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Larry Norman

Larry David Norman (April 8, 1947 – February 24, 2008) was an American musician, singer, songwriter, record label owner, and record producer. He is considered to be one of the pioneers of Christian rock music and released more than 100 albums.

Early life
Larry Norman was born in Corpus Christi, Texas, the oldest son of Joe Hendrex "Joe Billy" Norman (December 9, 1923 – April 28, 1999), and his wife, Margaret Evelyn "Marge" Stout (born in 1925 in Nebraska). Joe Norman had served as a sergeant in the US Army Air Corps during World War II and worked at the Southern Pacific Railroad while studying to become a teacher. After Norman's birth, the family joined the Southern Baptist church. In 1950 the family moved to San Francisco, where they attended an African American Pentecostal church and then a Baptist church, where Norman became a Christian at the age of five. In 1959, Norman performed on the syndicated television show The Original Amateur Hour.

In 1960, Norman's father began teaching in San Jose, California; the family lived in nearby Campbell. Norman graduated from Campbell High School in 1965 and won an academic scholarship to major in English at San José State University. After one semester, Norman "flunked out of college and lost [his] scholarship."

Although Norman was able to play a variety of musical instruments, he never learned to read or write musical notation.

Early bands
While still in high school, Norman formed a group called The Back Country Seven, which included his sister Nancy Jo and friend Gene Mason. After graduating, Norman continued performing locally.

In 1966 Norman opened a concert for People! at the Asilomar Conference Grounds in Pacific Grove, California. He later became the band's principal songwriter, sharing lead vocals with his Back Country Seven bandmate Gene Mason. People! performed about 200 concerts a year, appearing with Van Morrison and Them, the Animals, the Dave Clark Five, Paul Revere & the Raiders, the Doors, the Who, Janis Joplin, Jimi Hendrix, Moby Grape, and San Jose bands Syndicate of Sound and Count Five. The band's cover of the Zombies' "I Love You" became a hit single, selling over one million copies and charting strongly in several markets. Norman left People! just as Capitol released the band's first album in mid 1968, but reunited with Mason for concerts in 1974 and 2006. According to rock historian Walter Rasmussen, Pete Townshend once said that The Who's 1969 album Tommy was inspired by the rock opera "Epic" by People!; however, Townshend has since denied the connection.

Hollywood street ministry
Soon after Norman left People!, he had "a powerful spiritual encounter that threw him into a frenzy of indecision about his life [and] for the first time in his life, he received what he understood to be the Holy Spirit".

In July 1968, following a job offer to write musicals for Capitol Records, Norman moved to Los Angeles where he "spent time sharing the gospel on the streets". As he described in 2006: "I walked up and down Hollywood Boulevard several times a day ... witnessing to businessmen and hippies, and to whomever the Spirit led me. I spent all of my Capitol Records' royalties starting a halfway house and buying clothes and food for new converts." He was initially associated with the First Presbyterian Church of Hollywood, and its Salt Company coffee house outreach ministry, where he explored and pioneered the rock-gospel genre.

Musical theatre
In 1968 Norman wrote several songs for the rock musicals Alison and Birthday for Shakespeare, both of which were performed in Los Angeles.

The next year, Norman and his friend Teddy Neeley auditioned for the Los Angeles production of the rock musical Hair and were offered the roles of George Berger and Claude Bukowski, respectively; Neeley accepted, but Norman rejected the role of George, despite his own financial struggles, because "of its glorification of drugs and free sex as the answers to today's problems". Also in 1969, Norman wrote a musical called Love on Haight Street and a rock opera called Lion's Breath, which led Capitol to re-sign Norman to record an album, with the promise of complete creative control.

Recording career

In 1969, Capitol Records released Norman's first solo album, Upon This Rock, produced by Hal Yoergler, is now considered to be "the first full-blown Christian rock album". Norman was denounced by various television evangelists, and Capitol deemed the album a commercial flop and dropped Norman from the label. However, his music gained a large following in the emerging countercultural movements. Sales of the album rose following its distribution in Christian bookstores.

By the early 1970s, Norman was performing frequently for large audiences, and appeared at several Christian music festivals,   including Explo '72, a six-day Dallas event which has been called the "Jesus Woodstock." Norman established a half-way house where he "housed and fed various groups of people, supervised their Bible studies and drove them to church on Fridays and Sundays". He earned $80 per month from Capitol for polishing and refining songs for Capitol artists. In 1970, Norman began a record label, One Way Records. He released two of his own albums Street Level and Bootleg on the label as well as Randy Stonehill's first album, Born Twice.

In 1971, Norman first visited England where he lived and worked for several years. He recorded two studio albums, Only Visiting This Planet and So Long Ago the Garden, in London's AIR Studios. Released in 1972, Visiting "was meant to reach the flower children disillusioned by the government and the church" with its "abrasive, urban reality of the gospel", and has often been ranked as Norman's best album. The release of Garden in November 1973 was met with controversy in the Christian press, due to the album's cover art and some songs in which Norman took the persona of a backslider.

