text:
Oceanus Procellarum

Oceanus Procellarum (from Ōceanus procellārum) is a vast lunar mare on the western edge of the near side of the Moon. It is the only one of the lunar maria to be called an "Oceanus" (ocean), due to its size: Oceanus Procellarum is the largest of the maria ("seas"), stretching more than 2500 km across its north–south axis and covering roughly 4000000 km2, accounting for 10.5% of the total lunar surface area.

Characteristics
Like all lunar maria, Oceanus Procellarum was formed by ancient volcanic eruptions resulting in basaltic floods that covered the region in a thick, nearly flat layer of solidified magma. Basalts in Oceanus Procellarum have been estimated to be as young as one billion years old. Unlike the other lunar maria, however, Oceanus Procellarum may or may not be contained within a single, well-defined impact basin.

Around its edges lie many minor bays and seas, including Sinus Roris to the north, and Mare Nubium, Mare Humorum and Sinus Viscositatis to the south. To the northeast, Oceanus Procellarum is separated from Mare Imbrium by the Carpathian Mountains. On its north-west edge lies the 32 km wide Aristarchus ray crater, the brightest feature on the Near side of the Moon. Also, the more-prominent ray-crater Copernicus lies within the eastern edge of the mare, distinct with its bright ray materials sprawling over the darker material.

Origin

There are several hypotheses about the origin of Oceanus Procellarum and a related asymmetry between the near and far sides of the Moon. One of the most likely is that Procellarum was a result of an ancient giant impact on the near side of the Moon. The size of the impact basin has been estimated to be more than 3,000 kilometers, which would make it one of the three largest craters in the Solar System. The impact likely happened very early in the Moon's history: at the time when magma ocean still existed or just ceased to exist. It deposited 5–30 km of crustal material on the far side forming highlands. If this is the case, all impact related structures such as crater rim, central peak etc. have been obliterated by later impacts and volcanism. One piece of evidence in support of this hypothesis is concentration of incompatible elements (KREEP) and low calcium pyroxene around Oceanus Procellarum.

Procellarum may have also been formed by spatially inhomogeneous heating during the Moon's formation. The GRAIL mission, which mapped the gravity gradients of the Moon, found square formations resembling rift valleys surrounding the region beneath the lava plains, suggesting the basin was formed by heating and cooling of the lunar surface by internal processes rather than by an impact, which would have left a round crater.

Other hypotheses include a late accretion of a companion Moon on the far side. The latter postulates that in addition to the present Moon, another smaller (about 1,200 km in diameter) moon was formed from debris of the giant impact. After a few tens of millions of years it collided with the Moon and due to a small collisional velocity simply piled up on one side of the Moon forming what is now known as far side highlands.

Late lunar volcanism
Relatively recent (less than 2 bya) volcanic activity had been suspected in the Oceanus Procellarum due to the presence of relatively uneroded features. The 2020 Chang'e-5 sample return mission provided constraints on the age of Oceanus Procellarum, finding it to be 1963 ± 57 million years old – over a billion years younger than any other previously returned lunar sample. Late lunar volcanic activity was considered surprising as the Moon is much smaller than Earth; interior heat necessary for volcanism should have been lost three billion years ago, so volcanic rocks as late as those found in Oceanus Procellarum must require additional heat sources. Previous studies suggested that Oceanus Procellarum should have high concentrations of the heat-producing elements such as potassium, thorium, and uranium, but samples returned showed that the concentration of suspected radioactive elements is much lower than necessary to provide prolonged heating.

Exploration
The robotic lunar probes Luna 9, Luna 13, Surveyor 1 and Surveyor 3 landed in Oceanus Procellarum. Luna 9 landed southwest of Galilaei crater in 1966. Luna 13 landed southeast of Seleucus crater, later in 1966. Surveyor 1 landed north of Flamsteed crater (within the larger Flamsteed P) in 1966, and Surveyor 3 landed in 1967. The Chinese probe Chang'e 5 landed at Statio Tianchuan on Mons Rümker in Oceanus Procellarum in December 2020 and collected 1.73 kg of lunar rock samples.

During the Apollo program, flight operations planners were concerned about having the optimum lighting conditions at the landing site, hence the alternative target sites moved progressively westward, following the terminator. A delay of two days for weather or equipment reasons would have sent Apollo 11 to Sinus Medii (designated ALS3) instead of ALS2—Mare Tranquillitatis; another two-day delay would have resulted in ALS5, a site in Oceanus Procellarum, being targeted.

During the November 1969 Apollo 12 mission, astronauts (Charles) Pete Conrad and Alan Bean landed the Lunar Module (LM) Intrepid nearly 165 meters from Surveyor 3 in Oceanus Procellarum. Their landing site has become known as Statio Cognitum (Latin, "to be known from experience").

In popular culture

 * In the 2004 album Sirens by greek metal band Astarte, the song named after the lunar mare exists.

title: Oceanus Procellarum


text:
Surveyor 1

Surveyor 1 was the first lunar soft-lander in the uncrewed Surveyor program of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, United States). This lunar soft-lander gathered data about the lunar surface that would be needed for the crewed Apollo Moon landings that began in 1969. The successful soft landing of Surveyor 1 on the Ocean of Storms was the first by an American space probe on any extraterrestrial body, occurring on the first attempt and just four months after the first soft Moon landing by the Soviet Union's Luna 9 probe.

Surveyor 1 was launched May 30, 1966, from the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station at Cape Canaveral, Florida, and it landed on the Moon on June 2, 1966. Surveyor 1 transmitted 11,237 still photos of the lunar surface to the Earth by using a television camera and a sophisticated radio-telemetry system.

The Surveyor program was managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, in Los Angeles County, California, and the Surveyor space probe was built by the Hughes Aircraft Company in El Segundo, California.

Mission description

The Surveyor series of space probes was designed to carry out the first soft landings on the Moon by any American spacecraft. No instrumentation was carried specifically for scientific experiments by Surveyor 1, but considerable scientific data were collected by its television camera and then returned to Earth via the Deep Space Network from 1966 to 1967. These spacecraft carried two television cameras — one for its approach, which was not used in this case, and one for taking still pictures of the lunar surface. Over 100 engineering sensors were on board each Surveyor. Their television systems transmitted pictures of the spacecraft footpad and surrounding lunar terrain and surface materials. These spacecraft also acquired data on the radar reflectivity of the lunar surface, the load-bearing strength of the lunar surface, and the temperatures for use in the analysis of the lunar surface temperatures. (Later Surveyor space probes, beginning with Surveyor 3, carried scientific instruments to measure the composition and mechanical properties of the lunar "soil".)

Surveyor 1 was launched May 30, 1966 and sent directly into a trajectory to the Moon without any parking orbit. Its retrorockets were turned off at a height of about 3.4 meters above the lunar surface. Surveyor 1 fell freely to the surface from this height, and it landed on the lunar surface on June 2, 1966, on the Oceanus Procellarum. This location was at. This is within the northeast portion of the large crater called Flamsteed P (or the Flamsteed Ring). Flamsteed itself lies within Flamsteed P on the south side.

The duration of the spaceflight of Surveyor 1 was about 63 hours, 30 minutes. Surveyor 1's lunar launch weight was about 995.2 kg, and its landing weight (minus expended maneuvering propellant, its solid-fueled retrorocket (which had been jettisoned), and its radar altimeter system) was about 294.3 kg.

Surveyor 1 transmitted video data from the Moon beginning shortly after its landing through July 14, 1966, but with a period of no operations during the two-week long lunar night of June 14, 1966 through July 7, 1966. Because the Moon always presents the same face to Earth, "line-of-sight" radio communications with Surveyor 1 required only changes in ground stations as the Earth rotated. However, since it was solar-powered, Surveyor 1 had no electricity with which to function during the two weeks of the lunar night.

The return of engineering information (temperatures, etc.) from Surveyor 1 continued through January 7, 1967, with several interruptions during the lunar nights.

The landing of Surveyor 1 was carried live on some television networks, and the success of the first Surveyor landing was considered surprising, especially after the failure of a number of the Ranger spacecraft en route to the Moon. Justin Rennilson, formerly of Jet Propulsion Laboratory, stated, "We figured the probability of success at around 10 to 15 percent." Among hundreds of other challenges, an uninterrupted communication link for navigation and control was critical to success.

Television
The TV camera consisted of a vidicon tube, a zoom lens operated at either end of its range resulting in 25 millimeter and 100 millimeter focal-lengths, resulting in optical fields of view of 25.3 or 6.43 degrees, a shutter, clear, orange, green and blue optical filters, and iris-system mounted along an axis inclined approximately 16 degrees from the central axis of Surveyor 1. The camera was mounted under a mirror that could be moved in azimuth and elevation. The rotation of the mirror in the azimuth direction, while providing azimuth coverage capability results in an image rotation proportional to the angular azimuth position of the mirror. This is because the image plane and scanning raster of the vidicon are stationary with respect to the mirror azimuth axis. The mirror drive mechanism consisting of stepper motors provided a step size of 2.48° ±0.1° in elevation and 3.0° ±0.1° in azimuth. This calibrated stepping reference allowed the creation of large composite mosaics of the lunar surface and using the data read-back from the iris and focus positioning of the lens permitted some photogrammetric measurements of various lunar features. The TV camera's operation was dependent on the receipt of the proper radio commands from the Earth. Frame-by-frame coverage of the lunar surface was obtained over 360 degrees in azimuth and from +40 degrees above the plane normal to the camera's axis to -65 degrees below this plane. Both 600-line and 200-line modes of operation were used. The 200-line mode transmitted over an omnidirectional antenna for the first 14 photos and scanned one frame every 61.8 seconds. The remaining transmissions were of 600-line pictures over a directional antenna, and each frame was scanned every 3.6 seconds. Each 200-line picture required 20 seconds for a complete video transmission and it used a radio bandwidth of about 1.2 kilohertz.

