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Washburn, North Dakota

Washburn is a city in southern McLean County, North Dakota, United States. Located along the upper Missouri River, it is the county seat of McLean County. The population was 1,300 at the 2020 census.

Washburn was founded in 1882 near the former site of Fort Mandan, winter quarters of the Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1804–1805, near a Mandan village. The town was designated as the county seat in 1883. The city's name honors General Cadwallader C. Washburn.

Washburn is home to the North Dakota Lewis and Clark Interpretive Center, which focuses on the Expedition's winter near the Mandan village. It houses a full-scale replica of Fort Mandan, which workers of the expedition built as their base, and one of the expedition's canoes.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.89 sqmi, of which 1.80 sqmi is land and 0.09 sqmi is water.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 1,246 people, 551 households, and 369 families living in the city. The population density was 692.2 PD/sqmi. There were 661 housing units at an average density of 367.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 98.0% White, 0.1% African American, 0.6% Native American, 0.5% from other races, and 0.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.1% of the population.

There were 551 households, of which 25.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.3% were married couples living together, 4.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 33.0% were non-families. 29.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.76.

The median age in the city was 46.2 years. 21.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.2% were from 25 to 44; 35.9% were from 45 to 64; and 15.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 51.3% male and 48.7% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,389 people, 557 households, and 407 families living in the city. The population density was 781.8 PD/sqmi. There were 659 housing units at an average density of 370.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 98.78% White, 0.72% Native American, 0.22% from other races, and 0.29% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.50% of the population.

There were 557 households, out of which 36.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.4% were married couples living together, 6.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.9% were non-families. 25.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 2.96.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 28.4% under the age of 18, 5.2% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 26.3% from 45 to 64, and 12.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.2 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $40,789, and the median income for a family was $54,250. Males had a median income of $47,500 versus $21,364 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,726. About 5.9% of families and 8.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.5% of those under age 18 and 12.7% of those age 65 or over.

Notable people

 * Jean Baptiste Charbonneau was born in 1804 at Fort Mandan to Sacagewea, a young Shoshone woman, and Toussaint Charbonneau, a French Canadian. As an infant, he was taken along by his mother on her travels with the Lewis and Clark Expedition. He became an explorer and interpreter, fluent in French, English, Shoshone, and other Native American languages
 * Clint Hill, Secret Service agent assigned to Jacqueline Kennedy, raised in Washburn
 * Ernie Kell, mayor of Long Beach, California from 1984 to 1994
 * Bruce Peterson, NASA test pilot, born in Washburn
 * Joseph Henry Taylor (1844–1908), author, newspaper editor, and frontiersman
 * Homer N. Wallin, World War II era Vice-Admiral in the U.S. Navy, born in Washburn

Climate
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Washburn has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.

title: Washburn, North Dakota


text:
White Shield, North Dakota

White Shield (nahtasuutaaká, ) is a census-designated place (CDP) lying within the boundaries of the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation. It is located "on" the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation in McLean County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 336 at the 2010 census. It is considered the primary community of the Arikara (Sahnish) people and is named for Chief White Shield. White Shield was founded in 1954 to replace the town of Elbowoods (Arikara: hiswíkAt, which was inundated by the creation of Lake Sakakawea. The name honors White Shield, an Arikara chief and a scout for General George Armstrong Custer.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3.8 sqmi, all land.

Culture
As of 2014, White Shield's Arikara language speakers are active in language revitalization. The Arikara language is taught at Fort Berthold Community College, White Shield School, and at the Arikara Cultural Center.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 348 people, 100 households, and 79 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 92.9 PD/sqmi. There were 108 housing units at an average density of 28.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 1.15% White, 98.56% Native American, and 0.29% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11.78% of the population.

There were 100 households, out of which 52.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 33.0% were married couples living together, 33.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.0% were non-families. 20.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.48 and the average family size was 3.89.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 43.1% under the age of 18, 10.6% from 18 to 24, 23.6% from 25 to 44, 17.5% from 45 to 64, and 5.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 23 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.6 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $15,625, and the median income for a family was $15,625. Males had a median income of $15,625 versus $12,159 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $6,603. About 45.7% of families and 56.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 68.8% of those under age 18 and 53.3% of those age 65 or over.

Public safety
In 2020 the nearest fire station was in Garrison and the nearest police station was in New Town. In 2020 there were plans to establish a joint police and fire station.

Education
It is served by White Shield School District.

Notable people

 * Carol Juneau - American politician from Montana. Former member of Montana House of Representatives and former Montana Senate. Born in Elbowoods.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: White Shield, North Dakota


text:
Beulah, North Dakota

Beulah is a city in Mercer County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 3,058 at the 2020 census. Beulah is home to the Dakota Gasification Company. It is near the largest lignite mine in the United States, owned by North American Coal Corporation.

History
Beulah was founded in 1914. It was named after Beulah Stinchcombe, the niece of a local land developer.

Geography and climate
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.51 sqmi, of which 2.49 sqmi is land and 0.02 sqmi is water.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 3,121 people, 1,353 households, and 862 families living in the city. The population density was 1253.4 PD/sqmi. There were 1,508 housing units at an average density of 605.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 94.8% White, 0.2% African American, 2.3% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 0.3% Pacific Islander, 0.7% from other races, and 1.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.3% of the population.

There were 1,353 households, of which 26.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.1% were married couples living together, 4.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36.3% were non-families. 31.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.81.

The median age in the city was 44.2 years. 22.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.1% were from 25 to 44; 34.3% were from 45 to 64; and 14.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 51.3% male and 48.7% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,152 people, 1,213 households, and 851 families living in the city. The population density was 1,307.8 PD/sqmi. There were 1,475 housing units at an average density of 612.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 95.78% White, 0.03% African American, 1.68% Native American, 0.29% Asian, 0.63% Pacific Islander, 0.16% from other races, and 1.43% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.48% of the population.

The top 6 ancestry groups in the city are German (74.3%), Norwegian (12.3%), Irish (9.3%), Russian (7.7%), English (3.4%), Czech (2.3%).

There were 1,213 households, of which 39.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.0% were married couples living together, 6.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.8% were non-families. 27.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.09.

The median household income was $45,256 and the median family income was $54,700. Males had a median income of $50,870 versus $20,792 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,614. About 5.3% of families and 7.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.6% of those under age 18 and 30.0% of those age 65 or over.

Education
Beulah's educational system started with a one-room school house, located in an unused barn south of city. At its advent, only five local children attended the school. As its reputation grew, children from surrounding communities increased the school's attendance to over one hundred students. The school went on to receive several awards for educational excellence and was considered the pride of the city until a fire in 1934 destroyed the building. Previously, an additional Beulah School was built in 1920.

Beulah has an elementary, middle, and high school. The sports teams are called the Miners. The American Legion baseball team is called the Cyclones.

title: Beulah, North Dakota


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Golden Valley, North Dakota

Golden Valley is a city in Mercer County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 182 at the 2020 census. Golden Valley was founded in 1913.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.73 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 182 people, 92 households and 54 families residing in the city. The population density was 249.3 PD/sqmi. There were 117 housing units at an average density of 160.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 97.3% White, 1.1% Native American, 1.1% Asian, and 0.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.6% of the population.

There were 92 households, of which 14.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 6.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 41.3% were non-families. 38.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.98 and the average family size was 2.57.

The median age in the city was 50.2 years. 17% of residents were under the age of 18; 3.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 19.7% were from 25 to 44; 40.6% were from 45 to 64; and 19.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50.5% male and 49.5% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 183 people, 91 households and 51 families residing in the city. The population density was 253.2 PD/sqmi. There were 124 housing units at an average density of 171.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 99.45% White, and 0.55% from two or more races.