In 1974, Norman founded Solid Rock Records to produce records for Christian artists "who didn't want to be consumed by the business of making vinyl pancakes but who wanted to make something 'non-commercial' to the world". Norman produced music on the label for artists including Randy Stonehill, Mark Heard and Tom Howard. Norman also worked with several artists who were signed to other labels, including Malcolm and Alwyn, Bobby Emmons and the Crosstones, Lyrix, James Sundquist and David Edwards. Norman signed a deal with ABC Records to distribute Solid Rock's releases, but was later moved to ABC subsidiary Word Records. In the same year, Norman founded the Christian artist booking agency Street Level Artists Agency.

In Another Land, the third album in Norman's trilogy and the best-selling album of his career, was released in 1976 by Solid Rock and distributed through Word. Soon afterward, Norman recorded the blues-rock concept album Something New under the Son, but it would not be released until 1981. Following clashes with Word over Something New and several other projects, Norman started Phydeaux Records in 1980 to release his albums.

In 1978, Norman was injured during a plane landing at Los Angeles International Airport. Norman claimed to have suffered mild brain damage due to being hit by parts of the cabin's roof, and that this damage left him unable to complete projects and focus artistically. William Ayers wrote in 1991: "As family, friends and fans watched, his life spiraled downward. He was unable to record a bonafide album from the time of his airplane accident in 1978 until ... he attempted to release the badly produced Home at Last [recorded in 1986]. He never expected to be healed."

In September 1979, Norman performed his "The Great American Novel", "a Dylanesque protest song", for U.S. president Jimmy Carter and about 1,000 guests at the Old Fashioned Gospel Singin' concert held on the south lawn of the White House.

Following a prolonged dispute with Solid Rock artists Daniel Amos which ended in estrangement, Solid Rock's business manager, Philip Mangano, and several Solid Rock musicians organized an intervention with Norman in June 1980, which led him to begin closing the company. Religious history professor Randall Balmer attributed the company's demise to "idealism, marital difficulties, and financial naivete—as well as changing musical tastes."

In late 1980, Norman moved to England and, with his father, founded Phydeaux Records, a company designed to compete with the bootleg market by selling rarities from Norman's own archives. He signed a distribution deal with British label Chapel Lane and released several albums before returning to the United States in 1985. Norman then began work on an anthology project celebrating his career in Christian music, beginning with the album White Blossoms from Black Roots: The History and the Chronology: Volume One; however, the project collapsed when the head of the distribution company was arrested for check forgery and the company's merchandise was seized by the FBI.

Norman signed to Benson Records in 1986 and recorded the album Home at Last, although the album was not released until 1989 due to legal problems. Despite extensive promotion, the album was negatively reviewed, and Norman himself later dismissed the album as "just a collection of tapes I had", although he said separately that he was "extremely happy" with the level of support he'd received from Benson. In 1989, Norman received the Christian Artists' Society Lifetime Achievement Award.

While visiting another musician at the close of a February 1991 tour, Norman received prayer for his long-term health problems from a pastor of London's Elim Way Fellowship. Norman maintained that through this prayer God repaired the damage to his brain and he was able to function again. That year, he collaborated with his brother Charles on the album Stranded in Babylon, hailed by both critics and fans as one of his best. They would reunite for the 2001 album Tourniquet.

Norman continued to perform and release albums throughout his later years in order to raise funds for medical expenses stemming from heart problems. He gave his last official concert on August 4, 2007, in New York City.

Relationship with the church and Christian music industry
Throughout his career, Norman had a contentious relationship with the wider Christian church and with the Christian music industry. He wrote in September 2007, "I love God and I follow Jesus but I just don't have much affinity for the organized folderol of the churches in the Western World." Norman's music addressed a wide range of social issues, such as politics, free love, the occult, the passive commercialism of wartime journalists, and religious hypocrisy, that were outside the scope of his contemporaries. Defending the confrontational approach of his music, Norman said, "My primary emphasis is not to entertain. But if your art is boring, people will reject your message as well as your art." In the 1980s, he complained that Christian music generally meant "sloppy thinking, dishonest metaphors and bad poetry," and that he had "never been able to get over the shock of how bad the lyrics are."

Norman disapproved of Christian musicians who were unwilling to play in secular venues or to "preach" between songs. He also criticized what he saw as the "commercialization of Christian music in America", including the role of copyrights and licensing.

Influence
In 2008, Christian rock historian John J. Thompson wrote, "It is certainly no overstatement to say that Larry Norman is to Christian music what John Lennon is to rock & roll or Bob Dylan is to folk music." Thompson credited Norman for his impact on the genre as a musician, a producer, and a businessman.

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Norman also influenced a number of emerging punk and alternative rock artists. According to documentarian Larry Di Sabatino, Larry Norman was "an early influence" on the post-punk band U2. When Bono met with a summit of Nashville Christian music artists in 2002 to garner support for an African aid campaign, he specifically asked to see Norman. Upon Larry Norman's death, Bono sent flowers to his funeral with the note "Eternal singer, still eternal, Bono."

