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Pinewood, Florida

Pinewood is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. It is part of the Miami metropolitan area of South Florida. The population was 17,246 at the 2020 census.

Most of Pinewood was originally a neighborhood of the City of Miami, annexed into the city in 1925. With the arrival of the Great Depression, Miami gave up its jurisdiction and Pinewood became an unincorporated area of Miami-Dade County.

Geography
Pinewood is located 8 mi north of downtown Miami. It is bordered to the north by the city of North Miami, to the east by Miami Shores and unincorporated neighborhoods, to the south and southwest by unincorporated West Little River, and to the northwest by unincorporated Westview. U.S. Route 441 (NW 7th Avenue) forms most of the eastern border of Pinewood.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1.9 sqmi, of which 1.8 sqmi are land and 0.1 sqmi, or 7.30%, are water.

2010 and 2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 17,246 people, 4,968 households, and 3,565 families residing in the CDP.

As of the 2010 United States census, there were 16,520 people, 5,075 households, and 3,479 families residing in the CDP.

2000 Census
As of the census of 2000, there were 16,523 people, 5,029 households, and 3,686 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 9,621.4 PD/sqmi. There were 5,329 housing units at an average density of 3,103.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 19.26% White (3.6% were Non-Hispanic White), 71.05% African American, 0.25% Native American, 0.33% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 3.59% from other races, and 5.50% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 22.85% of the population.

As of 2000, there were 5,029 households, out of which 41.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.3% were married couples living together, 28.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.7% were non-families. 21.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.25 and the average family size was 3.77.

In 2000, in the CDP, the population was spread out, with 32.1% under the age of 18, 11.2% from 18 to 24, 26.6% from 25 to 44, 21.2% from 45 to 64, and 8.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.9 males.

In 2000, the median income for a household in the CDP was $24,949, and the median income for a family was $26,548. Males had a median income of $22,439 versus $18,046 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $10,169. About 30.2% of families and 33.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 45.9% of those under age 18 and 21.2% of those age 65 or over.

As of 2000, speakers of English as a first language accounted for 47.40% of residents, while French Creole made up 28.93%, Spanish was at 22.09%, and French was the mother tongue of 1.56% of the population.

title: Pinewood, Florida


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Derwent Valley Mills

Derwent Valley Mills is a World Heritage Site along the River Derwent in Derbyshire, England, designated in December 2001. It is administered by the Derwent Valley Mills Partnership. The modern factory, or 'mill', system was born here in the 18th century to accommodate the new technology for spinning cotton developed by Richard Arkwright. With advancements in technology, it became possible to produce cotton continuously. The system was adopted throughout the valley, and later spread so that by 1788 there were over 200 Arkwright-type mills in Britain. Arkwright's inventions and system of organising labour was exported to Europe and the United States.

Water-power was first introduced to England by John Lombe at his silk mill in Derby in 1719, but it was Richard Arkwright who applied water-power to the process of producing cotton in the 1770s. His patent of a water frame allowed cotton to be spun continuously, meaning it could be produced by unskilled workers. Cromford Mill was the site of Arkwright's first mill, with nearby Cromford village significantly expanded for his then-new workforce; this system of production and workers' housing was copied throughout the valley. To ensure the presence of a labour force, it was necessary to construct housing for the mill workers. Thus, new settlements were established by mill owners around the mills – sometimes developing a pre-existing community – with their own amenities such as schools, chapels, and markets. Most of the housing still exists and is still in use. Along with the transport infrastructure form part of the site. A transport infrastructure was built to open new markets for the mills' produce.

Mills and workers' settlements were established at Belper, Darley Abbey, and Milford by Arkwright's competitors. Arkwright-type mills were so successful that sometimes they were copied without paying royalties to Richard Arkwright. The cotton industry in the Derwent Valley went into decline in the first quarter of the 19th century as the market shifted towards Lancashire which was better positioned in relation to markets and raw materials. The mills and their associated buildings are well preserved and have been reused since the cotton industry declined. Many of the buildings within the World Heritage Site are also listed buildings and Scheduled Monuments. Some of the mills now contain museums and are open to the public.

The Derwent Valley Trust is now involved in the creation of a cycle-way running the entire length of the World Heritage site to promote sustainable tourism and travel.

Location and coverage
The Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage Site covers an area of 12.3 km2 and spans a 24 km stretch of the Derwent Valley, in Derbyshire, from Matlock Bath in the north to Derby city centre in the south. Within the site are mill complexes, settlements including workers' housing, weirs on the River Derwent, and the transport network that supported the mills in the valley. The site consists of the communities of Cromford, Belper, Milford, and Darley Abbey, and includes 838 listed buildings, made up of 16 Grade I, 42 Grade II*, and 780 Grade II. A further nine structures are Scheduled Ancient Monuments. The buildings are a mixture of mills, workers' housing, and structures associated with the mill communities. The Cromford Canal and Cromford and High Peak Railway, which aided the industrialisation of the area, are also part of the World Heritage Site.

History
In the late 17th century silk making expanded due to demand for silk as part of fashionable garments. In an attempt to increase production through the use of water power, Thomas Cotchett commissioned engineer George Sorocold to build a mill near the centre of Derby on an island in the River Derwent. Although the experiment was unsuccessful, it convinced John Lombe – an employee of Cotchett – that if water power could be perfected there was a market for its produce. He engaged in industrial espionage and gained plans of Italian machines. He patented the design in 1719 and built a five-storey mill 33.5 x next to Crotchett's mill. By 1763, 30 years after Lombe's patent had expired, only seven Lombe mills had been built because the silk market was small, but Lombe had introduced a viable form of water powered machinery and had established a template for organised labour that later industrialists would follow.

As silk was a luxury good, the market was small and easily saturated by machine produced goods. The next innovation in machine produced textiles came in the cotton industry which had a much wider market and produced more affordable goods. Spinning cotton was a more complex process than silk production. The water frame for spinning cotton was developed by Richard Arkwright and patented in 1769. The machines could spin yarn continuously and replaced skilled workers with unskilled supervisors to make sure the machines did not break. Water frames varied in size from 4 to 96 spindles. For these reasons, the water frame became popular and widespread. In 1771, Richard Arkwright took a lease on land in Cromford. By 1774, his first mill was operational, and in 1776 he began construction of a second mill at Cromford. During this time, he developed machines for pre-spinning and in 1775 took out his second patent. With spinning mechanised, the other processes involved in producing cotton could not keep up and also required mechanisation. He produced a machine for carding, the process which laid out the cotton fibres parallel, however not all his inventions were successful and cleaning the cotton was performed by hand until the 1790s when an effective machine was invented.

Arkwright sought financial assistance, and Peter Nightingale – a local landowner (and grand uncle of Florence Nightingale) – bought the Cromford Estate for £20,000 (£ as of ). Nightingale also built Rock House as a residence for Arkwright, overlooking the mill, and gave him a further £2,000 (£0) to build the second mill and £1,750 (£0) for workers' housing. Between 1777 and 1783, Arkwright and his family built mills at Bakewell, Cressbrook, Rocester, and Wirksworth, spread across Derbyshire and Staffordshire. Jedediah Strutt, who was Arkwright's partner in the first Cromford Mill, built mills at Belper and Milford in 1776–1781. Thomas Evans, a landowner in Darley Abbey, bought a further 7.1 ha in the area around Darley Abbey at a cost of £1,140 (£0) and in 1782 built a cotton mill in the village. Arkwright was paid royalties by those who had copied his machines, although some people risked prosecution by engaging in piracy.

The construction of Masson Mill in Matlock Bath began in 1783, instigated by Arkwright. Contemporaneous with Arkwright's expansionism was the entry of Jedediah Strutt into the cotton spinning industry. Strutt had the advantage that Arkwright had already done all the necessary experimentation with machinery, so he did not have to invest in researching new technology. He established a mill at Belper, about 8 mi south of Cromford; it was probably complete in 1781. The site was expanded with the addition of a second mill in 1784. Strutt also built a mill in Milford, about 2 mi south of Belper. By 1793, two further mills were added for printing and bleaching. The Strutts estimated that by 1789 they had invested £37,000 (£0) in theirs mills at Belper and Milford (£26,000 at Belper and £11,000 at Milford), and had a return of £36,000 (£0) per year.

Arkwright had a reputation as a paternalistic employer who was concerned for the well-being of his employees and their families. A Sunday School was built at Cromford in 1785 and provided education to 200 children. By 1789, the Cromford Estate was back in the ownership of the Arkwrights, who actively influenced its structure and construction. Cromford was given a market place to act as a new focus for the village. Arkwright organised a market every Sunday and as incentive to attend, gave annual prizes to those who attended most often. After Arkwright died in 1792 his son, Richard Arkwright junior, took over and sold most of his cotton mills outside Cromford and Matlock Bath. The mills in Cromford and Matlock Bath were probably retained to support the Willersley Estate. Societies and clubs were created in Cromford. The religious affairs of the community were of less interest to Arkwright, and it was not until 1797 that Arkwright junior established Cromford Church; his father had envisaged it as a private chapel for the Arkwright family at Willersley Castle. The family's attempts to make Cromford self-sustaining through establishing a market was successful, and the village expanded until about 1840. This was even though the mills had passed their zenith and begun to enter decline in this period.

