text:
Talk:London postal district/Archive 1

Alpha order
N1, NW1, E1, SE1, SW1, EC1 and WC1 do not follow the convention of being in alphabetical order. Southwark for SE1 is correct. The ful correct list of disticts and codes is here http://homepages.gold.ac.uk/genuki/LND/postaldistricts.htm Mintguy

Inner London?
It is misleading to call the area covered by N,SE,SW,E,W & NW postcodes Inner London as Inner London is a defined term (the old LCC area) for example: In the East sector only E1, E2, E3, E6, E8 and E9 were within the LCC and are now in Inner London. MRSC 14:10, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Lookup
I did a look up for "Greater London" on this site to get a difinitive list and the namess for the postcodes outside the London postal district but within Greater London. http://www.brainstorm.co.uk/uk_post_code_search.htm. MRSC 21:20, 23 Oct 2004 (UTC)

No "S" Postal District Numbers
does anyone know if the fact that the "SE" & "SW" numbers were both divided into two alphabetical groups :- SE1-SE18 & SE19-SE27(at that time)and SW1-SW10 & SW11-SW20 signifies that it was originally intended to use the "S" postal district as well, but changed at a late stage...??? Also anyone know why NW11 Golders Green is also "out of sequence "??? IsarSteve 16:25, 29 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * For a very short time there was an 'S' district as well as an 'NE'. These weren't considered viable and so merged with others respectivly. See http://www.postalheritage.org.uk/research/downloads/BPMA_Info_Sheet_Postcodes_web.pdf for more info.

N19 on map twice
N19 is on the map twice. The correct one is the inner one. I think the other one should be N9. — 81.132.5.80 04:17, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)
 * well-spotted! I've seen that image many times but hadn't noticed it. I've just downloaded it, made the edit and re-uploaded it. --Vamp:Willow 10:36, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

W2 anomaly
Why is Paddington W2?

 * Because W2 is erroneously listed as Paddington. W2 is actually a "Head District" with a District Sorting Office (here, West). W1 is also a Head District, but is self-contained due to it´s central location and large amount of traffic. Each London Postal Area has a "Head District" with a District Sorting Office. (N1, E1, SW1, WC1, EC1, SE1, & W2).IsarSteve 00:13, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I seem to remember W1, WC1 and WC2 all being dealt with together at Rathbone Place. MRSC 07:17, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

 * This (PDF) reveals that W1, W2 and SW11 are all head districts. W is subdivided into Western (W1 only) and Paddington (W2-14). SW forms Southwestern (SW1-15) and Battersea (SW11-20). MRSC • Talk 23:42, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

 * What about WC1A and WC2B etc - do they have separate facilities or not? Morwen - Talk 00:14, 13 November 2006 (UTC)

NE
I've managed to work out from an old map and descriptive gazetteers that the NE sector covered what is today E2,4,5,8,9,10,11,17,18 and the original E sector was what is now E1,3,6,7,12,13,14,15,16. I can't work out which areas where removed from the postal district when the sectors where merged. Anyone know? Above the Alexandra pub on Victoria Park Road there is a fine old street sign proudly showing NE if anyone is nearby with a camera, I keep forgetting to go there and take a snap. MRSC 07:14, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

 * This maps reveals the full original extent of the postal district. Based on this, it looks like it was retracted at some point in every direction. MRSC • Talk 23:28, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

Charlton and Woolwich later additions
This map if 1900 suggests the district did not originally cover Charlton and Woolwich. Anyone know anything about this? MRSC 20:12, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

intro
which is no longer a contiguous management area within the Post Office.

This is a bit of an odd way to start an encyclopedia article, telling us what it is not. What is meant by that line? Perhaps it belongs further down and should be better explained? MRSC • Talk 10:09, 22 January 2007 (UTC)

Map of original district
I spotted a map of the original area of the London postal district in the maps exhibition currently at the British Library. It is described as a 12-mile circle from the main post office, and the map approximates this (but it is shown with more kinks than a raw circle, possibly conforming with parish boundaries?). this may or may not be worth checking into. Morwen - Talk 00:59, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

Suggested way forward for postal stubs
There have been several attempts by a range of editors to wholesale delete the large collection of postcode district stubs for London. We still have a large number of very badly written or stubby articles that get little attention from editors.

With this in mind, I have conducted a review of the postcode district article we have with a view to formulating a more pragmatic solution than group deletion. The aim is simple: to improve the encyclopedia.

The articles can all be broken down into 4 broad groups. The articles either lack significance, are very badly written, or are a one-line stub. I found only one article that came anywhere near good quality prose (London SE12). I therefore suggest the following action:

I would also suggest that we aim for GA-status for the most significant districts. I have some resources (and there is much more in the public domain) which would help to expand these articles. MRSC • Talk 14:02, 26 May 2007 (UTC)

 * After a quick look I am concerned about SE20 as it covers two separate and distinct areas. I don't have a problem redirecting  ones that cover one area, but I would object to doing that where they cover multiple areas. Regan123 14:44, 26 May 2007 (UTC) OK you've tweaked the table so I need to reword my comments.  I don't think they should redirect to a list as per the results of Articles for deletion/London N1.  So then we need to work on creating verifiable articles. Regan123 00:10, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Fair enough. As these articles in the fourth group contain only one line of text each, we can redirect, for now, until such a time that someone wants to write a full article. MRSC • Talk 05:06, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I have no objection to that at all Regan123 10:07, 27 May 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree that the whole post code thing needs clearing up and that this is a good basis for doing it. Last time around I voted for the aggregation of post codes, on the basis that they cause more confusion than they resolve, and it would be easier to write a good article for a group of codes. Many people seem to have an attachment to them out of proportion to their importance, so I accept that. Whatever happens, the following needs to be done:

 * Needs to be made clear that post codes were allocated on basis of delivery, not geography or political areas, and post codes are not the place to keep descriptions of areas.
 * Inner London: confusion, like for example N1 covering Islington and Hackney. The lack of relation with geography needs to be made clear, so parts of Hackney don't flip-flop between North and East London. (Shoreditch is blessed with 4/5 post codes, for instance). (Abolition of NE post code, soon after introduction?)
 * Outer London: retention of pre-Greater London counties until 2000, needs to be made clear, this didn't mean (for instance) that Ilford remained in Essex.
 * Post codes seem to come back to bite us (constantly), in the worst possible way. A treatment that explains the anomalies is essential, with rich linking to the political and geographic areas the post codes cover. Kbthompson 10:56, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

The districts from groups 1-3 are now included in Category:London postcode districts. I have expanded London SE12 as a 'model' article. There are 37 other articles which now require extensive copyediting and clean up. I suggest we conduct a similar exercise some time in the future by way of a review. MRSC • Talk 17:48, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Several articles have been converted into redirects, contrary to the recent decision here: . I am reverting these.  Please start a DRV if you wish to overturn this AfD.

 * The previous unsigned comment was Runcorn • Talk 19:48, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Have you read any of the articles you have reverted, or any of the above? There were several comments on that AFD that these articles should be reviewed on a case-by-case basis, which is exactly what has happened here. This is an attempt to expand and improve our coverage in this area, not delete it. MRSC • Talk 06:58, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

 * ALthough the quality of articles is variable, I am concerned that several articles have been changed to redirects that consisted of considerably more than one sentence.  However, I think that in many cases, all that a London postal code article needs to include is a short narrative with meaningful links to articles on the locations within the post code area, and a description of the boundaries of the postcode if these are not contiguous with other boundaries.  The result may therefore not need to be much more than "stub" length.   --Lang rabbie 21:03, 28 May 2007 (UTC)

 * If all that is created is a stub, and it can never be more than a stub, the obvious course of action is to group into articles such as SE postcode area. MRSC • Talk 07:03, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

Here are the stubs from category 4 which User:Runcorn has re-created: London N2, London N3, London N6, London N8, London N9, London N12, London N11, London N13, London SE20. MRSC • Talk 07:10, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Just want to say I'm in broad agreement with the principle of keeping articles on postal districts to just those few that seem notable. (Probably I would want to get rid of several of the ones classed as Group 3 in the above table, but I'm not going to fret.)--A bit iffy 08:38, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

This is not the place to try to overturn an AfD.--Runcorn 12:32, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

 * This would seem the most logical place to discuss the future of London postal district and associated articles. An AFD result is not an embargo on future discussion and further change. I was rather hoping (perhaps foolishly) that we could review these articles (many of which contain only one line of text) on a case-by-case basis and employ some common sense. MRSC • Talk 12:44, 29 May 2007 (UTC)

London N14 is now also recreated by User:Runcorn. MRSC • Talk 04:45, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

Deletion_policy: ''Articles that are short and unlikely to be expanded can often be merged into a larger article or list. For example, information about family members of a celebrity who are not otherwise notable is generally included in, or merged into, the article on that celebrity. Stub pages about minor characters in works of fiction are generally merged into a list article. If two pages are duplicates or otherwise redundant, one should be merged and redirected to the other, using the most common, or more general page name. This does not require process or formal debate beforehand.''

I've added a note above from the deletion policy in the hope this will help guide the conversation a little. We seem to be in a stalemate where stubs are being recreated for the sake of following perceived procedure, however there is no commitment to actually take these articles forward in any meaningful way. MRSC • Talk 05:16, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

User:Runcorn has been blocked from editing. Now he is gone, I'm going to continue with the programme to improve these articles in the way I have outlined above. MRSC • Talk 06:58, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

Six of the votes and most of the comments from Articles for deletion/London N1 were him or one of the sockpuppets. MRSC • Talk 07:51, 31 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Extraordinary! Kbthompson 08:23, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

Indeed. In light of this I am minded to reconsider some of the stubs in group 3, as suggested by User:A bit iffy.

Also redirect: London EC1, London EC2, London EC3, London EC4, London WC2, London SE2, London SE28, London SW3, London SW5, London E4, London N4, London N5, London N15, London N16, London N17, London N19 Any suggestions for candidates for redirection? I've pulled out some of the ones I think duplicate the main articles. MRSC • Talk 08:56, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

Funny how things go silent once the sock accounts are blocked. I have completed the review and extensively improved a handfull of articles which can be found here: Category:London postcode districts. MRSC • Talk 08:56, 4 June 2007 (UTC)

Origin of district
From John Marius Wilson, Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales (1870-72):

''The General Post office stands in St. Martin's-le-Grand, near Cheapside, Newgate-street, and St. Paul's churchyard; occupies the site of an ancient college and church dedicated to St. Martin; and was built in 1825-9, after designs by Sir R.. Smirke. It measures 389 feet in length and 80 feet in width; is in the Ionic style, simple, but massive; has a hexastyle portico, copied from remains of two ancient temples; consists of granite in the basement, and of brick, faced with Portland stone, in the superstructure; and includes a central vestibule, or great hall, 80 feet long, 60 feet wide, and 53 feet high. A supplement to it, on ground in Newgate-street purchased for £3,000, was authorized by an act of 1865. The postoffice was kept, in 1635, at Sherbourne-lane; next at Dowgate; next at the Black Swan, Bishopsgate-street; next at the Black Pillars, Brydges-street, Covent-garden; next at what had been Sir Robert Viner's house, in Lombard-street; and was removed thence to the present building. ''

''Ten head-offices are now in the metropolis, as defined by a circle drawn on a radius of 12 miles from the General Post office; and they serve for ten sections in nearly the same manner as if these were ten towns, all at considerable distances from one another. The sections were marked off, and constituted, in 1856; they are all designated London, with the adjuncts of respectively E C, W C, N, N E, E, S E, S, S W, W, and N W; and they are shown in a map constructed for the purpose, but cannot be clearly delineated in words. ''

''The headoffice of the E C section is the general post office itself, with a branch in Lombard-street; of the W C section, is in High Holborn, with a branch at Charing-cross; of the N section, is in Essex-road, Islington; of the N E section, is in Church-street, Bethnal-Green; of the E section, is in Nassau-place, Commercial-road East; of the S E section, is in High-street, Southwark; of the S section, is in York-place, Lambeth; of the S W section, is in Buckingham-gate, Pimlico; of the W section, is in Vere-street; of the N W section, is in Eversholt-street, Camden-Town. Nearly 700 receiving-offices, the majority of them with money-order, savings-bank, and insurance and annuity apartments, are dispersed throughout the sections; postal-pillars and wall letter-boxes are proportiona1ly numerous; and, since 1859, no house in London has been more than ¼ of a mile distant from a moneyorder office, or more than &hy. of a mile from a receivingoffice or a postal letter-box.''

