuclear waste would be stored thousands of feet underground in salt beds. Congress authorized the WIPP project in 1979, and construction began in 1980. The DOE Carlsbad Area Office opened in 1993, and the first waste shipment arrived in 1999.

Currently, Carlsbad has experienced a "boom". The city is leading in the production of oil and natural gases across the entire area, causing an increase in the employment rate. Due to this increase, families and individuals have begun to migrate to Carlsbad.

Films made in the City of Carlsbad
The Honkers (1972)

Guitar Man (2015)

I'll Be There with You (2006)

Do It for Uncle Graham (2004)

À l'ouest du Pécos (1993)

Films based on the area or filmed in the area
Gene Roddenberry (the creator of Star Trek) created and produced the made-for-television film Genesis II (1973), a science fiction film that starts with the main character having been in suspended animation in the Carlsbad Caverns at a point in the future.

The following films were film the Carlsbad area, with Carlsbad Caverns National Park as the main location:

Journey to the Center of the Earth (1959). Starring James Mason and Pat Boone.

Jonathan Livingston Seagull (1973)

The Bat People (1974)

Earth vs. the Spider (1958)

King Solomon's Mines (1950)

Geography and climate
Carlsbad is located near the center of Eddy County at 32.41194°N, -104.23639°W (32.407577, -104.245167) at an elevation of 3295 ft. Carlsbad is situated in the northern reaches of the Chihuahuan Desert ecoregion, in the lower Pecos River Valley. Via US 285 it is 36 mi north to Artesia and 86 mi south to Pecos, Texas. US Routes 62 and 180 lead northeast 69 mi to Hobbs and southwest 169 mi to El Paso.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Carlsbad has a total area of 75.6 km2; 74.9 km2 of the city is land, and 0.7 km2, or 0.93%, is water. Most of the water within city limits consists of the Pecos River and Lake Carlsbad recreation area. The river flows into the northern part of Carlsbad, downstream from Lake Avalon and Brantley Lake, passes east of downtown, and exits in the southeast. Dark Canyon Draw also runs through the southern part of town, but only drains during heavy rainfall.

Carlsbad is part of the Interior West climate zone. It is classified as hot semi-arid (Köppen BSh), meaning average annual precipitation is less than potential evapotranspiration, but more than half. A moderate amount of rain falls each year, with the maximum occurring during July. Winters in Carlsbad are dry and mild, below freezing temperatures are a common occurrence at night. Springs are warm but can be occasionally hot. Summers are very hot which is very common for southern Plains of New Mexico and West Texas and average around 35 days per year of temperatures above 100 °F which can be unpleasant. Carlsbad is affected be the North American Monsoon during summer which can bring torrential downpours and flooding, which lowers daytime summer temperatures from the scorching great plains heat. Fall is generally warm and can be cold at times. Extreme temperatures ranges from -16 °F on January 11, 1962, to 114 °F on June 28, 1994. 53 tornadoes have been reported in Eddy County since 1950.

2010 Census
As of the census of 2010, there were 26,138 people, 10,257 households, and 6,898 families residing in the city. The population density was 920.4/mi2 (353.2/km2). There were 11,421 housing units at an average density of 402.6 /sqmi.

The racial makeup of the city was:
 * 74.7% White (53.1% non-Hispanic)
 * 1.9% Black or African American
 * 1.3% Native American
 * 1.0% Asian
 * <0.1% Pacific Islander
 * 15.28% from other races
 * 3.1% Multiracial (two or more races)
 * 42.5% of the population were Hispanics or Latinos (of any race)

There were 10,257 households, out of which 29.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.0% were married couples living together, 14.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.7% were non-families. 28.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.03.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 25.6% under the age of 18, 9.0% from 18 to 24, 23.8% from 25 to 44, 26.1% from 45 to 64, and 15.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39.4 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $30,658, and the median income for a family was $35,640. Males had a median income of $31,214 versus $19,228 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,496. 16.5% of the population and 13.1% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 21.4% of those under the age of 18 and 11.2% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

Government
The city of Carlsbad has a mayor-council form of government. Voters elect both the mayor and the eight members of the city council (two for each ward), who pass laws and make policy. After the first meeting of the city council once newly elected council members are seated, the council elects a Mayor pro tempore who serves as mayor in absence of the elected mayor.

Economy
The economy of the Carlsbad area is based primarily on the mineral extraction sector; the city overlies the rich oil- and gas-producing formations of the Permian Basin and produces more potash than any other location in the United States. Carlsbad is home to the DOE's Carlsbad Field Office which operates the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant to safely store the transuranic nuclear wastes from the nation's defense sites. Tourism is a major factor with Carlsbad Caverns National Park, Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Lincoln National Forest, the Living Desert Zoo and Gardens State Park, and the annual Christmas on the Pecos Light Show all located within fifty miles of the city.

Mining
Potash is a potassium-containing compound used as a fertilizer, along with nitrogen and phosphorus. Potash deposits were found underground across the Permian Basin in 1925. Two companies, Mosaic Potash Carlsbad (formerly IMC Global) and Intrepid Potash (formerly Mississippi Chemical Corporation), operate mining operations east of Carlsbad. Both mines employ a significant number of workers from surrounding communities.

Public schools
Carlsbad Municipal School District is the operating public school system for Carlsbad. Besides the before mentioned schools, Carlsbad Municipal Schools also operates a charter school, Jefferson Montessori Academy. The mission of the Carlsbad Board of Education is to create a public school environment which meets the individual educational needs of all children regardless of their ability, ethnicity, creed, gender or social standing.

 * Elementary schools
 * Cottonwood Elementary School
 * Desert Willow Elementary School
 * Early Childhood Education Center
 * Edison Elementary School
 * Hillcrest Preschool
 * Joe Stanley Smith Elementary School (Closed 2021)
 * Monterrey Elementary School
 * Ocotillo Elementary School
 * Sunset Elementary School
 * Jefferson Montessori Academy

 * Secondary schools
 * Carlsbad Early College High School
 * Carlsbad High School
 * Carlsbad Intermediate School
 * Carlsbad Sixth Grade Academy
 * Carlsbad Schools Athletics
 * Carlsbad Schools Library
 * Jefferson Montessori Academy

 * Private schools
 * Faith Christian Academy
 * St. Edwards Catholic School

New Mexico State University has a branch campus located in Carlsbad, offering certificate, associate degree, bachelor's degree, and continuing education programs. NMSUC has a student population of approximately 2,000 and a staff of 104 faculty. Previously known as the Carlsbad Instructional Center, the campus was established in 1950 as the state's first community college. It was renamed a branch of NMSU in 1960. The present-day main building was built in 1980; an additional instruction center was added in 1987 and the computer facilities wing was completed in 1996. By 2011, the campus had added an additional building to house its nursing program, the Allied Health and University Transfer Center.
 * Colleges and universities

Eddy County Beauty College is also located in Carlsbad, providing certification programs for beauticians.

Print
Carlsbad is serviced by a daily (except Monday) newspaper, the Carlsbad Current-Argus.

Focus on Carlsbad is a quarterly magazine published with local articles related to living, shopping, and vacationing in Carlsbad.

Television
Channel 23 is a local television station shown on cable television. The channel airs coverage of special events and also local news; many residents host shows on topics from plant care to science. Classic films including 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, Meet John Doe, and Scarlet Street are shown on Wednesdays. Channel23TV is unavailable on satellite television.

Sports
The Carlsbad Bats professional baseball team were a member of the independent Pecos League. The Bats were primarily a travel team in the league, but played two games in Carlsbad in 2011. Carlsbad was considered, but turned down, for a full-time franchise in 2012. Carlsbad recently constructed a youth sports complex on the southwest side of town, containing six softball and four soccer fields. Multiple local and regional tournaments are held at the complex yearly.