There were 91 households, out of which 18.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.2% were married couples living together, 9.9% had a female householder with no husband present and 42.9% were non-families. 37.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.01 and the average family size was 2.63.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 17.5% under the age of 18, 4.9% from 18 to 24, 20.2% from 25 to 44, 31.7% from 45 to 64, and 25.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $27,188, and the median income for a family was $39,688. Males had a median income of $38,125 versus $15,625 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,783. Approximately 18.4% of families and 20.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 35.1% of those under the age of eighteen and 7.8% of those sixty-five or over.

title: Golden Valley, North Dakota


text:
Hazen, North Dakota

Hazen is a city in Mercer County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 2,281 at the 2020 census. Hazen was founded in 1913. Hazen has a K–12 school system.

It is located about fifteen minutes south of Lake Sakakawea, the largest lake in North Dakota and the third largest man-made lake in the United States.

History
A post office has been in operation at Hazen since 1885. A. D. Hazen, an early postmaster, gave the settlement its name. Hazen was laid out in 1913, when the railroad was extended to that point. The Fred Krause House, now on the National Register of Historic Places, was built in 1916.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.27 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 2,411 people, 1,020 households, and 742 families living in the city. The population density was 1898.4 PD/sqmi. There were 1,074 housing units at an average density of 845.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 96.6% White, 0.4% African American, 1.8% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.3% from other races, and 0.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.2% of the population.

There were 1,020 households, of which 29.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.1% were married couples living together, 6.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 27.3% were non-families. 24.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.75.

The median age in the city was 45.2 years. 22.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.9% were from 25 to 44; 35.8% were from 45 to 64; and 14.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50.1% male and 49.9% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,457 people, 937 households, and 684 families living in the city. The population density was 1,981.6 PD/sqmi. There were 1,131 housing units at an average density of 912.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 97.07% White, 0.12% African American, 1.75% Native American, 0.28% Asian, 0.16% Pacific Islander, 0.08% from other races, and 0.53% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.37% of the population.

The top 6 ancestry groups in the city are German (71.7%), Norwegian (18.4%), Russian (9.4%), Irish (8.8%), English (6.0%), Swedish (4.0%).

There were 937 households, out of which 39.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.1% were married couples living together, 4.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.9% were non-families. 25.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 3.12.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 30.0% under the age of 18, 4.1% from 18 to 24, 27.9% from 25 to 44, 24.9% from 45 to 64, and 13.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $44,028, and the median income for a family was $55,859. Males had a median income of $46,792 versus $23,011 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,908. About 2.8% of families and 5.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.1% of those under age 18 and 22.7% of those age 65 or over.

Education
Hazen High School

Transportation
Hazen Busing provides dial-a-ride transit service in the city. The service operates on weekdays from 8am to 4pm.

Notable natives

 * Tigirlily Gold, musical duo

title: Hazen, North Dakota


text:
Pick City, North Dakota

Pick City is a city in Mercer County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 123 at the 2020 census. Pick City was founded in 1946 and named after Lewis A. Pick, director of the Missouri River office of the United States Army Corps of Engineers. It overlooks the Garrison Dam.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.18 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 123 people, 63 households, and 36 families residing in the city. The population density was 683.3 PD/sqmi. There were 132 housing units at an average density of 733.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 99.2% White and 0.8% Native American. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.8% of the population.

There were 63 households, of which 7.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.4% were married couples living together, 3.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 1.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 42.9% were non-families. 33.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.95 and the average family size was 2.36.

The median age in the city was 58.3 years. 10.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 3.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 10.5% were from 25 to 44; 37.4% were from 45 to 64; and 37.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 51.2% male and 48.8% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 166 people, 72 households, and 51 families residing in the town. The population density was 951.5 PD/sqmi. There were 117 housing units at an average density of 670.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 87.35% White, 3.61% Native American, and 9.04% from two or more races.

There were 72 households, out of which 25.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.5% were married couples living together, 4.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.8% were non-families. 26.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.75.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.3% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 24.7% from 25 to 44, 30.7% from 45 to 64, and 16.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $36,563, and the median income for a family was $37,750. Males had a median income of $36,250 versus $18,750 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,077. About 8.8% of families and 9.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.9% of those under the age of eighteen and 7.1% of those 65 or over.

title: Pick City, North Dakota


text:
Stanton, North Dakota

Stanton is a city in Mercer County, North Dakota, United States. It is the county seat of Mercer County. The population was 368 at the 2020 census. Stanton was founded in 1883 and became the county seat when Mercer County organized in 1884.

Stanton is home to the Knife River Indian Villages National Historic Site, which houses a Hidatsa earth lodge and three abandoned villages. One of these, Awatixa, is believed to be the former home of Sakakawea.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.47 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 366 people, 166 households, and 113 families residing in the city. The population density was 778.7 PD/sqmi. There were 198 housing units at an average density of 421.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 97.3% White, 0.3% Native American, 0.3% Asian, and 2.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.3% of the population.

There were 166 households, of which 22.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.4% were married couples living together, 6.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 31.9% were non-families. 28.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.59.

The median age in the city was 48.5 years. 18% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20.2% were from 25 to 44; 37.7% were from 45 to 64; and 17.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 51.1% male and 48.9% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 345 people, 159 households, and 107 families residing in the city. The population density was 739.9 PD/sqmi. There were 198 housing units at an average density of 424.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 95.65% White, 1.74% Native American, 0.58% Asian, 0.29% Pacific Islander, 0.29% from other races, and 1.45% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.29% of the population.

There were 159 households, out of which 23.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.1% were married couples living together, 3.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.7% were non-families. 30.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.13 and the average family size was 2.58.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 20.9% under the age of 18, 4.6% from 18 to 24, 21.2% from 25 to 44, 35.1% from 45 to 64, and 18.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 111.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $38,958, and the median income for a family was $49,750. Males had a median income of $46,000 versus $24,688 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,983. About 0.9% of families and 5.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.6% of those under age 18 and 13.5% of those age 65 or over.

Education
It is in the Center-Stanton School District. The district formed in July 2004 from the merger of the Center and Stanton school districts. As a result of the merger Stanton High School immediately closed, and Stanton elementary closed in 2008. All students go to school in Center.

title: Stanton, North Dakota


text:
Zap, North Dakota

Zap is a city in Mercer County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 221 at the 2020 census.

Zap was founded in 1913 along a branch line of the Northern Pacific Railway that began in Mandan. The exact origin of the name is uncertain, though there are numerous unconfirmed theories; some say the town was named after Zapp, which was either a prominent Minnesota banking family or a coal-mining town in Scotland. Zap has been noted for its unusual place name.

The "Zip to Zap"
The town of Zap is probably most widely known for the Zip to Zap riot, which occurred on May 10, 1969. The Zip to Zap was originally intended as a spring break diversion. Between 2000 and 3000 people descended upon the town after an article by Chuck Stroup, originally appearing in the North Dakota State University Spectrum newspaper, and then later picked up by the Associated Press, persuaded busloads and chartered planes full of people from around the United States to go there.

The amiable revelry began early with an all-night party in the streets outside an overwhelmed small bar. When the mayor finally exited the bar in the middle of the night and discovered a bonfire on main street and realized the size of the crowd in his tiny town, he panicked and called the governor, William Guy. At dawn, marching in formation and armed with bayonets placed, the National Guard invaded the town and forced the crowd to leave Zap. The event moved to several other towns before the Governor announced that a park in Bismarck would host the crowd. The then-popular rock station, KFYR, and their disc jockeys were in communication with event organizers and falsely reported where the crowd had gone before they arrived, effectively directing all the listeners on which small town and park to proceed to next. In one village, locals cleaned out the Farmers Union of every implement handle in order to patrol their town against the wave of invading hippies and cowboys.

Geography
Zap is located in the prairie country along Spring Creek, a tributary of the Knife River.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.05 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 237 people, 109 households, and 70 families residing in the city. The population density was 225.7 PD/sqmi. There were 135 housing units at an average density of 128.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 91.6% White, 3.0% Native American, 1.3% Asian, and 4.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.4% of the population.

There were 109 households, of which 24.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.7% were married couples living together, 8.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 8.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35.8% were non-families. 31.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.63.

