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Gothic rock

Gothic rock (also called goth rock or simply goth) is a style of rock music that emerged from post-punk in the United Kingdom in the late 1970s. The first post-punk bands which shifted toward dark music with gothic overtones include Siouxsie and the Banshees, Joy Division,  Bauhaus,  and the Cure.

The genre itself was defined as a separate movement from post-punk. Gothic rock stood out due to its darker sound, with the use of primarily minor or bass chords, reverb, dark arrangements, or dramatic and melancholic melodies, having inspirations in gothic literature allied with themes such as sadness, nihilism, dark romanticism, tragedy, melancholy and morbidity. These themes are often approached poetically. The sensibilities of the genre led the lyrics to represent the evil of the century and the romantic idealization of death and the supernatural imagination. Gothic rock then gave rise to a broader goth subculture that included clubs, fashion and publications in the 1980s, 1990s, and into the 21st century.

Characteristics
According to music journalist Simon Reynolds, standard musical fixtures of gothic rock include "scything guitar patterns, high-pitched basslines that often usurped the melodic role [and] beats that were either hypnotically dirgelike or tom-tom heavy and 'tribal. Reynolds described the vocal style as consisting of "deep, droning alloys of Jim Morrison and Leonard Cohen". Several acts used drum machines downplaying the rhythm's backbeat.

Gothic rock typically deals with dark themes addressed through lyrics and the music's atmosphere. The poetic sensibilities of the genre led gothic rock lyrics to exhibit literary romanticism, morbidity, existentialism, religious symbolism, or supernatural mysticism. Gothic rock is an offshoot of post-punk and, according to AllMusic, "took the cold synthesizers and processed guitars of post-punk and used them to construct foreboding, sorrowful, often epic soundscapes." Early gothic rock had introspective or personal lyrics, but according to AllMusic, "its poetic sensibilities soon led to a taste for literary romanticism, morbidity, religious symbolism, and/or supernatural mysticism."

Forerunners (1960s and 1970s)

Critic John Stickney used the term "gothic rock" to describe the music of the Doors in October 1967, in a review published in The Williams Record. Stickney wrote that the band met the journalists "in the gloomy vaulted wine cellar of the Delmonico hotel, the perfect room to honor the gothic rock of the Doors". The author noted that contrary to the "pleasant, amusing hippies", there was "violence" in their music and a dark atmosphere on stage during their concerts. Stickney ultimately titled his article, "Four Doors to the Future: Gothic Rock Is Their Thing".

Musicians who initially shaped the aesthetics and musical conventions of gothic rock include Marc Bolan, the Velvet Underground, the Doors, David Bowie, Brian Eno, and Iggy Pop. Journalist Kurt Loder would write that the song "All Tomorrow's Parties" by the Velvet Underground is a "mesmerizing gothic-rock masterpiece". However, Reynolds considers Alice Cooper as "the true ungodly godfather of goth" due to his "theatrics and black humor". Nico's 1968 album The Marble Index is sometimes described as "the first truly gothic album". With its stark sound, somber lyrics, and Nico's deliberate change in her look, the album became a crucial music and visual prototype for the gothic rock movement. Gothic rock creates a dark atmosphere by drawing influence from the drones used by protopunk group the Velvet Underground, and many gothic singers are influenced by the "deep and dramatic" vocal timbre of David Bowie, albeit singing at even lower pitches. Although gothic rock is an offshoot of post-punk, glam rock is another forerunner genre of gothic rock. Pitchfork wrote: "Although it abandoned the psychedelic color palette and exchanged alien worship for a vampire cult, goth kept glam's theatricality intact, as well as its openness to experimentation." In April 1977, critic Dave Marsh of The Morning Record described Philip Glass's current album North Star as "the best neo-Gothic rock since John Cale and Terry Riley's Church of Anthrax, or more appropriately, the first couple of Doors albums". Reynolds retrospectively described Kate Bush's 1978 song "Wuthering Heights" as "Gothic romance distilled into four-and-a-half minutes of gaseous rhapsody".

In the late 1970s, the word "gothic" was used to describe the atmosphere of post-punk bands like Siouxsie and the Banshees, Magazine and Joy Division. In a live review about a Siouxsie and the Banshees' concert in July 1978, critic Nick Kent wrote that concerning their performance, "parallels and comparisons can now be drawn with gothic rock architects like the Doors and, certainly, early Velvet Underground". In March 1979, Kent used the gothic adjective in his review of Magazine's second album, Secondhand Daylight. Kent noted that there was "a new austere sense of authority" to their music, with a "dank neo-Gothic sound". The second Siouxsie and the Banshees album, also released in 1979, was a precursor in several aspects. For journalist Alexis Petridis of The Guardian, "A lot of musical signifiers... – scything, effects-laden guitar, pounding tribal drums – are audible, on... Join Hands". In September, Joy Division's manager Tony Wilson described their music as "gothic" on the television show Something Else, and their producer Martin Hannett described their style as "dancing music with gothic overtones". In 1980, Melody Maker wrote that "Joy Division are masters of this gothic gloom". When their final album Closer came out a couple of months after the suicide of their singer Ian Curtis, Sounds noted in its review that there were "dark strokes of gothic rock".

Origins

Not long after, the "gothic" label "became a critical term of abuse" for a band like Bauhaus, who had arrived on the music scene in 1979. At the time, NME considered that "Siouxsie and the Banshees, Adam and the Ants and even... Joy Division" opened up "a potentially massive market" for newcomers like Bauhaus and Killing Joke: journalist Andy Gill then separated these two groups of bands, pointing out that there was a difference "between art and artifice".

However, Bauhaus's debut single, "Bela Lugosi's Dead", released in late 1979, was retrospectively considered to be the beginning of the gothic rock genre. According to Peter Murphy, the song was written to be tongue-in-cheek, but since the group performed it with "naïve seriousness", that is how the audience understood it. Bauhaus released their debut album In the Flat Field in 1980, and the album is often considered the first gothic rock album.

In the early 1980s, post-punk bands such as Siouxsie and the Banshees and the Cure included more gothic characteristics in their music. According to Reynolds, with their fourth album, 1981's Juju, the Banshees included several gothic qualities, lyrically and sonically, whereas according to The Guardian, Juju was art rock on certain album tracks and pop on the singles. Their bassist, Steven Severin, attributed the aesthetic used by the Banshees around that time to the influence of the Cramps. The Cure's "oppressively dispirited" trio of albums, Seventeen Seconds (1980), Faith (1981) and Pornography (1982), cemented that group's stature in the genre. The line "It doesn't matter if we all die" began the Pornography album, which is considered as "the Cure's gothic piece de resistance". They would later become the most commercially successful of these groups. The Cure's style was "withdrawn", contrasting with their contemporaries like Nick Cave's the Birthday Party, who drew on blues and violent turmoil. With the Birthday Party's Junkyard album, Nick Cave combined "sacred and profane" things, using Old Testament imagery with stories about sin, curses and damnation. Their 1981 single "Release the Bats" was particularly influential in the scene.

Killing Joke were originally inspired by Public Image Ltd., borrowing from funk, disco, dub and, later, heavy metal. Calling their style "tension music", Killing Joke distorted these elements to provocative effect, as well as producing a morbid, politically charged visual style. Reynolds identified the Birthday Party and Killing Joke as essential proto-goth groups. Despite their legacy as progenitors of gothic rock, those groups disliked the label. Adam Ant's early work was also a major impetus for the gothic rock scene, and much of the fanbase came from his milieu. Other early contributors to the scene included UK Decay and Ireland's Virgin Prunes.

Gothic rock would not be adopted as "positive identity, a tribal rallying cry" until a shift in the scene in 1982. In London, the Batcave club opened 21 July 1982 to provide a venue for the goth scene: the band Specimen gave many concerts there. That same year, Ian Astbury of the band Southern Death Cult used the term "gothic goblins" to describe Sex Gang Children's fans. Southern Death Cult became icons of the scene, drawing aesthetic inspiration from Native American culture and appearing on the cover of NME in October.

Expansion of the scene

In February 1983, the emerging scene was described as "positive punk" on the front cover of NME: in his article, journalist Richard North described Bauhaus, Theatre of Hate and UK Decay as "the immediate forerunners of today's flood", and declared, "So here it is: the new positive punk, with no empty promises of revolution, either in the rock'n'roll sense or the wider political sphere. Here is only a chance of self-awareness, of personal revolution, of colourful perception and galvanization of the imagination that startles the slumbering mind and body from their sloth". That year, myriad goth groups emerged, including Flesh for Lulu, Play Dead, Rubella Ballet, Gene Loves Jezebel, Blood and Roses, and Ausgang. The 4AD label released music in a more ethereal style, by groups such as Cocteau Twins, Dead Can Dance, and Xmal Deutschland. The Icelandic group Kukl also appeared in this period, which included Björk and other musicians who later participated in the Sugarcubes.