Richard Arkwright junior was uninterested in the cotton business, and after the death of his father the Arkwright family ceased to invest in the industry. The Strutt family continued to invest, fuelled by the profits of their mills in Milford and Belper. They continued building mills into the 1810s, and by 1833 their business employed 2,000 people and had dominated the cotton industry in the Derwent Valley. As Arkwright had done at Cromford, the Strutts provided housing for their employees. Belper was already an established village with its own market before Jedediah Strutt began building mills, so he was not required to have as active a role in developing the community into a self-sustaining entity as Richard Arkwright did at Cromford. The Strutts provided education, and in 1817 650 and 300 children attended Sunday Schools in Belper and Milford respectively. Compared with Cromford, whose population had plateaued at around 1,200 in the early 19th century, the population of Belper rose from 4,500 in 1801 to 7,890 in 1831 due to the prosperity of the business. Darley Abbey also expanded as a worker's settlement although it had no market place, so providing food for the inhabitants was problematic. The settlement doubled in size between 1788 and 1801, and between 1801 and 1831 the population increased from 615 to 1,170 with the addition of much worker's housing. A Sunday School for 80 children was established in one of the mills and a church and school were built in 1819 and 1826 respectively.

Despite being a major power of the cotton industry in the first quarter of the 19th century, the Strutts' company began to lose out to competition from Lancashire mill towns. The problem of shifting markets affected the entire Derwent Valley; Lancashire was better situated than Derbyshire in relation to the raw materials and new markets. The mills run by the Strutt family also suffered from a lack of modernisation; although they were at the forefront of fireproofing technology at the start of the 19th century, as the machines the mills used got bigger and more powerful, the Strutts persevered with child labour where adults would have been more adept at using the machinery. The company declined and in the second half of the 19th century some of its mills were leased or sold off to other companies. Although the cotton industry in the Derwent Valley declined, many of the structures associated with the industrial processes associated with producing cotton and workers' housing has survived and there are 848 listed buildings in the World Heritage Site.

Cromford canal
The Erewash Canal, begun in 1777, was intended to primarily transport coal. It flowed from the River Trent in Sawley to Langley Mill, 14 mi south of Cromford. In 1788, Richard Arkwright asked William Jessop to estimate the cost of building a canal connecting the mills at Cromford to Langley Mill. The figure Jessop came up with was £42,000 (£ as of ) which was raised within a couple of weeks. Local mill owners Jedediah Strutt and Thomas Evans opposed the proposed canal, fearing it would interfere with the water supply for their own mills, but in 1789 Parliament granted permission to construct the canal.

When the Cromford Canal was opened in 1794, it had cost nearly twice Jessop's original estimate. Between Langley Mill and Cromford Wharf, where the canal terminated in the mill complex, the canal crossed two aqueducts, traversed 3000 yd of tunnel beneath some ironworks at Bull Bridge, and fourteen locks. Three-quarters of the cargo transported on the canal was coal and coke, while the rest consisted of gritstone, iron ore, and lead. When the Derby and Nottingham Canals were completed by Jessop and Benjamin Outram in 1796, they provided direct routes to the important textile centres of Derby and Nottingham. In January 1845, the Cromford Canal Company decided to have a permanent pump built to provide enough water during dry conditions. This was made by Graham and Company at the Milton Iron Works, Elsecar. The canal was successful until the mid 19th century when the Manchester, Buxton, Matlock and Midlands Junction Railway extended its line south of the canal. In 1852, the canal was sold to the railway company which accelerated its decline. By 1889 the canal was mostly used for local traffic. It was eventually closed in 1944 as the costs of maintaining and repairing the canal were too great. Derbyshire County Council acquired the canal in 1974 and the Cromford Canal Society undertook the task of restoring it.

Cromford and High Peak Railway
In the early 19th century, a canal had been proposed to connect the Peak Forest Canal, which terminated at Whaley Bridge, with the Cromford Canal, providing a direct route between markets in Lancashire and Derbyshire. However, costs were prohibitive and the plan was abandoned. Josias Jessop, the son of William Jessop, believed that a wagonway would be much cheaper than a canal. On 2 May 1825 an Act of Parliament for the construction of a railway from Cromford to Whaley Bridge was passed. The proposal – backed by William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire, Richard Arkwright junior, and several Manchester bankers – was ambitious; it was expected that steam locomotives would be used on the line, even though the technology was in its infancy and George Stephenson did not build his revolutionary Rocket until 1829. The south part of the railway, from Cromford Wharf to Hurdlow, south east of Buxton, opened on 29 May 1830, and on 6 July 1831 the rest of the line opened to Whaley Bridge. The first steam locomotive on the line was introduced in 1841; before that, the traffic had been made up entirely of wagons.

The railway ascended from 277 ft above sea level at Cromford Wharf to a height of 1264 ft above sea level at Ladmanlow, before descending to 747 ft at the wharves of the Peak Forest Canal. The changes in height, which would have necessitated many locks for a canal, was relatively easy for a railway. However, for a time the Cromford and High Peak Railway did have the sharpest curve out of all railways in Britain and the steepest incline for vehicles without steam power. The construction of the railway cost was £180,000, higher than the original estimate of £155,000 (£ and £ respectively as of ) but much lower than the £500,000 the canal was predicted to cost (£ as of ). Having been built to connect the Peak Forest and Cromford Canals, the railways fortunes were closely tied with those of the canals. The line was not profitable as by the time it had opened traffic had declined along the Cromford Canal. In 1855, an Act of Parliament allowed the line to transport passengers as well as freight. Although passenger travel became more important to the railway, it went into decline and closed on 21 April 1967.

Legacy
The Derwent Valley is considered the birthplace of the factory system. The machines developed in the Derwent Valley such as the water frame allowed continuous production. Richard Arkwright's Cromford Mill and the associated workers' settlement provided a template for industrial communities, not just in the valley but internationally. The reason a settlement was built contemporaneously with Cromford Mill was to provide housing for the workers; the only way to secure the labour the mill required was if homes were provided for the labourers and their families. The success of Arkwright's model lead to other industrialists copying him. Entrepreneurs such as Peter Nightingale, Jedediah Strutt and Thomas Evans founded the settlements of Belper, Milford, and Darley Abbey within the Derwent Valley for their employees. As well as the economic standpoint of ensuring a supply of labour, the industrialists were also concerned for their employees and families and acted out of a sense of paternalism.

Arkwright's innovations were not confined to developing workers' settlements; he also had patents on many technologies used for water-powered spinning. They were so successful that rival industrialists risked legal action by copying his designs. His patents expired in 1785, and by 1788 over 200 Arkwright type mills had been founded in Britain. New Lanark in Scotland – also a World Heritage Site – was directly influenced by Richard Arkwright and the developments in the Derwent Valley; Lanark was identified as a potential site for a mill on a visit by David Dale and Arkwright in 1784. Dale later established four mills at Lanark; they were structurally similar to Arkwright's Masson Mill and at least two of the mills used technology developed in the Derwent Valley, although the factory system was different from that used in the Derwent Valley. New Lanark was acquired by Robert Owen in 1799 who developed paternalism further than had been done in the Derwent Valley, experimenting with education for young and old and social control. Saltaire – another World Heritage Site – was founded in 1853 and featured worker's housing and facilities, as well as other elements of the factory system developed by Arkwright.

In 1774, the British government passed an act outlawing the export of "tools or utensils" used in the cotton and linen industries. As a result, the only way for the new technologies being developed in Britain to spread to other countries was through industrial espionage. Carl Delius worked in England and gave plans for many of Arkwright's inventions to Johann Gottfried Brugelmann; Brugelmann used the information to establish a mill in Ratingen, near Düsseldorf, which began production in 1784. He named the settlement associated with the mill Cromford. The mill was the first Arkwright mill in mainland Europe. The techniques for spinning cotton developed in the Derwent Valley were also spread to America. In 1790, the United States had fewer than 2,000 spindles which were powered by spinning jennies, compared to 2.4 million machine driven spindles in Britain at the same time. The Arkwright mill was introduced to America by migrants from England, many of whom were unskilled. Among them was Samuel Slater who was from the Derwent Valley and an apprentice of Jedediah Strutt. He founded Slater Mill at Pawtucket, Rhode Island. Many of the technologies developed in the Derwent Valley Mills endured and were adopted for other textile industries; until the mid-20th century, carding was still performed with machinery invented by Richard Arkwright. The factory system made it possible to produce cheap textiles and clothing.

Preservation
Out of the Arkwright Festival held in 1971, The Arkwright Society was formed. The Cromford Mill complex was bought by The Arkwright Society in 1979, saving the buildings associated with the mill from demolition. The charity purchased the site for the purpose of conservation and with the intention of beginning restoration. The mills had been contaminated by industrial processes involving pigments and dyes which were stored in the mills after they stopped processing cotton. With the help of local councils, the East Midlands Development Agency, English Heritage, the Heritage Lottery Fund, and at the cost of £5 million, the mills were restored and decontaminated. Now Cromford Mill is now used by small businesses and used for education.

Many of the mills built in the Derwent Valley for the cotton industry survive and were reused after the decline of the industry. Some have been reused. Most of the worker's housing survives and is still used as homes. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, local authorities in partnership with English Heritage attempted to prevent the deterioration of the houses and mills by giving advice to owners and using grants to undertake conservation work. When the application for World Heritage Site status was made in 2000, 26 of the 838 listed buildings in the area were on English Heritage's At Risk Register and were in a state of disrepair.

In 2000, the Derwent Valley Mills were nominated to become a World Heritage Site. Along with Blaenavon Industrial Landscape, New Lanark, and Saltaire (all now World Heritage Sites), the site was proposed to increase the representation of industrial archaeology on the list of World Heritage Sites. The proposal was successful and in 2001 the Derwent Valley Mills were designated a World Heritage Site. Its status as a World Heritage Site is intended to ensure its protection; all such sites are considered to be of "outstanding value to humanity". The site was listed under the second and fourth Heritage Site selection criteria. The Derwent Valley Mills pioneered worker's housing as well as much technology developed by Richard Arkwright, producing an industrial landscape and heralding industrial towns. The Derwent Valley Mills Partnership is responsible, on behalf of the British government, for the management of the site. In June 2009, Bath Street Mill in Derby was damaged by fire. The building was part of the World Heritage Site and dated from the 18th century.

