text:
Talk:All Quiet on the Western Front

Political context
This article is heavy on the book's plot summary and characters, but doesn't have very much at all about its reception and the way it was banned in Nazi Germany (aside from one line in the intro.) Doesn't that deserve elaboration in the article itself? --Aquillion (talk) 19:37, 19 August 2012 (UTC)

someone needs to write that section it is very important, the book was very influential at the time, being published in 1929 only 10 years after Versaille (Fdsdh1 (talk) 17:32, 3 November 2012 (UTC))

 * Added some material. Bubka42 (talk) 07:19, 3 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Good job! Rumiton (talk) 11:15, 3 June 2013 (UTC)

Providing the literal translation in the lead
A few days ago, I [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_Quiet_on_the_Western_Front&diff=621785303&oldid=618142908 added] a literal translation of the German book title to the lead. This has been [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_Quiet_on_the_Western_Front&oldid=prev&diff=622131717 reverted] by Rumiton with the edit summary 'literal translations are rarely helpful. The original German also carries a meaning of "no news" which "nothing new" does not.'

The literal translation I used ("In the West Nothing New") is taken from the section All Quiet on the Western Front. As it says in WP:LEAD, the lead should summarise the body (with due weight). I was following that principle. If you think the single translation is unhelpful in the lead then surely is also unhelpful in the body. (From the edit summary, I don't think there is an issue of undue weight here, but I stand to be corrected).

There's nothing stopping us giving two literal translations in the lead. Another option would be to give the most common literal translation in the lead and then give a more full description of the possible translations in the section All Quiet on the Western Front.

Yaris678 (talk) 19:22, 21 August 2014 (UTC)
 * I am sorry, I missed your post. Yes, I do find this translation unhelpful, anywhere in the article. Not so much that it is "literal" but that it is narrow and somewhat misleading. The German word Neu in the army report carries two meanings. One is that the situation in the west is unchanged; nothing particularly interesting has "newly" happened. This adds irony to the death of the central character, for amid so many deaths, it is insignificant. The other meaning is that the Central Army Headquarters have received no "news" from the troops on the western front. This increases the irony, as it is saying that the field army has not considered there was anything worth reporting to headquarters, including Baumer's death. These two meanings echo and reinforce each other but are different, and are both important. Can you find a way to convey this? Rumiton (talk) 14:33, 27 August 2014 (UTC)

 * Now it is me who must apologise for missing a post. I'm sorry.
 * Perhaps the nearest thing to a decent literal translation is "No News from the West". It appears that is what the English Translation was originally going to be called.
 * I think this does capture both meanings you refer to.
 * Yaris678 (talk) 15:07, 18 October 2014 (UTC)
 * I would like to agree but cannot. Your suggestion does not add to the reader's understanding of the phrase, rather it undermines the resonance of the original (see my previous post). Better to leave it out than to constrain and trivialise something of lasting literary significance. Rumiton (talk) 03:21, 19 October 2014 (UTC)
 * So that I understand you objection: Are you suggesting that the phrase "no news" doesn't capture the idea that nothing particularly interesting has newly happened? Yaris678 (talk) 18:13, 19 October 2014 (UTC)
 * I appreciate the difficulty you may be having with this, and I must be appearing rather nitpicky by now...but yes, "no news" does not come close to conveying the nuances of the original. It really just means "They haven't told us anything." German art and literature over the last 300 years is full of these extended meanings, for reasons that people from relative democracies can never quite grasp. They didn't have freedom of speech; they had to leave themselves an escape route by saying, "Look, I intended only the simple, primary meaning." It gives a richness to their communication, as well as a sometimes frustrating vagueness. But narrowing it down like this is not helpful. Rumiton (talk) 15:03, 20 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Hi Rumiton, Thank you for the explanation. I have left a message at Wikipedia talk:German-speaking Wikipedians' notice board.  Yaris678 (talk) 15:11, 23 October 2014 (UTC)
 * I agree with Rumiton. Although a literal translation might be "in the West, nothing new", that would not adequately convey the dual meaning that was intended to be given, and understood to be given, by the use of the word "Neues" (the other meaning being "No news from the west").  Thus, a more helpful addition to the article than a literal translation of its German title would be a comment, supported by a reliable source, to the effect that the German name of the book has a dual meaning and explaining what the two meanings are.  At the moment, the commentary in the section "Title and translation" is not really adequate, and is not supported by any sources, let alone reliable ones. Bahnfrend (talk) 01:23, 24 October 2014 (UTC)

"Im Westen nichts Neues" does have a double meaning. "Im Westen nichts Neues" can also mean "No big deal in the West". "Das ist nichts Neues" = "Happens all the time". And with the inversion (he didn't write "Nichts Neues im Westen" which would be the idiomatic word order in German), the author may have wanted to stress "Im Westen" (symbolizing the war situation, PTSD, numbing, death not significant) as opposed to "Im Osten" (home, mother, death and suffering significant). I think he was trying to convey the feeling that the sentence is incomplete: "Im Westen ist das nichts wirklich Neues, aber im Osten ist es die totale Katastrophe". (No big deal in the West but it's a total disaster in the East). In my opinion the translation "No news in the West" (in not from) does convey that, I'm not sure if "In the West nothing new" does. (And there's a comma missing after West.) Hope this helps.-- Melody Lavender  20:58, 25 October 2014 (UTC)

 * Some ideas from a native German speaker, who may however not have both enough knowledge of English and nowledge of the German used by the "Heeresbericht" (official communiqué) in WWI to understand all nuances:
 * An interesting discussion in German can be found here.
 * I object Melody Lavender, that the sentence means "no big deal in the West but otherwise in the East". Instead the title is connected with the last sentences of the book. I have no English neither a German version at hand, but this very Wikipedia article describes its as "When he dies at the end of the novel, the situation report from the frontline states, 'All is Quiet on the Western Front,' symbolizing the insignificance of one individual's death during the war."
 * I think its important the title sounds "Im Westen nichts Neues" and not "Nichts Neues im Westen". The latter would be also grammatically correct. However, the latter form would be used by Germans in case someone wants to tell us something about the West only. The former version, in contrast, is used in listings, e.g. "In the East ... blah blah... in the South ... blah blah, and in the West all quiet." This latter form therefore evokes the feeling of an extract from an official protocol or military communiqué.
 * I totally agree with Rumiton's 14:33, 27 August 2014 (UTC) posting, that these two meanings are intended. However, I actually don't see much differences between both. The higher rank officer staff behind the front reports to the Central Army Headquarters. Nothing important to notice happened on this front from their point of view.
 * "Neues" can be translated as "news", althoug the latter one also has the meaning of "TV news" or "something in the newspapers", which "Neues" does not have. So this direct translation may be misleading?
 * I think we need two steps for a good literal translation. First, either a reliable source how to the effect of the German title on German readers was. Or, because I don't think we will find one, we just use the book's last sentences as source, they show us how the title was meant by the author. Second, we need some native English speaking persons to translate this meaning into an adequate English wording. Although the second step is somewhat original research.
 * --Cyfal (talk) 17:54, 17 December 2014 (UTC)

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Reception
The “Publication and Reception” section only references the negative reception of the novel. Being one of the most highly-regarded war novels in history, I feel that some positive reviews should be added in. YourAuntEggma (talk) 23:00, 14 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Hi, I can't ref it, but at the time of publication it simply wasn't the most highly-regarded war novel in history, certainly not in Germany. Jünger's "In Stahlgewittern" had much more litterary prestige, and Rommel's "Infanterie greift an" had much greater appeal among the, shall we say, non-pacifists. Just like his contemporaries did not spare Kant in his time, Remarque got quite negative reviews, even from "his own side", like such a militant pacifist as Tucholsky: "Das Buch hat nicht als Kunstwerk die Millionen erregt, sondern wegen seines Stoffes und wegen der Behandlung des Stoffes. Das Buch ist kein großes Kunstwerk, aber ein gutes Buch." (= The book did not excite millions as a work of art, but due to its subject matter and the treatment of this subject matter. The book is no great work of art, but it is a good book."). All his life, Remarque had to suffer highbrow critics accusing him of writing rather pulpy fiction. Only abroad, and in Germany after WWII did he gain recognition; however, AFAIK, in Germany mainly for effort and good intentions, but not for brilliant writing. On the other hand, it sold very, very, very well, so it was certainly liked by many, but, alas, mainly the voice- and reviewless. T 85.166.161.28 (talk) 05:49, 17 April 2020 (UTC)

Paul Bäumer, Main Character
I find it curious that the list of Main Characters does not include Paul Bäumer, the central figure in the story. Surely he is a main character? I do not want to take the time to write a proper description of Bäumer, so I am adding a stub. I hope one of you other wonderful editors will take up the challenge and complete the description. --Jdlh | Talk 04:03, 5 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:All Quiet on the Western Front


text:
Talk:Power Macintosh

Untitled comments
An anonymous user put these details in Power Mac, which I have redirected to the full name:

The Macintosh 8500 was released in 1996. At the time this $5000 dollar machine was the best computer for video editing avaible to the average person. This machine was equiped with a PowerPC603 prosseser, a 2 gigabyte harddisk, RCA ports, S-Video ports, a SCSI connection, ethernet, parallel ports, and 8 168 pin SD-RAM slots. It also came with a four speed CD-rom drive and a doublesided highdencity 3.5in floopy disk drive.

