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New Harmony, Indiana

New Harmony is a historic town on the Wabash River in Harmony Township, Posey County, Indiana. It lies 15 mi north of Mount Vernon, the county seat, and is part of the Evansville metropolitan area. The town's population was 690 at the 2020 census.

Established by the Harmony Society in 1814 under the leadership of George Rapp, the town was originally known as Harmony (also called Harmonie, or New Harmony). In its early years the 20,000 acre settlement was the home of Lutherans who had separated from the official church in the Duchy of Württemberg and immigrated to the United States. The Harmonists built a new town in the wilderness, but in 1824 they decided to sell their property and return to Pennsylvania. Robert Owen, a Welsh industrialist and social reformer, purchased the town in 1825 with the intention of creating a new utopian community and renamed it New Harmony. The Owenite social experiment failed two years after it began.

New Harmony changed American education and scientific research. Town residents established the first public library, a civic drama club, and a public school system open to men and women. Its prominent citizens included Owen's sons: Robert Dale Owen, an Indiana congressman and social reformer who sponsored legislation to create the Smithsonian Institution; David Dale Owen, a noted state and federal geologist; William Owen, a New Harmony businessman; and Richard Owen, Indiana state geologist, Indiana University professor, and first president of Purdue University. The town also served as the second headquarters of the U.S. Geological Survey. Numerous scientists and educators contributed to New Harmony's intellectual community, including William Maclure, Marie Louise Duclos Fretageot, Thomas Say, Charles-Alexandre Lesueur, Joseph Neef, Frances Wright, and others.

Many of the town's old Harmonist buildings have been restored. These structures, along with others related to the Owenite community, are included in the New Harmony Historic District. Contemporary additions to the town include the Roofless Church and Atheneum. The New Harmony State Memorial is located south of town on State Road 69 in Harmonie State Park.

Harmonist settlement (1814–1824)
The town of Harmony was founded by Harmony Burton in 1814 under the leadership of German immigrant George Rapp (born Johann Georg Rapp). It was the second of three towns built by the pietist, communal religious group, known as Harmonists, Harmonites, or Rappites. The Harmonists settled in the Indiana Territory after leaving Harmony, Pennsylvania, where westward expansion, the area's rising population, jealous neighbors, and the increasing cost of land threatened the Society's desire for isolation.

In April 1814 Anna Mayrisch, John L. Baker, and Ludwick Shirver (Ludwig Schreiber) traveled west in search of a new location for their congregation, one that would have fertile soil and access to a navigable waterway. By May 10 the men had found suitable land along the Wabash River in the Indiana Territory and made an initial purchase of approximately 7,000 acre. Rapp wrote on May10, "The place is 25 miles from the Ohio mouth of the Wabash, and 12 miles from where the Ohio makes its curve first before the mouth. The town will be located about 1/4 mile from the river above on the channel on a plane as level as the floor of a room, perhaps a good quarter mile from the hill which lies suitable for a vineyard." Although Rapp expressed concern that the town's location lacked a waterworks, the area provided an opportunity for expansion and access to markets through the nearby rivers, causing him to remark, "In short, the place has all the advantages which one could wish, if a steam engine meanwhile supplies what is lacking."

The first Harmonists left Pennsylvania in June 1814 and traveled by flatboat to their new land in the Indiana Territory. In May 1815 the last of the Harmonists who had remained behind until the sale of their town in Pennsylvania was completed departed for their new town along the Wabash River. Frederick Reichert Rapp, George Rapp's adopted son, drew up the town plan for their new village at Harmony, Indiana, which surveyors laid out on August8, 1814. By 1816, the same year that Indiana became a state, the Harmonists had acquired 20,000 acre of land, built 160 homes and other buildings, and cleared 2,000 acre for their new town. The settlement also began to attract new arrivals, including emigrants from Germany such as members of Rapp's congregation from Württemberg, many of whom expected the Harmonists to pay for their passage to America. However, the new arrivals "were more of a liability than an asset". On March 20, 1819, Rapp commented, "It is astonishing how much trouble the people who have arrived here have made, for they have no morals and do not know what it means to live a moral and well-mannered life, not to speak of true Christianity, of denying the world or yourself."

Visitors to Harmony commented on the commercial and industrial work being done in this religious settlement along the Wabash River. "It seemed as though I found myself in the midst of Germany," noted one visitor. In 1819 the town had a steam-operated wool carding and spinning factory, a horse-drawn and human-powered threshing machine, a brewery, distillery, vineyards, and a winery. The property included an orderly town, "laid out in a square", with a church, school, store, dwellings for residents, and streets to create "the most beautiful city of western America, because everything is built in the most perfect symmetry". Other visitors were not as impressed: "hard labor & coarse fare appears to be the lot of all except the family of Rapp, he lives in a large & handsome brick house while the rest inhabit small log cabins. How so numerous a population are kept quietly & tamely in absolute servitude it is hard to conceive—the women I believe do more labor in the field than the men, as large numbers of the latter are engaged in different branches of manufactures." Although they were not paid for their work, the 1820 manufacturer's census reported that 75 men, 12 women, and 30 children were employed, in the Society's tanneries, saw and grain mills, and woolen and cotton mills. Manufactured goods included cotton, flannel, and wool cloth, yarn, knit goods, tin ware, rope, beer, peach brandy, whiskey, wine, wagons, carts, plows, flour, beef, pork, butter, leather, and leather goods.

The Harmonist community continued to thrive during the 1820s, but correspondence from March 6, 1824, between Rapp and his adopted son, Frederick, indicates that the Harmonists planned to sell their Indiana property and were already looking for a new location. In May, a decade after their arrival in Indiana, the Harmonists purchased land along the Ohio River eighteen miles from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and were making arrangements to advertise the sale of their property in Indiana. The move, although it was made primarily for religious reasons, would provide the Harmonists with easier access to eastern markets and a place where they could live more peacefully with others who shared their German language and culture. On May 24, 1824, a group of Harmonists boarded a steamboat and departed Indiana, bound for Pennsylvania, where they founded the community of Economy, the present-day town of Ambridge. In May 1825 the last Harmonists left Indiana after the sale of their 20,000 acre of property, which included the land and buildings, to Robert Owen for $150,000. Owen hoped to establish a new community on the Indiana frontier, one that would serve as a model community for communal living and social reform.

Owen community (1825–1827)
Robert Owen was a social reformer and wealthy industrialist who made his fortune from textile mills in New Lanark, Scotland. Owen, his twenty-two-year-old son, William, and his Scottish friend Donald McDonald sailed to the United States in 1824 to purchase a site to implement Owen's vision for "a New Moral World" of happiness, enlightenment, and prosperity through education, science, technology, and communal living. Owen believed his utopian community would create a "superior social, intellectual and physical environment" based on his ideals of social reform. Owen was motivated to buy the town in order to prove his theories were viable and to correct the troubles that were affecting his mill-town community New Lanark. The ready-built town of Harmony, Indiana, fitted Owen's needs. In January 1825 he signed the agreement to purchase the town, renamed it New Harmony, and invited "any and all" to join him there. While many of the town's new arrivals had a sincere interest in making it a success, the experiment also attracted "crackpots, free-loaders, and adventurers whose presence in the town made success unlikely." William Owen, who remained in New Harmony while his father returned east to recruit new residents, also expressed concern in his diary entry, dated March24, 1825: "I doubt whether those who have been comfortable and content in their old mode of life, will find an increase of enjoyment when they come here. How long it will require to accustom themselves to their new mode of living, I am unable to determine."

When Robert Owen returned to New Harmony in April 1825 he found seven hundred to eight hundred residents and a "chaotic" situation, much in need of leadership. By May 1825 the community had adopted the "Constitution of the Preliminary Society," which loosely outlined its expectations and government. Under the preliminary constitution, members would provide their own household goods and invest their capital at interest in an enterprise that would promote independence and social equality. Members would render services to the community in exchange for credit at the town's store, but those who did not want to work could purchase credit at the store with cash payments made in advance. In addition, the town would be governed by a committee of four members chosen by Owen and the community would elect three additional members. In June, Robert Owen left William in New Harmony while he traveled east to continue promoting his model community and returned to Scotland, where he sold his interests in the New Lanark textile mills and arranged financial support for his wife and two daughters, who chose to remain in Scotland. Owen's four sons, Robert Dale, William, David Dale, and Richard, and a daughter, Jane Dale, later settled in New Harmony.

While Owen was away recruiting new residents for New Harmony, a number of factors that led to an early breakup of the socialist community had already begun. Members grumbled about inequity in credits between workers and non-workers. In addition, the town soon became overcrowded, lacked sufficient housing, and was unable to produce enough to become self-sufficient, although they still had "high hopes for the future." Owen spent only a few months at New Harmony, where a shortage of skilled craftsmen and laborers along with inadequate and inexperienced supervision and management contributed to its eventual failure.

