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Isaac Brock

Major-General Sir Isaac Brock KB (6 October 1769 – 13 October 1812) was a British Army officer and colonial administrator from Guernsey. Brock was assigned to Lower Canada in 1802. Despite facing desertions and near-mutinies, he commanded his regiment in Upper Canada (part of present-day Ontario) successfully for many years. He was promoted to major general, and became responsible for defending Upper Canada against the United States. While many in Canada and Britain believed war could be averted, Brock began to ready the army and militia for what was to come. When the War of 1812 broke out, the populace was prepared, and quick victories at Fort Mackinac and Detroit defeated American invasion efforts.

Brock's actions, particularly his success at Detroit, earned him accolades including a knighthood in the Order of the Bath and the sobriquet "The Hero of Upper Canada". His name is often linked with that of the Native American leader Tecumseh, although the two men collaborated in person only for a few days. Brock died at the Battle of Queenston Heights, which the British won.

Early life

Brock was born at St Peter Port on the Channel Island of Guernsey, the eighth son of John Brock (1729–1777), a midshipman in the Royal Navy, and Elizabeth de Lisle, daughter of Daniel de Lisle, then Lieutenant-Bailiff of Guernsey. The Brocks were an English family who had been established in Guernsey since the sixteenth century. Brock earned a reputation during his early education on Guernsey as an assiduous student, as well as an exceptional swimmer and boxer. At age ten, he was sent to school in Southampton. He also studied for one year in Rotterdam, learning French.

Despite his lack of an extensive formal education, Brock appreciated its importance. As an adult, he spent much time reading in an attempt to improve his education. He read many works on military tactics and science, but he also read ancient history and other less immediately practical topics. At the time of his death, he owned a modest library of books, including classic works by Shakespeare, Voltaire, and Samuel Johnson.

He kept a reputation as an "unusually tall, robust" man throughout his life, with an adult height of about 6 ft. Measurements taken from his uniform show that at his death he had a waist size of 47 in and the inside brim of his hat measured 24 in in circumference. Though Brock was noted as a handsome man who enjoyed the company of women, he never married.

Military service
Brock had a successful pre-war military career and a quick rise through the ranks, which many commented on at the time. Some credited luck and others skill in his rapid promotions, and Brock had substantial portions of both on his way to prominence. Lacking special political connections, Brock's ability to gain promotions even when the nation was at peace attests to his skills in recruiting men and organizing finances, and ambition.

Early career
At the age of fifteen, Brock joined the 8th (The King's) Regiment of Foot on 8 March 1785 with the rank of ensign, and was likely given responsibility for the regimental colours. His elder brother John was already an officer in the same regiment. As was usual at the time, Brock's commission was purchased. On 16 January 1790 he bought the rank of lieutenant and later that year he raised his own company of men. As a result, he was promoted to captain (of an Independent Company of foot) on 27 January 1791 and transferred to the 49th (Hertfordshire) Regiment of Foot on 15 June 1791.

His nephew and biographer (Ferdinand Brock Tupper) asserts that shortly after Brock joined the regiment, a professional dueller forced a match on him. As the one being challenged Brock had his choice of terms, and he insisted that they use pistols. His friends were shocked as Brock was a large target and his opponent an expert shot. Brock, however, refused to change his mind. When the duellist arrived at the field, he asked Brock to decide how many paces they would take. Brock insisted that the duel would take place not at the usual range, but at handkerchief distance (i.e., close range). The duellist declined and subsequently was forced to leave the regiment. This contributed to Brock's popularity and reputation among his fellow officers, as this duellist had a formidable reputation and was reportedly regarded as a bully in the regiment. During his time with this regiment, Brock served in the Caribbean, where he fell ill with fever and nearly died. He did not fully recover until after returning to England in 1793.

Once back in Britain he spent much of his time recruiting, and he was placed in charge of recruits on Jersey. He purchased his majority on 27 June 1795, and rejoined his regiment in 1796, when the rest of his men returned from the West Indies.

First command
On 28 October 1797 Brock purchased the rank of lieutenant-colonel for £3,000, and became acting commanding officer of the regiment, assuming substantive command on 22 March 1798 with the retirement of Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Keppel. The rank was apparently bought cheaply; his predecessor from whom he purchased the rank was advised to sell up and leave the army rather than face a court martial and probable dismissal.

In 1799 the 49th was assigned to the Helder Expedition against the Batavian Republic (now known as the Netherlands), to be led by Sir Ralph Abercromby. During the troop landings, Brock saw his first combat on 10 September 1799 under the command of then-Major-General John Moore. Given that the 49th was in poor shape when Brock took command, they saw little actual combat. Likely Moore was sparing them and using more experienced troops to establish the beachhead. Finally on 2 October the 49th was actively involved in heavy combat at the Battle of Alkmaar, where they acquitted themselves well, sustaining only 33 deaths.

The 49th had been ordered to proceed up the beaches of Egmont-op-Zee, a steep climb through sand dunes and poor terrain. The risks were exacerbated by harassment from French sharpshooters, who had excellent cover. After about six hours of heavy fighting, the attack was stopped about a mile (1.6 km) short of the British objective. After an hour of close combat, the French began to withdraw. Brock was injured in the fighting when hit in the throat by a spent musket ball. His neck cloth prevented a possibly fatal injury. In his own words, "I got knocked down shortly after the enemy began to retreat, but never quitted the field, and returned to my duty in less than half an hour." In 1801 while aboard the 74-gun HMS Ganges (1782) (commanded by Captain Thomas Fremantle, a personal friend), Brock was present at the Battle of Copenhagen. His troops were supposed to lead an assault on the forts at Copenhagen. The outcome of the sea battle made such an assault unnecessary, and Brock was able to observe first-hand the tactical brilliance of Lord Nelson. After the battle, Fremantle and Brock celebrated the victory with Nelson. In 1802, Brock and the 49th were ordered to Canada.

Transfer to Canada
Brock arrived in Canada with the rest of the 49th and was initially assigned to Montreal. Almost immediately, in 1804 he was faced with one of the primary problems in Canada: desertion. Seven soldiers stole a boat and fled across the river (and border) into the United States. Despite having no jurisdiction on American soil, Brock sent a party across the border in pursuit and the men were captured.

Mutiny
A short time later Brock received a report from Fort George that some of the garrison were planning to imprison the officers and flee to the U.S. Immediately he boarded the schooner that had brought the message and proceeded to Fort George, under the command of then-Lieutenant-Colonel Roger Hale Sheaffe. A hastily assembled honour guard formed to greet Brock's unexpected arrival. Alone on entering the fort, Brock ordered the sergeant of the guard to disarm and had him confined.

As it was the dinner hour, all the soldiers were in barracks. Brock ordered the drummers to call out the men. He ordered the first officer on the scene, Lieutenant Williams, to bring him a soldier suspected of being one of the mutiny's ringleaders. Pinning the man with a sabre, Williams took him into custody. The other suspected mutineers were also captured.

Brock sent the twelve mutineers and the seven deserters to Quebec for court martial. The mutineers had planned to jail all the officers (save Sheaffe, who was to be killed) and to cross the Niagara River into the U.S. at Queenston. Seven soldiers were subsequently executed by firing squad. The mutineers testified that they were forced to such measures by the severity of Sheaffe's command. They said if they had continued under Brock's command, they would never have taken such action. Brock was evidently upset by the news that the conspirators had been shot. In a botched execution, the firing squad discharged their weapons at too long a distance, so that the condemned men were not killed instantly.

