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Talk:Grant County, Oklahoma

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title: Talk:Grant County, Oklahoma


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Talk:Greer County, Oklahoma

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Starving to death on a government claim
This folk song about homesteading could improve the article, but needs to be properly sourced.

Some versions are about Lane county.

My name is Tom Hight, an old bach'lor I am, You'll find me out west in the country of fame, You'll find me out west on an elegant plan, A-starvin' to death on my government claim.

Hurrah for Greer County, the land of the free, The land of the bedbug, grasshopper and flea, I'll sing of its praises, I'll tell of its fame, While starving to death on my government claim.

My house it is built out of national soil, Its walls are erected according to Hoyle, Its roof has no pitch, but is level and plain, I always get wet if it happens to rain.

My clothes are all ragged, my language is rough, My bread is corndodgers, both solid and tough, But yet I am happy and live at my ease, On sorghum molasses, and bacon and cheese.

How happy I am when I crawl into bed, A rattlesnake hisses a tune at my head, A gay little centipede all without fear, Crawls over my pillow and into my ear.

Now all you claimholders I hope you will stay, And chew your hardtack till you're toothless and grey, But as for myself, I'll no longer remain To starve like a dog on my government claim

Farewell to Greer County, farewell to the West, I'll travel back east to the girl I love best, I'll travel to Texas and marry me a wife, Cry quits on corndodgers the rest of my life.

Goodbye to Greer County, where blizzards arise, Where the sun never sinks and the flea never dies, And the wind never ceases, but always remains, Till it starves us all out on our government claim. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:23C3:E284:900:A87A:27FB:84FB:61F0 (talk) 17:36, 7 June 2020 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Greer County, Oklahoma


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Talk:Harmon County, Oklahoma

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title: Talk:Harmon County, Oklahoma


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Talk:Harper County, Oklahoma

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title: Talk:Harper County, Oklahoma


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Talk:Haskell County, Oklahoma

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title: Talk:Haskell County, Oklahoma


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Talk:Hughes County, Oklahoma

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title: Talk:Hughes County, Oklahoma


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Talk:Jackson County, Oklahoma

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title: Talk:Jackson County, Oklahoma


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Talk:Jefferson County, Oklahoma

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title: Talk:Jefferson County, Oklahoma


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Talk:Racine County, Wisconsin

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title: Talk:Racine County, Wisconsin


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Talk:Price County, Wisconsin

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title: Talk:Price County, Wisconsin


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Talk:Portage County, Wisconsin

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title: Talk:Portage County, Wisconsin


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Talk:Polk County, Wisconsin

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title: Talk:Polk County, Wisconsin


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Talk:Pierce County, Wisconsin

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title: Talk:Pierce County, Wisconsin


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Talk:Pepin County, Wisconsin

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title: Talk:Pepin County, Wisconsin


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Talk:Ozaukee County, Wisconsin

Citations please
I don't want to clutter up the article with a cite tag, but would someone please add a citation to the Facts section? What does "healthiest county" mean? -Freekee (talk) 01:19, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ozaukee County, Wisconsin


text:
Talk:Outagamie County, Wisconsin

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Greenville, Wisconsin unincorporated community
The article about Greenville (community), Wisconsin that you removed is about the unincorporated community that is in the town of the same name. Thanks-RFD (talk) 16:19, 12 March 2010 (UTC)

Yeah, I was going to write something up on the talk page about that but then got caught up at work with actual work. The problem with putting in every "community" in Wisconsin is that there are so many of them. Freedom has a downtown village-style area that is arguably a community apart from its town and there are probably a dozen more similar examples in NE Wisconsin alone. Besides that, there is nothing that delineates the Greenville community from the rest of the Town of Greenville. It's not a legal entity. The definition of what constitutes a "community" in this area can be as little as a collection of 2 bars and a church, and if that's the case I could start a page calling downtown Kaukauna "Kaukaunaville" and there would be no web based references to prove it out. If you want it back in, I won't mess with it. But we need to draw a line somewhere and I don't think it deserves to be listed, much less have its own page. Kermit814 (talk) 18:30, 12 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I thought unincorporated communities were notable and that Wikipedia also serves as a gazetteer.Thanks-RFD (talk) 18:44, 12 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Wide and far reach consensus has determined that the tiniest communities are notable enough to permit an article if someone wants to spend the time to create an article about them. There are dozens if not 100 articles about Wisconsin unincorporated communities. The first unincorporated community in Wisconsin that I came across (several years ago already) consisted of a named place with a single bar and no houses. I started that article because I took pictures of the community while passing through. They don't belong on the town's article because they are specific to the community, not the town as a whole.  Royal broil  01:57, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
 * You are of course correct, but my argument here is not if an unincorporated community deserves it's own page, my argument is in the case of Greenville, there is nothing that separates the unincorporated community from the larger entity of the Town of Greenville. Regardless, I'm not going to mess with anyone's work.  If you guys want to do the work of creating separate pages, I'll support you.  On a separate but related note, I saw that RFD added Binghamton and Five Corners to the list of communities but there are no pages for these communities yet.  Do you plan on adding pages for these two?  I'll be in that area all day today so I'll take some pictures if you need them.Kermit814 (talk) 13:37, 9 July 2010 (UTC)

