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Roswell, Georgia

Roswell is a city in northern Fulton County, Georgia, United States. At the official 2020 census, the city had a population of 92,883, making Roswell the state's ninth largest city. It's a suburb of Atlanta, Roswell has an affluent historic district.

History and government
In 1830, while on a trip to northern Georgia, Roswell King passed through the area of what is now Roswell and observed the great potential for building a cotton mill along Vickery Creek. Since the land nearby was also good for plantations, he planned to put cotton processing near cotton production.

Toward the middle of the 1830s, King returned to build a mill that would soon become the largest in North Georgia – Roswell Mill. He brought with him 36 African slaves from his own coastal plantation, plus another 42 skilled carpenter slaves bought in Savannah to build the mills. The slaves built the mills, infrastructure, houses, mill worker apartments, and supporting buildings for the new town. The Africans brought their unique Geechee culture, language, and religious traditions from the coast to north Georgia.

King invited investors from the coast to join him at the new location. He was also joined by Barrington King, one of his sons, who succeeded his father in the manufacturing company. Archibald Smith was one of the planters who migrated there to establish a new plantation, also bringing enslaved African Americans from the coastal areas.

Shortly after 1832 a survey of the area was conducted by Nathan Crawford Barnett as part of the Cherokee Purchase in preparation for the sixth state administrated land lottery culminating in the Cherokee removal.

Barrington Hall (the home of Barrington King), Smith Plantation (the home of Archibald Smith) and Bulloch Hall (the childhood home of President Theodore Roosevelt's mother, Mittie Bulloch) have been preserved and restored. They are now open to the public. According to the 1850 Slave Schedules, these three "founding families", together with the next three largest planters, held 192 slaves, 51% of the total 378 slaves held in Roswell District. Archibald Smith had a 300 acre cotton plantation. According to the 1850 Census, Barrington King held 70 slaves. Half of them were under the age of 10. These slaves worked in Barrington's household. Barrington King "leased" or "rented" some of his adult male slaves to the Roswell Manufacturing Company, but they did not work around the mill machinery.

The Roswell area was part of Cobb County when first settled, and the county seat of Marietta was a four-hour (one-way) horseback ride to the west. Since Roswell residents desired a local government, they submitted a city charter for incorporation to the Georgia General Assembly. The charter was approved on February 16, 1854.

By the time of the Civil War, the cotton mills employed more than 400 people, mostly women. Given settlement patterns in the Piedmont region, they were likely of Scots-Irish descent. As the mill increased in production, so did the number of people living in the area.

During the Civil War, the city was captured by Union forces under the leadership of General Kenner Garrard. Under orders of General Sherman, Garrard shipped the mill workers north to prevent them from returning to work if the mills were rebuilt. This was a common tactic of Sherman to economically disrupt the Confederate rebellion. The mill was burned, but the houses were left standing. The ruins of the mill and the 30 ft dam that was built for power still remain. Most of the town's property was confiscated by Union forces. The leading families had left the town to go to safer places well before the Civil War, and arranged for the enslaved people to be taken away from advancing Union troops, as was often the practice. Some slaves may have escaped to freedom beyond Union lines.

After the war, Barrington King rebuilt the mills and resumed production. While many freedmen stayed in the area to work as paid labor on plantations or in town, others migrated to Fulton County and Atlanta for new opportunities. The South suffered an agricultural depression resulting from the effects of the war and the end of slavery in the United States.

According to the census, the population of Cobb County decreased slightly from 14,242 in 1860, to 13,814 in 1870. The proportion of African-Americans decreased more, from 27% to 23%. During those years, nearby Fulton County more than doubled in population, from 14,427 to 33,336. The effects of dramatic African-American migration can be seen by the increase in Fulton County from 20.5% slave in 1860 to 45.7% colored (Black) in 1870.

At the end of 1931, the United States was in the midst of the Great Depression. The difficult economic conditions drove Milton County, Roswell's neighboring county to the north (note: much of what is now Roswell was part of Milton County already), to merge in its entirety with Fulton County, Roswell's neighboring county to the south. To facilitate the merger, Roswell was ceded from Cobb County to become part of Fulton County. This became effective the 9th day of May in 1932. Roswell filed all legal records, including vital statistics, real estate, and the results of torts with the county clerk of Cobb before this date; with the county clerk of Fulton, after this date.

Lori Henry served as the first woman elected as Mayor of Roswell from 2018 to 2021.

Kurt Wilson is the current Mayor of Roswell. His term began in January 2022 and ends December 31, 2025.

Geography
Roswell is located in northern Fulton County. It is bordered to the north by Milton, to the northeast by Alpharetta, to the east by Johns Creek, to the southeast by Peachtree Corners in Gwinnett County, to the south by Sandy Springs, to the west by unincorporated land in Cobb County, and to the northwest by the city of Mountain Park and by unincorporated land in Cherokee County. The southern boundary of the city follows the Chattahoochee River.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Roswell has a total area of 37.0 square miles (100.8 km2), of which 105.5 km2 is land and 3.3 km2, or 3.06%, is water.

Geographic features

 * Big Creek
 * Bull Sluice Lake
 * Chattahoochee River
 * Morgan Falls Dam
 * Johns Creek
 * Crooked Creek
 * Audery Mill Creek

Climate
Roswell features a Humid subtropical climate, which is characterized by abundant precipitation that is spread evenly throughout the year.

2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 92,833 people, 35,944 households, and 25,529 families residing in the city.

2010 census
In the last official U.S. Census of 2010, Roswell had a population of 88,346. The racial and ethnic composition of the population was 74.7% White, 11.7% Black or African American, 4.0% Asian, 0.3% Native American, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 6.6% from some other race and 2.5% from two or more races. 16.6% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race; a majority of them were of Mexican origin (11.5% of the total population).

2000 census
In the preceding census of 2000, there were 79,334 people, 30,207 households, and 20,933 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,086.5 PD/sqmi. There were 31,300 housing units at an average density of 823.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 81.51% White, 8.54% African American, 0.20% Native American, 3.74% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 4.08% from other races, and 1.90% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 10.61% of the population.

There were 30,207 households, out of which 34.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.1% were married couples living together, 8.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.7% were non-families. 23.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.07.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 24.4% under the age of 18, 8.2% from 18 to 24, 35.1% from 25 to 44, 24.7% from 45 to 64, and 7.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.0 males.

According to a 2007 estimate, the median income for a household in the city was $73,469, and the median income for a family was $103,698. The average income for households was $106,219 and the average income for families was $123,481. Males had a median income of $72,754 versus $45,979 for females. The per capita income for the city was $40,106. About 3.2% of families and 5.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.6% of those under age 18 and 0.7% of those age 65 or over.

Household income (2010)

Household income (2010)

Roswell median housing value

2000 population by age

Population by gender (2006)

Education

Race and ethnicity

Economy
The Consulate-General of Honduras in Atlanta is located at Suite 3 in 600 Houze Way in Roswell. The city's largest employers are The Kimberly Clark Corporation, Wellstar North Fulton Hospital, Harry's Farmers Market, and The City Of Roswell. A section of Route 400 between Roswell and Atlanta is known as the high tech corridor, where many technology firms like Kimberly Clark have factories or offices. As of the 2006 census, one third of Roswell's 5.000 registered business were home based. The largest industries were retail, technology, food services, wholesale trade, and health care.

Many Roswell residents work in nearby Atlanta.

Businesses with their headquarters in Roswell include Snorg Tees, Tripwire Interactive, and Pharsalia Technologies.

