text:
Lenawee County, Michigan

Lenawee County ( ) is a county located in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 United States Census, the population was 99,423. The county seat is Adrian. The county was created in 1822, from territory partitioned from Monroe County. Its governing structure was organized in 1826.

Lenawee County comprises the Adrian, MI Micropolitan Statistical Area. It is served by the Toledo Media market.

Lenawee County is home to the Potawatomi, Ottawa, Chippewa, Iroquois, Miami, Sauk, Fox, Mascoutens and Huron tribes.

History
The county owes its formation to the 1807 Treaty of Detroit, by which the Ottawa, Ojibwe (called Chippewa by the Americans); Wyandot and Potawatomi nations ceded their claims to the United States of their traditional territories in today's southeast Michigan. However, many leaders of these tribes believed that the treaty was coercive and opposed it. They began to collaborate and organize a confederacy of resistance, led by Chief Tecumseh (Shawnee). They wanted through warfare and alliance with Great Britain to force the US from their territory. This was the period of the US War of 1812 with Great Britain. During this time, the US fought the Battle of Tippecanoe, the Battle of Lake Erie, and the Battle of Thames in this area, against both British and indigenous forces.

The United States won the Battle of the Thames in 1813, defeating the British and their allies. Tecumseh died in the battle and his confederacy dissolved. (He became the namesake for the city of the same name in Lenawee County.) As a result of this defeat, the confederacy leaders agreed to a peace treaty, the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the war with the indigenous peoples. It affirmed US control of the land demarcated in the Treaty of Detroit, comprising much of the future state of Michigan, including what became organized as Lenawee County in the United States.

The US continued efforts to force the tribes from these western territories. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act to authorize the government to relocate Indigenous peoples from territories east of the Mississippi River and move them west, to what became known as Indian Territory (and later Oklahoma). While Indian Removal was directed specifically at Southeast Indian tribes, it was also applied to those further north in the Midwest.

Lenawee County was organized in 1826, after being authorized and described by the Michigan legislature in 1822. It was taken from Monroe County, Michigan.

Etymology
The county's name was a neologism created by Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, a US Indian agent in the region who later became a prominent ethnologist. Married to Jane Johnston, a mixed-race woman of high-rank Ojibwe and Scots ancestry, Schoolcraft gained entry to Ojibwe language and culture through her. He later became a proponent of forced Indigenous assimilation. While working in Michigan, he named several of the newly organized counties in the area, all neologisms. 'Lenawee' is thought to be derived from a misappropriation of an Indigenous word. Scholars debate whether its origins lie in the Lenape language leno or lenno, meaning "male," or the Shawnee lenawai.

Geography
According to the US Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 761 sqmi, of which 750 sqmi is land and 12 sqmi (1.6%) is water. Lenawee County is considered to be part of Southeastern Michigan.

Adjacent counties

 * Jackson County, northwest
 * Washtenaw County, northeast
 * Monroe County, east
 * Lucas County, Ohio, southeast
 * Fulton County, Ohio, southwest
 * Hillsdale County, west

Major highways

Within Lenawee County's townships, north–south roads are referred to as "highways", while east–west roads are referred to as "roads".

Demographics
As of the 2000 United States Census, there were 98,890 people, 35,930 households, and 26,049 families in the county. The population density was 132 /mi2. There were 39,769 housing units at an average density of 53 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 92.51% White, 2.12% Black or African American, 0.41% Native American, 0.46% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 3.01% from other races, and 1.49% from two or more races. 6.96% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Residents identified as being 30.4% of German, 11.6% English, 10.2% American and 9.9% Irish ancestry. Some 94.7% spoke English and 4.2% Spanish as their first language.

There were 35,930 households, out of which 34.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.70% were married couples living together, 10.00% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.50% were non-families. 22.90% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.07.

The county population contained 25.90% under the age of 18, 9.10% from 18 to 24, 28.60% from 25 to 44, 23.70% from 45 to 64, and 12.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 100.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.00 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $45,739, and the median income for a family was $53,661. Males had a median income of $38,458 versus $25,510 for females. The per capita income for the county was $20,186. About 4.40% of families and 6.70% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.10% of those under age 18 and 9.20% of those age 65 or over.

Government and politics
Lenawee County has been reliably Republican in national elections. Since 1884, its voters have selected the Republican Party nominee in 30 of 35 presidential elections.

The county government operates the jail, maintains rural roads, operates the major local courts, records deeds, mortgages, and vital records, administers public health regulations, and participates with the state in the provision of social services. The county board of commissioners controls the budget and has limited authority to make laws or ordinances. In Michigan, most local government functions—police and fire, building and zoning, tax assessment, street maintenance, etc.—are the responsibility of individual cities and townships.

Adrian College and Siena Heights University are located within the county.

Voters in Lenawee County have supported candidates from both political parties in statewide elections, making it a swing county. Tecumseh and Adrian have tended to lean Democrat, while Dover, Madison, and Riga townships have tended to lean Republican.

Lenawee County is located in Michigan's 7th congressional district, which is represented by Tim Walberg, a resident of the county. Walberg previously served as Lenawee's state representative. The district includes all of Lenawee, Jackson, Hillsdale, Branch, and Eaton counties, as well as parts of Calhoun and Washtenaw counties. He defeated incumbent Democrat Mark Schauer. Schauer had defeated Walberg in the 2008 congressional election, after Walberg's first stint in Congress.

Most of Lenawee County is represented in the Michigan House of Representatives by Republican Dale Zorn who represents the 34th District, previously represented by Republican's Bronna Kahle and Nancy Jenkins and preceded successively by brothers Doug and Dudley Spade, both Democrats.

Lenawee is also part of the 30th and 35th districts of the Michigan House of Representatives and is represented by William Bruck and Andrew Fink respectively. Adrian is part of the 16th Senate District, represented by Joe Bellino of Monroe, Michigan

Until the 2014 state senate election, Lenawee County was part of the 16th State Senate District, represented by Republican Bruce Caswell. The district contained all of Lenawee, Hillsdale, and Branch counties.

Elected county officials

 * Prosecuting Attorney: Jacqueline V. Wyse (R)
 * Sheriff: Troy Bevier (R)
 * County Clerk: Roxann Holloway (R)
 * County Treasurer: Erin Van Dyke (R)
 * Register of Deeds: Carolyn S. Bater (R)
 * Drain Commissioner: Jennifer Escott (R)
 * County Surveyor: Kevin Pickford (R)

Current as of September 21, 2023

County Commission

 * District 1: David Stimpson (R)
 * District 2: Dustin Krasny (R), commission vice-chair
 * District 3: Nancy Jenkins-Arno (R)
 * District 4: Dawn Bales (R)
 * District 5: Karol "Kz" Bolton (D)
 * District 6: Terry Collins (R)
 * District 7: Kevon Martis (R)
 * District 8: Ralph Tillotson (R)
 * District 9: Jim Van Doren (R), commission chair

Current as of January 7, 2023

County

 * Lenawee County Sheriff's Office

City/Village

 * Adrian City Police
 * Blissfield Police
 * Clinton Police
 * Hudson Police
 * Morenci Police
 * Tecumseh Police

Township

 * Adrian Township Police
 * Cambridge Township Police
 * Columbia Township Police
 * Madison Township Police
 * Raisin Township Police

Special

 * Adrian & Blissfield Railroad Police

Cities

 * Adrian (county seat)
 * Hudson
 * Morenci
 * Tecumseh

Villages

 * Addison
 * Blissfield
 * Britton
 * Cement City (partial)
 * Clayton
 * Clinton
 * Deerfield
 * Onsted

Charter townships

 * Adrian Charter Township
 * Madison Charter Township
 * Raisin Charter Township

Civil townships

 * Blissfield Township
 * Cambridge Township
 * Clinton Township
 * Deerfield Township
 * Dover Township
 * Fairfield Township
 * Franklin Township
 * Hudson Township
 * Macon Township
 * Medina Township
 * Ogden Township
 * Palmyra Township
 * Ridgeway Township
 * Riga Township
 * Rollin Township
 * Rome Township
 * Seneca Township
 * Tecumseh Township
 * Woodstock Township

Census-designated places

 * Jasper (called Fairfield before 1874)
 * Manitou Beach–Devils Lake

Other unincorporated communities

 * Birdsall
 * Cadmus
 * Canandaigua
 * Dover
 * East Ogden
 * East Raisin
 * Evans Lake
 * Fairfield
 * Geneva
 * Gorman
 * Ridgeville
 * Ridgeway
 * Riga
 * Springville
 * Tipton
 * Weston
 * Sand Creek

title: Lenawee County, Michigan


text:
Leelanau County, Michigan

Leelanau County is a county located in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 census, the population was 22,301. Since 2008, the county seat has been located within Suttons Bay Township, one mile east of the unincorporated village of Lake Leelanau. Before 2008, Leelanau County's seat was Leland. Leelanau County is included in the Traverse City metropolitan area of Northern Michigan. The largest settlement in Leelanau County by population is Greilickville, itself a suburb of Traverse City.

Leelanau County is coterminous with the Leelanau Peninsula, a roughly triangular-shaped peninsula that extends about 30 mi off of Michigan's Lower Peninsula into Lake Michigan. East of Leelanau County is Grand Traverse Bay, a bay of Lake Michigan.

In 2011, the Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, located in the county, won the title of "Most Beautiful Place in America" in a poll by morning news show Good Morning America.

Etymology

Traditionally, the county's name was said to be a Native American word meaning "delight of life", but it is a neologism from Indian agent and ethnographer Henry Schoolcraft, who sometimes gave the name "Leelinau" to Native American women in his tales. He created many faux Indian place names in Michigan, using syllables of Ojibwe, Latin and Arabic, neglecting the fact that the Ojibwa language lacks any of the phonemes associated with the letter 'L' in English.

