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Summitville mine

The Summitville mine was a gold mining site in the United States, located in Rio Grande County, Colorado 25 mi south of Del Norte. It is remembered for the environmental damage caused in the 1980s by the leakage of mining by-products into local waterways and then the Alamosa River.

History
Charles Baker's group of prospectors found traces of placer gold in the San Juan Mountains in 1860 at Eureka, Colorado. The group was forced out in 1861 by the Ute Tribe, who had been awarded the area in a US treaty. Gold was discovered in Wightman Fork, on South Mountain, which is the same location of present-day Summitville. More prospectors returned in 1871, when lode gold was found in the Little Giant vein at Arrasta Gulch, near Silverton, Colorado. The miners were allowed to stay after the Brunot Treaty of 13 Sept. 1873. In exchange for giving up 4 million acres, the Southern Ute Indian Reservation received $25,000 per year. Gold veins were found at 11,500 feet on South Mountain in 1873 and the town was founded when stamp and amalgamation mills were built.

By 1885 there were more than 250 individual claims in operation. The site was soon mined out, with the weather of the 3,500 m high site adding to difficulties. The site was re-opened on a number of occasions for gold or other metals but with little success, and prior to the site's acquisition in 1984 the last survey was in the early 1970s for copper. The total amount of gold extracted from the site from 1873 until 1959 was around 257,600 ozt.

In 1984 an area of 1230 acre was acquired by the Canadian-based Galactic Resources Ltd. subsidiary Summitville Consolidated Mining Company, Inc. (SCMCI). They began a new large-scale open pit operation covering 550 acre. New techniques were used to extract gold from otherwise uneconomic ore.

The mining involved the treatment of pyritic ore with a sodium cyanide solution to leach the gold out of the ore—heap leaching (see also cyanide process). The solution (leachate) was then removed from the ore and the valuable metals extracted using activated carbon. SCMCI leached around 10 million tons of ore on a 73 acre heap leach pad. The mining operations were finished in October 1991 with the leaching continuing until March 1992, when Galactic Resources filed for bankruptcy. A total of 294,365 ozt of gold and 319,814 ozt of silver were recovered. SCMCI then closed the site and converted on-site equipment for the detoxification process, with around 160 million U.S. gallons (610,000 m3) of stored water needing treatment. After the company insolvency proceedings were completed in a British Columbia court, the US Government declared the site a superfund cleanup site and spent $155,000,000 of public funds cleaning up the site.

Cease-and-desist order and aftermath
In 1991 SCMCI was served with a cease-and-desist order by the state government, concerned with metal levels in nearby water due to the run-off of excess water from the heap leach pad and through the damaged pad liner. Possibly 85,000 US gallons (320 m3) of contaminated water had leaked into nearby creeks. In December 1992 Galactic Resources Ltd. declared itself bankrupt and declared that the site clean-up operations would halt immediately. The site clean-up was undertaken by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), from 1994 under Superfund Emergency Response. The main problem was the contaminated water held in an inadequate pond system. Another source of contamination was water leaking from older underground workings. The EPA estimated that 3,000 US gallons (11 m3) were leaking from the site every minute. However, despite the water having a pH of around 3 (acidic), a USGS study stated that the run-off was no serious threat.

$155 million was spent on the site for detoxification and to reduce leakage. Robert Friedland, the chairman of Galactic Resources Ltd. paid around $30 million in settlement. Heavy metals and acid from the mine are suspected to have killed stocked fish in downstream reservoirs on the Alamosa River in 1990. Although cyanide from the heap leach pads also leaked in the watershed, cyanide is believed to have quickly volatilized into the atmosphere without damaging downstream aquatic life.

Natural versus man made pollution
Rocks in the Summitville area were millions of years ago subjected to acid-sulfate alteration, which causes the streams that drain the area to be naturally acidic and naturally high in metals. The very names of nearby creeks are evidence of poor natural water quality: Iron Creek, Alum Creek, and Bitter Creek. Mining at Summitville, by exposing more rock surface to weathering, increased acidity and concentrations of dissolved metals in runoff from the mine area. The degradation in Summitville runoff water quality has its origin in both decades-old mining structures, such as the Reynold's adit, and the open-pit mining of 1985–1992.

Water runoff from the Summitville mine flows down Wightman Fork, mixes with naturally acidic runoff from unmined areas, flows into the Alamosa River and flows out of the mountains into the San Luis Valley, where it is used for crop irrigation. A United States Geological Survey investigation arrived at three major conclusions:

Extreme acid-rock drainage is the dominant long-term environmental concern at the Summitville mine and could have been predicted given the geological characteristics of the deposit. Extensive remedial efforts are required to isolate both unweathered sulfides and soluble metal salts in the open-pit area and mine-waste piles from weathering and dissolution.

It is likely that natural contamination adversely affected water quality and fish habitat in the Alamosa River long before and will continue to have adverse effects even when acid drainage from Summitville is remediated. Thus, reasonable natural conditions for the Alamosa River must be established in order to set realistic remediation conditions for the Summitville site.

Results of studies as of late 1993 indicate that mining at Summitville has had no discernible short-term adverse effects on barley or alfalfa crops irrigated with Alamosa River water. Remediation of the site will help to ensure that no adverse effects occur over the longer term.

title: Summitville mine


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Talk:Malaria

Edit protected
Kindly add to the Research chapter, probably best under the Other sub heading: The Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute has made available a simulator program for studying malaria epidemiology and the impacts of interventions against malaria. regards 2001:14BA:80D2:6F00:0:0:0:1EC (talk) 09:31, 30 September 2018 (UTC)

 * Changed reference to standard reference. – BrandonXLF   (t@lk)  23:20, 2 October 2018 (UTC)
 * GitHub isn't reliable. – BrandonXLF   (t@lk)  00:07, 3 October 2018 (UTC)

−
 * (ec) The cited ref here is a GitHub repository, and thus a primary source and not suitable for use a reference in this context. So I've undone this. Yilloslime (talk) 00:09, 3 October 2018 (UTC)

Text
This source "Non lethal pathogenic diseases: changing the paradigm from a zero sum game to a symbiotic relationship, the case of malaria." does not appear to be pubmed indexed. Also person who added it appears to have a COI. And were does it say it is CC BY? Doc James (talk · contribs · email) 04:12, 4 March 2019 (UTC)

"The Plasmodium parasite has a long human co-evolutionary history. It may hence be reasonably expected to be more genetically diverse and thus have a greater propensity to create resistant variants in response to vaccine deployment. Conversely, its human hosts would be expected to generate  Darwinian balanced polymorphism - such as Sickle Cell Anemia - against parasite invasion that mitigate damage to both host and parasite alike. Since the blood stage is the only stage in the parasite life cycle that causes disease, an evolutionary symbiotic drug design strategy has been proposed that prevents or decreases the asexual reproductive cycle in the red blood cells without exerting significant selective pressure on either the Gametocytes or the transmission rates of the parasite. Malaria may be best treated as a manageable disease associated with asymptomatic (made so by drugs that selectively target the asexual stages of the parasite without interfering with transmission) in vivo sexual parasite load. There would be negligible Evolutionary pressure on the parasite to evolve resistance to such drugs that work with - rather then against - natural selection "

Semi-protected edit request on 26 July 2019
Each year, approximately 210 million people are infected with malaria, and about 440,000 people die from the disease. Most of the people who die from the disease are young children in Africa. — Preceding unsigned comment added by IBRAHIM K. YUSUF (talk • contribs) 19:13, 26 July 2019 (UTC)

Study in Lancet
It was mentioned on the news this morning (September 9 2019) that a study in The Lancet had said malaria could be eliminated in a generation. Could this be mentioned in the article? Vorbee (talk) 06:38, 9 September 2019 (UTC)
 * In my opinion, yes. Just be sure to comply with WP:UNDUE and other relevant policies. Clarinetguy097 (talk) 01:58, 10 September 2019 (UTC)

 * It's more of a campaign than a scientific consensus, but it's intriguing. A bit news-ish. — soupvector (talk) 02:16, 10 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Thanks for link. From the first few pages, it seems that this commission came up with a plan to eradicate malaria by 2050, but they don't yet know if anyone is actually going to carry out the plan. Clarinetguy097 (talk) 22:58, 11 September 2019 (UTC)
 * With the situation in Venezuela, unlikely. Sandy Georgia  (Talk)  23:16, 10 March 2020 (UTC)

Significant because of the scale of the Crisis in Venezuela and the likelihood of diseases crossing borders via emigration. Sandy Georgia (Talk)  23:16, 10 March 2020 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit to add "citation needed"
It's unclear whether the sentence under Pathophysiology section that reads "Some P. vivax sporozoites do not immediately develop into exoerythrocytic-phase merozoites, but instead, produce hypnozoites that remain dormant for periods ranging from several months (7–10 months is typical) to several years. " is supported by the citations in its following sentences. Thus the claim that "...dormant for periods ranging from several months (7-10 months) to several years." seems to require a citation, and ideally more specificity around "several years" (how many? what study has found an upper range?).

I request someone confirm the existing citations work for that claim and give it the same citation link, or that a "citation needed" flag get added to that sentence.