Despite the community's shortcomings, Owen was a passionate promoter of his vision for New Harmony. While visiting Philadelphia, Owen met Marie Louise Duclos Fretageot, a Pestalozzian educator, and persuaded her to join him in Indiana. Fretageot encouraged William Maclure, a scientist and fellow educator, to become a part of the venture. (Maclure became Owen's financial partner.) On January 26, 1826, Fretegeot, Maclure, and a number of their colleagues, including Thomas Say, Josef Neef, Charles-Alexandre Lesueur, and others aboard the keelboat Philanthropist (also called the "Boatload of Knowledge"), arrived in New Harmony to help Owen establish his new experiment in socialism.

On February 5, 1826, the town adopted a new constitution, "The New Harmony Community of Equality", whose objective was to achieve happiness based on principles of equal rights and equality of duties. Cooperation, common property, economic benefit, freedom of speech and action, kindness and courtesy, order, preservation of health, acquisition of knowledge, and obedience to the country's laws were included as part of the constitution. The constitution laid out the life of a citizen in New Harmony based on age. Children from the age of one to five were to be cared for and encouraged to exercise; children aged six to nine were to be lightly employed and given education via observation directed by skilled teachers. Youth from the ages of ten to twelve were to help in the houses and with the gardening. Teenagers from the age of twelve to fifteen were to receive technical training, and from fifteen to twenty their education was to be continued. Young adults from the ages of twenty to thirty were to act as a superintendent in the production and education departments. Adults from the ages of thirty to forty were to govern the homes, and residents aged forty to sixty were to be encouraged to assist with the community's external relations or to travel abroad if they so desired.

Although the constitution contained worthy ideals, it did not clearly address how the community would function and was never fully established. Individualist anarchist Josiah Warren, who was one of the original participants in the New Harmony Society, asserted that the community was doomed to failure due to a lack of individual sovereignty and private property. He commented: "It seemed that the difference of opinion, tastes and purposes increased just in proportion to the demand for conformity. Two years were worn out in this way; at the end of which, I believe that not more than three persons had the least hope of success. Most of the experimenters left in despair of all reforms, and conservatism felt itself confirmed. We had tried every conceivable form of organization and government. We had a world in miniature. --we had enacted the French revolution over again with despairing hearts instead of corpses as a result. ...It appeared that it was nature's own inherent law of diversity that had conquered us ...our 'united interests' were directly at war with the individualities of persons and circumstances and the instinct of self-preservation... and it was evident that just in proportion to the contact of persons or interests, so are concessions and compromises indispensable." (Periodical Letter II 1856).

Part of New Harmony's failings stemmed from three activities that Owen brought from Scotland to America. First, Owen actively attacked established religion, despite United States' constitutional guarantees of religious freedom and the separations of church and state. Second, Owen remained stubbornly attached to the principles of the rationalist Age of Enlightenment, which drove away many of the Jeffersonian farmers Owen tried to attract. Thirdly, Owen consistently appealed to the upper class for donations, but found that the strategy was not as effective as it had been in Europe.

Robert Dale Owen wrote that the members of the failed socialist experiment at New Harmony were "a heterogeneous collection of radicals, enthusiastic devotees to principle, honest latitudinarians, and lazy theorists, with a sprinkling of unprincipled sharpers thrown in," and that "a plan which remunerates all alike, will, in the present condition of society, ultimately eliminate from a co-operative association the skilled, efficient and industrious members, leaving an ineffective and sluggish residue, in whose hands the experiment will fail, both socially and pecuniarily." However, he still thought that "co-operation is a chief agency destined to quiet the clamorous conflicts between capital and labour; but then it must be co-operation gradually introduced, prudently managed, as now in England." In 1826 splinter groups dissatisfied with the efforts of the larger community broke away from the main group and prompted a reorganization.

In New Harmony work was divided into six departments, each with its own superintendent. These departments included agriculture, manufacturing, domestic economy, general economy, commerce, and literature, science and education. A governing council included the six superintendents and an elected secretary. Despite the new organization and constitution, members continued to leave town. By March 1827, after several other attempts to reorganize, the utopian experiment had failed.

The larger community, which lasted until 1827, was divided into smaller communities that led further disputes. Individualism replaced socialism in 1828 and New Harmony was dissolved in 1829 due to constant quarrels. The town's parcels of land and property were returned to private use. Owen spent $200,000 of his own funds to purchase New Harmony property and pay off the community's debts. His sons, Robert Dale and William, gave up their shares of the New Lanark mills in exchange for shares in New Harmony. Later, Owen "conveyed the entire New Harmony property to his sons in return for an annuity of $1,500 for the remainder of his life." Owen left New Harmony in June 1827 and focused his interests in the United Kingdom. He died in 1858.

Science
Although Robert Owen's vision of New Harmony as an advance in social reform was not realized, the town became a scientific center of national significance, especially in the natural sciences, most notably geology.

William Maclure (1763–1840), president of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia from 1817 to 1840, came to New Harmony during the winter of 1825–1826. Maclure brought a group of noted artists, educators, and fellow scientists, including naturalists Thomas Say and Charles-Alexandre Lesueur, to New Harmony from Philadelphia aboard the keelboat Philanthropist (also known as the "Boatload of Knowledge").

Thomas Say (1787–1834), a friend of Maclure, was an entomologist and conchologist. His definitive studies of shells and insects, numerous contributions to scientific journals, and scientific expeditions to Florida, Georgia, the Rocky Mountains, Mexico, and elsewhere made him an internationally known naturalist. Say has been called the father of American descriptive entomology and American conchology. Prior to his arrival at New Harmony, he served as librarian for the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, curator at the American Philosophical Society, and professor of natural history at the University of Pennsylvania. Say died in New Harmony in 1834.

Charles-Alexandre Lesueur (1778–1846), a naturalist and artist, came to New Harmony aboard the Philanthropist. His sketches of New Harmony provide a visual record of the town during the Owenite period. As a naturalist, Lesueur is known for his classification of Great Lakes fishes. He returned to his native France in 1837. Many species were first described by both Say and Lesueur, and many have been named in their honor.

David Dale Owen (1807–1860), third son of Robert Owen, finished his formal education as a medical doctor in 1837. However, after returning to New Harmony, David Dale Owen was influenced by the work of Maclure and Gerard Troost, a Dutch geologist, mineralogist, zoologist, and chemist who arrived in New Harmony in 1825 and later became the state geologist of Tennessee from 1831 to 1850. Owen went on to become a noted geologist. Headquartered at New Harmony, Owen conducted the first official geological survey of Indiana (1837–39). After his appointment as U.S. Geologist in 1839, Owen led federal surveys from 1839 to 1840 and from 1847 to 1851 of the Midwestern United States, which included Iowa, Missouri, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and part of northern Illinois. In 1846 Owen sampled a number of possible building stones for the Smithsonian Institution Building (the Smithsonian "Castle") and recommended the distinctive Seneca Creek sandstone of which that building is constructed. The following year, Owen identified a quarry at Bull Run, twenty-three miles from nation's capital, that provided the stone for the massive building. Owen became the first state geologist of three states: Kentucky (1854–1857), Arkansas (1857–1859), and Indiana (1837–1839 and 1859–1860). Owen's museum and laboratory in New Harmony was known as the largest west of the Allegheny Mountains. At the time of Owen's death in 1860, his museum included some 85,000 items. Among Owen's most significant publications is his Report of a Geological Survey of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota and Incidentally of a Portion of Nebraska Territory (Philadelphia, 1852).

Several men trained Owen's leadership and influence: Benjamin Franklin Shumard, for whom the Shumard oak is named, was appointed state geologist of Texas by Governor Hardin R. Runnels; Amos Henry Worthen was the second state geologist of Illinois and the first curator of the Illinois State Museum; and Fielding Bradford Meek became the first full-time paleontologist in lieu of salary at the Smithsonian Institution. Joseph Granville Norwood, one of David Dale Owen's colleagues and coauthors, also a medical doctor, became the first state geologist of Illinois (1851–1858). From 1851 to 1854, the Illinois State Geological Survey was headquartered in New Harmony.

Richard Owen (1810–1890), Robert Owen's youngest son, came to New Harmony in 1828 and initially taught school there. He assisted his brother, David Dale Owen, with geological survey and became Indiana's second state geologist. During the American Civil War, Colonel Richard Owen was commandant in charge of Confederate prisoners at Camp Morton in Indianapolis. Following his retirement from the U.S. Army in 1864, Owen became a professor of natural sciences at Indiana University in Bloomington, where an academic building is named in his honor. In 1872 Owen became the first president of Purdue University, but resigned from this position in 1874. He continued teaching at IU until his retirement in 1879.