Each 600-line picture required about one second to be read from the vidicon tube, and they required a radio bandwidth of about 220 kilohertz. The data transmissions were converted into a standard TV signal for both closed-circuit TV and broadcast TV. The television images were displayed on Earth on a slow-scan monitor coated with a long persistency phosphor. The persistency was selected to optimally match the nominal maximum frame rate. One frame of TV identification was received for each incoming TV frame, and it was displayed in real time at a rate compatible with the incoming image. These data were recorded on a video magnetic tape recorder. Over 10,000 pictures were taken by Surveyor 1's TV camera before the lunar sunset of June 14, 1966. Included in these pictures were wide-angle and narrow-angle panoramas, focus ranging surveys, photometric surveys, special area surveys, and celestial photography. Surveyor 1 responded to commands to activate the camera on July 7, and by July 14, 1966, it had returned nearly 1000 more pictures.

Strain gauge
Strain gauges were mounted on each leg shock absorber to record the peak axial forces at landing impact of the spacecraft. They were designed to accept a force of approximately 800 kgf (7.8 kN).

Legacy and status
On January 6, 1967, Surveyor 1 was reactivated for 12 hours. The spacecraft returned data on the motion of the Moon, which would be used to refine the map of its orbital path around the Earth as well as better determine the distance between the two worlds.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Surveyor 1


text:
Talk:Ballarat

Untitled
In response to earlier questions the battle site is where the current education center is now. It was left as a park for many years in honor of the fallen but eventually had the current center built on top of it. Bakery Hill was the site of the raising of the Eureka flag a few kilometers from the battlesite.

WRT the supposed J. Bruggeman, I've never heard of him either. --Robert Merkel

Should National Trust be disambiguated/clarified? jimfbleak

I really should do something to expand this poor little stub, seeing as I've lived here for ... er ... close on 20 years, and must have learned something about the place in that time. Instead, I'm planning to carry right on writing about an obscure rodent that I've never seen and which is found only in the USA - a place I've never been to and probably never will. Doubtless there is some sort of logic behind that. Somewhere. Tannin 15:47 26 May 2003 (UTC)

I just nuked the fuzzy thumbnail code (an obvious fix) but also fixed an older problem that I wasn't aware of till just now:

Someone, in all good faith, "corrected" the image by doing two things: twisting it to make it seem level, and changing the colour values. It's easy to see how these might have looked "wrong". They were, however, perfectly correct in the original image, which I have now restored. The skyline does slope from the lower ground at left up towards Mt Bunninyong, and the picture was taken on the sort of day that Ballarat is famous for: cold, wet, and bloody miserable. The gloomy grey cast is accurate in both senses: as a record of the scene that particular winter day, and as an indication of the essential Ballarat. Ballarat in July is not a Greek island in May!. Tannin 14:07, 15 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I'll give you the color difference (I was the person who made the changes), but the picture is in fact crooked. It may well be that the land slopes, but I'd guess that the buildings don't lean, as they do in this image. Denni ☯ 16:15, 2004 Nov 15 (UTC)
 * They look straight to me! But I have a better idea. What say I go for a walk sometime and take a better picture of the town? This one is really just a picture of Lake Wendouree in the tourist precinct. Then we can delete this one and move on. Tannin 23:43, 15 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * PS: maybe I could take a few shots of the area where Eureka took place (general area: the exact area remains unknown. There are two main theories, I believe: one says that it was more-or-less where today's park and memorial stands (between Victoria St and Eureka St), the other that it was on Bakery Hill, on a site now occupied by, of all things, a discount supermarket. Tannin
 * Excellent suggestion! I look forward to seeing what the Eureka site looks like today. Denni ☯ 21:01, 2004 Nov 19 (UTC)

Hmm... should mention be made of the School of Mines, and the University of Ballarat? The sheer number of round-abouts we seem to have. The fact that we actually have a bus service, despite being outside of Melbourne and Sydney. The prisoners of war memorial? The arch? The saleyards? (anyone have statistics?) The begonia festival? Sovereign Hill? Kryal Castle? (well... it's kinda nearby) Martin Rudat(T|@|C) 13:36, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

The avenue of honor is longer than 15 kilometers, it is somthing like 29kms. seriously.

Entertainment & Nightlife
This sentence "Hotels are popular meeting places for young people and more recently several speak easy's have opened around the city." makes no sense. Dance clubs are more popular meeting places for young people, and the term "speak easy" means nothing in Australian English.

Better Photos
This article seriously needs some better photos. The current ones mostly all have grey skies! I know that shows the true Ballarat, but it just looks plain dull. I have seen some pretty special photos of the city that would be really great here. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 124.254.105.46 (talk) 12:13, 13 December 2006 (UTC).

Thanks for making all this info available. Now I can at least get an idea of the environment where my children live. 04.05.2007

Henry Anderson
Henry Anderson is mentioned in History of Ballarat as being as being the partner in Yuille's grazing property. The link to Henry Anderson brings-up a Henry James Anderson who, it seems, is a different person. Can anyone clarify this important point?

Etymology of placename
It is often said that the name Ballarat was derived from local Aboriginal dialect meaning 'resting place'. Is there any evidence for this? Celtic settlers from England might have named it Balla (the place of) Rat (the rat), especially if they were living under extreme pioneer conditions. Obviously I'd be very happy if there was evidence for 'resting place'. (Northernhenge (talk) 23:54, 9 February 2008 (UTC))

Kryal Castle
I have made a page for Kryal Castle. If anyone would like to help add to it feel free as it was delewted earlier.

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Move. Jafeluv (talk) 11:34, 19 October 2010 (UTC)

Ballarat, Victoria → Ballarat — All of these places have unique names that do not require disambiguation, other than Ballarat which is unquestionably the prime use of the name ("Ballarat" redirects to "Ballarat, Victoria" now). In line with the long standing Wikipedia-wide policy at WP:COMMONNAME, these titles should not be disambiguated. The idiosyncratic practice of mandatory disambiguation of place names in Australia now longer has any clear consensus (see Australian Wikipedians' notice board/Archive 36) and renaming these articles would bring them into line with other Australian regional cities such as Toowoomba, Bundaberg, Coffs Harbour, Dubbo and Wagga Wagga. The discussions at Talk:Deniliquin and Talk:Coffs Harbour may be useful background for editors participating in this discussion. Mattinbgn (talk) 11:22, 9 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Bendigo, Victoria → Bendigo
 * Geelong, Victoria → Geelong

 * Support- this is clearly the sensible thing to do. When people use the search pane, they're going to type "Ballarat", not "Ballarat, Victoria", and when an editor who is not familiar with the irrational current practice wants to link to the city they're going to link to Ballarat, not Ballarat, Victoria. Putting the articles in the right place will save work in the long run and just makes more sense. Reyk  YO!  19:46, 9 October 2010 (UTC)