Brock's younger brother John Savery Brock was compelled to retire from the Royal Navy after his involvement in a mutinous incident; he induced "his brother midshipmen of the fleet at Spithead to sign a round robin against their being subjected to the practice of mast-heading." He was "recommended privately to retire from the service."

Pre-war preparations
After a period of leave in England over winter 1805–1806 and promotion to colonel on 29 October 1805, Brock returned to Canada temporarily in command of the entire British army there. By 1806 the United States was becoming increasingly hostile to the British Empire; relations between the two nations continued to deteriorate until war finally broke out in 1812.

The United States had grievances at British violations of American sovereignty, restriction of American trade by Britain, and an American desire to gain territory by invading and annexing the poorly defended British North American colonies. American grievances included the impressment of American sailors by the Royal Navy, the blockade of French ports, and a belief that the British were inciting American Indians to attack U.S. settlements on the western frontier. War hawks in the U.S. called for an invasion of Canada to punish the British Empire and to lessen the threat to American interests represented by the Native Americans. At the same time, the US leaders believed that the growing population needed new territory; some imagined that the United States was destined to control all of the North American continent. (This philosophy was later known as Manifest Destiny.) American hawks assumed that Canadian colonists would rise up and support the invading U.S. armies as liberators and that, as Thomas Jefferson famously wrote, conquering Canada would be "a mere matter of marching".

In response to this emerging threat, Brock moved quickly to bolster Canadian defences. He strengthened the fortifications of Quebec by building walls and an elevated battery. Brock succeeded in creating a formidable defensive position due largely to his military reading, which included several volumes on the science of running and setting up artillery. He also rearranged and strengthened the Provincial Marine (responsible for transport on the lakes and rivers). He ordered warships to be built and developed a naval force capable of holding the Great Lakes. This was to be pivotal during the war. But Brock's appropriation of civilian lands and labour for military use brought him into conflict with the civilian authorities led by Thomas Dunn.

In 1807 Brock was appointed brigadier general by Governor General Sir James Henry Craig, the new commander of Canadian forces. He was to take command of all forces in Upper Canada in 1810. During this time Brock continued to ask for a posting in Europe. In June 1811 he was promoted to major general and in October of that year Lieutenant Governor Francis Gore left for England. Brock was sent to Upper Canada as senior officer commander of the troops and senior member of the [executive] council, putting him fully in charge of both the military and civil authority. He was usually referred to as president of the council or administrator of Upper Canada (never as lieutenant governor). When permission to leave for Europe finally came in early 1812, Brock declined the offer, believing he had a duty to defend Canada in war against the United States.

As Upper Canada's administrator, Brock made a series of changes to prepare for war. He amended the militia act to allow use of all available volunteers and ordered enhanced training of these raw recruits, despite opposition from the provincial legislature. He continued strengthening and reinforcing defences. Brock also began seeking out First Nations leaders, such as the Shawnee chief Tecumseh, to build alliances with him against the Americans in the event of war. Although the conventional wisdom of the day was that Canada would fall quickly in the event of an invasion, Brock pursued these strategies to give the colony a fighting chance.

Meanwhile, back in England, Brock's brother William faced financial difficulties, as the bank in which he was a senior partner failed. Isaac's commissions had been purchased with a loan entered into the bank's books by his brother, and the Brocks faced a demand for payment. Isaac could not meet the £3000 debt, but made over the whole of his salary to his brother Irving, to be used for whatever was considered most critical: his commission debt or the family's other bills.

Early war and the capture of Detroit
The United States declared war on Britain on 18 June 1812. Despite his preparations, Brock was worried about Canadian security. In Upper Canada, besides the militia, there was only one British regular infantry regiment, a detachment of retired veterans, and a company of artillery. These had to be dispersed among several widely separated posts. Brock's advantage was that the armed vessels of the Provincial Marine controlled the lakes, and allowed him to move his reserves rapidly between threatened points.

Brock continually kept the commanders of his posts informed of all developments. When news of the outbreak of war reached him, he sent a canoe party under the noted trader and voyager William McKay to the British outpost at St. Joseph Island on Lake Huron. His orders to commander (Captain Charles Roberts) allowed him to stand on the defensive or attack the nearby American outpost at Fort Mackinac at his discretion. Roberts immediately launched an attack on Fort Mackinac with a scratch force of regulars, fur traders, and First Nations warriors. On 17 July, the American garrison was taken by surprise (not being aware that war had been declared) and surrendered. This victory immediately encouraged many First Nations tribes, who had hitherto been neutral or undecided, to give their active support to the British. They hoped to expel the American settlers from their territories west of the Appalachian Mountains.

Brock felt he needed to go further. He was hampered by Governor General George Prevost, who had replaced Craig in late 1811. Prevost's orders from the government, and his own inclinations, were to emphasise defence. Prevost kept the bulk of his forces in Lower Canada to protect Quebec, and opposed any attack into United States. Brock also believed that he was handicapped by inertia and defeatism among the legislature and other officials.

He wrote to Prevost's adjutant general, "My situation is most critical, not from anything the enemy can do, but from the disposition of the people – The Population, believe me is essentially bad – A full belief possesses them that this Province must inevitably succumb – This Prepossession is fatal to every exertion – Legislators, Magistrates, Militia Officers, all, have imbibed the idea, and are so sluggish and indifferent in all their respective offices that the artful and active scoundrel is allowed to parade the Country without interruption, and commit all imaginable mischief... What a change an additional regiment would make in this part of the Province! Most of the people have lost all confidence – I however speak loud and look big."

On 12 July, an American army under William Hull had invaded Canada at Sandwich (later known as Windsor). The invasion was quickly halted, and Hull withdrew, but this gave Brock the excuse he needed to abandon Prevost's orders. Having finally obtained limited support from the legislature for his measures to defend the Province, Brock prorogued the Assembly and set out on 6 August with a small body of regulars and some volunteers from the York Militia (the "York Volunteers") to reinforce the garrison at Fort Malden – Amherstburg at the western end of Lake Erie, facing Hull's position at Detroit. Travelling mainly by water in bad weather, Brock reached Amherstburg on 13 August. Here, Brock met Tecumseh, and was immediately impressed. Brock also read American dispatches captured from Hull's army. He quickly judged Hull to be timid and afraid of the First Nations in particular, and the American force to be demoralised and short of rations. Against the advice of his officers, Brock immediately prepared to launch an attack on Detroit.

He later (3 September) wrote to his brothers, "Some say that nothing could be more desperate than the measure, but I answer that the state of the Province admitted of nothing but desperate remedies. I got possession of the letters my antagonist addressed to the Secretary at War, and also of the sentiments which hundreds of his army uttered to their friends. Confidence in the General was gone, and evident despondency prevailed throughout. I have succeeded beyond expectation. I crossed the river contrary to the opinion of Cols. Procter, St. George etc.; it is therefore no wonder that envy should attribute to good fortune what in justice to my own discernment, I must say, proceeded from a cool calculation of the pours and contres."

Even with his First Nations allies, Brock was outnumbered. His force included 600 "Indians" and 1300 soldiers, as well as two battleships, according to his later report. Hull had 2,500 soldiers under his command.

He decided to use tricks to intimidate Hull. He dressed his militia contingent in uniforms discarded by his regulars, making it appear (at a distance) as if his force consisted entirely of British regular infantry. Brock laid siege to Fort Detroit, from established artillery positions across the river in Sandwich. Through a carefully crafted series of marches, he gave the appearance of having much more numerous forces. He had Tecumseh's forces cross in front of the fort several times (doubling back under cover), intimidating Hull with the show of a large, raucous, barely controlled group of First Nations warriors. Finally, he sent Hull a letter demanding his surrender, in which he stated, in part, "It is far from my inclination to join in a war of extermination, but you must be aware that the numerous body of Indians who have attached themselves to my troops will be beyond my control the moment the contest commences." Brock hammered the fort with cannon fire.