More recently, however, scholars have established that Leelinau was first used as a pen name by Henry's wife, Jane Johnston Schoolcraft, in writings for The Literary Voyager, a family magazine which they co-wrote in the 1820s. Jane Johnston was of Ojibwa and Scots-Irish descent, and wrote in Ojibwe and English. While her writing was not published formally in her lifetime (except as Schoolcraft appropriated it under his own name), Jane Johnston Schoolcraft has been recognized as "the first Native American literary writer, the first known Indian woman writer, the first known Indian poet, the first known poet to write poems in a Native American language, and the first known American Indian to write out traditional Indian stories. In 2008 Jane Johnston Schoolcraft was inducted into the Michigan Women's Hall of Fame.

History
Leelanau County was separated as an unorganized county in 1840 by the Michigan Legislature. In 1851, it was attached the Grand Traverse County for governmental purposes, and was temporarily given the name "Leelanau Township". In 1863, Leelanau County was organized in its own right. The same year, the southern portion of Leelanau County was separated as Benzie County, and was subsequently attached to Grand Traverse County until 1869.

Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore was established in 1970, protecting much of the natural scenery of the area at the federal level.

In 2008, the county seat moved from Leland to a site in Suttons Bay Township, near the town of Lake Leelanau.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 2532 sqmi, of which 347 sqmi is land and 2185 sqmi (86%) is water.

Leelanau County comprises the entire Leelanau Peninsula, a roughly triangular peninsula that extends about 30 mi from the western side of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan into Lake Michigan. The peninsula forms the western shore of the Grand Traverse Bay. At its base, the peninsula is about 20 mi wide. Leelanau County is one of a handful of counties in the United States that is entirely peninsular, a list also including Huron and Keweenaw counties elsewhere in Michigan, nearby Door County in Wisconsin, and San Francisco in California.

The county has the second-highest proportion of water area of any county in the United States, behind only Keweenaw County, Michigan. Lake Leelanau is the county's largest body of inland water, empties into Lake Michigan through the Leland River. Glen Lake, located within the boundaries of Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, is considered one of the most beautiful lakes in the world. A substantial portion of Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore lies within the county's borders, including North Manitou and South Manitou Islands. Leelanau has been party to substantial efforts to protect itself from growth, and to foster a nature conservancy.

Extreme southeastern Leelanau County, specifically portions of Elmwood Township, are urbanized due to their proximity to Traverse City, which itself extends partially into the county. Traverse City is the largest city in Northern Michigan by population.

Adjacent counties
By land

 * Grand Traverse County (southeast)
 * Benzie County (southwest)

By water
 * Schoolcraft County (north)
 * Charlevoix County (northeast)
 * Antrim County (east)
 * Door County, Wisconsin (west, Central Time Zone border)
 * Delta County (northwest)

Cities

 * Traverse City (partially)

Villages

 * Empire
 * Northport
 * Suttons Bay

Charter township

 * Elmwood Charter Township

Civil townships

 * Bingham Township
 * Centerville Township
 * Cleveland Township
 * Empire Township
 * Glen Arbor Township
 * Kasson Township
 * Leelanau Township
 * Leland Township
 * Solon Township
 * Suttons Bay Township (county seat)

Census-designated places

 * Cedar
 * Glen Arbor
 * Greilickville
 * Lake Leelanau
 * Leland
 * Maple City
 * Omena

Unincorporated communities

 * Bingham
 * Burdickville
 * Fouch
 * Fountain Point
 * Glen Haven
 * Isadore
 * Keswick
 * Northport Point
 * Peshawbestown
 * Solon

Ghost towns

 * Ahgosatown
 * Bodus
 * Crescent
 * Crystal Spring
 * Good Harbor
 * Hatchs
 * Heimforth
 * Jacktown
 * Kasson
 * North Unity
 * Onominese
 * Oviatt
 * Port Oneida
 * Schomberg
 * Waukazooville

Indian reservation

 * Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians occupies scattered areas within Suttons Bay Township.

Demographics
As of the 2000 United States census, there were 21,119 people, 8,436 households, and 6,217 families residing in the county. By the 2020 census, there were 22,301 people in the county.

Culture
There are 26 wineries on the peninsula. The Leelanau Peninsula sits astride the 45th parallel, a latitude known for growing prestigious grapes. The two Grand Traverse Bays provide the ideal maritime climate, and the rich soil does the rest. Northern Michigan specializes in growing white grapes, and is known for its Rieslings, which grow well in the summer months and late fall. The local wineries host an annual harvest fest in October. Some Riesling grapes are spared being picked in the fall, to be picked instead when they freeze, from which ice wine is made. These wineries are in the Leelanau Peninsula AVA.

Government
Leelanau County has been reliably Republican since its organization, but appears to be becoming more Democratic. Since 1884, the Republican Party nominee has carried the county vote in 30 of 35 national elections through 2020. However, in 2020 the county voted for Joe Biden, after it voted for Donald Trump in the 2016 election.

Leelanau County operates the county jail, maintains rural roads, operates the major local courts, records deeds, mortgages, and vital records, administers public health regulations, and participates with the state in the provision of social services. The county board of commissioners controls the budget and has limited authority to make laws or ordinances. In Michigan, most local government functions – police and fire, building and zoning, tax assessment, street maintenance etc. – are the responsibility of individual cities and townships.

Elected officials

 * Prosecuting Attorney – Joseph T. Hubbell
 * Probate Judge – Marian Kromkowski
 * Sheriff – Michael Borkovich
 * County Clerk – Michelle L. Crocker
 * County Treasurer – John A. Gallagher
 * Register of Deeds – Dorothy M. Miller
 * Drain Commissioner – Steven R. Christensen
 * Commissioner Dist. 1 – Jamie Kramer
 * Commissioner Dist. 2 – James O'Rourke
 * Commissioner Dist. 3 – Doug Rexroat
 * Commissioner Dist. 4 – Ty Wessell
 * Commissioner Dist. 5 – Kama Ross
 * Commissioner Dist. 6 – Gwenne Allgaier
 * Commissioner Dist. 7 – Melinda Lautner

(information as of September 2018)

Education
The Northwest Educational Services, based in Traverse City, services the students in the county along with those of Antrim, Benzie, Grand Traverse, and Kalkaska. The intermediate school district offers regional special education services, early education and English learner programs, and technical career pathways for students of its districts.

Leelanau County is served by the following regular public school districts:

 * Glen Lake Community Schools
 * Leland Public School District
 * Northport Public School District
 * Suttons Bay Public Schools
 * Traverse City Area Public Schools

The county also has the following independent charter districts:

 * Leelanau Montessori Public School Academy

Leelanau County has the following private schools:

 * St. Mary School (Roman Catholic)
 * The Leelanau School (nonsectarian, boarding)
 * The Pathfinder School (nonsectarian)

Major highways
Additionally, another highway, M-209, ran from M-109 to the Coast Guard Life Saving Station in Glen Haven. Until it was decommissioned in 1995, it was Michigan's shortest highway.
 * is a highway that follows the shoreline of Lake Michigan. The highway enters Leelanau County from the southwest near Empire, and runs northeasterly through the communities of Glen Arbor and Leland before reaching Northport. At Northport, M-22 turns back southward, and runs through Omena, Suttons Bay, and Greilickville before exiting into Traverse City. The highway reaches its terminus at US 31/M-37 about 0.5 mi southeast of the Leelanau County line.
 * is an east–west highway that follows the base of the Leelanau Peninsula. The highway begins at M-22 in Empire, and continues easterly across the southern tier of the county for about 22 mi before reaching M-22 again in Traverse City. The highway continues southeast into Grand Traverse County, and runs across the Lower Peninsula before terminating in Harrisville, on Lake Huron.
 * is a highway in the northwestern part of the county. The highway begins at M-22 north of Empire, and continues north along the west side of Glen Lake. South of Glen Haven, the route turns east, and enters Glen Arbor, where it terminates once more at M-22.
 * is a short highway in the north of the county. The route begins at M-22 south of Northport, and runs north into the village. The highway terminates immediately north of the village, and connects with various county roads that can be used to access Leelanau State Park and the Grand Traverse Light.
 * is a highway that serves as an east–west connector about halfway up the peninsula. The highway begins at M-22 south of Leland, and continues east into the community of Lake Leelanau. The highway passes the Leelanau County Governmental Center before terminating once more at M-22 in Suttons Bay.

Bicycle route

 * enters Leelanau County from the southwest, and follows M-22 and M-109 up the west side of the Leelanau Peninsula. The route then turns east along M-204, then south again along M-22 in Suttons Bay. The route then follows the Leelanau Trail south into Grand Traverse County.

Air service
The nearest airport with commercial service to Leelanau County is Cherry Capital Airport in Traverse City. Leelanau County is home to a number of local airstrips, including Woolsey Memorial Airport.

Notable people

 * Jim Harrison – author, long-time resident of Leland Township
 * Kathleen Sebelius – former Secretary of US Health and Human Services and former governor of Kansas; vacations at a summer home built by her grandfather in Leland
 * The northernmost village of Northport and surrounding Leelanau Township have achieved fame as an area where the rich and famous can live quietly and anonymously. According to the Leelanau Visitors Guide: "Chef Mario Batali lives north of town at Cathead point, and comedian and actor Tim Allen routinely spent summers in Northport until his divorce. Financier Mark Spitznagel summers in Northport Point, a posh community just outside the village."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Leelanau County, Michigan


text:
Lapeer County, Michigan

Lapeer County ( ) is a county located in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 Census, the population was 88,619. The county seat is Lapeer. The county was created on September 18, 1822, and was fully organized on February 2, 1835. The name is a corruption of the French la pierre, which means "the stone". Lapeer County is located north of Detroit and east of Flint.

History
Lapeer County was part of New France from 1534. As New France gained in population, this area was considered part of the Pays d'en Haut (upper countries) dependency of the Colony of Canada, from its formation as a department of New France in 1712. In 1763 England took possession of all French territory in North America east of the Mississippi River after winning the Seven Years' War. It renamed the colony and its dependencies as the Province of Quebec. France and England had controlled trading with First Nations in this area by establishing forts as a place for gathering and trading, and to settle disputes and enforce laws. They used the ancient overland and waterborne trade routes of the First Nations, while providing superior tools and weapons in exchange for valuable furs.