 * This could be the start of something big. Do we intend this proposal to flow on to every uniquely named Australian place? There are probably thousands of them. HiLo48 (talk) 21:19, 9 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Have you read the earlier discussions linked to above? This is not the start of something but follows months of discussion in various forums. -- Mattinbgn (talk) 23:23, 9 October 2010 (UTC)
 * No. A simple yes or no would be fine, thanks. HiLo48 (talk) 08:14, 10 October 2010 (UTC)
 * My feeling is that eventually this is going to happen. There is no longer any consensus for the "Town, State" format, and current practice is moving away from it. But I don't think anyone is going to start moving thousands of articles Australian towns and cities based on what we decide here. Reyk  YO!  07:00, 11 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Oppose based on the actual naming convention. My understanding is that while there has been an effort to modify the convention there is no consenus to do so. Vegaswikian (talk) 21:36, 9 October 2010 (UTC)
 * As I mentioned above there is no longer any consensus for that naming convention and yes, the naming guideline should be rewritten to reflect what current practice actually is but I am not in the mood for an edit war. Many Australian places are no longer disambiguated, including many regional cities comparable to these three cities(see the abovementioned Toowoomba, Bundaberg, Coffs Harbour and others listed at User:Mattinbgn/Undisambiguated Australian places). If the naming convention you link to was not previously in existence, there is no way that it would gain consensus now. I suspect it was also an attempt to follow a US precedent to fix a problem that never really applied in Australia, and such is deeply flawed. Lack of consensus for a local exemption should mean referring back to the default policy I am not sure why a local guideline with no consensus should overrule the broad naming policy that covers the entire encyclopedia that does enjoy wide consensus. -- Mattinbgn (talk) 23:23, 9 October 2010 (UTC)
 * You proposed a change, and it crashed and burned - now you're venue-shopping to attempt to get things through where those who disagree with you won't notice. Rebecca (talk) 04:51, 10 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I think that is an unfair mischaracterisation. Establishing that a convention that used to have consensus doesn't have it anymore, that doesn't sound like "crash and burn" to me. And given that support for the "Town, state" format is evaporating I do not think it is forum shopping to deal with the ones that least require disambiguation on a case-by-case basis. Reyk  YO!  01:24, 16 October 2010 (UTC)
 * What we did establish though, is that there is no consensus in either direction. So one can't act as if a consensus was established in the opposite direction and go around trying to implement it in a piecemeal fashion. Orderinchaos 08:26, 18 October 2010 (UTC)
 * The Australian naming convention, which has no consensus, is an exception to the Wikipedia-wide naming convention, which does. In my opinion any exception to a widely accepted rule needs continued support- once that support evaporates then we should revert to the more global rule. This is especially true if actual practice is heading that way anyway, as it is here. Reyk  YO!  02:21, 19 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Support - having read through most of the previous discussions, I didn't see any compelling reason why placenames should be predisambiguated in violation of WP:AT, and certainly for placenames that need no disambiguation at all it seems entirely redundant. Gatoclass (talk) 01:10, 10 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Support Ballarat is known as Ballarat, disambiguation of unique placenames in Australia isn't needed and unnecessary. Non-placename article are disambiguated when there is another article which is has the same or similar name and isn't disambiguated just for the sake of it. Bidgee (talk) 02:39, 10 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Oppose. No consensus for changing the naming convention; venue-shopping is not the answer. This is about the fourth venue Mattinbgn has tried to move articles through after failing to gain consensus for a change. Rebecca (talk) 04:49, 10 October 2010 (UTC)
 * So no actual reasons for favouring the status quo? Didn't think so. Reyk  YO!  06:16, 10 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Support - definitely. Afterall there is only one Ballarat and only one Geelong.  The rest if any would have to be named after them.  Stupid to move in the first place when there was no need, IMHO. --Biatch (talk) 03:58, 11 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Support - No reason not to. Keeping it the way it is gives the impression that it could be confused with some place else. Anoldtreeok (talk) 12:20, 11 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Support - For true consistency across Wikipedia, the principal criteria that applies to all articles with respect to title determination should not be trumped by a desire for consistency with similar articles. Consistency with similar articles should only apply when disambiguation is required and the principal criteria that applies to all articles does not clearly indicate what title to use.  That is not the case here because WP:COMMONNAME, WP:PRIMARYTOPIC and "only as precise as necessary" clearly indicate Ballarat, Bendigo and Geelong.  Since disambiguation is not needed, consistency with similar articles is not applicable.   --Born2cycle (talk) 04:53, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Support Ballarat and Geelong, Oppose Bendigo  Pur ple  back pack 89    18:00, 15 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Um, how is Bendigo any different? Bendigo is just as much of a unique name as Ballarat and Geelong. -- Mattinbgn (talk) 19:57, 15 October 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm also curious why you oppose Bendigo yet support Ballarat and Geelong. If anything, Ballarat would be the one that would cause most confusion (though only because of a ghost town in California). I don't see how Bendigo needs to be kept "Bendigo, Victoria". Anoldtreeok (talk) 01:10, 16 October 2010 (UTC)

 * Support These three names are much less ambiguous than Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne, Hobart or Adelaide.--Melburnian (talk) 00:15, 16 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Support to eliminate distracting and pointless disambiguation.--Kotniski (talk) 06:33, 18 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Support per my view that there should be a wider set of exceptions than capital cities (although I support the general Australian convention for all other cases). Ballarat, Bendigo, Mildura, Shepparton, Geelong and Warrnambool would be Victorian cities I'd immediately identify as candidates. This discussion, though, should be occurring in a more central venue. Orderinchaos 08:26, 18 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Support. I think this is sensible action on some major Australian cities, and also per Gatoclass. hamiltonstone (talk) 02:45, 19 October 2010 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

School Rankings
We have just had an addition to the article telling us how highly ranked some of Ballarat's schools are, according to a commercial site that does such ranking. School ranking is a controversial matter. There is little agreement over both its accuracy and what it really means. I'm very uncomfortable with this addition. HiLo48 (talk) 05:24, 3 September 2011 (UTC)

Names of Inhabitants: historical oddities and obsession in Wikipedia?
I made an edit today about the "name" of people who live (or come from Ballarat). Having had close family and social connections with the city, and having a professional interest in the history of the region, I have never heard or seen the term Ballafornian. I strongly suggest the the isolated occurrence of an appellation in the 19th Century as indicated by the reference (a book discussing pre-Federation social history) does not make such appellation the commonly used name of people in or from Ballarat. Indeed in Australia the most common term for people who come from somewhere (other that states, and then only jocularly or if state rivalry is being emphasized) is almost always "from X", not an appellation (you are "from Melbourne", not a "Melbournite/Melbournian/etc.") There seems to be an obsession in Wikipedia that people from a geographic area must have an appellation. Pages on a geographic area sometimes even have a tag in a box for what the inhabitants are called, usually an Anglophone appellation, and all too often subject to strong criticism as being an isolated word from a minor source. Why? Perhaps it reflects that there is a belief that names are power, to know the name is to have power, in this case to have credibility when discussing people from the area.Brunswicknic (talk) 06:50, 25 August 2012 (UTC)
 * Melburnians are from Melbourne. Remove any others without discussion, IMO. Same with "locally known as Greensy, Monty, Boxy, Shoppo" (Greensborough, Montmorency, Box Hill, shopping centre). Ballafornian has escaped me, too; Bendigonians exist, but barely worth a mention; apparently schoolgirls from Molesworth claim they are from Yea North, and residents of Waaia have severe vowel problems Crusoe8181 (talk) 10:06, 25 August 2012 (UTC)

I looked up trove, National Library of Australia, and google, zero and 6 hits (3 repeated peices of writing) for Ballafornian, Ballaratites and Ballaratians are mainly historic uses on trove, google (limited to Australia) give a 30-60 hits, compared to 80k plus for terms such as Melburnian, Melbournian, Sydneysider and Sydneyite. In other words the terms for Ballarat are presently very uncommon and mainly historic, but they do exist, so I wish to leave that in. The term Ballafornian is documented in a Monograph on Ballarat history, so it is noteworthy. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Brunswicknic (talk • contribs) 10:11, 25 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Ballaratian fetches 4,200 results from Google including 2,080 from Australia - not "30-60" as Brunswicknic suggests. I live in Ballarat and Ballaratian is the denonym which commonly appears in the local media and is definitely still used by people here. I really don't know anyone would expect the term to generate as many hits as Melburnian or Sydneysider when the population is 40 times less ... The other terms seem to have popped up in a recent edit and are spurious. I have never seen or heard of either of them. Historic denonyms I think should be mentioned elsewhere than the head. --Biatch (talk) 05:33, 2 September 2012 (UTC)

Ballafornian now receives 1390 hits on Google from a variety of sources. It appears that "Ballafornian" is neologism that appears to be popular among younger people from Ballarat. There are a number of twitter bios that also reference it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bvpb (talk • contribs) 22:24, 16 October 2013 (UTC)

As much as I want 'Ballafornian' to be a legitimate demonym created by Californian gold prospectors, I reckon that its a furphy. I went down to the bowels of the University of Melbourne library to find the book cited for this incredible fact and found no such mention of Ballafornians or anything that could be considered vaguely related to the term. TheDiamondFiretail (talk) 01:36, 23 April 2015 (UTC)

Eureka Stockade "only" armed rebellion?
This seems wrong: "the only armed rebellion in Australian history". What about eg. Castle Hill convict rebellion and Rum Rebellion? --Skud (talk) 23:24, 9 October 2013 (UTC)

Which montage is more attractive?
Please state why, regarding your opinion. Ashton 29 (talk) 10:36, 11 June 2014 (UTC)

