text:
White Rock, New Mexico

White Rock is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Los Alamos County, New Mexico. It is one of two major population centers in the county; the other is Los Alamos (the county seat). The population was 5,725 at the 2010 census. It is largely a bedroom community for employees of Los Alamos National Laboratory and their families. Access to White Rock from the town of Los Alamos and other cities and towns in New Mexico is via New Mexico State Road 4, which forms the northwestern boundary of the community. Administratively, White Rock is a neighborhood of Los Alamos; locals refer to Los Alamos (meaning not White Rock) as "the Townsite," or "the Hill".

History
In 1947 the United States Atomic Energy Commission acquired about 100 acres from the United States Forest Service to build a company town to house construction and other contractors’ workers who did not qualify to reside within the secured city of Los Alamos. The town was erected quickly from early 1949, with the intent to provide accommodation for up to 1800 residents by mid-September of that year. This was accomplished with standard building designs, many prefabricated, and included dormitories for 912 men and 32 women, 64 single-, 297 double- and 48 three-bedroom houses, all as rental properties, as well as provision for 217 mobile homes. A school, shopping center, post office and administration building were also included.

By June 1950 the population was estimated 1000 to 1200 persons, including 325 families, but from 1952 steadily dropped with the decline in major construction projects. By 1953, 251 of the prefab dwelling units had been declared surplus and disposed of, and by 1957 only 9 houses and 20 mobile home spaces were rented. The town was officially closed on September 30, and the remaining structures disposed of by the end of that year.

In early 1960 the site was offered as a housing development site to interested developers, for up to 200 houses, with purchase priority being given to people connected to LASL. Work on the second and present White Rock was begun in 1962.`

Geography
White Rock is located in southeastern Los Alamos County and is bordered to the north and east by Santa Fe; the eastern border follows the Rio Grande through White Rock Canyon. The elevation of the White Rock townsite is 6365 ft, 900 ft above the river elevation in the canyon. The CDP includes the neighborhood of Pajarito Acres, directly south of and at the same elevation as the White Rock townsite.

The center of the town of Los Alamos is 9 mi northwest of White Rock, via New Mexico State Roads 4 and 502. A gated entrance to Los Alamos National Laboratory is on Pajarito Road, accessed directly from White Rock.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the White Rock CDP has a total area of 18.4 km2, of which 0.1 sqkm, or 0.59%, are water.

White Rock Canyon
Largely undeveloped White Rock Canyon, on the eastern edge of the community, provides a wilderness recreation area heavily used by residents of White Rock and Santa Fe. The canyon was carved through basalt and tuff by the south-flowing Rio Grande. The canyon runs from the Otowi Suspension Bridge in the north and to Cochiti Dam in the south, with many smaller tributary canyons such Los Alamos, Mortandad, Water, Ancho, Frijoles, and Capulin Canyon. White Rock is situated on a portion of the west side of the canyon along with Bandelier National Monument, a section of Los Alamos National Laboratory, San Ildefonso Pueblo, Cochiti Pueblo, and Santa Fe National Forest. Across the river to the east rises the Caja del Rio.

For a few decades the Chili Line, a narrow gauge railroad, ran on the east bank of the river as far south as the mouth of Diablo Canyon; some day the Rio Grande Trail may occupy the abandoned right of way.

Averaging 1000 ft deep, the canyon provides spectacular vistas, rugged terrain and home to rare plant species as well as endangered animal species. Along the rim of the canyon are many basalt cliffs that are used by rock climbers.

White Rock Canyon Rim Trail

 * Distance: 2.8 mi one way
 * Elevation: 6,300 to 6400 ft
 * Elevation Change: 100 ft
 * Fitness Level: Easy
 * Seasons: All seasons
 * Trail Surface: Rocks and packed dirt
 * Hazards: Cliffs, rattlesnakes

Blue Dot Trail
The trailhead begins about 100 yards southwest of the overlook viewing platform, and is accessible from a small parking lot at the end of the last side road branching east off Overlook Road. Partway to the river a meadow lies on top of a large Toreva block bench (a large piece of terrain which has moved downhill as a unit). At the midway point, the material underfoot changes from dark sharp basaltic rocks to light rounded granitic stones. The trail passes a large spring seeping from scree as the trail nears the Rio Grande. This water and water from the river are not safe to drink.
 * Distance: 1.1 mi one way
 * Elevation: 5,450 to 6250 ft
 * Elevation Change: 800 ft
 * Fitness Level: Strenuous, but short
 * Seasons: All seasons, except after heavy snow
 * Trail Surface: Rocky and steep trail
 * Hazards: Cliffs, loose footing, swift river

Red Dot Trail
This trail, also known as Pajarito Springs Trail, is accessible from Piedra Loop in La Senda. Numerous petroglyphs appear along the way, unseen by many hikers concentrating on their footing on this very steep and challenging trail. The rock drawings are varied in style, from Kokopelli to abstract and geometric designs. The local Tewa may have imported some designs from Native Americans of the Great Plains. The Pajarito Springs are several in number and combine to form a small creek flowing into a pool via a small waterfall. The trail continues to the Rio Grande.
 * Distance: 1.0 mi one way
 * Elevation: 5,500 to 6300 ft
 * Elevation Change: 800 ft
 * Fitness Level: Strenuous, but short
 * Seasons: All seasons, except after heavy snow
 * Trail Surface: Very rocky trail
 * Hazards: Cliffs, loose footing, swift river

River Trail

 * Distance: 3.2 mi one way
 * Elevation: 5,400 to 5500 ft
 * Elevation Change: 100 ft
 * Fitness Level: Easy
 * Skill Level: Sections of the trail require route-finding ability
 * Seasons: All seasons, except after heavy snow
 * Trail Surface: Sand, river cobbles and rocks
 * Hazards: Swift river

2020 census
The 2020 United States census counted 5,852 people, 2,322 households, and 1,748 families in White Rock. The population density was 828.2 per square mile (319.8/km$2$). There were 2,409 housing units at an average density of 340.9 per square mile (131.6/km$2$). The racial makeup was 79.17% (4,633) white or European American (73.67% non-Hispanic white), 0.41% (24) black or African-American, 0.91% (53) Native American or Alaska Native, 3.01% (176) Asian, 0.03% (2) Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian, 2.77% (162) from other races, and 13.7% (802) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race was 17.33% (1,014) of the population.

Of the 2,322 households, 30.1% had children under the age of 18; 65.8% were married couples living together; 16.2% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present. 21.1% of households consisted of individuals and 11.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.8 and the average family size was 3.3. The percent of those with a bachelor’s degree or higher was estimated to be 45.2% of the population.

21.9% of the population was under the age of 18, 5.6% from 18 to 24, 21.1% from 25 to 44, 29.6% from 45 to 64, and 21.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.7 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 100.9 males.

The 2016-2020 5-year American Community Survey estimates show that the median household income was $128,723 (with a margin of error of +/- $10,880) and the median family income was $146,228 (+/- $18,106). Males had a median income of $90,054 (+/- $24,391) versus $59,974 (+/- $11,185) for females. The median income for those above 16 years old was $66,250 (+/- $4,418). Approximately, 2.3% of families and 2.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0.8% of those under the age of 18 and 3.2% of those ages 65 or over.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 6,045 people, 2,226 households, and 1,860 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 841.9 PD/sqmi. There were 2,282 housing units at an average density of 317.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 92.75% White, 0.25% African American, 0.53% Native American, 2.68% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 1.87% from other races, and 1.90% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.59% of the population.

There were 2,226 households, out of which 38.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 78.2% were married couples living together, 3.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.4% were non-families. 13.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.71 and the average family size was 2.99.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 27.6% under the age of 18, 3.3% from 18 to 24, 24.1% from 25 to 44, 34.2% from 45 to 64, and 10.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.2 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $92,813, and the median income for a family was $96,716. Males had a median income of $77,216 versus $44,145 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $36,288. About 1.1% of families and 1.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0.4% of those under age 18 and 3.0% of those age 65 or over.

