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Aryan Brotherhood

The Aryan Brotherhood (AB or The Brand) is a neo-Nazi prison gang and an organized crime syndicate that is based in the United States and has an estimated 15,000–20,000 members both inside and outside prisons. The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) has characterized it as "the nation's oldest major white supremacist prison gang and a national crime syndicate" while the Anti-Defamation League calls it the "oldest and most notorious racist prison gang in the United States". According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the Aryan Brotherhood makes up an extremely low percentage of the entire US prison population, but it is responsible for a disproportionately large number of prison murders.

The gang has focused on the economic activities which organized crime entities typically engage in, particularly drug trafficking, extortion, inmate prostitution, and murder-for-hire. The organization of its whites-only membership varies from prison to prison but it is generally hierarchical, headed by a twelve-man council which is topped by a three-man commission. The Aryan Brotherhood uses various terms, symbols, and images in order to identify itself, including shamrocks, swastikas, and other symbols. In order to join the Aryan Brotherhood, new members may swear a blood oath or take a pledge; acceptance into the Aryan Brotherhood is aided by a prospect's willingness to kill another inmate.

History
Most prisons in the United States were racially segregated until the 1960s. As prisons began to desegregate, many inmates organized themselves into gangs along racial lines. The Aryan Brotherhood is believed to have been formed at San Quentin State Prison, but it may have been inspired by the Bluebird Gang. They decided to strike against the African-Americans who were forming their own militant group called the Black Guerrilla Family. In the early 1970s, the Aryan Brotherhood had a connection with Charles Manson and the Manson Family. Several members of the Manson Family were in prison at the time, and they attempted to join forces. However, the relationship did not last long as the Aryan Brotherhood took offense at the murder of pregnant actress Sharon Tate.

The Aryan Brotherhood grew quickly in the California prison system and eventually started a race war in 1975 with the other prison gangs such as La Nuestra Familia, and Black Guerilla Family. As a result of the race war, California prison officials segregated the gangs to different prisons in California. When the Aryan Brotherhood was isolated in the Chino prison, they were able to continue to grow and develop their leadership hierarchy.

In 1981, Thomas Silverstein and Clayton Fountain were charged with the murder of a black inmate named Robert Chappelle in the United States Penitentiary, Marion, control unit. It was believed that Silverstein and Fountain strangled Chappelle in his cell. Silverstein and Fountain later killed Raymond Smith, a friend of Robert Chappelle. The two men stabbed Smith 67 times. Silverstein then started to plan killing a correctional officer. On October 22, 1983, gang members from the Aryan Brotherhood killed two correction officers at Marion. Silverstein killed an officer named Merle Clutts, stabbing him approximately 40 times. Several hours later, Fountain also killed an officer named Robert Hoffman. The tactics used were developed for a prior inmate murder; Silverstein used an improvised knife and handcuff key while being taken to the showers. He picked the lock, then attacked and killed Merle Clutts. Fountain used similar tactics to kill Robert Hoffman.

By the 1990s, the Aryan Brotherhood had shifted its focus away from killing for strictly racial reasons and focused on organized crime such as drug trafficking, prostitution, and sanctioned murders. They took on organized crime-level power inside much of the United States' prison system, where they eventually accumulated greater power and influence than the American Mafia. This situation was personified when, after being assaulted by an African-American inmate while incarcerated in Marion Federal Penitentiary in 1996, Gambino crime family boss John Gotti allegedly asked the Aryan Brotherhood to murder his attacker. Gotti's attacker was immediately transferred to protective custody and the planned retaliation was abandoned.

In April 1993, members of the Aryan Brotherhood along with members of the Black Muslims and other gangs in the Southern Ohio Correctional Facility initiated the Lucasville Prison Riot in Lucasville. The rioters took several officers hostage and killed nine inmates, then killed an officer. Their complaints included alleged abusive treatment and overcrowding, with Black Muslims also demanding an end to mandatory tuberculosis testing, which they said violated their faith.

Investigations and prosecutions
In late 2002, 29 leaders of the gang were simultaneously rounded up from prisons all over the country and brought to trial under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act. The intention was to bring death sentences for at least 21 of them, in a manner similar to tactics used against organized crime. The case produced 30 convictions but none of the most powerful leaders received a death sentence. Sentencing occurred in March 2006 for three of the most powerful leaders of the gang, including Barry Mills and Tyler Bingham, who were indicted for numerous crimes, including murder, conspiracy, drug trafficking, and racketeering and for ordering killings and beatings from their cells. Bingham and Mills were convicted of murder and sent back to United States Penitentiary Administrative Maximum Facility Prison (ADX) in Florence, Colorado, escaping the death penalty. Bingham is serving a life sentence without parole. Mills, also sentenced to life without parole, died in ADX in 2018.

Prosecuting the gang has been difficult, because many members are already serving life sentences with no possibility of parole, so prosecutors were seeking the death penalty for 21 of those indicted but have dropped the death penalty on all but five defendants. By September 2006, the 19 indictees not eligible for the death penalty had pleaded guilty. The first of a series of trials involving four high level members ended in convictions in July 2006.

On June 23, 2005, after a 20-month investigation, a federal strike force raided six houses in northeastern Ohio which belonged to members of the "Order of the Blood", a criminal organization which is controlled by the Aryan Brotherhood. 34 Aryan Brotherhood members or associates were arrested and warrants were issued for the arrests of ten more.

In November 2020, more than sixty individuals that were associated with the Aryan Brotherhood were arrested in a multi-agency operation that took place in California, Montana, and Nevada. Investigators saw evidence that Aryan Brotherhood members were operating outside of prisons and noticed connections between the gang and violent crimes, firearms trafficking, and drug trafficking. The government saw these offenses occurring on the West Coast, however, connections to the gang were made across the country, reaching as far as Alabama, all tied to the Aryan Brotherhood, eventually leading to the seizure of 80 pounds of methamphetamine, 5 pounds of heroin, and more than 25 firearms.

In June 2019, 16 members and associates of the Aryan Brotherhood were charged with numerous federal offenses following a multiyear investigation inside and outside of California’s prisons. Members and associates of the gang were charged with racketeering, murder, attempted murder and drug trafficking crimes. In April 2024, a federal jury found California State Prison Sacramento inmate Ronald "Renegade" Yandell, 61, guilty of murder in aid of racketeering; conspiracy to conduct the affairs of an enterprise through a pattern of racketeering activity; five counts of conspiracy to commit murder in aid of racketeering; two counts of conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute methamphetamine and heroin; five counts of distribution of heroin; and one count of distribution of methamphetamine. The same jury found inmate Danny Troxell, 71, guilty of conspiracy to conduct the affairs of an enterprise through a pattern of racketeering activity and conspiracy to commit murder in aid of racketeering. The jury found inmate Billy Sylvester, 55, guilty of murder in aid of racketeering; conspiracy to conduct the affairs of an enterprise through a pattern of racketeering activity; conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute methamphetamine and heroin; and distribution of methamphetamine. The three are already serving life sentences and await punishment for the most recent verdicts.

Ideology and motivation
The initial motivation for the formation of the group in San Quentin in 1964 was self-protection against an existing black prison gang. The SPLC has said that, although they clearly have a white supremacist ideology, the major motivation is money, and they have occasionally set aside racist views, such as by allying themselves with Latin American gangs, in order to make a profit.

The SPLC, which monitors hate groups and other extremists throughout the United States, has designated the Aryan Brotherhood as "...the nation's oldest major white supremacist prison gang and a national crime syndicate", and the "...largest and deadliest prison gang in the United States".

Daryl Johnson, leader of the Domestic Terrorist Analysis Team whose job it is to monitor the activity of right-wing militias and other domestic terrorist groups, said that white supremacist organizations in prisons are a "...radicalization threat", committing acts of violence inside prison, and then in the larger communities after release. Johnson named the Aryan Brotherhood, Aryan Brotherhood of Texas, and the Aryan Circle as examples of white supremacist prison-based gangs which are radicalization threats.

In an investigation in California prisons which ended in 1989, the FBI characterized the Brotherhood as a "...violent, white supremacist group", and a 2008 DHS intelligence conference in Newport, Rhode Island divided violent domestic extremism into three types, and concluded that white supremacist groups like Aryan Brotherhood remained a threat and a cause for concern.

Operations and membership
Estimates of Aryan Brotherhood membership vary from 15,000 to 20,000 members in and out of prison.

The Aryan Brotherhood has members inside federal and state prisons, and outside on the streets. All members are white, and are either in prison or have been in prison. Joining is difficult. New members are on probation for a year, must swear a blood oath for life, and must commit a violent act to join the Brotherhood, such as killing a rival inmate, assaulting an officer or murdering an African American or Hispanic prisoner. Members are inculcated with various reading materials smuggled into prisons published by Aryan Nations, Militia of Montana, and other groups, as well as Mein Kampf, The Art of War, and Machiavelli's The Prince. Early members liked the Western novels of Louis L'Amour, source of the organization's self-proclaimed "the Brand" moniker. Therefore, they perpetuated an admiration for the outlaw gunslingers of the American West. Members also have a fondness for medieval Vikings and the pirates of the Golden Age.

Criminal activities inside prison walls include male prostitution, gambling, extortion, and drug trafficking, primarily involving methamphetamine. Outside prison, the AB engages in every kind of criminal enterprise, "...including murder-for-hire, armed robbery, gun running, methamphetamine manufacturing, heroin sales, counterfeiting, and identity theft", according to the SPLC.