Reynolds has spoken of a shift from early goth to gothic rock proper, advanced by the Sisters of Mercy. As journalist Jennifer Park put it, "The original blueprint for gothic rock had mutated significantly. Doom and gloom was no longer confined to its characteristic atmospherics, but as the Sisters demonstrated, it could really rock". The Sisters of Mercy, who cited influences such as Leonard Cohen, Gary Glitter, Motörhead, the Stooges, the Velvet Underground, the Birthday Party, Suicide, and the Fall, created a new, harder form of gothic rock. In addition, they incorporated a drum machine. Reynolds identified their 1983 single "Temple of Love" as the quintessential goth anthem of the year, along with Southern Death Cult's "Fatman". The group created their own record label, Merciful Release, which also signed the March Violets, who performed in a similar style. According to Reynolds, the March Violets "imitated Joy Division sonically". Another band, the Danse Society was particularly inspired by the Cure's Pornography period.

Subsequent developments
American gothic rock began with 45 Grave and Christian Death. This harder, more punk rock-influenced style of gothic rock became known as deathrock. Christian Death combined "self-consciously controversial tactics" with Los Angeles punk and heavy metal influences. Their singer Rozz Williams committed suicide by hanging in 1998 at age 34. 45 Grave was more inspired by heavy metal than Christian Death and featured female singer Dinah Cancer. Some punk and garage rock bands like The Cramps, The Gun Club, Lydia Lunch, The Nuns, The Misfits and T.S.O.L. have been credited to be influential on both the sound and the aesthetics of the Goth subculture in America, being subsequently credited to be pioneers in the "Goth Punk" sub-genre. Notable 1980s American Goth bands include Super Heroines, Human Drama, The Wake and Kommunity FK. Later stages of Gothic Rock came with a shift in sound and commercial success. Southern Death Cult reformed as the Cult, a more conventional hard rock group. Bauhaus members reformed as the psychedelia-influenced Love and Rockets achieving both critical and commercial success during the late 1980s and '90s. In their wake, the Mission, which included two former members of the Sisters of Mercy (Wayne Hussey and Craig Adams), achieved commercial success in the mid-1980s to early 1990s, as did Fields of the Nephilim and All About Eve. European groups inspired by gothic rock also proliferated, including Clan of Xymox. Other bands associated with gothic rock include All Living Fear, And Also the Trees, Balaam and the Angel, Claytown Troupe, Dream Disciples, Feeding Fingers, Inkubus Sukkubus, Libitina, Miranda Sex Garden, Nosferatu, Rosetta Stone, and Suspiria. The 1990s saw a resurgence of the goth subculture, fueled largely by crossover from the industrial, electronic and metal scenes; and goth culture and aesthetic again worked itself into the mainstream consciousness, inspiring thriving goth music scenes in most cities and notoriety throughout popular culture. Beginning in the early 1990s, gothic metal fused "the bleak, icy atmospherics of goth rock with the loud guitars and aggression of heavy metal." In the 2000s, critics regularly noticed the influence of goth on bands of that time period. English band The Horrors mixed 1960s garage rock with 1980s goth. When referencing female singer Zola Jesus, writers questioned if she announced the second coming of the genre as her music was described with this term.

Visual elements
In terms of fashion, gothic bands incorporated influences from 19th-century Gothic literature along with horror films and, to a lesser extent, the BDSM culture. Gothic fashions within the subculture range from deathrock, punk, androgynous, Victorian, to Renaissance and medieval-style attire, or combinations of the above, most often with black clothing, makeup and hair. Crimped hair was popular among gothic fans in the 1980s.

Impact
In the 1990s, several acts such as PJ Harvey, Marilyn Manson, Manic Street Preachers, and Nine Inch Nails included gothic characteristics in their music. According to Rolling Stone, PJ Harvey's music in 1993 "careens from blues to goth to grunge, often in the space of a single song" whereas American artists such as Marilyn Manson combined "atmosphere from goth and disco" with "industrial sound". In 1997, Spin qualified Portishead's second album as "gothic", "deadly" and "trippy". Critic Barry Walters observed that the group got "darker, deeper and more disturbing" in comparison to their debut album Dummy. In the late 2010s, the Twilight Sad included gothic elements in their music.

Books

 * Robb, John (2023). The Art of Darkness : The History Of Goth. Louder Than War Books. ISBN 978-1-914424-86-1
 * Tolhurst, Lol. Goth: a History. Quercus. ISBN 978-1529424270
 * Unsworth, Cathi (2023). Season of the Witch: The Book of Goth. Nine Eight Books. ISBN 978-1788706247

title: Gothic rock


text:
Atkinson, New Hampshire

Atkinson is a town in Rockingham County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 7,087 at the 2020 census.

History
Atkinson's history dates back to the American Revolution. The community was incorporated September 3, 1767, and was named after Colonel Theodore Atkinson, a local landowner.

Atkinson Academy, the second-oldest co-educational school in the country, was founded as a boys' school in 1787 by Reverend Stephen Peabody, General Nathaniel Peabody and Doctor William Cogswell; it began admitting girls in 1791. The school building burned to the ground in 1802, and was rebuilt in 1803 at a cost of $2,500. That building remains a part of the academy, which has since been expanded, with only four classrooms.

The Kimball House Museum occupies a structure that was built in 1772 by the Reverend Stephen Peabody. In April 1907, Rev. Joseph A. Kimball, a summer resident, purchased the building from the Maddocks family in order to create a library for the town.

Atkinson's history can be read about in the book Atkinson Then and Now, which can be purchased at the Atkinson Public Library on Academy Avenue.

Atkinson celebrated its 250th anniversary on Labor Day weekend 2017.

Geography
Atkinson is in southeastern New Hampshire, in the southwestern part of Rockingham County. It is bordered to the south by the city of Haverhill in Essex County, Massachusetts.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 29.4 km2, of which 28.9 km2 are land and 0.5 km2 are water, comprising 1.61% of the town. The highest point in Atkinson is Hog Hill, north of the town center, at 430 ft above sea level. Atkinson is drained to the west by tributaries of the Spicket River and to the east by tributaries of the Little River, both southward-flowing tributaries of the Merrimack River.

In 2011 the New Hampshire Scenic and Cultural Byways program named 3.74 mi of Main Street the "Stage Coach Byway".

Adjacent municipalities

 * Hampstead (north)
 * Plaistow (east)
 * Haverhill, Massachusetts (south)
 * Salem (west)
 * Derry (northwest)

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 6,178 people, 2,317 households, and 1,777 families residing in the town. The population density was 555.2 PD/sqmi. There were 2,431 housing units at an average density of 218.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 97.62% White, 0.26% African American, 0.06% Native American, 1.18% Asian, 0.21% from other races, and 0.66% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.70% of the population.

There were 2,317 households, out of which 32.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.8% were married couples living together, 5.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.3% were non-families. 19.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.08.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 24.5% under the age of 18, 5.0% from 18 to 24, 28.4% from 25 to 44, 30.7% from 45 to 64, and 11.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.1 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $69,729, and the median income for a family was $77,631. Males had a median income of $53,229 versus $34,760 for females. The per capita income for the town was $30,412. About 2.3% of families and 3.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.5% of those under age 18 and 2.2% of those age 65 or over.

Transportation
Two New Hampshire state routes cross Atkinson.

 * NH 111 crosses the extreme northern part of the town, passing just to the south of Island Pond. It connects with Windham to the southwest and Hampstead to the east.
 * NH 121 is Atkinson's Main Street, crossing the center of town from north to southeast. It connects Hampstead in the north to Plaistow in the south, before ending in the northern part of Haverhill, Massachusetts.

The nearest airport is Manchester–Boston Regional Airport along the border of Londonderry and Manchester. The nearest rail service is the Haverhill Line of the MBTA Commuter Rail at Haverhill station in Massachusetts, which also serves as the Amtrak station.

Education
Atkinson Public Schools are part of the Timberlane Regional School District. The district serves the communities of Atkinson, Danville, Plaistow and Sandown. The district has five elementary schools, a middle school and a high school. Students in Atkinson attend Atkinson Academy (claimed to be the oldest co-educational school still standing in the United States), Timberlane Regional Middle School, and Timberlane Regional High School.

Notable people

 * Brad Delp (1951–2007), lead singer of Boston and RTZ
 * John Noyes (1764–1841), member of the United States House of Representatives from Vermont
 * Elizabeth Barrows Ussher (1873–1915), Christian missionary and witness of the Armenian Genocide

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Atkinson, New Hampshire


text:
Auburn, New Hampshire

Auburn is a town in Rockingham County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 5,946 at the 2020 census, up from 4,953 at the 2010 census.