According to Charles Normal, Larry Norman attended his "first of many" punk rock shows while touring London in 1977, seeing Richard Hell and the Voidoids, the Damned, and Dead Boys. Regarding the punk movement, Norman stated that while he initially disliked some of the lyrical content, he was generally supportive of it and its youthful energy, which he viewed as preferable to disco.

Norman subsequently introduced his younger brother, Charles, to the genre, including the music of the Sex Pistols. Within several years, Charles was the lead guitarist for the Bay Area hardcore punk band, Executioner. Larry paid for the recording of Executioner's first EP in 1982, on the condition that they also record one of his songs. Larry Norman began to meet figures from the L.A. punk scene, and eventually recorded tracks with former Sex Pistols guitarist Steve Jones. Norman also released a live recording of a punk version of "Why Should the Devil Have All the Good Music?"

Pixies frontman Black Francis described Larry Norman as having been his "total idol" as a teenager, whom he attempted to imitate. The band's first demo, The Purple Tape, was to contain a cover of Norman's song "Watch What You're Doing", but it was never released. A lyric from the song "Levitate Me" ("Come on pilgrim, you know He loves you!") formed the basis for the title of Pixies' 1987 EP Come On Pilgrim. Black was eventually introduced to Norman by members of U2 during the Zoo TV tour. Black's post-Pixies band, Frank Black and the Catholics, covered Larry Norman's song "Six Sixty Six". Norman and Black performed a duet of "Watch What You're Doing" at Norman's "farewell" concert, and the two were reportedly working on an album together at the time of his death, along with Isaac Brock of Modest Mouse.

Steve Camp, Carolyn Arends, Bob Hartman, TobyMac, Mark Salomon, Martyn Joseph, and Steve Scott have credited Norman as influences. Overall over 300 artists have covered songs by Norman.

Awards and honors

 * 1973: One of three named as Best New Male Artist of the year by Cashbox.
 * 1989: Awarded the Christian Artists' Society Lifetime Achievement Award in a surprise ceremony at Estes Park, Colorado.
 * 1990: CCM magazine voted Only Visiting This Planet as "the second-greatest Christian album ever recorded".
 * 2001: Inducted into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame.
 * 2001: Only Visiting This Planet was selected as the No. 2 album in CCM Magazine's The 100 Greatest Albums in Christian Music.
 * 2004: Voted into the CCM Hall of Fame by readers of CCM Magazine.
 * 2007: Inducted into the San Jose Rocks Hall of Fame, both as a member of People!, and as a solo artist. At that time Norman reunited for a concert with People!
 * 2008: Honored at the 39th GMA Dove Award ceremony in Nashville, Tennessee.
 * 2009: Honored in a tribute segment at the Grammy Awards.
 * 2013: Only Visiting This Planet was one of 25 sound recordings inducted for 2013 into the Library of Congress National Recording Registry, that preserves as "cultural, artistic and/or historical treasures, representing the richness and diversity of the American soundscape." A statement by the Library of Congress called the album "the key work in the early history of Christian rock," describing Norman as one who "commented on the world as he saw it from his position as a passionate, idiosyncratic outsider to mainstream churches."

Family
Norman married actress and model Pamela Fay Ahlquist in December 1971. They separated in 1978 and divorced in September 1980.

In April 1982, Norman married Sarah Mae Finch. However another source indicates this was in April 1984. Finch had previously been married to Randy Stonehill from 1975 to 1980. The two had first met at a religious retreat in 1969. Their only child, Michael David Fariah Finch Norman, was born in August 1985. The couple divorced in 1995.

In 2008, World magazine speculated Norman fathered a son with an Australian woman during a 1988 tour, although definitive proof was never presented.

Coronary issues and death
In February 1992, Norman suffered a nine-hour heart attack that resulted in permanent heart damage, leading to frequent hospitalizations in the years that followed. By early 1995, Norman had been hospitalized thirteen times and had a defibrillator implant, which enabled him to perform occasional small concerts.

After a lengthy illness, Norman died on February 24, 2008, at the age of 60 at his home in Salem, Oregon. The previous day he had posted on his website:

"I feel like a prize in a box of Cracker Jacks with God's hand reaching down to pick me up. I have been under medical care for months. My wounds are getting bigger. I have trouble breathing. I am ready to fly home. I won't be here much longer. I can't do anything about it. My heart is too weak. I want to say goodbye to everyone ... I want to say I love you. I'd like to push back the darkness with my bravest effort ... Goodbye, farewell, we will meet again."

Following a public memorial on March 1 at the Church on the Hill in Turner, Oregon, Norman was buried in Salem's City View Cemetery. His tombstone reads: "Larry Norman / Evangelist Without Portfolio / 1947–2008 / Bloodstained Israelite".