Organization
After its formation in California prisons in the mid-1960s, the Aryan Brotherhood had spread to most California prisons by 1975. After some of its leaders were sent to federal prisons, they took the opportunity to start organizing inside the federal prison system. This ended with the creation of two separate, but related organizations, the California Aryan Brotherhood, and the federal prison Aryan Brotherhood. As a former top leader said, "They're like two related but different crime families. They each have their [ruling] commission… but they're allies." By the late 1970s, these gangs had fewer than 100 members, but their membership grew rapidly as they absorbed other racist and skinhead groups, and today these gangs are estimated to have over 20,000 members in both the federal and state prison systems.

In its early days, the group had a one-man, one-vote system, but this broke down as a result of the group's rapid expansion, and it was replaced by the establishment of a hierarchical structure, headed by a 12-man council, and overseen by a three-member commission. The federal and state systems each had their own council and commission. Organization varies somewhat, from prison to prison. For example, in the Arizona prison system, members are known as "kindred" and organize into "families". A "council" controls the families. Kindred may recruit other members, known as "progeny", and serve as a mentor for the new recruits.

A sort of internal banking or accounting system was instituted, which allowed them to "tax" criminal activity on the streets, and collect 20% on the proceeds, money which is then laundered and controlled by the commission.

Affiliations, alliances and rivalries
The Aryan Brotherhood is affiliated with a network of smaller peckerwood gangs, such as the Nazi Lowriders and Public Enemy No. 1, and the national hate-based organization Aryan Nations. The group also has an alliance with the Mexican Mafia (La Eme), as the two are mutual enemies of Black Guerrilla Family. Other rival gangs include the Black P. Stones, Bloods, Crips, D.C. Blacks, and Nuestra Familia.

The Brotherhood has associated in criminal ventures with the Hells Angels. The gangs were also involved in a power struggle in the East Bay, which led to the killing of Hells Angels vice-president Michael O'Farrell on June 6, 1989.

In 1992, the gang established ties with American Mafia crime, via boss John Gotti, who was sentenced to prison and contacted the Aryan Brotherhood for protection while he was in prison. Gotti also organized a business partnership which operated on the outside between his group and the Brotherhood and as a result of this business partnership, the group's power greatly expanded on the streets.

The Aryan Brotherhood's communication and control has become so tight and efficient that they have been able to organize and direct major criminal enterprises on the outside, even from solitary confinement, much to the frustration of federal and state authorities.

Symbology and identification
The Aryan Brotherhood uses various symbols and images to identify members, and the organization, and spoken or written mottos and oaths to secure them.

Tattoos and other marks
New members were branded with a tattoo, following the procedure in a prison novel popular among inmates. The image was either a green shamrock (also called, "the rock"), the letters AB, or the number 666. "The brand" meant the inmate belonged to Aryan Brotherhood.

Like most prison gangs, Aryan Brotherhood members mark themselves with distinctive tattoos. Designs commonly include the words "Aryan Brotherhood", "AB", "666", Nazi symbolism such as SS, sig runes, and swastikas, as well as shamrocks and Celtic iconography.

Mottos and pledges
Other means of identification of group membership were the "blood in, blood out" motto symbolizing life-long membership with no exit other than death, and "the pledge", an eight-line oath that each new member had to swear.

Categorization and analysis
According to the FBI, as of 1992, the gang made up less than 1.0% of the prison population but was responsible for between 18–25% of murders in the federal prison system.

The United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) released the Domestic Extremism Lexicon report in 2009 that defines different classifications of extremists. On the last entry of the 11-page report, it broke down the "white supremacist movement" into six categories: Neo-nazi, Ku Klux Klan, Christian Identity, racist skinhead, Nordic mysticism, and Aryan prison gangs.

An analysis by Slate describes the Aryan prison gang classification as "...further outside the white supremacy mainstream", and describes them as largely independent of other white supremacist groups, although the lines blurred as time went on. The report also refers to them as "more flexible" than other white supremacist groups since "...their criminal goals usually take precedence over ideology."

Additional notable members

 * David "David SS" Chalue – One of the three men charged with the kidnapping and slaying of David Glasser, Edward Frampton and Robert Chadwell in 2011.
 * David Frank Jennings – Murderer of Jewish Defense League coordinator Earl Krugel while the two were imprisoned at Federal Correctional Institution, Phoenix.
 * David Clay Lind – Affiliate of the infamous Wonderland Gang of drug dealers that received media attention following the Wonderland murders.
 * Paul "Cornfed" Schneider – The owner of the two Presa Canario dogs who attacked and killed Diane Whipple in 2001. Schneider, along with his roommate and fellow Aryan Brotherhood member Dale Bretches, had the intent of starting an illegal Presa Canario dog-fighting ring from prison.

In popular culture
TV documentaries

 * America's Deadliest Prison Gang
 * Aryan Brotherhood (National Geographic)
 * Gangland: "Aryan Brotherhood" (History Channel)
 * Marked (History Channel, August 27, 2009)
 * Outlaw Empires (1 episode, 2012)
 * Ross Kemp on Gangs (2004–2008)

Films

 * American History X (1998)
 * American Me (1992)
 * Animal Factory (2000)
 * An Innocent Man (1989)
 * Bad Boys: Ride or Die (2024)
 * Bad Country (2014)
 * Big Stan (2007)
 * Blood In Blood Out (1993)
 * The Butterfly Effect (2004)
 * Dead Man Walking (1995)
 * The Death and Life of Bobby Z (2007)
 * Death Race (2008)
 * El Camino: A Breaking Bad Movie (2019)
 * The Experiment (2010)
 * Felon (2008)
 * Fire with Fire (2012)
 * Honour (2014)
 * Higher Learning (1995)
 * Inherent Vice (2014)
 * Lockdown (2000)
 * Miami Vice (2006)
 * Once Fallen (2010)
 * Ricochet (1991)
 * Shot Caller (2017)
 * Snitch (2013)
 * Supremacy (2014)
 * South Central (1992)
 * Top Dog (1995)

TV series

 * Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 4, episode 1: "The Ghost") (2016)
 * American Gangs (2009)
 * Animal Kingdom (TV series) (Season 6: 2022)
 * Banshee (seasons 2 and later; 2014)
 * Bad Blood (Season 1: 2017)
 * Breaking Bad (Season 5: 2012–2013)
 * Dexter (Season 3: 2008)
 * Explorer (2010)
 * Gangland Undercover (2015)
 * Law & Order (2004)
 * Monk (season 2, episode 16: "Mr. Monk Goes To Jail") (2004)
 * Oz (1997–2003)
 * The Punisher (2017-2019)
 * Person of interest (season 2, episode 1: "The Contingency") (2012)
 * Police Story (season 5, episode 5: "The Broken Badge") (1978)
 * Prison Break (2005–2009)
 * Raines (2007)
 * Ray Donovan (season 3: 2015)
 * Sons of Anarchy (2008, 2014)
 * Truth Be Told (2019)
 *  Mayor of Kingstown  (2021)

Other
 * Hard Time (comic book; 2004–06)

title: Aryan Brotherhood


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Nitrate vulnerable zone

A nitrate vulnerable zone is a conservation designation of the Environment Agency for areas of land that drain into nitrate polluted waters, or waterways that could become polluted by nitrates due to environmental and health threats. A nitrate vulnerable zone can be designated as a response to an increase in nitrate leaching or increased use of nitrate fertilizers.

Sources of nitrate pollution
One of the primary causes of nitrate pollution is the use of nitrogen fertilizers and application of manure to agricultural fields, which stimulates crop production but also contributes to nutrient pollution due to nitrate leaches from soil during heavy precipitation events.

Environmental impacts
Nitrate runoff can lead to eutrophication of waterways, leading to excessive algal growth and oxygen depletion.

Health effects
High levels of nitrate in drinking water used to prepare infant formula can negatively affect infant health. With continued use of contaminated water, infants can develop Blue Baby Syndrome, which can be fatal.

Regulations
Nitrate vulnerable zones are designated when the concentration of nitrate in a given area reaches or surpasses 50 NO3− mg/L. Regulations include:

 * Reducing the amount of fertilizer applied;
 * Prohibiting application of fertilizer during the winter when runoff is greatest and uptake by plants at a minimum;
 * Changing the times when animal waste is applied to the land and holding the waste in tanks until application.

The restrictions are within Good Agricultural Practice guidelines, meaning that farmers are expected to adhere to the given regulations without receiving any subsidies. Farmers who do not adhere to these restrictions can be fined by the government.

Locations
Nitrate vulnerable zones were introduced by the United Kingdom government in response to the European Union mandate that all countries in the EU must reduce the nitrate in drinking water to a maximum of 50 NO3− mg/L to protect public health and environmental health.

United Kingdom
The United Kingdom identifies nitrate vulnerable zones as discrete zones in specific agricultural regions. There are at least 70 nitrate vulnerable zones in England and several in Wales, covering 600,000 hectares of surface water and ground water.

Wales
The Welsh Government introduced an all Wales NVZ in 2021, previously, 2.4% of Wales' land was designated as a NVZ. Environmental and fishing groups welcomed the new rules. It will be rolled out, pending a review by the Senedd, over the next three years. The review came after major political backlash from opposition parties and farmers.

