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Talk:USS Constitution

How many people are actually running this ship?
60 enlisted--or 6 + 46? This article conflicts with itself in the Intro and the "Present Day" sections.

"As she is a fully commissioned Navy ship, her crew of 60 officers and sailors participate in ceremonies, educational programs, and special events while keeping her open to visitors year round and providing free tours."

versus

"The mission of Constitution is to promote understanding of the Navy's role in war and peace through active participation in public events and education through outreach programs, public access, and historic demonstration.[218] Her crew of 6 officers and 46 enlisted participate in ceremonies..."

I don't know if I need to cite a source for the math here... but 60 <> 46 + 6

--Cal1gula (talk) 22:25, 29 December 2021 (UTC)

 * The part of the lead that stated "60 officers and enlisted" was not sourced, but was likely dependent on the the "1925 restoration and tour" section, that stated the ship had a crew of 60 in 1931.

 * The "Present day" section that stated a crew "6+46", had two refs attached, but one ref actually stated a crew of "75" while the other ref didn't mention any crew numbers at all. I corrected that to say "75" and changed the lead to state "75" as well, as it's referring to the present day and is dependent on that section. The article should be ok now, wrt to current day crew numbers. -  wolf  09:32, 30 December 2021 (UTC)

The chase needs clarification
how is it that the British ships were able to chase constitution since they were sharing the same winds? Also, my past reading said that the British were unable to kedge, presumably because their boats would have been under fire from constitution. some support is given by the Fischer painting, which shows no British boats out. The situation leads to the same question, how could they close with Constitution in the first place? I think this needs an explicit reference. Humphrey Tribble (talk) 02:29, 29 May 2022 (UTC)

Correction to HMS Bonne Citoyenne cargo
"[HMS] Bonne Citoyenne was reportedly carrying $1.6 million in spices to England"

No. Not spices. Specie; that is, coined money; silver and gold coins. The line should read "[HMS] Bonne Citoyenne was reportedly carrying $1.6 million in specie to England"

J Fenimore Cooper, History of the Navy of the United States of America, v2, Chapter VI, pp 67-68. 180.229.94.40 (talk) 06:21, 8 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Today, someone (was it you?) using 72.204.54.180 made this same suggested edit, but did not attach a source to it. - w o lf  13:44, 16 December 2022 (UTC)

Corrections to the Quasi-War
Can someone verify that the first ship engaged by the USS Constitution, as mentioned by reference 32? Please and thank you. 128.177.55.100 (talk) 03:27, 24 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Re: "
 * Yes, this appears to be correct. the French ship Niger was the first ship captured by Constitution in 1798.

title: Talk:USS Constitution


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John Ericsson

John Ericsson (born Johan Ericsson; July 31, 1803 – March 8, 1889) was a Swedish-American inventor. He was active in England and the United States.

Ericsson collaborated on the design of the railroad steam locomotive Novelty, which competed in the Rainhill Trials on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, which were won by inventor George Stephenson's (1781–1848), Rocket. In North America, he designed the United States Navy's first screw-propelled steam-frigate USS Princeton (1843), in partnership with Captain (later Commodore) Robert F. Stockton (1795–1866), who unjustly blamed him for the fatal accident of that new vessel. A new partnership with Cornelius H. DeLamater (1821–1889), of the DeLamater Iron Works in New York City resulted in the first armoured ironclad warship equipped with a rotating gun turret, USS Monitor, which dramatically saved the U.S. (Union Navy) naval blockading squadron from destruction by an ironclad Confederate States naval vessel, CSS Virginia, at the famous Battle of Hampton Roads at the southern mouth of Chesapeake Bay (with the James River) in March 1862, during the American Civil War.

Early career
Johan Ericsson was born at Långban in Filipstad Municipality, Värmland, Sweden. He was the younger brother of Nils Ericson (1802–1870), a distinguished canal and railway builder in Sweden. Their father Olaf Ericsson (1778–1818) had worked as the supervisor for a mine in Värmland. He had lost money in speculation and had to move his family to Forsvik in 1810. There he worked as a director of blastings during the excavation of the Swedish Göta Canal.

The extraordinary skills of the two Ericsson brothers were discovered by Baltzar von Platen (1766–1829), the architect of Göta Canal. They were dubbed 'cadets of mechanics' of the Swedish Royal Navy, and engaged as trainees at the canal enterprise. At the age of fourteen, John was already working independently as a surveyor. His assistant had to carry a footstool for him to reach the instruments during surveying work. At the age of seventeen he joined the Swedish army in Jämtland, serving in the Jämtland Ranger Regiment, as a Second Lieutenant, but was soon promoted to Lieutenant. He was sent to northern Sweden to do surveying, and in his spare time he constructed a heat engine which used the fumes from the fire instead of steam as a propellant. His skill and interest in mechanics made him resign from the army and move to England in 1826. However, his heat engine was not a success, as his prototype was designed to burn birchwood and would not work well with coal (the main fuel used in England).

Notwithstanding the disappointment, he invented several other mechanisms instead based on steam, improving the heating process by incorporating bellows to increase oxygen supply to the fire bed. In 1829 he and English engineer John Braithwaite (1797–1870) built Novelty for the Rainhill Trials arranged by the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. It was widely praised but suffered recurring boiler problems, and the competition was won by English engineers George and Robert Stephenson with Rocket.

Two further engines were built by Braithwaite and Ericsson, named William IV and Queen Adelaide after the new king and queen. These were generally larger and more robust than Novelty and differed in several details (for example it is thought that a different design of blower was used which was an 'Induced Draught' type, sucking the gases from the fire). The pair ran trials on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway but the railway declined to purchase the new designs.

Their innovative steam fire engine proved an outstanding technical success by helping to quell the memorable Argyll Rooms fire on February 5, 1830 (where it worked for five hours when the other engines were frozen up), but was met with resistance from London's established 'Fire Laddies' and municipal authorities. An engine Braithwaite and Ericsson constructed for Sir John Ross's 1829 Arctic expedition failed and was dumped on the shores of Prince Regent Inlet. At this stage of Ericsson's career the most successful and enduring of his inventions was the surface condenser, which allowed a steamer to recover fresh water for its boilers while at sea. His 'deep sea lead,' a pressure-activated fathometer was another minor, but enduring success.

The commercial failure and development costs of some of the machines devised and built by Ericsson during this period put him into debtors' prison for an interval. At this time he also married 19-year-old Amelia Byam, a disastrous match that ended in the couple's separation until Amelia's death.

He was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1877.

Education
His only formal education was a basic officer's education and training during his time in the Swedish Army. On March 27, 1822, John passed a surveyor's examination in Stockholm. As a child he was taught to be a miner and surveyor by his father.

Propeller design
He then improved ship design with two screw-propellers rotating in opposite directions (as opposed to earlier tests with this technology, which used a single screw). However, the Admiralty disapproved of the invention, which led to the fortunate contact with the American captain Robert Stockton who had Ericsson design a propeller steamer for him and invited him to bring his invention to the United States of America, as it would supposedly be more welcomed in that place. As a result, Ericsson moved to New York in 1839. Stockton's plan was for Ericsson to oversee the development of a new class of frigate with Stockton using his considerable political connections to grease the wheels. Finally, after the succession to the Presidency by John Tyler, funds were allocated for a new design. However, they only received funding for a 700-ton sloop instead of a frigate. The sloop eventually became USS Princeton (1843), named after Stockton's hometown.

The ship took about three years to complete and was perhaps the most advanced warship of its time. In addition to twin screw propellers, it was originally designed to mount a 12-inch muzzle-loading gun on a revolving pedestal. The gun had also been designed by Ericsson and used hoop construction to pre-tension the breech, adding to its strength and allowing safe use of a larger charge. Other innovations on the ship design included a collapsible funnel and an improved recoil system.

The relations between Ericsson and Stockton had grown tense over time and, approaching the completion of the ship, Stockton began working to force Ericsson out of the project. Stockton carefully avoided letting outsiders know that Ericsson was the primary inventor. Stockton attempted to claim as much credit for himself as possible, even designing a second 12 in gun to be mounted in Princeton. Unfortunately, because Stockton did not understand the design of the first gun (originally named "The Orator", renamed "The Oregon" by Stockton), the second gun was fatally flawed.

When launched, Princeton was an enormous success. On October 20, 1843, she won a speed trial against the paddle steamer SS Great Western, until then considered the fastest steamer afloat. Unfortunately, during a firing demonstration of Stockton's gun, the breech ruptured, killing Secretary of State Abel P. Upshur and Secretary of the Navy Thomas Walker Gilmer, as well as six others. Stockton attempted to deflect the blame onto Ericsson, with moderate success, despite the fact Ericsson's gun was sound and it was Stockton's gun that had failed. Stockton also refused to pay Ericsson, and by using his political connections, Stockton blocked the Navy from paying him.