This article needs a bit of a rewrite. MRSC • Talk 08:41, 2 June 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:London postal district/Archive 1


text: Talk:Taiwanese indigenous peoples

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Taiwanese indigenous peoples


text:
Gijón

Gijón or Xixón  is a city and municipality in north-western Spain. It is the largest city and municipality by population in the autonomous community of Asturias. It is located on the coast of the Cantabrian Sea in the Bay of Biscay, in the central-northern part of Asturias; it is approximately 24 km north-east of Oviedo, the capital of Asturias, and 26 km from Avilés. With a population of 273,744 as of 2023, Gijón is the 15th largest city in Spain.

Gijón forms part of a large metropolitan area that includes twenty councils in the center of the region, structured with a dense network of roads, highways and railways and with a population of 835,053 inhabitants in 2011, making it the seventh largest in Spain.

During the 20th century, Gijón developed as an industrial city in the steel and naval industries. However, due to the decline in manufacturing in these industries, in recent years Gijón is undergoing a transformation into an important tourist, university, commercial and R&D center. Gijón is the location of the Radiotelevisión del Principado de Asturias, the neighbourhood of Cimavilla, the Universidad Laboral de Gijón, the Revillagigedo Palace, and the adjoining Collegiate Church of San Juan Bautista.

Gijón is part of the statistical (not yet developed from an administrative standpoint) comarca of Gijón.

Etymology
One theory based on some early medieval texts mention it as "Gigia", derived from the identical Greek and Latin term "gigias", meaning "giant", both of which refer to the Greek mythological giant Gigas. The medieval "Gigia" name, in turn, more specifically would refer to the ancient Roman wall built on the peninsula of the Cimavilla neighbourhood of Gijón. This wall was called the "Gegionem" by the Romans, and is itself a compound Latin term being either "geg-ionem", meaning "giant-ness/gigantic", "gegi-onem", meaning "concrete giant", or "gegio-nem" meaning "giant end". Presumably the use of the term meaning "giant" referred to either the pre-Germanic Astur peoples who inhabited the area being of large physical stature, or simply the largeness of the wall itself.

The name of the city might also come from the hypothetical Roman actual name of the place "Sessio" which may have turned into the word "Xixón" as the centuries went by. Then the Spanish word "Gijón", which has been also written during the Middle age as "Jijón" or even "Jixón", would be a Castilianization of the Asturian name. This theory is nowadays known as the most acceptable.

Prehistory and Romanization
The first evidence of human presence in what is known nowadays as the municipality of Gijón is located on Monte Deva, where there exists a series of tumuli, and on Monte Areo, where there are some neolithic dolmens. These dolmens were discovered in 1990 and were supposedly built around 5000 BC.

The first noticed settlement (Noega) is located in Campa Torres. It has its origin between the 6th and 5th centuries BC. It was populated by Astures (Cilúrnigos) and later Romanized. Noega was progressively abandoned when the Roman wall in the peninsula of Cimavilla, called the Gegionem, was built.

Middle Ages and modern era
The invasions of barbarian tribes in the 5th and 6th centuries left no traces. The region submitted to the power of the Visigoth king Sisebut in the 7th century. This period marks the beginnings of Christianization, one of the first Christian worshipping places being the Roman villa of Veranes.

Gijón was capital of the Muslim territories on the Cantabric Sea, under the power of Munuza, for a short period between 713 and 718 or 722. In 722 the Asturians won the Battle of Covadonga which is regarded as the beginning of the Reconquista. The Asturian forces were led by Pelagius, who would become the first king of the Kingdom of Asturias.

Until 1270 there were no reliable references to Gijón as a settlement, with only short mentions in some documents. In this year, Alfonso X of Castile gave it the status of puebla. This documentation appears in the Monastery of San Vicente de Oviedo.

In the 14th century, the war between Alfonso Enríquez, Count of Gijón and Noreña and Henry III of Castile ended when the village of Gijón was burned and totally destroyed, practically disappearing. In the 15th and 16th centuries, Gijón reemerged. A new dock was built in the port adding fishing and commerce to the area. In the 17th and 18th centuries Gijón began to develop rapidly, growing out of the old city center, supported by the commercial links between the port of Gijón and the American colonies. In the 18th century, due to the French invasions, the wars and the financial trouble in the era, the development stopped until late in the century, when the Oviedo-Gijón road was created and the port was recognized as the best one in Asturias, favoring the start of industrial activities in the town.

Contemporary history
The 19th century brought with it great development, with the commerce of coal, the Gijón–León road and later the Langreo–Gijón railway. All this contributed to the quick expansion of the port, since the intensity of the traffic overflowed the port. A new port, El Musel, was built in 1893 and it was the first coal port of the peninsula.

Gijón was going through a conversion to an industrial town with a new bourgeois and an urban development, opening new streets and squares, with new municipal equipments like water, garbage collection, lighting, and so on. All this industrial development brought new manpower to the city and the creation of new neighborhoods like Natahoyo, La Calzada, Tremañes or El Humedal.

In the 20th century, with the Spanish Civil War, the city supported the Republican faction. The army was located in El Coto. The resistance was eliminated in August 1936. Later, the village was the capital of the Sovereign Council of Asturias and León until 20 October 1937, when the troops of General Francisco Franco occupied the city.

Iron manufacture was the main industry of Gijón from the last years of the 19th century until the last decades of the 20th. Uninsa was created in 1971, and it merged with Ensidesa. In the last years of the century was converted in Aceralia, and integrated in Arcelor, along with the Luxembourg-based Arbed and the French company Usinor. The last decades of the century brought an industrial crisis affecting mainly iron manufacture and local shipbuilding. This brought new terrain for the creation of new beaches, parks and neighborhoods. It was also created a campus of the University of Oviedo.

Location
The city is situated on the coast of central Asturias, from sea level to an altitude of 513 m at Picu Samartín and 672 m at Peña de los Cuatro Jueces, bordered on the West by Carreño, the East by Villaviciosa, and to the South by Siero and Llanera.

The city is situated along the Asturian coast and is distinguished by the peninsula of Cimavilla (the original settlement) which separates the beach of San Lorenzo and adjacent neighborhoods to the east from the beaches of Poniente and Arbeyal, the shipyards, and the recreational port and the Port of El Musel to the west. It is close to the other main Asturian cities, Oviedo and Avilés.

Climate
Gijón has a temperate oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb) typical of the Atlantic coast of Spain, with cool summers and wet and mostly mild winters. The onshore flow from the Atlantic Ocean creates a cool summer and mild winter climate where severe heat and very cold temperatures are rare. The narrow temperature range is demonstrated by the record August temperature being only 6.4 °C warmer than the all-time record January temperature. The climate is wet and cloudy by Spanish standards, but is indeed drier than other locations on the Atlantic in the country. Humidity is high year-round.

Summer temperatures are very consistent as proven by the fact that the all-time warmest month of August 1997 had an average temperature of 20.9 C and no month has ever been recorded at an average high above 24.7 C in comparison to the 23.2 C August normal high. Another clear underlining of the marine influence is that the coolest ever August has been as near the average as 17.9 C.

Districts
Gijón is divided in six districts: Center, East, South, West, El Llano and Rural. In this last one, all the peri-urban zone and the rural parishes are integrated.

Demography
According to the 2021 Municipal Population Register (INE), the council had 268,896 inhabitants, of which 142,411 are women and 126,485 are men.

The municipal population grew remarkably throughout the 20th century, especially between the 1960s and 1980s, a period in which it doubled. Starting in the 1990s, growth stagnated, reflecting the similar slowdown at the national level of Spain. However, due to immigration, both from other Asturias councils and from abroad, the population started to increase again at the turn of the 21st century.

Culture
Cultural activities are carried out throughout the year, which increase considerably in the summer months, especially in August due to the Feast of the Assumption, with parties, music and theater. This complements the continuous programming of the Teatro Municipal Jovellanos (Jovellanos Municipal Theater). The various festivities carried out in Gijón include:

 * The Iberoamerican Book Fair, in May
 * The Semana Negra in July
 * The Feria Internacional de Muestras de Asturias
 * The Gijón International Film Festival
 * The Semana Mágica Festival, in December.

The Universidad Laboral de Gijón, completed in 1955, contains the LABoral Centro de Arte y Creación Industrial (Laboral Center of Art and Industrial Creation). The center was inaugurated on March 30, 2007 as an interdisciplinary space to promote artistic exchange and foster the relationship between society, art, science, technology and the creative industries.

In recent years, Gijón has become a stop city for the Cirque du Soleil. The performances of the Cirque du Soleil have been very successful in the city. In July 2004, Saltimbanco arrived and in the summer of 2007, they presented Alegría in Gijón, the first time that this tour stopped in northern Spain. During the summer of 2009, Cirque du Soleil returned to Gijón with the Varekai show.

Gijón is the birth place of several notable people, like Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos, statesman, author, philosopher and a major figure of the Age of Enlightenment.

Film
José Luis Garci filmed most of the footage from the film Volver a empezar in the city during the early 1980s. The film would later win an Academy Award for Best Foreign Film. In the early 1990s there was a boom in indie music bands in the town, which became known as the "Xixón Sound". The comedy Mortadelo & Filemon: The Big Adventure was also filmed in part in the City of Culture of Gijón. In 2009, the Laboral and its surroundings were converted to the University of Oxford for Fernando González Molina's film, Brain Drain.

Amalia Ulman’s 2021 film “El Planeta” was shot in and discusses Gijon.

Museums and art galleries

 * Museum of the Asturian People
 * Railway museum of Asturias
 * Nicanor Piñole museum
 * Roman Terms museum of Campo Valdés
 * Juan Barjola Museum (A museum about a local painter, also interested in avant-garde art)
 * Evaristo Valle museum (Local painter museum placed in a mansion at the outskirts)
 * International Bagpipe Museum contains bagpipes from around the world, focusing on the Asturian musical heritage and bagpipes.
 * Atlantic botanical garden
 * Archaeological park Campa Torres.
 * Revillagigedo Palace and museum (At Marqués square, near the City Hall)
 * Gijón Aquarium
 * Roman Town of Veranes
 * LABoral Centro de Arte y Creación Industrial (An exhibition center for contemporary art, science, technology and advanced visual industries)

Universities
There are two campuses located in Gijón, one of the University of Oviedo and other of the National University of Distance Education.

University of Oviedo
Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Computers and Systems Engineering, Chemical Engineering and Telecommunication Engineering. Public Administration and Management, Trade and Marketing, Tourism and Social work.
 * Gijón Polytechnic School of Engineering.
 * School of Civil Navy.
 * Faculty of Commerce, Tourism and Social Sciences "Jovellanos".

National University of Distance Education (UNED)
Gijón also has a delegation of the UNED, where different disciplines can be studied by distance.

Sports
In team sports, Gijón's professional football team, Sporting de Gijón, currently plays in the Spanish second division. CP Gijón Solimar is one of the most important women's roller hockey teams in Europe as it is five times champion of the European Cup.

Círculo Gijón is the main basketball team of the city, and plays in Spanish basketball third tier. Gijón Baloncesto, folded in 2009, was the most important team of this sport in Gijón, and played four seasons in the Liga ACB, the most important national league in Europe. A women's basketball club, CD Basket Mar, existed in Gijón between 1997 and 2018.

