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Täby Municipality

Täby Municipality (Täby kommun) is a municipality north of Stockholm in Stockholm County in east central Sweden. Its seat is located in the town of Täby. Täby Municipality can be characterized as a suburb of Stockholm.

The municipality is one of few in Sweden which has approximately the same size as the original entity created out of Täby parish, when the first local government acts came into force in 1863. It has not been amalgamated with other units, but minor changes of its limits have been carried out.

Localities
For statistical purposes the municipality is divided into two non-administrative urban areas (tätort). The southern built-up area constituted until 2014 the multimunicipal urban area Täby which was partly situated in Danderyd Municipality. From 2015 it is considered part of Stockholm urban area

The northern built-up area, (Täby kyrkby) is part of the bimunicipal Vallentuna urban area, of which the main part constitutes the seat of Vallentuna Municipality.

The southern part is Ella Gård or in English Ella's Farm, which was the location of one of the largest farms at Täby during the 19th century.

2022 by district
This is a demographic table based on Täby Municipality's electoral districts in the 2022 Swedish general election sourced from SVT's election platform, in turn taken from SCB official statistics.

In total there were 73,870 residents, including 54,267 Swedish citizens of voting age. 37.1% voted for the left coalition and 61.8% for the right coalition. Indicators are in percentage points except population totals and income.

Income and education
Täby is one of the wealthiest municipalities in Sweden, with the 2nd highest median income per capita. The share of highly educated persons, according to Statistics Sweden's definition: persons with post-secondary education that is three years or longer, is 43.9% and the 6th highest in the country.

Residents with a foreign background
On 31 December 2017 the number of people with a foreign background (persons born outside of Sweden or with two parents born outside of Sweden) was 15 429, or 21.91% of the population (70 405 on 31 December 2017). On 31 December 2002 the number of residents with a foreign background was (per the same definition) 9 760, or 16.21% of the population (60 198 on 31 December 2002). On 31 December 2017 there were 70 405 residents in Täby, of which 12 183 people (17.30%) were born in a country other than Sweden. Divided by country in the table below – the Nordic countries as well as the 12 most common countries of birth outside of Sweden for Swedish residents have been included, with other countries of birth bundled together by continent by Statistics Sweden.

Public transportation
The municipality is served by the Stockholm public transport system through SL. There are twelve stops on all the three branches of the narrow gauge Roslagsbanan suburban railway. There is also bus connection with the Stockholm metro as well as an extensive internal bus network.

History

During the first millennium, Täby was part of the lands of the Svear, known as Svitjod. Remains from this period can be found in more than 37 runestones found in the municipality. In the north of the municipality can be found, the remains of the 11th-century causeway known as Jarlabankes bro. The cross on Täby's coat of arms is found on the Risbylestenen, a runestone, in the northern part of the municipality. It is said that this runestone shows the first signs of Christianity reaching this part of Europe. During the Middle Ages, Täby was part of the Attundaland region.

Täby remained a rural community until the 19th century. Most of the land was owned by the noble families. During the 16th and 17th centuries, most of the land in eastern Täby was owned by the Brahe family of Rydboholm Manor (Rydboholms slott). Other noble families owning land in Täby at different times during this period were Banér, Bååth, Roos, Sparre, Gyllenstierna and Meijerfeldt.

The latter two owned, at different times, Näsby Manor (Näsby Slott) in the southeast of the municipality. By 1790 Täby had a population of approximately 900 people, most of them living on one of the 36 farms. By the end of the 19th century the population had grown to approximately 1,250.

In 1885, the Roslagsbanan narrow-gauge railway was built, connecting Täby with the city of Stockholm. Täby experienced a population expansion. People settled near the railway stations. In 1902 the wealthy engineer Carl Robert Lamm (1856–1938), acquired the burned down Näsby Manor and rebuilt it.

Around the time of the First World War many city dwellers in Stockholm acquired small summer residences in the eastern part of Täby, what is now the district of Näsbypark. By 1919 Täby's population had grown to 3,000. Some years after Second World War Täby increasingly became a suburb of Stockholm, and by 1947 the population had increased to 8,584, concentrated in the southern and eastern parts of the municipality.

In 1948 Täby acquired the title of a "merchant town" (köping), valid until the reform of 1971. This was also the beginning of the large scale development of Täby, led by the mayor Gustaf Berg. By 1975 the population had increased to 41,307 people.

Today, Täby is considered an attractive suburb to Stockholm with one of the highest median incomes in Sweden.

Politics
Täby has for a long period of time been run by a coalition of centre-right parties. Filippa Reinfeldt, ex-wife of Fredrik Reinfeldt (the former Swedish Prime Minister and former leader of the Moderate Party), had been mayor of Täby for a long time, until Jan Rosenberg, of the Moderate Party, became the current mayor of Täby Municipality.

The slogan of the municipality is today in translation "Täby, the city on the countryside".

Sights

 * Runestones: There are 37 identified runestones in Täby. Their inscriptions have provided many interesting and useful insights into the life and destinies of the people of the Viking Age. Judging from the inscriptions of the runestones and legends, the most important man at that time was Jarlabanke Ingefastsson (ca. 1000). He has given name to the remains of the Viking era causeway known as Jarlabankes bro.
 * Näsby Manor: Originally built in the 1660s and designed by Nicodemus Tessin the Elder, Näsby Manor is located in the picturesque and natural setting of Näsbyviken shore. The manor was burned to the ground in 1897, but was rebuilt according to the original design on the initiative of Carl Robert and Dora Lamm who moved into the manor in 1905. Parts of the old manor garden still exist and are being well preserved.
 * Taby Racecourse: Sweden's largest horse racing track, inaugurated in 1960.
 * Täby Church: Built in the 13th century. It houses a triptych from the 15th century. The most notable objects are the wall paintings from the medieval times, painted by Albertus Pictor. One of them, Death playing chess, portrays a man playing chess with the Grim Reaper and was the inspiration for the movie director Ingmar Bergman when he made the perhaps best known Swedish movie ever, The Seventh Seal.
 * Taby Centrum 170107.jpgäby Centrum: One of Sweden's largest shopping malls.

Notable natives

 * Sara Danius (1962–2019), professor of aesthetics, former permanent secretary of the Swedish Academy
 * Henrik Holm (b. 1968), professional tennis player
 * Sara Lumholdt (b. 1984), singer and former member of pop band A*Teens
 * Kristian Luuk (b. 1966), comedian and talk show-host
 * Eric Prydz (b. 1976), DJ and producer
 * Fredrik Reinfeldt (b. 1965), politician, Prime Minister of Sweden 2006–2014
 * Filippa Reinfeldt (b. 1967), politician, former Mayor and Commissioner of Täby, Commissioner of Health Services of Stockholm County 2006–2014, former wife of Fredrik Reinfeldt
 * Johan Rheborg (b. 1963), comedian
 * Stig Engström (1935–2000), suspected murderer of Olof Palme

Sister towns
Täby is twinned with the following municipalities:
 * 🇫🇮 Järvenpää, Finland
 * 🇳🇴 Lørenskog Municipality, Norway
 * 🇩🇪 Reinbek, Germany
 * 🇩🇰 Rødovre Municipality, Denmark
 * 🇪🇪 Viimsi Parish, Estonia

title: Täby Municipality


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Upplands-Bro Municipality

Upplands-Bro Municipality (Upplands-Bro kommun) is a municipality in Stockholm County in east central Sweden. Its seat is located in the town of Kungsängen.

The municipality was formed in 1952 through the amalgamation of five rural municipalities in Uppsala County. In 1971 it was transferred to Stockholm County.

Geography
Situated by Lake Mälaren it is distinguished by its nature. The overwhelming majority of the population are located to one of the three towns Kungsängen (pop. 7,500), Bro (6,200) and Brunna (4,000), and most of the remaining area is taken up by countryside, a substantial part of it being agricultural.

History
As apparent from its coat of arms, Upplands-Bro takes pride in its pre-historic history, and boasts some of the oldest ancient remains in Sweden. From the Iron Age, about 4,000 burial places have been found, and the remains from the Viking Age include 20 runestones. The figure in the coat of arms comes from one of these remains, a 3 cm tall bronze figure found near Kungsängen.

Every one of the six parishes also hosts a medieval church, built between 1100 and 1400.

In the 15th century, the fortress Almarestäket was built in the municipality, just east to the present location of Kungsängen. It was the seat of the Swedish archbishop until the Archbishop Gustav Trolle besieged himself there in 1517, leading to the demolition of the fortress in 1519. The ruins can still be visited.

Since 1970, the main base of the combined cavalry/infantry regiment Life Guards is located in Upplands-Bro. The regiment trains conscript companies of mechanized infantry, Royal Guards and military police. It is also the home of the Swedish Armed Forces International Centre (Swedint).

2022 by district
This is a demographic table based on Upplands-Bro Municipality's electoral districts in the 2022 Swedish general election sourced from SVT's election platform, in turn taken from SCB official statistics.

In total there were 31,031 residents, including 20,468 Swedish citizens of voting age. 43.9% voted for the left coalition and 54.1% for the right coalition. Indicators are in percentage points except population totals and income.

Residents with a foreign background
On 31 December 2017 the number of people with a foreign background (persons born outside of Sweden or with two parents born outside of Sweden) was 9 646, or 34.93% of the population (27 614 on 31 December 2017). On 31 December 2002 the number of residents with a foreign background was (per the same definition) 5 002, or 23.64% of the population (21 162 on 31 December 2002). On 31 December 2017 there were 27 614 residents in Upplands-Bro, of which 7 088 people (25.67%) were born in a country other than Sweden. Divided by country in the table below - the Nordic countries as well as the 12 most common countries of birth outside of Sweden for Swedish residents have been included, with other countries of birth bundled together by continent by Statistics Sweden.

Public transportation
The municipality is served by the Stockholm public transport system operated by SL. The municipal seat Kungsängen used to be the north-western terminus of the Stockholm commuter rail network, but in 2000 this line was extended to Bålsta in Uppsala County and a new station was built in Bro. A new depot for commuter trains has recently been built in the municipality. There is also a bus network.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Upplands-Bro Municipality


text:
Campion Hall, Oxford

Campion Hall is one of the four permanent private halls of the University of Oxford in England. A Catholic hall, it is run by the Society of Jesus and named after Edmund Campion, a martyr and fellow of St John's College, Oxford. The hall is located on Brewer Street, between Christ Church and Pembroke College. The buildings, along with many of the fixtures and fittings, were designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, his only buildings in Oxford. The hall also houses an extensive collection of religious art spanning 600 years; the pieces were collected primarily by Fr Martin D'Arcy in the 1930s.