Public service and social reform
Robert Dale Owen, eldest son of Robert Owen, was a social reformer and intellectual of national importance. At New Harmony, he taught school and co-edited and published the New Harmony Gazette with Frances Wright. Owen later moved to New York. In 1830 he published "Moral Philosophy," the first treatise in the United States to support birth control, and returned to New Harmony in 1834. From 1836 to 1838, and in 1851, Owen served in the Indiana legislature and was also a delegate to the state's constitutional convention of 1850. Owen was an advocate for women's rights, free public education, and opposed slavery. As a member of the U. S. House of Representatives from 1843 to 1847, Owen introduced a bill in 1846 that established the Smithsonian Institution. He also served as chairman of the Smithsonian Building Committee. He arranged for his brother, David Dale Owen, to sample a large number of possible building stones for the Smithsonian Castle. From 1852 to 1858 Owen held the diplomatic position of charge d'affairs (1853–1858) in Naples, where he began studying spiritualism. Owen's book, Footfalls on the Boundary of Another World (1860), aroused something of a literary sensation. Among his critics in the Boston Investigator and at home in the New Harmony Advertiser were John and Margaret Chappellsmith, he formerly an artist for David Dale Owen's geological publications, and she a former Owenite lecturer. Robert Dales Owen died at Lake George, New York, in 1877.

Frances Wright (1795–1852) came to New Harmony in 1824, where she co-edited and wrote for the New Harmony Gazette with Robert Dale Owen. In 1825 she established an experimental settlement at Nashoba, Tennessee, that allowed African American slaves to work to gain their freedom, but the community failed. A liberal leader in the "free-thought movement," Wright opposed slavery, advocated woman's suffrage, birth control, and free public education. Wright and Robert Dale Owen moved their newspaper to New York City in 1829 and published it as the Free Enquirer. Wright married William Philquepal d'Arusmont, a Pestalozzian educator she met at New Harmony. The couple also lived in Paris, France, and in Cincinnati, Ohio, where they divorced in 1850. Wright died in Cincinnati in 1852.

History of education
The history of education at New Harmony involves several teachers who were already well-established in their fields before they moved to New Harmony, largely through the efforts of William Maclure. These Pestalozzian educators included Marie Duclos Fretageot and Joseph Neef. By the time Maclure arrived in New Harmony he had already established the first Pestalozzian school in America. Fretageot and Neef had been Pestalozzian educators and school administrators at Maclure's schools in Pennsylvania.

Under Maclure's direction and using his philosophy of education, New Harmony schools became the first public schools in the United States open to boys and girls. Maclure also established at New Harmony one of the country's first industrial or trade schools. He also had his extensive library and geological collection shipped to New Harmony from Philadelphia. In 1838 Maclure established The Working Men's Institute, a society for "mutual instruction". It includes the oldest continuously operating library in Indiana, as well as a small museum. The vault in the library contains many historic manuscripts, letters, and documents pertaining to the history of New Harmony. Under the terms of his will, Maclure also offered $500 to any club or society of laborers in the United States who established a reading and lecture room with a library of at least 100 books. About 160 libraries in Indiana and Illinois took advantage of his bequest.

Marie Duclos Fretageot managed Pestalozzian schools that Maclure organized in France and Philadelphia before coming to New Harmony aboard the Philanthropist. In New Harmony she was responsible for the infant's school (for children under age five), supervised several young women she had brought with her from Philadelphia, ran a store, and was Maclure's administrator during his residence in Mexico. Fretageot remained in New Harmony until 1831, returned to France, and later joined Maclure in Mexico, where she died in 1833. Correspondence of Maclure and Fretageot from 1820 to 1833 was extensive and is documented in Partnership for Posterity.

Joseph Neef ( 1770–1854) published in 1808 the first work on educational method to be written in English in the United States, Sketch of A Plan and Method of Education. Maclure brought Neef, a Pestalozzian educator from Switzerland, to Philadelphia, and placed him in charge of his school for boys. It was the first school in the United States to be based on Pestalozzian methods. In 1826 Neef, his wife, and children came to New Harmony to run the schools under Maclure's direction. Neef, following Maclure's curriculum, became superintendent of the schools in New Harmony, where as many as 200 students, ranging in age from five to twelve, were enrolled.

Jane Dale Owen Fauntleroy (1806–1861), daughter of Robert Owen, arrived in New Harmony in 1833. She married civil engineer Robert Henry Fauntleroy in 1835. He became a business partner of David Dale and Robert Dale Owen. Jane Owen Fauntleroy established a seminary for young women in her family's New Harmony home, where her brother, David Dale Owen, taught science.

Students in New Harmony now attend North Posey High School after New Harmony High School closed in 2012.

Publishing
Cornelius Tiebout (c. 1773–1832) was an artist, printer, and engraver of considerable fame when he joined the New Harmony community in September 1826. Tiebout taught printing and published a bimonthly newspaper, Disseminator of Useful Knowledge, and books using the town's printing press. He died in New Harmony in 1832.

Publications from New Harmony's press include William Maclure's Essay on the Formation of Rocks, or an Inquiry into the Probably Origin of their Present Form (1832); and Maclure's Structure and Observations on the Geology of the West India Islands; from Barbadoes to Santa Cruz, Inclusive (1832); Thomas Say's Description of New Species of North American Insects; Observations on Some of the Species Already Described; Descriptions of Some New Terrestrial and Fluviatile Shells of North America; and several of the early volumes of Say's American Conchology, or Descriptions of the Shells of North America. (The seventh volume of American Conchology was published in Philadelphia.)

Lucy Sistare Say was an apprentice at Fretageot's Pestalozzian school and a former student of Lesueur in Philadelphia before coming to New Harmony aboard the Philanthropist to teach needlework and drawing. En route to Indiana, Sistare met Thomas Say and the two were married on January 4, 1827, prior to their arrival at New Harmony. An accomplished artist, Say illustrated and hand-colored 66 of the 68 illustrations in American Conchology, her husband's multi-volume work on mollusks. Following Thomas Say's death in 1834, she moved to New York, trained to become an engraver, and worked to complete and publish the final volume of American Conchology. Lucy Say remained interested in the natural sciences after returning to the East. In 1841 she became the first female member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.<ref name=LucySay

German-American folk artist Jacob Maentel (c. 1763–1863) lived in New Harmony from 1836 until his death. During this time he prolifically painted portraiture in the fraktur style and portrayed the dress and décor of local Owenites. Examples of his work are displayed in the Smithsonian American Art Museum, the American Folk Art Museum, and the Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Museum.

Publications on the history of New Harmony include the work of the New Harmony historian and resident, Josephine Mirabella Elliott.

Theater
William Owen (1802–1842), Robert Owen's second oldest son, was involved in New Harmony's business and community affairs. He was among the leaders who founded New Harmony's Thespian Society and acted in some of the group's performances. Owen also helped establish the Posey County Agricultural Society and, in 1834, became director of the State Bank of Indiana, Evansville Branch. He died in New Harmony in 1842.

Historic structures
More than 30 structures from the Harmonist and Owenite utopian communities remain as part of the New Harmony Historic District, which is a National Historic Landmark. In addition, architect Richard Meier designed New Harmony's Atheneum, which serves as the Visitors Center for Historic New Harmony, and depicts the history of the community. Also listed on the National Register of Historic Places are the George Bentel House, Ludwig Epple House, Harmony Way Bridge, Mattias Scholle House, and Amon Clarence Thomas House.

Geography
The Wabash River forms the western boundary of New Harmony. It is the westernmost settlement in Indiana.

According to the 2010 census, New Harmony has a total area of 0.65 sqmi, of which 0.64 sqmi (or 98.46%) is land and 0.01 sqmi (or 1.54%) is water.

Paul Tillich Park
Paul Tillich Park commemorates the renowned twentieth century theologian, Paul Johannes Tillich. The park was dedicated by Tillich on June 2, 1963, and his ashes were interred there in 1965.

Located just across North Main Street from the Roofless Church, the park consists of a stand of evergreens on elevated ground surrounding a walkway. Along the walkway there are several large stones on which are inscribed quotations from Tillich's writings. James Rosati's sculpture of Tillich's head rises at the north end of the walkway, backed by a clearing and a large pond.

Climate
The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, New Harmony has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 789 people, 370 households, and 194 families residing in the town. The population density was 1232.8 PD/sqmi. There were 464 dwelling units at an average density of 725.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 99.0% White, 0.3% Native American, 0.1% Asian, and 0.6% from two or more races.

There were 370 households, of which 17.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.7% were married couples living together, 7.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 47.6% were non-families. 43.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 23.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.93 and the average family size was 2.62.

