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Hampton Bays, New York

Hampton Bays is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in the Town of Southampton in Suffolk County, on Long Island, in New York. It is considered as part of the region of Long Island known as The Hamptons. The population was 13,603 at the 2010 census.

History
The hamlet was settled in 1740 as "Good Ground", which became the main hamlet of eleven in the immediate area. The area where Main Street, also known as Montauk Highway, is located today, was the approximate area of the original hamlet.

There were ten other hamlets in the area. They were called Canoe Place, East Tiana, Newtown, Ponquogue, Rampasture, Red Creek, Squiretown, Southport, Springville, and West Tiana. Most of these hamlets were settled by one or two families and had their own school house. Many of the names from the former hamlets are still featured as local street names today.

As a result of the growth of the surrounding hamlets and villages in the Hamptons and increased tourism from New York City, the eleven hamlets, although generally called "Good Ground" collectively by the early part of the 20th century, amalgamated under the name "Hampton Bays" in 1922. The motive behind the name change was for the hamlet to benefit from the "Hamptons" trade that the community's neighbors were experiencing.

In the early 1970s and the 2010s, portions of Hampton Bays unsuccessfully attempted to incorporate itself as the Incorporated Village of Hampton Bays.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 47.0 km2, of which 33.5 km2 is land and 13.4 km2, or 28.54%, is water. The hamlet is surrounded by three bays, the Peconic Bay to the north, and Shinnecock and Tiana bays to the south. The two southern bays are a part of a greater bay system, called the Great South Bay system, which stretches from approximately Southampton Village to Jamaica Bay in New York City. The Shinnecock Canal, a man-made canal located in the eastern part of the hamlet, connects the Great Peconic Bay with the Shinnecock Bay. Shinnecock Inlet, which leads from the Shinnecock Bay to the Atlantic Ocean, is the easternmost inlet, making it very popular for commercial fishing. The inlet itself, which separates the barrier beaches of Hampton Bays from those of neighboring Southampton, was created in the 1938 New England hurricane when the forces of the hurricane washed over that area of barrier beach, connecting the waters of the Atlantic with the bay.

The Hampton Bays CDP is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the south; by the Shinnecock Inlet and the eastern portion of Shinnecock Bay to the east, beyond which lie the village of Southampton and the CDP of Shinnecock Hills; by Peconic Bay to the north, beyond which lie the towns of Southold and Riverhead; and by the CDPs of Flanders and East Quogue (still within the town of Southampton) to the west.

Hampton Bays is located approximately 81 mi east of Manhattan.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 12,236 people, 4,877 households, and 3,092 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,016.1 PD/sqmi. There were 6,875 housing units at an average density of 570.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 92% White, 0.87% African American, 0.13% Native American, 0.70% Asian, 0.10% Pacific Islander, 3.69% from other races, and 1.55% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2% of the population.

There were 4,877 households, out of which 26.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.5% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.6% were non-families. 28.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.00.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 20.8% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 31.1% from 25 to 44, 23.9% from 45 to 64, and 16.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.3 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $50,161, and the median income for a family was $58,773. Males had a median income of $47,633 versus $30,426 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $27,027. About 6.7% of families and 10.7% of the population were below the poverty threshold, including 12.9% of those under age 18 and 10.7% of those age 65 or over.

Economy
Like most of the other communities in The Hamptons, tourism is a critical component of the local economy.

Commercial fishing remains a vital part of the Hampton Bays economy, centered on the fishing station at Shinnecock Inlet. After Montauk, Hampton Bays is the second-busiest commercial fishing port in the state of New York. According to 2014 statistics by the National Marine Fisheries Service, 4.7 million pounds of finfish and shellfish, worth $5.5 million, were landed in the Hampton Bays/Shinnecock port.

Hampton Bays was used as the set of the 2007 movie Margot at the Wedding starring Nicole Kidman and Jack Black.

Education
Hampton Bays is served by Hampton Bays Public Schools. The district operates three schools. Hampton Bays Elementary School serves grades Pre-K-4, and Hampton Bays Middle School, which fully opened in Fall 2008, serves grades 5-8. It is the first "green" school in New York state. Hampton Bays High School serves grades 9-12.

HB Schools' athletic teams are called the "Baymen", in honor of local commercial fishermen who work the hamlet's inland waters. Team colors are purple, black and white

Media
WLIR-FM is a radio station licensed to serve Hampton Bays.

Transportation
Hampton Bays is served by Sunrise Highway (NY 27), which is a major artery to the western parts of Long Island and New York City. The hamlet is also served by Montauk Highway (NY 27A), which runs from Queens to Montauk. Montauk Highway serves as the "Main Street" of many hamlets and villages along the south shore of Long Island.

The Long Island Rail Road (LIRR) provides limited rail service seven days per week via the Montauk Branch connecting Hampton Bays to Montauk and New York City. Hampton Jitney and Hampton Luxury Liner coach bus services provide slightly more frequent passenger travel between New York City and Hampton Bays, especially during summer months. Local Suffolk County buses also provide service to neighboring areas.

The waterways in the area, including the Shinnecock Canal, provide invaluable routes for boats.

title: Hampton Bays, New York


text:
Hauppauge, New York

Hauppauge is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in the towns of Islip and Smithtown in Suffolk County, New York on Long Island. The population was 20,882 at the time of the 2010 census. Despite Riverhead being the county seat, many government offices are located in Hauppauge.

Geography
Hauppauge is located at 40.81833°N, -73.20694°W (40.818205, −73.206878). According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 28.1 km2, of which 27.7 km2 is land and 0.4 km2, or 1.37%, is water. The name is derived from the Native American word for "sweet waters." Local Native American tribes would get their fresh drinking water from this area, instead of near Lake Ronkonkoma where the water was not potable. Hauppauge is known for the underground water springs and high underground water table.

History
The first house in greater Hauppauge, according to historian Simeon Wood, dates as far back as 1731, being located on what would be the Arbuckle Estate, and later the southeast corner of the Hauppauge Industrial Park, near the intersection of Motor Parkway and Old Willets Path. The settlement of Hauppauge proper commenced with the family of Thomas Wheeler prior to 1753, at the present-day location of the BP gas station between Townline and Wheeler Road. The locale would take the Wheelers' name as its own until the 1860s when the name Hauppauge was restored. On March 13, 1806, "a meeting of the male members of the Methodist Society of the 'Haupogues' was convened at the School House agreeable to public notice for the express purpose of Incorporating and Electing Trustees for said Society." The first trustees elected at the meeting presided by Timothy Wheeler and Issac Wheeler were Issac Nichols, Elkanah Wheeler, George Wheeler, and Samuel Brush. They were known as the "Trustees of the Methodist Episcopal Church and Congregation of the Haupogues". In 1812 the Hauppauge Methodist Church that stands today was constructed on land donated by the Wheeler family.

Hauppauge gained significance as a waypoint on the King's Highway, laid out by the colonial legislature of New York in 1702. The present-day right of way departs westward from Route 111 as Conklin's Road or Half Mile Road, passing St. Thomas More Roman Catholic Church before terminating at the border between Smithtown and Islip. Hauppauge was effectively split between the towns of Smithtown and Islip in 1798 with the survey of New Highway, or what is now known as Townline Road (County Route 76).

Demographics
As of the census of 2020, there were 20,083 people, 6,830 households, and 5,246 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,967.8 PD/sqmi. There were 7,384 housing units at an average density of 683.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 81.5% White, 8.0% Asian, 1.3% African American, 0.0% Native American or Pacific Islander, 2.8% from other races, and 6.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11.5% of the population.

There were 6,830 households, out of which 28.3% had children under the age of 18 living within (a decrease of 8.5 percentage points from the 2010 census), 61.7% were married couples living together, 18.1% had a female householder with no husband present, with an average of 2.90 people per household. 5.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average family size was 3.39 people.

The median age was 51.3 years, an increase of 10.2 years from the 2010 census. For every 100 females, there were 100.01 males. An estimated 94.7% of the CDP's population holds a high school diploma or higher.

According to the 2020 census, the median income for a household in the CDP was $120,442, and the mean income was $144,898. On average, people paid a median of $26,868 in annual housing costs. About 4.4% of the population were below the individual poverty line, including 2.9% of families and 8.3% of nonfamily households.

Hauppauge Industrial Park
The Hauppauge Industrial Park, located at the edge of the hamlet, is the largest on Long Island, and by some accounts the second largest in the nation. The park had more than 1,000 companies as of 2017 and employs over 55,000 people. The companies in the industrial park provide tax revenue to the Hauppauge school district's budget. As the park has aged, so too have its occupying companies, many of which have closed their facilities. One example, are the facilities of Reuters Group prior to its 2008 merger with Thomson Corporation. Afterwards, Reuters offices, comprising three data centers, were vacated and relocated to Times Square in New York City, the UK, and other Thomson complexes. The three empty data centers still are under long-term leases, but as is visibly apparent when driving through the industrial park, many corporations have either closed or vacated for newer locales.

Starting in 1936 the current site of the Hauppauge Industrial Park housed a radio communication facility operated first by Mackay Radio and Telegraph Company (owned by Clarence Mackay) and later by ITT Corporation. The radio facility, which specialized in transmissions to and from Europe, South America, and ships at sea, closed in 1986 but is memorialized on-site by Wireless Blvd.

The Hauppauge Industrial Park is reported to be the largest of its kind in the United States that is fully protected by an all volunteer fire department, the Hauppauge Fire Department.