The median age in the city was 49.1 years. 17.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 18.2% were from 25 to 44; 38.8% were from 45 to 64; and 16% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 54.0% male and 46.0% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 231 people, 101 households, and 68 families residing in the city. The population density was 221.8 PD/sqmi. There were 129 housing units at an average density of 123.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 95.24% White, 3.90% Native American, and 0.87% from two or more races.

There were 101 households, out of which 25.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.4% were married couples living together, 4.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.7% were non-families. 29.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.78.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.6% under the age of 18, 5.2% from 18 to 24, 25.5% from 25 to 44, 33.3% from 45 to 64, and 14.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $30,536, and the median income for a family was $34,063. Males had a median income of $30,625 versus $18,125 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,175. About 5.2% of families and 10.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.6% of those under the age of eighteen and 18.2% of those 65 or over.

title: Zap, North Dakota


text:
Almont, North Dakota

Almont is a city in Morton County, North Dakota, United States. It is part of the "Bismarck, ND Metropolitan Statistical Area" or "Bismarck–Mandan". The population was 100 at the 2020 census. Almont was founded in 1906, incorporated in 1936, and reached a peak population of 232 in 1940. The Northern Pacific Railroad tracks were removed in 1947 when the mainline was rerouted, and the city has since withered to just above 100 residents.

Geography
Almont is on County Road 86, about 10 mi south of Interstate 94.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 2.64 sqmi, all land.

Climate
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Almont has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.

The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Dfb" (Humid Continental Climate).

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 122 people, 51 households, and 30 families living in the city. The population density was 46.2 PD/sqmi. There were 66 housing units at an average density of 25.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 100.0% White.

There were 51 households, of which 29.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.9% were married couples living together, 3.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 41.2% were non-families. 37.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 27.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 3.23.

The median age in the city was 41.8 years. 27.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 18.8% were from 25 to 44; 32.8% were from 45 to 64; and 13.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.2% male and 50.8% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 89 people, 43 households, and 22 families living in the city. The population density was 33.8 PD/sqmi. There were 63 housing units at an average density of 23.9 per square mile (9.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 100.0% White.

There were 43 households, out of which 25.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.2% were married couples living together, 4.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 48.8% were non-families. 44.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 23.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.07 and the average family size was 3.00.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 24.7% under the age of 18, 5.6% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 23.6% from 45 to 64, and 18.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 81.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $25,625, and the median income for a family was $30,625. Males had a median income of $24,375 versus $15,000 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,761. There were no families and 6.4% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 38.9% of those over 64.

Education
It is in the New Salem-Almont School District.

Almont was previously in Sims School District 8, which operated Almont Elementary School. At the time the district sent high school students to New Salem schools. The district merged with New Salem schools in 2008. In Fall 2008 the North Dakota Department of Public Instruction listed Almont Elementary as being "nonoperating".

title: Almont, North Dakota


text:
Flasher, North Dakota

Flasher is a city in Morton County, North Dakota, United States. It is part of the "Bismarck, ND Metropolitan Statistical Area" or "Bismarck-Mandan". The population was 217 at the 2020 census. Flasher was founded in 1902.

History
Flasher was platted in 1902. The city was named in honor of Mabel Flasher, the relative of a town promoter. A post office has been in operation at Flasher since 1903.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.71 sqmi, of which, 0.70 sqmi is land and 0.01 sqmi is water.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 232 people, 113 households, and 58 families living in the city. The population density was 331.4 PD/sqmi. There were 135 housing units at an average density of 192.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 97.8% White, 0.4% Native American, 0.4% Asian, and 1.3% from two or more races.

There were 113 households, of which 29.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.5% were married couples living together, 6.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 48.7% were non-families. 46.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.05 and the average family size was 3.00.

The median age in the city was 40.6 years. 25.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 3.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.1% were from 25 to 44; 28.9% were from 45 to 64; and 18.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50.0% male and 50.0% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 285 people, 130 households, and 72 families living in the city. The population density was 408.0 PD/sqmi. There were 155 housing units at an average density of 221.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 97.89% White, 0.35% Native American, 0.35% Asian, and 1.40% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.05% of the population. Flasher, North Dakota was established by multiple German families from Russia in the early 1900s. It is rumored that one of the sons from the ship was left behind and is now living in Germany, in a small village near Heidelberg.

There were 130 households, out of which 26.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.7% were married couples living together, 3.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.6% were non-families. 40.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 26.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.19 and the average family size was 2.94.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 24.9% under the age of 18, 5.3% from 18 to 24, 19.3% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 30.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.8 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $20,313, and the median income for a family was $40,556. Males had a median income of $24,167 versus $28,750 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,970. About 9.7% of families and 16.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.4% of those under the age of eighteen and 12.7% of those 65 or over.

Climate
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Flasher has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.

Notable people
Hilaire du Berrier - pilot, barnstormer, and spy

title: Flasher, North Dakota


text:
Glen Ullin, North Dakota

Glen Ullin is a city in Morton County, North Dakota, United States. It is part of the "Bismarck, ND Metropolitan Statistical Area" or "Bismarck-Mandan". The population was 732 at the 2020 census.

History
Glen Ullin was founded in 1883 along the transcontinental route of the Northern Pacific Railway. The name was created by Major Alvan E. Bovay, a Northern Pacific land agent at the time. Glen, the Scottish Gaelic word for "valley," was chosen because of the city's location within a valley, while Ullin was taken from the Thomas Campbell poem Lord Ullin's Daughter. Glen Ullin was originally built up chiefly by Germans from Russia.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.07 sqmi, of which, 1.04 sqmi is land and 0.03 sqmi is water.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 807 people, 358 households, and 192 families residing in the city. The population density was 776.0 PD/sqmi. There were 416 housing units at an average density of 400.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 97.3% White, 0.5% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 0.2% from other races, and 1.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.4% of the population.

There were 358 households, of which 20.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.8% were married couples living together, 5.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 46.4% were non-families. 40.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.01 and the average family size was 2.74.

The median age in the city was 53.4 years. 17.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 18% were from 25 to 44; 26.3% were from 45 to 64; and 34.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.2% male and 53.8% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 865 people, 369 households, and 221 families residing in the city. The population density was 831.2 PD/sqmi. There were 405 housing units at an average density of 389.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 99.42% White, 0.23% Native American, and 0.35% from two or more races.

There were 369 households, out of which 22.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.5% were married couples living together, 4.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.1% were non-families. 37.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 23.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.08 and the average family size was 2.77.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 17.9% under the age of 18, 4.3% from 18 to 24, 19.2% from 25 to 44, 19.7% from 45 to 64, and 39.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 52 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.9 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $27,688, and the median income for a family was $32,368. Males had a median income of $24,444 versus $16,513 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,258. About 4.4% of families and 8.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.8% of those under age 18 and 12.3% of those age 65 or over.

Education
Glen Ullin currently operates a K-12 school located on the bypass on the south end of Glen Ullin. Glen Ullin's school mascot is the "Bearcat". The school's nickname was previously the "Rattlers", until the school combined with Hebron high school and a name change took place. Glen Ullin's 1st co-op with Hebron, for football, had the team name of the "Bandits". Glen Ullin is currently combined in football with Beulah.

Notable people

 * Ivan Dmitri, (1900 — 1968), artist and photographer, lived in Glen Ullin from 1914 to 1918

title: Glen Ullin, North Dakota


text:
Talk:Protein folding

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 1 September 2020 and 17 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Calhobbs11. Peer reviewers: Vazi97, Jimmyjohnslaser.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 02:47, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Andrewovak.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 07:21, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

"misfolded (incorrectly folded)"
Is this really necessary? Most people know what the prefix "mis" means. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.102.52.2 (talk) 17:03, 23 November 2010 (UTC)

Remove Dual Polarization Interferometry?
This is a relatively obscure technique with little to do with protein folding. Only 39 articles on Pubmed deal with DPI and only 2 of these deal loosely with protein folding. By comparison, there are 3138 using NMR which is not discussed in the article. Also, the text seems to be taken verbatim from the DPI article --Biophysik (talk) 04:51, 4 May 2009 (UTC)

Most protein folding occurs in the ER lumen, and I think this article implies it happens in the cytosol, which is a very different environment. Can someone back me up here? I think it should be changed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.13.229.19 (talk) 15:45, 29 September 2008 (UTC)

This is just a feedback: the link for the third reference,

Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Lubert Stryer; Web content by Neil D. Clarke (2002). "3. Protein Structure and Function", Biochemistry. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-4684-0.

does not work. Delete this comment when solved. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.126.167.93 (talk) 09:43, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

Is there a way to simplify the explanation of the process? The 'middle-school English' explanation (which of course, has since been deleted)was actually a good summary without having to go deep into the complexity.