Montage A or Montage B

 * I don't think its really a case of attractiveness, but relevance. The existing montage could be spruced up, but Wikipedia is not really a magazine. The context and size of the collage image needs to be carefully considered. Montage A doesn't contain the notable landmarks and some of them look too tiny to make out. Cuthberts and the Bridge Hotel are barely known within Ballarat, let alone outside of it. Focus on what the montage should contain. 1) The city skyline - because it is on the treasure's list good 2) Sovereign Hill (because as the #1 tourist attraction for most people outside of Ballarat, the city = Sovereign Hill What Ballarat is known for is 3) Lydiard Street - i.e as much of the whole street, not any single building 4) Town Hall - it is the main civic centre 5) Railway Station - it is a major landmark and the key transport hub 6) The Arch of Victory is a major landmark 7) Lake Wendouree/Botanical gardens. Though it is a memorial to the famous rebellion Eureka memorial has never really a major landmark of Ballarat. Montage B contains multiple landmarks in some photos - ie Queen Vic statue (as Ballarat is a Vic city). --Biatch (talk) 03:14, 27 June 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 14 one external links on Ballarat. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20150226080117/http://www.nattrust.com.au/trust_register/search_the_register/ballarat_botanic_gardens to http://www.nattrust.com.au/trust_register/search_the_register/ballarat_botanic_gardens
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120314033456/http://www.stockland.com.au/assets/shopping-centres_vic/DEV24467_WEN_FlashTower.pdf to http://www.stockland.com.au/assets/shopping-centres_vic/DEV24467_WEN_FlashTower.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110405143151/http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/melbourne2030online/content/policies_initiatives/02a_policy21.html to http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/melbourne2030online/content/policies_initiatives/02a_policy21.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120112143047/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/dwo/201101/html/IDCJDW3005.201101.shtml to http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/dwo/201101/html/IDCJDW3005.201101.shtml
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20100701205733/http://ben.org.au:80/ to http://www.ben.org.au
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120325193018/http://www.businessballarat.com/?id=sovereignhil to http://www.businessballarat.com/?id=sovereignhil
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120723115100/http://www.tandlnews.com.au/2010/08/31/article/XTrapolis-train-manufacturing-under-way-in-Ballarat/HQBRJFWKRB.html to http://tandlnews.com.au/2010/08/31/article/XTrapolis-train-manufacturing-under-way-in-Ballarat/HQBRJFWKRB.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120201021930/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/LGA20570Population/People12002-2006?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=LGA20570&issue=2002-2006 to http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/LGA20570Population/People12002-2006?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=LGA20570&issue=2002-2006
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20121012203022/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features52007-08?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3218.0&issue=2007-08&num=&view= to http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features52007-08?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3218.0&issue=2007-08&num=&view=
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20121029051841/http://www.cfa.vic.gov.au:80/about/locations/locations.htm to http://www.cfa.vic.gov.au/about/locations/locations.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20101022015246/http://www.ballarat.vic.gov.au:80/heritage/help--advice-for-owners-of-heritage-places-in-ballarat/heritage-restoration-loan.aspx to http://www.ballarat.vic.gov.au/heritage/help--advice-for-owners-of-heritage-places-in-ballarat/heritage-restoration-loan.aspx
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20100617055555/http://www.cometolifeballarat.com:80/invest/key-industries/film-and-television/movies-shot-in-ballarat.aspx to http://www.cometolifeballarat.com/invest/key-industries/film-and-television/movies-shot-in-ballarat.aspx
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090912202919/http://www.busvic.asn.au/links/content.aspx?id=11 to http://www.busvic.asn.au/links/content.aspx?id=11
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20091025160557/http://www4.transport.vic.gov.au/vtp/projects/wendouree.html to http://www4.transport.vic.gov.au/vtp/projects/wendouree.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 17:36, 25 August 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 3 one external links on Ballarat. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20121224160544/http://www.ballarat.vic.gov.au/Global/Maps/index.aspx) to http://www.ballarat.vic.gov.au/Global/Maps/index.aspx)
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20110723151900/http://www.ballarat.vic.gov.au/council/communications-and-publications/media-releases/february/ballarat-city-council-representatives-to-meet-with-federal-minister-for-innovation,-industry,-science-and-research.aspx to http://www.ballarat.vic.gov.au/council/communications-and-publications/media-releases/february/ballarat-city-council-representatives-to-meet-with-federal-minister-for-innovation,-industry,-science-and-research.aspx
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20120320002048/http://results.aec.gov.au/13745/website/HouseSeatsWon-13745-NAT.htm to http://results.aec.gov.au/13745/website/HouseSeatsWon-13745-NAT.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 08:01, 27 February 2016 (UTC)

Contradiction between the Bureau of Meteorology's records and The Courier's reporting about the city's lowest temp on record
In this article, it claims that the lowest temperature in Ballarat's recorded history was -6.3 °C during winter last year, on 19 July 2015. However, the Bureau of Meteorology's records for the Ballarat Aerodrome, where The Courier article claims last year's record breaking temp was recorded, states the lowest temperature on record was actually -6.0 °C at sunrise on 21 July 1982. There's a huge different in terms of dates there, 33 years to be exact. So does anyone know for sure? Which one is it? Here is the Courier article and here is the record history from BoM. Ashton 29 (talk) 10:50, 19 March 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Ballarat. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.ballarat.edu.au/curator/buildings/site_listing_Post-Office.shtml

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 02:41, 12 April 2016 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 08:53, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 11 one external links on Ballarat. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20140219204429/http://www.ballarat.com:80/history.htm to http://www.ballarat.com/history.htm#ORIGINS%20OF%20SOME%20BALLAARAT%20NAMES
 * Added tag to http://www.ballaratreformleague.org.au/buninyong.htm
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20110216155217/http://www.tourismexcellence.com.au/images/stories/pdf/module5/BallaratVisitorServices.pdf to http://tourismexcellence.com.au/images/stories/pdf/module5/BallaratVisitorServices.pdf
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20110218003049/http://www.goldrushgolf.com.au/uploads/GoldrushEditorial_4_web.pdf to http://www.goldrushgolf.com.au/uploads/GoldrushEditorial_4_web.pdf
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20130524175132/http://www.premier.vic.gov.au/media-centre/media-releases/6146-nothing-pleases-like-maltesers-made-in-ballarat.html to http://www.premier.vic.gov.au/media-centre/media-releases/6146-nothing-pleases-like-maltesers-made-in-ballarat.html
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20120322184636/http://www.business.vic.gov.au/busvicwr/_assets/main/lib60053/beer%20lovers'%20guide%20to%20victoria's%20microbreweries.pdf to http://www.business.vic.gov.au/busvicwr/_assets/main/lib60053/beer%20lovers'%20guide%20to%20victoria's%20microbreweries.pdf
 * Added tag to http://www.vec.vic.gov.au/Government/ballaratprofile.html
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20110317064908/http://environment.gov.au/heritage/publications/strategy/pubs/economics-value-ballarat.pdf to http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/publications/strategy/pubs/economics-value-ballarat.pdf
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20091018082843/http://www.heritage.vic.gov.au/admin/file/content2/c7/ballarat_synagogue.pdf to http://www.heritage.vic.gov.au/admin/file/content2/c7/ballarat_synagogue.pdf
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20090929220659/http://www.eques.com.au/general/oct-06/ballarat_agricultural__pastoral.htm to http://www.eques.com.au/general/oct-06/ballarat_agricultural__pastoral.htm
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20110403215226/http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/798c8b072d117a01ca256c8c0019bb01/35d65a20f36e90baca256dc0007bda69!OpenDocument to http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/798c8b072d117a01ca256c8c0019bb01/35d65a20f36e90baca256dc0007bda69!OpenDocument
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20110220001622/http://www.ballaratspringfest.com.au/pages.php?page=11 to http://www.ballaratspringfest.com.au/pages.php?page=11
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20120320175739/http://www.ballarat.vic.gov.au/media/473801/10%20august%202011%20-%20public%20agenda.pdf to http://www.ballarat.vic.gov.au/media/473801/10%20august%202011%20-%20public%20agenda.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 18:07, 20 July 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Ballarat. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://sheducationcom.ascetinteractive.biz/uploads/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130929090755/https://www.breaze.org.au/resources/documents/doc_view/356-ballarat-energy-use-a-emissions to http://www.breaze.org.au/resources/documents/doc_view/356-ballarat-energy-use-a-emissions

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:13, 11 September 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Ballarat. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs17d.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110723151900/http://www.ballarat.vic.gov.au/council/communications-and-publications/media-releases/february/ballarat-city-council-representatives-to-meet-with-federal-minister-for-innovation,-industry,-science-and-research.aspx to http://www.ballarat.vic.gov.au/council/communications-and-publications/media-releases/february/ballarat-city-council-representatives-to-meet-with-federal-minister-for-innovation,-industry,-science-and-research.aspx

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:46, 24 October 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 18 external links on Ballarat. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120325193004/http://www.cometolifeballarat.com/visit/experience-ballarat/lakes%2C-parks-and-gardens/ballarat-botanical-gardens.aspx to http://www.cometolifeballarat.com/visit/experience-ballarat/lakes%2C-parks-and-gardens/ballarat-botanical-gardens.aspx
 * Replaced archive link http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs17d.pdf with https://web.archive.org/web/20160913022711/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs17d.pdf on http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs17d.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110313175439/http://epanote2.epa.vic.gov.au/EPA/publications.nsf/515bc2fde7bf93f44a2565b6001ee896/83b1f49d9d53c2d0ca256dc700218012/%24FILE/936.pdf to http://epanote2.epa.vic.gov.au/EPA/Publications.NSF/515bc2fde7bf93f44a2565b6001ee896/83b1f49d9d53c2d0ca256dc700218012/%24FILE/936.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120117102321/http://epanote2.epa.vic.gov.au/EPA/media.nsf/ad5006bdf5dcd5c84a256695000c4619/601aee450aac2fd6ca256e1f0082904f?OpenDocument to http://epanote2.epa.vic.gov.au/EPA/media.nsf/ad5006bdf5dcd5c84a256695000c4619/601aee450aac2fd6ca256e1f0082904f?OpenDocument
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110227081110/http://epanote2.epa.vic.gov.au/EPA/publications.nsf/PubDocsLU/1111?OpenDocument to http://epanote2.epa.vic.gov.au/EPA/Publications.NSF/PubDocsLU/1111?OpenDocument
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131112121123/http://www.ballarat.vic.gov.au/media/66766/city%20of%20ballarat%20environment%20sustainability%20strategy.pdf to http://www.ballarat.vic.gov.au/media/66766/city%20of%20ballarat%20environment%20sustainability%20strategy.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100401080313/http://www.ballarattouristassociation.asn.au/ to http://www.ballarattouristassociation.asn.au/
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.business.vic.gov.au/busvicwr/_assets/main/lib60053/beer%20lovers%27%20guide%20to%20victoria%27s%20microbreweries.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120723161402/http://mtmercerwindfarm.com.au/project-info/about-the-project-html to http://mtmercerwindfarm.com.au/project-info/about-the-project-html
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features52007-08?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3218.0&issue=2007-08&num=&view=
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.ballarat.vic.gov.au/emergency-management.aspx
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110415194813/http://www.leaguehistoricalcities-ballarat.com/ to http://www.leaguehistoricalcities-ballarat.com/
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/955cbeae7df9460dca256c8c00152d2b/d9871d74f940d93cca2570b100826472%21OpenDocument
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.eques.com.au/general/oct-06/ballarat_agricultural__pastoral.htm
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/798c8b072d117a01ca256c8c0019bb01/35d65a20f36e90baca256dc0007bda69%21OpenDocument
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080718194655/http://www.southstreet.ballarat.net.au/ to http://southstreet.ballarat.net.au/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130415101121/http://www.reachnewheights.com.au/ to http://www.reachnewheights.com.au/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110222112133/http://www.ballarat.vic.gov.au/media/191988/ballarat%20bicycle%20strategy%202008.pdf to http://www.ballarat.vic.gov.au/media/191988/ballarat%20bicycle%20strategy%202008.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 05:29, 14 July 2017 (UTC)