In 2018, the "Cromford Mills Creative Cluster and World Heritage Site Gateway Project" was listed as a finalist for the "Best Major Regeneration of a Historic Building or Place" in the Historic England Angel Awards. In 2019, the Arkwright Society employed 100 persons at the Cromford Mills site; the restoration expenditure by that time was £48 million.

Museums

 * Richard Arkwright's Masson Mill is now a working textile museum with the largest collection of bobbins in the world.
 * Leawood Pumphouse is now a working museum which still does the original job of pumping water from the Derwent to Cromford Canal, Open on selected weekends.
 * At Belper, while much of the site has been converted to other business uses, the Belper North Mill building houses the Derwent Valley Visitor Centre. This features displays of machinery and other items associated with the history of the Derwent Valley textile industry.
 * At the extreme southern end of the site, Lombe's Silk Mill now houses the Derby Industrial Museum. This museum closed on 3 April 2011 and was mothballed for over two years.
 * In October 2013 a programme started to reinvent the silk mill for the 21st Century, incorporating the principles of STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art and Maths). The museum now opens 4 days a week.
 * The Derby Industrial Museum was re-branded as the Museum of Making in November 2021. It houses a series of exhibits about the history of the Derwent Valley Mills and the wider context of manufacturing.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Derwent Valley Mills


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Princeton, Florida

Princeton is a census-designated place (CDP) and unincorporated community in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. It is part of the Miami metropolitan area of South Florida. The population was 39,208 at the 2020 census, up from 22,038 at the 2010 census.

History
As a small town and depot along the Florida East Coast Railroad in the 1900s, the community was named by Gaston Drake after his alma mater, Princeton University. Many of the town buildings were even painted the school's colors: black and orange. Drake operated a saw mill and lumber company in Princeton supplying Miami, the Florida Keys and Cuba until the local timber gave out in 1923.

Geography
Princeton is located 24 mi southwest of downtown Miami and 6 mi northeast of Homestead at 25.53556°N, -80.3975°W (25.535634, -80.397485). It is bordered to the north by Goulds and to the southwest by Naranja, both unincorporated.

U.S. Route 1 (Dixie Highway) runs northeast to southwest through Princeton, and the Homestead Extension of Florida's Turnpike forms the eastern edge of the community, with access from Exit 9 (Florida State Road 989).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 7.5 sqmi, of which 0.05 sqmi, or 0.67%, are water.

2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 39,308 people, 8,356 households, and 7,058 families residing in the CDP.

As of the 2010 United States census, there were 22,038 people, 5,688 households, and 4,807 families residing in the CDP.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 10,090 people, 2,732 households, and 2,341 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,373.3 PD/sqmi. There were 2,906 housing units at an average density of 395.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 53.78% White (18% were Non-Hispanic White), 32.54% African American, 0.34% Native American, 1.37% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 7.70% from other races, and 4.22% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 47.49% of the population.

As of 2000, there were 2,732 households, out of which 52.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.8% were married couples living together, 22.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 14.3% were non-families. 10.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.63 and the average family size was 3.85.

In 2000, in the CDP, the population was spread out, with 36.1% under the age of 18, 10.2% from 18 to 24, 30.0% from 25 to 44, 17.7% from 45 to 64, and 6.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.6 males.

In 2000, the median income for a household in the CDP was $39,556, and the median income for a family was $41,896. Males had a median income of $32,101 versus $23,634 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $12,918. About 19.8% of families and 23.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 33.1% of those under age 18 and 14.4% of those age 65 or over.

As of 2000, speakers of English as a first language accounted for 50.02% of residents; Spanish made up 49.24%, and French Creole was the first language for 0.72% of the population.

title: Princeton, Florida


text:
Richmond Heights, Florida

Richmond Heights is a census-designated place (CDP) in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. It is part of the Miami metropolitan area of South Florida. The population was 8,944 at the 2020 census.

History
At the beginning of World War II, the United States Navy purchased 2500 acre of land in southwestern Dade (now called Miami-Dade) County for the purpose of constructing an airship base. The land was owned by the Richmond Timber Company, a major supplier of Dade County Pine (a denser, harder, sub-species of Pinus palustris, or longleaf pine). The base was named Naval Air Station Richmond, after the lumber company, and was home to the 25 ships of ZP-21 (Patrol, Airship Squadron 21 and Airship Wing 2). NAS Richmond was the second largest airship base in the United States, NAS Lakehurst in New Jersey being the largest. NAS Richmond was destroyed by a hurricane and fire in September 1945.

After the end of World War II, Captain Frank C. Martin, a Pan American pilot, purchased farmland adjacent to the base in rural southwest Dade County. With this purchase he created Richmond Heights, as a new community for returning African American veterans.

Of the original 2500 acre he purchased in 1949, the federal government had used 800 acre to build the headquarters of Naval Air Station Richmond, a blimp base constructed in the early months of World War II Richmond, and was eventually home to 25 K-series blimps, three hangars, and 3,000 men. The hangars were 16 stories tall, built of Douglas fir brought in by train. The blimps protected ship convoys in the Florida Straits, and Richmond was the headquarters for the fight against U-boats operating in the Caribbean.

Geography
Richmond Heights is located 16 mi southwest of downtown Miami at 25.63333°N, -80.3725°W (25.633415, -80.372362). It is bordered to the north and east by Kendall, to the south by Palmetto Estates, and to the west by Three Lakes.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1.6 sqmi, of which 0.02 sqmi, or 0.93%, are water.

2010 and 2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 8,944 people, 2,635 households, and 2,133 families residing in the CDP.

As of the 2010 United States census, there were 8,541 people, 2,566 households, and 2,058 families residing in the CDP.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 8,479 people, 2,653 households, and 2,101 families living in the CDP. The population density was 5,124.3 PD/sqmi. There were 2,771 housing units at an average density of 1,674.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 12.45% White (3.4% were Non-Hispanic White), 82.83% African American, 0.22% Native American, 0.83% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 2.00% from other races, and 1.65% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 12.47% of the population.

As of 2000, there were 2,653 households, out of which 32.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.4% were married couples living together, 30.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.8% were non-families. 17.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.16 and the average family size was 3.55.

In 2000, the CDP, the population was spread out, with 29.0% under the age of 18, 9.0% from 18 to 24, 26.3% from 25 to 44, 21.8% from 45 to 64, and 14.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 83.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.9 males.

In 2000, the median income for a household in the CDP was $38,191, and the median income for a family was $44,095. Males had a median income of $31,286 versus $27,882 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $15,824. About 14.0% of families and 15.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.0% of those under age 18 and 14.8% of those age 65 or over.

As of 2000, speakers of English as a first language accounted for 87.29% of residents, while Spanish as a mother tongue made up 12.70% of the population.

Attractions
Annually, people travel back to Miami-Dade County to celebrate the Historic Weekend hosted by the Historic Society.

The Richmond Heights 49ers was funded in part by a grant from the Florida Humanities Council, National Endowment of the Arts, Miami-Dade County Cultural Arts Department, and the Greater Miami Convention & Visitors Bureau.

title: Richmond Heights, Florida


text:
Richmond West, Florida

Richmond West is a census-designated place (CDP) in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. It is part of the Miami metropolitan area of South Florida. The population was 35,884 at the 2020 census, up from 31,973 at the 2010 census.

History
Richmond West has its origins as an early 1900s settlement named Eureka. In 1907, the one-room Eureka Schoolhouse was built at the corner of S.W. 147th Avenue (Naranja Road) and S.W. 184th Street (Eureka Drive). It closed in 1916 when it and six other area one-room schoolhouses were consolidated into the Redland Farm Life School four miles to the south. In 1927, the Seaboard Air Line Railway arrived, building a depot in the settlement, by then known as Richmond. Although the depot has long since been demolished, the railroad line, now owned by Seaboard's successor CSX, remains.

The 1945 Homestead hurricane caused an estimated $50,000,000-worth of damage, impacting the area. Nearly half of the financial loss happened at the neighboring Richmond Naval Air Station, where winds ignited a fire at three hangars, destroying 25 blimps, 366 planes and 150 automobiles.

The area remained mostly agricultural until the mid-1980s when several sub-developments and the Dadeland Mobile Home Park were built south of S.W. 152nd Street (Coral Reef Drive). In August 1992, Hurricane Andrew destroyed the mobile home park and devastated the surrounding area. Many of the homes and businesses in the area were completely destroyed. In subsequent years, the area was gradually rebuilt, and development proceeded southward to the community's southern border at Eureka Drive.

Geography
Richmond West is located 21 mi southwest of downtown Miami at 25.61016°N, -80.42784°W. It is bordered to the north by Country Walk, and Zoo Miami is in part of the square mile to the east.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 4.3 sqmi, of which 4.2 sqmi are land and 0.1 sqmi, or 2.59%, are water.

2010 and 2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 35,884 people, 10,103 households, and 8,837 families residing in the CDP.

As of the 2010 United States census, there were 31,973 people, 8,965 households, and 8,178 families residing in the CDP.

2000 census
At the 2000 census, there were 28,082 people, 7,833 households and 7,175 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 6,720.5 /sqmi. There were 8,188 housing units at an average density of 1,959.5 /sqmi. The racial make-up of the CDP was 78.33% White (18.8% were Non-Hispanic White), 8.51% African American, 0.21% Native American, 2.29% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 6.49% from other races and 4.10% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 70.02% of the population.

In 2000, there were 7,833 households, of which 59.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 75.7% were married couples living together, 11.2% had a female householder with no husband present and 8.4% were non-families. 4.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 0.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.59 and the average family size was 3.69.