Friendship with Cornelius H. DeLamater
When Ericsson arrived from England and settled in New York City, he was persuaded by Samuel Risley of Greenwich Village to give his work to the Phoenix Foundry. There he met industrialist Cornelius H. DeLamater (1821–1889) and soon a mutual attachment developed between the two. Rarely thereafter did Ericsson or DeLamater enter upon a business venture without first consulting the other." Personally, their friendship never faltered, though strained by the pressures of business and Ericsson's quick temper, DeLamater called Ericsson "John" and Ericsson called DeLamater by his middle nickname "Harry", intimacies almost unknown in Ericsson's other relationships. In time, the DeLamater Iron Works became known as the Asylum where Capt Ericsson had free rein to experiment and attempt new feats. The Iron Witch was next constructed, the first iron steamboat. The first hot-air invention of Capt Ericsson was first introduced in the ship Ericsson, built entirely by DeLamater. The DeLamater Iron Works also launched the first submarine boat, first self-propelled torpedo, and first torpedo boat. When DeLamater died on February 2, 1889, Ericsson could not be consoled. Ericsson's death one month later was not surprising to his close friends and acquaintances."

Hot air engine
Ericsson then proceeded to invent independently the caloric, or hot air, engine in the 1820s which used hot air, caloric in the scientific parlance of the day, instead of steam as a working fluid. A similar device had been patented in 1816 by the Reverend Robert Stirling, whose technical priority of invention provides the usual term 'Stirling Engine' for the device. Ericsson's engine was not initially successful due to the differences in combustion temperatures between Swedish wood and British coal. In spite of his setbacks, Ericsson was awarded the Rumford Prize of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1862 for his invention.

In 1830 Ericsson patented his second engine, that can work either with steam, air or water. This rotative engine objective is to reduce the engine within more convenient limits without any corresponding loss of power.

In 1833 Ericsson built his third engine, a hot air engine (or caloric engine) that is exhibited in London: "the engine will prove the most important mechanical invention ever conceived by the human mind, and one that will confer greater benefits on civilized life than any that has ever preceded it" (John O. Sargent). This engine included a regenerator that would inspire many other hot air engine inventors.

The caloric ship, powered by the 4th Ericsson engine was built in 1852.

A group of New York merchants and financiers headed by John B Kitching, Edward Dunham, President of the Corn Exchange Bank, and G.B. Lamar, president of the Bank of the Republic, backed the project and in April, 1852, the keel of the ship was laid at the yard of Perine, Patterson, and Stack in Williamsburgh. At about the same time the construction of the engine was commenced by Messrs Hogg and Delamater. Hull and machinery were built in the greatest possible secrecy, both Ericsson and his financial backers being convinced that their ship would revolutionize ocean transport by its economy and safety, and that competitors would if possible copy the design of at least the engine. On September 15, 1852, the ship was launched and in November the engine was turned over at the dock under its own power. It will be a failure. Smaller experimental engines based on the same patent design and built before the caloric ship will prove to be working efficiently.

In his later years, the caloric engine would render Ericsson comfortably wealthy, as its boilerless design made it a much safer and more practical means of power for small industry than steam engines. Ericsson's incorporation of a 'regenerator' heat sink for his engine made it tremendously fuel-efficient. Apparently in the post Civil War era some time before or around 1882, from the publishing date, a ship was purchased by a Captain Charles L. Dingley called the Ericsson with a weight of 1,645 tons that was built by John Ericsson (Although the above section on John Ericsson's Friendship with Cornelius H. DeLamater says that the ship known as the Ericsson was built by the DeLamater Iron Works) to try out the hot air engine as a motive power in open ocean navigation.

In 1883 John Ericsson built a solar air engine of 1 HP. The leading feature of the sun motor is that of concentrating the radiant heat by means of a rectangular trough having a curved bottom lined on the inside with polished plates, so arranged that they reflect the sun's rays toward a cylindrical heater placed longitudinally above the trough. This heater, it is scarcely necessary to state, contains the acting medium, steam or air, employed to transfer the solar energy to the motor; the transfer being effected by means of cylinders provided' with pistons and valves resembling those of motive engines of the ordinary type. Practical engineers, as well as scientists, have demonstrated that solar energy cannot be rendered available for producing motive power, in consequence of the feebleness of solar radiation.

Ship design
On September 26, 1854, Ericsson presented Napoleon III of France with drawings of iron-clad armored battleships with a dome-shaped gun tower, and even though the French emperor praised this particular plan of an invention, he did nothing to bring it to practical application. In 1851 he designed the Caloric ship Ericsson.

USS Monitor

Shortly after the American Civil War broke out in 1861, the Confederacy began constructing an ironclad ram upon the hull of USS Merrimack (1855) which had been partially burned and then sunk by Federal troops before it was captured by forces loyal to the Commonwealth of Virginia. Nearly concurrently, the United States Congress had recommended in August 1861 that armored ships be built for the American Navy. Ericsson still had a dislike for the U.S. Navy, but he was nevertheless convinced by Lincoln's hard-working Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles, and Cornelius Scranton Bushnell to submit an ironclad ship design to them. Ericsson later presented drawings of USS Monitor, a novel design of armored ship which included a rotating turret housing a pair of large cannons. Despite controversy over the unique design, based on Swedish lumber rafts, the keel was eventually laid down and the ironclad was launched on March 6, 1862. The ship went from plans to launch in approximately 100 days, an amazing achievement.

On March 8, the former USS Merrimack, rechristened CSS Virginia, was wreaking havoc on the wooden Union Blockading Squadron in Virginia, sinking USS Congress (1841) and USS Cumberland (1842). Monitor appeared the next day, initiating the first battle between ironclad warships on March 9, 1862, at Hampton Roads, Virginia. The battle ended in a tactical stalemate between the two ironclad warships, neither of which appeared capable of sinking the other, but strategically saved the remaining Union fleet from defeat. After this, numerous monitors were built for the Union, including twin turret versions, and contributed greatly to the naval victory of the Union over the rebellious states. Despite their low draft and subsequent problems in navigating in high seas, many basic design elements of the Monitor class were copied in future warships by other designers and navies. The rotating turret in particular is considered one of the greatest technological advances in naval history, still found on warships today.

Later designs
Later Ericsson designed other naval vessels and weapons, including a type of torpedo and a destroyer, a torpedo boat that could fire a cannon from an underwater port. He also provided some technical support for John Philip Holland in his early submarine experiments. In the book Contributions to the Centennial Exhibition (1877, reprinted 1976) he presented his "sun engines", which collected solar heat for a hot air engine. One of these designs earned Ericsson additional income after being converted to work as a methane gas engine.

Death and ensuing controversy

Ericsson died on March 8, 1889, the anniversary of the Battle of Hampton Roads, in which his Monitor famously played a central role. His wish to be buried in his native land sparked a series of articles in the New York Times alleging that, by selecting the third-rate USS Essex (1874) to transport his remains, the US Navy was not paying proper respect to Ericsson. The Navy responded and sent the remains on the USS Baltimore (C-3), escorted by other ships such as USS Nantucket (1862). On August 23, 1890, the fleet departed with a twenty-one gun salute and the Swedish flag hoisted on every ship of the squadron. Around 100,000 people turned out for the funeral procession and departure ceremonies, including several veterans of the USS Monitor.

His final resting place is at Filipstad in Värmland, Sweden.

Inventions

 * The surface condenser
 * The hot air engine
 * The world's first monitor, USS Monitor, was both designed and built by Ericsson for the Union Navy in the American Civil War
 * Torpedo technology, especially Destroyer, an advanced torpedo boat
 * The solar machine, using concave mirrors to gather sun radiation strong enough to run an engine.
 * USS Princeton (1843)
 * Hoop gun construction
 * the propeller

Fellowships

 * Foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1850, Swedish member from 1863
 * Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences in 1852
 * Honorary Doctorate at Lund University in 1868

Monuments and memorials
The stamp commemorating John Ericsson on April 20, 1926, coincided with the unveiling of the Ericsson Memorial in West Potomac Park, Washington, DC directly south of the Lincoln Memorial. The stamp pictures the memorial design by J. H. Frazer. The seated figure of Ericsson has the figures above and behind him of Vision, Labor and Adventure.

