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Insulated-gate bipolar transistor

An insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) is a three-terminal power semiconductor device primarily forming an electronic switch. It was developed to combine high efficiency with fast switching. It consists of four alternating layers (P–N–P–N) that are controlled by a metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) gate structure.

Although the structure of the IGBT is topologically similar to a thyristor with a "MOS" gate (MOS-gate thyristor), the thyristor action is completely suppressed, and only the transistor action is permitted in the entire device operation range. It is used in switching power supplies in high-power applications: variable-frequency drives (VFDs) for motor control in electric cars, trains, variable-speed refrigerators, and air conditioners, as well as lamp ballasts, arc-welding machines, uninterruptible power supply systems (UPS), and induction stoves.

Since it is designed to turn on and off rapidly, the IGBT can synthesize complex waveforms with pulse-width modulation and low-pass filters, thus it is also used in switching amplifiers in sound systems and industrial control systems. In switching applications modern devices feature pulse repetition rates well into the ultrasonic-range frequencies, which are at least ten times higher than audio frequencies handled by the device when used as an analog audio amplifier. , the IGBT was the second most widely used power transistor, after the power MOSFET.

Device structure

An IGBT cell is constructed similarly to an n-channel vertical-construction power MOSFET, except the n+ drain is replaced with a p+ collector layer, thus forming a vertical PNP bipolar junction transistor. This additional p+ region creates a cascade connection of a PNP bipolar junction transistor with the surface n-channel MOSFET.

History

The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) was invented by Mohamed M. Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959. The basic IGBT mode of operation, where a pnp transistor is driven by a MOSFET, was first proposed by K. Yamagami and Y. Akagiri of Mitsubishi Electric in the Japanese patent S47-21739, which was filed in 1968.

Following the commercialization of power MOSFETs in the 1970s, B. Jayant Baliga submitted a patent disclosure at General Electric (GE) in 1977 describing a power semiconductor device with the IGBT mode of operation, including the MOS gating of thyristors, a four-layer VMOS (V-groove MOSFET) structure, and the use of MOS-gated structures to control a four-layer semiconductor device. He began fabricating the IGBT device with the assistance of Margaret Lazeri at GE in 1978 and successfully completed the project in 1979. The results of the experiments were reported in 1979. The device structure was referred to as a "V-groove MOSFET device with the drain region replaced by a p-type anode region" in this paper and subsequently as "the insulated-gate rectifier" (IGR), the insulated-gate transistor (IGT), the conductivity-modulated field-effect transistor (COMFET) and "bipolar-mode MOSFET".

An MOS-controlled triac device was reported by B. W. Scharf and J. D. Plummer with their lateral four-layer device (SCR) in 1978. Plummer filed a patent application for this mode of operation in the four-layer device (SCR) in 1978. USP No. 4199774 was issued in 1980, and B1 Re33209 was reissued in 1996. The IGBT mode of operation in the four-layer device (SCR) switched to thyristor operation if the collector current exceeded the latch-up current, which is known as "holding current" in the well known theory of the thyristor.

The development of IGBT was characterized by the efforts to completely suppress the thyristor operation or the latch-up in the four-layer device because the latch-up caused the fatal device failure. IGBTs had, thus, been established when the complete suppression of the latch-up of the parasitic thyristor was achieved as described in the following.

Hans W. Becke and Carl F. Wheatley developed a similar device, for which they filed a patent application in 1980, and which they referred to as "power MOSFET with an anode region". The patent claimed that "no thyristor action occurs under any device operating conditions". The device had an overall similar structure to Baliga's earlier IGBT device reported in 1979, as well as a similar title.

A. Nakagawa et al. invented the device design concept of non-latch-up IGBTs in 1984. The invention is characterized by the device design setting the device saturation current below the latch-up current, which triggers the parasitic thyristor. This invention realized complete suppression of the parasitic thyristor action, for the first time, because the maximal collector current was limited by the saturation current and never exceeded the latch-up current.

In the early development stage of IGBT, all the researchers tried to increase the latch-up current itself in order to suppress the latch-up of the parasitic thyristor. However, all these efforts failed because IGBT could conduct enormously large current. Successful suppression of the latch-up was made possible by limiting the maximal collector current, which IGBT could conduct, below the latch-up current by controlling/reducing the saturation current of the inherent MOSFET. This was the concept of non-latch-up IGBT. “Becke’s device” was made possible by the non-latch-up IGBT.

The IGBT is characterized by its ability to simultaneously handle a high voltage and a large current. The product of the voltage and the current density that the IGBT can handle reached more than 5 W/cm2, which far exceeded the value, 2 W/cm2, of existing power devices such as bipolar transistors and power MOSFETs. This is a consequence of the large safe operating area of the IGBT. The IGBT is the most rugged and the strongest power device yet developed, affording ease of use and so displacing bipolar transistors and even gate turn-off thyristors (GTOs). This excellent feature of the IGBT had suddenly emerged when the non-latch-up IGBT was established in 1984 by solving the problem of so-called “latch-up,” which is the main cause of device destruction or device failure. Before that, the developed devices were very weak and were easy to be destroyed because of “latch-up.”

Practical devices
Practical devices capable of operating over an extended current range were first reported by B. Jayant Baliga et al. in 1982. The first experimental demonstration of a practical discrete vertical IGBT device was reported by Baliga at the IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM) that year. General Electric commercialized Baliga's IGBT device the same year. Baliga was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame for the invention of the IGBT.

A similar paper was also submitted by J. P. Russel et al. to IEEE Electron Device Letter in 1982. The applications for the device were initially regarded by the power electronics community to be severely restricted by its slow switching speed and latch-up of the parasitic thyristor structure inherent within the device. However, it was demonstrated by Baliga and also by A. M. Goodman et al. in 1983 that the switching speed could be adjusted over a broad range by using electron irradiation. This was followed by demonstration of operation of the device at elevated temperatures by Baliga in 1985. Successful efforts to suppress the latch-up of the parasitic thyristor and the scaling of the voltage rating of the devices at GE allowed the introduction of commercial devices in 1983, which could be utilized for a wide variety of applications. The electrical characteristics of GE's device, IGT D94FQ/FR4, were reported in detail by Marvin W. Smith in the proceedings of PCI April 1984. Marvin W. Smith showed in Fig.12 of the proceedings that turn-off above 10 amperes for gate resistance of 5kOhm and above 5 amperes for gate resistance of 1kOhm was limited by switching safe operating area although IGT D94FQ/FR4 was able to conduct 40 amperes of collector current. Marvin W. Smith also stated that the switching safe operating area was limited by the latch-up of the parasitic thyristor.

Complete suppression of the parasitic thyristor action and the resultant non-latch-up IGBT operation for the entire device operation range was achieved by A. Nakagawa et al. in 1984. The non-latch-up design concept was filed for US patents. To test the lack of latch-up, the prototype 1200 V IGBTs were directly connected without any loads across a 600 V constant voltage source and were switched on for 25 microseconds. The entire 600 V was dropped across the device and a large short circuit current flowed. The devices successfully withstood this severe condition. This was the first demonstration of so-called "short-circuit-withstanding-capability" in IGBTs. Non-latch-up IGBT operation was ensured, for the first time, for the entire device operation range. In this sense, the non-latch-up IGBT proposed by Hans W. Becke and Carl F. Wheatley was realized by A. Nakagawa et al. in 1984. Products of non-latch-up IGBTs were first commercialized by Toshiba in 1985. This was the real birth of the present IGBT.