History
Auburn was originally settled by Native Americans in 1624. It was a fishing settlement called by Native Americans "Massabesic" (the current name of the town's largest lake). British settlers arrived in the area in 1720 and made peace with the Natives until the French and Indian War. The Massabesic settlement was destroyed, and the nearby town of Chester claimed the land. It was known as "Chester Woods", "Chester West Parish", "Long Meadow", and then Auburn. Auburn became an independent town on June 25, 1845, with a population of 1,200 people. As with Auburn, Maine, Auburn, Massachusetts, and Auburn, New York, the name is from Oliver Goldsmith's popular 18th-century poem, "The Deserted Village", which begins:

 * Sweet Auburn! loveliest village of the plain,
 * Where health and plenty cheered the labouring swain
 * Where smiling spring its earliest visit paid,
 * And parting summer's lingering blooms delayed

Auburn was served by the Concord and Portsmouth Railroad, which later became the Portsmouth Branch of the Boston & Maine Railroad. Auburn was home to a small passenger depot at one time, but by the mid 1900s most rail activity was through traffic, as Auburn had few on-line industries. The last freight trains passed through in the early 1980s. The track was abandoned in 1982 and subsequently torn up between 1983 and 1985.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 74.6 km2, of which 65.7 sqkm are land and 9.0 sqkm, or 12.01%, are water. Massabesic Lake, located in the western part of Auburn and the eastern part of Manchester, is the largest body of water in Auburn and serves as the public water supply for Manchester. The lake is fed by numerous tributaries, most notable being Sucker Brook, which enters the northeastern end of the lake near the Auburn town center and itself drains several lakes, including Tower Hill Pond, Clark Pond, and Little Massabesic Lake. Cohas Brook flows through the eastern portion of Auburn and eventually (in Manchester) receives the outflow of Massabesic Lake before flowing west to the Merrimack River. Auburn lies fully within the Merrimack River watershed. Three hills, all overlooking Massabesic Lake, can lay potential claim to being Auburn's highest point: Mount Miner, at 582 ft above sea level, located north of the lake; Mine Hill, greater than 580 ft, above the east shore; and Mount Misery, greater than 580 feet, to the southeast.

Adjacent municipalities

 * Candia (north)
 * Chester (east)
 * Derry (southeast)
 * Londonderry (southwest)
 * Manchester (west)
 * Hooksett (northwest)

Climate
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Auburn has a warm-summer humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps. The hottest temperature recorded in Auburn was 105 F on August 3, 1988, while the coldest temperature recorded was -43 F on February 16, 1943.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,682 people, 1,580 households, and 1,322 families residing in the town. The population density was 185.7 PD/sqmi. There were 1,622 housing units at an average density of 64.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 98.29% White, 0.21% African American, 0.23% Native American, 0.41% Asian, 0.23% from other races, and 0.62% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.94% of the population.

There were 2,349 households, out of which 44.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 75.1% were married couples living together, 5.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.3% were non-families. 11.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.96 and the average family size was 3.22.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 28.9% under the age of 18, 6.2% from 18 to 24, 33.0% from 25 to 44, 25.8% from 45 to 64, and 6.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.2 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $70,774, and the median income for a family was $72,578. Males had a median income of $45,000 versus $33,365 for females. The per capita income for the town was $28,405. About 1.6% of families and 1.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0.7% of those under age 18 and 11.2% of those age 65 or over.

Since Auburn has an agreement with the city of Manchester that the city and the surrounding towns can use Massabesic Lake as a water source, Manchester, Chester, Candia, Hooksett and Derry pay Auburn an estimated $3 million for Lake Massabesic.

Attractions
Lake Massabesic covers over 2500 acre in Auburn and Manchester and serves as the public water supply for the city of Manchester. Half of the lake (the half farthest from the public water intake) is used for less-intrusive types of boating. No swimming or other contact between users and water is allowed. Devil's Den is a small cave east of Massabesic Lake. The Massabesic Audubon Center is in central Auburn, occupying Battery Point on the lake. The Griffin Mill Dam along Little Massabesic Brook-Sucker Brook is in the northeastern part of the town.

Lake Massabesic Duck Race
Every year, the Auburn Historical Association hosts an annual Duck Race on Hooksett Road near a river that flows into Lake Massabesic. The main event starts at the Hooksett road bridge over the Little Massabesic Brook-Sucker Brook where a truck dumps thousands of yellow rubber ducks into the brook,lined with straight yellow floating tubes, and the race ends at a finish line on the left side of the Griffin Mill Bridge, past the waterfall. People buy individual ducks, with prizes going to the owners of the "fastest" ducks to reach the finish line. The event attracts thousands of onlookers each year, to partake in the selection of goods offered at rented booths and/or to watch the ducks leisurely float down the river. There are games for younger kids (usually provided by Auburn Village School volunteers). Visitors are able to access the Griffin Free Public Library, or browse the related booths parked in the Griffin Free Public Library's parking lot. An official pie contest happens at a booth in the Duck race, with 1st, 2nd,and 3rd place winner's getting special clay pie trays.

Yacht Sail Boating Club race
Every Sunday, sometimes also during the week, the Yacht Sail Boating Club hosts a sailboat race. Members of the club start on the northern shore of Massabesic Lake, and it ends after going 3 laps around the lake. Many visitors enjoy watching the races from their kayaks, sailboats, and canoes, or at Battery Point, the northernmost point on the Massabesic Peninsula.

Book sale
The last weekend in July, the Griffin Free Public Library holds a huge book sale at the Auburn Village School. Approximately 10,000 books and games are sold, with all proceeds benefiting the library's programs.

Education
Auburn is part of School Administrative Unit 15, along with the neighboring towns of Hooksett and Candia. SAU-15 administers five schools with Auburn Village School, serving all elementary school and middle school students (grades K–8) in the town.

SAU-15 has no high school; students from Auburn attend high school at Pinkerton Academy (in Derry).

Previously Auburn students attended high school in the Manchester School District, with the vast majority going to Manchester Memorial High School. In 2011, the town voted to change its high school to Pinkerton, with 1,119 in favor and 190 opposing. In 2011 some Auburn students already chose to go to Pinkerton.

Transportation
Three state highways pass through the town. New Hampshire Route 101 is a four-lane expressway that passes through the northern part of the town, leading west to neighboring Manchester and east to Exeter. Access to Auburn is from Exit 2 within the town and Exit 1 just west of the town. New Hampshire Route 28 Bypass travels through the west side of Auburn, leading south to Derry and north to Hooksett. NH 28 Bypass intersects NH 101 at that highway's Exit 1. New Hampshire Route 121 passes through the center of Auburn, leading east to Chester.

There is one private airstrip, Cleary Airport (29NH) located at 33 Bunker Hill Road. The airport has one grass/sod runway 18/36 measuring approximately 3200 by.

Notable people

 * Joe Dudek (born 1964), member of the College Football Hall of Fame
 * Carl Forsaith (1888–1982), author of Auburn, New Hampshire, the town's official history book
 * Albert Plummer (1840–1912), physician, legislator

title: Auburn, New Hampshire


text:
Azure, Montana

Azure is a census-designated place (CDP) in Hill County, Montana, United States. The population was 286 at the 2010 census.

Geography
Azure is located in southeastern Hill County at 48.31194°N, -109.81111°W (48.311831, -109.811213), within the Rocky Boy Indian Reservation. It is bordered to the south by the Sangrey CDP. It is 11 mi east of Box Elder and U.S. Route 87.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the Azure CDP has a total area of 11.7 km2, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 253 people, 55 households, and 47 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 56.7 PD/sqmi. There were 59 housing units at an average density of 13.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 2.77% White, 95.26% Native American, and 1.98% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.40% of the population.

There were 55 households, out of which 49.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.5% were married couples living together, 25.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 14.5% were non-families. 12.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 1.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.60 and the average family size was 5.04.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 42.3% under the age of 18, 18.6% from 18 to 24, 21.7% from 25 to 44, 13.4% from 45 to 64, and 4.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 20 years. For every 100 females, there were 110.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.8 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $19,821, and the median income for a family was $26,250. Males had a median income of $27,614 versus $26,250 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $5,407. About 28.3% of families and 32.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 35.3% of those under the age of eighteen and none of those 65 or over.

title: Azure, Montana


text:
Basin, Montana

Basin is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Jefferson County, Montana, United States. It lies approximately 10 mi southeast of the Continental Divide in a high narrow canyon along Interstate 15 about halfway between Butte and Helena. Basin Creek flows roughly north to south through Basin and enters the Boulder River on the settlement's south side. The population was 212 at the 2010 census, down from 255 at the 2000 census.

Archaeologists have discovered evidence of human habitation from 10,000 years ago at a site near Clancy, 20 mi northeast of Basin. From about 2000 BCE through the mid-19th century, nomadic tribes hunted bison in the grassy valleys that trend east, away from the Rocky Mountains and into the plains. By the time miners found gold in the streams in and near Basin, most of these tribes of Indians had been forced onto reservations by the U.S. government.

Basin rests above the Boulder Batholith, the host rock for many valuable mineral ores found in this part of Montana. After the town became a hub of gold and silver mining, Basin's population peaked at about 1,500 in the first decade of the 20th century but gradually declined as the mines were depleted. Abandoned mining equipment, closed or barricaded mine portals, and the ruins of a smelter and ore concentrator remain in Basin in the 21st century.

Historic buildings from Basin's heyday form much of the core of the CDP's small business district, which includes a fire station, a post office, two restaurants, a bar, a commercial gallery, and small specialty shops. Basin has a small elementary school, its own water system, and a low-power radio station. Local volunteers and elected trustees provide limited services to the settlement, but it relies on the government of Jefferson County for law enforcement and other services. From 1993 through 2011, Basin was home to the Montana Artists Refuge.