Carlsbad High School is a AAAAA school in the Fourth District of the New Mexico Activities Association. Carlsbad High School has teams competing in the sports of football, baseball, softball, basketball, track and field, golf, tennis, men's and women's soccer, swimming, wrestling, and rodeo.

The Carlsbad Velo Cycling Club, a local bicycle club began hosting the Cavern City Classic Omnium in 2012 with large success; weekly rides are held on Saturdays giving riders a chance to see much of the surrounding landscape. Annual races for running and walking are organized by the Carlsbad Runner's Club and National Night Out.

Major highways
Two main highways run through the city:
 * US Highway 62/180 is named Canal Street as it enters the city from the southwest; at the intersection of Greene Street, 62/180 heads east.
 * US Highway 285 is named Canal Street as it intersects 62/180 from the southeast; at the intersection of Pierce Street, 285 branches north.

Bridges
There are three road bridges that cross waterways and serve the municipality:
 * Bataan Bridge crosses the Pecos River on East Greene Street.
 * North Canal Bridge crosses the Pecos River on North Canal Street.
 * South Canal Bridge crosses Dark Canyon Draw on South Canal Street.

Mass transit
The Carlsbad Municipal Transit System (CMTS) provides public transportation within the city limits of Carlsbad and portions of Eddy County immediately adjacent to the city. CMTS operates three fixed routes and a general dial-a-ride service. Established in June 1996, CMTS operates a fleet of 17 vans and services persons with disabilities, seniors, students, and the general public. Average monthly ridership is approximately 4,800.

New Mexico Transportation Services, a private company, provides daily transportation to and from the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant for employees at fixed pick up locations throughout town.

Bus service
Greyhound Lines stops in Carlsbad on route 463 between El Paso and Lubbock, Texas.

Regional

 * Cavern City Air Terminal (CNM) is located just south of Carlsbad, with Boutique Air currently offering non-stop service to Albuquerque and Dallas/Fort Worth under an Essential Air Service (EAS) contract.
 * Roswell International Air Center (ROW), located 73 mi north of Carlsbad in Roswell, New Mexico, is served by American Eagle offering daily service to Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport and Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport.
 * Lea County Regional Airport (HOB), located 67 mi east of Carlsbad in Hobbs, New Mexico, is served by United Express offering daily service to George Bush Intercontinental Airport in Houston.

International

 * El Paso International Airport (ELP) is located in the northeastern part of El Paso, Texas, 158 mi west of Carlsbad.
 * Midland International Airport (MAF) is located southeast of Midland, Texas, 144 mi southeast of Carlsbad.

Rail

BNSF Railway provides freight service in the Carlsbad area, mainly to the local potash mines. Two yard operations are present in Carlsbad: one between Muscatel Avenue and Orchard Lane, and the other between Greene and Church Streets. Currently there is no intercity passenger service. Passenger service to Carlsbad was previously operated by BNSF predecessor Santa Fe Railway. The former station at 110 E Fox Street is still standing.

Energy
Xcel Energy provides electricity to the Carlsbad area. New Mexico Gas Company provides natural gas services to more than 500,000 customers in the state, including Carlsbad.

Sanitation
The City of Carlsbad is responsible for the delivery of drinking water and the treatment of wastewater. The city also provides trash service to residents. Trash is sent to the Sandpoint Landfill east of town operated by Eddy County.

Healthcare
Carlsbad Medical Center is the primary hospital facility serving the greater Carlsbad area, operated by Community Health Systems. CMC is a 127-bed acute-care facility, including a 24-hour emergency room, imaging systems, and other services.

On September 10, 2019, CNN televised a news story on The Carlsbad Medical Center. The story was titled, "When some patients don't pay, this hospital sues." The news item addressed the remote community's limited hospital care options, and seized wages for exorbitant billing.

The town is also home to dialysis clinics, MRI facilities, an oncology center, and specialty clinics. Carlsbad Mental Health Association provides mental-health services, substance-abuse treatment, family and youth counseling, psychiatric services and employee-assistance programs.

Research, development, and technology facilities
Carlsbad has several research facilities, such as the Carlsbad Environmental Monitoring and Research Center (operated by New Mexico State University) and the National Cave and Karst Research Institute (operated by New Mexico Tech, the National Park Service, and the City of Carlsbad). The United States Department of Energy's Sandia National Labs and Los Alamos National Laboratory each have branch operations in Carlsbad. The Carlsbad Department of Development and the City operate the Aero-Tech Industrial Technology Park including the Advanced Manufacturing and Innovation Training Center.

Points of interest

 * Carlsbad Caverns National Park, 20 mi southwest
 * Guadalupe Mountains National Park, 54 mi southwest, in Texas
 * Lincoln National Forest, 40 mi west
 * Carlsbad Museum
 * Carlsbad Skate Park
 * The Cascades of Carlsbad
 * Cavern City Renaissance Festival
 * Living Desert Zoo and Gardens State Park, which features a painting bear. Maggie Oso paints with her paws in a variety of non-toxic paint colors and heavy white paper that the zoo curator places in her holding area. Maggie can choose the color of paint to use and the pattern that she will paint. Maggie's paintings are matted and framed for the public to see. Maggie's art work has been featured in several art exhibits throughout Carlsbad.
 * National Cave and Karst Research Institute
 * Pecos River Flume
 * Project Gnome, 30 mi east
 * Project Playground
 * The Artist Gallery

Notable people

 * Shane Andrews, Major League Baseball
 * Dan Blocker, actor who played "Hoss" Cartwright in the TV series Bonanza, was a sixth-grade teacher and coach at Eddy Elementary School
 * Bruce Cabot, actor who played Jack Driscoll in the 1933 film King Kong; appeared in many of close friend John Wayne's films
 * Jason D. Cunningham, Air Force Pararescueman who died saving lives of 10 fellow servicemen; Air Force Cross recipient
 * Sam Etcheverry, professional football player in the National Football League and Canadian Football League
 * Alfred A. Freeman, New Mexico territorial judge and Tennessee politician
 * F. Drew Gaffney, Payload Specialist aboard STS-40 and professor at Vanderbilt University
 * Michael P. Grace II, an oil and gas producer who was based in the city in the 1960s to the 1970s. He was formerly a theater producer, composer, and lyricist in the 1950s. He was the former husband to Corinne B. Grace.
 * Corinne B. Grace, oil and gas producer who was based in the city from the 1960s to the 1990s. She was formerly an actress on stage and in television commercials. She was the former wife of Michael P. Grace II.
 * Mark Jackson, gridiron football player
 * Bob Kelly, American Football League defensive lineman and offensive lineman for the Houston Oilers, the Kansas City Chiefs, and the Cincinnati Bengals
 * Trevor Rogers, Major League Baseball pitcher for the Miami Marlins
 * Cody Ross, Major League Baseball outfielder for the Arizona Diamondbacks
 * Barry Sadler, author, musician, and decorated combat veteran; best known for series of novels focusing on Casca Rufio Longinius and for composing song "Ballad of the Green Berets".
 * Sonny Throckmorton, singer and songwriter
 * Linda Wertheimer, senior correspondent for National Public Radio
 * Jim White, discoverer and explorer of Carlsbad Caverns.
 * John Wooten, National Football League played for the Cleveland Browns and Washington Redskins

title: Carlsbad, New Mexico


text:
Industrial rock

Industrial rock is a fusion genre that fuses industrial music and rock music. It initially originated in the 1970s, and drew influence from early experimental and industrial acts such as Throbbing Gristle, Einstürzende Neubauten and Chrome. Industrial rock became more prominent in the 1980s with the success of artists such as Killing Joke, Swans, and partially Skinny Puppy, and later spawned the offshoot genre known as industrial metal. The genre was made more accessible to mainstream audiences in the 1990s with the aid of acts such as Nine Inch Nails and Marilyn Manson, both of which have released platinum-selling records.