Fallen Angel documentary
Fallen Angel: The Outlaw Larry Norman: A Bible Story is a controversial 2008 documentary on Norman's life by filmmaker David Di Sabatino. Fallen Angel includes interviews with several people who had worked with or been close to Norman thirty years earlier, including his first wife and Randy Stonehill, who recorded the film's official soundtrack, Paradise Sky.

Norman and his second wife had refused to participate in or cooperate with the project. A cease and desist notice initiated by Norman's family temporarily prevented the film's public screening, and prompted Di Sabatino to file his own lawsuit against Solid Rock in March 2009. Four months later, the case was settled out of court, allowing the film to be shown. While interviewing Stonehill, Cross Rhythms' Mike Rimmer said the film portrayed Norman as "Machiavellian, particularly in his dealings with his artists."

Norman's Solid Rock Records was said to have ended when, "Things finally fell apart in 1979, after it was discovered Larry was cheating on his wife – and having an affair with Randy's wife", a claim Norman's brother denies. Gregory Alan Thornbury's biography of Norman proposes an alternate date and reason for Solid Rock Records being wound up and the artists released from their contracts. Word Records signalled they planned to end their relationship with Solid Rock due to poor sales performances of a few of the albums and the infrequent nature of releases being delivered by the label and this news led to a breakdown in the working and personal relationship between Larry Norman and Philip Mangano in May 1980. Some discussions had already begun about certain artists being released from their contracts prior to the meeting on June 17, 1980, which was called to "clear up the relationship between Solid Rock and Street Level Artists Agency, and to deal with Daniel Amos' request to have all their contracts back from Solid Rock — management, recording, tapes, publishing, and so on" and which ended two hours later in stalemate and acrimony rather than resolution.

Select discography
Since the 1960s, Norman's work has appeared on over 100 albums, compilations, and concert bootlegs. These recordings have been released under various labels and with various artists. Some of his principal albums are:

 * Upon This Rock (1969)
 * Street Level (1970)
 * Bootleg (1972)
 * Only Visiting This Planet (1972)
 * So Long Ago the Garden (1973)
 * In Another Land (1976)
 * Something New under the Son (1981)
 * Home at Last (1989)
 * Stranded in Babylon (1991)
 * Tourniquet (2001)

Autobiography

 * The Long Road Home: Vaudeville, Dancing and How My Mother Met My Father. Salem, OR: Solid Rock Publications, 2007.

title: Larry Norman


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Peter Case

Peter Case (born April 5, 1954) is an American singer-songwriter and guitarist. His career is wide-ranging, from rock n' roll and blues, to folk rock and solo acoustic performance.

Early career
Case was born in Buffalo, New York and lived in nearby Hamburg, New York. He wrote his first song "Stay Away," in 1965, at the age of eleven. A veteran of several rock bands and the local bar scene as a teenager, Case dropped out of high school when he was fifteen (he would later earn a GED), and after several years of traveling arrived in 1973 in San Francisco, where he performed as a street musician. During this period a documentary about the local music scene, Nightshift, directed by Bert Deivert, captured the young Case on film. In 1976, he teamed up with Jack Lee and Paul Collins to form the early punk-era band The Nerves in San Francisco. The group's 1976 EP track, "Hanging on the Telephone", was later recorded by Blondie.

The Nerves moved to Los Angeles on January 1, 1977, and played and promoted some of the first punk-era shows in that city, performing at The Masque, and the Whisky a Go Go, among other venues. They toured nationally in 1977, the first independent band of their era to do a national tour, as they opened shows for the Ramones, and Mink DeVille, and performed on co-bills with The Nuns, Devo, and Pere Ubu.

After the Nerves broke up in 1978, Case formed the rock n' roll band The Plimsouls in 1979. The Plimsouls became one of the top drawing live bands in California soon after the release of their debut EP "Zero Hour" on the Beat Records label in 1979. They grew in popularity and had two major label albums, the first on Planet/Elektra in 1981, and the next on Geffen Records, in 1983. In 1982, "A Million Miles Away" was released as a 12" single, on the Shaky City/Bomp! label, and became the band's signature song. It was a radio hit in California, and some other regions of the U.S. It eventually charted at number 82 on the Billboard Hot 100. Their songs "A Million Miles Away," "The Oldest Story in the World," and "Everywhere At Once" were included in the movie Valley Girl (1983), but by the time that movie had become a cult favorite, the group had broken up.

Case briefly performed with Gurf Morlix, Victoria Williams (Case's first wife), and Warren Tornado Klein as the Incredibly Strung Out Band, but their collaboration never resulted in a record.

Solo career
Case struck out on his own with the self-titled album Peter Case released in 1986 on Geffen Records. Produced by T Bone Burnett and Mitchell Froom, the record included three songs co-written by Burnett and one by Victoria Williams, and also featured the talents of Williams, Morlix, Klein, Mike Campbell (of Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers), John Hiatt, Jim Keltner, Jerry Marotta, Roger McGuinn (of The Byrds), and Van Dyke Parks, among others. One of the songs on the album, "Old Blue Car," was nominated for a Grammy Award. Robert Palmer chose the album as the No. 1 release for 1986 in his year-in-review wrap-up for The New York Times.

