text:
Brookline, Massachusetts

Brookline is a town in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States, and part of the Boston metropolitan area. An exclave of Norfolk County, Brookline borders six of Boston's neighborhoods: Brighton, Allston, Fenway–Kenmore, Mission Hill, Jamaica Plain, and West Roxbury. The city of Newton borders Brookline to the west. It is known as the birthplace of John F. Kennedy.

The town of Brookline has a complex history. It was first settled in 1638 as a hamlet in Boston, known as Muddy River (as it was settled on the west side of the river of the same name); it was incorporated as a separate town in 1705. In 1873, Brookline had a contentious referendum in which it voted to remain independent from Boston. The later annexations of Brighton and West Roxbury, both in 1874, and that of Hyde Park in 1912, eventually made Brookline into an exclave of Norfolk County. The town also has a history of racial discrimination in zoning as well as blocking housing construction. Today, it is overwhelmingly wealthy and has a very low proportion of black residents, at only 2.5%.

Several streets and railroads were laid out in the town in the 19th century. Today, these are Massachusetts Route 9 (locally "Boylston St", which cuts the town in two) and the various branches of the MBTA's Green Line. To the north of Route 9, the area is fairly urban; the southern part is much less so.

At the time of the 2020 census, the population of the town was 63,191. It has been the most populous municipality in Massachusetts to have a town (rather than city) form of government since Framingham changed to a city in 2018, following a 2017 referendum.

History

Once part of Algonquian territory, Brookline was first settled by European colonists in the early 17th century. The area was an outlying part of the colonial settlement of Boston and known as the hamlet of Muddy River. In 1705, it was incorporated as the independent town of Brookline. The northern and southern borders of the town were marked by two small rivers or brooks, which is the town's namesake. The northern border with Brighton (which was itself part of Cambridge until 1807) was Smelt Brook. (That name appears on maps starting at least as early as 1852, but sometime between 1888 and 1925 the brook was covered over. ) The southern boundary, abutting Boston, was the Muddy River.

In 1843, a racially restrictive covenant in Brookline forbade resale of property to "any negro or native of Ireland."

The Town of Brighton was merged with Boston in 1874, and the Boston-Brookline border was redrawn to connect the new Back Bay neighborhood with Allston-Brighton. This merger created a narrow strip of land along the Charles River belonging to Boston, cutting Brookline off from the shoreline. It also put certain lands north of the Muddy River on the Boston side, including what are now Kenmore Square and Packard's Corner. The current northern border follows Commonwealth Avenue, and on the northeast, St. Mary's Street. When Frederick Law Olmsted designed the Emerald Necklace of parks and parkways for Boston in the 1890s, the Muddy River was integrated into the Riverway and Olmsted Park, creating parkland accessible by both Boston and Brookline residents.

Throughout its history, Brookline has resisted being annexed by Boston, in particular during the Boston–Brookline annexation debate of 1873. The neighboring towns of West Roxbury and Hyde Park connected Brookline to the rest of Norfolk County until they were annexed by Boston in 1874 and 1912, respectively, putting them in Suffolk County. Brookline is now separated from the remainder of Norfolk County.

Brookline has long been regarded as a pleasant and verdant environment. In the 1841 edition of the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Andrew Jackson Downing described the area this way: "The whole of this neighborhood of Brookline is a kind of landscape garden, and there is nothing in America of the sort, so inexpressibly charming as the lanes which lead from one cottage, or villa, to another. No animals are allowed to run at large, and the open gates, with tempting vistas and glimpses under the pendent boughs, give it quite an Arcadian air of rural freedom and enjoyment. These lanes are clothed with a profusion of trees and wild shrubbery, often almost to the carriage tracks, and curve and wind about, in a manner quite bewildering to the stranger who attempts to thread them alone; and there are more hints here for the lover of the picturesque in lanes than we ever saw assembled together in so small a compass."

Brookline residents were among the first in the country to propose extending the vote to women. Benjamin F. Butler, in his 1882 campaign for Governor, advocated the idea.

Transportation history
Two branches of upper Boston Post Road, established in the 1670s, passed through Brookline. Brookline Village was the original center of retail activity. In 1810, the Boston and Worcester Turnpike, now Massachusetts Route 9, was laid out, starting on Huntington Avenue in Boston and passing through the village center on its way west.

Steam railroads came to Brookline in the middle of the 19th century. The Boston and Worcester Railroad was constructed in the early 1830s, and passed through Brookline near the Charles River. The rail line is still in active use, now paralleled by the Massachusetts Turnpike. The Highland branch of the Boston and Albany Railroad was built from Kenmore Square to Brookline Village in 1847, and was extended into Newton in 1852. In the late 1950s, this would become the Green Line D branch.

The portion of Beacon Street west of Kenmore Square was laid out in 1850. Streetcar tracks were laid above ground on Beacon Street in 1888, from Coolidge Corner to Massachusetts Avenue in Boston, via Kenmore Square. In 1889, they were electrified and extended over the Brighton border at Cleveland Circle. They would eventually become the Green Line C branch.

Thanks to the Boston Elevated Railway system, this upgrade from horse-drawn carriage to electric trolleys occurred on many major streets all over the region, and made transportation into downtown Boston faster and cheaper. Much of Brookline was developed into a streetcar suburb, with large brick apartment buildings sprouting up along the new streetcar lines.

Housing and zoning history
Brookline has a history of racial covenants that blocked people of color and some ethnic minorities to own housing in Brookline. In the early 20th century, Brookline banned the construction of triple-decker housing, which was a form of housing popular with poor immigrant communities in the United States. Advocates for the ban justified the ban with anti-immigrant rhetoric.

In 1922, Prescott F. Hall, a Brookline resident who co-founded the Immigration Restriction League, petitioned the Brookline government to exclusively allow single-family housing. In 1924, the Brookline government enacted a zoning change to only permit single-family housing in most of the territory of Brookline. Many of the present-day apartment buildings in Brookline were constructed prior to this zoning change.

In 1970, the state authorized rent control in municipalities with more than 50,000 residents. Brookline, Lynn, Somerville, and Cambridge subsequently adopted rent control. Brookline began decontrolling units in 1991.

Brookline has a recent history of blocking multifamily housing construction. Since the 1970s, new housing construction has plunged in Brookline. Brookline has enacted zoning changes that ban multi-apartment buildings and limit the height of buildings. Proposals for new development frequently face onerous lawsuits. These restrictions on housing supply have led housing prices in Brookline to skyrocket in recent decades. In 2023, the median sale price for a single-family home in Brookline was $2.51 million, and the median condo price was $927,500.

As a consequence of restrictions on housing supply, Brookline is overwhelmingly wealthy. Only 2.5% of its population is black, which is the second-lowest share of black people in any community in the Boston area. Only 14% of Brookline teachers, 21% of Brookline police and 22% of Brookline firefighters live in Brookline, as median salaries for these kinds of jobs make housing in Brookline largely unaffordable.

Etymology
Brookline was known as the hamlet of Muddy River and was considered part of Boston until the Town of Brookline was independently incorporated in 1705. (The Muddy River was used as the Brookline–Boston border at incorporation.) It is said that the name derives from a farm therein once owned by Judge Samuel Sewall. Originally the property of CPT John Hull and Judith Quincy Hull. Judge Sewall came into possession of this tract, which embraced more than 350 acres, through Hannah Quincy Hull (Sewall) who was the Hull's only daughter. John Hull in his youth lived in Muddy River Hamlet, in a little house which stood near the Sears Memorial Church. Hull removed to Boston, where he amassed a large fortune for those days. Judge Sewall probably never lived on his Brookline estate.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, Brookline has a total area of 17.7 km2, all but 0.1 km2 (0.44%) of which is land.

The northern part of Brookline, roughly north of the D-line tracks, is urban in character, as highly walkable and transit rich. The population density of this northern part of town is nearly 20,000 PD/sqmi, similar to the densest neighborhoods in nearby Cambridge, Somerville and Chelsea, Massachusetts (the densest cities in New England), and slightly lower than that of central Boston's residential districts (Back Bay, South End, Fenway, etc.). The overall density of Brookline, which also includes suburban districts and grand estates south of the D-line, is still higher than that of many of the largest cities in the United States, especially in the South and West. Brookline borders Newton (part of Middlesex County) to the west and Boston (part of Suffolk County) in all other directions; it is therefore non-contiguous with any other part of Norfolk County. Brookline became an exclave of Norfolk County in 1873, when the neighboring town of West Roxbury was annexed by Boston (and left Norfolk County to join Suffolk County). Brookline refused to be annexed by Boston after the Boston–Brookline annexation debate of 1873.