Monuments in honor of John Ericsson have been erected at:
 * John Ericsson National Memorial on The Mall in Washington, D.C.
 * John Ericsson Room at the American Swedish Historical Museum in Philadelphia
 * John Ericsson Statue in Battery Park in New York City. Public Middle School 126 in the Greenpoint section of Brooklyn is also named for him.
 * Nybroplan in Stockholm
 * Kungsportsavenyn in Gothenburg
 * John Ericsson Street, in Lund, Sweden
 * John Ericsson fountain, Fairmount Park, Philadelphia
 * Neighborhood of Ericsson, Minneapolis
 * Långbanshyttan, his birthplace, in Sweden

Ships named in his honor:
 * USS Ericsson

Organizations:
 * The John Ericsson Republican League of Illinois is a Swedish-American partisan organization.

Mount Ericsson, a mountain summit located in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California, is named in his honor.

In popular culture
Ericsson is a major character in Harry Harrison's novels of alternate history, the Stars and Stripes trilogy.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John Ericsson


text:
Exclusive or

Exclusive or, exclusive disjunction, exclusive alternation, logical non-equivalence, or logical inequality is a logical operator whose negation is the logical biconditional. With two inputs, XOR is true if and only if the inputs differ (one is true, one is false). With multiple inputs, XOR is true if and only if the number of true inputs is odd.

It gains the name "exclusive or" because the meaning of "or" is ambiguous when both operands are true. XOR excludes that case. Some informal ways of describing XOR are "one or the other but not both", "either one or the other", and "A or B, but not A and B".

It is symbolized by the prefix operator $$J$$ and by the infix operators XOR (,,  or ), EOR, EXOR, $$\dot{\vee}$$, $$\overline{\vee}$$, $$\underline{\vee}$$,  ⩛ , $$\oplus$$, $$\nleftrightarrow$$, and $$\not\equiv$$.

Definition
The truth table of $$A \oplus B$$ shows that it outputs true whenever the inputs differ:

Equivalences, elimination, and introduction
Exclusive disjunction essentially means 'either one, but not both nor none'. In other words, the statement is true if and only if one is true and the other is false. For example, if two horses are racing, then one of the two will win the race, but not both of them. The exclusive disjunction $$p \nleftrightarrow q$$, also denoted by $$p\operatorname{?}q$$ or $$Jpq$$, can be expressed in terms of the logical conjunction ("logical and", $$\wedge$$), the disjunction ("logical or", $$\lor$$), and the negation ($$\lnot$$) as follows:
 * $$\begin{matrix}

p \nleftrightarrow q & = & (p \lor q) \land \lnot (p \land q) \end{matrix}$$

The exclusive disjunction $$p \nleftrightarrow q$$ can also be expressed in the following way:
 * $$\begin{matrix}

p \nleftrightarrow q & = & (p \land \lnot q) \lor (\lnot p \land q) \end{matrix}$$

This representation of XOR may be found useful when constructing a circuit or network, because it has only one $$\lnot$$ operation and small number of $$\land$$ and $$\lor$$ operations. A proof of this identity is given below:
 * $$\begin{matrix}

p \nleftrightarrow q & = & (p \land \lnot q) & \lor & (\lnot p \land q) \\[3pt] & = & ((p \land \lnot q) \lor \lnot p) & \land & ((p \land \lnot q) \lor q) \\[3pt] & = & ((p \lor \lnot p) \land (\lnot q \lor \lnot p)) & \land & ((p \lor q) \land (\lnot q \lor q)) \\[3pt] & = & (\lnot p \lor \lnot q) & \land & (p \lor q) \\[3pt] & = & \lnot (p \land q) & \land & (p \lor q) \end{matrix}$$

It is sometimes useful to write $$p \nleftrightarrow q$$ in the following way:
 * $$\begin{matrix}

p \nleftrightarrow q & = & \lnot ((p \land q) \lor (\lnot p \land \lnot q)) \end{matrix}$$ or:
 * $$\begin{matrix}

p \nleftrightarrow q & = & (p \lor q) \land (\lnot p \lor \lnot q) \end{matrix}$$

This equivalence can be established by applying De Morgan's laws twice to the fourth line of the above proof.

The exclusive or is also equivalent to the negation of a logical biconditional, by the rules of material implication (a material conditional is equivalent to the disjunction of the negation of its antecedent and its consequence) and material equivalence.

In summary, we have, in mathematical and in engineering notation:
 * $$\begin{matrix}

p \nleftrightarrow q & = & (p \land \lnot q) & \lor & (\lnot p \land q) & = & p\overline{q} + \overline{p}q \\[3pt] & = & (p \lor q) & \land & (\lnot p \lor \lnot q) & = & (p + q)(\overline{p} + \overline{q}) \\[3pt] & = & (p \lor q) & \land & \lnot (p \land q) & = & (p + q)(\overline{pq}) \end{matrix}$$

Negation of the operator
By applying the spirit of De Morgan's laws, we get: $$\lnot(p \nleftrightarrow q) \Leftrightarrow \lnot p \nleftrightarrow q \Leftrightarrow p \nleftrightarrow \lnot q.$$

Relation to modern algebra
Although the operators $$\wedge$$ (conjunction) and $$\lor$$ (disjunction) are very useful in logic systems, they fail a more generalizable structure in the following way:

The systems $$(\{T, F\}, \wedge)$$ and $$(\{T, F\}, \lor)$$ are monoids, but neither is a group. This unfortunately prevents the combination of these two systems into larger structures, such as a mathematical ring.

However, the system using exclusive or $$(\{T, F\}, \oplus)$$ is an abelian group. The combination of operators $$\wedge$$ and $$\oplus$$ over elements $$\{T, F\}$$ produce the well-known two-element field $\mathbb{F}_2$. This field can represent any logic obtainable with the system $$(\land, \lor)$$ and has the added benefit of the arsenal of algebraic analysis tools for fields.

More specifically, if one associates $$F$$ with 0 and $$T$$ with 1, one can interpret the logical "AND" operation as multiplication on $$\mathbb{F}_2$$ and the "XOR" operation as addition on $$\mathbb{F}_2$$:
 * $$\begin{matrix}

r = p \land q & \Leftrightarrow & r = p \cdot q \pmod 2 \\[3pt] r = p \oplus q & \Leftrightarrow & r = p + q \pmod 2 \\ \end{matrix}$$

The description of a Boolean function as a polynomial in $$\mathbb{F}_2$$, using this basis, is called the function's algebraic normal form.

Exclusive or in natural language
Disjunction is often understood exclusively in natural languages. In English, the disjunctive word "or" is often understood exclusively, particularly when used with the particle "either". The English example below would normally be understood in conversation as implying that Mary is not both a singer and a poet.

 * 1. Mary is a singer or a poet.

However, disjunction can also be understood inclusively, even in combination with "either". For instance, the first example below shows that "either" can be felicitously used in combination with an outright statement that both disjuncts are true. The second example shows that the exclusive inference vanishes away under downward entailing contexts. If disjunction were understood as exclusive in this example, it would leave open the possibility that some people ate both rice and beans.

 * 2. Mary is either a singer or a poet or both.
 * 3. Nobody ate either rice or beans.

Examples such as the above have motivated analyses of the exclusivity inference as pragmatic conversational implicatures calculated on the basis of an inclusive semantics. Implicatures are typically cancellable and do not arise in downward entailing contexts if their calculation depends on the Maxim of Quantity. However, some researchers have treated exclusivity as a bona fide semantic entailment and proposed nonclassical logics which would validate it.

This behavior of English "or" is also found in other languages. However, many languages have disjunctive constructions which are robustly exclusive such as French soit... soit.