Northern Europe
Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, and Denmark have established their entire nations as nitrate vulnerable zones. These countries take a broader approach to designating nation-wide nitrate vulnerable zones because of the quality of the groundwater as well as marine eutrophication.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Nitrate vulnerable zone


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Mount Kinabalu

Mount Kinabalu (Dusun: Gayo Ngaran or Nulu Nabalu, Gunung Kinabalu) is the highest mountain in Borneo and Malaysia. With an elevation of 13,435 ft, it is the third-highest peak of an island on Earth, the 28th highest peak in Southeast Asia, and 20th most prominent mountain in the world. The mountain is located in Ranau district, West Coast Division of Sabah, Malaysia. It is protected as Kinabalu Park, a World Heritage Site.

In 1997, a re-survey using satellite technology established its summit (known as Low's Peak) height at 4095 m above sea level, which is some 6 m less than the previously thought and hitherto published figure of 4101 m.

The mountain and its surroundings are among the most important biological sites in the world, with between 5,000 and 6,000 species of plants, 326 species of birds, and more than 100 mammalian species identified. Among this rich collection of wildlife are famous species such as the gigantic Rafflesia plants and orangutans. Mount Kinabalu has been accorded UNESCO World Heritage status.

Low's Peak can be climbed by a person in good physical condition and there is no need for mountaineering equipment at any point on the main route, but climbers must be accompanied by accredited guides at all times due to national park regulations and may experience altitude sickness.

Geology
Mount Kinabalu is essentially a massive pluton formed from granodiorite which is intrusive into sedimentary and ultrabasic rocks, and forms the central part, or core, of the Kinabalu massif. The granodiorite is intrusive into strongly folded strata, probably of Eocene to Miocene age, and associated ultrabasic and basic igneous rocks. It was pushed up from the Earth's crust as molten rock millions of years ago. In geological terms, it is a very young mountain as the granodiorite cooled and hardened only about 10 million years ago.

The present landform is considered to be a mid-Pliocene peneplain, arched and deeply dissected, through which the Kinabalu granodiorite body has risen in isostatic adjustment. It is still pushing up at the rate of 5 mm per annum. During the Pleistocene Epoch of about 100,000 years ago, the massive mountain was covered by huge sheets of ice and glaciers which flowed down its slopes, scouring its surface in the process and creating the 1800. m deep Low's Gully (named after Hugh Low) on its north side. Its granitic composition and the glacial formative processes are readily apparent when viewing its craggy rocky peaks.

IUGS geological heritage site
In respect of it being 'one of the youngest granitic intrusions exposed on Earth and the site of spectacular tropical glacial landscapes', the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) included the 'Mount Kinabalu Neogene granite' in its assemblage of 100 'geological heritage sites' around the world in a listing published in October 2022. The organisation defines an IUGS Geological Heritage Site as 'a key place with geological elements and/or processes of international scientific relevance, used as a reference, and/or with a substantial contribution to the development of geological sciences through history.'

Climate
The climate of the mountain varies from humid tropical at its base to alpine at its summit. The temperature at the summit of Mount Kinabalu usually stands from −4 to 8 °C from December to January, and 3 to 12 °C from June to September. Due to the coldness of the mountain from December to January, there are a few occasions where frost and ice appear at the summit of Mount Kinabalu. Snow has been recorded three times in this area; in 1975, 1993 and 2022.

Biology
Mount Kinabalu along with other upland areas of the Crocker Mountains is known worldwide for its biodiversity with plants of Himalayan, Australasian, and Indomalayan origin. A recent botanical survey of the mountain estimated a staggering 5,000 to 6,000 plant species (excluding mosses and liverworts but including ferns). It is therefore one of the world's most important biological sites. A reason for its rich diversity and endemisms is that its great height could have provided refuge to cold-adapted species during interglacials.

In 2015, a major Malaysian-Dutch study showed that the unique flora, fauna, and fungi on the mountain summit are younger than the mountain itself, and have evolved from both local and distant montane ancestors.

Flora
The flora of the mountain varies with elevation and geology. Lowland forest extends up to about 1500 metres elevation, and consists of two main types, based on the dominant tree species – mixed dipterocarp forest and mixed Casuarina forest. Lowland forests generally have a closed canopy 40 meters tall, along with an understory stratum of lower trees, and an emergent stratum of taller trees which extend above the canopy.

Montane rain forest, also known as cloud forest, extends from approximately 1400 metres elevation up to 2900 metres. Montane forest typically has a closed canopy with single stratum, and the canopy height generally decreases with elevation. Typical trees include species of the plant families Fagaceae and Lauraceae, with conifers increasingly abundant at higher elevations. The lower montane forests have a high diversity of orchid and fern species. Carnivorous plants, including species of Nepenthes, Drosera, and Utricularia, are most diverse between 2200 and 2550 meters elevation, in areas with high rainfall and a stunted, open tree canopy. The montane forests are interspersed with areas of graminoid scrub, generally associated with hypermagnesic cambisol soils.

Sub-alpine scrub extends from 2600 to 3200 m. It includes short trees and shrubs such the conifer Dacrydium gibbsiae, Leptospermum recurvum, and species from the plant families Myrtaceae and Ericaceae, along with dwarf shrubs, mosses, lichens, liverworts, and ferns. Orchids are abundant and diverse in subalpine and alpine plant communities, except for at the highest summits. Above 3,500 meters conditions are too extreme for trees, and above 3,700 meters persistent ground frost limits plants to the hardiest grasses, sedges and dwarf shrubs, including Leptospermum recurvatum and Rhododendron ericoides, which grow in crevices and other sheltered areas on the rocky summits.

The plants of Mount Kinabalu have high levels of biodiversity and endemism (i.e. species which are found only within Kinabalu Park and are not found anywhere else in the world). Orchids are the best-known example, with 866 species in 134 genera, including species of Bulbophyllum, Dendrobium, Coelogyne, Liparis, and Calanthe, and some of the highly valued Paphiopedilum slipper orchids. There are also over 600 species of ferns (more than the whole of Africa's 500 species) of which 50 are found nowhere else. Mount Kinabalu has the richest collection in the world of Nepenthes pitcher plants (five of the thirteen are found nowhere else on earth), some of which reach spectacular proportions (the largest-pitchered in the world being the endemic Nepenthes rajah). The parasitic Rafflesia plant, which has the largest single flower in the world, is also found in Kinabalu (particularly Rafflesia keithii whose flower grows to 94 cm in diameter), though blooms of the flower are rare and difficult to find. Meanwhile, another Rafflesia species, Rafflesia tengku-adlinii, can be found on the neighbouring Mount Trus Madi and the nearby Maliau Basin.

Mount Kinabalu's above-average biodiversity in plant life is due to a combination of several unique factors: its setting in one of the richest plant regions of the world (the tropical biogeographical region known as western Malesia which comprises the island of Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, and the island of Borneo), the fact that the mountain covers a wide climatic range from near sea level to freezing ground conditions near the summit, the jagged terrain and diversity of rocks and soils, the high levels of rainfall (averaging about 2700 mm a year at park HQ), and the climatic instability caused by periods of glaciation and catastrophic droughts which result in evolution and speciation. This diversity is greatest in the lowland regions (consisting of lowland dipterocarp forests, so called because the tree family Dipterocarpaceae are dominant). However, most of Kinabalu's endemic species are found in the mountain forests, particularly on ultramafic soils.

The ultramafic rocks which make up parts of the mountain create soils rich in certain metallic elements (nickel, cobalt, chromium, and manganese), high cation imbalances (high Mg:Ca molar quotients), and deficiencies of some nutrients including potassium and phosphorus. These soil conditions affect the plant life, and plant communities on ultramafic soils show lower stature and lower biomass, higher levels of endemism, and a distinct species composition compared to plant communities at similar elevations elsewhere on the mountain.

Fauna
The variety of plant life is also habitat for a great variety of birds and mammals. There are some 326 species of birds in Kinabalu Park, including the spectacular rhinoceros hornbill, mountain serpent-eagle, Dulit frogmouth, eyebrowed jungle flycatcher, and bare-headed laughingthrush. Twenty-four birds are mainly found on the mountain. The mountain is home to some 100 mammalian species mostly living high in the trees, including one of the great apes, the Bornean orangutan (though sightings of these are uncommon; estimates of its numbers in the park range from 25 to 120). Other mammals include three kinds of deer, the Malayan weasel (Mustela nudipes), Oriental small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinerea), and leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis). Endemic mammals include the black shrew (Suncus ater). However, others of its endemics, such as the Bornean ferret-badger (Melogale everetti) and Rattus baluensis, have also recently been recorded in the nearby Mount Tambuyukon.

Endemic annelids number less than a dozen known species but include the Kinabalu giant red leech that preys on various earthworms, including the Kinabalu giant earthworm. In the summit zone, at least 26 endemic species of land snail exist. In 2012, a major scientific expedition, jointly organised by the Malaysian Sabah Parks and the Dutch Naturalis Biodiversity Center, performed DNA analysis of several dozen endemic flora, fauna, and fungi, to understand the evolutionary origin of the unique biodiversity of Kinabalu.

Threats and preservation
The steep mountainsides with poor soil are not suitable for farming or for the timber industry so the habitats and animal life of Kinabalu remain largely intact, with about a third of the original habitat now degraded. Kinabalu Park was established in 1964 and the nearby mountains were protected as the Crocker Range National Park in 1984. However even national park status does not guarantee full protection, as logging permits were granted on Trus Madi in 1984. Climate Change is likely to reduce the suitable habitat for cold-adapted species from the montane habitats.