The Macintosh 9500 was released in 1996. At the time this $5000 dollar machine was the best computer for graphics editing avaible to the average person. This machine was equiped with a PowerPC603 prosseser, a 2 gigabyte harddisk, a SCSI connection, ethernet, parallel ports, and 8 168 pin SD-RAM slots. It also came with a four speed CD-rom drive and a doublesided highdencity 3.5in floopy disk drive.

where teh heck is power mac intel core duo computers?!?!?!? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

Anything with an Intel chip wasn't a Power Mac, so they would be in their own respective articles. 75.70.120.249 (talk) 17:40, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Power Macintosh


text:
Wikipedia talk:MediaWiki FAQ

Hmmm... I had the Technical FAQ set up for software questions. Any particular reason why we need a separate FAQ? --Stephen Gilbert 02:01 Oct 14, 2002 (UTC)

 * This specifically treats differences between the old UseMod wiki behavior and the new software; it's more upgrade release notes than a general technical FAQ. --Brion 02:08 Oct 14, 2002 (UTC)

Ah, I see. I'll rename it to reflect that. --Stephen Gilbert 01:23 Oct 15, 2002 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:MediaWiki FAQ


text:
Scouting in New York

Scouting in New York has a long history, from the 1910s to the present day, serving thousands of youth in programs that suit the environment in which they live. The first National Boy Scouts of America (BSA) Headquarters was in New York City, and the Girl Scouts of the USA National Headquarters is currently located at 420 Fifth Avenue, New York City.

Early history (1910-1950)
On September 10, 1910, S. F. Lester of Troy, New York, became the very first person to hold the Scouting leadership position of Scoutmaster (approved by the BSA). He received his certification from the BSA headquarters in New York City. In 1910 he led a group of 30 scouts at Camp Ilium, in Pownal, Vermont. Camp Ilium was the starting point of the Boy Scout Movement for Troy, and Pownal. Pownal is only 35 mi away from Troy.

Following the lead of the State of Michigan, the State of New York formed its own Forest Scouts. This group was formed in response to a number of late 19th century and early 20th century forest fires and were effectively "auxiliary fire wardens".

The 1924 National Order of the Arrow Lodge Meeting was held at Kanohwanke Scout Camp near Tuxedo, New York and the 1929 National Lodge Meeting was held at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

The Boy Scouts of America National Headquarters were established in 1910 in New York City and opened in January 1911.

Recent history (1950-present)
In the 1970s and again in the 1990s, upstate New York went through a huge consolidation of small, historic councils.

Boy Scouts
There are fourteen Boy Scouts of America (BSA) local councils in New York.

Allegheny Highlands Council
The Allegheny Highlands Council serves Scouts in Chautauqua, Cattaraugus, and Allegany counties in New York and McKean and Potter counties in Pennsylvania. Its Service Center is located in Falconer, New York, and is visible on Hough Hill from Route 86.

History
In 1917, the Dunkirk Council was formed, closing in 1918.

In 1917, the Olean Council was formed, closing in 1918.

In 1917, the Salamanca Council was formed, closing in 1919.

In 1917, the Jamestown Council (#382) was formed, changing its name to the Chautauqua County Council (#382) in 1925. It changed its name again to the Chautauqua Lake Area Council (#382) in 1932.

In 1932, Chautauqua Lake Area Council (#382) was created, and in 1929 the Lake Shore Council (#407) was created. Both councils merged in 1941 to become the Chautauqua County Council (#382).

In 1926, the Cattaraugus Council (#750) was formed, changing its name to the Seneca Council (#750) in 1929.

In 1973, the Allegheny Highlands Council (#382) was formed from a merger of the Seneca Council (#750), Chautauqua County Council (#382), and the Elk Lick Council (#499).

Organization
The council is divided into two districts:
 * Western Gate District
 * Two Lakes District

Camps
It has two camps: Camp Merz and Elk Lick Scout Reserve. Elk Lick is tucked into the heart of the Allegheny Mountains in Smethport, Pennsylvania, and operates exclusively as a Cub Scout summer camp. Camp Merz is located on Lake Chautauqua, just up the road from the Chautauqua Institution in western New York, and is a Scouts BSA summer camp. Camp Merz has a waterfront and many waterfront-related merit badges available for scouts. Both camps are opens to all scouts for year-round camping.

Order of the Arrow

 * Ho-Nan-Ne-Ho-Ont Lodge 165

Baden-Powell Council
The Baden-Powell Council was formed in 1998 by the merger of the former Baden-Powell Council (headquartered in Dryden, New York) and Susquenango Council (headquartered in Binghamton, New York). The council's new headquarters are in Binghamton. The council covers five counties in New York State—Broome, Chenango, Cortland, Tioga and Tompkins—as well as Susquehanna County in Pennsylvania.

History
In 1917, the Cortland Council was founded, closing in 1918. In 1921, the Norwich Council was formed, merging into the Binghamton Council (#368) in 1924.

In 1918 the Binghamton Council (#368) was formed, changing its name to the Susquenango Council (#368) in 1920.

In 1918 the Johnson City and Endicott Council (#383) was formed, changing its name to the Fairplay Council (#383) in 1932.

In 1917 the Ithaca Council (#381) was formed, changing its name to the Thompkins County Council (#381) in 1926. Thompkins County (#381) changed its name to the Louis Agassiz Fuertes Council (#381) in 1929.

In 1925 the Fairplay Council (#383) was formed, merging into the Susquenango Council (#368) in 1932. In 1998, the Susquenango Council (#368) merged with the Baden-Powell Council (#381). The combined councils took the name Baden-Powell and the number (#368).

In 1929 the Louis Agassiz Fuertes Council (#381) was formed. In 1940 the Tioughnioga Council (#383) was formed. In 1975, the two council merged to become the Baden-Powell Council (#381).

In 1998, the Baden-Powell Council (#381) and the Susquenango Council (#368) merged to become Baden-Powell Council (#368).

Organization
As of 2017, the council has four districts:
 * Chenango District (Chenango County and part of Broome County)
 * Delahanna District (Susquehanna County in Pennsylvania)
 * Hiawatha District (Tioga County and part of Broome County)
 * Taughannock District (Cortland and Tompkins Counties)

Camps
The Baden-Powell Council operates two Scout Camps:

Camp Barton, founded in 1927, is a Scouts BSA of America camp located on 130 acres on Frontenac Point on the west shore of Cayuga Lake in New York State's Finger Lakes. It is approximately nine miles north of Ithaca.

Camp Barton has nine summer camping sites with 2- and 4-man platform tents, as well as a winter lean-to site in one of the two gorges which surround the camp. The camp facilities include many water-based activities on the camp's quarter-mile of waterfront, including rowing, motorboating, sailing, waterskiing, jetskiing and swimming, as well as handicraft, nature, rifle and archery ranges, and scoutcraft areas.

The Camp's buildings and cabins are available for off-season use by Scouting and other youth organizations.

Tuscarora Scout Reservation is a Boy Scouts of America camp located on 1200 acres (4.5 km2) around Summit Lake in New York State's Southern Tier.

The camp has ten summer camping sites with 2-man platform tents. It has five winter units with a center lodge equipped with wood stoves, refrigerators and electricity and four 8-man lean-tos. Tuscarora Scout Reservation also offers a renovated Nature lodge, dining hall, a nationally known Handicraft program, and a 40 ft, progressively more difficult climbing wall with free rappel. They also offer mountainboarding, paddleboard, shotgun and rifle range as well as multiple Wilderness Programs and Scoutcraft programs. The camp is available year-round for camping, hiking as well as shotgun and rifle programs. Tuscarora Scout Reservation hosts over 500 Scouts and leaders each January and February for its Winter Camp programs. Tuscarora hosts the Council's annual National Youth Leadership Training Course every August.

Order of the Arrow
The corresponding Order of the Arrow lodge is Otahnagon Lodge 172.

Connecticut Rivers Council
The Connecticut Rivers Council serves the majority of the State of Connecticut in addition to Fisher's Island in New York.

The corresponding Order of the Arrow Lodge is Tschitani Lodge #10.

Five Rivers Council
Five Rivers Council serves Scouts in the Southern tier of New York and the Northern tier of Pennsylvania.