Origins
The origins of Campion Hall began on 9 September 1896 when Fr Richard Clarke, who was a former member of St. John's College, Oxford, opened a private hall called Clarke's Hall. He was sent by his superiors from the Church of the Immaculate Conception, Farm Street, in London to St. Aloysius Church in Oxford to set up a hall for Jesuit undergraduates. He founded a small house at 40 St Giles', Oxford, and was the first master of the hall. On 10 September 1896 the hall had its first four students. The hall allowed Jesuits to study for degrees from the University of Oxford.

The rented accommodation that was originally used was too small and 15 months later the hall was moved to Middleton Hall at 11 St Giles', which was leased to the Society of Jesus until 1936.

Pope's Hall
In 1900, Fr Clarke died suddenly at York and, with his death, the hall ceased to exist. That year the hall was reopened as Pope's Hall under Fr O'Fallon Pope as master who continued to be master until 1915. In 1902, he purchased 14 and 15 St Giles' and, in 1903, 13 St Giles' was also bought.

Campion Hall
Fr O'Fallon Pope was succeeded by Fr Charles Plater and the hall again changed its name, this time to Plater's Hall.

In 1918, the hall was granted permanent status and changed its name to Campion Hall after St Edmund Campion, an English Jesuit and martyr who had been a fellow at St John's College. Permanent private halls (PPH) within the University of Oxford were established for the reception of students on the condition that they are not for purposes of profit. Apart from Campion Hall, the other early permanent private halls were St Benet's Hall from 1918 and St Peter's Hall from 1929 to 1947. Permanent private halls have the same privileges as members of colleges.

In 1921, Fr Plater died and Fr Henry Keane was appointed master, until his retirement in 1926. He was succeeded by Fr Ernest G. Vignaux, who was master until 1933. At that time, there were plans for the building of a new hall in Giles'. He was succeeded as master by Fr Martin D'Arcy until 1945.

Moving to Brewer Street

In 1933, when Fr. D'Arcy became Master, the lease of the St. Giles property had only three years to run, so in 1935 a project of building in St. Giles was dropped and a new home was found in Brewer Street. The properties in St. Giles's were subsequently sold to St. John's College.

Brewer Street, also known as 'Sleying Lane' was occupied in the medieval period by brewers and butchers. There is a long history of brewing in Oxford. Several of the colleges had private breweries, one of which, Brasenose College, survived until 1889. In the 16th century, brewing and malting appeared to have been the most popular trades in the city. By 1874 there were nine breweries in Oxford and 13 brewers' agents in Oxford shipping beer in from elsewhere, Brewer Street was no exception.

At Brewer Street, Campion Hall bought two buildings, one a large and ancient lodging house, known as 'Micklem Hall', which in the past belonged to Hall's Brewery. It was owned by a brewer named Micklem (1820–1870). The second building was a garage which had once been the stables for the horses which pulled the Oxford trams. The garage was demolished, as well as some of the rooms of Micklem Hall, with others incorporated into the new building.

The new building was designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens and completed in 1936. The building was opened in June 1936, by the Duke of Alba, Spanish ambassador to London, alongside Alban Goodier S.J., the former Archbishop of Bombay, and Julian Asquith, 2nd Earl of Oxford and Asquith.

The building was Grade II* listed in 1954. It is the only building in Oxford designed by Lutyens, although in 1928 he did design the fountain in Tom Quad at nearby Christ Church. The style of Lutyens's exterior has been compared to 17th-century Cotswold architecture. The chapel has a semi-circular apse with a baldachin, and Lutyens provided chapel light fittings having red tassels like those on a cardinal's hat.

In 1912 Lutyens had laid out New Delhi as the new capital of India. He devised an architectural Delhi Order there, with small bells hanging from the capitals of the columns, and subsequently made use of it in his design for Campion Hall, including in the columns supporting the baldachin in the chapel.

Fr. D'Arcy continued as Master of Campion Hall until 1945, when he was succeeded by Fr. Thomas Corbishley. In 2001, the Jesuit spirituality journal, The Way, began to operate from Campion Hall.

Campion Hall hosts the Jesuit academic community within University of Oxford and has an international student body, admitting graduate students in Humanities and Social Science subjects, and occasionally in other disciplines.

In 2018, the Laudato Si' Research Institute was started at Campion Hall. It has the aim of conducting and fostering inter-disciplinary research on issues relating to integral ecology.

Lost Michelangelo

In 2011, a painting "The Crucifixion of Jesus" which had been hanging in a hall of Campion Hall, was thought to have been a long-lost Michelangelo masterpiece worth £100 million. The painting was bought by Fr. Martin D'Arcy when he was Master of Campion Hall at a Sotheby's auction in the 1930s. Some experts argue that the painting dates from towards the end of Michelangelo's life when his eyesight was failing, so is more likely to be a painting by Marcello Venusti.

The painting was removed from its position on a wall in Campion Hall and sent to the Ashmolean Museum where it is on display.

The Way
The Way is a spirituality journal that publishes articles quarterly to an international readership through an editorial board on subjects relating to contemporary Christian spirituality and operates out of Campion Hall. It was founded in 1961 by its editor James Walsh. He was joined by William Yeomans, Denise Critchley-Salmonson and Philip Caraman, who also edited The Month. Originally it was located in Heythrop Park. In September 1970, it moved to Beaumont College and Michael Ivens joined the staff. In May 1972, it moved to Southwell House in West Hampstead. In 1978, it moved again, this time to Campion House in Osterley in 1978. In the early 1980s, it moved to Heythrop College's new location in London, as part of the Institute of Spirituality there. James Walsh stood down as editor and Philip Sheldrake, David Lonsdale and later Lavinia Byrne became editors. In 1992, Jacqueline Hawkins became the editor. In 2001, it moved to Campion Hall and Philip Endean with Elizabeth Lock became editors two years later. It was relaunched and ceased publishing the annual supplement. In 2008, Philip Endean was replaced by Paul Nicholson.

Laudato Si' Research Institute
The Laudato Si' Research Institute was also based out of Campion Hall. It was founded in 2018 and named after the encyclical by Pope Francis. It was founded by its current director Celia Deane-Drummond to conduct multidisciplinary research on the environmental issues present in the world. Celia Deane-Drummond also edits the international journal Philosophy, Theology and the Sciences. It has links with a master's degree programme operating out of the London Jesuit Centre on theology, ecology and ethics. It is currently working on establishing the Laudato Si' Research Network to encourage global research collaboration. On 21 February 2020, its new offices in Albion House, Oxford were opened by the Master of Campion Hall, Nicholas Austin.

Masters

 * Fr. Richard Clarke (1896–1900)
 * Fr. O'Fallon Pope (1900–1915)
 * Fr. Charles Plater (1915–1921)
 * Fr. Henry Keane (1921–1926)
 * Fr. Ernest G. Vignaux (1926–1933)
 * Fr. Martin D'Arcy (1933–1945)
 * Fr. Thomas Corbishley (1945–1958)
 * Fr. Anthony Doyle (1958–1962)
 * Fr. Derek Hanshell (1962–1965)

 * Fr. Edward Yarnold (1965–1972)
 * Fr. Benjamin Winterborn (1972–1978)
 * Fr. Paul Edwards (1978–1985)
 * Fr. Peter Hackett (1985–1989)
 * Rev. Dr. Joseph Munitiz (1989–1998)
 * Rev. Dr. Gerard J Hughes (1998–2006)
 * Rev. Dr. Peter L'Estrange (2006–2008)
 * Fr. Brendan Callaghan (2008–2013)
 * Rev. Dr. James Hanvey (2013–2018)
 * Rev. Dr. Nicholas Austin (2018– Present)

title: Campion Hall, Oxford


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Vallentuna Municipality

Vallentuna Municipality (Vallentuna kommun) is a municipality in Stockholm County in east central Sweden. Its seat is located in the town of Vallentuna.

The current municipality was established as a result of the municipal reform of 1971. Its coat of arms depicts an eagle, a broad axe and two stars.

Geography
The geography is still dominated by nature and agriculture and some lakes and streams, besides the urban areas. Many houses are one family houses.

Localities
The seat of the municipality is in Vallentuna, which is a contiguous built-up area, partly situated in Täby Municipality. There are also smaller localities, such as Brottby, Karby, Kårsta and Lindholmen.

Income and Education
The population in Vallentuna Municipality has the 12th highest median income per capita in Sweden, although the share of highly educated persons, according to Statistics Sweden's definition: persons with post-secondary education that is three years or longer, is 28.6% and slightly over the national average, 27.0%.

2022 by district
This is a demographic table based on Vallentuna Municipality's electoral districts in the 2022 Swedish general election sourced from SVT's election platform, in turn taken from SCB official statistics.

In total there were 34,213 residents, including 24,580 Swedish citizens of voting age. 40.9% voted for the left coalition and 57.9% for the right coalition. Indicators are in percentage points except population totals and income.

Residents with a foreign background
On 31 December 2017 the number of people with a foreign background (persons born outside of Sweden or with two parents born outside of Sweden) was 6 009, or 18.11% of the population (33 175 on 31 December 2017). On 31 December 2002 the number of residents with a foreign background was (per the same definition) 3 458, or 13.35% of the population (25 905 on 31 December 2002). On 31 December 2017 there were 33 175 residents in Vallentuna, of which 4 667 people (14.07%) were born in a country other than Sweden. Divided by country in the table below - the Nordic countries as well as the 12 most common countries of birth outside of Sweden for Swedish residents have been included, with other countries of birth bundled together by continent by Statistics Sweden.

Present
Vallentuna has been expanding in recent years, and is one of the municipalities of the county that grows fastest every year, with more than 2% yearly, and has now doubled since 1971. Many people settle in Vallentuna because it is close to nature, and yet allows them to commute to their work places, both in Stockholm (to where the commuter gets you in 30 minutes) and elsewhere. In total, about 9,000 people commute from Vallentuna to other municipalities, while about 2,000 people commute into Vallentuna.

Public transportation
The municipality is served by the Stockholm public transport system through SL. There are nine stops on the narrow gauge Roslagsbanan suburban railway as well as a bus network.