Origins (late 1970s and 1980s)
Richie Unterberger assessed the Red Krayola as "a precursor to industrial rock" with their 1967 record The Parable of Arable Land exhibiting music made by 50 people on anything from industrial power tools to a revving motorcycle whilst Pitchfork 's Alex Lindhart cited their 1968 follow up God Bless the Red Krayola and All Who Sail With It as being "bootleg Einstürzende Neubauten at its grimiest atonality". AllMusic critic Alex Henderson has stated that experimental group Cromagnon's 1969 record Orgasm foreshadowed the industrial rock sound. Specifically, Pitchfork's Zach Baron noted their song "Caledonia" for its "pre-industrial stomp". Krautrock musicians Michael Rother and Klaus Dinger included industrial noise on their track "Negativland" (from their 1972 debut Neu!) as well as krautrock band Faust on their track "Meadow Meal" (from their 1971 debut Faust). AllMusic stated that Suicide's 1977 debut album "provided the blueprints for post-punk, synth pop, and industrial rock."

In 1976, English musician David Bowie collaborated with American musician Iggy Pop on his 1977 solo debut The Idiot. Musically, the album is said to contain elements of industrial rock, notably the closing track, "Mass Production", which contains numerous "proto-industrial noises" created using tape loops, and is described by Hugo Wilcken as "early industrial electronica". The Idiot has been described as having a major influence on Joy Division, who formed shortly before its release. Joy Division were signed to the industrially themed label Factory Records which had been founded in 1978; their albums Unknown Pleasures (1979) and Closer (1980) heavily influenced the further development of industrial rock. Chrome has also been credited as the "beginning of industrial rock" and their 1978 Half Machine Lip Moves was listed on Wire 's "100 Records That Set The World On Fire (When No One Was Listening)".

Industrial rock was created in the mid- to late 1970s, amidst the punk rock revolution and disco fever. Prominent early industrial musicians include Throbbing Gristle, Cabaret Voltaire, NON, SPK and Z'EV. Many other artists have been cited as influences such as Kraftwerk, Gary Numan, and Tubeway Army as well as Einstürzende Neubauten and Fad Gadget. Many other musical performers were incorporating industrial music elements into a variety of musical styles.

Some post-punk performers developed styles parallel to industrial music's defining attributes. Pere Ubu's debut, The Modern Dance, was described by Jim Irvin as "industrial", and Chris Connelly said the musical project Foetus was "the instigator when it comes to the marriage of machinery to hardcore punk." Music journalist Simon Reynolds considered Killing Joke, which saw mainstream success with their 1985 album Night Time, "a post-punk version of heavy metal."

Others followed in their wake. The New York City band Swans were inspired by the local no wave scene, notably Glenn Branca's band Theoretical Girls "You Got Me" as well as punk rock, noise music (particularly Whitehouse) and the original industrial groups. Steve Albini's Big Black followed a similar path, while also incorporating American hardcore punk. Big Black has also been closely associated with post-hardcore and noise rock, though their ties to industrial music are extremely apparent. The Swiss trio The Young Gods, who deliberately eschewed electric guitars in favor of a sampler, also took inspiration from both hardcore and industrial. In 1986, Canadian band Skinny Puppy released the album Mind: The Perpetual Intercourse, with its lead single, "Dig It", seeing frequent airplay on MTV. The song was a major influence on Nine Inch Nails founder Trent Reznor, who used it as inspiration when writing his first song, "Down in It".

Chicago's Wax Trax! Records became a vanguard for the genre in the 1980s and is credited for introducing it to the United States. Ministry's 1988 album The Land of Rape and Honey, departed from the band's synthesizer-oriented sound for a rock style that drew from hardcore punk and thrash metal, while retaining electronic elements and samples. Ministry frontman Al Jourgensen was also involved in multiple industrial rock side projects that were signed to Wax Trax!, including Revolting Cocks, 1000 Homo DJs and Pailhead. Drawing heavy influences from the New York's no wave scene, Cop Shoot Cop incorporated two bass guitars with no guitars.

Mainstream popularity (1990s)

In the 1990s, industrial rock broke into the mainstream with artists and bands such as Nine Inch Nails, Orgy, Rob Zombie, White Zombie, and Marilyn Manson. In December 1992, Nine Inch Nails' EP Broken was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Nine Inch Nails gained further popularity with the release of their 1994 album The Downward Spiral, which was certified 4× platinum by the RIAA in 1998. The band's 1999 album The Fragile was certified 2× platinum in January 2000. With the success of Nine Inch Nails, the band's debut album Pretty Hate Machine was certified 3× platinum by the RIAA. In the 1990s, four Nine Inch Nails songs went on the Billboard Hot 100. Several industrial rock and industrial metal artists such as KMFDM, Fear Factory, Gravity Kills and Sister Machine Gun appeared on the 1995 Mortal Kombat: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack, which was certified platinum by the RIAA in January 1996.

Marilyn Manson released their album Antichrist Superstar in 1996, which was certified platinum by the RIAA two months after its release date. In the United States, Antichrist Superstar sold at least 1,900,000 units. Marilyn Manson's EP Smells Like Children was certified platinum in May 1998. The band's third album Mechanical Animals went to number 1, dethroning Lauryn Hill's solo debut The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill and selling 223,000 copies in its first week in stores. It was certified platinum by the RIAA in February 1999 and sold at least 1,409,000 copies in the United States. Orgy also experienced mainstream success during the 1990s. The band's 1998 album Candyass was certified platinum by the RIAA in July 1999. Orgy's cover of New Order's song "Blue Monday" went to number 56 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 2 on the Dance Club Songs chart. White Zombie experimented with industrial metal on its 1995 album Astro-Creep: 2000, which was certified 2× platinum by the RIAA in March 1996. White Zombie's vocalist Rob Zombie began creating pure industrial metal albums in his solo career. Rob Zombie's 1998 solo debut studio album Hellbilly Deluxe was certified 3× platinum by the RIAA less than two years after its release date. In November 1999, Powerman 5000's album Tonight the Stars Revolt! was certified platinum by the RIAA. The album sold at least 1,316,172 units in the United States. A large Industrial metal scene also emerged in Europe in the 20th century. The Industrial Metal band that manages to appeal to the largest audiences worldwide is Rammstein. Other names have also proven successful in the European scene, including Pain, Deathstars, Dagoba, Eisbrecher, Gothminister and Godflesh.

Labels

 * Wax Trax! Records
 * Nothing Records

title: Industrial rock


text:
La Huerta, New Mexico

La Huerta, formerly known as Carlsbad North, is an unincorporated area and census-designated place (CDP) in Eddy County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 1,246 at the 2010 census. The community, whose name means "fruit garden" in Spanish, was named after the orchards and garden plots that supplied food to Carlsbad.

Geography
La Huerta is located in central Eddy County and is bordered to the south by the city of Carlsbad, the county seat. The Pecos River flows past 3/4 mile to the south.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 4.0 km2, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,245 people, 484 households, and 377 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 851.1 PD/sqmi. There were 526 housing units at an average density of 359.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 92.61% White, 0.32% African American, 0.32% Native American, 0.80% Asian, 0.40% Pacific Islander, 4.58% from other races, and 0.96% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 14.54% of the population.