History
British colonial administrator Hugh Low made the first recorded ascent of Mount Kinabalu's summit plateau in March 1851 with local Dusun guide Lemaing of Kampung Kiau. Low did not scale the mountain's highest peak, however, considering it "inaccessible to any but winged animals". In April and July 1858, Low was accompanied on two further ascents by Spenser St. John, the British Consul in Brunei. The highest point of Mount Kinabalu was finally reached in 1888 by zoologist John Whitehead. British botanist Lilian Gibbs became the first woman and the first botanist to summit Mount Kinabalu in February 1910.

Botanist E. J. H. Corner led two important expeditions of the Royal Society of Great Britain to the mountain in 1961 and 1964. Kinabalu National Park was established in 1964. The park was designated a natural World Heritage Site in 2000.

2015 earthquake
On 5 June 2015 at 07:15 MST, the area around Mount Kinabalu was damaged by an earthquake. Eighteen people, including hikers and mountain guides, were killed by the earthquake and a massive landslide that followed it. Ranau and many parts of Sabah West Coast were affected and Donkey Ear's Peak was heavily damaged.

Six days before the earthquake, a group of ten western tourists (comprising six men and four women from Canada, Germany, Netherlands and the United Kingdom) had stripped naked and urinated while on the mountain's summit. Local people were deeply offended, and many who considered Kinabalu to be a sacred place believed that the act had angered the mountain spirits. Four of the group were convicted on charges of public indecency, and sentenced to three days in jail and a fine of 5,000 ringgit.

Following the incident, some of the tourists and their families expressed their apologies to all involved parties, and the government of the United Kingdom began to review its travel advice for Malaysia.

Climbing the mountain
Climbers must be accompanied by accredited guides at all times due to national park regulations. There are two main starting points for the climb: the Timpohon Gate (located 5.5 km from Kinabalu Park Headquarters, at an altitude of 1866 m), and the Mesilau Nature Resort. The latter starting point is slightly higher in elevation, but crosses a ridge, adding about two kilometres to the ascent and making the total elevation gain slightly higher. The Mesilau Trail is no longer accessible due to the earthquake in 2015. The two trails meet about 2 km before Laban Rata.

Sabah Parks grants a summit-climbing permit only to climbers who stay at mountain huts. Due to the limited number of beds at the mountain huts, only 130 people are allowed to climb Mount Kinabalu per day.

Accommodation is available inside the park or outside near the headquarters. Sabah Parks has privatised Mount Kinabalu activities to an organisation called Sutera Sanctuary Lodges. The mountain may be climbed on a single day trip, or hikers may (usually) stay one night at Laban Rata Resthouse at 3270 m to complete the climb in 2 days, finishing the ascent and descending on the second day. The majority of climbers begin the ascent on day one of a two-day hike from Timpohon gate at 1866 m, reaching this location either by minibus or by walking, and then walk to Laban Rata. Most people accomplish this part of the climb in 3 to 6 hours. Since there are no roads, the supplies for the Laban Rata Resthouse are carried by porters, who sometimes bring more than 35 kg of supplies on their backs. Hot food and beverages are available at Laban Rata. Most rooms have no hot water in the bathrooms and whilst the dining area is heated, most rooms are not. The last 2 km, from the Laban Rata Resthouse at 3270 m to Low's Peak (summit) at 4095.2 m, takes between 2 and 4 hours. The last part of the climb is on bare granite rock.

Given the high altitude, some people may suffer from altitude sickness although staying overnight at the lodges before the climb and climbing at a lower rate of ascent may reduce the likelihood of this happening.

Low's Gully
Low's Gully (named after Hugh Low who first looked down into it in 1851) is a 1800. m deep gorge carved out by glaciation on the north side of Mount Kinabalu, which is exceptionally inhospitable due to its depth and high rainfall. In March 1994 two British Army officers were severely criticised after leading a party of 7 British and 3 Hong Kong soldiers in an attempt to abseil and climb down into the gully that required extensive rescue efforts from both the RAF and the Malaysian army. The party were not equipped with radios and the 2 officers and 3 Hong Kong soldiers were trapped for 16 days and did not eat for five days before being rescued when stretchers were lowered by helicopter. The breakaway party of five completed the first descent of the gully in three days. A book about the 31-day fight for survival entitled Descent into Chaos was published in 1996 and a film drama The Place of the Dead was released in 1997. The first successful complete descent of Low's Gully was achieved by a 27 strong joint Malaysian-British team led by mountaineer and former British Army officer Pat Gunson in 1998.

Naming myths

Several narratives exist that explain the primary beliefs surrounding the mountain's name.

The most plausible origin of the word "Kinabalu" is believed to be derived from the Dusun phrase 'Aki Nabalu,' signifying "the revered place of the dead". Another possible interpretation attributes the name to the Dusun expression "tina balu," which translates to "a widow mother," suggesting that tina balu may represent the spirit of the mountain itself. Alternatively, some propose that "Kinabalu" results from the combination of two Dusun words, "ki" (have/has) and "nabalu" (mountain), forming "ki-nabalu" or "have mountain." It is a common practice among the Dusun people to name places based on their distinctive features or characteristics, exemplified by the place called "kiwaig," meaning "having water.

A popular story told to Western and Chinese tourists states that the name "Kinabalu" actually means "Cina Balu" (meaning "A Chinese Widow"). Due to the lingual influence among the Kadazan Dusun of Sabah, the pronunciation for the word "cina" (chee-na) was changed to "Kina" (kee-na). An earlier book by Spenser St. John published in 1863 mentioned the Kina Balu (Chinese widow) as a reference to the mountain. This story lacks coherence due to the likelihood that the Dusun people, who have lived in the area for approximately 6000 years, would not have been aware of the term "Cina" (Chinese in Malay) and thus could not have adapted it to "Kina" to refer to Chinese people or China. The Chinese language itself employs distinct words to represent Chinese individuals or the country of China, making the proposed adaptation very unlikely.

title: Mount Kinabalu


text:
Talk:Aryan Nations

Am I missing something?
The first sentence describes AN as a terrorist organization and there is a note in the lead that a think-tank has called them a terrorist organization. I've read through the article a couple times but don't see any terrorist act committed solely by AN.I see that The Order had some ties to the group, but they were a separate organization. The RAND citation is a start but for the article to call the group terrorist there should be more RS's detailing their terrorist actions. 47.137.178.203 (talk) 02:34, 26 November 2020 (UTC)
 * In addition, practically this entire talk page consists of an argument between Wiki editors, one who claims to have been involved in and intimately knowledgeable about the group in question about who is the rightful successor to leadership of AN. For a "terrorist group" that is kind of embarrassing. Also, the two sources that claim that AN is a "terrorist threat" and a "nationwide terrorist network" are from at least 19 years ago. Since the founder is dead, no one can find evidence of them currently engaging in terrorism, and their seems to be a question over whether it even has a viable leadership, I suggest that AN be described in the lede as "once considered a terrorist organization." 47.137.178.203 (talk) 07:16, 26 November 2020 (UTC)

 * Per many reliable source, Butler built relationships between terrorist groups, such as the KKK and (other) neo-Nazi organizations. The group also (as one example) issued a call-to-arms in response to the 9/11 attack on "Jew York City", saying things like "We are preparing a strike here in Minnesota and other surrounding areas." Another Aryan Nations official said, before the towers had collapsed, "DEATH to His enemies, may the World Trade Center BURN TO THE GROUND!". Regardless of any specific action, these statements are consistent with terrorism.
 * Regardless, for these and other reasons, reliable sources describe this as a terrorist organization, and reliable sources are what matters. The article is, however, outdated, since it misleadingly implies that the group still exists in simple terms. Per the SPLC and ADL profiles, various factions may still exist, but saying that any one of these is the 'real' Aryan Nations is unsupported without solid reliable sources. Original research about this group is not helpful. Grayfell (talk) 00:51, 30 November 2020 (UTC)
 * We'll just have to find those RS's then. I will get to work. 47.137.184.131 (talk) 03:26, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

 * And, they might not exist. My training has taught me that history is a science. It would be so much easier if Wiki allowed for primary sources, but I get what the project is and won't be disappointed if the independent reliable sources don't turn up. 47.137.184.131 (talk) 03:42, 11 December 2020 (UTC)

Connection to Randy Weaver and Ruby Ridge.
I noticed this page does not mention the organization's ties, albeit small, to Randy Weaver. Weaver was first approached by an ATF agent at an Aryan Nations rally, and this eventually led to the standoff at Ruby Ridge. Butler even protested near the site. I feel this worth mentioning. 2601:CF:4500:ACF0:C88C:5FC2:7859:1BFF (talk) 02:23, 5 April 2023 (UTC)

 * I added content for Ruby Ridge and included a cite. Could someone who knows how to do such things add the page number of the book, please? It is pg. 42 47.137.179.4 (talk) 21:09, 6 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Looks like I used a tertiary source, so disregard. I will find a secondary source, or the IP user who made the request can, if connecting Weaver with AN is that important. 47.137.179.4 (talk) 22:06, 6 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Tertiary or not, it was flimsy and too vague. The last thing this article needs to more vague breadcrumbs for conspiracy theorists. Use reliable, independent sources to explain what this connection is and why it is encyclopedically significant. Do so without promoting these fringe ideologies. Grayfell (talk) 22:14, 6 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Like I said, I don't care. I was trying to be helpful to the other guy. As for the admonishment about promotion, I have no connection to AN, nor am I trying to promote them. I am editing an article without an agenda. Please assume good faith. Thank you. 47.137.179.4 (talk) 22:33, 6 April 2023 (UTC)

Official Website
Removed due to no source stating that the archived page was ever the orgs official prescence on the web - sorry, the "no" got left out of edit summary. 47.137.179.4 (talk) 22:01, 6 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Aryan Nations


text:
Kinabalu

Kinabalu may refer to:

 * Kota Kinabalu, the capital of the Malaysian state of Sabah
 * Kinabalu (federal constituency), an electoral constituency in Sabah, Malaysia, 1966–2004
 * Mount Kinabalu, the highest peak in Malaysia
 * Kinabalu National Park, the state park home to Mount Kinabalu

title: Kinabalu


text:
Conservation designation

A conservation designation is a name and/or acronym which explains the status of an area of land in terms of conservation or protection.