In 1989, Case released a second solo album, The Man With the Blue Post-Modern Fragmented Neo-Traditionalist Guitar, this time with the help of artists like David Hidalgo of Los Lobos, Ry Cooder, and Benmont Tench. While not a major commercial success, the album was a favorite of critics and other musicians: Bruce Springsteen told Rolling Stone magazine that he was listening to Peter Case more than anyone else that year.

In 1992, Case scored a radio hit with the song "Dream About You" which peaked at #16 on the U.S. Billboard Modern Rock charts. After a third album for Geffen, Six-Pack of Love, Case recorded a live-in-the-studio album of cover versions of folk, blues, and country songs, Peter Case Sings Like Hell, which was released on Case's own Travelin' Light label. Case signed a contract with Vanguard Records, and the record was re-released on that label in 1993. His next Vanguard record, Torn Again, was issued in 1995, and features Case with a band including the rhythm section of Don Heffington and Jerry Scheff, with Greg Leisz on guitar.

In 1996, the Plimsouls reunited for the first of several reunions. Throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, Case continued to release albums as a solo performer, moving in an increasingly acoustic-oriented direction, and playing clubs and small venues. Torn Again was followed by Full Service No Waiting (1998), Flying Saucer Blues (2000), and Beeline (2002) all on Vanguard, in addition to Thank You St. Jude (2001), a self-released CD that featured David Perales on fiddle and background vocals. In a review of Flying Saucer Blues, critic Bill Wasserzieher declared, "I am convinced that nobody of Case's generation writes better songs or does better work in the tradition of Woody Guthrie."

In 2004 Vanguard released Who's Gonna Go Your Crooked Mile, a compilation of tracks from his albums for the label, which also included two previously unrecorded songs, "Wake Up Call" and "My Generation's Golden Handcuff Blues". Both tracks gave evidence of Case's strongly held political convictions.

In the late 1990s, he curated the musical program for the Getty Museum in Los Angeles. In 2001, he organized, produced, and performed on Avalon Blues, a tribute album to blues music pioneer Mississippi John Hurt, which was nominated for the 2002 Grammy Award for Best Traditional Folk Album. Case also performed Beatles songs at the Hollywood Bowl with George Martin. Case's solo performances have featured his own compositions as well as covers of songs by Memphis Minnie, Sleepy John Estes, Bob Dylan, Neil Young, and others. He frequently conducts songwriting workshops in California, where he now resides, and in other locations.

In February 2006, Hungry for Music, a non-profit organization based in Washington, DC, released a three-disc tribute to Case, entitled A Case for Case; the set featured cover versions of Case's songs performed by various artists, including John Prine, Susan Cowsill, Joe Ely, Dave Alvin, Maura O'Connell and others.

In 2006 Case began posting on his blog sections of a memoir entitled As Far As You Can Get Without a Passport, which was subsequently issued in book form in January 2007 by Everthemore Books. The memoir covers Case's very early days from the time he left his native upstate New York and wound up singing and playing on the streets of San Francisco. This period inspired some of his most memorable songs, including "Entella Hotel "and "Travellin' Light." John Doe, co-founder of the Los Angeles punk band X, contributed an introduction to the book. Case has continued to write and post autobiographical additional material.

On December 6, 2007, Case's Let Us Now Praise Sleepy John was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Traditional Folk Album. The record was produced by Ian Brennan. The album featured "Every 24 Hours," a duet with Richard Thompson on harmony vocals and guitar, and "That Soul Twist," a duet with Merle Haggard pedal-steel man Norm Hamlet.

In January 2009, Case underwent heart surgery, leading to fund raising efforts by other musicians to help defray his medical costs. Case's next project, Wig!, a CD/LP was released on June 29, 2010, by Yep Roc Records. The record was an interpretation of electric blues, and featured D.J. Bonebrake on drums, and Memphis musician Ron Franklin on slide guitar and electric piano. Case and Franklin composed a number of the songs the day before the sessions, which lasted three days.

In 2012, The Case Files, a compilation of "studio out-takes, demos, and live shots," was released by Alive Naturalsound Records. This record included two 1985 demos made with T Bone Burnett, some spoken word pieces with music from a longer piece called Bomblight Prayer Vigil, and various other Case rarities.

In December 2014, Case went into the Carriage House studio in Los Angeles, and recorded HWY 62, an LP of new original songs, with a band including Ben Harper on lead guitar, D.J. Bonebrake of X, on drums, keyboardist Jebin Bruni, and bassist David Carpenter. The album was released in 2015.

September 2016 saw the re-release of his debut solo album expanded with 7 extra tracks.

In December 2019, Case went to The Old Whaling Church in Martha's Vineyard and recorded with producer Ron Franklin,The Midnight Broadcast, a concept album of traditional and contemporary material featuring Cindy Wasserman (vocals), Bert Deivert (mandolin, drums), Lee Fortier (harmonica, vocals) Franklin (moog, maracas) and Ross Johnson (as the DJ). Mixed by Boo Mitchell at Royal Recorders in Memphis, the album was released in 2021.