Prior to 1850
does anyone know what county it was before 1851? I am looking through the 1850 census to get population data on grand chute so i can add to the article. I have a website that mentions the census and gives a statistic, but i want to verify it. Ilovemacncheese2245 (talk) 22:09, 10 May 2023 (UTC)

 * i found it by looking through the list of communities in appleton, it was brown county before Ilovemacncheese2245 (talk) 22:14, 10 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Outagamie County, Wisconsin


text:
Talk:Oneida County, Wisconsin

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I'll be damned, they've got 18 people from Fiji. Must have been an influx in the 80s.

title: Talk:Oneida County, Wisconsin


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Talk:Oconto County, Wisconsin

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title: Talk:Oconto County, Wisconsin


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Talk:Monroe County, Wisconsin

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title: Talk:Monroe County, Wisconsin


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Talk:Milwaukee County, Wisconsin

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Needs history
No history? Very strange for a place that has gone through considerable change, including restructuring of heavy industry in the 20th century, which caused a loss of jobs.Parkwells (talk) 14:01, 23 August 2016 (UTC)
 * Started with the beginnings. -- Orange Mike |  Talk  17:49, 23 August 2016 (UTC)

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Adjacent counties
I added Ottawa County, Michigan as an adjacent county to the east (across Lake Michigan). I did this because in Ottawa County's page, it lists Milwaukee County as an adjacent county to the west. LimonesMI (talk) 20:51, 29 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Milwaukee County, Wisconsin


text:
Talk:Menominee County, Wisconsin

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Clarification of county status
I added some language to clarify the difference between the Tribal and public (non-Indian) parts of Menominee County/Indian Reservation. Most of the county is off-limits to non-Indians, so I felt it important to point this out. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Yooper04 (talk • contribs) 00:20, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Menominee County, Wisconsin


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Talk:Marquette County, Wisconsin

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title: Talk:Marquette County, Wisconsin


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Talk:Marinette County, Wisconsin

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title: Talk:Marinette County, Wisconsin


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Talk:Marathon County, Wisconsin

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title: Talk:Marathon County, Wisconsin


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Talk:Manitowoc County, Wisconsin

Wondering
Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ram-Man (talk • contribs) 04:23, 2 October 2002

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title: Talk:Manitowoc County, Wisconsin


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Talk:Lincoln County, Wisconsin

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title: Talk:Lincoln County, Wisconsin


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Talk:Langlade County, Wisconsin

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Talk:Lafayette County, Wisconsin

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title: Talk:Lafayette County, Wisconsin


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Talk:La Crosse County, Wisconsin

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Information that has reliable references.
32.218.37.117, 32.218.32.64

This ip address is interested in removing information that has reliable references. But sources say clearly that Ed Gein was born in that County. The IP gives meaningless excuses to delete information that clearly has reliable references. --J34jhon (talk) 18:33, 29 May 2016 (UTC)

http://www.biography.com/people/ed-gein-11291338#synopsis  - reliable reference. "Edward Theodore Gein was born on August 27, 1906 in La Crosse, Wisconsin."

- biography.com - A&E Television Networks

"PLACE OF BIRTH: La Crosse, Wisconsin"

- biography.com - A&E Television Networks

http://crime.about.com/od/murder/p/gein.htm - reliable reference.