Earthonaut (talk) 01:56, 21 April 2020 (UTC)

 * ✅ Thanks. I've given that sentence the same citation link - the source does support that statement. Re duration: "Sometimes the latency could be as long as one year, and there were well documented, but apparently unusual, cases reported of latencies greater than two years." Wantok (toktok) 07:16, 21 April 2020 (UTC)

Hydroxychloroquine
Shouldn't there be some mention in this article about the use of Hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for malaria, since that is its primary use? Stevenmitchell (talk) 04:08, 17 May 2020 (UTC)

 * We previously had references to Hydroxychloroquine in this article, but in case you aren't aware, Donald Trump suggested that the anti-viral properties of HCQ might be useful against COVID-19. Due to this substantially problematic suggestion, we're working diligently to remove all references of this medication from all wikipedia articles, regardless of Notability . e.g., CDC articles like this CDC informatic are now deprecated, and borderline malinformation. Calebb (talk) 05:49, 29 April 2022 (UTC)

 * Having looked at your contributions, thankfully, I can't see any evidence of your involvement in such stupidity. Graham Beards (talk) 14:41, 24 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Am I understanding correctly that a group of volunteer Wikipedia editors have decided that because Donald Trump promoted Hydroxychloroquine when it was contraindicated, you are now out trumping Trump by removing all references to Hydroxychloroquine, even when it's appropriate?
 * I agree with User:Stevenmitchell: If the CDC is still recommending Hydroxychloroquine as a prophylactic or treatment for malaria, it should be mentioned in this article.
 * Where is it documented that a CDC publication is deprecated? How can learn more about this?  Thanks, DavidMCEddy (talk) 12:18, 29 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Hydroxychloroquine should not be deprecated or removed from this article, or even the associated Covid-19 articles. It is a viable medication for Malaria that is used in much of the world. While I am anti-Trump and have been since he first got famous for his bigotry back in the 1970s, Hydroxychloroquine should be included in both articles, undoubtedly for different reasons. Here it should be mentioned for its international use to treat Malaria, and in the Covid-19-related articles, it should be mentioned for the controversies surrounding its use, emanating from Donald Trump and other medical practitioners' adoption, as long as its appropriately referenced and mentioned for its controversial Covid-19 use. Controversies associated with particular topics, are a standard inclusion in Wikipedia articles. No mention or information at all on this topic, as an absence, invites comments from anonymous contributors originating from outside of Wikipedia, to supplement this void in a likely irresponsible manner. If the topic of Hydroxychloroquine is introduced in its appropriate contexts for each topic of interest, then it will be much easier to maintain a neutral position on any editorial additions of Hydroxychloroquine to affiliated articles... Stevenmitchell (talk) 23:47, 1 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Where is there a consensus that all references to hydroxychloroquine should be removed from this article? HCQ is still a viable treatment for this indication. — Shibboleth ink  (♔ ♕) 12:08, 24 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Can someone who knows this topic better than I do please add (or restore) appropriate references to Hydroxychloroquine? This article should contain such.  If others want to remove such references, they need to explain why.  DavidMCEddy (talk) 14:22, 24 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Would be happy to do so; I will try and find time this weekend (currently cramming for an exam on Friday). If anybody else has time before then, be my guest —  Shibboleth ink  (♔ ♕) 14:48, 24 August 2022 (UTC)

Transmission of malaria
The article reasonably lacks information regarding transmission of the disease. Though malaria is a mosquito-borne disease, it can obviously be transmitted via blood transfusion. The parasites responsible, albeit P. falciparum being the most common, may also be transmitted across the placenta. Furthermore, transmissions by organ transplantation have also been reported. Very few things have been told about these transmissions. A detailed discussion about these transmissions may be added together with the vector transmission by making a seperate section named as 'Disease transmission' or whatsoever.--A doxadius (talk) 00:16, 4 January 2021 (UTC)

Remove "further reading" list?
Does anyone object if I remove the "further reading" list? I think it's an arbitrary listing of publications, including a very old one. Surely if they are important they should rather be used as in-line citations. EMsmile (talk) 11:26, 5 May 2021 (UTC)

Move the section about climate change?
The section about climate change impacts is important but I am not sure if it should be under "Cause". It's not that climate change is the root cause, it's just that it means the mosquitos responsible for malaria are becoming more common in areas where they weren't before. So I am wondering if it should be moved to "Epidemiology" rather, and become a sub-section there. Thoughts? - Also, could anyone interested in the topic please check if we have the right level of detail here versus the details available in Climate change and infectious diseases. Do we need more or less? That other article could also do with improvements in case anyone is interesting in this topic. EMsmile (talk) 11:29, 5 May 2021 (UTC)
 * I have moved the climate change section to "epidemiology" now. EMsmile (talk) 01:42, 10 May 2021 (UTC)

First effective treatment for malaria came from ...?
I perceive an inconsistency in the section of this article on History: It says, 'The first effective treatment for malaria came from the bark of cinchona tree, which contains quinine. This tree grows on the slopes of the Andes, mainly in Peru. The indigenous peoples of Peru made a tincture of cinchona to control fever. Its effectiveness against malaria was found and the Jesuits introduced the treatment to Europe around 1640 ... . The medicinal value of Artemisia annua has been used by Chinese herbalists in traditional Chinese medicines for 2,000 years. In 1596, Li Shizhen recommended tea made from qinghao specifically to treat malaria symptoms in his "Compendium of Materia Medica".'

In particular, this passage suggests that Artemisia annua (which does NOT contain quinine) may have been used to control malaria in China before a tincture of cinchona was used by the indigenous peoples of Peru. I don't know enough to fix this problem, but this analysis suggests an opportunity to improve this article. Thanks, DavidMCEddy (talk) 14:51, 3 September 2021 (UTC)

images?
Two questions regarding images:

1. The "Child with malaria in Ethiopia" image a little over half way through the article is the same as the still displayed with the "Video summary (script)" at the end of the lede. Maybe the later image should be deleted and the "Video summary (script)" should be modified to be more specific?

2. Is there a reason File:PFLDH.png was deleted? Probably: It looks a little too cartoonish and illustrates things not mentioned in the text. However, I felt need to ask to make sure it wasn't deleted by accident.

Thanks for all you do to help educate the entirety of humanity, DavidMCEddy (talk) 16:45, 21 September 2021 (UTC)

 * User:DavidMCEddy, I agree with #1. The second photo was not only cartoonish, but a copyright violation improperly uploaded to Commons. It should be deleted from there soon.--Quisqualis (talk) 19:15, 21 September 2021 (UTC)

History related to the origin of Plasmodium falciparum
The history section currently reads as follows: On the other hand, in the article Plasmodium falciparum, we have Which of these is correct?  Arbitrarily0  ( talk ) 01:04, 8 November 2022 (UTC)

Unreliable sourcing
I noticed a few sentences with phrasing that struck me as odd for Wikipedia standards; notably, "However, most of the P. vivax replicating merozoite biomass is now (since 2021) known to be hidden in the spleen and bone marrow (perhaps elsewhere too), thereby supporting the astute, long-standing (since 2011) but previously ignored theory that non-circulating merozoites are the source many P. vivax malarial recurrences (see “Recurrent malaria” section below)." and "But doing this is not necessarily correct." After a little bit of digging it seems like the author of these sentences, IdleMan, has been making many edits with citations to journal publications by a "Miles B Markus."

Objectively, Markus's journal articles are not cited by other authors discussing relevant topics, and a good portion of Markus's references are to his own earlier publications. Additionally, I could not find other sources that corroborated most claims that were inserted by IdleMan.

Subjectively, cursory reads of Markus's articles and the edits made by Idleman have the same "voice," as well as what I would call a "compulsion to correct and prevent incorrect terminology usage." A good portion of IdleMan's edit seem to have been in good faith with the intent to make certain complex topics regarding malaria less vague, but were redundant at best and damaging to clarity at worst. That being said, certain edits included especially self-congratulatory language or passive aggressive comments directed to the malaria research community at large for failure to recognize the (supposed) significance of Miles B. Markus's research.

Upon further investigation similar edits have been made on related pages like Plasmodium vivax and Tafenoquine. I am going to remove edits made by IdleMan that cite journal articles by Markus, and fix certain other grammatical changes. I will be doing this both on this article and other articles edited by IdleMan, but I won't blindly revert all edits they have made. Bennychloroplast (talk) 21:10, 24 July 2023 (UTC)