On 16 August, the day after receiving Brock's letter, Hull surrendered. Hull, elderly and without recent military experience, was terrified by the risk of losing the battle. He later wrote that the surrender had saved 2,500 troops and 700 civilians from "the horrors of an Indian massacre".

The capture of Detroit and Hull's army wounded American morale, and eliminated the main American force in the area as a threat, while at the same time boosting morale among his own forces. Brock took the American supplies at Detroit and used them for his own forces, particularly the ill-equipped militia. Under prize regulations, a substantial part of the value of the captured military stores would accrue to him. (If he had lived longer, he could have settled his debts.) Brock valued the captured ordnance supplies at £30,000. Finally, the victory secured the support of Tecumseh and the other chiefs in his confederation, who took Brock's actions as both a sign of competence and a willingness to take action.

Tecumseh evidently trusted and respected Brock, reportedly saying, "This is a man" after meeting him for the first time. Although Brock's correspondence indicates a certain amount of paternal condescension for the First Nations, he seems to have regarded Tecumseh very highly, calling him "the Wellington of the Indians", and saying "a more sagacious or a more gallant warrior does not I believe exist". Brock made a number of commitments to the Shawnee. He promised to negotiate no peace treaty without addressing the Shawnee's vision of an independent homeland. There is no evidence Brock negotiated in bad faith. Brock's personal integrity and respect for First Nations peoples has been well documented, and suggest that if he had lived he would have kept his word to the Shawnee.

The capture of Detroit led to British domination over most of Michigan Territory. Brock had planned to continue his campaign into the U.S., but he was thwarted by negotiation of an armistice by Prevost with American Major General Henry Dearborn. This stalled Brock's momentum, and gave the Americans time to regroup and prepare to invade Canada. Unable to predict the point of invasion, Brock frantically worked to prepare defences throughout Upper Canada.

The Prince Regent decreed a silver medal be struck for presentation to the senior officers to commemorate the event.

Death at Battle of Queenston Heights
Meanwhile, American general Stephen Van Rensselaer III, a Federalist political appointee, in command of a sizable army near Lewiston, was pressured by the American president to invade. Although Van Rensselaer had severe doubts about the quality of his troops, he had no choice but to attack. He was an inexperienced militia general, and not trusted by the majority of regular army troops. In the early morning of 13 October 1812, he attempted to cross the Niagara River, leading to the Battle of Queenston Heights. Despite heavy fire from British artillery, the first wave of Americans (under Captain John E. Wool) managed to land, and then follow a fishermen's path up to the heights. From this point, they attacked and routed the British artillery. Brock had arrived from nearby Fort George and moved up to the artillery battery to gain a better view only minutes before Wool attacked. He, his aides, and the gunners were forced to beat a hasty retreat, leading their horses down the steep slope. Fearing that the Americans would move the rest of their troops across the river, Brock ordered an immediate attack on their position. True to his philosophy of never ordering men where he would not lead them, he personally led the charge on foot. Brock's charge was made by Dennis' and Williams' two companies of the 49th and two companies of militia. The assault was halted by heavy fire and as he noticed unwounded men dropping to the rear, Brock shouted angrily that "This is the first time I have ever seen the 49th turn their backs! Surely the heroes of Egmont will not tarnish their record!" At this rebuke, the ranks promptly closed up and were joined by two more companies of militia, those of Cameron and Heward. Brock saw that the militia supports were lagging behind at the foot of the hill and ordered one of his Provincial aides-de-camp, Lieutenant Colonel John Macdonell, to "Push on the York Volunteers," while he led his own party to the right, presumably intending to join his party with that of Williams' detachment, who were beginning to make progress on that flank.

Brock was struck in the wrist of his sword arm by a musket ball but continued to press home the attack. His height and energetic gestures, together with his officer's uniform and a gaudy sash given to him eight weeks earlier by Tecumseh after the siege of Detroit, made him a conspicuous target. An unknown American stepped forward from a thicket and fired at a range of barely fifty yards. The musketball struck Brock in the chest and he fell. His last words have been reported as "Push on, brave York Volunteers" (in reference to a group of the militia Brock favoured) or "Push on, don't mind me" or Surgite! (Latin for "rise" or "push on" – now used as a motto by Brock University), and even "a request that his fall might not be noticed or prevent the advance of his brave troops, adding a wish, which could not be distinctly understood, that some token of remembrance should be transmitted to his sister." These accounts are considered unlikely, since he was not in the company of the York Volunteers but regular soldiers at the time and it is also reported that Brock died almost immediately without speaking, and the hole in his uniform suggests that the bullet entered his heart. His body was carried from the field and secreted in a nearby house at the corner of Queenston and Partition streets, diagonally opposite that of Laura Secord. Following the death of Brock, Lieutenant-Colonel John Macdonell became the senior officer. A lawyer by trade and having little military experience, Macdonell led a second attempt to retake the redan. With Williams' men of the 49th starting from brush to the right of the line near the escarpment and Macdonell's anchoring the left, the force of between 70 and 80 men (more than half of whom were militia) advanced toward the redan. Wool had been reinforced by more troops who had just made their way up the path to the top of the Heights, and Macdonell faced some four hundred troops. During the charge, it is reported that the 49th used "Revenge the General" as a battle cry.

Despite the disadvantage in numbers as well as attacking a fixed position, Williams' and Macdonell's small force was driving the opposing force to the edge of the gorge on which the redan was situated, and seemed on the verge of success before the Americans were able to regroup and stand firm. The momentum of the battle turned when a musket ball hit Macdonell's mount (causing it to rear and twist around) and another shot hit him in the small of the back, causing him to fall from the horse. He was removed from the battlefield and died from his injuries early the next day. Captain Williams was laid low by a wound to the head, and Dennis by a severe wound to the thigh (although he continued to lead his detachment throughout the action). Carrying Macdonnell and the body of Brock, the British fell back through Queenston to Durham's Farm, a mile north near Vrooman's Point.

In the afternoon, Sheaffe arrived on the battlefield with reinforcements and took command of the British forces. In sharp contrast to his predecessors' direct attacks, Sheaffe took a more cautious approach. This ultimately proved successful, leading to a total victory over the Americans.

Burial
After the battle, Sheaffe and his staff decided to entrust the funeral arrangements to Captain John Glegg, who had served with Brock for many years. On 16 October, a funeral procession for Brock and Colonel Macdonell went from Government House to Fort George, with soldiers from the British Army, the colonial militia, and First Nations warriors on either side of the route. The caskets were lowered into a freshly dug grave at the northeast corner of Fort George. The British fired a twenty-one gun salute in three salvos, in a gesture of respect. Later that day, the American garrison at Fort Niagara respectfully fired a similar salute. Over five thousand people attended the funeral, a remarkable number given the limited population of Upper Canada at that time. A small cairn at the foot of the Niagara Escarpment marks the spot where Brock fell. In 1824, Brock's and Macdonell's remains were moved into Brock's Monument, which overlooked the Queenston Heights. That original monument was bombed and heavily damaged in 1840. (This action was reputedly by Irish-Canadian terrorist Benjamin Lett although a subsequent Assize failed to confirm this.). It was replaced by a larger structure 185 ft high, built at public expense, that still stands. Brock's remains were reinterred inside the new Monument on 13 October 1853. An inscription reads: "Upper Canada has dedicated this monument to the memory of the late Major-General Isaac Brock, K.B. provisional lieutenant-governor and commander of the forces in the province whose remains are deposited in the vault beneath. Opposing the invading enemy he fell in action near these heights on 13 October 1812, in the forty-third year of his age. Revered and lamented by the people whom he governed and deplored by the sovereign to whose services his life had been devoted."

