text:
Royal charter

A royal charter is a formal grant issued by a monarch under royal prerogative as letters patent. Historically, they have been used to promulgate public laws, the most famous example being the English Magna Carta (great charter) of 1215, but since the 14th century have only been used in place of private acts to grant a right or power to an individual or a body corporate. They were, and are still, used to establish significant organisations such as boroughs (with municipal charters), universities and learned societies.

Charters should be distinguished from royal warrants of appointment, grants of arms and other forms of letters patent, such as those granting an organisation the right to use the word "royal" in their name or granting city status, which do not have legislative effect. The British monarchy has issued over 1,000 royal charters. Of these about 750 remain in existence.

The earliest charter recorded on the UK government's list was granted to the University of Cambridge by Henry III of England in 1231, although older charters are known to have existed including to the Worshipful Company of Weavers in England in 1150 and to the town of Tain in Scotland in 1066. Charters continue to be issued by the British Crown, a recent example being that awarded to the Chartered Institute of Legal Executives (CILEX), and the Chartered Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors, in 2014.

Historical development
Charters have been used in Europe since medieval times to grant rights and privileges to towns, boroughs and cities. During the 14th and 15th century the concept of incorporation of a municipality by royal charter evolved. Royal charters were used in England to make the most formal grants of various rights, titles, etc. until the reign of Henry VIII, with letters patent being used for less solemn grants. After the eighth year of Henry VIII, all grants under the Great Seal were issued as letters patent.

Among the past and present groups formed by royal charter are the Company of Merchants of the Staple of England (13th century), the British East India Company (1600), the Hudson's Bay Company, the Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China (since merged into Standard Chartered), the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company (P&O), the British South Africa Company, and some of the former British colonies on the North American mainland, City livery companies, the Bank of England and the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC).

Corporations
Between the 14th and 19th centuries, royal charters were used to create chartered companies – for-profit ventures with shareholders, used for exploration, trade and colonisation. Early charters to such companies often granted trade monopolies, but this power was restricted to Parliament from the end of the 17th century. Until the 19th century, royal charters were the only means other than an act of parliament by which a company could be incorporated; in the UK, the Joint Stock Companies Act 1844 opened up a route to incorporation by registration, since when incorporation by royal charter has been, according to the Privy Council, "a special token of Royal favour or ... a mark of distinction".

The use of royal charters to incorporate organisations gave rise to the concept of the "corporation by prescription". This enabled corporations that had existed from time immemorial to be recognised as incorporated via the legal fiction of a "lost charter". Examples of corporations by prescription include Oxford and Cambridge universities.

Universities and colleges
According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, of the 81 universities established in pre-Reformation Europe, 13 were established ex consuetudine without any form of charter, 33 by Papal bull alone, 20 by both Papal bull and imperial or royal charter, and 15 by imperial or royal charter alone. Universities established solely by royal (as distinct from imperial) charter did not have the same international recognition – their degrees were only valid within that kingdom.

The first university to be founded by charter was the University of Naples in 1224, founded by an imperial charter of Frederick II. The first university founded by royal charter was the University of Coimbra in 1290, by King Denis of Portugal, which received papal confirmation the same year. Other early universities founded by royal charter include the University of Perpignan (1349; papal confirmation 1379) and the University of Huesca (1354; no confirmation), both by Peter IV of Aragon; the Jagiellonian University (1364; papal confirmation the same year) by Casimir III of Poland; the University of Vienna (1365; Papal confirmation the same year) by Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria; the University of Caen (1432; Papal confirmation 1437) by Henry VI of England; the University of Girona (1446; no confirmation) and the University of Barcelona (1450; papal confirmation the same year), both by Alfonso V of Aragon; the University of Valence (1452; papal confirmation 1459) by the Dauphin Louis (later Louis XI of France); and the University of Palma (1483; no confirmation) by Ferdinand II of Aragon.

British Isles
Both Oxford and Cambridge received royal charters during the 13th century. However, these charters were not concerned with academic matters or their status as universities but rather about the exclusive right of the universities to teach, the powers of the chancellors' courts to rule on disputes involving students, and fixing rents and interest rates.

The University of Cambridge was confirmed by a papal bull in 1317 or 1318, but despite repeated attempts, the University of Oxford never received such confirmation. The three pre-Reformation Scottish universities were all established by papal bulls: St Andrews in 1413; Glasgow in 1451; and King's College, Aberdeen (which later became the University of Aberdeen) in 1494.

Following the Reformation, establishment of universities and colleges by royal charter became the norm. The University of Edinburgh was founded under the authority of a royal charter granted to the Edinburgh town council in 1582 by James VI as the "town's college". Trinity College Dublin was established by a royal charter of Elizabeth I (as Queen of Ireland) in 1593. Both of these charters were given in Latin.

The Edinburgh charter gave permission for the town council "to build and to repair sufficient houses and places for the reception, habitation and teaching of professors of the schools of grammar, the humanities and languages, philosophy, theology, medicine and law, or whichever liberal arts which we declare detract in no way from the aforesaid mortification" and granted them the right to appoint and remove professors. But, as concluded by Edinburgh's principal, Sir Alexander Grant, in his tercentenary history of the university, "Obviously this is no charter founding a university". Instead, he proposed, citing multiple pieces of evidence, that the surviving charter was original granted alongside a second charter founding the college, which was subsequently lost (possibly deliberately). This would also explain the source of Edinburgh's degree awarding powers, which were used from the foundation of the college.

The royal charter of Trinity College Dublin, while being straightforward in incorporating the college, also named it as "mother of a University", and rather than granting the college degree-awarding powers stated that "the students on this College ... shall have liberty and power to obtain degrees of Bachelor, Master, and Doctor, at a suitable time, in all arts and faculties". Thus the University of Dublin was also brought into existence by this charter, as the body that awards the degrees earned by students at Trinity College.

Following this, no surviving universities were created in the British Isles until the 19th century. The 1820s saw two colleges receive royal charters: St David's College, Lampeter in 1828 and King's College London in 1829. Neither of these were granted degree-awarding powers or university status in their original charters. The 1830s saw an attempt by University College London to gain a charter as a university and the creation by Act of Parliament of Durham University, but without incorporating it or granting any specific powers. These led to debate about the powers of royal charters and what was implicit to a university.

The essence of the debate was firstly whether the power to award degrees was incidental to the creation of a university or needed to be explicitly granted and secondly whether a royal charter could, if the power to award degrees was incidental, limit that power – UCL wishing to be granted a royal charter as "London University" but excluding the power to award degrees in theology due to the secular nature of the institute. Sir Charles Wetherell, arguing against the grant of a royal charter to UCL before the Privy Council in 1835, argued for degree-awarding powers being an essential part of a university that could not be limited by charter. Sir William Hamilton, wrote a response to Wetherell in the Edinburgh Review, drawing in Durham University and arguing that the power of universities, including the power to award specific degrees, had always been explicitly granted historically, thus creating a university did not implicitly grant degree-awarding powers. Other historians, however, disagree with Hamilton on the point of whether implicit grants of privileges were made, particularly with regard to the ius ubique docendi – the important privilege of granting universally-recognised degrees that was the defining mark of the studium generale. Hastings Rashdall states that "the special privilege of the jus ubique docendi ... was usually, but not quite invariably, conferred in express terms by the original foundation-bulls; and was apparently understood to be involved in the mere act of erection even in the rare cases where it is not expressly conceded". Similarly, Patrick Zutshi, Keeper of Manuscripts and University Archives in Cambridge University Library, writes that "Cambridge never received from the papacy an explicit grant of the ius ubique docendi, but it is generally considered that the right is implied in the terms of John XXII's letter of 1318 concerning Cambridge's status as a studium generale."

UCL was incorporated by royal charter in 1836, but without university status or degree-awarding powers, which went instead to the University of London, created by royal charter with the explicit power to grant degrees in Arts, Law and Medicine. Durham University was incorporated by royal charter in 1837 (explicitly not founding the university, which it describes as having been "established under our Royal sanction, and the authority of our Parliament") but although this confirmed that it had "all the property, rights, and privileges which ... are incident to a University established by our Royal Charter" it contained no explicit grant of degree-awarding powers. This was considered sufficient for it to award "degrees in all the faculties", but all future university royal charters explicitly stated that they were creating a university and explicitly granted degree-awarding power. Both London (1878) and Durham (1895) later received supplemental charters allowing the granting of degrees to women, which was considered to require explicit authorisation. After going through four charters and a number of supplemental charters, London was reconstituted by Act of Parliament in 1898.

The Queen's Colleges in Ireland, at Belfast, Cork, and Galway, were established by royal charter in 1845, as colleges without degree awarding powers. The Queens University of Ireland received its royal charter in 1850, stating "We do will, order, constitute, ordain and found an University ... and the same shall possess and exercise the full powers of granting all such Degrees as are granted by other Universities or Colleges in the faculties of Arts, Medicine and Law". This served as the degree awarding body for the Queen's Colleges until it was replaced by the Royal University of Ireland.

The royal charter of the Victoria University in 1880 started explicitly that "There shall be and is hereby constituted and founded a University" and granted an explicit power of awarding degrees (except in medicine, added by supplemental charter in 1883).

From then until 1992, all universities in the United Kingdom were created by royal charter except for Newcastle University, which was separated from Durham via an Act of Parliament. Following the independence of the Republic of Ireland, new universities there have been created by Acts of the Oireachtas (Irish Parliament). Since 1992, most new universities in the UK have been created by Orders of Council as secondary legislation under the Further and Higher Education Act 1992, although granting degree-awarding powers and university status to colleges incorporated by royal charter is done via an amendment to their charter.

United States
Several of the colonial colleges that predate the American Revolution are described as having been established by royal charter. Except for The College of William & Mary, which received its charter from King William III and Queen Mary II in 1693 following a mission to London by college representatives, these were either provincial charters granted by local governors (acting in the name of the king) or charters granted by legislative acts from local assemblies.

The first charters to be issued by a colonial governor on the consent of their council (rather than by an act of legislation) were those granted to Princeton University (as the College of New Jersey) in 1746 (from acting governor John Hamilton) and 1748 (from Governor Jonathan Belcher). There was concern as to whether a royal charter given by a governor in the King's name was valid without royal approval. An attempt to resolve this in London in 1754 ended inconclusively when Henry Pelham, the prime minister, died. However, Princeton's charter was never challenged in court prior to its ratification by the state legislature in 1780, following the US Declaration of Independence.