"Ed Gein. Birthplace - La Crosse, WI"

- crime.about.com

Vital Records, Pre-1907 Wisconsin. "http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Content.aspx?dsNav=Ny:True,Ro:0,N:4294963828-4294963815&dsNavOnly=Ntk:All||3|%2c&dsRecordDetails=R:BR2625292&dsDimensionSearch=D:edward+gien,Dxm:All,Dxp:3&dsCompoundDimensionSearch=D:edward+gien,Dxm:All,Dxp:3 Birth Index Record: Gien, Edward". -

"County: La Crosse"

- wisconsinhistory.org - Wisconsin Historical Society. Wisconsin Genealogy Index

Ed Gein - wikipedia - Edward Theodore Gein was born in La Crosse County, Wisconsin

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Talk:Kewaunee County, Wisconsin

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Talk:Kenosha County, Wisconsin

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Kenosha is NOT in Chicagoland!
Kenosha County is definitely NOT in Chicagoland. Wikipedia needs to check its sources before creating templates like this. WikiProjects Wisconsin and Illinois are terribly inaccurate. People in California or NYC or something shouldn't just make those kinds of inferences. (They also said that Round Lake Beach, IL had multiple suburbs in Wisconsin. I live in one of those towns and have never been to RLB. If we're a suburb of anything, it's Kenosha. I promptly deletted that template. It also said that Grayslake and McHenry were suburbs of RLB, but they are larger than RLB.) Please address this. The Person Who Is Strange 15:07, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

Kenosha Co. is in Chicagoland
First of all, thanks for eliminating the Round Lake Beach thing, although I grew up in Twin Lakes, I can count on my hand the number of times I've been there. As for whether Kenosha Co. is in Chicagoland, I believe so. Firstly, the U.S. census counts Kenosha Co as part of the Chicago metropolitan area. Click here (the last line of the table), and |b=50|l=en|t=420|zf=0.0|ms=ref_ma_00dec|dw=0.13750541748169456|dh=0.07569779903695369|dt=gov.census.aff.domain.map.EnglishMapExtent|if=gif|cx=-88.24257850000001|cy=42.520218|zl=4|pz=4|bo=315:237:314:313:322:299|bl=361:394:238:392:355:354|ft=350:349:335:389:388:332:331|fl=381:403:204:380:369:379:368|g=86000US53181&-_mapX=&-errMsg=&-redoLog=false&-geo_id=86000US53181&-_latitude=&-_lang=en&-_longitude= here for a map. Secondly, for as long as I can remember, people in my area have received Milwaukee and Chicago local stations on cable. A few years ago, the cable company tried to take away the Chicago stations creating quite an uproar. Eventually, they let us keep them. Thirdly, Kenosha County has strong ties to our southern neighbors. In my area, it seems that just as many people root for the Bears as for the Packers. Also, companies in Lake Co., Illinois employ more Kenosha Co. residents than any other county. To me, probably the most important factor is what the census does and they put Kenosha Co in Chicagoland, so I believe that it is. Fay2 19:08, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

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Talk:Juneau County, Wisconsin

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Talk:Jefferson County, Wisconsin

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Talk:Jackson County, Wisconsin

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Talk:Iron County, Wisconsin

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Lake Vostok

Lake Vostok (озеро Восток) is the largest of Antarctica's 675 known subglacial lakes. Lake Vostok is located at the southern Pole of Cold, beneath Russia's Vostok Station under the surface of the central East Antarctic Ice Sheet, which is at 3488 m above mean sea level. The surface of this fresh water lake is approximately 4000 m under the surface of the ice, which places it at approximately 500 m below sea level.

Measuring 250 km long by 50 km wide at its widest point, it covers an area of 12500 km2 making it the 16th largest lake by surface area. With an average depth of 432 m, it has an estimated volume of 5400 km3, making it the 6th largest lake by volume.

The lake is divided into two deep basins by a ridge. The liquid water depth over the ridge is about 200 m, compared to roughly 400 m deep in the northern basin and 800 m deep in the southern.

The lake is named after Vostok Station, which in turn is named after the Vostok (Восток), a sloop-of-war, which means "East" in Russian. The existence of a subglacial lake in the Vostok region was first suggested by Russian geographer Andrey Kapitsa based on seismic soundings made during the Soviet Antarctic Expeditions in 1959 and 1964 to measure the thickness of the ice sheet. The continued research by Russian and British scientists led to the final confirmation of the existence of the lake in 1993 by J. P. Ridley using ERS-1 laser altimetry.