Brookline separates the bulk of the city of Boston (except for a narrow neck or corridor near the Charles River) from its westernmost neighborhoods of Allston–Brighton, which had been the separate town of Brighton until annexed by Boston in 1873.

Neighborhoods
There are many neighborhood associations, some of which overlap.

Neighborhoods, squares, and notable areas of Brookline include:

 * Aspinwall Hill
 * Beaconsfield
 * Brookline Hills
 * Brookline Village
 * Buttonwood Village
 * Brookline High School, Near Pierce District
 * Chestnut Hill, which also extends into Newton and Boston
 * Coolidge Corner
 * Corey Farm
 * Corey Hill
 * Cottage Farm
 * Fisher Hill
 * Griggs Park
 * JFK Crossing
 * Longwood
 * North Brookline
 * Pill Hill (also known as "High Street Hill")
 * The Point (originally "Whiskey Point")
 * The Runkle District
 * South Brookline ("Sobro")
 * The Heights (just west of Washington Square)
 * Washington Square
 * Woodland Heath

Climate
The climate of Brookline is humid continental Dfa.

Brookline falls under the USDA 6b Plant Hardiness zone.

Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 58,732 people, 24,891 households, and 12,233 families residing in the town. The population density was 8,701.0 PD/sqmi. There were 26,448 housing units at an average density of 3,889.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 73.3% White, 3.4% Black or African American, 0.12% Native American, 15.6% Asian (6.7% Chinese, 2.6% Indian, 2.3% Korean, 1.8% Japanese), 0.03% Pacific Islander, 1.01% from other races, and 3.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.0% of the population (0.9% Mexican, 0.8% Puerto Rican). (Source: 2010 Census Quickfacts)

There were 25,594 households, out of which 21.9% had children under the age of 18, living with them, 38.4% were married couples living together, 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 52.2% were non-families. 36.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.86.

In the town, the population distribution was wide, with 16.6% under the age of 18, 11.7%, from 18 to 24, 37.3% from 25 to 44, 21.9% from 45 to 64, and 12.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 82.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.1 males.

The median income for a household for 2021 in the town was $83,318, and the median income for a family was $122,356. Males had a median income of $56,861 versus $43,436 for females. The per capita income for the town was $44,327. About 4.5% of families and 9.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.3% of those under the age of 18 and 7.5% of those ages 65 and older. The poverty rate of Brookline's residents rate rose from 9.3% in 2000 to 13.1% in 2010. and then reduced to 10.2% in 2021

Arts and culture

 * Brookline, along with the nearby Boston neighborhood of Brighton and the city of Newton, is a cultural hub for the Jewish community of Greater Boston.
 * The Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America Metropolis of Boston is headquartered in Brookline.
 * Brookline Village is home to Puppet Showplace Theater, New England's only dedicated puppet theater and center for puppetry arts. The theater is located in the historic 32 Station Street building directly across from the Brookline Village MBTA Green Line stop.
 * There have been four Poet Laureates of Brookline: Judith Steinbergh, Jan Schreiber, Zvi Sesling, and, currently, Jennifer Barber.
 * Along with Boston and Quincy, it has a large Irish American presence.

Points of interest
The following historic buildings are open to the public:
 * The birthplace of John F. Kennedy stands in Brookline and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. It is maintained by the National Park Service and is open to the public from May through September.
 * "Fairsted", the 100-year-old business headquarters and design office for renowned landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted and the Olmsted Brothers firm, has been carefully preserved as the Frederick Law Olmsted National Historic Site, on 7 acre of landscaped grounds at 99 Warren Street.
 * John Goddard House, an historic house at 235 Goddard Avenue, was built in 1767 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.
 * Larz Anderson Park is in Brookline on the 64 acre estate once owned by Larz Anderson and Isabel Weld Perkins. The park contains the Larz Anderson Auto Museum, the oldest automobile collection in the country, as well as Putterham School, a one-room schoolhouse from colonial times.

Other historic and cultural sites include:
 * St. Aidan's Church was where John F. Kennedy was baptized and where the Kennedy family and other prominent Irish-Americans were parishioners. The church was designed by architect Charles Maginnis, who was awarded the American Institute of Architects' gold medal. Although it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, St. Aidan's Church has been closed and converted into housing.
 * The Dutch House, one of only five surviving buildings from the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 was relocated to Brookline.
 * There were two stops on the Underground Railroad in Brookline: 9 Toxteth Street and 182 Walnut Street.
 * The Country Club, an exclusive sporting club in the town, was the first private club in the United States formed exclusively for outdoor activities. It is most famous as a golf club; it was one of the five clubs that formed what is now the United States Golf Association and has hosted the U.S. Open three times and the Ryder Cup Matches once.
 * Coolidge Corner, which is located at the crossing of Beacon Street and Harvard Street, is one of Brookline's two primary retail districts (the other being Washington Square). It includes a number of historically significant sites, including the S.S. Pierce Building, and the Coolidge Corner Theatre.
 * Brookline is home to part of Frederick Law Olmsted's Emerald Necklace of park systems, including Olmsted Park.
 * The Puppet Showplace Theatre, one of the four oldest puppet theatres in the United States, is located in Brookline Village.

Government
Since 1916, Brookline has been governed by a representative town meeting, which is the town's legislative body, and a five-person Select Board, the town's executive branch. Fifteen town meeting representatives are elected to three year terms from each of the town's seventeen precincts. From 1705 to 1916, the town was governed by an open town meeting and a Select Board.

New and existing laws
In 2017, a Brookline Town Meeting voted to recognize Indigenous Peoples' Day instead of Columbus Day.

In 2019, Brookline banned the distribution of carry-out plastic bags at grocery stores and other businesses.

In 2021, Brookline banned the sale of tobacco and e-cigarettes to anyone born after January 1, 2000, in Article 8.23 of the town bylaws, expanding on Massachusetts' existing prohibition on the sale of tobacco products to anyone under the age of 21. In March 2023, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court upheld the bylaw in the case Six Brothers Inc. v. Town of Brookline.

Public schools
The town is served by the Public Schools of Brookline. The student body at Brookline High School includes students from more than 76 countries. Many students attend Brookline High from surrounding neighborhoods in Boston, such as Mission Hill and Mattapan through the Metropolitan Council for Educational Opportunity (METCO) system.

There are eight elementary schools in the Brookline Public School system: Baker School, Florida Ruffin Ridley School, Driscoll, Roland Hayes School, Lawrence School, Lincoln School, Pierce School, and Runkle School. As of December 2006, there were 6,089 K–12 students enrolled in the Brookline public schools. The system includes one early learning center, eight grades K–8 schools, and one comprehensive high school. The Old Lincoln School is a surplus building used by the town to temporarily teach students in when another school building is being renovated. It was rented in 2009 as the venue for the play Sleep No More.

As of the 2012–13 school year, the student body was 57.4% White, 18.1% Asian, 6.4% Black, 9.9% Hispanic, and 8.2% multi-race. Approximately 30% of students came from homes where English is not the first language.

Private schools
Several private primary and secondary schools are located in Brookline.
 * Beaver Country Day School
 * Brimmer and May School – partly in Newton
 * Dexter Southfield School
 * Ivy Street School
 * Maimonides School
 * The Park School
 * Saint Mary of the Assumption School

Higher education
Several institutes of higher education are located in Brookline. Also, parts of the following are located in Brookline: Boston University including Wheelock College, Boston College, and Northeastern University's Parsons Field.
 * Pine Manor College
 * Hellenic College and Holy Cross Greek Orthodox School of Theology
 * Boston Graduate School of Psychoanalysis

Newbury College closed in 2019.

Light rail and subway
Brookline is served by the C and D branches of the MBTA's Green Line trains, with inbound service to downtown Boston and outbound service to Newton. The B line runs along the town's northern border of Commonwealth Avenue in Allston.

Bus
Brookline is served by several MBTA bus routes.

Public libraries

 * Public Library of Brookline, 361 Washington St., Brookline, MA 02445
 * Coolidge Corner Branch Library, 31 Pleasant St., Brookline, MA 02446
 * Putterham Branch Library, 959 West Roxbury Pkwy., Chestnut Hill, MA 02467

Fire department
The town of Brookline is protected full-time by the 158 paid, professional firefighters of the Brookline Fire Department (BFD). It currently operates out of five fire stations located throughout the town, under the command of a Deputy Chief per shift. The BFD also operates a fire apparatus fleet of four engines, two ladders, one quint, one cross-staffed rescue (special operations), two squads, one special operations unit, one haz-mat decon trailer, two maintenance units, as well as numerous other special, support, and reserve units. The Brookline Fire Department responds to approximately 8,500 emergency calls annually. The current Chief of Department is John F. Sullivan.