Geography and geology
Basin, in Jefferson County, is part of the Helena Micropolitan Statistical Area. It lies at an elevation of 5364 ft above sea level along Interstate 15 about 30 mi by road north of Butte and 38 mi south of Helena in a narrow canyon. The community is largely surrounded by the Beaverhead-Deerlodge National Forest. Basin Creek flows south through the center of Basin to its confluence with a larger stream, the Boulder River, which flows east along the south side of Basin. No paved roads except the interstate highway, which runs along the river canyon, connect Basin to other towns. About 10 mi upstream on Basin Creek lies the Continental Divide. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 33.0 km2, all land.

In the late Cretaceous (roughly 81 to 74 million years ago), molten rock (magma) rose to the Earth's surface in and near what later became Jefferson County and eventually formed an intrusive body of granitic rock up to 10 mi thick and 100 mi in diameter. This body, known as the Boulder Batholith, extends from Helena to Butte, and is the host rock for the many valuable ores mined in the region. As the granite cooled, it cracked, and hot solutions infiltrated the cracks to form mineral veins bearing gold and other metals. Millions of years later, weathering allowed gold in the veins to wash down to the gravels in Basin Creek, Cataract Creek, and the other creeks near Basin, as well as the Boulder River.

The Basin area is underlain by the quartz monzonite of the Boulder Batholith. The batholith is overlain by dacite from the Paleogene and Neogene periods (roughly 66 million to 1.8 million years ago) and andesite from the late Cretaceous. The andesite and monzonite are cut by dikes of dacite and rhyolite.

First peoples
Archeologists think it likely that the first people to live in Montana crossed from Asia to North America over the Bering Land Bridge that existed during the last major Ice Age about 12,000 years ago. Because the middle of the continent was covered with sheets of ice, people who migrated south did so on trails along the edges of glaciers melted by seasonal warming. One such trail, called the Great North Trail, is thought to have followed the Rocky Mountain Front into Montana, passing close to Helena, 24 mi north of Basin, and continuing into the east-central part of the state. Evidence of these early Paleo-Indians or Clovis people has been found at three sites, one of them the McHaffie site near Clancy about 20 mi north of Basin. The age of the Clancy artifacts is estimated to be 10,000 years. The Clovis people are thought to have disappeared in about 4,000 to 5,000 BCE when the Montana climate became more dry and would not support the animal populations the Clovis needed to survive.

About 2,000 years ago, a new prehistoric people known as the Late Hunters appeared in Montana, thriving on a bison (buffalo) population living in open grassy areas on the plains and in river valleys. The earliest tribes are thought to have been the Kootenai, who stayed west of the Continental Divide, and the Flathead (Salish), and Pend d'Oreilles, who ventured east of the mountains into and east of the Three Forks country, 46 mi southeast of Basin. In the 17th century, the Crow entered Montana from the east and the Shoshone from the south. Pressed by other tribes retreating west from white European settlers, the Blackfeet moved into Montana around 1730. Acquiring horses and firearms, and numbering about 15,000, they formed alliances with other incoming tribes, the Assiniboine and the Gros Ventres, and by the mid-18th century dominated the state. When the white explorers Lewis and Clark traveled up the Missouri River to Three Forks, they found only Blackfeet and Blackfeet allies. Heavily dependent on bison, the nomadic life of the Blackfeet "came to an abrupt end in the early 1880s when the buffalo became almost extinct."

During the 1870s, a few years after the first white miners began looking for gold near Basin, the last large-scale battles between the U.S. government and the Indians took place in Montana. The Marias Massacre (also known as the Baker Massacre), occurred in 1870 about 150 mi northeast of Basin. Others, the Battle of the Little Bighorn and the Battle of the Rosebud, were fought in 1876 about 250 mi from Basin in the southeastern part of the state. By then, most first peoples had been moved to reservations, which were far from Basin.

Camp
The town of Basin began as a 19th century mining camp near the confluence of Basin Creek with the Boulder River. Gold deposits at the mouth of Cataract Creek, about 0.5 mi downstream of Basin were reported as early as 1862. Prospectors staked claims and built cabins, and within a few years placer mining extended the full lengths of Cataract and Basin Creeks. When a settlement was established in Basin, the buildings at the mouth of Cataract Creek were gradually moved to Basin, and the Cataract camp was abandoned.

Searches for the lode veins on both creeks succeeded by the 1870s and eventually led to significant lode mining at the Eva May, Uncle Sam, Grey Eagle, Hattie Ferguson, and Comet mines in the Cataract Creek district and the Bullion, Hope, and Katy mines in the Basin Creek district. By 1880, the settlement at Basin became the local source of supplies for mines and miners.

Boom and bust
Two mines, the Katy and the Hope, owned serially by several different companies between the mid-1890s and the mid-1920s, contributed to Basin's prosperity. In 1894, the Basin and Bay State Mining Company, organized by two brothers named Glass, began expanded operations at these mines. However, flooding and fires caused both mines to close by 1896; the Glass brothers lost control of the property, and the mines went idle. Despite the ups and downs of the local mines and despite several disastrous fires in town, Basin prospered. In 1905, the Basin Reduction Company led by F. Augustus Heinze, who owned mines in Butte, took over the properties left by the Glass brothers and improved them. By then, Basin had a population of 1,500, four rooming houses, a drug store, three hotels, a bath house, three grocery stores, a bank, a newspaper, and 12 saloons.

An unpublished manuscript on file with the Montana State Historical Society describes life in Basin between 1906 and 1910 in great detail. Two railroads, the Northern Pacific on the north side of the Boulder River, and the Great Northern on the south side, served the city; both had depots and warehouses in Basin and carried passengers as well as freight. The Glass brothers' smelter had been set up on the north side to process concentrated ore delivered by rail from out of town or from the mills on the south side. Infrastructure included a weight scale for ore cars and an overhead tram to carry ore across the river from the reduction mill to the smelter. Although the smelter was a "massive unit" equipped with furnaces, conveyors, and machinery ready for operation, it "never turned a wheel".

While the smelter sat idle, mining activity continued on the south side of the river in the Hope-Katy mine complex, at the Hope Mill, which crushed and separated ore, and at the Basin Reduction Works. Flumes carried water from upstream on Cataract Creek and Basin Creek to a storage reservoir in town and supplied water to the mills as well as the town's fire hydrants. A separate flume carried water to the mills from upstream on the Boulder River. At the Basin Reduction Works, Corliss steam engines, driven by the coal-fired boilers, provided power to run the mine hoists and the mill machinery, and an electric generator powered by a water wheel made electricity for factory lights and the arc lights at Basin's street intersections. Surplus tailings were discharged into the river and into a dam built for the purpose downstream of Basin.

In addition to homes, Basin structures between 1906 and 1910 included a dance pavilion, a grandstand, a baseball diamond, and a playground near the confluence of Basin Creek with the river. A footbridge connected the playground with a picnic area on the south side of the river. Meeting places included churches, a union hall, and a two-story building shared by the Fraternal Order of Eagles, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, the Masons, and Eastern Star. Among the town's businesses were a hardware store, a bakery, livery stables, several "units of harlotry", a blacksmith shop, a brewery specializing in Basin Beer, a sawmill, and a dairy barn from which "milk was delivered in five-pound buckets", sometimes with covers.

In 1909, after Heinze abandoned his properties in Basin, the Butte and Superior Mining Company used buildings and machinery at the site of the Basin Reduction Works to treat zinc ore by a new process called froth flotation. Sued for patent infringement, the company shut down its Basin plant in 1912. Max Atwater, a mining engineer who had worked for Butte and Superior, obtained a license for the process and ran a smaller zinc-extraction plant in Basin from 1914 through 1918. His wife, Mary Meigs Atwater, described Basin as "a mining camp, subject to recurring periods of boom and bust... A tiny telephone office and a drugstore died with the end of our era of boom... Just above the town were the headframe of our mine, and the old mill, and the never-quite-finished skeleton of a projected smelter."

The most extensive and successful mining of the Hope-Katy vein began in 1919, when the Jib Consolidated Mining Company began work on the property. When this company acquired the mines, they comprised 3500 ft of workings. Over the next five years, Jib expanded these to more than 15000 ft, and in 1924 the company became the largest gold producer in Montana. In that year, the combined Jib mines produced about 33000 oz of gold, 182000 oz of silver, 282000 lb of copper, and 199000 lb of lead. In 1925, however, the Jib properties passed from the mining company to trustees for creditors, and production declined. This was the last of Basin's mining booms. Since then, small-scale mining, reworking of old mine dumps, and placer mining has continued in the region.

Since 1960
For about 50 years, the Merry Widow Health Mine in Basin and similar mines nearby have attracted people seeking relief from health problems such as arthritis through limited exposure to radioactive mine water and radon. The practice is controversial because of the "well-documented ill effects of high-dose radiation on the body."

In 1975, the Basin community formed water and sewer districts and, using federal grants to cover about 60 percent of the costs, built a water delivery, sewage, and waste-handling system. By 1990, Interstate 15 had replaced the entire length of U.S. Route 91 in the state. The centerline of the Interstate followed the track of the former Great Northern Railway through town.