There were 484 households, out of which 31.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.4% were married couples living together, 5.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.1% were non-families. 20.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 2.97.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 26.3% under the age of 18, 5.2% from 18 to 24, 21.4% from 25 to 44, 31.0% from 45 to 64, and 16.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.7 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $52,361, and the median income for a family was $69,135. Males had a median income of $51,250 versus $28,125 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $27,192. About 2.9% of families and 3.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.9% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

Education
It is within the Carlsbad Municipal School District, which operates Carlsbad High School.

title: La Huerta, New Mexico


text:
Paul Drake (character)

Paul Drake is a fictional private detective in the Perry Mason series of murder mystery novels by Erle Stanley Gardner. Drake is described as tall and slouching, nondescript (as suits his profession), and frequently wearing an expression of droll humor. He often smoked cigarettes especially when he had a subject of interest under surveillance. He is friend and right-hand man to Mason, a highly successful criminal defense lawyer in Los Angeles.

Novels
Drake is frequently described as "lanky" and slightly "fish-faced" or "pop-eyed". In talking with Mason, he generally likes to slouch in an armchair with his back over one arm and his legs over the other. The conversations often include complaints about his indigestion from living on cheap hamburgers and bad coffee when working for Mason. His appearance and attitude are deceptive, however: he is personally dedicated, and physically tough in a fight.

Films
Allen Jenkins played a variation on the Paul Drake character, referred to as Spudsy Drake, in two 1935 films based on Gardner novels, The Case of the Curious Bride and The Case of the Lucky Legs.

Eddie Acuff took over the Spudsy role in the 1936 film The Case of the Velvet Claws.

Garry Owen played the investigator, now known simply as Paul Drake, in 1936's The Case of the Black Cat, and Joseph Crehan took over in 1937's The Case of the Stuttering Bishop.

Television
In 1957, the CBS television network launched a Perry Mason series based on Gardner's characters, which ran until 1966. William Hopper auditioned for both the Mason and Drake roles. "He was perfect as Drake, and we got him," recalled executive producer Gail Patrick Jackson.

"Paul Drake in the Erle Stanley Gardner books was an entirely different character," Hopper said in 1962. "I play him my way. Now I'm amused to read Gardner's new books. Paul Drake now comes out like me!"

"Just as Raymond Burr will always be Perry Mason, Bill Hopper will always be Paul Drake," wrote Brian Kelleher and Diana Merrill in their chronicle of the TV series. "He defined the role."

A running gag on the series is that although Paul Drake is a "wolf" who dates every woman he can, the only woman he does not date is Della Street whom he always respectfully refers to as "Hi Beautiful" - in deference to the romantic chemistry displayed between Perry and Della.

In the short-lived 1973–74 revival, The New Perry Mason, Paul Drake was played by Albert Stratton.

In the successful series of Perry Mason television films that began in 1985, the Paul Drake character was part of the back story: his son Paul Jr. served as Mason's private investigator in the first nine films. Drake's son was played by William Katt, real-life son of Barbara Hale, who played Della Street both in the TV series and the TV movies.

In HBO's 2020 Perry Mason reimagining, Paul Drake is African-American, starting the series as an LAPD uniformed police officer. He is portrayed by actor Chris Chalk.

title: Paul Drake (character)


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Hope, New Mexico

Hope is a village in Eddy County, New Mexico, United States. It is located approximately 20 mi west of Artesia on U.S. Route 82. It has had a post office since 1890. As of the 2010 census, the village's population was 105.

Geography
Hope is located in northwestern Eddy County at 32.81192°N, -104.73356°W. US 82 passes through the center of the village, leading east 20 mi to Artesia and west 90 mi over the Sacramento Mountains to Alamogordo.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 3.17 km2, all land.

History
Founded in 1884 as "Badgerville", the name was changed in 1890 for post office purposes.

The town was featured in Life magazine on May 29, 1950, with an account of the newly elected Petticoat City Government under Mayor Ethel Altman.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 107 people, 45 households, and 27 families residing in the village. The population density was 92.3 PD/sqmi. There were 58 housing units at an average density of 50.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 77.57% White, 0.93% African American, 4.67% from other races, and 16.82% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 16.82% of the population.

There were 45 households, out of which 26.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.9% were married couples living together, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.0% were non-families. 31.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 26.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 3.00.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 25.2% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 22.4% from 25 to 44, 18.7% from 45 to 64, and 27.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 109.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.1 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $17,639, and the median income for a family was $28,750. Males had a median income of $19,583 versus $43,750 for females. The per capita income for the village was $12,867. There were 10.7% of families and 20.2% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 7.9% of those over 64.

Education
It is within the Artesia Public Schools school district. The K-8 school Peñasco Elementary School is west of Hope, and serves the Hope community. Artesia Park Junior High School is the district's sole school for grade 9, and Artesia High School is the school district's sole comprehensive high school, for grades 10-12.

title: Hope, New Mexico


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Loving, New Mexico

Loving is a village in Eddy County, New Mexico. As of the 2010 census, the village population was 1,413. Loving was settled by Swiss immigrants in the 1890s.

Geography
Loving is located in southeastern Eddy County. U.S. Route 285 passes through the west side of the village, leading northwest 12 mi to Carlsbad, the county seat, and southeast 74 mi to Pecos, Texas. The Pecos River flows southwards 4 mi east of Loving.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 3.0 sqkm, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,326 people, 441 households, and 339 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,168.7 PD/sqmi. There were 516 housing units at an average density of 454.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 57.69% White, 0.30% African American, 1.58% Native American, 36.88% from other races, and 3.54% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 78.28% of the population.

There were 441 households, out of which 43.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.5% were married couples living together, 12.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.1% were non-families. 21.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.01 and the average family size was 3.49.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 34.6% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 26.1% from 25 to 44, 19.3% from 45 to 64, and 11.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.0 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $22,414, and the median income for a family was $25,132. Males had a median income of $25,000 versus $16,250 for females. The per capita income for the village was $10,715. About 23.5% of families and 24.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.5% of those under age 18 and 25.5% of those age 65 or over.

Education
It is within Loving Municipal Schools. Loving High School was built in the late-1980s. It has an active athletic program, especially in softball where it has won 19 state titles. Other state titles include three for football, one for basketball, four for baseball, and three for track.

Notable people

 * Al Montgomery, MLB catcher
 * Alejandro R. Ruiz, soldier in the United States Army

title: Loving, New Mexico


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Bayard, New Mexico

Bayard is a city in Grant County, New Mexico, United States. It is near Santa Rita, east of Silver City. The population was 2,328 at the 2010 census, down from 2,534 in 2000. This city was incorporated on August 20, 1938.

Geography
It is located in east-central Grant County. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 2.45 km2, all land. The city is in the valley of Whitewater Creek, a seasonal south-flowing tributary of the Mimbres River.

U.S. Route 180 passes through Bayard as Tom Foy Boulevard and Central Avenue, leading northwest 2 mi to Santa Clara and 9 mi to Silver City, and south 42 mi to Deming and Interstate 10. New Mexico State Road 356 leads northeast from Bayard 5 mi up the Whitewater Creek valley to Hanover.

Bayard is located in the southern foothills of the Pinos Altos Range and Mogollon Mountains in the southwestern portion of New Mexico and situated east of the Continental Divide at an elevation of approximately 5800 ft. Gila National Forest lies north from here. A semi-arid desert of predominantly grasses and yucca is in Bayard's southern portion.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,534 people, 970 households, and 719 families residing in the town. The population density was 2,916.4 PD/sqmi. There were 1,100 housing units at an average density of 1,266.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 65.67% White, 0.32% African American, 1.66% Native American, 0.04% Asian, 29.04% from other races, and 3.28% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 84.33% of the population.

There were 970 households, out of which 34.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.1% were married couples living together, 18.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.8% were non-families. 23.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.07.