I'm not sure my biochemistry is up to it, but should something about the different levels of protein structure be added here, (primary, secondary, tertitary etc.)?

The main protein article has that - I suppose you could refer to that article. -- Marj 05:44, 26 Oct 2003 (UTC) ok

 * I've tried to make the initial section a bit clearer but it's a difficult thing to provide a non-technical summary of. I've also put in some references to (mostly) free articles & books. Hopefully it doesn't jump in quite so quickly now. See what you think. MockAE 12:34, 14 April 2007 (UTC)

Folding temperature
I have read that the folding temperature of a protein is defined as the temperature at which there is a peak in the heat capacity of the protein. I am not sure what this means physically about what is different in the protein at the folding temperature versus below the folding temperature. However, I would like very much to know. Thank you. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Shindizzle (talk • contribs)

This page is useless. If anyone could understand this page, they wouldn't need Wikipedia to explain it to them. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.215.213.229 (talk)

The folding temperature is a minor point in the grand scheme of protein folding. FYI, it is a characteristic temperature at which the protein spends half the time in the folded state and half the time in the unfolded state. The peak of the heat capacity for any substance (protein or otherwise) is the temperature at which the transition from one state to another occurs (e.g. phase transition). So, for proteins, the peak is the temperature at which the protein goes from the unfolded state to the folded state. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.122.236.163 (talk)

 * That's not entirely correct.  The temperature at which the protein spends half the time in the folded state and half the time in the unfolded state is the ' folding transition temperature for a two state folding protein '.  The term 'folding temperature' is an imprecise term. --159.178.50.165 (talk) 15:41, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

 * external link to rosetta is needless- they do not study the protein folding. they predict final structure, ant this should be addressed to "protein structure prediction" . this also refers to human proteom folding project, predictor at home, fight aids at home and all others. only Stanford is studying the protein folding. 84.15.64.164 12:30, 8 May 2006 (UTC)Samurajus712

H-bonds, entropy, etc.
This is a nice article, although it could be done more "in depth". H-bonds do stabilize protein structure. The catch: water is liquid. When water freezes itself, there is a certain energy gain called enthalpy of fusion. This enthalpy of fusion originates mostly from formation of H-bonds between molecules of water: these H-bonds are strong in the solid state, but "transient" in the liquid mobile water. Same thing with protein folding, helix-coil transitions, crystallization, etc. The energy of H-bond in protein folding is ~-1.5 kcal/mol (mutagenesis and other data). Main force that opposes protein folding is conformational entropy (like in any other liquid to solid state type transition). This is easy to fix. I can do this later. Biophys 17:26, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

Techniques for studying protein folding
It would be good to separate experimental and computational techniques. There are many more experimental methods that should be mentioned here. Biophys 18:03, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I noticed this also. It seems that there is a lack of flow and continuity in this section.  The first three methods mentioned are experimental, then the article talks about computational methods, and finally switches back to experimental methods.  If it's alright I'm going to clean this up.Dopeytaylor (talk) 18:03, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

 * I have reorganized this section, splitting it into two, and reordering a few things. I'm still not satisfied with it.   (Dopeytaylor (talk) 18:09, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

It is important to tell something about protein folding pathways based on experimental data (intermediates, transition states, etc.), about thermodynamic stability of proteins, and differences between water-soluble and transmembrane proteins. Beta-sheet is not a secondary structure! The beta-strand is. Biophys 04:08, 2 November 2006 (UTC)

Disulfide bonds often exist within beta sheets, and sometimes even within alpha helices. This is corrected. Biophys 02:07, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

Random coil --> Random coil (protein folding)
Does anyone else think it might be useful to split the random coil article into 2 separate articles? With the first being used to describe the mathematical theory, and the second to describe the protein related aspects of the model?--69.118.143.107 (talk) 18:32, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

Another useful study
The following paper may contain useful material for this article:

Igor V. Grigoriev; Sung-Hou Kim. ''Detection of Protein Fold Similarity Based on Correlation of Amino Acid Properties''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 96, No. 25. (Dec. 7, 1999), pp. 14318-14323. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0027-8424%2819991207%2996%3A25%3C14318%3ADOPFSB%3E2.0.CO%3B2-B

128.197.150.162 (talk) 19:08, 27 October 2008 (UTC) "Iceberg" protein refolder: In the physical point of view, "ice" is a kind of "pure mineral rock", and it can not growing up at the coexistence of other materials. In the process of freezing, salt is drived out and departs from water. In the refolding process，the Solute, that is denaturant such as urea(density is 1.33) and Guanidine(density is 1.34), is also affected by temperature. And the density of active protein is around 1, so the protein stay near the solution uper layer. This directly leads to a decline of the denaturant concentration in the solution. Thus, we obtain two “reductions”- the reduction of thermal movement (this can greatly reduce the probability of peptides entanglement) and the reduction of denaturant concentration at the same time—the two most essential conditions in protein refolding. This creates an excellent condition for protein refolding, that is, low-temperature and a smooth decline in denaturant gradient. Taking the physical and chemical properties of peptide into consideration, the two terminals of the chain are carrying different charges ( N-terminal charge is positive， while C-terminal charge is negative). This enables us to use a program-controlled high voltage electric field to adjust peptides’ state in the solution, to restrict their movement, to pull peptide into a "orderly queue" and to prevent peptides from mutual entangling. At the same time this instrment does not exclude any other existing method of protein folding, and can be merged with the existing ways of folding easily, improve the efficiency and reduce the cost of refolding.

2. Freeze-dry protein folding method: this protocol is only suit for those kind of proteins which can be made in frozen powder or cold resistable proteins(such as EGF, IGF). 1. freeze-dry machine 2. 8M urea, 10mM pH8 phosphate buffer, 5mM BME, inclusion body solution, 25 centigrade overnight 3. Add sucrose 6% weight or other addictives as freezing protection 4. Standard process freeze-dry the solution 5. Use wind, high voltage electrostatic way, or little brush to separate the protein powder and the crystal(keep the room humidity low) 6. Test the activity —Preceding unsigned comment added by Hawk 0917 (talk • contribs) 13:00, 2 July 2009 (UTC)

Evolutionary Aspects of Protein Folding
It would be helpful to discuss the evolutionary aspects of protein folding as well —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.141.228.112 (talk) 15:45, 1 November 2008 (UTC)

Someone care to explain 'why' people do protein folding? There seems to be a whole lot of information about 'how' but not 'why. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.253.207.129 (talk) 11:59, 14 June 2009 (UTC)

Incorrect protein folding and neurodegenerative disease
Should we realy have at the end of this section a list of all important scientists who are involved in this research!?--Gilisa (talk) 11:20, 5 November 2009 (UTC)

I agree that it doesn't make much sense. The same goes for the section "Modern studies of folding with high time resolution". It would be better to provide one or two review articles referencing the same authors at the respective sections. -- Mittinatten (talk) 13:49, 11 November 2009 (UTC)

I removed the names of scientist and added two review articles that I like, maybe we could add more. -- Mittinatten (talk) 20:27, 17 December 2009 (UTC)

"Proving" and "disproving" Anfinsen hypothesis
The following segment seems to be very problematic:

In the seminal research work published nearly four decades ago, C.B. Anfinsen hypothesized that "information dictating the native fold of protein domains is encoded in their amino acid sequence". However, with the explosive amount of protein sequence, structure, and fold data generated since the time of Anfinsen during the omics era, the emerging picture of the protein universe has challenged Anfinsen's dogma, for it has become evident that numerous protein folds have incredible sequence diversity with no consistent "fold code". In support of this observation, recent studies have shown that proteins with as low as 1-2% sequence identity may still adopt the same native fold, thus defying any tangible encoding of fold-dictating information into protein sequence. The pursuit of the elusive "fold code" has resulted in little more than patterns of amino acid sequence conservations specific to certain proteins, but no finding has been compelling enough to generalize universally or to utilize for biological applications.

