text:
Bugle

The bugle is a simple signaling brass instrument with a wide conical bore. It normally has no valves or other pitch-altering devices, and is thus limited to its natural harmonic notes, and pitch is controlled entirely by varying the air and embouchure.

History

 * See also Clarion and Natural trumpet

The English word bugle comes from a combination of words. From French, it reaches back to cor buglèr and bugleret, indicating a signaling horn made from a small cow's horn. Going back further, it touches on Latin, buculus, meaning bullock. Old English also influences the modern word with bugle, meaning "wild ox."

The name indicates an animal's (cow's) horn, which was the way horns were made in Europe after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The modern bugle is made from metal tubing, and that technology has roots which date back to the Roman Empire, as well as to the Middle East during the Crusades, where Europeans re-discovered metal-tubed trumpets and brought them home.

Historically, horns were curved trumpets, conical, often made from ox or other animal horns, from shells, from hollowed ivory such as the olifant. There existed another tradition of trumpets made of straight metal tubes of brass or silver that went back in Europe as far as the Greeks (salpinx) and Romans (Roman tuba), and further back to the Etruscans, Assyrians and Egyptians (King Tut's Trumpet). After the fall of Rome, when much of Europe was separated from the remaining Eastern Roman Empire, the straight, tubular sheet-metal trumpet disappeared and curved horns were Europe's trumpet.

The sheet-metal tubular trumpet persisted in the Middle East and Central Asia as the nafir and karnay, and during the Reconquista and Crusades, Europeans began to build them again, having seen these instruments in their wars. The first made were the añafil in Spain and buisine in France and elsewhere. Then Europeans took a step that hadn't been part of trumpet making since the Roman (buccina and cornu); they figured out how to bend tubes without ruining them and by the 1400s were experimenting with new instruments.

Whole lines of brass instruments were created, including initially examples like the clarion and the natural trumpet. These were bent-tube variations that shrunk the long tubes into a manageable size and controlled the way the instruments sounded. One of the variations was to create "sickle shaped" horn or "hunting horns" in the 15th century. By the 18th century, Germans had created a "half moon" shaped horn called the halbmondbläser, used by Jäger battalions. During the last quarter of the 18th century, or by 1800, the half-moon horn was bent further into a loop, possibly first by William Shaw (or his workshop) of London. The instrument was used militarily at that point as the "bugle horn."

In 1758, the Halbmondbläser (half-moon) was used by light infantry from Hanover, and continued until after 1813. It was crescent-shaped (hence its name) and comfortably carried by a shoulder strap attached at the mouthpiece and bell. It first spread to England where as the "bugle horn" it was gradually accepted by the light dragoons (1764), the Grenadier Guards (1772), light artillery (1788) and light infantry.

18th-century cavalry did not normally use a standard bugle, but rather an early trumpet that might be mistaken for a bugle today, as it lacked keys or valves, but had a more gradual taper and a smaller bell, producing a sound more easily audible at close range but with less carrying power over distance. The earliest bugles were shaped in a coil – typically a double coil, but also a single or triple coil – similar to the modern horn, and were used to communicate during hunts and as announcing-instruments for coaches (somewhat akin to today's automobile horn). Predecessors and relatives of the bugle included the post horn, the Pless horn (sometimes called the "Prince Pless horn"), the bugle horn, and the shofar, among others. The ancient Roman army used the buccina.

Uses
Pitch control is done by varying the player's air and embouchure. Consequently, the bugle is limited to notes within the harmonic series. Scores for standard bugle calls use the five notes of the "bugle scale".

The bugle is used mainly in the military, where the bugle call is used to indicate the daily routines of camp. Historically, the bugle was used in the cavalry to relay instructions from officers to soldiers during battle. They were used to assemble the leaders and to give marching orders to the camps.

The bugle is also used in Boy Scout troops and in the Boys' Brigade.

The Rifles, an infantry regiment in the British Army, has retained the bugle for ceremonial and symbolic purposes, as did other rifle regiments before it. When originally formed in 1800, the Rifle Corps were the first dedicated light infantry unit in the British Army and were allowed a number of unique accouterments that were believed to be better suited for skirmishing, such as their green jackets. Other infantry used drums when marching and had whistles to signal when skirmishing, but the Rifle Corps was a much larger body of men that would be expected to spread out over a large area under a single commander. As a result, the bugle was taken from cavalry traditions because signals could pass much further without the need for repeats. The buglers in each battalion are headed by the bugle major, a senior non-commissioned officer holding the rank of sergeant or above.

The bugle has also been used as a sign of peace in the case of a surrender.

In most military units, the bugle can be fitted with a small banner or tabard (occasionally gold fringed) with the arms of its reporting service branch or unit.

In military tradition, the Last Post or Taps is the bugle call that signifies the end of the day's activities. It is also sounded at military funerals to indicate that the soldier has gone to his final rest and at commemorative services such as Anzac Day in Australia and New Zealand and Remembrance Day in Canada

Variations

The cornet is sometimes erroneously considered a valved bugle, but the cornet was derived from more narrow-bored instruments, the French cornet de poste and cor de chasse.

Keyed bugles (Klappenhorn) were invented in the early 19th century. In England, a patent for one design was taken out by Joseph Halliday in 1811 and became known as the Kent bugle. This bugle established itself in military band music in Britain and America, and its popularity is indicated by the existence of many published method books and arrangements. It was in wide use until about 1850 by which time it had been largely replaced by the cornet. Richard Willis, appointed the first bandmaster of the United States Military Academy's West Point Band in 1817, wrote and performed many works for the keyed bugle.

Since the mid 19th century, bugles have been made with piston valves.

Pitches of bugles

 * Soprano bugle (high pitch)
 * Alto bugle (medium pitch)
 * Baritone bugle (tenor pitch)
 * Contrabass bugle (bass pitch)

title: Bugle


text:
Le Monde

Le Monde is a French daily afternoon newspaper. It is the main publication of Le Monde Group and reported an average circulation of 480,000 copies per issue in 2022, including 40,000 sold abroad. It has been available online since 1995, and it is often the only French newspaper easily obtainable in non-French-speaking countries. It should not be confused with the monthly publication Le Monde diplomatique, of which Le Monde has 51% ownership but which is editorially independent. Le Monde is considered one of the French newspapers of record, along with Libération and Le Figaro. A Reuters Institute poll in 2021 found that Le Monde is the most trusted French newspaper.

The paper's journalistic side has a collegial form of organization, in which most journalists are tenured, unionized, and financial stakeholders in the business. While shareholders appoint the company's CEO, the editor is elected by Le Monde's journalists to uphold the newsroom's independence. Le Monde has often broken major scandals, for instance, by directly implicating President François Mitterrand in the sinking of the Rainbow Warrior in New Zealand. In contrast to other world newspapers such as The New York Times, Le Monde was traditionally focused on offering analysis and opinion, as opposed to being a newspaper of record. It de-emphasized maximum coverage of the news in favor of thoughtful interpretation of current events. In recent years the paper has established a greater distinction between fact and opinion.

Le Monde was founded by Hubert Beuve-Méry at the request of Charles de Gaulle (as Chairman of the Provisional Government of the French Republic) on 19 December 1944, shortly after the Liberation of Paris from Nazism, and has published continuously since its first edition. In the 1990s and 2000s, La Vie-Le Monde Group expanded under editor Jean-Marie Colombani with a number of acquisitions; however, its profitability was not sufficient to cover the large debts it took on to fund this expansion, and it sought new investors in 2010 to keep the company from bankruptcy. In June 2010, French investors Matthieu Pigasse, Pierre Bergé, and Xavier Niel acquired a controlling stake in the newspaper.

History
Le Monde was founded in 1944, at the request of General Charles de Gaulle, after the German army had been driven from Paris during World War II. The paper took over the headquarters and layout of Le Temps, which had been the most important newspaper in France, but its reputation had suffered during the Occupation. Beuve-Méry reportedly demanded total editorial independence as the condition for his taking on the project. Le Monde began publishing a weekly digest edition in English on 23 April 1969.

In December 2006, on the 60th anniversary of its publishing début, Le Monde moved into new headquarters in Boulevard Auguste-Blanqui, 13th arrondissement of Paris. The building—formerly the headquarters of Air France—was refashioned by Bouygues from the designs of Christian de Portzamparc. The building's façade has an enormous fresco adorned by doves (drawn by Plantu) flying towards Victor Hugo, symbolising freedom of the press. In 2008, Le Monde was found guilty of defamation for saying that Spanish football club FC Barcelona was connected to a doctor involved in steroid use. The Spanish court fined the newspaper nearly $450,000.

In 2014, Groupe Le Monde announced that Le Monde would move into a new headquarters, also in the 13th arrondissement, around 2017, with space for 1,200 people. In April 2016, two Le Monde reporters were denied visas to visit Algeria as part of the French Prime Minister press convoy to Algeria. The denial of visas to Le Monde reporters caused some French media to boycott the event, including Libération, Le Figaro, and France Inter. Le Monde had previously published the names of Algerian officials directly involved with the Panama Papers scandal. Coverage of the scandal in Le Monde included a front-page photo of President of Algeria Abdelaziz Bouteflika. However, the paper clarified in its next edition that Bouteflika was not directly implicated, but maintained that his associates were. Bouteflika opened a libel suit against Le Monde, which was later dropped after the newspaper apologised.

Le Monde is regarded as France's leading newspaper of record. In November 2023, Le Monde joined with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, Paper trail media and 69 media partners including Distributed Denial of Secrets and the Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP) and more than 270 journalists in 55 countries and territories to produce the 'Cyprus Confidential' report on the financial network which supports the regime of Vladimir Putin, mostly with connections to Cyprus, and showed Cyprus to have strong links with high-up figures in the Kremlin, some of whom have been sanctioned. Government officials including Cyprus president Nikos Christodoulides and European lawmakers began responding to the investigation's findings in less than 24 hours, calling for reforms and launching probes.