Once the non-latch-up capability was achieved in IGBTs, it was found that IGBTs exhibited very rugged and a very large safe operating area. It was demonstrated that the product of the operating current density and the collector voltage exceeded the theoretical limit of bipolar transistors, 2 W/cm2, and reached 5 W/cm2.

The insulating material is typically made of solid polymers which have issues with degradation. There are developments that use an ion gel to improve manufacturing and reduce the voltage required.

The first-generation IGBTs of the 1980s and early 1990s were prone to failure through effects such as latchup (in which the device will not turn off as long as current is flowing) and secondary breakdown (in which a localized hotspot in the device goes into thermal runaway and burns the device out at high currents). Second-generation devices were much improved. The current third-generation IGBTs are even better, with speed rivaling power MOSFETs, and excellent ruggedness and tolerance of overloads. Extremely high pulse ratings of second and third-generation devices also make them useful for generating large power pulses in areas including particle and plasma physics, where they are starting to supersede older devices such as thyratrons and triggered spark gaps. High pulse ratings and low prices on the surplus market also make them attractive to the high-voltage hobbyists for controlling large amounts of power to drive devices such as solid-state Tesla coils and coilguns.

Patent issues
The device proposed by J. D. Plummer in 1978 (US Patent Re.33209) is the same structure as a thyristor with a MOS gate. Plummer discovered and proposed that the device can be used as a transistor although the device operates as a thyristor in higher current density level. The device proposed by J. D. Plummer is referred here as “Plummer’s device.” On the other hand, Hans W. Becke proposed, in 1980, another device in which the thyristor action is eliminated under any device operating conditions although the basic device structure is the same as that proposed by J. D. Plummer. The device developed by Hans W. Becke is referred here as “Becke’s device” and is described in US Patent 4364073. The difference between “Plummer’s device” and “Becke’s device” is that “Plummer’s device” has the mode of thyristor action in its operation range and “Becke’s device” never has the mode of thyristor action in its entire operation range. This is a critical point, because the thyristor action is the same as so-called “latch-up.” “Latch-up” is the main cause of fatal device failure. Thus, theoretically, “Plummer’s device” never realizes a rugged or strong power device which has a large safe operating area. The large safe operating area can be achieved only after “latch-up” is completely suppressed and eliminated in the entire device operation range. However, the Becke's patent (US Patent 4364073) did not disclose any measures to realize actual devices.

Despite Becke's patent describing a similar structure to Baliga's earlier IGBT device, several IGBT manufacturers paid the license fee of Becke's patent. Toshiba commercialized “non-latch-up IGBT” in 1985. Stanford University insisted in 1991 that Toshiba's device infringed US Patent RE33209 of “Plummer’s device.” Toshiba answered that “non-latch-up IGBTs” never latched up in the entire device operation range and thus did not infringe US Patent RE33209 of “Plummer’s patent.” Stanford University never responded after Nov. 1992. Toshiba purchased the license of “Becke’s patent” but never paid any license fee for “Plummer’s device.” Other IGBT manufacturers also paid the license fee for Becke's patent.

Applications
, the IGBT is the second most widely used power transistor, after the power MOSFET. The IGBT accounts for 27% of the power transistor market, second only to the power MOSFET (53%), and ahead of the RF amplifier (11%) and bipolar junction transistor (9%). The IGBT is widely used in consumer electronics, industrial technology, the energy sector, aerospace electronic devices, and transportation.

Advantages
The IGBT combines the simple gate-drive characteristics of power MOSFETs with the high-current and low-saturation-voltage capability of bipolar transistors. The IGBT combines an isolated-gate FET for the control input and a bipolar power transistor as a switch in a single device. The IGBT is used in medium to high-power applications like switched-mode power supplies, traction motor control and induction heating. Large IGBT modules typically consist of many devices in parallel and can have very high current-handling capabilities in the order of hundreds of amperes with blocking voltages of 6500 V. These IGBTs can control loads of hundreds of kilowatts.

Comparison with power MOSFETs
An IGBT features a significantly lower forward voltage drop compared to a conventional MOSFET in higher blocking voltage rated devices, although MOSFETS exhibit much lower forward voltage at lower current densities due to the absence of a diode Vf in the IGBT's output BJT. As the blocking voltage rating of both MOSFET and IGBT devices increases, the depth of the n- drift region must increase and the doping must decrease, resulting in roughly square relationship decrease in forward conduction versus blocking voltage capability of the device. By injecting minority carriers (holes) from the collector p+ region into the n- drift region during forward conduction, the resistance of the n- drift region is considerably reduced. However, this resultant reduction in on-state forward voltage comes with several penalties:

 * The additional PN junction blocks reverse current flow. This means that unlike a MOSFET, IGBTs cannot conduct in the reverse direction. In bridge circuits, where reverse current flow is needed, an additional diode (called a freewheeling diode) is placed in anti-parallel with the IGBT to conduct current in the opposite direction. The penalty isn't overly severe because at higher voltages, where IGBT usage dominates, discrete diodes have a significantly higher performance than the body diode of a MOSFET.
 * The reverse bias rating of the N-drift region to collector P+ diode is usually only of tens of volts, so if the circuit application applies a reverse voltage to the IGBT, an additional series diode must be used.
 * The minority carriers injected into the N-drift region take time to enter and exit or recombine at turn-on and turn-off. This results in longer switching times, and hence higher switching loss compared to a power MOSFET.
 * The on-state forward voltage drop in IGBTs behaves very differently from power MOSFETS. The MOSFET voltage drop can be modeled as a resistance, with the voltage drop proportional to current. By contrast, the IGBT has a diode-like voltage drop (typically of the order of 2V) increasing only with the log of the current. Additionally, MOSFET resistance is typically lower for smaller blocking voltages, so the choice between IGBTs and power MOSFETS will depend on both the blocking voltage and current involved in a particular application.

In general, high voltage, high current and lower frequencies favor the IGBT while low voltage, medium current and high switching frequencies are the domain of the MOSFET.

Modeling
Circuits with IGBTs can be developed and modeled with various circuit simulating computer programs such as SPICE, Saber, and other programs. To simulate an IGBT circuit, the device (and other devices in the circuit) must have a model which predicts or simulates the device's response to various voltages and currents on their electrical terminals. For more precise simulations the effect of temperature on various parts of the IGBT may be included with the simulation. Two common methods of modeling are available: device physics-based model, equivalent circuits or macromodels. SPICE simulates IGBTs using a macromodel that combines an ensemble of components like FETs and BJTs in a Darlington configuration. An alternative physics-based model is the Hefner model, introduced by Allen Hefner of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Hefner's model is fairly complex but has shown good results. Hefner's model is described in a 1988 paper and was later extended to a thermo-electrical model which include the IGBT's response to internal heating. This model has been added to a version of the Saber simulation software.