History
In 1917, the Hornell Council was founded, closing in 1918. In 1918, the Corning Council was founded, closing in 1919.

In 1915, the Elmira Council (#375) was founded, changing its name to the Chemung County Council (#375) in 1926. In 1927 the council changed its name Elmira Area Council (#375), and again in 1947 to Sullivan Trail Council (#375). In 1922, the Steuben County Council (#402) was founded, changing its name to the Steuben Area Council (#402) in 1931.

In 1991 Steuben County Council (#402) and Sullivan Trail Council (#375) merged to become the Five Rivers Council (#375). In 1992, General Sullivan Council (#779) merged into the Five Rivers Council.

Organization
The council is divided into three districts:
 * Endless Mountains District
 * Big Horn District
 * Silver Fawn District

Camps
It operates two camps: Camp Brulé, in North East Pennsylvania, and Camp Gorton on Waneta Lake in New York.

 * Camp Gorton

Camp Gorton, located on Waneta Lake in the middle of the Finger Lakes, provides over 350 acres of land in Upstate New York for Scouts BSA camps. In 2014 Camp Gorton celebrated its 92nd year of existence and 90th anniversary of being a scout camp on the east side of Waneta Lake.

Camp Gorton provides a program that is well-suited for younger scouts and is known for having an excellent waterfront and shooting sports programs. At the waterfront they offer facilities for fulfilling the Water Sports merit badge requirements as well as those for the Motorboating merit badge for no additional fee. Their Shooting Sports ranges have 16 slots for fulfilling the Rifle merit badge requirements and has plenty of cover for Scouts, Leaders, and Parents to come and observe.

 * Camp Brulé

Camp Brulé (pronounced "Brul-a"), named after Étienne Brûlé, is in Sullivan County, Pennsylvania. It was founded by the General Sullivan Council with headquarters in Athens and jurisdiction over Bradford, Tioga and Sullivan Counties.

The camp covers the forty-two acres of Elk Lake and 200 acre of forest land bordering it. Pancost Hall and Crandall Hall are memorials to Alfred H. Pancost, Chief Scout Executive and founder, and to Harry H. Crandall, first president of the council.

On the parade ground a native boulder bears a bronze plaque in memory of Eagle Scout twin brothers from Troop 2, Towanda, Pennsylvania, Army Air Corp Lieutenants John R. and William G. Winter. Born August 11, 1925, they were killed in action in World War II on August 11, 1945. The plaque was erected by employees of the Patterson Screen Company.

Order of the Arrow
TKäen DōD Lodge 30 formed from three former lodges. Seneca Lodge 394, Wakanda Lodge 186, and Winingus Lodge 30. TKäen DōD celebrated its 25th anniversary in 2017.

Greater Hudson Valley Council
The Greater Hudson Valley Council was formed in 2021 when the Hudson Valley Council merged with the Westchester-Putnam Council. This council serves scouts in southeastern New York.

Daniel Carter Beard is buried at the Brick Church Cemetery, which lies within the council boundaries. Every year on February 8, in commemoration of Founders Day, local Scouts place a wreath on Beard's grave. A commemoration service is held there every year on his birthday.

History
In 1917, the Beacon Council was founded, closing in 1918. In 1917, the Mamaroneck Council was founded, closing in 1918. In 1917, the Peekskill Council was founded, closing in 1918.

In 1917 the Poughkeepsie Council was formed, changing its name to the Dutchess County Council (#374).

In 1926 the Sullivan County Council (#761) was formed, merging with the Orange County Council (#392) in 1930 to form the Orange-Sullivan Council (#392). In 1958, the council changed its name to the Hudson-Delaware Council (#392).

In 1917 the Rockland County Council (#683) was founded.

In 1996 the Dutchess County, Hudson-Delaware, and Rockland County councils merged to form the Hudson Valley Council (#374).

In 1918 the New Rochelle Council was formed, changing its name to the Westchester County Council in 1920. In 1922 the council was split into the Hendrick Hudson Council (#379) and Siwanoy Council (#401).

In 1917 the White Plains Council (#410) was formed, changing its name to the Fennimore Cooper Council (#410) in 1922.

In 1915 the Bronxville Council and Mount Vernon Council (#370) were formed, merging in 1923 to form the Bronx Valley Council (#370).

In 1915 the Yonkers Council (#411) was formed. In 1954 Yonkers, Fennimore Cooper and the Hendrick Hudson councils merged to form the Washington Irving Council (#388).

In 1958 the Bronx Valley (#370) and Siwanoy (#401) councils merged to form the Siwanoy-Bronx Valley Council (#401). In 1962 the council changed its name to the Hutchinson River Council (#401).

In 1974 the Hutchinson River (#401) and Washington Irving (#388) councils merged to form the Westchester-Putnam Council (#388).

In 2021, Hudson Valley Council (#374) merged with the Westchester-Putnam Council (#388) to become the Greater Hudson Valley Council (#388).

Organization
Its districts were: Rockland, Heritage, Delaware River, and Dutchess.

Camps
The council operated two year-round use properties - Camp Bullowa in Stony Point, NY and Camp Nooteeming in Salt Point, New York.

Order of the Arrow Lodge

 * Nacha Nimat 86

Greater New York Councils
The Greater New York Councils serves the Scouting families of the five boroughs of New York City.

In 1915, the Greater New York Advisory Council was founded, changing its name to the Boy Scout Federation of Greater New York Council (#719) in 1925. In 1936 the council changed its name to the Greater New York Council (#719). Since the beginning, the five boroughs of the city each maintained their own council under the umbrella of the "greater" council Bronx Council (#372), Brooklyn Council (#369), Manhattan Council (#384), Queens Council (#371), and the Staten Island Council (#396).

In 1967, the council was renumbered as Greater New York Council (#640) with each of the boroughs also being renumbered: Bronx Council #641), Brooklyn Council (#642), Manhattan Council (#643), Queens Council(#644), and the Staten Island Council (#645).

Leatherstocking Council
Leatherstocking Council serves a portion of central New York. The council provides Scouting to Herkimer, Oneida and Madison Counties as well as part of Hamilton, Otsego, Delaware and Lewis Counties.

In 1928 the Oneonta Council (#393) was formed, changing its name to the Otsego and Schoharie Counties Council (#393) in 1924. Otsego and Schoharie Counties changed its name to the Otsego-Schoharie Area Council (#393) in 1925.

In 1924 the Delaware County Council (#407) was formed. Delaware County merged into Otsego-Schoharie (#393) in 1926. In 1927 Otsego-Schoharie (#393) changed its name to OtSchoDela Council (#393) in 1927.

In 1922 the Oneida Council (#389) was formed changing its name to the Madison County Council (#389) in 1923.

In 1916 the Rome Council (#398) was formed. In 1919 the Sherrill Council (#400) was formed, merging into the Rome Council in 1925. In 1929, the Rome Council changed its name to the Fort Stanwix Council (#398) in 1929.

In 1915 the Utica Council (#406) was formed changing its name to the Upper Mohawk Council (#406) in 1937.

In 1968 the Madison County (#389) and Fort Stanwix (#398) councils merged to become the Iroquois Council (#395). In 1981, the Iroquois (#395) and Upper Mohawk (#406) councils merged to become the Land of the Oneidas Council (#395).

The first Herkimer County Council was formed in 1919, merging into the Utica Council (#406). In 1928 the Herkimer County Council (#400) was formed, changing its name to the General Herkimer Council (#400) in 1934.

In 2001, the Land of the Oneidas (#395) and General Herkimer (#400) councils merged, forming the Revolutionary Trails Council. In 2016, the Revolutionary Trails and Otschodela Councils (#393) merged to form the Leatherstocking Council (#400).

Longhouse Council
Longhouse Council was formed in 2010 as a merger of Hiawatha Seaway Council and Cayuga County Council. The council currently owns 2 camps, including Sabattis Scouting Reservation and Camp Woodland. The council covers six counties — Cayuga, Jefferson, Lewis, Oswego, Onondaga, and St. Lawrence.

Organization
The council is divided into seven districts:
 * Cayuga County District (the former Cayuga County Council area)
 * Interlakes District (Western Onondaga County)
 * Northern Lights District (St. Lawrence County)
 * Oneida District (Northern Onondaga County)
 * Onondaga District (Southern Onondaga County)
 * Ontario District (Oswego County)
 * Tri-Rivers District (Jefferson and Lewis Counties)
 * As of June 2020, the Onondaga and Oneida Districts merged to become the Crossroads District

, Longhouse Council acquired a seventh district: Cayuga County. This was previously Cayuga County Council, which lost its charter.

Order of the Arrow
Lowanne Nimat Lodge 219, formed January 1, 2010 from Kayanernh Kowa and Tahgajute lodges.