 * COMMENT FROM IDLEMAN: I understand what the editor means and he/she has a good point(s). One will not at this stage necessarily find corroborating publications, because some cutting-edge stuff is involved. But I am going to add a couple of such citations, nevertheless, to ameliorate the incorrect "redundant at best" and "unreliable sourcing", etc., impressions. At the same time, I'll modify some of the language. Wait for it. Thank you. P.S.: A hot topic in malariology today is the habitual poor citing since 1980 (because of what some authors did then) of e.g. the fact that Markus is the person who coined the standard malaria-related term "hypnozoite". And so on. Long story. This largely explains the editor's accurate observation: "Objectively, ... are not cited by other authors ...".     — Preceding unsigned comment added by IdleMan (talk • contribs) 00:07, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
 * SECOND COMMENT FROM IDLEMAN: I see that edits have already been made and described as "Unsupported claims and unclear wording removed". However, almost all the claims were accompanied by citations (I was planning to add at least two more). The upshot is that the article is now technically out of date in a few highly topical (in 2023) and cutting-edge respects (that are progressively being agreed with in the field concerned), making it somewhat pedestrian in relation to these paradigm-shifting aspects. Technical errors have been introduced via one or two of the deletions, which seem to have been aimed at removing particular references (it is nobody's fault that the author happens to be the only person so far to have come up with certain things; he has been described as "pioneering", although also as a "heretic"!), without consideration of the consequences. E.g. one can't simplistically say, in 2023, that inoculated sporozoites go from the bloodstream to the liver. Anyway, I can't fix things without also reverting some wording changes here and there that I agree with. Would then have to find those places again to put back that agreed-with wording. Will think about what to do now (if anything) to salvage the article in the important respects concerned. Perhaps I'll undo the changes and then, when time permits, go and look for the particular latest edits concerned and re-insert them. IdleMan (talk) 02:53, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
 * THIRD COMMENT: @ bennychloroplast wrote above that "... journal articles are not cited by other authors ...". To put this in perspective, I have checked Google Scholar. The number of citations for three of the references that @ bennychloroplast has deleted are currently: 238 since late 2013 for the "Nature Reviews Microbiology" paper; 76 since 2011 for the "Journal of the History of Biology" paper; and 37 since 2018 for a paper in "Parasitology". These figures will include any self-citations, which malariologists characteristically often like doing (in this instance an author with inter alia a PhD from Imperial College London).IdleMan (talk) 11:34, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Great to see this article being worked on! Would it be possible to share the proposed citations here on the talk page? I may have time to look at them this week. JenOttawa (talk) 12:38, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes, certainly. I'll add two or three of them here, for interest. Watch this space! IdleMan (talk) 14:14, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Here are the promised references. The significance of the first and second references is reflected in the 3rd reference (an “Editor’s Choice” paper in a Special Issue of the journal). But these references are no longer relevant to the Wiki “Malaria” article because of editor Bennychloroplast’s text deletions.
 * Kho, S. et al. 2021. Hidden biomass of intact malaria parasites in the human spleen. New England Journal of Medicine 384: 2067–2069. PMID: 34042394. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2023884
 * Obaldia, N. 3rd et al. 2018. Bone marrow is a major parasite reservoir in Plasmodium vivax infection. mBio 9: e00625-18. PMID: 29739900. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00625-18
 * Markus, M.B. 2023. Putative contribution of 8-aminoquinolines to preventing recrudescence of malaria. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 8: 278. PMID: 37235326. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8050278 IdleMan (talk) 16:36, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
 * As regards the 1 + 2 = 3 citations that were added to the "Malaria" story less than 24 hours ago, note that references which are more authoritative than those in the 3 contexts concerned do not exist. IdleMan (talk) 19:05, 27 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Looking at them from a WP:MEDRS/WP:RS perspective, Kho et al 2021 is a 'Letter to the editor', Obaldia et al 2018 is a primary research study both in vivo in a monkey model and using P. vivax isolates from their previous work to perform microarray analysis and ortholog mapping, and Markus 2023 is a literature review published in Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. I do not have experience editing Wikipedia in micro/molecular biology fields. For medical claims we follow MEDRS so most of these sources could not back a medical claim, for example, efficacy of treatment approach. For sharing background on microbiology/genetics of the organism, I am not sure what to recommend. I would tend to create a new section in the Research subheading if uncertain and go from there. Sorry that I can not be more helpful!!! I think it also depends on what evidence is being added from these types of references and if other stronger sources exist.JenOttawa (talk) 20:38, 27 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I have confused the issue. Apologies. I wasn't referring in my post above to the 3 references I gave above. I was referring to the 3 references I have added to the main Malaria article (ref. nos 37, 43 & 130 in the current version). But on the subject of the refs you discuss above, the Markus 2023 one is unique. Nobody else has suggested what it is suggesting. The last sentence in the conclusion states: "Evidence one way or the other should soon be forthcoming ...". Let's wait and see. As for Kho et al., there is a much more detailed Kho et al. paper in PLoS Medicine (ref. 36 in the abovementioned Markus paper). And as regards Obaldia et al., who started the ball rolling for bone marrow, there is a human version, so to speak, in the Journal of Infectious Diseases (ref. 37 in the Markus paper). But the Kho/Obaldia/Etc. matters aren't relevant to the Wiki Malaria story anymore because Bennychloroplast deleted the context. Bennychloroplast had a couple of valid points, so I haven't put the context back. That could perhaps happen later, after the science has become clearer (after more research has been carried out). At present, things might not be readily comprehensible to the uninitiated. IdleMan (talk) 01:13, 28 July 2023 (UTC)
 * P.S.: Authors of ref. 37 in the current version of the Wiki Malaria article (not Markus's ref. 37 mentioned above) are the researchers who actually made the malaria parasites-in-skin discoveries (plural). I.e. that ref. 37 is not a review by "secondary" people. This is why it is highly authoritative. The article was published in a very good journal (2023 Impact Factor = 78.297). IdleMan (talk) 01:49, 28 July 2023 (UTC)
 * P.S.: Authors of ref. 37 in the current version of the Wiki Malaria article (not Markus's ref. 37 mentioned above) are the researchers who actually made the malaria parasites-in-skin discoveries (plural). I.e. that ref. 37 is not a review by "secondary" people. This is why it is highly authoritative. The article was published in a very good journal (2023 Impact Factor = 78.297). IdleMan (talk) 01:49, 28 July 2023 (UTC)

Death Toll of Malaria throughout History
In the history section, immediately before the list of names of malaria, is this sentence: "In total, malaria may have killed 50-60 billion people throughout history, or about half of all humans that have ever lived." Its only cited source is an article (not a paper) on nature.com, which itself doesn't cite a source for this claim. Also, the source only says "Malaria may have killed half of all the people that ever lived." without giving an estimate for the number of deaths. Is there a better source for this claim? If there isn't, does it make sense to add [citation needed]? Irgendwhy (talk) 18:31, 18 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I agree with your concern and have removed this sentence and ref now: In total, malaria may have killed 50-60 billion people throughout history, or about half of all humans that have ever lived. EMsmile (talk) 07:48, 10 October 2023 (UTC)

Suggestion to move out some of the content about the vaccine
My suggestion is to move some of the content that is currently under the malaria vaccine section (which I have just bundled together in this section: Malaria to the article malaria vaccine. We could also ensure the lead of malaria vaccine ensure is good and then transcribe it back to here with the excerpt tool. This way, when there is new info about the vaccine, we only have to update this info in one article, not two. Thoughts? Pinging User:Whywhenwhohow and User:Merxistan. EMsmile (talk) 07:44, 10 October 2023 (UTC)

does climate change increase the risk of malaria?
The content here about how climate change affects the spread of malaria seems to be a bit more cautious than the content here: Climate change and infectious diseases. Which one is more up to date? If it's the one in the climate change article then perhaps it would be better to bring back that content by way of an excerpt. EMsmile (talk) 16:07, 12 October 2023 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: The Microbiology of College Life
— Assignment last updated by Jason.DeLaCruz1313 (talk) 00:31, 10 May 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Malaria


text:
Oliver Postgate

Richard Oliver Postgate (12 April 1925 – 8 December 2008) was an English animator, puppeteer, and writer. He was the creator and writer of some of Britain's most popular children's television programmes. Bagpuss, Pingwings, Noggin the Nog, Ivor the Engine, Clangers and Pogles' Wood, were all made by Smallfilms, the company he set up with collaborator, artist and puppet maker Peter Firmin. The programmes were originally broadcast by the BBC from the 1950s to the 1980s. In a 1999 BBC poll Bagpuss was voted the most popular children's television programme of all time.

Early life
Postgate was born in Hendon, Middlesex, England, into the Postgate family, as the younger son of journalist and writer Raymond Postgate and his wife Daisy (née Lansbury), making him the cousin of actress Angela Lansbury and maternal grandson of Labour politician, and sometime leader, George Lansbury. His other grandfather was the Latin classicist John Percival Postgate. His brother was the microbiologist and writer John Postgate FRS. Another aunt was Margaret Cole, the socialist politician.

Education
Postgate was educated at the private Woodstock School on Golders Green Road in Finchley in north-west London and Woodhouse Secondary School, formerly known from 1923 onwards as Woodhouse Grammar School, also in Finchley (and now renamed Woodhouse College), followed by Dartington Hall School, a progressive private boarding school in Devon.

Life and career
Postgate joined the Home Guard in 1942 while studying at the Kingston School of Art, but when he became liable for military service during the Second World War the following year, he declared himself a conscientious objector, as his father had done during the First World War. He was initially refused recognition; he accepted a medical examination as a first step to call up, and then reported for duty with the Army in Windsor, but refused to put on the uniform. He was court-martialled and sentenced to three months in Feltham Prison. This qualified him to return to the Appellate Tribunal, where he was granted exemption conditional upon working on the land or in social service, the unserved portion of his sentence being remitted. He worked on farms until the end of the war, when he went to occupied Germany, working for the Red Cross in social relief work.

Career
On return to the UK, from 1948 he attended the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art, but drifted through a number of different jobs, never really finding his niche.

In 1957 he was appointed a stage manager with Associated-Rediffusion, which then held the ITV franchise for London. Attached to the children's programming section, he thought he could do better with the relatively low budgets of the then black and white television productions. Postgate wrote Alexander the Mouse, a story about a mouse born to be king. Using an Irish-produced magnetic system – on which animated characters were attached to a painted background, and then photographed through a 45-degree mirror – he persuaded Peter Firmin, who was then teaching at the Central School of Art, to create the background scenes. Postgate later recalled they undertook around 26 of these programmes live-to-air, which were made harder by the production problems encountered by the use and restrictions of using magnets.

After the success of Alexander the Mouse, Postgate agreed a deal to make the next series on film, for a budget of £175 per programme. Making a stop motion animation table in his bedroom, he wrote the Chinese story The Journey of Master Ho. This was intended for deaf children, a distinct advantage in that the production required no soundtrack which reduced the production costs. He engaged an honorary Chinese painter to produce the backgrounds, but as the painter was classical Chinese-trained he produced them in three-quarters view, rather than in the conventional Egyptian full-view manner used for flat animation under a camera. This resulted in the Firmin-produced characters looking as though they were short in one leg, but the success of the production provided the foundation for Postgate with Firmin to start up his own company solely producing animated children's programmes.

Smallfilms
Setting up their business in a disused cowshed at Firmin's home in Blean near Canterbury, Kent, Postgate and Firmin worked on children's animation programmes. Based on concepts which mostly originated with Postgate, Firmin did the artwork and built the models, while Postgate wrote the scripts, did the stop motion filming and many of the voices. Smallfilms was therefore able to produce two minutes of film per day, ten times as much as a conventional animation studio, with Postgate moving the cardboard pieces himself, and working his 16 mm camera frame-by-frame with a home-made clicker. As Postgate voiced many of the productions, and also narrated WereBear stories, his distinctive voice became familiar to generations of children.

They started in 1959 with Ivor the Engine, a series for ITV about a Welsh steam locomotive who wanted to sing in a choir, based on Postgate's wartime encounter with Welshman Denzyl Ellis, who used to be the fireman on the Royal Scot. (It was remade in colour for the BBC in 1976 and 1977.) This was followed by Noggin the Nog for the BBC, which established Smallfilms as a reliable source to produce children's entertainment, when there were only two television channels in the UK. Postgate later described the "gentlemanly and rather innocent" business thus:

"We would go to the BBC once a year, show them the films we'd made, and they would say: "Yes, lovely, now what are you going to do next?" We would tell them, and they would say: "That sounds fine, we'll mark it in for eighteen months from now", and we would be given praise and encouragement and some money in advance, and we'd just go away and do it."

Postgate had strict views on story-line development, which perhaps resultantly restricted the length of each particular series development. When asked if the Clangers adventures were quite surreal sometimes, Postgate replied:

"They're surreal but logical. I have a strong prejudice against fantasy for its own sake. Once one gets to a point beyond where cause and effect mean anything at all, then science fiction becomes science nonsense. Everything that happened was strictly logical according to the laws of physics which happened to apply in that part of the world."

Other activities
In the 1970s Postgate and Firmin worked with Michael Rosen on a Teaching to Read series on BBC Schools TV called Sam on Boff's Island.