Economy

Royal Apparel's headquarters are located here since 1992, producing American-made apparel here amongst several other east-coast locations. In May 2000, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill opened an office in Hauppauge. The 2500 sqft office is located on the second floor of the 1300 Veterans Memorial Highway building. Carl Galioto, the head of the company's technical division, stated that it opened the office because it had difficulty hiring New York City-area recruits. The location was established to attract professionals who would have otherwise been required to commute. Voxx International, a consumer electronics company, and Dime Community Bank are also headquartered here.

Notable people

 * Bud Harrelson, former Mets player (1969 World Series), coach (1986 World Series), and manager (1990–1991); owner of Long Island Ducks
 * Val James, NHL player
 * Tom Kirdahy, theatre producer
 * Lori Loughlin, actress
 * Candice Night, vocalist/lyricist and the wife of hard rock guitarist Ritchie Blackmore
 * Eddie Yost, former Washington Senators player and Mets third base coach (1969 World Series)

Schools
Hauppauge Union Free School District operates public schools. Adelphi University's Hauppauge Center is located at 150 Motor Parkway.
 * Hauppauge High School
 * Hauppauge Middle School
 * Bretton Woods Elementary School
 * Forest Brook Elementary School
 * The Pines Elementary School

Media
The hyperlocal news website Hauppauge Patch provides daily online coverage of breaking news, sports and community events. Hauppauge is also home to master control facilities for several media organizations, including Thomson Reuters and Paramount Media Networks.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hauppauge, New York


text:
Head of the Harbor, New York

Head of the Harbor is a village in Suffolk County, on the North Shore of Long Island, New York, United States. The population was 1,472 at the time of the 2010 census.

The Village of Head of the Harbor is located entirely within the Town of Smithtown. Despite this, the Northern part of the village is part of the Three Village Central School District in the Town of Brookhaven. On the border with Stony Brook Village, Head of the Harbor hosts the Avalon Nature Preserve; a privately owned memorial park of 216 acres consisting of trails and landmarks. Due to proximity, common, shared landmark, and heavy forestation, the North is seen as an extension of Stony Brook itself. It's this part of the village where Robert Mercer lives, owing to Renaissance Technologies' headquarters in Three Village.

History
Head of the Harbor incorporated as a village in 1928.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 3.0 sqmi, of which 2.8 sqmi is land and 0.2 sqmi, or 7.52%, is water.

To the north of the village lies Stony Brook Harbor.

Demographics
At the 2000 census, there were 1,447 people, 484 households, and 413 families in the village. The population density was 513.6 PD/sqmi. There were 501 housing units at an average density of 177.8 /sqmi. The racial makup of the village was 95.02% White, 1.24% African American, 3.25% Asian, and 0.48% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.38% of the population.

Of the 484 households 38.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 77.9% were married couples living together, 4.3% had a female householder with no spouse present, and 14.5% were non-families. 11.4% of households were one person and 3.5% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.99 and the average family size was 3.23.

The age distribution was 27.0% under the age of 18, 5.2% from 18 to 24, 25.0% from 25 to 44, 31.2% from 45 to 64, and 11.6% 65 or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.4 males. For every 100 women age 18 and over, there were 101.9 men.

The median household income was $117,450 and the median family income was $129,157. Males had a median income of $97,095 versus $50,481 for females. The per capita income for the village was $52,999. About 1.2% of families and 1.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 2.9% of those age 65 or over.

Government
As of April 2024, the Mayor of Head of the Harbor is Michael Utevsky, the Deputy Mayor is Lisa Davidson, and the Village Trustees are Jeffrey D. Fischer, Judith C. Ogden, and Daniel White.

Notable person

 * Robert Mercer, billionaire hedge fund manager.

title: Head of the Harbor, New York


text:
Holbrook, New York

Holbrook is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 27,195 at the 2010 census. The community borders the eastern side of Long Island MacArthur Airport.

History
Holbrook is believed to have derived its name from a stream which was called, in various narratives, either "Old Brook" or "Hollow Brook."

The area was part of the 51,000 acre Islip Grange estate, acquired in 1697 by William Nicoll (son of Matthias Nicoll, who was the sixth mayor of New York City). It was largely a rural area until Alexander McCotter acquired 5,000 acres in the area in 1848 (after the Long Island Rail Road reached it in 1844) and platted the community. The oldest still standing building from this period is St. John's Lutheran Church, which was built in 1863. In 1875, the Nevins and Griswold cigar factory operated at the original LIRR station.

In 1931, the population was 321. Population increased from 2,500 in 1965 to 15,000 in 1975, after the Long Island Expressway reached the community in 1969. It also was the center of growth as Long Island MacArthur Airport developed along the community's western border.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 18.6 km2, all land.

Climate
It has a hot-summer humid continental climate (Dfa) and average monthly temperatures at the Holbrook Country Club range from 30.9 °F in January to 74.0 °F in July. The local hardiness zone is 7a.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 27,512 people, 9,019 households, and 7,350 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 4,032.5 PD/sqmi. There were 9,157 housing units at an average density of 1,342.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 89.1% White, 1.32% African American, 0.08% Native American, 2.87% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.69% from other races, and 1.05% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.9% of the population.

There were 9,019 households, out of which 39.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.8% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.5% were non-families. 14.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.04 and the average family size was 3.38.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 25.7% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 32.5% from 25 to 44, 26.2% from 45 to 64, and 7.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.8 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $72,801, and the median income for a family was $76,349 (these figures had risen to $96,530 and $101,336 respectively as of a 2007 estimate. Males had a median income of $80,040 versus $63,651 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $26,863. About 2.5% of families and 3.3% of the population were below the poverty threshold, including 3.6% of those under age 18 and 3.8% of those age 65 or over.

Government
Holbrook is located mainly within the Town of Islip, while the section between Portion Road and the Long Island Rail Road tracks is in the Town of Brookhaven.

Education
All of Holbrook is within the Sachem Central School District, which is independent of town borders.

The schools located in Holbrook are three of the ten elementary schools: Grundy Elementary, Nokomis Elementary, and Merrimac Elementary, and one of the three middle schools: Seneca Middle School.

Holbrook residents attend either Sachem High School North or Sachem High School East, depending on which section of Holbrook they live in. Residents living in the north and west parts of the hamlet go to Sachem High School North in Lake Ronkonkoma, while those living in the south and east parts of the hamlet go to Sachem High School East in Farmingville.

Sachem Public Library is located in Holbrook.

Roads
Roads that pass through Holbrook include:
 * [[Image:I-495.svg|30px]] I-495 (Long Island Expressway): access from Exit 61.
 * NY-454.svg New York State Route 454, known as Suffolk County Veterans' Memorial Highway
 * NY-27.svg New York State Route 27, known as Sunrise POW/MIA Highway, forming the southern border of the CDP. Access from Exit 50 eastbound, exit 51 westbound.
 * Suffolk County 19.svg CR-19, known as Patchogue-Holbrook Road
 * Suffolk County 18.svg CR-18, known as Broadway Avenue (unsigned)
 * Suffolk County 19A.svg CR-19A, known as Main Street (unsigned)
 * Suffolk County 97.svg CR-97, known as Nicolls Road, forming part of the eastern border of the CDP
 * Suffolk County 16.svg CR-16, known as Portion Road, forming the northern border of the CDP
 * Lincoln Avenue, near the western border of the CDP

Buses
Bus service in Holbrook is provided by Suffolk County Transit.

Train
Holbrook is accessible on the Ronkonkoma Branch of the Long Island Rail Road. The Holbrook station closed in 1962, so the nearest access to the line is at the Ronkonkoma station or Medford station.

Airport

 * Long Island MacArthur Airport is approximately 3 mi from Holbrook.

Health care
The nearest hospital to Holbrook is Long Island Community Hospital in East Patchogue, approximately 7 mi southeast of Holbrook.

title: Holbrook, New York


text:
Holtsville, New York

Holtsville is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in Suffolk County, on Long Island, in New York, United States. The population was 19,714 at the 2010 census.

The hamlet is mainly in the Town of Brookhaven, while the southwestern portion is in the Town of Islip. An IRS Processing Center is located in Holtsville, along with NYPA's Richard M. Flynn Power Plant.

History
The hamlet known today as Holtsville included only a few farmhouses in the late 18th century. In 1843, the Long Island Rail Road opened its Waverly station. Maps from that period label the area as Waverly, and a stagecoach line ran north–south along present day Waverly Avenue. As another post office named Waverly already existed in New York, the name of the hamlet was changed to Holtsville in 1860, in honor of U.S. Postmaster General Joseph Holt. As of 1874, Holtsville consisted of 15 houses, a school, and a general store. The train station retained the name "Waverly" for some time, but was eventually also changed to Holtsville, probably in the 1890s, after farmers complained about their shipments going upstate by mistake. In 1916, the Suffolk County Tuberculosis Sanatorium opened on land that was considered Holtsville at the time, but is now part of the hamlet of Selden. The site later became the location of the main campus of Suffolk County Community College.

The Internal Revenue Service opened a large processing center on a 67 acre site in the hamlet in 1972.

The rail era in Holtsville ended in 1998, when a number of LIRR stations closed due to low ridership. Holtsville commuters were advised to use Medford and Ronkonkoma stations; more use Ronkonkoma because, except for a few peak-hour trains terminating in Mineola or Hicksville, boarding at Medford would require transfer to an electric train at Ronkonkoma anyway.