In the town the population was spread out, with 29.2% under the age of 18, 8.5% from 18 to 24, 22.1% from 25 to 44, 23.3% from 45 to 64, and 16.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.0 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $21,957, and the median income for a family was $27,632. Males had a median income of $30,200 versus $17,132 for females. The per capita income for the town was $11,066. About 19.7% of families and 24.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 33.8% of those under age 18 and 14.3% of those age 65 or over.

title: Bayard, New Mexico


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Hurley, New Mexico

Hurley is a town in Grant County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 1,297 at the 2010 census, down from 1,464 in 2000.

Geography
Hurley is located in east-central Grant County. U.S. Route 180 passes through the town, leading north 4 mi to Bayard, and southeast 38 mi to Deming and Interstate 10.

The Grant County Airport and the hamlet and ranch of Apache Tejo are approximately three miles south of Hurley.

The large, open pit Chino Mine and its related facilities lie just to the east of Hurley.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 2.65 km2, of which 0.01 sqkm, or 0.36%, is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,464 people, 563 households, and 407 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,433.0 PD/sqmi. There were 650 housing units at an average density of 636.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 71.79% White, 0.14% African American, 2.05% Native American, 0.07% Asian, 23.43% from other races, and 2.53% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 60.31% of the population.

There were 563 households, out of which 29.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.1% were married couples living together, 13.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.7% were non-families. 23.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.08.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.5% under the age of 18, 8.2% from 18 to 24, 22.0% from 25 to 44, 24.2% from 45 to 64, and 19.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.2 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $27,404, and the median income for a family was $31,181. Males had a median income of $29,667 versus $16,528 for females. The per capita income for the town was $11,999. About 14.4% of families and 15.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.4% of those under age 18 and 8.8% of those age 65 or over.

Popular culture
Scenes from the action Western film The Lone Ranger were filmed in locations around Hurley.

title: Hurley, New Mexico


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Santa Clara, New Mexico

Santa Clara is a village in Grant County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 1,686 at the 2010 census, down from 1,944 in 2000. Today it is a bedroom community for nearby Silver City.

Name
Santa Clara was long known as "Central". Its post office was established under that name on January 8, 1887, and the name was changed to "Santa Clara" in 1996.

Geography
Santa Clara is located east of the center of Grant County. U.S. Route 180 passes around the north and east sides of the village, leading west 7 mi to Silver City, the county seat, and south 2 mi to Bayard.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 3.3 km2, of which 0.03 sqkm, or 0.99%, is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,944 people, 696 households, and 496 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,925.3 PD/sqmi. There were 821 housing units at an average density of 813.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 62.91% White, 0.36% African American, 1.95% Native American, 0.05% Asian, 30.61% from other races, and 4.12% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 83.49% of the population.

There were 696 households, out of which 38.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.0% were married couples living together, 20.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.7% were non-families. 25.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.79 and the average family size was 3.38.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 32.8% under the age of 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 23.7% from 25 to 44, 19.6% from 45 to 64, and 15.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.8 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $20,980, and the median income for a family was $24,732. Males had a median income of $26,471 versus $16,875 for females. The per capita income for the village was $9,484. About 27.1% of families and 28.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 39.4% of those under age 18 and 14.1% of those age 65 or over.

title: Santa Clara, New Mexico


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Silver City, New Mexico

Silver City is a town in Grant County, New Mexico, United States. It is the county seat and the home of Western New Mexico University. As of the 2010 census the population was 10,315. As of the 2020 census, the population was 9,704.

History
The valley that is now the site of Silver City once served as an Apache campsite. With the arrival of the Spaniards, the area became known for its copper mining. After the American Civil War, a settlement developed and became known as "La Ciénega de San Vicente" (the Oasis of St. Vincent). With a wave of American prospectors, the pace of change increased, and Silver City was founded in the summer of 1870. The founding of the town occurred shortly after the discovery of silver ore deposits at Chloride Flat, on the hill just west of the farm of Captain John M. Bullard and his brother James. Following the silver strike, Captain Bullard laid out the streets of Silver City, and a bustling tent city quickly sprang to life. Although the trajectory of Silver City's development was to be different from the hundreds of other mining boom towns established during the same period, Captain Bullard himself never lived to see even the beginnings of permanence, as he was killed in a confrontation with Apache less than a year later, on February 23, 1871.

The town's violent crime rate was substantial during the 1870s. However, Grant County Sheriff Harvey Whitehill was elected in 1874, and gained a sizable reputation for his abilities at controlling trouble. In 1875, Whitehill became the first lawman to arrest Billy the Kid, known at the time under the alias of Henry Antrim. Whitehill arrested him twice, both times for theft in Silver City (Sheriff Whitehill testified to the Justice of the Peace that he believed Henry Antrim did not do the actual stealing the second time arrested, but assisted in the hiding of the property stolen by Sombrero Jack. Whitehill would later claim that the young man was a likeable kid, whose stealing was a result more of necessity than criminality. His mother is buried in the town cemetery. In 1878, the town hired its first town marshal, "Dangerous Dan" Tucker, who had been working as a deputy for Whitehill since 1875. Butch Cassidy and his Wild Bunch were also reported to frequent the Silver City saloons in the late 1800s. Mrs. Lettie B. Morrill, in a talk given to the Daughters of the American Revolution chapter in Silver City on September 19, 1908, stated, "John Bullard was placed in the first grave dug in Silver City, having been killed while punishing the Indians for an attack upon the new town; the brothers were prospectors about the country for many years. The last one left for the old home about 1885, saying, 'It is only a matter of time until the Indians get me if I stay here.'" Silver City was also the starting point for many expeditions hunting treasures, such as the Lost Adams Diggings.

The communities of Silver City and Pinos Altos developed as 19th century miners recovered easily extracted copper, gold and silver from ore deposits of the area. Standard-gauge Santa Fe Railroad reached Silver City in 1886, and Silver City, Pinos Altos and Mogollon Railroad was incorporated in 1889 to build a railway north to Mogollon. Construction was limited to 5 mi of grading until Wisconsin-based Comanche Mining and Smelting purchased the railroad in 1903 after horse-drawn ore transport became uneconomical. The Silver City smelter burned shortly after purchase, but was rebuilt with three blast furnaces and a reverberatory furnace to handle 225 tons of ore per day. Regular SC, PA&M steam service was briefly running from 1907 to 1913.

In 1893, New Mexico Normal School was established. It was later known as New Mexico Western State Teachers College. In 1963, it was renamed Western New Mexico University. Today, WNMU offers eight graduate degrees, 41 baccalaureate degrees, and 18 associate degree and certificate programs. The WNMU's mascot is referred to as the Mustangs. Recognition for the university includes the 2003 Zia Award, the 2005 Best Practice Award (for the School of Education), the 2006 Chamber of Commerce Large Business of the Year Award, the 2008 Piñon Award, and the 2008 Compañero Award.

The town had originally been designed with the streets running north to south. It was also built without adequate planning for storm water runoff. Businesses sprang up, and people learned to deal with the inconveniences of the summer rain. Silver City was built with high sidewalks in the downtown area to accommodate high flood waters. However, uncontrolled grazing and deforestation over time in the surrounding area contributed to higher levels of runoff. During the night of July 21, 1895, a heavy wall of water rushed through the downtown business district, leaving a trail of destruction. A ditch 55 ft lower than the original street level was created in what was once known as Main Street. Businesses on Main Street began using their back doors on Bullard Street as main entrances and eventually, were permanently used as the new front entrances. To this day, the incorrect odd/even addressing conventions on the east side of Bullard Street are a reminder that the buildings were addressed on Main Street originally, not Bullard Street. Main Street now ends near the back of the Silver City Police Station, where the Big Ditch Park begins.