United Kingdom

 * Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB)
 * Environmentally sensitive area
 * Local nature reserve (LNR)
 * Marine nature reserve (MNR)
 * National nature reserve (NNR)
 * National scenic area (NSA)
 * Nitrate vulnerable zone (NVZ)
 * Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI)

For a comprehensive list, see Conservation in the United Kingdom

European Union

 * Special Area of Conservation
 * Special Protection Area

United States
Wildlands Project

Multi-national

 * Under the Berne Convention
 * Areas of Special Conservation Interest (ASCI)
 * Ramsar site

title: Conservation designation


text:
Casa Grande, Arizona

Casa Grande (O'odham: Wainom Wo:g) is a city in Pinal County, approximately halfway between Phoenix and Tucson in the U.S. state of Arizona. According to U.S. Census estimates, the population of the city is 55,653 as of 2020. It is named after the Casa Grande Ruins National Monument, which is actually located in Coolidge. "Casa Grande" is Spanish for "big house". Among resident English speakers, there is no consensus on how to pronounce the city's name.

History
Casa Grande was founded in 1879 during the Arizona mining boom, specifically due to the presence of the Southern Pacific Railroad. In January 1880, the community of Terminus, meaning "end-of-the-line," was established despite consisting of just five residents and three buildings. In September 1880, railroad executives renamed the settlement Casa Grande, after the Hohokam ruins at the nearby Casa Grande Ruins National Monument. Casa Grande grew slowly, and suffered several setbacks both in 1886 and 1893, when fires ravaged the town, destroying all wooden housing structures within it. When the mining boom slowed in the 1890s, the town was nearly abandoned, but with the advent of agriculture, the town remained alive and well, and was eventually incorporated in 1915.

One of the founding fathers of Casa Grande was Thompson Rodney Peart. Peart Road, Peart Park, and the Peart Center, all of which are notable fixtures of Casa Grande, are named after him.

Casa Grande was home to a collective farm society which was part of the Farm Security Administration.

From 1942 to 1945, a Japanese-American relocation camp was set up outside of Casa Grande, known as the Gila River War Relocation Center. Two notable people that were interned there were future actor Pat Morita and baseball player Kenichi Zenimura, who constructed a baseball field and set up a league in the relocation camp.

Casa Grande is home to Francisco Grande Hotel & Golf Resort, former spring training location for the San Francisco Giants. Then owner, Horace Stoneham, began developing the property in 1959. The first exhibition game was played in Casa Grande in 1961, with Willie Mays hitting a 375 ft home run. The San Francisco Giants no longer play at Francisco Grande, but the pool in a baseball bat and ball shape remains in memory of the past ballgames.

During the Cold War, Casa Grande was the location of the Casa Grande Photogrammetric Test Range. These targets consisted of concrete arrows located in and to the south of the city, which calibrated aerial cartographic cameras.

Casa Grande has also played a prominent role in semi-pro and collegiate baseball. The Casa Grande Cotton Kings, who were founded in 1948, qualified to play in the National Baseball Congress World Series ten straight times by winning Arizona state championships in the 1940s and 1950s, and were reactivated in the 2000s. They are now members of the Pacific Southwest Baseball League.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, Casa Grande has a total area of 112.01 sqmi, all land.

Climate
Casa Grande has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh), typical for the Sonoran Desert. The city experiences long, extremely hot summers and brief winters consisting of mild afternoons and chilly evenings. Along with the rest of southern Arizona, the community is prone to dust storms and in the summer months is affected by the North American Monsoon, which brings high winds and heavy rain.

Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 48,571 people, 22,400 households, and 6,547 families residing in the city. The population density was 523.7 PD/sqmi. There were 11,041 housing units at an average density of 229.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 49.9% non-Hispanic White, 4.27% Black or African American, 4.91% Native American, 1.17% Asian, 0.10% Pacific Islander, 21.09% from other races, and 3.56% from two or more races. 39.13% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 8,920 households, out of which 37.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.3% were married couples living together, 15.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.6% were non-families. 21.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.80 and the average family size was 3.24.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 30.9% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 26.4% from 25 to 44, 19.6% from 45 to 64, and 13.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.5 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $36,212, and the median income for a family was $40,827. Males had a median income of $34,858 versus $23,533 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,917. About 12.4% of families and 16.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.2% of those under age 18 and 12.3% of those age 65 or over.

Economy
The economy of Casa Grande was historically based on rural, agricultural industries, such as cotton and dairy farms. Over time, the city has become home to many Phoenix or Tucson urbanites who own homes in Casa Grande. Most residents either commute north to work in the Phoenix metropolitan area, or to the south, to work in Tucson. This trend has contributed to growth in the service industry of Casa Grande. Many new businesses such as restaurants, gas stations, and retail outlets are opening throughout the city in order to keep up with demand from the growing population.

A retail shopping mall operates in southern Casa Grande. Phase one of The Promenade at Casa Grande opened on November 16, 2007. Built by Westcor and the Pederson Group, it is similar to Desert Ridge Marketplace (an outdoor shopping center in northeast Phoenix). The Promenade at Casa Grande is an outdoor mall, built on a 100 acre patch of desert, and contains nearly a million square feet. An additional $11 million was spent by the city to fund the reconstruction of the Florence Blvd./I-10 freeway overpass.

Ehrmann Commonwealth Dairy operates a major dairy processing facility in the town that opened in 2013 and employs about 110 people.

Top Employers
According to Casa Grande's 2020 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:

Electric Cars
On November 29, 2016, officials from the state and the Lucid Motors car company announced a $700 million manufacturing plant would be constructed in Casa Grande that would employ up to 2,000 workers by 2022. The Lucid car manufacturing plant opened in November 2020.

News

 * Casa Grande Valley Newspapers Inc.

Fire Department
The Casa Grande Fire Department (CGFD), ISO Class 2, provides fire protection and emergency medical services to the City of Casa Grande. The Casa Grande Fire Department operates out of 4 Fire Stations and an Administrative Headquarters at the Public Safety Building.

CGFD is serving 109.65 square miles with over 60,000 residents.

Dave Kean is the Fire Chief for the City of Casa Grande. In 2021-22 Chief Kean led the fight for the City to form their own ambulance transportation service and obtain a “Certificate of Necessity” from the Arizona Department of Health. This allowed the CGFD to expand by 26 members. Just prior to that he had added a full-time Ladder company (12 new firefighters) to the Department.

In 2023, Chief Kean got funding for a new Fire Station 503 at a cost over $13.4 million dollars. This is the first new fire facility in over 14 years.

Library
The Casa Grande Public Library provides the standard services of access to reading materials, as well as some special services, including a volunteer reading club for elementary school, internet access, and a talking book program. The main library is 16000 sqft, provides 75,000 volumes, and provides 38 public access computers with internet access. The Vista Grande Public Library, a branch of the Casa Grande Library System, opened in the summer of 2009.

City Court
The Casa Grande Municipal Court is the judicial branch of Casa Grande City government and accepted 6,609 filings, conducted 2,486 arraignments and held 156 civil, criminal and jury trials in Fiscal Year 2006–2007.

Notable people

 * David Spade, actor, comedian
 * Mike Candrea, UA Softball Coach, Olympic Softball Coach
 * Eduardo C. Corral, award-winning poet and teacher
 * Fred Enke, University of Arizona basketball, football and golf coach
 * Fred Enke, Jr., professional football quarterback and cotton farmer
 * Pablo Francisco, stand-up comedian
 * Pedro E. Guerrero, photographer
 * Joe Jonas, pop singer, musician, actor, and dancer
 * Joy Oladokun, singer-songwriter
 * Lewis Storey, singer-songwriter
 * Michael Sullivan, stonemason who built many structures of fieldstone in Casa Grande
 * Alex Torres, guitarist

Education
Most of Casa Grande is in the Casa Grande Elementary School District, while a portion is in the Toltec Elementary School District. All of Casa Grande is in the Casa Grande Union High School District.

The following schools are located in Casa Grande.