In 1999, the Environmental Protection Agency added the Basin mining area to the Superfund National Priorities List because of mining-waste problems in and near town. The mining area comprised the watersheds of Basin and Cataract Creek and part of the Boulder River. Contaminants included arsenic, copper, cadmium, lead and other metals. Cleanup of the mining wastes at the Buckeye-Enterprise, Crystal and Bullion mines in the Basin Creek and Cataract watersheds was completed in 2002, and the removal of mine waste from Basin was completed in 2004.

Individual mines
Almost opposite the Hope-Katy complex on the south side of the Boulder River in Basin was the Katy Extension Mine on the north side. It produced ore from part of the Hope-Katy lode that had been displaced about 800 ft to the north by faulting. Other mines within 2 mi of Basin included the Lotta, 1 mi west of town along the route of Interstate 15; the Basin Bell (Latsch), about 1.5 mi north of town along Basin Creek; the Boulder, 1.5 mi northeast of Basin on the south slope of Pole Mountain; the Mantle and South Mantle, about 1.5 mi north of town along Cataract Creek; and the Obelisk, 1.5 mi east of town near the road that later became Interstate 15.

Climate
July and August are typically the warmest months in Boulder, approximately 9 mi east of Basin, while December and January are the coldest. May and June are the wettest months, when a total of about 4 in of precipitation falls. Weather observations were recorded in Basin from June 1949 to November 1970, but only contained precipitation and snowfall data.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 255 people, 113 households, and 69 families residing in the CDP. The population density was about 20 people per square mile (8/km2). The CDP contained 146 housing units. Basin's racial makeup was about 95% White, 2% Native American, and about 4% other. Hispanic or Latino persons of any race were 2% of the population. The population decreased to 212 by 2010 and to 199 as of the census of 2020.

In 2000, 29% of the households included children under the age of 18; 51% were married couples living together, 5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39% were non-families. 33% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.93.

The population was spread out in 2000, with 27% under the age of 18, 5% from 18 to 24, 29% from 25 to 44, 31% from 45 to 64, and 8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 95 males.

The median income for a household in 2000 for the CDP was $22,500, and the median income for a family was about $30,000. Males had a median income of $26,000 versus $16,000 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $12,000. About 23% of families and 33% of the population were below the poverty line, including 56% of those under the age of 18 and 17% of those 65 or over. By 2020, the median household income had risen to $49,000.

Arts and culture
In 1993, a group of professional artists established the Montana Artists Refuge in Basin. The nonprofit organization offered artist residencies in two historic buildings, a former bank and meeting hall and a former dry goods store converted to apartment and studio space. The organization sponsored annual art events including the American Indian Artists Symposium and the Basin City Jazz Art Experience, held in the Basin Community Hall. All types of artists, including potters, painters, musicians, dancers, singers, weavers, and writers, had residencies in Basin. The refuge closed in October 2011.

Education, business, and government
A public elementary school, Basin Grade School, serves about 20 students, pre-kindergarten through sixth grade. Older students attend school in Boulder.

The town's small business district includes a bar, two restaurants, a traveler's inn, a wellness center, small specialty shops, and a pottery gallery. A low-power radio station, KBAS-LP, 98.3 FM, owned by Jefferson County Disaster and Emergency Services, broadcasts from Basin.

County, state, and federal agencies provide most of the government services available in Basin. Local residents serve as elected trustees of the Basin Fire District and its volunteer fire department. Elected trustees also oversee the Basin Water and Sewer District. The Jefferson County sheriff's department provides law enforcement, and other county departments offer trash removal and recycling, emergency management services, and road maintenance. The county health department has a clinic in Boulder, 9 mi east of Basin, and the county courthouse, district court, and the nearest branch of the county library are also in Boulder. The United States Postal Service has a post office in Basin.

title: Basin, Montana


text:
Brentwood, New Hampshire

Brentwood is a town in Rockingham County, New Hampshire, United States. At the 2020 census, its population was 4,490. Brentwood has been the county seat of Rockingham County since 1997.

History
An Abenaki tribe called the Pennacook farmed, fished and hunted in what is now Brentwood. Two main foot trails ran through the town, one along the Exeter River, where arrowheads and other stone and wooden artifacts have been found. At Pickpocket Dam, this pathway joined with the Pentucket Trail leading south to Pentucket (now Haverhill, Massachusetts) and north further into Pennacook territory.

The first non-native settlers came in 1652 to start a sawmill powered by a waterfall on the Exeter River.

Division and redivision
The town was once a part of Exeter known as Brentwood (or Brintwood) Parish. It was named after Brentwood, Essex, originally called "Burnt Wood", where, in 1177, King Henry II granted permission for 40 acre of the king's forest to be cut, burned and cultivated.

Beginning in 1738, residents living in the southwestern portion of Exeter, now Brentwood and Fremont, petitioned to be set off, but were denied. They cited difficulty of getting to the Exeter church/meetinghouse, where weekly attendance was obligatory, and the requirement to pay Exeter taxes. Eighteen people wrote in dissent, saying that even the proposed new town would require travel more than two miles to a new meetinghouse. On June 26, 1742, colonial governor Benning Wentworth set Brentwood off from Exeter and incorporated it.

The meetinghouse was planned at "the west side of the 'Gully'", but those living south of the Exeter River said it was hard to reach in spring and fall. For a while, church was held at two venues, north and south of the river.

Residents petitioned for a dividing line between the midpoints of the northern and southern boundaries. In 1744, Gov. Wentworth issued a King's Patent to establish a new town called "Keeneborough Parish", named after his friend, Sir Benjamin Keene (1697–1757), English minister to Spain. Brentwood continued to tax the residents of Keeneborough; one resident was imprisoned for failing to pay, and the General Assembly called Wentworth's action a "usurpation." Minister Nathaniel Trask reconciled the factions and Keeneborough reunited with Brentwood in 1750. The westerners petitioned again for separation in 1757 and 1763. In 1764, Brentwood did divide, the western half calling itself "Poplin" (now Fremont).

After Rev. Trask's death in 1789, the Congregationalists lamented the decline of religion and morality in favor of alcohol. The town licensed its first "dram shop" in 1792 and licensed 28 of them over eleven years. A handful of slaves were held in Brentwood, but none at the 1800 or subsequent censuses.

Development
Mills along the rivers produced lumber and manufactured goods in the early days. The economy later shifted towards agriculture. The town is now predominantly residential.

The Rockingham County Complex on North Road (the only road owned by the county) traces its history to 1916. It was called the "poor farm" or the "county farm", but the only current farming is hay. It has administrative offices, a nursing home, and the county jail. In 1997, when county offices and courts moved from the Exeter courthouse to a former industrial headquarters off Calef Road, Brentwood became the county seat.

Retail development is focused along Calef Road, though home businesses exist elsewhere for historical reasons. There is an industrial zone in the northeast, along Pine Road, which spans Brentwood and Exeter. In 2012, Exeter, resenting the wear on its part of the road from heavy vehicles from the businesses in Brentwood, posted a weight limit on its part, which led to lengthy detours and a lawsuit and counter-suit. These were settled in 2014, as the judge ruled that Exeter's posting was illegal. Brentwood had to reimburse Exeter, but only the amounts for upgrading Pine Road to handle the heavy vehicles.

The 2014 fatal shooting of police officer Stephen Arkell, who arrived at a condominium to investigate a domestic disturbance, led to many memorials and continuing events in his name, such as an annual 5K run. In 2021, the section of Route 125 within Brentwood was officially named the Officer Stephen Arkell Memorial Highway.

Geography
Brentwood is a nearly square quadrangle, except that the town line follows the Exeter River in the southeastern corner. Brentwood has a total area of 44.0 km2, of which 43.6 km2 are land and 0.4 km2 are water, comprising 0.93% of the town. The highest point in Brentwood is Great Hill, at 275 ft above sea level, whose summit is in the southeastern corner of the town.

The town is drained by the Exeter River and its tributary Dudley Brook. The Piscassic River, a tributary of the Lamprey River, crosses the northwestern corner of the town. Brentwood lies fully within the Piscataqua River (Coastal) watershed.

Adjacent municipalities

 * Epping (north)
 * Exeter (east)
 * Kingston (south)
 * Fremont (west)

Government
Brentwood's executive is a five-person board of selectmen, serving staggered three-year terms and meeting weekly (biweekly in spring and summer). Brentwood's legislature is a town meeting, held in March, at which every registered voter can vote on the annual town budget and amendments to it. The Swasey Elementary School has a separate town meeting. Classes above Grade 6 travel to regional schools in School Administrative Unit (SAU) 16.

SAU 16 is governed by official ballot referendum (SB 2), in which there is a "deliberative" town meeting but the final vote is by secret ballot in all participating towns, at the same annual election at which voters elect town and school officials. Every town in SAU 16 votes on the representative(s) of it and of all other towns in SAU 16.

Citizen petitions have sought to change Brentwood's two town meetings to SB 2, but have always fallen short of the 60% vote required.

Transportation
 Middle Road (Route 111A) runs east/west and bisects the town. Other east/west roads are North Road and South Road. Calef Road (Route 125) is the principal north/south road.