The Mimbres Mogollon Indians (A.D. 200–A.D. 1140/50) once lived in the area, along with other prehistoric groups, including the Salado. Mimbres archaeological sites are located throughout Silver City and surrounding communities on federal, state, municipal, and private property. Collecting of Mimbres pottery by landowners and others is documented as far back as the late 1870s. Collecting was something that occurred during a Sunday picnic in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Some individuals maintained collections that can now be seen in the Smithsonian, and other museums, who sent individuals out to acquire collections in the nearby Mimbres Valley during the early 1900s. Others dug into the ancient sites and used the pottery they found for target practice—something that occurred into the 1930s according to oral histories. Collecting, and the looting, of Mimbres Mogollon sites did not stop with archaeological research conducted on private lands during the 1920s, 1930s, and 1970s, nor with the passage of the New Mexico "Burial Law" in 1989. Sadly, unlawful looting continues to this day, and many prehistoric sites have been badly damaged or obliterated.

The Apaches occupied areas in the vicinity of Silver City beginning in the late 1500s to early 1600s, based on archaeological evidence.

Geography
Silver City is located near the center of Grant County, at the southern foot of the Pinos Altos Range of the Mogollon Mountains. The town is 3 mi east of the Continental Divide, in the valley of San Vicente Arroyo, a south-flowing tributary of the Mimbres River.

U.S. Route 180 passes through the northern part of the town, leading east 10 mi to Bayard and northwest 29 mi to Cliff. New Mexico State Road 90 (Hudson Street) leads southwest 45 mi to Lordsburg and Interstate 10, and State Road 15 leads north 44 mi to Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Silver City has a total area of 26.3 sqkm, of which 0.04 sqkm, or 0.17%, is water.

Geology
The local geology of the Silver City area is complex. Sedimentary gravels are found in the form of the alluvial Mangas Valley gravels. Metamorphic schist and gneiss are also found. The downtown area is mostly made of granite outcrops.

Climate
The climate of Silver City is classified as Csa (Mediterranean with hot summers and cool winters) in the Köppen system. A Mediterranean climate is unusual in New Mexico, occurring only in a small upland area in the southwestern part of the state. Silver City's climate is characterized by moderate rainfall in fall and winter (October to February, a dry spring (March to June), and rains from (July to September) in what is called the North American Monsoon. The monsoon, which is irregular from year to year, impacts mostly southern New Mexico and south-eastern Arizona in the United States.

During the period from 1901 to 1964, when readings were taken at the city center (which is cooler and wetter than outlying and lower-elevation districts nearby), the coldest temperature recorded was −13 F on January 11, 1962, and the hottest 105 F on July 5, 1901. The coldest month was January 1949, with a monthly mean temperature of 28.7 F, and the hottest, July 1951, which averaged 77.4 F. The wettest calendar year in this time span was 1914, with 24.97 in and the driest, 1947 with 6.77 in. The most snow in one season was 48.0 in between July 1912 and June 1913, which featured the coldest winter on record with 33.1 F as the mean from December to February.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 10,545 people, 4,227 households, and 2,730 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,040.1 PD/sqmi. There were 4,757 housing units at an average density of 469.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 71.7% White, 0.9% African American, 1.1% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 22.4% from other races, and 3.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 39.8% of the population.

There were 4,227 households, out of which 30.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.6% were married couples living together, 15.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.4% were non-families. 30.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 3.00.

In the town, the population by age was: 25.0% under the age of 18, 11.4% from 18 to 24, 24.2% from 25 to 44, 23.1% from 45 to 64, and 16.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.7 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $25,881, and the median income for a family was $31,374. Males had a median income of $28,476 versus $18,434 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,813. About 17.7% of families and 21.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.2% of those under age 18 and 10.0% of those age 65 or over.

Economy
Silver City was founded as a mining town. George Hearst built a smelter after the Silver City, Deming and Pacific narrow gauge railway reached Silver City in 1883. The Santa Fe Railroad provided standard gauge rail service in 1886, and Commanche Mining and Smelting extended the 2-foot narrow gauge Silver City, Pinos Altos and Mogollon Railroad to Pinos Altos in 1906 (none of which are still in existence).

The nearby mining operations, formerly Phelps Dodge, are still the basis for the local economy. In 2006, the Chino and Tyrone mines produced 125400 LT of copper. Mine employment was 1,250, with wages and salaries totaling $73 million. However, a Phelps-Dodge spokesman remarked in 2007 that "based on current economic projections, our properties in New Mexico will not be operating in 25 years". Phelps Dodge was acquired by international mining firm Freeport-McMoRan in March 2007, and operations at the Chino and Tyrone operations are continuing under the Freeport name.

Tourism, retirement and trade are the other major components of Silver City's economy. In 2006, an average three-bedroom, 1500 sqft house sold for about $160,000.

Arts and culture
Silver City is home to many musicians and artists and has a thriving downtown arts district. The Silco Theater, built in 1923, was renovated and re-opened on February 26, 2016, as a 156-seat community movie house.

Mimbres Region Arts Council (MRAC) has been named #1 arts council in New Mexico for a decade and is the recipient of the 2013 New Mexico Governor's Award for Excellence in the Arts. MRAC presents the Silver City Blues Festival each May and Pickamania—a Bluegrass, Americana, Folk and acoustic festival—each September, in addition to a number of other arts events throughout the year. MRAC's Youth Mural Program has brought school children together with artists and community members to create over 40 public murals throughout the region.

Grant County Community Concert Association presents numerous performance events each fall, winter, and spring. The first Southwest Festival of the Written Word was held in 2013, at multiple venues in historic downtown Silver City. Over 50 presenters—fiction and nonfiction writers, poets, bloggers, journalists, lyricists, editors, dramatists, and publishers from throughout the Southwest—were represented.

The Red Paint Pow Wow, Chicano Music Festival, Silver City Clay Festival, Red Dot Studio & Gallery Tours, Chocolate Fantasia, Gila River Festival, Red Hot Children's Fiesta, Tamal Fiesta y Mas and the Silver City Fiber Arts Festival are also held in Silver City.

Whiskey Creek Zócalo opened in 2023 featuring a live-music venue, artist workshops, and plant nursery. Run by two generations of native New Mexico residents with a strong appreciation for community and New Mexico culture.

Public schools
Public schools are in the Silver Consolidated School District, as well as one state-authorized charter high school. The District covers the Town of Silver City as well as Cliff, Pinos Altos, Tyrone, and White Signal. The system has five elementary schools, one middle school, and two high schools.

Elementary schools

 * G.W. Stout Elementary
 * Harrison H. Schmitt Elementary
 * Jose Barrios, Jr. Elementary
 * Sixth Street Elementary

Middle school

 * La Plata Middle School
 * Aldo Leopold Charter School (middle school and high school)

High schools

 * Opportunity High School
 * Silver High School
 * Aldo Leopold Charter School (middle school and high school)

Private schools
Private schools include:
 * Calvary Christian Academy
 * Guadalupe Montessori School

Colleges

 * Western New Mexico University

Transportation
Airports
 * Grant County Airport, a county-owned public use airport also served by one commercial airline, located 10 mi southeast of Silver City.
 * Whiskey Creek Airport (FAA LID: 94E), a public use airport located four nautical miles (7 km) east of the central business district of Silver City.

Major highways
 * U.S. Route 180
 * New Mexico State Road 90

Newspapers

 * Silver City Daily Press and Independent

Radio

 * 89.1 FM KURU, Gila / Mimbres Community Radio
 * 88.1 FM KOOT, owned by Community Access Television of Silver

Television

 * Community Access Television of Silver (CATS) - local cable channels 17, 18, and 19

Points of interest
The Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument is about 44 mi north of Silver City, via the winding NM 15. At the monument, the remains of Indigenous inhabitants within five caves in a cliff can be found. They were built sometime between 1275 and 1300 AD by the Mogollon culture. In addition to ancient ruins, there are plenty of places to camp, hike and fish within the Gila Wilderness.