The median age in the town was 55.1 years. 13.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 17.3% were from 25 to 44; 30.4% were from 45 to 64; and 33.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 43.2% male and 56.8% female.

2000 census
As of the 2000 census, there were 916 people, 382 households, and 228 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,441.5 PD/sqmi. There were 432 dwelling units at an average density of 679.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 98.91% White, 0.55% Native American, 0.22% Asian, and 0.33% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.44% of the population.

There were 382 households, out of which 27.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.9% were married couples living together, 9.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.1% were non-families. 38.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.12 and the average family size was 2.80.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 20.3% under the age of 18, 4.5% from 18 to 24, 21.2% from 25 to 44, 24.7% from 45 to 64, and 29.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47 years. For every 100 females, there were 82.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 71.4 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $28,182, and the median income for a family was $40,865. Males had a median income of $39,250 versus $21,607 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,349. About 12.2% of families and 12.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.8% of those under age 18 and 17.1% of those age 65 or over.

Education
New Harmony is located in the Metropolitan School District of North Posey County.

It was previously in the New Harmony Town and Township Consolidated Schools. For over 200 years, New Harmony was served by New Harmony School, a K–12 school. In 2012, due to low enrollment and funding cuts, the school consolidated with the MSD of North Posey County. This district operates four schools:

 * North Posey High School (9–12)
 * North Posey Junior High School (7–8)
 * North Elementary School (K–6)
 * South Terrace Elementary School (K–6)

Transportation

 * [[Image:indiana 66.svg|30px]] Indiana State Road 66, ends at New Harmony Toll Bridge.
 * [[Image:indiana 68.svg|30px]] Indiana State Road 68, ends just north of New Harmony
 * [[Image:indiana 69.svg|30px]] Indiana State Road 69, used to end at New Harmony, now goes around town and ends at nearby Griffin.

In Media

 * New Harmony is the setting for the season three finale of The CW television series Supernatural.
 * A short experimental film, The Ends of Utopia, was created in 2009 by a Vanderbilt University student.
 * The 2023 historical fiction novel Destination Harmony: A Novel of the Owenite Experiment by Rebecca May Hope, is set in New Harmony, Indiana in 1825.

History

 * Bestor, Arthur. Backwoods Utopias (University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1950, 2nd. ed. 1970)
 * Blair, Don. The New Harmony Story (The New Harmony Publication Committee, 1967)
 * De la Hunt, Thomas James, ed. History of the New Harmony Workingmen's Institute, New Harmony, Indiana (Evansville, 1927)
 * Douglas, Jeffrey. "William Maclure and the New Harmony Working Men's Institute", Libraries and Culture 26 (1991): 402–414.
 * Elliott, Josephine Mirabella. Charles-Alexandre Lesueur: Premier Naturalist and Artist
 * Galbraith, John Kenneth. The Age of Uncertainty: The Prophets and Promise of Classical Capitalism (BBC, 1977)
 * Gutek, Gerald Lee. ''Joseph Neef: The Americanization of Pestalozzianism" (University of Alabama Press, 1978)
 * Hackensmith, Charles W. Biography of Joseph Neef, Educator in the Ohio Valley, 1809–1854 (New York: Carlton Press, 1973)
 * Harrison, J. F. C. Robert Owen and the Owenite Movement in Britain and America: The Quest for the New Moral World (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969)
 * Hendrickson, Walter Brookfield. David Dale Owen: Pioneer Geologist of the Middle West (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Bureau, 1943)
 * Lang, Elfrieda. "The Inhabitants of New Harmony According to the Federal Census of 1850", Indiana Magazine of History 42, no. 4 (December 1946): 355–394.
 * Leopold, Richard William. Robert Dale Owen: A Biography (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1940; New York: Octagon Books, reprint 1969)
 * Lockwood, G. B. The New Harmony Communities (New York, 1905)
 * Stroud, Patricia Tyson. Thomas Say: New World Naturalist, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1992.
 * Young, Marguerite. Angel in the Forest: A Fairy Tale of Two Utopias (New York: Scribners, 1945)

Paul Tillich

 * Pauck, Wilhelm, and Marion Pauck, Paul Tillich: His Life & Thought (New York: Life, Harper & Row, 1976)
 * Ressl, William, and Penny Taylor, Excerpts from The Paul Tillich Archive of New Harmony, Indiana: From the Collection of Mrs. Jane Blaffer Owen (Chicago, Illinois: 2007) (OCLC 180767473)
 * Ruediger Reitz, Paul Tillich und New Harmony (Stuttgart, Germany: Evangelisches Verlagswerk, 1970)

The Atheneum and Richard Meier

 * Abercrombie, Stanley. "A Vision Continued." AIA Journal, mid-May 1980, pp. 126–137.
 * "The Architecture of the Promenade: The Atheneum." International Architect 3, 1980, pp. 13–24.
 * Cassara, Silvio. "Intrinsic Qualities of Remembrances. The Atheneum at New Harmony, Indiana." Parametro, July/August 1976, pp. 16–19, 59.
 * Cohen, Arthur. "Richard Meier, Creator of a New Harmony: An Architect Builds a Classic Meeting Hall for the Nations Heartland." United Mainliner, March 1980, pp. 25–65.
 * Futagawa, Yukio, ed. "Collage and Study Sketches for the Atheneum."; "Meier's Atheneum." by Kenneth Frampton; "Richard Meier, An American Architect." by Arthur Cohen; "The Atheneum, New Harmony, Ind. (First Scheme)."; "The Atheneum (Executed Scheme)." GA Document 1, 1980, pp. 25–65.
 * Futagawa, Yukio, ed. "The Atheneum, New Harmony, Indiana. 1975-1979." Text by Paul Goldberger. Global Architecture 60, 1981. Reprinted in Global Architecture Book 6: Public Buildings. Tokyo: A.D.A. Edita Co., 1981, n.p.
 * Goldberger, Paul. "The Atheneum: Utopia Lives." Vogue, February 1980, pp. 250–251, 296.
 * Haker, Werner. "New Harmony und das Athenaeum von Richard Meier." Werk, Bauen + Wohnen, December 1980, pp. 44–53.
 * "Harmonious Museum for New Harmony." Life, February 1980, pp. 60–62.
 * Huxtable, Ada Louise. "A Radical New Addition for Mid-America." New York Times, September 30, 1979, sec. 2, pp. 1, 31.
 * Klotz, Heinrich, ed. "Das Athenaeum." Text by Richard Meier. Jahrbuch für Architektur: Neues Bauen 1980-1981, pp. 53–64.
 * Magnago Lampugnani, Vittorio. Architecture of Our Century in Drawings: Utopia and Reality. Stuttgart: Verlag Gerd Hatje, 1982, pp. 106–107.
 * Marlin, William. "Dissonance in New Harmony." Inland Architect, December 1981, pp. 20–28.
 * Marlin, William. "Revitalizing Architectural Legacy of an American 'Camelot.'" Christian Science Monitor, April 16, 1976, p. 26.
 * Meier, Richard. "Comments on The Atheneum, New Harmony, Indiana; Manchester Civic Center, Manchester, New Hampshire." Harvard Architectural Review, Spring 1981, pp. 176–187. Reprinted in French. Les Cahiers de la Recherche Architecturale, November 1982, pp. 66–73.
 * "The Pritzker Architecture Prize Laureates." Zodiac 12. Includes "The World's Greatest Architect." by Francesco Dal Co; "Statement on Architecture." by Richard Meier. Editrice Abitare: Milan, 1995.
 * Richard Meier Architect. New York: Rizzoli, 1984. pp. 190–215.
 * Rykwert, Joseph. "New Harmony Propylaeon." Domus, February 1980, pp. 12–17.
 * Shezen, Roberto. "La via storica: L'Atheneum di New harmony nell' Indiana di Richard Meier." Gran Bazaar, January/February 1982, pp. 128–135.
 * Stephens, Suzanne. "Emblematic Edifice: The Atheneum, New Harmony, Indiana." Progressive Architecture, February 1980, pp. 67–75.
 * Zevi, Bruno. "Un UFO nel campo de grano." L'Espresso, April 6, 1980, p. 124.

title: New Harmony, Indiana


text:
Poseyville, Indiana

Poseyville is a town in Robb Township, Posey County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. The population was 1,045 at the 2010 census.

History
The town of Poseyville was originally called Palestine when the town was first surveyed and laid out by James Smith on February 28, 1840. The town was set up along the New Harmony-Princeton coach line. The new town was recorded at the Posey County Recorder's Office on November 20, 1840.