Columbia University received its royal charter (as King's College) in 1754 from Lieutenant Governor James DeLancey of New York, who bypassed the assembly rather than risking it rejecting the charter. Rutgers University received its (as Queen's College) in 1766 (and a second charter in 1770) from Governor William Franklin of New Jersey, and Dartmouth College received its in 1769 from Governor John Wentworth of New Hampshire. The case of Dartmouth College v. Woodward, heard before the Supreme Court of the United States in 1818, centred on the status of the college's royal charter. The court found in 1819 that the charter was a contract under the Contract Clause of the US Constitution, meaning that it could not be impaired by state legislation, and that it had not been dissolved by the revolution.

The charter for the College of William and Mary specified it to be a "place of universal study, or perpetual college, for divinity, philosophy, languages and other good arts and sciences", but made no mention of the right to award degrees. However, the Latin text of the charter uses studium generale – the technical term used in the Middle Ages for a university –where the English text has "place of universal study"; it has been argued that this granted William and Mary the rights and status of a university.

The Princeton charter, however, specified that the college could "give and grant any such degree and degrees ... as are usually granted in either of our universities or any other college in our realm of Great Britain". Columbia's charter used very similar language a few years later, as did Dartmouth's charter. The charter of Rutger uses quite different words, specifying that it may "confer all such honorary degrees as usually are granted and conferred in any of our colleges in any of our colonies in America".

Of the other colleges founded prior to the American Revolution, Harvard College was established in 1636 by Act of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and incorporated in 1650 by a charter from the same body, Yale University was established in 1701 by Act of the General Assembly of Connecticut, the University of Pennsylvania received a charter from the proprietors of the colony in 1753, Brown University was established in 1764 (as the College of Rhode Island) by an Act of the Governor and General Assembly of Rhode Island, and Hampden-Sydney College was established privately in 1775 but not incorporated until 1783.

Canada
Eight Canadian universities and colleges were founded or reconstituted under royal charters in the 19th century, prior to Confederation in 1867. Most Canadian universities originally established by royal charter were subsequently reincorporated by acts of the relevant parliaments.

The University of King's College was founded in 1789 and received a royal charter in 1802, naming it, like Trinity College, Dublin, "the Mother of an University" and granting it the power to award degrees. The charter remains in force.

McGill University was established under the name of McGill College in 1821, by a provincial royal charter issued by Governor General of British North America the Earl of Dalhousie; the charter stating that the "College shall be deemed and taken to be an University" and should have the power to grant degrees. It was reconstituted by a royal charter issued in 1852 by Queen Victoria, which remains in force.

The University of New Brunswick was founded in 1785 as the Academy of Liberal Arts and Sciences and received a provincial charter as the College of New Brunswick in 1800. In the 1820s, it began giving university-level instruction and received a royal charter under the name King's College as a "College, with the style and privileges of an University", in 1827. The college was reconstituted as the University of New Brunswick by an act of the provincial parliament in 1859.

The University of Toronto was founded by royal charter in 1827, under the name of King's College, as a "College, with the style and privileges of an University", but did not open until 1843. The charter was subsequently revoked and the institution replaced by the University of Toronto in 1849, under provincial legislation. Victoria University, a college of the University of Toronto, opened in 1832 under the name of the Upper Canada Academy, giving "pre-university" classes. and received a royal charter in 1836. In 1841. a provincial act replaced the charter, reconstituted the academy as Victoria College, and granted it degree-awarding powers. Another college of the University of Toronto, Trinity College, was incorporated by an act of the legislature in 1851 and received a royal charter in 1852, stating that it, "shall be a University and shall have and enjoy all such and the like privileges as are enjoyed by our Universities of our United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland".

Queen's University was established by royal charter in 1841. This remains in force as the university's primary constitutional document and was last amended, through the Canadian federal parliament, in 2011.

Université Laval was founded by royal charter in 1852, which granted it degree awarding powers and started that it would, "have, possess, and enjoy all such and the like privileges as are enjoyed by our Universities of our United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland". This was replaced by a new charter from the National Assembly of Quebec in 1971.

Bishop's University was founded, as Bishop's College, by an act of the Parliament of the Province of Canada in 1843 and received a royal charter in 1853, granting it the power to award degrees and stating that, "said College shall be deemed and taken to be a University, and shall have and enjoy all such and the like privileges as are enjoyed by our Universities of our United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland".

The University of Ottawa was established in 1848 as the College of Bytown. It received a royal charter under the name College of Ottawa, raising it to university status in 1866.

Australia
The older Australian universities of Sydney (1850) and Melbourne (1853) were founded by acts of the legislatures of the colonies. This gave rise to doubts about whether their degrees would be recognised outside of those colonies, leading to them seeking royal charters from London, which would grant legitimacy across the British Empire.

The University of Sydney obtained a royal charter in 1858. This stated that (emphasis in the original):

"the Memorialists confidently hope that the Graduates of the University of Sydney will not be inferior in scholastic requirements to the majority of Graduates of British Universities, and that it is desirable to have the degrees of the University of Sydney generally recognised throughout our dominions; and it is also humbly submitted that although our Royal Assent to the Act of Legislature of New South Wales hereinbefore recited fully satisfies the principle of our law that the power of granting degrees should flow from the Crown, yet that as that assent was conveyed through an Act which has effect only in the territory of New South Wales, the Memorialists believe that the degrees granted by the said University under the authority of the said Act, are not legally entitled to recognition beyond the limits of New South Wales; and the Memorialists are in consequence most desirous to obtain a grant from us of Letters Patent requiring all our subjects to recognise the degrees given under the Act of the Local Legislature in the same manner as if the said University of Sydney had been an University established within the United Kingdom under a Royal Charter or an Imperial enactment."

The charter went on to (emphasis in the original):

"will, grant and declare that the Degrees of Bachelor of Arts, Master of Arts, Bachelor of Laws, Doctor of Laws, Bachelor of Medicine, and Doctor of Medicine, already granted or conferred or hereafter to be granted or conferred by the Senate of the said University of Sydney shall be recognised as Academic distinctions and rewards of merit and be entitled to rank, precedence, and consideration in our United Kingdom and in our Colonies and possessions throughout the world as fully as if the said Degree had been granted by any University of our said United Kingdom."

The University of Melbourne's charter, issued the following year, similarly granted its degrees equivalence with those from British universities.

The act that established the University of Adelaide in 1874 included women undergraduates, causing a delay in the granting of its charter as the authorities in London did not wish to allow this. A further petition for the power to award degrees to women was rejected in 1878 – the same year that London was granted that authority. A charter was finally granted – admitting women to degrees – in 1881.

The last of Australia's 19th century universities, the University of Tasmania, was established in 1890 and obtained a royal charter in 1915.

Guilds, learned societies and professional bodies
Guilds and livery companies are among the earliest organisations recorded as receiving royal charters. The Privy Council list has the Saddlers Company in 1272 as the earliest, followed by the Merchant Taylors Company in 1326 and the Skinners Company in 1327. The earliest charter to the Saddlers Company gave them authority over the saddlers trade; it was not until 1395 that they received a charter of incorporation. The Merchant Taylors were similarly incorporated by a subsequent charter in 1408.

Royal charters gave the first regulation of medicine in Great Britain and Ireland. The Barbers Company of London in 1462, received the earliest recorded charters concerning medicine or surgery, charging them with the superintendence, scrutiny, correction and governance of surgery. A further charter in 1540 to the London Guild – renamed the Company of Barber-Surgeons – specified separate classes of surgeons, barber-surgeons, and barbers. The London Company of Surgeons separated from the barbers in 1745, eventually leading to the establishment of the Royal College of Surgeons by royal charter in 1800. The Royal College of Physicians of London was established by royal charter in 1518 and charged with regulating the practice of medicine in the City of London and within seven miles of the city.

The Barbers Guild (the Gild of St Mary Magdalen) in Dublin is said to have received a charter in 1446, although this was not recorded in the rolls of chancery and was lost in the 18th century. A later charter united the barbers with the (previously unincorporated) surgeons in 1577. The Royal College of Physicians of Ireland was established by royal charter in 1667 and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, which evolved from the Barbers' Guild in Dublin, in 1784.

The Royal Society was established in 1660 as Britain's first learned society and received its first royal charter in 1662. It was reincorporated by a second royal charter in 1663, which was then amended by a third royal charter in 1669. These were all in Latin, but a supplemental charter in 2012 gave an English translation to take precedence over the Latin text. The Royal Society of Edinburgh was established by royal charter in 1783 and the Royal Irish Academy was established in 1785 and received its royal charter in 1786.

New professional bodies were formed in Britain in the early 19th century representing new professions that arose after the industrial revolution and the rise of laissez-faire capitalism. These new bodies sought recognition by gaining royal charters, laying out their constitutions and defining the profession in question, often based on occupational activity or particular expertise. To their various corporate objectives, these bodies added the concept of working in the public interest that was not found in earlier professional bodies. This established a pattern for British professional bodies, and the 'public interest' has become a key test for a body seeking a royal charter.

Australia
Royal charters have been used in Australia to incorporate non-profit organisations. However, since at least 2004 this has not been a recommended mechanism.

Belgium
The royal decree is the equivalent in Belgium of a royal charter. In the period before 1958, 32 higher education institutes had been created by royal charter. These were typically engineering or technical institutions rather than universities.

However, several non-technical higher education institutions have been founded, or refounded, under royal decree, such as the Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (National Fund for Scientific Research) in 1928 and the Koninklijke Vlaamse Academie van België voor Wetenschappen en Kunsten in 1938.

Since the Belgian state reform of 1988–1989, competency over education was transferred to the federated entities of Belgium. Royal decrees can therefore no longer grant higher education institution status or university status.

Canada
In Canada, there are a number of organisations that have received royal charters. However, the term is often applied incorrectly to organisations, such as the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, that have been granted the use of a royal title rather than a royal charter.

Companies and societies
Companies, corporations, and societies in Canada founded under or augmented by a royal charter include:
 * The Canada Company, incorporated by Act of Parliament in June 1825. A royal charter was issued in August 1826 to purchase and develop lands. Purchased the Crown Reserve of 1,384,413 acres and a special grant of 1,100,000 acres in the Huron County area.
 * The Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, founded in 1824 as the first learned society in Canada, received its royal charter in 1831.
 * The Royal Society of Canada, founded by Act of Parliament and granted a royal charter in 1883.
 * The Royal Life Saving Society of Canada, founded 1891 and received royal patronage and style 1904. A royal charter was granted in 1924 by King George V.