In 2000, 32.9% of the population were under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 38.5% from 25 to 44, 16.0% from 45 to 64 and 5.2% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.2 males.

As of 2000, the median household income was $59,608 and the median family income for a family was $59,551. Males had a median income of $36,589 and females $26,896. The per capita income was $18,544. About 3.9% of families and 5.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.7% of those under age 18 and 5.0% of those age 65 or over.

As of 2000, speakers of Spanish as a first language accounted for 73.23% of residents, while English made up 24.48%, and French 1.66%.

title: Richmond West, Florida


text:
Scott Lake, Florida

Scott Lake is a neighborhood in Miami Gardens, Florida. It was formerly its own census-designated place. The population was 14,401 at the 2000 census.

Geography
Scott Lake is located at 25.93556°N, -80.23194°W (25.935521, -80.231993).

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 8.7 km2. 8.5 km2 of it is land and 0.2 km2 of it (1.79%) is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 14,401 people, 4,033 households, and 3,440 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,690.0 /km2. There were 4,159 housing units at an average density of 488.1 /km2. The racial makeup of the CDP is 4.65% White (2% were Non-Hispanic White,) 91.20% African American, 0.18% Native American, 0.41% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 1.01% from other races, and 2.51% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.48% of the population.

There were 4,033 households, out of which 40.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.5% were married couples living together, 29.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 14.7% were non-families. 11.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.57 and the average family size was 3.79.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 31.3% under the age of 18, 10.3% from 18 to 24, 26.1% from 25 to 44, 25.2% from 45 to 64, and 7.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.5 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $47,668, and the median income for a family was $47,586. Males had a median income of $31,250 versus $27,572 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $15,740. About 12.5% of families and 16.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.2% of those under age 18 and 15.9% of those age 65 or over.

As of 2000, before being annexed to Miami Gardens, English as a first language accounted for 85.76% of all residents, while 6.81% spoke Spanish, French Creole accounted for 5.83%, French was at 0.93%, and Jamaican Creole as a mother tongue made up 0.64% of the population.

Education
The Miami-Dade County Public Schools operates area public schools. Schools in the former CDP include:
 * Crestview Elementary School
 * Parkview Elementary School
 * Scott Lake Elementary School

Parks and recreation
Hard Rock Stadium is in the former Scott Lake CDP.

title: Scott Lake, Florida


text:
South Miami, Florida

South Miami is a city in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. The city is part of the Miami metropolitan area of South Florida. The population was 12,026 as of the 2020 census.

History
South Florida had been roamed by Native Americans (Tequesta, Calusa, and Jaega), probably for centuries, before white pioneers advanced through Little Hunting Ground (later known as Miami's Coconut Grove neighborhood) to Big Hunting Ground (now known as the Cutler neighborhood of Palmetto Bay).

Wilson Alexander Larkins (1860–1946) was 36 years old when he, his wife (Katie Estelle Burtashaw) and five children, and their livestock arrived in Fort Dallas (now the Lummus Park Historic District of Miami) in 1896. He purchased property west of Red Road and Sunset Drive, where he built a home and barn. He also built the first general store east of that area in 1898 at what is known today as Cartagena Plaza or Cocoplum Circle (actually in Coral Gables). As the community grew, he established a post office in the community. Larkins became the first postmaster, a role he held for sixteen years; he named the area "Manila", but the majority of the settlers, who began building homes around his store, preferred the name of "Larkins" in his honor.

A depot was placed along the Florida East Coast Railway in 1904, and in the same year, John Moses Dowling built the first house within what is now South Miami city limits. His son-in-law opened the first store on the west side of the tracks, called the White Palace Grocery.

Other prominent historic families have historic buildings and streets named for them, such as Dorn Avenue (Southwest 59th Avenue) and the Shelley Building, among others. Harold W. Dorn and his brother Robert moved to the area in 1910; their primary interest was growing mango and avocado. Mary E. Dorn was the first president of the Cocoplum Thimble Club, the first Women's club in Larkins. In 1925, the Dorn brothers built the Riviera Theatre at 5700 South Dixie Highway; in 1934, Charles T. Fuchs moved his Holsum Bakery from Homestead to South Miami and turned the Riviera Theatre Building into a bakery.

The first African-American to purchase land in the Larkins area was Marshall Williamson, who moved there from Madison, Florida. He built his home at 6500 SW 60th Avenue and allowed it to be used for church services even before the construction was completed. In 1916, he donated land for the St. John's AME (African Methodist Episcopal) Church, one of Larkins' first churches and the first church in the black community; it is located at 6461 SW 59th Place. Later, Williamson also donated land for the J. R. E. Lee School. Because of his generosity, the black neighborhood became known as Madison Square, after Williamson's hometown. Williamson died in 1972. Named after him is Marshall Williamson Park, at 6125 SW 68 Street.

In 1926, area residents wanted to incorporate their area, and because of the booming city to the north of them, they chose the name of "Town of South Miami". The original town boundaries were Red Road on the east, Kendall Drive to the south, Palmetto Road to the west (now Palmetto Expressway), and Bird Road and Miller Drive to the north. The year 1926 also saw the first street lighting and the first incoming class of freshmen at the newly chartered University of Miami campus, which abuts the city of South Miami eastern boundary along Red Road (SW 57th Avenue). Also founded with a university theme that same year was the Cambridge Lawns neighborhood of South Miami, situated just 0.7 mi from the university campus. The neighborhood's Cambridge Lawns Historic District, some 30 homes in the Tudor Revival and Mediterranean revival style completed in 1928, were granted historic recognition by the City of South Miami in 2005.

Also in 1926, South Miami received extensive damage from the 1926 Miami hurricane. The town's leaders asked Congress to "relieve the people of their income tax for the current year," but federal assistance was not forthcoming. The Florida East Coast Railway station burned down, leaving the town without a station for many years. Residents suffered storm damage again from Hurricane Andrew in 1992 and from Hurricane Bonnie (1998).

On June 25, 1927, W. A. Forster was sworn in as South Miami's first mayor.

In 1933, the original six square miles of South Miami were reduced to just over three miles (5 km) due to an effort to reduce municipal responsibilities. The city's size was reduced again in 1937, and many of the northern city residents sued to get out of the city. This is why the city of South Miami has the most irregular boundaries of any city in Miami-Dade County today.

Of mid-century South Miami, local historian Donna Shelley writes:

"In the mid-1950s, South Miami was at the crossroads between town and country. It was where you could buy hay for your horse and a tux for a social event. The economy was booming post World War II: a bank was established, the First National Bank of South Miami, new buildings were constructed, a hospital established (South Miami Hospital) and the community prospered. The Holsum Baking Company, which moved to South Miami from Homestead in the 1930s was an important contributor to South Miami's growth. Many long-time residents recall waking up to the olfactory stimulation of bread being baked at the Holsum bakery on the corner of Sunset Drive and Red Road."

Construction of the current City Hall building was approved by referendum in 1955. Designed by architect Henry George Fink, the governmental seat on Sunset Drive was dedicated in October 1956 by Mayor Paul U. Tevis.

Jack Block was elected mayor of the city in 1968, and was thereafter re-elected every two years until 1984 when, as he told interviewer Gregory W. Bush, "I started to not enjoy it as much." In that interview, for the University of Miami Oral History Program, he gave snapshots of South Miami history when he told Bush (a history professor at the University of Miami),

"I moved here March 6, 1956, and lived in the same house. I love this city. There are times you get aggravated with what is going on. It's a friendly community. Do you remember when they had the riots down in Overtown back at Nixon's first inauguration. They had the Convention down here. Everywhere in town there were riots going on. In the city of South Miami we had a big barbeque which was held in the black area in one of the black parks. Where the Jaycees and myself, I cooked ribs all night long, and all the white people were there serving the black community. And we had no problems. When there were police problems the black community would get hold of me and tell me, 'There's a car load of people coming in from Coconut Grove,' and we could tell the police. That's the way this community is. It's a close-knit community. Black people living with white, you don't get that anywhere else."

In 1990, Catherine (Rutherford) McCann (1933–2009) was elected as South Miami's first female Mayor, and was re-elected in 1992. She was responsible for the clean-up of South Miami after Hurricane Andrew; the Miami Herald wrote, "She had an encyclopedic knowledge of the South Miami city charter. She pushed for affordable housing and responsible development."

In 2000, South Miami joined other municipalities in the country in forming city partnerships to help foster cultural and economic development between cities around the world. South Miami is a member of Sister Cities International and formed relationships with the cities of Grand Turk in Turks and Caicos Islands and Basseterre in Saint Kitts and Nevis.

According to reporting by SOMI magazine, a local publication, during early October 2018, "[o]n August 21, 2018, in the City of South Miami Commission Chambers the forging of a 'Sister-City' between the City of South Miami, Florida, and the Municipio de Medellin, Colombia, was formalized."

Geography
South Miami is located at 25.71028°N, -80.29528°W (25.710279, −80.295170). It is bordered to the east by the city of Coral Gables, to the south by the town of Pinecrest, to the west by unincorporated Glenvar Heights, and to the north by unincorporated Coral Terrace. U.S. Route 1 (South Dixie Highway) passes through the city, leading northeast 8 mi to Downtown Miami and southwest 20 mi to Homestead.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, South Miami has a total area of 2.3 sqmi, of which 0.04 sqmi, or 1.78%, are water.

Surrounding areas

 * Glenvar Heights, Unincorporated Miami-Dade County, Coral Terrace
 * Coral Terrace [[Image:Up arrow left.svg|20px]] [[Image:Up-1.svg|20px]] [[Image:Up arrow right.svg|20px]] Coral Gables
 * Unincorporated Miami-Dade County, Glenvar Heights [[Image:Left.svg|20px]] [[Image:Right.svg|20px]] Coral Gables, Unincorporated Miami-Dade County
 * Glenvar Heights, Pinecrest [[Image:Down arrow left.svg|20px]] [[Image:Down arrow.svg|20px]] [[Image:Down arrow right.svg|20px]] Coral Gables
 * Glenvar Heights, Pinecrest

2020 census
As of the 2020 U.S. census, there were 12,026 people, 4,329 households, and 2,533 families residing in the city.