Crime?
What's with the crime section? Its contents are completely inappropriate. 141.6.11.23 (talk) 12:30, 25 July 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Ballarat. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130418061906/http://www.accesstojustice.gov.au/Pages/ResourceDetails.aspx?ResourceId=1139 to http://www.accesstojustice.gov.au/Pages/ResourceDetails.aspx?ResourceId=1139
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100811230305/http://blocmusictheatre.com.au/content/about-us to http://blocmusictheatre.com.au/content/about-us
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120325130952/http://www.premier.vic.gov.au/media-centre/media-releases/1766-rail-revival-study-geelong-ballarat-bendigo-investigations-underway-.html to http://www.premier.vic.gov.au/media-centre/media-releases/1766-rail-revival-study-geelong-ballarat-bendigo-investigations-underway-.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 06:46, 26 July 2017 (UTC)

Voltage of power supply in 1942?
Under Since the 20th Century, the article states that "In 1942, Ballarat became connected to the state electricity grid by a 66,000 kV line." 66,000 kV is 66MV (66 million volts); I don't think any public power distribution system in the world has ever been that high. Should this be 66 kV/66,000V? Wocky (talk) 06:29, 7 February 2020 (UTC)

Victoria's second city?
Under History we have a subsection titled Victoria's second city, but there's nothing in that section that explains that heading in ay way at all. I suggest there needs to be. HiLo48 (talk) 04:50, 4 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Hey HiLo48. After reading the section it makes sense to me. It would have been Victoria's second city back in the 19th century with the gold rush and all, it was the richest city on earth for a period, the wealth dug up in the goldfields built most of Melbourne's grandest buildings including most of Collins Street. With Mark Twain visiting in 1895 and describing the city as having "A celebrity so prompt and so universal has hardly been paralleled in history, perhaps. It was as if the name BALLARAT had suddenly been written on the sky, where all the world could read it at once." It's certainly not Victoria's second city today, Geelong is more than twice the size. I agree it could do with some explanation. Bacondrum (talk) 21:39, 4 October 2020 (UTC)
 * It wasn't the second city established. Presumably Geelong holds that title. It already existed as a major arrival point for the miners heading to Ballarat when they came to the country. Should it perhaps say something more like "Second biggest city" (at the time)? Or a source that says it was the second to be proclaimed a city (if that's true)? HiLo48 (talk) 21:54, 4 October 2020 (UTC)
 * I assume they mean second city in terms of wealth and power in the colony during the vic gold rush, if we have no source to back the claim, "Victoria's second city" I think we should simply title the section Post gold rush or some such. Bacondrum (talk) 23:18, 4 October 2020 (UTC)

Bluestone power station
There's a sentence that says "The first electricity supply was completed in 1901, and that year a bluestone power station was built at the corner of Ripon Street and Wendouree Parade with the main aim of electrifying the city's tramway network." Does any one know what powered the "Bluestone power station" or where exactly this was? Intriguing. Skinnytony1 (talk) 11:38, 15 November 2021 (UTC)

Postcode
Shouldn't 3356 be apart of the Postcodes list? 2402:B801:387E:2900:69B2:5D74:ECE4:F071 (talk) 06:24, 29 January 2023 (UTC)

Film filming-location missing
New Gold Mountain, that SBS TV miniseries, was set in Ballaarat, wasn't it?

Theeeen it deserves to be added, & perhaps the section renamed 'Film&Television and other multimedia', or, 'Use as a setting in entertainment'

? 49.184.6.191 (talk) 14:51, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

eGaming established yet?
If there's nothing of note in relation to eGaming yet, then no section seems fine, but if there is, then it could deserve a section.

Same with any sections-for or groupings-of tabletop gaming, gamer-culture & it's events, and any periodic or visting showcasing/exhibitions.

Or even more broadly (to tabletop/traditional -gaming), any regular outdoor chess locations in parks, or periodic public-spaces fun, such as city-wide scavenger hunts (digitally- virtualised or augmented-reality overlayed, or similar ones), etc 49.184.6.191 (talk) 15:28, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ballarat


text:
Talk:XXXX (beer)

Talk page archives
Cluebot archived the talk page in a weird way and it got lost, apparently as part of this page moving from XXXX to XXXX (Castlemain) to XXXX (Beer). Here is what it archived: Talk:Castlemaine_XXXX/Archives/2012

- DavidWBrooks (talk) 23:26, 15 January 2023 (UTC)

 * 140.213.146.213's Special:Diff/1087373099 generates Special:Permalink/1087516431. I fixed it. Sawol (talk) 14:23, 30 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:XXXX (beer)


text:
Talk:Observing

Is this the best title for the topic? Only links are from astronomy and astrophysics, where it appears in a haphazard list, and amateur astronomy, where it's tacked on as a "see also". --Brion 05:52 Oct 3, 2002 (UTC)

title: Talk:Observing


text:
Omar Abdel-Rahman

Sheikh Omar Abdel-Rahman (عمر عبد الرحمن), (ʾUmar ʾAbd ar-Raḥmān; 3 May 1938 – 18 February 2017), commonly known in the United States as "The Blind Sheikh", was a blind Egyptian Islamist militant who served a life sentence at the Federal Medical Center, Butner near Butner, North Carolina, United States. Formerly a resident of New York City, Abdel-Rahman and nine others were convicted of seditious conspiracy in 1995. His prosecution grew out of investigations of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing.

Abdel-Rahman was the leader of Al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya (also known as "The Islamic Group"), a militant Islamist movement in Egypt that is considered a terrorist organization by the European Union and the Egyptian government. The group was responsible for many acts of violence, including the November 1997 Luxor massacre, in which 58 foreign tourists and four Egyptians were killed.

Youth
Abdel-Rahman was born in the city of al-Gamalia, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt, on 3 May 1938. He lost his eyesight when he was 10 months old. He studied a Braille version of the Qur'an as a child, had it memorized by age 11 and was sent to an Islamic boarding school. He developed an interest in the works of Ibn Taymiyah and Sayyid Qutb. He studied at Cairo University's School of Theology and later earned a Doctorate in Tafsir (quranic interpretation) from Al-Azhar University in Cairo. His thesis was entitled Al-Qu'ran Min Khushumihi Kama Tashawwarahu Surah At-Tawba (The Qur'an's Attitude toward Its Opponents in the Perspective of Surah At-Tawba), which "received international acclaims with the highest grade." Part of the 2,000-page dissertation has been published in book form in 2006 in Egypt as Mawqif al-Qur'an min khusumih. Soon after leaving university, Abdel-Rahman began preaching against the secular regime of Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser. Abdel-Rahman became one of the most prominent and outspoken Muslim clerics to denounce Egypt's secularism.

Family
Omar Abdel-Rahman had two wives, who bore him 10 children: Aisha Hassan Gouda (7 sons), and Aisha Zohdi (3 children). His sons include Ahmed, Mohammed and Asim. Ahmed was killed in a drone strike in Afghanistan in 2011. Mohammed was captured in Pakistan in 2003. He was later extradited to Egypt and was released in 2010. Asim was a close associate of Osama bin Laden following the September 11th attacks.

Imprisonment in Egypt
During the 1970s, Abdel-Rahman developed close ties with two of Egypt's most militant organizations, Egyptian Islamic Jihad and Al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya ("The Islamic Group"). By the 1980s, he had emerged as the leader of Al-jama'a al-Islamiyya, although he was still revered by followers of Egyptian Islamic Jihad, which at the time was being led by Ayman al-Zawahiri, later to become the leader of al-Qaeda. Abdel-Rahman spent three years in Egyptian jails while awaiting trial on charges of issuing a fatwa resulting in the 1981 assassination of Anwar Sadat by Egyptian Islamic Jihad.

Afghan Mujaheddin
Although Abdel-Rahman was not convicted of conspiracy in the Sadat assassination, he was expelled from Egypt following his acquittal. He made his way to Afghanistan in the mid-1980s, where he contacted his former professor, Abdullah Azzam, co-founder of Maktab al-Khadamat (MAK) along with Osama bin Laden. Abdel-Rahman built a strong rapport with bin Laden during the Soviet–Afghan War and, following Azzam's murder in 1989, he assumed control of the international jihadist arm of MAK/Al Qaeda.

In July 1990, Abdel-Rahman traveled to New York City to gain control of MAK's financial and organizational infrastructure in the United States. Abdel-Rahman is said to have established links with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), who offered funding and military and logistical support to those fighting the Soviets in Afghanistan.