IGBT failure mechanisms
The failure mechanisms of IGBTs includes overstress (O) and wearout(wo) separately.

The wearout failures mainly include bias temperature instability (BTI), hot carrier injection (HCI), time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB), electromigration (ECM), solder fatigue, material reconstruction, corrosion. The overstress failures mainly include electrostatic discharge (ESD), latch-up, avalanche, secondary breakdown, wire-bond liftoff and burnout.

title: Insulated-gate bipolar transistor


text:
North Andrews Gardens, Florida

North Andrews Gardens was a census-designated place (CDP) in Broward County, Florida, United States. The population was 9,656 at the 2000 census. It is now annexed to Oakland Park, Florida.

Geography
North Andrews Gardens is located at 26.19139°N, -80.14444°W (26.191461, -80.144341).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP had a total area of 2.8 sqkm, all land.

Demographics
At the 2000 census, of 2000, there were 9,656 people, 3,518 households and 2,409 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 3,420.4 /sqkm. There were 3,645 housing units at an average density of 1,291.1 /sqkm. The racial make-up of the CDP was 84.00% White (63.7% were Non-Hispanic White,) 4.83% African American, 0.37% Native American, 1.44% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 5.58% from other races and 3.75% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 27.78% of the population.

There were 3,518 households, of which 36.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.1% were married couples living together, 13.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.5% were non-families. 22.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74 and the average family size was 3.24.

26.3% of the population were under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 35.6% from 25 to 44, 21.8% from 45 to 6, and 9.8% 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.1 males.

The median household income was $41,675 and the median family income was $44,231. Males had a median income of $31,523 and females $25,469. The per capita income was $16,951. About 5.8% of families and 8.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.4% of those under age 18 and 4.5% of those age 65 or over.

In 2000, the North Andrews Gardens section of Oakland Park was the sixty-third most Cuban-populated area in the US at 5.76%, and the rest of Oakland Park had the 113th highest percentage of Cubans with 2.03% of all residents. The North Andrews Gardens section was also the thirty-third most Peruvian-populated area in the US, at 1.51% of the population, as well as having the seventy-fourth highest percentage of Colombians in the US, at 2.03% of all residents.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: North Andrews Gardens, Florida


text:
North Lauderdale, Florida

North Lauderdale is a city in Broward County, Florida, United States. It is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area. As of the 2020 census, the city's population was 44,794.

History
At its creation in 1963, it was largely farmland on the western edge of development in Broward County. North Lauderdale was originally grazing pasture for cows and horses of the Anderson Dairy Farm and also an agricultural area for the Lena Lyons Stringbean Farm. Recognizing a rare opportunity to work with a blank slate, famed architect Morris Lapidus turned his attention to planning a city that would become North Lauderdale. Lapidus gained international notoriety for launching the 1950s “Miami Beach” style resort hotel. His design of the Fontainebleau Resort, the Eden Roc and Americana helped create the style of Miami Beach. After hotels, Lapidus turned to designing cities. North Lauderdale, “The City of Tomorrow”, was the first city he laid out. Residents still benefit from his influence and vision, which can be seen in the whimsical “beacons” lending the city prominence and in the distinct, amoebic shape of Boulevard of Champions. In the late 1960s, recognizing the growing demand for single-family homes, the Osias Organization, headed by Colonel Nathan Rood, who was also the first appointed Mayor, purchased most of the land and began the development of North Lauderdale proper. In April 1969, by straw vote, Michael Saraniero became the city's first elected Mayor.

Once the city was laid out, the promise of affordable homes near the seaside ushered in a 10-year development boom in the 1970s. Where the rich and famous flocked to Miami Beach, regular families enamored with the Sun Belt, moved to North Lauderdale. Thousands moved in and neighborhood after neighborhood came to life. The city's character took shape of a younger, family-oriented community where most social interaction took place after work around a softball field. North Lauderdale is a city where a week of hard work is rewarded with sunshine-filled weekends and family barbecues.

Geography
The approximate coordinates for the City of North Lauderdale is located at 26.21572°N, -80.22449°W in north-central Broward County. It is adjacent to the following municipalities:

On its north:
 * Margate

On its northwest:
 * Coral Springs

On its west and south:
 * Tamarac

On its east:
 * Fort Lauderdale

On its northeast:
 * Pompano Beach

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 12.0 km2, of which 11.9 km2 is land and 0.1 km2 (0.72%) is water.

Climate
North Lauderdale has a tropical climate, similar to the climate found in much of the Caribbean. It is part of the only region in the 48 contiguous states that falls under that category. More specifically, it generally has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification: Af), bordering a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification: Am).

2010 and 2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 44,794 people, 14,049 households, and 9,412 families residing in the city.

As of the 2010 United States census, there were 41,023 people, 12,586 households, and 9,354 families residing in the city.

2000 Census
In 2000, the city the population was spread out, with 29.9% under the age of 18, 10.7% from 18 to 24, 35.2% from 25 to 44, 17.4% from 45 to 64, and 6.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.0 males.

In 2000, 42.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.8% were married couples living together, 19.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.6% were non-families. 19.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.99 and the average family size was 3.43.

As of 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $40,050, and the median income for a family was $41,990. Males had a median income of $29,188 versus $24,828 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,557. About 11.5% of families and 13.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.9% of those under age 18 and 11.0% of those age 65 or over.

As of 2000, the percentage of Colombians was 3.63% of the population. It was also the 9th highest percentage Jamaican-populated area with 11.47%, while it had the 31st highest percentage of Haitians in at 6.7%, and the 38th highest percentage Trinidadians and Tobagonians community in the US, with 1.7% of the residents (tied with a few other US areas.)

As of 2000, speakers of English as their first language accounted for 67.63% of the population, while Spanish was spoken by 20.31%, French Creole 6.16%, French 1.48%, Portuguese 1.42%, and Vietnamese speakers made up 0.89% of residents.

Media
North Lauderdale is a part of the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood media market, which is the twelfth largest radio market and the seventeenth largest television market in the United States. Its primary daily newspapers are the South Florida Sun-Sentinel, The Miami Herald, and the alternative weekly New Times Broward-Palm Beach. There is also their Spanish-language counterparts El Sentinel and El Nuevo Herald.

Activities
Every year, during Halloween, Hampton Pines Park host the Haunted Hamptons along with the Christmas event at City Hall.

North Lauderdale Days is an annual celebration in which the city opens the pool to the public, invites vendors, and provides live music. North Lauderdale Days is a longtime annual tradition that culminates with a fireworks display.

Education
Broward County Public Schools operates public schools. District schools in the city limits include:
 * North Lauderdale PK-8 – Zoned for elementary only, serves the center-north of the city
 * Silver Lakes Middle School – Serves much of the city
 * Broadview Elementary School – Serves the south/southeast of the city
 * Morrow Elementary School – Serves the north of the city
 * Pinewood Elementary School – Serves the south and west of the city

Some sections are served by Cypress, Liberty, and Park Lakes elementary schools. Some sections are served by Lauderdale Lakes, Margate, and Millennium 6-12 Collegiate Academy middle schools.