As of 2016, the Internal Revenue Service in Holtsville has the lowest ZIP Code (00501) in use in the United States.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 18.4 km2, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 19,714 people, 5,316 households, and 4,454 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 2,444.3 PD/sqmi. There were 5,418 housing units at an average density of 778.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 81.7% White, 1.7% African American, 0.09% Native American, 4.4% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.2% from other races, and 0.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11.1% of the population.

There were 5,316 households, out of which 43.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70.4% were married couples living together, 9.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.2% were non-families. 12.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.19 and the average family size was 3.47.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 28.2% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 33.5% from 25 to 44, 23.9% from 45 to 64, and 6.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.9 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $68,544, and the median income for a family was $71,784. Males had a median income of $50,361 versus $31,709 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $24,031. About 2.4% of families and 3.6% of the population were below the poverty threshold, including 2.7% of those under age 18 and 4.0% of those age 65 or over.

Parks and recreation
Holtsville is home to the Harold H. Malkmes Wildlife Education and Ecology Center, a public zoo and ecological park located on the site of a former landfill. Some of the amenities at the park include: a triple pool complex; exercise-trail fitness course; nature preserve and ecology center, featuring buffalo, bobcats, eagles, ecology exhibits and tours, free compost, greenhouses and a picnic area.

Education
The Sachem School District serves the residents of Holtsville.

title: Holtsville, New York


text:
Huntington Bay, New York

Huntington Bay is a village in the Town of Huntington in Suffolk County, on East Neck on the North Shore of Long Island, in New York, United States. The population was 1,425 at the time of the 2010 census. It is considered part of the greater Huntington area, which is anchored by Huntington.

History
Huntington Bay incorporated as a village in 1924.

In 2000, the Village and the Huntington Yacht Club were involved in a legal dispute over proposals for added floating piers made by the latter party.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 4.9 sqkm, of which 2.6 sqkm is land and 2.3 sqkm, or 47.32%, is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,496 people, 539 households, and 454 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,456.4 PD/sqmi. There were 560 housing units at an average density of 545.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 98.46% White, 0.07% African American, 0.94% Asian, and 0.53% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.27% of the population.

There were 539 households, out of which 33.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 75.9% were married couples living together, 5.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 15.6% were non-families. 12.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.78 and the average family size was 3.02.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 23.7% under the age of 18, 5.6% from 18 to 24, 18.9% from 25 to 44, 35.4% from 45 to 64, and 16.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.4 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $151,816, and the median income for a family was $163,820. Males had a median income of $100,000 versus $55,893 for females. The per capita income for the village was $71,798. None of the families and 2.0% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 2.9% of those over 64.

Government
As of September 2022, the Mayor of Huntington Bay is Herbert Morrow and the Village Trustees are Barbara Beuerlein, Mark Dara, Jay Meyer, and Don Rave.

Village police
The Village of Huntington Bay has its own police department, which provides the entirety of the village with police protection. The 2009-2010 police budget was $1,365,445.00.

title: Huntington Bay, New York


text:
Huntington Station, New York

Huntington Station is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in the Town of Huntington in Suffolk County, on Long Island, in New York, in the United States. The population was reported as 34,878 with the 2020 census. It is considered part of the greater Huntington area, which is anchored by Huntington.

History
The hamlet was named for its railroad station, and was originally known as "Fairground".

Huntington Station was the birthplace of poet Walt Whitman. His home remains there as a museum.

Economy
Across from the Walt Whitman Museum on Route 110 are the Walt Whitman Shops, a large shopping mall.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 14.2 km2, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2020, there were 34,878 people, and 10,925 households residing in the CDP. The population density was 6,369.2 people per square mile.

The racial makeup of the CDP was 52.9% White, 8.1% African American, 1.6% Native American, 2.8% Asian, 5.7% from two or more races, and Hispanic or Latino of any race were 32.8% of the population.

For the period 2017–2021, the median annual income for a household in the CDP was $104,871. The per capita income for the CDP was $43,565. About 11.7% of people were below the poverty line.

Education
Huntington Station is located within the boundaries of (and is thus served by) the Harborfields Central School District, the Huntington Union Free School District, and the South Huntington Union Free School District. As such, children who reside within the hamlet and attend public schools go to school in one of these three districts, depending on where they reside within the hamlet.

Transportation
The hamlet is a major hub for the area. It is the beginning point of electrification for the Port Jefferson Branch of the Long Island Rail Road, and numerous New York-bound trains start at Huntington station. The hamlet also has the 1 bus (operated by Suffolk County Transit), providing service along Route 110. In addition, the Town of Huntington also operates Huntington Area Rapid Transit (HART) buses through the area, with the H10 & H20 buses serving the area near the LIRR Huntington station, while the H30 & H40 buses only serve the southern portion of the hamlet by Jericho Turnpike.

Notable people
Notable current and former residents of Huntington Station include:
 * Gerry Cooney, former heavyweight boxer
 * Diabolic, underground hip-hop artist and rapper
 * Adam Ferrara, comedian
 * Tom Gugliotta, former NBA forward with various teams
 * Joseph Hazelwood, the ship's master of the Exxon Valdez at the time of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in the Prince William Sound, Alaska, on March 24, 1989
 * Charlie Korsmo, former child actor, lawyer
 * Latterman, punk rock band
 * A. J. Preller, GM of the San Diego Padres baseball team.
 * Jim Wetherbee (born 1952), astronaut
 * Walt Whitman, poet

title: Huntington Station, New York


text:
Islandia, New York

Islandia is a village in the northern part of the Town of Islip in Suffolk County, on Long Island, in New York, United States. The population was 3,335 at the 2010 census.

History
Islandia incorporated itself as a village in April 1985 after CA Technologies established its world headquarters in Hauppauge and trying to capture the Hauppauge School District, in the area some people informally referred to as South Hauppauge. After more than three years of conducting local research, residents appeared in front of Islip's officials to take the first steps in incorporating Islandia on September 16, 1980. At the meeting, locals presented the Town of Islip was a petition signed by 432 Islandia Residents, which was over the 180 minimum required, and also presented the $1,000 (1980 USD) filing fee required. Many officials in the Town of Islip, including Town Supervisor Michael LoGrande, were less than thrilled with the proposal, and Islip soon sued the organizers of the prospective village in an attempt to prevent Islandia's incorporation. It wasn't until December 1984 that the Town of Islip dropped their opposition and asked residents in return for at least 200 residents to sign a letter to promise that the community would not exclude minorities from living within its borders. An incorporation vote was soon held, during which residents ultimately voted in favor of incorporating, and in April 1985, Islandia officially became an incorporated village. Its founding father was Warren Raymond.

When it incorporated, Islandia became the first new village on Long Island to incorporate in over 15 years (the last village incorporated prior to Islandia was Lake Grove in 1968).

The core of Islandia is a 500-home housing development built by Levitt & Sons circa 1963, which offered seven different model homes to choose from. The original Levitt home buyers were informed during pre-construction sales that their children should attend the Hauppauge Union Free School District, but instead it became part of the Central Islip Union Free School District. The Levitt development was assigned the Central Islip ZIP code 11722 and was considered part of Central Islip until the incorporation of Islandia in 1985.

In August 2016, the village board approved plans for a new casino to be opened at the Marriott hotel. These plans attracted opposition from some members of the community citing possible crime and traffic problems, while others supported the first new casino to be opened in Suffolk County. Marriott International sold the property to Delaware North for $40.41 million because Marriott has a corporate policy against gambling. On February 27, 2017, Jake's 58 casino opened with 250 video lottery terminals.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 2.2 sqmi, all land.

Honeysuckle Pond, in Suffolk County's Lakeland Park, lies within the confines of the Village and should therefore be included in its geographic makeup. In the latter half of 2016 and the majority of 2017, the pond was virtually nonexistent, reduced to a muddy puddle devoid of wildlife.

Islandia straddles the Long Island Expressway and is near the geographic center of Long Island. It has no central business district.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,057 people, 1,007 households, and 753 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,369.6 PD/sqmi. There were 1,031 housing units at an average density of 461.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 73.63% White, 12.30% African American, 0.13% Native American, 6.05% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 4.94% from other races, and 2.91% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 19.10% of the population.

There were 1,007 households, out of which 35.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.8% were married couples living together, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.2% were non-families. 18.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.04 and the average family size was 3.49.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 24.7% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 36.3% from 25 to 44, 25.1% from 45 to 64, and 7.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.8 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $69,519, and the median income for a family was $69,615. Males had a median income of $46,083 versus $34,261 for females. The per capita income for the village was $25,682. About 4.0% of families and 5.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.1% of those under age 18 and 11.3% of those age 65 or over.

As of 2000, Islandia had the highest percentage of Turkish residents in the United States, at 2.5% of the village's population.

Education
Islandia is served by three school districts: the Central Islip Union Free School District, the Connetquot Central School District, and the Hauppauge Union Free School District.

title: Islandia, New York


text:
Islip Terrace, New York

Islip Terrace (formerly known as Germantown) is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in the Town of Islip in Suffolk County, on the South Shore of Long Island, in New York, United States. The population was 5,323 at the time of the 2020 census.

History
In 1914, a New York City real estate agent developed houses in the woods between East Islip and Central Islip State Hospital. Many who worked in the hospital lived here. The hamlet was originally called Germantown to attract people of German origin, but was renamed Islip Terrace because of German involvement in World War I.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3.5 km2, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 5,641 people, 1,755 households, and 1,463 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 3,985.3 PD/sqmi. There were 1,784 housing units at an average density of 1,260.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 95.82% White, 0.50% African American, 0.04% Native American, 1.49% Asian, 1.08% from other races, and 1.08% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.61% of the population.