Ownership
In June 2010, investors Matthieu Pigasse, Pierre Bergé, and Xavier Niel acquired a controlling stake in the newspaper. In October 2018, staff learned that Pigasse had sold 49% of his stake in the company to Czech businessman Daniel Křetínský. Le Monde's Independency Group, a minority shareholder that aims to protect the paper's editorial independence, had not been informed of the sale, and asked Pigasse and Křetínský to sign an "approval agreement" that would give the Independency Group the right to approve or reject any controlling shareholder. , they had not done so.

Publication schedule
Le Monde is published around midday, and the cover date on the masthead is the following day's. For instance, the issue released at midday on 15 March shows 16 March on the masthead. It is available on newsstands in France on the day of release and received by mail subscribers on the masthead date. The Saturday issue is a double one, for Saturday and Sunday, thus the latest edition can be found on newsstands from Monday to Friday included, while subscribers will receive it from Tuesday to Saturday.

LeMonde.fr
Le Monde was among the first French newspapers on the web, with its first web edition on 19 December 1995. It is among the 50 most visited websites in France. Starting in the 2000s Le Monde allowed its subscribers to publish a blog on its website. These blogs were called the "les blogs abonnées du Monde.fr". On 10 April 2019, Le Monde announced that it would be closing its blog platform on 5 June 2019. Although the reasons for the closing of the blogs were unclear, it could be linked to the dominance of social networks like Facebook. Le Monde launched an English language edition of its news website on 7 April 2022, featuring its articles translated from French.

Politics
In 1981, Le Monde backed the election of socialist François Mitterrand, partly on the grounds that the alternation of the political party in government would be beneficial to the democratic character of the state. The paper endorsed centre-right candidate Édouard Balladur in the 1995 French presidential election, and Ségolène Royal, the Socialist Party candidate, in the 2007 French presidential election.

Reception
According to the Mitrokhin Archive investigators, Le Monde (KGB codename VESTNIK, "messenger") was the KGB's key outlet for Soviet disinformation in the French media. The archive identified two senior Le Monde journalists and several contributors who were used in the operations (see also the article on Russian influence operations in France). Michel Legris, a former journalist with the paper, wrote Le Monde tel qu'il est (Le Monde as it is) in 1976. According to him, the journal minimized the atrocities the Cambodian Khmer Rouge committed. In their 2003 book titled La Face cachée du Monde (The Hidden face of "Le Monde"), authors Pierre Péan and Philippe Cohen alleged that Colombani and then-editor Edwy Plenel had shown, amongst other things, partisan bias and had engaged in financial dealings that compromised the paper's independence. It also accused the paper of dangerously damaging the authority of the French state by having revealed various political scandals (notably corruption scandals surrounding Jacques Chirac, the "Irish of Vincennes" affair, and the sinking of a Greenpeace boat, the Rainbow Warrior, by French intelligence under President François Mitterrand). This book remains controversial, but it attracted much attention and media coverage in France and worldwide at the time of its publication. Following a lawsuit, the authors and the publisher agreed in 2004 not to proceed with any reprinting.

Directors

 * Hubert Beuve-Méry (1944–1969)
 * Jacques Fauvet (1969–1981)
 * Claude Julien (1981–1982)
 * André Laurens (1982–1985)
 * André Fontaine (1985–1991)
 * Jacques Lesourne (1991–1994)
 * Jean-Marie Colombani (1994–2007)
 * Éric Fottorino (2007–2010)
 * Érik Izraelewicz (2011–2012)
 * Alain Frachon (2012–2013)
 * Natalie Nougayrède (2013–2014)
 * Jérôme Fenoglio (since 2014)

Prix littéraire du Monde
The Prix littéraire du Monde has been awarded annually by Le Monde since 2013. It is awarded at the beginning of September to a novel published at the start of the French literary season—or "rentrée littéraire". The winner of the prize is chosen by a jury made up of journalists—literary journalists from Le Monde des livres, cultural or other editorial staff—chaired by the director of the newspaper.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Le Monde


text:
Three Imaginary Boys

Three Imaginary Boys is the debut studio album by English rock band the Cure, released on 8 May 1979 by Fiction Records. It was later released in the United States, Canada, and Australia with a different track listing as a compilation album titled Boys Don't Cry.

Production and content
The record company decided which songs were put on the album and running order, as well as the cover artwork, without Robert Smith's consent. For all Cure albums since, Smith has ensured that he is given complete creative control over the final product before it goes on sale. The "Foxy Lady" soundcheck, with vocals sung by Michael Dempsey, was not supposed to be on the album, and was removed for the American release. Smith has stated that "songs like 'Object' and 'World War' and our cover of 'Foxy Lady' were [producer] Chris Parry's choice".

Release
Three Imaginary Boys was released on 11 May 1979 by record label Fiction.

The album was reissued on 29 November 2004 and featured a second disc of unreleased material, including songs recorded under the band name Easy Cure with Porl Thompson. It was originally supposed to be released in early 2004 along with the band's next three studio albums (Seventeen Seconds, Faith and Pornography), but was delayed multiple times before being released by itself at the end of 2004. As it featured a variety of old songs, it was the only Deluxe Edition by the band that did not include an alternate version of each song on the first disc. Some of the early booklets in the reissue had missing lyrics, which were made available on the Cure's website in PDF form. All copies since contain the lyrics. A one-disc reissue was released on 5 September 2005, containing only the original album. It was also released in the standard jewel case rather than in a box. In some countries, the Deluxe Edition has become a collector's item as production was phased out, being replaced by the more economic single-disc version.

Reception
Despite Smith's displeasure with the record, Three Imaginary Boys was well received critically at the time of its release. Sounds' Dave McCullough praised it in a 5-star review and noted: "The Cure are going somewhere different on each track, the ideas are startling and disarming." McCullough noted the variety of the material and qualified "Grinding Halt" as a "pop song that reminds you of the Isley Brothers or the Buzzcocks." Red Starr, writing in Smash Hits, described the album as a "brilliant, compelling debut." However, NME's Paul Morley did not share the same point of view and wrote: "Most of the time, it's a voice catching its breath, a cautiously primitive riff guitar, toy drumming and a sprightly bass."

Chris True of AllMusic retrospectively called the album "a very strong debut" and a "semi-detached bit of late-'70s English pop-punk". Nitsuh Abebe of Pitchfork likened the album to a "new wave Wire... [or] Joy Division" and called it "as original a record as anything else to spin off from the tail end of punk." He also called the album "spiky post-punk." BBC Music critic Simon Morgan said "Smith was forging his own take on the post-punk zeitgeist," while author Martin C. Strong said it "remains among the Cure's finest work," adding that "their strangely accessible post-punk snippets lent an air of suppressed melancholy." The album was also described as "a collection of melodic but slightly kooky power-pop" by Chris Gerard of PopMatters.

Personnel
 The Cure

 * Robert Smith – guitar, lead vocals (all but "Foxy Lady"), harmonica ("Subway Song")
 * Michael Dempsey – bass, backing and lead ("Foxy Lady") vocals
 * Lol Tolhurst – drums

 Additional personnel

 * Porl Thompson – lead guitar, backing vocals (1–4, 6, 7 of bonus disc)

 Technical

 * David Dragon – sleeve illustrations
 * Michael J. Dutton – "assistant"
 * Martyn Goddard – sleeve photography
 * Mike Hedges – engineering
 * Connie Jude – sleeve illustrations
 * Chris Parry – production
 * Bill Smith – art direction, sleeve design, additional photography

title: Three Imaginary Boys


text:
Clarkstown, New York

Clarkstown is a town in Rockland County, New York, United States. The town is on the eastern border of the county, located north of the town of Orangetown, east of the town of Ramapo, south of the town of Haverstraw, and west of the Hudson River. As of the 2020 census, the town had a total population of 86,855. The hamlet of New City, the county seat of Rockland County, is also the seat of town government and of the Clarkstown Police Department, the county sheriff's office, and the county correctional facility. New City makes up about 41.47% of the town's population.

History
The town of Clarkstown was created in 1791 from the town of Haverstraw in Orange County, before Rockland County was formed.

Geography
The Hudson River defines the eastern border of the town, which is opposite the town of Mount Pleasant in Westchester County.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 46.9 sqmi, of which 38.5 sqmi is land and 8.4 sqmi (17.87%) is water.

The New York State Thruway (Interstate 87/Interstate 287) intersects the Palisades Interstate Parkway in the town.

Demographics
As of the 2010 Census, there were 84,187 people, 29,234 households, and 22,186 families residing in the Town of Clarkstown. The population density was 1,800 per square mile. There were 30,314 housing units at an average density of 646.35 per square mile. There were 29,234 households, out of which 27.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.1% were married couples living together, 10.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.1% were non-families. 36.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 31.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age of older. The average household size was 2.84 and the average family size was 3.28. The median age was 42.8 years.

As of the census of 2000, there were 82,082 people, 27,697 households, and 21,991 families residing in the town. The population density was 2,129.7 PD/sqmi. There were 28,220 housing units at an average density of 732.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 79.97% White, 7.87% African American, 0.13% Native American, 7.90% Asian, 0.10% Pacific Islander, 1.99% from other races, and 2.03% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.92% of the population.

There were 27,697 households, out of which 36.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.4% were married couples living together, 9.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.6% were non-families. 16.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.90 and the average family size was 3.27.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 24.7% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 28.1% from 45 to 64, and 12.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.3 males.