Cemeteries

 * The Old Burying Ground, also known as Walnut Street Cemetery. 1717 – 1.54 acres (Walnut Street at Chestnut Street)
 * Walnut Hills Cemetery 1875 – 45.26 acres (Grove Street and Allandale Road)

Notable people

 * Jeff Adrien (born 1986), University of Connecticut Huskies basketball captain and power forward
 * Bhumibol Adulyadej, king of Thailand, lived in Brookline during his infancy while his father the prince studied at Harvard Medical School
 * Eddie Andelman, sports radio host and businessman, moved to Brookline as child, graduated from Brookline High
 * Larz Anderson, U.S. Ambassador to Japan
 * Ray Atherton, first U.S. Ambassador to Canada, born and raised in Brookline
 * Lily Batchelder, professor at New York University. She was the former chief tax counsel to the U.S. Senate Finance Committee under the Obama administration and appointed to head Joe Biden's IRS transition team
 * Linda Barnes, novelist
 * Saul Bellow, Nobel Prize-winning novelist, lived the last 12 years of his life in Brookline
 * Larry Bird, professional basketball player, lived in Brookline while he played for the Boston Celtics
 * Ran Blake, jazz pianist and composer
 * Michael Bloomberg, mayor of New York City 2002–2012, lived in Brookline as a child
 * Marita Bonner (1899–1971), writer, essayist, and playwright
 * Zabdiel Boylston, physician who introduced inoculation against smallpox to the North American colonies in 1721
 * Tom Brady, lived in Brookline while quarterback of the New England Patriots
 * Gisele Bündchen, supermodel and former wife of Tom Brady
 * Richard Burgin, author, editor of Boulevard magazine
 * Michael A. Burstein, science-fiction writer
 * Stanley Cavell (born 1926), professor of philosophy, winner of a MacArthur Fellowship
 * Gene Clapp (born 1949), silver medalist 1972 Summer Olympics
 * Otis Clapp, politician (Massachusetts state representative and member of the old Boston City Council), homeopath, pharmacist, publisher, bookseller, and U.S. Internal Revenue Bureau collector
 * Herman Chernoff (born 1923), statistician
 * Ida Conquest, actress
 * Zach Cone, creator and player of Biker Boy
 * Harvey Cushing, "father of modern neurosurgery"
 * Thomas Aspinwall Davis (1798–1845), businessman and mayor of Boston
 * Michael Dukakis (born 1933), former Governor of Massachusetts and 1988 Democratic Presidential candidate
 * Adam Edelman (born 1991), American-born four-time Israeli National Champion in skeleton event, and Israeli Olympian
 * Theo Epstein (born 1973), Chicago Cubs President of Baseball Operations and former Boston Red Sox general manager
 * Hank Eskin, webmaster of Where's George?
 * Alice Ettinger, radiologist
 * Frederick Perry Fish (1855–1930), pioneering intellectual property attorney
 * Kenny Florian, professional mixed martial artist
 * Terry Francona, manager of the Cleveland Guardians
 * David Frankel, venture capitalist and entrepreneur
 * Edward Fredkin, digital physics pioneer, inventor of the trie data structure, the Fredkin gate and the Billiard-Ball Computer Model for reversible computing
 * Fayette F. Forbes (1851–1935), water engineer, plant collector, and botanist with a particular interest in algae and diatoms
 * Irwin Freedberg, dermatologist
 * Raffi Freedman-Gurspan, LGBTQ activist and first openly transgender White House staffer
 * Claude Fuess, 10th Headmaster of Phillips Academy Andover
 * Peter Gammons, baseball writer and ESPN commentator
 * King Gillette, popularizer of the safety razor
 * Sheldon Glashow (born 1932), Nobel Prize-winning physicist
 * Robert R. Glauber, Harvard faculty, former Chairman of NASD
 * Robert Goldwyn (1930–2010), editor-in-chief of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery for 25 years, professor of surgery at Harvard Medical School, and chief of Plastic Surgery at Beth Israel Hospital
 * Ellen Goodman (born 1941), American journalist and Pulitzer Prize-winning syndicated columnist
 * Minnie Goodnow (1871–1952), WWI nurse and nurse educator
 * Roland Hayes (1887–1977), lyric tenor and composer
 * John Hodgman (born 1971), author and contributor for This American Life and The Daily Show
 * Sybil Holmes (1889–1979), first female member of the Massachusetts Senate
 * Levi Yitzchak Horowitz (1921–2009), the Bostoner Rebbe
 * Isabella Howland (1895–1974), painter and sculptor
 * Daniel Hoffer, an American entrepreneur and venture capitalist
 * Peter Ivers (1946–1983), musician, singer, songwriter, and television personality
 * Irene Jakab (1919–2011), psychiatrist, humanist and longtime Brookline resident who was a member of the faculties of Harvard University, the University of Pittsburgh and the McLean Hospital
 * Richard Jones, US ambassador to Israel, lived in Brookline with his family
 * Victor Kac (born 1943), mathematician, MIT faculty, creator of Kac-Moody algebras, creator of Superalgebra
 * Jeffrey Karp, biomedical researcher
 * John F. Kennedy (1917–1963), 35th President of the United States (1961–63), born and lived first 10 years of his life in Brookline
 * Rosemary Kennedy (1918–2005), sister of President John F. Kennedy, born in Brookline
 * Kathleen Agnes Kennedy (Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington) (1920–1948), sister of President John F. Kennedy, born in Brookline
 * Eunice Kennedy Shriver (1921–2009), sister of President John F. Kennedy, born in Brookline
 * Patricia Kennedy Lawford (1924–2006), sister of President John F. Kennedy, born in Brookline
 * Robert F. Kennedy (1925–1968), Attorney General, US Senator, brother of President John F. Kennedy, born in Brookline
 * Louise Andrews Kent (1886–1969), author
 * Robert Kraft (born 1941), New England Patriots owner
 * Jon Krakauer (born 1954, raised in Corvallis, Oregon), author of Into the Wild and Into Thin Air, columnist for Outside magazine
 * Louis Krasner (1903–1995), American violinist
 * Michio, leader of the worldwide macrobiotic movement
 * Amos Adams Lawrence (1814–1886), merchant and abolitionist
 * Abbott Lawrence Lowell (1856–1943), former president of Harvard University
 * Lester Lefton, president of Kent State University
 * Tony Levin (born 1946), musician
 * Clarence Cook Little (1888–1971), American geneticist, President of the University of Michigan
 * Amy Lowell (1874–1925), poet
 * Eddie Lowery (1903–1984), 10-year-old caddie of Francis Ouimet during 1913 U.S. Open held in Brookline
 * Larry Lucchino (born 1945), co-owner of Boston Red Sox
 * Ananda Mahidol, king of Thailand, lived during age 1–3 years in Brookline while his father the prince studied at Harvard Medical School
 * Bob Margolin (born 1949), blues guitarist and former Muddy Waters sideman
 * Albert and David Maysles, documentary filmmakers
 * Arthur Chute McGill (1926–1980), theologian, philosopher, author and editor, Harvard professor 1971–1980
 * Joey McIntyre, youngest member of musical group New Kids on the Block, lived in Brookline
 * Henry J. Meade, Chief of Chaplains of the U.S. Air Force
 * Jean Baker Miller (1927–2006), psychoanalyst, feminist, author, social activist
 * Roger Miller, rock musician
 * George Minot (1885–1950), winner of the 1934 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
 * Marvin Minsky (1927–2016), Artificial Intelligence theorist, inventor, author, professor
 * Abelardo Morell (born 1948), photographer, professor at Massachusetts College of Art
 * Evelyn Murphy (born 1940), former Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts
 * William Murphy (1892–1987), winner of 1934 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
 * Nicholas Nixon, photographer, professor at Massachusetts College of Art
 * Joel Mark Noe (1943–1991), pioneering reconstructive plastic surgeon, longtime resident
 * Conan O'Brien (born 1963), television host, comedian, writer, producer
 * Frederick Law Olmsted (1822–1903), landscape architect
 * Francis Ouimet (1893–1967), amateur golfer who won the U.S. Open in 1913
 * Edith Pearlman (1936–2023), short story writer
 * Paul Pender (1930–2003), boxer, middleweight champion
 * Esther Petrack, contestant on America's Next Top Model, Cycle 15
 * Henry Varnum Poor, creator of the Standard & Poor's Index
 * Alfredo Quiñones-Hinojosa, M.D., neurosurgeon and author
 * Norman Ramsey (1915–2011), winner of the 1989 Nobel Prize in Physics
 * Rishi Reddi, short story writer
 * Elliot Richardson, lieutenant governor and attorney general of Massachusetts, cabinet official in the Nixon and Ford administrations, ambassador and lawyer
 * Florida Ruffin Ridley (1861–1943), civil rights activist, suffragist, teacher, writer, and editor
 * Steve Rochinski (born 1954), jazz guitarist, recording artist, composer, arranger, author, jazz educator
 * John Rock (1890–1984), pioneer in the development of in vitro fertilization and the birth control pill
 * Neil Rolde (born 1932), writer and Maine politician
 * David L. Rose (born 1967), tech entrepreneur and scientist at the MIT Media Lab
 * Dan Rosenthal (born 1966), Assistant to the President in White House under Bill Clinton
 * Larry Ruttman (born 1931), attorney and author
 * Ruth Sager (1918–1997), US geneticist, died in Brookline
 * Ignatius Sargent, (1800-1884), merchant, member of the Boston Associates, horticulturalist, early benefactor of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society
 * Arnold Schoenberg (1874–1951), composer, lived at 1280 Beacon Street during the 1930s
 * Allison Sekuler, American neuroscientist
 * Samuel Sewall (1652–1730), judge in the Salem witch trials
 * Charles Sprague Sargent (1841–1927), first director of Harvard University's Arnold Arboretum
 * Conrad Salinger (1901–1962), longtime orchestrator for MGM musicals
 * Sarah Schechter (born 1976), film and television producer
 * John H. Sherburne (1877–1959), U.S. Army brigadier general
 * Joseph B. Soloveitchik (1903–1993), Jewish scholar
 * Sarah Smith (born 1947), novelist
 * Lawrence Summers, economist, president of Harvard University 2001–2006
 * Cindy Stumpo, entrepreneur and residential contractor featured in numerous national publications
 * David Susskind, (1920-1987), producer of TV, movies, and stage plays; TV talk show host.
 * Paul Szep (born 1941), two-time Pulitzer Prize-winning political cartoonist
 * Karen Tarlow (born 1947), composer
 * James Taylor, musician, owns a home in Brookline
 * Michelle Thomas (1968–1998), actress who played Justine Phillips on The Cosby Show and Myra Monkhouse on Family Matters
 * Mike Wallace (1918–2012), TV journalist, best known for 60 Minutes
 * Stephen Walt, professor of international relations, Harvard University
 * Barbara Walters (1929–2022), television commentator and journalist
 * Robert Weinberg, cancer researcher known for discovering a gene that causes normal cells to form tumors, and the first tumor suppressor gene
 * David Weinberger, blogger, internet expert, and political consultant
 * William A. Wellman (born 1896 in Brookline), director of Wings (1927)
 * Mikey Welsh, former bassist for rock band Weezer, moved to Brookline in his youth
 * Henry Melville Whitney (1839–1923), businessman and developer of the Beacon Street boulevard
 * James Scollay Whitney (1811–1878), businessman and politician
 * John Woodrow Wilson (1922–2015), lithographer, sculptor, painter, muralist, and art teacher
 * Bob Woolf (1929-1993), Sports agent who represented athletes including Larry Bird, Carl Yastrzemski, John Havlicek and others
 * Gary K. Wolf, author, creator of Roger Rabbit
 * Danny Yamashiro, chaplain at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, researcher on American presidents and childhood trauma, and media host
 * Moshe Yanai, electrical engineer and entrepreneur