Palestine was renamed Poseyville when the town got its first post office on February 10, 1843, due to another town named Palestine, Indiana, which already had a post office. The name was officially approved and changed by the Indiana State Legislature on December 26, 1844, but did not get recorded locally. The history books of Posey County state the town name was changed in 1852. This was the year that the town was first referred to as Poseyville in the county records. This was due to the addition of two new plats: Cale's Enlargement and Fletchall's Enlargement. This tripled the size of the town.

The Bozeman-Waters National Bank was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.

Geography
According to the 2010 census, Poseyville has a total area of 0.65 sqmi, all land.

Climate
The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Poseyville has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

Education
The town and northern half of Posey County is served by the MSD of North Posey County, which currently operates four schools:
 * North Posey High School (9-12)
 * North Posey Junior High School (7-8)
 * North Elementary School (K-6) in Poseyville
 * South Terrace Elementary School (K-6)

The town has a lending library, the Poseyville Carnegie Public Library.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 1,045 people, 454 households, and 296 families living in the town. The population density was 1607.7 PD/sqmi. There were 494 housing units at an average density of 760.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 98.9% White, 0.3% Native American, 0.2% Asian, and 0.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.2% of the population.

There were 454 households, of which 29.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.2% were married couples living together, 10.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.8% were non-families. 32.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.88.

The median age in the town was 44.1 years. 23% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 19.3% were from 25 to 44; 30.7% were from 45 to 64; and 18.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 48.4% male and 51.6% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,187 people, 458 households, and 315 families living in the town. The population density was 1,788.2 PD/sqmi. There were 490 housing units at an average density of 738.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 99.07% White, 0.08% African American, 0.34% Native American, and 0.51% from two or more races.

There were 458 households, out of which 34.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.9% were married couples living together, 9.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.2% were non-families. 28.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.16.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 28.6% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 26.0% from 25 to 44, 19.3% from 45 to 64, and 19.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.6 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $37,604, and the median income for a family was $48,417. Males had a median income of $34,444 versus $22,292 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,815. About 2.8% of families and 5.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.5% of those under age 18 and 5.0% of those age 65 or over.

Highways

 * [[Image:I-64.svg|30px]] Interstate 64
 * [[Image:indiana 68.svg|30px]] Indiana State Road 68
 * [[Image:indiana 165.svg|30px]] Indiana State Road 165

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Poseyville, Indiana


text:
Francesville, Indiana

Francesville is a town in Salem Township, Pulaski County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. The population was 852 at the 2020 census. The motto for Francesville is “A small town with a big heart.”

History

Francesville was founded in 1853 when the railroad was extended to that point. The town was named for Frances Brooks, the daughter of a railroad official. A post office has been in operation at Francesville since 1853.

Mallon Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.

Geography
According to the 2010 census, Francesville has a total area of 0.3 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 879 people, 353 households, and 259 families living in the town. The population density was 2930.0 PD/sqmi. There were 384 housing units at an average density of 1280.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 97.0% White, 0.2% African American, 0.7% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 1.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.6% of the population.

There were 353 households, of which 33.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.9% were married couples living together, 11.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 26.6% were non-families. 24.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 2.91.

The median age in the town was 39.6 years. 26.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.6% were from 25 to 44; 27% were from 45 to 64; and 16.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 49.3% male and 50.7% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 905 people, 357 households, and 252 families living in the town. The population density was 2,954.7 PD/sqmi. There were 383 housing units at an average density of 1,250.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 97.68% White, 0.11% African American, 0.22% Asian, 0.33% from other races, and 1.66% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.33% of the population.

There were 357 households, out of which 33.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.7% were married couples living together, 7.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.4% were non-families. 26.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.09.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 27.5% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 27.4% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 18.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.3 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $39,464, and the median income for a family was $43,438. Males had a median income of $30,000 versus $20,341 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,469. About 3.3% of families and 4.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.2% of those under age 18 and 2.8% of those age 65 or over.

Education
The town has a lending library, the Francesville-Salem Township Public Library.

The K-12 students attend the West Central School Corporation, which serves the western half of Pulaski County and Gillam Township in adjacent Jasper County.

title: Francesville, Indiana


text:
Medaryville, Indiana

Medaryville is a town in White Post Township, Pulaski County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. The population was 614 at the 2010 census.

History
Medaryville was laid out in 1852, just ahead of the construction of the New Albany and Salem Railroad, later called the Monon Railroad. The town was sited at the intersection of the railroad and the old Rensselaer to Winamac Road, used by settlers to travel to the Land Office in Winamac to record their claims. Medaryville was one of the few towns along the new railroad that was not laid out by James Brooks, president of the line.

The railroad today comes into Medaryville from the south, but the tracks end just north of Pearl Street. The town has always been a commercial rail shipping center for agricultural products, and a large grain storage and shipping complex remains today.

Medaryville sits at the irregular intersection of two major landforms. The northern edge of what was called the Grand Prairie lies just south of the town, and the huge swampy outwash plains of the Greater Kankakee River basin are to the north and west. Just west of town once existed a vast "Impassable Swamp" which was known to the earliest European explorers of the continent.

It was drained as part of projects of the Swamp Land Act of 1850, which resulted in the disappearance of virtually all of the once-imposing swamps. Most of that land resides in adjacent Jasper county, where a Swamplands scandal in the early 1860s resulted in a county official, who was accused of embezzlement, burning down the local courthouse to cover his tracks before skipping town.

Before the areas were drained, the temperate swamps supported a nearly unimaginable variety of flora and fauna. Pioneer accounts relate an abundance of game of every type, and many local residents made their living by hunting and trapping in the early settlement days.

The "proprietors" of the new town were Josiah Walden and William Clark, who owned the land on the east and west sides of the railroad, respectively. They were assisted by Carter Hathaway, who was a surveyor, lawyer, politician, and entrepreneur. Hathaway's ornate map of the little town "Medary Ville" was recorded in March 1852, at the Pulaski County courthouse in Winamac, the county seat. The town was laid out using old English units of measure: all the lots were four rods by eight rods, with the streets three rods wide and the alleys one. There is an exception for the lots that abut the railroad, because the right-of-way was 100 feet, which isn't an even multiple of a rod.

Neither Walden nor Clark stayed in Medaryville. Reprising the migrations that brought them to the area, each moved west again. In 1857 Clark went to Iowa, selling what was left of his holdings to William Tolbert Elston, the town's first doctor. Walden left for Kansas in 1864, selling his interest in the town to James C. Faris, a lawyer. Faris's son George Washington Faris served several terms in the U.S. House of Representatives, representing an area surrounding his home in Terre Haute.

The town was most likely named after Samuel Medary, an Ohio newspaper editor and politician who moved west with the settlers and was the last governor of the Minnesota Territory before it gained statehood. He was later the governor of the Kansas Territory. Other towns named after him are Medary, Wisconsin, near the Minnesota border, and Medary, South Dakota, which was the first town platted in the Dakota Territory.

Medary was also a common given name in Carter Hathaway's family. He named his son Richard Medary, and his brother Richard named his son Medary Montez. In 1850 Carter Hathaway platted Knox, the county seat of adjoining Starke county. He was a judge and county official in Pulaski county in the 1850s. Just after the Civil War he and his son Richard were in Rochester, Indiana, where they were involved in editing and publishing The Standard, which later became the Rochester Sentinel.

Medaryville is shown as Madeiraville on Mitchell's New Universal Atlas, 1857. The town was once also commonly known Medarysville; one history incorrectly asserts that such was the original name.

had an oil rush at the turn of the 20th century. Many wells were put in just west of town, and a refinery was built at the little town of Asphaltum. The oil pockets were of limited production, however, and the oil of poor quality. The enterprise was quickly abandoned. Attempts to rekindle the boom occurred in the 1950s and again in the 1980s, without gaining traction.

Also at the turn of the century B. J. Gifford's ambitious agricultural enterprise, known locally as the Gifford Marsh, and his railroad, The Chicago and Wabash Valley, lay west of town. From the 1930s to about 1980 William Gehring grew vegetables on much of the old Gifford land. The proximity of the potato fields led to Medaryville's longstanding nickname "Tatertown." In the past, town held a festival known as the Potato Fest, in honor of this facet of its history.

Geography
The Jasper-Pulaski Fish and Wildlife Area is northwest of town. This nature preserve is a stopover point for migrating Sandhill cranes, and attracts many visitors each fall. Each October the Medaryville/White Post Twp Fire Department sponsors a bike ride, known as the Crane Cruise, that runs through the heart of the migration territory.

According to the 2010 census, Medaryville has a total area of 0 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 614 people, 228 households, and 163 families residing in the town. The population density was 1334.8 PD/sqmi. There were 274 housing units at an average density of 595.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 94.8% White, 0.2% Native American, 3.4% from other races, and 1.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.4% of the population.

There were 228 households, of which 34.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.9% were married couples living together, 12.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 8.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 28.5% were non-families. 24.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.10.