Alternative symbols
The symbol used for exclusive disjunction varies from one field of application to the next, and even depends on the properties being emphasized in a given context of discussion. In addition to the abbreviation "XOR", any of the following symbols may also be seen:
 * $$+$$ was used by George Boole in 1847. Although Boole used $$+$$ mainly on classes, he also considered the case that $$x,y$$ are propositions in $$x+y$$, and at the time $$+$$ is a connective. Furthermore, Boole used it exclusively. Although such use does not show the relationship between inclusive disjunction (for which $$\vee$$ is almost fixedly used nowadays) and exclusive disjunction, and may also bring about confusions with its other uses, some classical and modern textbooks still keep such use.
 * $$\overline{\vee}$$ was used by Christine Ladd-Franklin in 1883. Strictly speaking, Ladd used $$A\operatorname{\overline{\vee}}B$$ to express "$$A$$ is-not $$B$$" or "No $$A$$ is $$B$$", i.e., used $$\overline{\vee}$$ as exclusions, while implicitly $$\overline{\vee}$$ has the meaning of exclusive disjunction since the article is titled as "On the Algebra of Logic".
 * $$\not=$$, denoting the negation of equivalence, was used by Ernst Schröder in 1890, Although the usage of $$=$$ as equivalence could be dated back to George Boole in 1847, during the 40 years after Boole, his followers, such as Charles Sanders Peirce, Hugh MacColl, Giuseppe Peano and so on, did not use $$\not=$$ as non-equivalence literally which is possibly because it could be defined from negation and equivalence easily.
 * $$\circ$$ was used by Giuseppe Peano in 1894: "$$a\circ b=a-b\,\cup\,b-a$$. The sign $$\circ$$ corresponds to Latin aut; the sign $$\cup$$ to vel." Note that the Latin word "aut" means "exclusive or" and "vel" means "inclusive or", and that Peano use $$\cup$$ as inclusive disjunction.
 * $$\vee\vee$$ was used by Izrail Solomonovich Gradshtein (Израиль Соломонович Градштейн) in 1936.
 * $$\oplus$$ was used by Claude Shannon in 1938. Shannon borrowed the symbol as exclusive disjunction from Edward Vermilye Huntington in 1904. Huntington borrowed the symbol from Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1890 (the original date is not definitely known, but almost certainly it is written after 1685; and 1890 is the publishing time). While both Huntington in 1904 and Leibniz in 1890 used the symbol as an algebraic operation. Furthermore, Huntington in 1904 used the symbol as inclusive disjunction (logical sum) too, and in 1933 used $$+$$ as inclusive disjunction.
 * $$\not\equiv$$, also denoting the negation of equivalence, was used by Alonzo Church in 1944.
 * $$J$$ (as a prefix operator, $$J\phi\psi$$) was used by Józef Maria Bocheński in 1949. Somebody may mistake that it is Jan Łukasiewicz who is the first to use $$J$$ for exclusive disjunction (it seems that the mistake spreads widely), while neither in 1929 nor in other works did Łukasiewicz make such use. In fact, in 1949 Bocheński introduced a system of Polish notation that names all 16 binary connectives of classical logic which is a compatible extension of the notation of Łukasiewicz in 1929, and in which $$J$$ for exclusive disjunction appeared at the first time. Bocheński's usage of $$J$$ as exclusive disjunction has no relationship with the Polish "alternatywa rozłączna" of "exclusive or" and is an accident for which see the table on page 16 of the book in 1949.
 *  ^ , the caret, has been used in several programming languages to denote the bitwise exclusive or operator, beginning with C and also including C++, C#, D, Java, Perl, Ruby, PHP and Python.
 * The symmetric difference of two sets $$S$$ and $$T$$, which may be interpreted as their elementwise exclusive or, has variously been denoted as $$S\ominus T$$, $$S\mathop{\triangledown} T$$, or $$S\mathop{\vartriangle} T$$.

Properties
Commutativity: yes: Associativity: yes: Distributivity::The exclusive or does not distribute over any binary function (not even itself), but logical conjunction distributes over exclusive or. $C\land(A \oplus B )= (C\land A) \oplus (C\land B)$ (Conjunction and exclusive or form the multiplication and addition operations of a field GF(2), and as in any field they obey the distributive law.) Idempotency: no: Monotonicity: no: Truth-preserving: no:When all inputs are true, the output is not true. Falsehood-preserving: yes:When all inputs are false, the output is false. Walsh spectrum: (2,0,0,−2): Non-linearity: 0:The function is linear. Involution::Exclusive or with one specified input, as a function of the other input, is an involution or self-inverse function; applying it twice leaves the variable input unchanged.

If using binary values for true (1) and false (0), then exclusive or works exactly like addition modulo 2.

Bitwise operation
Exclusive disjunction is often used for bitwise operations. Examples:
 * 1 XOR 1 = 0
 * 1 XOR 0 = 1
 * 0 XOR 1 = 1
 * 0 XOR 0 = 0
 * $$ XOR $$ = $$ (this is equivalent to addition without carry)

As noted above, since exclusive disjunction is identical to addition modulo 2, the bitwise exclusive disjunction of two n-bit strings is identical to the standard vector of addition in the vector space $$(\Z/2\Z)^n$$.

In computer science, exclusive disjunction has several uses:
 * It tells whether two bits are unequal.
 * It is an optional bit-flipper (the deciding input chooses whether to invert the data input).
 * It tells whether there is an odd number of 1 bits ($$A \oplus B \oplus C \oplus D \oplus E$$ is true if and only if an odd number of the variables are true), which is equal to the parity bit returned by a parity function.

In logical circuits, a simple adder can be made with an XOR gate to add the numbers, and a series of AND, OR and NOT gates to create the carry output.

On some computer architectures, it is more efficient to store a zero in a register by XOR-ing the register with itself (bits XOR-ed with themselves are always zero) than to load and store the value zero.

In cryptography, XOR is sometimes used as a simple, self-inverse mixing function, such as in one-time pad or Feistel network systems. XOR is also heavily used in block ciphers such as AES (Rijndael) or Serpent and in block cipher implementation (CBC, CFB, OFB or CTR).

In simple threshold-activated artificial neural networks, modeling the XOR function requires a second layer because XOR is not a linearly separable function.

Similarly, XOR can be used in generating entropy pools for hardware random number generators. The XOR operation preserves randomness, meaning that a random bit XORed with a non-random bit will result in a random bit. Multiple sources of potentially random data can be combined using XOR, and the unpredictability of the output is guaranteed to be at least as good as the best individual source.

XOR is used in RAID 3–6 for creating parity information. For example, RAID can "back up" bytes $$ and $$ from two (or more) hard drives by XORing the just mentioned bytes, resulting in ($$) and writing it to another drive. Under this method, if any one of the three hard drives are lost, the lost byte can be re-created by XORing bytes from the remaining drives. For instance, if the drive containing $$ is lost, $$ and $$ can be XORed to recover the lost byte.

XOR is also used to detect an overflow in the result of a signed binary arithmetic operation. If the leftmost retained bit of the result is not the same as the infinite number of digits to the left, then that means overflow occurred. XORing those two bits will give a "1" if there is an overflow.

XOR can be used to swap two numeric variables in computers, using the XOR swap algorithm; however this is regarded as more of a curiosity and not encouraged in practice.

XOR linked lists leverage XOR properties in order to save space to represent doubly linked list data structures.

In computer graphics, XOR-based drawing methods are often used to manage such items as bounding boxes and cursors on systems without alpha channels or overlay planes.

Encodings
It is also called "not left-right arrow" in LaTeX-based markdown ($$\nleftrightarrow$$). Apart from the ASCII codes, the operator is encoded at and, both in block mathematical operators.

title: Exclusive or


text:
Louis Prima

Louis Leo Prima (December 7, 1910 – August 24, 1978) was an American trumpeter, singer, entertainer, and bandleader. While rooted in New Orleans jazz, swing music, and jump blues, Prima touched on various genres throughout his career: he formed a seven-piece New Orleans-style jazz band in the late 1920s, fronted a swing combo in the 1930s and a big band group in the 1940s, helped to popularize jump blues in the late 1940s and early to mid 1950s, and performed frequently as a Vegas lounge act beginning in the 1950s.

From the 1940s through the 1960s, his music further encompassed early R&B and rock 'n' roll, boogie-woogie, and Italian folk music, such as the tarantella. Prima made prominent use of Italian music and language in his songs, blending elements of his Italian and Sicilian identity with jazz and swing music. At a time when ethnic musicians were discouraged from openly stressing their ethnicity, Prima's conspicuous embrace of his Sicilian ethnicity opened the doors for other Italian-American and ethnic American musicians to display their ethnic roots.

Prima is also known for providing the voice for the orangutan King Louie in the 1967 Disney film The Jungle Book.

Early life
Louis Leo Prima was from a musical Italian American family in New Orleans, Louisiana. His father, Anthony Prima, was the son of Leonardo Di Prima, a Sicilian immigrant from Salaparuta, while his mother, Angelina Caravella, had emigrated from the island of Ustica north of Sicily as a baby. Prima was the second child of four; his older brother, Leon, was born in 1907, while his sisters Elizabeth and Marguerite were younger. Marguerite died when she was three years old. Leon, Louis, and Elizabeth were all baptized at St. Ann's Parish. They lived in a house at 1812 St. Peter Street in New Orleans.

Prima's mother was a music lover, and she made sure that each child played an instrument. Louis was assigned the violin and started out playing at St. Ann's Parish. He became interested in jazz when he heard black musicians, including Louis Armstrong. Italian immigrants, Italian-Americans, and African-Americans in New Orleans at the time frequently socialized together in the same clubs and bars. Local clubs tailored to the ostracized Italian community, such as Matranga's, Joe Segrettas, Tonti's Social Club, and Lala's Big 25, were all Italian-American clubs owned and operated by Italians; African Americans were always welcomed in these clubs and often played music and fraternized with Italians and Italian-Americans. Prima's interest in jazz was sparked while frequenting these clubs and observing black and Italian jazz artists playing together.