The overlying ice provides a continuous paleoclimatic record of 400,000 years, although the lake water itself may have been isolated for 15 to 25 million years. On 5 February 2012, a team of Russian scientists completed the longest ever ice core of 3768 m and pierced the ice shield to the surface of the lake.

The first core of freshly frozen lake ice was obtained on 10 January 2013 at a depth of 3406 m. However, as soon as the ice was pierced, water from the underlying lake gushed up the borehole, mixing it with the Freon and kerosene used to keep the borehole from freezing. A new borehole was drilled and an allegedly pristine water sample was obtained in January 2015. The Russian team plans to eventually lower a probe into the lake to collect water samples and sediments from the bottom. It is hypothesized that unusual forms of life could be found in the lake's liquid layer, a fossil water reserve. Because Lake Vostok may contain an environment sealed off below the ice for millions of years, the conditions could resemble those of ice-covered oceans hypothesized to exist on Jupiter's moon Europa, and Saturn's moon Enceladus.

Discovery
Russian scientist Peter Kropotkin first proposed the idea of fresh water under Antarctic ice sheets at the end of the 19th century. He theorized that the tremendous pressure exerted by the cumulative mass of thousands of vertical meters of ice could decrease the melting point at the lowest portions of the ice sheet to the point where the ice would become liquid water. Kropotkin's theory was further developed by Russian glaciologist Igor Zotikov, who wrote his PhD thesis on this subject in 1967.

Russian geographer Andrey Kapitsa used seismic soundings in the region of Vostok Station made during the Soviet Antarctic Expedition in 1959 and 1964 to measure the thickness of the ice sheet. Kapitsa was the first to suggest the existence of a subglacial lake in the region, and the subsequent research confirmed his hypothesis.

When British scientists in Antarctica performed airborne ice-penetrating radar surveys in the early 1970s, they detected unusual radar readings at the site which suggested the presence of a liquid freshwater lake below the ice. In 1991, Jeff Ridley, a remote sensing specialist with the Mullard Space Science Laboratory at University College London, directed the ERS-1 satellite to turn its high-frequency array toward the center of the Antarctic ice cap. The data from ERS-1 confirmed the findings from the 1973 British surveys, but these new data were not published in the Journal of Glaciology until 1993. Space-based radar revealed that this subglacial body of fresh water is one of the largest lakes in the world, and one of some 140 subglacial lakes in Antarctica. Russian and British scientists delineated the lake in by integrating a variety of data, including airborne ice-penetrating radar imaging observations and space-based radar altimetry, and the discovery of the lake was published in the science journal Nature on 20 June 1996. It has been confirmed that the lake contains large amounts of liquid water under the more than 3 km ice cap. The lake has at least 22 cavities of liquid water, averaging 10 km each.

The station after which the lake is named commemorates the Vostok (Восток), the 900-ton sloop-of-war ship sailed by one of the discoverers of Antarctica, Russian explorer Admiral Fabian von Bellingshausen. Because the word Vostok means "East" in Russian, the names of the station and lake also reflect the fact that they are located in East Antarctica.

In 2005 an island was found in the central part of the lake. Then, in January 2006, the discovery of two nearby smaller lakes under the ice cap was published; they are named 90 Degrees East and Sovetskaya. It is suspected that these Antarctic subglacial lakes may be connected by a network of subglacial rivers. Centre for Polar Observation & Modelling glaciologists propose that many of the subglacial lakes of Antarctica are at least temporarily interconnected. Because of varying water pressure in individual lakes, large subsurface rivers may suddenly form and then force large amounts of water through the solid ice.

Geological history
Africa separated from Antarctica around 160 million years ago, followed by the Indian subcontinent, in the early Cretaceous (about 125 million years ago). About 66 million years ago, Antarctica (then connected to Australia) still had a tropical to subtropical climate, complete with marsupial fauna and an extensive temperate rainforest.

The Lake Vostok basin is a small (50 km) tectonic feature within the overall setting of a several-hundred-kilometer-wide continental collision zone between the Gamburtsev Mountain Range, a subglacial mountain range and the Dome C region. The lake water is cradled on a bed of sediments 70 m thick, offering the possibility that they contain a unique record of the climate and life in Antarctica before the ice cap formed.