There were 1,755 households, out of which 43.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.6% were married couples living together, 11.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.6% were non-families. 13.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.21 and the average family size was 3.51.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 29.5% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 33.6% from 25 to 44, 20.6% from 45 to 64, and 9.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.6 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $66,644, and the median income for a family was $69,389. Males had a median income of $51,036 versus $30,714 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $23,269. About 1.7% of families and 2.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.1% of those under age 18 and 3.1% of those age 65 or over.

Education
Islip Terrace, in its entirety, is served by the East Islip Union Free School District. As such, all children who reside within Islip Terrace and attend public schools go to East Islip's schools.

Additionally, East Islip High School is located within the hamlet.

East Islip High School serves the hamlets of East Islip, Great River and Islip Terrace. The public high school, which is the home of the Redmen athletic teams, serves approximately 2,000 students from grades 9–12. The school has achieved acclaim through a remarkably successful athletic program including football, bowling, baseball, softball and lacrosse. Football (most notable for the 2007 championship season), baseball, softball and bowling all regularly hold a spot in top Long Island ranks, and the boys lacrosse program has achieved national recognition.

Parks and recreation
Beaver Dam Park is located within Islip Terrace.

Roads
Major roads within the hamlet of Islip Terrace are:
 * NY Route 27, also known as Sunrise Highway (Exit 46N)
 * Southern State Parkway/Heckscher State Parkway (Exit 43A,43W,43E)
 * Suffolk County Route 17, also known as Carleton Avenue, runs parallel to NY Route 111 (Islip Avenue) from its southern terminus at NY 27A in Islip to its northern terminus at NY 111 near the Long Island Expressway in Hauppauge.

Airport
Islip Terrace is approximately 6 mi from Long Island MacArthur Airport in Ronkonkoma.

Train
No railroad lines run through Islip Terrace. The closest stations to the hamlet are the 1897-established Great River Station along the Long Island Rail Road Montauk Branch, originally built by the South Side Railroad of Long Island until 1876. and the nearby 1868-built Islip Station which is also on the Montauk Branch of the railroad.

Buses
There are many bus stops in Islip Terrace, mostly along branches of the 3C. Buses are operated and maintained by the local Suffolk Transportation Service, Inc.

title: Islip Terrace, New York


text:
Jamesport, New York

Jamesport is a village in Riverhead, Suffolk County, New York, on the North Shore of Long Island. At the 2020 U.S. Census its population was 1,609.

Jamesport consists of a downtown area and surrounding farms.

Hallock State Park Preserve (previously Jamesport State Park) is located north of Jamesport in the adjacent village of Northville.

Geography
The United States Census Bureau has estimated that Jamesport has a total area of 11.7 km2, of which just under 11.6 km2 is land and 0.1 km2, or 0.60%, is water.

History
Jamesport was first settled in the 1690s and was originally called "Aquebogue." It was renamed "Lower Aquebogue" when another hamlet called "Upper Aquebogue" was established to the west. The Jamesport Meeting House, built in 1731, is the oldest operating church building in Suffolk County

"Jamesport" is named for James Tuthill, who settled with his family in the area south of Lower Aquebogue, on the Peconic Bay, in 1833. Over time, Lower Aquebogue came to be called Jamesport, while the community 1 mi to the south, previously called Jamesport, came to be called South Jamesport (and is included in the present-day Jamesport CDP). Upper Aquebogue became Aquebogue.

James Tuthill tried to establish a commercial whaling and shipping wharf on the Peconic Bay, in what is now South Jamesport. But the effort was unsuccessful, because the water in the Bay at low tide was too shallow to accommodate ships. However, the Long Island Rail Road established service between Jamesport and New York City, after which Jamesport became a popular resort area, with several large bayfront hotels. These included the Miamogue Hotel and the Great Peconic Bay House, which operated until 1952. Jamesport also became a thriving fishing community, and was a center for scallop and bunker (menhaden) fisheries.

From the 1830s to about 1950, Jamesport was the site of a camp meeting grove operated by the Methodist Episcopal Church, and after 1904, of an Epworth League Fresh Air Camp.

During the 1960s, the Long Island Lighting Company (LILCO) designated land on the North Shore of Long Island near Jamesport for use as a possible second nuclear power station, in addition to its Shoreham plant, which was already under construction. However, the Jamesport plan was scrapped when LILCO ran into opposition to Shoreham in the 1970s and 1980s.

Demographics
As of the 2020 census, there were 1,609 people, 469 households, and 1,126 housing units in Jamesport. The population density was 216.0 per square mile. The ethnic makeup of the CDP was 88.6% White, 11% Hispanic or Latino (of any ethnicity), 1.5% African American, 0.4% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.43% “other ethnicities”, and 0.48% people of two or more ethnicities.

Of the 469 households, 56.7% were married couples living together, 29.4% had a female householder with no spouse present, and 3.2% had a male householder with no spouse present.

Minors made up 10.2% of the population, and 9.9% of the population were living below the poverty line.

Schools

 * Mattituck-Cutchogue Union Free School District (small eastern portion of CDP of Jamesport)
 * Riverhead Central School District (majority of CDP of Jamesport)

title: Jamesport, New York


text:
Kings Park, New York

Kings Park is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in the Town of Smithtown, in Suffolk County, on Long Island, in New York, United States. The population was 17,282 as of the 2010 census.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 17.1 km2, of which 16.1 km2 is land and 1.0 km2, or 5.93%, is water.

Kings Park is bordered by Nissequogue to its east across the Nissequogue River, by Fort Salonga to its west, by Commack to its southwest, and by the hamlet of Smithtown to its southeast.

Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 17,282 people and 6,212 households residing in the CDP. The population density was 2,787.4 PD/sqmi. There were 6,469 housing units at an average density of 1,043.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 80.1% White, 5.1% African American, 0.1% Native American, 8.4% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 4.9% some other race, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 16.3% of the population.

There were 6,212 households in 2010, out of which 34.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.2% were headed by married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.1% were non-families. 23.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.1% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.71, and the average family size was 3.24.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 23.3% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 23.4% from 25 to 44, 29.4% from 45 to 64, and 17.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.8 males.

Over the period 2007-2011, the median annual income for a household in the CDP was $92,921, and the median income for a family was $106,128. Males had a median income of $78,882 versus $55,872 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $37,980. About 1.6% of families and 3.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.6% of those under age 18 and 6.3% of those age 65 or over.

Kings Park is largely a Catholic community, with nearly 60% identifying as Catholic. The town parish, St. Joseph’s has the largest census population of all religious communities in the Town of Smithtown. The current pastor is Father Peter J. Dugandzic and has been in service since June 26, 2019.

Landmarks
Sunken Meadow State Park borders Long Island Sound and is accessible by the Sunken Meadow State Parkway. It is a part of the New York State Parks system. In addition to the water, the park has 6 mi of public trails and 27 holes of golf. The park's facilities are used for different activities, among them various distance running competitions. "Cardiac Hill" is well known by local runners.

The Nissequogue River, 6 mi in length, empties into Long Island Sound and is used for different types of water activities. The river flows through the Nissequogue River State Park.

Kings Park Bluff, sandwiched between Sunken Meadow State Park and Short Beach in Smithtown sits the Kings Park Bluff which empties into the Long Island Sound. Used as a boat launch and a popular fishing location for locals.

Kings Park is home to Leo P. Ostebo Kings Park Heritage Museum, the only school community managed town heritage museum in the United States, which is located in the first school building built in 1928.

Notable people
The Carlson Family - In the 1950s, the Carlson family revolutionized human waste disposal with a number of highly innovative inventions that were manufactured and sold in Kings Park and whose patented plans were used throughout the world. The two main inventions are the precast concrete cesspool and the precast concrete septic tank. There are several additional inventions for these two main products including their underground arrangement, metal manufacturing molds, and lifting apparatuses for loading and installation. These precast concrete cesspools and septic tanks are still manufactured and in use today worldwide.

Kings Park is the hometown of Houston Astros catcher/second baseman/outfielder Craig Biggio. Biggio was named one of the five greatest second basemen of all time by baseball statistician Bill James. He is also the modern-era record-holder for HBPs with 273, and the first player in history to be named an All-Star at both the catcher and second baseman positions. Biggio was elected into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2015. Kings Park High School named their men's varsity baseball field after Craig Biggio.

Three original members of the progressive metal band Dream Theater were raised in Kings Park, including guitarist John Petrucci, bassist John Myung, and keyboardist Kevin Moore.

title: Kings Park, New York


text:
Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle-upon-Tyne

Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle-upon-Tyne (Lucas; 1623 – 16 December 1673) was a prolific English philosopher, poet, scientist, fiction writer and playwright. In her lifetime she produced more than 12 original literary works, many of which became well known due to her high social status. This high social status allowed Margaret to meet and converse with some of the most important and influential minds of her time.

Background
Born Margaret Lucas to Sir Thomas Lucas (1573–1625) and Elizabeth Leighton (died 1647), she was the youngest child of the family. She had four sisters and three brothers, the royalists Sir John Lucas, Sir Thomas Lucas and Sir Charles Lucas, who owned the manor of St John's Abbey, Colchester. As a teenager, she became an attendant on Queen Henrietta Maria and travelled with her into exile in France, living for a time at the court of the young King Louis XIV. She became the second wife of William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne in 1645.

Her husband, then-marquess William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle, was a Royalist commander in Northern England during the First English Civil War and in 1644 went into self-imposed exile in France. Margaret accompanied him and remained abroad until the Stuart Restoration in 1660.