The expressway Route 101 approximately follows Brentwood's northern boundary. It provides access to Manchester and to the Seacoast. Route 101 crosses into northeast Brentwood, as does Route 27 (old 101) beyond it. Part of New England Dragway is in Brentwood.

Route 111A east to Exeter gains access to Route 7 of the COAST bus system, and to a train station served by the Amtrak Downeaster. At the park and ride lot off Calef Road just north of Brentwood, there is bus service to Boston, Massachusetts and its Logan Airport. Shuttle bus service can be arranged to Manchester Boston Regional Airport.

Religion
The original church, on Route 111A, is now known as the Pilgrim United Church of Christ, Brentwood-Kingston. In addition, Brentwood First Baptist Church has been at the same location since 1771. Grace Ministries holds religious services and a Christian grade school in a former industrial building on Calef Road. There is also a Kingdom Hall of Jehovah’s Witnesses, which has two congregations.

Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 4,486 people, 1,319 households, and 1,087 families residing in the town. The population density was 267.0 PD/sqmi. There were 1,350 housing units at an average density of 80.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 96.3% White, 0.7% African American, 0.1% Native American, 1.0% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.5% some other race, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.5% of the population.

There were 1,319 households, out of which 46.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.6% were headed by married couples living together, 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 17.6% were non-families. 14.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.9% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.02, and the average family size was 3.33.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.6% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 24.0% from 25 to 44, 28.8% from 45 to 64, and 13.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41.1 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.6 males.

For the period 2007–2011, the estimated median annual income for a household in the town was $110,250, and the median income for a family was $111,650. Male full-time workers had a median income of $69,565 versus $55,000 for females. The per capita income for the town was $37,385. About 1.0% of families and 2.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.2% of those under age 18 and 0.4% of those age 65 or over.

Notable people

 * Ted King (born 1983), professional cyclist
 * Joshua Smith (1760–1795), author, minister
 * William Morrill Wadley (1813–1882), railroad superintendent

title: Brentwood, New Hampshire


text:
Cardwell, Montana

Cardwell is a census-designated place (CDP) in Jefferson County, Montana, United States. The population was 62 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Helena Micropolitan Statistical Area.

The town was named for area rancher and state senator Edward Cardwell.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the Cardwell CDP has a total area of 5.9 km2, of which 0.1 km2, or 1.86%, are water.

The Jefferson River forms the southern boundary of the community as well as the Madison County line. Cardwell is located at the mouth of Jefferson Canyon, a stretch of the river ending near Willow Creek, Montana. The canyon area has fewer trees and wildlife compared to the rest of the river.

Lewis and Clark Caverns, about 8 mi to the east, offer tours during the summer. The caves are home to Townsend's big-eared bats. During the development of the caverns into a state park area, the Civilian Conservations Corps used Cardwell as a base camp.

Climate
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Cardwell has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 40 people, 19 households, and 9 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 17.5 PD/sqmi. There were 19 housing units at an average density of 8.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.50% White, 2.50% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.50% of the population.

There were 19 households, out of which 10.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.1% were married couples living together, 5.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 52.6% were non-families. 42.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.11 and the average family size was 2.67.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 22.5% under the age of 18, 2.5% from 18 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 32.5% from 45 to 64, and 15.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 81.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.7 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $21,250, and the median income for a family was $23,750. Males had a median income of $23,750 versus $0 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $9,716. There were no families and 9.7% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 60.0% of those over 64.

Education
Grades K-8 attend Cardwell School. In 2022, there were 6 teachers and 34 students at the school.

Grades 9-12 attend Whitehall High School. In 2022, there were 8 teachers and 130 students.

Media
Cardwell licenses radio station KEAC-LP, at 106.1 MHz, which is part of the Jefferson County Radio network. It airs classic country music, emergency messages, and public interest items.

Infrastructure
Interstate 90 forms the northern edge of the community, with access from Exit 256 (Montana Highway 359). I-90 leads east 52 mi to Bozeman and west 33 mi to Butte.

Montana Highway 2 parallels I-90 on the northern edge of town.

The nearest airport is Bert Mooney Airport in Butte. Butte also offers the nearest medical care facilities.

Notable person
Prominent American newscaster Chet Huntley was born in Cardwell in 1911.

title: Cardwell, Montana


text:
Clancy, Montana

Clancy is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Jefferson County, Montana, United States. The population was 1,661 at the 2010 census, up from 1,406 in 2000. It is part of the Helena Micropolitan Statistical Area.

The town was founded in 1873 as a gold camp and named for prospector William Clancey. A fire in 1902 destroyed many of the buildings in town.

Geography
Clancy is located in northern Jefferson County at 46.47472°N, -111.98361°W (46.474638, -111.983497), in the valley of Prickly Pear Creek where it is joined by Clancy Creek. Clancy is bordered to the north by Montana City and to the south by Jefferson City. Interstate 15 passes through Clancy, with access from Exit 182. I-15 leads north 12 mi to Helena, the state capital, and south 18 mi to Boulder, the Jefferson county seat.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 101.4 km2, all land. The CDP includes the community of Alhambra, 1 mi south of Clancy proper.

Climate
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Clancy has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps.

Economy
Most people who live in and around Clancy work in Montana's capital city of Helena, which is a short drive north on I-15. Two restaurants operate in Clancy. Elkhorn Health and Rehabilitation runs a small nursing home in the community, and Clancy Elementary School, a K-8 institution, employs more than thirty people.

Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 1,661 people, an 18% increase from the 2000 census. In 2000 there were 1,406 people, in 540 households, and 428 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 39.3 PD/sqmi. There were 559 housing units at an average density of 15.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 96.23% White, 0.14% African American, 0.92% Native American, 0.57% Asian, 0.43% from other races, and 1.71% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.99% of the population.

There were 540 households, out of which 36.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70.4% were married couples living together, 6.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.6% were non-families. 15.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 2.93.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 26.3% under the age of 18, 5.2% from 18 to 24, 26.3% from 25 to 44, 34.4% from 45 to 64, and 7.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.5 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $52,938, and the median income for a family was $59,766. Males had a median income of $38,750 versus $24,091 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $23,492. About 2.0% of families and 3.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.1% of those under age 18 and 3.9% of those age 65 or over.

Education
Jefferson High School in Boulder serves the Clancy students.

The North Jefferson County Library has a location in Clancy.

title: Clancy, Montana


text:
Stanford, Montana

Stanford is a town in and the county seat of Judith Basin County, Montana, United States. The population was at 403 as of the 2020 census.

Stanford began with the establishment of a trading post by Thomas C. Power in 1875. In 1908 the town moved about 3 miles to be next to the new railroad.

The economy is based on agriculture. In 2023, the Redwood Group, a leading supplier of grains for premium pet food, agreed to operate a pulse processing, storage, and transloading facility in Stanford.

Stanford was frequented by C.M. Russell and is featured in some of his landscape paintings.

Geography and climate
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.44 sqmi, all land.

Stanford is located in a basin between the Highwood, Big Snowy, and Little Belt mountains. It is a largely agricultural area which includes livestock and small grains. U.S. Route 87 passes through town.

Nearby Ackley Lake State Park is one of the few public lakes in Central Montana. It provides recreational activities, including fishing for several types of trout and kokanee salmon.

Demographics
As of 2000 the median income for a household in the town was $22,679, and the median income for a family was $34,479. Males had a median income of $22,813 versus $20,000 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,253. About 9.7% of families and 13.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.5% of those under age 18 and 5.6% of those age 65 or over.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 401 people, 198 households, and 110 families residing in the town. The population density was 911.4 PD/sqmi. There were 247 housing units at an average density of 561.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 97.3% White, 0.2% African American, 2.0% Native American, 0.2% from other races, and 0.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.5% of the population.

There were 198 households, of which 22.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.0% were married couples living together, 5.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 44.4% were non-families. 40.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.03 and the average family size was 2.72.

The median age in the town was 49.4 years. 19.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 3.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 18.6% were from 25 to 44; 37.2% were from 45 to 64; and 21.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 51.4% male and 48.6% female.

Arts and culture
The Judith Basin County Museum is in town. It is a local history museum with a wide range of artifacts and displays.

The CMR Stampede is an annual PRCA rodeo held in Stanford. This large community event features a street dance, pancake breakfast, barbecue dinner, running and bike races, and a quickdraw art contest.

The Judith Basin County Free Library serves the town.

Education
Stanford Public Schools educates students from kindergarten through 12th grade. Stanford High School is a Class C school (less than 108 students) which helps determine athletic competitions. They are known as the Wolves.

Media
The Judith Basin Press is the local newspaper. It is published weekly.

The radio station KYPF, a Yellowstone Public Radio translator, is licensed in Stanford.

Infrastructure
U.S. Highway 87 passes by the southwest side of Stanford. Montana Highway 80's southern terminus is at US 87, MT 3 and MT 200 in town.

Stanford Airport (Biggerstaff Field) is a county-owned, public-use airport located one mile (2 km) south of town.