In a recent study, scientists from Harvard-MIT have shown that, despite the enormous diversity within protein folds at the level of 1-dimensional amino acid sequence, nature has encoded fold-conserved information at higher dimensions of protein space such as the 2-D (protein contact maps) or 3-D (structure), that are known to be more intricately related to protein folding phenomena. The study published in PLoS ONE illuminated latent fold-conserved information from higher dimensional protein space using network theory approaches. By examining the entire protein universe on a fold-by-fold basis, the study revealed that atomic interaction networks in the solvent-unexposed core of protein domains are fold-conserved and unique to each protein's native fold, thus appearing to be the encoded "signature" of protein domains. This study hence uncovered that the protein fold code is a "network phenomena" in addition to a sequence and structural phenomena as commonly presumed. The discovery of such a protein folding code also confirms Anfinsens Dogma by proving that a significant portion of the fold-dictating information is encoded by the atomic interaction network in the solvent-unexposed core of protein domains.

 * Unfortunately, none of the quoted publications actually proves or disproves Anfinsen hypothesis, but tells about unrelated subjects, such as the same "fold" (do not mix with "folding") being encoded by different amino acid sequences, and so on.Biophys (talk) 22:32, 30 June 2010 (UTC)

Disordered Proteins
I take issue with the fact that this article seems to assume that all proteins fold into a well defined 3D shape. There are many instances where it is known that large portions of a protein are disordered, or dynamic in their shape. I believe there either needs to be a segment added on "Disordered Proteins". If need be I can help track down citations. Dopeytaylor (talk) 04:05, 15 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Sure, please see Intrinsically unstructured proteins. Biophys (talk) 05:54, 15 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks, I see the link in the opening paragraphs of the article now. I think it is enough to satisfy me.Dopeytaylor (talk) 16:45, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Actually, I still have a problem with the sentence that mentions disorder proteins. The sentence states “The correct three-dimensional structure is essential to function, although some parts of functional proteins may remain unfolded ”.  I believe many biologists, including myself might, disagree with the notion that, for a protein, or part of a protein to function, it must always have a distinct static three dimensional structure.  Performing a quick search I can find at least two papers where it is stated that a functionally important region of a protein is intrinsically disordered.

 * A Structurally Disordered Region at the C Terminus of Capsid Plays Essential Roles in Multimerization and Membrane Binding of the Gag Protein of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

 * Structure of the Dual Enzyme Ire1 Reveals the Basis for Catalysis and Regulation in Nonconventional RNA Splicing

Dopeytaylor (talk) 18:45, 29 March 2011 (UTC)

Experimental techniques for studying protein folding
I noticed that there are no citations for any of the methods used to study protein folding. It is well known that NMR is used to study structure, but I believe that studying folding using NMR is a special case, and warrants at least a few citations. The same goes for the other methods. Can we find some citations where a paper reports details about the steps a protein goes through when folding that have been discovered using the respective method?

I believe this section is also missing what I've always thought was a very important method for studying folding, and thats point wise mutation studies. I think the most common one cited for this the the Fersht study on Barnase. I will add a section on this method. I think this paper might be the best one to cite. if there is a better one, or more, please let me know. Dopeytaylor (talk) 18:59, 29 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Sure, this is publication by Fersht about Phi value analysis. Phi value analysis should be described in this article in more detail.Hodja Nasreddin (talk) 02:02, 30 March 2011 (UTC)

Good reference material: "The Protein-Folding Problem, 50 Years On"
Anyone who is interested in improving this article should probably look at the review article The Protein-Folding Problem, 50 Years On. Fairly straightforward read, and it contains a lot of up-to-date and useful information. • Jesse V.(talk) 05:40, 27 November 2012 (UTC)
 * And let's not forget chaperones. Macdonald-ross (talk) 05:53, 21 September 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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CHEM 342 Critique of an Article
I chose to read this article for my bioinorganic chemistry course because I felt that it unified the biological and chemically related teachings that we are attempting to delve into during our MyMolecule projects. This article was well-supported by sources such as articles and studies from Science magazine and trusted journals such as ''The Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology," and the links that I clicked on to find the articles led me to the webpage on which I could access them. Based on these facts, I would say that this article is well-updated and preserved with sources that contain purely factual information regarding the process by which proteins are folded and research that has been conducted to prove the nature of protein folding. In addition to reliable sources, the information shared on this page is pertinent to the overall understanding of the nature of protein folding. It combines chemistry-oriented knowledge, such as the importance of H+ bonding, and biologically-inclined information, including the connection between misfolded proteins and degenerative disorders including Alzheimer's.

Makbookpro4 (talk) 00:56, 3 September 2016 (UTC)

Proposed Changes
Hello Wikipedia Community! I am a student editor and I have chosen to improve this article. I want to be talking about my proposed changes here on the talk page to hear some feedback from the Wikipedia Community. Please feel free to mention what changes you would like to see on this page and I will try to accommodate that. Any feedback is welcome to my proposed changes.

Proposed Changes: I would like to add more detailed sections on "Driving Force of Protein Folding" involving the hydrophobic effect and some details about Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, entropy, and water's role in protein folding. I would like to mention information about protein folding in vivo specifically about chaperones. I will be adding some misfolding diseases of proteins and advancing the computational methods of protein folding with X-ray crystallography. I will go into external factors that effect protein folding more in depth along with the protein folding energy landscape. I would like to add some foundational backbone to this article for the readers to have a better understanding of what protein folding is. To accomplish this I would like to add some information about protein structure and interactions that contribute to protein folding. I plan to mention primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure in minimal detail because I find it important to understand what proteins fold into. I also plan to mention the noncovalent forces involved in protein folding with minimal detail (van der Waals forces). These topics I feel are important toward understanding the article, but I am open to suggestions on which topics to put emphasis on and which to hold back on. Thank you. Andrewovak (talk) 20:53, 28 October 2016 (UTC)

Peer Review # 1 Hello! Overall, the article is awesome! I am actually surprised it is just a C class being that it is very in depth and clear. I like the organization of the sections and the summary was concise and touched on all the points present in the article.

There would be some changes that I would add however. I would actually create a whole new section to talk about the various structure levels of protein folding. I know that the definitions are scattered and brief throughout the article but it might be better if it had its own section where the definition could really be explained and shown alongside pictures. Furthermore, for the x-ray crystallography section, I would add some detail regarding what would be considered a good diffraction pattern (i.e. a higher resolution diffraction = smaller distance). I might also add an image of what a diffraction pattern could look like and maybe add a small fun fact that this is also how the structure of DNA was discovered.

In the circular dichoism section, I would stress that each folded protein has a specific signal that can be detected through this method. This technique is therefore utilized to confirm that the protein has folded correctly whereas other techniques like x-ray diffraction are used to discover the protein structure and not really to check folding.