The Catwalk is a trail enclosed by a metal walkway that suspends 25 ft above the Whitewater Canyon hugging the canyon walls. It follows water-pipe routes built by miners in 1893. When the pipes needed repair, the miners walked on them. Visitors can explore the walkway and trail, picnic, and enjoy the river. It is located 70 mi north of Silver City on U.S. Route 180 near Glenwood.

There are several lakes in the area. Lake Roberts covers 72 acre about 27 mi north of Silver City on NM 15 near the NM 35 junction. Other lakes in the Silver City area include Bill Evans Lake, Snow Lake, Wall Lake, Bear Canyon Dam. Anglers have a choice of brown and rainbow trout, catfish, and bass. In addition, several mountainous rivers can be found nearby. Some of note are the Gila River, Negrito Creek, San Francisco River, and Willow Creek.

The Kneeling Nun is a natural rock formation located about 20 mi to the east of Silver City along NM 152. Several legends have developed explaining its origin.

Nearby is Fort Bayard Historic District, about eight miles east of Silver City, off of US Highway 180. The District was the location of Fort Bayard, which was established in 1866 to station soldiers of the US Army in proximity to mining camps in the region. In later years the fort was converted to an Army hospital, specializing in the treatment of tuberculosis. In the early 1920s it became a US Veterans Hospital under the Veterans Administration. The property was sold to the State of New Mexico in 1965, which used the facility as a State Hospital. With the construction of a newer hospital in 2010, the property was vacated. Fort Bayard then became home to a museum, maintained by the Fort Bayard Historic Preservation Society. The museum personnel offer tours of both the building and the grounds on a regular schedule.

Notable people

 * Alfred Shea Addis (1832–1886), photographer of Billy the Kid's mother's home, lived in Silver City
 * Ben D. Altamirano (1930–2007), politician and businessman
 * Poker Alice (Alice Ivers Duffield Tubbs Huckert), frontier gambler, lived for a time in Silver City
 * Roy Bean, American saloon-keeper and Justice of the Peace.
 * Paul Benedict, actor, "Harry Bentley" on The Jeffersons
 * Billy the Kid, outlaw, aka Henry McCarty, Henry Antrim, William H. Bonney
 * Jeff Bingaman, U.S. Senator, grew up in Silver City
 * Daniel B. Borenstein, MD, President, American Psychiatric Association, grew up in Silver City
 * Karen Carr, artist
 * Kit Carson, western scout and frontiersman, in 1829 went into Apache country along the Gila River
 * Cochise, Apache war leader who raided surrounding area
 * Anita Scott Coleman, writer
 * Philip Connors, writer
 * George Crook, U.S. Army major general
 * Doyne Farmer, physicist
 * Geronimo, born at the headwaters of the Gila River (north of Silver City)
 * George Hearst, US Senator from California and mining entrepreneur. Father of William Randolph Hearst.
 * Charles S. Kilburn, U.S. Army brigadier general
 * Ben Lilly (1856–1936), hunter and mountain man
 * Ralph McPherran Kiner, American MLB player and broadcaster.
 * Mangas Coloradas or "Dasoda-hae" (known as "Red Sleeves"), Apache war leader
 * Howie Morales (born 1973), American politician and educator, Lieutenant Governor of New Mexico
 * Naiche, Apache war chief, second son of Cochise; roamed area with Geronimo
 * Nana, Apache war leader who roamed the Silver City area
 * William Harrell Nellis, United States fighter pilot who flew 70 World War II combat missions.
 * Nichelle Nichols (1932–2022), died in Silver City. Actress, singer, and dancer.
 * Norman Packard, physicist
 * Phillip Parotti, fiction writer and educator
 * John J. Pershing, reported for active duty on September 30, 1886, stationed at Fort Bayard, near Silver City.
 * Harrison Schmitt, American geologist, NASA astronaut, former U.S. senator
 * Angela Sommer-Bodenburg, author
 * James Tenney (1934–2006), composer, born in Silver City
 * Victorio, Apache war leader who roamed and attacked area
 * Cathay Williams, first African-American female to enlist in the US Army (posed as a man)
 * George L. Young, track star

In popular culture
Silver City was the finish line in the 2001 movie Rat Race, in which several people race from Las Vegas to a locker containing $2 million in Silver City's train station. In reality, there is no longer a train station in Silver City and the movie was not filmed in Silver City.

Silver City is mentioned in the 2007 film There Will Be Blood, whose screenplay was written by Paul Thomas Anderson and was based on the 1927 novel Oil! by Upton Sinclair. Upton Sinclair based his novel on the experiences of Edward L. Doheny, a prospector and oil tycoon living in the Silver City area (near Kingston). In the movie, Henry, the man claiming to be Daniel's half-brother, says that he had been in Silver City for two years drilling on his own.

In the 1956 film Backlash, Jim Slater, played by Richard Widmark, goes to Silver City with the body of the deputy sheriff he killed. Slater is advised to leave quickly for Tucson by the sheriff, who advises him, "We don't like gunfights here in Silver City."

In the 2010 road trip movie Friendship!, the two friends Veit and Tom are stopped and arrested by Silver City police because of driving naked. Since their car was damaged, they need to rest and raise some money in Silver City for getting their car repaired before being able to continue their trip.

The film A Boy Called Sailboat was filmed in and near Silver City in 2016.

In 1954 the film Salt of the Earth, one of the first pictures to advance the feminist social and political point of view, centers on a long and difficult strike, based on the 1951 strike against the Empire Zinc Company in Grant County. The movie featured many local non-actors, the movie was not filmed in Silver City but in a small town 17 miles east.

Silver City is also mentioned in several episodes in the highly rated ABC series The Rifleman (1958–1963) starring Chuck Connors in the title role. Silver City is located some distance from the fictional North Fork town where the program is situated.

title: Silver City, New Mexico


text:
Santa Rosa, New Mexico

Santa Rosa is a city in and the county seat of Guadalupe County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 2,848 at the 2010 census. It lies between Albuquerque and Tucumcari, situated on the Pecos River at the intersection of Interstate 40 and U.S. Route 54 and 84. The city is located on the western edge of the Llano Estacado or "staked plains" of eastern New Mexico and west Texas.

History
The first Euro-American settlement in the area was Agua Negra Chiquita, "Little Black Water" in Spanish, in 1865. The name was changed in 1890 to Santa Rosa (Spanish for "Saint Rose"), referring to a chapel that Don Celso Baca (the founder of the city) built and named after both his mother Rosa and Saint Rose of Lima. The "Rosa" may also refer to the roses in the story of Our Lady of Guadalupe and is indicative of the Catholicism of the Spanish colonizers who settled in the area.

At the turn of the twentieth century, Santa Rosa was not the largest settlement within the region. Puerto de Luna, approximately ten miles south, held the county seat for Guadalupe County. Santa Rosa was smaller than Puerto de Luna until 1901 when the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad was extended into Santa Rosa from the east, quickly followed by arrival of the El Paso and Northeastern Railway in February 1902, from the southwest, thereby creating a transcontinental connection. As the terminus and interchange point of the two railroads, a thriving community quickly developed (The interchange was moved to Tucumcari after 1907). The county seat was moved to Santa Rosa from PDL in 1903.