On British leadership
British military leadership, which had been decisive up to Brock's death, suffered a blow with his loss. His direct successor, Major-General Sheaffe, although successful in his approach at Queenston Heights, was never able to live up to Brock's reputation. He was criticised by many, including John Strachan, for his retreat at the Battle of York, and was shortly after recalled to England, where he continued a successful, if not brilliant, military career.

Brock's successor at Detroit, however, fared much worse. Colonel Henry Procter faced an attack from a resurrected American Army of the Northwest under future President William Henry Harrison. Harrison set out to retake Detroit, but a detachment of his army was defeated at Frenchtown on 22 January 1813. Procter, displaying poor judgement, left the prisoners in the custody of his First Nations allies, who proceeded to execute an indeterminate number of them. Subsequent American victories allowed Harrison to attempt another invasion of Canada, which led to the Battle of the Thames on 5 October 1813. After a successful American charge, Procter's forces turned and fled, leaving Tecumseh and his American Indian troops to fight alone. They fought on, eventually being defeated. Perhaps of more importance to the British, at this battle Tecumseh died, and their alliance with the American Indians effectively ended.

As for Governor General Prevost, who often clashed with Brock, he remained in command of all British forces until after the Battle of Plattsburgh, in 1814. The battle was intended to be a joint naval/infantry attack, but Prevost did not commit his forces until after the naval battle had nearly ended. When he finally did attack, his forces proved unable to cross the Saranac River bridge, which was held by a small group of American regulars under the command of the recently promoted John E. Wool. Despite a heavy advantage in manpower, Prevost finally retreated upon hearing of the failure of the naval attack. For his failure at Plattsburgh, Prevost was recalled to England to face an inquiry, and a naval court martial determined that the blame for the loss at Plattsburgh primarily rested with Prevost. Prevost's health failed him, and he died in early 1816.

In Britain
Although Brock's achievements in Canada were overshadowed by larger-scale fighting in Europe, his death was still widely noted, particularly in Guernsey. In London, he is remembered at a memorial in St Paul's Cathedral. This was paid for by £1575 voted by the House of Commons, which also granted pensions of £200 to each of his four surviving brothers. For his actions in the capture of Detroit, Brock was appointed a Knight Companion of the Order of the Bath (KB) on 10 October 1812. He died at the Battle of Queenston Heights before learning of his knighthood.

As a mark of esteem, the Prince Regent made a special grant to allow the heraldic supporters that would have been incorporated into his coat of arms if he had lived, to be incorporated into the arms of Brock's father's descendants, and on monuments raised in Brock's memory.

A British naval vessel named in his honour, HMS Sir Isaac Brock, was destroyed at the Battle of York while under construction to prevent it falling into enemy hands. The Regimental Depot of the 49th of Foot (later the Royal Berkshire Regiment), was established at Reading and named Brock Barracks in his memory in 1934. It is now used as a cadets and reserve infantry centre.

In Canada
Canadians regard Brock as one of their greatest military heroes. He was voted number 28 on the television show The Greatest Canadian, although he was not born or naturalized as a Canadian.

Although many Canadians have come to view Brock as one of their own, Brock never really felt at home in Canada. On the whole, he viewed the country as a backwater, and earnestly wished to return to Europe to fight against Napoleon. Brock mistrusted the Canadian colonists, many of whom he suspected of being American sympathizers, and he was reluctant to arm them indiscriminately to help defend the colonies. He favoured expansion of volunteer forces which could be trained and supervised, as well as the use of British regulars and Tecumseh's warriors.

Since his death, several legends and myths about Brock have arisen. In 1908, the story of Brock's betrothal to Sophia Shaw, the daughter of General Æneas Shaw, was first published. There is no supporting evidence for the claim and most biographers consider it apocryphal. A legend about Brock's horse Alfred was first published in 1859. The horse was supposedly shot and killed during the battle while being ridden by Macdonell, and it is commemorated in a monument erected in 1976 in Queenston near the cairn marking the spot where Brock fell. But little evidence supports this account. The General's horse "fully caparisoned, led by four Grooms," is listed as preceding the coffin at the General's interment at Fort George.

In 1816, an unknown company issued a series of private half-penny tokens honouring Brock with the title "The Hero of Upper Canada". Private copper tokens became common in Canada due to initial distrust of "army bills", paper notes issued by Brock when there was a currency shortage caused by economic growth. Brockville and Brock in Ontario, Brock in Saskatchewan, General Isaac Brock Parkway on Highway 405 and Brock University in St. Catharines, Ontario, are all named in tribute to Brock. Schools named in his honour include one in Winnipeg, and public schools in Toronto, Guelph, Hamilton, London, Vancouver, and Windsor, Ontario. An Ontario Historical Plaque was erected by the province to commemorate Major-General Sir Isaac Brock's role in Ontario's heritage. The section of Spadina Avenue south of Queen Street in Toronto was once named Brock Street in his honour.

In September 2012, the Royal Canadian Mint issued a .99999 pure gold coin with a face value of 350 dollars to honor the bicentenary of Brock's death. The reverse design was taken from a half-penny token issued in 1816 as a memorial to Brock. In addition, there have been quarters that have been released, one with a coloured maple leaf and the other with a frosted maple leaf.

The Bathurst Street Bridge was renamed the Sir Isaac Brock Bridge by the City of Toronto at the suggestion of the Friends of Fort York.

In Guernsey
Brock's childhood home on High Street, St Peter Port, Guernsey still stands, and is marked with a memorial plaque. A memorial, paid for by Canada, is fitted into the side of the Town Church, the parish church of St Peter Port.

Brock University in Ontario provides scholarships to Guernsey students who achieve sufficiently high grades. In 1969, the Guernsey Post Office issued postage stamps to commemorate his life and achievements.

Notes and references
Notes

Citations

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User talk:Pamplemousse

Hello there Pamplemousse, welcome to the 'pedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you ever need editing help visit How does one edit a page and experiment at Sandbox. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions or how to format them visit our manual of style. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. BTW, thanks for starting the Michael Chabon article. Cheers! --maveric149

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Hi I'm spamming people on this talk page... a vote notice

I'd like to ask you to place a vote on the proper article names issue in this. There are several parallel names issues (e.g. ebook device), but the date driven category deletion process begun May 1st is begging this ebook article page title (eBook vs ebook) be stabilized as well, and apparently the article is off most watchlists. (see (currently partial note-while I 'spam') User_talk:Fabartus as that vote is apparently deadlocked.) I'd just like to get back to content! Thanks Fra nkB 17:42, 13 May 2006 (UTC)

Talk:Barr Smith Library
I've left a more detailed note on that talk page, but here is a quick summary. I'm not sure if we can use CC text on Wikipedia. GFDL is better, I would ask someone else though. I gave some helpful links too. Mr.Z-man  talk ¢ 04:37, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

copyrights
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 * If you have permission from the author leave a message explaining the details on the article Talk page and send an email with the message to "permissions-en (at) wikimedia (dot) org". See Requesting copyright permission for instructions.
 * If a note on the original website states that re-use is permitted under the GFDL or released into the public domain leave a note at Talk:Barr Smith Library with a link to where we can find that note;
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about the Antonia Isola article
Greetings, and thank you for the Antonia Isola article.

I made a few changes to the article. Could you please check my work?