Festivals and parades

 * Roswell Memorial Day Ceremony — the largest Memorial Day ceremony in Georgia
 * Roswell Roots: A Festival of Black History & Culture (February)
 * Roswell Criterium Bicycle Race and Historic Roswell Kiwanis Kids Bike Safety Rodeo (May)
 * Roswell Magnolia Storytelling Festival (June)
 * Riverside Sounds Concert Series (May — October)
 * Roswell Youth Day Parade and Festival (October)
 * Keep Roswell Beautiful Duck Race (October)
 * Roswell Annual Fireworks Extravaganza July 4
 * Roswell Wine Festival (first Sunday in October - Sunday, October 4, 2015)
 * Alive in Roswell (third Thursday of the month, April–October)

Sites

 * Archibald Smith Plantation Home
 * Atlanta Rowing Club
 * Bulloch Hall
 * Barrington Hall
 * Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area
 * Chattahoochee Nature Center
 * Computer Museum of America
 * Faces of War Memorial
 * Roswell Mill
 * Primrose Cottage
 * Teaching Museum North

Public libraries
Atlanta-Fulton Public Library System operates the Roswell Branch and the East Roswell Branch.

Sports
The Chess Club and Scholastic Center of Atlanta, founded by GM Ben Finegold, is located in Roswell.

Parks and recreation

The city maintains more than 900 acre of parkland, as well as three historic house museums.

A branch of the Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area, a component of the National Park System, is located in Roswell at Vickery Creek.

Public schools
Roswell's local public schools are part of the Fulton County School System.

Charter schools

 * Amana Academy (K–8)
 * Fulton County Charter High School of Mathematics and Science (disbanded)
 * Fulton Academy of Science and Technology (K-8)

Elementary schools

 * Esther Jackson Elementary School
 * Hembree Springs Elementary School
 * Mimosa Elementary School
 * Mountain Park Elementary School
 * Northwood Elementary School
 * Roswell North Elementary School
 * Sweet Apple Elementary School
 * Hillside Elementary School
 * River Eves Elementary School
 * Vickery Mill Elementary School

Middle schools

 * Crabapple Middle School
 * Elkins Pointe Middle School
 * Holcomb Bridge Middle School

High schools

 * Centennial High School
 * Crossroads Second Chance North Alternative School
 * Roswell High School

Private schools

 * Blessed Trinity Catholic High School
 * Cottage School
 * Queen of Angels Catholic School
 * The Howard School (North Campus)
 * Jacob's Ladder Neurodevelopmental School & Therapy Center (Roswell Campus)
 * Regina Caeli Academy
 * Fellowship Christian School
 * Atlanta Academy
 * Eaton Academy
 * Saint Francis Schools

Major roads and expressways

 * Georgia 9.svg State Route 9
 * Georgia 92.svg State Route 92
 * Georgia 120.svg State Route 120
 * Georgia 140.svg State Route 140
 * Georgia 400.svg State Route 400
 * Pine Grove Road
 * Riverside Road
 * Crabapple Road

Pedestrians and cycling

 * Big Creek Greenway
 * PATH400 (proposed)
 * Roswell Riverwalk Trail
 * Vickery Creek Trail

Notable people

 * Jerome Bettis, former Pittsburgh Steeler and current NBC Sports announcer
 * Peter Buck, musician, attended Crestwood High School
 * Jay Busbee, author/journalist, resides in Roswell
 * David Cross, comedian, television, and film actor, writer, and director, lived in Roswell as a child and attended Crestwood High School
 * Deko, born Grant Andrew Decouto in Roswell, rapper and Grammy-nominated music producer
 * Emily Dolvin, aunt of Jimmy Carter (the 39th US president), lived in Roswell the majority of her life
 * Ben Finegold, chess grandmaster, founded the Chess Club and Scholastic Center of Atlanta (CCSCATL) in Roswell
 * Jeff Foxworthy (born 1958), stand-up comedian, actor, television/radio personality, author, and voice artist
 * Karen Handel, former Georgia Secretary of State, former US Representative of the 6th congressional district of Georgia, resides in Roswell
 * Landon Milbourne, basketball player for Hapoel Eilat of the Israeli Basketball Premier League
 * Anya Monzikova, Russian-American actress and model, lives in Roswell with her husband
 * Brendan Moore, professional soccer player
 * Dale Murphy, two-time National League MVP, former Atlanta Braves MLB player, lived in Roswell in the early 1990s
 * Pauley Perrette, writer, singer, civil rights advocate and former actress, attended Crestwood High School
 * Jermaine Phillips (born 1979), football safety in the NFL for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, 2002–2009
 * Tony Phillips, baseball utility player who had an 18-year Major League Baseball (MLB) career from 1982 to 1999.
 * Tom Price, Congressman from the 6th congressional district of Georgia
 * Mike Ramsey, former Roswell High baseball star, went on to play for the NL's St. Lous Cardinals (MLB) 1978–1985; played on the World Series Champion Cardinals in 1982
 * Neel Reid, architect; lived in Mimosa Hall and died there in 1926
 * Chris Reis, Super Bowl 44 champion (New Orleans Saints), Roswell High graduate
 * Martha Bulloch Roosevelt, mother of Theodore Roosevelt and grandmother of Eleanor Roosevelt, came from Roswell
 * Nap Rucker, left-handed pitcher in MLB for the Brooklyn Superbas/Dodgers/Robins
 * Sam Sloman (born 1997), NFL football player
 * Jack Smith (born 1924), racing driver
 * Amin Stevens (born 1990), basketball player in the Israeli Basketball Premier League
 * Sunny Suljic (born 2005), actor
 * Stevie Wilkerson, coach for the Gwinnett Stripers

title: Roswell, Georgia


text:
Talk:Battle of Lützen (1632)

Unsorted discussion
I just came here for a minor edit, but there's something at the beginning of the layout that I like. The article begins with a list of basic information about the battle. This could be put into a project box as has been the case with several other topics. Any comments? Eclecticology

Thx for the compliment, i am not yet entirely satisfied myself. How can I put something in a project box? TeunSpaans 17:14 Oct 18, 2002 (UTC)

The arbitrary format so far we have seen on battle pages really need some organizations. A Wikiproject Battles  will definitely the best option. It can also solve the problem on sorting the battles chronologically, geographically alphabetically or on any other criteria have not been thought of yet. If we have all information about a battle oragnizeg properly on its page, creating sorted lists is simply checking watch links and look for the specific criterion. Say one wants to sort by the alphabetical order on the first alphabet of the battle sites. One can copy-paste all geographically names, sort them and saving them on List of battles (geographical order)/A, List of battles (geographical order)/B etc. The parent page of List of battles became linking page of all sorted lists. eg. List of battles (geographical order), List of battles (alphabetical order), List of battles (chronological order), etc.

I'll post this comment also on WikiProject to gain more interests. Ktsquare Oct 19 2002

The battle tood place on Nov 16, not the 14th

Opening line
Was Lutzen in fact one of the most decisive battles of the TYW? I'd disagree. It was in fact a very messy, indecisive battle. Wallenstein's officers thought the battle was going well and wanted to stay to fight the next day, and were angered and surprised to hear he wanted to withdraw.

It also was not decisive in terms of the war itself -- the effect of the Swedish intervention had already been given a major haircut by the change in Imperial strategy and modifications to imperial army organization. Had the king not been killed, I doubt the Swedish forces in Germany would really have behaved much differently in the long term. Larry Dunn 14:55, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

I'd agree with all of the abovet goes as far as it goes. But, the death of the king is what makes it decisive without him sweden is still crucial in the war against the habsburgs, undoubtably. What they lose is the ability to dominate and overawe their allies in the same way gustavus had. Richlieu is able to gain more effective although still less than perfect direction of their swedish and german allies which adjusts the whole dynamic of the German aspect of the 30 years war. Kurtk60 (talk) 22:11, 28 October 2008 (UTC)

Was this really a pyrrhic victory for the Swedish?
In the sidebar, it lists the victory as being Pyrrhic for the Swedish, yet it hints that the vanquished lost more in battle. Should this be edited?