According to a 2007 estimate, the median income for a household in the town was $92,121, and the median income for a family was $104,909. Males had a median income of $57,773 versus $40,805 for females. The per capita income for the town was $34,430. About 2.5% of families and 3.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.5% of those under age 18 and 3.4% of those age 65 or over.

As of the 2020 Census, there were 86,855 people residing in the Town of Clarkstown.

Clarkstown is the most densely populated town in Rockland County and is home to New City, which is the county seat. Clarkstown has more business districts in it than any other town in Rockland County, including the Palisades Center, which is among the largest malls in the world.

Elected representation
The Town of Clarkstown has as its chief executive a Town Supervisor. The current Town Supervisor is George Hoehmann. Clarkstown is represented in the United States House of Representatives by Congressman Michael Lawler. It is represented in New York State government by Senator Bill Weber and Assemblyman Kenneth Zebrowski Jr. Clarkstown is divided into four wards as follows:
 * Ward 1 Councilman Mark Woods (R)
 * encompasses the northern portion of New City.
 * Ward 2 Councilman Michael Graziano (R)
 * encompasses the northeast portion of Clarkstown.
 * Ward 3 Councilman Donald Franchino (R)
 * encompasses Central Nyack, West Nyack, Nanuet, and Bardonia.
 * Ward 4 Councilman Patrick Carroll (D)
 * encompasses Bardonia, New City, Nanuet, Spring Valley and West Nyack.

 * Town Supervisor George Hoehmann (R)
 * Town Clerk Lauren M. Wohl (R)
 * Superintendent of Highway Robert E. Milone (R)
 * Town Justice Leslie Kahn (R)
 * Town Justice Michael Bongiorno (R)
 * Town Justice David Ascher (D)
 * Town Justice Aimee Pollak (D)

Public transportation
Clarkstown Mini-Trans is the provider of local mass transportation in Clarkstown. It has five bus routes:

 * Route A- Nanuet Mall to Lakewood Drive
 * Route B- Nanuet Mall to Zukor Park
 * Route C- Nanuet Mall to South Mountain Road
 * Route D- Nanuet Mall to Palisades Center Mall
 * Route E- Nanuet Mall to Ridge Road

Additionally, Transport of Rockland provides local mass transportation. Routes 59, 304, 303 serve the town.

Commuter transportation is provided by New Jersey Transit's Pascack Valley Line at Nanuet, with service to Hoboken and connecting service to New York Penn Station. Tappan ZEExpress, operated by Transport of Rockland provides bus service from the Palisades Center in West Nyack and the Hudson Link bus in Central Nyack to the Tarrytown train station and the White Plains TransCenter. In addition, Rockland Coaches provides express service to the Port Authority Bus Terminal in New York City from Park-and-Ride and other pickup locations in New City, Bardonia, West Nyack, and Nanuet via Route 49 and 49J, and local service to New York from New City, Valley Cottage, and Upper Nyack on Routes 9A, 9T, and 20.

Education
The town of Clarkstown is served by several school districts. The majority of the town is served by the Clarkstown Central School District, which educates students in New City, Bardonia, Congers, and West Nyack. The village of Upper Nyack as well as the hamlets of Valley Cottage and Central Nyack are served by the Nyack Public Schools, while the Hamlet of Nanuet is served by the Nanuet Union Free School District. A small portion on the western town border is served by the East Ramapo Central School District.

High schools located in the town include Clarkstown South High School in West Nyack, Clarkstown North High School in New City, Nyack Senior High School in Upper Nyack, and Nanuet Senior High School in Nanuet.

 * Clarkstown Central School District

Communities and locations in the Town of Clarkstown

 * Bardonia – A hamlet southeast of New City.
 * Brownsell Corners – A hamlet in the north part of the town, now considered a part of New City.
 * Centenary – A hamlet near the north town line, now the north-easternmost side of New City.
 * Central Nyack – A hamlet on the south town line.
 * Congers – A hamlet in the eastern part of the town.
 * Lake DeForest – A long lake with a north–south orientation.
 * High Tor State Park – A state park along the northern town line.
 * Germonds – A location south of New City.
 * Hook Mountain State Park – A state park in the eastern part of the town.
 * Lake Lucille – A location in the northern part of the town.
 * Mount Ivy – A hamlet on the northern town line.
 * Nanuet – A hamlet.
 * New City – A hamlet that is the county seat.
 * New City Condominiums– A neighborhood near the center of New City.
 * New City Park – A community in South New City.
 * Nyack Beach State Park – A state park near the Hudson River.
 * Oakbrook – A hamlet east of Spring Valley
 * Rockland Lake – A hamlet located west of a lake of the same name.
 * Rockland Lake State Park – A state park in the eastern part of the town.
 * Spring Valley – A village, the eastern portion of which is within the town.
 * Upper Nyack – A village north of Nyack.
 * Valley Cottage – A hamlet in the eastern part of the town.
 * West Nyack – A hamlet west of Nyack village.

Clarkstown Going Green
Clarkstown has taken steps towards "going green" by conducting energy audits, purchasing Energy Star office equipment and using green cleaning products in town facilities. Other steps included:
 * 2005 – Purchasing 10% of the energy used by town government from wind and solar sources.
 * 2006 – Passing a tree preservation law.
 * 2007 – Purchasing hybrid vehicles and smaller cars.
 * 2008 – Installing energy-efficient lighting (LED) at its parks and recreation building with sensors that automatically turn off lights when no motion is detected.
 * 2012- Solar Field installed on capped Town Landfill (Dedicated in 2014). It is the first Solar Field on a capped landfill in New York State. Proposed by then Councilman, George Hoehmann.
 * 2013- Town participated in the NYSDEC Climate Smart Communities program in developing resiliency and climate action plans.
 * 2016- Town purchases street lights from Orange and Rockland Utilities and begins converting to LED (Conversion completed in 2018).

Climate Action and Sustainability Planning - Training and Outreach
 * Beginning in 2014, Town Planners, along with representatives from other Town Departments, attended an initial training workshop held by the consulting firm of Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Inc. (VHB), who is being funded by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation specifically to help communities attain their goals as Climate Smart Communities. Town Planners participated in a series of workshops with VHB through February 2015 to begin the process of identifying ways to reduce the Town's greenhouse gas emissions.
 * In addition, the Clarkstown Planning Department, along with other Town Departments, participated in the New York Rising Community Reconstruction Program. This is a separate initiative funded by the New York State Department of State to aid in the development of resilient and sustainable communities. As part of this New York Rising Program the consulting firm AKRF, Inc. worked with the Town to identify areas of the Town which are vulnerable to storm damage and to formulate a plan and provide funding to address these issues.
 * Participation in these initiatives and the products generated will serve as the foundations of the Climate Action and Sustainability Plan, which will be incorporated into the first update of the Town's Comprehensive Plan, Clarkstown 2020. Additionally, workshops were held throughout the Town's hamlets to begin gathering input and formulate direction for the Clarkstown 2020 update.

U.S. Supreme Court case
In 1994, Clarkstown was involved in litigation that challenged a town ordinance, that required all waste picked up in the town to be sorted for recyclables at a specific privately operated facility. The case made it to the United States Supreme Court in C&A Carbone, Inc. v. Town of Clarkstown, in which the ordinance was held unconstitutional.

title: Clarkstown, New York


text:
Congers, New York

Congers is a suburban hamlet and census-designated place in the town of Clarkstown, Rockland County, New York, United States. It is located north of Valley Cottage, east of New City, across Lake DeForest, south of Haverstraw, and west of the Hudson River. It lies 19 mi north of New York City's Bronx boundary. As of the 2020 census, the population was 8,532.

Geography
Congers is located at 41.14639°N, -73.94417°W (41.146445, −73.944036).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3.9 sqmi, of which 3.2 sqmi is land and 0.7 sqmi (18.39%) is water. The high percentage of Congers that sits under water is due to the hamlet's emplacement within and between four lakes: Congers Lake, Rockland Lake, Swartwout (also Swarthout) Lake, and the county reservoir, Lake DeForest. Congers is adjacent to Rockland Lake State Park, along the Hudson River.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 8,303 people, 2,695 households, and 2,244 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 2,635.9 PD/sqmi. There were 2,743 housing units at an average density of 870.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 85.2% White, 1.8% African American, 0.2% Native American, 8.6% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 2.1% from other races, and 2.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 7.6% of the population.

There were 2,695 households, out of which 40.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70.3% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.7% were non-families. 13.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.05 and the average family size was 3.36. In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 26.1% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 29.7% from 25 to 44, 26.6% from 45 to 64, and 10.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.6 males.

History

Congers was settled in the late 17th century by Dutch, German and English settlers. It was known as Cedar Grove Corner and then Waldberg, which in German means "forest mountain". It is named after New York State Senator Abraham Bogart Conger (1814 - 1887).

In the 19th century the Congers railroad station, three churches, a school, the firehouse and the Central and Globe hotels were built. The first floor of the then Globe hotel on the southeastern corner of Congers Road is presently the Last Chance Saloon. The Clarktown Dutch Reformed Church still stands at the corner of Congers Road and Kings Highway.

Kings Highway was the first major road in the county and for many years the only road from New York to Albany.

Nine structures in Congers have recognized historical markers dating back to the 18th century, including the DeBaum House on Kings Highway, the Smith House on Gilchrest Road and the Snedeker House, where the George Washington is believed to have spent a night in his role as commander-in-chief of Colonial forces during the American Revolution.

The Swartout estate, which was occupied by George Swartout, was part of a large tract of land confiscated by the government about 1777. It was purchased by General Jacobus Swartwout, who was a top ally of Washington, and member of a family who traced their residence in Rockland County to 1660.