White Rock Master Plan
The commercial center of White Rock has been in decline since approximately 2008, due in part to loss of retail revenues to the Internet and to "big box" stores in nearby communities. Los Alamos County recently began a major effort to revitalize the White Rock commercial center by improving infrastructure and seeking to attract new businesses. Part of the motivation for this effort is the transfer to Los Alamos County of Department of Energy lands just north of State Road 4. The revitalization effort has emphasized community input and is presently being driven by the White Rock Master Plan Implementation Committee, with the support of the County Council.

Overlook Park

 * playground
 * 1 youth baseball field (non-lighted)
 * 2 youth baseball fields (lighted)
 * 5 softball fields (non-lighted)
 * 1 softball field (lighted)
 * 4 soccer fields (non-lighted)
 * 3 independent picnic areas
 * 1 dog park
 * 1 rc car track
 * 1 area viewing platform (the overlook)

Piñon Park

 * playground
 * 2 full basketball courts
 * 3 tennis courts
 * 1 skateboard park
 * Disc Golf Course

Rover Park

 * playground
 * 1 full basketball court
 * 2 tennis courts
 * 1 soccer field (non-lighted)

Jeffrey Tot Lot

 * playground

Mountain Meadows Tot Lot

 * playground

Education
The whole county is a part of Los Alamos Public Schools. Elementary schools in White Rock:
 * Piñon Elementary School
 * Chamisa Elementary School

The district's middle school and comprehensive high school are Los Alamos Middle School and Los Alamos High School, respectively.

title: White Rock, New Mexico


text:
Columbus, New Mexico

Columbus is an incorporated village in Luna County, New Mexico, United States, about 3 mi north of the Mexican border. It is considered a place of historical interest, as the scene of a 1916 attack by Mexican general Francisco "Pancho" Villa that caused the United States to send 10,000 troops there in the Mexican Expedition (originally referred to as the "punitive Mexican Expedition"). Columbus's population was 1,664 at the 2010 census.

Early history (1891–1910s)
Columbus was established in 1891 just across the Mexican border from Palomas, Chihuahua, and named after 15th-century explorer Christopher Columbus. In 1902, the village was moved 3 mi north when the El Paso and Southwestern Railroad built its Columbus station. This station is now converted into a museum run by the Columbus Historical Society.

About 1905, it was a very small town with a population of about 100, two of those early settlers being Colonel Andrew O. Bailey and Louis Heller. By this time, Columbus had only one general store, a saloon, and a society inspector. In time, a high school was built, and Perrow G. Mosely established the Columbus News, which later was renamed the Columbus Courier. By 1915, the town had 700 residents, the Columbus State Bank was built, four hotels were constructed, and several stores and a Baptist church were also established. At that time, the area around Columbus also had rich silver, copper, lead, and zinc deposits.

1916 Pancho Villa raid
On March 9, 1916, on the orders of Mexican revolutionary leader Pancho Villa, Colonel Francisco Beltrán, Colonel Candelario Cervantes, General Nicolás Fernández, General Pablo López, and others led 500 men in an attack against the town, which was garrisoned by a detachment of the 13th Cavalry Regiment. Villa's army burned a part of the town and killed seven or eight soldiers and 10 residents before retreating back into Mexico.

United States President Woodrow Wilson responded to the Columbus raid by sending 10,000 troops under Brigadier General John J. Pershing to Mexico to pursue Villa. This was known as the Punitive Mexican Expedition or Pancho Villa Expedition. The expedition was eventually called off after failing to find Villa, who had escaped. The Pershing expedition brought prosperity and international attention to Columbus and a realization that war had come to the border of the United States.

From 1926 to the 1990s
In 1926 after the Punitive Expedition ended, Columbus started to change and decay over the decades. Camp Furlong activity was greatly reduced. The army decided to close their camp, and the El Paso and Southwestern Railroad stopped service in Columbus. After all these events, the economy naturally faded over time.

In the 1990s, Columbus started to revitalize, with the development of city and state parks, museums, RV parks, and history involving the city.

2011 gun-smuggling scandal
In July 2011, Columbus dissolved its police force after a gun-smuggling scandal that involved its village officials and others. The mayor, a village trustee, a former police chief, and nine other people were indicted in the scandal. The case was prosecuted by the United States Attorney from El Paso, Texas, before United States District Court Judge Robert Brack in Las Cruces, New Mexico. Of the 11 people charged, 10 pleaded guilty, with one person still at large. Sentences ranged from five years in federal prison to two years' probation.

Geography
Columbus is in southern Luna County about 3 mi north of the border between the United States and Mexico. The village limits extend south to the international border. The Mexican village of Puerto Palomas, Chihuahua, is across the border.

New Mexico State Road 11 leads north from Columbus 32 mi to Deming, the Luna county seat, while State Road 9 leads east 59 mi to Santa Teresa and west 44 mi to Hachita.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village of Columbus has a total area of 12.1 km2, all land.

Climate
The climate is a cold semi-arid (Köppen: BSk) like much of New Mexico's lower elevations outside El Paso–Juárez.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,765 people, 536 households, and 411 families residing in the village. The population density was 635.3 PD/sqmi. There were 720 housing units at an average density of 259.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 70.4% White, 0.7% African American, 0.6% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 25.5% from other races, and 2.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 83.4% of the population.

There were 536 households, out of which 50.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.8% were married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.3% were non-families. 20.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.29 and the average family size was 3.89.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 39.2% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 22.0% from 25 to 44, 18.6% from 45 to 64, and 12.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.6 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $13,773, and the median income for a family was $14,318. Males had a median income of $16,912 versus $12,344 for females. The per capita income for the village was $6,721. About 56.7% of families and 57.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 67.0% of those under age 18 and 20.2% of those age 65 or over.

In 2010, Columbus had the 21st-lowest median household income of all places in the United States with a population over 1,000.

Education
Columbus Elementary School is part of the Deming Public Schools District.

Columbus Elementary School is located 30 miles south of Deming, New Mexico and 3 miles north of Palomas, Chihuahua, across the border in Mexico. About 90% of the students come from homes where Spanish is the dominant language. The staff at Columbus Elementary is required to be bilingually endorsed or working toward bilingual endorsement. The mission of Columbus Elementary School is to build on the students' bicultural and bilingual environment; they work in partnership with the parents and the community to enable students to reach their full potential.

Students from Columbus and Puerto Palomas attend Columbus Elementary from preschool up to fifth grade. Students then move on to attend Deming Intermediate School (6) in Deming, Red Mountain Middle School (7–8), and Deming High School (9–12).

Deming Public Schools buses U.S. citizen students residing in Mexico (including the city of Palomas) from the United States-Mexico border to Columbus Elementary and to upper grades in Deming.

Columbus Village Library
Columbus Village Library, the town's only public library, is located at 112 West Broadway. Around 22,386 visits to this local library occur annually. Columbus Village Library has 14,989 books and serial volumes, 343 audios, 1,428 videos, and 30 computers.

City of the Sun
An intentional community called City of the Sun is on the northern edge of Columbus. Started in 1972, the community has many unique, experimental homes. Members of the community aim "to serve the Divine Purpose in community living with other Light Seekers."

In popular culture
Pancho Villa's raid on Columbus is depicted in the novel The Friends of Pancho Villa (1996) by James Carlos Blake. In Spring Break Adventure, the sixth film in The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones series, Indiana Jones and his cousin are in town during Pancho Villa's raid, and he ends up joining Pancho Villa's army.

Columbus features in the 2008 film The Shepherd: Border Patrol starring Jean-Claude Van Damme. The 1989 cult classic Sonny Boy has Columbus-based locations.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Columbus, New Mexico


text:
Black Rock, New Mexico

Black Rock is an unincorporated community and a census-designated place in McKinley County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 1,323 at the 2010 census.

Geography
Black Rock is located on the Zuñi Reservation on the left bank (south side) of the Zuñi River, approximately four miles east of the town of Zuñi, on the north side of NM Route 53. Immediately to the east of the community is the Black Rock Reservoir, which was created in 1908 by damming the Zuni River. The dam has undergone serious rebuilding three times since 1908, the most recent in the mid 1990s. Black Rock has a non-commercial airstrip built just after World War II, but not paved until 1970.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1.8 sqmi, of which 1.7 sqmi is land and 0.1 sqmi (3.43%) is water.