Much of North Lauderdale is zoned to Coconut Creek High School. Other sections are zoned to Boyd Anderson, Northeast, and Piper high schools.

There is also a charter school, Somerset Preparatory Academy Charter High At North Lauderdale.

Notable people

 * Christian Thompson, former NFL one-time champion player

title: North Lauderdale, Florida


text:
Oak Point (Hollywood)

Oak Point was a census-designated place (CDP) in Broward County, Florida, United States. The population was 145 at the 2000 census. It now serves as a Hollywood, Florida neighborhood known for its wealthy residents and beautiful large homes. It is more commonly referred to as Arapahoe.

Geography
Oak Point is located at 26.04889°N, -80.18944°W (26.048966, -80.189445).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 0.1 km2, all land. However, there is a small lake with a fountain within the neighborhood.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 145 people, 48 households, and 45 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,399.6 /km2. There were 50 housing units at an average density of 482.6 /km2. The racial makeup of the CDP was 94.48% White (93.8% were Non-Hispanic White,) 5.52% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.38% of the population.

There were 48 households, which 39.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 83.3% were married couples living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 6.3% were non-families. 4.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.02 and the average family size was 3.13.

The CDP's population was distributed with 26.2% under the age of 18, 8.3% from 18 to 24, 8.3% from 25 to 44, 50.3% from 45 to 64, and 6.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 49 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.9 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $156,259, and the median income for a family was $199,450. Males had a median income of $105,722 versus $64,250 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $86,225. None of the population and none of the families were below the poverty line.

As of 2000, 100% of the population spoke English as their first language.

title: Oak Point (Hollywood)


text:
Oakland Park, Florida

Oakland Park, officially the City of Oakland Park, is a city in Broward County, Florida, United States. It is part of the South Florida metropolitan area, which was home to 6,166,488 people at the 2020 census. As of the 2020 United States Census, the city's population was 44,229.

History
Originally named Floranada (a blend of Florida and Canada), the town was forced into bankruptcy after the hurricane of 1926. When the municipality reincorporated, residents chose to make it a city and voted for the name Oakland Park. The original boundaries went from the Atlantic Ocean, west to what is now U.S. 441, and from the north fork of Middle River north to Cypress Creek Boulevard, but when the boundaries were reestablished, it was to approximately the west side of U.S. 1, west to Northeast 3rd Avenue and the north fork of Middle River north to what is now Prospect Road. Over time, it has expanded to its current boundaries, mainly due to acquiring a few other areas, such as recent annexations of previously unincorporated neighborhoods of Twin Lakes South and North Andrews Gardens.

Geography
The approximate coordinates for the City of Oakland Park is located at 26.17639°N, -80.14444°W (26.176362, –80.144509).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 21.1 km2, of which 19.3 km2 is land and 1.8 km2 (8.40%) is water.

Oakland Park is bisected by the Florida East Coast Railway, which runs parallel to Dixie Highway through the city's downtown. The City of Oakland Park has put into place new zoning regulations intended to transform downtown Oakland Park into a mixed-use pedestrian community. One element of the proposal is the creation of a new commuter rail station on the FEC rail line.

Oakland Park borders the city of Wilton Manors. Increased property prices in Wilton Manors have pushed up prices in Oakland Park and spurred interest in the city's downtown redevelopment plan.

Climate
Oakland Park has a tropical climate, similar to the climate found in much of the Caribbean. It is part of the only region in the 48 contiguous states that falls under that category. More specifically, it generally has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification, Am).

2010 and 2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 44,229 people, 16,971 households, and 8,956 families residing in the city.

As of the 2010 United States census, there were 41,363 people, 18,027 households, and 8,768 families residing in the city.

2000 census
As of 2000, 24.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 32.3% were married couples living together, 13.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 48.6% were non-families. 35.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 3.00.

In 2000, the city the population was spread out, with 20.9% under the age of 18, 9.0% from 18 to 24, 38.7% from 25 to 44, 21.3% from 45 to 64, and 10.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 109.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 109.8 males.

In 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $35,493, and the median income for a family was $38,571. Males had a median income of $30,269 versus $25,514 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,873. About 13.3% of families and 16.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.1% of those under age 18 and 11.3% of those age 65 or over.

As of 2000, English as a first language comprised 66.52%, while 18.16% spoke Spanish, 6.95% spoke French Creole as theirs, 3.32% spoke Portuguese, 1.99% spoke French, Italian was at 0.64%, and German as a mother tongue made up 0.52% of the population.

As of 2000, Oakland Park was the fifteenth most Brazilian-populated area in the US (tied with several other areas) at 2.1%, and it had the twenty-fifth highest percentage of Haitians in the US, with 7% of the population (tied with Ramapo, New York.)

Also, as of 2000, the North Andrews Gardens section of Oakland Park is the sixty-third most Cuban-populated area in the US at 5.76%, while the rest of Oakland Park had the 113th highest percentage of Cubans with 2.03% of all residents. The North Andrews Gardens section was also the thirty-third most Peruvian-populated area in the US, at 1.51% of the population, as well as having the seventy-fourth highest percentage of Colombians in the US, at 2.03% of all residents.

Neighborhoods
These are the neighborhoods and communities that are officially recognized by the City of Oakland Park.

Government and infrastructure
Oakland Park is represented by 5 City Commissioners who are elected to serve a 4-year term. Commission Members may only serve for 2 consecutive terms. A Commission Member who has served 2 consecutive terms may not run for election for a 2-year period. The City operates under a commission-manager form of government in which the City Manager is appointed by the City Commission, and serves as the head of the City's administration. The City Manager's goals are to provide a capable and inspiring leadership for City staff, to make day-to-day decisions that allow for the most effective use of resources, and to operate in a manner that improves the quality of life for Oakland Park's business and residents. The United States Postal Service operates post offices in Oakland Park, including the Oakland Park Post Office at 3350 NE 12th Avenue, the Fort Lauderdale Main Post Office at 1900 West Oakland Park Boulevard, the North Andrews Annex at 3400 North Andrews Avenue (closed), and the North Ridge Annex at 4350 North Andrews Avenue (closed).

Economy
Oakland Park is home to Funky Buddha Brewery. Its lineup includes year-round brews Floridian Hefeweizen and Hop Gun IPA, along with specialty releases such as No Crusts Peanut Butter and Jelly Brown Ale and the Maple Bacon Coffee Porter. Its Oakland Park production brewery opened in June 2013 and distributes draught and bottled beer to retail outlets throughout Florida.[29] [30]. The brewery also supports many of the towns events such as the annual Oakland Park Oktoberfest.

The movie theater chain Muvico had its headquarters in Oakland Park before going defunct in 2017.

Media
Oakland Park is a part of the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood media market, which is the twelfth largest radio market and the seventeenth largest television market in the United States. Its primary daily newspapers are the South Florida Sun-Sentinel and The Miami Herald, and their Spanish language counterparts El Sentinel and El Nuevo Herald.