Lake DeForest, a reservoir with a capacity of over 5 billion gallons, was built in 1955-1956. It is named after Henry L. Deforest, President of the Spring Valley Works and Supply Company.

Several roads are named after Union Civil War generals, including Grant, Burnside, Sheridan, Sherman, and Rosecrans avenues.

A memorial in honor of 1st Lieutenant Raymond B. Jauss is located at the park adjacent to the railroad crossing at the center of town. Jauss received a Distinguished Service Cross for his actions in World War I, and was killed on July 15, 1918 near Crezancy, France. He was a graduate of Columbia University and his family had a summer home in Congers. Jauss was married to a childhood sweetheart - and fellow Congers resident - Harriet James; their wedding occurred two days before he sailed for Europe.

Congers had regular passenger train service along the New York Central Railroad's West Shore Railroad from Weehawken, New Jersey (opposite Midtown Manhattan) north to Newburgh, Kingston and Albany until 1958. A shortened commuter service continued to West Haverstraw until 1959.

St Paul's Church
Catholics in Congers initially attended St. Peter's Church in Haverstraw. Rev. Thomas McGare of St. Peter's built St Paul's Church, Clarkstown's first Catholic church, on Lake Road in the early 1890s. In 1901 Rev. John A. Nageleisen built mission stations in Rockland Lake, Bardonia, and New City.

Education
Congers has one public elementary school, Lakewood Elementary. Congers Elementary School was shut down in 2013 due to unsafe cracks in the structure. Today the building remains as a day care facility. Public school students from Congers attend Felix Festa Middle School in West Nyack and Clarkstown North High School in New City. Congers is also the home of Rockland Country Day School, which accepts students in grades PreK-12 and was founded in 1959.

Sports
The New York Raiders are a semi-professional rugby league football team that currently plays in the American National Rugby League (AMNRL) competition. They play their home games at Rockland Lake State Park, and are a team partner of the Canberra Raiders of Australia's National Rugby League (NRL).

Historical markers

 * Congers Lake Dam – Gilchrest Road
 * Congers School – 9 Lake Road
 * Congers Station – Lake Road & Burnside Avenue
 * Dr. Davies Farm – Dr. Davies Road off Route 9W
 * Kings Highway – Kings Highway & Congers Road
 * Kings Highway & the Long Clove – Old Haverstraw Road
 * Paul Farmhouse – Gilchrest Road
 * Snedeker Farm – 74 Endicott Street
 * Snedeker Landing – Route 9W & Long Clove Roads
 * St. Paul's Church – Lake Road at the church

Landmarks and places of interest

 * Congers Historical Museum – Second floor of the century-old Congers Railroad Station Park building – Lake Road and Burnside Avenue
 * Congers United Methodist Church – On April 3, 1831, Easter Sunday, the first service was held. The congregation consisted of Presbyterians and former members of the Dutch Reformed Church. Originally, the Congers Church was named the Waldberg Dutch Reformed Church. In 1968, the Evangelical United Brethren Church merged with the Methodist Church and became known as the United Methodist Church. The church's 175th anniversary was celebrated in 2006.
 * Dr. Davies Farm – The farmhouse, part of a 450 acre farm that ran from Rockland Lake to the Hudson River, was built in 1836 and is of the early frontier Federalist style. In 1891 Arthur B. Davies and Dr. Lucy Meriwether married and purchased what is now the Davies home farm for $6500.00.  Lucy Virginia Meriweather Davies, M.D., was a relative of Meriwether Lewis (of the Lewis and Clark Expedition) and a general practitioner who, in her time, delivered a significant part of Rockland's population: 7,000 babies. She also farmed the land which her descendants operate today. In 2007 the present Davies owners gave 6 to 8 acre of its property to the Rockland Center for the Arts (RoCA) of West Nyack, New York.
 * Rockland Lake Museum – Rockland Lake State Park – Open all year, but call the office in advance to make sure someone can unlock the room in which the exhibit is contained. Free. There are exhibits relating to the local ice industry and community life in Rockland Lake Village, including ice harvesting tools.
 * John Mini Distinctive Landscapes – The company's 19 acre main corporate campus is housed in Congers, making it one of the largest landscape contractor properties in the nation.
 * Self-Transcendence Marathon – Held the last week of August at Rockland Lake State Park
 * Congers Lake Trailway  – Opened 2011
 * Congers Lake West Trailway and Boardwalk – Opened October 2013. Combined trailway is approximately 2.6 miles around Congers Lake.

Notable people

 * Will Cunnane, Former Major League Baseball player
 * Brian Fechino, musician and music producer
 * Mark Fergus, screenwriter and director, known for the movie Iron Man
 * Edward R. Gleason Jr, Chief of Palisades Interstate Park Police; died in the line of duty
 * Adam Gussow, writer, professor, and blues harmonica player, and former member of the duo Satan and Adam
 * Leonidas Hubbard, Jr and Mina Benson Hubbard, writers and explorers of Canada; lived for about two years on Friend Street
 * Amy Leventer, marine biologist, micropaleontologist, Antarctic researcher
 * James Maritato, professional wrestler
 * Chris O'Grady, relief pitcher for the Miami Marlins
 * Hayden Panettiere, actress, singer, model; attended Congers Elementary School
 * Dan Pasqua, Major League Baseball player, drafted by the New York Yankees in 1982
 * Sebastian Stan, Romanian-American actor; attended Rockland Country Day School
 * Tracy Wolfson, sportscaster for CBS Sports

title: Congers, New York


text:
Grand View-on-Hudson, New York

Grand View-on-Hudson is a village incorporated in 1918 in the town of Orangetown in Rockland County, New York, United States. It is located north of Piermont, east of Orangeburg, south of South Nyack, and west of the Hudson River. The population was 285 at the 2010 census. The name is derived from the scenic view from its location.

Geography
Grand View-on-Hudson is located at 41.06833°N, -73.92139°W (41.068352, -73.921298).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.2 sqmi, all land.

The village lies on the west bank of the Hudson River.

Demographics

At the 2000 census there were 284 people, 132 households, and 81 families in the village. The population density was 1,699.1 PD/sqmi. There were 138 housing units at an average density of 825.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 93.66% White, 0.35% African American, 3.87% Asian, and 2.11% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.41%.

Of the 132 households 24.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.8% were married couples living together, 7.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.6% were non-families. 26.5% of households were one person and 13.6% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.15 and the average family size was 2.60.

The age distribution was 15.8% under the age of 18, 2.1% from 18 to 24, 21.5% from 25 to 44, 39.4% from 45 to 64, and 21.1% 65 or older. The median age was 49 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.2 males.

The median household income was $130,747 and the median family income was $157,500. Males had a median income of $97,269 versus $77,403 for females. The per capita income for the village was $84,707. None of the families and 1.4% of the population were living below the poverty line.

Landmark

 * Former Wayside Chapel Historic Chapel 1867-1869 (NRHP)

Notable people

 * Stephen Baldwin
 * Thomas Berger
 * Betty Friedan
 * Toni Morrison
 * Charles Samuels
 * Matthew Winkler
 * Greg Wyatt

In popular culture
A fictionalized version of the town appeared in the paranormal television series Ghost Whisperer, which aired from 2005 to 2010. Creator John Gray grew up in Brooklyn, New York, which is not far from the actual Grand View-On-Hudson, west of the Hudson River. Piermont is often referenced in episodes as a neighboring town, which is accurate to real life. In the series, Professor Rick Payne worked at the fictional "Rockland University"; Grand-View-On-Hudson is located in Rockland County, New York.

title: Grand View-on-Hudson, New York


text:
Hillburn, New York

Hillburn, originally called "Woodburn" and incorporated in 1893, is a village in the town of Ramapo, Rockland County, New York, United States. It is located north of Suffern, east of Orange County, south of Viola, and west of Montebello. It is considered to be one of the more rural communities in Rockland County. The population was 930 at the 2020 census.

History
In addition to later European-American migrants, the area was settled early by descendants of Lenape and other remnant groups, who eventually intermarried with Afro-Dutch and other ethnicities after the Revolutionary War. These multiracial descendants were recognized in 1980 by the state as the Ramapough Mountain Indians; they also have centers of population in Mahwah and Ringwood, New Jersey, which were areas of frontier in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. For many years they lived by farming, hunting and fishing. They tended to marry within their community until the mid-twentieth century.

The village of Hillburn was founded in 1893; that year the first school in Hillburn was built on a plot of ground donated by J.B. Suffern.

Thurgood Marshall
In 1943, the attorney Thurgood Marshall won a disparity case regarding integration of the schools of Hillburn, 11 years before his landmark case of Brown v. Board of Education. He represented the village's African-American parents. In 2010, the state legislature designated May 17 as Thurgood Marshall Day in honor of his work in civil rights. Mixed-race children who lived in the town of Ramapo attended the Brook School in Hillburn, a wood structure that did not have a library, indoor bathrooms or gymnasium. The Main School was reserved for white children and included a gymnasium, a library and indoor plumbing. It is now used as the headquarters of the Suffern Central School District. The Rockland African Diaspora Heritage Center in Pomona, New York, has an exhibit of artifacts and photographs loaned by a student who attended the Brook School. The student went on to college, and eventually taught English and history.

Geography
Hillburn is adjacent to the New Jersey border, on the southeastern edge of the Ramapo Mountains. It is immediately south of Harriman and Sterling Forest state parks. The village is bisected by the Ramapo River. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 2.2 sqmi, of which 2.2 sqmi is land and 0.04 sqmi, or 0.89%, is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 881 people, 273 households, and 221 families residing in the village. The population density was 395.5 PD/sqmi. There were 290 housing units at an average density of 130.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 49.04% white, 11.12% African American, 14.42% Native American, 4.31% Asian, 0.68% Pacific Islander, 2.38% from other races, and 18.05% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.56% of the population.