The median age in the town was 35.2 years. 25.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.7% were from 25 to 44; 24.9% were from 45 to 64; and 14.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 48.9% male and 51.1% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 565 people, 225 households, and 152 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,240.4 PD/sqmi. There were 256 housing units at an average density of 562.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 96.64% White, 0.18% Native American, 2.83% from other races, and 0.35% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.07% of the population.

There were 225 households, out of which 27.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.9% were married couples living together, 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.4% were non-families. 28.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.11.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 24.4% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 25.0% from 25 to 44, 23.9% from 45 to 64, and 17.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.5 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $31,750, and the median income for a family was $40,750. Males had a median income of $29,904 versus $20,278 for females. The per capita income for the town was $14,937. About 3.1% of families and 4.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.1% of those under age 18 and 1.8% of those age 65 or over.

Notable people

 * Clarence Hansell (1898–1967), research engineer
 * Geneva Mitchell (1908–1949), actress

title: Medaryville, Indiana


text:
Monterey, Indiana

Monterey is a town in Tippecanoe Township, Pulaski County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. The population was 218 at the 2010 census.

History
Monterey was first called Buena Vista, and under the latter name was laid out in 1849. The present name commemorates the Battle of Monterrey. A post office called Monterey has been in operation since 1851.

The Monterey Bandstand was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.

Geography
Monterey is located along the Tippecanoe River.

According to the 2010 census, Monterey has a total area of 0.18 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 218 people, 85 households, and 51 families residing in the town. The population density was 1211.1 PD/sqmi. There were 101 housing units at an average density of 561.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 97.7% White, 0.5% African American, 0.5% Native American, and 1.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.6% of the population.

There were 85 households, of which 36.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.9% were married couples living together, 8.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.0% were non-families. 35.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.24.

The median age in the town was 35 years. 31.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.7% were from 25 to 44; 23.8% were from 45 to 64; and 14.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 52.3% male and 47.7% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 231 people, 90 households, and 60 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,353.5 PD/sqmi. There were 103 housing units at an average density of 603.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 94.81% White, 3.03% African American, 0.87% Asian, and 1.30% from two or more races.

There were 90 households, out of which 30.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.8% were married couples living together, 4.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.3% were non-families. 26.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.12.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 27.3% under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 22.5% from 25 to 44, 23.8% from 45 to 64, and 17.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 104.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.9 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $24,779, and the median income for a family was $33,750. Males had a median income of $24,167 versus $18,182 for females. The per capita income for the town was $14,479. About 6.3% of families and 14.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.4% of those under the age of eighteen and 22.9% of those 65 or over.

Education
The town has a lending library, the Monterey-Tippecanoe Township Public Library.

title: Monterey, Indiana


text:
Star City, Indiana

Star City is a census-designated place (CDP) in Van Buren Township, Pulaski County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. The population was 344 at the 2010 census.

History
Star City was originally called Scarboro, and under the latter name was laid out in 1859. The original name proved to be unpopular, and the name was changed to Star City in 1861 by a vote of the citizens.

A post office has been in operation at Star City since 1862.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1.1 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 377 people, 133 households, and 106 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 357.1 PD/sqmi. There were 138 housing units at an average density of 130.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 99.20% White, 0.27% from other races, and 0.53% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.33% of the population.

There were 133 households, out of which 39.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.7% were married couples living together, 8.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.3% were non-families. 17.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.83 and the average family size was 3.20.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 30.5% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 24.9% from 25 to 44, 24.1% from 45 to 64, and 11.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.5 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $39,432, and the median income for a family was $40,089. Males had a median income of $24,028 versus $20,302 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $14,168. None of the population or families were below the poverty line.

title: Star City, Indiana


text:
Winamac, Indiana

Winamac is a town in Monroe Township, Pulaski County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. The population was 2,490 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Pulaski County.

History
The town's name came from the Potawatomi word for "catfish." It was selected as the county seat in 1839. Winamac was incorporated as a town in 1868.

The Winamac post office has been in operation since 1839.

Pulaski County Courthouse, Dr. George W. Thompson House, and Vurpillat's Opera House are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Notable Landmarks
Winamac has several local landmarks scattered throughout the town.

=== The Artesian Well === In June 1877, the Winamac Gas and Oil company began drilling near th Tippecanoe River. Instead of oil, they discovered a water vein at 264 feet below the ground. In the following years, demand for the well's water created a small industry within the community, and local boys ventured to earn money by delivering this water to homes. During this time, the water was marketed as containing healing properties. Interest in the well had died down by the end of the 19th century. By 1920, the well had fallen victim to vandalism and decay, and was subsequently repaired. Unfortunately, the well's water pressure was later compromised by other local projects, causing it to dry up. It was capped, and an informational plaque was dedicated to the well on the 100th anniversary of its drilling. Today, it stands as a reminder of local history on the west side of the town park.

=== The Memorial Swinging Bridge === The Winamac Town Park is home to a large suspension bridge over the Tippecanoe River. This bridge was dedicated on July 4, 1923, in honor of soldiers and sailors from the Civil War onward. It has since been a popular local attraction, serving as the subject of many greeting cards and photoshoots since its dedication.

In 2020, the "Light Up Our Legacy Project" began, hoping to raise money to install LED lights on the bridge. The goal was reached, and the bridge underwent renovations through early spring of 2023, with the goal of unveiling the lights on July 4, 2023.

Geography
According to the 2010 census, Winamac has a total area of 1.36 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 2,490 people, 1,028 households, and 617 families living in the town. The population density was 1830.9 PD/sqmi. There were 1,140 housing units at an average density of 838.2 /mi2. The racial makeup of the town was 97.2% White, 0.5% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 1.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.3% of the population.

There were 1,028 households, of which 31.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.8% were married couples living together, 13.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.0% were non-families. 36.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.97.

The median age in the town was 38.8 years. 23.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.2% were from 25 to 44; 25.6% were from 45 to 64; and 16.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 48.8% male and 51.2% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,418 people, 988 households, and 607 families living in the town. The population density was 1,872.5 PD/sqmi. There were 1,079 housing units at an average density of 835.6 /mi2. The racial makeup of the town was 97.39% White, 0.70% African American, 0.21% Native American, 0.12% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.17% from other races, and 1.36% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.28% of the population.

There were 988 households, out of which 29.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.8% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.5% were non-families. 34.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.93.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 23.6% under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 26.1% from 25 to 44, 19.6% from 45 to 64, and 21.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.1 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $31,413, and the median income for a family was $43,824. Males had a median income of $29,667 versus $22,461 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,447. About 5.3% of families and 8.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.9% of those under age 18 and 11.7% of those age 65 or over.

Education
The community is located in the Eastern Pulaski Community School Corporation.

The town has a lending library, the Pulaski County Public Library.

Economy
BraunAbility is based in Winamac.

Notable people

 * Ralph Braun, businessman
 * John Buchanan, biochemist
 * Justin Haley, NASCAR driver
 * David E. Lilienthal, lawyer and head of Tennessee Valley Authority and Atomic Energy Commission
 * Judith A. Myers, Illinois state senator and educator
 * Carl W. Riddick, member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Montana, editor of the Winamac Republican newspaper

title: Winamac, Indiana


text:
Bainbridge, Indiana

Bainbridge is a town in Monroe Township, Putnam County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. The population is 699 as of 2022

History
Bainbridge was laid out in 1831. This town was named after the prominent war hero of the time, William Bainbridge. A post office has been in operation at Bainbridge since 1835. The town was incorporated in 1847. The nearby National Natural Landmark of Big Walnut Creek was designated in 1985.

Geography
According to the 2010 census, Bainbridge has a total area of 0.4 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the 2010 census, there were 746 people, 289 households, and 198 families living in the town. The population density was 1865.0 PD/sqmi. There were 324 housing units at an average density of 810.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 98.1% White, 0.1% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 1.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.1% of the population.

There were 289 households, of which 36.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.9% were married couples living together, 11.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 31.5% were non-families. 26.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 3.07.

The median age in the town was 37.5 years. 28.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.6% were from 25 to 44; 26.7% were from 45 to 64; and 11.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 49.5% male and 50.5% female.

2000 census
As of the 2000 census, there were 743 people, 284 households, and 218 families living in the town. The population density was 1,964.9 PD/sqmi. There were 305 housing units at an average density of 806.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 99.06% White, 0.27% African American, 0.27% Native American and 0.40% Asian. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.81% of the population.