In the end, I think the article is really good and the added changes help fill in the holes. Good job! Kbelardo (talk) 06:17, 22 November 2016 (UTC)

Thank you for your input I implemented the new sections talking about the protein structural levels and it looks more organized! Andrewovak (talk) 01:23, 26 November 2016 (UTC)

Peer Review #2: Hi! Your article was absolutely fantastic! Everything was written both very clearly and concisely. I think that it was really well done in how you were able to write in a way that there was not much confusion as to how protein folding works and for how scientists typically study the protein folding. A couple notes that I would give are on the arrangement and a few other considerations. First, just make sure that when you use comparative or superlatives to describe things, such as when you discussed how "x-ray crystallography is one of the more efficient", make sure that various sources have definitely deemed that because that could come off as bias so it wouldn't hurt to add one more source citation to help readers know that this claim wasn't written lightly. But that's ultimately up to you as long as the main source you cited contained that. For arrangement, although the first section of the page is labelled as "known facts", I think it might be better to put the "incorrect protein folding" and "Levinthal paradox" sections towards the end of the article since these two topics probably don't need to be as focused on, in comparison to your sections of computational methods and experimental techniques. Also, for your other sections under experimental techniques, you can always try and condense the lesser known techniques into a paragraph and just call them as other secondary methods and the primary methods would be the ones you developed more, like x-ray crystallography and fluorescence spectroscopy. But that's more of a stylist choice as it seems like the other techniques only had a sentence, which is fine as well! Overall, great job and I hope my comments were helpful! Tiffanyhu (talk) 21:44, 22 November 2016 (UTC)

Thank you for the organizational suggestion of moving "incorrect protein folding" and "Levinthal paradox" sections towards the end of the article. I agree with this it is mostly unrelated to the topic it was under so I moved it toward the end. Andrewovak (talk) 01:23, 26 November 2016 (UTC)

suggestion to add few pictures
i would like to suggest to add few pictures that could demonstrate the folding in Beta sheets. there are few pics available on googleing, but iam not sure that they are under creative commons license and so am not uploading. but i would like authenticated authors to check the availability and add to the article. http://www.bio.miami.edu/tom/courses/protected/ECB/CH05/5_10.jpg https://biochem1362blog.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/importance_f3.gif http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Hh_ypr5lljA/Td6dp7ccb6I/AAAAAAAAAEY/CpXHeX1hgXg/s1600/figure4.jpg

or few pics like this — Preceding unsigned comment added by Raj.palgun13 (talk • contribs) 11:57, 6 December 2016 (UTC)

should RNA folding be mentioned, or perhaps have it's own page?/reference suggestions
Hello, I'm a college senior physics student and I don't know how credible I am, so I just wish to make a suggestion/delegate prospective changes. I think RNA folding should either have it's own page, or at least be mentioned as it's own section---titled 'co-transcriptional RNA Folding'. RNA folds on itself in many of the same ways as proteins, where it's partially charged H-bonding bases coulombically pair off in a selective random walk into a least energy configuration, where there is the least energy freely available to contribute to the initiation of conformational changes into other energy configurations, meaning that it's configuration is most stable and least likely to change. The location, order and orientation of folds form motifs that can connect with other motifs to form more complex structures, and then those structures can coulombically bind to complementary (oppositely charged) bonding sites of other structures to form more complex origami (secondary/2D, tertiary/3D, and quaternary/modular structures) (see RNA origami and TectoRNA). The mechanism for RNA folding is often facilitated/chaperoned by protein complexes, such as with RNA polymerase where RNA strands---in Brownian motion---fold while being ejected at variable speed from RNA polymerase during transcription. RNA folding is important because the amino acids that connect into chains---which fold into protein constructs---are carried by-, electrostatically coded for/ordered by-, and assembled into chains by- the various classes of RNA strands & folded RNA origami, and this is done in tandem with protein complexes involved in gene expression and protein synthesis. I think mentioning RNA folding carries a lot of importance because RNA origami looks like it could play a significant role in the future of in vivo nanotechnology. I also think it's worth referencing "Non-covalent interaction" more often when explaining the physics of folding. I also think "Molecular self-assembly" should be referenced, as well as "Supramolecular assembly". And gifs would be ideal, a gif that shows (from left to right) 1) free floating amino acids being picked up by folded tRNA aptamers, 2) carried into a protein/rRNA chaperon---thats anchored to mRNA strand at a position that's electrostatically targeted by rRNA housed within the protein structure---, 3) then bonded to a compatible site on the mRNA strand coding for the amino acid sequence, 4) where the carried amino acid is simultaneously peptide-bonded to the preceding amino acid and released from the tRNA aptamer, then the growing chain of amino acids, while subject to brownian motion, starts folding non-covalently into a protein and then from here we zoom out and follow the little proteins journey from adolescence into it's brutal, bloody, graphic demise in the protease grinder. BiophysicsGuy (talk) 00:51, 5 May 2020 (UTC)

protein NMR spectroscopy
hello sir ,

can you please review this edit especially the second paragraph, it contains a lot of unclear statements such as:
 * Because Protein folding takes place in about 50 to 3000 s−1 (does it mean: 5x10-1 to 3x 10-3 second? i couldn't find this numbers in the source.)
 * By looking at Relaxation dispersion plots the data collect information on the thermodynamics and kinetics between the excited and ground? (rephrasing would be nice.)
 * NOE is especially useful because magnetization transfers can be observed between spatially proximal hydrogens are observed.

thank you.--Momas (talk) 17:28, 30 December 2020 (UTC)
 * Well, using NMR spectroscopy to study protein folding is enormous subject; one would need a hundred WP pages. As Kozma Prutkov said, "One can not grasp the immensity". You are welcome to contribute. The cited review articles are good. My very best wishes (talk) 01:49, 31 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Protein folding


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Hebron, North Dakota

Hebron is a city in Morton County, North Dakota, United States. It is part of the "Bismarck, ND Metropolitan Statistical Area" or "Bismarck-Mandan". The population was 794 at the 2020 census.

Hebron was founded in 1885 and named after the West Bank city of Hebron. The first influx of settlers came from Johannestal, Crimea, in southwestern Russia.

Hebron Brick Company was founded in the city. The annual "Hebron James Award" is given to the town's top basketball player.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.49 sqmi, all of it land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 747 people, 330 households, and 211 families residing in the city. The population density was 501.3 PD/sqmi. There were 396 housing units at an average density of 265.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 96.5% White, 0.7% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.1% from other races, and 2.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.9% of the population.

There were 330 households, of which 27.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.1% were married couples living together, 7.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36.1% were non-families. 32.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.85.

The median age in the city was 44.8 years. 25.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20.5% were from 25 to 44; 30.2% were from 45 to 64; and 19.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 52.5% male and 47.5% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 803 people, 357 households, and 228 families residing in the city. The population density was 539.2 PD/sqmi. There were 434 housing units at an average density of 291.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 95.77% White, 0.87% Native American, 0.75% Asian, 1.12% from other races, and 1.49% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.12% of the population.

There were 357 households, out of which 25.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.0% were married couples living together, 5.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.1% were non-families. 34.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.90.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 24.8% under the age of 18, 4.0% from 18 to 24, 21.8% from 25 to 44, 22.8% from 45 to 64, and 26.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $22,283, and the median income for a family was $30,536. Males had a median income of $24,904 versus $16,818 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,463. About 7.5% of families and 12.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.1% of those under age 18 and 15.4% of those age 65 or over.

Notable people

 * Gwen Sebastian - Singer-songwriter from The Voice.

Climate
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Hebron has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.

title: Hebron, North Dakota


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User:Nosrail

This account had its password comprimised with intent for vandalism. The password has now been scrambled so that nobody can use this account.

title: User:Nosrail


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Mandan, North Dakota

Mandan is a city on the eastern border of Morton County and the eighth-most populous city in North Dakota. Founded in 1879 on the west side of the upper Missouri River, it was designated in 1881 as the county seat of Morton County. The population was 24,206 at the 2020 census. Across the Missouri River from Bismarck, Mandan is a core city of the Bismarck–Mandan Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Naming
The city was named after the historic indigenous Mandan of the area. The Mandan are now part of the Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation, spanning the upper Missouri River in the western part of the state. Their people also live in cities of the state and other areas. In the 2010 census, nearly 5% of the people in Mandan identified as Native American.

The Mandan Indian village at the southern base of Crying Hill prominent in east Mandan was recorded as early as 1738 and called Good Fur Robe, after their chief. The settlement was also recorded as Crying Hill and Two Face Stone, after their corresponding geographic features. It was one of six Mandan villages on the west riverbank between the Knife and Cannonball Rivers.