In the 1970s and 1980s Postgate was active in the anti-nuclear campaign, addressing meetings and writing several pamphlets including The Writing on the Sky.

In 1986, in collaboration with the historian Naomi Linnell, Postgate painted a 50 ft Illumination of the Life and Death of Thomas Becket for a book of the same name, which is now in the archive of the Royal Museum and Art Gallery, Canterbury. In 1990 he painted a similar work on Christopher Columbus for a book entitled The Triumphant Failure. A Canterbury Chronicle, a triptych by Postgate commissioned in 1990 hangs in the Great Hall of Eliot College on the University of Kent's Canterbury campus.

Postgate narrated the six-part BBC Radio 4 comedy series Elastic Planet in 1995.

In his later years, he blogged for the New Statesman. Postgate's voice was heard once more in 2003, as narrator for Alchemists of Sound, a television documentary about the BBC Radiophonic Workshop. On 15 July 2007, he was guest on BBC Radio 4's Desert Island Discs. He was also a guest on The Russell Brand Show on 19 January 2008 where he discussed the making of Bagpuss and his subsequent work in TV and Film.

In 1987 the University of Kent at Canterbury awarded an honorary degree to Postgate, who stated that the degree was really intended for Bagpuss, who was subsequently displayed in academic dress.

Personal life
Postgate married Prudence "Prue" Myers in 1957, becoming stepfather to her three children. The couple had twins in 1959 (Stephen and Simon), and another son in 1964 (Daniel Postgate). Prue died of cancer in 1982. Naomi Linnell was his partner for the last twenty-three years of his life.

Postgate's autobiography, Seeing Things, was published in 2000, and after Oliver died in 2008 his son Daniel wrote an afterword which was added at the end of the book.

His grandfather was Labour Party leader (1932-1935) George Lansbury and he was cousin to English born American actress Angela Lansbury. He is distantly related to the Australian-born writer and academic Coral Lansbury, whose son Malcolm Turnbull became the 29th Prime Minister of Australia.

Death
Postgate died at a nursing home in Broadstairs, near his home on the Kent coast, on 8 December 2008, aged 83.

After his death there was huge recognition of his influence and effect on British culture, and affection for the role his work had played in many people's lives. His work was widely discussed in the UK media and many tributes were paid to him and his work across the internet. Charlie Brooker dedicated a portion of his Screenwipe show to Oliver Postgate, and the way he influenced Brooker's own childhood, in an episode that was broadcast the day after Postgate's death.

Publications

 *  The Burglarproof Bath Plug- A Collection of Memories, Thoughts and Small Stories Including "The Trouble with Magic, Oliver Postgate 2008 foreword by Stephen Fry ISBN 978-1-903708-27-9
 * Seeing Things: An Autobiography, Oliver Postgate; illustrated by Peter Firmin, 2000 – ISBN 0-330-39000-7; republished in 2009 – ISBN 978-1-84767-840-9
 * The Writing on the Sky, Oliver Postgate 1982 – ISBN 0-903400-89-8
 * BECKET, Oliver Postgate & Naomi Linnell 1989 – ISBN 0-86272-405-8
 * Columbus, The Triumphant Failure, Oliver Postgate & Naomi Linnell 1991 ISBN 0-86272-738-3
 *  The Sagas of Noggin the Nog Oliver Postgate and Peter Firmin; illustrated by Peter Firmin, 2001 – ISBN 978-1-903708-22-4
 *  Thinking it through: the Plain Man's Guide to the Bomb, Oliver Postgate 1981 ISBN 0-903400-73-1

title: Oliver Postgate


text:
Roger Bannister

Sir Roger Gilbert Bannister (23 March 1929 – 3 March 2018) was an English neurologist and middle-distance athlete who ran the first sub-4-minute mile.

At the 1952 Olympics in Helsinki, Bannister set a British record in the 1500 metres and finished in fourth place. This achievement strengthened his resolve to become the first athlete to finish the mile run in under four minutes. He accomplished this feat on 6 May 1954 at Iffley Road track in Oxford, with Chris Chataway and Chris Brasher providing the pacing. When the announcer, Norris McWhirter, declared "The time was three...", the cheers of the crowd drowned out Bannister's exact time, which was 3 minutes and 59.4 seconds. He had attained this record with minimal training, while practising as a junior doctor. Bannister's record lasted just 46 days.

Bannister went on to become a neurologist and Master of Pembroke College, Oxford, before retiring in 1993. As Master of Pembroke, he was on the governing body of Abingdon School from 1986 to 1993. When asked whether the 4-minute mile was his proudest achievement, he said he felt prouder of his contribution to academic medicine through research into the responses of the nervous system. Bannister was patron of the MSA Trust. He was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 2011.

Early life and education
Bannister was born on 23 March 1929 in Harrow, London. His parents Ralph and Alice were both from working-class families in Lancashire. Ralph had moved to London at the age of 15 to work in the Civil Service, and met Alice on a trip home. They married in 1925, and had a daughter, Joyce, before Roger was born.

The family moved to Bath shortly after the outbreak of World War II when Ralph was relocated there, and Roger continued his education at City of Bath Boys' School. Here he discovered a talent for cross country running, winning the junior cross-country cup three consecutive times, which led to him being presented with a miniature replica trophy.

During a bombing raid on Bath, the family house was severely damaged as the Bannisters sheltered in the basement.

In 1944, the family returned to London and Roger went to University College School. Bannister was accepted into St John's College, Cambridge but the Senior Tutor Robert Howland, a former Olympic shot putter, suggested that Bannister wait a year. After the year he proceeded to apply to Exeter College, Oxford and was accepted for a three-year degree in Medicine.

Early running career
Bannister was inspired by miler Sydney Wooderson's comeback in 1945. Eight years after setting the mile record and seeing it surpassed during the war years by the Swedish runners Arne Andersson and Gunder Hägg, Wooderson regained his old form and challenged Andersson over the distance in several races. Wooderson lost to Andersson but set a British record of 4:04.2 in Gothenburg on 9 September.

Like Wooderson, Bannister would ultimately set a mile record, see it broken, and then set a new personal best slower than the new record.

Bannister started his running career at Oxford in the autumn of 1946 at the age of 17. He had never worn running spikes previously or run on a track. His training was light, even compared to the standards of the day, but he showed promise in running a mile in 1947 in 4:24.6 on only three weekly half-hour training sessions.

He was selected as an Olympic "possible" in 1948 but declined as he felt he was not ready to compete at that level. However, he was further inspired to become a great miler by watching the 1948 Olympics. He set his training goals on the 1952 Olympics in Helsinki.

In 1949, he improved in the 880 yd run to 1:52.7 and won several mile races in 4:11. Then, after a period of six weeks with no training, he came in third at White City in 4:14.2.

The year 1950 saw more improvements as he finished a relatively slow 4:13-mile on 1 July with an impressive 57.5 last quarter. Then, he ran the AAA 880 in 1:52.1, losing to Arthur Wint, and then ran 1:50.7 for the 800 m at the European Championships on 26 August, placing third. Chastened by this lack of success, Bannister started to train harder and more seriously.

His increased attention to training paid quick dividends, as he won a mile race in 4:09.9 on 30 December. Then in 1951 at the Penn Relays, Bannister broke away from the pack with a 56.7 final lap, finishing in 4:08.3. Then, in his biggest test to date, he won a mile race on 14 July in 4:07.8 at the AAA Championships at White City before 47,000 people. The time set a meet record and he defeated defending champion Bill Nankeville in the process.

Bannister suffered defeat, however, when Yugoslavia's Andrija Otenhajmer, aware of Bannister's final-lap kick, took a 1500 m race in Belgrade 25 August out at near-record pace, forcing Bannister to close the gap by the bell lap. Otenhajmer won in 3:47.0, though Bannister set a personal best finishing second in 3:48.4. Bannister was no longer seen as invincible.

His training was a very modern individualised mixture of interval training influenced by coach Franz Stampfl with elements of block periodisation, fell running and anaerobic elements of training which were later perfected by Arthur Lydiard. From 1951 to 1954, Bannister trained at the track at Paddington Recreation Ground in Maida Vale while he was a medical student at the nearby St Mary's Hospital. There are two Bannister plaques at the pavilion, both unveiled by him on 10 September 2000; a circular blue plaque and a rectangular historic plaque containing additional information. According to the latter, Bannister was able to train for just an hour each day due to his medical studies.

1952 Olympics
Bannister avoided racing after the 1951 season until late in the spring of 1952, saving his energy for Helsinki and the Olympics. He ran an 880 yd run on 28 May 1952 in 1:53.00, followed by a 4:10.6-mile time-trial on 7 June, proclaiming himself satisfied with the results. At the AAA championships, he skipped the mile and won the 880 in 1:51.5. Then, 10 days before the Olympic final, he ran a $3/4$ mile time trial in 2:52.9, which gave him confidence that he was ready for the Olympics as he considered the time to be the equivalent of a four-minute mile.

His confidence soon dissipated, however, as it was announced there would be semi-finals for the 1500 m at the Olympics, which he felt favoured runners who had much deeper training regimens than he did. When he ran his semi-final, Bannister finished fifth and thereby qualified for the final, but he felt "blown and unhappy".

The 1500 m final on 26 July 1952 would prove to be one of the more dramatic in Olympic history. The race was not decided until the final metres, Josy Barthel of Luxembourg prevailing in an Olympic-record 3:45.28 (3:45.1 by official hand-timing) with the next seven runners all under the old record. Bannister finished fourth, out of the medals, but set a British record of 3:46.30 (3:46.0) in the process.

New goal
After his relative failure at the 1952 Olympics, Bannister spent two months deciding whether to give up running. He set himself on a new goal: to be the first man to run a mile in under four minutes. Accordingly, he intensified his training and did hard intervals.

On 2 May 1953, he made an attempt on the British record at Oxford. Paced by Chris Chataway, Bannister ran 4:03.6, shattering Wooderson's 1945 standard. "This race made me realise that the four-minute mile was not out of reach," said Bannister.