Libraries
The Oakland Park Library, officially named the Ethel M. Gordon Oakland Park Library, is a public library in Oakland Park, Florida. It is located at 1298 NE 37th Street, Oakland Park, FL 33334.

In 1951, Gordon donated her personal book collection and housed the collection in the Oakland Park Women's Clubhouse. Gordon later won a seat on the City Commission after campaigning on the promise to create a municipal library. On February 10, 1958 the City of Oakland Park Library was officially opened.

On October 16, 2013, the Oakland Park City Commission voted to officially re-name the Library in honor of Ethel M. Gordon.

Education
The city is served by Broward County Public Schools.

Public schools within the city limits:
 * Lloyd Estates Elementary School – Southwestern Oakland Park
 * North Andrews Gardens Elementary School – Northern Oakland Park
 * Oakland Park Elementary School – Central and Southern Oakland Park (It is a 1925 school building on the National Register of Historic Places.)
 * James S. Rickards Middle School – Serves most of the city
 * Northeast High School – Serves most of the city

Public schools outside of the city limits zoned to Oakland Park students:
 * Floranada Elementary School (Fort Lauderdale)
 * Oriole Elementary School (Lauderdale Lakes)
 * Rock Island Elementary School (Fort Lauderdale)
 * William Dandy Elementary School (Fort Lauderdale)
 * Wilton Manors Elementary School (Wilton Manors).
 * Lauderdale Lakes Middle School (Lauderdale Lakes)
 * Sunrise Middle School (Fort Lauderdale).
 * Boyd Anderson High School (Lauderdale Lakes)
 * Fort Lauderdale High School (Fort Lauderdale)

title: Oakland Park, Florida


text:
Palm Aire

Palm Aire, Florida was an unincorporated census-designated place in Broward County, Florida consisting of residential property, commercial businesses, and four golf courses. Palm Aire describes both Palm Aire Village, a collection of single-family houses, and Palm Aire Country Club, a 5000 acre property with condominiums, villas, estate homes, and four golf courses. It is now part of the cities of Fort Lauderdale and Pompano Beach.

Data
As of the 2005 census, the CDP population was 5,784 in Fort Lauderdale and a population of 12,137 in Pompano Beach. The city of Fort Lauderdale incorporates the subdivision known as Palm Aire Village West, as well as a portion of the subdivision known as Palm Aire Village East.

The subdivision was unincorporated until the residents voted to incorporate into the city of Fort Lauderdale in September, 1999. Although the 2000 census reported it as a separate area, by September, 2000, it was fully legally incorporated into Fort Lauderdale.

The area commonly known as Palm Aire is actually a considerable portion of southwest Pompano Beach, comprising numerous condominium developments, golf courses, rental units and valuable homes. Palm Aire Country Club is home to several smaller sub-communities: Misty Oaks, Vizcaya, Fairview Pointe, Cypress Reach, Oasis, Palm Aire Gardens, & Royal Point.

Geography
Palm Aire is located at 26.20611°N, -80.19°W (26.206060, -80.189992).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 0.6 km2, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,539 people, 533 households, and 422 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 2,701.0 /km2. There were 544 housing units at an average density of 954.7 /km2. The racial makeup of the CDP was 83.82% White (71.7% were Non-Hispanic White,) 9.29% African American, 0.39% Native American, 1.75% Asian, 0.19% Pacific Islander, 2.08% from other races, and 2.47% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 14.81% of the population.

There were 533 households, out of which 36.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.8% were married couples living together, 9.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.8% were non-families. 13.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.89 and the average family size was 3.18. In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 25.9% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 34.0% from 25 to 44, 23.9% from 45 to 64, and 9.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.4 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $57,097, and the median income for a family was $62,031. Males had a median income of $50,304 versus $28,810 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $24,557. About 4.7% of families and 7.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.2% of those under age 18 and 4.7% of those age 65 or over.

As of 2000, English as a first language accounted for 85.71% of all residents and Spanish as a first language for 14.28% of the population.

Notable residents

 * Harry Newman (1909–2000), All-Pro football quarterback

title: Palm Aire


text:
Parkland, Florida

Parkland is a suburban city, 42 mi northwest of Miami, in northern Broward County, Florida, US. As of the 2020 census, the population of Parkland was 34,670. Parkland is part of the Miami metropolitan area, which was home to 6,166,488 people in 2020.

Parkland's zoning laws are designed to protect the "park-like" character of the city. There were no stores or traffic lights in Parkland until the mid-1990s and early 2000s when large neighborhood developments (Heron Bay and Parkland Isles) were built. The city of Parkland has been known since its early days for its assortment of park spaces and its emphasis on environmental preservation and equestrianism, so beloved, that over the first decade of Parkland's existence horses had outnumbered the town's population.

History
On July 10, 1963 a city charter was passed upon legislative approval after actively supported through the Florida State House of Representatives as House bill 2079, guided through the Florida House with the aid of Representative Emerson Alsworth Esq., from the original idea of a city charter for an unincorporated rural ranch style open spaced town of founder and local farmer, rancher, veteran, and politician Bruce Blount. Early on, Blount put up tracts of his private land, calling his town BBB Ranches, in his original attempts for official recognition. Rep. Alsworth would facilitate this process of approval by adding in the bill the name of the proposed town as Parkland, a description befitting Blount's initial proposal of an undeveloped town out of the way of the building boon of Broward County. And after a passing vote in July, on August 12, 1963, Parkland was officially recognized as a city of the state of Florida, by C. Farris Bryant, the Governor of Florida. Blount would go on to be the inaugural mayor of Parkland, previously having served as mayor and city commissioner of Pompano Beach.

On February 14, 2018 at the site of Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School, the lone public high school in Parkland, became the scene of a deadly mass shooting perpetrated by Nikolas Cruz a former classmate of the school. Surpassing the death toll at Columbine High School, the Stoneman Douglas shooting became overall, the fifth deadliest shooting at a school inside of the United States.

Geography
The approximate coordinates for the City of Parkland is located at 26.31536°N, -80.24044°W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 33.2 km2, of which 31.9 km2 is land and 1.3 km2 (3.97%) is water. The northern boundary of Parkland coincides with the border between Broward and Palm Beach counties. West Boca Raton, an unincorporated area of Palm Beach County that extends west of Boca Raton's city limits, lies to the north. Coconut Creek lies to the east, Coral Springs lies to the south and the west is bounded by the Everglades.

Climate
Parkland has a tropical climate, similar to the climate found in much of the Caribbean. It is part of the only region in the 48 contiguous states that falls under that category. More specifically, it generally has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification: Af), bordering a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification: Am).

2010 and 2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 34,670 people, 9,819 households, and 8,526 families residing in the city.

According to a 2016 estimate, the median income for a household in the city was $131,340, and the estimated median house value was $596,212. Males had a median income of $103,942 versus $81,425 for females. The per capita income for the city was $56,793. About 2.0% of families and .4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.2% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

As of the 2010 United States census, there were 23,962 people, 7,073 households, and 6,084 families residing in the city.