British royal chartered corporations operating in Canada:
 * The East India Company; granted a royal charter in 1600 by Queen Elizabeth I (tea sales in North America)
 * The Hudson's Bay Company; founded by a royal charter issued in 1670 by King Charles II (administration of parts of current Quebec, Northern Ontario and North West Territories, including Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, and judicial connections with Upper Canada)
 * The Bank of British North America capital raised in Britain, founded by royal charter issued in 1836 (amalgamated with Bank of Montreal 1918).
 * The Royal Commonwealth Society; founded by a royal charter issued in 1882 by Queen Victoria
 * The Royal Academy of Dance; founded in 1920 as the Association of Teachers of Operatic Dancing; reconstituted by a royal charter issued in 1936 by King George V
 * The Boy Scouts Association founded in 1910; incorporated by royal charter in 1912; Canadian General Council, now called Scouts Canada, formed in 1914 and incorporated by Act of the Canadian Parliament in 1914.

Territories and communities
Cities under royal charter are not subject to municipal Acts of Parliament applied generally to other municipalities, and instead are governed by legislation applicable to each city individually. The royal charter codifies the laws applied to the particular city and lays out the powers and responsibilities not given to other municipalities in the province concerned.
 * St. John's; claimed as England's first oversea colony by royal charter issued in 1583 by Queen Elizabeth I
 * Nova Scotia; founded by a royal charter issued in 1621 by King James I
 * Saint John; founded by a royal charter issued in 1785 by King George III
 * Vancouver
 * Winnipeg
 * Montreal

India
The Institution of Engineers was incorporated by royal charter in 1935.

Ireland
A number of Irish institutions were established by or received royal charters prior to Irish independence. These are no longer under the jurisdiction of the British Privy Council and their charters can thus only be altered by a Charter or Act of the Oireachtas (Irish Parliament).

South Africa
The University of South Africa received a royal charter in 1877. The Royal Society of South Africa received a royal charter in 1908.

United Kingdom
Royal charters continue to be used in the United Kingdom to incorporate charities and professional bodies, to raise districts to borough status, and to grant university status and degree awarding powers to colleges previously incorporated by royal charter.

Most new grants of royal charters are reserved for eminent professional bodies, learned societies or charities "which can demonstrate pre-eminence, stability and permanence in their particular field". The body in question has to demonstrate not just pre-eminence and financial stability but also that bringing it under public regulation in this manner is in the public interest. In 2016, the decision to grant a royal charter to the (British) Association for Project Management (APM) was challenged in the court by the (American) Project Management Institute (PMI), who feared it would give a competitive advantage to APM and claimed the criteria had not been correctly applied; the courts ruled that while the possibility of suffering a competitive disadvantage did give PMI standing to challenge the decision, the Privy Council was permitted to take the public interest (in having a chartered body promoting the profession of project management) into account as outweighing any failure to meet the criteria in full. A list of UK chartered professional associations is at.

Individual chartered designations, such as chartered accountant or chartered engineer, are granted by some chartered professional bodies to individual members that meet certain criteria. The Privy Council's policy is that all chartered designations should be broadly similar, and most require Master's level qualifications (or similar experience). In January 2007, the UK Trade Marks Registry refused to grant protection to the American Chartered Financial Analyst trademark, as the word "chartered" in the UK is associated with royal charters, thus its use would be misleading. "Charter" and "chartered" continue to be "sensitive words" in company names, requiring evidence of a royal charter or (for "chartered") permission from a professional body operating under royal charter. The use of "chartered" in a collective trade mark similarly requires the association applying for the mark to have a royal charter as otherwise "the mark would mislead the public into believing that the association and its members have chartered status".

Unlike other royal charters, a charter to raise a district to borough status is issued using statutory powers under the Local Government Act 1972 rather than by the royal prerogative.

The company registration number of a corporation with a royal charter is prefixed by "RC" for companies registered in England and Wales, "SR" for companies registered in Scotland, and "NR" for companies registered in Northern Ireland. However, many chartered corporations from outside England have an RC prefix from when this was used universally.

The BBC operates under a royal charter which lasts for a period of ten years, after which it is renewed.

United States
Royal charters have not been issued in the US since independence. Those that existed prior to that have the same force as other charters of incorporation issued by state or colonial legislatures. Following Dartmouth College v. Woodward, they are "in the nature of a contract between the state, the corporation representing the founder, and the objects of the charity". Case law indicates that they cannot be changed by legislative action in a way that impairs the original intent of the founder, even if the corporation consents.

title: Royal charter


text:
User:Davidyenoki

there will, I hope, be people who will find it to their advantage to decipher all this mess.--Évariste Galois

Hi. I'm David. I'm currently a transfer student in polisci at Pasadena City College, (Pasadena, California, United States of America). I had a website, but I don't care to update it, so it's a bit dated. Sadly, the design before it was a much better design.

my wikilist

 * This page My very first user page, a labour of love delivered in the same methodology I first used to hodgepodge my first webpage. That's right, I'm stealing everybody else's technique and babbling on about nonsense in such tangents that wouldn't even hold my attention.  That's what made the internet great.  Stolen source code.  That and the porn.
 * List of Macintosh ... I had a lot of time on my hands between classes and I found this page that was so woefully pitiful that one day I decided to make it substantial.  It's still not perfect, but I don't have the time nor the access to new Macs to verify their processor model numbers.  New iMac, new eMac, I'm looking at you.  And then I decided I didn't really care to make a difference between the 68040 and the 68LC040.  And I just edited that page and it felt okay.
 * iMac I did some work on this page. Still not very happy with it, but I probably won't be happy until I have a picture of an actual iMac posted.
 * user:davidyenoki/sandbox and can I have a sandbox too?
 * Kimitake_Hiraoka my first real article, and the redirect from Yukio Mishima
 * Undressed (television) my second article, half-assed and barely anything.
 * 1998 Winter Olympics - I wanted to contribute to Wikipedia, and so I decided that I would try and fill the most wanted pages. For some reason, they're all Olympics pages.  They all have a special format and it's not as easy as it looks.  But I've done some.
 * 1994 Winter Olympics
 * 1992 Winter Olympics
 * 1984 Winter Olympics
 * 1980 Winter Olympics

my minorwikilist

 * Not strictly heterosexual Wikipedians (I outed myself)
 * Cali Wikipedians (I added myself)
 * Wikipedians (added myself)
 * Wikipedians/History (added myself)
 * User:Davidyenoki (added this list)
 * Wikipedians/Mac users (added myself)
 * Apple_Computer (added a link)
 * Apple_III (fleshed)

my wikiwishlist

 * Triumph_the_Comic_Wonder_Dog (for me to poop on)
 * Claremont, California (my hometown)

Not much, eh? Hopefully I'll post good stuff. I'm trying to come up with an article on (ooo, it'll be a secret, but it doesn't involve the Macintosh). Maybe I'll blurb my CD collection. I won't really get into politics, as well, it's just my major. Oh, but I'm taking an interesting Opera course so be scared. Ve verry verrry scared.

My computer... my dear sweet computer is a Macintosh Performa 5200CD. With a few modifications, like a Power Macintosh 5500/250 motherboard and the very necessary AV/TV card. Nothing like watching telly while you're chatting with blokes that hardly care about you. I also have a Diamond Mako (a domestically rebranded Psion Revo Plus) when I'm not at home. Everything else is broken.

Mail me: [mailto:david.yenoki@mailstation.com David Yenoki]

I'm sure I'll fix this page when I get a chance but until then I should sleep. Ha!

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Davidyenoki


text:
Talk:Classical Kuiper belt object

Untitled
Could somebody please explain the origin of this name?? I've been looking and haven't found it. (I thought this was a joke at first. :-) )

Source for the name http://ghettobox.dhs.org/pucklist/dance/varuna/TNO

And it would be nice to have an indication how to pronounce it. The link doesn't work, by the way. Alex 14:38, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

Classical or cubewano?
This article uses the terms 'cubewano' and 'classical KBO' interchangeably. It would be better if just one term were used throughout (while acknowledging the other in the introduction). Does anyone know which is more commonly used (or more appropriate)? Do we need to change the article title? The Singing Badger 11:58, 22 August 2006 (UTC)
 * In the recent literature (as far as I can judge), classical object completely outnumbers cubewano. However, cubewano is used on countless popular Internet sites… Eurocommuter 18:07, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Do you think we should change the title? We should be using the scientific term, not the popular one, I think. The Singing Badger 22:23, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Agree with the reason but maybe we should not bother for now. The TNO terminology (orbital sub-categories, colour classes etc.) is still 'emerging' IMHO. The authors often start with the specific definition they will use. A good example is Elliot 2006 I quote on scattered disk. And, with all this fuss about the definition of the planet I feel some effort should go into what it is, how it is, how it come to be rather than how we call it. Having said that, a short section writing-up the terminology used so far would be nice. Eurocommuter 22:48, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

 * OK, I'm going to contradict myself and change all uses to 'cubewano'. It's shorter, it's unmistakeable for anything else, and it would fit with the article title. Please revert if this seems wrong. The Singing Badger 17:41, 23 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Well, I should have said that before, sorry; I’ve never encountered cold/hot cubewanos (only classical is used with adjectives!); same for core/halo used by Elliot. Maybe the mixed use in the article is a happier choice. Eurocommuter 18:39, 23 August 2006 (UTC)
 * OK, reverted my change; as you said, let's wait until they figure out fully consistent terms. The Singing Badger 19:28, 23 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Either my browser cache was playing with me or you reverted ‘too deep’. I reverted again to your last edition before the replacement of terms. Should be ok now but the browser’s cache already played the tricks on me in the past and I finished with something very different from what I intended. Thanks Eurocommuter 22:04, 23 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Weird, I don't actually understand what happened there!The Singing Badger 23:15, 23 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Neither do I. Once I had written the last comment and started to add refs and Definition section to the article, the version with classical replaced by cubewanos has magically returned . Must be late and I've mixed something up, my apologies in this case, or I’m being played with by the cached content somewhere. The good thing is that your edits are not lost as far as I can tell. We’ll sort it out tomorrow. Eurocommuter 01:17, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

Captions
I understand your logic to put the image-related text in the caption but I have a feeling that in this article it went a bit too far. In my opinion, this approach pushed a bit too far gives the article a look of a popular science magazine, with standalone inserts tackling each a single topic. I do not have the impression that this style is common on the wikipedia so why TNO-relate articles should be different? The topic of this section is precisely the orbits, so a standalone inserts with full text do not seem necessary.

I would suggest to re-distribute slightly the text you put into captions I’m not a presentation expert of course, so I’m just giving my feeling and would like to hear what other people think. This article is rarely visited by editors (see article’s history, my old text survived months!), so maybe we should move this discussion to a more visible place to get more feedback? Eurocommuter 10:01, 23 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Core explanations to be kept in caption
 * Details, including small technical stuff into the description of the image (on commons, once the reader clicks on the image), including footnotes.
 * The main points back to the main text.