Your article lists several facts about the subject. Can you provide a reference? the only thing I can find isthe cookbook itself, and it does not appear to have any material about the author. -Arch dude (talk) 01:15, 15 April 2009 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:51, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

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Speedy deletion nomination of Kitty Shannon

A tag has been placed on Kitty Shannon requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about a person or group of people, but it does not credibly indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please read more about what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the deleting administrator. —teb728 t c 04:54, 18 January 2016 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pamplemousse


text:
User talk:Nommonomanac

Welcome to userland! I hope you enjoy your floating thingy. :) --mav

-- It's lovely. We spend happy nights in together... -Nommo

Wot free drink??? I never got a free drink!!!! quercus robur

-- Case of being in the right place at the right time... -Nommo

Floating thingy? Please tell me what this is, I'd like to know more... User:Willsmith

-- at the side of the screen... that menu thing... it can be made to stay there when you scroll down a page. It floats! It's great! Like it's on a cussion of air... like that stadium in Japan... - Nommo

It was definitely Roger Meddows-Taylor (Queen) who was involved in Band Aid, please see publicity shot on http://hk.geocities.com/popmusic80/main.htm

The above website seems to have moved the picture, Roger Taylor (Queen) is in the back row between Tony Hadley and Simon Le Bon. http://hk.geocities.com/popmusic80/main.htm Mintguy 08:30 Apr 19, 2003 (UTC)

 * eeek. You're right, I'm wrong. I even went so far as to download the "Do they know it's Christmas" video using Kazaa, anticipating seeing Rog banging away at the drums, which of course he wasn't. Sorry. It was a poor quality picture and I'd convinced myself that was him, but now I look at it again it looks less like him. Damn.

With regard to The Commercial Album does the tracklisting on the LP carry over to the CD? -- sugarfish 02:11, 13 Aug 2003 (UTC)

I would like you to see the Talk Sega Genesis section on another idea I have. I want to create a separate Article for the Megadrive and put in information applying to the Megadrive in it. Likewise, information regarding the Genesis goes to the Genesis section.

This system is used with Nintendo Entertainment System and Famicom - WhisperToMe

Don't move pages unless you know what you are doing! All London Underground stations have pages Station Name tube station. Ed g2s 16:48, 2 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Lindisfarne - crikey, you're right about Cul de Sac. I have grown up under a misapprehension! Thanks for spotting that. --Nevilley 07:42, 22 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Thought I'd bring the Image_talk:Canallock.png page to your attention, since I can't do anything about the problem at the moment (no imaging software), and you're the original artist - you may be able to fix it! --Steinsky 23:50, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

Unverified image
Hi! Thanks for uploading the following image:

 * Image:Drogo.jpg

I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use : gfdlif you release it under the GNU Free Documentation License, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know at my talk page and I'll tag it for you. Thanks so much. Denni ☯ 04:23, 2004 Dec 13 (UTC)

P.S. You can help tag other images at Untagged_Images. Thanks again.

Unverified image
Another unverified image: Image:Drogo.jpg. (See instructions in above post). - Mattingly23 16:11, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Defenestration
Your website uses the word "defenestrating". Kudos. -Fennec (はさばくのきつね) 05:03, 31 Dec 2004 (UTC)

British county names (again)
A year or so ago you kindly helped out with developing a policy on this. It's all going pear-shaped and I, for one, would be grateful if you'd take another look. I've raised an RfC or you can go straight to the Project's talk page. Thanks. Chris Jefferies 7 July 2005 16:32 (UTC)

Tinsley Viaduct
Hi there. I see you have edited the above article, I'd like to invite you to a poll on the inclusion or not of the coordinates box, here.  L.J.Skinner wot 02:07, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

Image:Cragside.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Cragside.jpg, has been listed at Images and media for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Calliopejen1 (talk) 15:39, 20 November 2008 (UTC)

Image:Pontcysyllte.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Pontcysyllte.jpg, has been listed at Images and media for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Calliopejen1 (talk) 13:08, 3 December 2008 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:51, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

London meetup bicententary
FYI, the 200th London Meetup is happening tomorrow, Sunday 14 January. You may be interested as you were present at the very first one (pictured)! Note that it is now at Penderel's Oak on High Holborn by the Great Turnstile. Andrew🐉(talk) 14:09, 13 January 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nommonomanac


text:
User talk:Dws

Hello there, welcome to the 'pedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you ever need editing help visit How does one edit a page and experiment at Sandbox. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions or how to format them visit our manual of style. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. Cheers! --maveric149

Thanks for the warm welcome! Wikipedia can be quite addictive. I hope I can be of some use around here. Dws

User Pic
Hi! I just came across your user pic and, as part of the wikipedia image tagging project, I marked it as yours and listed that you release it into the public domain for copyright purposes. If this is at all inaccurate, feel free to correct it. --InShaneee 20:53, 5 Mar 2005 (UTC)

That is accurate. Thank you! Dws

Religious (s)tudies
Why the capitalization of the S in Studies? And why the copy-and-paste move that fails to preserve the edit history, instead of clicking on "move"? I think the lower-case s conforms to Wikipedia style conventions and there's no reason to capitalize it. I've fixed all the incorrect capitals in section headings. Michael Hardy 02:53, 24 May 2005 (UTC)

--

First off, I have always seen Religious Studies capitalized...but if it fits with Wikipedia's style better, then my all means continue...

Second, I copied and pasted because I was too busy to do it all at once, Also, there was hardly any history on the Religious studies stub before I updated it so I don't think that's too much of an issue.

File:Dws-user-img-tattoo.jpg listed for deletion
A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Dws-user-img-tattoo.jpg, has been listed at Files for deletion. Please see the to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. B (talk) 16:22, 2 April 2013 (UTC)

title: User talk:Dws


text: User:NyVikingr

title: User:NyVikingr


text:
User talk:NyVikingr

Hello there NyVikingr, welcome to the 'pedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you ever need editing help visit How does one edit a page and experiment at Sandbox. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions or how to format them visit our manual of style. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. Cheers! --maveric149

title: User talk:NyVikingr


text:
Found object

A found object (a calque from the French objet trouvé), or found art,  is art created from undisguised, but often modified, items or products that are not normally considered materials from which art is made, often because they already have a non-art function. Pablo Picasso first publicly utilized the idea when he pasted a printed image of chair caning onto his painting titled Still Life with Chair Caning (1912). Marcel Duchamp is thought to have perfected the concept several years later when he made a series of ready-mades, consisting of completely unaltered everyday objects selected by Duchamp and designated as art. The most famous example is Fountain (1917), a standard urinal purchased from a hardware store and displayed on a pedestal, resting on its back. In its strictest sense the term "ready-made" is applied exclusively to works produced by Marcel Duchamp, who borrowed the term from the clothing industry (prêt-à-porter) while living in New York, and especially to works dating from 1913 to 1921.

Found objects derive their identity as art from the designation placed upon them by the artist and from the social history that comes with the object. This may be indicated by either its anonymous wear and tear (as in collages of Kurt Schwitters) or by its recognizability as a consumer icon (as in the sculptures of Haim Steinbach). The context into which it is placed is also a highly relevant factor. The idea of dignifying commonplace objects in this way was originally a shocking challenge to the accepted distinction between what was considered art as opposed to not art. Although it may now be accepted in the art world as a viable practice, it continues to arouse questioning, as with the Tate Gallery's Turner Prize exhibition of Tracey Emin's My Bed, which consisted literally of a transposition of her unmade and disheveled bed, surrounded by shed clothing and other bedroom detritus, directly from her bedroom to the Tate. In this sense the artist gives the audience time and a stage to contemplate an object. As such, found objects can prompt philosophical reflection in the observer ranging from disgust to indifference to nostalgia to empathy.