Writings
Cavendish, as a poet, philosopher, writer of prose romances, essayist and playwright, published under her own name at a time when most women writers remained anonymous. Her topics included gender, power, manners, scientific method and philosophy. Her utopian romance The Blazing World is one of the earliest examples of science fiction. She was unusual in her time for publishing extensively in natural philosophy and early modern science, producing over a dozen original works; with her revised works the total came to 21. She often would have her portrait engraved on the covers of her different works so that people would know that she was solely responsible for the creation of whatever she wrote and then published in some way or another.

Cavendish has been championed and criticised as a unique, ground-breaking woman writer. She rejected the Aristotelianism and mechanical philosophy of the 17th century, preferring a vitalist model. In May 1667, she became the first woman to attend a meeting at the Royal Society of London, criticising and engaging with members and philosophers such as Robert Boyle. She has been claimed as an early opponent of animal testing.

Cavendish's publications brought her fame and helped to disprove the contemporary belief that women were inherently inferior to men. Cavendish used them to advocate women's education: women were capable of learning and benefiting from education, and she insisted her own works would have been better still if, like her brothers, she had been able to attend school.

Childhood
Cavendish's father, Thomas Lucas, was exiled after a duel that led to the death of "one Mr. Brooks", but pardoned by King James. He returned to England in 1603. As the youngest of eight, Cavendish recorded spending a lot of time with her siblings. She had no formal education, but had access to libraries and tutors, although she hinted that the children paid little heed to tutors, who were "rather for formality than benefit". Cavendish began putting ideas down on paper at an early age, although it was poorly accepted for women to display such intelligence at the time and she kept her efforts in the privacy of her home. The family had significant means and Cavendish stated that her widowed mother chose to keep her family in a condition "not much lower" than when her father was alive; the children had access to "honest pleasures and harmless delights". Her mother had little to no male help.

Lady-in-waiting
When Queen Henrietta Maria was in Oxford, Cavendish never gained permission from her mother to become a lady-in-waiting. She accompanied the Queen into exile in France, away from her family for the first time. She notes that while she was confident in the company of her siblings, amongst strangers she became bashful, being afraid she might speak or act inappropriately without her siblings' guidance, while anxious to be well received and well liked. She spoke only when necessary and so came to be regarded as a fool, which Cavendish stated that she preferred to being seen as wanton or rude.

Regretting that she had left home to be a lady-in-waiting, Cavendish informed her mother that she wanted to leave the court, but her mother persuaded her not to disgrace herself by leaving and provided her with funds that Cavendish noted quite exceeded the normal means of a courtier. She remained a lady-in-waiting for two more years before marrying William Cavendish, then still Marquess of Newcastle.

Marriage to the Marquess
Cavendish noted that her husband liked her bashfulness; he was the only man she was ever in love with, not for his title, wealth or power, but for merit, justice, gratitude, duty and fidelity. She saw these as attributes that held people together even in misfortune, and in their case helped them to endure suffering for their political allegiance. Cavendish had no children, despite efforts by her physician to help her conceive. Her husband had five surviving children from a previous marriage, two of whom, Jane and Elizabeth, wrote a comic play, The Concealed Fancies.

Cavendish later wrote a biography of her husband: The Life of the Thrice Noble, High and Puissant Prince William Cavendish. In her dedication, Cavendish recalls a time when rumours surrounded the authorship of her works: that her husband wrote them. Cavendish notes that her husband defended her from these, but admits to a creative relationship, even as her writing tutor, for writing "fashions an image of a husband and wife who rely on each other in the public realm of print."

Financial problems
A few years after her marriage, she and her husband's brother, Sir Charles Cavendish, returned to England. Cavendish had heard that her husband's estate, sequestrated due to his being a royalist delinquent, would be sold and that she as his wife could hope to benefit from the sale. In the event she received no benefit. She noted that while many women petitioned for funds, she herself only did so once, and being denied decided such efforts were not worth the trouble. After a year and a half she left England to be with her husband again.

Character and health
Cavendish stated in A True Relation of My Birth, Breeding, and Life that her bashful nature, which she described as "melancholia", made her "repent my going from home to see the World abroad." It manifested itself in reluctance to discuss her work in public, but this she satirised in her writing. Cavendish defined and sought self-cures for the physical manifestations of her melancholia, which included "chill paleness", inability to speak, and erratic gestures.

Religious beliefs
Cavendish's views on God and religion remained ambiguous. Her writings show her as a Christian, but she did not often address the matter. In her Physical Opinions, she explicitly stated her belief in the existence of God – "Pray account me not an Atheist, but believe as I do in God Almighty," – but sought to split philosophy from theology and so avoid debating God's actions in many of her philosophical works.

Her theological temerity was unusual at a time when much women's writing was built around religion. Although Cavendish acknowledged God's existence, she held "that natural reason cannot perceive or have an idea of an immaterial being." So "when we name God, we name an Inexpressible, and Incomprehensible Being." Still, she believed that all parts of nature have an innate knowledge of God's existence. Even inanimate matter, she argues, "also have an interior, fixt and innate knowledge of the existency of God, as, that he is to be adored and worshipped. And thus the inanimate part may, after its own manner, worship and adore God."

Fashion and fame
Cavendish in her memoir explained her enjoyment in reinventing herself through fashion. She said she aimed at uniqueness in dress, thoughts and behaviour, and disliked wearing the same fashions as other women. She also made her desire for fame public. Several passages remark on her virtuous character: while acknowledging goodness in others, she thought it acceptable to hope to better them and even achieve everlasting fame.

She expected to be criticised for deciding to write a memoir, but retorted that it was written for herself, not for delight, to give later generations a true account of her lineage and life. She noted that others, such as Caesar and Ovid, had done the same.

Death
She died in London, and was buried in Westminster Abbey on 7 January 1674. Her husband arranged for a monument, by the sculptor Grinling Gibbons, to be erected in the north transept of the abbey. The epitaph reads: "Her name was Margaret Lucas youngest daughter of Lord Lucas, earl of Colchester, a noble family, for all the brothers were valiant, and all the sisters virtuous". All the Brothers Were Valiant became the title of a novel and number of film adaptations in the early 20th century.

Poems and Fancies (1653)
Poems and Fancies encompasses poems, epistles and some prose on topics that include natural philosophy, atoms, nature personified, macro/microcosms, other worlds, death, battle, hunting, love, honour and fame. Her poems at times take a dialogue form between such pairs as earth and darkness, an oak and a tree-cutter, melancholy and mirth, and peace and war. As noted by Mistress Toppe, formerly Elizabeth Chaplain and Cavendish's maid, Cavendish's writings took the form of poetical fiction, moral instruction, philosophical opinion, dialogue, discourses and poetical romances. Poems and Fancies included The Animal Parliament, a prose piece consisting largely of speeches and letters. The collection concludes with her thoughts on her writing and an advertisement for one of her future publications.

Authorial intent
Cavendish concluded the collection by stating she was aware that she did not write elegantly and that her phrasing and placement of words could be criticised. She said she had difficulty creating rhymes that could communicate her intended meaning. In short, Cavendish stated that she strove for meaning at the expense of elegance, her aim being to communicate ideas. She also noted that she expected her work to be criticised for not being useful, but she wrote not to instruct her readers in the arts, sciences or divinity, but to pass her time, asserting that she made better use of her time than many others. Cavendish returned to these points in her epistles and poems.

Epistle dedicatory
Cavendish, like authors such as Aphra Behn and William Wordsworth, stated her intended audience, writing purpose and philosophy in prefaces, prologues, epilogues and epistles. Her several epistle dedications for Poems and Fancies often sought to justify writing at a time when women writers were not encouraged and in terms of her subject choice. She instructed readers in how to read and respond to her poetry, most often by inviting praise from supporters and requesting silence from those unaffected by her work. Cavendish commonly used the epistles to admit and excuse potential weaknesses in her writing. They were directed at specific audiences and varied accordingly.

Mental spinning
Looking at several of the epistles in Poems and Fancies, her dedication to Sir Charles Cavendish, her brother in law, compares writing poetry to spinning and calls poetry mental spinning – it was commonly thought to be more appropriate for women to spin than to write, but she herself was better at writing. This is one of several occasions when Cavendish calls attention to stereotypical gender roles and expands on her reasons for not following them. As here, Cavendish often employed metaphors to describe her writing in terms of stereotypical feminine tasks or interests, such as spinning, fashion and motherhood. While criticising her own work, she said it would seem better if Sir Charles Cavendish looked favourably on it. Cavendish often appealed to readers for applause: if it were well received it would be somewhat improved. She ends by complimenting Charles's charity and generosity.

The pursuit of fame
In her epistle to noble and worthy ladies and in many others, Cavendish plainly expresses her desire for fame. She was not concerned that the best people should like her writing, as long as many people did. She justified this by linking fame to noise and noise to great numbers of people. Cavendish often assumed a defensive position, here justified by asserting that she expected critiques from males and females not only of her writing, but of her practice of writing itself. Cavendish argued that women who busy themselves writing will not act ineptly or gossip. Though she expected criticism from females, she calls for female support in gaining honour and reputation. She ends by stating that if she fails, she will see herself as martyred for the cause of women.