 * Yeah, I think you're right, it does look weird. I'll play around with it and see what happens. The Singing Badger 11:42, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi there, you were right, it was ridiculous of me to cram the entire description into the caption. You're right that if anyone wants to see the graph in detail they will have to click on it, and so the detailed explanations belong on the image page, not in the caption. But I do still believe that it's important not to directly refer to images in the text, because of the potential for disruption by later edits. So...

 * The captions now just summarize briefly the contents of the diagram (i.e. they tell the interested reader what goodies are on offer, to encourage them to click on the image).
 * The footnotes have been moved to the image page.
 * The analysis of the images is back in the main text, but written in neutral language that doesn't say 'this diagram shows...' but instead says 'comparing the orbits this way shows...'
 * The layout now looks more sensible. Indeed, it looks very tidy on my browser (but of course everybody's is different).
 * Thanks for being polite about my occasional mistakes as I work on these pages. I am increasingly impressed by these diagrams as I learn how to read them, and I'm trying to make the pages more accessible and appealing so that other non-specialists will be encouraged to take the time to 'read' them too. But I don't want to remove the technical details either; if I've accidentally deleted anything, please replace it. And yes, it would be good for others to look; perhaps list it at peer review? The Singing Badger 14:25, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

Thank you for the overhaul of the article! I believe that making the pages more accessible and appealing is an essential part of the editorial effort. The captions are great and together with the extensions of the image descriptions (on commons) improve significantly the readability. The layout on my browser has a minor problem leaving a few orphan words stuck between the white graph on the left and the (bottom) of the second black graph but with a modest extra content the problem will disappear. As for the peer review, I would like to do some extra work on it first: refresh the references and potentially do some additions/updates. The graphs could also be refreshed with the updated data but this won’t result in any visible changes to the distribution.

I find your overhaul so good that maybe you could have a look on irregular satellites I've created recently (and some moons e.g. Sycorax where I’m experimenting with new diagrams) and review it? Thanks! Eurocommuter 16:32, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I will continue until I get bored. :) The Singing Badger 17:40, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

Redirecting this article, losing its entire content
See Articles for deletion/Twotino. Uncle G 07:52, 9 September 2006 (UTC)
 * Thank you for the warning! You do not mean that cubewano is also listed, do you? Eurocommuter 08:59, 9 September 2006 (UTC)

Rename?
I think that this article should be renamed to Classical Kuiper Belt object? That name gets over 1000 hits on Google Scholar, while "cubewano" only gets 13. Additionally, "cubewano" gets 13,000 normal Google hits, while classical Kuiper Belt Object gets 155,000. So it seems that the scientific term wins out on both accounts. Mike Peel 11:56, 14 January 2007 (UTC)
 * To get a good comparison you have to search for "exact expression" rather than all of those words - for example the above search will equally well find some article which has "... belt ... object ... classical ... Kuiper ..." in that order (which is not relevant). I get only 5 hits for "classical kuiper belt object", and 13 for cubewano as you had. On normal Google, I get 72 for "classical kuiper belt object", 284 for "classical KBO", and the same 38,000 for cubewano (which seems strangely high, actually). Deuar 15:31, 15 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Oh - but then again "classical KBO" scores 36 on Google Scholar, so it turns out that your rename suggestion still in the lead! (Not as huge as initially supposed, though − only about Pi to one). Deuar 15:33, 15 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I did originally search for the specific phrases, but found it was missing quite a few so switched to the general words. For example, try adding "s" to the end; "classical kuiper belt objects" gets 538 ghits and 56 on Google Scholar. It is odd that cubewano gets such a high number of hits on normal google. A fair few of the top-rated ones seem to be wikipedia and its various mirrors, though. I guess that, to the public, it sounds more memorable than the proper title. Mike Peel 17:19, 15 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Interesting. Lack of wildcards is a pain. Indeed, classical KBO seems to be markedly more common. (I also got 103 for "classical KBOs" and 36 for "cubewanos" on Google Scholar). It'll be a shame to replace a nice one-worder with a whole expression in the title, but these surveys seems to indicate it. Deuar 17:39, 15 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, it was a unique name. Suggest to keep cubewano redirect page. BTW, it would be useful to review/update the whole terminology related to TNOs... Eurocommuter 00:57, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

pronunciation
Anyone know where the stress goes? I put it on the bee, because that's what the IPA suggested, but don't actually know. kwami (talk) 01:47, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Wikidictionary says cu be ONE oh. If the term's derived from QB1, that makes sense ( along the lines of qb-ONE, qb-TWO ... but then there's oh-be-one ken-OH-be ...) I just looked around, the term's (jargon) not in many mainline references yet ... I guess pronunciation's up for grabs! User:Twang (talk) 29 March 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.183.108.133 (talk)

I've written Mike Brown. Could be, or maybe. I kinda doubt it's pronounced, but who knows. kwami (talk) 13:18, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

MPC / DES
It seems even the Minor Planet Center (MPC) has trouble generating a clean list of classified objects. The latest MPEC 2009-C70 shows (59358) 1999 CL158 as a cubewano even though it has a perihelion (q) of 32.8 with an eccentricity of 0.20 (jpldata). Buie show its as a Centaur/ScatNear. -- Kheider (talk) 01:48, 13 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes, MPCORB database has a different (and a bit neglected?) classification from their Circulars. As you know, no commonly agreed classification exists. One of the reasons is the problem of the interlopers i.e. objects currently and temporarily (<10My) in a wrong place. It would require much more precise orbits however to define the proper orbital elements. BTW. The differences in classification are one of my minor nightmares when regenerating the diagrams once a year. Eurocommuter (talk) 12:39, 8 May 2009 (UTC)

List of cubewanos
Ouch. Merge? -- Kheider (talk) 05:36, 5 October 2009 (UTC)

As of 2010, List of cubewanos still sucks monkey balls. -- 08:20, 26 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Merge. Rothorpe (talk) 13:52, 26 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Shouldn't it just be deleted? -- Walt Pohl (talk) 14:50, 19 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Delete. There is a list of trans-Neptunian objects which can be sorted by Neptune orbital resonance ratio, with "Ø" in that field as an indication of cubewano. A "List of N largest cubewano" can be appropriate, though (in this article or on a standalone page). --4th-otaku (talk) 01:17, 11 December 2011 (UTC)

Article title
I've undone the move to "Classical Kuiper-belt object". I believe the argument advanced was that hypenating Kuiper belt made it clear the adjective "Classical" was modifying the word "object" rather than the belt. I certainly see the argument for adding a certain crypto-loglanesque clarity, but naming conventions tell us to respect actual usage. A search using Google Scholar shows 21 hits with a space and 0 with a hyphen. The Tom (talk) 02:57, 14 November 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Classical Kuiper belt object. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added tag to http://www.minorplanetcenter.org/mpec/K10/K10B62.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070129151907/http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/faculty/jewitt/papers/2006/DJ06.pdf to http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/faculty/jewitt/papers/2006/DJ06.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20101027133511/http://www.minorplanetcenter.org/iau/lists/TNOs.html to http://www.minorplanetcenter.org/iau/lists/TNOs.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 23:38, 25 November 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Classical Kuiper belt object. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060823112517/http://alpaca.as.arizona.edu/~trilling/des2.pdf to http://alpaca.as.arizona.edu/~trilling/des2.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 00:27, 9 August 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Classical Kuiper belt object. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070419234021/http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~jewitt/kb/plutino.html to http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/~jewitt/kb/plutino.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060919003142/http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~chad/publications/2001-trujillo-brown.pdf to http://www.gps.caltech.edu/~chad/publications/2001-trujillo-brown.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 12:51, 21 January 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Classical Kuiper belt object


text:
Saitō Dōsan

Saitō Dōsan (斎藤 道三), also known as Saitō Toshimasa (斎藤 利政), was a Japanese samurai during the Sengoku period. He was also known as the "Viper of Mino" (美濃の蝮) for his ruthless tactics. His honorific title from the Imperial Court was Yamashiro-no-kami (山城守). After entering monkhood in his later years, he was also called Saitō Yamashiro-nyudō-no-kami (斎藤山城入道守).

Biography
Originally a monk, he was a seller of oil. He became a daimyō through gekokujō of Toki Yorinari at Mino Province in 1542. Yorinari was forced out of Mino by Saitō Dōsan.

The Saito fortress was located at Inabayama castle. He married 'Omi no kata', a sister of Akechi Mitsutsuna (Akechi Mitsuhide's father).

He defeated Oda Nobuhide at the Battle of Kanōguchi in 1547.

However, in 1549, eventually Oda Nobuhide was defeated by Dōsan, Nobuhide made peace with Dōsan by arranging a political marriage between his son and heir, Oda Nobunaga, and Dōsan's daughter, Nōhime. Dōsan, therefore, became the father-in-law of Oda Nobunaga. Dōsan supported the marriage which allowed Nobuhide to focus on facing Imagawa Yoshimoto.

Several years later, rumors had started to circulate that Dōsan's firstborn son, Saitō Yoshitatsu, was not his natural son and Dōsan started to consider another son, Saitō Kiheiji, or even his son-in-law Oda Nobunaga, as his heirs. This caused Yoshitatsu to rebel and kill his two younger brothers. In 1556, the forces of Dōsan and Yoshitatsu clashed in the Battle of Nagara-gawa which resulted in the death of Dōsan.

Dōsan's head was taken by a man called Komaki Genta, a retainer of Yoshitatsu's son Saitō Tatsuoki. His remains were originally interred in Sōfuku-ji, but they were later moved to Jōzai-ji because the Nagara River kept overflowing and covering his burial mound. Both temples are located in the city of Gifu which celebrates Dōsan with an annual festival.

Pseudonyms
Saitō Dōsan is known for having a large number of pseudonyms and for frequently changing his name. Some believe that this is because there were two Saitō Dōsan, father and son, and the son adopted his father's name after his death. Other names of Saitō Dōsan are Minemaru (峰丸), Hōrenbō (法蓮坊), Matsunami Shogorō (松浪庄五郎), Nishimura Kankurō Masatoshi (西村勘九郎正利), Shinkurō (新九郎), Nagai Norihide (長井規秀), and Saitō Sakondayu Toshimasa (斎藤左近大夫利政). The name Saitō was adopted from the former shugodai of Mino who had been overcome by the Nagai clan in the 1520s.