In film

 * Scenes from American Hustle (2013) were filmed in Brookline.
 * Scenes from The Next Karate Kid (1993) were filmed in Brookline.
 * Scenes from American Fiction (2023) were filmed in Brookline.

In television

 * June Osborne / Offred, the protagonist of The Handmaid's Tale (2017–present), is from Brookline.

Sister cities
Brookline is twinned with:
 * 🇳🇮 Quezalguaque, Nicaragua (since 1987)
 * Also included under the two sister cities for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Hokkaidō, Japan (since 1990). Basel-Stadt, Switzerland.

title: Brookline, Massachusetts


text:
Ranger program

The Ranger program was a series of uncrewed space missions by the United States in the 1960s whose objective was to obtain the first close-up images of the surface of the Moon. The Ranger spacecraft were designed to take images of the lunar surface, transmitting those images to Earth until the spacecraft were destroyed upon impact. A series of mishaps, however, led to the failure of the first six flights. At one point, the program was called "shoot and hope". Congress launched an investigation into "problems of management" at NASA Headquarters and Jet Propulsion Laboratory. After two reorganizations of the agencies, Ranger 7 successfully returned images in July 1964, followed by two more successful missions.

Ranger was originally designed, beginning in 1959, in three distinct phases, called "blocks". Each block had different mission objectives and progressively more advanced system design. The JPL mission designers planned multiple launches in each block, to maximize the engineering experience and scientific value of the mission and to assure at least one successful flight. Total research, development, launch, and support costs for the Ranger series of spacecraft (Rangers 1 through 9) was approximately $170 million (equivalent to $ in ).

Ranger spacecraft

Each of the block III Ranger spacecraft had six cameras on board. The cameras were fundamentally the same with differences in exposure times, fields of view, lenses, and scan rates. The camera system was divided into two channels, P (partial) and F (full). Each channel was self-contained with separate power supplies, timers, and transmitters. The F-channel had two cameras: the wide-angle A-camera and the narrow angle B-camera. The P-channel had four cameras: P1 and P2 (narrow angle) and P3 and P4 (wide angle). The final F-channel image was taken between 2.5 and 5 seconds before impact (altitude about 5 km) and the last P-channel image 0.2 to 0.4 seconds before impact (altitude about 600 m). The images provided better resolution than was available from Earth-based views by a factor of 1000. The design and construction of the cameras was led by Leonard R Malling. The Ranger program manager for the first six spacecraft was James D. Burke.

The camera preamplifiers of the Ranger program used Nuvistors.

Block 1 missions

 * Ranger 1, launched 23 August 1961, lunar prototype, launch failure
 * Ranger 2, launched 18 November 1961, lunar prototype, launch failure

Block 1, consisting of two spacecraft launched into Earth orbit in 1961, was intended to test the Atlas-Agena launch vehicle and spacecraft equipment without attempting to reach the Moon.

Problems with the early version of the launch vehicle left Ranger 1 and Ranger 2 in short-lived, low-Earth orbits in which the spacecraft could not stabilize themselves, collect solar power, or survive for long. In 1962, JPL utilized the Ranger 1 and Ranger 2 design for the failed Mariner 1 and successful Mariner 2 deep-space probes to Venus.

Block 2 missions

 * Ranger 3, launched 26 January 1962, lunar probe, spacecraft failed, missed Moon
 * Ranger 4, launched 23 April 1962, lunar probe, spacecraft failed, Moon impact
 * Ranger 5, launched 18 October 1962, lunar probe, spacecraft failed, missed Moon

Block 2 of the Ranger project launched three spacecraft to the Moon in 1962, carrying a TV camera, a radiation detector, and a seismometer in a separate capsule slowed by a rocket motor and packaged to survive its low-speed impact on the Moon's surface. The craft weighed 331 kg. The three missions together demonstrated good performance of the Atlas/Agena B launch vehicle and the adequacy of the spacecraft design, but unfortunately not both on the same attempt. Ranger 3 had problems with both the launch vehicle and the spacecraft, missed the Moon by about 36,800 km, and has orbited the Sun ever since. Ranger 4 had a perfect launch, but the spacecraft was completely disabled. The project team tracked the seismometer capsule to impact just out of sight on the lunar far side, validating the communications and navigation system. Ranger 5 missed the Moon and was disabled. No significant science information was gleaned from these missions.

Around the end of Block 2, it was discovered that a type of diode used in previous missions produced problematic gold-plate flaking in the conditions of space. This may have been responsible for some of the failures.

Block 3 missions

 * Ranger 6, launched 30 January 1964, lunar probe, Moon impact, cameras failed
 * Ranger 7
 * Launched 28 July 1964
 * Impacted Moon 31 July 1964 at 13:25:49 UT
 * -10.35°N, -20.58°W - Mare Cognitum
 * Ranger 8
 * Launched 17 February 1965
 * Impacted Moon 20 February 1965 at 09:57:37 UT
 * 2.67°N, 24.65°W - Mare Tranquillitatis (Sea of Tranquility)
 * Ranger 9
 * Launched 21 March 1965
 * Impacted Moon 24 March 1965 at 14:08:20 UT
 * -12.83°N, -2.37°W - Alphonsus crater

Ranger's Block 3 embodied four launches in 1964-65. These spacecraft boasted a television instrument designed to observe the lunar surface during the approach; as the spacecraft neared the Moon, it would reveal detail smaller than the best Earth telescopes could show, and finally dishpan-sized craters. The first of the new series, Ranger 6, had a flawless flight, except that the television system was disabled by an in-flight accident and could take no pictures.