History
There was a spring at Black Rock and the Zuñi had irrigated fields there since about 3000 BP (950 BCE). The Zuñi had a small, seasonally occupied village on the lava flow, just north of the river, which the Spanish called "Ranchos de Zuñi".

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,252 people, 319 households, and 283 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 740.1 PD/sqmi. There were 349 housing units at an average density of 206.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 89.70% Native American, 7.99% White, 0.24% from other races, 0.16% African American, 0.16% Asian, and 1.76% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.72% of the population.

There were 319 households, out of which 62.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.1% were married couples living together, 35.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 11.0% were non-families. 9.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 0.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.88 and the average family size was 4.06.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 44.3% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 33.8% from 25 to 44, 10.9% from 45 to 64, and 2.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 22 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.0 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $16,442, and the median income for a family was $14,950. Males had a median income of $17,105 versus $16,563 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $6,952. About 57.2% of families and 61.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 73.8% of those under age 18 and 100.0% of those age 65 or over.

Education
It is in Zuni Public Schools. Zuni High School is the zoned high school.

Transport
Tribally-run A:shiwi Transit connects Zuni Pueblo and Black Rock with Gallup.

title: Black Rock, New Mexico


text:
Brimhall Nizhoni, New Mexico

Brimhall Nizhoni (Maʼii Tééh Yitłizhí) is a census-designated place (CDP) in McKinley County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 199 at the 2010 census. The Navajo Coyote Canyon Chapter House is located in Brimhall.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 16.3 sqmi, of which 16.3 sqmi is land and 0.06% is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 373 people, 95 households, and 79 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 22.9 people per square mile (8.8/km2). There were 132 housing units at an average density of 8.1 per square mile (3.1/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 99.46% Native American, 0.54% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.54% of the population.

There were 95 households, out of which 48.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.4% were married couples living together, 29.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.8% were non-families. 15.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.93 and the average family size was 4.37.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 39.1% under the age of 18, 10.5% from 18 to 24, 25.7% from 25 to 44, 19.6% from 45 to 64, and 5.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 26 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.2 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $37,625, and the median income for a family was $28,750. Males had a median income of $25,455 versus $15,938 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $8,290. About 25.6% of families and 34.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 40.7% of those under age 18 and 34.6% of those age 65 or over.

Education
It is in Gallup-McKinley County Public Schools.

Zoned schools are: Twin Lakes Elementary School in Twin Lakes, Tohatchi Middle School in Tohatchi, and Tohatchi High School in Tohatchi.

title: Brimhall Nizhoni, New Mexico


text:
Church Rock, New Mexico

Church Rock is a census-designated place (CDP) in McKinley County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 1,128 at the 2010 census. Church Rock is named for Church Rock, a prominent natural landmark with the same name.

Geography
Church Rock is located at 35.535°N, -108.61167°W (35.534961, -108.611593).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2.3 mi2, of which 2.3 mi2 is land and 0.03 mi2 (1.2%) is water.

Uranium mining
On July 16, 1979, the dam at a United Nuclear Corporation (based in Virginia) Church Rock uranium mill was breached and spilled 1,100 tons of milled uranium ore and 94 e6USgal of heavy metal effluent into the Puerco River. This was the largest release of radioactive waste in U.S. history, but until recently, no epidemiological studies were undertaken on the effects on the population. With the declining uranium market, two of the mines closed in 1983 and the third closed in February 1986.

In 2003 the Church Rock Uranium Monitoring Project was initiated by the Churchrock Chapter of the Navajo Nation to assess environmental impacts of abandoned uranium mines and build capacity to conduct community-based research with policy implications. Its May 2007 report found that significant radiation from both natural and mining sources remains in the area; the community is dedicated to remedy the problem as much as possible.

In 2005 the Navajo Nation prohibited any further uranium mining in the nation. In 2008 the US EPA and the Navajo EPA began a five-year plan to identify and ameliorate areas contaminated by uranium mining; their priority has been water sources and structures.

In 2013 the Churchrock Chapter passed a resolution supporting a demonstration in-situ mining at Section 8 and 17. The resolution passed with 68 in support 26 opposed and 16 abstained. Minority of community members continue to oppose mining operations as well as outside residents who reside in other chapters and non-Navajos.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,077 people, 258 households, and 214 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 450.7 PD/sqmi. There were 299 housing units at an average density of 125.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 98.14% Native American, 0.65% White, 0.09% African American, 0.28% from other races, and 0.84% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.39% of the population.

There were 258 households, out of which 56.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.4% were married couples living together, 31.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.7% were non-families. 15.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.17 and the average family size was 4.65.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 42.2% under the age of 18, 11.7% from 18 to 24, 26.0% from 25 to 44, 15.6% from 45 to 64, and 4.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 22 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.3 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $27,917, and the median income for a family was $28,958. Males had a median income of $23,529 versus $21,016 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $6,780. About 34.3% of families and 36.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 47.5% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

Education
It is in Gallup-McKinley County Public Schools.

Culture
In August, the Gallup Inter-Tribal Ceremonial brings members of almost all Native tribes, as well as visitors, to Red Rock State Park.

Churchrock Chapter celebrates the annual, Treaty Day Festival on June 1. The first event took place on June 1, 2010. The event is to commemorate the signing of the Treaty of 1868 between the Navajo Tribe and United States Government to emancipate the Navajo people from Fort Sumner, New Mexico (Bosque Redondo).

Economy
Church Rock is the location of Fire Rock Casino, which opened on November 19, 2008.

title: Church Rock, New Mexico


text:
Crownpoint, New Mexico

Crownpoint is a census-designated place (CDP)  on the Navajo Nation in McKinley County, New Mexico. The population was 2,500 at the time of the 2010 census. It is located along the Trails of the Ancients Byway, one of the designated New Mexico Scenic Byways.

History
In 1912, Crownpoint was founded by Samuel F. Stacher as an Indian Agency to serve the Navajo People in the Pueblo Bonito Agency of Northwestern New Mexico. A school house, agency office and power house were first built to accommodate future planned establishments.

Chief Becenti, a local Navajo headman, is one of the first documented leaders of the area. He resided north of Crownpoint, where later in the 1930s a small community would be named after him, called Becenti Lake.

In June 1965, Crownpoint was recognized as a local chapter government sub-unit of the Navajo Nation government. There are a total of 110 Navajo chapters across the Navajo Nation. The Crownpoint chapter serves as the center of Eastern Navajo Agency and many tribal offices are located in the community.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 7.0 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,630 people, 749 households, and 599 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 372.3 PD/sqmi. There were 937 housing units at an average density of 132.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 89.09% Native American, 8.78% White, 0.42% African American, 0.38% Asian, 0.23% from other races, 0.04% Pacific Islander, and 1.06% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.18% of the population.

There were 749 households, out of which 49.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.7% were married couples living together, 27.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.9% were non-families. 17.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 1.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.51 and the average family size was 4.03.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 39.7% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 19.4% from 45 to 64, and 3.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 26 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.7 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $29,792, and the median income for a family was $31,384. Males had a median income of $25,040 versus $24,704 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $9,964. About 26.1% of families and 27.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 33.8% of those under age 18 and 19.6% of those age 65 or over.

Education
It is in Gallup-McKinley County Public Schools. District schools include Crownpoint Elementary School, Crownpoint Middle School, and Crownpoint High School.

The Bureau of Indian Education (BIE) operates T'iis Ts'ozi Bi'Olta' (Crownpoint Community School) in Crownpoint.

There are other BIE schools that are located away from Crownpoint but which have Crownpoint post office addresses:
 * Lake Valley Navajo School
 * Mariano Lake Community School
 * Tse'ii'ahi' Community School - 18 mi west of Crownpoint

The main campus of Navajo Technical University is located in Crownpoint.

Diné College has a campus in Crownpoint.

title: Crownpoint, New Mexico


text:
Gallup, New Mexico

Gallup is a city in McKinley County, New Mexico, United States, with a population of 21,899 as of the 2020 census. A substantial percentage of its population is Native American, with residents from the Navajo, Hopi, and Zuni tribes. Gallup is the county seat of McKinley County and the most populous city between Flagstaff and Albuquerque, along historic U.S. Route 66.