Activities in the US
Abdel-Rahman was issued a tourist visa to visit the United States by the consul of the United States Embassy in Khartoum, Sudan, despite his name being listed on a U.S. State Department terrorist watch list. Abdel-Rahman entered the United States in July 1990 via Saudi Arabia, Peshawar, and Sudan. The State Department revoked his tourist visa on 17 November. Despite this, in April 1991, he obtained a green card from the Immigration and Naturalization Service office in Newark, New Jersey. After leaving the U.S. to go on an overseas trip, he tried to re-enter the U.S. in August 1991. At that point, U.S. officials recognized that he was on the lookout list, and began the procedure to revoke his permanent resident status. The U.S. government still allowed him to enter the country, as he had the right to appeal the decision to revoke his residency status. Abdel-Rahman failed to appeal the decision, and on 6 March 1992, the U.S. government revoked his green card. He then requested political asylum. A hearing on that matter was held on 20 January 1993. It was later revealed that Abdel-Rahman was given most of his visa approvals by the CIA. Egyptian officials have testified that the CIA was actively assisting him in entering the US. The CIA also protected Abdel-Rahman after he arrived in the United States.

Abdel-Rahman traveled widely in the United States and Canada. Despite U.S. support for the mujahideen in Afghanistan, Abdel-Rahman spoke out vociferously against the country. He issued a fatwa in the US that declared it lawful to rob banks and kill Jews in the US. His sermons condemned Americans as the "descendants of apes and pigs who have been feeding from the dining tables of the Zionists, Communists, and colonialists". He called on Muslims to assail the West, "cut the transportation of their countries, tear it apart, destroy their economy, burn their companies, eliminate their interests, sink their ships, shoot down their planes, kill them on the sea, air, or land".

Preaching at three mosques in the New York City area, Abdel-Rahman was soon surrounded by a core group of devoted followers that included persons who would soon be responsible for the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, which took place five weeks into the Bill Clinton administration. One of Abdel-Rahman's followers, El Sayyid Nosair, was linked to the 1990 Manhattan assassination of Israeli nationalist Rabbi Meir Kahane, founder of the Jewish Defense League.

Steven Emerson's 1994 television documentary Terrorists Among Us: Jihad in America contains a video of Abdel-Rahman in Detroit, calling for jihad against the "infidel".

In 1993, Egypt suffered a spate of terrorist attacks in which over 1,100 people were either injured or killed. By comparison, the number for the prior year was 322. According to The New York Times, these attacks had "shaken the Egyptian Government".

Abdel-Rahman was the spiritual leader of Al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya, which included the terrorists who were conducting these attacks. At that time, he was recording his sermons in Brooklyn on cassette tapes and sending them to Egypt. These tapes were duplicated and given to tens of thousands of followers in Cairo. In these tapes, Abdel-Rahman called for the murder of infidels, for the ousting of Hosni Mubarak, and for Egypt to become a pure Islamic state.

Mamdouh Beltagui, the head of the state information service in Egypt, told The New York Times in the early 1990s, "Sheik Omar Abdul Rahman uses New York as a base. He raises funds and sends money back to Egypt with couriers. He passes on messages to his followers, giving orders about what they should do next and who they should target. We do not understand why the U.S. authorities have allowed him to enter the country."

Arrest, conviction and death
After the first World Trade Center bombing in February 1993, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) began to investigate Abdel-Rahman and his followers more closely. An Egyptian informant wearing a listening device for the FBI managed to record Abdel-Rahman saying he preferred attacks be concentrated on US military targets, but also stating acts of violence against civilian targets were not illicit. The most startling plan, the government charged, was to set off five bombs in 10 minutes, blowing up the United Nations, the Lincoln and Holland tunnels, the George Washington Bridge and a federal building housing the FBI. Government prosecutors showed videotapes of the defendants mixing bomb ingredients in a garage before their arrest in 1993. Abdel-Rahman was arrested on 24 June 1993, along with nine of his followers. On 1 October 1995, he was convicted of seditious conspiracy, solicitation to murder Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak, conspiracy to murder President Mubarak, solicitation to attack a U.S. military installation, and conspiracy to conduct bombings; in 1996 he was sentenced to life in solitary confinement without parole.

Abdel-Rahman began serving his life sentence at the FMC Rochester in Minnesota. After the September 11 attacks, he was transferred to the FMC Butner in North Carolina. He died there on 18 February 2017 at the age of 78 due to complications from diabetes and coronary artery disease.

It was arranged for the U.S. to transport his body to Egypt for his funeral. His funeral was mentioned in an article in the publication Al-Masra by the terrorist group Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula.

Efforts for release
In a speech to supporters in Cairo's Tahrir Square on 30 June 2012, Mohamed Morsi briefly mentioned that he would work to free Omar Abdel-Rahman, along with other Egyptians who were arrested during the revolution. A Brotherhood spokesperson later said that the extradition was for humanitarian reasons and that Morsi didn't intend to overturn Abdel-Rahman's criminal convictions.

During the 2013 In Aménas hostage crisis, a Mauritanian news organization reported that the kidnappers had offered to swap American hostages in Algeria for the release of Abdel-Rahman and Aafia Siddiqui. US State Department spokeswoman Victoria Nuland stated that the United States would not negotiate with the terrorists.

Legacy
Abdel-Rahman's imprisonment became a rallying point for Islamic militants around the world, including Al Qaeda and Osama bin Laden. In 1997, members of his group Al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya conducted two attacks against European visitors to Egypt, including the massacre of 58 Western tourists at Deir el-Bahri in Luxor. In addition to killing women and children, the attackers mutilated a number of bodies and distributed leaflets throughout the scene demanding Abdel-Rahman's release.

In 2005, three members of Abdel-Rahman's legal team, lawyer Lynne Stewart, translator Mohamed Yousry and postal clerk Ahmed Abdel Sattar, were convicted of facilitating communication between Abdel-Rahman and members of the US designated-terrorist organization Al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya in Egypt. They received long federal prison sentences, based on their violated obligation to keep Abdel-Rahman incommunicado while providing him legal counsel.

Qasim al Raymi, leader of Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, eulogized Abdul Rahman on 6 March. His eulogy was critical of the US.

title: Omar Abdel-Rahman


text:
Chaource

Chaource is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

A cheese is named after this town. See Chaource cheese.

In the Chaource parish church there is a sculpture by The Maitre de Chaource.

title: Chaource


text:
Pope John XIII

Pope John XIII (Ioannes XIII; died 6 September 972) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 1 October 965 to his death. His pontificate was caught up in the continuing conflict between the Holy Roman emperor, Otto I, and the Roman nobility. After long and arduous negotiations, he succeeded in arranging a Byzantine marriage for Otto II, in an effort to legitimize the Ottonian claim to imperial dignity. He also established church hierarchy in Poland and Bohemia.

Family and early career
Born in Rome, John was the son of another John, who was a bishop. It has been conjectured that his father was the Roman noble John Crescentius, a member of the Crescentii family who had married into the family of Count Theophylact I of Tusculum. If so, his father had previously been a duke, and possibly even appointed consul, prior to his ordination as bishop. Consequently, John was probably the brother of Crescentius the Elder (the patricius romanorum), as well as Stephania, lady of Palestrina (who married Count Benedict, rector of the Sabina) and Marozia, who married Count Gregory I of Tusculum.

Brought up at the Lateran palace, he was a member of the schola cantorum, and his career during that time saw him pass through a number of positions, including that of Ostiarius, Reader, Exorcist and Acolyte before reaching the ranks of Subdeacon and then Deacon. After leaving the schola, he took an active part in papal administration, serving in the Chancery of Apostolic Briefs under popes John XII and Leo VIII. He also served as Librarian of the Holy Apostolic See in 961. At some point he was appointed as the bishop of Narni, as which he participated in the Synod of Rome (963) which deposed Pope John XII, as well as the Synod of Rome (964) which saw his restoration.

Accession and rebellion
After the death of Leo VIII, the Roman nobility asked the Holy Roman emperor, Otto I, for the reinstatement of Pope Benedict V. When this was not possible, Bishop John Crescentius was suggested as a compromise candidate by Otto's envoys, the bishops Otger of Spiers and Liutprand of Cremona. Elected unanimously, John was consecrated on Sunday, 1 October 965, five months after the death of Leo VIII.

John immediately took on the task of curbing the power of the Roman nobility. He gave members of the Crescentii family important positions to shore up his support, while he also sought closer ties with the emperor. However, with the emperor back in Germany, various local powers decided to take advantage of his absence to intrigue against John XIII. The former king Adalbert of Italy had appeared in front of an army in Lombardy, whilst the Roman nobility, disliking John's behaviour, and resenting his imposition by a foreign power, staged a revolt. Under the leadership of Peter, the Prefect of the city, together with Rofred, the Count of Roman Campagna and the Vestararius Stephen, they roused the Roman nobility by declaring that "”The Saxon kings were going to destroy their power and influence, and were going to lead their children into captivity.”"