As an art form, found objects tend to include the artist's output—at the very least an idea about it, i.e. the artist's designation of the object as art—which is nearly always reinforced with a title. There is usually some degree of modification of the found object, although not always to the extent that it cannot be recognized, as is the case with ready-mades. Recent critical theory, however, would argue that the mere designation and relocation of any object, ready-mades included, constitutes a modification of the object because it changes our perception of its utility, its lifespan, or its status.

Antecedents

One curator considers East Asian scholar's rocks to be early examples of found objects. Found and collected in natural settings, the rocks are changed only minimally for display, seldom beyond the addition of a display stand, and are meant to be contemplated as idealized representations of nature. Geological processes, chief among them erosion, give the rocks their distinctive qualities, rather than any modification by an artist or artisan.

In 2017–2018, the French expert Johann Naldi found and identified seventeen unpublished works in a private collection, classified as a national treasure on May 7, 2021, by the French Ministry of Culture, including Des souteneurs encore dans la force de l'âge et le ventre dans l'herbe by Alphonse Allais, consisting of a green carriage curtain suspended from a wooden cylinder. This work was certainly exhibited at the Incoherents exhibitions in Paris between 1883 and 1893. According to Johann Naldi, this work is the oldest known readymade and was a source of inspiration for Marcel Duchamp.

Duchamp's "readymades"
Marcel Duchamp coined the term ready-made in 1915 to describe a common object that had been selected and not materially altered in any way. Duchamp assembled Bicycle Wheel in 1913 by attaching a common front wheel and fork to the seat of a common stool. This was not long after his Nude Descending a Staircase was attracting the attention of critics at the International Exhibition of Modern Art. In 1917, Fountain, a urinal signed with the pseudonym "R. Mutt", and generally attributed to Duchamp, confounded the art world. In the same year, Duchamp indicated in a letter to his sister, Suzanne Duchamp, that a female friend was centrally involved in the conception of this work. As he writes: "One of my female friends who had adopted the pseudonym Richard Mutt sent me a porcelain urinal as a sculpture." Irene Gammel argues that the piece is more in line with the scatological aesthetics of Duchamp's friend, the Baroness Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven, than Duchamp's. The other possible, and more probable, "female friend" is Louise Norton (later Varèse), who contributed an essay to The Blind Man discussing Fountain. Norton, who recently had separated from her husband, was living at the time in an apartment owned by her parents at 110 West 88th Street in New York City, and this address is partially discernible (along with "Richard Mutt") on the paper entry ticket attached to the object, as seen in Stieglitz's photograph.

Research by Rhonda Roland Shearer indicates that Duchamp may have fabricated his found objects. Exhaustive research of mundane items like snow shovels and bottle racks in use at the time failed to reveal identical matches. The urinal, upon close inspection, is non-functional. However, there are accounts of Walter Arensberg and Joseph Stella being with Duchamp when he purchased the original Fountain at J. L. Mott Iron Works.

Later development
The use of found objects was quickly taken up by the Dada movement, being used by Man Ray and Francis Picabia who combined it with traditional art by sticking combs onto a painting to represent hair. A well-known work by Man Ray is Gift (1921), which is an iron with nails sticking out from its flat underside, thus rendering it useless. Jose de Creeft began making large-scale assemblages in Paris, such as Picador (1925), made of scrap metal, rubber and other materials.

The combination of several found objects is a type of ready-made sometimes known as an assemblage. Another such example is Marcel Duchamp's Why Not Sneeze, Rose Sélavy?, consisting of a small birdcage containing a thermometer, cuttlebone, and 151 marble cubes resembling sugar cubes.

By the time of the Surrealist Exhibition of Objects in 1936 a whole range of sub-classifications had been devised—including found objects, ready-made objects, perturbed objects, mathematical objects, natural objects, interpreted natural objects, incorporated natural objects, Oceanic objects, American objects and Surrealist objects. At this time Surrealist leader, André Breton, defined ready-mades as "manufactured objects raised to the dignity of works of art through the choice of the artist".

In the 1960s found objects were present in both the Fluxus movement and in pop art. Joseph Beuys exhibited modified found objects, such as rocks with a hole in them stuffed with fur and fat, a van with sledges trailing behind it, and a rusty girder.

In 1973, Michael Craig-Martin claimed of his work An Oak Tree, "It's not a symbol. I have changed the physical substance of the glass of water into that of an oak tree. I didn't change its appearance. The actual oak tree is physically present, but in the form of a glass of water."

Commodity sculpture
In the 1980s, a variation of found objects emerged called commodity sculpture where commercially mass-produced items would be arranged in the art gallery as sculpture. The focus of this variety of sculpture was on the marketing, display of products. These artists included Jeff Koons, Haim Steinbach, and Ashley Bickerton (who later moved on to do other kinds of work).

One of Jeff Koons' early signature works was Two Ball 50/50 Tank, 1985, which consisted of two basketballs floating in water, which half-fills a glass tank.

Trash art
A specific subgenre of found objects is known as trash art or junk art. These works primarily comprise components that have been discarded. Often they come quite literally from the trash. One example of trash art is trashion, fashion made from trash. Marina DeBris takes trash from the beach and creates dresses, vests, and other clothes. Many organizations sponsor junk art competitions. Trash art may also have a social purpose, of raising awareness of trash. Creating and using trash art can expose people to hazardous substances. For instance, older computer and electronic components can contain lead (in solder and insulation). Jewelry made from these items may require careful handling. In France, trash art became known as "Poubellisme", art made from contents of "poubelles" (trash bins).

Artists who create art from trash include:
 * Spanish artist Francisco de Pajaro ("Art is trash" or "Arte es basura")
 * Australian artist Paul Yore, who uses trash to create a kind of "kitsch queerness", "bad taste aesthetic", in order to challenge people's perceptions, and to examine excess consumption in society.

In music
Found objects can also be used as musical instruments. It is an important part of the musique concrète genre.

Found sounds have been used by acts including Cop Shoot Cop, Radiohead, Four Tet, The Books, and Björk. The musician Cosmo Sheldrake, who uses found sounds from the natural world in his music, has stated that incorporating the "soundscape" of ecosystems into music may be an effective means of communicating important messages about issues such as climate change.

Criticism
The found object in art has been a subject of polarised debate in Britain throughout the 1990s due to the use of it by the Young British Artists. It has been rejected by the general public and journalists, and supported by public museums and art critics. In his 2000 Dimbleby lecture, Who's afraid of modern art, Sir Nicholas Serota advocated such kinds of "difficult" art, while quoting opposition such as the Daily Mail headline "For 1,000 years art has been one of our great civilising forces. Today, pickled sheep and soiled beds threaten to make barbarians of us all". A more unexpected rejection in 1999 came from artists—some of whom had previously worked with found objects—who founded the Stuckists group and issued a manifesto denouncing such work in favour of a return to painting with the statement "Ready-made art is a polemic of materialism".