The World Brotherhood Camporee is a weekend-long camping trip that Scouts from Canada and the U.S. participate in. The camporee is an annual event and takes place either in the Longhouse Council, New York or in the Loyalist Area of the Voyageur Council, Ontario, Canada.

The main events include Council Strip trading and a dance party.

Rip Van Winkle Council
Rip Van Winkle Council serves the youth of Ulster and Greene counties of New York, and headquartered in Kingston. The Rip Van Winkle Council has the distinction of having six of the first twenty-one Eagle Scouts from the Class of 1912, the first class of Eagle Scouts.

History
In 1917, the Ellenville Council was founded. It closed in 1918.

In 1916, the Kingston Council (#405) was founded, changing its name to the Ulster County Council (#405) in 1919. In 1926, the Greene County Council (#766) was founded. In 1930 the Ulster County Council (#405) and the Greene County Council (#766) merged to form the Ulster-Greene Council (#405). In 1950, Ulster-Greene changed its name to the Rip Van Winkle Council (#405).

Organization
The council is divided into two districts:
 * Algonquin District (Ulster County)
 * Mohican District (Greene County and Saugerties)

Camps
The council's camp, located in East Jewett, New York, is Camp Tri-Mount.

Order of the Arrow

 * Half Moon Lodge

Seneca Waterways Council
The Seneca Waterways Council serves youth in the counties of Ontario, Wayne, Seneca, Yates, and Monroe and the city of Rochester, New York.

In 1917 the Brockport Council was formed, closing in 1918.

In 1917 the Ontario County Council (#391) was formed, changing its name to the Finger Lakes Council (#391) in 1924.

The Rochester Council (#397) was granted a charter on February 13, 1913. The council expanded to include Monroe, Orleans and Wayne counties, and in 1926 the name was changed to the Rochester Area Council (#397) to reflect the growth. In December 1932, Monroe and Orleans counties split off to become the Red Jacket Council (#363).

In 1943, the Wayne County portion of the Rochester Area Council (#397) was transferred to the Finger Lakes Council (#391); the Orleans County portion of the Red Jacket Council was transferred to the Lewiston Trail Council (#385), and the remaining Monroe County portion merged with the Red Jacket Council (#363) to form the Otetiana Council (#397).

The Seneca Waterways Council was founded in 2009 with the merger of the Finger Lakes Council (#391) and Otetiana Council (#397), both in Western New York.

Suffolk County Council
Suffolk County Council serves scouts in Suffolk County, on Long Island, New York. Baiting Hollow Scout Camp is the council camp.

Originally, the Huntington and Smithtown councils were founded in 1917, and both folded in 1918. In 1919, the Patchogue Council was founded, changing its name that same year to the Suffolk County Council (#404).

Theodore Roosevelt Council
Theodore Roosevelt Council supports Scouting in Nassau County, New York.

The council was established in 1917 as the Nassau County Council (#386). Although Nassau County was the primary residence of Theodore Roosevelt, the Theodore Roosevelt name was taken by another council in Arizona. In 1993, that council merged with the Grand Canyon Council, freeing the name, and the Nassau County Council assumed the name Theodore Roosevelt (#386) in September 1997.

Twin Rivers Council
Twin Rivers Council is based in Albany, New York. It serves a large geographic area that encompasses thirteen counties of Northeastern New York. Twin Rivers was originally created in 1991 by a merger of the former Governor Clinton Council (#364) (Columbia, Rensselaer and Albany Counties), the Sir William Johnson Council (#377) (Hamilton, Fulton & Montgomery counties) and the Saratoga County Council (#684) (Saratoga County). A year later the Schenectady County Council (#399) (Schenectady County) was added after working out issues between the entities. Then in 1999, the Mohican Council (#378) (Warren and Washington counties) consolidated into the council. On February 14, 2006, the Adirondack Council (#394) (Franklin, Clinton and Essex Counties) and the Twin Rivers Council merged to form the current boundaries of the Twin Rivers Council (#364).

Organization
The council has five districts.

 * Fort Orange District (Albany County)
 * Adirondack District (Clinton, Franklin, and Northern Essex counties)
 * Mohawk District (Fulton, Hamilton, Montgomery, Schenectady Counties and the Town of Clifton Park)
 * Yankee Doodle District (Columbia and Rensselaer Counties as well as the communities of Mechanicville and Stillwater)
 * Turning Point District (Northern Saratoga, Washington, and Warren Counties)

Rotary Scout Reservation
RSR's totem is the Thunderbird.

Rotary Scout Reservation is a 1300 acre camp of the Twin Rivers Council, located in Poestenkill, New York. The original part of the camp was donated by the Troy Rotary Club in 1922. Summer camp program areas include the Trail to First Class Program, where young Scouts can work on requirements needed to earn Tenderfoot, Second Class and First Class ranks. As of the 2019 season RSR offers 45 merit badges in 9 program areas. In addition to the merit badge options, RSR offers an open schedule which allows Scouts to plan their day with a variety of outdoor experiences. The camp also offers several additional program areas designed to appeal to older Scouts, which include COPE, Mountain Biking, and Chillicothe.

The Chillicothe program at RSR offers Scouts and Leaders a look at American pioneer life in the 19th century. Scouts are encouraged to try their hand at activities such as candle making, flint and steel fire starting, blacksmithing, woodsman tools, tin-smithing, blacksmithing and more. Chillicothe is a program unique to RSR, and it is an often underutilized program. It was designed to encourage the return of older Scouts who had earned most of the merit badges offered by the camp. Prior to the 2019 Camp season it was decided that the Chillicothe program area was in need of some repair, so the area itself is currently closed and the badges that were offered have been moved to other program areas. This temporary closure is expected to be only until the New Nature Science Center Pavilion is opened, at which point any new additional donations and funding will go into the rebuilding of the Chillicothe Program area.

In 2012, RSR introduced Venturing Week, a week of resident camp for youth in the Venturing Program. In addition to various open programming opportunities, offerings included a full-week half-day COPE course, American Red Cross Wilderness First Aid, the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Hunter Education course, and more. Since the venture program started gaining popularity in Twin Rivers Council in 2015, the venture week itself has been canceled and venture crews have been welcomed into the normal week to week program.

During the 2014 Year the camp decided to experiment with a STEM program dedicated to the last week of the season. Keeping with the style of the camp to try and only offer badges that scouts can't typically earn in a normal troop setting, the same has gone for STEM week. Past offerings have been the Robotics, Space Exploration, and Nuclear Sciences meritbadges. Each year the camp might have a different selection of "Supernova" Badges depending on available Volunteers or available skill sets of current staff members. In addition to adding merit badges during the week the camp has also offered sessions to for scouts to try and earn select BSA NOVA Awards. The Camp has also offered a few session in the past for STEM themed hobbies as well, most notable the ability for scouts to earn their Technician Ham Radio License.

Camp Wakpominee
Camp Wakpominee is a 1,200-acre camp located in Fort Ann, NY. It is completely within the boundaries of the Adirondack Park, providing a base for Council trekking programs. The camp contains Sly Pond, a 42 acre lake.

Woodworth Lake Scout Reservation
Woodworth Lake Scout Reservation, was located in Gloversville, New York. The 1500 acre camp began operation in 1949. As of 2013, the camp has been sold to a private investor.

Camp Boyhaven
Camp Boyhaven was a 300-acre camp located in Middle Grove, New York. It was founded as a Boy Scout camp in 1924 with a purchase of approximately 20 acres from the Frink family for Schenectady Council. Over the years, the camp grew to encompass most of the old Frink family farm. With the merger of Schenectady Council with Twin Rivers Council in 1991, it was converted to a Cub Scout and Webelos long term camp.

The totem of the camp is the "Toonerville Trolley," based on the trolley line that ran across the creek from the camp.

Each summer, the camp ran Cub Scout and Webelos resident and day camps. The camp program and facilities are specially designed for Cub Scouts, Webelos scouts, and their families. Lean-to cabins and indoor plumbing make the transition to overnight camping easier for Cub Scouts and Webelos Scouts. An archery range, BB gun range, vertical climbing wall, water slide, and movie night are all provided to appeal to younger Scouts who are spending their first nights away from home. As of 2017, summer camp programs are no longer being held and the camp is in the process of being sold.

The Camp was officially converted to Camp Stomping Ground (a Non-BSA Summer Camp) at the beginning of 2020.

Camp Bedford
Camp Bedford, is located at 10424 State Rt. 30, Malone, NY (near the Meacham Lake NYS DEC Campground, north of Paul Smiths, and south of Malone, NY). The camp encompasses 150 acre, 2 large ponds for boating and fishing, and over 3,500 acre of State Wild Forests border the camp. Charles E. Bedford donated 3,650 acre to the Adirondack Council in 1943 to establish the camp, making it at the time the largest donation of land to any council in the US.