Notable retainers

 * Hachiya Yoritaka
 * Mori Yoshinari
 * Fuwa Mitsuharu
 * Inaba Ittetsu
 * Ando Morinari
 * Ujiie Naotomo
 * Hachisuka Masakatsu
 * Sakai Masahisa
 * Takenaka Shigeharu
 * Kanamori Nagachika
 * Katō Mitsuyasu
 * Sengoku Hidehisa

Family

 * Father: Matsuda Motomune (in one traditional story; another version says that he was child of Shinzaemonzo, a monk of Myoukaku-ji Temple)
 * Wife: Omi no Kata, daughter of Akechi Mitsutsugu
 * Concubine: Miyoshi no Kata
 * Children:
 * Saitō Yoshitatsu born to Miyoshi no Kata
 * Saitō Magoshirō
 * Saitō Kiheiji
 * Saitō Toshitaka
 * Saitō Nagatatsu (Toshiharu)
 * Nōhime (Kicho)

In Popular Culture

 * In the Action RPG Nioh 2 he's reimagined as a retired Yokai hunter that fell in love with a female Yokai who bore him two children; Saito Yoshitatsu and the main protagonist "Hide". He's killed by Yoshitatsu's forces at the end of the first act.

title: Saitō Dōsan


text:
Carl Reiner

Carl Reiner (March 20, 1922 – June 29, 2020) was an American actor, stand-up comedian, director, screenwriter, and author whose career spanned seven decades. He was the recipient of many awards and honors, including 11 Primetime Emmy Awards, a Grammy Award, and the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor. He was inducted into the Television Hall of Fame in 1999.

During the early years of television comedy from 1950 to 1957, he acted on and contributed sketch material for Your Show of Shows and Caesar's Hour, starring Sid Caesar, writing alongside Mel Brooks, Neil Simon, and Woody Allen. Reiner teamed up with Brooks and together they released several iconic comedy albums beginning with 2000 Years with Carl Reiner and Mel Brooks (1960). Reiner was also the creator of The Dick Van Dyke Show, which ran from 1961 to 1966 and which Reiner also produced and acted in.

Reiner formed a comedy duo with Brooks in "The 2000 Year Old Man" and acted in such films as It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963), The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming (1966), and the Ocean's film series (2001–2007). Reiner directed such comedies as Enter Laughing (1966), Where's Poppa? (1970), and Oh, God! (1977). Reiner had a successful collaboration with Steve Martin, directing some of his most successful films, including The Jerk (1979), Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid (1982), The Man with Two Brains (1983), and All of Me (1984).

Reiner wrote more than two dozen books, mostly in his later years. He is the father of actor-director Rob Reiner, author Annie Reiner, and artist Lucas Reiner and the grandfather of Tracy Reiner.

Early life
Reiner was born in The Bronx, New York, on March 20, 1922, to Irving and Bessie Reiner (née Mathias). He was Jewish. His father was a watchmaker from Austria, and his mother was from Romania. He had an older brother, Charles, who served in the 9th Division in World War II; his ashes are buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

When Reiner was 16, working as a machinist repairing sewing machines, Charles read about a free drama workshop sponsored by the Works Progress Administration and told him about it. Carl later credited Charles with his decision to change careers. His uncle Harry Mathias was the first entertainer in his family.

Military service
Reiner was drafted into the United States Army Air Forces on October 27, 1942, and served during World War II, eventually achieving the rank of corporal by the end of the war. He initially trained to be a radio operator. After spending three months in the hospital recovering from pneumonia, he was sent to Georgetown University for ten months of training as a French interpreter. There, he had his first experience as a director, putting on a Molière play entirely in French. After completing language training in 1944, he was sent to Hawaii to work as a teleprinter operator. The night before he was scheduled to ship out for an unknown assignment, he attended a production of Hamlet by the Special Services entertainment unit. Following an audition before actor Major Maurice Evans and Captain Allen Ludden, he was transferred to Special Services. Over the following two years, Reiner performed around the Pacific theater, entertaining troops in Hawaii, Guam, Saipan, Tinian, and Iwo Jima until he was honorably discharged in 1946.

1950–1959: Collaborations with Sid Caesar
Reiner performed in several Broadway musicals (including Inside U.S.A. and Alive and Kicking) and had the lead role in Call Me Mister. In 1950, he was cast by Max Leibman as a comic actor on Sid Caesar's Your Show of Shows, appearing on air in skits while also contributing ideas to such writers as Mel Brooks and Neil Simon. He did not receive credit for his sketch material, but won Emmy Awards in 1955 and 1956 as a supporting actor. Reiner also wrote for Caesar's Hour with Brooks, Simon, Woody Allen, Larry Gelbart, Mel Tolkin, Mike Stewart, Aaron Ruben, Sheldon Keller, and Gary Belkin. He assumed the role of head writer and semi-regular on The Dinah Shore Chevy Show during the 1959–60 television season.

In November 1958, Reiner hosted a CBS prime time game show called Keep Talking, when he succeeded original host Monty Hall. He left the show in July 1959 and was succeeded by Vincent Price.

1960–1969: The Dick Van Dyke Show and acclaim
Starting in 1960, Reiner teamed with Brooks as a comedy duo on The Steve Allen Show. Their performances on television and stage included Reiner playing the straight man in The 2000 Year Old Man. Eventually the routine expanded into a series of five comedy albums and a 1975 animated television special, with the last album in the series winning a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Comedy Album. The act gave Brooks "an identity as a comic performer for the first time", said Reiner. Brooks's biographer William Holtzman called their 12-minute act "an ingenious jazz improvisation..." while Gerald Nachman described Reiner's part in guiding the act: "The routine relies totally on the team's mental agility and chemistry. It's almost heresy to imagine Brooks performing it with any other straight man. Reiner was a solid straight man to Caesar, but with Brooks he is the second-banana supreme... guiding his partner's churning comic mind."

In 1958, he wrote the initial 13 episodes of a television series titled Head of the Family, based on his own personal and professional life. However, the network disliked Reiner in the lead role for unknown reasons. In 1961, the series was recast and re-titled The Dick Van Dyke Show and became a popular series, making stars of his lead actors Dick Van Dyke and Mary Tyler Moore. In addition to writing many of the episodes, Reiner occasionally appeared as show host Alan Brady. The series ran from 1961 to 1966 and thereafter entered a long run of syndication. In 1966, Reiner co-starred in The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming.

From April 5, 1964, to September 9, 1965, Reiner hosted The Celebrity Game, a CBS prime time game show that was a precursor to the long-running Hollywood Squares. His first film directorial effort was an adaptation of Joseph Stein's play Enter Laughing (1967), which, in turn, was based on his semi-autobiographical 1958 novel of the same name.

1970–1989: Transition to directing
Balancing directing, producing, writing, and acting, he worked on a wide range of films and television programs. Films from his early directing career include Where's Poppa? (1970), Oh, God! (1977), and The Jerk (1979). In My Anecdotal Life: A Memoir (2003), he wrote, "Of all the films I have directed, only Where's Poppa? is universally acknowledged as a cult classic. A cult classic, as you may know, is a film that was seen by a small minority of the world's film goers, who insist it is one of the greatest, most daring, and innovative moving pictures ever made. Whenever two or more cult members meet, they will quote dialogue from the classic and agree that "the film was ahead of its time". To be designated a genuine cult classic, it is of primary importance that the film fail to earn back the cost of making, marketing, and distributing it. Where's Poppa? was made in 1969 for a little over $1 million. According to the last distribution statements I saw, it will not break even until it earns another $650,000."

In 1977, Reiner directed and appeared in Oh, God! starring George Burns, John Denver, and Teri Garr. The film was a financial success making it the sixth highest-grossing film of 1977. The film was also a critical success with Roger Ebert giving the film a positive review writing, "Carl Reiner's Oh, God! is a treasure of a movie: A sly, civilized, quietly funny speculation on what might happen if God endeavored to present himself in the flesh yet once again to forgetful Man."

His follow up film The One and Only (1978) was not as successful, receiving a mixed reception from film critics. The film starred Henry Winkler, Kim Darby, and Gene Saks. Throughout the 1970s, Reiner made appearances on multiple television shows, including Night Gallery in the segment "Professor Peabody's Last Lecture" in 1971, and as various characters in the variety sketch show The Carol Burnett Show (1974). Reiner also returned to writing television by creating The New Dick Van Dyke Show (1971–1974), which ran for three seasons and starred Dick Van Dyke.

Reiner played a large role in the early career of Steve Martin by directing his first film The Jerk (1979) and directing and co-writing with the comedian in Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid (1982), The Man with Two Brains (1983), and All of Me (1984). Reiner also appeared in both The Jerk, playing a version of himself, and Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid. In 1989, he directed Bert Rigby, You're a Fool.

1990–2020: Voice work and final roles
In 2000, Reiner was honored with the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor at the Kennedy Center, where he was honored by fellow friends and comedians Mel Brooks, Dick Van Dyke, Mary Tyler Moore, Steve Martin, Rob Reiner, Jerry Seinfeld, Ray Romano, and Joy Behar. A year later, he portrayed Saul Bloom in Ocean's Eleven (Steven Soderbergh's remake of 1960's Ocean's 11) and reprised his role in Ocean's Twelve (2004) and Ocean's Thirteen (2007). From 2004 to 2005, Reiner voiced Sarmoti in Father of the Pride. He claimed he knew how to play the role; in a teleconference, he said, "I spent my youth, from the time I was 6 to 18, living next to the Bronx Zoo. I knew the lions intimately. I watched them pace. They talked to me and I talked back to them. I learned that they have the worst breath of any animal in the world. I got my roar from the lions in person." He continued, "The writing on this show is extraordinarily good. It's a pleasure to come to work because you know you're going to say something funny." Of his character of Sarmoti, Reiner stated that "curmudgeons always get the good lines".

From 1967 to 2000, Reiner appeared in dozens of television specials. He also guest starred in several television series from the 1950s until his death in 2020. In May 2009, he guest starred as a clinic patient in "Both Sides Now," the season five finale of House. He also voiced Santa in Merry Madagascar (2009) and reprised his role in the 2010 Penguins of Madagascar episode "The All Nighter Before Christmas". In season 7 (December 2009) of Two and a Half Men, he guest-starred as television producer Marty Pepper. In 2010, he guest starred in three of the first-season episodes of Hot in Cleveland as Elka Ostrovsky's (Betty White) date and reprised his role in February 2011. He also made appearances in The Cleveland Show as Murray and wrote the story for the episode "Your Show of Shows", named after the program that started his career. Reiner reprised his role on Two and a Half Men in seasons 8 (October 2013) and 11 (January 2014).

Reiner lent his voice to numerous films and animated films. He narrated the Bernard Rogers children’s piece “The Musicians of Bremen” on a Delos compact disc release. He also read for books on tape, among them Aesop's Fables and Jack and the Beanstalk (Running Press, 1994), as well as Mark Twain's A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, The Prince and the Pauper, and Letters from the Earth (New Millenium, 2001).

In 2012, he appeared as a guest on Jerry Seinfeld's series Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee. They talked at a diner about his comedy career and Reiner invited Seinfeld to come and have dinner with Mel Brooks and himself. Reiner reported that every night, Brooks headed to his house to eat, watch Jeopardy! (he taped it), and watch movies. He went on to offer the one rule for movies was that it had to be one where "somebody says, 'Secure the perimeter!' or 'Get some rest.'" Reiner stated that Brooks "falls asleep with his mouth open" every time.