CSI Gijón is Spain's official show jumping horse show which is held annually in Gijón's equestrian facility. There is also a private sports club in Gijón with more than 33,000 members, Real Grupo de Cultura Covadonga, the biggest club in Asturias. Its handball section plays in the third division, where also plays AB Gijón Jovellanos, and its women's volleyball team plays also in the Spanish second league.

Not far from Gijón, there are several ski resorts in Asturias, the main being Valgrande-Pajares.

The city's marina houses an important fleet of yachts and is the base for many water sports, being Royal Astur Yacht Club the most important yacht club in town.

In 2022, the city will host an ATP tennis tournament for the first time.

Sports venues
The biggest sport centers in Gijón are Estadio El Molinón, with 30,000 seats, Plaza de Toros de El Bibio with 12,000 and Palacio de Deportes with 5,000 seats. Games were played in town during the 1982 FIFA World Cup.

The city has in total 13 public sport centers (in Spanish: Centros Municipales Integrados) with swimming pools, gyms and saunas. Swimming pools are free for children up to age 14.

Economy
For much of the 20th century the town was heavily dependent on mature heavy industries, but at the end of the Francoism, tertiary sector employment began to expand rapidly along with the city's population which by 2007 stood officially at 277,897 for Gijón proper, and approximately 380,000 for the total Gijón agglomeration.

The port is at the center of many of the local businesses. Apart from directly port related activities, the economy is based on tourism, steel (Arcelor), other metallurgy, livestock rearing and fisheries.

Airports
Gijón is served by Asturias Airport, about 38 km from the center of the city; it is located in the municipality of Castrillón. The airport is connected to the city by the A-8 motorway, the N-632 national highway and scheduled bus service (Alsa).

Seaport
The service offered by LD Lines has been canceled in Gijón. The closest Ferry services are now in Santander and Bilbao. However, Gijón still has a good freight service by El Musel

Public transport
Gijón currently has 18 bus lines and four more Búho (owl) lines. The owl services work on Friday and Saturday nights, and daily in the months of July and August.

Railway
The city is served by the Gijón Railway Station.

Government
PSOE governed the city from 1979 to 2011, the longest continuous period since Spain's transition to democracy.

Carmen Moriyón, the current mayor, was elected mayor on 17 June 2023 and she is a member of Asturian Forum.

Notable people

 * Lara Álvarez (born 1986), journalist and television presenter
 * Pablo Carreño Busta (born 1991), tennis player
 * Luis Enrique (born 1970), football manager and former football player
 * Alberto Entrerríos (born 1976), former handball player
 * Natalia Estrada (born 1972), actress, model, and television presenter
 * Pipi Estrada (born 1957), journalist, television personality
 * Susana Estrada (born 1950), actress, vedette, and singer
 * Abelardo Fernández (born 1970), football manager and former football player
 * Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos (1744–1811), statesman, author, and philosopher
 * Blanca Romero (born 1976), actress, model, and singer

Twin towns/Sister cities
Gijón is twinned with:

 * 🇺🇸 Albuquerque, United States
 * 🇨🇺 Havana, Cuba
 * 🇫🇷 Niort, France (since 1982)
 * 🇷🇺 Novorossiysk, Russia (since 1986)
 * 🇲🇽 Puerto Vallarta, Mexico
 * 🇪🇭 Smara, Western Sahara

title: Gijón


text:
TLD (disambiguation)

A top-level domain (TLD) is a highest-level Internet domain name.

TLD may also refer to:

 * Telefónica Larga Distancia, Telefónica's Puerto Rican telecomms subsidiary
 * Thermoluminescent dosimeter, measuring radioactivity
 * Tuli Lodge Airport, Botswana, by IATA code
 * TLD, a manufacturer of Ground support equipment.
 * TLD or the Technological and Logistics Directorate (known in Hebrew as ATAL) is the directorate in the IDF responsible for its logistics responses and tasks.

title: TLD (disambiguation)


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Aa en Hunze

Aa en Hunze is a municipality in the northeastern Netherlands.

The names 'Aa' (more precisely the 'Drentsche Aa') and 'Hunze' refer to two small rivers through the municipality.

Population centres
• Achter 't Hout

• Amen

• Anderen

• Anloo

• Annen

• Annerveenschekanaal

• Balloërveld

• Balloo

• Bareveld

• Bonnen

• Bonnerveen

• Bosje

• Bovenstreek

• De Hilte

• Deurze

• Eext

• Eexterveen

• Eexterveenschekanaal

• Eexterzandvoort

• Ekehaar

• Eldersloo

• Eleveld

• Gasselte

• Gasselterboerveen

• Gasselterboerveenschemond

• Gasselternijveen

• Gasselternijveenschemond 1e Dwarsdiep

• Gasselternijveenschemond 2e Dwarsdiep

• Gasteren

• Geelbroek

• Gieten

• Gieterveen

• Gieterzandvoort

• Grolloo

• Kostvlies

• Marwijksoord

• Nieuw-Annerveen

• Nieuwediep

• Nijlande

• Nooitgedacht

• Oud-Annerveen

• Papenvoort

• Rolde

• Schipborg

• Schoonlo

• Schreierswijk

• Spijkerboor

• Streek

• Torenveen

• Veenhof

• Vredenheim

Transportation
There is no railway station in the municipality. The nearest station is Assen railway station.

Bus services

 * 21: Assen - Deurze - Rolde - Grolloo - Schoonloo - Emmen
 * 24: Assen - Deurze - Rolde - Papenvoort - Borger - Buinen - Buinerveen - Nieuw-Buinen - Stadskanaal
 * 59: Emmen - Borger - Gasselte - Gieten
 * Buurtbus 93: Gieten - De Hilte - Eexterveen - Annerveen - Spijkerboor - Annen - Spijkerboor - Zuidlaren
 * Buurtbus 94: Gieten - De Hilte - Gieterveen - Bonnerveen - Gasselterboerveen - Gasselternijveen - Drouwenerveen - Drouwenermond - Stadskanaal
 * 110: Assen - Deurze - Rolde - Gieten - De Hilte - Bareveld - Veendam
 * Qliner 300: Groningen - Gieten - Borger - Emmen (express)
 * Qliner 312: Groningen - Gieten - Gasselte - Gasselternijveen - Stadskanaal (express)

Notable people

 * Harm Brouwer (born 1957) politician
 * Wim Cool (born 1943) business consultant, mediator and politician
 * Hessel de Vries (1916–1959) physicist concerned with radiocarbon dating, also a murderer
 * Jan Dijkema (born 1944) politician, sociologist and sports director
 * Gerrit Oosting (1941–2012) politician

Sport

 * Berden de Vries (born 1989) racing cyclist and former speed skater
 * Janneke Ensing (born 1986) cyclist
 * Arnold van Calker (born 1976) bobsledder
 * Edwin van Calker (born 1979) bobsledder
 * Alida van der Anker-Doedens (1922–2014) sprint canoeist, competed in two Summer Olympics

title: Aa en Hunze


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Borger-Odoorn

Borger-Odoorn is a municipality in the northeastern Netherlands in the province of Drenthe.

The local Hunebedcentrum Borger features several megaliths (or 'hunebeds') associated with the neolithic and mesolithic Funnelbeaker culture, as well as recreations of historical houses.

Population centers
• Borger

• Bronneger

• Bronnegerveen

• Buinen

• Buinerveen

• Drouwen

• Drouwenermond

• Drouwenerveen

• Eerste Exloërmond

• Ees

• Eesergroen

• Eeserveen

• Ellertshaar

• Exloërveen

• Exloo

• Klijndijk

• Nieuw-Buinen

• Odoorn

• Odoornerveen

• Tweede Exloërmond

• Tweede Valthermond

• Valthe

• Valthermond

• Westdorp

• Zandberg.

Topography

Dutch Topographic map of the municipality of Borger-Odoorn, June 2015.

Notable people

 * Albert Meems (1888 in Nieuw-Buinen – after 1957) a Dutch spy for Germany in the Second World War
 * Pieter van Boven (1898 – 1952) a Dutch fencer, competed at the 1924 Summer Olympics
 * Egbert Schuurman (born 1937 in Borger) a Dutch engineer, philosopher and politician
 * Henk Nienhuis (1941 in Nieuw-Buinen – 2017) a Dutch footballer and manager.
 * Henk G. Sol (born 1951 in Borger) a Dutch organizational theorist and academic
 * Carsten de Dreu (born 1966 in Borger) Professor of Psychology at Leiden University and Behavioral Economics at the University of Amsterdam

title: Borger-Odoorn


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Coevorden

Coevorden (Koevern) is a city and municipality in the province of Drenthe, in the east of the Netherlands. During the 1998 municipal reorganisation in the province, Coevorden merged with Dalen, Sleen, Oosterhesselen and Zweeloo, retaining its name. In August 2017, it had a population of 35,267.

Etymology
The name Coevorden means "cow ford(s)" or "cow crossing", similar to Bosporus or Oxford.

History

Coevorden received city rights in 1408. It is the oldest city in the province of Drenthe.

The city was captured from the Spanish in 1592 by a Dutch and English force under the command of Maurice, Prince of Orange. The following year it was besieged by a Spanish force but the city held out until its relief in May 1594. Coevorden was then rebuilt in the early seventeenth century to an ideal city design, similar to Palmanova. The streets were laid out in a radial pattern within polygonal fortifications and extensive outer earthworks.

The city of Coevorden indirectly gave its name to both Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada and Vancouver, Washington, named after the 18th-century British explorer George Vancouver. The explorer's ancestors (and family name) originally came to England "from Coevorden" (van Coevern in Dutch Low Saxon). There is also a family of nobility with the surname van Coeverden, sometimes spelled with a K (as with Canadian kayaker Adam van Koeverden).

Geography

Coervorden is located at in the south of the province of Drenthe in the east of the Netherlands.

The population centres in the municipality are:

 * Aalden
 * Achterste Erm
 * Ballast
 * Benneveld
 * Coevorden
 * Dalen
 * Dalerpeel
 * Dalerveen
 * De Kiel
 * De Mars
 * Den Hool
 * Diphoorn
 * Eldijk
 * Erm
 * Gees
 * Geesbrug
 * Grevenberg
 * 't Haantje
 * Holsloot
 * Hoogehaar
 * Kibbelveen
 * Klooster
 * Langerak
 * Meppen
 * Nieuwe Krim
 * Nieuwlande
 * Noord-Sleen
 * Oosterhesselen
 * Padhuis
 * Pikveld
 * Schimmelarij
 * Schoonoord
 * Sleen
 * Steenwijksmoer
 * Stieltjeskanaal
 * Valsteeg
 * Veenhuizen
 * Vlieghuis
 * Vossebelt
 * Wachtum
 * Weijerswold
 * Wezup
 * Wezuperbrug
 * Zweeloo
 * Zwinderen

International relations
Coevorden is twinned with:

Transportation
There are two railway stations in the municipality:
 * Coevorden railway station
 * Dalen railway station

Notable people

 * Johannes Benedictus van Heutsz (1851-1924). Gouverneur-generaal (1904-09), a Dutch military officer and governor general of the Dutch East Indies in 1904
 * Albert Bouwers (1893 in Dalen – 1972) a Dutch optical engineer, worked with X-Rays
 * Relus ter Beek (1944 in Coevorden – 2008) a Dutch politician
 * Tim de Zeeuw (born 1956 in Sleen) a Dutch astronomer specializing in the galaxies
 * Thijs Berman (born 1957 in Coevorden) a former journalist, a Dutch politician and a Member of the European Parliament
 * Herman von Hebel (born 1961 in Coevorden) was a Registrar of the International Criminal Court
 * Maxim Februari (born 1963 in Coevorden) a Dutch writer, philosopher and columnist
 * Joël Voordewind (born 1965 in Sleen) a Dutch politician
 * Don Pepijn Schipper (born 1980 in Coevorden) stage name Don Diablo is a Dutch DJ, record producer, musician and songwriter of electronic dance music
 * Mark-Jan Fledderus (born 1982 in Coevorden) a Dutch retired footballer with 321 caps

title: Coevorden


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De Wolden

De Wolden is a municipality in the northeastern Netherlands in the province of Drenthe.