On 27 June 1953, a mile race was inserted into the programme of the Surrey schools athletic meeting. Australian runner Don Macmillan, ninth in the 1500 m at the 1952 Olympics, set a strong pace with 59.6 for one lap and 1:59.7 for two. He gave up after two and a half laps, but Chris Brasher took up the pace. Brasher had jogged the race, allowing Bannister to lap him so he could be a fresh pace-setter. At $3/4$ mile, Bannister was at 3:01.8, the record—and first sub-four-minute mile—in reach. But the effort fell short with a finish in 4:02.0, a time bettered by only Arne Andersson (4:01.6 in 1944) and Gunder Hägg (4:01.4 in 1945). British officials would not allow this performance to stand as a British record, which, Bannister felt in retrospect, was a good decision. "My feeling as I look back is one of great relief that I did not run a four-minute mile under such artificial circumstances," he said.

But other runners were making attempts at the four-minute barrier and coming close as well. American Wes Santee ran 4:02.4 on 5 June 1953, the fourth-fastest mile ever. And at the end of the year, Australian John Landy ran 4:02.0.

Then early in 1954, Landy made some more attempts at the distance. On 21 January 1954, he ran 4:02.4 in Melbourne, then 4:02.6 on 23 February 1954, and at the end of the Australian season on 19 April he ran 4:02.6 again.

Bannister had been following Landy's attempts and was certain his Australian rival would succeed with each one. But knowing that Landy's season-closing attempt on 19 April would be his last until he travelled to Finland for another attempt, Bannister knew he had to make his attempt soon.

Sub-4-minute mile
This historic event took place on 6 May 1954 during a meet between British AAA and Oxford University at Iffley Road Track in Oxford, watched by about 3,000 spectators. With winds of up to 25 mph before the event, Bannister had said twice that he preferred not to run, to conserve his energy and efforts to break the 4-minute barrier; he would try again at another meet. However, the winds dropped just before the race was scheduled to begin, and Bannister did run.

The pace-setters from his major 1953 attempts, future Commonwealth Games gold medallist Christopher Chataway from the 2 May attempt, and future Olympic Games gold medallist Chris Brasher from the 27 June attempt, combined to provide pacing for Bannister's run. The race was broadcast live by BBC Radio and commentated by 1924 Olympic 100 metres champion Harold Abrahams, of Chariots of Fire fame. Bannister had begun his day at a hospital in London, where he sharpened his racing spikes and rubbed graphite on them so they would not pick up too much cinder ash. He took a mid-morning train from Paddington Station to Oxford, nervous about the rainy, windy conditions that afternoon.

Being a dual-meet format, there were seven men entered in the mile: Alan Gordon, George Dole and Nigel Miller from Oxford University; and four British AAA runners: Bannister, his two pacemakers Brasher and Chataway, and Tom Hulatt. Nigel Miller arrived as a spectator and he only realised that he was due to run when he read the programme. Efforts to borrow a running kit failed and he could not take part, thus reducing the field to six.

The race went off as scheduled at 6:00 pm, and Brasher and Bannister went immediately to the front of the pack. Brasher (wearing No. 44) led both the first lap in 58 seconds and the half-mile in 1:58, with Bannister (No. 41) tucked in behind, and Chataway (No. 42) a stride behind Bannister. Chataway moved to the front after the second lap and maintained the pace with a 3:01 split at the final lap bell. Chataway continued to lead around the front turn until Bannister began his finishing kick with about 275 yards to go (just over half a lap), running the last lap in just under 59 seconds.

The stadium announcer for the race was Norris McWhirter, who went on to co-publish and co-edit the Guinness Book of Records. He teased the crowd by delaying his announcement of Bannister's race time for as long as possible:

"Ladies and gentlemen, here is the result of event nine, the one mile: first, number forty one, R. G. Bannister, Amateur Athletic Association and formerly of Exeter and Merton Colleges, Oxford, with a time which is a new meeting and track record, and which—subject to ratification—will be a new English Native, British National, All-Comers, European, British Empire and World Record. The time was three..."

The roar of the crowd drowned out the rest of the announcement. Bannister's time was 3 minutes 59.4 seconds.

The claim that a four-minute mile was once thought to be impossible by "informed" observers was and is a widely propagated myth created by sportswriters and debunked by Bannister himself in his memoir, The Four Minute Mile (1955).

The reason the myth took hold was that four minutes was a round number that lay slightly out of reach of the world record (by just 1.4 seconds) for nine years, which was longer than it might otherwise have been due to the effect of the Second World War in interrupting athletic progress in the combatant countries. The Swedish runners, Gunder Hägg and Arne Andersson, in a series of head-to-head races in the period 1942–45, had already lowered the world mile record by five seconds to the pre-Bannister record. Knowledgeable track fans are still most impressed by the fact that Bannister ran a four-minute mile on very low-mileage training by modern standards.

Just 46 days later, on 21 June 1954, Bannister's record was broken by his rival, John Landy, in Turku, Finland, with a time of 3 minutes 57.9 seconds, which the IAAF ratified as 3 minutes 58.0 seconds due to the rounding rules then in effect.

1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
On 7 August, at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Vancouver, B.C., Bannister, running for England, competed against Landy for the first time in a race billed as "The Miracle Mile". They were the only two men in the world to have broken the 4-minute barrier, with Landy still holding the world record. Landy led for most of the race, building a lead of 10 yards in the third lap (of four), but was overtaken on the last bend, and Bannister won in 3 min 58.8 s, with Landy 0.8 s behind in 3 min 59.6 s. Bannister and Landy have both pointed out that the crucial moment of the race was that at the moment when Bannister decided to try to pass Landy, Landy looked over his left shoulder to gauge Bannister's position and Bannister burst past him on the right, never relinquishing the lead.

A larger-than-life bronze sculpture of the two men at that moment was created by Vancouver sculptor Jack Harman in 1967 from a photograph by Vancouver Sun photographer Charlie Warner and stood for many years at the entrance to Empire Stadium; after the stadium was demolished the sculpture was moved a short distance away to the Hastings and Renfrew entrance of the Pacific National Exhibition (PNE) fairgrounds. Regarding this sculpture, Landy quipped: "While Lot's wife was turned into a pillar of salt for looking back, I am probably the only one ever turned into bronze for looking back."

Bannister went on that season to win the so-called metric mile, the 1500 m, at the European Championships in Bern, Switzerland, on 29 August, with a championship record in a time of 3 min 43.8 s. He retired from athletics late in 1954 to concentrate on his work as a junior doctor and to pursue a career in neurology. He was appointed a CBE the following year for "services to amateur athletics".

Sports Council and knighthood
Bannister later became the first Chairman of the Sports Council (now called Sport England) and was knighted for this service in 1975. Under his patronage, central and local government funding of sports centres and other sports facilities was rapidly increased, and he also initiated the first testing for use of anabolic steroids in sport.

Medical career
After retiring from athletics in 1954, Bannister spent the next forty years practising medicine in the field of neurology. In March 1957, he joined the Royal Army Medical Corps at Crookham, where he started his two years of National Service, with the rank of lieutenant.

His major contribution to academic medicine was in the field of autonomic failure, an area of neurology focusing on illnesses characterised by the loss of certain automatic responses of the nervous system (for example, elevated heart rate when standing up). He ultimately published more than eighty papers, mostly concerned with the autonomic nervous system, cardiovascular physiology, and multiple system atrophy. He edited Autonomic Failure: A Textbook of Clinical Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System with C.J. Mathias, a colleague at St Mary's, as well as five editions of Brain and Bannister's Clinical Neurology.

Bannister always said he was more proud of his contribution to medicine than his running career. In 2014, Bannister said in an interview: "I'd rather be remembered for my work in neurology than my running. If you offered me the chance to make a great breakthrough in the study of the autonomic nerve system, I'd take that over the four minute mile right away. I worked in medicine for sixty years. I ran for about eight."

Personal life
In 1955, Bannister married the Swedish artist Moyra Elver Jacobsson in Basel, Switzerland. Moyra Jacobsson-Bannister was the daughter of the Swedish economist Per Jacobsson, who served as managing director of the International Monetary Fund.

They had four children: Carol E. E. Bannister (b. 1957); Clive C. R. Bannister (b. 1959), an insurance industry executive; Thurstan R. R. Bannister (b. July 1960), a company director in New York; and Charlotte B. M. Bannister (b. 1963), now Charlotte Bannister-Parker, associate priest at the University Church of St Mary the Virgin in Oxford.

In 2011, Bannister was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. He died of pneumonia at the John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford on 3 March 2018, at the age of 88, 20 days before his 89th birthday. He is buried in Wolvercote Cemetery near Oxford. His widow, Lady Moyra Bannister, died in Oxford on 4 November 2022, at the age of 94.

Legacy
On the 50th anniversary of running the mile in under four minutes, Bannister was interviewed by the BBC's sports correspondent Rob Bonnet. At the conclusion of the interview, Bannister was asked whether he looked back on the sub-4-minute mile as the most important achievement of his life. Bannister replied that he instead saw his subsequent forty years of practising medicine and some of the new procedures he introduced as being more significant. He also said that, in terms of athletic achievement, he felt his performances at the 1952 Olympics and the 1954 Commonwealth Games were more significant than running the sub-4-minute mile.

Ironically, although Roger Bannister is arguably the most famous record-setter in the mile, he is also the man who held the record for the shortest period of time, at least since the IAAF started to ratify records.

Media
For his efforts, Bannister was also made the inaugural recipient of the Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year award for 1954 (awarded in January 1955) and is one of the few non-Americans recognised by the American-published magazine as such.

In a UK poll conducted by Channel 4 in 2002, the British public voted Bannister's historic sub-4-minute mile as number 13 in the list of the 100 Greatest Sporting Moments.

Bannister is the subject of the ESPN film Four Minutes (2005). This film is a dramatisation, its major departures from the factual record being the creation of a fictional character as Bannister's coach, who was actually Franz Stampfl, an Austrian, and secondly his meeting his wife, Moyra Jacobsson, in the early 1950s when in fact they met in London only a few months before the Miracle Mile itself took place. Bannister was portrayed by Jamie Maclachlan.

Bannister: Everest on the Track, The Roger Bannister Story is a 2016 TV documentary about his childhood and youth in WWII and postwar Britain and the breaking of the 4-minute mile barrier, with interviews of participants and witnesses to the 1954 race, and later runners inspired by Bannister and his achievement, including Phil Knight who says that Roger Bannister inspired him to start Nike.