Gallup is known as the "Heart of Indian Country" because it is on the edge of the Navajo reservation and is home to members of many other tribes, as well.

The city is on the Trails of the Ancients Byway, one of the designated New Mexico Scenic Byways.

Because of the nearby rugged terrain, it was a popular location in the 1940s and 1950s for Hollywood Westerns.

History
Gallup was founded in 1881 as a railhead for the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad. The city was named after David Gallup, a paymaster for the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad. There is widespread belief that during World War II, the city fought successfully to prevent 800 Japanese American residents from being placed in wartime internment, the only New Mexico city to do so. But this is not true. Executive Order 9066 was never used to intern people living in Gallup, and the city complied with all federal orders and policies during the war.

On August 4, 2022, an SUV, driven by an intoxicated individual, drove through a parade crowd during the city's 100th annual Intertribal Celebration, leaving 15 injured, including two police officers and several children.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 13.4 sqmi, all land.

Climate
Gallup, like most of the interior Mountain West, has a cool semiarid climate (Köppen BSk). The summers are hot during the day, but the high altitude and low humidity mean that nights remain distinctly cool; as late as July 2, 1997, the temperature fell to 31 F. Despite the large diurnal temperature range, most rain falls in the summer from afternoon thunderstorms. Snow is common and sometimes heavy; the maximum in a month is 29.1 in in December 1992 and the most in a year 65.1 in between July 1990 and June 1991. Actual snow cover, with the hot sun at Gallup's altitude, however, has never exceeded 13.1 in, and for no day averages over 3.5 in.

Demographics
As of the 2000 census, 20,209 people, 6,810 households, and 4,869 families were residing in the city. The population density was 1,513.7 PD/sqmi. There were 7,349 housing units at an average density of 550.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 43.8% Native American, 35.2% White, 2.0% Asian, 1.2% African American, 12.1% from other races, and 5.8% from two or more races. About 31.7% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race.

Of the 6,810 households, 41.1% had children under 18 living with them, 45.3% were married couples living together, 19.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.5% were not families. About 23.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.8% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.85, and the average family size was 3.39.

In the city, the age distribution was 32.7% under 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 28.8% from 25 to 44, 20.3% from 45 to 64, and 8.9% who were 65 or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.0 males. For every 100 females 18 and over, there were 86.2 males.

It has close proximity to Native American reservations, and historic lack of economic development in addition to many mine closures in the last century. As a result of these closures, a large proportion of Gallup's households is low-income. The median income for a household in the city was $34,868, and the median income for a family was $39,197. Males had a median income of $33,380 versus $24,441 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,789. About 16.6% of families and 20.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.8% of those under age 18 and 16.8% of those age 65 or over.

Gallup has a significant Palestinian-American population, unusual for a city its size.

Crime
Crime is a serious problem in Gallup. In 2012, violent crime was nearly five times the national average. As a result, the city has the highest violent crime rate in New Mexico. According to an article published in November 2014, "Gallup saw 463 violent crimes last year including murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. That’s an 11% increase from the year before and two times the rate of Albuquerque, the state’s largest city."

Arts and culture

U.S. Route 66 passed through Gallup, and the town's name is mentioned in the lyrics of the song "(Get Your Kicks on) Route 66" ("You'll see Amarillo and Gallup, New Mexico"). In 2003, the U.S. and New Mexico Departments of Transportation renumbered US Highway 666, the city's other major highway, as Route 491. Former Governor Bill Richardson pushed for (and got) the number changed because "666" is associated with Satan and Devil worship, thus it was considered "cursed" or a "Beast" to some locals. The situation was exacerbated by the high death toll on the highway, which was largely a result of high rates of drivers under the influence of alcohol or drugs, and budget shortfalls among both the New Mexico Department of Transportation and state and local law-enforcement agencies.

Gallup has a modestly lively night time culture downtown, Indian dances during summertime nights, art crawls, and small museums, including a Navajo code talk museum. Gallup commissioned a number of murals highlighting local culture, and contributions dot downtown.

Being the largest city between Flagstaff and Albuquerque, Gallup claims many notable buildings, places, events, and people. The historic El Rancho Hotel & Motel has hosted a numerous array of movie stars, including John Wayne, Ronald Reagan, Humphrey Bogart, Spencer Tracy, Katharine Hepburn, Joan Crawford, Kirk Douglas, Doris Day, Gregory Peck, and Burt Lancaster. The rugged terrain surrounding Gallup was popular with Hollywood filmmakers during the 1940s and '50s for the on-location shooting of Westerns. Actors and film crews would stay at that hotel during filming. Films made in Gallup include Billy the Kid (1930), Pursued (1947), The Sea of Grass (1947), Four Faces West (1948), Only the Valiant (1951), Ace in the Hole (1951), Escape from Fort Bravo (1953), A Distant Trumpet (1964), and The Hallelujah Trail (1965). Other movies shot here are Redskin (1928), and Superman (1978).

Gallup is sometimes called the "Indian Capital of the World", for its location in the heart of Native American lands, and the presence of Navajo, Zuni, Hopi, and other tribes. Well over a third of the city's population has Native American roots. Gallup's nickname references the huge impact of the Native American cultures found in and around the city.

Education
Gallup-McKinley County Public Schools is the local school district.

Previously, the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) operated Manuelito Hall in Gallup, a dormitory that housed Native American students attending Gallup-McKinley schools. In 1973, it had about 300 students. That year, the BIA closed Manuelito Hall, planning to move students to various boarding schools.

Transportation

 * Gallup Municipal Airport is a public airport with primarily private and charter flights. The Aviation Identifier for the airport is GUP.

Major highways:
 * Interstate 40
 * U.S. Route 491

Railroad:
 * Rail freight service passes through Gallup on the Southern Transcon of the BNSF Railroad.
 * Amtrak's Southwest Chief provides passenger service at the Gallup train station.

Bus:
 * The Navajo Transit System provides regional bus services throughout the Navajo Nation. Gallup is served by Route 05 to Fort Defiance, Arizona, and Route 06 to Crystal, New Mexico.
 * The Gallup Express provides local service to Gallup and connection to Zuni.
 * A:shiwi Transit connects Zuni Pueblo and Black Rock with Gallup.
 * Greyhound has a local stop on West Highway 66.

Notable people

 * Anthonette Cayedito, kidnap victim, missing child
 * Glenn L. Emmons, former Gallup banker (1929) and the commissioner of the BIA (1953–1961)
 * Mike Everitt, former Major League Baseball umpire
 * Sydney Freeland, filmmaker
 * Chon Gallegos, former NFL quarterback for the Oakland Raiders
 * Tony Genaro, late actor
 * Carl Nelson Gorman (Kin-Ya-Onny-Beyeh), Navajo code talker during World War II, visual artist and professor.
 * Arthur T. Hannett, mayor of Gallup, and seventh governor of New Mexico
 * Vernon Kerr, scientist and member of the New Mexico House of Representatives
 * Lealand McSpadden, racing driver
 * Hiroshi H. Miyamura, Medal of Honor recipient in the U.S. Army, awarded for his actions during the Korean War
 * Eric-Paul Riege, Contemporary artist
 * Carolyn S. Shoemaker, astronomer and co-discoverer of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9
 * Sunshine Sykes, lawyer and jurist

title: Gallup, New Mexico


text:
Nakaibito, New Mexico

Nakaibito (also known as Mexican Springs) is a census-designated place (CDP) in McKinley County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 455 at the 2000 census.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 6.9 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 455 people, 117 households, and 91 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 66.2 PD/sqmi. There were 150 housing units at an average density of 21.8 per square mile (8.4/km$2$). The racial makeup of the CDP was 99.12% Native American, 0.44% White, 0.22% Asian, and 0.22% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.54% of the population.

There were 117 households, out of which 41.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.4% were married couples living together, 28.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.4% were non-families. 17.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.89 and the average family size was 4.52.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 37.8% under the age of 18, 12.5% from 18 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 14.7% from 45 to 64, and 7.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 25 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.8 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $28,068, and the median income for a family was $28,977. Males had a median income of $21,786 versus $28,188 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $8,546. About 24.7% of families and 25.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.0% of those under age 18 and 45.7% of those age 65 or over.