Reiner's final role was in Home Movie: The Princess Bride, a project that Jason Reitman had envisioned to engage his celebrity friends to help raise money for charity during the COVID-19 pandemic, with actors filming their own takes on scenes from The Princess Bride at their own homes. Reiner appeared along with Rob Reiner (who directed the original film) in the final scene as the Grandfather and Grandson, which Rob said had been shot three days before Reiner's death. His final line on camera is, "As you wish," which in the film it is based on means, "I love you." After hearing of his death, Reitman asked the Reiner family if they should swap out the scene, but the family gave him their blessing to use the scene.

Author and novelist
Reiner was the author of more than two dozen books. His first autobiographical novel Enter Laughing (1958) led to a 1995 sequel Continue Laughing. He published a memoir My Anecdotal Life: A Memoir in 2003. He also wrote a humorous series of memoirs under the titles I Remember Me (2012), I Just Remembered (2014), and What I Forgot to Remember (2015), along with books about film and art. He began to write children's books based on the stories he used to tell a certain grandson who would request, "Tell me a scary story, Grandpa, but not too scary."

Comedy style
Reiner expressed his philosophy on writing comedy in an interview in the December 1981 issue of American Film:

"You have to imagine yourself as not somebody very special, but somebody very ordinary. If you imagine yourself as somebody really normal and if it makes you laugh, it's going to make everybody laugh. If you think of yourself as something very special, you'll end up a pedant and a bore. If you start thinking about what's funny, you won't be funny, actually. It's like walking. How do you walk? If you start thinking about it, you'll trip."

Marriage and family
On December 24, 1943, Reiner married singer Estelle Lebost. They were married for almost 65 years until her death in October 2008. Estelle delivered the iconic line "I'll have what she's having" in the deli scene of the 1989 film When Harry Met Sally.... They were the parents of Rob Reiner (born 1947), poet, playwright, and author Annie Reiner (born 1949), and painter, actor, and director Lucas Reiner (born 1960). Reiner described himself as an atheist. He said, "I have a very different take on who God is. Man invented God because he needed him. God is us." In 2013, he said he developed an atheistic viewpoint as the Holocaust progressed, stating it would not have continued if God existed. Reiner was a Democrat. His residence was in Beverly Hills, California.

Charity and interests
From 1974 to 2001, he sponsored the Carl Reiner Charity Celebrity Tennis Tournament in La Costa, California, directed by international tennis player Mike Franks, which was played yearly over 3 days and included 400 players, of which 100 were professionals.

In July 2012, Reiner joined Twitter, tweeting that he was doing so to keep up with his grandson Jake. He felt obliged to post at least once per day, and so posted 6,520 tweets and accumulated 367,000 followers. His favorite topics were movies and Donald Trump, but his final tweet was a reminiscence about Noël Coward performing in Las Vegas. At the age of 98, Reiner was the oldest celebrity to actively use Twitter.

His final interview was a webisode of Dispatches From Quarantine, which was posted on YouTube by the Jewish arts organization Reboot and Temple Beth Am. In this, he reminisced about his wife and family, "We met, fell in love, and I was 20 at the time and she was 28, and people said this is not a match ... It only worked for 65 years, and if she didn't pass on we'd still be working on it."

Political views
On October 31, 2018, Reiner, then 96 and a half, publicly denounced Donald Trump's administration and stated his goal to live past November 3, 2020, and see Trump voted out of office.

Death
On June 29, 2020, Reiner died from natural causes at his home in Beverly Hills, California at the age of 98. According to his nephew George Shapiro, Reiner had been in good spirits all day, and had spent the evening watching television with Mel Brooks; afterward, at around 10:00 pm, he became unsteady and fell while walking with the assistance of his housekeeper. He lost consciousness within a few minutes and died shortly thereafter.

Upon news of his death, fellow comedians and other figures in the entertainment industry gave tributes and remembrance, including Brooks, Alan Alda, Steve Martin, Jerry Seinfeld, Jason Alexander, Dick Van Dyke, Carol Burnett, George Clooney, Bette Midler, Bernadette Peters, and Sarah Silverman. Cheryl Hines and Orlando Jones, two of Reiner's co-stars in Father of the Pride, expressed their condolences on Twitter, Hines stating that he was "not only an amazing comedic gift, but was also an extraordinary human being". Jones mentioned his time with Reiner during their work on Father of the Pride and expressed his gratitude for his kindness and lessons.

Acting credits and accolades
Over Reiner's long television and film career, he earned numerous awards. From his stand-up comedy albums with Mel Brooks to writing on Your Show of Shows, Caesar's Hour, and The Dick Van Dyke Show, he earned 11 Primetime Emmy Awards and one Grammy Award. In 1960, he received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, located at 6421 Hollywood Boulevard. In 1999, he was inducted into Television Hall of Fame. In 2000, he received the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor at the Kennedy Center. In 2017, Carl and his son Rob Reiner became the first father-son duo to have their footprints and handprints added to a concrete slab at Grauman's Chinese Theater.

Discography

 * 2000 Years with Carl Reiner and Mel Brooks (World Pacific Records, 1960)
 * 2001 Years with Carl Reiner and Mel Brooks (Capitol Records, 1961)
 * Carl Reiner and Mel Brooks at the Cannes Film Festival (Capitol Records, 1962)
 * 2000 and Thirteen with Carl Reiner and Mel Brooks (Warner Bros. Records, 1973)
 * Excerpts from The Complete 2000 Year Old Man (Rhino Records, 1994)
 * The 2000 Year Old Man in the Year 2000 (Rhino Records, 1997)
 * How Paul Robeson Saved My Life and Other Mostly Happy Stories (1999)
 * Letters from the Earth: Uncensored Writings by Mark Twain (2001)
 * Tell Me a Scary Story (2003)
 * The 2000 Year Old Man: The Complete History (2009 Shout! Factory LLC)

Published works
Non-fiction
 * How to Live Forever. Clear Productions. 2017.
 * How to Live Forever. Clear Productions. 2017.
 * How to Live Forever. Clear Productions. 2017.
 * How to Live Forever. Clear Productions. 2017.
 * How to Live Forever. Clear Productions. 2017.
 * How to Live Forever. Clear Productions. 2017.
 * How to Live Forever. Clear Productions. 2017.
 * How to Live Forever. Clear Productions. 2017.
 * How to Live Forever. Clear Productions. 2017.
 * How to Live Forever. Clear Productions. 2017.

Fiction
 * ḁ
 * (with Mel Brooks)
 * (illustrated by James Bennett)
 * (with Mel Brooks)
 * (illustrated by James Bennett)
 * (illustrated by James Bennett)
 * (with Mel Brooks)
 * (illustrated by James Bennett)
 * (illustrated by James Bennett)
 * (illustrated by James Bennett)
 * (illustrated by James Bennett)

title: Carl Reiner


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Arab-Israeli conflict related pages

Based on a SQL database dump (Magnus Manske 10:58 Oct 8, 2002 (UTC)).
 * Note: These links all go to the main namespace. The page containing the keyword(s) might be in another namespace, e.g., "Talk:" or "User:"

General Articles

 * 1) Middle East conflict
 * 2) Arab-Israeli conflict
 * 3) Israeli-Palestinian conflict
 * 4) Israeli-Palestinian conflict timeline
 * 5) Israeli-Palestinian conflict external references

Areas and Countries

 * 1) Middle East
 * 2) Israel
 * 3) State of Israel
 * 4) Government of Israel
 * 5) Geography of Israel
 * 6) History of Israel
 * 7) Demographics of Israel
 * 8) Foreign relations of Israel
 * 9) Economy of Israel
 * 10) Military of Israel
 * 11) Transportation in Israel
 * 12) Transnational issues of Israel
 * 13) Communications in Israel
 * 14) Politics of Israel
 * 15) Jordan
 * 16) Foreign relations of Jordan
 * 17) Geography of Jordan
 * 18) Demographics of Jordan
 * 19) History of Jordan
 * 20) Economy of Jordan
 * 21) Politics of Jordan
 * 22) Geography of Lebanon
 * 23) History of Lebanon
 * 24) Foreign relations of Lebanon
 * 25) Economy of Lebanon
 * 26) Geography of Syria
 * 27) History of Syria
 * 28) Economy of Syria
 * 29) Demographics of Syria
 * 30) Gaza Strip
 * 31) Demographics of the Gaza Strip
 * 32) Economy of the Gaza Strip
 * 33) Political status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip
 * 34) West Bank
 * 35) Demographics of the West Bank
 * 36) Economy of the West Bank
 * 37) Transportation in the West Bank
 * 38) Communications in the West Bank
 * 39) Transnational issues of the West Bank
 * 40) Geography of the West Bank

People and Religions

 * 1) Druze
 * 2) Jew
 * 3) Palestinians

Violence

 * 1) Terrorism
 * 2) Suicide bombing
 * 3) State terrorism
 * 4) Terrorism against Israel
 * 5) Terrorism against Israel in 2000
 * 6) Terrorism against Israel in 2001
 * 7) Terrorism against Israel in 2002
 * 8) Terrorism against Israel in 2003
 * 9) Israelis killed by Palestinians
 * 10) Israeli terrorism
 * 11) Isreali Terrorism
 * 12) Palestinian terrorism/2001
 * 13) Palestinian terrorism/2002
 * 14) Palestinian terrorism
 * 15) King David Hotel bombing
 * 16) Deir Yassin massacre
 * 17) Jenin massacre
 * 18) Sabra and Shatila massacre
 * 19) Munich massacre
 * 20) Qibya massacre

Official organs

 * 1) IDF
 * 2) Mossad
 * 3) Haganah
 * 4) Knesset

Organizations

 * 1) Al-Aqsa Intifada
 * 2) Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades
 * 3) Unit 101
 * 4) Irgun
 * 5) B'Tselem
 * 6) UNRWA and United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East
 * 7) Arab League
 * 8) Fatah
 * 9) Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - General Command
 * 10) Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
 * 11) Hamas
 * 12) Lehi
 * 13) PLO and Hamas
 * 14) PLO and Palestine Liberation Organization
 * 15) Peace Now
 * 16) Red Cross
 * 17) Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs
 * 18) Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine
 * 19) Hizballah
 * 20) Palestinian Islamic Jihad
 * 21) Palestinian National Covenant
 * 22) Palestinian Society for the Protection of Human Rights
 * 23) Temple Mount and Eretz Yisrael Faithful Movement