2010 census
As of the 2010 U.S. census, there were 11,657 people, 4,127 households, and 2,596 families residing in the city.

2000 census
In 2000, 26.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.4% were married couples living together, 15.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.7% were non-families. 30.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.15.

In 2000, the city population was spread out, with 22.7% under the age of 18, 8.2% from 18 to 24, 31.8% from 25 to 44, 23.7% from 45 to 64, and 13.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.4 males.

In 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $42,488, and the median income for a family was $57,791. Males had a median income of $37,250 versus $29,772 for females. The per capita income for the city was $24,526. About 8.9% of families and 17.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.0% of those under age 18 and 13.4% of those age 65 or over.

As of 2000, speakers of English as a first language accounted for 59.69% of residents, while Spanish speakers consisted of 37.45%, and speakers of French made up 1.26% of the population.

Economy
The South Miami business community is served by Chamber South with offices at 6410 S.W. 80 Street in South Miami, and by the Red Sunset Merchants Association of South Miami.

The Consulate-General of Mexico in Miami is located on the ground floor of the office building located at 5975 Southwest 72nd Street (Sunset Drive) in South Miami. Tech/automotive ecommerce startup company PartsHawk occupies the top floor of the same building.

The nine-acre property site of the Holsum Bakery was for decades afterward known as the Bakery Center to the local residents, and various businesses came and went on that site long after Holsum was gone.

A large complex called, in fact, the Bakery Center, a $35 million project, was proposed in 1982. It was built and opened in 1985, but it was not popular and was demolished in 1996. South Miami residents complained about the architecture, which seemed closed from pedestrians, elitist, and far too tall for a town that liked small, homey buildings and mom-and-pop shops. (Historian Donna Shelley wrote an essay about it entitled "From Baking Dough, To Spending Dough, To Losing Dough"; The New York Times wrote in 1996 that "few retail projects failed as badly as the Bakery Center". ) Perhaps the one admired feature was on the outside: an enormous mural by Richard Haas. The investors were never able to find enough small businesses to rent all available spaces in the monolithic building. The consistently successful business, an IMAX theater, was undervalued and closed.

In the 1990s, a large shopping mall called The Shops at Sunset Place was built on the site a retail/entertainment center with a wide, welcoming entrance. The mall had many anchor stores, a mega-plex movie site with 24 movie theaters, and restaurants but several of these places have closed. Food is available from restaurants (such as sidewalk crêpe makers), and it is a popular teenage hangout.

The mall has its detractors. Gabriel Lopez-Bernal, an urban planner praised by the Miami New Times for his blogging on "civic discourse", wrote: "Unlike its predecessor, Sunset Place was designed to be an open-aired Mediterranean community, incorporating former mall aspects like big boxed anchor tenants with street-level restaurants, faux cityscapes, and even a few residential units. The center was originally envisioned to be an entertainment center, but the quick failure of some of the theme restaurants and IMAX Theater, quickly changed intended target use. Since its inception, the mall has struggled to maintain a strong and lasting business base."

In 2015, The Shops at Sunset Place was acquired for $110.2 million by the joint venture of Federal Realty Investment Trust (NYSE: FRT), Coconut Grove-based Grass River Property, and Miami Beach-based Comras Co. The mall is, thus, under new management and has been seeking to redevelop the site with plans for a new hotel and other improvements.

Transportation
South Miami is served by Metrobus throughout the area, and by the Miami Metrorail, connecting the city to Downtown Kendall, Downtown Miami, and the Miami Intermodal Center at Miami International Airport. Metrorail is available at:

 * South Miami (SW 72nd Street and U.S. 1)

The city provides a free shuttle service with nine designated stops on a two-mile loop within the city's Downtown area during specified hours on Tuesdays to Saturdays (no service on Sundays and Mondays).

Culture
The city has numerous parks and a vibrant downtown filled with historic buildings, restaurants and unique shops. Much of South Miami stretches down U.S. 1, along which it features a wide variety of retail stores and restaurants on long-owned real estate or in newer shopping plazas. The South Miami Branch library of the Miami-Dade Public Library System is open 6 days a week and offers a large children's room, as well as (for a small branch) an extensive collection of DVDs and large-print books.

Parks
South Miami has a number of parks, including:

 * All-America Park, a passive park providing a natural setting with native trees and picnic tables
 * Brewer Park, which has tennis, handball, and basketball courts, as well as a playground area and picnic area
 * Dante Fascell Park
 * Dog Park
 * Fuchs Park, a natural area with a fountain in the pond, where the ducks are friendly and pleased to be fed
 * Jean Willis Park (sometimes also referred to as the Jean H. Willis Flowering Tree Park), a small area next to the South Miami Police Department featuring a gazebo, picnic benches and a variety of native flowering trees and for which South Miami Senior High School students constructed a pair of trellises to anchor both ends of the park in 2013;
 * Marshall Williamson Park, which has tennis courts and a gazebo
 * Murray Park (adjacent to the Gibson-Bethel Community Center), which has lighted basketball courts, a T-ball field, two soccer fields, and a flag football field
 * Palmer Park, with fields for playing baseball and T-Ball (including through an organized league, the South Miami Youth Baseball League), softball, flag football, and soccer
 * Paseo Park
 * South Miami Park
 * Van Smith Park, a natural hammock park
 * Veterans Park
 * Vice Mayor Robert C. Welsh, Jr. Park

In 2017, the City of South Miami adopted a Parks and Recreation Master Plan which is a long-range planning document that is meant to help shape the direction, development and delivery of the city's parks and recreation system over an 8- to 10-year period from adoption. According to the City of South Miami's website, "[t]he purpose of this plan is to advance the mission and vision of the Parks and Recreation Department to further the establishment of a high quality parks system and maximize the effectiveness of the department and its resources."

Media
South Miami is served by the Miami market for local radio and television. Three newspapers in South Miami include the hyperlocal South Miami News, which is part of the Community Newspapers chain, the Miami Herald, which publishes a weekly zoned "Neighbors" section serving South Miami and adjacent communities, and the weekly Miami New Times. Long-time South Miami resident John Edward Smith (image marketing and business development consultant) publishes SOMI Magazine every two months, whose "About SOMI" web page states "balances hometown interest while promoting the many businesses located in the South Miami Town Center."

Cuisine
South Miami has a diverse offering in its restaurants. Dara Smith and Olee Fowler wrote in January 2020, "Not historically top of mind as one of the city's major food destinations, South Miami's culinary scene is slowly taking shape. From fine dining to fast casual, [there are] can't miss food and drink spots." There are many Japanese restaurants with sushi bars. Italian, American and Cuban restaurants are also easy to find.

Education
Miami-Dade County Public Schools serves South Miami.
 * South Miami K–8 Center (an expressive arts magnet school)
 * South Miami Middle Community School (Center for the Arts)
 * South Miami Senior High School (Unincorporated Miami-Dade County)

South Miami is also home to the Miami Conservatory (now known as the Thomas Armour Youth Ballet ). Founded in 1949, it is Miami's oldest and best known ballet school.

Structure
South Miami uses a City Manager form of government. The Commission sets the policies and the City Manager acts as the chief executive officer. Commissioners are elected to four-year terms and the Mayor is elected to a two-year term. The Mayor is the Chair of the City Commission meetings.

South Miami City Government as of November 2022 includes:

 * Mayor: Javier E. Fernandez
 * Vice Mayor: Lisa Bonich
 * Commissioner: Steve Calle
 * Commissioner: Brian Corey
 * Commissioner: Josh Liebman
 * City Manager: Genaro "Chip" Iglesias (As of January 2023)

Recent election results
Elections Results for November 8, 2022

Javier E. Fernandez 2,833
 * Mayor of South Miami

Horace G. Feliu 1,652

Steve Calle 2,126
 * Commissioner Group I

Luis Joseph Gil 2,026

Lisa Bonich 2,230
 * Commissioner Group IV

Michelle Readon 2,025

Amend Charter Required Commission Meetings
 * Charter Amendment

Yes 2,518

No 1,833

Amend Charter Four-Year Term City Mayor

Yes 2,167

No 2,278

Amend Charter City Ofc/Dept Internal Fund Transfer

Yes 2,670

No 1,603

Amend Charter Installation Elected Official

Yes 3,444

No 862

Lisa Bonich was appointed as the Vice Mayor until the next City elections.

South Miami Hospital
South Miami Hospital, located at 62nd Avenue (Paul Tevis Road) and U.S. Route 1, opened in 1960 as a 100-bed hospital and currently serves 467 beds. It is one of seven hospitals in the Baptist Health South Florida system. The hospital was recognized as a Magnet Hospital for Nursing Excellence in 2004 and again in 2008, by the American Nurses Credentialing Center. It was also on Solucient's list of top 100 hospitals in the country and earned the Florida Governor's Sterling Award in 2010. It was named the No. 1 hospital in South Florida by U.S. News & World Report in 2012, and ranked No. 42 in the country in geriatrics and No. 47 in orthopedics. The Hospital features an addiction treatment program, a cardiac catheterization lab, a diabetes program and a full oncology department as well as the center for Robotic Surgery, the Center for Women and Infants, South Miami Heart Center and a Level III Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. The Hospital earned $35.5 million in 2012.