Population centres
• Alteveer

• Anholt

• Ansen

• Armweide

• Bazuin

• Benderse

• Berghuizen

• Blijdenstein

• Bloemberg

• Braamberg

• Buitenhuizen

• Bultinge

• Dijkhuizen, Netherlands

• Dickninge

• Drogt

• Drogteropslagen

• Dunnigen

• Echten

• Eemten

• Engeland

• Eursinge

• Fort, Netherlands

• Gijsselte

• Haakswold

• Haalweide

• Hees, Drenthe

• Hoge Linthorst

• Kerkenveld

• Koekange

• Koekangerveld

• Kraloo

• Leeuwte

• Linde, Netherlands

• Lubbinge

• Lunssloten

• Middelveen

• Nolde

• Oldenhave

• Oosteinde

• Oosterwijk

• Oshaar

• Oud Veeningen

• De Oude Tol

• Paardelanden

• Pieperij

• Rheebruggen

• Ruinen

• Ruinerweide

• Ruinerwold

• Schottershuizen

• Schrapveen

• De Stapel

• Steenbergen

• Struikberg

• De Stuw

• Ten Arlo

• De Tippe

• Veeningen

• Vuile Riete

• Weerwille

• Wemmenhove

• De Wijk

• Witteveen

• Zuidwolde

Topography

Dutch topographic map of the municipality of De Wolden, June 2015

Notable people

 * Jan Evertsen Cloppenburgh (1571 in Ruinen – 1648) a Dutch publisher during the Dutch Golden Age
 * Steven van Voorhees (1600 in Hees – 1684) an early Dutch settler in America
 * Henrik Ruse, Baron of Rysensteen (1624 in Ruinen - 1679) a Dutch officer and fortification engineer
 * Hendrikje Doelen (1784 in Oosterwijk – 1847) a Dutch serial killer
 * Jan Arend Godert de Vos van Steenwijk II (1818 in De Wijk – 1905) a Dutch politician and president of the senate 1874/1880
 * Jan Hendrik de Boer (1899 in Ruinen – 1971) a Dutch physicist and chemist
 * Jan Vayne (1966 in Zuidwolde) a Dutch pianist
 * Korie Homan (born 1986 in de Wijk) a Dutch former wheelchair tennis player and gold medallist at the 2008 Paralympics

title: De Wolden


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Emmen

Emmen may refer to:

 * Emmen, Netherlands, a town and municipality in the Province of Drenthe
 * FC Emmen, an association football club
 * Emmen, Overijssel, a hamlet in the municipality of Dalfsen
 * Emmen, Switzerland, a city in the Canton of Lucerne
 * Emmen, Germany, a village in the district Gifhorn, Lower Saxony

title: Emmen


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Hoogeveen

Hoogeveen ('t Ogeveine or  't Oveine) is a municipality and a town in the Dutch province of Drenthe.

Population centres
Elim, Fluitenberg, Hoogeveen and Noordscheschut, which still have the canals which used to be throughout the town. Other villages of the town are Hollandscheveld, Nieuw Moscou, Nieuweroord, Nieuwlande, Pesse, Stuifzand and Tiendeveen.

History
Hoogeveen dates its history to 20 December 1625, when Roelof van Echten bought a large tract of peat land from farmers of the district with the plan to harvest its peat. One old map of the area called it Locus Deserta Atque ob Multos Paludes Invia, a deserted and impenetrable place of many swamps. Hoogeveen itself was established in 1636 by Peter Joostens Warmont and Johan van der Meer.

Its coat of arms, granted 10 November 1819, is white, with a pile of peat covered in straw in the center and beehives on each side, representing the town's first two major industries.

Vincent van Gogh visited the area in the fall of 1883.

In the second half of the 1960s, Hoogeveen was the fastest growing town in the Netherlands. Until that period, the town contained a number of canals, which had been dug in the area's early days when it was a prime source of peat and maritime transportation was a necessity for efficient transportation of cargo. By the 1960s the rise of the automobile and truck-based transportation meant the canals had lost much of their economic function, and the canals were filled in.

The first important transportation connection was provided by the railway line, with Hoogeveen railway station opening in 1870. Since the early 1970s, access to the town has been provided by the A28 (Utrecht - Groningen) highway, and in the early 2000s, the A37 (Hoogeveen - Germany) highway was expanded from a provincial road to improve the region's connection to Emmen and further to Germany.

The then recognized oldest person in the world, Hendrikje van Andel-Schipper, lived in Hoogeveen until her death in August 2005, two months after her 115th birthday.

Hoogeveen also has a small airport that attracts some tourism. Since 1997 the Hoogeveen Chess Tournament has been organized here.

Transport
Railway station: Hoogeveen

Twin towns — Sister cities
Hoogeveen is twinned with:

Notable people

 * Leopold Karel, Count of Limburg Stirum (1758 in Hoogeveen - 1840) a politician, helped take power in 1813 to re-establish the monarchy
 * Herman Bavinck (1854 in Hoogeveen – 1921) a Dutch Reformed theologian and churchman
 * Hendrikje van Andel-Schipper (1890 – 2005 in Hoogeveen) the oldest person ever from the Netherlands
 * Jan Bols (born 1944 in Hoogeveen) a former Dutch long track speed skater, participated in the 1968 and 1972 Summer Olympics
 * Geert Booij (born 1947 in Hoogeveen) a Dutch linguist and academic, created construction morphology
 * Jetta Klijnsma (born 1957 in Hoogeveen) Dutch politician
 * Senff (born 1971 in Hoogeveen) a Dutch/Canadian musician and actor
 * Anne van Amstel (born 1974 in Hoogeveen) Dutch writer, psychologist and poet
 * Lea Bouwmeester (born 1979 in Hoogeveen) a Dutch politician
 * Jill de Jong (born 1982 in Hoogeveen) a Dutch model and actress

Sport

 * Piet Kleine (born 1951 in Hollandscheveld) a former speed skater, gold medallist at the 1976 Winter Olympics and silver medallist at the 1980 Winter Olympics
 * Theo ten Caat (born 1964 in Hollandscheveld) a former Dutch professional footballer with 412 club caps
 * Erik Dekker (born 1970) a retired Dutch professional road racing cyclist, medallist at the 1992 Summer Olympics
 * Erik Bakker (born 1990 in Hoogeveen) a Dutch professional footballer with 320 club caps
 * Vivianne Miedema (born 1996 in Hoogeveen) a Dutch professional footballer who is the Netherlands all-time top scorer, across both the women's and men's teams. She is also the all-time top scorer in the English FA Women's Super League.

title: Hoogeveen


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Meppel

Meppel (Drents: Möppelt) is a city and municipality in the Northeastern Netherlands. It constitutes the southwestern part of the province of Drenthe. Meppel is the smallest municipality in Drenthe, with a total area of about 57 km2. As of 1 July 2021, it had a population of 34,506 with over 30,000 inhabitants within city limits.

People born in Meppel are occasionally referred to as Meppeler Muggen in Dutch; this translates as 'mosquitoes from Meppel'. The nickname comes from a traditional folk tale. The people of Meppel thought the church tower was on fire, but after closer inspection, they realised it was only a swarm of mosquitoes.

History
Meppel developed in the 16th century as an inland harbour for peat transport and distribution. There used to be a lot of waterways in the town, but now only one remains. Meppel received city rights in 1644. On 1 October 1867, Meppel railway station opened to service, drastically improving connectivity in the region. On 1 January 1998, the municipality of Nijeveen, northwest of Meppel, was merged with that of Meppel, retaining the latter name.

Geography
Meppel is located at 52.7°N, 6.18333°W in the southwestern part of the province of Drenthe in the northeastern part of the Netherlands.

The Meppelerdiep, the Drentsche Hoofdvaart and the Hoogeveense Vaart connect Meppel to Zwartsluis, Assen and Hoogeveen. To offload professional transport vessels the Omgelegde Hoogeveense Vaart was dug out south of the city. The Meppelerdiep is accessible for boats with a size of 2,000 ton.

The streams Reest and Wold Aa run through the city. The Reest end in the Meppeler Diep.

The population centres in the municipality are:

 * Nijeveen
 * Nijentap
 * Havelterberg (part)
 * Broekhuizen
 * Rogat
 * De Schiphorst

Transportation
Meppel is served by national and regional train connections with Zwolle to the southwest, which leads to the rest of the country, as well as Leeuwarden and Groningen to the northwest and northeast respectively. The city's station is located on both the Arnhem–Leeuwarden railway (Staatslijn A) and Meppel–Groningen railway (Staatslijn C).

There are regular and frequent bus lines within Meppel and towards Zwolle, Hoogeveen and Assen.

Twin towns – sister cities
Meppel is twinned with:
 * 🇨🇿 Most, Czech Republic

Notable people

 * Jan Jansen Bleecker (1641–1732) a merchant and political figure, Mayor of Albany, New York
 * Arent Magnin (1825–1888) a Dutch politician in the administration on the Dutch Gold Coast
 * Petrus Johannes Waardenburg (1886 in Nijeveen – 1979) a Dutch ophthalmologist and geneticist; Waardenburg syndrome is named after him
 * Ben Nijboer (1915–1999) a Dutch physicist and academic in optics and solid-state physics
 * Louise Fresco (born 1952) a Dutch scientist and writer on globally sustainable food production
 * Catrien Santing (born 1958) a Dutch medievalist
 * Erik Kwakkel (born 1970) a Dutch scholar who specialises in medieval manuscripts, paleography and codicology
 * Albert van der Haar (born 1975) is a Dutch former footballer with almost 500 club caps

The arts

 * Petrus Kiers (1807–1875) a Dutch painter, graphic artist and photographer
 * Sir Joseph Joel Duveen (1843–1908) an art dealer and benefactor of art galleries
 * Henry J. Duveen (1854–1919) an art dealer
 * Eduard Frankfort (1864–1920) a Dutch Jewish painter
 * Jan Mankes (1889–1920) a Dutch painter, sometimes categorized as a symbolic realist
 * Jelle Taeke de Boer (1908–1970) a Dutch art collector
 * Roelof Frankot (1911–1984) a Dutch painter, a strong relation with the CoBrA movement
 * Emmanuel Ohene Boafo (1993) a Dutch-Ghanaian actor, and winner of the Louis d'Or 2021

title: Meppel


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Midden-Drenthe

Midden-Drenthe is a municipality in the northeastern Netherlands. The municipality was created in 1998, in a merger of the former municipalities of Beilen, Smilde, and Westerbork. Between 1998 and 2000, the name of the municipality was Middenveld.

Population centres
• Balinge

• Beilen

• Bovensmilde

• Brunsting

• Bruntinge

• Drijber

• Elp

• Eursinge

• Garminge

• Hijken

• Hijkersmilde

• Holthe

• Hoogersmilde

• Hooghalen

• Laaghalen

• Laaghalerveen

• Lieving

• Makkum

• Mantinge

• Nieuw-Balinge

• Oranje

• Orvelte

• Smalbroek

• Smilde

• Spier

• Terhorst

• Westerbork

• Wijster

• Witteveen

• Zuidveld

• Zwiggelte.

The village of Westerbork gives its name to the Westerbork deportation and (later) concentration camp, located about 7 km north of the village, in the forests of Hooghalen.

The Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT) array was installed near the site of the camp in 1969.

Education
There are 16 primary schools in the municipality as of 2023.