Notable person

 * Albert Henry Ottenweller, Roman Catholic bishop

title: Stanford, Montana


text:
Arlee, Montana

Arlee (Salish: nɫq̓alqʷ, nɫq̓a ) is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) on the Flathead Reservation, Lake County, Montana, United States. The population was 725 at the 2020 census. It is named after Alee, a Salish chief. The chief's name has no "r", as the Salish alphabet has no letter "r".

Geography
Arlee is in southern Lake County in the Jocko Valley. U.S. Route 93 and Montana Highway 200 pass through the community together, leading northwest 10 mi to Ravalli and south 17 mi to Interstate 90 at Wye. Polson, the Lake county seat, is 43 mi north of Arlee via US 93.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the Arlee CDP has a total area of 16.8 km2, of which 8682 sqm, or 0.05%, are water. The Jocko River passes through the northeast side of the community, flowing northwest past Ravalli to the Flathead River at Dixon. Via the Flathead River, it is part of the Clark Fork and Columbia River watershed.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 602 people, 235 households, and 161 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 92.8 PD/sqmi. There were 268 housing units at an average density of 41.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 45.85% White, 50.00% Native American, 0.66% from other races, and 3.49% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.15% of the population.

There were 235 households, out of which 37.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.1% were married couples living together, 20.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.1% were non-families. 26.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.14.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 32.4% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 28.2% from 25 to 44, 23.4% from 45 to 64, and 8.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females there were 104.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.1 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $21,188, and the median income for a family was $22,125. Males had a median income of $25,500 versus $19,167 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $11,558. About 37.6% of families and 34.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 51.2% of those under age 18 and 21.1% of those age 65 or over.

History
Arlee was named after the Salish leader Arlee. In October 1873, he moved a small group of his people from the Bitterroot Valley, which was designated a "conditional reservation" in the 1855 Hellgate Treaty, to the Jocko Agency (later Flathead Indian Agency) located a few miles south of the current town of Arlee. This forced move stemmed from the efforts of a congressional delegation led by future president James Garfield to negotiate Salish removal from the Bitterroot Valley.

The town and post office were established in 1885.

Culture
Arlee has an annual summer pow wow celebration, the Arlee Esyapqeyni. Montana Salish is taught at the Nkwusm Salish Immersion School.

Salish is spoken in Arlee. Art is popular, and there used to be a gallery that displayed art work. In the 1970s Agnes Vanderburg ran workshops where she passed on Salish culture to younger generations. Rodeo has been a significant part of the area culture, with Native and non-native contestants competing. The annual Arlee Rodeo and Pow Wow is held on the 4th of July weekend. Numerous tribes participate in Native American regalia with dancing, singing and drumming.

Education
The Arlee Joint School District educates students from kindergarten through 12th grade. Arlee High School is a Class B school. They are known as the Warriors and Scarlets. Brothers on Three, a New York Times Bestselling book in 2021, is a non-fiction account of students from Arlee and their families.

Media
The Valley Journal provides local news to Arlee, Charlo, Pablo, Polson, Ronan, and St. Ignatius.

The radio station KJFT-FM is a Christian FM station licensed in Arlee.

title: Arlee, Montana


text:
Dayton, Montana

Dayton is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Lake County, Montana, United States. The population was 84 at the 2010 census.

Geography
Dayton is located in northwestern Lake County at 47.865°N, -114.27694°W (47.864979, -114.276835), on the northwest shore of Flathead Lake, north of its Big Arm. U.S. Route 93 runs along the northern and western edges of the community, leading north 30 mi to Kalispell and south 22 mi to Polson, the Lake county seat.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1.4 km2, of which 0.02 sqkm, or 1.23%, are water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 95 people, 48 households, and 28 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 177.0 PD/sqmi. There were 100 housing units at an average density of 186.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 93.68% White, 3.16% Native American, and 3.16% from two or more races.

There were 48 households, out of which 8.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.3% were married couples living together, and 39.6% were non-families. 31.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.98 and the average family size was 2.45.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 8.4% under the age of 18, 4.2% from 18 to 24, 17.9% from 25 to 44, 45.3% from 45 to 64, and 24.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 54 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.3 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $33,125, and the median income for a family was $42,500. Males had a median income of $15,833 versus $15,417 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $18,501. None of the population and none of the families were below the poverty line.

title: Dayton, Montana


text:
Candia, New Hampshire

Candia is a town in Rockingham County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 4,013 at the 2020 census. The town includes the villages of Candia, Candia Four Corners and East Candia.

History
Settled in 1743, Candia was once part of Chester and known as "Charmingfare", probably because of the many bridle paths or "parades" through the pleasant scenery. Charmingfare was incorporated in 1763 and named Candia "in compliment to Governor Benning Wentworth, who was once a prisoner on the island of Candia (an alternative ancient name of Crete since its Venetian domination), in the Mediterranean Sea."

Candia was served by the Portsmouth & Concord Railroad, which stretched between its namesake cities. In 1862 the segment between Candia and Suncook was abandoned, coinciding with the opening of a new segment between Manchester and Candia. Therefore, the new line ran from Manchester to Portsmouth via Candia. In 1895 ownership of the line passed to the Boston & Maine Railroad, who made it their Portsmouth Branch. Passenger service ended in 1954. The last trains passed through Candia in the early 1980s. The track was abandoned in 1982 and removed between 1983 and 1985. Today the railbed is part of the Rockingham Recreational Trail.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 79.2 km2. 78.6 km2 of it are land and 0.6 sqkm of it are water, comprising 0.75% of the town. Notable villages in the town include Candia proper, near the town's northern border; Candia Four Corners, closer to the geographic center of the town; and East Candia, near the town's eastern border.

The majority of Candia is drained to the east by the North Branch River, a tributary of the Lamprey River and part of the Piscataqua River watershed. The southern part and some of the western side of town drain toward Massabesic Lake in neighboring Auburn, part of the Merrimack River watershed. The highest point in town is Hall Mountain, at 941 ft above sea level, located in Bear Brook State Park in the northwestern part of the town. (The main entrance to the state park and most of its facilities are in neighboring Allenstown.)

Candia is bisected by two state highways, Route 43 running north from Route 101 through the Candia Four Corners to the Deerfield town line, and Route 27, running east–west from the Hooksett town line through the Candia Four Corners to the Raymond town line. Route 101 is the major east–west thoroughfare through southern New Hampshire and travels through the southern part of Candia.

Adjacent municipalities

 * Deerfield (north)
 * Raymond (east)
 * Chester (southeast)
 * Auburn (south)
 * Hooksett (west)

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,911 people, 1,359 households, and 1,108 families residing in the town. The population density was 129.0 PD/sqmi. There were 1,384 housing units at an average density of 45.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 98.11% White, 0.43% African American, 0.46% Native American, 0.59% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.10% from other races, and 0.28% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.87% of the population.

There were 1,359 households, out of which 40.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72.0% were married couples living together, 5.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.4% were non-families. 12.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.88 and the average family size was 3.14.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.6% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 33.6% from 25 to 44, 26.5% from 45 to 64, and 7.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.0 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $61,389, and the median income for a family was $67,163. Males had a median income of $43,260 versus $31,127 for females. The per capita income for the town was $25,267. About 2.3% of families and 2.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.3% of those under age 18 and 5.3% of those age 65 or over.

Education
Candia is part of School Administrative Unit 15, along with Hooksett and Auburn. There is one public school in Candia, the Henry W. Moore School for kindergarten through eighth grade, located near the Candia Four Corners on Deerfield Road.

High school education students from Candia attend school outside of the district, currently under contract at Pinkerton Academy in Derry. Candia is also home to Jesse Remington High School, a private Christian school that offers grades 9–12. Some Candia residents send their children to other private high schools in the area, including Trinity High School in Manchester.

In 2016 there were about 200 students from Candia attending Manchester High School Central, the public high school that Candia previously contracted with. That year Candia voters voted to change their high school from Manchester Central to Pinkerton Academy, effective 2018. The votes were 1,090 in favor and 113 against.

Transportation
Three New Hampshire State Routes cross Candia.

 * NH 27 connects Hooksett in the west to Raymond in the east. It is known locally as High Street in the western half of town, and joins Raymond Road just to the east of NH 43.
 * NH 43 begins in Candia at an interchange with NH 101, and joins Old Candia Road, following that road until it intersects Main Street, and then heads north on Main Street to the intersection of NH 27, and from there northwards follows Deerfield Road towards the town of Deerfield.
 * NH 101 is a freeway that passes through the southeastern part of town, connecting Auburn in the south to Raymond in the east. There is one interchange in town, to NH 43 (Old Candia Road).

Sites of interest

 * Fitts Museum, operated by the Candia Historical Society
 * Candia Vineyards, an award-winning vineyard with unique varietals
 * Charmingfare Farm, a farm and petting zoo
 * Candia Springs Adventure Park, formerly Liquid Planet water park
 * Stephen Clay Homestead, bed and breakfast
 * Candia Woods Golf Links, an 18-hole public golf course. Voted in Golf magazine as New Hampshire's "Friendliest Course"

Emergency services
Fire and Emergency Medical Services are provided by the Candia Fire Department, a volunteer department organized in 1925. Today, the department staffs two paid personnel 7 days a week, 8am to 6pm. The off hours are covered by call personnel or surrounding communities. This department provides fire suppression, rescue, and paramedic-level ambulance transport and Emergency Medical Services to the citizens of Candia and the surrounding communities. The closest hospitals are the Elliot Hospital, a Level Two trauma center, and Catholic Medical Center, one of the most advanced cardiac care centers in New England. Both of these facilities are located approximately 20 minutes away in Manchester. Exeter Hospital is also located about 20 minutes away in Exeter.