Public Elementary Public Middle School
 * Cottonwood Elementary School
 * Saguaro Elementary School
 * Evergreen Elementary School
 * Ironwood Elementary School
 * Cholla Elementary School
 * Palo Verde Elementary School
 * Mesquite Elementary School
 * Desert Willow Elementary School
 * McCartney Ranch Elementary School
 * Casa Grande Middle School
 * Cactus Middle School
 * Villago Middle School

Public High School Charter High School Charter Schools Private Colleges
 * Casa Grande Union High School
 * Desert Winds High School
 * Vista Grande High School
 * Pinnacle Charter High School
 * Casa Verde High School
 * ASU Preparatory Academy, Casa Grande
 * Mission Heights Preparatory High School
 * PPEP TEC High School
 * Grande Innovation Academy
 * Legacy Traditional School
 * St Anthony of Padua Catholic School (Private)
 * Logos Christian Academy (Private)
 * Central Arizona College
 * Northern Arizona University (Extended Learning Campus)

Transportation
These highways serve Casa Grande.
 * I-8 (AZ).svg Interstate 8
 * I-10 (AZ).svg Interstate 10
 * I-11.svg the proposed Interstate 11 would begin in Casa Grande and end in Las Vegas, Nevada
 * Arizona 287.svg Arizona State Route 287
 * Arizona 84.svg Arizona State Route 84
 * Arizona 387.svg Arizona State Route 387

The City of Coolidge operates Central Arizona Regional Transit (CART), which provides transportation between Florence, Coolidge, Central Arizona College and Casa Grande. Greyhound serves Casa Grande from a stop in Eloy.

The closest major airports to Casa Grande are Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport and Tucson International Airport. Casa Grande Shuttle provides an airport shuttle to Sky Harbor.

title: Casa Grande, Arizona


text:
Talk:Pablo Casals

His name was not Pablo
His name was not Pablo at all. He was born in "el Vendrell" in Catalonia so hi was named Pau. No one refiere to him as Pablo Casals thats a big mistake. Pablo is the spanish translaton of Pau, a catalan name. It would be like calling Juan to Jonny Deep. Antoninho7 (talk) 01:36, 13 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Reliable source needed. You also changed the wording so that it read "His Spanish name of Pau", which contradicts what you say above.  78.26  (spin me / revolutions) 01:53, 13 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pablo Casals


text:
Chuichu, Arizona

Chuichu (O'odham: Ce:co name translates as "Many Caves") is a census-designated place (CDP) in Pinal County, Arizona, United States. The population was 308 at the 2020 census. It is the northernmost traditional village on the Tohono O'odham Nation reservation.

Geography
Chuichu is located at 32.74472°N, -111.79778°W (32.744825, −111.797906).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2.5 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2020, there were 308 people, 82 households, and 65 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 45 PD/sqmi. There were 102 housing units at an average density of 35.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 1% White, 98% Native American, and 1% from two or more races. 6% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 84 households, out of which 44% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37% were married couples living together, 36% had a female householder with no husband present, and 12% were non-families. 11% of all households were made up of individuals, and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.0 and the average family size was 4.3.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 40% under the age of 18, 11% from 18 to 24, 26% from 25 to 44, 18% from 45 to 64, and 5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 24 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.4 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $28,088, and the median income for a family was $32,970. Males had a median income of $31,429 versus $19,583 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $8,299. About 13% of families and 22% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16% of those under age 18 and 29% of those age 65 or over.

Notable person

 * Augustine Lopez, tribal chairman of the Tohono O'odham Nation

title: Chuichu, Arizona


text:
Coolidge, Arizona

Coolidge is a city in Pinal County, Arizona, United States. According to the 2020 census, the city's population is 13,218.

Coolidge is home of the Casa Grande Ruins National Monument. The monument was the first historic site to receive protected status by the United States Government in 1892. Coolidge is also home to both Central Arizona College and the Central Arizona Valley Institute of Technology.

History
The area containing what is now the City of Coolidge was occupied by the Hohokam, an indigenous ancient Sonoran Desert people who built a massive compound consisting many of caliche structures and remained in the area for over 1,000 years. The only remaining and preserved structure from this compound is the Casa Grande Ruins National Monument.

The modern history of the city is centered around agriculture, particularly cotton. Coolidge was founded in 1925 when R.J. Jones laid out an 80 acres site during the construction of the Coolidge Dam on the nearby Gila River, which was completed in 1930. Both the dam and the townsite were named for Calvin Coolidge, the 30th President of the United States. The dam made the sandy soil native to the area into very rich farmland, and soon vast expanses of desert were plowed and acres of cotton were planted. This is when the area's status as the hub of the Arizona cotton industry was solidified and led to the incorporation of Coolidge as a city in 1945.

Economy
Up until the 1950s, the city's economy was completely dependent on mining and cotton. It has since diversified to include manufacturing, regional trade, and services for agricultural producers and farm families.

In 2019, Nikola Motor Company purchased 389 acres in Coolidge and operates a factory for zero-emissions heavy trucks, with a production capacity of 2,500 trucks per year.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 5.0 sqmi, all of it land. It contains no mountains and is almost entirely flat, lying in a fertile valley located just south of the Gila River. The Sacaton Mountains are visible to the west, and the Picacho Mountains are visible to the southeast.

Arizona State Route 87 and Arizona State Route 287 pass through the town, providing connections to the Phoenix metropolitan area, Casa Grande, and Eloy. Interstate 10 is located approximately 10 miles to the west. Coolidge is 56 mi southeast of Phoenix, 69 mi northwest of Tucson, 21 mi northeast of Casa Grande and 11 miles southwest of Florence. Picacho Reservoir is just 11 mi south of town.

Climate
Coolidge features a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh), typical of the Sonoran Desert. Winters are characterized by abundant sunshine and are typically brief and mild, consisting of daytime highs in the 65 F to 75 F range. Lows are usually between 35 F and 45 F, though several freezes occur annually. Rain is infrequent, occurring 2–3 days per month usually following the passage of a cold front. The record low temperature for the city is 8 F.

Summers are long and very hot, with temperatures of 100 F to 110 F almost daily from the end of May until September, with temperatures above 115 F not uncommon. The record high temperature for the city is 123 F. Summertime lows are usually above 70 F, with occasional periods of lows above 80 F. Coolidge is affected by the North American Monsoon, which brings brief heavy downpours and gusty winds in the second half of summer. Severe events can sometimes cause haboobs and flash flooding.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 7,786 people, 2,585 households, and 1,938 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,549.1 PD/sqmi. There were 3,212 housing units at an average density of 639.1 /sqmi.

The racial makeup of the city was 57.9% White, 8.3% Black or African American, 5.6% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 23.6% from other races, and 3.8% from two or more races. 39.2% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 2,585 households, out of which 38.5% had children under age 18 living with them, 48.8% were married couples living together, 19.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.0% were non-families. 20.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.00 and the average family size was 3.44. In the city, the population was spread out, with 32.9% under age 18, 10.4% aged 18–24, 24.4% aged 25–44, 18.9% aged 45–64, and 13.4% who were aged 65 years or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $29,049, and the median income for a family was $33,536. Males had a median income of $29,159 versus $21,472 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,663. About 20.9% of families and 24.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 30.9% of those under age 18 and 20.5% of those age 65 or over.

In 2010, Coolidge had a population of 11,825. The racial and ethnic composition of the population was 43.6% non-Hispanic white, 7.3% non-Hispanic black, 0.5% Hispanic blacks, 3.8% non-Hispanic Native American, 1.9% Hispanic or Latino Native American, 1.0% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.1% non-Hispanic from some other race, 5.0% from two or more races and 42.0% Hispanic or Latino.

Education

 * Coolidge High School, a high school located in the central part of the city.
 * West Elementary School, a K-5 school located in the western part of the city.
 * Imagine Schools Coolidge Elementary, a K-5 charter school located in the northern part of the city.
 * Imagine Prep Coolidge, a 6–12 charter school located adjacent to Imagine Coolidge Elementary.
 * Central Arizona College
 * Central Arizona Valley Institute of Technology
 * Coolidge Junior High School, a junior high school with grades 6-8

Transportation
The City of Coolidge operates the Cotton Express, which provides local bus service. The City of Coolidge also operates Central Arizona Regional Transit (CART), which provides transportation between Florence, Coolidge, Central Arizona College and Casa Grande.

The town was home to a station for Amtrak; it closed in June 1996.

The Coolidge Municipal Airport, which has two asphalt runways, is located 5 miles southeast of the city and had 56,050 aircraft operations in the yearly period ending April 2, 2020. The closest major airports to Coolidge are Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport and Tucson International Airport. Casa Grande Shuttle provides an airport shuttle to Sky Harbor.

Notable people

 * Duane Eddy – rock & roll guitarist and record producer, Coolidge High School graduate
 * Waylon Jennings – singer, Country Music Hall of Fame
 * Sammi Smith – country music recording artist and songwriter

title: Coolidge, Arizona


text:
Dudleyville, Arizona

Dudleyville is a census-designated place (CDP) in Pinal County, Arizona, United States. The population was 959 at the 2010 census.

Geography
Dudleyville is located at 32.92972°N, -110.73389°W (32.929812, -110.733899).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 6.9 sqmi, all land.

The village includes the San Pedro River Preserve and the Dudleyville Volunteer Fire District.

Dudleyville was the site of the 2017 Roach Fire, which consumed nearly 1,200 acres.