 * No, it wasn't - use of 'Pyrrhic' as a qualifier would need to be sourced to a majority of reputable historians that state why it might be Pyrrhic. Best to use more generic qualifier.Tttom1 (talk) 21:14, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

Unsure
The Catholics probably lost more soldiers and equipment but still, Gustavus Adolphus died. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Lolibollg (talk • contribs) 20:57, 31 January 2008 (UTC)

Casualties
the number in the box(5000 Swedes / 8000 imperial) does not match the number in the article(6000/6000). Needs to be fixed.

Isidoros47 (talk) 21:27, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

Overall
I'd suggest changing the use of Protestant army for Swedish throughout the article. Using Protestant infers that the 30 years war was a simple protestant/catholic war which is an oversimplification. Particularly given Sweden was allied with Catholic France at the time of this battle and towards the end of the war fought protestant Denmark. Alternatively it implies that the armies were made up of strictly protestant or catholic troops which given the mercenary nature of the armies of the time never applied in practice. Any thoughts? Kurtk60 (talk) 23:14, 28 October 2008 (UTC)

 * I would endorse removing religion from the article completely. I think the religious aspect is best addressed in the Thirty Years' War article, and it should be toned town here.  I notice the EB1911 article on this topic goes through the whole thing without mentioning religion, but makes it Germans vs. Swedes, which may be just as oversimplified.  I find the religious tone in the Wikipedia article rather jarring to read. Perhaps this particular battle was easy to cast that way, but I imagine there were other ways the two sides could be contrasted, and I think it would read better if the religious aspect were removed.  Imperials vs. Swedes?  Bob Burkhardt (talk) 23:38, 2 August 2011 (UTC)

Strength of respective armies
I see no references for this. Also there should be noted that the reinforcements of Imperial infantry did not arrive in time to be engaged in combat. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Aryaman13 (talk • contribs) 15:56, 10 June 2015 (UTC)

Inconsistency between Wikipedia pages
At https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1632), how can one of the "belligerents" have been "Protestant Union" when, according to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Union, the Protestant Union was dissolved in 1621? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 124.127.210.8 (talk) 07:48, 21 June 2015 (UTC)
 * You are correct, dear IP editor. This was fixed some months ago. (By myself, I think.) 2.247.242.225 (talk) 18:54, 6 October 2018 (UTC)

Figure of speech: So kenn ich meine Pappenheimer
The current version of this article claims that Wallenstein exclaimed this upon the return of Pappenheim and his cavalry's immediate charge on the battlefield. This saying is still a quite widely used figure of speech in everyday German, in the general meaning of someone exhibiting behavior that is supposedly typical of them.

To the best of my knowledge the real origin of this is a direct quote from Schiller's Wallenstein (trilogy of plays), specifically from Wallenstein's Death, 3rd act, 15th entrance (Wallensteins Tod; dritter Aufzug, fünfzehnter Auftritt). (Link to German text on gutenberg.org: )

It's possible that Wallenstein really originally said it during this battle, but I don't think so. Seeing that the claim is currently unsourced in this article, i will remove it as speculative. 2.247.243.115 (talk) 18:56, 16 September 2018 (UTC)

Article must be revised in tone.
The articles contents itself aren't terrible, however the tone feels like reading a high-school essay. I don't have enough knowledge on the thirty years war to rewrite this article, however someone who is more qualified should consider changing the tone. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Chariotsacha (talk • contribs) 16:18, 5 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Now done. Robinvp11 (talk) 18:46, 2 August 2021 (UTC)

Question regarding the Imperial strength
There are currently two strength-estimations for the Imperial side in the infobox; one by Schürger (13,000–15,000) and the other by Wilson (19,175). When reading the orders of battle by respectively author (both available online), you quickly realize that they are more or less the same (with only minor differences), only that Schürger's number reefers to the initial strength, whereas Wilson's number also include the late arrival of Pappenheim's forces – e.g., the infantry which was not engaged but was present on the battlefield.

Initial force (Schürger, p. 61):
 * Infantry = 8,200 * based on a total figure provided by Heinrich Holk
 * Cavalry = 5,350 (On page 63, Schürger estimates that the cavalry under Wallenstein was 4,800–5,800 men strong)

Arriving as reinforcements (Schürger, p. 62):
 * Infantry = 2,925
 * Cavalry = 2,430 * 80 men has not been subsided from the dragoon regiments, despite body-guarding Pappenheim and Merode; is it possible that these are counted twice, hence the difference between his and Wilson's numbers?

Grand total (Schürger):
 * Infantry = 11,125
 * Cavalry = 7,780
 * Overall = 18,905 (18,355–19,355) * The difference between Schürger's and Wilson's numbers is due to the reasons above; the reinforcing cavalry and the initial strength of the infantry

Initial force (Wilson, pp. 213–215):
 * Infantry = 8,550 * based on each unit's listed strength
 * Cavalry = 5,350

Arriving as reinforcements (Wilson, p. 216):
 * Infantry = 2,925
 * Cavalry = 2,350 * Unlike Schürger's order of battle, Wilson has subsided 80 men from the dragoon regiments (as they were instead body-guarding Pappenheim and Merode)

Grand total (Wilson, p. 217):
 * Infantry = 11,475
 * Cavalry = 7,700
 * Overall = 19,175 * The difference between Schürger's and Wilson's numbers is due to the reasons above; the reinforcing cavalry and the initial strength of the infantry

To me, this is not a question regarding which source to believe as there are only minor differences, but rather what should be included in the infobox; only Wallenstein's initial force (the current figure of 13,000–15,000 by Schürger) or both Wallenstein's and Pappenheim's forces (the current figure of 19,175 by Wilson, alternatively adding Schürger's grand total of 18,355–19,355). Your thoughts? Imonoz (talk) 00:14, 1 December 2022 (UTC)

 * Hi, per WP:INFOBOXPURPOSE and with few exceptions, information in the infobox should reflect the content of the article such that the article remains complete without the infobox (and without contradiction). The solution is (IMHO) for this to be resolved in the body of the article and for the figures reported in the infobox to reflect the "resolved" figures. Cinderella157 (talk) 02:31, 1 December 2022 (UTC)
 * It should always be total strength, rather than "Initial"; the only possible exception is troops never arriving. If you look at the article on Waterloo, Allied strength includes the Prussians, even though (like Pappenheim) they only arrived at the end, while French excludes Grouchy's Corps who were part of Napoleon's army but spent the day chasing the Prussians.
 * So that means Wilson; I've removed the other figure from the Infobox and changed it in the body of the article.
 * As an aside, we shouldn't get too stuck on precise figures; officers got paid for the number of men they reported, rather than the actual, plus cavalry were notoriously understrength as so many were off "foraging". Robinvp11 (talk) 08:14, 3 December 2022 (UTC)
 * That means the issue is now settled. Thank you for listening! Imonoz (talk) 20:15, 3 December 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Battle of Lützen (1632)


text:
Sandy Springs, Georgia

Sandy Springs is a city in northern Fulton County, Georgia, United States, and a suburb of Atlanta. The city's population was 108,080 at the 2020 census, making it Georgia's 7th most populous city. It is the site of several corporate headquarters, including UPS, Newell Brands, Inspire Brands, Focus Brands, Cox Enterprises, and Mercedes-Benz USA's corporate offices.

History
Human settlement in the area can be traced back to approximately 400 CE, when Native Americans forged three trails to better access the area's freshwater springs. In the 16th century, the Creek Muskogee tribe settled the area, where they remained until the early 1800s, when they were forced out of the area due to the discovery of gold.