Schools and education
All over the central part of Vallentuna you can find schools of different sorts, there is a cultureschool (Kulturskolan) that specialises in teaching music but also drama, musical and dance. Vallentunas "Högstadie skolor" (aimed for kids ages 12–16) are Hjälmstaskolan, Vittra Vallentuna, Hammarbackskolan, Bällstabergsskolan and Vallentuna Friskola. There also is a Secondary School ("gymnasieskola"), Vallentuna Gymnasium.

Sports
Vallentuna has two sports facilities; Vallentuna IP and Össeby IP. Vallentuna IP is a modern sports facility with track & field, soccer fields, ice hockey rinks, tennis courts and trail runs. Össeby IP has a track & field track, soccer field, trail runs, inside tennis courts, and an inside sports gym.

title: Vallentuna Municipality


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Vaxholm Municipality

Vaxholm Municipality (Vaxholms kommun or Vaxholms stad) is a municipality in Stockholm County in east central Sweden. The municipal slogan is "Vaxholm – the capital of the archipelago", due to its central location in the archipelago. Its seat is located in the city of Vaxholm.

From 1974 to 1984 Vaxholm was united with Österåker Municipality, making up a municipality called Vaxholm, but with the seat in Åkersberga. After the "divorce" the new Vaxholm Municipality came out larger than it had been before the amalgamation. The municipality prefers to style itself City of Vaxholm.

Geography
The municipality is located within the Stockholm archipelago some 17 km north-east of the city of Stockholm. It includes the Bogesundslandet peninsula, along with 64 islands and islets. Principal islands include Edholma, Edlunda, Granholmen, Hästholmen, Kullö, Ramsö, Resarö, Rindö, Risholmen, Skarpö, Skogsön, Stegesund-Hästholmen, Tynningö, Vaxholmen and Vaxön.

The municipality includes five urban areas or localities as defined by Statistics Sweden. These are Resarö, Rindö, Skarpö, Tynningö and Vaxholm. In 2010, Kullö was also considered an urban area, but it has now been redefined as part of the Vaxholm urban area.

Other, less formally defined, places within the municipality include Karlsudd, Rindöby, Rindö smedja and Ytterby. Ytterby is known for its geology, and for the fact that no less than eight chemical elements were first discovered there.

Income and Education
The population in Vaxholm Municipality has the 8th highest median income per capita in Sweden. The share of highly educated persons, according to Statistics Sweden's definition: persons with post-secondary education that is three years or longer, is 36.4% (national average: 27.0%) and the 14th highest in the country.

2022 by district
This is a demographic table based on Vaxholm Municipality's electoral districts in the 2022 Swedish general election sourced from SVT's election platform, in turn taken from SCB official statistics.

In total there were 11,987 residents, including 9,096 Swedish citizens of voting age. 41.6% voted for the left coalition and 57.4% for the right coalition. Indicators are in percentage points except population totals and income.

Residents with a foreign background
On 31 December 2017 the number of people with a foreign background (persons born outside of Sweden or with two parents born outside of Sweden) was 1 599, or 13.52% of the population (11 831 on 31 December 2017). On 31 December 2002 the number of residents with a foreign background was (per the same definition) 1 044, or 10.84% of the population (9 631 on 31 December 2002). On 31 December 2017 there were 11 831 residents in Vaxholm, of which 1 285 people (10.86%) were born in a country other than Sweden. Divided by country in the table below - the Nordic countries as well as the 12 most common countries of birth outside of Sweden for Swedish residents have been included, with other countries of birth bundled together by continent by Statistics Sweden.

Economy
The municipality has a significant amount of tourism. Ships transporting passengers between the islands began running on a daily basis in the 1850s. Today, many of islands (among them the main island Vaxholm) can also be reached by bridges from the mainland. The tourist boats depart from Stockholm's Slussen.

title: Vaxholm Municipality


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Värmdö Municipality

Värmdö Municipality (Värmdö kommun) is a municipality in Stockholm County in east central Sweden. Its seat is in the town of Gustavsberg, with a population of 9,682 (2005), on the main island at an elevation of 37 m.

The municipality is named after the main island Värmdön, 180 sqkm in size.

The municipality in its present form was created in 1974, when "old" Värmdö was amalgamated with Gustavsberg (which had been detached from it in 1902) and Djurö.

Geography
The municipality consists of 10,000 islands, all part of Stockholm archipelago. The larger islands are Värmdö, Ingarö, Fågelbrolandet, Djurö/Vindö, Svartsö, Möja, Granholmen, Runmarö and Nämdö. Gustavsberg is the main town, and there are also several villages and suburbs spread out such as Djurö, Stavsnäs, Mörtnäs, Hemmesta, Brunn, Strömma and Sandhamn.

History
The name Värmdö can be traced to 1314, but it is not clear what it means. (It is likely that it comes from the word värmd, a small hot spring in the ocean which causes holes in the ice in winter, and which there are several of in the area.) The area has however been inhabited longer than that, probably from the Stone Age wherefrom remains are found. The people lived on fishing and the hunting of seals and sea birds. As the coast climate was not suitable for traditional cereal crops, the agricultural efforts were often directed towards the cultivation of potatoes.

After the introduction of steam boat lines around 1850, wealthy people in Stockholm started to build vacation houses around the stations. When today's main roads were built in the 1930s, only the steam boats serving islands remained, and the expansion continued. With the municipal reform in the 1970s, Värmdö was created through a merger between six small municipalities and adopted the coat of arms of Gustavsberg, with two porcelain ovens.

Värmdö is a rapidly expanding suburban area to Stockholm and also one of the most exclusive areas for vacation houses in Sweden. During the summer month, the population triples.

Industry
The industry of the municipality was dominated by the porcelain factory in Gustavsberg, established in the 1820s. Around the year 1900, 1,000 people were employed there, making it one of the largest working places in Sweden.

During the summer the population of the municipality triples due to the large number of tourists and vacation houses.

2022 by district
This is a demographic table based on Värmdö Municipality's electoral districts in the 2022 Swedish general election sourced from SVT's election platform, in turn taken from SCB official statistics.

In total there were 46,157 residents, including 33,811 Swedish citizens of voting age. 45.5% voted for the left coalition and 53.4% for the right coalition. Indicators are in percentage points except population totals and income.

Residents with a foreign background
On 31 December 2017 the number of people with a foreign background (persons born outside of Sweden or with two parents born outside of Sweden) was 7 305, or 16.81% of the population (43 444 on 31 December 2017). On 31 December 2002 the number of residents with a foreign background was (per the same definition) 4 515, or 13.82% of the population (32 664 on 31 December 2002). On 31 December 2017 there were 43 444 residents in Värmdö, of which 5 683 people (13.08%) were born in a country other than Sweden. Divided by country in the table below - the Nordic countries as well as the 12 most common countries of birth outside of Sweden for Swedish residents have been included, with other countries of birth bundled together by continent by Statistics Sweden.

Transport
Värmdö is more easily accessible by water than by land. The boat service Waxholmsbolaget offers routes to various islands in the Värmdö archipelago. By land, the major road is the county road 222, a motorway from Stockholm. It ends in the ferry harbour of Stavsnäs, one of the major connection points in the Stockholm archipelago.

The municipality has no rail connection, but is served by a number of bus routes operated by Storstockholms Lokaltrafik, SL. Most buses terminate in Stockholm at Slussen. In 2018, the bus terminal was moved to a temporary terminal to the east, which has a higher capacity than the old slot.

Some of the major bus lines to Värmdö include 422 from Nacka, 425, 433, 434, and 474 from Stockholm. Bus connections have improved significantly since the addition of several routes in 2005.

Sports
The following sports clubs are in Värmdö Municipality:
 * Värmdö IF
 * Värmdö Hockey

Notable people

 * Peter Jöback
 * Henrik von Rehbinder
 * Felix Sandman

title: Värmdö Municipality


text:
Österåker Municipality

Österåker Municipality (Österåkers kommun, ) is a municipality in Stockholm County in east central Sweden. Its seat is located in the town of Åkersberga, with a population of 26,727 (2005).

From 1974 to 1982 Österåker was part of Vaxholm Municipality.

Its location by the Stockholm archipelago, in the Roslagen area, attracts both people who settles here, often commuting to Stockholm, and visiting tourists. Österåker boasts several golf courses, many possibilities for canoeing, horse riding, fishing and other nature activities.

Österåker also has a historical significance, with at least three notable castles from the 17th and 18th centuries, with histories tracing even further back. Sweden's once largest quartz mine, the Härsbacka mine, lays within the municipality.

Like many other municipalities making up Metropolitan Stockholm, Österåker has a significant outward-commuting mainly to Stockholm, with some 13,000 commuters.

Geography
Of the 800 islands and islets, the largest one is Ljusterö, a community of its own covering the eastern side of the mainland, and accessible by car. Easy access is granted by regular ferries, including one old steam ship from 1898. Other major islands are Finnhamn, Husarö and Ingmarsö.

Localities

 * Rydbo
 * Skärgårdsstad
 * Svinninge
 * Åkersberga (seat)
 * Österskär

2022 by district
This is a demographic table based on Österåker Municipality's electoral districts in the 2022 Swedish general election sourced from SVT's election platform, in turn taken from SCB official statistics.

In total there were 48,128 residents, including 34,684 Swedish citizens of voting age. 40.8% voted for the left coalition and 58.0% for the right coalition. Indicators are in percentage points except population totals and income.

Residents with a foreign background
On 31 December 2017 the number of people with a foreign background (persons born outside of Sweden or with two parents born outside of Sweden) was 8 916, or 20.20% of the population (44 130 on 31 December 2017). On 31 December 2002 the number of residents with a foreign background was (per the same definition) 5 079, or 14.25% of the population (35 633 on 31 December 2002). On 31 December 2017 there were 44 130 residents in Österåker, of which 7 117 people (16.13%) were born in a country other than Sweden. Divided by country in the table below - the Nordic countries as well as the 12 most common countries of birth outside of Sweden for Swedish residents have been included, with other countries of birth bundled together by continent by Statistics Sweden.

2022 Election
Elections to Swedish municipals are held every fourth year on the third Sunday in September. The 2022 election to the 51-seat council resulted in the centre-right majority of four parties (M, L, KD and C) staying in power.