Education
It is in the Gallup-McKinley County Schools district.

Zoned schools are, all in Tohatchi: Tohatchi Elementary School, Tohatchi Middle School, and Tohatchi High School.

Archaeology
Many archaeological investigations have been done in the general area of Nakaibito and the nearby community of Tohatchi.

title: Nakaibito, New Mexico


text:
Navajo, New Mexico

Navajo is a census-designated place (CDP) on the Navajo Nation in McKinley County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 2,097 at the 2000 census. Navajo is the most Navajo town in the United States, with 95.04% of residents having full or partial Navajo ancestry.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2.3 sqmi, all land.

To the east of Navajo is Assayi Lake, and just north of Navajo is Red Lake, Wheatfields Lake, and Tsaile Lake.

Demographics
At the 2000 census there were 2,097 people, 475 households, and 406 families in the CDP. The population density was 928.1 PD/sqmi. There were 560 housing units at an average density of 247.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 96.42% Native American, 2.86% White, 0.48% from two or more races, and 0.24% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.62%.

Of the 475 households 68.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.6% were married couples living together, 37.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 14.5% were non-families. 12.8% of households were one person and 0.8% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 4.41 and the average family size was 4.81.

The age distribution was 51.9% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 26.1% from 25 to 44, 10.5% from 45 to 64, and 2.0% 65 or older. The median age was 17 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.4 males.

The median household income was $14,688 and the median family income was $12,569. Males had a median income of $21,518 versus $24,083 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $4,551. About 64.0% of families and 67.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 76.0% of those under age 18 and 63.9% of those age 65 or over.

Education
It is in Gallup-McKinley County Public Schools.

The Bureau of Indian Education (BIE) operates Crystal Boarding School, a K-6 boarding school, in Crystal (it has a Navajo address).

title: Navajo, New Mexico


text:
Pueblo Pintado, New Mexico

Pueblo Pintado is a census-designated place (CDP) in McKinley County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 318 at the 2020 census.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 10.5 square miles (27.2 km$2$), all land.

Demographics
At the 2000 census there were 247 people in 72 households, including 52 families, in the CDP. The population density was 23.5 people per square mile (9.1/km$2$). There were 106 housing units at an average density of 10.1 per square mile (3.9/km$2$). The racial makeup of the CDP was 90.69% Native American, 9.31% White and Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.40%.

Of the 72 households 34.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.3% were married couples living together, 27.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.4% were non-families. 25.0% of households were one person and 2.8% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 3.43 and the average family size was 4.25.

The age distribution was 41.3% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 25.9% from 25 to 44, 16.6% from 45 to 64, and 8.5% 65 or older. The median age was 26 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.5 males.

The median household income was $14,583 and the median family income was $18,750. Males had a median income of $0 versus $0 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $7,760. About 50.0% of families and 64.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 89.5% of those under the age of eighteen and 66.7% of those sixty five or over.

Pueblo Pintado Great House
The ruins of an Ancestral Puebloan Great House stand in the area, 16 miles east of Pueblo Bonito, as part of the Chaco Canyon area. The name Pueblo Pintado is Spanish for "painted village", named by a guide during an 1849 expedition. The great house is estimated to have had 90 rooms, 14 to 16 kivas, and there is a great kiva to the south with an interior diameter of 58 feet. Tree ring dating, (dendrochronology) puts the construction of Pueblo Pintado at 1060-1061 AD, during the height of the Chacoan construction period.

Education
Pueblo Pintado Community School, a K-8 school, is operated by the Bureau of Indian Education (BIE).

The community is within the Gallup-McKinley County Public Schools. Tseʼ Yiʼ Gai High School is near the CDP. Zoned schools are: Crownpoint Elementary School in Crownpoint, Crownpoint Middle School in Crownpoint, and Tseʼ Yiʼ Gai High School.

title: Pueblo Pintado, New Mexico


text:
Ramah, New Mexico

Ramah ( – place of wild onions) is a census-designated place (CDP) in McKinley County, New Mexico. The population was 461 as of the 2020 United States census.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3.8 sqmi, all land.

Surrounding countryside
Established in 1876, Ramah was one of fifty locations in the New Mexico Territory settled, under the direction of Brigham Young, by Mormon pioneers and is one of only three that remain today. Ramah was originally settled for the purpose of missionary work to be carried out within the Zuni and Navajo communities. Many of the original stone houses are still standing and are a testament to the hard work and skill of Ramah's early founders. One such building has been restored and preserved as a museum to display the heritage of the valley's past.

Ramah Lake was built by these same pioneers in order to farm the surrounding area, which receives moderate rainfall on a yearly basis. The lake relies on snowfall and spring runoff to sustain its water levels. This trait is shared by many areas in the state of New Mexico. In recent years, due to drought, the lake had dried up; the town irrigation committee used this low water level to make improvements including dredging a large amount of silt buildup and reinforcing the dam, allowing water to be used more efficiently. Modernization in irrigation has allowed water to be used more effectively.

Lying at 6926 feet above sea level, Ramah is considered by some as a high desert, but at higher elevations in includes tall pines, sandstone cliffs, and timber covered mountains. Much of the lower landscape in the surrounding area is covered with lava flows from the chain of volcanos to the south.

Ramah lies between the Zuni Indian Reservation, the Ramah Navajo Indian Reservation, and the Cibola National Forest. Wild Spirit Wolf Sanctuary, El Morro National Monument, and El Malpais National Monument are all located near the Ramah area.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 407 people, 121 households, and 98 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 106.9 PD/sqmi. There were 175 housing units at an average density of 46.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 64.86% White, 25.80% Native American, 0.98% Pacific Islander, 0.74% from other races, and 7.62% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.63% of the population.

There were 121 households, out of which 50.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.9% were married couples living together, 10.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.2% were non-families. 17.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.36 and the average family size was 3.81.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 37.6% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 24.6% from 25 to 44, 18.4% from 45 to 64, and 10.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females, there were 115.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.9 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $25,313, and the median income for a family was $35,278. Males had a median income of $17,143 versus $19,792 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $10,419. About 23.0% of families and 31.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 46.8% of those under age 18 and 11.9% of those age 65 or over.

Religion
In 1968 the community was mostly made up of Mormons.

Education
Gallup-McKinley County Schools, the local school district, operates Ramah Elementary School and Ramah Middle/High School in Ramah. Due to an agreement between McKinley County and Cibola County, residents of the Ramah Navajo Indian Reservation are bussed to these schools even though they are physically in Cibola County due to the long distance of the nearest Cibola County schools away from the reservation.

In 1954, a dormitory opened at Ramah Schools, which allowed the majority of residents of the Ramah Navajo Indian Reservation to attend public schools close to their residences. The Ramah Village public high school closed in 1968, due to being condemned. The district also stated that the enrollment was too low. Area secondary students were reassigned to Zuni High School, then in the Gallup-McKinley district. Accordingly the dormitory became restricted only to elementary school students. Ramah Navajo High School opened in the former Ramah High School in 1970; in 1975 it moved to Pinehill, where it became Pine Hill Schools. In 1983 the Ramah Village public high school reopened. In 1995 the combined enrollment of this school and the elementary school in Ramah was fewer than 400.

title: Ramah, New Mexico


text:
Rock Springs, New Mexico

Rock Springs is a census-designated place (CDP) in McKinley County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 558 at the 2000 census.

History
The Rock Springs Chapter started to take form in the late 1930s. Rock Springs Chapter is part of the "Checker Board Area" in the Eastern Agency of the Navajo Nation. The Chapter area covers the communities of Sagebrush, China Springs, and Rock Springs. The community of Yatahey Junction (including Navajo Estates) is within the Chapter boundaries although is not governed by the Chapter. The Chapter is within commuting distance of Gallup and is influenced by this city in terms of modernization.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 6.0 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 558 people, 132 households, and 114 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 92.4 PD/sqmi. There were 189 housing units at an average density of 31.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 99.64% Native American, 0.18% White, 0.18% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.61% of the population.