Following the American Revolution, Great Britain ceded portions of the Province of Quebec to the newly independent United States of America. By an ordinance of the Congress of the United States passed on July 13, 1787, under the Articles of Confederation, the whole of the territory of the United States lying northwest of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River, though still occupied by the British, was organized as the Northwest Territory. The area that is now Lapeer County used to be a part of the County of Wayne, named in the honor of General Anthony Wayne. This original Wayne County was created on August 11, 1796; very large, it included all of the lower peninsula of Michigan, parts of Northern Ohio and Indiana, and also portions of Wisconsin and Illinois. As population increased in the area, new counties were organized in this territory.

What is now Lapeer County, on May 7, 1800, was considered part of the Territory of Indiana, which included all of the lower peninsula of Michigan. After Ohio and Indiana became states, the Territory of Michigan was formed. In 1807 local Indian tribes: the Ottawa, Ojibwa (Chippewa), Wyandot and Potawatomi, ceded the land of Southeast Michigan to the United States in the Treaty of Detroit. They had been under pressure for some time, especially as they had been allied with the British in the Revolutionary War. They were encouraged to move west out of the area, but some remained in Michigan.

In January 1820, the County of Oakland was formed. On September 18, 1822, Governor Lewis Cass set Lapeer County's boundaries, although it remained a part of Oakland County until it was organized. Lapeer County officially became a county on February 2, 1835. The first recorded elections for county officers, with 520 people voting, occurred in 1837.

The first European-American settler in Lapeer was Alvin N. Hart, who was born in Cornwall, Connecticut on February 11, 1804. He came to Lapeer in 1831 and platted the Village of Lapeer on November 8, 1833. The plat was registered in Pontiac, December 14, 1833, in Oakland County's Associate Judge Bagley's court. Alvin Hart became a state senator in 1843, representing Lapeer, Oakland, Genesee, Shiawassee, Tuscola, Saginaw counties and the entire Upper Peninsula. He was instrumental in having the state capital moved from Detroit to Lansing.

On March 9, 1843, a column of townships was removed from westernmost Lapeer County and annexed to Genesee County. From north to south, the townships were Forest, Richfield, Davison and Atlas.

Lumber was the principal industry of the Lapeer County area from the 1830s until 1870. Lumber was in demand with development throughout the Midwest. In addition there was the expectation that clearing much of the county's forests would attract farmers as settlers. Lapeer's economy shifted to become primarily agriculturally based.

On October 26, 2010, Lapeer became a founding member of the Karegnondi Water Authority.

Historical markers
Fifteen historical markers have been installed throughout Lapeer County commemorating sites and structures of interest:
 * Columbiaville Depot
 * Currier House (Almont)
 * Dryden Depot
 * General Squier Memorial Park (Dryden Township)
 * Grand Trunk Western Railroad Depot / Imlay City
 * Grettenberger Field (Imlay City)
 * Henry Stephens Memorial Library (Almont)
 * Ladies Library Hall (Dryden)
 * Lapeer County (at Lapeer County Courthouse)
 * Lapeer Public Library
 * Pioneer Bank (North Branch)
 * St. Patrick's Church (Clifford)
 * Tuttle House (Lapeer)
 * United Methodist Church (Columbiaville)
 * William Peter Mansion (Columbiaville)

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 663 sqmi, of which 643 sqmi is land and 20 sqmi (3.0%) is water. Lapeer County's geography is very similar to Oakland County, except Lapeer County is more rural. Lapeer is one of the five counties that form the peninsula projecting into Lake Huron known as The Thumb, which in turn is a sub-region of Mid Michigan.

The headwaters of the Flint River are in Columbiaville. It flows through the county toward Genesee. The City of Lapeer straddles it course.

Major highways

 * runs east and west through the county
 * runs north and south through the western part of the county, including the city of Lapeer
 * runs north and south through the eastern part of the county, including Imlay City
 * runs east and west through the county, including the city of North Branch

Adjacent counties

 * Sanilac County (northeast)
 * Tuscola County (northwest)
 * St. Clair County (east)
 * Genesee County (west)
 * Macomb County (southeast)
 * Oakland County (southwest)

Demographics
As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 88,319 people living in the county. 95.5% were White, 1.0% Black or African American, 0.5% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 1.2% of some other race and 1.4% of two or more races. 4.1% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race). 23.9% were of German, 10.9% English, 10.4% Irish, 8.6% Polish, 7.3% American and 5.2% French, French Canadian or Cajun ancestry.

As of the census of 2000, there were 87,904 people, 30,729 households, and 23,876 families living in the county. The population density was 134 PD/sqmi. There were 32,732 housing units at an average density of 50 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 96.17% White, 0.82% Black or African American, 0.38% Native American, 0.39% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 1.07% from other races, and 1.16% from two or more races. 3.11% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 24.2% were of German, 11.8% English, 9.7% American, 9.6% Irish and 9.4% Polish ancestry, 95.9% spoke English and 2.6% Spanish as their first language.

In 2000, there were 30,729 households, of which 38.30% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.70% were married couples living together, 8.10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.30% were non-families. 18.50% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.80 and the average family size was 3.19.

The county's population was spread out in terms of age, with 28.00% under the age of 18, 7.70% from 18 to 24, 31.00% from 25 to 44, 23.80% from 45 to 64, and 9.60% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.10 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $51,717, and the median income for a family was $57,817. Males had a median income of $47,506 versus $26,385 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,462. About 3.80% of families and 5.40% of the population lived below the poverty line, including 5.70% of those under age 18 and 7.50% of those age 65 or over.

Government
The county government operates the jail, maintains rural roads, operates the major local courts, keeps files of deeds and mortgages, maintains vital records, administers public health regulations, runs county parks, and participates with the state in the provision of welfare and other social services. The county board of commissioners controls the budget but has only limited authority to make laws or ordinances. In Michigan, most local government functions — police and fire, building and zoning, tax assessment, street maintenance, etc. — are the responsibility of individual cities, villages, and townships.

Elected officials (2022)

 * Prosecuting Attorney: John Miller
 * Sheriff: Scott McKenna
 * County Clerk: Theresa M. Spencer
 * County Treasurer: Dana M. Miller
 * Register of Deeds: Lori Gebhardt
 * Drain Commissioner: Joseph E. Suma
 * County Surveyor: Richard A. Duthler, P.S.

Board of Commissioners
7 members, elected from districts (1 Democrat, 6 Republicans)

Cities

 * Brown City (mostly in Sanilac County)
 * Imlay City
 * Lapeer (county seat)

Villages

 * Almont
 * Clifford
 * Columbiaville
 * Dryden
 * Metamora
 * North Branch
 * Otter Lake (partly in Genesee County)

Civil townships

 * Almont Township
 * Arcadia Township
 * Attica Township
 * Burlington Township
 * Burnside Township
 * Deerfield Township
 * Dryden Township
 * Elba Township
 * Goodland Township
 * Hadley Township
 * Imlay Township
 * Lapeer Township
 * Marathon Township
 * Mayfield Township
 * Metamora Township
 * North Branch Township
 * Oregon Township
 * Rich Township

Census-designated places

 * Attica
 * Barnes Lake
 * Barnes Lake–Millers Lake (former)
 * Millers Lake

Other unincorporated communities

 * Burnside
 * Elba
 * Farmers Creek
 * Five Lakes
 * Goodland
 * Hadley
 * Hunters Creek
 * Kerr Hill
 * Kings Mill
 * Lum
 * Silverwood
 * Thornville

title: Lapeer County, Michigan


text:
Lake County, Michigan

Lake County (formerly known as Aischum County) is a county located in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 Census, the population was 12,096. The county seat is Baldwin.

History
The county was created by the Michigan Legislature in 1840 as Aishcum County, then renamed Lake County in 1843, for its many lakes. It was administered by a succession of other Michigan counties prior to the organization of county government in 1871.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 574 sqmi, of which 567 sqmi is land and 6.9 sqmi (1.2%) is water.

State trunkline highways

 * enters from Mason County; goes through Baldwin; continues east into Osceola County
 * enters Lake County from Newaygo County; passes through Baldwin; continues north to Wexford County

National Protected Area

 * Manistee National Forest (part)

Adjacent counties

 * Osceola County (east)
 * Oceana County (southwest)
 * Wexford County (northeast)
 * Mason County (west)
 * Manistee County (northwest)
 * Newaygo County (south)
 * Mecosta County (southeast)

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 11,333 people, 4,704 households, and 3,052 families residing in the county. The population density was 20 /mi2. There were 13,498 housing units at an average density of 24 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 84.66% White, 11.17% Black or African American, 1.01% Native American, 0.15% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.57% from other races, and 2.40% from two or more races. 1.69% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 20.2% were of English ancestry, 20.0% were of German ancestry, 8.4% were of Irish ancestry, and 6.1% were of Dutch ancestry. 97.5% spoke English and 1.3% Spanish as their first language.

There were 4,704 households, out of which 23.00% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.40% were married couples living together, 8.70% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.10% were non-families. 29.60% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.79.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 21.90% under the age of 18, 8.00% from 18 to 24, 22.70% from 25 to 44, 27.60% from 45 to 64, and 19.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females there were 109.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107.60 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $26,622, and the median income for a family was $32,086. Males had a median income of $30,124 versus $21,886 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,457. About 14.70% of families and 19.40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.30% of those under age 18 and 12.00% of those age 65 or over. 24/7 Wall St. reported that Lake County is the poorest county in Michigan.

Government
The county government operates the jail, maintains rural roads, operates the major local courts, keeps files of deeds and mortgages, maintains vital records, administers public health regulations, and participates with the state in the provision of welfare and other social services. The county board of commissioners controls the budget but has only limited authority to make laws or ordinances. In Michigan, most local government functions — police and fire, building and zoning, tax assessment, street maintenance, etc. — are the responsibility of individual cities and townships.