Public transportation
Österåker is served by the Stockholm public transport system through SL. There are six stops on the narrow gauge Roslagsbanan suburban railway and buses to Stockholm and Norrtälje as well as an extensive internal bus network.

title: Österåker Municipality


text:
Christ Church, Oxford

Christ Church (Ædes Christi, the temple or house, ædes, of Christ, and thus sometimes known as "The House") is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England. Founded in 1546 by King Henry VIII, the college is uniquely a joint foundation of the university and the cathedral of the Oxford diocese, Christ Church Cathedral, which also serves as the college chapel and whose dean is ex officio the college head.

As of 2022, Christ Church had the largest financial endowment of any Oxford college at £770 million. As of 2022, the college had 661 students. Its grounds contain a number of architecturally significant buildings including Tom Tower (designed by Sir Christopher Wren), Tom Quad (the largest quadrangle in Oxford), and the Great Dining Hall, which was the seat of the parliament assembled by King Charles I during the English Civil War. The buildings have inspired replicas throughout the world in addition to being featured in films such as Harry Potter and The Golden Compass, helping Christ Church become the most popular Oxford college for tourists with almost half a million visitors annually''. ''

The college's alumni include 13 British prime ministers (the highest number of any Oxbridge college), as well as former prime ministers of Pakistan and Ceylon. Other notable alumni include King Edward VII, King William II of the Netherlands, William Penn, writers Lewis Carroll (author of Alice in Wonderland) and W. H. Auden, philosopher John Locke, and scientist Robert Hooke. Two Nobel laureates, Martin Ryle and John Gurdon, studied at Christ Church. Albert Einstein is also associated with the college. The college has several cities and places named after it.

History
In 1525, at the height of his power, Thomas Wolsey, Lord Chancellor of England and Cardinal Archbishop of York, suppressed St Frideswide's Priory in Oxford and founded Cardinal College on its lands, using funds from the dissolution of Wallingford Priory and other minor priories. He planned the establishment on a magnificent scale, but fell from grace in 1529, with the buildings only three-quarters complete, as they were to remain for 140 years.

In 1531 the college was itself suppressed, but it was refounded in 1532 as King Henry VIII's College by Henry VIII, to whom Wolsey's property had escheated. Then in 1546 the King, who had broken from the Church of Rome and acquired great wealth through the dissolution of the monasteries in England, refounded the college as Christ Church as part of the reorganisation of the Church of England, making the partially demolished priory church the cathedral of the recently created Diocese of Oxford.

Christ Church's sister college in the University of Cambridge is Trinity College, Cambridge, founded the same year by Henry VIII. Since the time of Queen Elizabeth I the college has also been associated with Westminster School. The dean remains to this day an ex officio member of the school's governing body.

Major additions have been made to the buildings through the centuries, and Wolsey's Great Quadrangle was crowned with the famous gate-tower designed by Christopher Wren. To this day, the bell in the tower, Great Tom, is rung 101 times at 9 pm measured by Oxford time, meaning at 9:05 pm GMT/BST every night, once for each of the 100 original scholars of the college, plus one more stroke added in 1664. In former times this was done at midnight, signalling the close of all college gates throughout Oxford. Since it took 20 minutes to ring the 101, the Christ Church gates, unlike those of other colleges, did not close until 12:20 am. When the ringing was moved back to 9:00 pm, Christ Church gates still remained open until 12.20, 20 minutes later than any other college. Although the clock itself now shows GMT/BST, Christ Church still follows Oxford time in the timings of services in the cathedral.

King Charles I made the Deanery his palace and held his Parliament in the Great Hall during the English Civil War. In the evening of 29 May 1645, during the second siege of Oxford, a "bullet of IX lb. weight" shot from the Parliamentarians' warning-piece at Marston fell against the wall of the north side of the Hall.

Several of Christ Church's deans achieved high academic distinction, notably Owen under the Commonwealth, Aldrich and Fell in the Restoration period, Jackson and Gaisford in the early 19th century and Liddell in the high Victorian era.

For over four centuries Christ Church admitted men only; the first female students at Christ Church matriculated in 1980.

Organisation
Christ Church, formally titled "The Dean and Chapter of the Cathedral Church of Christ in Oxford of the Foundation of King Henry the Eighth", is the only academic institution in the world which is also a cathedral, the seat (cathedra) of the Bishop of Oxford. The Visitor of Christ Church is the reigning British sovereign (currently King Charles III), and the Bishop of Oxford is unique among English bishops in not being the Visitor of his own cathedral.

The head of the college is the Dean of Christ Church. Christ Church is unique among Oxford colleges in that its Head of House, who is head of both college and cathedral, must be an Anglican cleric appointed by the Crown as dean of the cathedral church. The Dean lives on site in a grand 16th-century house in the main quadrangle. The college's activities are managed by a senior and a junior censor (formally titled the Censor Moralis Philosophiae and the Censor Naturalis Philosophiae) the former of whom is responsible for academic matters, the latter for undergraduate discipline. They are chosen from among the members of the governing body. A Censor Theologiae is also appointed to act as the dean's deputy; this post is currently held by Professor Ian Watson.

The form "Christ Church College" is considered incorrect, in part because it ignores the cathedral, an integral part of the unique dual foundation.

Governing body
The governing body of Christ Church consists of the dean and chapter of the cathedral, together with the "Students of Christ Church", who are not junior members but rather the equivalent of the fellows of the other colleges. Until the later 19th century, the Students differed from fellows in that they had no governing powers in their own college, as those resided solely with the dean and chapter. The governing body of Christ Church now has around 60 members. Serving alongside the seven members of Chapter, the other members include statutory professors and associate professors with joint appointments (employed both by the University and Christ Church) as well as early-career Career Development Fellows on fixed-term contracts. Sir John Bell and Sir Tim Berners-Lee are both members of the governing body of Christ Church.

Buildings and grounds

Christ Church sits in approximately 175 acres (71 hectares) of land. This includes the Christ Church Meadow (including Merton Field and Boathouse Island), which is open to the public all year round. In addition Christ Church own Aston's Eyot (purchased from All Souls College in 1891), Christ Church recreation ground (including the site of Liddell Building), and School Field which has been leased to Magdalen College School since 1893. The meadow itself is inhabited by English Longhorn cattle. In October 1783 James Sadler made the first hot air balloon ascent in Britain from the meadow. The college gardens, quadrangles, and meadow are Grade I listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.

Christ Church has a number of architecturally significant buildings. These include:

Influences
The college buildings and grounds are the setting for parts of Evelyn Waugh's Brideshead Revisited, as well as a small part of Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. More recently it has been used in the filming of the movies of J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter series and also the film adaptation of Philip Pullman's novel Northern Lights (the film bearing the title of the American edition of the book, The Golden Compass). Distinctive features of the college's architecture have been used as models by a number of other academic institutions, including the NUI Galway, which reproduces Tom Quad. The University of Chicago, Cornell University, and Kneuterdijk Palace have reproductions of Christ Church's dining hall (in the forms of Hutchinson Hall, the dining hall of Risley Residential College, and the Gothic hall of Kneuterdijk Palace, respectively). ChristChurch Cathedral in New Zealand, after which the City of Christchurch is named, is itself named after Christ Church, Oxford. Stained glass windows in the cathedral and other buildings are by the Pre-Raphaelite William Morris group with designs by Edward Burne-Jones.

Resident animals on grounds
Historically, there has been a resident tortoise for the annual Oxford tortoise races. However, since 2020, due to the pandemic, there has not been a tortoise. Recently, there have been two "resident" ducks, which can be seen in Tom Quad, affectionately named "Tom" and "Peck" after two of the famous quadrangles in Christ Church.

The Mercury fountain also houses carp, notably a large koi carp named George, which was a gift from the Empress of Japan. A heron may also be frequently seen visiting the pond as their hunting ground. This stopped, in September 2022, when the fishes were moved to a spacious lake home somewhere in Oxfordshire while the College perform essential maintenance on the pond.

Outside the Meadow Building in the Christ Church Meadow, there are also cows present during the day. The cows are of rare English Longhorn breed.

Cathedral choir

Long associated with High Church Anglicanism, Christ Church is unique in that it has both a cathedral choir and a college choir. The cathedral choir comprises twelve adults and sixteen boys. The adults are made up of lay clerks and choral scholars, or academical clerks. The choir was all male until 2019, when they welcomed alto Elizabeth Nurse, the first female clerk of Christ Church Cathedral Choir. The boys, whose ages range from eight to thirteen, are chosen for their musical ability and attend Christ Church Cathedral School. Aside from the director, there is also a sub-organist and two organ scholars. The college choir, however, is always a student-run society, and sings Evensong once a week in term time. In vacations the services are sung by the Cathedral Singers of Christ Church – a choir drawn from semi-professional singers in and around Oxford. The cathedral also hosts visiting choirs from time to time during vacations.Throughout its history, the cathedral choir has attracted many distinguished composers and organists – from its first director, John Taverner, appointed by Cardinal Wolsey in 1526, to William Walton. The present director of music (known as the organist), is Steven Grahl who succeeded Stephen Darlington in September 2018. In recent years, the choir have commissioned recorded works by contemporary composers such as John Tavener, William Mathias and Howard Goodall, also patron of Christ Church Music Society.

The choir, which broadcasts regularly, have many recordings to their credit and were the subject of a Channel 4 television documentary Howard Goodall's Great Dates (2002). The documentary was nominated at the Montreux TV Festival in the arts programme category – and has since been seen internationally. The choir's collaboration with Goodall has also led to their singing his TV themes for Mr. Bean and Vicar of Dibley. They appeared in Howard Goodall's Big Bangs, broadcast in the United Kingdom on Channel 4 in March 2000. Treasures of Christ Church (2011) is an example of the choir's recording and debuted as the highest new entry in the UK Specialist Classical chart. The disc featured on BBC Radio 3's In Tune on 26 September 2011 and on Radio 3's Breakfast Show on 27 September that year.

Picture gallery
Christ Church holds one of the most important private collections of drawings in the UK, including works by Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael and Michelangelo. The collection is composed of approximately 300 paintings and 2,000 drawings, a rotated selection of which are available to the public for viewing in the purpose-built Christ Church Picture Gallery. Many of the works were bequeathed by a former member of the college, General John Guise (1682/3-1765), enabling the creation of the first public art gallery in Britain.

College arms

The college arms are those of Cardinal Wolsey and were granted to him by the College of Arms on 4 August 1525. They are blazoned: Sable, on a cross engrailed argent, between four leopards' faces azure a lion passant gules; on a chief or between two Cornish choughs proper a rose gules barbed vert and seeded or. The lion refers to Leo X who created Wolsey a Cardinal. The arms are depicted beneath a red cardinal's galero with fifteen tassels on either side, and sometimes in front of two crossed croziers.