According to author Garry Boulard in his book Louis Prima, Prima paid attention to the music coming from clubs and watched his older brother Leon play the cornet. When Leon left the house to spend one summer in Texas, Prima practiced continuously on his worn-down cornet. He formed a band in 1924 with his childhood friends "Candy" Candido (bass), Irving Fazola (clarinet) and Johnny Viviano (drums).

Prima attended Jesuit High School but transferred to Warren Easton High, then a boys' school, in the fall of 1926. At Warren Easton, he played with the "Eastonites", the school band. In 1927, he partnered with fellow musician Frank Federico and the pair played at "The Whip", a run-down French Quarter nightclub. By the spring of 1928, Prima decided he would become a professional musician.

Career
After finishing high school in New Orleans, Prima had a few unsuccessful gigs, including when he joined the Ellis Stratako Orchestra in 1929. Prima, Federico and saxophonist Dave Winstein drove to Florida for a gig but no one showed up. They made it to a relative's house, where they were given money for gas and a meal. Prima did not give up. He joined Joseph Cherniavsky's Orchestra in 1929 at Jefferson Parish. He got a temporary job playing on the steamship Capital that docked on Canal Street.

Although the Capital did not provide him with a big break for his career, he did meet his first wife Louise Polizzi there. They married on June 25, 1929. From 1931 to 1932, Prima occupied his time by performing in the Avalon Club owned by his brother Leon. His first break was when Lou Forbes hired him for daily afternoon and early evening shows at The Saenger.

New York City
New York was an attraction for hungry musicians during the Great Depression. It posed numerous risks, but all of the best artists in the nation made it in New York if not anywhere else. Guy Lombardo met Prima while he was performing at club Shim Sham during the Mardi Gras season of 1934.

Prima's first gig in New York City was supposed to be at a club called Leon and Eddie's, located at 33 West 52nd street. Eddie Davis, one of the owners of the club, did not hire Prima because he thought he was black.

Prima and his New Orleans Gang
In September 1934, Prima began recording for the Brunswick label. He recorded "That's Where the South Begins", "Long About Midnight", "Jamaica Shout", and "Star Dust".

Prima and his New Orleans Gang featured Frank Pinero playing piano, Jack Ryan bass, Garrett McAdams guitar, and Pee Wee Russell clarinet. The band had their first performance at a club called the Famous Door, owned and operated by Jack Colt. Prima's recordings from 1935 were a combination of Dixieland and swing. In May 1935, Prima and Russell recorded "The Lady in Red", a national jukebox hit. They also recorded "Chinatown", "Chasing Shadows" and "Gypsy Tea Room".

Martha Raye played a role in Prima's professional and personal life. She was a comedian with potential to become a singer. The two featured a show at the club that granted Prima his first national debut on "The Fleischman Hour". In March 1936, Prima recorded "Sing Sing Sing", which subsequently became a hit for Benny Goodman.

California
Prima moved to California to expand his music. During this time there was a movement for big bands and orchestras. Prima hired Louis Masinter on the string bass, a New Orleans native. He fired McAdams so that he could have Frank Federico, his childhood friend, play the guitar. With all of his success, his marriage back in New Orleans had already failed. He and Louise were divorced in 1936, following infidelities going back at least to the French Quarter in 1933. A few months later, he was involved in a new fling with Alma Ross, an actress.

Prima and Ross were quite serious and after only a few months together he asked her to marry him while he started his tour out in the Midwest. The couple faced problems in Wisconsin and Chicago because they did not meet the marital requirements. Guy Lombardo helped them out by arranging a place in South Bend, Indiana. They wed on July 25, 1936. The couple had a few problems; one of the worst was that Louis denied much about his past. He never confessed to Alma that he had a daughter until she found out from a tax return. Prima also pushed Ross into signing with Paramount in 1937.

He continued to travel along the East Coast with his band. Prima struggled to upgrade to big band style. It was not supported by his mentors in New York or Los Angeles. With the help of Guy Lombardo he traveled to Chicago to promote his new format at the Blackhawk in October 1936. The new format was unsuccessful.

Reinvented in New York
In 1937, Prima and his smaller gang (Federico, Masinter, Pinero, and Meyer Weinberg on clarinet) returned to the Famous Door in New York to perform. He also appeared at Billy Rose's Casa Mañana club in May 1938. He earned nearly a quarter million dollars throughout seven weeks at Casa Mañana.

He was booked by William Morris Agency in late 1938, which sent him to Boston, New York, Baltimore, Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, Miami Beach, New Orleans, and St. Louis. The band traveled by car, since it was the cheapest option.

World War II
In 1939, Prima was under contract to appear in Black theatres in New York, Baltimore, Boston and Washington D.C. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt attended his performance in Washington D.C., and formally invited him to President Franklin D. Roosevelt's birthday celebration. He appeared in photographs with the President, which ultimately boosted his publicity. Deemed unfit for military service in World War II because of a knee injury, Prima continued performing. By the mid-1940s, Prima was experiencing great success. People were purchasing tickets early in the morning for shows later on that evening. Despite the anti-Italian sentiment during the war, Prima continued to record Italian songs, the most famous being "Angelina", named after his mother. Others included "Please No Squeeza Da Banana", "Baciagaloop (Makes Love on the Stoop)", and "Felicia No Capicia."

He performed the Italian songs at the Strand Theatre in New York. He brought in $440,000 in six weeks. In Detroit he could bring in about $38,000 for an afternoon performance. With all of this success, he decided to go back to Chicago to prove himself; he sold out the "Panther Room" in that city.

Prima had several big hits in the summer of 1945, including "My Dreams Are Getting Better All the Time" and "Bell-Bottom Trousers". As his career grew, however, his marriage with Alma simultaneously failed. They got a divorce when she discovered he had been cheating on her with another actress. Alma was supposed to receive $15,000 a year or 7.5% of his earnings. Prima ignored the payments until they piled up to about $60,000, which forced him to write a settlement check of $45,000 plus $250 per week. Later he married his secretary, Tracelene Barrett.

By the end of the war years, the popularity of big band music was diminishing, and by 1947 Prima was playing more jazzy versions of his music. Under a new contract with RCA Victor, he recorded "Civilization"; "You Can't Tell the Depth of the Well"; "Say it with a Slap"; "Valencia"; "My Flame Went Out Last Night"; "Thousand Islands"; "Mean To Me"; and "Tutti Tutti Pizzicato".

In 1948, Prima and Barrett had a baby girl.

Personality
Fans knew Prima as a genial and patient celebrity: he always signed autographs or posed for pictures with a smile. To the record companies and big corporations, however, Prima showed little deference, and he was uncompromising in seeking maximum compensation for his work.

Warner Brothers offered him $60,000 to be in a movie based on the life of Helen Morgan, but he rejected it; when the studio increased the offer to $75,000, it was still not enough. Prima wanted $100,000 and creative control of his role, which was rejected by Warner Brothers. He had protracted disputes with the Strand Theatre in New York City and Majestic Records, and he flatly refused to allow a former songwriter to advertise herself as "formerly featured with Louis Prima's orchestra".

Prima had expensive tastes: he shopped at luxury clothing stores and always wore top-brand suits. He spent great sums on horse racing and his own private stable of horses. He said he enjoyed gambling because it relaxed him; riding was another one of the things that relaxed him the most outside of his busy performing life. He knew each of his horses well and read about training. Another hobby was boating. He purchased a boat for his third wife Tracelene Barrett for their honeymoon on the Hudson River.

Keely Smith
Keely Smith was twenty when she met Prima in August 1948. Born in Norfolk, Virginia, she made a point to stop by the Surf Club in Virginia Beach to visit him. To her surprise, Prima was looking for a new female vocalist to replace Lily Ann Carol. Smith was wearing a bathing suit and was not allowed into the club until she put on proper attire. Luckily, someone was able to lend her some acceptable clothing and she auditioned. She landed the part and was soon traveling with his band.

Prima signed with Columbia Records in the fall of 1951 to keep up with the rapid changes in the marketing industry. Throughout his sixteen-month contract, his top hits consisted of "Chop Suey, Chow Mein", "Ooh-Dahdily-Dah", and "Chili Sauce". To support his horses and manage his expenses, he chose to drop his big band and play in lesser clubs. On top of it all, he divorced his third wife Tracelene on June 18, 1953. Less than a month later he married Keely. She was open to criticism, and he wanted to make her a star. He tried to find the style that fit her correctly, especially since rock and roll was emerging. Prima was not against rock 'n' roll like some other artists, such as Frank Sinatra and Jackie Gleason. He accepted that "the kids had an instinct for the kind of music that's fun to listen to and dance to."