Elected officials

 * Chief Trial Court Judge: David M. Glancy
 * Prosecuting Attorney: Craig Cooper
 * Sheriff: Richard L. Martin
 * County Clerk/Register of Deeds: Patti Pacola
 * County Treasurer: Kellie Allen
 * County Surveyor: Patrick Johnson

(information as of December 2016)

Communities

Villages

 * Baldwin (county seat)
 * Luther

Civil townships

 * Chase Township
 * Cherry Valley Township
 * Dover Township
 * Eden Township
 * Elk Township
 * Ellsworth Township
 * Lake Township
 * Newkirk Township
 * Peacock Township
 * Pinora Township
 * Pleasant Plains Township
 * Sauble Township
 * Sweetwater Township
 * Webber Township
 * Yates Township

Other unincorporated communities

 * Branch (partially)
 * Chase
 * Idlewild
 * Irons
 * Peacock
 * Sauble
 * Wolf Lake

Education
The West Shore Educational Service District, based in Ludington, services the districts in the county along with those of Mason and Oceana counties. The intermediate school district offers regional special education and general education services, as well as technical career programs for its students.

Lake County is served by the one regular public school district, Baldwin Community Schools.

title: Lake County, Michigan


text:
Keweenaw County, Michigan

Keweenaw County is a county in the western Upper Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 census, the county's population was 2,046, making it Michigan's least populous county. It is also the state's largest county by total area, including the waters of Lake Superior, as well as the state's northernmost county. The county seat is Eagle River.

Located at the northeastern end of the Keweenaw Peninsula, Keweenaw County is part of the Houghton, Michigan micropolitan area. Keweenaw County contains two National Park Service units: Isle Royale National Park and Keweenaw National Historical Park. The county is part of Michigan's Copper Country region, an area where copper mining was prevalent from the 1840s to the 1960s.

History
The county was set off and organized in 1861. It is believed "Keweenaw" is a corruption of an Ojibwe word that means "portage" or "place where portage is made"; compare the names of the nearby Portage Lake and Portage River which together make up the Keweenaw Waterway.

Geography
Two land masses comprise most of the land portion of the county: Isle Royale and the northeastern half of the Keweenaw Peninsula. The county also includes the waters of Lake Superior between the two, extending to the state's water borders with Ontario and Minnesota. It is thus the largest county in Michigan by total area, at 5966 sqmi, of which just 540 sqmi is land and 5426 sqmi (91%) is water. Of all counties (or equivalents) in the United States, Keweenaw County has the highest proportion of water area to total area.

The largest lake entirely within the county is Gratiot Lake at 1438 acre, located at the base of the county's two highest peaks: Mt. Horace Greeley at 1550 ft and Mt. Gratiot at 1490 ft. Other lakes include Lac La Belle near Bete Grise Bay, Lake Medora, Lake Fanny Hooe near Copper Harbor, Lake Bailey at the base of Mt. Baldy, and Schlatter Lake at the tip of the peninsula.

By land, one can only access mainland Keweenaw County via Houghton County.

National protected area

 * Isle Royale National Park
 * Keweenaw National Historical Park (part)

Major highways

 * runs northeast–southwest through the upper center part of the mainland portion of the county. It enters the southern area of the county at Bumbletown passes Phoenix, Delaware, Mandan, Copper Harbor and terminates north of Lake Fanny Hooe.
 * loops from Phoenix to the shoreline of Lake Superior, then runs northeasterly along the shoreline to the intersection with US 41 at Copper Harbor.

Adjacent counties and district
Keweenaw County is the only county in Michigan to connect to the U.S. state of Minnesota via ferry service from Grand Portage to Windigo and Rock Harbor on Isle Royale.

By land

 * Houghton County, south

By water

 * Thunder Bay District, Ontario, Canada, north
 * Alger County, east
 * Marquette County, southeast
 * Ontonagon County, southwest
 * Cook County, Minnesota, northwest

Village

 * Ahmeek

Census-designated places

 * Copper Harbor
 * Fulton
 * Eagle Harbor
 * Eagle River (county seat)
 * Mohawk

Civil townships

 * Allouez Township
 * Eagle Harbor Township
 * Grant Township
 * Houghton Township
 * Sherman Township

Defunct townships

 * Copper Harbor Township
 * Sibley Township

Other unincorporated communities

 * Allouez
 * Bete Grise
 * Betsy
 * Bumbletown
 * Central
 * Copper Falls
 * Delaware
 * Eagle Nest
 * Gay
 * Hebards
 * Lac La Belle
 * Mandan
 * Nepco Camp Number 7
 * Ojibway
 * Phoenix
 * Rock Harbor Lodge
 * Seneca
 * Snowshoe
 * Traverse
 * Vaughnsville
 * Windigo
 * Wyoming

Ghost towns

 * Clifton

Demographics
The 2010 United States census indicated Keweenaw County had a population of 2,156. This decrease of 145 people from the 2000 United States census represents a -6.3% change in population. In 2010 there were 1,013 households and 614 families in the county. The population density was 4 /mi2. There were 2,467 housing units at an average density of 4 /mi2. At the 2020 census, its population was 2,046.

At the 2010 census, 98.5% of the population were White, 0.1% Black or African American, 0.1% Native American and 1.2% of two or more races; a total of 0.7% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race); of them, 8.8% were of Finnish, 14.0% German, 9.0% English, 6.6% French, French Canadian or Cajun and 5.7% Irish ancestry. According to the 2022 census estimates, its racial and ethnic makeup was 97% non-Hispanic white, 0.3% Black or African American, 0.5% Native American, 0.2% Asian American, 2% multiracial, and 1.5% Hispanic or Latino of any race.

Through a 2020 survey by the Association of Religion Data Archives, Keweenaw County's religious population was predominantly Christian with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America as the largest Christian group for the area. Following, the Roman Catholic Church was the second-largest Christian group in the county.

Politics
Keweenaw County was solidly Republican after the American Civil War, and until the Franklin Delano Roosevelt era. In 1900, 1904 and 1908 it stood as the nation most Republican county. In his last election of 1944, Roosevelt became the first Democrat to win the county since Horatio Seymour in 1868. However, from 1964 to 1996 Keweenaw voted Democratic in every election except 1972 and 1980, thus standing as one of only six counties nationwide to support both Alf Landon and Walter Mondale, who suffered the two worst electoral vote losses since 1824. Since 2000, the county has become solidly Republican again.

Government
The county government operates the jail, maintains rural roads, operates the major local courts, records deeds, mortgages, and vital records, administers public health regulations, and participates with the state in the provision of social services. The county board of commissioners controls the budget and has limited authority to make laws or ordinances. In Michigan, most local government functions—police and fire, building and zoning, tax assessment, street maintenance, etc.—are the responsibility of individual cities and townships. The Keweenaw County Courthouse and Sheriff's Residence and Jail in Eagle River faces Lake Superior. The courthouse was built in 1866, followed by the sheriff's residence and jail in 1886, and then remodeled in 1925. In her book Buildings of Michigan, Eckert writes:
 * "Like a meetinghouse on a New England public square, and enclosed by a 3 ft high public wall on the east and south sides, ...transformed in 1925 into its present stark white classical appearance. The courthouse for this sparsely populated remote county is remarkable in its formality...These include the giant Doric columns with fillets and bases, a pediment forming a projecting portico, a modillioned cornice, and pedimented side dormers."

The courthouse still preserves its original appearance.

Sparsely-populated Keweenaw County was a mining center in the latter 19th century but in the 20th century turned into a resort community. Because of this trend, Keweenaw County is also the only county in Michigan to have a lower population in the year 2000 than in 1900.

Elected officials

 * Probate Judge: Keith DeForge
 * Prosecuting Attorney: Charles (Chuck) Miller
 * Sheriff: Curt Pennala
 * County Clerk/Register of Deeds: Julie Carlson
 * County Treasurer: Eric Hermanson
 * Mine Inspector: John Cima

(information as of January 2021)

title: Keweenaw County, Michigan


text:
Kent County, Michigan

Kent County is located in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 Census, the county had a population of 657,974, making it the fourth most populous county in Michigan, and the largest outside of the Detroit area. Its county seat is Grand Rapids. The county was set off in 1831, and organized in 1836. It is named for New York jurist and legal scholar James Kent, who represented the Michigan Territory in its dispute with Ohio over the Toledo Strip.

Kent County is part of the Grand Rapids–Kentwood Metropolitan Statistical Area and is West Michigan's economic and manufacturing center. It is home of the Frederik Meijer Gardens, a significant cultural landmark of the Midwest. The Gerald R. Ford International Airport is the county's primary location for regional and international airline traffic.

History
The Grand River runs through the county. On its west bank are burial mounds, remnants of the Hopewell Indians who lived there. In the 18th century the Odawa migrated to this area and established multiple villages along the Grand River valley. By the 19th century there were estimated to be over 1000 Odawa. The fur trade became an important industry in the valley during the early 19th century. After the War of 1812, Rix Robinson and Louis Campau were the earliest traders in the area. In 1826, Campau established a trading post in Grand Rapids. In 1831, he bought land and platted the town. Campau is considered the town's "father". One year later, government surveyor Lucius Lyon purchased land north of Campau's property. Campau surveyed and platted the village following Native American trails and Lyon had platted his property in an English grid format, which meant there were two adjoining villages, with different platting formats. Campau later merged the villages under the name of Grand Rapids.

In 1831, it was set off from Kalamazoo County. In 1838, Grand Rapids was incorporated as the county's first village. By the end of the century, stimulated by the construction of several sawmills, the area was a significant center for agriculture, logging, and manufacturing furniture.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 872 sqmi, of which 847 sqmi is land and 25 sqmi (2.9%) is water. Kent County's highest point is Fisk Knob Park, in Solon Township, at 1048 feet.

Rivers

 * Grand River, flows through the county from its eastern border to the west, and after passing through Ottawa County, empties into Lake Michigan at Grand Haven. It has three tributaries in Kent County, listed in order of convergence:
 * Flat River, enters the county from the east, and joins the Grand from the north, in Lowell.
 * Thornapple River, enters the county from the south, and joins the Grand in Ada.
 * Rogue River, enters the county from the north, and joins the Grand in Belmont.