Artists
Many modern artists are notable for their use of found objects in their art. These include the following:

 * Saâdane Afif
 * Arman
 * Joseph Beuys
 * Guillaume Bijl
 * George Brecht
 * Jake and Dinos Chapman
 * Greg Colson
 * Joseph Cornell
 * Tony Cragg
 * Salvador Dalí
 * Jack Daws
 * Marina DeBris
 * Jim Dine
 * Mark Divo
 * Jose de Creeft
 * Marcel Duchamp
 * Tracey Emin
 * Tom Friedman
 * Victoria Fuller
 * Jim Gary
 * Genco Gulan
 * Louis Hirshman
 * Damien Hirst
 * Lonnie Holley
 * Irma Hünerfauth
 * Jasper Johns
 * Edward and Nancy Kienholz
 * Joseph Kosuth
 * Paweł Kowalewski
 * John Lefelhocz
 * Sarah Lucas
 * David Mach
 * Michael Craig-Martin
 * Rodney McMillian
 * Louise Nevelson
 * Nam June Paik
 * Niki de Saint Phalle
 * Pablo Picasso
 * Robert Rauschenberg
 * Man Ray
 * Joe Rush
 * Leo Sewell
 * Daniel Spoerri
 * Kurt Schwitters
 * Michelle Stitzlein
 * Tomoko Takahashi
 * Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven
 * Wolf Vostell
 * Paul Yore

title: Found object


text:
User talk:Infrogmation

Archives
Old discussion moved to archives: User talk:Infrogmation/Archive June 2019 - 2022, User talk:Infrogmation/Archive 2015-May 2019, September 2011 - December 2014, August 2010 - August 2011, November 2009 - July 2010, July 09 - Nov 09, March 09 - July 09, July 08 - Feb 09, May June 08, January April 08, November December 07, September October 07, May-August 07, March April 07, Feb 07, December 06 Jan 07, Aug Nov 06, June July 06, March May 06, January February 06, October December 05, July September 05, May June 05, March April 05, Jan Feb 05, November-December 2004, September-October 2004, May - August 2004; January - April 2004; August - December, 2003; and User talk:Infrogmation/Archive1 (oldest, October 2002 - July 2003).

Please add new discussion at the bottom of the page. Please sign comments.

Happy New Year, Infrogmation!

Happy New Year! Infrogmation, Have a prosperous, productive and enjoyable New Year, and thanks for your contributions to Wikipedia.

— Moops  ⋠ T ⋡ 16:32, 2 January 2023 (UTC)

Send New Year cheer by adding {{subst:Happy New Year fireworks}} to user talk pages.

— Moops  ⋠ T ⋡ 16:32, 2 January 2023 (UTC)

I want your help, please
First of all, Happy New Year, infrogmation. Could you help me with a problem I had in the Spanish Wikipedia that I just exposed in Meta? I don't know how this works and my English isn't perfect. Here is the link:

 * Requests for comment/Abuse of power by sysops in Spanish Wikipedia

Thanks in advance. Greeting from the white city of Mérida, Yucatán! Hunab 21 (talk) 23:06, 10 January 2023 (UTC)

 * Thank you, I am an admin on en:Wikipedia and on Wikimedia Commons. Sorry, I do not have admin powers on es:W nor Meta. I hope you can find someone who can help you there. (I also hope to see more photos of your beautiful city and the area!) Saludos, -- Infrogmation (talk) 00:15, 11 January 2023 (UTC)

History of adminship
Hi, I was just researching some of our early admins, of which, obviously, you are one, since February 2003 as it says on your userpage. I haven't been able to find a record of your requesting adminship and I thought maybe it was the result of Jimbo's promise in February 2003 to grant the privilege "willy-nilly" to "people who have been around for awhile" in his "no big deal" statement? ☆ Bri (talk) 18:10, 11 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Hi. Sorry I don't recall the details. I can tell you that I was very active here on en:Wikipedia in that era.  I think it might have been some page with a call for admins, who would have listed responsibilities and tools. I volunteered, and some time later (I don't remember if it was hours or days) was granted adminship.  However I may be conflating this with my getting adminship on Wikimedia Commons the following year.  Sorry I'm not of more help. Cheers, -- Infrogmation (talk) 22:01, 11 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Okay. If at a future date you find any of the details, I'd love to hear about it and improve User:Bri/Early sysops. ☆ Bri (talk) 22:57, 11 January 2023 (UTC)

Disambiguation link notification for January 17
An automated process has detected that when you recently edited Henry Cowell, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Menlo Park.

(Opt-out instructions.) --DPL bot (talk) 06:04, 17 January 2023 (UTC)

Photos by Robbie Mendelson on Commons
Hi...you used my photo of Art Neville on his wikipedia page credited to "robbiesaurus." If it's easy enough to do, could that be changed to my real name, Robbie Mendelson? I'm also pretty sure there are other photos of mine similarly credited. Could those be changed, too? I'm not exactly sure how many there are but if there's an easy way for you to find mine, it'd be appreciated. If the easiest way is for me to let you know which, let me know and I'll get in touch when I come across them. I know my photos of John Boutte are on his page, one credited by name, one by nickname.

Thank you and I appreciate you using my photos.

Best, Robbie 148.75.146.152 (talk) 03:23, 10 February 2023 (UTC)

 * Hi. Thanks for sharing so many great photos on Flickr under free licenses. Since I see you've already changed your Flickr account name to real name, doing so on Wikimedia Commons is not a problem.  I've found what I think are the photos you are referring to, and edited the credit accordingly.  The credit on photos copied from Flickr to Commons generally reflects how the photo was credited on Flickr at time it was copied, usually using a semi-automated transfer tool.
 * From a quick search, looks like there are over 800 photos by you on Commons! (Copied by various different users - I was mostly interested in New Orleans subjects, but see other users found your tennis photos of value, etc.) So it will take a while to get all of them. I'll add it to my list of things to get done by pecking away at bit by bit. You are welcome to set up an account on Commons yourself if you wish. Otherwise, if you see photos you want to prioritize updating credit on, feel free to contact me again - my talk page on Commons is a better place for that. Thanks again for the photos! Red beans & ricely, -- Infrogmation (talk) 18:51, 10 February 2023 (UTC)

Fangusu
Been reading up on an old friend of yours. Saw how patient you were trying to explain things. Glad to see you are still with us. Best. -- Deepfriedokra (talk) 03:53, 14 February 2023 (UTC)

Izamal
I'm going to delete the following paragraph from Izamal:

 * In 1975 the official in charge of land redistribution was repeatedly accused of political corruption; letters of complaint were sent from citizens of Izamal to Mérida and Mexico City with no response. The official was found stoned to death under a large pile of rocks in the town's main square. A Mexican Army unit occupied the town for some days after the incident, but investigators failed to find anyone in town who knew anything about what happened.

Diario de Yucatán recently reproduced an article from 31 October 1972 ("violenta respuesta de campesinos deja dos muertos") that covers an incident similar to what you described, yet with significant differences in detail. I can't verify all the details in your story, and I'm not sure how significant this event ultimately was to Izamal's history, so I'm going to take it out; but I thought I'd let you know here in case you wanted to follow up on this. Cheers, Cobblet (talk) 22:42, 29 May 2023 (UTC)
 * OK. Looks like something I put in the early days of Wikipedia about 20 years ago, when one could often make a starter article if one could knew a couple of paragraphs about a subject off the top of one's head. Thanks for finding the article - I don't know if that's the same incident or not, either way, glad Wikipedia continues to improve. Thank you for your work. Cheers, -- Infrogmation (talk) 23:22, 29 May 2023 (UTC)