In 1821, the federal government held a number of land lotteries in the area, resulting in the purchase of land in present-day Sandy Springs and its subsequent settlement. The Austin-Johnson House, the oldest existing unaltered house, was built in 1842 on what is now Johnson Ferry Road. In 1851, Wilson Spruill donated 5 acre of land for the founding of Sandy Springs United Methodist Church, near the natural spring for which the city is named. In 1905, the Hammond School was built at Johnson Ferry Road and Mt. Vernon Highway, across the street from the church.

20th century
In 1950, the state legislature blocked Atlanta from annexing the community, which remained rural until the Interstate Highway System was authorized by the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956. In 1959, after a fire at Hammond Elementary School, William Hartsfield, the mayor of Atlanta, urged residents to support annexation so that the area would have better firefighting protection. Community opposition killed the proposal. In the early 1960s, Georgia 400 and Interstate 285 were constructed, connecting Sandy Springs to metro Atlanta and initiating a housing boom that brought new residents and major land development as part of the white flight from Atlanta after the Civil Rights Movement won greater racial integration within Atlanta.

In 1965, Hartsfield once again proposed the annexation of the Sandy Springs area. Spokesmen for Sandy Springs promised residents to "build up a city separate from Atlanta and your Negroes and forbid any Negroes to buy, or own, or live within our limits" should they reject annexation. In 1966, annexation by Atlanta was defeated in a referendum, with two-thirds voting against.

Efforts to incorporate Sandy Springs began in 1966 in response to attempts by the city of Atlanta to annex this unincorporated area of north Fulton County.

In the early 1970s, the city of Atlanta attempted to use a state law to force annexation of Sandy Springs, which failed after the Supreme Court of Georgia ruled that the law was unconstitutional. In response, a group of residents formed the Committee for Sandy Springs 1975 to lobby for the incorporation of Sandy Springs.

During this time, proponents for an incorporated Sandy Springs argued that their taxes were disproportionately going to other, largely non-white, communities in Fulton County. In every legislative session, state legislators representing the area introduced a bill in the Georgia General Assembly to authorize a referendum on incorporation. Legislators representing Atlanta and southwestern Fulton County, who feared that tax revenue would be lost from incorporation, blocked the bills, using the procedural requirement that all local legislation be approved first by a delegation of representatives from the affected area.

In 1991, the Georgia state government determined that Sandy Springs, along with other wealthier, and predominantly white, communities in Fulton County was being taxed below statewide minimums, resulting in an increase in taxes for the area. Some Sandy Springs residents, including Mitch Skandalakis, launched a number of campaigns against the taxes, and launched an unsuccessful lawsuit against the state.

On January 16, 1997, Eric Rudolph bombed an abortion clinic in Sandy Springs.

21st century
When the Republican Party gained a majority in both houses of the Georgia General Assembly in 2005, the procedural rules previously used to prevent a vote by the full chamber were changed so that the bill was handled as a state bill and not as a local bill. The assembly also repealed the requirement that new cities must be at least 3 mi from existing cities that had stymied previous attempts to incorporate due to Sandy Springs directly bordering both Roswell and Atlanta. The bill allowing for a referendum on incorporation was introduced and passed as HB 37. The referendum initiative was approved by the Assembly and signed by Governor Sonny Perdue.

The referendum was held on June 21, 2005, and residents voted 94% in favor of incorporation. In November 2005, voters returned to the polls to elect a mayor and six city council members.

Formal incorporation occurred on December 1, making Sandy Springs the third-largest city ever to incorporate in the U.S. The city's police force and fire department began service in 2006. Upon incorporation, Sandy Springs initiated a nontraditional approach by operating as a public-private partnership (PPP), with all but six full-time employees being contracted.

In 2010, the city undertook a procurement process to rebid all general city services, which was won by CH2M Hill. The timing of this contract, during the Great Recession, allowed the city to leverage a cheaper contract due to the economic downturn.

In 2010, the city became the first jurisdiction in Georgia to successfully "bail out" from the preclearance requirements of Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act.

In 2019, the Sandy Springs City Council moved to scale back the PPP model, directly hiring 183 contract employees, leaving only 15 outsourced full-time workers by the end of 2019. The city will still outsource a number of services, including the city attorney's office, as well as security, street sweeping and ambulance services. The move is expected to save $2.7 million in the next year and more than $14 million over 5 years.

Geography
The boundaries of Sandy Springs are Atlanta to the south, Cobb County (at the Chattahoochee River) to the west and north, Roswell (also at the river) to the north, and Dunwoody and Brookhaven, at the DeKalb County line, to the east. A small panhandle in the northeast extends between the Chattahoochee River to the north and Dunwoody to the south, ending in a very small border with Peachtree Corners in the extreme western edge of Gwinnett County.

Climate
Sandy Springs has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa). During January and February 2014, the Atlanta area, including Sandy Springs, experienced a severe snow storm and a severe ice storm, both of which left much of the region without power, caused major travel disruptions, and the former storm forced people to take shelter in cars and schools as the city was underprepared for the black ice that prevented transport.

Downtown—City Springs
City Springs, the downtown district of Sandy Springs, is usually defined as the area to the south and east of Sandy Springs Circle, to the north of Interstate 285, and to the west of Boylston Drive. It is located approximately 12 miles directly north of Downtown Atlanta. In the absence of a traditional downtown, city leaders created City Springs, a multi-use development containing municipal offices, residential, retail, green space and a performing arts center, landmarking a formal "downtown" for its residents. City leaders purchased the property in 2008, which was once the site of a former Target (formerly Richway) shopping center, located between Roswell Road, Johnson Ferry Road, and Mount Vernon Highway. Since then, the surrounding area in the district has become a center for urban renewal for the city, with many new mixed-use apartment developments being planned or built, primarily replacing old strip malls along Roswell Road. The City Springs center officially opened in 2018, 10 years after the original site purchase. The official address for the complex is on Galambos Way, named after the city's first mayor, Eva Galambos. Within the City Springs district is Heritage Green, which is home to the spring which spurred the name of the city.

Riverside
Riverside is the western district of the city, located south of Dalyrmple Road and west of Roswell Road, bordering the Chattahoochee River to the west, forming the western border with Cobb County. It is a high-income, residential area marked by winding, hilly roads and old growth forest. The main roads are Heards Ferry Road and Riverside Drive, and it is located off the Riverside Drive exit of I-285. Two of the public schools within Sandy Springs are located here, Heards Ferry Elementary and Riverwood International Charter School. The headquarters for the Fulton County Board of Education are also found in this district. Many of the neighborhoods in this area derive their name from the river.

The Panhandle
The Dunwoody Panhandle, or just "The Panhandle" is a residential area bounded by the Dunwoody city limit to the south, the Chattahoochee River to the north, Georgia 400 to the west, and Peachtree Corners city limit to the east. The district's name is derived from the fact that it is wedged between the river and Dunwoody, forming a geographic panhandle. Major roads include Dunwoody Club Drive and Spalding Drive, and Interstate access is through the Northridge Road exit of Georgia 400. Many who lived in the neighborhood during Sandy Springs' incorporation considered themselves part of Dunwoody, and voiced their opposition to the installment of street sign toppers labelled "Sandy Springs". Then-mayor Eva Galambos stated that these new signs would do nothing to diminish the neighborhood's identity. Some residents still consider the area to be "Dunwoody in Sandy Springs", similar to the Buckhead Community district of Atlanta.