There were 284 households, out of which 39.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.2% were married couples living together, 13.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.9% were non-families. 20.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.00.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 28.0% under the age of 18, 10.0% from 18 to 24, 30.7% from 25 to 44, 19.7% from 45 to 64, and 11.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.4 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $36,852, and the median income for a family was $37,222. Males had a median income of $27,917 versus $21,172 for females. The per capita income for the town was $14,231. About 4.8% of families and 5.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.1% of those under age 18 and 4.1% of those age 65 or over.

title: Bainbridge, Indiana


text:
Cloverdale, Indiana

Cloverdale is a town in Cloverdale and Warren townships, Putnam County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. The population was 2,172 at the 2010 census.

History
Cloverdale was laid out in 1839. The town was so named on account of the abundance of clover and dales near the original town site. A post office has been in operation at Cloverdale since 1836.

Geography
According to the 2010 census, Cloverdale has a total area of 3.52 sqmi, of which 3.46 sqmi (or 98.3%) is land and 0.06 sqmi (or 1.7%) is water.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 2,172 people, 885 households, and 608 families living in the town. The population density was 627.7 PD/sqmi. There were 1,001 housing units at an average density of 289.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 97.4% White, 0.6% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 0.2% from other races, and 1.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.9% of the population.

There were 885 households, of which 32.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.5% were married couples living together, 12.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 31.3% were non-families. 27.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 2.90.

The median age in the town was 42.2 years. 22.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.6% were from 25 to 44; 29.6% were from 45 to 64; and 16.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 48.3% male and 51.7% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,243 people, 901 households, and 613 families living in the town. The population density was 644.3 PD/sqmi. There were 960 housing units at an average density of 275.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 97.28% White, 0.45% African American, 0.31% Native American, 0.18% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.31% from other races, and 1.43% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.98% of the population.

There were 901 households, out of which 33.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.3% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.9% were non-families. 25.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.00.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 27.5% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 27.9% from 25 to 44, 23.4% from 45 to 64, and 13.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.4 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $36,402, and the median income for a family was $42,917. Males had a median income of $33,561 versus $20,857 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,982. About 4.0% of families and 7.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.4% of those under age 18 and 6.2% of those age 65 or over.

Infrastructure
Cloverdale is served by locally owned and based Endeavor Communications, formerly Clay County Rural Telephone Cooperative, which serves over 10,000 members. An alternative to the local phone company for internet service, PDS Wireless is locally owned an operated and serving Cloverdale and some outlying areas.

title: Cloverdale, Indiana


text:
Fillmore, Indiana

Fillmore is a town in Marion Township, Putnam County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. The population was 532 at the 2020 census.

The town is part of the South Putnam Community Schools school district.

History
An old variant name of the community was called Nicholsonville. A post office was established under this name in 1849, and was renamed to Fillmore in 1861, where it is still currently operating.

Geography
According to the 2010 census, Fillmore has a total area of 1.95 sqmi, all land.

Fillmore lies between east–west highways US Route 36 and US Route 40 and east of north–south highway US Route 231.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 533 people, 194 households, and 142 families living in the town. The population density was 273.3 PD/sqmi. There were 225 housing units at an average density of 115.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 97.0% White, 0.6% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.6% Asian, 0.6% from other races, and 1.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.3% of the population.

There were 194 households, of which 42.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.7% were married couples living together, 11.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 26.8% were non-families. 22.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.23.

The median age in the town was 35.9 years. 27.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.1% were from 25 to 44; 26.9% were from 45 to 64; and 10.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 48.6% male and 51.4% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 545 people, 196 households, and 156 families living in the town. The population density was 286.4 PD/sqmi. There were 224 housing units at an average density of 117.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 98.17% White, 0.18% African American, 1.28% Native American, 0.18% Asian, and 0.18% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.47% of the population.

There were 196 households, out of which 44.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.3% were married couples living together, 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.4% were non-families. 18.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.78 and the average family size was 3.14.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 32.3% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 30.6% from 25 to 44, 18.5% from 45 to 64, and 11.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.0 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $38,269, and the median income for a family was $40,568. Males had a median income of $27,404 versus $21,875 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,514. About 5.2% of families and 8.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.2% of those under age 18 and 3.4% of those age 65 or over.

title: Fillmore, Indiana


text:
Greencastle, Indiana

Greencastle is a city in Greencastle Township, Putnam County, Indiana, United States, and the county seat of Putnam County. It is located near Interstate 70 approximately halfway between Terre Haute and Indianapolis in the west-central portion of the state. The city is the home of DePauw University. The population was 9,820 at the 2020 census.

History
Greencastle was founded in 1821 by Ephraim Dukes on a land grant. He named the settlement for his hometown of Greencastle, Pennsylvania. Greencastle was a village or town operating under authority of the Putnam County commissioners until March 9, 1849, when it became a town by special act of the local legislature. Greencastle, Indiana, officially became a city after an election held on July 8, 1861. The first mayor of Greencastle was E. R. Kercheval, a member of the Freemason Temple Lodge #47. The city became the county seat of Putnam County.

1933 Bank Heist
John Herbert Dillinger, Jr. (June 22, 1903 – July 22, 1934) was an American gangster and bank-robber in the Depression-era United States. He was charged, but never convicted, with the murder of an East Chicago police officer whom he shot in the knee while fleeing the scene of his heist. John Dillinger's largest haul was at the Central National Bank in Greencastle, Indiana, in 1933 one of six banks he robbed in Indiana. In Our Past, Their Present: Historical Essays on Putnam County Indiana, John J. Baughman writes, "On Monday, October 23, 1933, four armed men entered the Central National Bank of Greencastle and escaped with $74,782.09. The Dillinger robbery became one of the major events of Greencastle history."

Historic Places
Greencastle has three historic neighborhoods – Old Greencastle, the Eastern Enlargement and the Northwood Neighborhood that were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.

Greencastle is also home to 20 historical sites according to the National Register of Historic Places. These include The Appleyard, The Boulders house, Brick Chapel United Methodist Church, Courthouse Square Historic District, Delta Kappa Epsilon Fraternity house, East College of DePauw University, Forest Hill Cemetery, Richard M. Hazelett house, Alfred Hirt House, McKim Observatory, F.P. Nelson house, Old Greencastle Historic District, Lycurgus Stoner House, and William C. Van Arsdel house.

Geography
According to the 2010 census, Greencastle has a total area of 5.291 sqmi, of which 5.24 sqmi (or 99.04%) is land and 0.051 sqmi (or 0.96%) is water.

Climate
Humid continental climate is a climatic region typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Dfa"(Hot Summer Continental Climate).

2020 census
As of the census of 2020, there were 9,820 people, 3,446 households, and 1,989 families residing in the city. The population density was 1884.11 PD/sqmi. There were 3,908 housing units. The racial makeup of the city was 88.9% White, 1.8% African American, 0.2% Native American, 5.5% Asian, 0.1% from other races, and 3.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.7% of the population.

There were 3,446 households. The average household size was 2.10 and the average family size was 2.93.

Age and sex: 4.3% of residents were under the age of 5 years; 18.2% of residents were under the age of 18; and 14.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.4% male and 50.6% female.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 10,326 people, 3,368 households, and 1,989 families residing in the city. The population density was 1970.6 PD/sqmi. There were 3,742 housing units at an average density of 714.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 92.4% White, 2.7% African American, 0.3% Native American, 1.9% Asian, 0.9% from other races, and 1.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.5% of the population.

There were 3,368 households, of which 30.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.0% were married couples living together, 12.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.9% were non-families. 35.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.93.

The median age in the city was 27.4 years. 19% of residents were under the age of 18; 28.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 19.7% were from 25 to 44; 18.6% were from 45 to 64; and 14.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.7% male and 53.3% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 9,880 people, 3,353 households, and 2,038 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,864.6 PD/sqmi. There were 3,532 housing units at an average density of 666.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 93.91% White, 2.67% African American, 0.25% Native American, 1.36% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 0.68% from other races, and 1.05% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.43% of the population.

There were 3,353 households, out of which 30.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.1% were married couples living together, 11.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.2% were non-families. 34.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.93.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 20.2% under the age of 18, 27.3% from 18 to 24, 22.2% from 25 to 44, 15.9% from 45 to 64, and 14.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 27 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.2 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $29,798, and the median income for a family was $41,250. Males had a median income of $30,940 versus $20,889 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,351. About 7.6% of families and 9.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.8% of those under age 18 and 11.3% of those age 65 or over.

Culture
Greencastle hosts multiple festivals and cultural institutions. These include the Greencastle Music Fest, the Downtown Greencastle Farmers' Market, First Friday Greencastle, the Monon Bell Football Game, Music on the Square, the Putnam County 4-H Fair, and the Richard E. Peeler Art Center. The Putnam County Playhouse is also located in Greencastle.

Parks
There are multiple parks and public recreational areas in the city. These include Big Walnut Sports Park, DePauw University Nature Park, Jaycee Park, and Robe Ann Park. Greencastle also maintains People Pathways, a network of trails and signed routes around Greencastle that also links to neighboring communities.