Notable residents

 * Rodney Mandelstam, 1960 Wimbledon Boys tennis champion

title: South Miami, Florida


text:
Sunny Isles Beach, Florida

Sunny Isles Beach (SIB or more commonly Sunny Isles, and officially the City of Sunny Isles Beach) is a city located on a barrier island in northeast Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. The city is part of the Miami metropolitan area of South Florida, and is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east and the Intracoastal Waterway on the west. As of the 2020 census, it had a population of 22,342.

Sunny Isles Beach is an area of cultural diversity with stores lining Collins Avenue, the main thoroughfare through the city. It is renowned for having the 14th tallest skyline in the United States, and according to the 2020 U.S. Census it was the mostly densely populated incorporated place in the United States outside of the New York City metropolitan area.

Developers like Michael Dezer have invested heavily in construction of high-rise hotels and condominiums while licensing the Donald Trump name for some of the buildings for promotional purposes. Sunny Isles Beach has a central location, minutes from Bal Harbour to the south, and Aventura to the north and west.

Sunny Isles Beach was the 2008 site of MTV's annual Spring Break celebration, with headquarters at the local Newport Beachside Resort.

History
In 1920, Harvey Baker Graves, a private investor, purchased a 2.26 sqmi tract of land for development as a tourist resort. He named it "Sunny Isles, the America Riviera".

When the Haulover bridge was completed in 1925, the area became accessible from Miami Beach, attracting developers who widened streams, dug canals and inlets and created islands and peninsulas for building waterfront properties on Biscayne Bay.

Sunny Isles Beach was known as North Miami Beach until 1931, then known as Sunny Isles until 1997.

In 1936, Milwaukee malt magnate Kurtis Froedtert bought Sunny Isles. The Sunny Isles Pier was built and soon became a popular destination. Sunny Isles developed slowly until the 1950s when the first single-family homes were built in the Golden Shores area. During the 1950s and 1960s more than 30 motels sprang up along Collins Avenue including the Ocean Palm, the first two-story motel in the U.S. Designed by Norman Giller in 1948 it was developed and owned by the Gingold family for the next 45 years and provided the springboard for Sunny Isles economic development. Tourists came from all over to vacation in themed motels of exotic design along "Motel Row". One motel, The Fountainhead, was named by its owner Norman Giller after the novel by Ayn Rand. As of 2013, the Ocean Palm Motel is closed.

In 1982 the half-mile-long Sunny Isles Pier was designated a historic site. In the early-mid 1980s, it went through restoration and re-opened to the public in 1986. The pier was damaged severely in October 2005 by Hurricane Wilma. After eight years, it was remodeled and reopened as Newport Fishing Pier on June 15, 2013.

In 1997, the citizens of the area voted to incorporate as a municipality. Sunny Isles was renamed Sunny Isles Beach. Sunny Isles Beach began major redevelopment during the real estate boom of the early 2000s with mostly high-rise condominiums and some hotels under construction along the beach side of Collins Avenue (A1A) replacing most of the historic one- and two-story motels along Motel Row. In 2011, construction began on two more high-rises, Regalia, located on the northern border of the city along A1A, and The Mansions at Acqualina, located adjacent to the Acqualina Resort & Spa on the Beach.

Geography
Sunny Isles Beach is located in northeastern Miami-Dade County at 25.94167°N, -80.125°W (25.941270, –80.125111). It is bordered to the north by the town of Golden Beach, to the west across the Intracoastal Waterway by the cities of Aventura and North Miami Beach, to the south by Miami-Dade County's Haulover Park, and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean.

Florida State Road A1A is the main road through the city, leading north 4 mi to Hollywood Beach and south 10 mi to the center of Miami Beach. State Road 826 (Sunny Isles Boulevard) leads west into North Miami Beach, and State Road 856 (the William Lehman Causeway) leads west into Aventura from the north end of Sunny Isles Beach.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.8 sqmi, with 1.0 sqmi of it land and 0.8 sqmi of it (44.24%) as water.

Surrounding areas

 * Golden Beach
 * Aventura Up arrow left.svg Up-1.svg Up arrow right.svg Atlantic Ocean
 * Aventura, North Miami Beach, North Miami Left.svg Right.svg Atlantic Ocean
 * North Miami Down arrow left.svg Down arrow.svg Down arrow right.svg Atlantic Ocean
 * Unincorporated Miami-Dade County (Haulover Park)

2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 22,342 people, 10,666 households, and 5,309 families residing in the city.

2010 census
As of the 2010 United States census, there were 20,832 people, 10,266 households, and 5,183 families residing in the city.

2000 census
In 2000, 12.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.8% were married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 51.1% were non-families. 43.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 23.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.87 and the average family size was 2.55.

In 2000, the city's population was spread out, with 11.3% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 26.9% from 25 to 44, 24.3% from 45 to 64, and 32.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 50 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.6 males.

In 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $31,627, and the median income for a family was $40,309. The per capita income for the city was $27,576. About 11.2% of families and 14.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.9% of those under age 18 and 12.2% of those age 65 or over.

As of 2000, Spanish was the mother tongue for 40.08%, while English was spoken by 36.86% of all residents. Living up to its nickname of "Little Moscow," 7.37% of the population had Russian as their first language. Other languages included French (4.08%), Yiddish (2.63%), Hebrew (2.42%), Portuguese (2.01%), Polish (1.38%), Hungarian (0.93%), Italian (0.69%), Arabic (0.66%), German (0.55%), and French Creole (0.35%).

Also, as of 2010, the six main ancestries of the population (excluding Hispanic ancestry) were 9.4% Russian, 5.8% Italian, 5.0% Polish, 4.9% American, 2.9% Irish, and 2.7% German.

Education
Sunny Isles Beach is within the Miami-Dade County Public Schools system.

All residents are zoned to Norman S. Edelcup/Sunny Isles Beach K–8 for elementary and K–8.

Prior to August 2008 residents were zoned to an elementary school as follows:
 * Ruth K. Broad/Bay Harbor Elementary School for residents south of 172nd Street
 * Ojus Elementary School for residents north of 172nd Street and south of 183rd Street
 * Highland Oaks Elementary School for residents north of 183rd Street

The Norman S. Edelcup/Sunny Isles Beach K–8, with four stories, is currently educating students from kindergarten through 8th grade from all of Sunny Isles Beach and Golden Beach as well as the Eastern Shores neighborhood of North Miami Beach. The school can hold up to 1,600 students. The school opened in August 2008 as a K–6, with grades 7 and 8 introduced in the subsequent two school years. The school has or is currently participating in: Accelerated Reader, VMath Live, mock elections, book drives, toy drives, etc. The school has state of the art technology that includes Smart Boards and surround sound microphones for both teachers and students. The school has Intracoastal and ocean views from almost every classroom on the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th floors. Sunny Isles Beach spent $12.5 million so the school district could buy the land. The anticipated 2008 enrollment of city residents in the school was about 900. It was originally known as Sunny Isles Beach Community School, but in 2011 a proposal came in to rename it after Mayor Norman S. Edelcup.

Residents who want a standard comprehensive middle school instead of a K–8 may choose to enroll at a separate middle school, Highland Oaks Middle School in an unincorporated area.

Alonzo and Tracy Mourning Senior High Biscayne Bay Campus, which opened in 2009 in North Miami, is one senior high school serving residents of Sunny Isles Beach. Dr. Michael M. Krop Senior High School also serves Sunny Isles Beach. Sunny Isles Beach lists both Krop and Mourning as Senior High Schools on its Education website.

Media
Sunny Isles Beach has its own newspaper, Sunny Isles Community News, published bi-weekly and part of Miami Community Newspapers. Sunny Isles Beach is also served by the Miami-Ft.Lauderdale market for local radio and television.

Twin towns – Sister cities
Sunny Isles Beach, Florida is twinned with:
 * 🇮🇱 Netanya, Israel
 * 🇮🇹 Taormina, Italy
 * 🇺🇾 Punta del Este, Uruguay
 * 🇹🇼 Hengchun, Taiwan

title: Sunny Isles Beach, Florida


text:
Sunset, Florida

Sunset is a census-designated place (CDP) in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. It is part of the Miami metropolitan area of South Florida. The population was 15,912 at the 2020 census. The U.S. Postal Service uses the ZIP Codes of 33173 and 33183 for Sunset.

Geography
The community is located 11 mi southwest of downtown Miami at 25.70583°N, -80.35639°W (25.705820, -80.356296). It is bordered by the communities of Kendale Lakes, Westwood Lakes, Olympia Heights, Glenvar Heights, and Kendall.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the Sunset CDP has a total area of 3.6 sqmi, of which 0.05 sqmi, or 1.35%, are water.

2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 15,912 people, 4,964 households, and 3,754 families residing in the CDP.

As of the 2010 United States census, there were 16,389 people, 5,121 households, and 4,023 families residing in the CDP.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 17,150 people, 5,488 households, and 4,505 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 4,820.6 PD/sqmi. There were 5,608 housing units at an average density of 1,576.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 91.24% White (26.1% Non-Hispanic White), 1.51% African American, 0.11% Native American, 2.45% Asian, 2.49% from other races, and 2.20% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 69.69% of the population.

As of 2000, there were 5,488 households, out of which 36.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.9% were married couples living together, 14.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.9% were non-families. 12.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.10 and the average family size was 3.38.

In 2000, in the CDP, the population was spread out, with 23.3% under the age of 18, 9.0% from 18 to 24, 29.6% from 25 to 44, 24.6% from 45 to 64, and 13.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.4 males.

In 2000, the median income for a household in the CDP was $58,903, and the median income for a family was $66,422. Males had a median income of $39,893 versus $31,234 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $23,735. About 5.4% of families and 7.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.9% of those under age 18 and 8.2% of those age 65 or over.

As of 2000, speakers of Spanish as a first language accounted for 73.75% of residents, while English made up 24.03%, and French was the mother tongue of 0.63% of the population.