Perimeter Center
Perimeter Center is a commercial edge city and business district surrounding Perimeter Mall. Although about 40% of Perimeter Center, including the mall, is located in Dunwoody, the western 60%, including most of the area's office towers, are located in Sandy Springs. Pill Hill is located in the Sandy Springs section of Perimeter Center, and is the largest medical center in Georgia. It includes Northside Hospital, St. Joseph's Hospital, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta. More than 40% of the hospital beds in the metro area are located within Sandy Springs. Landmarks include Hammond Park, Concourse at Landmark Center, colloquially called the 'King' and 'Queen' buildings due to their distinct white crown architecture at the top of each tower, as well as two MARTA stations, the Sandy Springs and Medical Center MARTA stations. The area also includes the 400-285 highway interchange, which is currently undergoing major construction. The top three tallest suburban buildings in the country are found here, the 'King' and 'Queen', and nearby Park Towers at #3.

North Springs
North Springs is located in the northern portion of the city, and is generally defined as the area west of the Dunwoody/DeKalb County border, east of Brandon Mill Road, north of Abernathy Road, and south of Dalrymple Road and Spalding Drive. The North Springs MARTA station, the terminus of the MARTA Red Line, serves the district. Five of Sandy Springs' public schools are in this area, including the newest Ison Springs Elementary School, Woodland Elementary School, Spalding Drive Charter Elementary School, Sandy Springs Charter Middle School, and North Springs Charter High School.

South Springs—Sandy Springs ITP
South Springs or Sandy Springs ITP, an acronym for "inside the perimeter", refers to a portion of the city which extends south of Interstate 285, colloquially referred to as "the perimeter". It is located north of the City of Atlanta border, east of the Riverside district, south of Interstate 285, and west of the Brookhaven/DeKalb County border. The southern area of this district is considered to be a part of the greater Chastain Park community of Buckhead. The public schools in this area include Ridgeview Charter School and High Point Elementary School. The popular Atlanta radio station 99X broadcasts on 98.9 from here.

Powers Ferry Landing
The business district just east of the river crossing is called Powers Ferry Landing, located where Northside Drive crosses the road, just east of the former landing. This provides freeway access at Northside Drive (west ramps) and New Northside Drive (east ramps, road and ramps built in a 1990s reconstruction). Signage on the freeway indicates Powers Ferry Road, Northside Drive, and New Northside Drive.

North End
The North End is a large district in the northernmost portion of the city, and is generally defined as the area to the west of GA400, to the south and east of the Chattahoochee River, and to the north of Dalrymple Road. It is accessible via GA400 at Northridge Road, and contains the Northridge business area and the North River Village community. The Huntcliff community is located west of the district, on a panhandle to the northwest.

Demographics
Sandy Springs was first listed as a census designated place in the 1980 U.S. Census and incorporated prior to the 2010 U.S. Census.

(Note: the 2000 census numbers are for Sandy Springs prior to incorporation, but cover the same area.)

2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 108,080 people, 52,820 households, and 25,861 families residing in the city.

2010 census
In the official 2010 census, the population of Sandy Springs was 93,853. There were 42,334 households. The racial and ethnic composition of the population was 65.0% white, 20.0% black or African American, 0.3% Native American, 5.0% Asian, 6.9% from some other race and 2.7% from two or more races. 14.2% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race.

2000 census
In the preceding official census of 2000, when there were 85,781 people, 39,288 households, and 19,683 families residing in the CDP, the population density was 2,274.1 PD/sqmi. There were 42,794 housing units at an average density of 1,134.5 /mi2. The racial makeup of the CDP was 77.55% White, 12.04% African American, 0.18% Native American, 3.29% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 4.94% from other races, and 1.95% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.93% of the population. According to a 2006 report by the Atlanta Jewish Federation, 15,300 Jews reside in Sandy Springs and the adjacent city of Dunwoody.

There were 48,288 households, out of which 21.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.1% were married couples living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 49.9% were non-families. 35.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.87.

In the CDP, the age distribution of the population shows 17.8% under the age of 18, 10.5% from 18 to 24, 40.3% from 25 to 44, 21.6% from 45 to 64, and 9.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.0 males.

According to a 2008 estimate, the median income for a household in the city was $106,240, and the median income for a family was $129,810. The average income for a household was $116,406 and the average income for a family was $169,815. Males had a median income of $60,053 versus $50,030 for females. About 3.1% of families and 7.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.9% of those under age 18 and 1.9% of those age 65 or over.

Museum
The Heritage Sandy Springs Museum opened on March 20, 2010. It is dedicated to the history of the Sandy Springs community and is located in the repurposed Williams-Payne house at Heritage Green. Two notable exhibits are "Sandy Springs: Land and People", which tells the changing story of Sandy Springs as the home of Native Americans, rural farmers, and modern suburbanites; and "A Land Nearby", which features a collection of 20 photographs of Georgia's Barrier Island taken by Dr. Curt Hames Jr.

Sandy Springs also has a museum devoted to Anne Frank.

Annual festivals
Sandy Springs offers a host of annual events each year.

The Sandy Springs Festival is the largest community event in Sandy Springs, with approximately 30,000 attendees. Established in 1984, the annual festival celebrated its 30th year in 2015. The festival features a juried artist's market, civic and business expo, performances by regional acts and community bands, a children's area with crafts and activities, a teen territory with bungee jumps and inflatables, the annual Kiwanis Pet Parade, the annual Doug Kessler Lighting 10K/5K race, and a food court. The festival serves as the primary fundraiser for Heritage Sandy Springs, a nonprofit dedicated to building community through preserving and promoting the historic and cultural identity of Sandy Springs. Heritage Sandy Springs also maintains Heritage Green, a 4 acre park in the heart of Sandy Springs. The most recent festival was held September 19–20, 2015. The autumnal festival is typically the third weekend in September, but has been cancelled since 2020 due to the worldwide Coronavirus pandemic.

Sandy Springs Artsapalooza is a free fine arts festival held each year in Sandy Springs. Each year 125 to 150 notable artists from across the country have the opportunity to participate. Organizers of the event include the Georgia Foundation for Public Spaces and ArtsSpring, two groups that are dedicated to bringing free arts programs to the community.

Stars and Stripes Celebration is an annual community fireworks display held over the July 4 holiday. The community previously gathered on the Concourse lawn for fireworks and live music, but in 2020 they moved the fireworks from the Concourse to City Springs.

The annual Chattahoochee River Summer Splash, held in July, is a 6 mi float along the Chattahoochee River, beginning at Morgan Falls Dam and finishing at Cochran Shoals-Powers Island National Recreation Area. After completing the float, participants can enjoy an afternoon of live music, food and fun during festivities at Powers Island. Guests can bring their own kayaks, canoes, or rafts, or rent them from several local outfitters. Morgan Falls Park is the hub for paddleboard and raft rentals in Sandy Springs.

Parks and recreation
Sandy Springs' sixteen parks and greenspaces offer more than 950 acre of parkland.
 * Abernathy Greenway: The city's newest park, 6.6-acre linear park opened in 2014. The playable art structures were created as part of an international competition developed by the Sandy Springs Conservancy and Art Sandy Springs and sponsored by Northside Hospital.
 * Heritage Green: a 4 acre park at the center of Sandy Springs' new downtown development. It is the site of the original underground springs for which the city is named and is anchored by the Heritage Sandy Springs Museum. It is operated and managed by Heritage Sandy Springs, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization dedicated to building community through preserving and promoting the historic and cultural identity of Sandy Springs. Heritage Sandy Springs presents a full calendar of public programs and events, including the Sandy Springs Festival, museum exhibits, lectures and programs, three concert series, children's educational and enrichment programming, and community gardening programs.
 * Hammond Park: multipurpose building, gym, game room, AstroTurf soccer field, lighted tennis courts, basketball courts, picnic pavilions, playground, restrooms
 * Morgan Falls Overlook: picnic pavilions, children's playground, boat dock/fishing pier, hiking trail, fire pit, porch swings, scenic views, restrooms
 * Morgan Falls Athletic Complex: baseball and softball fields, football fields, picnic pavilions, playgrounds, concessions stand, restrooms
 * Sandy Springs Tennis Center: clubhouse, pro shop, restrooms, locker rooms, lighted tennis courts, jogging trail
 * Abernathy Park: tennis courts, playground, picnic tables, arts center
 * Allen: playground, multipurpose court, walking trail, basketball court
 * John Ripley Forbes Big Trees Forest Nature: trails, tree, plant and wildlife sanctuary
 * Ridgeview: nature trails, picnic pavilion, playground
 * Windsor Meadows: benches and trails located at the intersection of Windsor Parkway and Northland Drive by Nancy Creek
 * Island Ford: home to the headquarters for the Chattahoochee National Recreation Area, this unit is located entirely within Sandy Springs. It is also home to the Hewlett Lodge, a former home dating back to 1941 that was acquired when the park service bought the land surrounding the home in 1979.
 * East Palisades: this park compromises the Fulton County portion of the Palisades unit.
 * Powers Island: this park is a part of the Cochran Shoals unit of the Chattahoochee National Recreation Area.