The leaders of the Roman militia captured the pope on December 16, 965, and imprisoned him in Castel Sant'Angelo. However, fearing John's presence there would inspire resistance from his followers, the pope was moved to one of Rofred's castles in the Campagna. Word eventually reached Otto of all these disturbances, and he entered Italy in late summer of 966 at the head of an enormous army. In the meantime, John had managed to escape from Campagna, and made his way to Capua, placing himself under the protection of Pandulf Ironhead. In thanks for Pandulf's aid, John converted Capua into a Metropolitan see, and consecrated as its first archbishop Pandulf's brother John, on August 14, 966. In Rome, the pope's supporters rose up, and Rofred and Stephen were killed by John Crescentius, the pope's nephew. Pope John left Capua, and crossed into Sabina, where he was met by his brother-in-law, Benedict, who also offered John his support. With Rome effectively back in his hands, John returned and was welcomed back into the city on November 14, 966. Although he was initially lenient towards the rebels, the arrival of Otto saw a change in approach. The emperor banished to Germany the two men appointed consul; the twelve principal militia leaders (the Decarcones, one appointed to each of the city's twelve regions) were hanged. Other plotters were either executed or blinded. The Prefect of the City, Peter, was handed over to John, who ordered him to be hung by his hair from the Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius, after which he was taken down, placed naked and backwards on an ass. A bag of feathers was placed upon his head and two more at his thighs. With a bell fastened round its neck, Peter was driven through the city, and after being thus exposed to the ridicule of the people, Peter was cast into a dungeon before finally being sent by the emperor into Germany. In gratitude for the emperor's intervention, John lauded him by declaring him to be the liberator and restorer of the Church, the illustrious guest, and three times blessed emperor.

In 969, he met Gerbert d'Aurillac, the future Pope Sylvester II, and was so impressed by his scholarly brilliance that he kept him on in Rome in order to learn from him.

Troubles with the Byzantine Empire
After John XIII's restoration, he worked with the Emperor on ecclesiastical improvements. It was decided in a council held at Rome in the beginning of 967 in the emperor's presence that Grado was to be the patriarchal and metropolitan church of the whole of the Veneto. At another council at Ravenna in April 967, Otto again "restored to the apostolic Pope John the city and territory of Ravenna and many other possessions which had for some time been lost to the Popes." At around this time he also created, at Otto's request, the Archbishopric of Magdeburg.

Then, on Christmas Day in 967, John XIII crowned Otto I's son Otto II as co-emperor. Various synods were held before the emperors left Rome for the south of Italy, in which, sometimes at their request, John XIII took several German monasteries under his special protection, or decided that in some cases they were to remain forever "under the patronage (mundiburdium) of the kings or emperors." With Otto I seeking a marriage alliance with the Byzantine Empire through his son and a Byzantine princess, John XIII lent his support to Otto's cause. He wrote a letter to the Eastern emperor, Nikephoros II Phokas, but ended up insulting him by referring to him, not as "emperor of the Romans", but as "emperor of the Greeks". As his price for the marriage, Otto demanded a dowry from the Eastern Empire, that of the themes of Longobardia and Calabria. Nikephoros retorted by instead demanding the restitution of the Exarchate of Ravenna, which included Rome and the Papal States, as the price for the imperial marriage. When negotiations broke down, Nikephoros refused to write to John XIII in his own hand, instead sending him a threatening letter written by his brother, Leo Phokas the Younger.

After the failure of negotiations, Nikephoros attempted to extend the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the patriarch of Constantinople into the pope's jurisdiction in southern Italy. The eastern emperor ordered the patriarch to transform the bishopric of Otranto into a metropolitan see, and to ensure that services were no longer said in Latin, but in Greek only. Patriarch Polyeuctus of Constantinople quickly addressed an order to the head of the Church of Otranto giving him authority to consecrate bishops in the churches of Acerenza, Tursi, Gravina, Matera, and Tricarico, all previously dependent on the Church of Rome. In response, and at the request of the Western emperor, John convened a synod in 969, which elevated the bishopric of Benevento into a metropolitan see, thus reducing the influence of the Byzantine Empire and Eastern Orthodox Church there.

The death of Nikephoros Phokas in 969 saw the elevation of John I Tzimiskes. He entered into negotiations with Otto I, and soon Otto II was betrothed to Theophanu, the niece of Tzimiskes. The marriage was performed by John XIII at Rome on 14 April 972.

Relations with other states
John was also involved in the development of ecclesiastical structures across Europe. In 968, John appointed the first bishop in Poland, Jordan. In 973, John appointed Mlada, a sister of Duke Boleslaus II of Bohemia, as an abbess of the Benedictine Order. He gave her a papal bull which authorised the foundation of the Bishopric of Prague in accordance with the wishes of Boleslaus, which had been made through Mlada. John decreed that the church of Saints Vitus and Wenceslaus should be the new cathedral church. At the church of St. George, a convent of nuns was to be established, over which Mlada was to preside. Finally, the Latin rite and not the Byzantine rite was to be followed, and someone who was well instructed in Latin literature had to be chosen as the first bishop.

In 971, John XIII published a bull supporting the action of the English king Edgar the Peaceful and Archbishop Dunstan against the canons of Winchester Cathedral, who refused to give up their wives and concubines. In that same year, John confirmed the privileges which King Edgar had granted the monks of Glastonbury Abbey, and declared that it was under papal protection. Further, John sent a letter to an ealdorman named Aelfric, commanding him to cease taking money from Glastonbury.

In Trier, John appointed the archbishop of Trier as the papal vicar, responsible for promoting the decrees of any synods held in Germany or West Francia. He also granted numerous privileges across Europe. In one case, dated September 29, 970, for the monastery of St. Vincent of Metz, we find the first recorded grant of the Pontificals. Its abbot was granted the use, under certain conditions, of the Dalmatic and Episcopal sandals. John was also the recipient of many requests for help. In one case, the monks of the monastery of St. Peter at Novalisa, asked for the pope to intervene to help protect them against a local count named Ardoin. In another case, in November 971, Archbishop Adalberon of Reims went to Rome to ask the pope to confirm the archbishop's decision to leave some property to the monks of Mouzon Abbey, thereby protecting his donation from King Louis IV of France.

In 970, John bestowed the town of Praeneste as a hereditary lease to Senatrix Stephania, who was probably his sister. Praeneste was to belong to her, her children, and her grandchildren, for a yearly rent of ten gold solidi, but it was afterwards to return to the Church. It is one of the first examples of the introduction of the system of feudalism into Roman territory.

Death and lore
John XIII died on 6 September 972, and was buried in the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls. He was succeeded by Benedict VI. The earliest surviving written mention of the ancient practice of the blessing of church bells comes from his reign.

Referred to by one chronicler after his death as "The Good", John was noted for his reverence and piety, as well as being highly learned in both scripture and canon law. From childhood he carried the nickname of "the White Hen", due to his light colored hair. His epitaph used to be in the basilica where he was buried, between the front door and the first column, and it read: "'Here, where in death the good pastor would have them placed, are the remains of Pope John. By the mercy of God and the merits of St. Paul, freed from the bonds of death, may he hence ascend into heaven, and share in the happiness of the blessed above. Do you who piously read this epitaph pray that Christ, who with His sacred Blood redeemed the world, may have pity on His servant and free him from his sins.'"

There is a legend which attached itself to the reign of John XIII. According to Dietrich I of Metz, one of the nobles attached to the court of the emperor Otto I was possessed by an evil spirit, resulting in his tearing at his own face, and biting his hands and arms. The emperor ordered that the nobleman be taken to Pope John XIII, with instructions that the Chains of Saint Peter be placed upon him, and so cure him. According to the legend, John placed several chains on the afflicted man, each of which were copies, but to no effect. However, when John placed the true chain of Saint Peter on him, a thick smoke issued from the nobleman's body, cries were heard in the air, and the evil spirit left the nobleman.

title: Pope John XIII


text:
Lugbara mythology

The Lugbara live in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, and South Sudan. Their number totaled approximately 240,000, with around 180,000 residing in north-western Uganda, with the remaining population spread across bordering areas of the modern-day Democratic Republic of Congo and South Sudan. The Lugbara people speak in a Sudanese language. The basic social and economic unit found in Lugbara culture is a lineage group under the authority of a male genealogical elder called ba wara, meaning "big man". These lineage groups, often referred to as sub-tribes, typically lived in a village built atop a hillside or ridge. In addition to the male elder, other religious leaders include diviners, oracles, and rain men.

Creation Myth
Lugbara believe that they are all of one blood, ari alo, and that blood was created by God, Adronga 'ba o'bapiri. Whilst there are many different versions of the Lugbara creation myth, most agree that God created the first beings Gborgboro and Meme at Loloi to the North in South Sudan. Gborgboro and Meme had two children together, Arube and O’du. The siblings and subsequent siblings had children together for several generations. The last pair of siblings were the parents of the hero-ancestor Jaki.

Other versions of the creation myth explain the separation of God and mankind in the sky, the separation of black and white people, the building of a tower of Babel. Furthermore, they explain the appearance of the Lugbara and Kakwa peoples as well as the various tribes and languages of the world. Some versions also explain the creation of the world as it is today.

Hero-ancestors
Lugbara mythology has two hero ancestors, Jaki and Dribidu. Whilst both of their stories share similarities, they are not related to one another and entered the Lugbara Highlands independently of one another. Both shared superhuman and magical abilities and were the first rain makers. In addition, they shared their knowledge of magical medicines with their descendents. Furthermore, their many sons became the founders of the original Lugbara clans.

Jaki entered the Lugbara highlands from the north and north-west, where the Kakwa people reside today.

Dribidu, ‘the hairy one’, had long hair covering most of his body. He is also referred to as Banyale, ‘eater of men’, because he ate his children until he was discovered and forced to leave his home on the east bank of the Nile. He traveled through the Nile valley at East Madi in eastern Uganda, and crossed the river at Gimara, entering the Lugbara Highlands.

Both hero-ancestors died on mountains overlooking the Lugbara plains. Jaki on Mount Liru, and Dribidu on Mount Eti.

Both Jaki and Dribidu have myths about how they both found a leper woman who provided him with fire to cook. In both myths, they cure the woman using a medicine that has since been forgotten and in the end, they marry her.