A new act
In 1954, Prima was offered a stay at The Sahara in Las Vegas to open his new act with Keely Smith. He enlisted New Orleans saxophonist Sam Butera and his backing musicians, "The Witnesses". The act was a hit, and ultimately led Prima to sign with Capitol Records in 1955. The act performed regularly in Las Vegas for the rest of the decade.

He released his first album with Capitol Records, The Wildest!, in September 1956. Some of the popular songs include his medley of "Just a Gigolo" and "I Ain't Got Nobody". In 1957, the couple released The Call of the Wildest. Keely worked with other artists to release the album I Wish You Love, and received a Grammy for it in 1958.

She earned Billboard and Variety's number one female vocalist award in 1958–59, and the Playboy Jazz Award in 1959. The duo also redid "That Old Black Magic", which was a Top 40 hit for two months. It earned the duo a Grammy. The couple also had two daughters together, one of whom, Toni, became an actress and singer in her own right. Prima decided to relocate his acts to the Desert Inn because he would take in $3 million for producing twelve weeks' worth of acts a year for five years.

Prima signed with Dot Records in 1959 and produced eight albums, headlined by Wonderland By Night and On Stage in 1961. The couple was constantly performing and it affected their marriage. An attempted vacation boating down the Atlantic coast ended up grounded in the Intracoastal Waterway until rescued by the Coast Guard.

In January 1961, Prima was invited by Frank Sinatra to perform at the inaugural gala for President John F. Kennedy; the two played "Old Black Magic" together. The constant performances and Prima's infidelities were too much for Smith. That noted, Smith also had an affair with Frank Sinatra [13][14], prior to her divorce from Prima in 1961. After finishing up their contract at the Desert Inn, she filed for divorce at the Eighth Judicial Circuit Court of Nevada in Las Vegas.

After Smith was out of his life and his performances, Prima tried to prove that he did not need her. In the New York Post, there was a suggestion that Smith should rejoin for an act in New York's Basin Street East nightclub. Prima said, "I have no desire whatsoever to have any dealings with Keely Smith under any conditions…There is nothing in the world or no one that could ever make me accept this woman in our act."

Prima's father died in 1961, the same year as the divorce from Smith. His mother died in the winter of 1965.

In 1962, he tried to form his own recording company called "Prima One Records". He filled Smith's spot with Gia Maione, a waitress who was 21 years old. He did his best to make her famous by producing her first album "This Is … Gia." It was funded entirely by him, and it was unsuccessful. They married and had a daughter, Lena, later a New Orleans-based singer and recording artist with Basin Street Records, and his only son, Louis Prima Jr., the last of his six children. He was also in the middle of making appearances in Las Vegas and promoting the film Twist All Night.

In 1967, Prima landed a role in Walt Disney's animated feature The Jungle Book, as the raucous orangutan King Louie. He performed the hit song "I Wan'na Be like You" on the soundtrack, leading to the recording of two albums with Phil Harris: The Jungle Book and More Jungle Book, and covering MC duties and singing the theme song "Winnie the Pooh", for the 1967 album entitled Happy Birthday Winnie the Pooh, all of these on Disneyland Records. He can be heard on the soundtrack of another cartoon feature, The Man Called Flintstone. One of Prima's final television appearances was as a "mystery guest" on What's My Line? in 1970.

Personal life
Prima was married five times and had six children. Prima was married to Louise Polizzi from 1929 to 1936; Alma Ross from 1936 to 1945; Tracelene Barrett from 1945 to 1952; Keely Smith from 1953 to 1961; and Gia Maione in 1963. All but his marriage to Maione ended in divorce.

Among his children are musical performers Lena Prima and Louis Prima Jr., both born to Maione.

Prima suffered a heart attack in 1973. Two years later, following headaches and episodes of memory loss, he sought medical attention, and was diagnosed with a brain stem tumor. He suffered a cerebral hemorrhage and went into a coma following surgery. He never recovered, and died three years later, in 1978, having been moved back to New Orleans. He was buried in Metairie Cemetery in a gray marble crypt topped by a figure of Gabriel, the trumpeter-angel, sculpted in 1997 by Russian-born sculptor Alexei Kazantsev. The inscription on the crypt's door quotes the lyrics from one of his hits: "When the end comes, I know, they'll say, 'just a gigolo' as life goes on without me…"

Legacy
Prima's expected visit to a small Italian restaurant drives the plot of the critically acclaimed 1996 film Big Night.

On July 25, 2010, the centenary year of his birth, Prima received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

In 2018, Prima's 1936 single "What Will Santa Claus Say (When He Finds Everybody Swingin')" was sampled by Kids See Ghosts on the song "4th Dimension", which appeared on their album Kids See Ghosts.

Prima's New Orleans-based daughter, Lena Prima, performs throughout the nation. His son, Louis Prima Jr. leads his own band, performing music composed and played by his father and popular music of many genres.

Albums

 * Louis Prima Plays for the People (Mercury, 1953)
 * The Wildest! (Capitol, 1956)
 * The Call of the Wildest (Capitol, 1957)
 * Louis Prima with Orchestra (Rondo-Lette, 1957)
 * Breaking It Up! (Columbia, recorded 1951–1953, released 1958)
 * Hi-Fi Lootin'  with Joe Venuti (Design, 1958)
 * Entertains (Rondo-Lette, 1959)
 * Strictly Prima! (Capitol, 1959)
 * Pretty Music, Prima Style (Vol. 1) (Dot, 1960)
 * Wonderland by Night: Pretty Music, Prima Style – Volume II (Dot, 1960)
 * Blue Moon (Pretty Music, Prima Style – Vol. 3) (Dot, 1961)
 * Doin' the Twist with Louis Prima (Dot, 1961)
 * The Wildest Comes Home! (Capitol, 1962)
 * Lake Tahoe, Prima Style (Capitol, 1962)
 * Italian Favorites with Phil Brito (Tops, 1963)
 * Prima Show in the Casbar (Prima Magnagroove, 1963)
 * The King of Clubs (Prima Magnagroove, 1964)
 * Let's Fly with Mary Poppins with Gia Maione (Prima Magnagroove, 1965)
 * The Golden Hits of Louis Prima (Hanna Barbera, 1966)
 * Louis Prima On Broadway (United Artists, 1967)
 * The Jungle Book (Disneyland, 1967)
 * The New Sounds of the Louis Prima Show (De-Lite/Prima Magnagroove, 1968)
 * More Jungle Book...Further Adventures of Baloo and Mowgli with Phil Harris (Disneyland, 1969)
 * Blast Off! The Live New Sound of Louis Prima (Quad/Prima Magnagroove, 1970)
 * The Prima Generation '72 (Prima Magnagroove; Brunswick, 1972)
 * Just a Gigolo (Prima Magnagroove, 1973)
 * Angelina (Prima Magnagroove, 1973)
 * Let's Hear It for Robin Hood (Buena Vista, 1974)
 * The Wildest '75 (Prima Magnagroove, 1975)
 * Proprio Un Gigolo (Record Bazaar [Italy], 1978)
 * Let's Swing It (Classic Jazz/Charly [UK], 1994)
 * I Wanna Be Like You (Walt Disney [France], 1995)

Selected singles

 * "Dinah" / "Chinatown, My Chinatown" (1933) Bluebird
 * "That's Where the South Begins" / "Jamaica Shout" (1934) Brunswick
 * "Long About Midnight" / "Stardust" (1934) Brunswick
 * "Sing it Way Down Low" / "Let's Have a Jubilee" (1934) Brunswick
 * "I Still Want You" / "Breakin' the Ice" (1934) Brunswick
 * "House Rent Party" / "Bright Eyes" (1935) Brunswick
 * "It's the Rhythm in Me" / "Worry Blues" (1935) Brunswick
 * "Hi Ho Trailus Bootwhip" / "I'll Walk Alone" (1945) Mercury
 * "I Beeped When I Shoulda Bopped" / "The Manuelo Tarantel" (1949) Mercury

title: Louis Prima


text:
User talk:Juanan~enwiki

Hello Juanan and Welcome! I look forward to working with you on on EL/Spanish Wikipedia issues. --mav 21:13 Oct 16, 2002 (UTC)

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Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Juanan. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Juanan~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

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title: User talk:Juanan~enwiki


text:
Class war (disambiguation)

Class war is political tension and economic antagonism among the social classes of a society.