More follow up or details about accusations of copyright violations and false claims, please
I'm surprised that you didn't follow up more substantively after accusing Yourcousinvinny614 of "massive copyright violations with insulting false claims". I see that you've opened discussion about their image uploads but your edit also removed a lot of text. If you are also accusing them of lying about that material, I think you need to make that clear for all of us. Whatever the situation, a message on the article's Talk page would probably be appropriate and helpful. ElKevbo (talk) 21:53, 14 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Repeated false claims about image sources and authorship with highly dubious claims of license. User has responded - possibly well intended (?!) but absurd false claims and copyright violations are still absurd false claims and copyright violations even if done without malice, and shouldn't be in articles.  Apparently the user didn't pay attention to warnings and attempts to discuss on Commons and saw no need to make any attempt to be accurate or honest with uploads.  My edit to the article was made in great exasperation, the purpose to promptly remove large amounts of copyright violations.  Help with remedies and improvements is always welcome.  Cheers, -- Infrogmation (talk) 22:14, 14 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Can you please post some of that information in the article's Talk page? It would help other editors understand why so much material was removed and what needs to be done about it. Thanks! ElKevbo (talk) 22:29, 14 August 2023 (UTC)

"Alt.slack" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alt.slack&redirect=no Alt.slack] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. 1234qwer1234qwer4 10:14, 21 August 2023 (UTC)

Old IP indef
Hi, Infrogmation. I've been looking through old IP indefs and came upon Special:Contribs/75.145.183.129. It's not clear to me that that IP is still allocated to a school. Would you object to my unblocking and seeing what happens? If vandalism recurs, they can be reblocked for some number of months of years. -- Tamzin  [cetacean needed] (she|they|xe) 21:14, 18 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Similar question on Special:Contribs/66.30.100.130, an anonblock. -- Tamzin  [cetacean needed] (she|they|xe) 21:26, 18 September 2023 (UTC)

 * No particular objection, presuming you'll keep an eye on their contributions. I don't recall details off hand, but do know that there must have been multiple shorter blocks and warnings before an indef block. Cheers, -- Infrogmation (talk) 21:47, 18 September 2023 (UTC)

"Battle for Midway" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_for_Midway&redirect=no Battle for Midway] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Utopes (talk / cont) 07:24, 5 October 2023 (UTC)

Re: Chris A. Hadfield Rocket Factory
This is an absolutely fascinating hoax. Don't you think all these different users are the same person? Viriditas (talk) 00:07, 25 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Good question. I have no strong opinion as to if it's just one person or a couple of people promoting it. I will offer my suspicion that "Daniel Molybdenum" is not a real person, LOL. Cheers, -- Infrogmation (talk) 00:12, 25 October 2023 (UTC)
 * The closer you look at this, the weirder it gets. Take a look at the YouTube account being linked by the Facebook account.  The owner has 10k followers and injected this into one of 100 or so videos on the site.  My guess is this started as an inside joke by friends of the astronaut and quickly grew out of control.  The fact that it was posted to r/space and this guy just showed up to defend it is mind boggling. This reminds me of the work "hacker x" did as a contractor between 2015-206. Viriditas (talk) 00:21, 25 October 2023 (UTC)
 * @Viriditas My partner and I spent about 3-4 hours last night chasing all of this down too; it was just too baffling to stop looking. Kind of feel bad for the guy, because he was talking about being bullied on his KSP Wiki page, and clearly he's got some things to work through. But it's just so strange how it manifested in perpetuating misinformation about NASA-MAF specifically - down to the PSAs/promotional videos with the spoofed name added to the information splash screen and with the doctored images interspersed throughout on his YouTube, and ripping the MAF Family Day poster on Facebook and slapping the "CAHRF" name on it, and then multiple accounts cross-referencing each other (which I assume are all him, based on how they talk about each other, phrases like "my good friend").
 * Our guess was there was allure because one of the few NASA installations that doesn't have a center open to the general public, and it's probably one of the most obscure facilities (as opposed to Kennedy or Goddard), so that hoax went under the radar for so long. I just can't believe it endured for so long, and what a web was woven.
 * Anyway, I feel some solidarity with y'all for also going down that twisted rabbit hole. Thank you for taking action on fixing it. 198.120.15.117 (talk) 17:23, 25 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Thank you for doing what you do. I wish I was in control of the federal budget, as it's hard to believe you guys are only getting 0.3% when your wider work is so important to improving the health and safety of our planet. Viriditas (talk) 17:43, 25 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Thanks to you (and all who've been helping in cleanup). I'm somewhat curious, what's  the user's "KSP Wiki page" you mention? Cheers, -- Infrogmation (talk) 18:42, 26 October 2023 (UTC)

I Want to Thank You for Thanking Me
I'm new to editing Wikipedia and you were the first person to thank me. Although it was a minor edit regarding "Maya vs Mayan" I appreciate the acknowledgment. I'm really trying to learn how to get around on here and it took me a while to even notice that you had thanked me. I'm such a noob. Anyway, thank you Infrogmation!

Eric Gato Bello (talk) 23:08, 25 October 2023 (UTC)

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Appreciation award
Thank you for the recognition with the appreciation award. That's really a classy sheet music cover! I'm glad that you and I share a common interest in documenting the people, history and culture of NOLA, arguably the nation's most exotic city. Nolabob (talk) 18:10, 27 January 2024 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of True Tone Records (US label)

The article True Tone Records (US label) has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Fails WP:NORG"

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Proposed deletion of West Craft Records

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Proposed deletion of Schirmer Records

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Nomination of West Craft Records for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article West Craft Records is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

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Presidential lecterns
Hi, I can see that you were trying to expand the Presidential lecterns article a few days ago in good faith. I've actually practically reverted your edit as it was causing readability issues, but I've started a discussion on the talk page so I can get my opinions across about my opposition to an expansion, and to suggest a name change instead. I hope that's alright!

JamJamSvn (talk) 19:50, 22 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Just fine. As I mentioned on the talk page, one way or another. This is a global project, everything should not automatically be assumed to be USA only. Cheers. -- Infrogmation (talk) 21:08, 22 April 2024 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Arnaud's

The article Arnaud's has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "The subject of this article is neither generally notable, nor independent of the subject. Most of the sources are directly linked to the restaurants own website and cannot be exchanged for other reliable citations. A google search for the restaurant turns up little more than the restaurants website and reviews from services like Yelp, and there seem to be no notable news stories involving this restaurant. This page is little more than an tertiary advertisement written in a passive voice for a non-notable restaurant and I believe it should be deleted per WP:Notability."

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"Vllatava River" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vllatava_River&redirect=no Vllatava River] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. —Mykhal (talk) 09:37, 16 June 2024 (UTC)

Happy First Edit Day!

 * Hm, first logged in edit... I may have decided to log in specifically so I could do edits like that. -- Infrogmation (talk) 14:48, 16 June 2024 (UTC): Hm, first logged in edit... I may have decided to log in specifically so I could do edits like that. -- Infrogmation (talk) 14:48, 16 June 2024 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Faubourg Marigny Mardi Gras costumes

The article Faubourg Marigny Mardi Gras costumes has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Just a gallery of images; page creator has endorsed deletion (see talk)"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

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 * Please note my comment on talk page from a few years ago. This page is an artifact from before the existence of Wikimedia Commons; it has long been outdated; no objection to deletion. -- Infrogmation (talk) 04:07, 7 July 2024 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of French Quarter Mardi Gras costumes

The article French Quarter Mardi Gras costumes has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Just a gallery of images; page creator has endorsed deletion (see talk)"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

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Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Helpful Raccoon (talk) 02:58, 7 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Look on the talk page, as I noted there, this is an artifact from before the existence of Wikimedia Commons. I stated I had no objection to deletion on the talk page back in 2019; I'm a bit surprised it's still here. Delete away. -- Infrogmation (talk) 04:06, 7 July 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Infrogmation


text: User:Hastur

title: User:Hastur


text:
User talk:Hastur

Hello there, welcome to the 'pedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you ever need editing help visit How does one edit a page and experiment at Sandbox. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions or how to format them visit our manual of style. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. Cheers! --maveric149

title: User talk:Hastur