There are two secondary schools, both in Beilen:
 * Dr. Nassau College
 * CS Vincent van Gogh

Notable people

 * Carry van Bruggen (1881 in Smilde - 1932) a Dutch writer
 * Jacob Israël de Haan (1881 in Smilde – 1924 in Jerusalem) a Dutch-Jewish literary writer, jurist and journalist, killed by Haganah
 * Jan Hartman (1887 in Beilen – 1969) a Dutch fascist and collaborator during WWII
 * Hendrikje van Andel-Schipper (1890 in Smilde – 2005 in Hoogeveen) the oldest person ever from the Netherlands
 * Hans Heyting (1918 near Beilen – 1992) a Dutch poet, playwright, radio personality, children's book writer and painter
 * Henk Koning (1933 in Beilen – 2016) a Dutch politician
 * Martin van Hees (born 1964 in Beilen) a Dutch philosopher and academic
 * Eef van Breen (born 1978 in Westerbork) a Dutch jazz trumpeter, singer, arranger and composer

Sport

 * Jan Lomulder (born 1967 in Beilen) a Dutch former kickboxer
 * Adelinde Cornelissen (born 1979 in Beilen) a Dutch dressage rider
 * Jasper Iwema (born 1989 in Hooghalen) a Dutch motorcycle rider
 * Laura Dijkema (born 1990 in Beilen) a Dutch volleyball player

title: Midden-Drenthe


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Noordenveld

Noordenveld is a municipality in the northeastern part of the Netherlands.

Population centres
• Altena

• Alteveer

• Amerika

• Boerlaan

• De Horst

• De Pol

• Een

• Een-West

• Foxwolde

• Huis ter Heide

• Langelo

• Leutingewolde

• Lieveren

• Matsloot

• Nietap

• Nieuw-Roden

• Norg

• Norgervaart

• Peest

• Peize

• Peizermade

• Peizerwold

• Roden

• Roderesch

• Roderwolde

• Sandebuur

• Steenbergen

• Terheijl

• Veenhuizen

• Westervelde

• Zuidvelde.

Water Board Noordenveld
Noordenveld is also the name of a former Water Board, which had its office in Roden. Water Board Noordenveld arose from the Water Boards of Leutingewolde (1866-1967), De Zuidermaden (1914-1967), De Weehorst (1917-1967), De Peizer en Eeldermaden (1928-1984) and Matsloot-Roderwolde (1933-1984).

In 1995, Water Board Noordenveld was merged into Water Board Noorderzijlvest, based in Onderdendam.

Notable people

 * Hindericus Scheepstra (1859 in Roden – 1913) a Dutch writer, wrote children's book series Ot en Sien (1902).
 * Jan Britstra (1905 in Norg – 1987) a Dutch hurdler, competed in the 110 metres hurdles at the 1928 Summer Olympics
 * J. P. Kuiper (1922 in Norg – 1985) a professor of social medicine, promoted the idea of unconditional basic income
 * Harm Kuipers (born 1947 in Vries) academic, former speed skater and racing cyclist

title: Noordenveld


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Tynaarlo

Tynaarlo (Gronings: Tynaorl) is a village and municipality in the Northeastern Netherlands. Although it is located in the province of Drenthe, many of its communities serve as suburbs of the neighbouring city of Groningen, capital of the eponymous province. In 2019, the municipality of Tynaarlo had a population of 33,698.

History
The municipality of Tynaarlo was established in 1998 as the merger of the former municipalities of Eelde, Vries and Zuidlaren; it was supposed to retain the name of the latter, but after the two first voiced their discontent, the name of the smaller central village of Tynaarlo was chosen.

Population centres
• Bunne

• Bunnerveen

• De Groeve

• De Punt

• Donderen

• Eelde

• Eelderwolde

• Midlaren

• Oudemolen

• Paterswolde

• Taarlo

• Tynaarlo

• Vries

• Winde

• Yde

• Zeegse

• Zeijen

• Zuidlaarderveen

• Zuidlaren

Village of Tynaarlo
The village of Tynaarlo is a part of the municipality and lies about 9 km north of Assen. It is situated between the three largest villages of the municipality: Zuidlaren, Eelde and Vries. Tynaarlo is located close to the motorway A28, which is a connection to the south and the west of the country.

In 2001, the village of Tynaarlo had 1,009 inhabitants. The built-up area of the village was 0.29 km2; it contained 427 residences. The statistical district of Tynaarlo, which also includes the surrounding countryside, has a population of 1,920.

Notable people

 * Menso Alting (1541 in Eelde – 1612), a Dutch Reformed preacher and reformer
 * Lodewijk van Heiden (1772 in Zuidlaren – 1850), a Dutch admiral

Sport

 * Jaap Helder (1907 in Paterswolde – 1998), a Dutch sailor who participated in the 1960 Summer Olympics
 * Roelof Koops (1909 in Zuidlaren – 2008), a Dutch speed skater who competed in the 1936 Winter Olympics
 * Paul Matthijs (born 1976 in Paterswolde), a Dutch footballer with over 300 club caps
 * Jos Hooiveld (born 1983 in Zeijen), a Dutch footballer with over 300 club caps
 * Willemijn Bos (born 1988 in Eelde), a Dutch field hockey defender, team silver medallist at the 2016 Summer Olympics

title: Tynaarlo


text:
Westerveld

Westerveld is a municipality in the northeastern Netherlands.

The municipality Westerveld was established in 1998 out of the municipalities of Diever, Dwingeloo, Havelte, and Vledder. Westerveld is crossed by a channel, the Drentsche Hoofdvaart. There are also two National Parks situated in the municipality, the Drents-Friese Wold and Dwingelerveld.

Population centres
• Boschoord

• Darp

• Diever

• Dieverbrug

• Doldersum

• Dwingeloo

• Eemster

• Frederiksoord

• Geeuwenbrug

• Havelte

• Havelterberg

• Leggeloo

• Lhee

• Lheebroek

• Nijensleek

• Oude Willem

• Uffelte

• Vledder

• Vledderveen

• Wapse

• Wapserveen

• Wateren

• Wilhelminaoord

• Wittelte

• Zorgvlied

Dwingeloo is a town halfway between Meppel and Assen. The radio telescope of the Dwingeloo Radio Observatory is located on the edge of the Dwingeloo Heath, 3 km south of the village.

Topography

Dutch Topographic map of the municipality of Westerveld, 2013.

Notable people

 * Sicco Mansholt (1908 in Ulrum – 1995) politician, 4th President of the European Commission 1972-1973
 * John Hugenholtz (1914 in Vledder – 1995) designer of race tracks and cars
 * Jan Pol (born 1942 in Wateren) veterinarian, & TV Personality
 * Jan Mulder (born 1943 in Diever) politician and Member of the European Parliament
 * Klaske Hiemstra (born 1954 in Vledder) a West Frisian-language writer
 * Maarten Treurniet (born 1959) film director, brought up in Dwingeloo
 * Merlijn Twaalfhoven (born 1976 in Wapserveen) Dutch composer

Sport

 * Gerrit Postma (1894 in Vledderveen – 1969) discus thrower, competed at the 1928 Summer Olympics
 * Tollien Schuurman (1913 in Zorgvlied – 1994) sprint runner, competed at the 1932 Summer Olympics
 * Riëtte Fledderus (born 1977) retired volleyball player, competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics

title: Westerveld


text:
Borsele

Borsele (Bossele) is a municipality in the southwestern Netherlands on Zuid-Beveland.

The name of the municipality is spelled with a single s; the name of the eponymous village is Borssele, spelled with double s.

The municipality is mainly known for the Borssele Nuclear Power Station and the Central Storage for Radioactive Waste.

Population centres
• Baarland

• Borssele

• Driewegen

• Ellewoutsdijk

• 's-Gravenpolder

• 's-Heer Abtskerke

• 's-Heerenhoek

• Heinkenszand

• Hoedekenskerke

• Kwadendamme

• Lewedorp

• Nieuwdorp

• Nisse

• Oudelande

• Ovezande.

Transport
The Western Scheldt Tunnel is from Ellewoutsdijk to Terneuzen in Zeelandic Flanders.

Notable people

 * Adrianus Barlandus [1486 in Baarland – 1538) a Dutch historian of merit
 * Hans Warren (1921 in Borssele – 2001) a Dutch writer

Sport

 * Dingenis de Wilde (1885 in Heinkenszand – 1947) a Dutch sports shooter, competed at the 1924 Summer Olympics
 * Cees Priem (born 1950 in Ovezande) a retired professional road bicycle racer, competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics
 * Jan Raas (born 1952 in Heinkenszand, near Goes) a Dutch former professional cyclist
 * Angelique van der Meet (born 1991 in 's-Heer Abtskerke) a Dutch tennis player

title: Borsele


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Goes

Goes is a city and municipality in the southwestern Netherlands on Zuid-Beveland, in the province of Zeeland. The city of Goes has approximately 29,000 residents.

History
Goes was founded in the 10th century on the edge of a creek: de Korte Gos (the Short Gos). The village grew fast, and in the early 12th century it had a market square and a church devoted to Mary Magdalene. By 1300, it had a brick castle, now known as Oostende Castle.

In 1405, Goes received city rights from William II, Duke of Bavaria, by his right as count of Holland, and in 1417, it was allowed to build town walls. The prosperity of the city was based upon the cloth industry and the production of salt. In the 16th century, Goes declined. Its connection to the sea silted up and in 1554 a large fire destroyed part of the city.

In the autumn of 1572, during the course of the Eighty Years' War, Goes, in the Spanish Netherlands, was besieged by Dutch forces with the support of English troops. The siege was relieved in October 1572 by Spanish tercios, who waded across the Scheldt to attack the besieging forces. In 1577, the Spanish soldiers who occupied Goes were driven out by Prince Maurice of Nassau. The prince built a defence wall around Goes, which is still partly standing. From the 17th century, Goes did not play an important role, except as an agricultural centre. In 1868, a railway was constructed through it, but this did not lead to industrialisation. Agriculture remains the most important economic activity.

Although the Netherlands were neutral in the First World War, seven bombs hit Goes and Kloetinge, due to an error by a British airplane. A house in Magdalenastreet in Goes was destroyed and one person killed. Goes did not suffer extensive damage during the Second World War, but was under German occupation until 1944.

Goes did not experience much population growth until the 1970s and 1980s. Then, the city grew fast because of new districts like Goese Meer, Oostmolenpark, Overzuid and Ouverture being constructed. Goes is now the fourth largest economic centre in Zeeland. New districts are in preparation, amongst them Goese Schans, Mannee and Aria, where 3,000 new houses are to be built.

Population centers
• Eindewege

• Goes

• 's-Heer Arendskerke

• 's-Heer Hendrikskinderen

• Kattendijke

• Kloetinge

• Oud-Sabbinge

• Wilhelminadorp

• Wolphaartsdijk

Topography

Dutch Topographic map of Goes (town), Sept. 2014.

Districts
• Centre Goes

• West Goes

• New West

• East Goes

• Noordhoek

• Goese Meer

• Goese Polder

• South Goes

• Overzuid

• Ouverture

• De Goese Poort (business area)

• De Poel (I, II, III en IV, business area)

• Klein Frankrijk (business area)

• Marconi (business area)

• Aria (developing)

• Mannee

• Goese Schans (developing)

Twin towns — sister cities
Goes was twinned with Panevėžys, Lithuania.

On 22 July 2021 the town council decided to end the twinning.

Transport
Goes has a railway station located on the Roosendaal–Vlissingen railway.