Officials

 * Mayor: Rusty Paul
 * District 1: John Paulson
 * District 2: Melody Kelley
 * District 3: Melissa Mular
 * District 4: Jody Reichel
 * District 5: Tiberio "Tibby" DeJulio
 * District 6: Andy Bauman
 * City Manager: Eden Freeman

Services
Sandy Springs was noted for contracting private companies to perform the majority of its services in a public-private partnership model of government at the beginning of its incorporation in 2005. While many governments contract with private-sector companies on a per-project basis, Sandy Springs is believed to be the first American city to outsource its services for the majority of ongoing operations. They chose to do so as an economic response to the Great Recession. The city regularly hosted delegations from other governments that were interested in the model. Services not outsourced include police, fire-rescue, and city management. The city moved away from the private-public partnership model in 2019 when it was realized how much money was lost to private contractors and hired 184 full-time city staff that work at the new City Springs development. It now operates as a hybrid model, outsourcing projects to private companies as needed. The city estimates $14 million will be saved over the next five years from hiring full-time staff.

The Sandy Springs Police Department (SSPD) is the city's police department and took over services from Fulton County on July 1, 2006, with 86 original police officers recruited from various police agencies from all over the State of Georgia. The department currently has an authorized staff of 149 full-time sworn officers and 11 part-time officers. Additionally, the SSPD also employs 23 civilian staff members who handle duties such as records, permits, GCIC, and fleet maintenance. The current Executive Officer is Chief Kenneth DeSimone, who assumed the position in 2013 from Terry Sult, who replaced Gene Wilson in 2008 as the department's first chief. The department answered 124,374 calls for service and made 3,390 arrests in 2020.

Dedicated units of the SSPD include Uniform Patrol, Bike Unit, Community Affairs, Crime Scene Investigations, Criminal Investigation Division, Criminal Intelligence Unit, Crisis Negotiation Team, Honor Guard, K-9 Unit, Quick Response Force, Special Investigation Unit, Swift Water Rescue Team, Traffic Unit, and the Training Unit. Further, the SSPD is a member of the North Metro SWAT Team, consisting of officers from Sandy Springs Police Department, Dunwoody Police Department, Johns Creek Police Department, and the Brookhaven Police Department. The SSPD headquarters is located at 7840 Roswell Road, Suite 301, within the Morgan Falls Office Park.

The city's fire department began operations in December 2006. The department consists of 97 full-time firefighters. Chief Jack McElfish headed the fire department from 2005 to 2014. The fire department is today led by Chief Keith Sanders. It is staffed by 113 full-time firefighters. The fire department handled 17,000 responses to 8,205 calls for service

The city of Sandy Springs has purchased the old Target Corporation building (originally Richway) located on the corner of Sandy Springs Circle and Johnson Ferry Road. In May 2018, the new city hall opened after years of construction.

Primary and secondary schools
Public schools are operated by the Fulton County School System. Elementary schools serving sections of Sandy Springs include Dunwoody Springs Charter Elementary School, Heards Ferry Elementary School, High Point Elementary School, Ison Springs Elementary School, Lake Forest Elementary School, Spalding Drive Charter Elementary School, and Woodland Charter Elementary School. Two middle schools, Sandy Springs Middle School and Ridgeview Charter Middle School, and two high schools, North Springs Charter School of Arts and Sciences and Riverwood High School, are in and serve Sandy Springs.

Private schools located in Sandy Springs include: The initial campus of Sophia Academy, which opened in 1999, was on a rental property, in what became Sandy Springs. Construction on its new campus on what later became Chamblee began circa 2007.
 * Brandon Hall School (5th grade through high school)
 * Springmont (formerly First Montessori School of Atlanta) (preschool through middle school)
 * Atlanta Jewish Academy (K–12)
 * Holy Innocents' Episcopal School (preschool through high school)
 * Mount Vernon Presbyterian School (preschool through high school)
 * St. Jude the Apostle Catholic School (K–8)
 * Opened September 4, 1962
 * The Alfred and Adele Davis Academy (K–8)
 * The Felicia Penzell Weber Jewish Community High School a.k.a. The Weber School (high school)
 * The Epstein School (K–8)
 * Holy Spirit Preparatory School Lower Campus (the upper campus and preschool are in Atlanta)
 * Cumberland Academy

Public libraries
Atlanta-Fulton Public Library System operates the Sandy Springs Branch located near City Springs.

Economy
The largest employers within Sandy Springs are hospitals, headquarters and regional offices from a variety of industries including computer related services, package delivery, telecommunications, media, and financial transaction processing.

Sandy Springs is home to three hospitals: Northside Hospital, St. Joseph's Hospital and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, comprising 40 percent of the hospital beds in the region.

Top employers
According to the city's 2021 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:

Media
Some notable newspapers that cover areas of interest to Sandy Springs include the Sandy Springs Reporter and The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Multiple television series are and have recorded within the city: Auction Kings at Gallery 63 on Roswell Road, Caffeine and Octane, and Say Yes to the Dress: Atlanta at Bridals by Lori on Hammond Drive. Other shows that have filmed in Sandy Springs include The Real Housewives of Atlanta, HBO's The Righteous Gemstones, the CW's Dynasty and the longest-running vampire television show The Vampire Diaries, which filmed scenes at the now torn-down Glenridge Hall and is portrayed as the main characters' home. It was also the film location of Driving Miss Daisy. The location of Glenridge Hall is now the home of the new North-American Headquarters for Mercedes-Benz and an additional townhouse development.

Major roads and expressways
Sandy Springs is served by two major limited-access highways: Georgia 400, which runs north–south, and I-285, which runs east–west. Major surface streets include Roswell Road (U.S. 19 south of I-285 and Georgia 9 entirely), Hammond Drive, Spalding Drive, Johnson Ferry Road, Abernathy Road, Glenridge Drive, and Dunwoody Club Drive.

Roswell Road is considered the "main street" of the city, with a majority of residents living within 2 miles of the corridor. It connects Roswell at the Chattahoochee River to the north into the Atlanta neighborhood of Buckhead to the south. It runs through the heart of Downtown Sandy Springs, with the City Springs complex being located on the highway.

Recently completed major road projects include the widening of Abernathy Road between Johnson Ferry and Roswell Roads from two lanes to four plus a road median. The western intersection has been reconfigured so that traffic to and from Johnson Ferry Road − which carries heavy loads of Cobb County commuters across the Chattahoochee River at rush hour – now flows directly with Abernathy to and from the northwest. Additionally, the Roswell Road bridge over I-285 has been widened to add a turn lane in each direction. There had previously been talk of a tunnel under the freeway to bypass the highway interchange altogether, however this proved to be much too expensive. Another state project is the addition of a half-diamond interchange to Georgia 400 on the north side of Hammond Drive, allowing southbound traffic to exit and northbound traffic to enter the highway. (Ramps on the south side were not possible due to the proximity of the 400/285 interchange.)