God in Lugbara Mythology
There are many different names for God in Lugbara mythology. John Middleton (1955) wrote that the Lugbara believe that God has two aspects, one transcendent and the other immanent. The transcendent aspect is often referred to as Adroa or Adronga whilst the immanent aspect is referred to as Adro.

Adroa appeared in both good and evil aspects; he was the creator god and appeared on Earth as a man who was near death. He was depicted as a very tall white man with only one half of a body, missing one eye, one leg, etc. His children were called the Adroanzi.

The Adroanzi were nature gods of specific rivers, trees and other sacred wild areas. At night, they followed people and protected them from animals and bandits as long as they did not look over their shoulder to ensure that an Adroanzi was following; if the person did so, the Adroanzi killed them. They ate the people they killed. They were also sometimes known as water snakes. Some Lugbara consider them gardeners.

Key figures in Lugbara Mythology
Adronga ‘ba o’bapiri, or God creator of men, created the first beings on Earth, Gborgboro and Meme, as well as creating domestic livestock. God is also referred to as Adro or Adroa.

Gborgboro, means ‘the person coming from the sky’. He was created by Adronga ‘ba o’bapiri, along with Meme. Father of O’du and Arube.

Meme, means the person with a big body. In some versions of the Lugbara creation myth, Meme is a man but in most she is a woman. She was created by Adronga ‘ba o’bapiri, along with Gborgboro. Wild animals came from her womb, the gazelle broke out first and the other animals followed. After the animals had left her womb, she bore two children, O’du and Arube, a girl and a boy.

O’du, means miraculous omen. She was one of the first set of siblings and was born with teeth. Some versions of the myth say she and Arube are the same person.

Arube, means maker of miracles. He was one of the first set of siblings and was born with teeth. Some myths say he is the same person as O’du.

Yeke, means owner of the land. He was the first man to settle and farm land and was the father of Jaki, one of the hero-ancestors.

Rites of Sacrifice Among the Lugbara
Due to extreme variations in culture in different Lugbara groups, there is not one clearly defined rite of sacrifice, nor consistently shared ritual behaviours. Offerings and sacrifices are typically made at a selection of shrines located both near and inside the home, designed to honour the dead and other spirits. Sacrificial rites are an activity that is distanced from regular religious behaviour associated with the Lugbara. There are four rites of sacrifice that occur most commonly across Lugbara:

The first is rua edezu, or cleansing the body. There are several scenarios in which the rua edezu rite may be enacted. A common case is to cleanse sickness from the body of a man who has had a disagreement with a member of his family who has died before the disagreement could be resolved. It is believed that sickness is likely to strike the child of the sick man if he is to take the widow of the dead man. It can be determined that the sickness was sent by Divine Spirit after consultations with oracles and then diviners. The ritual is performed by the patrilineal elder, in which a sheep is assigned to the sick man. The sheep is then walked the perimeter of the sick man’s home, given a “ritual address”, then killed and eaten by members of the lineage group. A similar rite called angu edezu, meaning cleansing the territory, may be performed in the occurrence of a pregnancy outside of marriage or persistent disagreements.

The second rite is ori owizu, a sacrifice to patrilineal ghosts. This sacrifice is also made as a result of sickness. An animal, such as a goat, ox, bird or most commonly, a sheep, is assigned to the sick person and blessed by an elder. After the sick person has recovered, the animal is killed in their home and divided into three portions; the first portion is given to the dead by placing the meat at their shrines; the second is eaten by the lineage group; the third is taken home to be given to more distant lineage members. The recovered person is then blessed with breath and spit through the use of leaves, then the meat is eaten.

The third rite is an offering given to Divine Spirit. This act is called a’izu, meaning to pray or to beseech. This is an offering given in order to receive rain or to remove an epidemic. In this ritual, a rainmaker adorns a white ram with beads that were once owned by a man who has since died of a disease such as meningitis. The ram is first led in a circle around the entire territory of the lineage group and then chased over a river into mountains by the rainmaker. It is believed that the ram transforms into a leopard and then into rain. Contrary to other rituals, the dead are not involved and there is no direct killing of the animal. A human who had been disembowelled atop a hill was the original offering in this sacrifice and the sheep is the modern replacement.

The fourth rite is an offering to the spirits. This category of Lugbara rite is the most varied across the Lugbara people. In Lugbara religion, spirits are believed to be “in the air”, and thus there is no set place where these offerings must occur. It is believed that only diviners are capable of communicating with spirits and offerings are performed by them by entering a trance in a dark hut far from the village. The offering is typically performed near a river, as they are places of great spiritual power. The diviner will offer food and drink to the spirits, such as milk and grains. These offerings take place after a spirit is thought to have communicated with the living either by sending illness or through possession of a person’s body.

title: Lugbara mythology


text:
Monterey Bay

Monterey Bay is a bay of the Pacific Ocean located on the coast of the U.S. state of California, south of the San Francisco Bay Area. San Francisco itself is further north along the coast, by about 75 miles (120 km), accessible via CA 1 and US 101.

Santa Cruz is located at the north end of the bay, and Monterey is on the Monterey Peninsula at the south end. The "Monterey Bay Area" is a local colloquialism sometimes used to describe the whole of the Central Coast communities of Santa Cruz and Monterey counties.

Toponymy

The first European to enter Monterey Bay was Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo on November 16, 1542, while sailing northward along the coast on an imperial Spanish naval expedition. He named the bay Bahía de los Pinos, probably because of the forest of pine trees first encountered while rounding the peninsula at the southern end of the bay. Cabrillo's name for the bay was lost, but the westernmost point of the peninsula is still known as Point Pinos.

On December 10, 1595, Sebastián Rodríguez Cermeño crossed the bay and bestowed the name Bahía de San Pedro in honor of Saint Peter Martyr.

The present name for the bay was given in 1602 by Sebastián Vizcaíno, who had been tasked by the Spanish government to complete a detailed chart of the coast. On December 16, 1602 he rounded a large peninsula and entered a bay that he named Puerto de Monterrey in honor of Don Gaspár de Zúñiga y Acevedo, 5th Count of Monterrey, who was governor of New Spain and had dispatched the expedition. Monterrey is an alternate spelling of Monterrei, a municipality in the Galicia region of Spain from which the viceroy and his father (the Fourth Count of Monterrei) originated. All other place names in the vicinity containing Monterey were so named because of their proximity to the bay. This includes the Presidio of Monterey, City of Monterey, County of Monterey and Monterey Canyon.

Geology
The Monterey Canyon, one of the largest underwater canyons in the world, begins off the coast of Moss Landing, in the center of Monterey Bay. It is 249 mi long, although its shape changes regularly because of currents and sediment being left in the area. The canyon is much like that of a continental slope; the biology of the canyon changes significantly in different parts of the canyon.

Flora and fauna
Monterey Bay is home to many species of marine mammals, including sea otters, harbor seals, and bottlenose dolphins; as well as being on the migratory path of gray and humpback whales and a breeding site for elephant seals. Killer whales are also found along the coast, especially when gray whales migrate, as they hunt the whales during their migration north. Many species of fish, sharks, mollusks such as abalone and squid, birds, and sea turtles also live in the bay. Several varieties of kelp grow in the bay, some becoming as tall as trees, forming what is known as a kelp forest.

Marine protected areas
Soquel Canyon State Marine Conservation Area, Portuguese Ledge State Marine Conservation Area, Pacific Grove Marine Gardens State Marine Conservation Area, Lovers Point State Marine Reserve, Edward F. Ricketts State Marine Conservation Area and Asilomar State Marine Reserve are marine protected areas in Monterey Bay. Like underwater parks, these marine protected areas help conserve ocean wildlife and marine ecosystems.

Communities around Monterey Bay

Clockwise around the bay, generally from north to south. Inland communities are indented:
 * Santa Cruz
 * Live Oak
 * Capitola
 * Soquel
 * Aptos
 * Rio del Mar
 * La Selva Beach
 * Corralitos
 * Freedom
 * Watsonville
 * Pajaro
 * Las Lomas
 * Elkhorn
 * Moss Landing
 * Castroville
 * Salinas
 * Marina
 * Seaside
 * Fort Ord
 * Sand City
 * Del Rey Oaks
 * Monterey
 * New Monterey
 * Pacific Grove
 * Carmel
 * Carmel Valley
 * Carmel Highlands

In popular culture
Apple's desktop operating system, macOS Monterey, is named after this region.

title: Monterey Bay


text:
Ragtime (disambiguation)

Ragtime is a style of music.

Ragtime may also refer to:

Arts and entertainment

 * Ragtime (novel) (1975), by E. L. Doctorow
 * Ragtime (film) (1981), based on the novel
 * Ragtime (musical) (1998), based on the novel
 * Ragtime (1927 film), an American silent film directed by Scott Pembroke
 * Ragtime (TV series) (1973–1975), a BBC television series for children
 * "Ragtime", a song by Brand Nubian from their 1990 album One for All
 * Ragtime for Eleven Instruments (1917–18), chamber music, and Ragtime (1921) for piano solo, compositions by Igor Stravinsky
 * Ragtime (I) (1960), second ballet by George Balanchine to Stravinsky's Ragtime for Eleven Instruments
 * Ragtime (II) (1966), third ballet by George Balanchine to Stravinsky's Ragtime for Eleven Instruments

Other uses

 * Ragtime (code name), four secret surveillance programs of the NSA
 * RagTime, business publishing software

title: Ragtime (disambiguation)