2000 census
In 2000, the city population was spread out, with 35.1% under the age of 18, 4.3% from 18 to 24, 32.8% from 25 to 44, 24.0% from 45 to 64, and 3.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.7 males.

As of 2000, 82.79% of inhabitants spoke English at home, while 11.48% spoke Spanish, of 2.03% spoke Italian, and 1.20% spoke German.

Politics
Parkland elects a five-member City Commission. Elections are non-partisan, however, all current members are party-affiliated (4 Democrats and 1 Republican).

Education
Broward County Public Schools operates public schools in Parkland.

Public high school
 * Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School serves almost all of the city limits, while small sections are zoned to Coral Springs High School

In addition the community is in the service area of the magnet school Pompano Beach High School.

Public middle school
 * Westglades Middle School in Parkland serves almost all of the city limits, while small sections are zoned to Forest Glen Middle School in Coral Springs.

Public elementary schools Portions are zoned to Coral Park and Park Springs elementaries in Coral Springs.
 * Riverglades Elementary School
 * Park Trails Elementary School
 * Heron Heights Elementary School

Private primary schools
 * Mary Help of Christians School (of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Miami)

Notable people

 * Caesar Bacarella, race car driver
 * Alfonso Calderón Atienzar, activist against gun violence, survivor of the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting, and a founding member of the Never Again MSD movement
 * Sarah Chadwick, activist against gun violence, survivor of the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting, and one of the leaders of the Never Again MSD movement
 * Jaclyn Corin, activist against gun violence and survivor of the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting
 * Matt Deitsch, writer, gun violence prevention advocate, and political advisor whose siblings, Ryan Deitsch and Sam Deitsch, survived the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting
 * Ryan Deitsch, student activist against gun violence and one of the founding members of the Never Again MSD movement who survived the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting
 * Sam Deitsch, author and gun control activist who survived the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting
 * Aalayah Eastmond, activist and advocate for gun violence prevention, social justice, and racial equality, and survivor of the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting
 * X González, political activist who survived the 2018 shooting at Stoneman Douglas High School shooting and organized protests in response to it
 * Fred Guttenberg, activist against gun violence whose daughter, Jaime Guttenberg, was murdered in the Parkland high school shooting
 * David Hogg, gun control activist and survivor of the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting
 * Lauren Hogg, activist against gun violence who survived the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting and sister of David Hogg
 * Kyle Kashuv, conservative activist who survived the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting
 * Cameron Kasky, activist and advocate against gun violence who co-founded Never Again MSD and March for Our Lives, and survived the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting
 * Roberto Luongo, former NHL goalie for the Florida Panthers, has lived in Parkland since 2000
 * Andrew Peeke, professional NHL ice hockey player
 * George Poveromo, renowned saltwater angler and host of "World of Saltwater Fishing" on the Discovery Channel
 * Anthony Rizzo, professional baseball player for the New York Yankees
 * Dara Torres, former competitive swimmer, who is a 12-time Olympic medalist
 * Jon Weiner, ESPN radio host
 * Alex Wind, activist against gun violence, one of the founding member of the Never Again MSD movement, and survivor of the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting
 * XXXTentacion, rapper and singer, lived in Parkland from 2017 until his death

title: Parkland, Florida


text:
Pembroke Park, Florida

Pembroke Park is a town in Broward County, Florida, United States. The town took its name from its location along Pembroke Road. It is part of the South Florida metropolitan area. Almost one-half of its residents live in mobile homes. As of the 2020 census, the population was 6,260.

Geography
Pembroke Park is located at 25.98433°N, -80.1773°W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 4.3 km2, of which 3.5 km2 is land and 0.7 km2 (17.53%) is water.

On its north:
 * Hollywood
 * West Park

On its northeast:
 * Hallandale Beach
 * Hollywood

On its northwest:
 * West Park

On its south:
 * Miami Gardens
 * Unincorporated Miami-Dade County (Ives Estates)
 * West Park

On its southeast:
 * Unincorporated Miami-Dade County (Ojus and Highland Lakes)
 * West Park

On its southwest:
 * Miami Gardens
 * Unincorporated Miami-Dade County (Ives Estates)
 * West Park

On its east:
 * Hallandale Beach

On its west:
 * West Park

2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 6,260 people, 2,428 households, and 1,489 families residing in the town.

2010 census
As of the 2010 United States census, there were 6,102 people, 2,323 households, and 1,429 families residing in the town.

2000 census
In 2000, 29.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 31.8% were married couples living together, 21.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.8% were non-families. 33.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.96.

In 2000, the town population was spread out, with 27.0% under the age of 18, 9.0% from 18 to 24, 28.0% from 25 to 44, 18.7% from 45 to 64, and 17.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.3 males.

In 2000, the median income for a household in the town was $22,605, and the median income for a family was $25,972. Males had a median income of $26,275 versus $21,230 for females. The per capita income for the town was $14,369. About 20.0% of families and 24.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.2% of those under age 18 and 25.5% of those age 65 or over.

As of 2000, speakers of English as a first language was at 73.87%, while Spanish accounted for 11.49%, French 10.05% (most of whom are French Canadian,) and French Creole at 4.57% of residents.

As of 2000, Pembroke Park had the sixth highest percentage of Canadian residents in the US (many of whom are French Canadians from Quebec), with 3.1% of the populace. It was also the fifth most British West Indian populace, at 1.1% (tied with Gordon Heights, New York,) the twelfth highest percentage of Jamaican residents in the US, at 8% of the city's population, and the 137th highest percentage of Cuban residents in the US, at 1.52% of the city's population (tied with Goldenrod, Florida.) It also had the 123rd most Dominicans in the US, at 1.25% (tied with three Northeast US areas,) while it had the thirty-fourth highest percentage of Haitians (tied with South Floral Park, New York, as well as Pomona, New York and Lakeview, New York,) at 5.4% of all residents.

Education
Residents are zoned to schools in Broward County Public Schools:
 * Almost all of the town is zoned to Lake Forest Elementary School, and a portion is zoned to Watkins Elementary School.
 * McNichol Middle School
 * Hallandale High School

title: Pembroke Park, Florida


text:
Pembroke Pines, Florida

Pembroke Pines is a city in southern Broward County, Florida, United States. The city is located 22 miles (35 km) north of Miami. It is a suburb of and the fourth-most populous city in the Miami metropolitan area. The population of Pembroke Pines was 171,178 at the 2020 census.

History
Pembroke Pines was officially incorporated on January 16, 1960. The city's name, Pembroke Pines, is traced back to Sir Edward J. Reed, a member of Britain's Parliament for the County of Pembroke from 1874 to 1880, who in 1882, formed the Florida Land and Mortgage Company to purchase from Hamilton Disston a total of 2 million acres of mostly swampland located throughout the southern half of Florida. A road put through one of the tracts came to be known as Pembroke Road. When incorporating the city, Walter Smith Kipnis, who became the city's first mayor, suggested the name Pembroke Pines because of the pine trees growing near Pembroke Road.