Trails
These hiking and biking trails run through the county:
 * North Country Trail, runs north–south the length of the county, passing through Cedar Springs, Grattan and Lowell. Lowell is the trail's half-way point, and the national headquarters of the North Country Trail Association is located here.
 * Thornapple Trail, begins in Kentwood and runs southeast through Dutton and Caledonia.
 * White Pine Trail begins in Comstock Park and runs northeast through Belmont, Rockford, Cedar Springs, and Sand Lake.
 * Kent Trails (which is singular in spite of the 's') runs north–south from John Ball Park in Grand Rapids to 84th Street in Byron Township, with an extension that runs east/west along 76th Street and north–south from 76th Street to Douglas Walker Park on 84th street.
 * The Frederik Meijer Trail, which, as of November 2008, was incomplete, runs east/west mostly along the M-6 freeway and will connect the Kent Trails and the Thornapple Trail when completed.
 * Cannon Township Trail runs through Cannon Township in the eastern part of the county from Cannon Township Center on M-44. It runs along M-44 then south near Sunfish Lake Road, turning east through the Cannonsburg Cemetery, and ends at Warren Townsend Park near Cannonsburg.

Adjacent counties

 * Newaygo County - north
 * Montcalm County - northeast
 * Muskegon County - northwest
 * Ionia County - east
 * Ottawa County - west
 * Allegan County - southwest
 * Barry County - southeast

Demographics
As of the 2020 United States Census, there were 657,977 people living in the county. 72.3% were non-Hispanic White, 10.8% Black or African American, 3.5% Asian, 0.7% Native American, and 3.3% of two or more races. 11.3% were Hispanic or Latino.

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 602,622 people living in the county. 76.1% were non-Hispanic White, 10.2% Black or African American, 2.4% Asian, 0.7% Native American, 4.5% of some other race and 2.6% of two or more races. 9.7% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race).

As of the census of 2000, there were 574,335 people, 212,890 households, and 144,126 families living in the county. The current estimated population is 604,323. The population density was 671 PD/sqmi. There were 224,000 housing units at an average density of 262 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the county was 83.13% White, 8.93% Black or African American, 0.52% Native American, 1.86% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 3.34% from other races, and 2.16% from two or more races. 7.00% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

19.6% reported being of Dutch ancestry; 14.9% German, 13.1% English, 7.4% Irish, 7.1% Polish and 5.5% American ancestry according to the 2010 American Community Survey. 90.0% spoke only English at home, while 6.0% spoke Spanish.

There were 212,890 households, out of which 35.80% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.30% were married couples living together, 11.60% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.30% were non-families. 25.60% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.20.

The age distribution of the county was as follows: 28.30% were under the age of 18, 10.50% from 18 to 24, 31.20% from 25 to 44, 19.70% from 45 to 64, and 10.40% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.70 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $45,980, and the median income for a family was $54,770. Males had a median income of $39,878 versus $27,364 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,629. 8.90% of the population and 6.30% of families were below the poverty line. 10.20% of the population under the age of 18 and 7.50% of those 65 or older were living in poverty.

Air service
Commercial air service to Grand Rapids is provided by Gerald R. Ford International Airport (GRR). Previously named Kent County International Airport, it holds Grand Rapids' mark in modern history with the United States' first regularly scheduled airline service, beginning July 31, 1926, between Grand Rapids and Detroit at the former location.

Bus service
Public bus transportation is provided by the Interurban Transit Partnership, which brands itself as "The Rapid." Transportation is also provided by the DASH buses: the "Downtown Area Shuttle." These provide transportation to and from the parking lots in the city of Grand Rapids to various designated loading and unloading spots around the city.

Railroad
Amtrak provides direct train service to Chicago from the passenger station via the Pere Marquette line. Freight service is provided by CN, CSX Transportation, and by a local short-line railroad, the Grand Rapids Eastern Railroad.

Highways

 * (concurrent with US 131)
 * (concurrent with US 131)
 * (concurrent with US 131)

Economy
These corporations are headquartered in Kent County, in the following communities:
 * Acrisure, Grand Rapids
 * Amway, Ada
 * American Seating, Grand Rapids
 * Bissell Homecare, Walker
 * Buell Motorcycle Company, Cascade Township
 * Gill Industries, Grand Rapids
 * Gilson Graphics, Grand Rapids
 * Gordon Food Service, Wyoming
 * Founders Brewing Company, Grand Rapids
 * Hart & Cooley, Grand Rapids
 * Meijer, Walker
 * Old Orchard, Sparta
 * Perrigo, Grand Rapids
 * Pridgeon & Clay, Grand Rapids
 * Spartan Stores, Byron Township
 * Steelcase, Grand Rapids
 * Universal Forest Products, Grand Rapids Township
 * Wolverine Worldwide, Rockford
 * X-Rite, Kentwood
 * Zondervan, Cascade Township

Government
The county government operates the jail, maintains rural roads, operates the major local courts, keeps files of deeds and mortgages, maintains vital records, administers public health regulations, and participates with the state in the provision of welfare and other social services. The county board of commissioners controls the budget but has only limited authority to make laws or ordinances. In Michigan, most local government functions—police and fire, building and zoning, tax assessment, street maintenance, etc.—are the responsibility of individual cities and townships.

Elected officials

 * Prosecuting Attorney: Chris Becker (Republican)
 * Sheriff: Michelle LaJoye-Young (Republican)
 * County Clerk/Register of Deeds: Lisa Posthumus Lyons (Republican)
 * County Treasurer: Peter MacGregor (Republican)
 * Drain Commissioner: Ken Yonker (Republican)
 * County Commission or Board of Commissioners: 21 members, elected from districts (12 Republicans, 9 Democrats), Stan Stek (Republican) serves as board chair.
 * Circuit Court: 10 judges (non-partisan)
 * Probate Court: 3 judges (non-partisan)

(information as of 2022 election)

In 1996, Kent County prosecutors were responsible for charging James King, a College student who was beaten by police. James King was acquitted of all charges.

Politics
Historically, Kent County, like West Michigan as a whole, was a stronghold for the Republican Party. For most of the 20th century, it was rather conservative for an urban county. The GOP only lost the county in four presidential elections from 1888 to 2004, two of which saw the Democratic Party win over 400 electoral votes nationwide. However, the Democrats have received increased support since the 2000s, with Grand Rapids and nearby suburbs supporting the Democratic Party while more rural areas support the Republican Party. Grand Rapids also normally sends Democrats to the state legislature.

In 2008, Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama narrowly carried the county, receiving 49.34% of its votes to Republican John McCain's 48.83%. It was the first time the county had supported a Democrat for president since 1964, and only the fourth time since 1884. By comparison, George W. Bush had taken almost 59 percent of the county's vote in 2004.

In 2012, the county returned to the Republican camp as Mitt Romney won 53.0% of the vote to Obama's 45.35%. Four years later, Republican Donald Trump won the county with 47.66% of the vote, to 44.61% for his Democratic rival, Hillary Clinton, while Gary Johnson of the Libertarian Party received 4.58%.

In 2020, Joe Biden received nearly 52% of the votes in the county, the largest vote share for a Democratic candidate since Lyndon Johnson in 1964. Biden is only the third Democrat since 1916 to win a majority of the county's vote. By comparison, Obama only won the county by 1,573 votes in 2008 for 49.7 percent of the vote.

Kent County is one of only thirteen counties in the United States to have voted for Obama in 2008, Romney in 2012, Trump in 2016, and Biden in 2020.

Today, the county is considered a bellwether politically. In 2018, Gretchen Whitmer, herself a Kent County native, became the first Democratic governor to win the county after James Blanchard's 1986 landslide re-election. Also during the same cycle, incumbent Democratic Senator Debbie Stabenow narrowly carried the county by 0.3 points, only the second time (following Carl Levin in 2008) since Donald Riegle in 1982 the county supported a Democrat for Senate.

Despite the county's bellwether status at the federal and state level, it remains very Republican downballot. The GOP still holds most county-level offices, as well as a majority on the county commission.

In the House of Representatives, the bulk of the county has been located in Michigan's 3rd congressional district since the 1993 redistricting cycle. That district had previously been the 5th congressional district from 1873 to 1993. The current Representative for the district is Democrat Hillary Scholten. Until Scholten took office in 2023, the city had been represented by a Republican for all but 35 months since 1913. The only Democrat to represent the city in this time was Richard Vander Veen, first elected in a 1974 special election following the district's long-time Representative Gerald Ford's ascension to Vice President. Vander Veen was ousted by Republican Harold S. Sawyer in 1976, and the GOP held the seat without interruption until Scholten's win in 2022. Further underlining how Republican the county has historically been, the Democrats representing Grand Rapids-based districts in the state legislature were typically the only elected Democrats above the county level until 2023.

A sliver of northern and eastern Kent County, including Cedar Springs and Lowell, is in the 2nd congressional district, represented by Republican John Moolenaar.

Communities

Cities

 * Cedar Springs
 * East Grand Rapids
 * Grand Rapids (county seat)
 * Grandville
 * Kentwood
 * Lowell
 * Rockford
 * Walker
 * Wyoming

Villages

 * Caledonia
 * Casnovia (partial)
 * Kent City
 * Sand Lake
 * Sparta

Charter townships

 * Caledonia Charter Township
 * Cascade Charter Township
 * Gaines Charter Township
 * Grand Rapids Charter Township
 * Lowell Charter Township
 * Plainfield Charter Township

Civil townships

 * Ada Township
 * Algoma Township
 * Alpine Township
 * Bowne Township
 * Byron Township
 * Cannon Township
 * Courtland Township
 * Grattan Township
 * Nelson Township
 * Oakfield Township
 * Solon Township
 * Sparta Township
 * Spencer Township
 * Tyrone Township
 * Vergennes Township

Census-designated places

 * Byron Center
 * Cannonsburg
 * Comstock Park
 * Cutlerville
 * Forest Hills
 * Northview

Other unincorporated communities

 * Ada
 * Alaska
 * Alto
 * Belmont
 * Cascade
 * Chauncey
 * Dutton
 * Englishville
 * Parnell

title: Kent County, Michigan


text:
Kalkaska County, Michigan

Kalkaska County is located in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 census, its population was 17,939. The county seat is Kalkaska.

Kalkaska County is part of the Traverse City metropolitan area. Although it is located on Michigan's Lower Peninsula, Kalkaska County is considered part of Northern Michigan.