Public thinking & service

 * Cornelis van Watervliet (1592–1636), Mayor of Goes and member of the Court of Audit of Zeeland, buried in De Maria Magdalenakerk
 * Cornelis Caesar (c. 1610–1657), merchant and governor of Formosa
 * C. H. D. Buys Ballot (1817–1890), chemist and meteorologist, invented Buys Ballot's law
 * Isaäc Dignus Fransen van de Putte (1822–1902), politician
 * Jacob Adriaan de Wilde (1879–1956), politician and jurist
 * Leendert Ginjaar (1928–2003), politician and chemist
 * Bas van Fraassen (born 1941), philosopher
 * Albert J. R. Heck (born 1964), scientist and academic
 * Katinka Simonse (born 1979) known as Tinkebell, artist

The arts

 * Willem Eversdijck (c. 1620–1671), Golden Age painter
 * Pieter Peutemans (1641–1698), Golden Age painter
 * Pieter Adriaan Jacobus Moojen (1879- 1955), architect, painter and writer
 * Leo van Doeselaar (born 1954), classical organist and conductor
 * Boudewijn Vincent Bonebakker (born 1968) and Frank Harthoorn, guitarists of Gorefest

Sports

 * Myrna Veenstra (born 1975), former field hockey player, bronze medallist at the 2000 Summer Olympics
 * Martijn Dieleman (born 1979), former Dutch volleyball player, competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics
 * Lesley Pattinama Kerkhove (born 1991), tennis player

title: Goes


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Hontenisse

Hontenisse (population in 2002: 8,014) is a former municipality in the southwestern Netherlands, in the municipality of Hulst in the province of Zeeland. The municipality covered an area of 115.78 km² (of which 3.53 km² water).

On January 1, 2003 Hontenisse was merged into Hulst.

title: Hontenisse


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Hulst

Hulst is a municipality and city in southwestern Netherlands in the east of Zeelandic Flanders.

History

Hulst received city rights in the 12th century.

Hulst was captured from the Spanish in 1591 by Maurice of Orange but was recaptured by Archduke Albert in 1596.

In 1640, the Dutch forces tried to conquer the city, but they were defeated in battle by the Spanish Army under Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand, and Frederick Henry was forced to retreat. In 1645, the Siege of Hulst (to control the left bank of the Schelde river) occurred. It was led by Prince of Orange Frederick Henry, during the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) with Spain.

A further siege took place in 1702, where General Menno van Coehoorn defended the town successfully for the Dutch and in 1747 when it was taken by the French after incompetent defence by Lt. General Pieter de la Rocque.

In the seventeenth century, a star fort was constructed. The fortifications, constructed during that time, are historic examples of Dutch fortress architecture.

The name Hulst (Holly in English) would appear to come from the shape of the battlements. Holly is depicted growing around the towns crest.

Geography

Hulst is located at in the south of the province of Zeeland in the southwest of the Netherlands. It is situated in the east of the region Zeelandic Flanders, which is connected by land only to Belgium, on the Dutch-Belgian border.

Hulst is neighbouring the municipalities of Terneuzen in the west, Stekene (Belgium) and Sint-Gillis-Waas (B) in the south, Beveren (B) in the east, and Reimerswaal in the north. The river Western Scheldt separates the land of Reimerswaal and Hulst.

The Drowned Land of Saeftinghe (Verdronken land van Saeftinghe) is a natural reserve in the north of the municipality. Its name refers to the Saeftinghe legend.

The population centers in the municipality are:

Government
The mayor of Hulst is Ilona Jense-van Haarst of the VVD. The former mayor is Jan-Frans Mulder of the Christian Democratic Appeal.

Culture
Since June 2018, the city has its own letter artwork (a local variation on the capital's I Amsterdam). This work of art can be seen in turns at various locations in the municipality. The underlying idea is that the h at the beginning of a word is not pronounced in the Zeelandic / East Flemish dialect. By combining the letters n and h (in white and green) you can read the text in ulst in addition to i hulst. Under this concept in ulst, a campaign for and branding of the city of Hulst was launched simultaneously.

Letter artwork for the city of Hulst

International relations
Hulst is twinned with

Notable people

 * Johannes Crabbe (c. 1420–1 November 1488), abbot, Imperial counsellor and bibliophile.
 * Cornelius Jansen (1510 in Hulst – 1576) was a Catholic exegete and the first Bishop of Ghent
 * Gillis Mostaert (the Elder) (1528 in Hulst – 1598) a Flemish Renaissance painter and draughtsman
 * Frans Mostaert (1528 in Hulst – 1560) a Flemish Renaissance painter specializing in landscape paintings
 * Valentin de Lannoy a Flemish military commander and governor of Hulst in 1623
 * Cornelis de Vos (1584 in Hulst – 1651) a Flemish painter, draughtsman and art dealer
 * Paul de Vos (ca.1591/92 in Hulst – 1678) a Flemish Baroque painter of animals, hunting scenes and still lifes
 * Pieter Nuyts (1598 in Middelburg – 1655) a Dutch explorer, diplomat and politician
 * Pieter Nuyts (1640 in Middelburg – 1709) a Dutch poet and dramatist
 * Theo Middelkamp (1914 in Nieuw-Namen – 2005) a Dutch cyclist, world champion in 1947

title: Hulst


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Kapelle

Kapelle is a municipality and a town in the southwestern Netherlands on Zuid-Beveland. In 2023 the municipality's population amounts to 13,051.

Population centers
• Biezelinge

• Eversdijk

• Kapelle

• Schore

• Wemeldinge

Topography

The municipality of Kapelle, June 2015

Transport

 * Kapelle-Biezelinge railway station

Famous people

 * Annie M.G. Schmidt (1911 in Kapelle – 1995) a Dutch writer, the mother of the Dutch theatrical song
 * Jan Elburg (born 1919 in Wemeldinge – 1992) a Dutch poet
 * Jan Peter Balkenende (born 1956 in Biezelinge) a retired politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 2002 to 2010
 * Jan Kees de Jager (born 1969 in Kapelle) a retired Dutch politician, former Dutch finance minister

Sport

 * François Marits (1884 in Kapelle – 1945) a Dutch sports shooter, competed at the 1924 Summer Olympics
 * Jo de Roo (born 1937 in Schore) a Dutch former professional road racing cyclist
 * John Karelse (born 1970 in Wemeldinge) a retired Dutch football goalkeeper with 421 club caps
 * Aron Schreuder (born 2000 in Kapelle) a famous Dutch futsal player, Groene Ster Vlissingen

Twin towns — Sister cities
Kapelle is twinned with:

title: Kapelle


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Noord-Beveland

Noord-Beveland ("North Beveland") is a municipality and region in the southwestern Netherlands and a former island, now part of the Walcheren-Zuid-Beveland-Noord-Beveland peninsula. Noord-Beveland is enclosed by the Oosterschelde estuary to the north, and the former straits, now combined lake, of Veerse Meer and Zandkreek to the south. As part of the Delta Works, dams have connected Noord-Beveland to Walcheren and Zuid-Beveland.

Population centers
• Colijnsplaat

• Geersdijk

• Kamperland

• Kats

• Kortgene

• Wissenkerke There is no village called Noord-Beveland itself.

Topography

Dutch Topographic map of the municipality of Noord-Beveland, June 2015

Ganuenta
In Roman times, the town of Ganuenta lay north of where the village of Colijnsplaat is now, a location now covered by the water of the Oosterschelde. It was an important centre for trade. Nearby, there was a temple dedicated to the ancient regional sea goddess Nehalennia. A replica of this temple was officially opened in Colijnsplaat in August 2005.

Notable people

 * Johannis de Rijke (1842 in Colijnsplaat – 1913) a Dutch civil engineer and a foreign advisor to the Japanese government
 * Eduard Flipse (1896 in Wissenkerke – 1973) a Dutch conductor and composer
 * Neeltje Karelse (1926 in Kortgene – 2015) a Dutch track-and-field athlete, competed at 1948 Summer Olympics

title: Noord-Beveland


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Oostburg

Oostburg (Zeelandic Flemish: Wòstburg) is a city in the south-western Netherlands. It is located in the municipality of Sluis, in the province of Zeeland. As of 1 January 2015, its population is 4731, down from 5008 in January 2005. It received city rights in 1237. Before 1 January 2003, Oostburg was also the name of a municipality. It merged with Sluis-Aardenburg to form the new municipality of Sluis. The municipality covered an area of 224.93 km2, of which 1.05 km2 was water. As well as the town of Oostburg, the former municipality also included the following towns, villages and townships:
 * Breskens
 * Cadzand
 * Groede
 * Hoofdplaat
 * IJzendijke
 * Nieuwvliet
 * Schoondijke
 * Waterlandkerkje
 * Zuidzande

Oostburg is typically a tourist town very close to the beaches at Cadzand. Every Wednesday is market day all year round but in the summer the city is busy and has many events.

The unicorn
Oostburg's symbol is the unicorn, from which the townsfolk are said to derive strength and courage. In reality, the unicorn's presence is represented by a sculpture produced by artist Liesbeth Messer-Heijbroek who for many years, with her husband, lived in the area: she evidently took inspiration from the name of a former inn. The sculpture has been repositioned at least once since it first appeared in 1952 during the postwar reconstruction: at one stage it adorned a small car park. It shares with a modern fountain a spot in "Eenhoornplantsoen" (Unicorn Place) beyond the northern end of the old market square in the town centre.

World War II Monument
During the Second World War, approximately 140 Oostburg townsfolk died and most of all the buildings, shops and churches were destroyed. This monument is a tribute to them and the rebuilding of the town. Around the lower part of the monument are the names of those who perished.

title: Oostburg


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Reimerswaal

The name Reimerswaal can mean:

 * Reimerswaal (city) A lost city in the Netherlands
 * Verdronken Land van Reimerswaal The now-drowned land around the city
 * Battle of Reimerswaal on 29 January 1574 during the Eighty Years' War
 * Reimerswaal (municipality) A municipality in Zealand, Netherlands, named after the lost city

Reimerswaal Reimerswaal Reimerswaal Reimerswaal Reimerswiel Reimerswaal Reimerswaal Reimerswaal Reimerswaal Reimerswaal Reimerswaal Reimerswaal Reimerswaal Reimerswaal Reimerswaal Reimerswaal

title: Reimerswaal


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Sas van Gent

Sas van Gent is a town in the Netherlands. It is located in the Dutch province of Zeeland. It is a part of the municipality of Terneuzen and lies about 30 km south of Vlissingen on the border with Belgium.

The Ghent–Terneuzen Canal passes through Sas van Gent, and at that point there was a lock in the canal. The name of the village, Sas van Gent, means sluice of Ghent.

History
Sas van Gent is a border fortress which was founded in 1547 when the city of Ghent received permission from Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor to dig a canal to the Westerschelde. Between 1551 and 1563, a lock was constructed north of Zelzate which was subsequently fortified. In 1583, it was captured by Spanish troops.

In 1644, it was conquered by Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange and became part of the Dutch Republic. The city was attacked by the French in 1672 but could not be taken. The French returned in 1747, and conquered the city. Between 1825 and 1827, the Ghent–Terneuzen Canal was dug, and a side canal was dug to Sas van Gent between 1882 and 1885.

The Catholic Assumption of Mary church is a three-aisled basilica like church built between 1891 and 1892 and designed by Joseph Cuypers. The church is a replacement of its 1739 predecessor.

Sas van Gent was home to 854 people in 1840. In 1869, a railway station opened on the Terneuzen to Ghent railway line. The line was closed in 1939, and the building was demolished in 1967.

The city started to industrialize in the late 19th century. As the rest of Zeeland did not have enough fresh water for sugar production, Sas van Gent got two beet sugar factories. The first was the NV Zeeuwsche Beetwortelsuikerfabriek founded in 1872. The other was a cooperative; the Eerste Nederlandsche Coöperatieve Beetwortelsuikerfabriek (ENCBS). A museum dedicated to the industrial heritage is located in the warehouses of the former ENCBS, which closed down in 1989. The other sugar factory has been closed in 1986.

Sas van Gent was a separate municipality until 2003, when it was merged with Terneuzen. The former municipality covered an area of 63.65 km² (of which 3.02 km² water).

The former municipality of Sas van Gent also included the following towns, villages and townships: Philippine, Westdorpe, Zandstraat. All are now part of Terneuzen.

title: Sas van Gent


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Schouwen-Duiveland

Schouwen-Duiveland is a municipality and an island in the southwestern Netherlands province of Zeeland. The municipality has 33,737 inhabitants (1 January 2016) and covers an area of 488.94 km2 (of which 257.87 km2 is water).