Traits
The lake water is estimated to have been sealed off under the thick ice sheet about 15 million years ago. Initially, it was thought that the same water had made up the lake since the time of its formation, giving a residence time in the order of one million years. Later research by Robin Bell and Michael Studinger from the Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University suggested that the water of the lake is continually freezing and being carried away by the motion of the Antarctic ice sheet, while being replaced by water melting from other parts of the ice sheet in these high pressure conditions. This resulted in an estimate that the entire volume of the lake is replaced every 13,300 years – its effective mean residence time.

The coldest naturally occurring temperature ever observed on Earth, -89 °C, was recorded at Vostok Station on 21 July 1983. The average water temperature is calculated to be around -3 °C; it remains liquid below the normal freezing point because of high pressure from the weight of the ice above it. Geothermal heat from the Earth's interior may warm the bottom of the lake, while the ice sheet itself insulates the lake from cold temperatures on the surface.

Lake Vostok is an oligotrophic extreme environment, one that is expected to be supersaturated with nitrogen and oxygen, measuring 2.5 L of nitrogen and oxygen per 1 kg of water, that is 50 times higher than those typically found in ordinary freshwater lakes on Earth's surface. The sheer weight and pressure around 345 bar of the continental ice cap on top of Lake Vostok is estimated to contribute to the high gas concentration.

Besides dissolving in the water, oxygen and other gases are trapped in a type of structure called a clathrate. In clathrate structures, gases are enclosed in an icy cage and look like packed snow. These structures form at the high-pressure depths of Lake Vostok and would become unstable if brought to the surface.

In April 2005, German, Russian, and Japanese researchers found that the lake has tides. Depending on the position of the Sun and the Moon, the surface of the lake rises about 12 mm. The lake is under complete darkness, under 355 bar of pressure, and expected to be rich in oxygen, so there is speculation that any organisms inhabiting the lake could have evolved in a manner unique to this environment. There is a 1 microtesla magnetic anomaly on the east coast of the lake, spanning 105 by. Researchers hypothesize that the anomaly may be caused by a thinning of the Earth's crust in that location.

Living Hydrogenophilus thermoluteolus micro-organisms have been found in Lake Vostok's deep ice core drillings; they are an extant surface-dwelling species. This suggests the presence of a deep biosphere utilizing a geothermal system of the bedrock encircling the subglacial lake. There is optimism that microbial life in the lake may be possible despite high pressure, constant cold, low nutrient input, potentially high oxygen concentration and an absence of sunlight. Jupiter's moon Europa and Saturn's moon Enceladus may also harbor lakes or oceans below a thick crust of ice. Any confirmation of life in Lake Vostok could strengthen the prospect for the presence of life on icy moons.

Research
Researchers working at Vostok Station produced one of the world's longest ice cores in 1998. A joint Russian, French, and United States team drilled and analyzed the core, which is 3623 m long. Ice samples from cores drilled close to the top of the lake have been assessed to be as old as 420,000 years. The assumption is that the lake has been sealed from the surface since the ice sheet was formed 15 million years ago. Drilling of the core was deliberately halted roughly 100 m above the suspected boundary between the ice sheet and the liquid waters of the lake. This was to prevent contamination of the lake with the 60-ton column of Freon and kerosene used to prevent the borehole from collapsing and freezing over.

From this core, specifically from ice that is thought to have formed from lake water freezing onto the base of the ice sheet, extremophile microbes were found, suggesting that the lake water supports life. Scientists suggested that the lake could possess a unique habitat for ancient bacteria with an isolated microbial gene pool containing characteristics developed perhaps 500,000 years ago.

In January 2011, the head of the Russian Antarctic Expedition, Valery Lukin, announced that his team had only 50 m of ice left to drill in order to reach the water. The researchers then switched to a new thermal drill head with a "clean" silicone oil fluid to drill the rest of the way. Instead of drilling all the way into the water, they said they would stop just above it when a sensor on the thermal drill detected free water. At that point, the drill was to be stopped and extracted from the bore hole. Removal of the drill would lower the pressure beneath it, drawing water into the hole to be left to freeze, creating a plug of ice in the bottom of the hole. Drilling stopped on 5 February 2011 at a depth of 3720 m so that the research team could make it off the ice before the beginning of the Antarctic winter season. The drilling team left by aircraft on 6 February 2011.