There were 132 households, out of which 68.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 28.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 13.6% were non-families. 11.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.23 and the average family size was 4.51.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 47.0% under the age of 18, 10.0% from 18 to 24, 29.2% from 25 to 44, 11.1% from 45 to 64, and 2.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 20 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.0 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $26,429, and the median income for a family was $24,271. Males had a median income of $24,250 versus $22,500 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $6,499. About 39.0% of families and 44.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 51.0% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

Education
It is in Gallup-McKinley County Public Schools.

title: Rock Springs, New Mexico


text:
Thoreau, New Mexico

Thoreau is a census-designated place (CDP) in McKinley County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 1,863 at the 2000 census. It is majority Native American, primarily of the Navajo Nation, as this community is located within its boundaries.

Practically all residents pronounce the town's name like "thuh-ROO" (similar to "through" or "threw") and not like "thorough" or "throw." The ZIP code for Thoreau is 87323.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 15.9 sqmi, all land.

Thoreau is located at an altitude of approximately 2,200 m above sea level, and 8 km east of the continental divide. Thoreau is located in a broad valley beneath a large escarpment of Entrada sandstone, which marks the southern boundary of the Colorado Plateau to the north. Mount Powell and Castle Rock are landmarks along this escarpment adjacent to Thoreau. The Zuñi Mountains are to the south.

Interstate40 and the historic U.S. Route 66 pass near and through the community, respectively. New Mexico State highways 122, 371, and 612 also pass through or terminate here. Additionally, two natural gas pipelines and a major railway pass through the community.

The climate in Thoreau is arid, with the sparse vegetation typical of the region. Common plants include pinyon pine and juniper trees, sagebrush, tumbleweeds, and some short, sparse grasses. The four seasons are well pronounced. Summers are relatively mild, due to Thoreau's high elevation and persistently low humidities. Maximum temperatures do not usually exceed about 33 °C. The Southwest monsoon brings thunderstorms with frequent lightning in July and August. Autumn is pleasant with warm days and cool nights. Winter is marked by frequent snowstorms, with minimum temperatures sometimes dropping to about -15 °C or colder. Cold, persistent, very high winds are common in Spring, usually through much of the month of March.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,863 people, 532 households, and 405 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 117.1 PD/sqmi. There were 599 housing units at an average density of 37.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 23.19% White, 0.11% African American, 71.12% Native American, 0.05% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 3.27% from other races, and 2.20% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.34% of the population.

There were 532 households, out of which 49.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.2% were married couples living together, 21.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.7% were non-families. 19.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.50 and the average family size was 4.16.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 40.7% under the age of 18, 10.3% from 18 to 24, 26.6% from 25 to 44, 17.8% from 45 to 64, and 4.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 24 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.0 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $29,280, and the median income for a family was $29,708. Males had a median income of $29,000 versus $23,092 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $10,516. About 23.3% of families and 30.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 40.5% of those under age 18 and 26.9% of those age 65 or over.

Education
It is in Gallup-McKinley County Public Schools.

Thoreau supports three public schools in that district. Thoreau Elementary School (grades Kindergarten through 5th), Thoreau Mid School (grades 6th through 8th), and Thoreau High School (grades 9th through 12th) serve the town as well as surrounding rural communities in eastern McKinley County. The public school mascot is the Hawks, and the school colors are green and gold.

The St. Bonaventure Indian School is in Thoreau. It started as a preschool in 1980, added an elementary school, and had high school from 1986 to 2001. It is also known as the Blessed Kateri Tekakwitha Academy, named after the first Native American Catholic saint in North America.

Religion
The majority-Native American population is primarily Navajo. Many practice the Navajo traditional beliefs: medicine men and Native American Church; in addition, some are also members of several Christian congregations, such as the Saint Bonaventure Catholic mission, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and several Protestant denominations including Baptists, Church of Christ, Church of God, and some independent evangelical congregations.

Navajo culture
Thoreau is located within the Navajo Nation, which is the largest Native American tribe in the United States. Its culture and history are strong in Thoreau. The Navajo Nation operates a Chapter House here, and many Navajo (or Diné) residents speak their native language. Thoreau is a local trading center for artisans, who create through rug weaving, sandpainting, silversmithing, potterymaking, and making turquoise jewelry. Anasazi archaeological sites connecting with Chaco Canyon can be found in and around the town.

title: Thoreau, New Mexico


text:
Tohatchi, New Mexico

Tohatchi is a census-designated place (CDP) in McKinley County, New Mexico, United States. It is known as a health-services and education hub along Highway 491. Its population was reported to be 785 at the 2020 census. As Tohatchi is located on the Navajo Nation, it is designated federal trust land.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 6.3 sqmi, of which 0.1 sqmi (2.06%) is covered by water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2010, 825 people, 292 households, and 225 families resided in the CDP. The population density was 167.8 PD/sqmi. The 345 housing units had an average density of 55.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 90.36% Native American, 6.85% White, 0.29% Pacific Islander, 0.10% African American, 0.10% Asian, 0.29% from other races, and 2.03% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 4.15% of the population.

Of the 292 households, 42.5% had children under 18 living with them, 49.3% were married couples living together, 22.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.9% were not families. About 19.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.7% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 3.55, and the average family size was 4.18.

In the CDP, the age distribution was 36.3% under 18, 8.6% from 18 to 24, 29.1% from 25 to 44, 19.9% from 45 to 64, and 6.2% who were 65 or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.8 males. For every 100 females 18 and over, there were 86.7 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $28,167, and for a family was $33,750. Males had a median income of $22,917 versus $21,429 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $10,217. About 32.0% of families and 31.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 34.4% of those under age 18 and 42.9% of those age 65 or over.

Gallup-McKinley County Schools
The three local public schools in Tohatchi are operated by Gallup McKinley County Schools. They include Tohatchi Elementary School, Tohatchi Middle School, and Tohatchi High School. The public schools are located west of Highway 491.

The Tohatchi mascot for the Gallup-McKinley County Schools is a cougar, with the school colors being maroon and gold. The Tohatchi High School Lady Cougars notably won the 2017 New Mexico high school girls 3-A basketball championship.

Before Tohatchi High School was built in the 1980s, the mascot had previously been a bobcat, but the mascot was changed to a cougar sometime in the 1970s. The school colors were different, as well.

BIE/BIA schools
Formerly Chuska Boarding School, Ch'ooshgai Community School is a grant school boarding facility of the Bureau of Indian Education that offers kindergarten through eighth grade.

The Bureau of Indian Affairs previously had a bureau-operated boarding school, Tohatchi Boarding School, but it was shut down after the addition of public schools to Tohatchi. Cindy Yurth of the Navajo Times described it as one of the first such schools on the Navajo Indian Reservation. Its students included children from Tuba City, Arizona. According to Tohatchi Chapter President Edwin Begay, his father told him that the townsite was formerly an area maintained by the school to have swine. In 1979, the school had Navajo-language classes and one of the few Navajo school principals on the Navajo Nation at the time, Phillip Belone.

Private school
A private, non-profit facility for students with special needs began in 1976 at Chuska Boarding School. The program aimed to provide opportunities for engaging in life skills, academics, and vocational education, as an effort to develop and maintain special education services for the local indigenous community. Called "A School for Me, Inc.", it served 76 students in 1977 and only 58 in 1982.

Local tribal government
Tohatchi has a chapter house, a local administrative office that governs a part of the Fort Defiance Agency of the Navajo Nation. It was built in 1952 and renovated in 1989.

Notable people

 * Cassandra Manuelito-Kerkvliet, Navajo academic administrator
 * Jennifer Nez Denetdale, educator
 * Juanita, Navajo weaver, wife of Chief Manuelito
 * Chief Manuelito, Navajo tribal leader
 * Shannon Pinto, politician

In film
The 1965 film The Hallelujah Trail, directed by John Sturges and starring Burt Lancaster, was shot in nearby locations with the Chuska Mountains serving as a backdrop to some of the movie's most iconic scenes.

title: Tohatchi, New Mexico


text:
Tse Bonito, New Mexico

Tse Bonito (Navajo: ) is a census-designated place (CDP) in McKinley County, New Mexico, United States and is part of the greater Window Rock, Arizona population center, and seat of the Navajo Nation government. The population was 261 at the 2000 census.