There were 273 households, out of which 39.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.5% were married couples living together, 24.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.7% were non-families. 16.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.23 and the average family size was 3.58.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 28.4% under the age of 18, 8.5% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 14.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 81.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.8 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $54,625, and the median income for a family was $56,875. Males had a median income of $36,591 versus $30,000 for females. The per capita income for the village was $17,516. About 10.7% of families and 14.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.0% of those under age 18 and 17.3% of those age 65 or over.

Education
The village of Hillburn is located within the Suffern Central School District, and is where the district's administrative building is located. Students from grades K-5 are zoned to Montebello Elementary School in Suffern, NY Students in grades 6-8 are zoned to Suffern Middle School, and high school students are zoned to Suffern High School.

Historical markers

 * Post at Ramapough/Sidman’s Bridge - Route 17
 * Site of Camp Ramapaugh and Intrenchments - Torne Valley Road
 * Site of Kellogg & Maurice Railroad Bridge - Route 59
 * Thurgood Marshall - 45 Mountain Avenue
 * William W. Snow House, Fourth Street & Terrace Avenue

Landmarks and places of interest

 * Brook Chapel - historic chapel, 1893 (NRHP)

title: Hillburn, New York


text:
Hillcrest, Rockland County, New York

Hillcrest is a hamlet incorporated in 1893 and census-designated place, in the town of Ramapo, Rockland County, New York, United States. It is located north of Spring Valley, east of Viola, south of New Square and New Hempstead, and west of New City. The population was 8,164 at the 2020 census.

It is a bedroom suburb of New York City, as many residents commute to employment in Manhattan (and, to a lesser extent, northern New Jersey) by bus (Red and Tan Lines), train (Metro-North Railroad) or automobile. It is primarily served by the Spring Valley post office.

History
In the early 1900s, Hillcrest became a summer retreat for working-class families from New York City; the families could access Hillcrest by train from New Jersey (after ferrying across to the western shore of the Hudson). In 1955, the Tappan Zee Bridge opened (connecting Tarrytown in Westchester County with Nyack in Rockland County), increasing traffic into the community and making access to New York City easier for the local population. Along with many other communities in the lower Hudson Valley, Hillcrest became a destination for White Flight from New York City in the 1950s through 1970s. Craig H. Long, the Town of Ramapo historian, said that many secular Jews were part of the first wave of settlers into Hillcrest after the opening of the Tappan Zee. In the 1960s, Hillcrest attracted Jews from the boroughs of Brooklyn and The Bronx in New York City; the Jewish people going to Hillcrest desired inexpensive starter homes, a short commute and a suburban atmosphere.

In the 1990s, the community attracted immigrants from Asia and the Caribbean, as well as new residents from Brooklyn and The Bronx; the newcomers moved to the community for the same reasons as the Jews did in previous decades. In the 1990s, the community lost a greater percentage of white people than any other place in New York. From 1980 to 2001, the community's demographics changed from almost completely white to around one-fifth white. According to the 2000 Census, Hillcrest is a majority African-American community. David W. Chen of The New York Times said that "perhaps one of the reasons Hillcrest has managed to evolve so significantly yet anonymously" is the community's hamlet status; he added that "even within Ramapo, Hillcrest is often overlooked." Chen reported that many real estate agents and residents said that no one factor caused or contributed to the ethnic change. Many families moved because their children became adults and they wanted lower property tax rates or because they retired and moved to warmer climates. The significant exodus of Jews from Hillcrest in the 1990s resulted in the closure of many local businesses that had operated for more than thirty years, including kosher butcher shops, kosher delis and bakeries in Hillcrest and nearby communities such as Spring Valley and New City.

Geography
Hillcrest is located at 41.12972°N, -74.03556°W (41.129645, -74.035527).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1.3 sqmi, all land.

Hillcrest is located on the eastern edge of the town of Ramapo, approximately midway between the town of Haverstraw to the north and the New Jersey border (Bergen County) to the south. Hillcrest is bordered on the north by the villages of New Hempstead and New Square, on the south by the village of Spring Valley and by an unincorporated area of the town of Ramapo, on the east by an unincorporated area of the town of Clarkstown, and on the west by the villages of New Hempstead and Viola.

2020 census
''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.''

2000 Census
As of the census of 2000, there were 7,106 people, 1,979 households, and 1,593 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 5,505.8 PD/sqmi. There were 2,036 housing units at an average density of 1,577.5 /sqmi. This population density is reflected in the Town of Ramapo's land use plan, which designates most of Hillcrest as medium-high density residential (3 to 10 dwelling units per acre), with a very small portion, located at the intersection of New York Route 45 and Eckerson Road (County Route 74), designated as neighborhood businesses.

The racial makeup of the CDP was 25.58% White, 51.11% African American, 0.32% Native American, 14.69% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 4.02% from other races, and 4.19% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11.48% of the population.

There were 1,979 households, out of which 42.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.1% were married couples living together, 12.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.5% were non-families. 16.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.49 and the average family size was 3.89.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 26.7% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 24.8% from 45 to 64, and 12.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.1 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $68,889, and the median income for a family was $76,960. Males had a median income of $38,451 versus $35,408 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $21,993. About 7.6% of families and 8.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.1% of those under age 18 and 15.8% of those age 65 or over.

Education
The community is within the East Ramapo Central School District.

title: Hillcrest, Rockland County, New York


text:
Kaser, New York

Kaser (from כּתר) is a village in the town of Ramapo, Rockland County, New York, United States. The village is completely surrounded by the hamlet of Monsey. As of the 2020 United States census, the village population was 5,491.

Kaser is a village with a population consisting almost entirely of Hasidic Jews of the Viznitz denomination. A total of 4% of Kaser's population claims Romanian ancestry, making Kaser the most Romanian census place in the United States.

The village is the most densely populated municipality in New York State according to the 2010 census, being the only incorporated place in the state with a higher population density than New York City; and the 5th most in the United States.

History
Members of Viznitz, a Hasidic denomination, established Kaser in 1990 so they could build denser housing. Herbert Reisman, the supervisor of the town of Ramapo, cooperated in the creation of Kaser because the town leaders also wanted to create more housing.

Geography
The village of Kaser is on NY 306.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.2 square mile (0.4 km2), all land.

Demographics
As of 2010 census, 99.5% of the population was white.

As of the 2000 census, there were 3,314 people, 1647 households, and 1617 families residing in the village. The population density was 19,342.6 PD/sqmi. There were 678 housing units at an average density of 3,954.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 98.61% white, .24% African American, .45% Asian, .03% Pacific Islander, and .66% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were .54% of the population.

There were 1647 households, out of which 79.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 90.9% were married couples living together, 3.7% were female households with no husband present, and 4.5% were non-families. 3.2% of all households were individuals, and 1.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.89 and the average family size was 5.04.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 53.4% under the age of 18, 18.2% from 18 to 24, 16.8% from 25 to 44, 6.2% from 45 to 64, and 5.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 16 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.7 males. The median income for a household in the village was $13,125, and the median income for a family was $13,191. Males had a median income of $20,500 versus $19,792 for females. The per capita income for the village was $5,147. About 65.0% of families and 66.4% of the population were below the poverty threshold, including 68.9% of those under age 18 and 43.4% of those age 65 or over. The village population grew by 43% from 2000 to 2010.

Government
As of 1997, the town of Ramapo provides police. As of 2022, the village of Kaser provides garbage pickup services for Kaser residents.

Notable people

 * Rabbi Mordechai Hager, leader of Viznitz (1965 - 2018)
 * Isaac Hager, Brooklyn real estate developer (born in Kaser)

title: Kaser, New York


text:
Monsey, New York

Monsey (, מאנסי) is a hamlet and census-designated place in the town of Ramapo, Rockland County, New York, United States, located north of Airmont, east of Viola, south of New Hempstead, and west of Spring Valley. The village of Kaser is surrounded by the hamlet of Monsey. The 2020 census listed the population at 26,954; a 46% increase since the 2010 census.

The hamlet has a large, and growing, community of Haredi Jews.

History
Rockland County was inhabited by the Munsee band of Lenape Native Americans, who were speakers of the Algonquian languages. Monsey Glen, a Native American encampment, is located west of the intersection of State Route 59 and State Route 306. Numerous artifacts have been found there and some rock shelters are still visible. The Monsey railroad station, which received its name from an alternate spelling of the Munsee Lenape, was built when the New York & Erie Railroad passed through the glen in 1841.

In 1943, Rabbi Shraga Feivel Mendlowitz purchased a property in Monsey with the intention to raise the education level of Torah teachers. Named Aish Dos (Pillar of Fire), the institute comprised on two buildings on a sixteen-acre plot. In 1944 it was reconstituted as Beth Medrash Elyon, the first Jewish institution in Monsey

In the 1950s, Monsey was a one stoplight town with a single yeshiva. In 1979, Rabbi Ezriel Tauber together with a group of lay leaders purchased land in Monsey for the american campus of the Ohr Somayach Yeshiva.

By 1997, Monsey had 112 synagogues and 45 yeshivas.

Located in Monsey is the Houser-Conklin House, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.

Having the largest Orthodox Jewish community in Rockland County, Monsey has become a metonym for Orthodox Jews in all of Rockland, including those who live in neighboring hamlets and villages such as Viola, Airmont, and Spring Valley.