In the 1988 television mini-series The Four Minute Mile, about the rivalry between Bannister, John Landy and Wes Santee to be first to break the 4-minute mile mark, Bannister was portrayed by actor Richard Huw.

Places
In 1996 Pembroke College at the University of Oxford (where Bannister was Master for eight years) named a building in honour of his achievements. The Bannister Building, an 18th-century townhouse in Brewer Street, was converted to provide accommodation for graduate students. Following extensive refurbishments during 2011 and 2012, it became part of the building complex surrounding the Rokos Quad, and was then used for undergraduate accommodation.

In March 2004 St Mary's Hospital Medical School named a lecture theatre after Bannister; on display is the stopwatch that was used to time the race, stopped at 3:59. Bannister also gave his name to the trophy presented to the winning team in the annual athletics varsity match between Imperial College School of Medicine and Imperial College London, as well as the award given to the graduating doctor of Imperial College School of Medicine who has achieved most in the sporting community. Bannister also purchased the cup (which bears his name) awarded to the winning team in the annual United Hospitals Cross-Country Championship, organised by London Universities and Colleges Athletics. The championship is contested by the five medical schools in London and the Royal Veterinary College.

In 2012 Bannister carried the Olympic flame at the site of his memorable feat, in the Oxford University track stadium now named after him.

On 28 September 2021 a memorial stone honouring Sir Roger, "pioneering neurologist, world champion runner", was unveiled in Westminster Abbey, in the area known as 'Scientists' corner'.

Memorabilia
The 50th anniversary of Bannister's achievement was marked by a commemorative British 50-pence coin. The reverse of the coin shows the legs of a runner and a stopwatch (stopped at 3:59.4). There were 9,032,500 minted. The coin was re-struck for collector sets in 2019 as part of the Royal Mint's '50 Years of the 50p coin', along with other designs.

In the gallery of Pembroke College dining hall there is a cabinet containing over 80 exhibits covering Bannister's athletic career and including some academic highlights.

Anniversary Races
On 6 May 2024, exactly seventy years after Bannister's sub-four minute mile, hundreds of runners converged in Oxford to run a mile in Bannister's honor. The event saw thousands run a "Community Mile", and several races for elite runners on the Iffley Track. In the elite mile, four athletes broke the four minute barrier, with Italy's Ossama Meslek clocking the fastest mile, at 3:56.15.

This is the second time Iffley Track hosted an anniversary event for Bannister's achievement, with the previous time being in 2004.

Retired, accomplished milers including Steve Cram, Hicham El Guerrouj, Filbert Bayi, Noureddine Morceli, and Eamonn Coghlan attended, all of whom have had the mile world record to their name. Bayi ran 3:51.0 in May of 1975, holding the mile world record for three months until August of 1975, when John Walker of New Zealand ran 3:49.4. Cram ran 3:46.32 in 1985, holding the mile world record until Noureddine Morceli of Algeria ran 3:44.39 in 1993. Finally, on 7 July 1999, El Guerrouj ran 3:43.13, the current mile world record to this day, which is over sixteen seconds faster than Bannister's 3:59.4. Although not an outdoor record, Coghlan set an indoor mile world record of 3:49.78 in 1983, which was bettered by El Guerrouj in 1997 who ran 3:48.45.

Awards and honours
Bannister received many honours for his achievements in sports and medicine. He was knighted in the 1975 New Year Honours, and appointed Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) in the 2017 New Year Honours for services to sport.

Bannister was an Honorary Fellow of both Exeter College and Merton College, where he studied at the University of Oxford; he was also Honorary Fellow of Harris Manchester College, Oxford. He received honorary degrees (Doctor of Science) from the University of Sheffield in 1978, and from the University of Bath in 1984. He also received honorary degrees from the University of Pavia in 1986 and from Brunel University London in 2008 (DUniv), as well as an honorary doctorate from Oxford Brookes University in 2014. In 2000, Bannister received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.

Bannister was made an Honorary Freeman of the London Borough of Harrow on 4 May 2004, and was granted the Freedom of the City of Oxford in 2004.

Other media
In 2014, he appeared as a guest on BBC Radio 4's Midweek with Libby Purves, Kevin Warwick and Rachael Stirling.

title: Roger Bannister


text:
The Snow Queen

"The Snow Queen" (Snedronningen) is an 1844 original fairy tale by Danish author Hans Christian Andersen. It was first published 21 December 1844 in New Fairy Tales. First Volume. Second Collection (Nye Eventyr. Første Bind. Anden Samling). The story centers on the struggle between good and evil as experienced by Gerda and her friend, Kai. Unlike Andersen's other stories, The Snow Queen is written in a novel-styled narrative, being divided into seven chapters.

The story is one of Andersen's longest and most highly acclaimed stories. It is regularly included in selected tales and collections of his work and is frequently reprinted in illustrated storybook editions for children.

A mirror and its fragments
The devil, in the form of a troll, has made a magic mirror that distorts the appearance of everything that it reflects. The mirror does not reflect the good and beautiful aspects of people and things and magnifies their bad and ugly aspects. The troll's minions take the mirror all over the world to distort everything, then carry it up to heaven to mock God and the angels. As they approach heaven, the mirror trembles and falls, shattering into billions of pieces. Some become windowpanes, some spectacles, and some get stuck in people's hearts and eyes, giving them a cold and bitter disposition. The troll laughs himself sore at his mischief.

Kai and Gerda
Years later, a little boy Kai (often spelled "Kay" or "Kaj" in translations) and a little girl Gerda live next door to each other in the garrets of buildings with adjoining roofs in a large city. They could get from one's home to the other's just by stepping over the gutters of each building. The two families grow vegetables and roses in window boxes placed on the gutters. Gerda and Kai have a window box garden to play in, and they become devoted to each other as playmates, and as close as if they were siblings.

Gerda's grandmother tells the children about the Snow Queen, who is ruler over the "snow bees"snowflakes that look like bees. As bees have a queen, so do the snow bees, and she is seen where the snowflakes cluster the most. Looking out of his frosted window one winter, Kai sees the Snow Queen, who beckons him to come with her. Kai draws back in fear from the window.

By the following spring, Gerda has learned a song that she sings to Kai: Because roses adorn the window box garden, the sight of roses always reminds Gerda of her love for Kai.

On a summer day, splinters of the troll's mirror get into Kai's heart and eye. Kai becomes cruel and aggressive. He destroys their window-box garden, he makes fun of Gerda's grandmother, and he no longer cares about Gerda, since everyone now appears bad and ugly to him. When winter comes again, the only things he finds no fault in are snowflakes, which he studies through a magnifying glass. Kai goes out with his sled to play in the snowy market square and hitches it to a sleigh driven by a mysterious robed figure. The sleigh drives through the town gate, going faster and faster through the countryside, then stops, and the driver reveals herself to be the Snow Queen. She kisses Kai to numb him from the cold, and again to make him forget about Gerda and his family. They then fly together in the sleigh up into the clouds.

The magician woman's garden
The people of the city conclude that Kai died in the nearby river. When spring arrives, Gerda goes to the river and offers it her favorite red shoes if the river will return Kai. The shoes wash back to shore, so she climbs into a nearby boat to throw them out farther. The boat is unmoored, drifts away from the shore and becomes caught in the current.

Gerda drifts until she reaches the home of an old woman, who pulls her to shore with her crooked staff. The woman is a sorceress and wants Gerda to stay with her forever, so she causes Gerda to forget Kai, and causes all the roses in her garden to sink beneath the earth, since she knows that the sight of them will remind Gerda of her friend. The woman lets Gerda play in her flower garden day after day, where all of the flowers are in bloom, until one day she notices a rose on the woman's hat. She remembers Kai and begins to cry, and her tears raise one of the rose bushes from the ground. The roses assure her that Kai is not dead, since they could see all of the dead while they were underground. Gerda questions the other flowers; each sings its own song, but none have anything to say about Kai. Gerda flees the garden and discovers that autumn has arrived while she was there.

The prince and the princess
Gerda meets a crow, who tells her that he might have seen Kai. He explains that a clever princess in the land decided that she should get married as soon as she could find a man good for conversation. For two days men met the princess in hopes of marrying her, but upon meeting her they were tongue-tied. On the third day, a small fellow with shabby clothes walked confidently into the palace and won over the princess by listening to her. Gerda sneaks into the palace with the crow but finds that the prince is not Kai after all. She is offered hospitality in the palace, but instead asks for a horse, carriage and boots so she can continue looking for Kai.

The little robber girl
While traveling in the carriage Gerda is captured by robbers. Her life is spared when a little robber girl demands to have Gerda as a playmate. They ride together to the robbers' castle, where the girl's pet doves tell Gerda that they saw Kai when he was carried away by the Snow Queen in the direction of Lapland. The captive reindeer Bae tells her that he knows how to get to Lapland since it is his home.

The Lapp woman and Finn woman
The robber girl frees Gerda and the reindeer to travel north to the Snow Queen's palace. They make two stops: first at the Lapp woman's home and then at the Finn woman's home. The Finn woman tells the reindeer that the secret of Gerda's unique power to save Kai is in her sweet and innocent child's heart: "I can give her no greater power than she has already," said the woman; "don't you see how strong that is? How men and animals are obliged to serve her, and how well she has got through the world, barefooted as she is. She cannot receive any power from me greater than she now has, which consists in her own purity and innocence of heart. If she cannot herself obtain access to the Snow Queen, and remove the glass fragments from little Kai, we can do nothing to help her..."

In the Snow Queen's palace
When Gerda reaches the Snow Queen's palace, she is halted by the snowflakes guarding it. She prays the Lord's Prayer, which causes her breath to take the shape of angels, who resist the snowflakes and allow Gerda to enter the palace. Gerda finds Kai alone and almost immobile on a frozen lake, which the Snow Queen calls the "Mirror of Reason", on which her throne sits. Kai is engaged in the task that the Snow Queen gave him: he must use pieces of ice like a Chinese puzzle to form characters and words. If he is able to form the word the Snow Queen told him to spell she will release him from her power and give him a pair of skates.