Cathedral arms
There are also arms in use by the cathedral, which were confirmed in a visitation of 1574. They are emblazoned: "Between quarterly, 1st & 4th, France modern (azure three fleurs-de-lys or), 2nd & 3rd, England (gules in pale three lions passant guardant or), on a cross argent an open Bible proper edged and bound with seven clasps or, inscribed with the words In principio erat Verbum, et Verbum erat apud Deum and imperially crowned or."

Graces
The college preprandial grace reads: The first part of the grace is read by a scholar or exhibitioner before formal hall each evening, ending with the words Per Iēsum Christum Dominum nostrum ("Through Jesus Christ our Lord.") The remainder of the grace, replacing Per Iēsum Christum etc., is usually only read on special occasions.

There is also a long postprandial grace intended for use after meals, but this is rarely used. When High Table rises (by which time the Hall is largely empty), the senior member on High Table simply says Benedictō benedīcātur ("Let the Blessed One be blessed", or "Let a blessing be given by the Blessed One"), instead of the college postprandial grace.

Student life

As well as rooms for accommodation, the buildings of Christ Church include the cathedral, one of the smallest in England, which also acts as the college chapel, a great hall, two libraries, two bars, and separate common rooms for dons, graduates and undergraduates. There are also gardens and a neighbouring sports ground and boat-house.

Accommodation is usually provided for all undergraduates, and for some graduates, although some accommodation is off-site. Accommodation is generally spacious with most rooms equipped with sinks and fridges. Many undergraduate rooms comprise 'sets' of bedrooms and living areas. Members are generally expected to dine in hall, where there are two sittings every evening, one informal and one formal (where gowns must be worn and Latin grace is read). The college offers subsidies on the costs of accommodation and dinners for UK and ROI students from families with lower household incomes. The buttery next to the Hall serves drinks around dinner time. There is also a college bar (known as the Undercroft), as well as a Junior Common Room (JCR) and a Graduate Common Room (GCR), equivalent to the Middle Common Room (MCR) in other colleges.

There is a college lending library that supplements the university libraries (many of which are non-lending). Law students have the additional facility of the Burn Law Library, named for Edward Burn. Most undergraduate tutorials are carried out in the college, though for some specialist subjects undergraduates may be sent to tutors in other colleges.

Croquet is played in the Masters' Garden in the summer. The sports ground is mainly used for netball, cricket, tennis, rugby and football and includes Christ Church cricket ground. In recent years the Christ Church Netball Club, which competes on the inter-college level in both mixed and women's matches, has become known as a popular and inclusive sport. Rowing and punting is carried out by the boat-house across Christ Church Meadow – the Christ Church Boat Club is traditionally strong at rowing, having been Head of the River more than all other colleges except Oriel College. The college also owns its own punts which may be borrowed by students or dons.

The college beagle pack (Christ Church and Farley Hill Beagles), which was formerly one of several undergraduate packs in Oxford, is no longer formally connected with the college or the university but continues to be staffed and followed by some Oxford undergraduates.

Christ Church references
"'Midnight has come and the great Christ Church bell

And many a lesser bell sound through the room;

And it is All Souls' Night...'"

"'The wind had dropped. There was even a glimpse of the moon riding behind the clouds. And now, a solemn and plangent token of Oxford's perpetuity, the first stroke of Great Tom sounded.'"

"'I must say my thoughts wandered, but I kept turning the pages and watching the light fade, which in Peckwater, my dear, is quite an experience – as darkness falls the stone seems positively to decay under one's eyes. I was reminded of some of those leprous façades in the vieux port at Marseille, until suddenly I was disturbed by such a bawling and caterwauling as you never heard, and there, down in the little piazza, I saw a mob of about twenty terrible young men, and do you know what they were chanting We want Blanche. We want Blanche! in a kind of litany.'"

"'Those twins / Of learning that he [Wolsey] raised in you,

Ipswich and Oxford! one of which fell with him,

Unwilling to outlive the good that did it;

The other, though unfinish'd, yet so famous,

So excellent in art, and still so rising,

That Christendom shall ever speak his virtue.'"

"'By way of light entertainment, I should tell the Committee that it is well known that a match between an archer and a golfer can be fairly close. I spent many a happy evening in the centre of Peckwater Quadrangle at Christ Church, with a bow and arrow, trying to put an arrow over the Kilcannon building into the Mercury Pond in Tom Quad. On occasion, the golfer would win and, on occasion, I would win. Unfortunately, that had to stop when I put an arrow through the bowler hat of the head porter. Luckily, he was unhurt and bore me no ill will. From that time on he always sent me a Christmas card which was signed 'To Robin Hood from the Ancient Briton''"

"'There is one oddity; Rudge. Determined to try for Oxford, Christ Church of all places! Might get into Loughborough, in a bad year.'"

"' And once, in winter, on the causeway chill

Where home through flooded fields foot-travellers go,

Have I not pass'd thee on the wooden bridge,

Wrapt in thy cloak and battling with the snow,

And thou has climb'd the hill,

And gain'd the white brow of the Cumner range;

Turn'd once to watch, while thick the snowflakes fall,

The line of festal light in Christ-Church hall—

Then sought thy straw in some sequester'd grange. '"

Also included in: Vaughan Williams|An Oxford Elegy (1947–9) and Hilary Mantel's Wolf Hall trilogy (referred to by its previous name, Cardinal College).

Deans
Cardinal College
 * 1525: John Hygdon

King Henry VIII's College
 * 1532: John Hygdon
 * 1533: John Oliver

Christ Church

Alumni
Notable former students of the college have included politicians, scientists, philosophers, entertainers and academics. Thirteen British prime ministers have studied at the college including, Anthony Eden (Prime Minister 1955–1957), William Ewart Gladstone (1828–1831), Sir Robert Peel (1841–1846) and Archibald Primrose (1894–1895). Other former students include Charles Abbot (Speaker of the House of Commons 1802–1817), Frederick Curzon (Conservative Party statesman 1951–), Nicholas Lyell (Attorney General 1992–1997), Nigel Lawson (Chancellor of the Exchequer 1983–1989), Quintin Hogg (Lord Chancellor 1979–1987) and William Murray (Lord Chief Justice 1756–1788 and Chancellor of the Exchequer 1757). From outside the UK, politicians from Canada (Ted Jolliffe), Pakistan (Zulfikar Ali Bhutto), Sri Lanka (S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike) and the United States (Charles Cotesworth Pinckney) have attended the college.

Prominent philosophers including John Locke, John Rawls, A. J. Ayer, Gilbert Ryle, Michael Dummett, John Searle and Daniel Dennett studied at Christ Church.

There are numerous former students in the fields of academia and theology, including George Kitchin (the first Chancellor of the University of Durham 1908–1912 and Dean of Durham Cathedral 1894–1912), John Charles Ryle (first Bishop of Liverpool 1880–1900), John Wesley (leader of the Methodist movement), Rowan Williams (Archbishop of Canterbury 2002–2012), Richard William Jelf (Principal of King's College London 1843–1868), Ronald Montagu Burrows (Principal of King's College London 1913–1920) and William Stubbs (Bishop of Oxford 1889–1901 and historian).

Two Olympic rowing gold medallists studied at the college: Jonny Searle and Spanish Civil War volunteer Lewis Clive.

In the sciences, polymath and natural philosopher Robert Hooke, developmental biologist John B. Gurdon (co-winner of the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine), physician Sir Archibald Edward Garrod, the Father of Modern Medicine Sir William Osler, biochemist Kenneth Callow, radio astronomer Sir Martin Ryle, psychologist Edward de Bono and epidemiologist Sir Richard Doll are all associated with the college. Albert Einstein was a learned research fellow.

In other fields, Cameron and Tyler Winklevoss, twins associated with the founding of Facebook, King Edward VII (1841–1910), King of the United Kingdom and Emperor of India, King William II of the Netherlands, Prince Paul of Yugoslavia, entrepreneur and founder of Pennsylvania William Penn, broadcaster David Dimbleby, MP Louise Mensch, BBC composer Howard Goodall, actor Riz Ahmed, the writer Lewis Carroll, poet W. H. Auden, and the former officer of arms Hubert Chesshyre are other notable students to have previously studied at Christ Church.

title: Christ Church, Oxford


text:
Corpus Christi College, Oxford

Corpus Christi College (formally, Corpus Christi College in the University of Oxford; informally abbreviated as Corpus or CCC) is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom. Founded in 1517, it is the 12th oldest college in Oxford.

The college, situated on Merton Street between Merton College and Christ Church, is one of the smallest in Oxford by student population, having around 250 undergraduates and 90 graduates. It is academic by Oxford standards, averaging in the top half of the university's informal ranking system, the Norrington Table, in recent years, and coming second in 2009–10.

The college's role in the translation of the King James Bible is historically significant. The college is also noted for the pillar sundial in the main quadrangle, known as the Pelican Sundial, which was erected in 1581. Corpus achieved notability in more recent years by winning University Challenge on 9 May 2005 and once again on 23 February 2009, although the latter win was later disqualified.

The Visitor of the college is ex officio the Bishop of Winchester (currently Philip Mounstephen).

Foundation
Corpus Christi College was founded by Richard Foxe, Bishop of Winchester, and an accomplished statesman. After entering the clergy, Foxe worked as a diplomat for Henry Tudor. He became a close confidant of his and, during Henry's reign as Henry VII, Foxe was appointed Keeper of the Privy Seal and promoted up the bishoprics, eventually becoming Bishop of Winchester. Throughout this time he was involved in Oxford and Cambridge Universities: he had been Visitor of Magdalen College and of Balliol College, had amended Balliol's statutes for a papal commission, was master of Pembroke College, Cambridge, for 12 years and had been involved in the foundation of St John's College, Cambridge, as one of Lady Margaret Beaufort's executors.

Foxe began to build from 1513. He bought a nunnery, two halls, two inns and the Bachelors' Garden of Merton College. Building was probably completed by 1520.

Foxe was assisted in his foundation by his friend Hugh Oldham, Bishop of Exeter, and Oldham's steward, William Frost. Oldham was a patron of education and donated £4,000 and land in Chelsea towards the foundation. For this, he was styled præcipuus benefactor (principal benefactor) by Foxe, remembered in daily prayers and a scholarship was established for students from Lancashire, where Oldham was born. Frost bequeathed his estate in Mapledurwell to the college, for which he and wife were remembered in a yearly prayer and a scholarship was founded for his descendants.