The city's public works department has made improvements in the conditions of roads and traffic signals since incorporation in December 2005. The department has cleaned approximately 1,500 catch basins, striped 30 mi of roadway, responded to more than 2,000 calls for repair and service, re-timed hundreds of traffic lights to help improve the flow of traffic and reduce automobile idling, and repaved 60 mi of roads.

The 2008 fiscal year saw the creation of the Sandy Springs Traffic Management Center (TMC). The TMC was constructed and began to operate in less than six months. Construction began in February 2008, five cameras viewed traffic along Roswell Road by the end of June. Special features of the TMC include a webpage that allows the public access to real-time traffic conditions and voice-activated controls. By June 2009, 16 traffic cameras are now available and can be viewed online at the city's website.

Mass transit
The major provider of mass transit is MARTA, which operates a heavy rail rapid transit line and several bus lines through Sandy Springs. The city is served by the Medical Center, Sandy Springs and North Springs stations. The Georgia Regional Transportation Authority also operates express buses from the North Springs station (which has its own ramps to and from 400) to other counties.

Pedestrians and cycling
Currently the city is limited in multi-use trails, but bike lanes can be found in certain parts of the city. The city is currently working on creating more trails and bike lanes. Currently, the Abernathy Greenway is a popular multi-use trail running adjacent to Abernathy Road, connecting to Abernathy Park. The PATH400 Greenway Trail is a multi-use trail running along the Georgia 400 freeway in the Buckhead district of Atlanta. Sandy Springs is currently in the early stages of planning an extension of the trail through the city north into Roswell. Once complete, it would run from the northern border of Sandy Springs to the Atlanta BeltLine. As well, the city is working with the Georgia Department of Transportation to transform the city's portion of Roswell Road into a more pedestrian and transit friendly corridor. The city council came under fire in 2021 after two separate tragic hit-and-run accidents killed both a pedestrian and his dog and a cycler near downtown Sandy Springs.

Diplomatic missions
The city has one consulate general: the Consulate-General of Nigeria in Atlanta is located at 8060 Roswell Road.

title: Sandy Springs, Georgia


text:
Union City, Georgia

Union City is a city in Fulton County, Georgia, United States. The population was 26,830 at the 2020 census.

History
The Georgia General Assembly incorporated Union City in 1908. One source claims that the town was named for the union of rails at a railroad junction, while another version states the name commemorates a "Farmer's Union" which once was headquartered here.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 19.3 sqmi, of which 19.1 sqmi is land and 0.2 sqmi, or 0.83%, is water.

2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 26,830 people, 8,088 households, and 4,681 families residing in the city.

2010 census
At the 2010 census, there were 19,456 people living in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 81.5% Black, 8.6% White, 0.2% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 0.3% from some other race and 1.6% from two or more races. 7.0% were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

2000 census
At the 2000 census there were 11,622 people, 4,974 households, and 2,750 families living in the city. The population density was 1,353.2 PD/sqmi. There were 5,332 housing units at an average density of 620.9 /mi2. The racial makeup of the city was 69.33% African American, 25.36% White, 0.26% Native American, 1.26% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 2.04% from other races, and 1.72% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.22%.

Of the 4,974 households 30.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 26.4% were married couples living together, 23.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.7% were non-families. 38.5% of households were one person and 15.5% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 3.05.

The age distribution was 27.2% under the age of 18, 9.0% from 18 to 24, 33.6% from 25 to 44, 16.7% from 45 to 64, and 13.5% 65 or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 79.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 71.3 males.

The median household income was $35,322 and the median family income was $39,697. Males had a median income of $30,421 versus $28,111 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,208. About 9.9% of families and 12.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.0% of those under age 18 and 14.3% of those age 65 or over.

Elementary schools

 * C.H. Gullatt Elementary
 * Liberty Point Elementary
 * Oakley Elementary School

Middle schools

 * Bear Creek Middle (serves students in Palmetto and Fairburn)
 * Camp Creek Middle School

High school

 * Creekside High School (serves students in Palmetto and Fairburn)
 * Langston Hughes High School
 * Benjamin E. Banneker High School

Charter schools

 * Hapeville Charter Career Academy

Colleges and universities

 * Adams International University
 * Georgia Military College

title: Union City, Georgia


text:
East Ellijay, Georgia

East Ellijay is a city in Gilmer County, Georgia, United States. The population was 546 at the 2010 census, down from 707 in 2000.

East Ellijay was originally the location of Fort Hetzel, one of the Cherokee removal forts built in 1838 to house the Cherokee people before sending them on the "Trail of Tears".

Geography
East Ellijay is bordered to the north and west by the city of Ellijay.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 8.8 km2, all land. Georgia State Route 5/515, a four-lane bypass of Ellijay, runs the length of East Ellijay from north to south. U.S. Route 76 follows Routes 5/515 in the northern half of East Ellijay. The city of Blue Ridge is 15 mi to the northeast, Jasper is 19 mi to the south, and Chatsworth is 25 mi to the west. Georgia State Route 52 runs southeast from East Ellijay 38 mi to Dahlonega.

The town lies on the southern border of the Chattahoochee National Forest. The Cartecay River, a tributary of the Coosawattee River, flows from east to west through East Ellijay.

Demographics
At the 2000 census, there were 707 people, 251 households and 159 families residing in the city. The population density was 357.6 PD/sqmi. There were 265 housing units at an average density of 134.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 68.60% White, 2.26% Native American, 2.97% Pacific Islander, 22.35% from other races, and 3.82% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 33.38% of the population.

There were 251 households, of which 31.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.0% were married couples living together, 11.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.3% were non-families. 28.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.82 and the average family size was 3.18.

Age distribution was 24.5% under the age of 18, 16.0% from 18 to 24, 29.6% from 25 to 44, 17.3% from 45 to 64, and 12.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females, there were 120.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 127.2 males.

The median household income was $35,875, and the median family income was $38,594. Males had a median income of $20,341 versus $20,000 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,934. About 14.6% of families and 19.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.8% of those under age 18 and 15.9% of those age 65 or over.

title: East Ellijay, Georgia


text:
Ellijay, Georgia

Ellijay, occasionally spelled Elijay, is a city in Gilmer County, Georgia, United States. The population was 1,862 at the 2020 census. The city is the county seat of Gilmer County.

Agriculture is important in Gilmer County, known as the "Apple Capital of Georgia." The city holds an annual Georgia Apple Festival in October.

Former President Jimmy Carter owns a pine cabin second home in Ellijay. Other tourists are attracted to the mountains and whitewater kayaking.

History
This area was long settled by cultures of indigenous peoples. It was known as part of the homeland of the historic Cherokee people. They had a village here, at the confluence of the Ellijay and Cartecay rivers, which together form the Coosawattee River.

Ellijay (sometimes formerly spelled "Elejoy") is the anglicized form or transliteration of the Cherokee name Elatseyi, meaning "new ground". Other sources say it means "green place".

Gilmer County was organized by territory cut from Cherokee County in 1832, and Ellijay was designated as its county seat in 1834. It was a fairly isolated and remote mountain community until the late nineteenth century. After the Marietta and Northern Georgia Railroad (later the Louisville and Nashville Railroad) was constructed through here in 1884, the railroad stimulated a boom in the timber industry by providing a profitable way to get lumber to markets. Many timber companies came into the area with their workers.

More than a century later, another major transportation improvement was construction of the Zell Miller Mountain Parkway (Georgia 515, named for Georgia governor and U.S. senator Zell Miller), which was completed in 1991.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 9.2 sqkm, all land. It is situated at the confluence of the Ellijay and Cartecay rivers, which together form the Coosawattee River. The Coosawattee flows west as part of the Oostanaula/Coosa/Alabama River watershed. The county seat is bordered to the east and south by the city of East Ellijay.