Transportation
The Don Shula Expressway Toll Road and Snapper Creek Expressway run through the southeast corner of Sunset.

Education
Miami-Dade County Public Schools operates public schools.

Elementary schools

 * Snapper Creek Elementary School
 * Blue Lakes Elementary School

Middle schools

 * Glades Middle School

High Schools

 * Southwest Miami Senior High School

Charter Schools

 * True North Classical Academy

title: Sunset, Florida


text:
Surfside, Florida

Surfside is a town in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. Surfside is a primarily residential beachside community, with several multistory condominium buildings adjacent to Surfside Beach on the Atlantic Ocean. The town is bordered on the south by the North Beach neighborhood of Miami Beach, on the north by Bal Harbour, on the west by Biscayne Bay, and on the east by the Atlantic Ocean. It also serves as part of the Miami metropolitan area of South Florida. The population was 5,689 as of the 2020 census.

History
Between 1923 and 1925, the Tatum Brothers subdivided the land on what is now Surfside.

Starting in 1924, Henri Levy developed Biscaya Island and a portion of land from 87th to 92nd Streets.

In 1929–1930, Russell Pancoast, built the Surf Club 90th Street and Collins Avenue.

In 1935, fearing annexation by the city of Miami Beach, Florida, 35 members of the privately-owned club incorporated the Town of Surfside and financed the venture with a $28,500 loan.

Spearman Lewis was the first mayor of Surfside.

In 1956, Surfside purchased the Lehman Estate on the northeast corner of 93rd Street and Collins Avenue. It acquired additional land via eminent domain and then built a community center.

In 1960, Hawthorne Park was dedicated.

On March 1, 1973, Surfside signed a contract with Miami-Dade County to outsource fire/rescue services.

In 1983, The Shul of Bal Harbour was established at 9540 Collins Avenue.

Condominium building collapse
On June 24, 2021, at 1:22 a.m. EDT, Champlain Towers South, a 12-story condominium building at 8777 Collins Avenue, partially collapsed, causing 98 deaths, in one of the deadliest structural failures in United States history. The building's 40-year recertification was in progress and the roof was being repaired. The cause of the collapse of the structure has not been established.

Geography
Surfside has a total area of 2.5 km2. 1.3 km2 of it is land and 1.2 km2 of it (47.42%) is water.

Surrounding areas

 * Bal Harbour
 * Bay Harbor Islands [[Image:Up arrow left.svg|20px]] [[Image:Up-1.svg|20px]] [[Image:Up arrow right.svg|20px]] Atlantic Ocean
 * Bay Harbor Islands, Indian Creek [[Image:Left.svg|20px]] [[Image:Right.svg|20px]] Atlantic Ocean
 * Miami Beach [[Image:Down arrow left.svg|20px]] [[Image:Down arrow.svg|20px]] [[Image:Down arrow right.svg|20px]] Atlantic Ocean
 * Miami Beach

Street names
Avenues in Surfside are named for British and American authors and run in alphabetical order from east to west. In 1979, 95th Street in Surfside was renamed "Isaac Singer Boulevard" to reflect the residency of the famous Yiddish author Isaac Bashevis Singer on that street from 1977 until his death in 1991.

2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 5,689 people, 2,285 households, and 1,331 families residing in the town.

2010 census
As of the 2010 United States census, there were 5,744 people, 2,210 households, and 1,369 families residing in the town.

Languages
As of 2000, Spanish was spoken as a first language by 49.41% of residents, while English was spoken by 42.11% of the population. Other languages spoken included Portuguese 2.36%, Russian 2.04%, German and Yiddish were both tied at 1.40%, and French was the mother tongue for 1.29% of the populace.

Jewish population
As of 2021, approximately one-third of the population of Surfside are Jews. It is also the most Jewish community in the Miami metropolitan area. Around 2,500 Jews reside in Surfside. Including neighboring areas, 34% of Jews describe themselves as Orthodox, 24% as Conservative, 18% as Reform and 24% as "just Jewish".

Education
Residents are assigned to Miami-Dade County Public Schools.

Ruth K. Broad/Bay Harbor K–8 Center in Bay Harbor Islands serves as the local elementary and K–8 school. Residents who want to have a conventional middle school may instead choose the zoned middle school, Miami Beach Nautilus Middle School. Miami Beach Senior High School is the senior high school serving Surfside.

Notable people

 * Philip B. Hofmann, former CEO of Johnson & Johnson
 * Jared Kushner, son-in-law of former U.S. President Donald Trump and Senior Advisor to the President between 2017 and 2021.
 * Rudolph W. Riefkohl, officer in United States Army
 * Isaac Bashevis Singer, Yiddish writer, lived in Surfside from 1977 until his death in 1991
 * Sid Tepper, songwriter, lived in Surfside from 1970 to 2004
 * Ivanka Trump, daughter of former U.S. President Donald Trump and Senior Advisor to the President between 2017 and 2021

In popular culture
In 2018, Josh's Deli offerings of "Jewban" and "Spicy Tuna Latke" were featured in Food Paradise (season 17).

title: Surfside, Florida


text:
Sweetwater, Miami-Dade County, Florida

Sweetwater is a city in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. The city is part of the Miami metropolitan area of South Florida. As of the 2020 census, the population was 19,363, up from 13,499 in 2010.

Geography
Sweetwater is located 12 mi west of downtown Miami at 25.76611°N, -80.37361°W (25.765977, –80.373624). It is bordered to the north and northeast by the city of Doral, to the southeast by Fontainebleau, to the south by Westchester, and to the west by Tamiami. The Ronald Reagan Turnpike forms the western edge of the city, and the Dolphin East-West Expressway crosses the center. U.S. Route 41 (Southwest 8th Street) follows the city's southern border.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Sweetwater has a total area of 4.3 sqmi, of which 3.9 sqmi are land and 0.4 sqmi, or 9.58%, are water. The city tripled in size in 2010 upon the annexation of additional areas, including where Dolphin Mall is located. The annexed area is roughly bounded by Northwest Seventh and 25th streets, 107th Avenue and Florida's Turnpike extension. The city on December 1, 2021, received approval from the county commission to annex 2 square miles of unincorporated land, bounded by NW 25th Street to the north, NW 12th Street to the south, Florida's Turnpike extension to the east and NW 137th Avenue to the west. It doubled the size of Sweetwater, and the area includes the headquarters of the Telemundo television network, as well as many companies like Topgolf, Amazon, Goya, Home Depot, and City Furniture.

Surrounding areas

 * Doral
 * Tamiami [[Image:Up arrow left.svg|20px]] [[Image:Up-1.svg|20px]] [[Image:Up arrow right.svg|20px]] Doral
 * Tamiami [[Image:Left.svg|20px]] [[Image:Right.svg|20px]] Fontainebleau
 * Tamiami [[Image:Down arrow left.svg|20px]] [[Image:Down arrow.svg|20px]] [[Image:Down arrow right.svg|20px]] University Park
 * University Park

History
The history of Sweetwater began during the Florida land boom of the 1920s when the Miami-Pittsburgh Land Company purchased land and laid out the original plat of "Sweetwater Groves". However, the 1926 Miami Hurricane and subsequent South Florida real estate "bust" put an abrupt end to the development venture.

In 1938, Clyde Andrews acquired most of the "Sweetwater Groves" tract and began to market lots. Among his buyers was a troupe of Russian dwarves seeking a place to retire after a career with the circus. They built several mini-scaled homes suited to their needs. For years, Sweetwater was known as the "midget" community.

In 1941, Sweetwater held a successful election for incorporation. The new town's first mayor was Joe Sanderlin, the dwarfs’ guardian and manager. By 1959, Sweetwater had attracted 500 residents and contained a town hall, church, grocery store, service station and 183 homes. It also had a two-man police force and a volunteer fire department. In 1970, Sweetwater was still a relatively small community of about 3,000 residents.

During the 1970s, several events dramatically changed the "sleepy little country town" of Sweetwater forever. These events included the establishment of Florida International University to the south of the city, the construction of the two major expressways to the north and west, and the discovery of Sweetwater by Dade County's Hispanic community. The growth and development which was precipitated by these occurrences caused Sweetwater to more than double in population and lead all other Dade cities in growth during the 1970s.

In March 1996, Sweetwater made national news as 69 animals were found dead on two properties in the city. Dade County police and the local zoologist blamed a large dog, while some residents blamed the killings on the chupacabra.

In the 2010s, there are only a few vacant lots left to develop. By 2010, the city's population had burgeoned to 13,499 persons, of which 95.5% were of Hispanic origin. The city now has a full-service police department, four parks, an elementary school, a county fire station, 4,353 residential housing units, 14 shopping centers, over 600 businesses, several churches and a bank. Sweetwater is also located near Miami International Mall. After a December 2010 vote, Dolphin Mall is now part of the city.

2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 19,363 people, 6,177 households, and 4,522 families residing in the city.

2010 census
As of the 2010 United States census, there were 13,499 people, 4,434 households, and 3,536 families residing in the city.

As of 2013, Spanish was the mother tongue for 95.30% of the population, while English was spoken by 2.90% of all residents. Speakers of other Indo-European languages accounted for 0.30%, while the combined total of those who spoke an Asian language or Pacific Islander language made up 0.80%. The rest of the people who spoke any other languages in Sweetwater were at 0.70%. In total, 97.10% of the populace spoke something other than English as their first language.

2000 census
In 2000, 39.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.7% were married couples living together, 19.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.8% were non-families. 12.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.33 and the average family size was 3.55.

In 2000, the city population was spread out, with 24.2% under the age of 18, 9.6% from 18 to 24, 29.7% from 25 to 44, 23.0% from 45 to 64, and 13.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.9 males.