History

Kalkaska County, originally named Wabassee County, was separated from Michilimackinac County in 1840, renamed in 1843. In 1851, Kalkaska County was attached to Grand Traverse County for legal purposes. The first settler in Kalkaska County was William Copeland, from England, who purchased land in the northwest corner of the county in 1855. Kalkaska County was organized in its own right on January 27, 1871. Crawford County was then temporarily attached to Kalkaska County for legal purposes.

Etymology
The county's name is a pseudo-Native American word coined by Henry Schoolcraft, a Michigan geographer and ethnologist. The name is thought to be a Chippewa word meaning flat or burned-over country. An alternative theory is that this is a neologism or neonym created by Henry Schoolcraft, originally spelled Calcasca. Some theorists suggest this is word play. Schoolcraft's family name had been Calcraft, and the Ks may have been added to make the name appear more like a Native American word.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 571 sqmi, of which 11 sqmi (1.9%) are covered by water.

Kalkaska sand, the state soil of Michigan, was named after the county because of the large amounts deposited in the area from glaciers in the Ice Age.

Kalkaska County has over 80 lakes and 275 mi of streams and rivers. Much of the county is marshland. County elevation ranges from 595 ft to about 1246 ft. This makes it one of the more uneven counties in the Lower Peninsula.

The Pere Marquette State Forest covers much of the county. Glaciers shaped the area, creating a unique regional ecosystem. A large portion of the area is the Grayling outwash plain, a broad outwash plain including sandy ice-disintegration ridges, jack pine barrens, some white pine-red pine forest, and northern hardwood forest. Large lakes were created by glacial action.

Lakes

 * Torch Lake
 * Starvation Lake
 * Lake Skegemog
 * Bear Lake
 * Manistee Lake
 * Grass Lake
 * Rainbow Lake
 * Blue Lake
 * Cub Lake
 * Twin Lake
 * Little Twin Lake
 * Pickerel Lake
 * Squaw Lake
 * Indian Lake
 * Perch Lake
 * Crawford Lake
 * Lost Lake
 * Johnson Rd Lake
 * Log Lake
 * Selkirk Lake
 * Kettle Lake
 * Lake Placid
 * Sand Lake
 * Twenty Eight Lakes
 * East Lake
 * Long Lake
 * Lake Five
 * Wheeler Lake
 * Fife Lake

Rivers

 * Boardman River
 * Little Rapid River
 * Manistee River
 * Rapid River
 * Torch River

Major highways

 * – runs NE through the western part of the county. Enters at 4 mi north of SW corner; exits into Antrim County near midpoint of north county line.
 * – runs north–south through west-central part of county. Passes Kalkaska.
 * – runs east and ESE through middle portion of county. Passes Kalkaska.

Adjacent counties

 * Antrim County – north
 * Otsego County – northeast
 * Crawford County – east
 * Roscommon County – southeast
 * Missaukee County – south
 * Wexford County – southwest
 * Grand Traverse County – west

Village

 * Kalkaska (county seat)

Civil townships

 * Bear Lake Township
 * Blue Lake Township
 * Boardman Township
 * Clearwater Township
 * Coldsprings Township
 * Excelsior Township
 * Garfield Township
 * Kalkaska Township
 * Oliver Township
 * Orange Township
 * Rapid River Township
 * Springfield Township

Former townships

 * Glade Township
 * Wilson Township

Census-designated places

 * Bear Lake
 * Manistee Lake
 * Rapid City
 * South Boardman

Unincorporated communities

 * Barker Creek
 * Crofton
 * Darragh
 * Houseman
 * Leetsville
 * Lodi
 * Sigma
 * Spencer
 * Torch River

Demographics
At the 2010 United States census there were 16,571 people, 6,428 households, and 4,634 families residing in the county. The population density was 30 PD/sqmi. There were 10,822 housing units at an average density of 19 /mi2. By the 2020 census, its population was 17,939.

In 2010, the racial makeup of the county was 98.44% White, 0.21% Black or African American, 0.78% Native American, 0.22% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.10% from other races, 0.86% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 24.6% were of German, 12.4% English, 10.4% Irish, 10.0% American, 6.3% Polish and 5.1% French ancestry. 98.8% spoke English as their first language.

Government
Kalkaska County voters have been reliably Republican from the start. They have selected the Republican Party nominee in 85% of national elections (29 of 35).

The county government operates the jail, maintains rural roads, operates the major local courts, records deeds, mortgages, and vital records, administers public health regulations, and participates with the state in the provision of social services. The county board of commissioners controls the budget and has limited authority to make laws or ordinances. In Michigan, most local government functions—police and fire, building and zoning, tax assessment, street maintenance, etc.—are the responsibility of individual cities and townships.

Events
The National Trout Festival is an annual festival since 1936, held in April. It notes the heritage and sportsmanship of Kalkaska.

Education
The Northwest Educational Services, based in Traverse City, services the students in the county along with those of Antrim, Benzie, Grand Traverse, and Leelanau. The intermediate school district offers regional special education services, early education and English learner programs, and technical career pathways for students of its districts.

Kalkaska County is served by the following regular public school districts:

 * Excelsior Township School District #1
 * Forest Area Community Schools
 * Kalkaska Public Schools

title: Kalkaska County, Michigan


text:
Talk:South Carolina

Introduction
No where in this article on South Carolina does it include the actual vote count for leaving the Union in 1860. I think this is a critical piece of information and should be included.

South Carolina became the first state to vote in favor of secession from the Union on December 20, 1860 [add: by a vote count of 169-0.]

Proposed revision would look like: South Carolina became the first state to vote in favor of secession from the Union on December 20, 1860, by a vote count of 169-0.

Nomination of Portal:South Carolina for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether Portal:South Carolina is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The page will be discussed at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Portal:South Carolina until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the page during the discussion, including to improve the page to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the deletion notice from the top of the page. North America1000 13:30, 1 October 2019 (UTC)

Loading graph?
Does anyone know what's up with the demographic graph that just has the loading symbol and no movement? Is it a broken plugin or something? Muttnick (talk) 18:01, 24 July 2020 (UTC)

Ecology Sources
https://www.saveur.com/food/south-carolina-oyster-sustainability/ https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/cong-br.htm https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/sc/programs/landscape/?cid=nrcs142p2_015547 https://www.fws.gov/office/south-carolina-ecological-services https://www.scseagrant.org/healthy-coastal-ecosystems/

User1042 (talk) 19:29, 19 June 2022 (UTC)

"Huntington, South Carolina" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huntington,_South_Carolina&redirect=no Huntington, South Carolina] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 14:27, 6 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:South Carolina


text:
Kalamazoo County, Michigan

Kalamazoo County is a county located in the U.S. state of Michigan. , the population was 261,670. The county seat is Kalamazoo.

Kalamazoo County is included in the Kalamazoo–Portage, MI Metropolitan Statistical Area.

History
Kalamazoo County was organized in 1830, although its set off date is unknown. The village of Kalamazoo (then known as Bronson) was made the county seat in 1831.

The name purportedly means "the mirage or reflecting river" and the original Indian name was "Kikalamazoo". See, Etymology of Kalamazoo for detail on the origin of the name. See also, List of Michigan county name etymologies.

Kalamazoo County does not have a county flag.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 580 sqmi, of which 562 sqmi is land and 19 sqmi (3.2%) is water.

Geographic features

 * Kalamazoo River
 * Portage River

Adjacent counties

 * Barry County – northeast
 * Allegan County – northwest
 * Calhoun County – east
 * Van Buren County – west
 * Branch County – southeast
 * St. Joseph County – south
 * Cass County – southwest

Transit

 * Kalamazoo Metro Transit
 * Kalamazoo station

Air service

 * The Kalamazoo & Battle Creek Metro Area is served by Kalamazoo/Battle Creek International Airport.

Highways

 * runs east–west through center of county, passing 3 mi south of Kalamazoo.
 * runs from the far eastern side of Kalamazoo to an intersection with I-94 3.5 mi southeast of Kalamazoo.
 * runs north–south through the west-central part of the county.
 * connects northern Kalamazoo to US 131.
 * enters western side of the county 8.7 mi south of the northwestern county corner. It runs eastward through Oshtemo Township and turns north at U.S. 131.
 * enters the county near the midpoint of the northern county line. It runs southeasterly to and intersection with M-43 north of Richland and then runs eastward from Richland, exiting the county 3.4 mi south of the northeastern county corner.
 * starts on the far eastern side of Kalamazoo and runs eastward to Augusta before exiting the county 5.9 mi south of the northeastern corner of the county.
 * starts on the northeast side of Kalamazoo and runs along Gull Road to Richland.

Demographics
As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 250,331 people living in the county. 80.1% were non-Hispanic White, 11.1% Black or African American, 2.2% Asian, 0.5% Native American, and 3.0% of two or more races. 4.0% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race).

As of the 2000 United States Census, there were 238,603 people, 93,479 households, and 57,956 families living in the county. The population density was 425 PD/sqmi. There were 99,250 housing units at an average density of 177 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 84.57% White, 9.73% Black or African American, 0.41% Native American, 1.83% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 1.27% from other races, and 2.15% from two or more races. 2.64% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 18.3% were of German, 11.5% Dutch, 10.3% English, 8.4% Irish and 7.2% American ancestry according to Census 2000. 93.7% spoke English and 2.8% Spanish as their first language.

There were 93,479 households, out of which 30.40% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.70% were married couples living together, 11.00% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.00% were non-families. 28.00% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 3.00.

The county population contained 24.10% under the age of 18, 15.20% from 18 to 24, 28.20% from 25 to 44, 21.10% from 45 to 64, and 11.40% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.50 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $42,022, and the median income for a family was $53,953. Males had a median income of $39,611 versus $27,965 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,739. About 6.50% of families and 12.00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.30% of those under age 18 and 6.30% of those age 65 or over.

Government
Kalamazoo County was a bastion of the Republican Party following the Civil War. From 1884 through 1988, voters selected the Republican Party presidential nominee all but three times–in 1912, 1936 and 1964. However, starting in 1992 the county has voted Democratic in every presidential election (through 2020). It swung particularly heavily to the Democrats after 2008, following the trend in most urban counties across the country. Even as Michigan trended Republican in 2016, Kalamazoo County voted for Democratic candidate to a similar level as in recent years.