Defence of writing and fame
In her epistle to Mistress Toppe, Cavendish states a desire for fame as her main reason for writing. Again she asks for acceptance of her writing as a digression from accepted gender norms. While she often brings in metaphors of domestic or stereotypical feminine activities, here she tries to excuse her desire for fame by distancing her ambition from what is feminine: her ambition is a quest for glory, perfection and praise, which she states is not effeminate. Even while writing and pursuing fame she remained modest and honourable and does nothing to dishonour her family. Cavendish attributed her confidence, as a type of censor, to her belief that there is no evil, only innocence in her desire for fame. As to her writing without permission, Cavendish excuses herself by stating it is easier to get a pardon after the fact than to obtain leave beforehand. She places writing over gossip, as a common and negative female activity. She credits her books as tangible examples of her contemplation and contrasts her self-proclaimed harmless ideas with wild ideas that might lead to indiscreet actions.

Cavendish explored writing closet dramas in her exile. She became one of the best-known women playwrights through her interest in philosophical nature. This epistle is followed by a response from Mistress Toppe, praising Cavendish and her skill in poetical fiction, moral instruction, philosophical opinion, dialogue, discourses and poetical romances.

Language, knowledge and error
Cavendish included a prefatory letter to natural philosophers. She knew no language but English, and even her English was somewhat limited, since she was familiar only with "that which is most usually spoke." In other words, she downplayed her knowledge of the technical vocabulary used by natural philosophers, and thereby her knowledge of opinions and discourses that preceded her own. She then dismissed errors she might make as trivial, asserting that she did not mean her text to be taken as truth. She wrote simply to pass time and expected her work to be read for the same end. This epistle also explained her writing in verse: poets were thought to write fiction and that fiction was aligned with pastime, not truth. So verse might be expected to contain errors. Cavendish lamented that her work was not more entertaining and advised readers to skip any part they did not like.

Writing to pass the time
Her epistle states that with no children and at that time no estate, she has a lot of spare time, which she fills by writing, not housekeeping. Food husbandry in poetry was well-ordered fancy composed of fine language, proper phrases and significant words. Cavendish excused errors that might be found in her work as due to youth and inexperience, for she wrote only to distract herself from hardships of her husband's and her own. Comparing her book to a child, she said that it was innocent, young, well-behaved, bashful and sensitive. Readers should blame her, not the book, if they did not like it. If, however, the book was well liked, she made it clear that she expected fame.

Instruction on comprehension and judgement
In her epistle to the poets, Cavendish notes that as women seldom wrote, her writing may be ridiculed, as the strange and unusual seem fantastical, the fantastical seems odd, and the odd seems ridiculous. She requests that her work be judged by reason, not prejudice. She then excuses weaknesses in her poetry by stating that she writes only to escape melancholy thoughts and fill idle time. She employs a food/feasting metaphor: her poems are not ripe, but applause and praise will make them pass as a "general feast" to those of vulgar taste who take quantity over quality. As was typical in her writing, applause is welcomed and criticism censored, as she advises those who dislike her poetry to keep silent. Hers are poems of fancy and so require study. She recommends that as one with a troubled conscience ought to look to a minister for guidance. Likewise a reader will ask a poet for help in understanding her poems. Attempting again to guide readers to a positive reception of her book, Cavendish distinguishes poets (able judges of poetry) from rhymers (faulty judges of poetry) and advises people not to call her book nonsense or poorly constructed out of their own ignorance and malice. Returning again to her desire for fame, Cavendish notes that if judged by an honest poet, who would not be envious, her work would receive applause.

Cavendish asks the reader to read her fancies (poems) slowly, paying heed to each word, for each is a fancy itself. She warns that if readers lose their place or skip lines, they will miss the meaning of the entire work.

Poems: excuses and instructions
Cavendish followed some epistles with poems on how they came to be published and how they should be received. The proximity of the poems to the epistles and their similarity in subject and tone, suggests that they may be interpreted as Cavendish's own point of view.

The poem The Poetresses (sic) hasty Resolution, like many of Cavendish's epistles, contains excuses for errors that may be found in the poet's work and begs for praise. The poet states that self-love influences her judgement of her own poetry, which she finds she likes so much that she is moved to continue writing in hope of fame. She claims to write without thought of how her work would be received by critics. She then recalls how she was visited by Reason, who advised her to stop writing. Reason said her writing was a waste of time, that her work would not be well received and she should not have her work printed, so that the printer would not lose money. Reason also stated that there were already too many books and she should burn what she had written to spare the world from more. The poet noted her own angry response: she sent her book to press before she could be persuaded otherwise. In hindsight, however, she regretted doing so: she felt ashamed by her writing and told the reader to pity her and wipe away her tears with praise.

In The Poetresses Petition, she compares a negative reception to her books with their death. If the books suffer such a death (i. e. criticism), she requests silence and that they be forgotten, without alteration or inscriptions, and left undisturbed unless new merit is found. Again Cavendish sought to censor criticism and promote fame by instructing that only positive criticism should be voiced.

In An Apology for Writing So Much upon This Book, she compares it to a child and the book/child and author/parent to birds. The book is like a baby bird just going out on its own. The author, like a parent bird, is unsure whether the book/baby bird will be safe and chirrups an attempt to protect it.

Nature's Pictures drawn by Fancy's Pencil to the Life (1656)
This is viewed as "Cavendish's most ambitious attempt to combine modes and genres." It includes short prose romances – "The Contract" and "Assaulted and Pursued Chastity" – and several prefatory addresses to the reader. The stories concern "the advantageous production of woman as spectacle" and "repeatedly [feminise] the aristocratic and chivalric trope (or figure) of the fair unknown."

A True Relation of my Birth, Breeding, and Life (1656)
Cavendish published this autobiographical memoir as an addendum to Natures Pictures Drawn by Fancies Pencil to the Life, in 1656. She wrote it at the age of 33, which has been discussed by literary critics. One critic sees Cavendish's autobiography as a way to gain credibility and a marketable image that would undercut a socially improper public image. Cavendish wrote her autobiography in response to what people were saying of her in her lifetime. It relates Cavendish's lineage, social status, fortune, upbringing, education and marriage, describes her pastimes and manners, and offers an account of her personality and ambition, including thoughts on her bashfulness, contemplative nature and writing. She also shares her views on gender (appropriate behaviour and activity), politics (Parliamentarians v. Royalists) and class (proper behaviour of servants).

The memoir details the lives of her family, including a short account of her brother Charles Lucas, one of the best Civil War Cavalier cavalry commanders, executed by the Parliamentarians for treason in the Second English Civil War. She goes on to address the economic and personal hardships that she and her family faced from the war and their political allegiance, such as loss of estates and bereavements.

CCXI Sociable Letters (1664)
Published in 1664 by William Wilson, CCXI Sociable Letters (1664) is a collection of letters, written as if composed by real women. The organisation is similar to that of The World's Olio (1655). The topics are as varied as the forms and length of the letters. They cover marriage, war, politics, medicine, science, English and classical literature, and miscellaneous matters like gambling and religious extremism. Some letters seem to point to characters as actual people – Thomas Hobbes may appear in letter 173 and C. R. stand for King Charles II, – and some are addressed to real people with whom Cavendish often communicated, but most are fictional, leading to a surprisingly vibrant, ongoing conversation and observation of contemporary life.

Cavendish's natural philosophy
Throughout her work on natural philosophy, Margaret Cavendish defends the belief that all nature is composed of free, self-moving, rational matter. Eileen O'Neill provides an overview of Cavendish's natural philosophy and its critical reception in her introduction to Observations upon Experimental Philosophy. She describes Cavendish's natural philosophy as rejecting Aristotelianism and mechanical philosophy and favouring Stoic doctrines: while women rarely wrote about natural philosophy in the 17th century, Cavendish published six books on the subject. O'Neill points out that Cavendish herself was not formally educated in natural philosophy, though William Cavendish and his brother Charles shared an interest in the subject and supported her interest and study in the area. She may also have been influenced by social encounters with philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes. O'Neill believes Hobbes (who had instructed Charles in philosophy) had marked influence on Cavendish's natural philosophy, making her one of the few 17th-century supporters of Hobbes' materialist philosophy, which argued that incorporeal souls did not exist in nature. Beginning in the 1660s, Cavendish began to study the work of her contemporaries more seriously. O'Neill suggests that such study was meant to enable Cavendish to argue her own points better by contrast with those of other natural philosophers.

O'Neill notes that Cavendish's natural philosophy and her writing in general were criticised by many contemporaries and by more recent readers, such as Pepys, Henry More and Virginia Woolf. Cavendish's work has also received positive criticism and been lauded by many for tackling typically male-dominated subjects such as natural philosophy. Letters and poems of praise by her husband were included in several of her published works.

Writing as an honourable disease
Cavendish in her preface to Observations upon Experimental Philosophy states that she expects readers to say that her practice of writing prolifically is a disease. If so, Cavendish stated, many others, including Aristotle, Cicero, Homer and St Augustine, have suffered the same disease. It was an honour for someone of great ambition (as she often identified herself) to share the disease of such wise and eloquent men. In these, as in her other writings, she asserts that she writes for herself and that her writing is a harmless pastime when compared with those of many other women. She contradicts herself, however, by adding that she writes for delight, which she had denied in her previous work. Also somewhat contradictory is her intention of continuing to write even if she has no readers, which belies her desire for fame. Ultimately, Cavendish excuses her criticism of and engagement with the theories of other natural philosophers as a necessary step in the search for truth.

Learning versus wit
In her epistle to the reader, Cavendish writes that woman's wit may equal that of man, and women may be able to learn as easily as men. She argues that wit is natural, whereas learning is artificial, and in her time, men have more chance of educating themselves than women.