By plan, the following summer, the team was to drill down again to take a sample of that ice and analyze it. The Russians resumed drilling into the lake in January 2012 and reached the upper surface of the water on 6 February 2012. The researchers allowed the rushing lake water to freeze within the bore hole and months later; they collected ice core samples of this newly formed ice and sent them to the Laboratory for Glaciology and Environmental Geophysics in Grenoble, France, for analysis.

United Kingdom and United States
Scientists first reported evidence of microbes in the accretion ice in 1999. Since then, a different team led by Scott O. Rogers has been identifying a variety of bacteria and fungi from accretion ice (not from the subglacial water layer) collected during U.S. drilling projects in the 1990s. According to him, this indicates that the lake below the ice is not sterile but contains a unique ecosystem. Then Scott Rogers published in July 2013 that his team performed nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) sequencing and the results allowed deduction of the metabolic pathways represented in the accretion ice and, by extension, in the lake. The team found 3,507 unique gene sequences, and approximately 94% of the sequences were from bacteria and 6% were from Eukarya. Taxonomic classifications (to genus and/or species) or identification were possible for 1,623 of the sequences. In general, the taxa were similar to organisms previously described from lakes, brackish water, marine environments, soil, glaciers, ice, lake sediments, deep-sea sediments, deep-sea thermal vents, animals and plants. Sequences from aerobic, anaerobic, psychrophilic, thermophilic, halophilic, alkaliphilic, acidophilic, desiccation-resistant, autotrophic, and heterotrophic organisms were present, including a number from multicellular eukaryotes.

In 2020, Colby Gura and Scott Rogers extended their study of Lake Vostok accretion ice, as well as the basal ice flowing into the lake. They found that the basal ice contained an almost completely different community of organisms compared to those found in the lake accretion ice, indicating that they signified two completely different ecosystems. Additional bacteria and eukaryotes were reported. The highest diversity of organisms in the lake ice was significantly associated (p<0.05) with higher concentrations of ions and amino acids. While their previous work indicated the presence of bacteria that inhabit fish intestines, no sequences from fish were found. However, in the 2020 study, they found an rRNA sequence that was >97% similar to that from a rock cod common along the coast of Antarctica (Notothenia coriiceps). This is the first report of a fish species possibly residing in Lake Vostok. The fish is known to produce antifreeze proteins.

Microbiologist David Pearce of the University of Northumbria in Newcastle, UK, stated that the DNA could simply be contamination from the drilling process, and not representative of Lake Vostok itself. The old ice cores were drilled in the 1990s to look for evidence of past climates buried in the ice, rather than for life, so the drilling equipment was not sterilized. Also Sergey Bulat, a Lake Vostok expert at the Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute in Gatchina, Russia, doubts that any of the cells or DNA fragments in the samples would belong to organisms that might actually exist in the lake. He says that it is very probable that the samples are heavily contaminated with tissue and microbes from the outside world.

The contamination possibility has been refuted by Scott Rogers, because the control measures were rigorous, and the combinations of organisms found in each of the ice samples were consistent with organisms living in a cold lake and ice (including a sequence from an Antarctic rock cod), and were inconsistent with contamination introduced while sampling or from the lab procedures. Also, all of the lab procedures were performed in parallel with ice samples from Lake Erie, and the two resulting data sets were completely different. The Lake Erie sample exhibited many signals of human habitation, while the Lake Vostok ice samples exhibited no signals of human habitation. The Lake Erie sample also had an almost completely different profile of bacterial and eukaryotic phyla.

Russia and France
Russian and French scientists have been carrying out molecular DNA studies of the water from Lake Vostok that was frozen in the borehole, by constructing numerous DNA libraries, which are collections of fragments of DNA that allow scientists to identify which species of bacteria they may belong to. Samples taken from the lake so far contain about one part of kerosene per 1000 of water, and they are contaminated with bacteria previously present in the drill bit and the kerosene drilling fluid. So far, the scientists have been able to identify 255 contaminant species, but also have found an unknown bacterium when they initially drilled down to the lake's surface in 2012, with no matches in any international databases, and they hope it may be a unique inhabitant of Lake Vostok. However, Vladimar Korolev, the laboratory head of the study at the same institution, said that the bacteria could in principle be a contaminant that uses kerosene—the antifreeze used during drilling—as an energy source.