Foxe was granted letters patent for the foundation by Henry VIII in 1516. The college was officially founded in 1517, when Foxe established the college statutes. These specified that the college was to contain 20 fellows, 20 students, three lecturers, two priests, two clerks and two choristers.

The library of the college was "probably, when completed, the largest and best furnished library then in Europe". The scholar Erasmus noted in a letter of 1519 to the first President, John Claymond, that it was a library "inter praecipua decora Britanniae" ("among the chief beauties of Britain"), and praised it as a "biblioteca trilinguis" ("trilingual library") containing, as it did, books in Latin, Greek and Hebrew.

Founding fellows of the College included Reginald Pole, who would become the last Catholic Archbishop of Canterbury.

Later developments
In its first hundred years, Corpus hosted leading divines who would lay the foundations of the Anglican Christian identity. John Jewel was Corpus' Reader of Latin, worked to defend a Protestant bent in the Church of England and the Elizabethan Religious Settlement. John Rainolds, elected president in 1598, suggested the idea of the King James Bible and contributed to its text. Richard Hooker, author of the influential Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity, was deputy professor of Hebrew.

The Spanish humanist Juan Luis Vives taught at Corpus during the 1520s while tutor to Mary Tudor, later Mary I of England. John Keble, a leader of the Oxford Movement, was an undergraduate at Corpus at the start of the 19th century, and went on to a fellowship at Oriel and to have a college named after him (Keble College, Oxford).

Having been founded nearly half a millennium earlier as a college for men only, Corpus Christi was among many of Oxford's men's colleges to admit its first female undergraduate students in 1979 (though women graduate students had been admitted five years earlier). Between 2015 and 2017, 0.6% of UK undergraduates admitted to Corpus were black.

Buildings
The main buildings on the main college site are the Main Quad, the West Building, the MBI Al Jaber Auditorium, the Fellows' Building, Gentleman-Commoners' Quad and Thomas Quad.

The Main Quad was built for the college's foundation and designed in a late Mediaeval style. The quad was constructed by distinguished builders associated with Henry VIII's Office of Work: master mason William Vertue, master mason William East and carpenter Humphrey Coke (Warden of the Carpenter's Company in London). The quad's architecture later inspired that of Oglethorpe University.

The chapel adjoins the library and is just off the Main Quad. Its location is unusual: many colleges (even small ones) had their chapel in their main quad, with some colleges placing them on the first floor to fit them in (e.g. Lincoln and Brasenose). Its lectern is one of the first bronze eagle lecterns in Oxford; it is the only pre-Reformation one and was a gift of the first president. The chapel's altarpiece is a copy of Ruben's Adoration of the Shepherds, a gift from the antiquarian Sir Richard Worsley.

Later buildings on the main site include the Fellows' Building of 1706–1716, the Gentlemen Commoners' Building of 1737 and the Emily Thomas Building, designed by T.H. Hughes, of 1928.

On the corner of Merton Street and Magpie Lane, lie the Jackson and Oldham buildings and Kybald Twychen, which all house students. In 1884–85, the architect T. G. Jackson had first installed a 'New Building and Annexe', replacing town houses on Magpie Lane. In 1969, this work was trimmed and modified to make space for a further new building created by Philip Powell and Hidalgo Moya using a modernist beehive design, while leaving Jackson's Annexe substantially intact. Powell and Moya's building uses local limestone rubble and has the architects' characteristically large windows mounted within an exposed concrete frame. Particular attention was paid to placing the design within the existing architectural context, including the plain wall of Oriel College, Merton's Gothic chapel and Jackson's heavily ornamented Annexe. In 2017, the New Building and Annexe were substantially renovated and renamed the Oldham and Jackson Buildings, respectively.

Corpus also owns several buildings further afield: the Liddell Building on Iffley Road (built with Christ Church in 1991), the Lampl Building on Park End Street (completed in 2014 and named after Sir Peter Lampl) and houses on Banbury Road.

Pelican Sundial
The Pelican Sundial is the large pillar in the centre of Corpus' main quad and dates from 1579. The sundial is named after the gold-painted Pelican on an armillary sphere at the top of the pillar. "Pelican Sundial" is a misnomer, as the pillar contains 27 separate sundials. Nine of the sundials are found easily: four on each face of the square frustum beneath the pelican, four beneath each coat of arms on the cuboid and one facing south on the curved pillar shaft. The remaining sundials are found on the hollows and scallops surrounding the east and west arms. The symbols surrounding the sundials are used to reckon feast days and the signs of the Zodiac. The pillar shaft is covered by three tables: one for calculating the dates of the movable and fixed feasts and the Oxford and legal terms; one being a perpetual calendar and one for finding the time by moonlight.

History and copies
The Pelican Sundial was designed by Charles Turnball and is sometimes called the Turnball Sundial after him. Turnball lived in Corpus for 8 years, reaching the degree of MA. He went on to publish the book A Perfect and Easie Treatise of the Use of the Coelestial Globe in 1585, but it is otherwise unknown what he went on to do.

The Pelican Sundial was not the first sundial at Corpus. Before it was erected, one had been designed for the college by Nicholas Kratzer, an astrologer and horologer for Henry VIII. Like Juan Luis Vives, he was probably one of Cardinal Wolsey's lecturers who resided at Corpus while waiting for the completion of Cardinal College. Kratzer designed many dials, however only three can definitely be attributed to him: fixed ones for the University Church of St Mary the Virgin and Corpus and a portable one for Cardinal Wolsey. Only Wolsey's survives; Kratzer's Corpus dial stood in the garden until around 1706, when the gardens were remodelled for the construction of the Fellows' Building.

The dial has required regular maintenance throughout existence. The markings were replaced many times over the centuries and, despite restorations overseen by a professor of natural sciences and a historian of science, Robert Gunther, more and more errors crept into the pillar's tables. The dial also developed a lean. This was fixed in 1967 after it was discovered that the dial had no solid foundation and that its base was made of stone panels loosely packed with rubble. In 1976, the sundial was restored (and its tables corrected) to its state c. 1710 by Philip Pattenden. Since the 1710 tables were designed for the Julian calendar, they have no modern use. The sundial was most recently restored in 2016.

Two copies of the Pelican Sundial exist in America. The first, the Mather Sundial in Princeton University, was commissioned by William Mather as a goodwill gesture between the United Kingdom to the United States. The second is on the front lawn of Pomfret School in Connecticut and was donated in 1912 by the father of a graduating student.

Gardens
Aspects of the evolution of the college's ornamental gardens (Grade II listed) have been documented since the late 16th century. By the turn of the 19th century, a series of strict, geometrical layouts had given way to more informal features, including a lawn in the main garden, bordered by a dense shrubbery.

In their present form, as tended by David Leake since 1979, the gardens are considered some of the university's most unusual and exuberant. Described as 'wild' gardens, the stated aim is to blend a "range of wild and cultivated flowers into a vivid yet harmonious landscape." Attention to detail marks even the most intimate of spaces, such as those around the 'small garden' linking the front quad to the main garden at the back of the college.

The main garden is flanked on one side by the distinctive neoclassical architecture of the Fellows' Building, which is exuberantly bordered by ornamental shrubs and perennials, overseen by climbing roses and wisteria. Across the lawn, a bank shaded by a dominant copper beech leads up to a vantage point on the old city wall (above Dead Man's Walk ), where a line of three lime trees traces the course of a terraced avenue that was originally raised in 1623. The views from here across Christ Church Meadow and into the gardens of neighbouring colleges suggest a "pleasant gardening outpost."

The style of gardening is, in Leake's words, "much less formal than [in] most other colleges, but sympathetic to the atmosphere." Accordingly, the library windows in the front quad are framed by seven bamboo plants. Beekeeping echoes the founder's wish for the college to be a hive of activity.

Use of herbicides and fertilisers is avoided even on the main lawn, which characteristically is allowed to incorporate plants that have self-seeded, in keeping with an overall wildlife-friendly approach (for example, spontaneous red valerian can provide a food plant for caterpillars of the hummingbird hawk-moth).

Examples of exotic plants that have been cultivated include Campsis radicans (trumpet vine), Dracunculus vulgaris (dragon lily), Gunnera manicata (Brazilian giant-rhubarb), Philadelphus microphyllus (littleleaf mock-orange), and Zantedeschia aethiopica (arum lily). Trees include a Wollemi pine (a species rediscovered in Australia in 1994) and quince (whose fruit is given to college fellows and friends).

The greenhouse was designed by Rick Mather, the creator of the college's auditorium. Almost frameless, it presents itself as a display cabinet in which a variety of horticultural and other informal exhibits are watched over by a surreally attired mannequin named Madame Lulu.

Coat of arms and other symbols
The coat of arms marshalls three distinct coats of arms in adjacent vertical divisions, in heraldic terminology: tierced per pale, from dexter (viewer's left) to sinister (viewer's right):
 * 1: Azure, a pelican with wings endorsed vulning herself or (arms of the founder, Richard Foxe, Bishop of Winchester );
 * 2: Argent, thereon an escutcheon charged with the arms of the See of Winchester (i.e. Gules, two keys addorsed in bend the uppermost or the other argent a sword interposed between them in bend sinister of the third pommel and hilt of the second the escutcheon ensigned with a mitre of the last);
 * 3: Sable, a chevron or between three owls argent on a chief of the second as many roses gules seeded of the second barbed vert (arms of Hugh Oldham (1452–1519), Bishop of Exeter. )

The Pelican in her Piety (pecking her own breast to draw blood to feed her chicks) in the personal arms of the founder, Bishop Richard Foxe, in Christian iconography symbolises Christ, who nourished the Church with his blood, which action is remembered in the Eucharist. The name of the college founded by him is thus well suited to that iconography, Corpus Christi signifying in Latin "the body of Christ".

Because of the complexity of the arms they are not suitable for use on items such as the college tie, where the pelican alone is used. The pelican also appears alone on the college flag and on top of the Pelican Sundial.