Order of the Arrow
The Order of the Arrow Lodge for Twin Rivers Council is Kittan Lodge 364.

Western New York Council
The Western New York Council was formed from the merger of the Greater Niagara Frontier Council (#380) and the Iroquois Trail Council (#376) in May 2023. Its headquarters is in Buffalo.

It serves all of Erie, Niagara, Genesee, Orleans, and Wyoming counties, and most of Livingston county.

History
In 1917, the Batavia Council (#367) was formed, changing its name to the Genesee and Wyoming Counties Council (#367) in 1925, eventually changing its name to the Genesee Council (#367). In 1920, the Niagara County Council (#385) was formed, changing its name to the Lockport Area Council (#385) in 1922. In 1937, Lockport Area (#385) changed its name to the Lewiston Trail Council (#385). On April 20, 1943, as Scouting in Monroe County consolidated, Lewiston Trail Council received responsibility for Scouting in Orleans County.
 * Iroquois Trail Council

In 1994, Genesee Council (#367) and Lewiston Trail Council (#385) merged to become the Iroquois Trail Council (#376).

The Iroquois Trail Council with its headquarters in Oakfield, New York, was created in 1994 from a merger of two councils.

 * Greater Niagara Frontier Council

In 1917, the Hamburg Council was formed, closing in 1920.

In 1912 the Buffalo Council (#373) and in 1921 the Erie County Council (#363) were formed. They merged in 1949 to form the Buffalo Area Council (#380). In 1917 the Niagara Falls Council (#387) was formed, changing its name to the Niagara Falls Area Council (#387) in 1925. In 1944, the council changed its name to the Niagara Frontier Council (#387).

In 1967 the Buffalo Area Council (#380) and the Niagara Frontier Council (#387) merged to become the Greater Niagara Frontier Council (#380).

The Western New York Scout Council was formed from the merger of the Greater Niagara Frontier Council (#380) and the Iroquois Trail Council (#376) in May 2023.

Organization
The council is organized into six districts:

 * Nundawaga (Livingston and Wyoming Counties)
 * Onondaga
 * Polaris
 * Red Jacket
 * Seneca (eastern Orleans and Genesee Counties)
 * Towpath (western Orleans and eastern Niagara Counties)

Camps
Camp Scouthaven is one of the five oldest Scout camps in the United States still in operation (1918 - over 100 years). It is the home of GNFC Camps Summer Programs for Cub Scouting and Scouts BSA. Situated on beautiful Crystal Lake in Freedom, NY it boasts one of the best Aquatics programs around. Scouthaven is open to year-round program as well.
 * Greater Niagara Frontier Council

Schoellkopf Scout Reservation (Sold in 2022) was formed in 1938 and is located in Cowlesville, NY. It was built through donations by the Schoellkopf family. Schoellkopf features over 650 acres of prime Scouting property. It had rustic log cabins, beautiful campsites, and newer spacious lean-to's all for year-round use.

Camp Stonehaven (Sold 2023) operated in Sanborn, NY and had accommodations including campsites, lean-to's and newer cabins. It was an ideal camp for out of town units that would like to tour Niagara Falls. (Now owned by the Town of Lewiston as a nature preserve)

It had two camps: Camp Dittmer (Sold 2023) (Scouts BSA) and Camp Sam Wood (Cub Scout). Sam Wood was the first Eagle Scout in Genesee County. Sam Wood was a member of Troop 1 St. James Church, Batavia.
 * Iroquois Trail Council

Order of the Arrow

 * The new Erie Canal lodge #159 was formed from the merger of the Ho-De-No-Sau-Nee Lodge (#159) lodge of the Greater Niagara Frontier Council, and the Ashokwahta Lodge (#339) of the Iroquois Trail Council in 2023.

Girl Scouts
New York state is served by eight Girl Scouts councils. In addition, the Edith Macy Conference Center belonging to the national organization is in Briarcliff Manor, and the national headquarters is in New York City.

National headquarters
The national headquarters has been in various places in New York City since 1916 when it moved there from Washington, D.C. It has been at 420 Fifth Avenue since 1992. Small groups can visit with prior reservations and visiting girls may be able to take part in a focus group meeting.

Edith Macy Conference Center
Edith Macy Conference Center is a national conference and training facility of the Girl Scouts of the USA (GSUSA) It is located in Briarcliff Manor. The site has had four names: Camp Edith Macy (C.E.M.) - University In The Woods, Edith Macy Training School, Edith Macy Girl Scout National Center and since 1982, Edith Macy Conference Center. However, it is often simply referred to as Macy. The John J. Creedon Education Center and Camp Andree Clark are part of the complex. Macy hosted the Girl Guides and Girl Scouts Fourth International Conference in 1926. Camp Andree Clark hosted the GSUSA's Silver Jubilee Camp in 1937.

Girl Scouts of Connecticut
Fishers Island in Suffolk County, New York is served by the Girl Scouts of Connecticut due to the close ties between the island and Connecticut.

Girl Scout Council of Greater New York
Girl Scouts of Greater New York serves some 25,000 girls and has over 8,700 volunteers in New York City.

The council camp is 353 acre Camp Henry Kaufmann in Holmes, NY.

Girl Scouts Heart of the Hudson
Girl Scouts Heart of the Hudson serves over 34,000 girls. The council was formed through the merger of five counties: Dutchess, Rockland, Orange, Putnam and Westchester.

Camps

 * Camp Addisone Boyce is 360 acre in Tomkins Cove next to Harriman State Park. It was founded in 1951 and named for Dr. Addisone Boyce who had been active in finding a suitable camp.
 * Camp Birch Ridge is 100 acre in Otisville, New York.
 * Camp Ludington is 150 acre in Holmes, New York and was opened in 1954.
 * Camp Wendy is 56 acre (including a 13 acre lake) in Wallkill, New York. It was given to the Girl Scouts of Ulster County in 1926 by the Borden family.
 * Rock Hill Camp is 200 acre in Mahopac, New York. It has been used by the Girl Scouts since 1922 (initially leased and then purchased in 1927).
 * Rocky Brook Camp is 3 acre in Eastchester, New York.

Girl Scouts of Nassau County
Girl Scouting In Nassau County started in 1917.It is chartered by GSUSA to develop, maintain and administer Girl Scouting in Nassau County.

Camps
Camp Blue Bay in East Hampton, New York is the council camp. Camp Tekakwitha was sold in June 2007 to Southampton, NY which will retain it as open space.

Girl Scouts of Northeastern New York
Girl Scouts of Northeastern New York (GSNENY) was created in June 2007 from the union of four Girl Scout Councils: Hudson Valley, Mohawk Pathways, Adirondack and North Country. GSNENY serves the following counties: Albany, Clinton, Columbia, Greene, Essex, Franklin, Fulton, Montgomery, Hamilton, Rensselaer, Saratoga, Schenectady, Schoharie, Warren, and Washington Counties; along with, a portion of St. Lawrence County. With Service Centers in Albany, Queensbury, and Plattsburgh; GSNENY serves over 10,000 girls and has more than 4,500 adults and volunteers.

Camps
Girl Scouts of Northeastern New York owns five camp properties in the Adirondack region, to include two overnight camps: It features a large playing field, pond, beach, creek, hiking trails, cabins, platform tents, a nature center, and Troop House.
 * Hidden Lake Camp is 400 acre in Adirondack Park, 3 miles from Lake George Village.
 * Lake Clear Camp is situated on 91 acre on a peninsula, on Lake Clear, in Lake Clear, New York.
 * Camp Is-Sho-Da is 100 acre in East Greenbush, New York.
 * Camp Meadowbrook is located in Queensbury, New York.
 * Camp Wood Haven is near Galway, New York.

Girl Scouts of NYPENN Pathways
NYPenn Pathways was formed in June 2009, from five legacy councils - Seven Lakes Council, Central New York Council, Foothills Council, Indian Hills Council and Thousand Islands Council. NYPenn Pathways serves girls in 24 New York State counties and 2 Pennsylvania counties with a total girl registration totaling about 27,000.