The first inhabitants of the area were Native Americans, who first appeared about 4,000 years ago. Skeletal remains of animal hunters dating back about 10,000 years were found around Broward County, showing that perhaps human beings had lived in the area even earlier.

The community started as agricultural land occupied by dairy farms, and grew after World War II as service members were retiring, including large eastern sections that were part of the Waldrep Dairy Farm, including the present-day Pembroke Lakes Mall. The first two subdivisions were called Pembroke Pines. One of the first homes in the city belonged to Kipnis, the city's first mayor, and was built in 1956. It was then known as the "Village of Pembroke Pines" and was incorporated into a village in 1959. Builders contested the incorporation, so a legal battle ensued concerning the boundaries of the new municipality. City services were added in the 1960s with the building of the first fire department building near North Perry Airport. University Drive was then the western edge of habitable land for residents.

In January 1960, Pembroke Pines held another election, and the village became a city. This small property was less than a square mile and was between Hollywood Boulevard and SW 72nd Avenue, and had the Florida Turnpike to the east. Pembroke Pines sought to give citizens involvement, so they organized the Pembroke Pines Civic Association. The square-mile city was unable to expand due to North Perry Airport and the South Florida State Hospital. Joseph LaCroix, a developer, had his 320 acre of land north of Pines Boulevard annexed to the city. This gave a new pathway to proceed westward. In 1977, a maximum security prison known as the Broward Correctional Institution was built in the northwestern part of town. This facility closed in 2012. In 1980, property from Flamingo Road to U.S. 27 was incorporated into Pembroke Pines, doubling the size of the city. This expansion included the property that is currently C.B. Smith Park as well as what was once the Hollywood Sportatorium and the Miami-Hollywood Motorsports Park. Also, in 1980, construction began to extend Interstate 75 from U.S. 27 towards Miami, passing through the new western part of the city. By 1984 the expressway reached Pines Boulevard, the main east-west arterial road in the city.

In May 1977, the Grateful Dead put on a storied performance at the Hollywood Sportatorium. Many Deadheads consider the version of "Sugaree" played during the first set to be the band's—and particularly guitarist Jerry Garcia's—finest performance of the song.

The city's rapid population growth in the mid-to late 1990s was part of the effect of Hurricane Andrew in 1992. Thousands of southern Miami-Dade County residents moved northward to Broward County, many to Pembroke Pines. The resulting boom ranked the City of Pembroke Pines third in a list of "Fastest Growing Cities" in the United States, in 1999. The increase in population has increased the need for schools. In 2003, Charles W. Flanagan High School had close to 6,000 students, making it the most populated high school in Florida. In response to Broward County's need to keep up with demands, Mayor Alex Fekete and City Manager Charles Dodge started a charter school system. As of 2006, Pembroke Pines had the largest charter school system in the county. The city is also home to campuses for Broward College and Florida International University. The city's population had grown from 65,452 in 1990 to 157,594 in 2011.

In 2001, Pembroke Pines was home to the most dangerous road intersection (Pines Boulevard and Flamingo Road) in the United States, according to State Farm Insurance. City residents passed a bond initiative to allow the city to begin construction to redesign the intersection. The intersection has since been expanded with additional east/west Pines Boulevard lanes.

As developers expanded Pembroke Pines westward, more hurricanes have affected the city and its residents. In 1999, Hurricane Irene dumped up to 16 in of rain in the city. The western communities, such as Chapel Trail and Silver Lakes, received an estimated 19 in. Then in 2004, Hurricane Frances and Jeanne passed to the north (Palm Beach County), but brought tropical storm-force winds and left minor tree and shrub damage. The 2005 hurricane season left a mark on the city. Hurricane Katrina passed directly over the city as a category-one storm. In its wake, it left some damage, such as downed power lines and trees, especially in the Chapel Trail and Silver Lakes developments. In late October, the eye of Hurricane Wilma passed about 20 mi toward the north of the city, which saw the strongest winds its residents had experienced in decades. The strongest wind officially recorded in the city was a 92 mph sustained wind, with a 101 mph wind gust. Most of the city was left without power for days, lights at intersections had been destroyed, a riot at a gas station led to it being closed, most landscaping was destroyed or damaged beyond repair, and minor structural damage (mainly roof and screen damage) occurred. In addition, schools remained closed for two weeks.

Geography
The approximate coordinates for the City of Pembroke Pines is located at.

A 2017 study put the city in third place for US cities most vulnerable to coastal flooding, with 116,000 residents living within FEMA's coastal floodplain.

Climate
Pembroke Pines has a tropical monsoon climate (Am) with hot, wet summers and warm, dry winters.

Surrounding areas

 * Southwest Ranches, Davie, Cooper City, Hollywood
 * The Everglades Up arrow left.svg Up-1.svg Up arrow right.svgwood
 * The Everglades Left.svg Right.svg Hollywood
 * The Everglades Down arrow left.svg Down arrow.svg Down arrow right.svg Hollywood
 * Miramar

The area of Pembroke Pines west of Interstate 75 is commonly known as "West Pines", and consists mostly of subdivisions built since Hurricane Andrew.

2010 and 2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 171,178 people, 60,210 households, and 41,163 families residing in the city.

As of the 2010 United States census, there were 154,750 people, 54,264 households, and 38,363 families residing in the city.

2000 census
As of 2000, 36.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.4% were married couples living together, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.1% were not families. About 24.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.13.

In 2000, the city the population was distributed as 25.6% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 33.5% from 25 to 44, 19.3% from 45 to 64, and 15.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.8 males.

In 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $52,629, and for a family was $61,480. Males had a median income of $45,129 versus $32,531 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,843. About 3.9% of families and 5.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.2% of those under age 18 and 8.1% of those age 65 or over.

As of 2000, speakers of English as a first language were at 63.06%, while Spanish accounted for 27.91%, French made up 1.24%, French Creole was 0.99%, Portuguese was 0.94%, Italian was at 0.92%, Yiddish at 0.74%, and Tagalog was the mother tongue of 0.52% of the population.

As of 2000, Pembroke Pines had the 45th-highest percentage of Colombian residents in the US, at 3% of the city's population, and the 50th-highest percentage of Cuban residents in the US, at 8.66% of the city's population. It also had the 24th-highest percentage of Jamaicans in the US (tied with Wheatley Heights, New York), at 5.1% of all residents.

Government
Pembroke Pines has a Commission-Manager form of government. The city commission has five members elected to four-year terms: a mayor elected city-wide and four commissioners elected from four Single-member districts.

Education
Broward County Public Schools serve Pembroke Pines. In addition, several charter schools are located in Pembroke Pines, and the City of Pembroke Pines operates its own charter school system.