Abstract topics

 * 1) Anti-Arab
 * 2) Anti-Semitism
 * 3) Arab anti-semitism
 * 4) Christian anti-Semitism
 * 5) Anti-Zionism
 * 6) Zionism
 * 7) Apartheid/Israel
 * 8) Apartheid
 * 9) Hasidic Judaism
 * 10) Refugee
 * 11) Modern_anti-Semitism
 * 12) Islamism

Political debates

 * 1) Proposals for a Palestinian state
 * 2) Right of return
 * 3) Binational solution

Historical events

 * 1) Balfour Declaration 1917
 * 2) British Mandate of Palestine
 * 3) Balfour Declaration 1926
 * 4) Declaration of Independence (Israel)
 * 5) 1948 Arab-Israeli war and Israeli War of Independence
 * 6) Suez Crisis
 * 7) Black September
 * 8) Six-Day War
 * 9) Yom Kippur War
 * 10) Camp David
 * 11) Beirut Summit
 * 12) British Israelism
 * 13) 1982 Lebanon War
 * 14) Intifada
 * 15) Gulf War
 * 16) Oslo Accords
 * 17) First Arab-Israeli War
 * 18) Second Arab-Israeli War
 * 19) First Intifada
 * 20) Peace process
 * 21) Peace treaty with Israel is a temporary measure/Temporary
 * 22) Peace treaty with Israel is a temporary measure

Places

 * 1) Jerusalem
 * 2) Bethlehem
 * 3) Al-Aqsa Mosque
 * 4) Temple Mount
 * 5) Temple in Jerusalem
 * 6) Dome of the Rock
 * 7) Church of the Nativity
 * 8) Akko, Israel
 * 9) Akko
 * 10) Tel Aviv
 * 11) Ashkelon
 * 12) Cities in Israel
 * 13) Dimona
 * 14) Dead Sea
 * 15) Eilat
 * 16) Hebron
 * 17) Golan Heights
 * 18) Ramallah
 * 19) Jenin
 * 20) Haifa, Israel
 * 21) Haifa
 * 22) Jaffa
 * 23) Sinai Peninsula
 * 24) Red Sea
 * 25) Acre
 * 26) Nazareth
 * 27) Galilee
 * 28) Jericho
 * 29) Gaza
 * 30) Jordan River
 * 31) Suez canal

Personalities

 * 1) Mordechaj Anielewicz
 * 2) Folke Bernadotte
 * 3) Abu Nidal
 * 4) Benjamin Netanyahu
 * 5) Yitzhak Rabin
 * 6) Yasser Arafat
 * 7) Bill Clinton
 * 8) Ariel Sharon
 * 9) Baruch Goldstein
 * 10) David Ben-Gurion
 * 11) Edward Said
 * 12) Gamal Abdal Nasser
 * 13) Golda Meir
 * 14) Farouk I of Egypt
 * 15) Anwar Sadat
 * 16) Marwan Barghouti
 * 17) Meir Kahane
 * 18) Menachem Begin
 * 19) Moshe Dayan
 * 20) Shimon Peres

Media and historical coverage

 * 1) New Historians
 * 2) Haaretz
 * 3) Jerusalem Post
 * 4) Al Jazeera
 * 5) Media coverage of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict

unsorted

 * 1) History of Palestine
 * 2) History of present-day nations and states
 * 3) History of the Levant
 * 4) History of the United States National Security Council 1969-1974
 * 5) History of the United States National Security Council 1977-1981
 * 6) History of the United States National Security Council 1981-1989
 * 7) Homeland
 * 8) Temple Mount Faithful
 * 9) Land for peace
 * 10) Territorial dispute
 * 11) Israeli Army
 * 12) Israeli Defence Forces
 * 13) Israeli settlements
 * 14) Israeli
 * 15) Diaspora
 * 16) Foreign relations of the United States
 * 17) Jewish Defense League
 * 18) Palestina
 * 19) Palestine/Archive 1
 * 20) Palestine/Archive 2
 * 21) Palestine/Archive 3
 * 22) Palestine/Christian Talk
 * 23) Palestine/Christian
 * 24) Palestine/Commentary
 * 25) Palestine/Meaning
 * 26) Palestine
 * 27) Palestinian Authority
 * 28) Palestinian exodus
 * 29) Palestinian homeland
 * 30) Palestinian infiltration
 * 31) Palestinian infiltrators
 * 32) Palestinian refugee
 * 33) Palestinian state
 * 34) Palestinian territories
 * 35) Palestinian views of the peace process
 * 36) Palestinians killed by Israelis
 * 37) UN Security Council Resolution 242
 * 38) Politics of the United States
 * 39) Politics
 * 40) Occupied Palestinian territories
 * 41) Occupied territories
 * 42) State of Palestine
 * 43) Caterpillar D9

Articles related to the conflict

 * 1) Al-Qaida

 * 1) 2001 U.S. Attack on Afghanistan/Timeline October 2001
 * 2) Amnesty International
 * 3) Background articles for ongoing events
 * 4) Crime against humanity

 * 1) List of controversial issues
 * 2) List of national capitals
 * 3) List of terrorist groups
 * 4) List of terrorist incidents
 * 5) List of timelines
 * 6) List of wars
 * 7) Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
 * 8) Nuclear proliferation
 * 9) Nuclear weapon
 * 10) Military use of children
 * 11) Exodus
 * 12) U.S. list of state sponsors of international terrorism
 * 13) U.S. plan to invade Iraq
 * 14) Non-violent resistance
 * 15) Aircraft hijacking