Gerda runs up to Kai and kisses him, and he is saved by the power of her love: Gerda weeps warm tears on him, melting his heart and burning away the mirror splinter in it. As a result, Kai bursts into tears, which dislodge the splinter from his eye, and becomes cheerful and healthy again. He remembers Gerda, and the two dance around so joyously that the splinters of ice Kai had been playing with are caught up into the dance. When they tire of dancing the splinters fall down to spell "eternity," the very word Kai was trying to spell. Kai and Gerda leave the Snow Queen's domain with the help of the reindeer, the Finn woman, and the Lapp woman. They meet the robber girl, and from there they walk back to their home. Kai and Gerda find that everything at home is the same and that it is they who have changed; they are now grown up, and are also delighted to see that it is summertime.

At the end, the grandmother reads a passage from the Bible: "'Assuredly, I say to you, unless you are converted and become as little children, you will by no means enter the Kingdom of Heaven' (Matthew 18:3)."

Characters

 * Gerda, a little girl who succeeds in finding her friend Kai and saving him from the Snow Queen.
 * Kai in Danish and Norwegian (often spelled Kay or Kaj in other European languages including English), a little boy who lives in a large city, in the garret of a building across the street from the home of Gerda, his playmate, whom he loves dearly. He falls victim to the splinters of the troll-mirror and the blandishments of the evil Snow Queen.
 * The Snow Queen (Snedronningen), the evil queen of the snowflakes or "snow bees", who travels throughout the world with the snow. Her palace and gardens are in the lands of permafrost, specifically Spitsbergen. She takes Kai back to this palace after he has fallen victim to the splinters of the troll-mirror. She promises to free Kai if he can spell "eternity" with the pieces of ice in her palace.
 * The Troll (Trolden) or the Devil (Djævlen), who makes an evil mirror that distorts reality and later shatters to infect people with its splinters that distort sight and freeze hearts. Some English translations of "The Snow Queen" translate this character as the "sprite" or the "hobgoblin".
 * The Grandmother (Bedstemoderen), Gerda's grandmother, who tells him and Gerda the legend of the Snow Queen.
 * The Old Lady who Knew Magic (den gamle Kone der kunne Trolddom), who maintains a cottage on the river, with a garden that is permanently in summer. She seeks to keep Gerda with her, but Gerda's thought of roses (the flower most favoured by herself and Kai) awakens her from the old woman's enchantment.
 * The Crow (Kragen), who thinks that the new prince of his land is Kai.
 * The Tame Crow (den tamme Krage), who is the mate of the field crow and has the run of the princess's palace. She lets Gerda into the royal bedchamber in her search for Kai.
 * The Princess (Prinsessen), who desires a prince-consort as intelligent as she, and who finds Gerda in her palace. She helps Gerda in her search for Kai by giving her warm, rich clothing, servants, and a golden coach.
 * The Prince (Prinsen), formerly a poor young man, who comes to the palace and passes the test set by the princess to become prince.
 * The Old Robber Woman (den gamle Røverkælling), the only woman among the robbers who capture Gerda as she travels through their region in a golden coach.
 * The Little Robber Girl (den lille Røverpige), daughter of the robber hag. She takes Gerda as a playmate, whereupon her captive doves and reindeer Bae tell Gerda that Kai is with the Snow Queen. The Robber Girl then helps Gerda continue her journey to find Kai.
 * Bae (Bæ), the reindeer who carries Gerda to the Snow Queen's palace.
 * The Lappish Woman (Lappekonen), who provides shelter to Gerda and Kai, and writes a message on a dried cod fish to the Finnish Woman further on the way to the Snow Queen's gardens.
 * The Finnish Woman (Finnekonen), who lives just two miles away from the Snow Queen's gardens and palace. She knows the secret of Gerda's power to save Kai.

Background
Andersen met Swedish opera singer Jenny Lind in 1840 and became infatuated with her, but she was not interested in him romantically (although the two became friends). According to Carole Rosen, Andersen was inspired to model the icy-hearted Snow Queen on Lind after she rejected him as a suitor.

Theatrical films

 * The Snow Queen (1957), a Soviet animated film by film studio Soyuzmultfilm and directed by Lev Atamanov, later dubbed by Universal Studios with the voices of Sandra Dee as Gerda, Tommy Kirk as Kay and introduced by Art Linkletter. In the 1990s, the film was redubbed again, this time featuring the voices of Kathleen Turner, Mickey Rooney, Kirsten Dunst and Laura San Giacomo.
 * The Snow Queen (1967), a live-action adaptation from the Soviet Union, directed by Gennadi Kazansky.
 * Lumikuningatar (1986), a Finnish live-action adaptation.
 * The Snow Queen (1995), a British animated adaptation, directed by Martin Gates and featuring the voices of Helen Mirren (as the title character), David Jason, Hugh Laurie, Rik Mayall, and Imelda Staunton. This adaptation deviates significantly from the original fairy tale. A sequel, titled The Snow Queen's Revenge, was released the following year.
 * Marko Raat's Lumekuninganna (2010) takes the story to contemporary time and motivates the character inspired by Kai with love towards an older dying woman.
 * The Snow Queen, a CG-animated feature film adaptation produced by Russian studio Wizart Animation, Bazelevs Company, and Inlay Film which was released theatrically in Russia on 31 December 2012, internationally on 3 January 2013, and was released in U.S. theaters on 11 October 2013 and U.S. DVD on 26 November 2013. Four theatrical sequels were also released: The Snow Queen 2: The Snow King, The Snow Queen 3: Fire and Ice, The Snow Queen: Mirrorlands and The Snow Queen & The Princess.
 * The Mystery of Snow Queen (Tayna snezhnoy korolevy) (2015), Russian film directed by Natalya Bondarchuk.

Television

 * Die Schneekönigin (1964), West German TV movie directed by Wolfgang Spier.
 * Hans Christian Andersen Stories (1971) is a Japanese anime series by Mushi Productions and Zuiyo Enterprises and aired on Fuji TV. the 50th and 51st episodes by two parts of the story.
 * The Snow Queen (1976), a live-action/animated TV movie released by BBC Enterprises (before restructured as BBC Worldwide), produced by Ian Keill and directed by Andrew Gosling.
 * The Snow Queen, a Skating Ballet (1983), choreographed by John Curry and Jean-Pierre Bonnefoux; starring Curry, Janet Lynn, Toller Cranston, Dorothy Hamill and Sandra Bezic and aired on PBS
 * Tayna snezhnoy korolevy (The Secret of the Snow Queen) (1986), another live-action adaptation from the Soviet Union, featuring Alisa Freindlich as the Snow Queen.
 * The Snow Queen (1992), an American animated TV short, narrated by Sigourney Weaver.
 * Snedronningen (2000), a Danish live-action television short adaptation, directed by Jacob Jørgensen and Kristof Kuncewicz.
 * Snow Queen (2002), a television movie by Hallmark, directed by David Wu and starring Bridget Fonda, Jeremy Guilbaut, Chelsea Hobbs, Robert Wisden, and Wanda Cannon.
 * The Snow Queen (2005), a BBC television adaptation utilising effects, merging live-action and computer-generated art. Featuring songs by Paul K. Joyce and starring Juliet Stevenson and the voice of Patrick Stewart, the film was adapted from a 2003 operatic concert held at the Barbican Arts Centre.
 * The Snow Queen (雪の女王) (2005–2006), a Japanese anime TV series, produced by NHK and animated by TMS Entertainment.
 * Koscherfilm has been working on its own adaptation of The Snow Queen based on the children's book Gerda and Kai-The Snow Queen Book. Richard Koscher announced the script still looks for the right studio and it was released on Christmas 2012.
 * Die Schneekönigin (2014), German TV movie directed by Karola Hattop.

Video games

 * A text adventure, The Snow Queen, was released by Mosaic Publishing for the ZX Spectrum and Commodore 64 home computers in 1985.
 * Rise of the Snow Queen, the 3rd instalment of the Dark Parables Hidden Object PC computer game, is based on both The Snow Queen, & the Snow White fairytale.

Operas

 * An opera The Snow Queen was written in 1913 by Slovenian composer Lucijan Marija Škerjanc, but it was lost and never performed.
 * The children's opera История Кая и Герды (The Story of Kai and Gerda) was written in 1980 by Russian composer Sergei Petrovich Banevich, (libretto by Tatiana Kalinina). It premiered at the Mariinsky Theatre (then Kirov Theatre) on 24 December 1980.
 * The children's opera The Snow Queen was premiered in 1993 in Toronto as part of the Milk Festival. This is a 60-minute version of the story by Canadian composer John Greer and English librettist Jeremy James Taylor.  It was commissioned and premiered by the Canadian Children's Opera Company, and subsequently performed by them in 2001 and 2019.  They also toured the work to the Netherlands and Germany in the summer of 2001.
 * The opera La Regina delle Nevi was written in 2010 by Italian composer Pierangelo Valtinoni (Libretto by Paolo Madron) and premiered at the Komische Oper Berlin on October 24, 2010. The opera has since been translated into English, German, Spanish and Swedish and has been performed in numerous countries.
 * A family opera "Snödrottningen" in one act with prologue and 13 scenes is composed during 2013-2016 by Swedish composer Benjamin Staern (Libretto by Anelia Kadieva Jonsson) to be premiered at the Malmö Opera on December 17, 2016.
 * The Snow Queen, a chamber opera for radio or stage based on Andersen's story, composed by David Ward and libretto by Kevin Ireland.
 * Snedronningen (The Snow Queen) is a free adaptation by the composer Hans Abrahamsen which premiered at the Danish Opera House on 13 October 2019 and received its first performance in English at the National Theater in Munich on 21 December 2019.

Stage plays and musicals
The story has been adapted into numerous stage plays and musicals, notably including:
 * In 1969 Josef Weinberger produced "The Snow Queen", a Musical Play in Two Acts. Based on the story by Hans Andersen, Book and Lyrics by Winifred Palmer, Musical Score adapted by King Palmer from the Music of Edvard Grieg. The author altered Hans Andersens' hero 'Kay' to 'Karl'.
 * A rock musical adaptation entitled "The Snow Queen: A New Musical". was produced by San Jose Repertory Theatre in December 2013, with music by Haddon Kime, book by Rick Lombardo and Kirsten Brandt, and lyrics by Kime, Brandt, and Lombardo. This adaptation received positive reviews, after also being produced at the 2014 New York Musical Theatre Festival.
 * An adaptation written by Preston Lane that uses Appalachian culture to tell the story premiered at Triad Stage in 2013.
 * Another adaptation of "The Snow Queen" made its world premiere at the Hippodrome State Theatre in Gainesville, FL in November 2015. This adaptation was written and directed by Charlie Mitchell, with original songs by Mitchell and Brian Mercer.
 * "The Snow Queen" was adapted as a radio play by Garrison Keillor, released on September 2, 2010
 * "The Snow Queen" by Missoula children's theatre played in several locations including Estevan and Humboldt.
 * "The Snow Queen" was adapted as an audiobook by Jennifer Charles, released by Ojet Records on December 23, 2020
 * An adaptation of the "Snow Queen" by Morna Young, drawing on Celtic mythology and set in late 19th Century Scotland, was staged at the Lyceum Theatre, Edinburgh, from 23rd November to 31 December 2023.