In 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $29,333, and the median income for a family was $30,823. Males had a median income of $22,378 versus $17,020 for females. The per capita income for the city was $11,098. About 08.4% of families and 11.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.3% of those under age 18 and 21.7% of those age 65 or over.

Economy
The Miami Herald is headquartered in Sweetwater.

Education
Sweetwater is within the Miami-Dade County Public Schools.

Percentage of college graduates 13% of Sweetwater residents age 25 and older have a bachelor's or advanced college degree.

Elementary schools
 * Sweetwater Elementary School serves residents for grades K–5, It is within the city limits.
 * Carlos Finlay Elementary School also serves residents located within the school boundaries for grades K–5, it is located just south of the city limit.

Public middle schools
 * Ruben Dario Middle School (1,305 students in 2006) serves residents for grades 6–8.

K-8
 * Eugenia B. Thomas K-8 Center

Public high schools
 * Miami Coral Park High School (4,421 students in 2006), serves Sweetwater for grades 9–12.
 * G. Holmes Braddock High School (4,662 students in 2006) also serves Sweetwater for grades 9–12.

Universities
 * The main campus of Florida International University is located just south of the city limit, and the Engineering campus is located to the east of the city limit.
 * Keiser University is located in the northern area of the City directly behind Dolphin Mall.
 * URBE University has its campus located in the northern area of the city.
 * Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola has its US campus in the northern area of Sweetwater as well.

The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Miami previously operated Our Lady of Divine Providence School in Fontainebleau CDP, in proximity to Sweetwater. It closed in 2009.

title: Sweetwater, Miami-Dade County, Florida


text:
Tamiami, Florida

Tamiami is a census-designated place (CDP) in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. It is part of the Miami metropolitan area of South Florida. The population was 54,212 at the 2020 census.

Name
The name Tamiami is a portmanteau of the phrase "Tampa to Miami". The Tamiami Trail, a roadway that goes through the Everglades, connecting the two cities, was the reason for this combination. The CDP is pronounced the same way its namesake is (the Tamiami Trail), which is "tammy-ammy", not "tam-my-ammy".

Geography
Tamiami is located 14 mi west of downtown Miami at 25.755°N, -80.40361°W (25.754945, -80.403611). It is bordered to the east by Sweetwater and Westchester, to the southeast by Westwood Lakes, and to the south by Kendale Lakes. U.S. Route 41, the Tamiami Trail, passes through the center of the community, leading east into Miami and west through the Everglades 95 mi to Naples. Tampa is an additional 160 mi north beyond Naples. According to the United States Census Bureau, the Tamiami CDP has a total area of 7.4 sqmi, of which 0.4 sqmi, or 5.16%, are water.

2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 54,212 people, 17,016 households, and 13,558 families residing in the CDP.

As of the 2010 United States census, there were 55,271 people, 16,288 households, and 14,100 families residing in the CDP.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 54,788 people, 16,285 households, and 14,233 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 7,461.3 people per square mile (2,882.0/km2). There were 16,707 housing units at an average density of 2,275.3/sq mi (878.8/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 90.57% White (11.8% were Non-Hispanic White), 0.89% African American, 0.10% Native American, 0.59% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 4.85% from other races, and 2.99% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 86.98% of the population.

As of 2000, there were 16,285 households out of which 42.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.0% were married couples living together, 16.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 12.6% were non-families. 9.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 3.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.33 and the average family size was 3.50.

In 2000, in the CDP the population was spread out with 24.4% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 30.0% from 25 to 44, 24.1% from 45 to 64, and 12.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 90.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.4 males.

As of 2000, the median income for a household in the CDP was $47,503, and the median income for a family was $49,763. Males had a median income of $30,716 versus $26,426 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $17,601. About 7.6% of families and 9.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.0% of those under age 18 and 9.7% of those age 65 or over.

As of 2000, speakers of Spanish as a first language accounted for 92.39% of residents, while English was the mother tongue of 6.99% of the population.

Education
Miami-Dade County Public Schools operates public schools.

Elementary schools:
 * Marjory Stoneman Douglas Elementary School
 * Greenglade Elementary School
 * Joe Hall Elementary School
 * Zora Neale Hurston Elementary School
 * Wesley Matthews Elementary School
 * Village Green Elementary School

Middle schools:
 * Paul W. Bell Middle School
 * W. R. Thomas Middle School

Private schools:

The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Miami operates Catholic schools.
 * St. Kevin School is in Tamiami. It opened in August 1980.
 * Belen Jesuit Preparatory School is also in Tamiami.

title: Tamiami, Florida


text:
The Crossings, Florida

The Crossings is a census-designated place (CDP) and suburb of Miami in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. It is part of the Miami metropolitan area of South Florida. The CDP includes the neighborhoods of The Crossings, Devon Aire, and Calusa. The population was 23,276 at the 2020 census.

Geography
The Crossings is located 16 mi southwest of downtown Miami at 25.66944°N, -80.40111°W (25.669425, -80.401108). The CDP is bordered on the north by Kendall Drive (SW 88th Street), on the south by SW 120th Street, by Florida's Turnpike on the east, and SW 137th Avenue on the west. Neighboring census-designated places are Kendale Lakes to the north, Kendall to the east, Three Lakes to the south, and The Hammocks to the west.

According to the United States Census Bureau, The Crossings CDP has a total area of 3.6 sqmi, of which 0.1 sqmi, or 3.56%, are water.

History
The communities comprising the CDP were developed in the 1970s and 1980s. The area today is made up of single-family residences and townhouses.

2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 23,276 people, 7,675 households, and 5,946 families residing in the CDP.

As of the 2010 United States census, there were 22,758 people, 7,961 households, and 5,972 families residing in the CDP.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 23,557 people, 8,264 households, and 6,255 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 6,304.9 people per square mile (2,431.9/km2). There were 8,672 housing units at an average density of 2,321.0/sq mi (895.3/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 85.20% White (34% were Non-Hispanic White), 4.64% African American, 0.09% Native American, 3.31% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 3.17% from other races, and 3.54% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 56.11% of the population.

As of 2000, there were 8,264 households out of which 40.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.1% were married couples living together, 15.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.3% were non-families. 19.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 4.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.85 and the average family size was 3.28.

In 2000, in the CDP the population was spread out with 25.9% under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 32.0% from 25 to 44, 24.6% from 45 to 64, and 8.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 87.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.3 males.

In 2000, the median income for a household in the CDP was $55,517, and the median income for a family was $60,263. Males had a median income of $42,360 versus $32,543 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $23,762. About 5.1% of families and 6.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.4% of those under age 18 and 5.3% of those age 65 or over.

As of 2000, speakers of Spanish as a first language accounted for 63.51% of residents, while English made up 31.38%, Portuguese was at 1.65%, French was at 0.91%, Persian at 0.72%, French Creole was the mother tongue of 0.71% of the population.

Education
Miami-Dade County Public Schools operates public schools.

 * Calusa Elementary School
 * Devon Aire K-8 Center
 * Arvida Middle School
 * Miami Killian Senior High

title: The Crossings, Florida


text:
The Hammocks, Florida

The Hammocks is a planned community and census-designated place in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. It is part of the Miami metropolitan area of South Florida. The population was 59,480 at the 2020 census, up from 51,003 in 2010.

Geography
The Hammocks is located at 25.67056°N, -80.43611°W (25.670601, -80.436006); or about 6 mi west of Kendall and 18 mi southwest of downtown Miami.

The CDP and planned community encompass the area west of SW 137th Avenue, south of SW 88th Street, east of SW 177 Ave, and north of SW 120th St. It is bordered to the east by The Crossings and to the north by Kendall West and Kendale Lakes.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 8.1 sqmi, of which 7.9 sqmi are land and 0.2 sqmi, or 2.64%, are water.

2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 59,480 people, 17,877 households, and 14,943 families residing in the CDP.

As of the 2010 United States census, there were 51,003 people, 15,967 households, and 12,620 families residing in the CDP.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 47,379 people, 15,203 households, and 12,055 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 2,327.4 /km2. There were 15,983 housing units at an average density of 785.1 /km2. The racial makeup of the CDP was 78.64% White (23% were Non-Hispanic White), 6.88% African American or Black, 0.21% Native American, 3.25% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 6.54% from other races, and 4.41% from two or more races. 65.33% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

As of 2000, there were 15,203 households, out of which 46.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.4% were married couples living together, 16.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.7% were non-families. 15.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 1.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.10 and the average family size was 3.47.

In 2000, the CDP population was spread out, with 28.3% under the age of 18, 10.3% from 18 to 24, 36.2% from 25 to 44, 18.9% from 45 to 64, and 6.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.5 males.

In 2000, the median income for a household in the CDP was $50,909, and the median income for a family was $54,444. Males had a median income of $35,159 versus $30,178 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $18,962. About 7.0% of families and 8.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.6% of those under age 18 and 11.3% of those age 65 or over.

As of 2000, speakers of Spanish as a first language accounted for 71.34% of residents, while English made up 22.82%, French was at 1.21%, French Creole at 0.94%, Portuguese 0.83%, and Arabic was 0.54% of the population. Tagalog made up 0.49% of the population.

Economy
The headquarters for Alienware is located in The Hammocks.

Government and infrastructure
The Miami-Dade Police Department operates The Hammocks District Station in The Hammocks.

Education
Public education in The Hammocks is serviced by the Miami-Dade County Public Schools system.

Elementary schools
 * Claude Pepper Elementary School
 * Gilbert L. Porter Elementary School
 * Oliver Hoover Elementary School
 * Christina M. Eve Elementary School

Middle school
 * Hammocks Middle School

High school
 * Felix Varela High School

Private school
 * Archbishop Coleman F. Carroll High School
 * Our Lady of Lourdes Parish School - Established in 1997.

title: The Hammocks, Florida