Class war or class warfare may also refer to:

 * Class War, a British anarchist group and newspaper
 * Class War (album), by Wisdom in Chains, 2007
 * Cla$war, a comic book limited series
 * Class Warfare, a 1996 book of interviews with Noam Chomsky
 * Class Warfare (film), a 2001 TV film

title: Class war (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:PH

Areas of improvement
I identified several areas for improvement that I believe will improve the readability, accessibility, and comprehensiveness of the article. Firstly, to update the page on its application, I will increase the number of real-world examples in the article to help readers understand the practical applications of pH in various fields. This will make the content more engaging and accessible to readers who do not have a background in chemistry or science. I'll add clear subheadings to make the article easier to navigate and understand. This will help readers find the information they need faster while also making the content more organized. Finally, in order to improve the clarity of the images, I'll go over the images in the article and revise their captions to provide more detail and context for the reader. I'll also look for ways to include more diverse images that show how pH can be used in real-world situations. Veggietaquito (talk) 04:15, 12 March 2023 (UTC)

 * For chemists, comprehensiveness of the chemical parts of the article is very high. But for non-chemical audience adding the  examples of practical application  for "real-world" cases may be useful for the improvement of readability  . ChemEdit (talk) 13:44, 20 March 2023 (UTC)
 * You cannot log something with a unit/dimension. You either log the absolute value, or you log the concentration/activity divided by some reference concentration/activity. Compare dB (decibel). The reason is that log can be substituted by its MacLaurin series and otherwise you would end up with a sum of dimensionless + unit + unit squared + unit cubed and so on. 83.223.9.100 (talk) 08:43, 27 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm mildly surprised to see " An alternative method of measuring pH is using an electronic pH meter" as if this is not the standard and people who work with water chemistry as part of their job are out there staring at what color the water is, hoping to pase out the ph that way. This seems more like a something students in a lab would be doing as opposed to a day-to-day thing. Maybe I'm wrong, but in my line of work everyone uses an electronic meter. Beeblebrox (talk) 19:06, 4 October 2023 (UTC)
 * At the very beginning of this, the "p" is said to be "potential", and this is internally linked to "electric potential". This is misleading (notwithstanding that later it is linked to an electric potential in an electrochemical cell in "hydrogen electrode"). The original "p" was short for the German word "Potenz", meaning "potency". "Potential" is OK in English, meaning the inherent ability to do something - low pH means likely to corrode, dissolve, etc. Bobgid (talk) 18:48, 30 March 2024 (UTC)

p[H] subsection
For the p{H} subsection, wouldn't it be more appropriate to have the title "pH." ? Since we are basing off this pH definition from Soresen and he defines it as such, not p[H]. Veggietaquito (talk) 17:29, 14 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Only if you're very careful with your typography! A lower case p with a subscripted H looks awfully like a big P in front of a smaller H! Since "pH" is always printed like that, I think it more sensible to leave it as p[H], where the "p" is funtioning as a sort of mathematical operator: "minus log(10) of", and the [H] is what it's operating on. Also used frequently in pOH, pCl, p[acetate], etc. Bobgid (talk) 19:00, 30 March 2024 (UTC)

pH of seawater
I've stumbled over this sentence in this article: The pH of seawater is typically limited to a range between 7.4 and 8.5. as the value of 7.4 seemed way too low to me. This sentence actually talks about extremes of pH value rather than describing what the "normal" range is. The same sentence is currently also at seawater and at ocean and I plan to change it in all three places (am pondering if the same info really should be in 3 articles though; see below). I've contacted an ocean chemistry expert about this sentence (Tim Jickells) and he recommended changed it like this: The pH value at the surface of oceans is normally about 8.2 and can fall to 7.8 in deep ocean waters as a result of degradation of organic matter in these waters (Emerson and Hedges chapter 4) and can be as high as 8.4 in surface waters in areas of high biological productivity (Chester and Jickells Chapter 9).. Does anyone object? He also said "I think chasing extreme pH values is probably misleading". Pinging User:Plumbago who has worked on this before. Also pinging User:Epipelagic and User:ASRASR.

I think this whole pH thing in the ocean is so important now because ocean acidification results in a dropping pH value so it's important to get all the facts straight and clear.

My second question is: would the info about the pH value in the ocean perhaps be better off centralised in one article and then the other articles should refer across, rather than repeating the same info in several places? At the moment, the same/similar about current pH value info would be in these articles: pH, sea, ocean, seawater, ocean acidification. Can we envision any streamlining for this? Maybe by using excerpts? As the pH value will continue to drop over time (even if slowly), this will be an ongoing issue. EMsmile (talk) 12:41, 2 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I've now removed that sentence in question and modified the section a bit. I've updated the content about a drop in pH value by copying some sentences from ocean acidification which were recently updated there. I'll now also update the equivalent content at sea, ocean, seawater. EMsmile (talk) 07:32, 3 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks for this. I think Jickells' revised sentence is good. According to NOAA (https://www.noaa.gov/education/resource-collections/ocean-coasts/ocean-acidification#:~:text=Because%20of%20human%2Ddriven%20increased,the%20ocean%20becomes%20more%20acidic) the average pH of the oceans has dropped to 8.1 over the past 100 years. Setting up excerpts to the relevant WP articles is a good idea in order to create consistency. ASRASR (talk) 22:56, 22 May 2023 (UTC)

0 to 14
I'm no subject expert but after reading the cited source "Negative pH Does Exist" and the lead's mention that pH can fall outside [0, 14], I felt confident enough to make this edit that removes reference to 0 and 14 as bounds. The first text removed contains information found elsewhere in the article (relationship to hydrogen ions; logs mean tenfold difference is a pH difference of 1). Then some rewording on 7 as neutral.

The article could still do a better job of explaining whether a pH of 7 exactly is or isn't true neutral (or whether it depends on some other factor like temperature), and maybe cover this [0, 14] misconception in the body of the article with some examples outside this interval. — Bilorv ( talk ) 08:47, 9 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I've added this back to the lead "The pH range is commonly given as zero to 14" - I think it's useful to have this as these are the "normal" limits (isn't it?) and anything that is below zero or above 14 is very rare, right? And I think we should probably explain this a bit better in the main text. EMsmile (talk) 14:28, 14 August 2023 (UTC)
 * But it's false. NaOH and HNO3 are pretty common reagents, including at the concentrations required to get out of the [0, 14] range.
 * What is true is that as you get beyond the usual range, pH stops being a good measure. For example, at such high concentrations, activity and concentration can no longer be assumed equal. Double sharp (talk) 08:00, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Hi! I am a retired research chemist and teacher of chemistry at varios levels. You seem to think negative pH is uncommon, rare. It isn't. You also need to understand the ifference between "strong" and "concentrated" and to keep these terms separate. In a teaching lab, there are often racks of common reagent dilute solutions, and to simplify proportion-judging, they are of similat concentrations, typically 2 mol/litre. Thus "dilute Hydrochloric acid" will be 2M, but sulfuric acid will be 1M (as it dissociates one H2SO4 giving two H+). Not really "concentrated", and activity still close to molarity. Now minus log10 of 2 is minus 0.3, so there's a negative pH. (most pH test strips would show "zero", really meaning "below 0.5") Many household chemicals in solution would reach that too, eg, "pH Reducer" for pools/spas.Agreed, at higher concentrations, activity not equal molarity. But 10M acids are easy (pH approx -1), but 100M acids are not (even neat water is only 1000/18 = 55.6M). 100M would be -2, so the scale must give out somewhere between -1 and -2, and similarly at the other end of the scale. Things get really weird in non-aqueous solutions, so don't go there!   Regards, Bob. Bobgid (talk) 15:24, 30 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:PH


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Pandulf Verraccio

Pandulf Verraccio (died 16 September 1226), whose first name may also be spelled Pandolph or Pandulph (Pandolfo in Italian), was a Roman ecclesiastical politician, papal legate to England and bishop of Norwich.

Early life
Pandulf was born in the Papal States, and first came to England in 1211, when he was commissioned by Pope Innocent III to negotiate with King John during the Investiture Controversy. He is often erroneously called Cardinal Pandulph or Pandulph Masca due to being confused with Cardinal Pandolfo da Lucca, who himself was confused with Cardinal Pandulf of Pisa and erroneously given the Pisan family name Masca. His authentic surname may be rendered Verraccio, Verracchio or Verracclo.

Role in the Investiture Controversy
Obtaining no satisfactory concessions in John's efforts to impose Caesaropapism upon the Catholic Church in England, Pandulf is alleged to have produced the papal sentence of excommunication in the very presence of the king. In May 1213 Pandulf again visited England to receive the king's submission. The ceremony took place at the Templar church at Dover, and on the following day John, of his own motion, formally surrendered England to the Holy See and received it back as a papal fief.

Loyalty to King John
Pandulf repaid this act of humility by using every means to avert the threatened French invasion of England. For nearly a year he was superseded by the cardinal-legate Nicholas of Tusculum; but returning in 1215 was present at the conference of Runnymede, when the Magna Carta was sealed. He rendered valuable aid to John who rewarded him with the see of Norwich, England in 1215, however he was not consecrated for a number of years. The arrival of the cardinal-legate Gualo in 1216 relegated Pandulf to a secondary position; but after Gualo's departure in 1218 he came forward once more, after having been appointed papal legate again on 1 September 1218.