Police protection is provided by the Candia Police Department, assisted by the New Hampshire State Police and other local municipal police departments.

Notable people

 * Sarah Bagley (1806–1889), activist
 * Harry Cobe (1885–1966), race car driver who ran in the inaugural Indianapolis 500
 * Joe Duarte (born 1941), member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives
 * Sam Walter Foss (1858–1911), poet, librarian
 * Albert Palmer (1831–1887), 29th mayor of Boston
 * Frederick Smyth (1819–1899), 30th governor of New Hampshire

title: Candia, New Hampshire


text:
Jette, Montana

Jette is a census-designated place (CDP) in Lake County, Montana, United States. The population was 253 at the 2010 census.

Geography
Jette is located in north-central Lake County at 47.71722°N, -114.18722°W (47.717170, -114.187267), on the western side of Flathead Lake near its southern end. The community is bordered to the south by Polson, the county seat, and to the north by the community of Rocky Point. U.S. Route 93 forms the southwestern edge of the Jette CDP, leading northwest 14 mi to Elmo and southeast 2 mi to the center of Polson and a further 36 mi to Ravalli.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1.6 km2, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 267 people, 103 households, and 84 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 431.8 PD/sqmi. There were 138 housing units at an average density of 223.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 91.39% White, 3.75% Native American, 0.37% from other races, and 4.49% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.00% of the population.

There were 103 households, out of which 25.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 74.8% were married couples living together, 4.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.4% were non-families. 13.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 2.85.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 23.6% under the age of 18, 3.4% from 18 to 24, 19.5% from 25 to 44, 28.1% from 45 to 64, and 25.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.9 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $43,889, and the median income for a family was $61,250. Males had a median income of $87,041 versus $9,712 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $25,808. None of the population or families were below the poverty line.

title: Jette, Montana


text:
Pablo, Montana

Pablo is a census-designated place (CDP) in Lake County, Montana, United States. The population was 2,138 at the 2020 census. It is the home of Salish Kootenai College and the seat of government of the Flathead Indian Reservation.

History
Pablo got its start in 1917, when the Northern Pacific Railway completed a branch line between Dixon and Polson. It takes its name from Michel Pablo, known for his efforts to save the American bison from extinction.

People's Center fire
On September 6, 2020, an arsonist set fire to the People's Center, an education center and museum space for Flathead history and culture. The center lost its repository room, offices, and commercial room were lost in the blaze, but the foyer, education room, and museum area survived. Much of the surviving collection has presently been moved to the Dr. Joe McDonald Health and Activity Center, which resides on the campus of Salish Kootenai College.

The suspect, a 33-year-old male, died at the scene. Doors had been barricaded from within, resulting in an increased difficulty for the firefighters at the scene.

Geography
It is near Pablo National Wildlife Refuge.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 12.6 km2, of which 4893 sqm, or 0.04%, are water.

Climate
This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Pablo has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,814 people, 622 households, and 475 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 372.5 PD/sqmi. There were 674 housing units at an average density of 138.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 51.16% Native American, 43.44% White, 0.17% African American, 0.11% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.72% from other races, and 4.36% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.31% of the population.

There were 622 households, out of which 47.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.2% were married couples living together, 22.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.5% were non-families. 20.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.89 and the average family size was 3.27.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 38.5% under the age of 18, 9.9% from 18 to 24, 27.9% from 25 to 44, 17.0% from 45 to 64, and 6.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 26 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.8 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $26,771, and the median income for a family was $28,615. Males had a median income of $20,982 versus $19,907 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $14,672. About 22.7% of families and 28.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 30.2% of those under age 18 and 9.2% of those age 65 or over.

Education
Pablo is home to Salish Kootenai College, a tribally controlled college chartered in 1977. It became independent of the local community college in 1981 and expanded its programs. It offers both two-year and four-year degrees, and serves three satellite campuses in eastern Washington state.

The community has two elementary schools, a middle school and Two Eagle River School, the high school. In the 2021-2022 school year, Two Eagle River had 62 students for 8th to 12th grade.

Two Eagle River School is a Class C high school, a designation which helps determine athletic competitions. They are known as the Eagles.

Media
The Char-Koosta News is the newspaper serving the Flathead Indian Reservation. The Valley Journal provides local news to Arlee, Charlo, Pablo, Polson, Ronan, and St. Ignatius.

The FM radio station KQRK is licensed in Pablo. It airs a country music format.

Infrastructure
U.S. Route 93 passes through Pablo, east of the town center. The highway leads north 8 mi to Polson, the county seat, and south 5 mi to Ronan.

Ronan Airport is a public use airport north of town.

St. Luke Community Healthcare has both a hospital and clinic in Ronan.

In 2023, the first phase of the Ronan Health Center was completed.

title: Pablo, Montana


text:
Polson, Montana

Polson (Montana Salish: nčmqnétkʷ, Kutenai: kwataqnuk ) is a city in, United States, on the southern shore of Flathead Lake and within the Flathead Indian Reservation. The population was 5,148 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Lake County. In 1898 the city was named after pioneer rancher David Polson. It was incorporated in 1910.

Geography
U.S. Route 93 passes through town. Pablo National Wildlife Refuge is just to the south.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.17 sqmi, of which 4.14 sqmi is land and 0.03 sqmi is water.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 4,488 people, 1,991 households, and 1,150 families living in the city. The population density was 1084.1 PD/sqmi. There were 2,506 housing units at an average density of 605.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 74.7% White, 0.2% African American, 15.7% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 0.6% from other races, and 8.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.4% of the population.

There were 1,991 households, of which 29.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.6% were married couples living together, 13.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 42.2% were non-families. 35.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 2.86.

The median age in the city was 40 years. 24.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.4% were from 25 to 44; 24.5% were from 45 to 64; and 19.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 46.9% male and 53.1% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,041 people, 1,739 households, and 1,052 families living in the city. The population density was 1,490.9 PD/sqmi. There were 1,977 housing units at an average density of 729.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 78.25% White, 0.15% African American, 16.11% Native American, 0.47% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 0.45% from other races, and 4.50% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.25% of the population.

There were 1,739 households, out of which 31.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.7% were married couples living together, 13.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.5% were non-families. 34.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.86.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 25.6% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 25.3% from 25 to 44, 20.9% from 45 to 64, and 19.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 86.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.8 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $21,870, and the median income for a family was $30,833. Males had a median income of $21,113 versus $19,210 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,777. About 16.0% of families and 19.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.5% of those under age 18 and 12.2% of those age 65 or over.

Climate
Polson has a continental climate (Köppen Dfb). However, its proximity to Flathead Lake, the largest natural freshwater body of water in the western United States, moderates its weather, meaning its winters are less cold and its summers generally less hot than adjacent areas of the same continental type.

Government
Polson uses a city commission consisting of six commissioners and the city mayor. In 2022 Eric Huffine was sworn in as mayor.

Education
Polson School District educates students from kindergarten through 12th grade. In the 2021-2022 school year, Polson had 1,152 students in grades kindergarten to 8th grade. Polson High School had 511 students. The school's team name is the Pirates.

North Lake County Public Library is located in Polson.

Newspapers

 * Flathead Beacon
 * Lake County Leader
 * Valley Journal

AM radio

 * KERR
 * KGEZ
 * KJJR
 * KOFI
 * KQJZ-AM

FM radio

 * KALS
 * KANB-LP
 * KBBZ
 * KDBR
 * KHNK
 * KIBG The Big 100
 * KKMT Star 99
 * KQJZ-FM''
 * KQRK
 * KRVO
 * KUKL-FM
 * KWOL-FM
 * KXZI-LP
 * KZMN

Television
Digital stations:
 * KCFW (NBC), Channel 9
 * KEXI-LD (Montana PBS), Channel 35
 * K26DD-D (TBN), Channel 26
 * KAJJ-CD (CBS), Channel 39
 * KEXI-LD (Montana PBS), Channel 35
 * KTMF-LD (ABC), Channel 36

KPAX Missoula, Montana KTMF Missoula, Montana KECI Missoula, Montana
 * K11HO-D Physical Channel 11, Display Channel 8, Polson
 * K14LT-D Physical Channel 14, Display Channel 23, Polson
 * K16GJ-D Physical Channel 16, Display Channel 13, Polson

Infrastructure
A hydro-electric concrete gravity-arch dam was built in 1938 in Polson at river mile 72 of the Flathead River. The Seli’š Ksanka Qlispe’ Dam is operated by the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes. Formerly known as the Kerr Dam, it was renamed in 2015.

Polson Airport is a public use airport located one mile west of town.

title: Polson, Montana