History

 * NYPenn Pathway's Original Five Councils

 * Central New York Council - served Cortland, Onondaga, Oswego and portions of Madison County
 * Foothills Council - served Herkimer and Oneida Counties, most of Madison County and parts of Otsego, Lewis, and Hamilton counties
 * Indian Hills Council - served Broome, Chenango, Delaware, parts of Otsego County
 * Seven Lakes Council - the largest of the original five, served Allegany, Cayuga, Chemung, Ontario, Schuyler, Seneca, Steuben, Tioga, Tompkins, Yates and Wayne Counties; and in Pennsylvania: Bradford and Tioga Counties
 * Thousand Islands Council - served Lewis, Jefferson, and St. Lawrence Counties

Organization

 * Binghamton, New York
 * Horseheads, New York
 * New Hartford, New York
 * Norwich, New York
 * Oneonta, New York
 * Phelps, New York
 * Syracuse, New York
 * Watertown, New York

Camps

 * Camp Agaliha (Cherokee for 'sunshine') is a summer camp located on Camp Kingsley near Rome, New York
 * Camp Amadaha (Located at Gulf Summit, N.Y. 1920–1925, relocated to Camp Arrowhead)
 * Amahami Outdoor Center is 450 acre including a 10 acre lake near Deposit, New York
 * Bayberry Program Center, near Geneva, New York
 * Camp Hoover is 90 acre (including an island) on Song Lake near Preble, New York
 * Camp Near Wilderness near West Monroe, New York is currently closed.
 * Camp Trefoil is 210 acre near Harrisville, New York. It was acquired in 1949
 * Comstock Program Center, on Cayuga Lake, New York
 * Misty Hollow Program Center, near Corning, New York
 * Sugar Creek Program Center, near Troy, Pennsylvania
 * Yaiewano Program Center, on Owasco Lake, New York

Girl Scouts of Suffolk County
Girl Scouts of Suffolk County serves more than 43,000 girls and has more than 9,000 adult volunteers. The first troop in the county was started in 1915.

Camps

 * Camp Edey is 95 acre in Bayport, New York
 * Camp Sobaco is 34 acre in Yaphank, New York

Girl Scouts of Western New York
Girl Scouts of Western New York was created on July 1, 2008, from legacy councils: Girl Scout Council of Buffalo & Erie County, Inc., Girl Scouts of Genesee Valley, Inc., Girl Scouts of Niagara County, Inc., Chautauqua Area Girl Scout Council, Inc., and Girl Scouts of Southwestern New York, Inc. The council serves some 15,000 girls within Erie, Chautauqua, Cattaraugus, Genesee, Livingston, Niagara, Orleans, Monroe, and Wyoming counties.

Camps

 * Camp Piperwood in Perinton, New York
 * Camp Windy Meadows in Lockport, New York is 39 acre.
 * Camp Seven Hills in Holland, New York is 620 acre including two lakes.
 * Camp Timbercrest in Randolph, New York is 900 acre including a 31 acre lake.

Baden-Powell Service Association
In recent years, New York has also been home to smaller, independent scouting organizations.

New York is home to six chartered groups of the Baden-Powell Service Association. The BPSA is an inclusive, "Traditional Scouting" organization that welcomes boys and girls, men and women from 5 years of age through adulthood, "regardless of race, gender identity, sexual orientation, class, ability, religion (or no religion), or other differentiating factors".

International Scouting units
In addition, there are Armenian Scouts and Estonian Scouts in Exile in New York City, and Külföldi Magyar Cserkészszövetség Hungarian Scouting maintains two troops in New York City and one in Buffalo. Also, there are large contingents of active Plast Ukrainian Scouts in New York City.

West Point Camporee
The West Point Camporee annual Invitational event, started in 1963, run by a Cadet Officer, held around the first week of May since 2001 on the grounds of Lake Frederick. Cadets are allowed to invite their home Scouting Units. Managed by the Scoutmasters' Council.

Scouting museums

 * Camp Boyhaven Scouting Museum, Middle Grove, New York
 * Ten Mile River Scout Museum, Narrowsburg, New York
 * William Hillcourt Scout Museum and Carson Buck Memorial Library named for William Hillcourt, and Carson Buck, Constantia, New York

title: Scouting in New York


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Aventine Hill

The Aventine Hill (Collis Aventinus; Aventino ) is one of the Seven Hills on which ancient Rome was built. It belongs to Ripa, the modern twelfth rione, or ward, of Rome.

Location and boundaries

The Aventine Hill is the southernmost of Rome's seven hills. It has two distinct heights, one greater to the northwest (Aventinus Major) and one lesser to the southeast (Aventinus Minor), divided by a steep cleft that provides the base for an ancient roadway between the heights. During the Republican era, the two hills may have been recognized as a single entity.

The Augustan reforms of Rome's urban neighbourhoods (vici) recognised the ancient road between the two heights (the modern Viale Aventino) as a common boundary between the new Regio XIII, which absorbed Aventinus Maior, and the part of Regio XII known as Aventinus Minor.

Etymology and mythology
Most Roman sources trace the name of the hill to a legendary king Aventinus. Servius identifies two kings of that name, one ancient Italic, and one Alban, both said to have been buried on the hill in remote antiquity. Servius believes that the hill was named after the ancient Italic king Aventinus. He rejects Varro's proposition that the Sabines named the hill after the nearby Aventus river; likewise, he believes that the Aventinus who was fathered by Hercules on Rhea Silvia was likely named after the Aventine Hill.

The Aventine was a significant site in Roman mythology. In Virgil's Aeneid, a cave on the Aventine's rocky slope next the river is home to the monstrous Cacus, killed by Hercules for stealing Geryon's cattle. In Rome's founding myth, the divinely fathered twins Romulus and Remus hold a contest of augury, whose outcome determines the right to found, name and lead a new city, and to determine its site. In most versions of the story, Remus sets up his augural tent on the Aventine; Romulus sets his up on the Palatine.

Each sees a number of auspicious birds (aves) that signify divine approval but Remus sees fewer than Romulus. Romulus goes on to found the city of Rome at the site of his successful augury. An earlier variant, found in Ennius and some later sources, has Romulus perform his augury on one of the Aventine Hills. Remus performs his elsewhere, perhaps on the southeastern height, the lesser of the Aventine's two hills, which has been tentatively identified with Ennius' Mons Murcus.

Skutsch (1961) regards Ennius' variant as the most likely, with Romulus's Palatine augury as a later development, after common usage had extended the Aventine's name – formerly used for only the greater, northeastern height – to include its lesser neighbour. Augural rules and the mythos itself required that each twin take his auspices at a different place; therefore Romulus, who won the contest and founded the city, was repositioned to the more fortunate Palatine, the traditional site of Rome's foundation. The less fortunate Remus, who lost not only the contest but later, his life, remained on the Aventine: Servius notes the Aventine's reputation as a haunt of "inauspicious birds".

Roman
According to Roman tradition, the Aventine was not included within Rome's original foundation, and lay outside the city's ancient sacred boundary (pomerium). The Roman historian Livy reports that Ancus Marcius, Rome's fourth king, defeated the Latins of Politorium, and resettled them on the Aventine. The Roman geographer Strabo credits Ancus with the building of a city wall to incorporate the Aventine. Others credit the same wall to Rome's sixth king, Servius Tullius. The remains known as the Servian Wall used stone quarried at Veii, which was not conquered by Rome until c.393 BC, so the Aventine might have been part-walled, or an extramural suburb.

The Aventine appears to have functioned as some kind of staging post for the legitimate ingress of foreign peoples and foreign cults into Rome. During the late regal era, Servius Tullius built a temple to Diana on the Aventine, as a Roman focus for the new-founded Latin League. At some time around 493 BC, soon after the expulsion of Rome's last King and the establishment of the Roman Republic, the Roman Senate provided a temple for the so-called Aventine Triad of Ceres, Liber and Libera, patron deities of the Roman commoners or plebs; the dedication followed one of the first in a long series of threatened or actual plebeian secessions. The temple overlooked the Circus Maximus and the Temple of Vesta, and faced the Palatine Hill. It became an important repository for plebeian and senatorial records. The Aventine's outlying position, its longstanding association with Latins and plebeians and its extra-pomerial position reflect its early marginal status.

It is presumed that the Aventine was public land, owned by the state on behalf of the Roman people. In c.456 BC a Lex Icilia allowed or granted the plebs property rights there. By c.391 BC, the city's overspill had overtaken the Aventine and the Campus Martius, and left the city vulnerable to attack; around that year, the Gauls overran and temporarily held the city. After this, the walls were rebuilt or extended to properly incorporate the Aventine; this is more or less coincident with the increasing power and influence of the Aventine-based plebeian aediles and tribunes in Roman public affairs, and the rise of a plebeian nobility.

Rome absorbed many more foreign deities via the Aventine: "No other location approaches [its] concentration of foreign cults". In 392 BC, Camillus established a Temple of Juno Regina. Later introductions include Summanus, c. 278, Vortumnus c. 264, and at some time before the end of the 3rd century, Minerva.

Imperial era
In the imperial era the character of the hill changed and it became the seat of numerous aristocratic residences, including the private houses of Trajan and Hadrian before they became emperors and of Lucius Licinius Sura, friend of Trajan who built the private Baths of Licinius Sura. The emperor Vitellius and the Praefectus urbi Lucius Fabius Cilo also lived there at the time of Septimius Severus. The Aventine was also the site of the Baths of Decius, built in 252.