The county government operates the jail, provides law enforcement in unincorporated areas, maintains rural roads, operates the major local courts, keeps files of deeds and mortgages, maintains vital records, administers public health regulations, and participates with the state in the provision of welfare and other social services. The county board of commissioners controls the budget but has only limited authority to make laws or ordinances. In Michigan, most local government functions—fire, building and zoning, tax assessment, street maintenance, etc.—are the responsibility of individual cities and townships.

Elected officials

 * Prosecuting Attorney: Jeffrey S. Getting (Democrat)
 * Sheriff: Richard Fuller (Democrat)
 * County Clerk/Register of Deeds: Meredith Place (Democrat)
 * County Treasurer: Thomas L. Whitener (Democrat)
 * Drain Commissioner: Jason Wiersma (Democrat)
 * County Surveyor: Gary D. Hahn (Republican)
 * County Commissioner for District 1: Tami Rey (Democrat)
 * County Commissioner for District 2: Jen Strebs (Democrat)
 * County Commissioner for District 3: Monteze Morales (Democrat)
 * County Commissioner for District 4: Abigail Wheeler (Democrat)
 * County Commissioner for District 5: John Taylor (Democrat)
 * County Commissioner for District 6: John H. Gisler (Republican)
 * County Commissioner for District 7: Jeff Hepler (Republican)
 * County Commissioner for District 8: Wendy Mazer (Republican)
 * County Commissioner for District 9: Dale Deleeuw (Democrat)
 * Eighth District Court: Judges Tiffany A. Ankley, Christopher Haenicke, Kathleen Hemingway, Alisa L. Parker-LaGrone, Richard A. Santoni, Ronald Schafer, Namita Sharma, and Vincent C. Westra (all non-partisan)
 * Ninth Circuit Court: Judges Curtis J. Bell, Paul J. Bridenstine, Gary C. Giguere Jr., Stephen G. Gorsalitz, Pamela L. Lightvoet, Alexander C. Lipsey, Namita Sharma, and Scott Pierangeli (all non-partisan).

(information current )

Cities

 * Galesburg
 * Kalamazoo (county seat)
 * Parchment
 * Portage

Villages

 * Augusta
 * Climax
 * Richland
 * Schoolcraft
 * Vicksburg

Charter townships

 * Comstock Charter Township
 * Cooper Charter Township
 * Kalamazoo Charter Township
 * Oshtemo Charter Township
 * Texas Charter Township

Civil townships

 * Alamo Township
 * Brady Township
 * Charleston Township
 * Climax Township
 * Pavilion Township
 * Prairie Ronde Township
 * Richland Township
 * Ross Township
 * Schoolcraft Township
 * Wakeshma Township

Census-designated places

 * Comstock Northwest
 * Eastwood
 * Greater Galesburg (former)
 * Scotts
 * South Gull Lake
 * Westwood

Other unincorporated communities

 * Adams Park
 * Alamo
 * Collins Corner
 * Comstock
 * Cooks Mill
 * Cooper
 * Doughertys Corners
 * East Comstock
 * East Cooper
 * Factoryville
 * Fulton
 * Gardners Corners
 * Gull Lake
 * Highland Park
 * Howlandsburg
 * Lakewood
 * Lawndale
 * Lemon Park
 * Midland Park
 * Milwood
 * Northwood
 * Oakwood
 * Pavilion
 * Pavillion Center
 * Pomeroy
 * Ramona Park
 * Richland Junction
 * Texas Corners
 * Yorkville

title: Kalamazoo County, Michigan


text:
Talk:South Dakota

Header
Wondering how to edit this State Entry? The WikiProject U.S. states standards might help.

Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons files used on this page or its Wikidata item have been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 20:43, 3 July 2021 (UTC)
 * 2006 SD Proof.png
 * South Dakota quarter, reverse side, 2006.jpg

Official language
Re infobox-item language: Sioux is not an official language, as the given reference does not support this claim. Sioux has been declared "the official indigenous language" of SD, but that is not the same as an official language. It is just a ceremonious declaration, like state bird or state fossil. Were it an official language, one could walk into each and any state office in SD and demand to be served in Sioux language. As it is all over Canada in any federal office or in Quebec in any office with French. Been there, tried that. I drove into a camp-ground deep in the wood of Alberta, CA speaking French. The attending person called an colleague, who spoke much better French than I do and served me very courteous. Try that in any SD office ... Please correct the information, I tried twice but got reverted each time. --h-stt !?  20:22, 7 September 2021 (UTC)

 * I agree with your statement for the reasons listed. I rolled my eyes when they passed the bill since I knew people would be coming to the article and treating this case as no different than Belgium or Canada. Alexius  Horatius  22:53, 7 September 2021 (UTC)

Mention addressing systems
E.g., https://www.southdakotamagazine.com/rural-addressing Jidanni (talk) 04:01, 20 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:South Dakota


text:
Talk:Tennessee

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 7 January 2020 and 15 April 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Sydney394.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 10:51, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 25 January 2021 and 26 April 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): GreenTea32.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 10:51, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Major cities
I'm not totally opposed to listing major cities in the lead, I just want to make sure the lead doesn't get to long to ensure this article retains its GA status. Tennessee currently has five cities that are usually considered primary, as well as the Tri-Cities area, which function similar to a major city. Including all of those in the lead could get excessive and problematic. Bneu2013 (talk) 19:24, 2 February 2022 (UTC)

 * I support some mention of Tennessee's top 3 major cites in the Lead. Knoxville is large city and was the first capital. Nashville (current capital) and Memphis are the top 2 metro areas with populations over 1 million. -Fnlayson (talk) 20:37, 2 February 2022 (UTC)

 * I had originally included Memphis (and Shelby County, the most populous county) in the lead, but trimmed this when working to promote to GA. I would support something generic, like "Other major cities include Memphis, Knoxville, and Chattanooga." Clarksville has only become recognized as a major city in recent years, due to its rapid growth, and I don't think we should include it yet. Bneu2013 (talk) 00:44, 3 February 2022 (UTC)

 * I've gone ahead and added the four largest cities after Nashville to the lead. I don't think we should go into excessive detail here, such as the cities' locations, populations, etc. Bneu2013 (talk) 01:35, 7 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Sure, fine for the Lead. Thanks, -Fnlayson (talk) 01:41, 7 February 2022 (UTC)

Reconstruction section needs to mention (and link to) Lynching_in_the_United_States
Given that Tennessee had 251 lynchings (204 of them black people) during the decades after the Civil War (and before the Civil Rights movement), that makes Tennessee 8th in the number of known lynchings in the U.S., and only some other Southern states have higher numbers than that. Thus, it is an embarrassment that the Reconstruction section does not mention lynching at all. Note that states farther removed from the South had no known lynchings at all, or only a very small number, before anti-lynching laws put a stop to the practice. I tried to add this statistic to the article but it was reverted immediately by someone who claimed that it needed to be omitted lest the article becomes too long. At present, however, the section on Reconstruction reads as if it were being sanitized by the Chamber of Commerce. Would one of you who regularly monitor this page please look into the matter, and if you can't find it within your conscience to actually list the number of lynchings that occurred in Tennessee, then at least put a sentence in the Reconstruction section pointing off to Wikipedia's excellent article on Lynching_in_the_United_States, and maybe also to List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States. I grew up in Tennessee and love the state, but this continual denial of what happened during those violent decades after the Civil War is frankly embarrassing.Harborsparrow (talk) 18:32, 9 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Note also that the articles on several other Southern states are doing much better. Even Mississippi did better.  How, I ask you, can Tennessee not be at least as truthful about this sad matter as Mississippi? Harborsparrow (talk) 18:36, 9 September 2023 (UTC)
 * So fix it. BilCat (talk) 19:40, 9 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Tried once already and was reverted. Asking someone who feels they have a right to edit this page to do it.  It seems that a few people are "controlling" this page. Harborsparrow (talk) 19:59, 9 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I'd be open to a sentence about it at the end of the first paragraph in this section. However, while this statistic is indeed tragic, what is even more tragic is that lynchings were in no way unique to Tennessee. As mentioned above, my concerns hinge on ensuring that this article maintains its good article status, which means making sure it doesn't get too long. History of Tennessee would be the place to go more in-depth about this subject. I will also point out that Mississippi is currently a B-class article, which means a number of things would likely have to change in order to get it to GA status. Also, I wouldn't consider the mention of the Memphis riots, Ku Klux Klan, Jim Crow laws, convict leasing, and sharecropping to be "sanitized by the Chamber of Commerce". Bneu2013 (talk) 23:29, 9 September 2023 (UTC)

 * The dire extent of the problem may be obscured by not mentioning lynching. People may not associate the phrases above with actual killings if they have not read much history.  Primarily, only the 11 states which seceded from the union, as well as Missouri and Kentucky, had large numbers of lynchings.  At least 5 states had NO recorded lynchings at all, and the majority of states had much lower numbers.  Therefore, the claim that lynchings were not unique to Tennessee is no excuse to omit such an important piece of information.  8th in the nation in lynchings is Tennessee  I believe you are the very person who reverted my attempted addition of this information.  Would you please make the change yourself in a way that is acceptable to you so we won't get into a big tussle?  If you'd like to see the number of lynchings per state in a sortable table so that you can compare state to state, take a look at the US Lynchings table in Citizendium and sort it by the totals.  You'll see that this phenomenon was extremely common throughout all the South, and occurred only to a much lesser degree out West, where the victims were more likely to be Native Americans or immigrants.  Anyway, it's better if you make the change, since I don't want to deal with being reverted yet again.  If you don't want the statistic itself here, you might just link the word "lynching" to Lynching_in_the_United_States and then add more details in History of Tennessee.  I would really really appreciate your help. Harborsparrow (talk) 16:10, 10 September 2023 (UTC)

 * A bit more information: Between 1882-1940, about one white person was lynched and about four black people were lynched every year. The lynchings occurred mostly in West and Middle Tennessee, likely because these farming areas had a larger population of African Americans than mountainous East Tennessee. It is safe to say that blacks, and sometimes white people who befriended blacks, lived in fear of becoming a target themselves. I think there are still a lot of families in Tennessee whose family history remembers these lynchings, and it's only fair to mention them eighty years after this particular kind of terror ceased. Harborsparrow (talk) 16:16, 10 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Now someone has reverted my edit of the phrase "the last lynching was in 1960" with bizarre reasoning such as ("awkward phrasing? not sure why this is here?").  All I can say is, "Embarrassin

', Olive!". Harborsparrow (talk) 12:34, 15 September 2023 (UTC)

Tennessee
What is the average rainfall 2600:1700:BC60:2290:58CB:8F91:1769:BC54 (talk) 02:00, 21 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tennessee


text:
Isabella County, Michigan

Isabella County is a county located in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 Census, the population was 64,394. Its county seat is Mount Pleasant. The area was known as Ojibiway Besse, meaning "the place of the Ojibwa". Isabella County contains the Isabella Indian Reservation, on which members of the Saginaw Chippewa Tribal Nation live.