Geography
Monsey is located at 41.11944°N, -74.06583°W.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2.2 square miles (5.8 km2), of which 2.2 square miles (5.7 km2) is land and 0.04 square mile (0.1 km2) (0.90%) is water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2017, there were 22,043 people, 3,984 households, and 2,596 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 6,554.3 PD/sqmi. There were 4,244 housing units at an average density of 1,400.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 95.8% White, 3.0% African American, 0.03% Native American, 1.05% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.70% from other races, and 1.08% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 2.86% of the population. 43.98% speak English at home, 41.48% Yiddish, 6.88% Hebrew, 2.69% French or a French creole, 1.85% Spanish, and 1.24% Russian.

There were 2,981 households, out of which 58.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 78.0% were married couples living together, 6.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 12.9% were non-families. 10.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.74 and the average family size was 5.16. In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 48.6% under the age of 18, 10.5% from 18 to 24, 18.2% from 25 to 44, 16.3% from 45 to 64, and 6.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 19 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.6 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $45,194, and the median income for a family was $45,911. Males had a median income of $41,606 versus $33,576 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $14,000. About 25.4% of families and 30.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 37.8% of those under age 18 and 9.2% of those age 65 or over.

Jewish community
Monsey is a major center of Orthodox Judaism in the United States, along with several other cities such as Kiryas Joel, Kaser, Spring Valley, and New Square. It is the largest center of Hasidic Judaism in the United States outside of New York City, with approximately 5,400 households (4.2% of the world's Hasidic population). The migration to Monsey began in the late 1940s when New York City's Orthodox Jews were seeking affordable real estate for their quickly growing communities. These spaces offered the possibility of moving en masse and establishing enclaves where they could lead lives based on halakha (Jewish religious law) without coming into regular conflict with their non-Orthodox neighbors. This represented a major, distinct suburban demographic shift for these communities. Major Hasidic sects represented in Monsey include Satmar, Vizhnitz Monsey, Sanz and Belz, with the Rebbes of Berditchev, Lizensk, Lizensk (Rokeah), Nikolsburg, Sambor Yerushalayim-Monsey, Sassov, Shinave, Spinka Monsey, Stanislov, and Vizhnitz Monsey sects being resident in the community. Vizhnitz maintains a cemetery in Monsey.

On December 28, 2019, Monsey was the site of a mass stabbing in the home of a Hasidic rebbe of the Kosonyu sect who was hosting a Hanukkah party, leaving four injured and one dead.

Notable people

 * Shalom Auslander (born 1970), author of Foreskin's Lament, which covers his time growing up in Monsey
 * Julia Haart (born 1971), fashion designer and entrepreneur
 * Steven Hill (died 2016), actor, Mission: Impossible, Law & Order
 * Yaakov Kamenetsky (died 1986), rabbi who lived in Monsey from 1967 until his death.
 * Yosef Mizrachi (born 1968), kiruv rabbi
 * Michael Rogers, publisher, journalist, fundraiser, activist
 * Mordechai Shapiro (born 1989), singer
 * Tovia Singer (born 1960), counter-missionary radio host, author and speaker
 * Leib Tropper (born 1950), founding rabbi of the Kol Yaakov Torah Center
 * Andrew Carpenter Wheeler (1835–1903), prominent theatrical reviewer, editor, author

Places of interest

 * Houser-Conklin House, a historic structure dating to 1775
 * Monsey Church (currently New Hope Christian Church), built in 1824
 * Ohr Somayach, a men's college of Judaic studies

title: Monsey, New York


text:
Montebello, New York

Montebello (Italian: "beautiful mountain") is an incorporated village in Ramapo, Rockland County, New York, United States. It is located north of Suffern, east of Hillburn, south of Wesley Hills, and west of Airmont. The population was 4,507 at the 2020 census.

Geography
Montebello is located at 41.1275°N, -74.11917°W (41.127595, -74.119196).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 4.4 sqmi, all land.

The road system within the village totals 20.98 mi. Of this, 1.97 mi are state roads, 6.23 mi are county roads and 12.78 mi are village roads. The major arteries include U.S. Route 202, the New York State Thruway (Exit 14B is within the village), and county roads including Airmont, Hemion, Montebello (portion), Spook Rock, and Viola roads, and Grandview Avenue and Dunnigan Drive.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,688 people, 1,163 households, and 1,023 families residing in the village. The population density was 845.1 PD/sqmi. There were 1,182 housing units at an average density of 270.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 92.79% white, 2.74% African American, 0.11% Native American, 2.68% Asian, 0.81% from other races, and 0.87% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.96% of the population.

There were 1,163 households, out of which 49.9% had children under 18, 81.7% were married couples living together, 4.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 12.0% were non-families. 9.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.14 and the average family size was 3.36.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 32.1% under the age of 18, 4.3% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 27.3% from 45 to 64, and 8.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.6 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $116,600, and the median income for a family was $114,890. Males had a median income of $87,058 versus $41,250 for females. The per capita income for the village was $44,098. About 2.4% of families and 3.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.3% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

Early history
Montebello far exceeds the formal boundaries of the incorporated village today. The rolling hills and fertile soil in the Ramapo Valley provided a quiet, unassuming way of life for the early pioneering families. A small collection of farms and mills dotted the countryside and were connected by dirt paths and rugged roadways. That was all about to change with the coming of the iron rails and the trains that would ride them. In neighboring Suffern, the Erie Railroad began operating in 1841, and with it, exposed the area to sights and sounds never imagined.

Erie Railroad
Suffern became an important and busy station on the mainline of the Erie Railroad. New Yorkers, in search of a cool, quiet retreat to relieve the stress of their urban lifestyles, filled the passenger trains bound in summer for the surrounding rural regions. Relatively isolated before the 1860s, Suffern served as a welcome mat for the upstate Erie traveler. Twenty trains a day, loaded with seasonal tourists, stopped at the impressive Victorian depot. Word soon spread among the travelers that "romantic scenery, fascinating beauty and rich land" could be found at the "pleasant summer resort". Suffern played host to the traveling public, whether accepting the hospitality offered by the resort hotels and boarding houses or just switching trains. The list of guests, visitors, and part-time residents who were attracted to Suffern's rural charm included the names of many families from New York's affluent "upper crust". Some came as seasonal vacationers, closing to rent an estate, while others bought the property from the abundant amount of undeveloped land. Picturesque rolling hills and vast wooded lands guarded by the Ramapo Mountains provided a rustic setting for the development of elegant country estates.

Montebello Estate

One such estate was that of wealthy New York financier Thomas Fortune Ryan. In August 1887, the Ryans purchased the former Groesbeck mansion, which was built in the 1860s. From the hilltop, the estate had a commanding view of the Ramapo Mountains. The Ryans called their estate "Montebello". Within three years, they had the elegant frame dwelling torn down and replaced with a large brick and stone mansion at the cost of $600,000. The new summer home contained such amenities as a two-lane bowling alley, an electric elevator, a private chapel, greenhouse, 13 fireplaces, and in all, over 44 rooms. The estate comprises 1000 acre and has a working farm, not including the 5 smaller "mansions" the Ryans built for their sons in the area, some of which are still standing today.

Aside from a fashionable home on Fifth Avenue, the Ryans maintained homes in Washington, D.C., and Lovingston, Virginia, all reflecting the wealth of one of America's most prosperous and devoutly religious Irish Catholic families. Thomas Fortune Ryan's riches were in vast contrast with his humble beginnings in rural Nelson County, Virginia. Orphaned at age nine, Ryan would eventually become the tenth wealthiest man in the nation. After leaving his native state in 1868, he traveled to Baltimore, Maryland, and found a job in the dry goods business of John S. Barry, a highly successful entrepreneur. It was at this time that Ryan met Ida M. Barry, the boss's daughter, whom he later married. Using his wife's wealth as a foundation on which to build his own, Ryan launched his business career. After moving to New York, at age 23 became the youngest man ever to hold a seat on the New York Stock Exchange. From there Ryan amassed millions in urban transit, railroads, tobacco, insurance, banking, rubber, diamonds, and even the Thompson submachine gun.

The Ryans were as generous to philanthropies as they were rich. It has been estimated that Mrs. Ryan gave $20 million to various charities and endowments across the country. Most of these were affiliated with the Roman Catholic Church; however, there were sizable donations to nonsectarian institutions as well. By 1905 it was reported that Mrs. Ryan's munificence covered the building of "at least one hundred new chapels, schools, churches, hospitals, homes for Sisters of Charity and homes for the aged and infirmed". Mrs. Ryan displayed a special fondness for her new neighbors by contributing equipment to the newly formed Suffern Fire Department. She also built a new church and established a girls' school and a seminary in Suffern, among other things. Shortly after the turn of the 20th century, she turned her attention to the health needs of the community and started Good Samaritan Hospital.

After Mrs. Ryan died in 1917, Ryan divided up the estate and in 1921 sold the main mansion to Edward Swann, New York City District Attorney. Several months later, Swann sold the property to the Archdiocese of New York, which used the mansion as a retreat site for St. Joseph's College and Seminary. In 1944, Suffern resident Gustav Mayer purchased the mansion. However, his plans to develop the property, including possibly as a country club, never materialized, and the vacant mansion fell victim to vandals. Copper mining giant Phelps Dodge Corporation bought the dilapidated mansion in 1951 and used it as their corporate records headquarters for the next 31 years. After Phelps Dodge relocated, it sold the mansion for $1.6 million to Gary M. Goldberg, CEO of the investment/financial planning firm which bears his name. After a year of extensive renovation, Montebello became that financial firm's headquarters as well as an office park.

Education
The village of Montebello is located within the Suffern Central School District. Montebello Elementary School is located within village limits, and serves much of the village. Students in grades 6-8 and zoned to Suffern Middle School, and all high school students are zoned to Suffern High School.

Rockland Community College, part of the SUNY system, is located just outside village limits.