The credit for the city's incorporated name is a point of debate. John Andrew Rea arrived across the river in Bismarck in 1876 to serve as temporary editor of its newspaper during one of its founder's extended absences. Rea subsequently served as the register in the governmental land office in the territorial capital of Bismarck for eight years starting in June 1880. Rea claimed he and Northern Pacific Railroad engineer Thomas L. Rosser created the name. He wrote to the St. Paul Pioneer Press, which published and popularized the name that remains in use today. But the more generally accepted story credits the city's name to Frederic Gerard. Gerard had married Helena Catherine, an Arikara/Ree woman when he ran the Fort Berthold trading post. Gerard was appointed by the Dakota Territorial governor as Morton County's first assessor when it was established in March 1878. He was one of the first three men elected as a Morton County Commissioner in November 1878.

Early history
While Native Americans had long established settlements in the area along the river, the first white explorer was Frenchman Sieure de la Verendyre, whose expedition arrived in 1738. Not until the early 1800s did Euro-American frontiersmen come to the area with any regularity, the Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1804 and 1806, George Catlin in 1832, and Prince Maximilian and Karl Bodmer in 1834 being the most notable. In 1830 the American Fur Company established the Fort Clark Trading Post 40 miles upstream on the Missouri River to support trappers. To provide protection for the approaching rail line from the east and the homesteaders who would surely follow, the US Army established two outposts in the area in 1872 and 1873. Fort Greeley (later renamed Fort Hancock) was founded first on the river's east side. On the west side, an infantry post, Fort McKeen, was constructed on bluffs above the confluence of Heart and Missouri Rivers. In 1873 Congress authorized the addition of a cavalry post and changed its designation to Fort Abraham Lincoln when foot soldiers were deemed ineffective against their mounted adversaries. A permanent civilian settlement known as Lincoln was adjacent to the fort's north side.

When the Northern Pacific Railroad announced a pending river crossing in 1872, land speculators rushed to establish claims at probable locations for the inevitable city to be established on the west side of the crossing. But due to the national financial crisis in 1873, Northern Pacific postponed the river bridge project. Once its final location was announced, about five miles north of Fort Abraham Lincoln, a work camp appeared on the west riverbank in December 1878, complete with its own post office. The settlement also served as the base for the westward survey of the rail line.

On March 3, 1879, the post office was moved from the west bank of the Missouri River to the railroad's city site within blocks of Mandan's first railroad depot and freight building at Main Street and Stark Avenue (today's Collins Avenue). Four city names coincided exactly with four postmasters. The original railroad work camp's post office in 1878 was known as Morton. The name Mandan stuck for only eight days in March 1879 before being renamed Cushman by a postmaster with that surname. In September 1879, the post office returned to its designation of Mandan.

The City of Mandan was formally incorporated on February 24, 1881, and was named for the Mantani Indians, or "people of the bank." Mandan became the county seat for the replatted Morton County after the North Dakota legislature restored the prior county boundaries in 1881 after Burleigh County's land grab in 1879. The city of Lincoln had been county seat from 1878 to 1879.

Upon completion of the railroad to Montana in 1881, Fort Abraham Lincoln had fulfilled its primary purpose and gradually declined until it was formally abandoned in 1891. The City of Lincoln eventually dwindled into obscurity.

Transportation development
In the earliest days of Euro-American settlement, the main commercial transportation route was the Missouri River. Even after the rail arrived in the 1870s, the river remained the main north–south route until the mid-1930s' development of the national highway system. Steamboats used coal for fuel and the mine at Sims seven miles west of Mandan was a major source of lignite coal. If unavailable, steamboat crews bought wood from farmers along the river. Bellows Landing, the site of today's R M Hesket Power Station, was a refueling station with an icehouse. Historical records indicate it served steamboat traffic as early as 1832 when the riverboat Yellowstone reached Fort Union. Regular steamboat service on the Missouri began in 1860. Bellows Landing was renamed Rock Haven when the US government took over the operation in the late 1870s. The Army Corps of Engineers made extensive riverside improvements, including adding dry-dock and boat repair facilities. It supported the supply ships for the US Army's frontier forts and was considered the best landing on the river. Unlike most river harbors, the area was permanent and safe even during spring river ice breakup. It ceased operations in 1934.

Recent history
In 2013, Mandan was selected a finalist in the Rand McNally "Most Patriotic City" competition.

As part of the Bismarck-Mandan MSA, the area has repeatedly been ranked in the top 5 on both the Forbes list of "Best Small Places for Business and Careers" and the Milken Institutes' "Best Small Cities" list. The sister cities have also been included in CNN Money's list of the top 100 places to live.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 13.665 sqmi, of which 13.517 sqmi is land and 0.148 sqmi is water.

Climate
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Mandan has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.

2020 census
As of the 2020 census, there were 24,206 people, 10,222 households, and 6,016 families residing in the city. The population density was 1790.8 PD/sqmi. There were 10,960 housing units. The racial makeup of the city was 84.8% White, 1.8% African American, 5.0% Native American, 0.6% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.9% from some other races and 5.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.8% of the population. 22.8% of residents were under the age of 18, 5.9% were under 5 years of age, and 15.5% were 65 and older.

2010 census
As of the 2010 census, there were 18,331 people, 7,632 households, and 4,921 families residing in the city. The population density was 1662.3 PD/sqmi. There were 7,950 housing units at an average density of 720.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 91.7% White, 0.6% African American, 4.9% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.5% from other races, and 2.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.8% of the population.

There were 7,632 households, of which 31.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.4% were married couples living together, 11.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35.5% were non-families. 28.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.89.

The median age in the city was 37.2 years. 23.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.3% were from 25 to 44; 27.2% were from 45 to 64; and 13.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.2% male and 50.8% female.

2000 census
As of the 2000 census, there were 16,718 people, 6,647 households, and 4,553 families residing in the city. The population density was 1642.8 /sqmi. There were 6,958 housing units at an average density of 683.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 94.98% White, 0.20% African American, 3.02% Native American, 0.33% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.15% from other races, and 1.30% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.78% of the population.

The top 6 ancestry groups in the city were German (61.3%), Norwegian (15.4%), Russian (13.1%), Irish (7.9%), English (4.2%), and Native American (3.02%).

There were 6,647 households, out of which 35.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.1% were married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.5% were non-families. 26.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.01.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 27.0% under the age of 18, 9.0% from 18 to 24, 29.7% from 25 to 44, 21.6% from 45 to 64, and 12.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $38,182, and the median income for a family was $46,210. Males had a median income of $31,653 versus $21,400 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,509. About 7.0% of families and 10.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.2% of those under age 18 and 13.6% of those age 65 or over.

Economy
The economy of the surrounding area is largely agriculture-based. Mandan once had five grain elevators and a flour mill, but none of these remain today. The city continues to support the agricultural industry with livestock sale ring, farm implement dealers and suppliers and finance/lending institutions. But its original purpose was support for the railroad. Subsequent access to rail transportation allowed the agricultural, commercial and industrial sectors to flourish.

In recent decades, Mandan has diversified its economy to include food processing, petroleum refining, electrical power generation, software development, manufacturing and retail trade as well as all manner of professional services for its residents. A federal institution and a state institution border the city.

Information services
National Information Solutions Cooperative (NISC) is an information technology company that develops and supports software and hardware solutions for its member-owners, who are primarily utility cooperatives and broadband companies. NISC provides IT solutions for consumer and subscriber billing, accounting, engineering & operations, as well as other IT solutions. In 2021, IDG Insider Pro and Computerworld Magazine honored NISC as one of the Top 100 "Best Places to Work in IT" for the 18th consecutive year for midsize organizations (companies with 1,001 to 4,999 employees). NISC and its subsidiaries employ over 1,300 people with offices in Iowa, Missouri, North Dakota, and Virginia. Over 450 of these employees work at NISC's Vern Dosch National Campus in Mandan, making it the city's second-largest employer.

Laducer & Associates, Inc. specializes in large-scale information processing, with emphasis on data entry and data capture, for clients including the federal government. It is one of the city's largest private employers.