Education
Public schools

Greencastle's public schools are operated by the Greencastle Community School Corporation. The Greencastle School Corporation consists of one Central Office; one High School, Greencastle High School, which hosts grades 9th through 12th; one Middle School, Greencastle Middle School, which hosts grades 6th through 8th; one Intermediate School, Tzouanakis Intermediate School, which hosts grades 3rd through 5th and two Primary Schools, Martha J. Ridpath Primary School (also known as Ridpath Primary) and Deer Meadow Primary School which each host kindergarten through 2nd grade.

Private schools

Peace Lutheran School is a private school in Greencastle, Indiana, which according to their website is "an outreach of Peace Lutheran Church." It was founded in 1984 as a preschool. In 1995, kindergarten was added as a half-day program. The year 2002 marked the beginning of the Primary School with the addition of 5th grade. (In Indiana, Primary Schools are typically interpreted as 1st through 2nd, 3rd, or 4th grades.) As of 2011, the school hosts grades kindergarten through 6th grade.

Colleges and universities

DePauw University is a private national liberal arts college. It was founded as Indiana Asbury University in 1837 as an all men's school. In 1867, Laura Beswick, Mary Simmons, Alice Allen, and Bettie Locke Hamilton (then Bettie Locke), the chief founder of Kappa Alpha Theta, America's first college women's fraternity, became the University's first four female students.

DePauw today has an enrollment of about 2400 students. Students hail from 42 states and 32 countries with a 20.4% multicultural enrollment. DePauw's liberal arts education gives students a chance to gain general knowledge outside of their direct area of study. DePauw consistently ranks among the top 50 liberal arts colleges in America in both U.S. News & World Report rankings and Kiplinger's “best value” list. In a 2009 Center for College Affordability & Productivity ranking published in Forbes magazine, DePauw was ranked No. 42 under “America’s Best Colleges.”

Ivy Tech Community College (also Ivy Tech) is the nation's largest statewide community college with single accreditation. A 33,300 square foot, $8.6 million Ivy Tech campus was completed in 2009 in Greencastle. The Ivy Tech branch in Greencastle is also assisted financially by The Putnam County Community Foundation.

Other educational facilities Greencastle is the home of the Putnam County Public Library, a public library which serves patrons from Putnam County and surrounding counties. Services include books, books on CD, ebooks, movies, music, newspapers, magazines, computer and Internet access, Wi-fi, inter-library loan, programming for all ages, author series, book discussion groups and multiple public meeting rooms. The PCPL Local History and Genealogy Department is dedicated to collecting, preserving, and providing public access to Putnam County's historical records. As of 2017 the library began an adult literacy program, the Putnam Adult Literacy Services (PALS). In conjunction with the PALS program, the PALS Pups program allows children to read to the certified "good citizen" dogs. The Putnam County Public Library is a Carnegie Library and was built in 1903. In 1996, a large addition made the library what it is today.

Greencastle also once had a municipal Carnegie library, which is now known as The William Weston Clarke Emison Museum of Art (otherwise known as The Emison Museum of Art or The Emison Art Center). The library became a museum in 1986, and was renamed to honor the financial contributions of James W. Emison, a longtime member of DePauw University's Board of Trustees and benefactor of the University, and other Emison family members. The building was constructed in 1908. The Emison Art Center was originally the Depauw University (then, Indiana Asbury University) campus library.

The Putnam County Museum houses a "permanent collection of nearly 2,000 Putnam County related artifacts offers the county residents and visitors a historical overview of the county, including its significance during the Civil War and a glimpse into everyday life of Putnam residents in the past. The Museum also showcases the Putnam County contemporary artists in revolving exhibits, featuring at least one new artist every month."

Notable people

 * William Atherton (1793-1863), soldier
 * Charles A. Beard (1874-1948) and Mary Ritter Beard (1876-1958), American historians
 * Pearl Bryan (d. 1896), murder victim
 * Samuel T. Busey (1833-1909), Civil War general and politician
 * Amalia Küssner Coudert (1863-1932), miniaturist
 * William Michael Crose (1867-1929), Governor of American Samoa
 * S. H. Dudley (1864-1947), singer and pioneer recording artist
 * Bob Flanigan (1926-2011), singer with The Four Freshmen
 * Glenn Gass, (born 1956) rock 'n' roll music educator
 * Garfield Thomas Haywood (1880-1931), pastor and founder Pentecostal Assemblies of the World

 * Jane Louise Kelly (born 1964), Federal appellate judge 8th Circuit
 * Eli Lilly lived in Greencastle for several years; he opened a drugstore in Greencastle in 1861
 * Tad Robinson (born 1956), blues singer
 * Alexander Campbell Stevenson (1802-1889), Indiana physician and state legislator
 * Jesse W. Weik (1857-1930), Abraham Lincoln biographer

title: Greencastle, Indiana


text:
Roachdale, Indiana

Roachdale is a town in Franklin and Jackson townships, Putnam County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. The population was 926 at the 2010 census.

History
Roachdale was platted in 1879, and named for Judge Roach, a railroad official. A post office has been in operation at Roachdale since 1880. Roachdale was incorporated in 1882 when the railroad was extended to that point.

Geography
According to the 2010 census, Roachdale has a total area of 0.51 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 926 people, 356 households, and 240 families living in the town. The population density was 1815.7 PD/sqmi. There were 401 housing units at an average density of 786.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 99.2% White and 0.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.4% of the population.

There were 356 households, of which 40.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.6% were married couples living together, 14.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 32.6% were non-families. 26.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.16.

The median age in the town was 35.6 years. 29.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.3% were from 25 to 44; 25.9% were from 45 to 64; and 13.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 49.7% male and 50.3% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 975 people, 388 households, and 268 families living in the town. The population density was 1,910.2 PD/sqmi. There were 418 housing units at an average density of 819.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 99.28% White, 0.21% African American, 0.10% Native American, and 0.41% from two or more races.

There were 388 households, out of which 32.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.1% were married couples living together, 11.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.9% were non-families. 27.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.05.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 27.7% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 16.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.5 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $31,932, and the median income for a family was $39,792. Males had a median income of $31,688 versus $22,375 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,112. About 9.6% of families and 12.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.3% of those under age 18 and 10.7% of those age 65 or over.

Education
The town has a lending library, the Roachdale-Franklin Township Public Library.

Arts and culture
An annual tradition of roach races began in the town in 1981, as "a gimmick for the Fourth of July carnival". To insure large sizes the roaches are imported from South Carolina labs. Contestants put their insects in a plastic container that is placed on an oval track on a four by eight plywood board. The container is lifted at the start of the race and whichever roach reaches the perimeter of the board first is declared the winner of each heat. The popularity of the race resulted in its appearing on the television programs regionally on Across Indiana and nationally on Good Morning America. In addition to being covered by The Indianapolis Star newspaper, the race was written up in Ripley's Believe It or Not!. Many contestants dress their roaches by gluing paper top hats, saddles, or other apparel to their backs. At the end of racing the roaches are collected, sprayed with insecticide, and disposed of.

title: Roachdale, Indiana


text:
Russellville, Indiana

Russellville is a town in Russell Township, Putnam County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. The population was 358 at the 2010 census.

History
Russellville was laid out in 1828. The town took its name from Russell Township. A post office has been in operation at Russellville since 1832. Russellville was incorporated in the 1880s when the railroad was extended to that point.

Geography
According to the 2010 census, Russellville has a total area of 0.2 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 358 people, 145 households, and 97 families living in the town. The population density was 1790.0 PD/sqmi. There were 161 housing units at an average density of 805.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 97.5% White, 1.1% Native American, 0.8% Pacific Islander, and 0.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.3% of the population.

There were 145 households, of which 35.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.9% were married couples living together, 14.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 33.1% were non-families. 28.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 2.95.

The median age in the town was 42.6 years. 22.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.8% were from 25 to 44; 31.4% were from 45 to 64; and 13.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 50.0% male and 50.0% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 340 people, 137 households, and 90 families living in the town. The population density was 1,712.7 PD/sqmi. There were 149 housing units at an average density of 750.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 97.65% White, 0.88% Native American, 0.59% Asian, and 0.88% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.47% of the population.

There were 137 households, out of which 35.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.6% were married couples living together, 5.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.6% were non-families. 32.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.12.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 29.4% under the age of 18, 5.6% from 18 to 24, 29.7% from 25 to 44, 18.8% from 45 to 64, and 16.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.0 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $34,375, and the median income for a family was $41,458. Males had a median income of $31,827 versus $25,000 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,236. About 4.1% of families and 6.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 20.3% of those age 65 or over.

title: Russellville, Indiana