Traditions
The grace laid out in the founding statutes is still said before every formal dinner in hall: Nos miseri et egentes homines pro hoc cibo, quem in alimonium corporis nostri sanctificatum es largitus, ut eo recte utamur, Tibi, Deus omnipotens, Pater caelestis, reverenter gratias agimus; simul obsecrantes, ut cibum angelorum, panem verum caelestem, Dei Verbum aeternum, Iesum Christum Dominum nostrum, nobis impertiaris, ut Eo mens nostra pascatur, et per carnem et sanguinem Eius alamur, foveamur, corroboremur. which translates to We wretched and needy mortals give reverent thanks to you, almighty God, heavenly Father, for this food, which you have given us to nourish our bodies, praying at the same time that you may bestow on us the food of angels, the true heavenly bread, the eternal Word of God, Jesus Christ Our Lord, that our souls may feed on him, and that through his flesh and blood we may be nourished, cherished and strengthened. There is also a shorter grace said after dinner, which is now only used on special occasions.

The college traditionally keeps at least one tortoise as a living mascot, cared for by an elected 'Tortoise Keeper'. The 'Tortoise Fair', at which the Corpus tortoise(s) are raced against tortoises belonging to other colleges and local residents, is an annual event held to raise funds for charity. As of 2013, the college tortoise was named 'Foxe', after the founder of the college. The Tortoise Fair had its 50th anniversary in 2024.

Notable former students and fellows
Former students of the college include the philosopher Isaiah Berlin, the writer Vikram Seth, the columnist Camilla Long, the financial commentator Martin Wolf, former Leader of the Labour Party Ed Miliband, and former Foreign Secretary David Miliband.

Presidents
Helen Moore, Associate Professor and Tutor in English, was elected president on 19 October 2018 for a term of two years. Her research focuses on mediaeval and early modern literature; most recently she has researched the reception of foreign texts in English. She has been a fellow at Corpus since 1996.

title: Corpus Christi College, Oxford


text:
Garner, North Carolina

Garner is a town in Wake County, North Carolina, United States and a suburb of Raleigh. The population is 31,159 as of the 2020 census. The city limits are entirely within Wake County, though portions of unincorporated Wake County, as well as the Cleveland community in northern Johnston County, have Garner mailing addresses. It is part of the Research Triangle region of North Carolina and serves as a bedroom community for the region.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 38.3 sqkm, of which 38.2 km2 is land and 0.1 km2, or 0.34%, is water.

Garner is located entirely within Wake County. There are unincorporated areas of Wake County and Johnston County that have Garner postal addresses, including a portion of the unincorporated, but densely populated, Cleveland Community.

2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 31,159 people, 11,642 households, and 7,637 families residing in the town.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 17,757 people, 6,950 households, and 4,830 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,385.1 PD/sqmi. There were 7,252 housing units at an average density of 565.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 67.02% White, 27.13% African American, 0.41% Native American, 1.11% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 2.77% from other races, and 1.54% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.75% of the population.

There were 6,950 households, out of which 34.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.5% were married couples living together, 12.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.5% were non-families. 24.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.00.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.0% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 33.6% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 10.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.2 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $47,380, and the median income for a family was $58,302. Males had a median income of $37,359 versus $29,805 for females. The per capita income for the town was $22,433. About 4.9% of families and 6.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.9% of those under age 18 and 10.1% of those age 65 or over.

History
Land near the town of Garner was first settled around 1751. In the 1850s, the North Carolina Railroad was built, and before the 1870s, a wood-and-water stop was established in present-day downtown Garner. The community of Garner's Station received a post office in 1878 and was incorporated in 1883, but the community had its charter repealed in 1891.

In 1905, the charter was reinstated as the Town of Garner. The first mayor was J.B. Richardson, and the first aldermen were H.D. Rand, J.J. Bagwell, H. Bryan, M.C. Penny, and J.S. Buffaloe.

In 1912, the telephone came to Garner. The town is off of US 70, which in 1917 became the first paved highway to be built in North Carolina. An explosion and partial roof collapse of a ConAgra Foods plant on June 9, 2009, killed four and injured some 40 workers.

The Downtown Garner Historic District, Edenwood, and Meadowbrook Country Club are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

City Council and City Manager
Garner currently operates under a council–manager government whereby the Town Council is the publicly elected legislative body of the town, and appoints a Town Manager to manage the administrative operations of the town. The Town Council consists of the Mayor and five Town Council Members, one of whom serves as Mayor "Pro Tempore." The composition of the Garner City Council, as of 2024, are as follows:

 * Buddy Gupton, Mayor
 * Elmo Vance, Council Member, Mayor Pro-Tem
 * Kathy Behringer, Council Member
 * Demian Dellinger, Council Member
 * Phil Matthews, Council Member
 * Gra Singleton, Council Member

Since March 2016, Rodney Dickerson has served as the Town Manager.

City Police Department
As of 2019, the Garner Police Department has 68 sworn police officers and 10 professional staff personnel (including full-time and part-time staff) to provide law enforcement services to a town roughly 16 square miles in area with a permanent residential population of over 31,000 citizens. The Department is divided into two bureaus—the Operations Bureau and the Administration Bureau.

Lorie Smith, a captain in the Garner Police Department since 2017, and interim chief since the October 1, 2022, retirement of Joe Binns, was officially promoted to the position of Garner police chief. Smith was formally sworn in on December 21, 2021.

Library
Garner's library service began in 1928 and was formed by the Garner's Women's Club, which operated and staffed the library with volunteer workers

Today, Garner's public library is the Southeast Regional Library, which is a regional facility operated by Wake County Public Libraries. The library offers Wake County Public Library's child and adult services, which include storytimes, adult craft programs, computer use, and other free activities for the community. In 2020, as part of Wake County Public Library's Fine Free program, Southeast Regional Library has stopped collecting fines for books that are returned late.

In June 2020, Southeast Regional Library began offering Wake County's Books on the Go program, a contactless book retrieval service that allows patrons to request and receive books from the library while it is closed due to COVID-19

Employment
According to Garner's 2020 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the town were:

In 2020, Amazon began operations at a new Fulfillment Center in Garner and is expected to hire 3,000 full time employees.

Roads
Several major roads and highways serve Garner:

 * Interstate 40 passes by the north and east sides of Garner. The town can be accessed via South Saunders Street (Exit 298-A), Hammond Road (Exit 299), Jones Sausage Road (Exit 303), or US 70 (Exit 306-B).
 * U.S. 70 serves as the main east–west highway through Garner. Most of the businesses and shopping centers lie on U.S. 70.
 * U.S. 401 splits from U.S. 70 at the town's northwestern corner and runs to the west of the town.
 * N.C. 50 enters the town with U.S. 401 and U.S. 70 at the northwestern corner, then splits from U.S. 70 at Benson Road, serving as a major north–south arterial through Garner, and paralleling I-40 into Johnston County.
 * N.C. 42 is an east–west highway south of Garner. Though outside of the town limits proper, it serves many addresses in unincorporated parts of Wake and Johnston counties with Garner addresses.
 * Timber Drive is an extension of Hammond Road that serves as a major arterial to connect residential areas of Garner with U.S. 70 and I-40.
 * Garner Road is a former alignment of U.S. 70 that parallels it along the town's northern edge.

Public transportation
Garner is served by the GoRaleigh bus routes 7 and 40x, both serving the shopping centers around Garner Station. In October 2019, GoRaleigh bus route 20 replaced the rush-hour-only service of GoTriangle bus route 102 with all-day service. Route 20 connects Downtown Garner with Downtown Raleigh as well as the shopping centers at White Oak, Timber Crossing, and Forest Hills, the Garner Town Hall, the Southeast Regional Library, and the Garner Police Station.

Addition service is provided to seniors and those with disabilities through GoWake Access. This service provides door-to-door service to eligible residents that may have difficulties using traditional public transportation.

Rail
Amtrak passes through Garner but does not have a scheduled stop; the nearest station is Raleigh Union Station.

Air
The nearest commercial airport with regular passenger service is Raleigh-Durham International Airport. General aviation services can also be found at the Triple W Airport in Fuquay-Varina or the Raleigh East Airport in Knightdale.

Education
The following schools serve students in and around Garner. Most, but not all, are located within the town limits of Garner. With few exceptions, school districts in North Carolina are organized at the county level, and students are often assigned to schools without regard to which municipality they live in.

Wake County public schools:
 * Aversboro Elementary School
 * Bryan Road Elementary School
 * Creech Road Elementary School
 * East Garner Elementary School
 * Rand Road Elementary School
 * Smith Magnet Elementary School
 * Timber Drive Elementary School
 * Vandora Springs Elementary School
 * Vance Elementary School
 * East Garner Middle School
 * North Garner Middle School
 * Garner Magnet High School
 * South Garner High School

Johnston County public schools:
 * Polenta Elementary School
 * West View Elementary School
 * Cleveland Middle School

The original campus of the Governor Morehead School, a state-operated school for blind white students and blind and deaf black students, was in Garner. In 1923 white blind students were moved to Raleigh. The desegregation plan in the 1960s called for all deaf students to be moved to North Carolina School for the Deaf and Eastern North Carolina School for the Deaf, while blind students were moved to Raleigh.

Notable people

 * Brandon Banks, Canadian Football League wide receiver and return specialist
 * Chris Culliver, NFL cornerback
 * Carl Franks, former Duke University head football coach and former University of South Florida assistant coach
 * Eric Williams (safety), NFL
 * Tom Gulley, former MLB player
 * Donnie Harrison, former sheriff of Wake County, North Carolina
 * Nyheim Hines, NFL running back
 * James Mays, professional basketball player
 * Scotty McCreery, American Idol season 10 winner
 * Manny Perez, professional soccer player
 * Sarah Shook, country music singer
 * John Wall, NBA player
 * Pat Watkins, MLB outfielder
 * David West, NBA player and 2003 NCAA Player-of-the-Year at Xavier University
 * Donald Williams, professional basketball player

title: Garner, North Carolina


text:
Holly Springs, North Carolina

Holly Springs is a town in Wake County, North Carolina, United States. As of the 2020 census, the town population was 41,239, a 67% increase from 2010.

Etymology
The town's name refers to the free-flowing springs that merge into a stream and small lake surrounded by large, mature holly trees.

Early history
The Tuscarora Indians used the area around Holly Springs as a hunting ground prior to colonial settlement. This tribe fled North Carolina around 1720 to escape the influx of Europeans, and eventually became the sixth nation of the Iroquois.

The town of Holly Springs grew around freshwater springs, believed to be the original "holly springs", near the intersection of what is now Avent Ferry Road and Cass Holt Road. These roads linked Raleigh to the Cape Fear River and ultimately to Fayetteville, as well as linking Hillsborough to Smithfield.