The next three Rangers, with a redesigned television, were completely successful. Ranger 7 photographed its way down to target in a lunar plain, soon named Mare Cognitum, south of the crater Copernicus. It sent more than 4,300 pictures from six cameras to waiting scientists and engineers. The new images revealed that craters caused by impact were the dominant features of the Moon's surface, even in the seemingly smooth and empty plains. Great craters were marked by small ones, and the small with tiny impact pockmarks, as far down in size as could be discerned—about 50 cm. The light-colored streaks radiating from Copernicus and a few other large craters turned out to be chains and nets of small craters and debris blasted out in the primary impacts.

In February 1965, Ranger 8 swept an oblique course over the south of Oceanus Procellarum and Mare Nubium, to crash in Mare Tranquillitatis about 70 km distant from where Apollo 11 would land 4½ years later. It took more than 7,000 images, covering a wider area and reinforcing the conclusions from Ranger 7. About a month later, Ranger 9 came down in the 90 km diameter crater Alphonsus. Its 5,800 images, nested concentrically and taking advantage of very low-level sunlight, provided strong confirmation of the crater-on-crater, gently rolling contours of the lunar surface.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ranger program


text:
User talk:Kjartan

Hello there Kjartan, welcome to the 'pedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you ever need editing help visit How does one edit a page and experiment at Sandbox. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions or how to format them visit our manual of style. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. BTW, nice work on the music articles. Cheers! --maveric149

Wollongong meetup invitation
Hi there! You are cordially invited to the first Wollongong meetup to be held in the first week of January. Details and an attendee list are at Meetup/Wollongong. Hope to see you there! John Vandenberg 12:36, 27 December 2012 (UTC)

(this automated message was delivered using replace.py to all users in Wollongong)

title: User talk:Kjartan


text:
User talk:Albrown

Hello there, welcome to the 'pedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you ever need editing help visit How does one edit a page and experiment at Sandbox. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions or how to format them visit our manual of style. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. Cheers! --maveric149

Sphinx Dating
Mr. Brown, I noticed the foofaraw over Sphinx dating/deletions. The point you want to include is controversial; it's at odds with academic orthodoxy. In my experience here I've found that controversial viewpoints are least likely to be deleted if they're: I'd recommend adding a note somewhere towards the bottom, along the lines of "Recently, Prof. So-and-so has argued, based on geological research, for a considerably older dating of the Sphinx than previously thought in his book Sphinx Dating for Fun and Profit." Keep it short and punchy, then put something in =References= or =External Links= for more information. That way it's a lot harder to justify outright deletion. Hope this helps. Bacchiad 02:50, 14 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * 1) Firmly attributed to someone else
 * 2) Not at the top of the article.
 * Try to Google for some hard information from a geology site. Get the author's name and book title that started the fuss. Not a New Age tabloid-from-the- checkout-counter kind of website, of which there are many. The Sphinx attracts clowns, so everyone is wary. Well-presented material is worth it's own subsection at Sphinx. Hearsay is not good enough to remain in the entry for long. Wetman 05:34, 14 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Albrown


text:
Battlestar Galactica

Battlestar Galactica is an American science fiction media franchise created by Glen A. Larson. It began with the original television series in 1978, and was followed by a short-run sequel series, Galactica 1980, a line of book adaptations, original novels, comic books, a board game, and video games. A reimagined version aired as a two-part, three-hour miniseries developed by Ronald D. Moore and David Eick in 2003, followed by a 2004 television series, which aired until 2009. A prequel series, Caprica, aired in 2010.

All Battlestar Galactica productions share the premise that in a distant part of the universe, a human civilization has extended to a group of planets known as the Twelve Colonies, to which they have migrated from their ancestral homeworld of Kobol. The Twelve Colonies have been engaged in a lengthy war with the Cylons, a cybernetic race whose goal is the extermination of the human species. The Cylons offer peace to the humans, which proves to be a ruse. With the aid of a human named Baltar, the Cylons carry out a massive nuclear attack on the Twelve Colonies and the Colonial Fleet of starships that protect them, devastating the fleet, laying waste to the Colonies, and destroying all but a small remaining population. Survivors flee into outer space aboard a motley fleet of spaceworthy ships. Of the Colonial battle fleet, only the Battlestar Galactica, a gigantic battleship and spacecraft carrier, appears to have survived the attack. Under the leadership of Commander Adama, the Galactica and the pilots of "Viper fighters" lead a fugitive fleet of survivors in search of the fabled thirteenth colony known as Earth.

Battlestar Galactica (1978–79)
Glen A. Larson, the creator and executive producer of Battlestar Galactica, claimed he had conceived of the Battlestar Galactica premise, which he called Adam's Ark, during the late 1960s. As James E. Ford detailed in "Battlestar Galactica and Mormon Theology", a paper read at the Joint Conference of the American Culture and Popular Culture Associations on April 17, 1980 (and published as "Theology in Prime Time Science Fiction: Battlestar Galactica and Mormon Doctrine", Journal of Popular Culture #17 [1983]: 83–87), the series incorporated many themes from Mormon theology, such as marriage for "time and eternity", a "council of twelve", a lost thirteenth tribe of humans, and a planet called Kobol (an anagram of Kolob), as Larson was a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. However, he was unable to find financial backing for his TV series for a number of years. Battlestar Galactica was finally produced in the wake of the success of the 1977 film Star Wars. The original Cylons of Battlestar Galactica, robotic antagonists bent on destroying all humankind, owe much to Fred Saberhagen's berserker stories, including Saberhagen's fictional race the Builders whose "sliding single red eye" became the signature design element for the Cylons.

Larson had envisioned Battlestar Galactica as a series of made-for-TV movies (a three-hour pilot program and two two-hour episodes) for the American Broadcasting Company (ABC). A shortened version of the three-hour pilot, Saga of a Star World, was screened in Canadian theaters (before the TV series was telecast) and in American, European and Australian theaters later on. Instead of two additional TV movies, ABC decided to commission a weekly TV series of one-hour episodes.

In 1979 at the sixth annual People's Choice Awards, the TV series won in the category of "Best New TV Drama Series".

The first episode of the TV series (the long pilot TV movie) was broadcast on September 17, 1978. About 30 minutes before the scheduled end, that broadcast was interrupted by the signing of the Egyptian–Israeli Camp David Accords. After the interruption (which was nearly an hour in length), the episode picked back up where it left off.

During the eight months after the pilot's first broadcast, 17 original episodes of the series were made (five of them two-part shows), equivalent to a standard 24-episode TV season. Citing declining ratings and cost overruns, ABC canceled Battlestar Galactica in April 1979. Its final episode "The Hand of God" was telecast on April 29, 1979.

Galactica 1980 (1980)
During the autumn of 1979, ABC executives met with Battlestar Galactica's creator Glen Larson to consider restarting the series. A suitable concept was needed to draw viewers, and it was decided that the arrival of the Colonial Fleet at present-day Earth would be the storyline. A new TV movie called Galactica 1980 was produced. Again, it was decided this new version of Battlestar Galactica would be made into a weekly TV series. Despite the early success of the premiere, this program failed to achieve the popularity of the original series, and it was canceled after just ten episodes.

In this 1980 sequel series, the Colonial fleet finds the Earth, and then it covertly protects it from the Cylons. This series was a quick failure due to its low budget (e.g., recycling footage from the 1974 Universal Studios movie Earthquake during a Cylon attack sequence), widely panned writing, and ill-chosen time slot (Sunday evenings, a time generally reserved for family-oriented programming and, more specifically, also for the 60 Minutes newsmagazine program). The TV series also had to adhere to strict content restrictions such as limiting the number of acts of violence and being required to shoehorn educational content into the script and dialogue.

To cut costs, the show was set mostly on the contemporary Earth, to the great dismay of fans. Another factor for fan apathy was the nearly complete recasting of the original series: Lorne Greene reprised his role as Adama, Herb Jefferson Jr. played "Colonel" Boomer in about half of the episodes (with little screentime), and Dirk Benedict as Starbuck for one episode (the abrupt final episode, though his character was to have also appeared in the unfilmed episode "Wheel of Fire", which was a semi-sequel to "The Return of Starbuck"). Richard Hatch (Apollo in the original series) was sent a script for Galactica 1980, but he turned it down since he was not sure what his part in the series would be now that all the characters had changed.