Handling of Brigandage
Pandulf is known to have sent a letter to Peter des Roches (who was bishop of Winchester) between 1218-1221 urgently requesting action against rampant brigandage on the roads near Winchester (one of the largest cities of England at the time). He wrote:

My lord bishop, the complaints of the poor and of women ought especially to move you, that nobody can travel near Winchester without being held up, robbed, and worst of all—should there not be enough goods on them—people are being killed. Truly, because this sort of thing is a disgrace to the lord king, and to you, and it is going on to the scandal and disorder of the whole kingdom, we ask, advise and firmly instruct your wisdom, as you value the forgiveness of your sins, that you cause this business to be sorted out, so that we hear no further complaints.

Regency Years 1219-1221
During the years 1219-1221 there are at least 68 letters from or addressed to Pandulf which survive detailing his handling of diplomatic affairs, domestic affairs, national defense, the Exchequer, and his coordination with the Justiciar Hubert de Burgh, the bishop of Winchester (regency member) Peter des Roches, and the vice-chancellor Ralph Neville. In fact, the only two members of Henry III's regency government who have more surviving letters are Ralph Neville and Hubert de Burgh. He sent and received several letters regarding diplomacy including the reception of a letter from Llywelyn the Great regarding diplomatic affairs with wales.

Termination of Legatine and Consecration as Bishop of Norwich
As representing the pope Pandulf claimed a control over Hubert de Burgh and the other ministers of the young Henry III; and his correspondence shows that he interfered in every department of the administration. His arrogance was tolerated while the regency was still in need of papal assistance; but in 1221 Hubert de Burgh and the primate Stephen Langton successfully moved the pope to recall Pandulf and to send no other legate a latere (of the highest rank) in his place. His legatine commission was terminated by the summer of 1221. He was finally consecrated bishop on 29 May 1222.

Pandulf retained the see of Norwich, but from this time drops out of English politics. He died in Rome on 16 September 1226, but his body was taken to Norwich for burial.

In popular culture

 * Pandulf Verraccio is one of the main characters in the stage play The Life and Death of King John by William Shakespeare. Pandulf Verraccio's role centers first upon the Investiture Controversy between King John and Pope Innocent III and Verraccio's subsequent role in blocking the French invasion.

title: Pandulf Verraccio


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Lex (software)

Lex is a computer program that generates lexical analyzers ("scanners" or "lexers"). It is commonly used with the yacc parser generator and is the standard lexical analyzer generator on many Unix and Unix-like systems. An equivalent tool is specified as part of the POSIX standard.

Lex reads an input stream specifying the lexical analyzer and writes source code which implements the lexical analyzer in the C programming language.

In addition to C, some old versions of Lex could generate a lexer in Ratfor.

History
Lex was originally written by Mike Lesk and Eric Schmidt and described in 1975. In the following years, Lex became standard lexical analyzer generator on many Unix and Unix-like systems. In 1983, Lex was one of several UNIX tools available for Charles River Data Systems' UNOS operating system under Bell Laboratories license. Although originally distributed as proprietary software, some versions of Lex are now open-source. Open-source versions of Lex, based on the original proprietary code, are now distributed with open-source operating systems such as OpenSolaris and Plan 9 from Bell Labs. One popular open-source version of Lex, called flex, or the "fast lexical analyzer", is not derived from proprietary coding.

Structure of a Lex file
The structure of a Lex file is intentionally similar to that of a yacc file: files are divided into three sections, separated by lines that contain only two percent signs, as follows:
 * The definitions section defines macros and imports header files written in C. It is also possible to write any C code here, which will be copied verbatim into the generated source file.
 * The rules section associates regular expression patterns with C statements. When the lexer sees text in the input matching a given pattern, it will execute the associated C code.
 * The C code section contains C statements and functions that are copied verbatim to the generated source file. These statements presumably contain code called by the rules in the rules section. In large programs it is more convenient to place this code in a separate file linked in at compile time.

Example of a Lex file
The following is an example Lex file for the flex version of Lex. It recognizes strings of numbers (positive integers) in the input, and simply prints them out.

If this input is given to, it will be converted into a C file,. This can be compiled into an executable which matches and outputs strings of integers. For example, given the input: abc123z.!&*2gj6 the program will print: Saw an integer: 123 Saw an integer: 2 Saw an integer: 6

Using Lex with parser generators
Lex, as with other lexical analyzers, limits rules to those which can be described by regular expressions. Due to this, Lex can be implemented by a finite state automata as shown by the Chomsky hierarchy of languages. To recognize more complex languages, Lex is often used with parser generators such as Yacc or Bison. Parser generators use a formal grammar to parse an input stream.

It is typically preferable to have a parser, one generated by Yacc for instance, accept a stream of tokens (a "token-stream") as input, rather than having to process a stream of characters (a "character-stream") directly. Lex is often used to produce such a token-stream.

Scannerless parsing refers to parsing the input character-stream directly, without a distinct lexer.

Lex and make
make is a utility that can be used to maintain programs involving Lex. Make assumes that a file that has an extension of  is a Lex source file. The make internal macro  can be used to specify Lex options to be invoked automatically by make.

title: Lex (software)


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Borough of Runnymede

The Borough of Runnymede is a local government district with borough status in Surrey, England. Its council is based in Addlestone and the borough also includes the towns of Chertsey and Egham. The borough is named after Runnymede, a water meadow on the banks of the River Thames near Egham, which is connected with the sealing of Magna Carta by King John in 1215.

It is a prosperous part of the London commuter belt, having some of the most expensive housing in the United Kingdom outside central London, such as the Wentworth Estate at Virginia Water. The M25 motorway which encircles London runs through the borough, with Addlestone, Chertsey and Egham Hythe being inside the M25. At the 2021 Census, the population of the borough was 87,739. With a GDP per capita of £87,277 it is the sixth wealthiest borough in the UK, being the wealthiest outside of London. The UK Competitiveness Index ranks it as the 8th most economically competitive area in the UK, with only London boroughs ahead.

The neighbouring districts are Spelthorne, Elmbridge, Woking, Surrey Heath and Windsor and Maidenhead.

History
The district was created on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, covering two former districts which were both abolished at the same time: The new district was named after the water meadow of Runnymede on the banks of the Thames at Egham on the northern edge of the borough, which is connected with the sealing of Magna Carta by King John in 1215 and is the site of several significant monuments.
 * Chertsey Urban District (which included Addlestone)
 * Egham Urban District (which included Thorpe and Virginia Water)

The district was awarded borough status in 1978, allowing the chair of the council to take the title of mayor.

Governance
Runnymede Borough Council provides district-level services. County-level services are provided by Surrey County Council. There are no civil parishes in the borough, which is an unparished area.

Political control
The council has been under no overall control since the 2023 election, being run by a Conservative minority administration, followed by a majority administration formed of Labour, Liberal Democrats, Greens and independent councillors since 2024.

The first elections to the council were held in 1973, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities until the new arrangements came into effect on 1 April 1974. Political control of the council since 1974 has been as follows:

Leadership
The role of mayor is largely ceremonial in Runnymede. Political leadership is instead provided by the leader or co-leaders of the council. The leaders (or co-leaders) since 1984 have been:

Composition
Following the 2024 election the composition of the council was:

Of the independent councillors, three (all representing Ottershaw ward) form the "Independent Group", which informally supported the Conservative minority administration between 2023 and '24. The other two (both representing Englefield Green East) form part of the majority administration group. The next election is due in 2026.

Elections
Since the last boundary changes in 2019 the council has comprised 41 councillors representing 14 wards with each ward electing three councillors except Englefield Green East which elects two. Elections are held three years out of every four, with roughly a third of the council elected each time for a four-year term of office. Surrey County Council elections are held in the fourth year of the cycle when there are no borough council elections.

Premises
The council is based at Runnymede Civic Centre on Station Road in Addlestone. The new building cost a reported £12.6m and opened in May 2008. The council's former offices were on the adjoining site and were subsequently demolished to make way for a retail development.

Transport
The M25 motorway runs through Runnymede from south to north, with junctions at Chertsey and Egham, while train services in the borough are provided by South Western Railway on the Waterloo–Reading line and the Chertsey branch line.

Twinning
Runnymede is twinned with Bergisch Gladbach, situated 10 miles east of Cologne; Herndon, Virginia, about 20 miles west of Washington, D.C.; and Joinville-le-Pont, located to the east of Paris.

title: Borough of Runnymede