19th century
By 1800, the crossroads had spawned a village, including a general store built by Richard Jones, a Baptist church, and a Masonic lodge. In 1805, the Baptist minister Needham Norris built his house on land granted to his father, a Revolutionary War veteran. These buildings were soon followed by a sawmill and cotton gin. Archibald Leslie, a Scottish tailor, arrived in the community around 1817, opened a tailoring business and a store, and soon began construction of a house near the springs. This 38-room mansion, now known as the Leslie-Alford-Mims House, is located off Avent Ferry Road near Town Hall. Holly Springs Baptist Church, established in 1822, was the town's first successful church. The Masonic Lodge #115 was formed in 1847, and in 1854 a two-story lodge building was erected. This building also served as one of the town's first schools. Holly Springs Academy opened its doors in 1854 to prepare young men for admission to Wake Forest College. Two years later, the first floor of the lodge was used as a school for local girls. The lodge was honored with a historical-site plaque in the fall of 2006.

During the Civil War, North Carolina seceded from the Union. Captain Oscar R. Rand recruited willing men of all ages to join Governor Zebulon Baird Vance's 26th Infantry Regiment in the Confederate States Army. On a single day at the Battle of Gettysburg, during the assault known as Pickett's Charge, 13 of the 14 commanding officers died. Only 81 soldiers, out of a unit of 880, survived. With the men of the town gone, both schools in Holly Springs closed, and Holly Springs became a virtual ghost town. When the Union Army retreated northward, Holly Springs lay in its path. Bands of marauding robbers known as "bummers" raided the area farms and homesteads, taking food, supplies, silver, clothes, and anything of value.

Also during the war, for a two-week period, a segment of the Union Army encamped near Holly Springs and set up headquarters in the Leslie-Alford-Mims House. Mrs. Leslie reportedly hated the Yankees bitterly, but loved her home more, so she treated them with cool civility. This may have protected the house from destruction, the fate of many other grand southern houses. Mrs. Leslie is said to have “charmed the soldiers so that they didn't burn the house down, but they did get the chickens.” Union troops turned the Norris-Holland house into a field hospital for Union soldiers, nursed by Mary Ann Matthews Holland.

The little community of Holly Springs had appeared to be on its way to becoming a bustling town, but the Civil War ultimately left the community economically devastated. Some families moved away. The exodus was encouraged by construction of the Chatham Railroad through the village of Apex, giving that neighboring town a link to the outside world, which Holly Springs did not have. Historian M. N. Amis described Holly Springs in 1871 as "a deserted village."

The Town of Holly Springs was established in 1877.

In 1875, George Benton Alford moved his successful mercantile business from Middle Creek Township to Holly Springs, and was instrumental in beginning an economic revival in the community. A year later, he bought the Leslie house, which was the centerpiece of the village. Over the years, he made significant additions and improvements to the house until it became one of the largest mansions in Wake County, one of the few with its own ballroom.

Alford, a businessman and politician, started several businesses, including a mercantile store, a sawmill, a cotton gin, and the Holly Springs Land and Improvement Company, and eventually, the General Assembly granted the town a charter. He started a newspaper, The Cape Fear Enterprise, which he used to promote the town. He also got other prominent men in the community to join him in seeking a charter of incorporation for the Cape Fear and Northern Railroad, which became the Durham and Southern Railway. During the postwar period, several attempts were made to revive the Holly Springs Academy, but none was successful. For a time, children were taught in private homes, and eventually the first co-educational school, serving 125 students, was opened by the Masons.

20th century
In 1906, the town addressed the need for a larger and better-equipped facility to educate the children. Under the leadership of Raymond A. Burt, J. Carter, and the Women's School Betterment Association, 10 acres (40,000 m2) near the springs were purchased (this was, in time, the site of the library and cultural arts center). The first bell rang for classes in 1908.

By this point, Alford was a wealthy man, and he had dreams of turning Holly Springs into an industrial town of 10,000 people. The town's population had not increased a great deal, holding at around 300, but the business community and the schools were drawing outsiders. The flourishing village was once again struck down by war with the start of World War I. The young men went off to fight, and many others went away to work in war-related industry. In 1923, Alford died, leaving the town without an effective voice in political circles. Then came the Great Depression. The Bank of Holly Springs, established before the turn of the 20th century, failed in 1924. Holly Springs experienced difficulty during this time, although Works Progress Administration funds were used to build a school auditorium. The town missed out on the new federal road-building projects being carried out to provide employment.

World War II did what World War I had done, drawing more young people away from Holly Springs to war and/or to cities for jobs. At the close of the war, Holly Springs was faced with a stagnant population. During the early 1950s, while most Piedmont cities and towns were booming, Holly Springs remained at a standstill.

During the early 1960s, with a population stabilized at around 580, the town installed fluorescent streetlights about the same time that Highway 55 (Main Street) was widened. A general clean-up effort netted the town an award from a state appearance committee. Racially, the town became less balanced with a stronger minority population existing to the late 1980s. During this period, several black businesses were flourishing; a dry-cleaning business, barbershop, three neighborhood stores, and the local gathering place of the "Packhouse" built by one of the town's prominent black citizens by the name of George Grigsby, for whom Grigsby Avenue (previously called Old Fuquay Road) was named. The town board consisted of many of its prominent black citizens, among them Burnis Lassiter, Cora Lassiter, James Norris (Holly Springs' first black mayor), John McNeil, Edison Perkins, George Kimble, and "Preacher" Beckwith. Later, in the 1980s other prominent black citizens joined the town council, among them Nancy Womble, Reverend Otis Byrd, and Parrish "Ham" Womble, who served on the council for 28 years and was also interim mayor for a year.

During this period, the town hired Dessie Mae Womble, the first black female chief of police in North Carolina. As segregation gave way to integration, the Holly Springs School for Blacks was closed, and many of its students were sent to surrounding communities to further their educations. This was the beginning of an era of busing for the community, which continued until the late 1990s, when Holly Springs Elementary School on Holly Springs Road was opened.

The town built its first sewage plant in 1987, then real growth occurred. Holly Springs, in line for the spillover from increased populations in Cary and Apex, suddenly boomed; its population increased from 900 in 1992 to an estimated 6,000 in 1998 to nearly 25,000 in 2010.

21st century

Holly Springs Community Library, part of the Wake County Public Library system, and a cultural-arts facility opened in early December 2006.

On July 18, 2006, pharmaceutical company Novartis announced it would be building a manufacturing facility in Holly Springs and employing about 350 to produce flu vaccines using new technologies. The manufacturing facility was built on 167 acre in Holly Springs Business Park off N.C. 55 Bypass. Construction was completed in late 2008. Novartis's investment is at least US$267 million and eventually could reach US$600 million.

Bristol-Myers Squibb expressed interest in county-owned land along N.C. 55 Bypass at the future interchange of Interstate 540. The county originally expressed a desire to allow the proposed landfill site to be used for economic development to be sold to the company, but county leaders refused to relocate a solid-waste transfer station which would be at the entrance. When the company decided not to locate on the site, the Wake County Board of Commissioners voted five to two to proceed with plans to build a landfill there.

For years, town leaders have become increasingly confident that Holly Springs is positioned to experience high growth, propelled by the economic engine of Research Triangle Park (RTP). At a distance of 18 mi, Holly Springs is close to RTP.

On April 16, 2011, a large tornado touched down close to the Holly Springs town center, uprooting trees and destroying homes and buildings.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 39.2 km2, of which 0.3 km2, or 0.78%, is covered by water. Neighboring towns include Apex to the north and Fuquay-Varina to the south.

2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, 41,239 people, 11,202 households, and 9,307 families resided in the town.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, 24,661 people, 8,147 households, and 6,706 families lived in the town. In the 2000 census, 9,192 people, 3,316 households, and 2,609 families resided in the town, demonstrating a large rate of growth during the subsequent decade. The population density was 1,633.18 people per square mile. The town had 8,658 housing units in 2010, an increase from only 3,642 housing units in 2000. The racial makeup of the town was 79.8% White, 12.6% African American, 0.4% Native American, 2.9% Asian, 1.8% from other races, and 2.5% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 6.30% of the population.

Of the 8,147 households, 55.5% had children under 18 living with them, 70.1% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.7% were not families. About 14.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.9% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 3.03, and the average family size was 3.38.

In the town, the age distribution was 32.4% under 18, 5.0% from 18 to 24, 45.0% from 25 to 44, 15.9% from 45 to 64, and 4.9% who were 65 or older. The median age was 33.1 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.3 males. The population was 51.4% female and 48.6% male.

The median income for a household in the town was $85,000, and for a family was $92,539. Males had a median income of $66,630 versus $43,326 for females. The per capita income for the town was $31,527. About 2.6% of families and 3.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.7% of those under age 18 and 12.9% of those age 65 or over.

Arts and culture
The Harrington-Dewar House, Holly Springs Masonic Lodge, and Leslie-Alford-Mims House are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. A historic marker was placed at the Norris-Holland-Hare House by the North Carolina Highway Historical Marker Program.

Sports
The Holly Springs Salamanders, founded in 2015, are a collegiate summer baseball team in the Coastal Plain League.

Parks and recreation

Public recreation facilities include:
 * Bass Lake Park
 * Capital Area Greenway
 * Jones Park
 * North Main Athletic Complex
 * Parrish Womble Park
 * Sugg Farm Park
 * W.E. Hunt Recreation Center

Public charter schools

 * Pine Springs Preparatory Academy

Public schools (Wake County Public School System)

 * Holly Grove Elementary School
 * Holly Ridge Elementary School
 * Holly Springs Elementary School
 * Oakview Elementary School
 * Holly Ridge Middle School
 * Holly Grove Middle School
 * Holly Springs High School

Private schools

 * The New School Montessori Center
 * Primrose School at Holly Grove
 * Thales Academy at Holly Springs

Notable people

 * Andrew Capobianco, Olympic diver, won silver medal at the 2020 Summer Olympics
 * Daniel Dhers, professional BMX rider
 * Brad Fritsch, professional golfer
 * C. J. Leslie, professional basketball player
 * Kiara Leslie, WNBA player
 * Cornelia Alice Norris, socialite and genealogist
 * Hoke Norris, journalist and author
 * Carlos Rodón, MLB pitcher
 * Andrew Wantz, MLB pitcher
 * Linda Hunt Williams, member of the North Carolina House of Representatives
 * Susana Žigante, women's soccer player, member of the Croatia women's national team

title: Holly Springs, North Carolina