Bayard Lane
"Turning off the Haverstraw Rd, almost opposite the house of Senator Royal S. Copeland, into a dirt avenue, one is faced by a waste-land of scrub oak and sassafras with a lonely shack near the entrance." This is how a visitor described the Bayard Lane community, a small "Utopia" homestead project, made up of a group of self-sufficient, self-sustaining colonists in 1936.

Beyond the initial appearance lay the successful homestead project, the brainchild of Ralph Borsodi, nationally known author, economist and philosopher. It was his vision to develop a domestic lifestyle that was productive, independent and economically practical for the New York City commuter. Borsodi, a wiry, shock-haired little man who wore horn-rimmed glasses and paid "little attention to his clothes", began his new style of country living, later labeled as "agrarianism for commuters", in 1919. He, along with his wife and two sons, moved from New York City and rented a small unimproved farmhouse near Suffern. While Borsodi commuted to work in the city, they began their initial family experiments. Within a 15-year period, he and his family, tested their theories and dreams of self-subsistence and economic freedom while enjoying the beauty of nature.

Authoring several books on economics, Borsodi's work, This Ugly Civilization, published in 1929, brought him national attention. Four years later, his bestselling book, Flight from the City, appeared as the country was mired in the depths of the Great Depression. Firing the imagination of struggling families, many with low-paying inner city jobs and an aimless future, the book described a way to seek out a good agrarian lifestyle and graphically detailed his own family's experiences and accomplishments at homesteading in Suffern. In 1935, Borsodi launched Bayard Lane, a small experimental cooperative community on a rolling unimproved tract of 40 acre at the foot of the Ramapo Mountains.

The property was acquired by the Independence Foundation, a nonprofit cooperative and self-governing group of which Borsodi was a trustee. The other members were Samuel D. Dodge, Clarence E. Pickett, Dr. Harold Rugg, Beveridge C. Dunlop, W. Van Alan Clark, Mrs. Elizabeth Macdonald, Mrs. William Sargent Ladd and Dr. Warren Wilson. They divided the estate into 1 to 2 acre homesteads occupied by individual families. The homes were owned individually, the land cooperatively. The Foundation indentured the land to the homeowner through a corporation representing them. Fourteen families who knew Borsodi or who had heard of his project were willing to try the experiment after those interested in the idea had been "philosophically initiated the previous January", The New York Times reported.

Ground was broken for the first house (Marquart residence, #14 Bayard Lane) on June 23, 1935. Using the Ernest Flagg method of construction, they built attractive, economical, sturdy homes of native fieldstone. Each house had all the modern conveniences of the day. It was said, they "will be standing at least a hundred years after they are paid for." Homes could be constructed by various building craft guilds under a special arrangement with the Independence Foundation. A professional staff would provide architects, estimates, record keeping and construction. The benefits to the homeowners were considerable. They could do as much of the work themselves as they wished, calling in help whenever needed. The Foundation would also offer loan contracts. To prevent substandard, unattractive buildings, construction plans were reviewed by a committee.

The School of Living was literally and figuratively the centerpiece of Borsodi's experiment in homesteading, headquartered at 21 Bayard Lane in 1938. Dedicated on Independence Day to the "economic independence of the American people", the School of Living was to develop research and promote the Borsodi philosophy of balanced and healthy living in which the home and the land were productive instruments. The school taught the essentials of do-it-yourself agrarianism, including caning, poultry raising, animal husbandry, masonry, carpentry, and use of tools and household equipment.

Borsodi's "Bayard Lane Utopia" appeared to be a great idea on paper, and initially it appeared to be successful and was prominently featured in a variety of national publications. A group near Ossining, New York, hoped to start a similar project (Stillwater, Ossining) with the help of the Independence Foundation, and made overtures to Borsodi. But as the United States entered the Second World War, the economy shifted and society began to change. A new wave of patriotism swept the country, leading Bayard Lane residents to distance themselves from Borsodi's self-sufficient principles and cooperative living. Eventually, Borsodi resigned from the Foundation, and in time, many of the original families living in this small enclave moved away.

In 1992, two historical markers were erected along U.S. Route 202 to recount the legacy left by the nearly forgotten experimental community whose new style of country living received national attention in the 1930s, and gave hope and inspiration to struggling families of the Depression.

Cobblestone Farm
A notable landmark in the village of Montebello is Cobblestone Farm. The setting for this magnificent estate is an attractive 35 acre of well-groomed land on Viola Road. It was once the home of White Laboratories founder and vice president Henry von L. Meyer, Sr.

In 1907, Meyer carefully chose 200 acre from the abundant, rural Ramapo landscape, for the creation of an elegant county estate and working farm. Among the rolling hills, century-old trees, and beautiful mountain vistas, he carved "one of the model showplaces in Rockland County", as reported by The New York Times. Part of this extensive property today is dotted with private homes as well as the site of Suffern High School. The farm's centerpiece was a cobblestone barn/carriage house, built with the stones cleared from the fields, hence the name Cobblestone Farm. Handsome stone walls outlined the estate's boundaries. Additional outbuildings were constructed to form an attractive ensemble of farm buildings, including a massive timberframe dairy barn with caretaker's cottage. Several ponds were formed, and one-third of the acreage was put under cultivation. Thousands of vegetables and flowering plants were raised and donated to local charities and hospitals.

The estate's owner was a descendant of an old Colonial family from Long Island. His cousin, George von L. Meyer, was Secretary of the Navy under President Theodore Roosevelt and served as an ambassador to several countries. Henry von L. Meyer was a prominent businessman, and after a number of years in the paper manufacturing business, he entered the drug manufacturing field and became vice president of Health Products Company in New York City. He later founded White Laboratories in Newark, New Jersey, which manufactured many nationally known drug products such as Feenamint, Aspergum and a number of cod liver oil concentrates.

After moving to the Suffern area, Mr. Meyer became connected locally with a number of leading business institutions. He was a chief stockholder in the Lafayette Theatre, the Ramapo Valley Independent newspaper, and the Ramapo Cider & Vinegar Company, and was a vice president of the Suffern National Bank. Henry Meyer and his wife Laura Hard Meyer had two children, Henry von L. Meyer Jr. and Sarah Meyer. The family was well known for their philanthropic interest in the county. For many years they were involved in the State Charities Aid Association, the Rockland Volunteer Aid Society, and the Boy Scouts of America, and were founding members of the Rockland County Conservation Association.

Perhaps their greatest charity work was associated with the Rockland County Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Ardent supporters of the society, the Meyers donated thousands of dollars annually and worked actively for the organization, including erecting a branch shelter at their farm to care for homeless animals.

Indian Rock
Indian Rock is a large glacial erratic boulder of granite gneiss, formed in the Proterozoic (Precambrian) era, 1.2 billion to 800 million years ago. It is estimated to weigh ~17,300 tons. The source area for the boulder was nearby in the Ramapo Mountains-Hudson Highlands; it is difficult to know for certain exactly where it was picked up by the glacier, but most likely not more than 5 to 10 kilometers from its current location. The boulder rests upon glacial outwash which in turn lies atop Triassic sedimentary red beds (sandstone and shale) of the Newark Basin (circa 145 million years old). The rock was carried to its current location by the internal flow of the continental ice sheet during the last glacial maximum, circa 21,000 years ago. The base of the continental glacier scoured the bedrock terrain across which it moved, thus plucking large and small blocks of rock from their position in the Ramapo Mountains and Hudson Highlands. Indian Rock got as far as Rockland County before being liberated by the ice and deposited along with gravels shifted by glacial meltwater.

Although Indian Rock may appear to be several rocks piled together, it actually originated as a single boulder (18 ft by 9 ft by 15 ft). Weaknesses within the rock caused by foliation and naturally occurring fractures serve as avenues for moisture infiltration. With repeated freeze-thaw cycles, this moisture expands to exert forces up to 20,000 lbs/inch2 along the planes of weakness, thus wedging the rock apart. Glacial polish, striations and grooves commonly found on erratics of this size have for the most part been effaced by the normal process of decomposition called weathering.

When The Kakiat Indians were abandoning their ancestral hunting grounds in the early eighteenth century, they stopped at Indian Rock and laid their last offerings and partook in a final feast in the land of their birth and traveled westward for a brief period of time where they would be unmolested by the white man.

Landmarks and places of interest

 * Fant Farm, 253-257 Spook Rock Road. The house and barns date to c.1850.
 * Montebello Village Hall, 1 Montebello Road, (east end of Montebello Road). The Stanley and Blanche Morse House, now the Montebello Village Hall, was built c. 1920. Attributed to the architect George Fowler, it is an interpretation of the Tudor or English Cottage Style. The building was designated a Montebello Historic Landmark on December 17, 2008.
 * Residence, Tudor Revival (c.1923), 1 Lake Road, (west end of Montebello Road)

Government
The duties of the mayor are defined in the NYS Village Law and similar to those of a chief executive. The mayor has the power to provide for the enforcement of all local laws. The mayor presides over the meetings of the board of trustees. The mayor has the power to appoint all village employees and non-elected board and commission members, subject to the approval of the board of trustees. The mayor also executes all contracts in the name of the village.

The board of trustees has the power to manage all village property and finances. This power extends to setting tax rates and fee schedules that generate revenue for the village as well as authorizing expenditures for all municipal purposes. The board of trustees is also empowered to enact local laws for the safety, health, comfort and general welfare of the residents of the village and for the preservation and protection of public works such as roads, street lighting and public buildings.

Montebello is the first village in Rockland County to have a solar photovoltaic system to help power its village hall. It was also the first designated climate-smart community and the first Tree City USA in Rockland County. Montebello has the first certified local government for historic preservation in Rockland County.