Energy industry
A Marathon Petroleum oil refinery north of Mandan began operations in 1954 as a unit of the American Oil Company, with a 29,000 barrels per day (BPD) capacity. Today, the Mandan Refinery's nameplate capacity of 73,800 BPD processes primarily North Dakota sweet (low sulfur) crude oil into a full range of refined petroleum products. The refinery became part of the British Petroleum (BP) system as part of the BP-Amoco merger in January 2001. BP sold the site to Tesoro Corporation in September 2001; Tesoro became Andeavor in August 2017; and Marathon Petroleum purchased Andeavor in October 2018. In total 250 employees are based at the site, including the Andeavor Logistics LP group, which supports trucking and crude pipeline and natural gas transportation and processing operations.

R.M. Heskett Station is an electric generating station operated by Montana-Dakota Utilities Co. along the Missouri River about four miles northeast of downtown Mandan. Until February 2022, most power was generated by two lignite coal-fired boilers. The smaller 25-megawatt unit which went online in 1954 was a spreader stoker design. The larger 75-megawatt unit went online in 1963 but was converted to a modern fluidized design in the early 1980s. Both coal-fired units were dismantled in 2022 and 2023, respectively. An 88MW Simple Cycle Combustion Turbine "peaking unit" was added to the station in July 2014. A second 88MW natural gas-combustion turbine was added in 2023. The plant is named for R.M. Heskett, the founder of Montana-Dakota Utilities Co.

Governmental institutions
As the seat of Morton County, all major governmental service offices are in Mandan, including the courthouse. Morton County employs about 170 people, the majority residing in Mandan. The City of Mandan offices include facilities to house approximately 140 people.

In August 1912, Congress passed a bill to establish the Northern Great Plains Research Station. Ground was broken in September 1913. It remains the country's second-largest federal dry land experimental station. Dryland farming in all of its phases is carried on at the station, as well as the development of new grains and fruits. The station employs approximately 20 people, including doctorate-level professionals.

The North Dakota Youth Correctional Center maintains custody of up to 107 youth committed to its care by the Juvenile Courts. Operated by the State of North Dakota, the campus includes four cottages, administration and education facilities, a gymnasium with an indoor swimming pool, a chapel and a cafeteria. Until 1947 the facility, then called the State Training School, also served as an orphanage, especially for the children of incarcerated criminals. But other orphaned children, typically by accidents, were also assigned there.

Freight rail
The city originated to support the operation of the Northern Pacific Railroad. First platting documents were filed in 1873. A rail division headquarters and major maintenance facility were established in Mandan in 1881 to support operation from the Missouri River west to the Yellowstone River near Glendive, Montana. The Northern Pacific became part of the Burlington Northern Railroad in 1970 and part of the Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway in 1995. Known since 2005 as BNSF Railway, it operates the railroad facilities in Mandan and the surrounding communities. Over 320 BNSF employees are based in Mandan.

Public Transit
Bis-Man Transit provides fixed route and demand response mass transit service to Mandan.

Mandan Railroad Passenger Service

Mandan was a scheduled meal stop for the Northern Pacific Railway east-west passenger line beginning in 1882. The service was subsequently provided by Burlington Northern Railroad and Amtrak. Amtrak discontinued the North Coast Hiawatha passenger service along the south half of the state in 1979. The existing "beanery" lunchroom and depot were constructed in 1928 and 1930, respectively as replacements at the site.

Education
Mandan Public Schools operates Roosevelt Elementary School, Mary Stark Elementary School, Lewis & Clark Elementary School, Ft. Lincoln Elementary School, Custer Elementary School, Red Trail Elementary School, Mandan Middle School, Mandan High School, and the Brave Center Academy night school. In 2016, the Mandan Public School District was Morton County's largest employer, with approximately 700 employees.

The city's Catholic parishes (of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Bismarck) operate two private K–6 schools: Christ the King School and St. Joseph School.

Bismarck State College operates two campuses in Mandan focusing on post-secondary vocational education. Its Mechanical Maintenance Technology program is based out of its east Mandan campus. The Electrical Lineworker School is at a facility in northwest Mandan.

Hospitals
Triumph Hospital Central Dakotas is a 41-bed critical care hospital in Mandan.

Local media
Mandan shares a print, radio, and television media market with Bismarck.

Notable people

 * Frank L. Anders, Congressional Medal of Honor recipient, engineer, businessman, amateur military historian and politician
 * Marlo Anderson, founder of National Day Calendar
 * Henry Waldo Coe, Mandan resident, among the first physicians in Dakota Territory, elected to state office, close friend of Theodore Roosevelt
 * Tony Dean, television broadcaster, columnist and conservationist. Dean's real name was Anthony DeChandt
 * Ivan Dmitri, AKA Levon West; artist, photographer and printmaker; gained international recognition as an artist for his etching "The Spirit of St. Louis"
 * Rachel Eckroth, Grammy-nominated musician
 * Ron Erhardt, born and grew up in Mandan, became head coach of the New England Patriots
 * Isabella Greenway, first woman elected to the U.S. Senate from Arizona
 * Heidi Heitkamp, former U.S. Senator, resides in rural Mandan
 * Tom Huff, Washington State Representative
 * Richard Longfellow, Congressional Medal of Honor recipient
 * Eugene McCarthy, American politician, U.S. Senator, Presidential candidate, writer, & academic
 * Abigail McCarthy, American academic and writer
 * Arthur Peterson, Jr., actor born and raised in Mandan
 * A. R. Shaw, educator and politician
 * Era Bell Thompson, author and editor of Ebony magazine

title: Mandan, North Dakota


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New Salem, North Dakota

New Salem is a city in Morton County, North Dakota, United States. It is part of the "Bismarck, ND Metropolitan Statistical Area" or "Bismarck-Mandan". The population was 973 at the 2020 census. New Salem was founded in 1883.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.47 sqmi, of which, 1.46 sqmi is land and 0.01 sqmi is water.

New Salem is one mile south of Interstate 94.

Government
New Salem is a mayor-council style of government, which one mayor and six council members. The mayor is Lynette Fitterer. The at-large council members are Delton Kautzman, Chad Goetzfridt, Perrin Goetzfridt, Corey Lausch, Darrell Itrich, and Josh Gaebe. The town also has a parks board, planning and zoning committee, and building inspector.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 946 people, 404 households, and 241 families residing in the city. The population density was 647.9 PD/sqmi. There were 449 housing units at an average density of 307.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 96.4% White, 2.3% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 0.1% from other races, and 1.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.2% of the population.

There were 404 households, of which 25.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 5.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.3% were non-families. 36.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.83.

The median age in the city was 48.2 years. 20.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 19.9% were from 25 to 44; 24.2% were from 45 to 64; and 29.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.5% male and 52.5% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 938 people, 411 households, and 246 families residing in the city. The population density was 649.0 PD/sqmi. There were 448 housing units at an average density of 310.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 97.23% White, 1.71% Native American, and 1.07% from two or more races.

There were 411 households, out of which 21.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.3% were married couples living together, 4.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.1% were non-families. 38.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 25.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.14 and the average family size was 2.83.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.1% under the age of 18, 2.9% from 18 to 24, 21.0% from 25 to 44, 20.6% from 45 to 64, and 34.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 49 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.4 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $26,848, and the median income for a family was $36,761. Males had a median income of $27,446 versus $19,091 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,514. About 9.4% of families and 9.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.2% of those under age 18 and 20.9% of those age 65 or over.

History
New Salem began in April 1882 when John Christiansen hopped off a westbound freight train. The only sign of civilization he saw were the train tracks behind him and the belongings he brought. Soon after his arrival a Colonization Bureau out of Chicago sent settlers to the area and gave the colony its independence for $600. A church, land office, lumber yard, drugstore, and general store were soon built, and by the end of 1883, the town was ready for Great Plains living.

Education
It is served by the New Salem-Almont School District.

Sites of interest

 * Salem Sue, the world's largest Holstein cow

title: New Salem, North Dakota