Reunion tribute tour
In 2012, longtime musical partners Case and Paul Collins announced a reunion tour paying tribute to their groups The Nerves, The Breakaways, The Beat and The Plimsouls. The touring band line-up for the Collins and Case tour was augmented by members of The Paul Collins Beat (Timm Buechler, bass, and Amos Pitsch of Tenement, drums, and Tim Schweiger, a veteran musician). According to the Los Angeles Times Music Blog of March 22, 2012, the tour "fell apart" early due to "musical differences".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Peter Case


text:
Amber, India

Amber or Amer, is a city near Jaipur in Jaipur district in the Indian state of Rajasthan. It is now a part of the Jaipur Municipal Corporation.

The picturesque situation of Amber at the mouth of a rocky mountain gorge, in which nestles a lake, has attracted the admiration of travellers, including Victor Jacquemont and Reginald Heber. It is seen to be a remarkable example for its combined Rajput-Mughal architecture. The Amber Fort, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is the top tourist attraction in the Jaipur area.

Ancient history
Amer was a part of the Matsya Kingdom Ruled by Meenas, one of the 16 ancient Mahājanapadas

Amber region also known as Amer or Dhundhar and was controlled by Meena chiefs of five different tribes who were under suzerainty of the Bargurjar Rajput Raja of Deoti. Later a Kachhwaha prince Dulha Rai destroyed the sovereignty of Meenas and also defeated Bargurjars of Deoli and took Dhundhar fully under Kachwaha rule.

It replaced Khoh as the capital of Dhundhar after Kakil Deo, the son of Dulha Rai, defeated the Meenas here. Kachhwaha capital was later shifted to Jaipur, a new city built by Sawai Jai Singh.

Amber Fort was built by Maharaja of Parmar Rajputs, appreciated by Raja Man Singh I. Amber was ruled from 1590 to 1614 AD by Mughal Emperor Akbar's Navaratnas Raja Man Singh I, which included the built palace. The palace includes several spectacular buildings, such as the Diwan-i-Khas, and the elaborately painted Ganesh Pole built by the renowned warlord Mirza Raja Jai Singh I (Man Singh I's grandson). The old and original fort of Amber, dating from earlier Rajas or the Mair or Maidh period, is what is known in the present day as Jaigarh Fort, which was actually the main defensive structure rather than the palace itself. The two structures are interconnected by a series of encompassing fortifications.

Amber was capital of the Kachwaha until 1727 when the ruler of Amber, Sawai Jai Singh II founded a capital Jainagara (Jaipur), named after him, about nine kilometers south of Amber. After the founding of this new town, the royal palace and houses of prominent persons were shifted to Jaipur. The priests of Shila Devi temple, who were Bengali Brahmins, continued to live in the fort (to this date), while the Jaigarh fort above the palace also remained heavily garrisoned. The capital of Kachwaha was supplanted by the modern city of Jaipur, which is the capital of the Rajasthan state in India.

Controversy over renovation practices
Poor site management and development pressures have dramatically altered the historical integrity of Amber. The building that rings around the Jaleb Chwok courtyard "has been converted to a market place with shops selling showpieces and dresses. They have cafeterias, cyber cafés, etc.", according to the Times of India. In the summer of 2009, the Rajasthan High Court launched a three-member panel charged with investigating the controversial renovations and determining to what extent the cultural heritage of the site was compromised.

Visitor attractions

 * Amber Fort
 * Maota Lake
 * Jagat shiromani Temple
 * Jaigarh Fort
 * Nahargarh Biological Park
 * Panna Meena ka Kund stepwell
 * Shila Devi Temple
 * Shri Manasa Devi Temple
 * Water Gateways

Nahargarh Biological Park
This park is home to species whose numbers have declined over the years, such as the Indian leopard. The flora is representative of the Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests ecoregion.

In media
Various scenes were produced for the 2011 British film The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel in and around Amber.

title: Amber, India


text:
Talk:Adhesive

Shelf life section
This section seems to be fairly minor, since it doesn't offer very specific information (ie. "Some glues have a limited shelf life" doesn't tell us much). Maybe this needs to be incorporated into the particular examples as sorted by reactiveness? — SelectivelyPermeableStudent (talk) 18:02, 10 April 2021 (UTC)

Science of the bonding properties
I was looking for an explaination/understanding of the science of how the glue adheres to the surfaces being glued, ie is it surface tension, chemical bonding, electostatic forces or what. This could be good information for understanding why different adhesives work with different materials and why they may fail. I know nothing on the subject so really needs some expert/chemist with some time to write something. Thanks —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.51.39.214 (talk) 01:20, 5 May 2011 (UTC)

Oreo example
What's with the Oreo example? That isn't international - Oreos are generally confined to the US of A. Mort42 (talk) 19:51, 26 January 2009 (UTC)

BP?!?
OK, so a bunch of new-world order types don't like AD/BC and instead insist on CE/BCE. Now, WTF is BP supposed to stand for in the way it is used in this article? First guess was "before people" but that doesn't really make any sense given that the article is about glue. Might have worked in an article about dinosaurs tho.