Dance productions

 * The first full-length ballet production of The Snow Queen was choreographed and produced by Aerin Holt and California Contemporary Ballet in December 1998 with an original score by Randall Michael Tobin. The ballet ran for 16 consecutive Decembers from 1998 to 2013. In December 2017 The Snow Queen Ballet returns for three performances in celebration of the 20th anniversary of California Contemporary Ballet.
 * An Off-Broadway dance theater adaptation of The Snow Queen was choreographed and produced by Angela Jones and Noel MacDuffie in 1999 with an original score by John LaSala. The soundtrack was released as an album on TownHall Records in 2000.
 * On 11 October 2007, the English National Ballet premiered a three-act version of The Snow Queen, choreographed by Michael Corder with a score drawn from the music of Sergei Prokofiev's The Stone Flower, arranged by Julian Philips.
 * On 23 November 2012, the Finnish National Ballet premiered a two-act version of The Snow Queen, choreographed by Kenneth Greve, music by Tuomas Kantelinen.
 * On 22 March 2016, the Grand Theatre, Poznań premiered a two-act version of The Snow Queen, directed by Anna Niedźwiedź, music by Gabriel Kaczmarek.
 * On 8 April 2017, the Eugene Ballet (OR) premiered a new full-length ballet, The Snow Queen, choreographed by Toni Pimble with original music by Kenji Bunch. The music was released on the Innova Records label to great acclaim.
 * Scottish Ballet staged a full-length Snow Queen ballet in two acts, choreographed by Christopher Hampson and Ashley Page, to a score arranged from music by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov in 2018; filmed by BBC television in 2019, rebroadcast 2020. The scenario borrows elements, such as the Snow Queen's sister, the wolves and the splintering palace, from the Walt Disney movie Frozen.

Literature

 * The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe (1950): It is possible that the White Witch from C. S. Lewis's novel may be inspired by the Snow Queen, as she turned Narnia into a snow-covered land, is also depicted as wearing a white fur coat and first appears riding in a sleigh, and kidnapped a boy.
 * French artist Stéphane Blanquet illustrated a version of the Snow Queen published in France in 2010 by Gallimard Jeunesse (ISBN 9782070641154)
 * Ophelia and the Marvelous Boy by Karen Foxleen is a children's book set in modern times featuring the Snow Queen and other elements from the fairy tale.

Media

 * A first-season episode of A Different World, "Rudy and the Snow Queen" (1987), involves the character of Whitley Gilbert (Jasmine Guy) retelling the story of the Snow Queen to The Cosby Show Rudy Huxtable (Keshia Knight-Pulliam), who has become so admiring of Whitley that she is ignoring Denise (Lisa Bonet), the older sister that Rudy came to visit. In Whitley's version of the tale, Kai is Gerda's little sister, and Rudy envisions Whitley as the beautiful queen. The crossover episode also includes a cameo appearance by the creator of both series, Bill Cosby, in character as Dr. Heathcliff Huxtable.
 * The song Schneekönigin (Snow Queen), by the German folk metal group Subway to Sally, tells of the Snow Queen coming to get the narrator, presumably Kai, to bring him back to her land of ice and silence.
 * Walt Disney Animation Studios' 2013 animated film Frozen was inspired by The Snow Queen and was originally intented to be a direct adaptation of Andersen's story in early development before being changed into a more original story.

title: The Snow Queen


text:
Abercrombie River National Park

The Abercrombie River National Park is a protected national park that is located in the Central Tablelands region of New South Wales, in eastern Australia. The 19000 ha national park is situated approximately 120 km west of Sydney and 40 km south of.

Features
The park includes the catchments of Silent Creek and the Retreat River, as well as a 42 km section of the Abercrombie River. The Abercrombie River National Park protects an important area of remnant bushland within the south-western Central Tablelands. It contains a diversity of vegetation communities characteristic of montane and tableland species as well as of the western slopes of New South Wales. The park makes an important contribution to nature conservation in the Central West by providing habitat for a number of animal species with large home range requirements and low domestic densities. The park provides opportunities for vehicle touring, bushwalking, swimming, fishing, picnicking and camping amid spectacular scenery. It also provides a pleasant natural break in the landscape between vast areas of cleared grazing land and large areas of pine plantations.

title: Abercrombie River National Park


text:
Bago Bluff National Park

Bago Bluff is a national park in New South Wales, Australia, approximately 410 km northeast of Sydney. It is situated south west of Wauchope and includes parts of the former Broken Bago State Forest and a part of Lorne State Forest. The Bago Bluff National Park also includes in the northern section the old Bago Bluff Flora Reserve and Six B Flora Reserve.

Bago Bluff offers splendid views of the Hastings Valley from the top of the bluff which can be accessed via several forest roads from the south, including Bago Road. The park's northern boundary is on southern side of the Oxley Highway where there are two badly washed 4WD tracks into the park.

Quarries in the park have previously yielded leaf and shell fossils.

Birds that may be spotted in the park include: Australian magpies (Gymnorhina tibicen), golden whistlers (Pachycephala pectoralis), green winged pigeons, grey fantails (Rhipidura), kookaburras (genus Dacelo), large-billed scrubwrens (Sericornis magnirostris), spotted pardalotes (Pardalotus punctatus), pied currawongs (Strepera graculina), striated thornbills (Acanthiza lineata) and white-browed scrubwrens (Sericornis frontalis).

Lantana has become a problem in the park where it is almost covering some of the tracks.

title: Bago Bluff National Park


text:
Bald Rock National Park

Bald Rock National Park is a national park in northern New South Wales, Australia, just north of Tenterfield on the Queensland border. The border passes over the rock on the Western side. On the other side of the border national park continues as the Girraween National Park.

The park is named after its most prominent feature, Bald Rock, which is a large granite outcrop rising 260 metres above the surrounding landscape and almost 1300 metres above sea level. Measuring about 750 metres long and 500 metres wide this is the largest granite monolith in Australia. Access to the rock is provided by a sealed road into the park and walking tracks to the summit. Two tracks are marked, a steep one up the exposed face, or an easier gradient through bushland around the back. The Bungoona Walking Track, constructed in 1980, ascends gently along the eastern side of Bald Rock, meandering through forested areas. Along the way, it traverses granite boulder formations, including a moss-covered arch adorned with ferns and orchids. The summit offers panoramic views of the surrounding bushland, but vegetation on top prevents a full 360° view. The views are so expansive, mountains as far north as the Queensland/New South Wales border can be seen, such as Mount Barney, Mount Lindesay and Flinders Peak, and as far south as Mount MacKenzie, south of Tenterfield.

The park is in the New England granite belt, where about 220 million years ago an episode of granite magmatism resulted in the intrusion of the Stanthorpe Adamellite into the surrounding metamorphic and sedimentary rock. Subsequent uplift and erosion of the New England Fold Belt has seen the majority of the surrounding sediments and metamorphic rocks eroded away, with the Stanthorpe Adamellite remaining due to its resistance to weathering. For many millennia, Bald Rock functioned as a neutral territory where the three indigenous nations of the area – the Jukembal, Bundjalung, and Kamilaroi – found common ground. Serving as a natural boundary, the rock allowed for gatherings and trade between these nations, eliminating the need for them to traverse each other's lands.

This regolith has created a landscape with many exposed inselbergs of granite rocks, some balancing on top of each other, or forming natural arches.

In 2019/2020, bushfires severely damaged the Bungoona walking track. The NSW Government invested $800,000 repairing and upgrading the track, including making it wheelchair-accessible. The upgrades were completed in March 2023.

Just off the main road from Tenterfield to the park is Thunderbolt's Hideout, a set of caves and overhanging granite rocks. It was thought to have been used by bushranger Captain Thunderbolt. A little further along the same road are some historic World War II tank traps.

title: Bald Rock National Park


text:
Barakee National Park

Barakee is a national park in New South Wales, Australia, 257 km north of Sydney. It is connected to Barakee State Conservation Area.

Description
The park and conservation area form an ecological corridor from the Manning River floodplain to the Great Dividing Range, linking diverse habitats. It also supports several threatened animal species.

There is a high diversity of forest ecosystems and other vegetation communities in the area. It includes significant stands of old-growth forest and rainforest habitats. The vegetation is dominated by Sydney blue gum (Eucalyptus saligna), forest red gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis),  river oak (Casuarina cunninghamiana), thin-leaved stringybark (Eucalyptus eugenioides), tallowwood (Eucalyptus microcorys), grey gums (Eucalyptus punctata, Eucalyptus canaliculata and Eucalyptus biturbinata), white mahogany (Eucalyptus acmenoides), pink bloodwood (Corymbia intermedia), broad-leaved apple (Angophora subvelutina) and apple box (Eucalyptus bridgesiana).

Threatened animal species include glossy black-cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus lathami), scarlet robin (Petroica boodang), flame robin (Petroica phoenicea), eastern false pipistrelle (Falsistrellus tasmaniensis), koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) and eastern bentwing-bat (Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis).

Barakee is remote, and therefore doesn't have large numbers of visitors, but it provides a natural experience. Camping, swimming and fishing are possible in the park. Visitors can hike or drive four-wheel vehicles.

Fires of 2019-2020
The fires that took place in 2019/2020 left scars on some parts of the park. So many parts are closed to visitors, to give the habitat time to recover and to renew the infrastructure.

title: Barakee National Park


text:
Barool National Park

Barool is a national park in New South Wales, Australia, 479 km north of Sydney. It is located north of the River Mann and is characterized by high eucalyptus forests.

29 species of birds have been recorded in the park.

title: Barool National Park