The east–west highway through the town was designated as U.S. Route 66 in 1926, and the increase in traffic made the community a popular rest stop with motels and cafes. Santa Rosa's stretch of Route 66 is part of film history. When John Steinbeck's epic novel, The Grapes of Wrath, was made into a movie, director John Ford used Santa Rosa for the memorable train scene. Tom Joad (Henry Fonda) watches a freight train steam over the Pecos River railroad bridge, into the sunset. It was also one of the shooting scenes for Bobbie Jo and the Outlaw starring Lynda Carter in the role of Bobbi Jo.

Santa Rosa was the childhood home of author Rudolfo Anaya, and is the basis for the fictional town of Guadalupe in his autobiographical novel Bless Me, Ultima.

Geography
Santa Rosa has many natural lakes, an anomaly in the dry desert climate surrounding it. These are sinkholes that form in the limestone bedrock of the area and fill with water, and thus the lakes are connected by a network of underground, water-filled tunnels. The most famous of these is Blue Hole, a popular spot for diving, where cool 61 F water forms a lake over 81 ft deep.

Santa Rosa is located near the center of Guadalupe County at 34.94222°N, -104.68389°W (34.942166, -104.683981).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 12.9 km2, of which 0.07 km2, or 0.52%, is water.

Climate
Santa Rosa experiences a semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSk).

Highways
Interstate 40 serves the city with three exits (273, 275, and 277); the highway leads east 59 mi to Tucumcari and west 115 mi to Albuquerque. U.S. Route 84 leads southeast 44 mi to Fort Sumner, and U.S. Route 54 leads southwest 40 mi to Vaughn.

"Route 66" remains the name of the main east–west thoroughfare through the city, referring to former U.S. Route 66, which lost its official designation in 1985.

New Mexico State Road 91 runs south to Puerto de Luna.

Railroad
Union Pacific provides freight service. No passenger service has been available since 1968.

Airport
Santa Rosa Route 66 Airport is located east of the city. Currently there is no scheduled passenger service.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,744 people, 898 households, and 616 families residing in the city. The population density was 645.7 PD/sqmi. There were 1,024 housing units at an average density of 241.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 57.47% White, 2.19% African American, 1.75% Native American, 0.87% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 33.13% from other races, and 4.56% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 81.16% of the population.

There were 898 households, out of which 35.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.1% were married couples living together, 18.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.3% were non-families. 28.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.03.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 23.1% under the age of 18, 10.4% from 18 to 24, 34.4% from 25 to 44, 20.0% from 45 to 64, and 12.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 135.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 145.2 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $25,085, and the median income for a family was $28,782. Males had a median income of $20,161 versus $16,417 for females. The per capita income for the city was $11,168. About 18.9% of families and 23.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.5% of those under age 18 and 23.9% of those age 65 or over.

Education
Its school district is Santa Rosa Consolidated Schools. It operates Santa Rosa Elementary School, Santa Rosa Middle School, and Santa Rosa High School.

Sports
Santa Rosa High School's football team won back-to-back-to-back state championships in the 2010, 2011, and 2012 AA state championships. The 2010 and 2011 victories were won against teams which were undefeated until the championship. In 2010 the Santa Rosa Lions beat the Tularosa Wildcats, and in 2011 the Santa Rosa Lions beat the Eunice Cardinals. In 2012, the Santa Rosa Lions went undefeated, shutting out the Tularosa Wildcats in the championship. The Lions also won championships in 1955, 1993, 1996, 1998, and 2007. Santa Rosa High School was also among the first in the country to establish a lawn mower racing club.

Notable people

 * Anarquia, professional wrestler
 * Rudolfo Anaya, author known for Bless Me, Ultima
 * Charles E. Barnhart, attorney and politician
 * Dave Campos, motorcycle racer
 * Joe A. Campos, former member of the New Mexico House of Representatives
 * Santiago E. Campos, attorney and jurist
 * George Dodge, former member of the New Mexico House of Representatives
 * Miguel Marquez, national correspondent for CNN
 * Lucy Scarbrough, noted pianist, conductor, and educator.

title: Santa Rosa, New Mexico


text:
Vaughn, New Mexico

Vaughn is a town in Guadalupe County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 446 at the 2010 census, down from the figure of 539 recorded in 2000. It is located at an intersection of the Burlington Northern Santa Fe and Union Pacific railroad lines.

History
Vaughn is named after Major George W. Vaughn, a civil engineer who was employed by the Santa Fe railroad. Vaughn was established in the early 20th century as a Southern Pacific Railroad town. The town's importance grew when a second railroad, the Eastern Railway of New Mexico (an Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe line from Belen to Clovis), was completed in 1907 with Vaughn as a division point. A large two-story depot, a roundhouse, and a Harvey House hotel were constructed shortly thereafter. Vaughn was incorporated in 1919 and in 1920 had a population of 888, according to the U.S. census.

The Guadalupe County Sheriff's Department, New Mexico Rangers, the New Mexico State Police and Motor Transportation Police and the Vaughn Police Department (presently a one-man agency) all patrol the town, which, according to the United States Homeland Security, is a known drug-smuggling route.

Geography
Vaughn is located in southwestern Guadalupe County. U.S. Routes 54, 60, and 285 pass through the town as 8th Street. US 54 leads northeast 40 mi to Santa Rosa, the Guadalupe County seat, and southwest 138 mi to Alamogordo. US 60 leads east 118 mi to Clovis and west 104 mi to Interstate 25 in the Rio Grande valley. US 285 leads southeast 96 mi to Roswell; to the west it follows US 60 16 mi to Encino, then turns northwest and leads an additional 27 mi to Interstate 40 at Clines Corners.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 14.5 sqkm, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 539 people, 232 households, and 154 families residing in the town. The population density was 96.3 PD/sqmi. There were 338 housing units at an average density of 60.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 52.69% White, 0.37% Native American, 43.97% from other races, and 2.97% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 87.01% of the population.

There were 232 households, out of which 29.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.7% were married couples living together, 12.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.2% were non-families. 31.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.88.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.4% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 24.7% from 25 to 44, 25.4% from 45 to 64, and 16.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 83.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.7 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $23,083, and the median income for a family was $27,059. Males had a median income of $25,833 versus $14,444 for females. The per capita income for the town was $11,014. About 13.9% of families and 21.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.1% of those under age 18 and 17.7% of those age 65 or over.

Education
Vaughn Municipal Schools is the local school district.

title: Vaughn, New Mexico


text:
Roy, New Mexico

Roy is a village in Harding County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 192 in the 2020 census.

Roy was a filming location in the 2009 comedy film Did You Hear About the Morgans?.

Geography
Roy is located at 35.94389°N, -104.19306°W (35.943890, -104.193025).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 2.0 sqmi, all land.

History
The village, originally 2 miles west of its current site, was founded by ranchers Frank and William Roy, and named for Frank as the first postmaster in 1901. It was relocated after the Dawson Railway was built from Tucumcari through the area in 1902, on its way to coal fields at Dawson. The railroad was removed after 1950.

2000 Census
As of the census of 2000, there were 304 people, 150 households, and 88 families residing in the village. The population density was 148.8 PD/sqmi. There were 206 housing units at an average density of 100.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 83.22% White, 1.97% Native American, 12.17% from other races, and 2.63% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 52.63% of the population.

There were 150 households, out of which 20.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.3% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.3% were non-families. 38.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 24.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.03 and the average family size was 2.67.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 17.8% under the age of 18, 5.3% from 18 to 24, 15.1% from 25 to 44, 27.3% from 45 to 64, and 34.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 52 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.4 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $21,111, and the median income for a family was $41,667. Males had a median income of $31,250 versus $20,179 for females. The per capita income for the village was $17,651. About 11.7% of families and 15.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.0% of those under the age of eighteen and 13.7% of those 65 or over.

Notable person

 * Tommy McDonald, American football wide receiver

title: Roy, New Mexico