to see

 * 1) Cultural imperialism

Unsorted

 * 1) Abdel-Razak al-Yehiyeh
 * 2) Abdon
 * 3) Abel-beth-maachah
 * 4) Abel-shittim
 * 5) Abel
 * 6) Abgarus of Edessa
 * 7) Abijah
 * 8) Abner
 * 9) Abomination
 * 10) Achaemenid
 * 11) Achan
 * 12) Achor
 * 13) Achshaph
 * 14) Adad
 * 15) Adin Steinsaltz
 * 16) Adolf Eichmann
 * 17) Adoni-zedec
 * 18) Adoniram
 * 19) Adullam
 * 20) AGM-114 Hellfire
 * 21) Ahab
 * 22) Ahaz
 * 23) Ahaziah
 * 24) Ahijah
 * 25) Aholah
 * 26) Airline
 * 27) Ajalon
 * 28) AK-47
 * 29) Akrabbim
 * 30) Alex
 * 31) Alexander Severus
 * 32) Ali Hassan Salameh
 * 33) Alliance
 * 34) Allon-bachuth
 * 35) Alpha Blondy
 * 36) Alphonse I
 * 37) Amaziah
 * 38) America-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise
 * 39) Amillar
 * 40) Ammi
 * 41) ANAC
 * 42) Anakim
 * 43) Anathoth
 * 44) And did those feet in ancient time
 * 45) Andrew II of Hungary
 * 46) Andrew of Longjumeau
 * 47) Angel
 * 48) Anthony Zinni
 * 49) Anti-Americanism
 * 50) Antipatris
 * 51) Antonin Slejska
 * 52) APHMEC
 * 53) Arab
 * 54) Arabia
 * 55) Ark of the Covenant
 * 56) Armed force
 * 57) Army
 * 58) Arthur Koestler
 * 59) Article a day queue
 * 60) Articles of Faith
 * 61) Asher ben Jehiel
 * 62) Assassin
 * 63) Asymmetric warfare
 * 64) Baalbek
 * 65) Babenberg
 * 66) Bahaullah
 * 67) Balaam
 * 68) Basel Convention
 * 69) Bachir Gemayel
 * 70) Basil II
 * 71) Basil the Great
 * 72) Battle of Megiddo
 * 73) Battle of Saratoga
 * 74) Behistun Inscription
 * 75) Believers Baptism
 * 76) Benjamin Disraeli
 * 77) Benny Elon
 * 78) Bernard Baruch
 * 79) Bethel
 * 80) Bijlmerramp
 * 81) Billy Graham
 * 82) Blood libel
 * 83) Bree
 * 84) British elections
 * 85) British Empire
 * 86) Business ethics
 * 87) Caesarea Maritima
 * 88) Caesarea Philippi
 * 89) Calamondin
 * 90) Canaan
 * 91) Carmel
 * 92) Carmelites
 * 93) Category experiment
 * 94) Cave of the Patriarchs
 * 95) Central Powers
 * 96) Cevik Bir
 * 97) Chaim Topol
 * 98) Charles de Gaulle
 * 99) Child sacrifice
 * 100) Chomsky and alleged anti-semitism
 * 101) Chosen people
 * 102) Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
 * 103) Clabbers
 * 104) Class Warfare
 * 105) Coalition government
 * 106) Cold War
 * 107) Communications in Egypt
 * 108) Comparing and contrasting Judaism and Christianity
 * 109) Conscription
 * 110) Conservative Judaism
 * 111) Conspiracy theory
 * 112) Constitution
 * 113) Convention on Biological Diversity
 * 114) Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas
 * 115) Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna
 * 116) Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially As Waterfowl Habitat
 * 117) Counting the Omer
 * 118) Crimean War
 * 119) Crisis of the Third Century
 * 120) Crucifixion
 * 121) Crusade
 * 122) Cult suicide
 * 123) Current events/August 2002
 * 124) Current events/July 2002
 * 125) Current events/May 2002
 * 126) Current events
 * 127) Dabru Emet
 * 128) Daniel Boone
 * 129) Danzig Research Society
 * 130) Darke County, Ohio
 * 131) Declaration of Arbroath
 * 132) Dependent areas
 * 133) DFLP
 * 134) Diamond
 * 135) Diodotus Tryphon
 * 136) Documentary hypothesis
 * 137) Drake Hotel
 * 138) Dreyfus affair
 * 139) Dwight Eisenhower
 * 140) Edremit
 * 141) Egyptian Islamic Jihad
 * 142) Eisenhower and German POWs
 * 143) Eisenhower Doctrine
 * 144) El (god)
 * 145) Elah
 * 146) Electoral reform
 * 147) Elijah
 * 148) Elisha
 * 149) Embargo
 * 150) Ephrata, Pennsylvania
 * 151) Ephrath
 * 152) Epistle of Jude
 * 153) Ethnic nationalism
 * 154) Ethnic stereotype
 * 155) European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
 * 156) Ezra
 * 157) F-16 Fighting Falcon
 * 158) Fourth Council of the Lateran
 * 159) Francis Simard
 * 160) Galil
 * 161) Genocide
 * 162) Green party
 * 163) Greens
 * 164) Greer Garson
 * 165) Greg Godwin
 * 166) Grenade
 * 167) Gun politics
 * 168) Hancock County, Indiana
 * 169) Hanukkah
 * 170) Hefaistos
 * 171) Henry A. Kissinger
 * 172) History of ancient Israel and Judah
 * 173) History of Asia
 * 174) History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
 * 175) Horatio Kitchener
 * 176) Howard Waldrop
 * 177) Imad Mugniyah
 * 178) Imperialism in Asia
 * 179) Indemnity
 * 180) Independence Day
 * 181) Independent Media Center
 * 182) Indigenous people
 * 183) Intelligence agencies
 * 184) International Criminal Court
 * 185) Ira Gershwin
 * 186) Iran-Contra Affair
 * 187) Irredentism
 * 188) Irving Berlin
 * 189) Isaac D'Israeli
 * 190) Isaac Disraeli
 * 191) Islam
 * 192) ITU Prefix
 * 193) Jacques Lanctôt
 * 194) Jacques Rose
 * 195) Jacques Verges
 * 196) Jean-Bertrand Aristide
 * 197) Jehu
 * 198) Jewish eschatology
 * 199) Jewish holidays
 * 200) Jewish principles of faith
 * 201) Jewish view of marriage
 * 202) Jezreel Valley
 * 203) Jimmy Carter
 * 204) Jimmy Sommerville
 * 205) Joe Orton
 * 206) John the Baptist
 * 207) Joint Political Military Group
 * 208) José Bové
 * 209) Joseph's Tomb
 * 210) Judaism
 * 211) Judas Iscariot
 * 212) Judicature Act 1873
 * 213) Justin Martyr
 * 214) Kabbalah
 * 215) Kach
 * 216) Karine A
 * 217) Kashrut
 * 218) Khazars
 * 219) Khendon
 * 220) Kingdom of Israel
 * 221) Kingdom of Judah
 * 222) Kings Royal Rifle Corps
 * 223) Knights Templar
 * 224) Kofi Annan
 * 225) Kohen
 * 226) Krav Maga
 * 227) Kvikeg
 * 228) Ladino language
 * 229) Land of Goshen
 * 230) Latrun
 * 231) LAW
 * 232) League of Nations mandate
 * 233) Leah Goldberg
 * 234) Lent
 * 235) Leopold Zunz
 * 236) Levant
 * 237) Lost Ten Tribes
 * 238) Lost tribes of Israel
 * 239) Lost Tribes
 * 240) M. John Harrison
 * 241) Manasseh
 * 242) Manna
 * 243) Maria Gorokhovskaya
 * 244) Marine
 * 245) Mary Anne Evans
 * 246) Massacre in Koniuchy
 * 247) Mauryas
 * 248) Mead
 * 249) Mediggo, Israel
 * 250) Mediggo
 * 251) Mediterranean Sea
 * 252) Megiddo, Israel
 * 253) Mehmed VI
 * 254) Mehmet Ali Agca
 * 255) Mesha stele
 * 256) Messiah
 * 257) Messianic Judaism
 * 258) Micah
 * 259) Midrash
 * 260) Militia
 * 261) Moammar Al Qadhafi
 * 262) Mohammed Atta
 * 263) Mohammed Deif
 * 264) Moledet
 * 265) Moral equivalence
 * 266) Mordecai Kaplan
 * 267) Mordechai Vanunu
 * 268) Moreh
 * 269) Moshe Safdie
 * 270) Mount Ephraim
 * 271) Mount Sinai, Egypt
 * 272) Nabil Shaath
 * 273) Naboth
 * 274) Nadab
 * 275) Nahash
 * 276) Nation
 * 277) Nationalism
 * 278) Natufian culture
 * 279) Neturei Karta
 * 280) Noahide Laws
 * 281) Noam Chomsky
 * 282) Notion of God in Occident
 * 283) Oasis of Peace
 * 284) Obadiah
 * 285) Oil-tree
 * 286) Omri
 * 287) Operation Entebbe
 * 288) Operation Suzannah
 * 289) Ophel
 * 290) Oral law
 * 291) Organized Green Party
 * 292) Orient House
 * 293) Orosius
 * 294) Orphan talk pages
 * 295) Osiraq
 * 296) Othniel
 * 297) P-51 Mustang
 * 298) Paolo Fresu/Discography
 * 299) Parapsychology
 * 300) Party of European Socialists
 * 301) Passage of Red Sea
 * 302) PASSIA
 * 303) Passover
 * 304) Passport
 * 305) Paul Reuter
 * 306) Paul Rose
 * 307) Pekah
 * 308) Penzance, United Kingdom
 * 309) Peor
 * 310) Persecution of Christians
 * 311) Petra
 * 312) PFLP-GC
 * 313) PFLP
 * 314) Philosophical counseling
 * 315) Phinehas
 * 316) Pi-hahiroth
 * 317) Piotr Wonizak
 * 318) Pokémon
 * 319) Prester John
 * 320) Prime Minister of Israel
 * 321) Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
 * 322) Prime Minister
 * 323) Putnam
 * 324) Quail
 * 325) Quarries
 * 326) Raanana
 * 327) Rabbinic literature
 * 328) Rabbinical Assembly
 * 329) Racial segregation
 * 330) Ramadan
 * 331) Rechabites
 * 332) Rehavam Zeevi
 * 333) Rehob
 * 334) Rehoboam
 * 335) Religious Festivals
 * 336) Religious Pluralism
 * 337) Religious pluralism
 * 338) Religious prostitution
 * 339) Rephaim
 * 340) Rephidim
 * 341) Riblah
 * 342) River of Egypt
 * 343) Rocket propelled grenade
 * 344) Roger di Flor
 * 345) Roman Curia
 * 346) Roman place names
 * 347) Romaniotes
 * 348) Rosh Hashanah
 * 349) Sabbath
 * 350) Salam Faiad
 * 351) Samaria
 * 352) Samuel Morton Peto
 * 353) San Remo conference
 * 354) School massacre
 * 355) Scud
 * 356) Sea of Galilee
 * 357) Sela
 * 358) Sepharvaim
 * 359) September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attack/Back history
 * 360) September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attack/Celebrations
 * 361) September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attack/City of New York casualties
 * 362) September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attack/Detentions
 * 363) September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attack/Donations
 * 364) September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attack/Misinformation and rumors
 * 365) September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attack/New York Times articles, October 16-
 * 366) September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attack/New York Times stories
 * 367) September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attack/Non-American casualties
 * 368) Casualties of the September 11, 2001 attacks: plane passengers
 * 369) September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attack/Responsibility
 * 370) September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attack/Timeline
 * 371) September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attack/World political effects
 * 372) September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attack/Zionist conspiracy theories
 * 373) September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attack
 * 374) Shabbat
 * 375) Shalman
 * 376) Shardana
 * 377) Shaul Mofaz
 * 378) Sicarii
 * 379) Siddur
 * 380) Sidon
 * 381) Siegfried Sassoon
 * 382) Sihon
 * 383) Silesia
 * 384) Simon bar Kokhba
 * 385) Simon Ockley
 * 386) Sisera
 * 387) Sons Aumen Israel
 * 388) Special forces
 * 389) Steverapaport
 * 390) Stock exchange
 * 391) Submachine gun
 * 392) Sudarium of Oviedo
 * 393) Sukkot
 * 394) Supersessionism
 * 395) Surveillance aircraft
 * 396) Sycamine tree
 * 397) Syria
 * 398) Tabernacle
 * 399) Tadmor
 * 400) Talmud
 * 401) Tammuz
 * 402) Tank
 * 403) Targum
 * 404) Teutonic Knights
 * 405) The name of God in Judaism
 * 406) The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
 * 407) The Robe
 * 408) Thomas Keneally
 * 409) Thummim
 * 410) Tiberias
 * 411) Timisoara
 * 412) Tiphsah
 * 413) Tom Clancy
 * 414) Topics removed from current events
 * 415) Torah
 * 416) Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space, and Under Water
 * 417) Turtle-dove
 * 418) TWA flight 800
 * 419) Twelve tribes of Israel
 * 420) Two Thousand Guineas Stakes
 * 421) Tyre
 * 422) UN General Assembly
 * 423) Unification Church and anti-semitism
 * 424) Unification Church/Elijah
 * 425) Unification Church
 * 426) United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
 * 427) United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
 * 428) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
 * 429) United Nations Member States
 * 430) United Nations
 * 431) United States Congress/Alabama
 * 432) United States Diplomatic History
 * 433) United States Navy
 * 434) Universal House of Justice
 * 435) Use of death penalty worldwide
 * 436) USS Liberty
 * 437) Uzi submachine gun
 * 438) Uzziah
 * 439) Valley of Rephaim
 * 440) Victoria of the United Kingdom
 * 441) Videos of bin Laden
 * 442) Wah-wah
 * 443) War of Independence
 * 444) Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
 * 445) What Makes Sammy Run?
 * 446) Wilderness of Sin
 * 447) William Ewart Gladstone
 * 448) Willow
 * 449) Yedidya Yaari
 * 450) Zebah
 * 451) Zecharias Frankel
 * 452) Zidon
 * 453) Ziklag
 * 454) ZimAmerican Israeli Shipping Company
 * 455) Zimri
 * 456) Zohar

Dates

 * 1) 2001
 * 2) 20th century
 * 3) 260
 * 4) 634
 * 5) 701 BC
 * 6) 722 BC

 * 1) 133
 * 2) 1886
 * 3) 1898
 * 4) 1915
 * 5) 1929
 * 6) 1940s
 * 7) 1948
 * 8) 1953
 * 9) 1956
 * 10) 1964 New York World's Fair
 * 11) 1967
 * 12) 1968
 * 13) 1969
 * 14) 1972 Summer Olympics
 * 15) 1972
 * 16) 1973
 * 17) 1976
 * 18) 1978
 * 19) 1981
 * 20) 1985
 * 21) 1994
 * 22) 19th century
 * 23) 1st millennium BC
 * 24) 2000
 * 25) February 11
 * 26) February 14
 * 27) March 1
 * 28) March 17
 * 29) April 19
 * 30) April 8
 * 31) May 1
 * 32) May 14
 * 33) May 17
 * 34) May 20
 * 35) May 3
 * 36) July 23
 * 37) July 28
 * 38) July 5
 * 39) June 26
 * 40) June 28
 * 41) August 1
 * 42) August 16
 * 43) August 21
 * 44) August 24
 * 45) August 4
 * 46) September 11
 * 47) September 12
 * 48) September 13
 * 49) September 17
 * 50) September 27
 * 51) September 5
 * 52) September 6
 * 53) September 9
 * 54) October 16
 * 55) October 17
 * 56) October 29
 * 57) October 7
 * 58) November 2
 * 59) November 27
 * 60) November 4
 * 61) December 1
 * 62) December 14
 * 63) December 21
 * 64) December 4
 * 65) December 8

 * 1) Words that should not be used in wikipedia articles