Cavendish remarks on her own experience reading philosophical works: many such works have challenged her understanding with their frequently difficult words and expressions. Thus Cavendish advises writers of philosophy to use language appropriate to less expert readers. She defends this by stating that philosophical terms should ease communication of thoughts. She believes that successful communication is possible in all languages and accuses those who complicate communication (particularly English writers) of aiming for esteem from those who admire writing simply because they do not understand it, without considering that it may be nonsense. In her own work, Cavendish states, she chooses not to use difficult terms, although she adds that she understands such terms. Her stated reason is that she desires her work to be accessible to people regardless of their education. Her aim is to communicate her ideas clearly. She requests that any errors that may be found in her work be overlooked and readers remain focused on her main ideas. Here, as in many epistles, she instructs readers on how to approach her work and requests them to read it fully and withhold criticism until they have done so.

The Description of a New World, Called the Blazing World (1666)
Cavendish's prose tale was published in 1666 and again in 1668, each time with Observations upon Experimental Philosophy.

As many such as Silvia Bowerbank and Sara Mendelson have noted, this early version of science fiction critiques and explores such issues as science, gender and power. It also views relations between imagination and reason and philosophy and fiction. Cavendish writes herself into the book, which details a fictional, quite separate new world and its empress. She remarks in her epilogue that she is the empress, adding that in much the same way as there was a Charles the First, she would be seen as Margaret the First.

Plays in 1662 and 1668
Two volumes of Cavendish's dramatic works were printed. Plays (1662), printed by A. Warren (London) includes:
 * Loves Adventures
 * The Several Wits
 * Youths Glory, and Deaths Banquet
 * The Lady Contemplation
 * Wits Cabal
 * The Unnatural Tragedy
 * The Public Wooing
 * The Matrimonial Trouble
 * Nature's Three Daughters, Beauty, Love and Wit
 * The Religious
 * The Comical Hash
 * Bell in Campo
 * A Comedy of the Apocryphal Ladies
 * The Female Academy

Plays, Never Before Printed (1668) was published by Anne Maxwell (London):
 * The Sociable Companions, or the Female Wits
 * The Presence
 * Scenes (edited from The Presence)
 * The Bridals
 * The Convent of Pleasure
 * A Piece of a Play

Other works
Cavendish also published collections of Philosophical Letters (1664), orations, as in her collection entitled Orations (1662). Many of her works address such issues as natural philosophy, gender, power and manners. Cavendish's plays were never acted in her lifetime, but a number, including The Convent of Pleasure (1668) have been staged since. The Convent of Pleasure has recently become a staple of high school and university literature courses because of its feminism and Sapphic plot and character elements. Several of Cavendish's works have epistles, prefaces, prologues and epilogues in which she discusses her work, philosophy and ambition, while instructing the reader on how to read and respond to her writing. Her work has been alternately criticised and championed from its original publication to the present day.

Critical reception
Cavendish was an unorthodox and daring intellectual who received positive and negative commentary from her contemporaries. Negative comments can be found by the Royal Society member Samuel Pepys who once wrote of her as "a mad, conceited, ridiculous woman" though he was eager to read her work. Dorothy Osborne reflected in one published letter, after reading a book by the Duchess, that she was "sure there are soberer people in Bedlam." She also had numerous admirers, Constantijn Huygens, Mildmay Fane, Earl of Westmorland, John Dryden, Kenelm Digby, Henry More were among them. Joseph Glanvill and Walter Charleton corresponded with her and engaged with philosophy and science. After her death, her husband William Cavendish compiled a book of admiring letters, poems, and epitaphs by numerous people. In the nineteenth century Charles Lamb enjoyed her Sociable Letters and so much admired her biography of her husband that he called it a jewel "for which no casket is rich enough." James Fitzmaurice argues “Cavendish was viewed sympathetically by the English Romantic poets”.

Margaret Cavendish was the first person to develop an original theory of atomism in Britain. She was also the first woman to be invited to attend a session of the Royal Society. One member, John Evelyn, saw in Cavendish "a mighty pretender to learning, poetry, and philosophy". Yet her knowledge was recognised by some, such as the protofeminist Bathsua Makin: "The present Dutchess of New-Castle, by her own Genius, rather than any timely Instruction, over-tops many grave Gown-Men." She saw her exemplifying what women could become through education. New manuscript evidence also suggests she was read and taken seriously by at least some early Royal Society members, such as its secretary, Nehemiah Grew.

Cavendish was mostly lost to obscurity in the early twentieth century. Not until Virginia Woolf's The Common Reader (1925) did discourse rediscover the Duchess. Woolf remarked that: "the vast bulk of the Duchess is leavened by a vein of authentic fire. One cannot help following the lure of her erratic and lovable personality as it meanders and twinkles through page after page. There is something noble and Quixotic and high-spirited, as well as crack-brained and bird-witted, about her. Her simplicity is so open; her intelligence so active." Margaret Cavendish began to generate intense scholarly interest in the 1980s, when rediscovered and analysed from a modern feminist perspective. Since then there have been many book-length critical studies of her. She has also gained fame as one of the first science-fiction writers, with her novel The Blazing World. Her self inserted as a character named Margaret Cavendish in The Blazing World is said to be among the earliest examples of the modern Mary Sue trope. More recently, her plays have been examined in performance studies, for blurring the lines between performance and literature, challenging gender identities and upsetting gender norms. Further analysis on Cavendish appears here.

This new interest has engendered media projects. The film, The Blazing World (2021) is loosely inspired by Cavendish's science fiction story. Siri Hustvedt's The Blazing World (2014), which was also loosely inspired by Cavendish, won The Los Angeles Times Book Prize for Fiction and was long listed for the Booker Prize. Margaret the First by Danielle Dutton dramatises her "with lucid precision and sharp cuts through narrative time", as a new approach to "imagining the life of a historical woman". ] As the digital humanities grow, several projects have begun archiving Cavendish. The International Margaret Cavendish Society was set up as "a means of communication between scholars worldwide", to increase awareness of Cavendish's scholarly presence as a hub for newsletters, contacts and links to Cavendish's works. Likewise the Digital Cavendish Project works to make Cavendish's writing accessible and readable for people across the web and "highlight digital research, image archives, scholarly projects, and teaching materials". On 26 January 2018, the Digital Cavendish Twitter account announced that its next goal was to compile the Complete Works of Margaret Cavendish.

Modern Editions of Works by Margaret Cavendish

 * Bell in Campo and The Sociable Companions. Ed. Alexandra G. Bennett. Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press, 2002.
 * Grounds of Natural Philosophy. Ed. Anne Thell. Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press, 2020.
 * Margaret Cavendish: Essential Writings. Ed. David Cunning. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.
 * Margaret Cavendish: Political Writings. Ed. Susan James. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
 * Observations upon Experimental Philosophy. Ed. Eileen O'Neill. New York: Cambridge UP, 2001.
 * Observations upon Experimental Philosophy, abridged. Ed. Gwendolyn Marshall. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 2016.
 * Paper Bodies: A Margaret Cavendish Reader. Eds. Sylvia Bowerbank and Sara Mendelson. Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press, 2000.
 * Philosophical Letters, abridged. Ed. Deborah Boyle. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 2021.
 * Poems and Fancies, with the Animal Parliament. Ed. Brandie Siegfried. Iter Press, 2018.
 * Sociable Letters. Ed. James Fitzmaurice. Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press, 2004.
 * The Description of a New World Called The Blazing World And Other Writings. Ed. Kate Lilley. London: William Pickering, 1992.
 * The Convent of Pleasure and Other Plays. Ed. Anne Shaver. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1999.

Books

 * Lisa Walters and Brandie Siegfried, eds. Margaret Cavendish: An Interdisciplinary Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022.
 * Lisa Hopkins and Tom Rutter. A Companion to the Cavendishes. ARC Humanities Press, 2020.
 * David Cunning, Cavendish. Routledge, 2015.
 * Lisa Sarasohn, The Natural Philosophy of Margaret Cavendish: Reason and Fancy during the Scientific Revolution. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010.
 * Lara A. Dodds. The Literary Invention of Margaret Cavendish. Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 2013.
 * Anna Battigelli, Margaret Cavendish and the Exiles of the Mind. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1998
 * Lisa T. Sarasohn and Brandie R. Siegfried, eds. God and Nature in the Thought of Margaret Cavendish. New York: Routledge, 2014.
 * Deborah Boyle, The Well-Ordered Universe: The Philosophy of Margaret Cavendish. New York: Oxford University Press, 2018.
 * Lisa Walters, Margaret Cavendish: Gender, Science and Politics. TOC Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
 * Kate Whitaker, Mad Madge: Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle, Royalist, Writer and Romantic. London: Chatto and Windus, 2003 Mad Madge : the extraordinary life of Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle, the first woman to live by her pen
 * Stephen Clucas, ed., A Princely Brave Woman: Essays on Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003
 * Line Cottegnies and Nancy Weitz, eds., Authorial Conquests: Essays on Genre in the Writings of Margaret Cavendish. Cranbury, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2003
 * Douglas Grant, Margaret the First: A Biography of Margaret Cavendish Duchess of Newcastle 1623–1673. London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1957
 * Kathleen Jones, Margaret Cavendish: A Glorious Fame. The life of the Duchess of Newcastle. London: Bloomsbury: ISBN 0-7475-0071-1, 1988
 * Emma L. E. Rees, Margaret Cavendish: Gender, Genre, Exile. Manchester: Manchester UP, 2004