Geography
The northern portions of Tse Bonito lie within the Navajo Nation.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 1.4 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 261 people, 78 households, and 62 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 185.7 PD/sqmi. There were 102 housing units at an average density of 72.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 71.26% Native American, 22.61% White, 0.38% Asian, 2.68% from other races, and 3.07% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.21% of the population.

There were 78 households, out of which 42.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.8% were married couples living together, 14.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.5% were non-families. 19.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.35 and the average family size was 3.77.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 37.5% under the age of 18, 9.6% from 18 to 24, 23.0% from 25 to 44, 24.5% from 45 to 64, and 5.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females, there were 107.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.8 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $38,077, and the median income for a family was $38,365. Males had a median income of $24,915 versus $24,625 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $20,187. About 12.7% of families and 16.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 40.0% of those under the age of eighteen and none of those 65 or over.

Education
It is in Gallup-McKinley County Public Schools.

Zoned schools are: Chee Dodge Elementary School in Yah-ta-hey, Chief Manualito Middle School in Gallup, and Gallup High School in Gallup.

title: Tse Bonito, New Mexico


text:
Twin Lakes, New Mexico

Twin Lakes (', ') is a census-designated place (CDP) in McKinley County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 1,069 at the 2000 census.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 9.0 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,069 people, 277 households, and 221 families living in the CDP. The population density was 118.7 PD/sqmi. There were 368 housing units at an average density of 40.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 99.16% Native American, 0.65% from two or more races, and 0.19% White. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.75% of the population.

There were 277 households, out of which 49.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.8% were married couples living together, 27.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.2% were non-families. 18.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.86 and the average family size was 4.42.

In the CDP the population was spread out, with 40.1% under the age of 18, 10.9% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 14.9% from 45 to 64, and 5.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 24 years. For every 100 females there were 94.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.5 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $19,618, and the median income for a family was $30,417. Males had a median income of $26,932 versus $22,083 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $8,233. About 27.5% of families and 29.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.1% of those under age 18 and 27.5% of those age 65 or over.

Education
It is in Gallup-McKinley County Public Schools.

Zoned schools are: Twin Lakes Elementary School in Twin Lakes, Tohatchi Middle School in Tohatchi, and Tohatchi High School in Tohatchi.

title: Twin Lakes, New Mexico


text:
Tones on Tail

Tones on Tail were a British post-punk band formed in 1982, originally as a musical side project of Daniel Ash of the gothic rock group Bauhaus. Their music was described by one critic as "doom-and-dance-pop."

History
While still a member of Bauhaus, Ash formed Tones on Tail early in 1982, originally as a duo with Glenn Campling, an art school friend and flatmate who had also been a roadie for Bauhaus. The band's name was a reference to the way calibration tones were recorded on the "tail" of reel-to-reel tape.

The pair issued their debut eponymous EP on 4AD in March 1982, followed by the single "There's Only One!", released by Beggars Banquet Records on 24 September. Ash sang and played guitar, Campling played bass, and both played percussion and keyboards. After the break-up of Bauhaus in 1983, Ash and Campling were joined by Bauhaus's drummer Kevin Haskins and the band became a full-time concern for all three members. Their first release as a trio was the Burning Skies EP, issued by Situation Two on 6 May 1983.

Their sole studio album, Pop, was released by Beggars Banquet on 6 April 1984 in the UK, featuring the singles "Performance" (released 9 March) and "Lions" (released 11 May). The album was also issued in North America in altered form as The Album Pop. "Go!", the popular B-side of "Lions", was issued on its own as a single in Canada, licensed by Vertigo Records. Throughout October of that year, the group embarked on a short 12-date tour of the US; in concert, the band sported all white outfits. The final Tones on Tail single, "Christian Says", was issued on 9 November. They disbanded later that year, and Ash and Haskins quickly formed Love and Rockets with former Bauhaus bassist David J.

The 1998 compilation Everything! compiled every Tones on Tail track in remastered form, plus a radio interview with Ash and Haskins.

In 2017, Ash and Haskins, along with Haskins' daughter Diva Dompé on bass, formed the band Poptone, performing songs by Bauhaus, Love and Rockets and Tones on Tail in concert. On 11 May 2024, Tones on Tail performed their first official set since 1984 at the Cruel World Festival, with Dompé filling in for Campling.

Reception
Richard Williams of The Michigan Daily said, "Tones on Tail carries on with the traditional Bauhaus taste for the macabre, but charts new courses of twisting the pop thing." James Muretich of The Calgary Herald wrote, "From the ashes of Bauhaus has arisen a British trio that is turning into one of the most impressive and macabre dance bands around." Writing retrospectively for AllMusic, critic Ned Raggett said, "With their former band's generally gloomier shadows left behind, what Ash and Haskins draw from their time with Bauhaus is that group's melange of styles—their most underappreciated strength".

Discography
Studio albums
 * Pop (1984, Beggars Banquet)

EPs
 * Tones on Tail (1982, 4AD)
 * Burning Skies (1983, Situation Two)
 * Something! (1998, Beggars Banquet)

Singles
 * "There's Only One!" (1982, Beggars Banquet)
 * "Burning Skies" (1983, Situation 2) No. 11 UK Indie
 * "Performance" (1984, Beggars Banquet)
 * "Lions" (1984, Beggars Banquet)
 * "Go!" (1984, Vertigo)
 * "Christian Says" (1984, Beggars Banquet)

Compilation albums
 * Tones on Tail (1985, Situation Two)
 * Night Music (1987, Beggars Banquet)
 * Tones on Tail (1990, RCA/Beggars Banquet)
 * Everything! (1998, Beggars Banquet)
 * Weird Pop (2011, Beggars Banquet)

title: Tones on Tail


text:
Jeffrey Simpson

Jeffrey Carl Simpson, OC (born February 17, 1949), is a Canadian journalist. Simpson was The Globe and Mail ' s national affairs columnist for almost three decades. He has won all three of Canada's leading literary prizes—the Governor General's Award for non-fiction book writing, the National Magazine Award for political writing, and the National Newspaper Award for column writing. He has also won the Hyman Solomon Award for excellence in public policy journalism and the Donner Prize for the best public policy book by a Canadian. In January 2000, he became an Officer of the Order of Canada.

Simpson retired from the Globe at the end of June 2016.

Early life
Simpson was born in New York City and moved to Canada when he was 10 years old. Educated at the University of Toronto Schools, he graduated from Queen's University in 1971 in History and Political Science. There, he worked for the campus radio station CFRC and won the university's Tricolour Award in his graduating year. He then went on to the London School of Economics.

In 1972 to 1973, he worked as a Parliamentary Intern in Ottawa, where he worked for Ed Broadbent. Then, he joined The Globe and Mail.

Career
Simpson's career with the Globe began at City Hall in Toronto and with coverage of Quebec politics. In 1977, he became a member of the paper's Ottawa bureau, and eighteen months later he was named The Globe and Mail ' s Ottawa bureau chief. From 1981–1983, Simpson served as The Globe and Mail ' s European correspondent based in London. From January 1984 until June 2016, he wrote a daily Globe and Mail column on national affairs.

Simpson has written numerous magazine articles for such publications as Saturday Night, Report on Business Magazine, the Journal of Canadian Studies, Queen's Quarterly, and the Literary Review of Canada. He has spoken at dozens of major conferences in Canada and internationally on a variety of domestic and international issues.

Simpson is a frequent and enthusiastic participant in regular political debate on radio or television, in French and in English. He has been a guest lecturer at such universities as Oxford, Edinburgh, Harvard, Princeton, Brigham Young, Johns Hopkins, Maine, California plus more than a dozen universities in Canada.

In 1993–1994, Simpson was on leave from his column as a John S. Knight fellow at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California. He has been a Skelton-Clark fellow and Brockington Visitor at Queen's University. He has also been a John V. Clyne fellow at the University of British Columbia, a distinguished visitor at the University of Alberta and a member of the Georgetown University Leadership Seminar. He has been awarded honorary doctorates of laws from the University of British Columbia and the University of Western Ontario.