Can someone in charge just make up their f'n mind about what standard we are going to use, and then make sure we stick to it? I grudgingly accepted the idea that authors of articles about non-christian religions and cultures might want BCE/CE, but am lost as to what BP might mean here. "Before Petroleum"? Except that would be wrong, since tars have always been available on certain sandy beaches ... Zaphraud (talk) 22:41, 16 August 2009 (UTC)
 * Note .. if it is "before people", the idea that obviously intelligent non-homo sapiens should not also be considered "people" in terms of discussing the accomplishments of their civilization is at least as offensive to the ideals of equality as any religion-based date system ever was - at least AD/BC doesn't re-classify members of any civilization as animals. Zaphraud (talk) 22:45, 16 August 2009 (UTC)

 * It means "before present"; in other words it's synonymous with "ago". Ewulp (talk) 23:36, 16 August 2009 (UTC)

 * According to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Before_Present, BP means "before 1950". 94.30.84.71 (talk) 20:49, 13 September 2022 (UTC)

Plastic Wrap
"Plastic wrap displays temporary adhesive properties as well." Really? So does jelly but that doesn't make it an adhesive. Shouldn't this be removed? Shepherdtech (talk) 23:07, 1 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the heads up. I've removed it. Wizard191 (talk) 23:34, 1 April 2010 (UTC)

Polyvinyl acetate
Isnt polyvinyl acetate a thermoplastic? It appears as thermosetting in the article? Sturgman (talk) 18:10, 16 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Yup, I fixed it. Thanks! Wizard191 (talk) 23:20, 16 June 2010 (UTC)

Birdlime
How well does traditional birdlime stand up against adhesives on the modern market? (I ask because I can't picture capturing birds on the branch using any of the usual stuff) Wnt (talk) 21:34, 26 August 2010 (UTC)

History
The history section presents a somewhat misleading picture.
 * The way the section is structured, it implies that animal glues were strictly prehistoric; in reality, animal-skin-derived glues were in widespread use throughout the pre-modern period until the more convenient bottled stuff replaced them in all but the most specialized applications. (Reproduction furniture makers, for example, still use rabbit skin glue.)
 * Egg whites (glair) were commonly used as a binder for paints, but make a less satisfactory gold size than a proper gesso, made with some sort of animal glue plus a 'body' agent such as slaked plaster. Other gold sizes (which give a more flat/matte effect then the mirror-finish of gesso) include garlic juice or gum ammoniac.
 * I believe at least one of the medieval artists instruction manuals mentions milk glue, well before the 19th century.

141.151.82.232 (talk) 00:01, 6 October 2010 (UTC)

Animal glue
At least in the mid-20th century, and perhaps even at present, hot animal glue was preferred by luthiers for joining the top plate (front) (and, probably, the back) of a violin (and other similar stringed instruments) to the ribs (sides). It can be cracked apart for repairs with minimal or no damage to the wood. As well, it was the adhesive/sealant of choice for pipe-organ building and repairs, at least by some workers in that field. I can remember as a child in the 1940s watching my parents heat up brown translucent flakes of animal glue in a hot pot (water-jacketed)? It was applied hot, and perhaps bonded well as soon as it was cool; I'm not sure. It had a distinctive odor.

It would not be surprising to find that animal and fish glues are still used by some makers of folk instruments worldwide. Nikevich (talk) 14:59, 5 January 2012 (UTC)

Sex and glue
The first line of the second paragraph begins "Adhesives are used for adventurous sex positions, gluing you genitals to a wall ;)". No citation is given and wink makes me suspicious. Orangutanlibrarian (talk) 10:42, 25 November 2011 (UTC)Orangutanlibrarian
 * Fixed. Grantmidnight (talk) 16:23, 25 November 2011 (UTC)

"Glue" vs. "Adhesive"
I was rather disappointed, although I'm not an expert, by what seems to be lack of rigor in the use of these terms in what, on the whole, strikes me as an excellent article. While I'm no professional in the field, I have been quite interested in adhesives for just about all my life (I'm almost 76).

There's no denying that common usage (in English) prefers the term "glue"; it's monosyllabic, and universally understood. "Adhesive", imho, can run the risk of seeming pedantic. Several decades ago, I read that the term "Adhesive" is generic, and "glue", strictly speaking, is one type of adhesive (probably defined as primarily earlier technology, and probably/typically composed of animal/fish-derived substances). Until I read this article, I have kept that distinction*. It seems that the usage of "adhesive" and "glue" in the article is somewhat inconsistent, but considering that my belief is that of an amateur, I haven't changed any text. Nevertheless, I hope to see a clarification in the lead sentence [s] of the article regarding common usage and (versus?) the exact definition of "glue".