History
Isabella County was described by action of the Michigan Territory legislature in 1831, but for purposes of population, revenue, and judicial matters, it was assigned to nearby counties. Its area was partitioned from unorganized territory plus a portion of Mackinac, which had existed as a Territorial County since 1818.

The Michigan Territory was admitted to the Union as Michigan state in early 1837. By 1859, Isabella had sufficient settlement and interest in self-government that the state legislature authorized its organization. Based on a suggestion by Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, the U.S. Indian agent in this area, the county was named after Queen Isabella I of Castile, who with her husband Ferdinand commissioned Columbus's expedition to the New World.

Isabella County comprises the Mount Pleasant, Michigan micropolitan statistical area in Mid-Michigan. The county contains the Isabella Indian Reservation, which has a total area of 217.67 sqmi. It is the major land base of the federally recognized Saginaw Chippewa Tribal Nation. Part of the county seat of Mount Pleasant is located within the reservation.

Geography
According to the US Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 578 sqmi, of which 573 sqmi are land and 5.0 sqmi (0.9%) are water.

Highways

 * – cuts across NE corner of county. Enters at Clare; runs ESE to east county line. Exits to Coleman.
 * – runs north–south through the eastern central part of county. Passes Rosebush and Mt. Pleasant, runs SE to Shepherd, then runs south into Gratiot County.
 * – runs east–west across lower central part of county. Enters from Remus. Ends at Mt. Pleasant.
 * (proposed) – - project in Michigan is inactive

Adjacent counties

 * Clare County – north
 * Gladwin County – northeast
 * Midland County – east
 * Gratiot County – southeast
 * Montcalm County – southwest
 * Mecosta County – west
 * Osceola County – northwest

Demographics
As of the 2000 United States Census, there were 63,351 people, 22,425 households, and 13,006 families residing in the county. The population density was 110 /mi2. There were 24,528 housing units at an average density of 43 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 91.51% White, 2.75% Native American, 1.93% Black or African American, 1.40% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.68% from other races, and 1.68% from two or more races. 2.24% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 28.0% were of German, 10.1% English, 10.0% Irish, 7.5% American and 6.0% Polish ancestry, 95.9% spoke English and 1.6% Spanish as their first language.

There were 22,425 households, out of which 28.40% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.40% were married couples living together, 8.90% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.00% were non-families. 23.80% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.03.

The county population contained 20.30% under the age of 18, 29.40% from 18 to 24, 23.80% from 25 to 44, 17.40% from 45 to 64, and 9.00% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 25 years. For every 100 females there were 91.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.60 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $34,262, and the median income for a family was $45,953. Males had a median income of $32,270 versus $24,180 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,242. 7.40% of families and 20.40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.30% of those under age 18 and 7.80% of those age 65 or over.

Government
The county government operates the jail, maintains rural roads, operates the major local courts, records deeds, mortgages, and vital records, administers public health regulations, and participates with the state in the provision of social services. The county board of commissioners controls the budget and has limited authority to make laws or ordinances. In Michigan, most local government functions — police and fire, building and zoning, tax assessment, street maintenance, etc. — are the responsibility of individual cities and townships.

Elected officials

 * Prosecuting Attorney: David Barberi
 * Sheriff: Michael Main
 * County Clerk: Minde B. Lux
 * Register of Deeds: Karen Jackson
 * County Treasurer: Steven W. Pickens
 * Drain Commissioner: Robert “Buford” Willoughby

Cities

 * Clare (part)
 * Mount Pleasant (county seat)

Villages

 * Lake Isabella
 * Rosebush
 * Shepherd

Charter township

 * Union Charter Township

Civil townships

 * Broomfield Township
 * Chippewa Township
 * Coe Township
 * Coldwater Township
 * Deerfield Township
 * Denver Township
 * Fremont Township
 * Gilmore Township
 * Isabella Township
 * Lincoln Township
 * Nottawa Township
 * Rolland Township
 * Sherman Township
 * Vernon Township
 * Wise Township

Census-designated places

 * Beal City
 * Loomis
 * Weidman
 * Winn

Unincorporated communities

 * Alembic
 * Blanchard
 * Brinton
 * Coe
 * Delwin
 * Leaton
 * Sherman City
 * Two Rivers
 * Vernon Center
 * Vernon City

Indian reservation

 * Isabella Indian Reservation

Education
The Gratiot–Isabella Regional Education Service District, based in Ithaca, services the students in the county. The intermediate school district offers regional special education services, early education programs, and technical career pathways for students of its districts.

Isabella County is served by the following regular public school districts:

 * Beal City Public Schools
 * Mt. Pleasant City School District
 * Shepherd Public Schools

The county also has the following independent charter districts:

 * Flextech High School - Shepherd
 * Renaissance Public School Academy

Isabella County has the following private schools:

 * Sacred Heart Academy (Roman Catholic)
 * Saginaw Chippewa Academy (Nonsectarian)
 * St. Joseph the Worker School (Roman Catholic)
 * White Pine Montessori Children's Center (Montessori method)

title: Isabella County, Michigan


text:
Iron County, Michigan

Iron County is one of two landlocked counties in the Upper Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 census, the population was 11,631. The county seat is Crystal Falls.

History
Iron County was organized in 1885, with territory partitioned from Marquette and Menominee counties. In 1890, the county's population was 4,432. It was named for the valuable iron ore found within its borders.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 1211 sqmi, of which 1166 sqmi is land and 45 sqmi (3.7%) is water. Along with its southeastern neighbor Dickinson County, it is one of only two landlocked counties in the Upper Peninsula.

Major highways

 * – runs east–west through lower part of county. Enters west line at 6 mi above SW corner, then runs east and southeast to Crystal Falls, where it turns south and runs into Wisconsin. Passes Mineral Hills, Iron River, and Fortune Lake.
 * – runs north–south through center of county. Enters north line of county from Covington in Baraga County, then runs south to intersection with US-2 at Crystal Falls.
 * – runs east from Crystal Falls into Dickinson County.
 * – enters south line of county from Nelma, Wisconsin, then runs northeast to intersection with US-2 at Iron River.
 * – enters south line of county from Tipler, Wisconsin, then runs north to intersection with US-2 at Iron River.

Adjacent counties

 * Houghton County (north)
 * Baraga County (north)
 * Marquette County (northeast)
 * Dickinson County (east)
 * Florence County, Wisconsin (southeast)
 * Forest County, Wisconsin (south)
 * Vilas County, Wisconsin (southwest)
 * Gogebic County (west)
 * Ontonagon County (northwest)

National protected area

 * Ottawa National Forest (part)

Cities

 * Caspian
 * Crystal Falls (county seat)
 * Gaastra
 * Iron River

Village

 * Alpha

Census-designated place

 * Amasa

Unincorporated communities

 * Beechwood
 * Colony Corners
 * Elmwood
 * Erickson Landing
 * Forbes
 * Fortune Lake
 * Gibbs City – Ghost town on Paint River
 * Mansfield Location
 * Pentoga
 * Rogers
 * Stager

Townships

 * Bates Township
 * Crystal Falls Township
 * Hematite Township
 * Iron River Township
 * Mansfield Township
 * Mastodon Township
 * Stambaugh Township

Demographics
In 2020, its population was 11,631. The 2010 United States census indicates Iron County had a population of 11,817. This decrease of 1,321 people from the 2000 United States census represents a 10.1% population decrease. In 2010 there were 5,577 households and 3,284 families in the county. The population density was 10 /mi2. There were 9,197 housing units at an average density of 8 /mi2. 97.1% of the population were White, 2.9% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 0.1% Black or African American, 0.2% of some other race and 1.4% of two or more races; 1.4% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race). Culturally, 14.3% were of German, 11.5% Finnish, 11.3% Italian, 8.6% French, French Canadian or Cajun, 8.0% Swedish, 6.5% English, 5.8% American and 5.4% Irish ancestry.

In 2010, there were 5,577 households, out of which 18.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.6% were married couples living together, 8.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.1% were non-families. 36.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.06 and the average family size was 2.65.

The county population contained 17.1% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 17.2% from 25 to 44, 34.1% from 45 to 64, and 26.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 51.9 years. 49.3% of the population was male, 50.7% was female.

In 2010, the median income for a household in the county was $35,390, and the median income for a family was $46,337. The per capita income for the county was $20,099. About 6.5% of families and 11.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.0% of those under age 18 and 8.8% of those age 65 or over.

Government
Iron County was reliably Republican during its first three decades. However, since 1936 its voters have selected the Democratic Party nominee in 16 (out of 22) of the national elections through 2020.

Iron County operates the County jail, maintains rural roads, operates the major local courts, records deeds, mortgages, and vital records, administers public health regulations, and participates with the state in the provision of social services. The county board of commissioners controls the budget and has limited authority to make laws or ordinances. In Michigan, most local government functions – police and fire, building and zoning, tax assessment, street maintenance etc. – are the responsibility of individual cities and townships.

Education

 * West Iron County Schools
 * Forest Park School District

title: Iron County, Michigan