Some TV syndication packages for Battlestar Galactica incorporate the episodes of this series.

Miniseries (2003)
Despite attempts to revive the series over the years, none came to fruition until it was reimagined in 2003 by Universal Television as Battlestar Galactica, a three-hour miniseries where a long-standing armistice following a war between humans and Cylons is broken by a second Cylon War, when the machines launch a sneak attack wiping out virtually all of humanity. Commissioned by the Sci-Fi Channel, screenwriter Ronald D. Moore and producer David Eick were the creative forces behind it. Academy Award-nominated actor Edward James Olmos was cast in the role of Commander Adama, while two-time Academy Award nominee Mary McDonnell was cast as President Laura Roslin. Starbuck and Boomer were now female characters, portrayed by Katee Sackhoff and Grace Park respectively. Other cast members included Jamie Bamber (Captain Lee 'Apollo' Adama), James Callis (Dr. Gaius Baltar), and Tricia Helfer as a Cylon-humanoid known as "Number Six". The mini-series was a ratings success for the Sci-Fi Channel and they commissioned a new weekly Battlestar Galactica series to follow.

Battlestar Galactica (2004–09)
The new television series was co-funded by the UK's Sky Television, and premiered in the United Kingdom on the Sky1 satellite channel in October 2004. The series was then broadcast in North America on the Sci-Fi Channel in January 2005. Continuing where the 2003 mini-series left off, the main cast all returned to reprise their roles. Several new characters were introduced, and Richard Hatch, who played Captain Apollo in the 1970s Battlestar Galactica TV series, also appeared in several episodes as Tom Zarek, a former political terrorist who later becomes part of the new Colonial government.

An edited version of the pilot miniseries was aired on NBC on January 9, 2005, five days before the Sci-Fi series premiere. NBC also aired three selected first-season episodes to promote the show in advance of the second-season premiere in July 2005. The series ran for four seasons between 2004 and 2009. The second season was split into two halves screened several months apart. Due to production delays caused by the 2007–2008 Writers Guild strike, the fourth season was also split into two parts, with a seven-month hiatus in between.

The series has won widespread critical acclaim among many mainstream non-SF-genre publications. Time and New York Newsday named it the best show on television in 2005. Other publications such as The New York Times, The New Yorker, National Review and Rolling Stone magazine also gave the show positive reviews.

The show has received a Peabody Award for overall excellence, several Emmy Awards for Visual Effects, and Emmy nominations for Writing and Directing. Time magazine named it one of the 100 Best TV Shows of All Time.

Caprica (2010)
Caprica is a prequel television series to the re-imagined Battlestar Galactica. It premiered on Syfy (formerly Sci-Fi) on January 22, 2010, and was described as "television's first science fiction family saga". It was a two-hour back door pilot for a possible weekly television series, but on December 2, 2008, Syfy gave the go-ahead to expand the project into a full, 20-episode series. Caprica is set on the titular planet, 58 years before the events of Battlestar Galactica. The show revolves around two families, the Adamas and the Graystones, and the creation of the Cylons.

The pilot was directed by Jeffrey Reiner and starred Eric Stoltz, Esai Morales, Paula Malcomson, Alessandra Torresani, and Polly Walker. The pilot was released on DVD on April 21, 2009 and the series was broadcast in January 2010.

On October 27, 2010, Syfy canceled Caprica due to low ratings. The final five episodes were aired in the US on January 4, 2011 though they had aired a couple of months earlier on the Canadian network Space. The entire series was released on DVD in 2011.

Proposed Peacock series
In September 2019, NBCUniversal was planning a new series as part of their Peacock streaming service, set in the same continuity as the 2004 Battlestar Galactica series, and produced by Sam Esmail. In March 2021, writer and producer Michael Lesslie had reportedly left the project, leaving production plans in doubt.

The Resistance (2006)
The first set of webisodes were a series of shorts produced in 2006 to promote the third season of the re-imagined show. Made as an "optional extra" to Season 3, the webisodes filled in some of the events between the second and third seasons and featured some of the main cast, though did not reveal what would happen in the beginning of Season 3, nor was viewing them essential to follow the story of the third season. Each of the ten webisodes was approximately three minutes long, and they were released twice a week leading up to the U.S. Season 3 premiere in 2006.

Razor Flashbacks (2007)
The Razor Flashbacks were a series of seven webisodes produced in 2007, set some 40 years earlier during William Adama's fighter pilot days during the later stages of the First Cylon War. They were released on the Internet as "webisodes" leading up to Razor release. They are now available on the DVD and Blu-Ray releases of Battlestar Galactica: Razor, and some are inserted into both the broadcast and extended cuts of the movie on DVD and Blu-Ray. The installments that did not make the final cut include 1, 2, and the latter half of 7.

The Face of the Enemy (2008)
A set of ten webisodes were released during the seven-month hiatus between episodes 10 and 11 of Season 4. Titled The Face of the Enemy, the web series premiered on December 12, 2008 on SciFi.com.

Blood & Chrome (2012)
Battlestar Galactica: Blood & Chrome was to be a spin-off series from the re-imagined Battlestar Galactica series. Syfy approached show runner Ronald D. Moore to produce another spin-off set in the reimagined Battlestar Galactica universe, which was to begin as a two-hour pilot focused on William "Husker" Adama (portrayed by Luke Pasqualino) during the First Cylon War (as was glimpsed in Razor and the corresponding webisodes).

Syfy decided against moving forward with the Blood and Chrome TV series, but aired a 10-part webseries over four weeks via Machinima.com, beginning on November 9, 2012. The webseries was also aired as a 2-hour movie on Syfy on February 10, 2013, and was released on DVD shortly afterwards.

Battlestar Galactica
Battlestar Galactica is a re-edit of the pilot episode of the 1978 TV series, Saga of a Star World. It was released theatrically in Canada before the television series aired in the United States, in order to help recoup its high production costs. Later, the standalone film edit was also released in the United States.

Razor
Battlestar Galactica: Razor is a 2007 television movie produced and broadcast in the gap between Seasons 3 and 4 of the re-imagined series. Razor is also the first two episodes of Season 4 though it chronicles events on Battlestar Pegasus in two time periods, both of which are "in the past" with respect to the Season 4 continuity. The "present day" framing scenes are set during Lee Adama's command of the Pegasus in the latter half of Season 2, while "flashback" scenes depict Helena Cain's command in the period between the Cylon attack (shown in the 2003 mini-series) and the reunion with the Galactica in the second season. It aired in the United States and Canada on November 24, 2007 and in the UK and Ireland on December 18, 2007. An expanded version of the movie was released on DVD on December 4, 2007.

The Plan
Sci Fi Channel produced a two-hour TV movie which was planned to air after the final episode of the series in 2009. The movie began production on September 8, 2008. The movie premiered exclusively on DVD, Blu-ray and digital download on October 27, 2009 and aired on January 10, 2010, on Sci Fi. Written by Jane Espenson and directed by Edward James Olmos, The Plan storyline begins before the attack on the Twelve Colonies and shows events primarily from the perspective of the Cylons. Edward James Olmos reprised his role as Adama, and ten of the eleven actors who played Cylons appeared, including Michael Trucco, Aaron Douglas, Dean Stockwell, Tricia Helfer, Grace Park, Rick Worthy, Matthew Bennett, Callum Keith Rennie, Michael Hogan and Rekha Sharma. The only "Cylon" actor not present was Lucy Lawless (although previously filmed footage of her was included).

Feature film
Creator Glen A. Larson entered negotiations with Universal Pictures for a film adaptation of the 1978 series in February 2009. Bryan Singer signed on to direct the reboot the following August, but was obliged to direct Jack the Giant Slayer. In October 2011 John Orloff was hired to write the script. "I have wanted to write this movie since I was 12 years old, and built a Galactica model from scratch out of balsa wood, cardboard, old model parts and LEDs", Orloff told Deadline Hollywood. By August 2012 the script was being rewritten, with Singer explaining that "It will exist, I think, quite well between the Glen Larson and Ron Moore universes". On April 7, 2014, the studio hired Jack Paglen to write the script for the film. On February 12, 2016, Universal signed Michael De Luca, Scott Stuber and Dylan Clark to produce the Battlestar Galactica film. On June 9, 2016, Lisa Joy was reportedly writing the film, and Francis Lawrence was in talks to direct. On December 18, 2018, it was reported that Jay Basu (The Girl in the Spider's Web) had been hired to rewrite Joy's script. On October 22, 2020, The Hollywood Reporter revealed that Simon Kinberg will be writing and co-producing the film with Dylan Clark.