 * Much as I still maintain that soap is no longer in common use, and plain soap is hard to find; "soap", these days, implies detergent, but, technically, differs chemically. Soap was notorious for forming insoluble curds when used with hard water. Nevertheless, I'll accept "soap" as common usage to mean "detergent". Brevity is often a virtue.

Best regards, Nikevich (talk) 15:19, 5 January 2012 (UTC)

Applications
This article (and it is not alone) fails in one of the primary purposes of an encyclopaedic article. A layperson seeking information about adhesives is likely to want help in finding the best choice for a particular task. A section devoted to this would be best, although a poor second would be relevant information under each glue type section. treesmill (talk) 10:10, 5 May 2012 (UTC)

Recent Edit to Preview and History Section
I have recently replaced the preview and history sections with what I consider better written, verifiable ones. Please review and post recommendations. HIST406-13rgrover1 (talk) 19:46, 17 April 2013 (UTC)

overly general?
I feel like this should be a category instead of an article. Attempting to lump all types of adhesives into one article invite excessive simplifications and results in a poor description of any given topic. You wouldn't try and describe every type of vehicle in one single article, because you wouldn't be able to provide an appropriate level of information on any particular vehicle. This is especially apparent in this article, as many of these different types of adhesives have bonding mechanisms with no relation to any other adhesive in the article. It's like trying to explain helicopters and boats in the same article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.42.152.225 (talk) 22:48, 17 June 2013 (UTC)

 * This is a survey article to give an overview of the topic, with pointers to more-detailed information in other articles. It is also used to provide comparisons of different adhesives, which cannot be done by a simple category.  This article does need improvement in many areas, but the overall format is appropriate.  Reify-tech (talk) 16:10, 8 September 2014 (UTC)

One-part vs. 2-part adhesives
The section on one-part adhesives has a subsection describing a two-part adhesive that cures when exposed to heat... Doesn't that make it a 2-part adhesive and therefore shouldn't it be in that section? Or am I missing something here? KDS 4444 Talk   14:42, 15 December 2013 (UTC)

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'broken' reference
I don't know how references are supposed to work, but the link at   Mittal and Pizzi 2003, p. 3. is not helpful. On careful examination, it is, itself, a reference to the bibliography section, but it doesn't work: clicking on it does not take you to the bibliography section. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.188.143.67 (talk) 01:34, 11 October 2020 (UTC)

Working temperature ranges
I have been asked to re-fix a handle which is no longer spot-welded to a bowl (17cm across, 6cm deep, about 0.5mm thick; handle is bent rod, 5mm diameter; both are stainless steel) which is apparently used for boiling but might be put in a refrigerator.

So I need a glue which has a working temperature range encompassing say -20C to 110C. Most glue manufacturers do not, as far as I can see, give that sort of information (but I knew of one type which claims an upper limit of 1300C).

I suggest, therefore, for the Article, a table of properties, giving for each generic type of glue: whether it sets hard or flexible, its setting time at normal temperature, its working temperature range, etc. For some jobs, that table could be enough to show what is needed; for others it could at least eliminate some categories.

I don't know enough to begin writing such a table. 94.30.84.71 (talk) 22:07, 13 September 2022 (UTC)

"Chemical weld" glues
Perhaps I missed it, but I don't see mention of adhesives that work by partially dissolving the items to be joined so that they fuse then reharden as the solvent(s) evaporate. Examples include plastic model cement, which softens and fuses polystyrene, and the cement used with PVC pipe and fittings. (There is even an enzyme used in modernist cooking that bonds meats this way.) This would be a sub-classification of the drying type glues, but the method of bonding is sufficiently different from others as to warrant its own description.

I know a little about this, but am not sufficiently expert to write such a section well. Someone more knowledgeable that I should, please, add this. Joe Avins (talk) 13:17, 23 September 2022 (UTC)

"Liquid nails" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liquid_nails&redirect=no Liquid nails] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Utopes (talk / cont) 05:08, 18 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Adhesive


text:
Talk:Web indexing

The reference http://www.trackindexing.com/ is 404 and possibly needs to be deleted or updated.

Leo.Kuznetsov@gmail.com (talk) 22:51, 13 March 2009 (UTC)

Removed random ad (on this Talk page)
I know it's not done to edit Talk pages but in this case I thought it was justified. Most of this page was a single advertisement for some Swiss shop. --MichielN (talk) 15:45, 9 November 2022 (UTC)

Broken reference found
Broken reference: Web Crawlers:Indexing the Web 73.114.29.20 (talk) 03:36, 14 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Web indexing


text:
Talk:Wilcox County, Alabama

-

Untitled
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mav (talk • contribs) 07:42, 1 October 2002 (UTC)

External Link
Hello, there is an article here, http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1294, that might merit an external link. Thanks, Justin --Duboiju (talk) 18:16, 6 April 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wilcox County, Alabama


text:
Talk:Ketchikan Gateway Borough, Alaska

Untitled
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title: Talk:Ketchikan Gateway Borough, Alaska