This new character of an aristocratic neighbourhood was probably the cause of its total destruction during the sack of Rome by Alaric I in 410.

The poorer population had meanwhile moved further south, to the plain near the port (Emporium) and to the other bank of the Tiber.

Modern period
During the Fascist period, many deputies of the opposition retired on this hill after the murder of Giacomo Matteotti, here ending—by the so-called "Aventine Secession"—their presence at the Parliament and, as a consequence, their political activity.

The hill is now an elegant residential part of Rome with a wealth of architectural interest, including palaces, churches, and gardens, for example, the basilica of Santa Sabina, Santi Bonifacio ed Alessio and the Rome Rose Garden.

Cultural references
The Aventine Hill is portrayed as a rough working-class area of ancient Rome in the popular Falco series of historical novels written by Lindsey Davis about Marcus Didius Falco, a 'private informer' who occasionally works for the Emperor Vespasian and lives in the Aventine.

The same image is portrayed in much of the series Rome, in which the Aventine is the home of Lucius Vorenus. In season two, Vorenus and his friend legionary Titus Pullo seek to maintain order over the various collegia competing there for power.

The Vesta-class of starships in the Star Trek novels are named for Rome's seven hills. The most featured ship is the U.S.S. Aventine under Captain Ezri Dax.

In the British television series, Plebs, the neighbourhood in which the three main plebs live is depicted as the Aventine.

title: Aventine Hill


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Power Mac G4 Cube

The Power Mac G4 Cube is a Mac personal computer sold by Apple Computer, Inc. between July 2000 and 2001. The Cube was conceived as a miniaturized but powerful computer by Apple chief executive officer (CEO) Steve Jobs and designed by Jony Ive. Apple developed new technologies and manufacturing methods for the product—a 7.7 in cubic computer housed in clear acrylic glass. Apple positioned it in the middle of its product range, between the consumer iMac G3 and the professional Power Mac G4. The Cube was announced at the Macworld Expo on July 19, 2000.

The Cube won awards and plaudits for its design upon release, but reviews noted its high cost compared to its power, its limited expandability, and cosmetic defects. The product was an immediate commercial failure, with only 150,000 units sold before production was suspended within one year of its announcement. The Cube is one of the rare failures for the company under Jobs, after having avoided bankruptcy. However, it influenced future Apple products, from the iPod to the Mac Mini. The Museum of Modern Art and other museums hold Cubes in their collections.

Overview
The Power Mac G4 Cube is a small cubic computer, suspended in a 7.7 * acrylic glass enclosure. The transparent plastic is intended to give the impression that the computer is floating. The enclosure houses the computer's vital functions, including a slot-loading optical disc drive. The Cube requires a separate monitor with either an Apple Display Connector (ADC) or a Video Graphics Array (VGA) connection. The machine has no fan to move air and heat through the case. Instead, it is passively cooled, with heat dissipated via a grille at the top of the case. The base model shipped with a 450 MHz PowerPC G4 processor, 64 MB of random-access memory (RAM), 20 GB hard drive, and an ATI Rage 128 Pro video card. A higher-end model with a 500 MHz processor, double the RAM, and a 30 GB hard drive was sold only through Apple's online store.

The Cube's small size does not feature expansion slots; it has a video card in a standard Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) slot, but cannot fit a full-length card. The power supply is located externally to save space, and the Cube features no audio jacks. Instead, the Cube shipped with round Harman Kardon speakers and digital amplifier, attached via Universal Serial Bus (USB). Despite its size, the Cube fits three RAM slots, two FireWire 400 ports, and two USB 1.1 ports for connecting peripherals in its frame. These ports and the power cable are located on the underside of the machine. Access to the machine's internal components is accomplished by inverting the unit and using a pop-out handle to slide the entire internal assembly out from the shell.

Development
The Cube was an important product to Apple, and especially to Apple CEO Steve Jobs, who said the idea for the product came from his own desires as a computer user for something between the iMac and Power Mac G4, saying, "I wanted the [flat-panel] Cinema Display but I don't need the features of the Power Mac". Jobs's minimalist aesthetic influenced the core components of the design, from the lack of a mechanical power button, to the trayless optical drive and quiet fanless operation. The design team at Apple, led by Jonathan Ive, shrunk a powerful desktop form factor, seeing traditional desktop tower computers as lazily designed around what was easiest for engineers. The Cube represented an internal shift in Apple, as the designers held increasing sway over product design. The New York Times called the Cube "pure [...] industrial design" harkening to Bauhaus concepts.

The Cube represented an effort by Apple to simplify the computer to its barest essentials. Journalist Jason Snell called the machine an example of Jobs and Ive's obsession with a "Black Box"—dense, miniaturized computers hidden within a pleasing shell hiding the "magic" of its technology. As the Cube has no fan, the design started with the heat sink. The power button that turned on with a wave or touch was accomplished via the use of capacitive sensing. The proprietary plastics formula for the housing took Apple six months to develop. Effort spent developing the Cube would pioneer new uses and processes for materials at Apple that benefitted later products. Because of the technology included in the Cube, Apple's engineers had a tough time keeping the total cost low. Advertising director Ken Segall recalled that Jobs learned of the product's price shortly before an ad agency meeting, and was left "visibly shaken" by the news, realizing that the high price might cause the product's failure.

Release and reception
Rumors of a cube-shaped Apple computer leaked weeks in advance, and some sites posted purported pictures. The G4 Cube was announced at Macworld Expo on July 19, 2000, as an end-of-show "one more thing". Jobs touted it as combining the power of the Power Mac G4 with a sleek design and miniaturization Apple learned from producing the iMac. Alongside the Cube, Apple introduced a new mouse, keyboard, and displays to complement the machine.

The machine's size and looks were immediately divisive, which Macworld editor Andrew Gore took as an indication that Apple had succeeded in creating a cutting-edge product. The design was a point of praise and of jokes, compared to a Borg cube, toasters, or a box of Kleenex tissues. Others compared it to the NeXTcube. Ive and the design team were so amused by the comparison to a tissue box that they used spare Cube shells for that purpose in their studio.

Reviews were generally positive. Peter H. Lewis, writing for The New York Times, called the computer the most attractive on the market, and that the machine, combined with Apple's displays and peripherals, created "desk sculpture". PC Magazine Australia said that after changing the look of computers with the iMac, the G4 Cube had raised the bar for competitors even further. Gore called the Cube a work of art that felt more like sculpture than a piece of technology, but noted that one had to live with compromises made in the service of art. Walt Mossberg, writing for The Wall Street Journal, called it the "most gorgeous personal computer" that he had ever seen.

Critics noted that to get easy access to plug and unplug peripherals, users must tip the entire machine—risking accidental sleep activation or dropping the smooth plastic computer entirely. Macworld found the touch-sensitive power button too sensitive and they accidentally activated sleep mode regularly. They reported that the stock 5400-rpm hard drive and 64 MB of RAM on the base model slowed the system considerably.

The Cube won several international design awards on release, and PC Magazine's best desktop computer for its Technical Innovation Awards. The G4 Cube and its peripherals were acquired and showcased by The Museum of Modern Art alongside other Apple products, and a Cube is also held in the collections of the American Museum of Natural History and Powerhouse Museum.

Sales
The introduction of the Cube did not fit with the focused product lineup Jobs had introduced since his return to Apple, leaving it without a clear audience. It was as expensive as a similarly equipped Power Mac, but without extra room for more storage or PCI slots. It was likewise much more expensive than an upgraded consumer iMac. Jobs imagined that creative professionals and designers would want one, and that the product was so great that it would inform buying patterns.

Sales for the Cube were much lower than expected. Returning from the brink of bankruptcy, Apple had eleven profitable quarters before the Cube's announcement, but Apple's end-of-year financials for 2000 missed predicted revenues by $180million. Part of the drop in profit was attributed to the Cube, with only one third as many units sold as Apple had expected, creating a $90million shortfall in revenue targets. The Cube counted for 29,000 of the Macs Apple shipped in the quarter, compared to 308,000 iMacs. Retailers had excess product, leaving Apple with a large amount of unsold inventory heading into 2001 it had expected to last until March. The computer appealed to high-end customers who wanted a small and sleek design, but Jobs admitted that audience was smaller than expected. In February 2001, Apple lowered the price on the 500 MHz model and added new memory, hard drive, and graphics options. These updates made little difference, and sales continued to decline. In the first quarter of 2001, only 12,000units were sold, representing just 1.6% of the company's total computer sales.