Articles

 * N. N. W. Akkerman and M. Corporaal (2004), "Mad Science Beyond Flattery: The Correspondence of Margaret Cavendish and Constantijn Huygens", Early Modern Literary Studies
 * Siri Hustvedt. "Afterword: Margaret Cavendish: A Grandmother for Twenty-first Century Philosophy of Science". Margaret Cavendish: An Interdisciplinary Perspective. Eds. Lisa Walters and Brandie R. Siegfried. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022. 274-288.
 * Mihoko Suzuki, "Animals and the political in Lucy Hutchinson and Margaret Cavendish". The Seventeenth Century. 30.2 (2015): 229-247.
 * Mihoko Suzuki, "Thinking Beings and Animate Matter: Margaret Cavendish's Challenge to the Early Modern Order of Things". In Challenging Women's Agency and Activism in Early Modernity. Edited by Merry Wiesner-Hanks. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. 183-206
 * Justin Begley, "'The Minde is Matter Moved': Nehemiah Grew on Margaret Cavendish", Intellectual History Review 27, No. 4 (May 2017): 493–514
 * Karen Detlefsen, "Atomism, Monism, and Causation in the Natural Philosophy of Margaret Cavendish". Oxford Studies in Early Modern Philosophy, Vol. III, 199–240. Ed. Daniel Garber and Steven Nadler. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2006
 * Karen Detlefsen, "Margaret Cavendish and Thomas Hobbes on Reason, Freedom, and Women". In Feminist Interpretations of Thomas Hobbes, 149–168. Ed. Nancy J. Hirschmann and Joanne H. Wright. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2012
 * Karen Detlefsen, "Margaret Cavendish on the Relation between God and World". Philosophy Compass 4, no. 3 (2009): 421–438
 * Karen Detlefsen, "Reason and Freedom: Margaret Cavendish on the Order and Disorder of Nature". Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie 89, No. 2 (2007): 157–191
 * Lara Dodds, "Margaret Cavendish's Domestic Experiment". Genre and Women's Life Writing in Early Modern England. Ed. Michelle M. Dowd and Julie A. Eckerele. Hampshire: Ashgate, 2007. 151–168.
 * Deborah Boyle. "Informed by 'Sense and Reason': Margaret Cavendish's Theorizing about Perception". The Senses and the History of Philosophy, ed. Brian R. Glenney and Filipe Pereira da Silva. Routledge, 2019.
 * Brandie R. Siegfried and Lisa Walters. "A New Science for a New World: Margaret Cavendish on the Question of Poverty". 1650-1850: Ideas, aesthetics, and inquiries in the early modern era. Eds. Betty Joseph, Elizabeth Sauer, and Kevin L. Cope. Lewisburg, Pennsylvania: Bucknell University Press, 21-36.
 * Hilda L. Smith. "'A General War Amongst the Men ... But None Amongst the Women': Political Differences Between Margaret and William Cavendish." Politics and the Political Imagination in Later Stuart Britain: Essays Presented to Lois Green Schwoerer (1997): 143-60.
 * Sara Heller Mendelson, "Margaret Cavendish and the Nature of Infinity". Margaret Cavendish: An Interdisciplinary Perspective. Eds. Lisa Walters and Brandie Siegfried. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022.
 * Jeffrey Masten, "Material Cavendish: Paper, Performance, 'Sociable Virginity'". Modern Language Quarterly 65.1 (2004): 49–68
 * Elspeth Graham, "Intersubjectivity, Intertextuality, and Form in the Self-Writings of Margaret Cavendish". Genre and Women's Life Writing in Early Modern England. Edited by Michelle M. Dowd and Julie A. Eckerele. Hampshire: Ashgate, 2007. 131–150
 * Susan James, "The Philosophical Innovations of Margaret Cavendish". British Journal for the History of Philosophy, Vol. 7, no. 2 (1999): 219–244
 * Kegl, Rosemary. "'The World I Have Made': Margaret Cavendish, Feminism, and the Blazing World", Feminist Readings of Early Modern Culture: Emerging Subjects. Edited by Valerie Traub, M. Lindsay Kaplan, and Dympna Callaghan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, pp. 119–141
 * James Fitzmaurice, "Fancy and the Family: Self-characterizations of Margaret Cavendish". Huntington Library Quarterly 53.3 (1990): 198–209
 * James Fitzmaurice, "Margaret Cavendish on Her Own Writing: Evidence from Revision and Handmade Correction." PBSA 85.3 (1991): 297–308
 * Gertrude Townshend Mayer, "Margaret Cavendish Duchess of Newcastle". Women of Letters Vol. 1. London: Richard Bentley & Son, 1894
 * Bronwen Price, "Feminine Modes of Knowing and Scientific Inquiry: Margaret Cavendish's Poetry as Case Study". Women and Literature in Britain, 1500–1700. Ed. Helen Wilcox. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. 117–142
 * Diana Solomon, "Laugh, or Forever Hold Your Peace: Comic Crowd Control in Margaret Cavendish's Dramatic Prologues and Epilogues". Women and Comedy: History, Theory, Practice. Ed. Peter Dickinson, Anne Higgins, Paul Matthew St. Pierre, Diana Solomon and Sean Zwagerman. Lanham, MD: Fairleigh Dickinson UP, 2014. 55–64
 * Anne M. Thell, "Meet the hottest early-modern philosopher. No, that’s not an oxymoron. Margaret Cavendish’s brilliant writing was largely neglected in the 1600s, but it’s more relevant than ever. Here’s where to start with her work", The Washington Post, June 27, 2023
 * Special issue on Margaret Cavendish, In-between: Essays & Studies in Literary Criticism, Vol. 9, 2000
 * Special Issue on Margaret Cavendish, Women's Writing, Vol. 4, No.3, 1997
 * Jo Wallwork, "Disruptive Behaviour in the Making of Science: Cavendish and the Community of Seventeenth-Century Science". Early Modern Englishwomen Testing Ideas. Ed. Jo Wallwork and Paul Salzman. Surrey: Ashgate, 2011. 41–54
 * Clara H. Whitemore, "Margaret Cavendish". Woman's Word in English Fiction: From the Restoration to the Mid-Victorian Period. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1910
 * Virginia Woolf, "The Duchess of Newcastle, The Common Reader". The Essays of Virginia Woolf, Volume IV, 1925–1928. Edited by Andrew McNeillie. London: Hogarth Press, 1994. 81–90


text:
Lake Grove, New York

Lake Grove is a village in the Town of Brookhaven in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 11,163 at the 2010 census.

History
The area of Lake Grove was settled in the early 18th century along Middle Country Road, which was then part of the Old Kings Highway, originally a Native American footpath. The community's first church building, built in 1818, was the First Congregational Church of New Village. Placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002, the building has been preserved and is depicted on the village seal. In 1870, Lake Grove established its first post office, which carried the mail to and from Lakeland station (discontinued in 1883) by horse and wagon. The area was variously called Lakeland, Lakeville, New Village, Ronkonkoma or West Middle Island until it settled on the name Lake Grove in mid-19th century, after the groves of trees near Lake Ronkonkoma.

During the early 20th century Lake Ronkonkoma became a popular area for recreation, which prompted many small summer houses built on private roads of Lake Grove. In 1921, a new post office was erected in the eastern part of the area and given the name of Centereach. The next significant housing development built in Lake Grove was called Brook Lawn and was located on Stony Brook Road, which later grew into Stony Brook. More developments followed and the population of Lake Grove increased rapidly. In 1954, the newly built Nesconset Highway created a major commercial crossroad in Lake Grove, which prompted the construction of the Smith Haven Mall in 1968, which in turn made the local residents become concerned about the impact of new businesses and increased traffic in their community.

In order to gain local control of the zoning and planning, Lake Grove was incorporated by a vote of 552 to 332 on September 9, 1968.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 3.0 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 10,250 people, 3,419 households, and 2,742 families residing in the village. The population density was 3,436.8 PD/sqmi. There were 3,509 housing units at an average density of 1,176.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 91.31% White, 1.44% African American, 0.09% Native American, 4.93% Asian, 1.00% from other races, and 1.24% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.84% of the population.

There were 3,419 households, out of which 38.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.8% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.8% were non-families. 14.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.98 and the average family size was 3.31.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 26.3% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 34.7% from 25 to 44, 22.7% from 45 to 64, and 9.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 98.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.3 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $67,174, and the median income for a family was $73,065. Males had a median income of $53,113 versus $33,253 for females. The per capita income for the village was $26,321. About 2.5% of families and 5.1% of the population were below the poverty threshold, including 6.8% of those under age 18 and 3.2% of those age 65 or over.

Government
As of December 2021, the Mayor of Lake Grove is Robert J. Scottaline, the Deputy Mayor is Richard J. Cohen, and the Village Trustees are Richard J. Cohen, Richard Kick, John G. Peterson, and Felix Wienclaw.

Education
Lake Grove is served by three school districts: the Sachem Central School District in the southern section, the Middle Country Central School District in the middle and northern sections, and the Three Village Central School District in the northeastern section.

Economy
Lake Grove is home to roughly half of the Smith Haven Mall's property.

Notable people

 * Jon Bellion – Singer-songwriter, record producer, rapper.
 * Arthur H. Howell (May 3, 1872 – July 10, 1940) – Chairman of the American Society of Mammalogists, teacher of Luther Goldman.
 * Alycia Lane – Television journalist.
 * Joseph Michael Scally (born December 31, 2002) – American professional soccer player who plays as a right back for Bundesliga club Borussia Mönchengladbach.

title: Lake Grove, New York