Critics from the scientific community state that no valuable information can be obtained until they can test clean samples of lake water, uncontaminated by drilling fluid. Regardless of the contamination issues, in May 2013 the drilling facility at the Russian Vostok Antarctic station was declared a historic monument as "the result of the recognition of the achievements of the Russian research of Antarctica by the international scientific community, and of the unique operations on opening the subglacial Lake Vostok performed by Russian scientists on February 5, 2012."

In January 2015, the Russian press stated that Russian scientists have made a new "clean" borehole into Lake Vostok using a special 50-kilogram probe that collected about 1 liter of water not adulterated by the antifreezing fluid. The drilling technology used proved to be inappropriate to collect liquid water in general and clean samples in particular and results were unreported. It was predicted that the water would rise 30–40 m in the bottom part of the borehole, but in fact the water rose from the lake to a height of more than 500 m. In October of that same year, the work was suspended for that southern summer because of insufficient funding by the federal Russian government.

In 2019 the Russian government ordered that a new wintering complex be installed at the Lake Vostok research station, funded in part by Russian billionaire Leonid Mikhelson. This complex will be capable of supporting 35 people in the summer, 15 in the winter and will have 4 diesel generators with a capacity of 200 kilowatts each. The new complex, consisting of 133 modules, was delivered to Progress Station in December 2021 and will be transported to the Lake Vostok research station and installed over the next four years.

Contamination due to drilling fluids
The drilling project has been opposed by some environmental groups and scientists who have argued that hot-water drilling would have a more limited environmental impact. The main concern is that the lake could become contaminated with the antifreeze that the Russians used to keep the bore hole from refreezing. Scientists of the United States National Research Council have taken the position that it should be assumed that microbial life exists in Lake Vostok and that after such a long isolation, any life forms in the lake require strict protection from contamination.

The original drilling technique employed by the Russians involved the use of Freon and kerosene to lubricate the borehole and prevent it from collapsing and freezing over; 60 ST of these chemicals have been used thus far on the ice above Lake Vostok. Other countries, particularly the United States and Britain, have failed to persuade the Russians not to pierce to the lake until cleaner technologies such as hot-water drilling are available. Though the Russians claim to have improved their operations, they continue to use the same borehole, which has already been contaminated with kerosene. According to the head of Russian Antarctic Expeditions, Valery Lukin, new equipment was developed by researchers at the Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute that would ensure the lake remains uncontaminated upon intrusion. Lukin has repeatedly reassured other signatory nations to the Antarctic Treaty System that the drilling will not affect the lake, arguing that on breakthrough, water will rush up the borehole, freeze, and seal the other fluids out.

Some environmentalist groups remain unconvinced by these arguments. The Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition has argued that this manner of drilling is a profoundly misguided step which endangers Lake Vostok and other subglacial lakes in Antarctica (which some scientists are convinced are inter-linked with Lake Vostok). The coalition has asserted that "it would be far preferable to join with other countries to penetrate a smaller and more isolated lake before re-examining whether penetration of Lake Vostok is environmentally defensible. If we are wise, the Lake will be allowed to reveal its secrets in due course."

Lukin claims that hot-water drilling is much more dangerous for the microbiotic fauna, as it would boil the living species, and disturb the entire structure of water layers of the lake. Additionally, hot-water drilling would have required more power than the Russian expedition could have generated at their remote camp. However, the water samples obtained by the Russian team were heavily contaminated with drilling fluid, so they reported in May 2017 that it was impossible at this time to obtain reliable data on the real chemical and biological composition of the lake water.

title: Lake Vostok


text:
Will Jennings

Wilbur H. Jennings (born June 27, 1944) is an American lyricist. He is popularly known for writing the lyrics for the songs "Tears in Heaven" and "My Heart Will Go On". He has been inducted into the Songwriter's Hall of Fame and has won several awards including three Grammy Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, and two Academy Awards.

Life and education
Jennings was born in Kilgore, Texas. He attended school near Tyler, Texas in the Chapel Hill Independent School District. He graduated from Tyler Junior College and taught English at the college. In 1967, Jennings earned his B.A. from Stephen F. Austin State University, located in Nacogdoches, Texas. He then taught at the University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire for three years.

Career
Jennings has written for a variety of artists, including Steve Winwood, Whitney Houston, Eric Clapton, B.B. King, Joe Sample, Rodney Crowell, Mariah Carey, Jimmy Buffett, Barry Manilow and Roy Orbison.