Public schools
Parts of the city are zoned to Everglades High School and Miramar High School in Miramar and McArthur High School in Hollywood.
 * High schools
 * Charles W. Flanagan High School
 * West Broward High School

Middle schools
Parts of the city are zoned to Apollo Middle School and Driftwood Middle School in Hollywood and Glades Middle School and New Renaissance Middle School in Miramar.
 * Pines Middle School
 * Silver Trail Middle School
 * Walter C. Young Middle School

Elementary schools
Parts of the city are zoned to Boulevard Heights Elementary School and Sheridan Park Elementary School in Hollywood, Hawkes Bluff Elementary School in Davie, Manatee Bay Elementary School in Weston, and Miramar Elementary School, Silver Lakes Elementary School, Silver Shores Elementary School, Sunset Lakes Elementary School, and Sunshine Elementary School in Miramar. • Chapel Trail Elementary School

• Lakeside Elementary School

• Palm Cove Elementary School

• Panther Run Elementary School

• Pasadena Lakes Elementary School

• Pembroke Lakes Elementary School

• Pembroke Pines Elementary School

• Pines Lakes Elementary School

• Silver Palms Elementary School

Charter schools

 * Pembroke Pines Charter High School
 * Somerset Academy Charter High School
 * Pembroke Pines Charter Middle School (Central, West, and Academic Village)
 * Franklin Academy Charter School [K–8]
 * Renaissance Charter Schools at Pines [K–8]
 * Somerset Academy Charter Middle School
 * Atlantic Montessori Charter School
 * Franklin Academy Charter School [K–8]
 * Greentree Preparatory Charter School
 * Pembroke Pines Charter Elementary School (East, Central, West, and Florida State University campus)
 * Renaissance Charter Schools at Pines [K–8]
 * Somerset Academy Charter Elementary School

Higher education

 * Florida Career College Pembroke Pines Campus
 * The Broward-Pines Center regional campus of Barry University
 * The Broward-Pines Center regional campus of Broward College
 * The Broward-Pines Center regional campus of Florida International University
 * The South regional campus of Broward College
 * Keiser University Pembroke Pines Campus

Airports
For scheduled commercial service, Pembroke Pines is primarily served by nearby Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport and Miami International Airport. The city itself is home to North Perry Airport, a general aviation airport owned by the Broward County Aviation Department.

Public transportation
Local bus service is provided by Broward County Transit. The city also partners with Broward County Transit to provide additional bus routes within the city limits.

Major expressways

 * I-75.svgFlorida_93.svg Interstate 75
 * Florida's Turnpike shield.svgToll_Florida_91.svg Florida's Turnpike (SR 91)

Other major roads

 * US_27.svgFlorida_25.svg U.S. 27
 * Florida_817.svg University Drive
 * Florida_820.svg Pines Boulevard
 * CR_822_jct.svg Sheridan Street
 * Florida_823.svg Flamingo Road
 * Florida_824.svg Pembroke Road

Street grid
Streets in Pembroke Pines are numbered as a continuation of the street grid of neighboring Hollywood; streets are distinguished from those of Hollywood itself by adding a 'west' to the cardinal direction. Streets north of Pines Boulevard are labeled 'northwest' and those south of Pines Boulevard are labeled 'southwest'.

Notable people

 * Eric Alejandro, Olympic hurdler
 * Jim Alers, aka "The Beast", fighter, UFC veteran, bare-knuckle boxer
 * Noah Allen, American soccer player for Inter Miami CF
 * Kenny Anderson, former NBA player
 * Baby Ariel, social media personality, singer, and actress
 * Geno Atkins, defensive lineman for NFL's Cincinnati Bengals
 * Kodak Black, rapper
 * Ethan Bortnick, pianist, singer, composer, actor, one of the world's youngest philanthropists
 * Bridget Carey, technology journalist
 * Triston Casas, baseball player for the Boston Red Sox
 * Conceited, rapper and cast member on Wild 'n Out
 * Danny Farquhar, Major League Baseball (MLB) player for Tampa Bay Rays (former resident)
 * Jeff Fiorentino, MLB player for the Baltimore Orioles (former resident)
 * Shayne Gostisbehere, defenseman for the NHL's Detroit Red Wings
 * David Hess, MLB pitcher for the Miami Marlins
 * Maurice Kemp (born 1991), basketball player in the Israeli Basketball Premier League
 * Sofia Kenin, tennis player, winner of the 2020 Australian Open
 * Mike Napoli, MLB player for the Cleveland Indians
 * Joe Perez, MLB player for the Houston Astros
 * Chase Priskie, NHL player for the Florida Panthers
 * Lil Pump, rapper
 * Omar Raja, founder of House of Highlights
 * Manny Ramírez, retired MLB player
 * Juan Sebastián Restrepo, Army medic killed in Afghanistan; resident from 1999–2006
 * Fernando Rodney, relief pitcher for the Washington Nationals
 * Lawrence Taylor, former NFL star for the New York Giants
 * Niki Taylor, model
 * Vince Taylor, professional bodybuilder
 * Bella Thorne, actress and model
 * Touki Toussaint, MLB player for the Atlanta Braves
 * Mark Vientos, MLB player for the New York Mets
 * David Villar, MLB player for the San Francisco Giants
 * Mike White, quarterback for the NFL's Miami Dolphins
 * Walter C. Young, Florida businessman and legislator
 * Colin Castleton, NBA Player for the Los Angeles Lakers

title: Pembroke Pines, Florida


text:
Pine Island Ridge, Florida

Pine Island Ridge was a census-designated place (CDP) in Broward County, Florida, United States. The population was 5,199 at the 2000 census. Formerly a part of unincorporated Broward County, Pine Island Ridge was annexed into the town of Davie, Florida on 15 September 2006, and is now a neighborhood of that town.

The natural area was once the site of hunting camps of the Tequesta Native American tribe, as well as a refuge for the Seminole during the Second Seminole War (1835-1842).

Broward County purchased Pine Island Ridge in 1989 as part of the $75 million Environmentally Sensitive Lands Bond Issue.

Geography
Pine Island Ridge is located at 26.095°N, -80.27389°W (26.094927, -80.273884).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of .79 sqmi. .78 sqmi of it is land and .01 sqmi is water (1.27%).

Pine Island Ridge contains the highest natural point in Broward County—29 feet (9 meters) above sea level.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 5,199 people, 2,882 households, and 1,504 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 6,648.1/mi2 (2,573.5/km2). There were 3,265 housing units at an average density of 4,175.1/mi2 (1,616.2/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 94.67% White (86.2% were Non-Hispanice White,) 1.21% African American, 0.08% Native American, 1.50% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 1.12% from other races, and 1.40% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.33% of the population.

There were 2,882 households, out of which 11.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.0% were married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 47.8% were non-families. 42.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 24.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.80 and the average family size was 2.41.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 10.3% under the age of 18, 4.0% from 18 to 24, 18.9% from 25 to 44, 24.6% from 45 to 64, and 42.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 59 years. For every 100 females, there were 76.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 73.1 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $35,476, and the median income for a family was $43,533. Males had a median income of $46,382 versus $31,494 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $25,533. About 1.8% of families and 3.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.6% of those under age 18 and 2.3% of those age 65 or over.

As of 2000, English as a first language accounted for 81.91% of all residents, while Spanish accounted for 12.90%, Yiddish made up 2.03%, German was at 1.52%, and both French and Italian were the mother tongues for 0.81% of the population.

title: Pine Island Ridge, Florida