The village has its own local justice court.

Recreational facilities

 * Spook Rock Golf Course: Located on Spook Rock Road, the Spook Rock Golf Course, an 18-hole course, is ranked among the finest public courses in the country. It is situated on property that was originally the site of a Boys Scout camp.
 * Spook Rock Pool
 * Kathryn Gorman Ponds Park: Located in the Montebello Pines community and named for the first Mayor of the Village, this 25 acre park has many ponds and walking trails. The village received a federal stimulus grant in 2010 to help pay for the development of the park.
 * Warren E. Berbit Park: A 12 acre natural park on Spook Rock Road which is maintained as open space. Named for the first Village Attorney, this park was originally part of the Fant Farm, but was dedicated to the Village to preserve the magnificent vista of the original farmland.
 * Tot lot and 9/11 Memorial: The village has a playground facility on the Village Hall grounds, an outdoor gazebo, and a 9/11 Memorial Garden. In January 2011, the village received a 250 lb steel relic from the World Trade Center to place in the Memorial Garden.
 * Kakiat Park: Kakiat Park is a 376 acre park adjacent to Harriman State Park. It is part of the Harris patent, one of the original land patents from the King of England. It is also known as Kakiat Farm, the home of the Blauvelt family who owned and farmed the land for over two hundred years growing apples, peaches and cherries. The park is the site of the Blauvelt mill, the foundation of which still remains.  The National Recreation Association in 1961 recommended its purchase to the County Board of Supervisors.  As a result, a formally appointed Park Commission was installed and the process of acquiring land for park purposes began.  The property officially became county parkland in 1972.

Activities in the park include hiking (the Kakiat Trail starting from the parking area crosses through the park into Harriman State Park ending up in Dater Mountain County Park), horseback riding, picnicking, and scenic lookouts. An off-leash dog area is located near the parking lot. A log cabin constructed in 1922 stands as a mute reminder of the simple life of 100 years ago. A footbridge crosses the river, which is stocked annually with trout; a pavilion can be found near the river.

Numerous winter activities exist along with active wildlife and forestry conservation projects. Guided tours available by the Park Rangers. There is a diverse topography, from flat wetlands to rolling hills, to steep mountainside. The Mahwah River flows southwesterly the length of the park approximately 2500 ft. The Ramapo Fault runs through the park. Trees include willow, apple, poplar, white pine, hemlock, beech, maple, white ash, oaks, and dogwood.

title: Montebello, New York


text:
Mount Ivy, New York

Mount Ivy is a hamlet and census-designated place in the Town of Haverstraw, in Rockland County, New York, United States. It is located north of New City, east of Pomona, south of Thiells, and west of Garnerville. The population was 6,878 at the 2010 census.

History
For many years, the Ramapough Mountain Indians were the inhabitants of this region. It was also an important Quaker settlement.

The name Mount Ivy is said to have been given to the locality because of its elevation and ivy swamp.

Mount Ivy is the location where General Anthony Wayne's troops rested and concealed themselves before the assault of Stony Point fortress.

Geography
Mount Ivy is located at 41.19194°N, -74.03222°W (41.191839, -74.032162).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1.5 sqmi, of which 1.5 sqmi is land and 0.68% is water.

Mount Ivy straddles the border between the towns of Ramapo and Haverstraw, lying within southernmost Haverstraw. The business center of Mount Ivy is located at the northern terminus of New York State Route 45, at its junction with U.S. Route 202, approximately ¼ mile east of the Mount Ivy exit of the Palisades Interstate Parkway.

Mount Ivy is primarily served by the Pomona post office. The hamlet is split between the North Rockland School District and The East Ramapo School District.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 6,536 people, 2,693 households, and 1,728 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 4,456.8 PD/sqmi. There were 2,761 housing units at an average density of 1,882.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 78.93% White, 8.48% African American, 0.43% Native American, 4.39% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 4.44% from other races, and 3.27% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 13.51% of the population. There were 2,693 households, out of which 31.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.2% were married couples living together, 12.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.8% were non-families. 29.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 3.04.

In the CDP, the population was 23.5% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 34.8% from 25 to 44, 26.1% from 45 to 64, and 8.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.8 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $51,935, and the median income for a family was $61,968. Males had a median income of $42,205 versus $38,071 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $25,685. About 6.9% of families and 8.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.7% of those under age 18 and 7.4% of those age 65 or over.

title: Mount Ivy, New York


text:
Nanuet, New York

Nanuet is a hamlet and census-designated place in the town of Clarkstown, Rockland County, New York, United States. The third largest hamlet in Clarkstown, it is located north of Pearl River, south of New City, east of Spring Valley, and west of West Nyack. It is located midway between Manhattan and Bear Mountain, 19 mi north and south of each respectively; and 2 mi north of the New Jersey border. It has one of three Rockland County stations on New Jersey Transit's Pascack Valley Line. The population of Nanuet was 17,882 at the 2010 census.

The opening of the New York State Thruway (Interstate 87/287), the Tappan Zee Bridge, and the Palisades Interstate Parkway in the mid-1950s helped usher in decades of population growth and real estate development, including the construction of the Nanuet Mall and local shopping centers.

In 2011, CNN Money ranked Nanuet 76 on its annual 100 Best Places to Live list, citing its relatively inexpensive housing and the recreation and shopping opportunities in the area. Nanuet was also ranked 24th on CNN Money's annual 100 Best Places to Live list in 2007.

History
The first name of the place was Clarkstown, a name it retained until 1856 when, at the suggestion of James De Clark, the present name was given by Munsee Chief (Nannawitt). Chief Nannawitt sold lands in North Jersey, signed the Wawayanda Patent and witnessed the Cheesecock Patent.

The Erie Railroad arrived in Rockland County in 1841 along its original main line to Piermont. The New Jersey and New York Railroad, the predecessor of the Pascack Valley Line, reached Nanuet in 1869.

Geography
Nanuet is located at 41.09528°N, -74.01556°W (41.095296, -74.015622). According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 5.4 sqmi, all land.

The topography is a result of the massive glaciation of the last ice age, and as such the soil is extremely rocky and the surface shows glacial erratic boulders. The glacial ice scraped off and carried with it rocks and minerals from as far north as Canada, depositing them in Nanuet in particular and southern New York in general. This is the hypothesized source of the manganese-rich parvo-mangano-edenite minerals, as well as the placer ore for gold panning within Nauraushaun Brook. There are fossil impressions of huge Precambrian Era jellyfish in the wooded, undeveloped regions. One prominent surface feature, a Hopewell Indian burial mound dating to 325 AD, is located near Nauraushaun Brook at the western edge of the Manhattan Woods Golf Club in West Nyack. Aerial views of this feature reveal it to have been built in the shape of a snake.

Lake Nanuet Park is a pool which is designed to look like a naturally occurring lake. The park which surrounds it offers residents a summer pool and recreational baseball/softball fields. Recent massive flooding and subsequent contamination closed the park for swimming until 2011.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 16,708 people, 5,975 households, and 4,302 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 3,080.3 PD/sqmi. There were 6,134 housing units at an average density of 1,130.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 71.78% White, 13.34% African American, 0.23% Native American, 9.70% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 2.30% from other races, and 2.57% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.16% of the population.

There were 5,975 households, out of which 32.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.5% were married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.0% were non-families. Of all households, 23.5% were made up of individuals, and 9.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.71 and the average family size was 3.23.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 23.7% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 31.1% from 25 to 44, 25.1% from 45 to 64, and 12.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.0 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $71,178, and the median income for a family was $81,205. Males had a median income of $50,713 versus $38,658 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $30,338. About 3.6% of families and 5.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.4% of those under age 18 and 4.5% of those age 65 or over.

Education
The Rockland County is home to several Blue Ribbon School of Excellence Award winners, awarded by the U.S. Department of Education. In 2016, Nanuet Senior High School was named a National Blue Ribbon winner.

 * Highview Elementary School (first school in Nanuet)
 * George W. Miller Elementary School.
 * A. MacArthur Barr Middle School
 * Nanuet Senior High School, home to the 2008-2009 girls' varsity basketball state and federation champions. The school gained national attention in 1989 when its football team claimed the New York State Division III championship. Sports Illustrated named the Nanuet team the No. 1 high school team in the state, finishing undefeated and unscored upon.
 * Nanuet Union Free School District
 * In 2018, ranked 89 Best School Districts in Nanuet by Niche.
 * In 2018, National School Boards Association 2018 Magna Award was awarded to the Nanuet Public Schools, Nanuet, New York in recognition of the Outdoor Education Center (OEC)

Landmarks and places of interest

 * Novo-Diveevo Russian Orthodox Convent, Cemetery and adult home of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia.
 * The Shops at Nanuet, formerly named Nanuet Mall (which opened in 1969), is an outdoor shopping mall operated by Simon, opened in October 2013.
 * Nanuet Star Theatre, formerly (Nanuet Theatre -Go-Round) on Rte 59 was the recording location for the Kiss album Rock and Roll Over in 1976. This location has also hosted many concerts from 1973 - 1979
 * The Rockland County Times, Rockland's only paid weekly newspaper publication, has its offices in Nanuet.
 * Nanuet station is the second-to-last train stop in the Pascack Valley Line train line, stretching from Spring Valley, New York to the Hoboken Terminal in New Jersey.

In popular culture
"Revival of Melee 5", a Super Smash Bros. Melee tournament held in Nanuet on November 17–18, 2012, has garnered controversy in the Super Smash Bros. community. In the winners' semifinals match between players Mew2King and Unknown522, an unusual rule meant that game 5 of their best-of-five series had to be replayed. This resulted in Mew2King, who won the original game 5, losing the replay.

title: Nanuet, New York