History
During the 1870s ranchers moved cattle into the lands along the lower San Pedro River. At what would become Dudleyville, a stage station opened in the late 1870s along the Globe to Tucson stage road. On May 8, 1881, William Dudley Harrington, operator of the stage station, was appointed first post master of the new post office of Dudleyville. Harrington and his wife Amanda Jane Crowley were from Missouri and had moved to California before settling with their family on a farm along the San Pedro. The small village of Dudleyville, with stage stop, mercantile and post office, farms, ranches, and prospectors, was a small regional center for two and a half decades. The village was eclipsed by the new town site of Winkleman, a mile north near the mouth of the San Pedro River on the Gila River, with the opening of the Phoenix & Eastern Railroad on September 28, 1904, to the new rail town.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,323 people, 454 households, and 345 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 192.3 PD/sqmi. There were 572 housing units at an average density of 83.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 62.0% White, 0.1% Black or African American, 2.1% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 0.3% Pacific Islander, 32.7% from other races, and 2.7% from two or more races. 59.0% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 454 households, out of which 36.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.4% were married couples living together, 12.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.8% were non-families. 20.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.91 and the average family size was 3.35.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 32.8% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 25.5% from 25 to 44, 22.7% from 45 to 64, and 11.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.1 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $35,592, and the median income for a family was $37,200. Males had a median income of $31,948 versus $25,800 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $13,072. About 8.6% of families and 13.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.5% of those under age 18 and 7.9% of those age 65 or over.

title: Dudleyville, Arizona


text:
Eloy, Arizona

Eloy is a city in Pinal County, Arizona, United States, approximately 50 mi northwest of Tucson and about 65 mi southeast of Phoenix. According to the U.S. Census estimates in 2020, the population of the city is 15,635.

History
In 1880, as tracks were being laid for the Southern Pacific Railroad, a small number of boxcars were used as a camp for railroad workers. It was discovered that cotton could be grown in the area's climate. In 1902, the Southern Pacific Railroad named the area train stop Eloy, an acronym for East Line Of Yuma. Alternately, there is a legend that the area was initially called Eloi, after a railroad employee looked around at the barren desert and said, "Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani?" (Aramaic and Hebrew for "My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?"). A town called Cotton City was established in 1918, but in 1919, the newly established post office rejected that name in favor of Eloy. As part of Pinal County, the city incorporated in 1949.

Geography
According to the city of Eloy, the city has a total area of 113.7 square miles (294.5 km$2$), all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2011, there were 16,964 people, 2,492 households, and 1,988 families residing in Eloy. The population density was 144.8 PD/sqmi. There were 2,734 housing units at an average density of 38.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 58% Hispanic or Latino, 5% Black or African American, 41% White, 4% Native American, 1% Asian, <1% Pacific Islander, 31% from other races, and 5% from two or more races.

There were 2,492 households, out of which 50.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.4% were married couples living together, 21.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.2% were non-families. 15.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.57 and the average family size was 3.94.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 33.7% under the age of 18, 12.0% from 18 to 24, 32.5% from 25 to 44, 15.4% from 45 to 64, and 6.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females, there were 137.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 154.8 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $26,518, and the median income for a family was $28,494. Males had a median income of $25,295 versus $21,088 for females. The per capita income for the city was $9,194. About 27.9% of families and 31.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 35.6% of those under age 18 and 24.6% of those age 65 or over.

Government
The mayor of Eloy is Micah Powell, whose term runs from 2020 to 2022. He was previously vice mayor for three terms, starting in 2014. The vice mayor is Sara Curtis, whose term is from 2018 to 2022. The city council consists of the mayor, who serves a two-year term, and six city council members, who each serve four-year terms.

Economy
The largest employer is CoreCivic and those CoreCivic prisoners are included in the census. CoreCivic operates four facilities: Eloy Detention Center (opened 1994), Red Rock Correctional Center (opened 2006), Saguaro Correctional Center (opened 2007), and La Palma Correctional Facility (opened 2008). As of 2020, the CoreCivic-operated correctional centers house detainees from states including Hawaii, Nevada, Idaho, and Kansas.

According to Eloy's 2019 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:

Transportation
The closest major airports to Eloy are Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport and Tucson International Airport. Casa Grande Shuttle provides an airport shuttle to Sky Harbor.

The Eloy Municipal Airport is a non-towered airport located in Eloy.

Greyhound serves Eloy.

Culture
Eloy is also home to the world's largest skydive dropzone, operated by Skydive Arizona, and bills itself as the skydiving capital of the world. Two parachute manufacturers are in Eloy: Firebird USA and Sun Path Products.

The city has an 18-hole, par-72 golf course, Robson Ranch Golf Club. The Casa Grande Valley Historical Society & Museum was founded in 1964 and holds a collection of more than 50,000 artifacts. Picacho Peak State Park is located 10 miles southeast of Eloy. It is the site of the only Civil War battle in Arizona; the battle is re-enacted annually.

Education
The Eloy Elementary School District provides elementary education in grades kindergarten through 8 through its four schools:
 * Curiel Primary School (grades kindergarten through 3)
 * Eloy Intermediate School (grades 4 through 6)
 * Eloy Junior High School (grades 7 and 8)
 * Toltec Elementary School (grades 4 through 8)

Eloy has one public high school, Santa Cruz Valley Union High School, and some residents attend nearby Casa Grande Union High School.

Notable people

 * Mossy Cade – former professional football player
 * Anna Maria Chávez – former CEO of Girl Scouts of the USA
 * Levi Jones – former professional football player
 * Art Malone – former professional football player
 * Benny Malone – former professional football player
 * Ricky Nelson – former professional baseball player
 * Paul Powell – former professional baseball player
 * Jeff Provenzano – professional skydiver
 * Dominic Evans – musician

title: Eloy, Arizona


text:
Florence, Arizona

Florence (O'odham: S-auppag) is a town in Pinal County, Arizona, United States. Florence, which is the county seat of Pinal County, is one of the oldest towns in that county and includes a National Historic District with over 25 buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The population of Florence was 26,785 at the 2020 census.

History
The area where the current town of Florence is located was once inhabited by the Hohokam, ancestors of the O'odham people. Prior to the establishment of the town, the Gila River served as a part of the border between the United States and Mexico. In 1853, the Gadsden Purchase extended American territory well south of the Gila.

Levi Ruggles, a veteran of the American Civil War, founded the town of Florence on the south bank of the Gila River. He came to Arizona Territory in 1866 as a U.S. Indian Agent. Recognizing the agricultural potential of the valley, he found an easily fordable crossing on the Gila River and surveyed a townsite there. With the aid of Governor R.C. McCormick, he secured a post office in August of the same year. Ruggles held numerous public offices including that of Territorial Legislator. Florence became the county seat in the newly formed Pinal County. Silver was discovered in 1875 in the nearby mountains which led to the creation of the famous Silver King Mine.

Adamsville
In 1870, Fred Adams founded a farming community two miles west of the original Florence townsite. The farming town had stores, homes, a post office, a flour mill, and water tanks, It was named Adamsville. In the 1900s (decade), the Gila River overflowed after a storm and ran over its banks. Most of the small town was wiped out and the residents moved to Florence. The area where the town was established is now a ghost town and is currently within the boundaries of Florence. At the junction of Highway 79 and 287 there is a historical marker about Adamsville.

A canal was built in the 1880s which enabled water from the Gila River to be diverted for irrigation. Farming and ranching then played a major role in Florence's economy. All of the federal land transactions for Southern Arizona were conducted in Florence until 1881, when the Federal Land Office was moved to Tucson.

Tunnel Saloon Gabriel-Phy shootout of 1888
One of the most notable gunfights in the Old Southwest occurred in Florence. Sheriff Pete Gabriel hired thirty-nine year old Joseph (Joe) Phy as his deputy in 1883. Gabriel decided to not run for sheriff in 1886 and supported his deputy Phy for the job. Later Gabriel withdrew his support because of personal differences with Phy. The two friends became bitter enemies and had a confrontation on May 31, 1888, in the Tunnel Saloon. A gunfight ensued and spread to the street. Both men received gunshot wounds. Phy died a few hours after the gunfight, but Gabriel survived the encounter and died 10 years later.

Second Pinal County Courthouse
The second Pinal County Courthouse was built in 1891. It was the site where the trials of three notorious women were presented. They were Pearl Heart, Eva Dugan and Winnie Ruth Judd, known as the "Trunk Murderess". Pearl Hart (birth surname: Taylor) was an outlaw of the American Old West. She committed one of the last recorded stagecoach robberies in the United States; her crime gained notoriety primarily because of her gender. She was tried in 1899 and was acquitted, however the judge ordered a second trial and she was found guilty and sentenced to five years in prison.

In the 1930s Eva Dugan was convicted of murder. She was sentenced to be executed by hanging. However, it resulted in her decapitation and influenced the State of Arizona to replace hanging with the gas chamber as a method of execution.

Winnie Ruth Judd was a Phoenix medical secretary who was found guilty of murdering and dismembering her friends Agnes Anne LeRoi and Hedvig Samuelson over the alleged affections of her lover Jack Halloran. The jury found her guilty of first-degree murder on February 8, 1932. An appeal was unsuccessful. Her trial was marked by sensationalized newspaper coverage and suspicious circumstances. Judd was sentenced to be hanged February 17, 1933, and sent to the Arizona State Prison in Florence. The sentence she received raised debate about capital punishment. Her death sentence was overturned after a ten-day hearing found her mentally incompetent; she was then sent to Arizona State Asylum for the Insane on April 24, 1933.