In addition to the product's high price, the Cube suffered cosmetic issues. Early buyers noticed cracks caused by the injection-molded plastic process. The idea of a design-focused product having aesthetic flaws turned into a negative public relations story for Apple, and dissuaded potential buyers for whom the design was its main appeal. The Cube's radical departure from a conventional personal computer alienated potential buyers, and exacerbated Apple's struggles in the market competing with the performance of Windows PCs. Macworld's Benj Edwards wrote that consumers treated the Cube as "an underpowered, over-expensive toy or [...] an emotionally inaccessible, ultra-geometric gray box suspended in an untouchable glass prison". The lack of internal expansion and reliance on less-common USB and FireWire peripherals also hurt the computer's chances of success.

Jobs clearly loved the computer, but was quick to discontinue the underperforming product. On July 3, 2001, an Apple press release made the unusual statement that the computer—rather than being canceled or discontinued—was having its production "suspended indefinitely", due to low demand. Apple did not rule out an upgraded Cube model in the future, but considered it unlikely. Business journalist Karen Blumenthal called the Cube the first big failure by Jobs since his return to Apple. Jobs's ability to quickly move on the mistake left the Cube a "blip" in Apple's history, according to Segall—a quickly forgotten failure among other successful innovations.

Legacy
Though Apple CEO Tim Cook called the Cube "a spectacular failure" and the product sold only 150,000 units before being discontinued, it became highly popular with a small but enthusiastic group of fans. Macworld's Benj Edwards wrote that the Cube was a product ahead of its time; its appeal to a dedicated group of fans years after it was discontinued was a testament to its vision. After its discontinuation the product fetched high prices from resellers, and a cottage industry developed selling upgrades and modifications to make the machine run faster or cooler. John Gruber wrote 20 years after its introduction that the Cube was a "worthy failure [...] Powerful computers needed to get smaller, quieter, and more attractive. The Cube pushed the state of the art forward." CNET called the machine "an iconic example of millennium-era design". Its unconventional and futuristic appearance earned it a spot as a prop in several films and television shows, including Absolutely Fabulous, The Drew Carey Show, Orange County, and 24. Sixteen Cubes were also used to power the displays of the computer consoles in Star Trek: Enterprise.

Although the Cube failed commercially, it influenced future Apple products. The efforts at miniaturizing computer components would benefit future computers like the flatscreen iMac G4, while the efforts Apple spent learning how to precision machine parts of the Cube would be integral to the design of aluminum MacBooks. The Mac mini fit an entire computer in a shell one-fifth the size of the Cube and retained some of the Cube's design philosophies. In comparison to the high price of the Cube, the Mini retailed for $499 and became a successful product that remains part of Apple's lineup. The translucent cube shape would return with the design for the flagship Apple Fifth Avenue store in New York City. Capacitive touch would reappear in the iPod and iPhone lines, and the Cube's vertical thermal design and lattice grille pattern were echoed by the 2013 and 2019 versions of the Mac Pro.

title: Power Mac G4 Cube


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Megahertz (record producer)

Dorsey Wesley, better known by his stage name Megahertz, is an American record producer, composer and songwriter.

Vibe Magazine dubbed Megahertz one of music's "10 Most Valuable Producers", while About.com ranked him on its list of the "Top 50 Greatest Hip-Hop Producers".

Described by Billboard Magazine as a "Powerful Producer", Megahertz has enjoyed commercial success producing music for television, film, video games, mixtapes & songs that have been certified gold, platinum and multiplatinum.

Associated with artists such as P. Diddy, Snoop Dogg, Jay-Z, 50 Cent, R. Kelly, Busta Rhymes, Nas & Saturday Night Live's Robert Smigel – it has been said that Megahertz "..brings the wattage."

Early career
Megahertz is a native of Willingboro, New Jersey. He was raised in a "Christian household that didn't allow rap music." Trying to keep his passion hidden, he would get "extra church time" if his mom heard him rapping. Despite his rigid religious upbringing, Megahertz immersed himself in what his mother called "evil music".

But as Megahertz admitted to Billboard Magazine, "Not being able to listen to music only made me want to hear it more." Tired of rapping over other people's beats, Megahertz began to purchase his own equipment and secretly keep it at his friend's house. Before long, producing music took precedence over rapping.

One of his first breakthrough hits was "Bad Boy for Life". According to Vibe Magazine, "...Megahertz's bionic rubber-band beat for 'Bad Boy for Life' put Diddy back in the winner's circle." Grammy nominated and certified four times platinum, it was the second single from P. Diddy's The Saga Continues, which peaked at number two on the US Billboard Mainstream Top 40. The "Bad Boy for Life" music video featured cameo's by actor Ben Stiller, rock drummer Travis Barker, NBA star Shaquille O'Neal and others.

Commercial success
Described by Billboard Magazine as a "powerful producer", Megahertz has enjoyed commercial success producing music for television, film, video games, mixtapes & songs that have been certified gold, platinum and multiplatinum.

Associated with artists such as P. Diddy, Snoop Dogg, Jay-Z, 50 Cent, R. Kelly, Busta Rhymes, Nas & Saturday Night Live's Robert Smigel – it has been said that Megahertz "..brings the wattage."

Megahertz made history when he produced "Gotta Make It to Heaven" for the fourth highest selling U.S. rap album of all-time, 50 Cent's Get Rich or Die Tryin'. With over 12 million copies sold, it is on one of the best selling albums of the decade.

Production style
Music writer Raqiyah Mays wrote, "There's power in Megahertz's name: a million cycles per second, to be exact. And when you buy his beats it's as if that power electrocutes whomever he's working with, shocking them into accelerating their skills."

Megahertz's genre-bending production style uses original composition, in combination with the occasional use of sampled sounds or songs, performed over programmed drums.

One such track was the Nas single "Got Ur Self a Gun", which used "Woke Up This Morning" – the theme song from HBO's The Sopranos. Referencing the music Megahertz created around that sample, MTV's Shaheed Reid wrote, "Megahertz molded pianos and strings that sound like they could've been played at the coronation ceremony for an 18th century king."

Another example of his knack for reinterpreting popular music occurred when Megahertz created a track for Tony Yayo's debut album using a sample made popular by Britney Spears. In the words of one fan, "'Love My Style' is probably one of the album's craziest tracks as Megahertz flips the same sample used on Britney Spears's 'Toxic.' What was once sugar-sweet pop takes on a menacing and minister tone and Yayo takes full advantage as he attacks the beat with confidence."

Megahertz's diverse production style, opened the door for collaborations with rock groups like P.O.D. & Linkin Park. Attracted to unusual musical pairings, Megahertz told Source Magazine, "I like System of a Down and I wouldn't mind doing something with them....I'd work with Limp Bizkit and I'm a Björk fan. I'll do Calypso. I'll do some Indian music, whatever, just bring it on. I'll do it."

Resolute that his music continue to evolve, Megahertz said, "I'm not into repeat joints- I want to be re-discovered for new sounds each time."

Performer
As a performer Megahertz grew up rapping, a talent that blossomed into creating jingles, commercial spots and ultimately led to songwriting & singing. In one such performance, Megahertz drops a cameo on the chorus of "Superstar", a song that features Ice Cube, WC & Mack 10.

Controversy
One of the most high-profile feuds in American hip hop history was the rivalry between Jay-Z & Nas. Vibe Magazine writer Dave Tompkins recounts, "When Jigga's (a.k.a. Jay-Z's) publicized beef with Nas reached nasty proportions, everyone waited on a response from God's Son (a.k.a. Nas). And he came out swinging with the Megahertz produced "Got Ur Self A Gun" – a killer cut laced with a violent harpsichord."

The track was the second single on Nas' Stillmatic album, and just days after its release, Jay-Z retaliated by putting out "Supa Ugly", a combative freestyle, performed over "Got Ur Self A Gun" and Dr. Dre's song "Bad Intentions."

Later years
At the height of his production career, he suddenly disappeared from the music industry. According to Megahertz, the reason was due to the death of his father around the time of his success.

Awards and nominations

 * MTV Awards
 * Best Rap Video "Bad Boy For Life" [Nominated]
 * MVPA Awards
 * Best Rap Video "Bad Boy For Life" [Nominated]
 * Grammy Awards
 * Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group "Bad Boy For Life" [Nominated]
 * Soul Train Music Awards
 * R&B/Soul Album Group, Band or Duo "The Best of Both Worlds' " [Nominated]
 * American Music Awards
 * Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Album "Get Rich or Die Tryin' " [Won]
 * Billboard Music Awards
 * Album of the Year "Get Rich or Die Tryin' " [Won]
 * Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Awards
 * Top R&B/Hip-Hop Album "Get Rich or Die Tryin'	" [Won]
 * Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Awards
 * Top Rap Album "Get Rich or Die Tryin' " [Won]
 * MOBO Awards
 * Best Album "Get Rich or Die Tryin' " [Won]
 * The Source Awards
 * Album of the Year "Get Rich or Die Tryin' " [Won]
 * Vibe Awards
 * Dopest Album "Get Rich or Die Tryin' " [Won]

title: Megahertz (record producer)