Cinema releases
Besides a re-edited version of the pilot, released in Canada, Europe, parts of Latin America, and, following the broadcast of the series, in the U.S., two other Battlestar Galactica feature films were released in cinemas. Mission Galactica: The Cylon Attack and Conquest of the Earth were made up of various episodes of the original series and Galactica 1980 respectively. (See List of Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series) and Galactica 1980 episodes § Theatrical releases)

Attempted revivals
The original series maintained a cult fandom, which supported efforts by Glen A. Larson, Richard Hatch, and Bryan Singer (independently of one another) to revive the premise.

Richard Hatch produced a demonstration video in 1998–99 which featured several actors from the original series combined with state-of-the-art special effects. This video, titled Battlestar Galactica: The Second Coming, was screened at some science fiction conventions, but it did not lead to a new series.

In 1999, the producer of Wing Commander, Todd Moyer, and the producer of the original TV series, Glen Larson, planned to produce a motion picture based on the TV series. It would have featured Battlestar Pegasus.

In 2000, the director and an executive producer of the X-Men movie, Bryan Singer and Tom DeSanto, began developing a Battlestar Galactica TV miniseries under the auspices of Studios USA for the Fox TV network. A continuation of the original series but set 25 years later, Singer and DeSanto's version included several members of the original cast reprising their original roles and the introduction of newer characters. It was intended to be telecast as a backdoor pilot in May 2002, and pre-production commenced and sets had even been partially constructed with a view to filming starting in November 2001. However, production delays caused by the September 11, 2001 attacks meant that Bryan Singer had to drop out, due to his commitment to direct the X-Men 2 movie. This caused the executives of Fox TV to cancel the project.

Books
Both the original and the reimagined series have had books published about the series, academically oriented analysis, novelizations, and new works based on the characters.

Original series books
These Battlestar Galactica softcover novelisations were written by Glen A. Larson with the authors listed below. They were critically disparaged, but proved popular, with the first novel selling over a million copies within its first year. The first ten novels adapt the episode of the same title except as indicated. All novels except Battlestar Galactica 14: Surrender the Galactica! (ACE publishing) were originally published by Berkley, and have been republished, recently, by I Books, which called them Battlestar Galactica Classic to differentiate it from the reimagined series. The episodic novels featured expanded scenes, excerpts from "The Adama Journals", more background on the characters, and the expansion of the ragtag fleet to almost 22,000 ships as opposed to the 220 in the TV series.

A new book series written by series star Richard Hatch starting in the 1990s continued the original story based on his attempt to revive the series, and ignored the events of Galactica 1980. His series picked up several years after the TV series ended, and featured Apollo in command of the Galactica after the death of Adama, a grown-up Boxey, who was now a Viper pilot, and the rediscovery of Commander Cain and the battlestar Pegasus, who had started a new colony and was preparing to restart the war with the Cylons.

Episodic novels Original novels
 * Battlestar Galactica, with Robert Thurston (novel version of "Saga of a Star-World")
 * Battlestar Galactica 2: The Cylon Death Machine, with Robert Thurston (novel version of "The Gun on Ice Planet Zero")
 * Battlestar Galactica 3: The Tombs of Kobol, with Robert Thurston (novel version of "Lost Planet of the Gods")
 * Battlestar Galactica 4: The Young Warriors, with Robert Thurston (adapts "The Young Lords")
 * Battlestar Galactica 5: Galactica Discovers Earth, with Michael Resnick (adapts the Galactica 1980 three part episode)
 * Battlestar Galactica 6: The Living Legend, with Nicholas Yermakov
 * Battlestar Galactica 7: War of the Gods, with Nicholas Yermakov
 * Battlestar Galactica 8: Greetings from Earth, with Ron Goulart
 * Battlestar Galactica 9: Experiment in Terra, with Ron Goulart (adapts the titular episode as well as "Baltar's Escape")
 * Battlestar Galactica 10: The Long Patrol, with Ron Goulart
 * Battlestar Galactica 11: The Nightmare Machine, with Robert Thurston
 * Battlestar Galactica 12: "Die, Chameleon!", with Robert Thurston
 * Battlestar Galactica 13: Apollo's War, with Robert Thurston
 * Battlestar Galactica 14: Surrender the Galactica!, with Robert Thurston

Original novels by Richard Hatch
 * Battlestar Galactica: Armageddon, with Christopher Golden
 * Battlestar Galactica: Warhawk, with Christopher Golden
 * Battlestar Galactica: Resurrection, with Stan Timmons
 * Battlestar Galactica: Rebellion, with Alan Rogers
 * Battlestar Galactica: Paradis, with Brad Linaweaver
 * Battlestar Galactica: Destiny, with Brad Linaweaver
 * Battlestar Galactica: Redemption, with Brad Linaweaver

Reimagined series books
Tor Science Fiction has published the following works in both hardcover and paperback format.
 * Battlestar Galactica by Jeffrey A. Carver
 * The Cylons' Secret by Craig Shaw Gardner
 * Sagittarius Is Bleeding by Peter David
 * Unity by Steven Harper

Academic analysis

 * Somewhere Beyond the Heavens: Exploring Battlestar Galactica, by Rich Handley and Lou Tambone
 * Cylons in America: Critical Studies in Battlestar Galactica
 * So Say We All: An Unauthorized Collection of Thoughts and Opinions on Battlestar Galactica, edited by Richard Hatch
 * Battlestar Galactica and International Relations by Nicholas J. Kiersey and Iver B. Neumann (editors)
 * An Analytical Guide to Television's Battlestar Galactica by John Kenneth Muir

Comic books
A series of comic book publishers have adapted Battlestar Galactica since its inception.

Marvel Comics published a 23-issue comic book series based upon the show between 1978 and 1981. Walt Simonson, who later wrote and drew Thor and had a long stint on Marvel's Star Wars comic, was the artist for the series at its conclusion. Other comics have since been published by Maximum Press, Grandreams, Look-in magazine, Realm Press, and Dynamite Comics.

Dynamite Entertainment was the last company to publish comic books featuring both the classic and reimagined Battlestar Galactica series. They also released a 4-issue Galactica 1980 comic miniseries written by Marc Guggenheim. The limited miniseries was a re-imagining of the original series but at the end featured a second, smaller Battlestar (replacing the original which was destroyed) also named Galactica but strongly resembling the ship seen in the reimagined Sci-Fi Channel series.

Video games

In 1978, Mattel Electronics released a handheld electronic LED game based on the series. The player tries to defend Galactica from kamikaze Cylon Raiders by manipulating a switch on the game unit to direct their fire, triggered by a red button to the left of the unit.

In November 2003, shortly before the premiere of the re-imagined TV series, Sierra released a 3D space combat Battlestar Galactica computer game for the original Xbox, PlayStation 2, and PC. The game took place 40 years before the original series and featured an ensign Adama flying a Viper during the Cylon war. The game was developed by Warthog.

There is also a 2D Xbox 360 Live Arcade title called Battlestar Galactica wherein players can co-op or dogfight with up to 8 people over Xbox Live.

Battlestar Galactica Online was a 3D browser-based MMOG released as an open beta on February 8, 2011, by Bigpoint Games.

Battlestar Galactica Deadlock is a 2017 3D turn based strategy game (released on PC, Xbox One and PS4) featuring the First Cylon War. The game is developed by Black Lab Games and published by the Slitherine Software.

Tabletop games
The original series inspired a Battlestar Galactica board game. The game is set during a training mission, where two to four players maneuver pieces representing Colonial Vipers to capture a damaged Cylon Raider. Play includes using terrain elements and a number of special-ability cards to the players' advantage.

In 1979, FASA released a tabletop counter piece game for Battlestar Galactica based on the fighter combat, which included the Galactica and a Cylon Basestar to be launched from, attack with and be attacked/defended. The counters for the Vipers and the Raiders included three model versions MKI/MKII/MKIII, not just the MKII Viper and Raider MKI.

Wiz Kids, Inc. (a collectible game manufacturer) produced the Battlestar Galactica Collectible Card Game based on the 2003 mini-series and 2004 TV show. The premier set of this game was released in May 2006. After the release of one expansion set, Wizkids cancelled the game on March 13, 2007.

A Battlestar Galactica role-playing game was released in August 2007 by Margaret Weis Productions at Gen Con.