The northside of the island has two fixed connections to Goeree-Overflakkee, the Brouwersdam and the Grevelingen. The southside has two fixed connections to cross the Oosterschelde to North Beveland, the Stormvloed Kering or Oosterscheldedam, part of the Delta Works and the Zeeland Bridge. The island is mostly flat and is, besides a small area, below the sea level. On the western tip is a dune whose highest point is about 42 meters above sea level. The island is, in the summer, very popular with (German) tourists. The Renesse area is a popular holiday destination for young people.

The Brouwersdam is a dam, part of the Delta Works, from Schouwen-Duiveland to Goedereede, the west part of the island of Goeree-Overflakkee in South Holland.

History
The island of Schouwen-Duiveland originally consisted of four islands: Schouwen, Duiveland, Dreischor, and Bommenede. Over the centuries it has grown by nature and man together. The dam between Schouwen and Duiveland dates from 1610.

On 30 April 1900 the Rotterdam Tramway Company opened a steam tram line on the island running as public transport until 1 February 1953. After the floods of 1953, the service has not been restored and has been replaced by a bus line.

During the Second World War, Schouwen-Duiveland was the only island that remained under German occupation until May 1945. In December 1944, the Germans had declared their intent to deport all local men aged between 17 and 40. The local resistance fighters made plans to sabotage this by stealing all the registers on the island with the help of nearby Allies, who were preparing to liberate the island. Events unfolded that led to the capture of ten local men who were subsequently executed.

After the completion of the Brouwersdam in 1972 the island became a center of water sports. Surfing, sailing and diving are common activities on the North Sea beaches and the Grevelingenmeer.

Topography

Dutch Topographic map of the island of Schouwen-Duiveland, as per Sept. 2014.

Demography
The main population centres are listed in the tables below (as of 2021).

There are two places in Schouwen-Duiveland, Zierikzee and Brouwershaven, which in the past had gained city rights. Then there are the hamlets Looperskapelle, Moriaanshoofd, Nieuwerkerk, Nieuwerkerke, Schuddebeurs, Westenschouwen, Zierikzee, Beldert, Brijdorpe , Burghsluis, Capelle , Elkerzee and New Haamstede. The town hall is in Zierikzee. There is no village called Schouwen-Duiveland; the municipality takes its name from the island, which received its name when the former islands Schouwen and Duiveland (and Dreischor) were poldered together.

Nature in Schouwen-Duiveland
A large number of nature reserves can be found on Schouwen-Duiveland. They are usually managed by Staatsbosbeheer. Most nature reserves are accessible to visitors. The areas are particularly suitable for bird watchers and cyclists. In the nature of Schouwen Duiveland, European special species such as avocet, curlew and plover can be found. Boswachterij Westerschouwen is the largest forest in the province of Zeeland. In addition to the nature in and around the Grevelingenmeer, the following nature reserves can be found on Schouwen-Duiveland:

 * Boswachterij Westerschouwen (Westenshouwen Forest)
 * Kop van Schouwen
 * Slikken van Dijkwater
 * Dorpsbos Sirjansland (Sirjansland Village Forest)
 * Duinzoom
 * Gadra
 * Kakkersweel (Small lake between Kerkwerve & Noordgouwe)

 * Karolingische Burcht
 * Krekengebied Ouwerkerk
 * Meeuwenduinen
 * Naterskreek
 * Plan Tureluur (Redshank reserve)
 * Prunje
 * Schelphoek (Wetland on site of former hamlet near Serooskerke)

 * Schouwse Dijkbeemden
 * Schuddebeurs (natuurgebied)
 * De Steenzwaan (The Stone Swan - creek/wetlands near Nieuwerkerk)
 * Vliegveld (natuurgebied)
 * Vroongronden
 * Zoeten en Zouten Haard

Governance
The municipality of Schouwen-Duiveland on 1 January 1997 came about after six municipalities were merged. These municipalities were Brouwershaven, Bruinisse , Duiveland , Middenschouwen , Westerschouwen and Zierikzee. These six municipalities were created on 1 January 1961 from a previous reclassification.

City council
The council of Schouwen-Duiveland consists of 23 seats. Below is the composition of the council since 1997: On 13 November 1996 ¹ reclassification elections were held. The first council was launched on 1 January 1997.

Explanations for the bracketed number of councillors for some parties between the 2018 and 2022 elections are below:
 * A councilor of the VVD left the party in 2018 and joined Leefbaar Schouwen-Duiveland in 2019.
 * A councilor of the ChristenUnie left the party in 2019 and joined the CDA
 * A councilor of GroenLinks left the party in 2018 and continued under the name "Lijst Jet van Gent"
 * "List Jet van Gent/ Hart voor Schouwen-Duiveland" merged with Leefbaar Schouwen-Duiveland in 2021"

Mayor & Aldermen

 * Mayor Jack van der Hoek (None)
 * Councillor Jacqueline Burg ( Liveable Schouwen-Duiveland )
 * Alderman Daniël Joppe ( CDA )
 * Alderman Paula Schot ( SGP )
 * Alderman Ankie Smit ( GroenLinks )
 * Alderman Hanno Canters ( Liveable Schouwen-Duiveland )
 * Secretary Simone Bronsveld

Culture
There are a number of national monuments in the municipality, including the war memorial at Oude Moolweg in Renesse and the Jewish Memorial on Caustraat in Zierikzee. The war memorial commemorates in particular the ten local resistance fighters executed by the Germans on 10 December 1944. It also commemorates all local citizens who died during the Second World War and the 'police actions' in the Dutch East Indies.

The Westenschouwen mermaid was the main character in a saga that is localized in Zeeland relating to the destruction of the village Westenschouwen on the island of Schouwen-Duiveland. The mermaid saga explains the decline of this once prosperous village. The saga predicts the demise of the village, with only the tower remaining. After the tower was demolished in 1845, the Plompe Tower was seen as the remaining tower of Westenschouwen. Plompe Tower is open to tourists and when you open the door of the tower the story of the mermaid will be played automatically and displayed via a carousel stories. The mermaid is celebrated in the local coat of arms.

Public thinking & public service

 * John III, Lord of Renesse (1249–1304) Zeeland nobleman and warrior
 * Cornelius van Zierikzee (ca.1405 n Zierikzee – 1462) a Dutch priest, worked in Scotland
 * Petrus Peckius the Elder (1529 in Zierikzee – 1589) jurist, wrote about maritime law
 * Bonifacius de Jonge (1567 in Zierikzee – 1625) was Grand pensionary of Zeeland 1615-1625
 * Joost Berman (1793 in Ouwerkerk – 1855) lawyer, judge, politician, poet, writer and editor
 * Alexander Johan Berman (1828 in Zierikzee – 1886) the Dutch Reformed minister of Watergang
 * Anton Constandse (1899 in Brouwershaven – 1983) a Dutch anarchist, author and journalist
 * George van Heukelom (born 1949) a Dutch former politician
 * Leen van Dijke (born 1955 in Oosterland) a retired Dutch politician
 * Hugo de Jonge (born 1977 in Bruinisse) a Dutch politician & Deputy Prime Minister
 * Rutger Bregman (born 1988 in Westerschouwen) a Dutch popular historian and author

The arts

 * Jacob Cats (1577 in Brouwershaven – 1660) a Dutch poet, humorist, jurist and politician, famous for his emblem books
 * Charles Hofmann (1763 – 1823 in Zierikzee) a Dutch musician and composer
 * Henry Van der Weyde (1838 in Zierikzee – 1924) Dutch-born English painter and photographer
 * Leonard Ochtman (1854 in Zonnemaire – 1935) a Dutch-American Impressionist painter
 * Digna Sinke (born 1949 in Zonnemaire) a Dutch film director, producer and screenwriter
 * Jan van den Bosch (born 1950) TV presenter on RTL5
 * Ester Naomi Perquin (born 1980) a Dutch poet, brought up in Zierikzee

Science & business

 * Jacob Bellaert (born in Zierikzee) an early publisher of 17 books in Haarlem from 1483-1486
 * Levinus Lemnius (1505 in Zierikzee – 1568 in Zierikzee) a Dutch physician and author
 * Johannes Cornelis de Jonge (1793 in Zierikzee – 1853) Chief Archivist of the Dutch National Archives
 * Johannes van de Velde Olivier (1795 in Serooskerke – 1845) a publisher, printer, bookbinder and bookseller
 * Pieter de Looze (1811–1881) newspaper publisher, founded the Zierikzeesche Nieuwsbode
 * Pieter Zeeman (1865 in Zonnemaire – 1943) a Dutch physicist who shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery of the Zeeman effect

Sport

 * Adrie Koster (born 1954 in Zierikzee) a Dutch football manager
 * Nelli Cooman (born 1964) 60 metres two-time World indoor champion, six-time European indoor champion and former world record holder. Lives in Nieuwerkerk

title: Schouwen-Duiveland


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Sluis-Aardenburg

Sluis-Aardenburg was a municipality in the province of Zeeland, in the south-western part of the Netherlands. It was created from a merger of Sluis and Aardenburg in 1995, and it merged with the municipality of Oostburg, on 1 January 2003, to form the new municipality of Sluis. Sluis-Aardenburg covered an area of 83.48 km2, of which 0.89 km2 was water.

The municipality comprised the following towns, villages and townships:
 * Aardenburg
 * Draaiburg
 * Eede
 * Heille
 * Retranchement
 * Sint Anna ter Muiden
 * Sint Kruis
 * Sluis
 * Terhofstede
 * Zwindorp

title: Sluis-Aardenburg


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Tholen

Tholen is a 25,000 people municipality in the southwest of the Netherlands. The municipality of Tholen takes its name from the town of Tholen, which is the largest population center in the municipality.

The municipality consists of two peninsulas, formerly islands, the larger one on the south also called Tholen, the smaller one on the north called Sint Philipsland. The two are separated by the former strait, now bay, of Krabbenkreek. The municipality is bordered on the east by the Eendracht, once a Scheldt branch but now part of the Scheldt-Rhine Canal, crossed by three road bridges, by the Oosterschelde estuary to the south, the straits of Keeten-Mastgat to the west and the Krammer strait to the north.

The town has a small historical center partly surrounded by a "gracht" and partly bordered by a harbour for fishing boats and yachts.

Population centers
On the island Sint Philipsland there are three villages: • Sint Philipsland

• Anna Jacobapolder

• Sluis On the island Tholen there are seven population centers: • Oud-Vossemeer

• Poortvliet

• Scherpenisse

• Sint-Annaland

• Sint-Maartensdijk

• Stavenisse

• Tholen

Twin town
Tholen is twinned with:

Notable people

 * Ghiselin Danckerts (ca.1510 in Tholen – 1567) a Dutch composer, singer and music theorist
 * Sir Cornelius Vermuyden 1595 in Sint-Maartensdijk – 1677) a Dutch engineer who introduced Dutch land reclamation methods to England
 * Colonel Bartholomew Vermuyden, cavalry officer in the New Model Army during the English Civil War.
 * Maertin Cornelissen Geldersman, who bought a farm named Rosevelt ("rose field") in Tholen, which gave its name to his descendants Theodore Roosevelt, Eleanore Roosevelt, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt.
 * Chris Lanooy (1881 in Sint-Annaland - 1948) a Dutch potter, designer, ceramist, painter, draftsman and sculptor, and he produced stained-glass art
 * Leen Quist (1942 in Sint Philipsland – 2014) a Dutch ceramist, liked a perfect finish and geometric (blue) lines
 * Elly Plooij-van Gorsel (born 1947 in Tholen) a Member of the European Parliament

Sport

 * Keetie van Oosten-Hage (born 1949 in Sint-Maartensdijk) a Dutch former cyclist
 * Deborah Gravenstijn (born 1974 in Tholen) a Dutch judoka and Captain in the Royal Netherlands Air Force; bronze medallist at the 2004 Summer Olympics and silver medallist 2008 Summer Olympics

title: Tholen


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Veere

Veere (Ter Veere) is a municipality with a population of 22,000 and a town with a population of 1,500 in the southwestern Netherlands, in the region of Walcheren in the province of Zeeland.