Climate
Ellijay lies within the Humid subtropical climate zone along with the majority of the rest of the southeastern United States. The highest elevations in the surrounding region reside in the Oceanic climate. Ellijay enjoys cool winters and warm summers, but neither would be considered extreme thanks to its slightly higher elevation than other areas in the south. Winter snowfall is common, but generally on the lighter side. There are a few exceptions, one being the 1993 Storm of the Century which dropped 17 inches of snow in Ellijay. Summers are warm, though mild for southern standards, with temperatures topping out in the mid 80s during the summer months. Rain is evenly distributed throughout the year averaging 57.97 inches per year, as reported from the nearest NOAA reporting station in Jasper, Georgia.

2020 census
As of the 2020 United States Census, there were 1,862 people, 844 households, and 520 families residing in the city.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,584 people, 593 households, and 342 families residing in the city. The population density was 591.7 PD/sqmi. There were 662 housing units at an average density of 247.3 /mi2. There were 662 housing units at an average density of 247.3 /mi2. The racial makeup of the city was 81.25% White, 1.39% African American, 0.00% Native American, 1.70% Asian, 0.57% Pacific Islander, 12.50% from other races, and 2.46% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 25.19% of the population.

There were 593 households, out of which 26.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.1% were married couples living together, 16.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.2% were non-families. 37.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.14.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.9% under the age of 18, 10.5% from 18 to 24, 25.0% from 25 to 44, 19.7% from 45 to 64, and 21.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.9 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $22,120, and the median income for a family was $36,250. Males had a median income of $21,875 versus $20,469 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,740. About 20.3% of families and 27.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.3% of those under age 18 and 31.7% of those age 65 or over.

Government
Ellijay is governed by a five-member city council and a mayor. The current mayor is William Albert "Al" Hoyle.

Gilmer County School District
The Gilmer County School District holds pre-school to grade twelve, and consists of three elementary schools, one middle school, and one high school. There is also Crossroads, which is the alternative school in Ellijay.
 * Ellijay Elementary School
 * Mountain View Elementary School
 * Clear Creek Elementary School
 * Oakland Elementary School (closed in 2011, due to county budget constraints)
 * Clear Creek Middle School
 * Gilmer High School
 * Mountain Innovation Program

Private Schools

 * North Georgia Christian Academy
 * Pleasant Hills Montessori School
 * Grace Christian School
 * Josephine Edwards Christian School
 * Mountain Academy
 * First Baptist Church Pre-School
 * Children's First Pre-School

Higher education
Dalton State College Appalachian Campus - Gilmer County Center This is a satellite campus of Dalton State

Notable people

 * Johnny Quarles (1946–2008), western author wrote over a dozen novels and television screenplays, including iconic titles like Brack and Fool's Gold, many of them featuring Ellijay settings
 * Jay Allen Sanford (1960–present), author and cartoonist best known as the co-creator of Rock 'N' Roll Comics, and for his work with Revolutionary Comics, Carnal Comics, and the San Diego Reader
 * C. Thomas Howell (1966–present), actor known for films such as Soul Man, The Hitcher, Grandview U.S.A., Red Dawn, Secret Admirer and The Outsiders.
 * Col. Oscar Poole (1930–2020), longtime Methodist minister and radio personality whose Uncle Sam suit became a fixture at Republican events, where he promoted his Ellijay BBQ restaurant
 * John Davis (1965–present), Starting offensive lineman with the Buffalo Bills and an All-American guard for the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets

title: Ellijay, Georgia


text:
Edge Hill, Georgia

Edge Hill (stylized as Edgehill on some tourism material) is a city in Glascock County, Georgia, United States. The population was 24 at the 2010 census. It is the smallest incorporated city in Georgia by population and ties for the smallest incorporated city in Georgia by area.

History
A post office called Edgehill was established in 1902, and closed in 1903. The Georgia General Assembly incorporated the place on January 1, 1939. The name "Edge Hill" is descriptive of the town site.

Geography
Edge Hill is located at 33.15306°N, -82.62667°W (33.153078, -82.626635).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.2 sqmi, all land, tying it with Santa Claus for being the smallest city in Georgia by land size.

Demographics
At the 2000 census there were 30 people, 11 households, and 9 families living in the city. The population density was 161.7 PD/sqmi. There were 16 housing units at an average density of 86.2 /mi2. The racial makeup of the city was 96.67% White, and 3.33% from two or more races. Of the 11 households 45.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 90.9% were married couples living together, and 9.1% were non-families. 9.1% of households were one person and none had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.73 and the average family size was 2.90.

The age distribution was 26.7% under the age of 18, 3.3% from 18 to 24, 23.3% from 25 to 44, 23.3% from 45 to 64, and 23.3% 65 or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 114.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.3 males.

The median household income was $58,125 and the median family income was $59,375. Males had a median income of $29,375 versus $26,250 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,409. There were 18.2% of families and 9.3% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 50.0% of those over 64. According to the 2010 Census, the population of the city was 24, all of which were White. None were Hispanic and Latino (of any race)

title: Edge Hill, Georgia


text:
Gibson, Georgia

Gibson is a city in Glascock County, Georgia, United States. The population was 663 at the 2010 census, and 630 in 2020. The city is the county seat of Glascock County and home to the Glascock County Courthouse, a National Register of Historic Places listed site.

Gibson's name was derived from Judge William Gibson, a former Confederate colonel and commanding officer of the 48th Georgia, who donated $500 for Glascock County's first public building, the courthouse.

History
Gibson was founded in 1858 as the seat of the newly formed Glascock County. It was incorporated as a town in 1913 and as a city in 1943.

Geography
Gibson is located slightly northeast of the center of Glascock County at 33.23278°N, -82.59528°W (33.232737, -82.595301). Georgia State Routes 102 and 171 cross in the center of town. GA 102 leads west 6 mi to Mitchell and east 10 mi to Stapleton, while GA 171 leads north 13 mi to Warrenton and south 24 mi to Louisville. Augusta, 44 mi to the northeast, is the closest large city.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Gibson has a total area of 2.7 km2, of which 0.04 km2, or 1.41%, is water. Rocky Comfort Creek, a southeast-flowing tributary of the Ogeechee River, passes through the northern part of Gibson.

Demographics
As of the 2020 census, its population was 630.

Glascock County School District
The Glascock County School District holds pre-school to grade twelve, in a consolidated school under one roof. The district has 42 full-time teachers and over 568 students.

Notable people

 * T. J. M. Kelley, Physician and politician

title: Gibson, Georgia


text:
Mitchell, Georgia

Mitchell is a town in Glascock County, Georgia, United States. The population was 199 at the 2010 census, and 153 in 2020. Mitchell is home to the Mitchell Depot Historical Museum.

History
Mitchell had its start in the 1880s, when the railroad was extended to that point. The community was named after R. M. Mitchell, a railroad official.

The Georgia General Assembly incorporated Mitchell as a town in 1896.

Geography
Mitchell is located in western Glascock County at the intersection of State Routes 102 and 123. SR 102 leads east 6 mi to Gibson, the Glascock County seat, and southwest 19 mi to Sandersville, while SR 123 leads northwest 18 mi to Sparta.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town of Mitchell has a total area of 3.8 km2, of which 0.02 sqkm, or 0.42%, is water. It is located 2 mi east of the Ogeechee River.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 173 people, 72 households, and 51 families residing in the town. The population density was 119.2 PD/sqmi. There were 77 housing units at an average density of 53.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 83.82% White and 16.18% African American. By 2020, its population declined to 153.

title: Mitchell, Georgia