In 2008 Fantasy Flight Games produced Battlestar Galactica: The Board Game, based on the 2003 re-imagined series. It is a semi-cooperative game of strategy for 3–6 players with some players being Cylon agents, either aware at start of the game or become aware later, as sleeper agents. Each of the 10 playable character has its own abilities and weaknesses, and they must all work together in order for humanity to survive, as well as attempt to expose the traitor while fuel shortages, food contaminations, and political unrest threaten to tear the fleet apart. The game had three expansions, Pegasus, Exodus and Daybreak.

In 2018, Ares Games released Battlestar Galactica: Starship Battles, a miniature game by Andrea Angiolino and Andrea Mainini simulating space duels between Vipers and Raiders, with expansions including further models. The game is based on the 2003 re-imagined series, but the license will also allow use of spaceships from the original series, with a game approach similar to Wings of War.

Theme park attractions
Battle of Galactica opened June 9, 1979 as an event on the Studio Tour at Universal Studios Hollywood at a cost of $1 million, the most expensive special effects attraction ever built at the park at the time. This high-technology attraction featured animatronics and live actors in a spectacular laser battle based on the television series, with a 200-foot long spaceship that "swallowed" the passengers. This was the first themed attraction to feature Audio-Animatronics characters outside Disney Parks, and was the first dark ride to combine sophisticated animatronics and lasers with live actors. It was replaced in 1992 by the foundations of Back to the Future: The Ride.

A Battlestar Galactica: Human vs. Cylon roller coaster opened March 18, 2010 at Universal Studios Singapore.

title: Battlestar Galactica


text:
User talk:Drahflow

Hello there Drahflow, welcome to the 'pedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you ever need editing help visit How does one edit a page and experiment at Sandbox. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions or how to format them visit our manual of style. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. Cheers! --maveric149

 * Thx for the great welcome --Drahflow

 * Not a problem. :) --mav

Klingon wikia
Hallo! Ich wollte dich darüber informieren, dass der ehemalige Klingonische Teil von Wikipedia umgezogen ist, und nun wieder als Projekt aufgenommen wurde als Klingon Encyclopedia. Es würde mich freuen, dort wieder von dir zu hören/lesen.

I would like to inform you that the former Klingon section of Wikipedia (tlh) has moved to wikicities and will now be continued as Klingon Encyclopedia. I would be glad to hear/read from you there again.

Greetings, Lieven.

title: User talk:Drahflow


text: User:Platypussrex

title: User:Platypussrex


text:
User talk:Platypussrex

Hello there Platypussrex, welcome to the 'pedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you ever need editing help visit How does one edit a page and experiment at Sandbox. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions or how to format them visit our manual of style. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. Cheers! --maveric149

title: User talk:Platypussrex


text:
User talk:Mtmsmile

Hello there Mtmsmile, welcome to the 'pedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you ever need editing help visit How does one edit a page and experiment at Sandbox. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions or how to format them visit our manual of style. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. Cheers! --maveric149

License ?
Hi, you had uploaded the picture Image:Sailplane landing discus.jpg on wikipedia without giving its license. Should you tell me which it is ? We use it on french wikipedia. Thanks in advance Tipiac 01:18, 12 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mtmsmile


text:
User talk:Xaos~enwiki

A request for mediation has been filed with the Mediation Committee that lists you as a party. The Mediation Committee requires that all parties listed in a mediation must be notified of the mediation. Please review the request at Requests for mediation/Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and indicate whether you agree or refuse to mediate. If you are unfamiliar with mediation, please refer to Mediation. There are only seven days for everyone to agree, so please check as soon as possible.

Hello there Xaos, welcome to the 'pedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you ever need editing help visit How does one edit a page and experiment at Sandbox. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions or how to format them visit our manual of style. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. Cheers! --maveric149

Thanks a lot, Brion, Juuitchan, and anonymous. I've put the two answers here in Wikipedia talk:Wikipedians/South Korea page for other possible korean wikipediholics. Xaos

Xaos, it's great to have at least one Korean on board. Please don't feel that your English ability prohibits you from writing ariticles about ANYTHING (not just about Korea). It is EASY for us to edit your grammar and spelling ... that's what's so great about wikipedia! If you make a mistake, somebody will fix it, QUICK! Several ESL teachers here are also trying to add more Korean content to wikipedia, so, hopefully, we'll have info on Korean mask dances, "national treasures," holidays, hanbok, geography, etc. Sara Parks Ricker 16:52 Oct 9, 2002 (UTC)

환영합니다! --Ed Poor

Hey, I noticed your (I think it was you) note on the Korean stub wikipedia. If you like, I can set it up on the new server where I can configure it for Unicode support and links should work. Interface localization can be dropped in as it goes, as with the Japanese stub wikipedia which I notice you've also discovered. --Brion 23:49 Oct 10, 2002 (UTC)

 * I went ahead and did so. --Brion 08:16 Oct 11, 2002 (UTC)

Xaos, I'm glad you're here. I know Sara and I have felt quite a burden to add Korean content to Wikipedia, but being strangers in a strange land (strange to us, I mean) makes things difficult.

As Sara has said, please write some articles; we've had people do good work with far worse English than you have at your command. --Stephen Gilbert 02:30 Oct 14, 2002 (UTC)

Please see my comment on my talk page and see if you can come up for a better Korean translation for The Tailgating Spinster! --Daniel C. Boyer

In case you are interested in knowing this I once designed and made a wristwatch with a portrait of Ahn Choong-Kun. --Daniel C. Boyer

-

NoSmoke
The answers provided by PuzzeletChung on NoSmoke were very useful. I registered an account there and have read the English introduction ( http://no-smok.net/nsmk/NoSmoke ), but I'm still not sure how it works. When I have a question, do I just post it on my user page ( http://no-smok.net/nsmk/Menchi ) with the keyword "AnswerMe" on top, and wait for people to come? How would people know that I have a question? Thru RecentChange? --Menchi 13:31 28 May 2003 (UTC)

 * Never mind. It's ok. I've made my user page on NoSmoke today and got answered. --Menchi 14:59 3 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Hi again, Xaos: I started a new section on the Naming conventions (Korean) meta page. 생각을 알려 주십시오. --Sewing 00:01, 4 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Hi, there was a request on Interwiki requests for adminship from you asking for 최종욱 to be given developer status. I think this needs to be asked for on wikitech-l. It isn't something that be given out by the people dealing with the sysop requests. Please can you re-apply there if the status is still required. Thanks. Angela. 02:29, Feb 8, 2004 (UTC)

Notice board.
Hello Xaos! I'm posting here to let you know that there is a new notice board for Korea-related topics. This board is a central place to discuss all matters pertaining to Wikipedia's coverage of Coreana. I hope you'll drop by and help it to take shape. -- Visviva 15:03, 13 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Usercategorization
You were listed on the Wikipedians/Korea page as living in or being associated with Korea. As part of the User categorisation project, these lists are being replaced with user categories. If you would like to add yourself to the category that is replacing the page, please visit Category:Wikipedians in Korea for instructions. Rmky87 15:54, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

User Categorization
You were listed on the Wikipedians/South Korea page as living in or being associated with South Korea. As part of the User categorisation project, these lists are being replaced with user categories. If you would like to add yourself to the category that is replacing the page, please visit Category:Wikipedians in South Korea for instructions. Rmky87 16:39, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

Request for Comment
I wanted to ask for your participation since you've contributed to the Korean cuisine article in the past specifically on the issue of dog meat. Badagnani and (Tanner-Christopher) are holding the Korean cuisine article hostage and claiming that dog meat is a staple of Korean food along with rice, kimchi, pork, chicken, etc..

I am proposing 1)removal of this section for the reason that it is factually inaccurate(dog meat is not in the same category as beef, chicken and other staple korean foods) and that we work on 2)an objective presentation of facts about dog meat such as mentioning it in a subsection on "foods eaten as medicine".

I have added dispute tags in the section to indicate that POV and accuracy of the section is in dispute and Badagnani and (Tanner-Christopher) are claiming that not even a dispute exists and have reverted my tags.

I am planning take this into dispute resolution steps so please participate and comment on this dispute so that we can have diversity of opinions and views represented. Thanks.Melonbarmonster2 (talk) 03:24, 5 December 2008 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Xaos. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Xaos~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 03:27, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 20:37, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:51, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Nomination of List of people of Korean descent for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article List of people of Korean descent is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/List of people of Korean descent until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. Mucube (talk • contribs) 19:11, 30 April 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Xaos~enwiki


text:
User:Shawn h

Another contributer gone. Worked for one day, did a nice job. now gone. will we all end up there? Invisible? Our contributions unacknowledged?

More than likely. Oh well.

Arthur 22:15 Mar 9, 2003 (UTC)

title: User:Shawn h