History
The name Veere means "ferry": Wolfert Van Borssele established a ferry and ferry house there in 1281. This ferry he called the "camper-veer" or "Ferry of Campu" by which name Camphire it was known, at least in England, until the seventeenth century. It eventually became known as "de Veer". In the same year 1281 Wolfert also built the castle Sandenburg on one of the dikes he had built. On 12 November 1282, Count Floris V. thereupon issued a charter by which Wolfert received the sovereignty to the land and castle with the ferry and ferry house. From that time on Wolfert was given the title of Lord Van der Veer. Veere received city rights in 1355.

The "Admiraliteit van Veere" (Admiralty of Veere) was set up as a result of the Ordinance on the Admiralty of 8 January 1488 in an attempt to create a central naval administration in the Burgundian Netherlands. To this was subordinated the Vice-Admiralty of Flanders in Dunkirk. In 1560 under admiral Philip de Montmorency, Count of Hoorn, this admiralty relocated near Ghent and in 1561 the Habsburg naval forces were also moved to Veere.

Veere functioned as the staple port for Scotland between 1541 and 1799. In Scotland it was known as Campvere. Until the Anglo-Dutch wars it was an important trading port for the import among other things, of saffron from East Anglian ports such as Wells.

Flemish architects Antonis Keldermans and Evert Spoorwater designed the Grote Kerk, the fortifications, the Cisterne and the town hall. During this period of prosperity, the cultural centre was located at Sandenburgh castle, the residence of the noble Van Borsele and Van Bourgondië families. Court painter Jan Gossaert van Mabuse worked here. The poet Adrianus Valerius lived and worked in the city from 1591. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Veere was a prosperous trading city, with about 750 houses inside the city walls then, compared to about 300.

At the start of the Second World War, there was a Royal Netherlands Navy seaplane base at Veere, with six Fokker C XIV-W aircraft. On 12 May 1940 the base was bombed by He 111 bombers causing some casualties. On 14 May, the seaplanes were ordered to evacuate to France and then England, eventually arriving in the Dutch East Indies where they would be destroyed in action with the Japanese in 1941 and 1942. On 17 May, German infantry of SS Regiment Deutschland of the 2nd SS Panzer Division crossed onto Walcheren via the Sloedam and by 18:00 that evening, the Dutch forces on the island, including the garrison at Veere, were ordered to surrender. Veere was finally liberated on 7 November 1944 by Scottish troops of the British 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division during Operation Infatuate, the Allied assault on Walcheren. As part of the preparations for the operation, the island's sea dykes were bombed resulting in the inundation of much of the area. Unlike many other towns on the island, Veere was virtually undamaged in the fighting.

As a result of the damming of the Veerse Gat inlet in 1961, the fishing fleet of Veere moved to a new home port at Colijnsplaat on Noord-Beveland. the main business of the town is tourism.

Veere municipality reached its current expanded shape in 1997, after the addition of several neighboring towns. During the course of nearly two centuries seventeen historical municipalities have merged to become present-day Veere. Its original full name was Veere-de-Stad en Zanddijk-Binnen.

Geography
The city of Veere stands on the Veerse Meer lagoon on the island of Walcheren in the province of Zeeland in the Netherlands.

The area of the municipality of Veere is 13,496 hectares, with a coastline of 34 kilometres and a population of about 22,000.

Population centres
The population centres in the municipality are: • Aagtekerke (population as of 2003: 1,479)

• Biggekerke (895)

• Domburg (1,481)

• Gapinge (522)

• Grijpskerke (1,377)

• Joossesweg (20)

• Koudekerke (3,620)

• Meliskerke (1,477)

• Oostkapelle (2,451)

• Serooskerke (1,833)

• Veere (1,520)

• Vrouwenpolder (1,125)

• Westkapelle (2,672)

• Zoutelande (1,593)

Tourism
The area is visited by 4 million tourists annually. The main attractions are the beaches and marinas. The Storm Surge Barrier on the Oosterschelde is the most popular visitor attraction in Zeeland. The Scoutcentrum Zeeland on the coast of the Veerse Meer attracts Scout visitors from around the world

In fiction
The town of Veere forms the setting for "Van Loon's Lives", a book of contemporary fantasy written by Hendrik Willem Van Loon in 1942, in which the protagonists are able to magically summon the great men and women of history for weekend dinner parties, leading to often humorous incidents. The book was written at the time when Veere, like the rest of the Netherlands, lay under Nazi occupation, and despite its light-hearted tone clearly indicates the longing of the writer – living in the US – for his homeland whose liberation he was doomed never to see.

Scottish singer-songwriter Brian McNeill based the song "The Holland Trade" from his tenth studio album The Baltic tae Byzantium on the trade and cultural ties between Veere and Scotland from 1541 on.

Notable people

 * Maryn Adriansen (1600 in Veere – ca.1654) was a boatswain and early settler to New Netherland
 * Peter Daane (1835 in Westkapelle – 1914) an American businessman and politician in Wisconsin
 * Peter de Ru (born 1946 in Oostkapelle) a photographer in Sweden
 * Maximiliaan de Vriendt (1559 at Zandenburg Castle, Veere – 1614) a Neo-Latin poet
 * Jurn de Vries (born 1940 in Vrouwenpolder) a Dutch theologian, former politician and journalist
 * Nicolaas Everaerts (1461/62 in Grijpskerke – 1532) a Dutch jurist and academic
 * Johannes Gabrielse (1881 in Westkapelle – 1945) a Dutch artist in the Dutch East Indies
 * Wim Hofman (born 1941 in Oostkapelle) a Dutch author
 * Johannes Hermanus Koekkoek (1778 in Veere – 1851) a Dutch painter and draughtsman
 * Aert H. Kuipers (1919 in Oostkapelle or Middelburg – 2012) a Dutch linguistics professor who did fieldwork among First Nations people of British Columbia
 * Hans Peter Minderhoud (born 1973 in Westkapelle) a Dutch dressage rider
 * Matthijs Röling (born 1943 in Oostkapelle) a Dutch painter, graphic designer, draftsman and lithographer
 * Franca Treur (born 1979 near Meliskerke) a Dutch writer and a freelance journalist
 * Gerard von Brucken Fock (1859 in Koudekerke – 1935) a classical Dutch pianist, composer and painter
 * Hans Wijers (born 1951 in Oostburg) a retired Dutch politician and chairman of the ING Group since 2018.

title: Veere


text:
Kriegsspiel (disambiguation)

Kriegsspiel is a genre of wargaming developed by the Prussian army in the 19th century to teach tactics to officers.

Kriegsspiel or Kriegspiel may also refer to:

 * Kriegspiel (chess), a chess variant of imperfect information
 * Le Jeu de la Guerre, a wargame developed by Guy Debord, discussed in his 1987 book
 * Kriegspiel (board wargame), an abstract board wargame developed by Avalon Hill in 1970.
 * "Kriegspiel", a song by Patrick Wolf from The Bachelor

title: Kriegsspiel (disambiguation)


text:
Dronten

Dronten is a municipality and a town in the central Netherlands, in the province of Flevoland. It had a population of 0 in.

History
Plans for the municipality of Dronten were made in the early half of the 1950s; real plans for the town of Dronten (the municipality's center) were revealed in 1958.

The foundations for the town were laid in 1960. Right from the start there was a discussion whether Dronten was to become a town or a city. The first plans assumed 15,000 inhabitants, while later plans foresaw a growth to 30,000 inhabitants. The first plans for the municipality assumed ten smaller villages situated around the central town (in this case, Dronten). The number of villages was reduced because of increased motorized traffic and experiences gained in developing the Noordoostpolder, where a similar municipality had already been built. Eventually, it was decided that there were to be two smaller villages (Biddinghuizen and Swifterbant) and one larger town (Dronten).

On 1 January 1972, Dronten was given its official name.

In 1995, Dronten hosted in Biddinghuizen the 18th World Scout Jamboree. 28,960 Scouts and staff members from 166 countries and territories participated this event.

Population centers

 * Biddinghuizen
 * Dronten
 * Swifterbant
 * Ketelhaven

Topography

Dutch Topographic map of Dronten (town), March 2014.

Transportation
Dronten has a railway station on the Lelystad-Zwolle railway.

The majority of velomobile manufacturers in the world are based in Dronten. They include Alligt, velomobiel.nl and InterCityBike.

Entertainment
Biddinghuizen contains the theme park Walibi Holland.

Sister city relations

 * 🇯🇵 Ōgata, Akita, Japan (friendship city)

Notable people

 * Patrick Paauwe (born 1977), Dutch former professional footballer with 451 caps
 * Cees Paauwe (born 1975), Dutch former football goalkeeper with over 100 caps
 * Bertolf Lentink (born 1980), Dutch singer/songwriter who plays guitar and piano
 * Ricardo Talu (born 1993), Dutch-Angolan professional footballer
 * Hakim Ziyech (born 1993), Dutch-Moroccan professional footballer, currently playing for Chelsea F.C.
 * Beitske Visser (born 1995), Dutch female racing driver

title: Dronten


text:
Noordoostpolder

Noordoostpolder ("North-East Polder") is a polder and municipality in the Flevoland province in the central Netherlands. Formerly, it was also called Urker Land. Emmeloord is the administrative center, located in the heart of the Noordoostpolder.

For history, see Zuiderzee Works.

Population centres
The population centres are Bant, Creil, Emmeloord, Ens, Espel, Kraggenburg, Luttelgeest, Marknesse, Nagele, Rutten, and Tollebeek.

The former island of Schokland is now a museum.

The town and former island of Urk, in the southwest, now surrounded by the Noordoostpolder, is a separate municipality.

Topography

Dutch topographic map of the municipality of Noordoostpolder, June 2015

Rail links
There are no railway stations in the Noordoostpolder, but the nearest stations are in Kampen, Steenwijk and Lelystad. From 9 December 2012, with the opening of the Hanzelijn, Dronten and Kampen Zuid, will be even closer.

UNESCO World Heritage sites
UNESCO World Heritage sites located in/near the Noordoostpolder:
 * Schokland and Surroundings (municipality Noordoostpolder)
 * Ir.D.F. Woudagemaal (D.F. Wouda Steam Pumping Station), Lemmer (mun. Lemsterland)

Notable people

 * David T. Runia (born 1951 in Noordoostpolder) a Dutch-Australian classical scholar and educational administrator
 * Aucke van der Werff (born 1953 in Schettens) politician, current Mayor of Noordoostpolder
 * Rien van der Velde (born 1957 in Nagele) a Dutch politician
 * Stef Blok (born 1964 in Emmeloord) accountant and politician, Minister of Foreign Affairs
 * Marriët Schuurman (born 1969 in Creil) the current Dutch Human Rights' Ambassador
 * Ernst Meisner (born 1982 in Noordoostpolder) a Dutch dancer and choreographer

Sport

 * Annamarie Thomas (born 1971 in Emmeloord) a Dutch former speed skater
 * Rob Wielaert (born 1978 in Emmeloord) a Dutch footballer
 * Diederik Boer (born 1980 in Emmeloord) a Dutch football goalkeeper.
 * Orlando Wirth (born 1981 in Emmeloord) a Dutch footballer
 * Tjeerd Korf (born 1983 in Emmeloord) a Dutch former professional footballer
 * Corinne Nugter (born 1992 in Emmeloord) a Dutch athlete specialising in the discus throw
 * Femke Beuling (born 1999 in Emmeloord) a Dutch speed skater

title: Noordoostpolder


text: Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history

title: Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history