Simpson has been a member of the board of trustees at Queen's University; the board of overseers at Green College, University of British Columbia; the advisory board of the Review of Constitutional Studies at the University of Alberta; the editorial board of The Queen's Quarterly, and the Canadian Consortium for Asia-Pacific Security at York University and the University of Toronto. He has been vice-chairman of the City of Ottawa Library Board.

Simpson is a Senior Fellow at the University of Ottawa’s Graduate School of Public and International Affairs.

In 2006, Simpson was awarded the Charles Lynch Award in recognition of his outstanding coverage of national issues.

Simpson is also an outspoken critic of the monarchy of Canada and has written in favour of republicanism in his column.

Simpson is an avid Ottawa Senators fan and in 2011 attempted to convince the team to replace its general manager, referencing his position as the Globe's national affairs columnist on the newspaper's letterhead to demand the change. He threatened to not renew his season tickets, if the team did not fire the GM.

Simpson is also a member of the Trilateral Commission

title: Jeffrey Simpson


text:
Yah-ta-hey, New Mexico

Yah-ta-hey is a census-designated place (CDP) in McKinley County, New Mexico, United States. As of the 2000 census, the CDP population was 580. The English name for this place is an approximation of a Navajo greeting, though the actual Navajo name means "just like a devil", the nickname for Anglo storekeeper J.B. Tanner. Tanner operated the trading post located here, and was criticized by the local community for his greedy business practices. The same name is used for Aneth, Utah, where Tanner also worked.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 4.0 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 580 people, 156 households, and 138 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 146.3 PD/sqmi. There were 180 housing units at an average density of 45.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 69.31% Native American, 16.21% White, 0.34% Asian, 8.10% from other races, and 6.03% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 16.90% of the population.

There were 156 households, out of which 51.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.0% were married couples living together, 24.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 10.9% were non-families. 9.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 1.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.72 and the average family size was 3.91.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 37.6% under the age of 18, 10.9% from 18 to 24, 23.6% from 25 to 44, 23.1% from 45 to 64, and 4.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 27 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.6 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $51,023, and the median income for a family was $53,203. Males had a median income of $25,682 versus $26,184 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $26,307. About 21.2% of families and 15.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.9% of those under age 18 and 100.0% of those age 65 or over.

Education
It is in Gallup-McKinley County Public Schools.

Zoned schools are: Chee Dodge Elementary School in Yah-ta-hey, Chief Manualito Middle School in Gallup, and Gallup High School.

title: Yah-ta-hey, New Mexico


text:
Zuni Pueblo, New Mexico

Zuni Pueblo (also Zuñi Pueblo, Zuni: Halona Idiwan’a meaning ‘Middle Place’ ) is a census-designated place (CDP) in McKinley County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 6,302 as of the 2010 Census. It is inhabited largely by members of the Zuni people.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 8.8 sqmi, all land.

A significant landmark of Zuni Pueblo is the Dowa Yalanne, a nearby mountain covering approximately 320 acre.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 6,367 people, 1,488 households, and 1,334 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 720.0 PD/sqmi. There were 1,622 housing units at an average density of 183.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.03% Native American, 2.12% White, 2.01% Hispanic or Latino, 0.03% African American, 0.03% Asian, 0.30% from other races, and 0.49% from two or more races.

There were 1,488 households, out of which 42.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.1% were married couples living together, 31.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 10.3% were non-families. 9.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 1.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.26 and the average family size was 4.54.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 34.7% under the age of 18, 9.8% from 18 to 24, 32.3% from 25 to 44, 16.8% from 45 to 64, and 6.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.2 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $22,559, and the median income for a family was $22,067. Males had a median income of $18,345 versus $18,635 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $6,908. About 40.0% of families and 43.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 49.7% of those under age 18 and 41.7% of those age 65 or over.

Library
The Zuni Public Library opened in 1975.

Community
According to Zuni Pueblo's website, "many of Zuni Pueblo’s events are open to the public", and "religious dances and activities" occur in the Middle Village area.

Zuni Pueblo is described as an "artist colony", with the main industry being stone fetish carving, inlay silverwork, pottery, and other artwork.

It is on the Trails of the Ancients Byway, one of the designated New Mexico Scenic Byways.

Education
Zuni Public Schools, established in 1980, operates schools serving the community. Prior to 1980 it was in the Gallup-McKinley County Schools. Zuni High School is the zoned high school.

St. Anthony School, Zuni (K-8), of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Gallup, is in Zuni Pueblo. The school began operations on September 3, 1923. The Sisters of Saint Francis of Perpetual Adoration operated the school. Its initial enrollment was 43.

Infrastructure
Tribally-run A:shiwi Transit connects Zuni Pueblo and Black Rock with Gallup.

History
The first contact with Spaniards occurred in 1539 in the ancient village of Hawikku when Esteban, an Arab/Berber of Moroccan origin, entered Zuni territory seeking the fabled "Seven Cities of Cibola" and when Marco da Nizza, an Italian franciscan, reached Zuni Pueblo and called it Cibola.

Halona Pueblo
The Halona Pueblo, also known as Zuni Pueblo, is located 36 miles south of Gallup, New Mexico on NM 32 & NM 53. The pueblo dates from before 1539, which was when Europeans first visited New Mexico. It was one of the original six pueblos of the Zuni people. The Fray Marcos de Niza expedition, led by Estevan the Moor, arrived to the area in 1539; most of its party were killed by the Zunis. Coronado's expedition a year later was disappointed not to find great wealth. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.

The Old Zuni Mission, or Nuestra Senora de la Candelaria (Our Lady of the Light), on Old Mission Dr. at 35.06778°N, -108.84964°W is the building depicted in one photo with NRHP nomination.

Hawikuh Ruins is a National Historic Landmark 12 miles away.

Zuni-Cibola Complex, a National Historic Landmark District, was proposed as a National Park.

title: Zuni Pueblo, New Mexico


text:
Wagon Mound, New Mexico

Wagon Mound is a village in Mora County, New Mexico, United States. It is named after and located at the foot of a butte called Wagon Mound, which was a landmark for covered wagon trains and traders going up and down the Santa Fe Trail and is now Wagon Mound National Historic Landmark. It was previously an isolated ranch that housed four families that served as local traders. The shape of the mound is said to resemble a Conestoga wagon. As of the 2010 census, the village population was 314. It was also called Santa Clara for many years. The village, with brightly painted houses and several stores and shops, is located on the plains of northeastern New Mexico. Interstate 25, which skirts the western side of town, gives a view of the majority of the town. Wagon Mound is not growing rapidly, but it has seen new construction along I-25, with new buildings on the northeast side of town as well.

Geography
Wagon Mound is located at 36.00722°N, -104.70722°W (36.007223, -104.707194).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.0 square mile (2.6 km$2$), all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 369 people, 172 households, and 99 families residing in the village. The population density was 364.1 PD/sqmi. There were 230 housing units at an average density of 226.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 45.53% White, 51.22% from other races, and 3.25% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 87.80% of the population.

There were 172 households, out of which 26.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.0% were married couples living together, 18.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.4% were non-families. 36.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.15 and the average family size was 2.81.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 23.3% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 22.5% from 25 to 44, 24.4% from 45 to 64, and 23.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.5 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $17,273, and the median income for a family was $21,667. Males had a median income of $20,357 versus $16,964 for females. The per capita income for the village was $10,459. About 23.8% of families and 22.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.2% of those under age 18 and 28.4% of those age 65 or over.

Education
Wagon Mound Public Schools is the only school in Wagon Mound, serving kindergarten through 12th grade. The population of the school has been steadily decreasing and the student population is an estimated 67 as of the beginning of the 2008–2009 school year. Wagon Mound Public Schools is working with Luna Community College in Las Vegas, New Mexico to provide students with opportunities for college credit.

Notable people

 * Hector Balderas, New Mexico Attorney General
 * Edward Chávez, painter

1930 Tornado
On May 31, 1930, a deadly tornado struck the town, killing two men at an auto repair garage that was destroyed. As of 2022, this tornado and the March 23, 2007, Clovis EF2 tornado are the deadliest tornadoes to ever occur in New Mexico.

title: Wagon Mound, New Mexico