Tom Mix Monument
In 1940, the cowboy movie star Tom Mix was killed when he lost control of his speeding Cord Phaeton convertible and rolled into a dry wash (now called the Tom Mix Wash) in Florence, Arizona. Mix, who was a regular tenant in the Ross/Fryer–Cushman House, was returning to Florence from Tucson. There is a 2-foot–tall iron statue of a riderless horse with a plaque on the site of the accident.

Geography and climate
Florence is located at 33.04222°N, -111.38444°W (33.042204, −111.384521).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 8.3 sqmi, all land, situated in the lower Sonoran Desert. The town has the typical hot desert climate of lowland Arizona, with sweltering hot summers and mild winters. Like most of Arizona, Florence receives half of its average summer rainfall in the months of July, August, and September, during the North American monsoon season, with August being the wettest month. Thunderstorms occur in the late afternoon to evening hours, as well as the early night hours, bringing heavy downpours, thunder, lightning, blowing dust, and the risk of flash flooding. The winter months of December, January, and February bring the other half of the yearly rainfall to the town from winter storms that move in from the Pacific Ocean. December is the second wettest month in Florence.

Demographics
As of 2015, there were 30,770 people, and 6,832 households in the town. There were 9,319 housing units in an incorporated are of 8.8 square miles. The racial makeup of the town was 82.2% White, 6.0% Black or African American, 4.5% Native American, 1.0% Asian, 0.3% Pacific Islander, 4.1% from other races, and 2.0% from two or more races. 36.7% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 6,832 households, out of which 22.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.3% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.6% were non-families. 28.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.06.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 13.2% under the age of 18, 86.8% from 18 years and over, and 17.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years.

The median income for a household in the town was $47,891. About 12.3% of families and 16.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.7% of those under age 18 and 10.6% of those age 65 or over.

Prisons
As of 2016 Florence is home to multiple state, federal, county and private prisons:
 * Arizona State Prison Complex – Florence, run by the Arizona Department of Corrections, housing Arizona state prisoners, the former Arizona State Prison, and location of Arizona's execution chamber
 * Arizona State Prison Complex – Eyman, run by the Arizona Department of Corrections, housing Arizona state prisoners and Arizona's death row
 * Arizona State Prison Florence-West, operated by the GEO Group, housing Arizona state prisoners
 * Central Arizona Correctional Facility, operated by the GEO Group, housing Arizona state prisoners
 * Central Arizona Detention Center, run by Corrections Corporation of America, housing prisoners for the United States Marshals Service, TransCor America LLC, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, Pascua Yaqui Tribe government, and the United States Air Force
 * Florence Correctional Center, run by CCA, houses inmates for U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, for the Vermont Department of Corrections, and for the United States Marshals Service.
 * The Pinal County Adult Detention Center, operated by the county, housing local prisoners
 * The Pinal County Youth Justice Center, operated by the county, housing local juvenile prisoners

Located just north of Florence during World War II was a large prisoner of war camp for German and Italian prisoners of war, mainly captured during the North Africa campaign, called Camp Florence on 500 acres of land. Japanese Americans arrested as "enemy aliens" after the U.S. entered the war, were also interned nearby at the Gila River War Relocation Center. The prisoners were paid 50 cents an hour to pick cotton. The men were not allowed to buy cigarettes with their prison wages. However, they could buy tobacco which they rolled themselves. McFarland State Historic Park on Ruggles Ave. has a display and information on this period of Arizona history.

Transportation
The City of Coolidge operates Central Arizona Regional Transit (CART), which provides transportation between Florence, Coolidge, Central Arizona College and Casa Grande.

Miscellaneous
Florence is considered the hub of Pinal County filled with historic buildings and rich history.
 * Florence is the location of the 2nd Anthem development in the state of Arizona being built by Pulte and Del Webb. It is located six miles to the northwest of downtown historic Florence.
 * The town's preserved Main Street and open desert scenery were the setting of the motion picture Murphy's Romance.
 * Florence is the host of the annual "Country Thunder" music festival.
 * The town is also the home of the Florence Jr. Parada Rodeo, the oldest junior rodeo in the United States.
 * Florence is considered to be the hometown of Adolfo “Harpo” Celaya, a World War II veteran who is one of the USS Indianapolis (CA-35) survivors. In 2017 Celaya was honored as the Florence Post Office was dedicated in his name.

Points of interest

 * McFarland State Historic Park – The first Pinal County Courthouse was built in 1876 and is located at W. 24 Ruggle St. in the McFarland State Historic Park.
 * St. Anthony's Greek Orthodox Monastery was established in 1995 by Elder Ephraim of Arizona, a Greek Orthodox priest and monk.
 * Florence High School – The high school was built in 1887 and is located in 1000 S. Main St. Listed in the National Register of Historic Places on June 22, 1987, reference #87001306.
 * Poston Butte – The pyramid tomb of Charles Debrille Poston, known as "The Father of Arizona" is located on Primrose Hill which was renamed Poston Butte.

Historic properties
Florence has various historic structures. Some are listed in the National Register of Historic Places while others are considered historical by the Florence Historic District Advisory Commission.

title: Florence, Arizona


text:
Kearny, Arizona

Kearny is a town in Pinal County, Arizona, United States. The town was named after General Stephen Watts Kearny, who passed through the area on November 7, 1846, while leading 100 dragoons to California. According to the 2010 census, the population of the town is 1,950. The economic base of Kearny and nearby towns is the Ray mine and Hayden Smelter, both owned and operated by ASARCO.

History
Kearny was built by the Kennecott Mining Company in 1958 as a planned community to accommodate the populations of nearby Ray, Sonora and Barcelona, which were about to be swallowed by Kennecott's expanding open-pit copper mine. While many houses in the town were newly built, some mine employees had their homes moved down the road. Kearny was officially incorporated in 1959.

Geography
Kearny is located at 33.05417°N, -110.90889°W (33.054160, -110.908857).

The town sits near the Gila River in the Copper Basin area along with its sister cities, Hayden and Winkelman. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 2.8 sqmi, all land.

Climate
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Kearny has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated "Csa" on climate maps.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,249 people, 791 households, and 616 families residing in the town. The population density was 805.4 PD/sqmi. There were 873 housing units at an average density of 312.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 77.3% White, 0.3% Black or African American, 0.8% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 18.4% from other races, and 3.2% from two or more races. 38.4% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 791 households, out of which 34.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.0% were married couples living together, 9.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.1% were non-families. 19.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.84 and the average family size was 3.25.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 29.9% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 21.7% from 25 to 44, 26.7% from 45 to 64, and 14.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.5 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $39,906, and the median income for a family was $42,313. Males had a median income of $40,056 versus $23,684 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,797. About 12.1% of families and 13.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.0% of those under age 18 and 19.9% of those age 65 or over.

Education
Kearny is part of the Ray Unified School District, made up of two schools: Ray Junior-Senior High School, and Ray Elementary School.

Transportation
Kearny Airport is a general aviation airport located in the southern section of the town. In 2003 it received the Arizona Department of Transportation's Airport of the Year award. The airport has a single asphalt runway, 3400 ft in length and 60 ft in width, with a field elevation of 1833 ft above mean sea level.

title: Kearny, Arizona


text:
Mammoth, Arizona

Mammoth is a town in Pinal County, Arizona, United States. The population was 1,426 at the 2010 census; according to 2018 Census Bureau estimates, the population of the town is 1,650.

History
Mammoth was founded c. 1872 as Mammoth Camp, serving the nearby Mammoth Mine. Until 2003, when it closed, Mammoth served as a bedroom community for the nearby San Manuel mine.

The nearby ghost town of Copper Creek is a popular local attraction.

[http://www.tigerminerals.com/tiger.htm Minerals from the old Mammoth-St. Anthony Mine] are found in all major mineral collections. Tiger, Arizona was the townsite at the Tiger mine, but nothing remains of this ghost town.

In November 2014 Mammoth was the subject of a fictional horror tale on the Reddit subreddit "r/nosleep", which had a contagious disease wipe out the population. Naive users believed and spread the story, somewhat akin to the 1938 War of the Worlds panic. The town was inundated with phone calls from people trying to ascertain what was happening.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 1.1 sqmi, all land.

Climate
According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Mammoth has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps.

Demographics
At the 2000 census there were 1,762 people, 562 households, and 440 families in the town. The population density was 1,626.5 PD/sqmi. There were 697 housing units at an average density of 643.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 61.9% White, 0.1% Black or African American, 1.5% Native American, 0.3% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 31.9% from other races, and 4.0% from two or more races. 73.0% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Of the 562 households 39.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.0% were married couples living together, 16.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.7% were non-families. 18.5% of households were one person and 9.8% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 3.14 and the average family size was 3.54.

The age distribution was 33.5% under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 25.8% from 25 to 44, 20.1% from 45 to 64, and 11.6% 65 or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.3 males.

The median household income was $29,861 and the median family income was $32,661. Males had a median income of $32,768 versus $19,028 for females. The per capita income for the town was $9,878. About 23.8% of families and 28.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 39.4% of those under age 18 and 10.6% of those age 65 or over.

Notable person
Eulalia "Sister" Bourne, pioneer Arizona schoolteacher and author (Woman in Levi's, etc.), lived much of her life in the vicinity, at her homestead in Peppersauce Canyon near San Manuel, and later at her ranch on Copper Creek near Mammoth, where she died in 1984.

title: Mammoth, Arizona