With Steve Winwood, Jennings wrote a series of albums including Arc of a Diver, Talking Back to the Night and Back in the High Life, an album that contained the hits "Higher Love", "The Finer Things", and "Back in the High Life Again". Winwood won the Record Of The Year and Outstanding Male Vocal Performance. Both Jennings and Winwood were nominated for the Song of the Year award for "Higher Love."

With Joe Sample, Jennings wrote "Street Life" (a world-wide hit for the Crusaders with singer Randy Crawford) and several songs for various albums by the Crusaders for guest vocalists, including Joe Cocker ("I'm So Glad I'm Standing Here Today"), and Bill Withers ("Soul Shadows").

Jennings and Sample also wrote the better part of three albums for B.B. King, Midnight Believer in 1978, Take It Home in 1979, and There is Always One More Time in 1991.

Richard Kerr and Jennings wrote "Somewhere in the Night" and "Looks Like We Made It" for Barry Manilow and "I'll Never Love This Way Again" for Dionne Warwick.

Deana Martin recorded one of Jennings’ songs, "I Know Who You Are", on her 2016 album Swing Street.

Jennings has collaborated on many songs for film, the most notable being "Up Where We Belong" for An Officer and a Gentleman, a song that won the Academy Award in America and the BAFTA (British Academy Award) in the United Kingdom and was a number one hit for Joe Cocker and Jennifer Warnes. In 1997, Jennings wrote the world-wide number one Céline Dion hit "My Heart Will Go On" for the film Titanic with his collaborator James Horner. They won the Golden Globe Award and the Academy Award for Best Song from a Motion Picture.

Among his other collaborations were two albums written with Jimmy Buffett and Michael Utley, Riddles in the Sand and The Last Mango in Paris. Jennings also wrote several songs for Roy Orbison's King of Hearts album.

In Nashville, Jennings wrote hits with Rodney Crowell, including "Many a Long & Lonesome Highway", "What Kind of Love" and "Please Remember Me", a number one country hit for Tim McGraw.

Jennings also wrote "Tears in Heaven" with Eric Clapton, which won song of the Year and also won the Ivor Novello award for best song from a film.

Teaming with James Horner and Mariah Carey, Jennings wrote the lyrics for the central song in How the Grinch Stole Christmas!, "Where Are You Christmas?", sung by a character within the film and by Faith Hill at the end of the film. In 2002, Horner and Jennings contributed a song for the Oscar-winning film A Beautiful Mind.

In 2002, Peter Wolf's new album, Sleepless, appeared with positive reviews. The album featured six songs written by Jennings and Wolf, who collaborated previously on Fool's Parade (1999) on Mercury Records.

Jennings and Joe Sample, the keyboard player for the Crusaders, go back to 1978 and began by writing the Midnight Believer album for B.B. King and then wrote the hit "Street Life" for the Crusaders album of the same name. Jennings and Sample also wrote "One Day I'll Fly Away", originally sung by Crawford, which was featured in the film Moulin Rouge!, along with another of Jennings's songs, "Up Where We Belong". In the film "One Day I'll Fly Away" was sung by Nicole Kidman and, in March 2002, was released as a single in the UK from the second soundtrack album to emerge from Moulin Rouge.

Albums

 * With Steve Winwood: Arc of a Diver, Talking Back to the Night, Back in the High Life, Roll With It, Chronicles, Refugees Of The Heart
 * With Joe Sample, for B.B. King: Midnight Believer, Take It Home, There is Always One More Time
 * With Joe Sample, for various artists: The Crusaders Vocal Album
 * With Joe Sample, for Randy Crawford: Now We May Begin
 * With Jimmy Buffett: Riddles in the Sand, The Last Mango In Paris
 * With Timothy B. Schmit and Bruce Gaitsch: Timothy B.
 * With Richard Kerr: Welcome To The Club
 * With Roy Orbison: King Of Hearts
 * With Peter Wolf: Fool's Parade, Sleepless, and Midnight Souvenirs

Hits

 * Steve Winwood:
 * "While You See A Chance"
 * "Still In The Game"
 * "Higher Love" (#1, nominated for Grammy Award for Song of the Year 1987)
 * "Back in the High Life Again"
 * "The Finer Things"
 * "Valerie"
 * "Roll With It" (#1 US)
 * Don't You Know What the Night Can Do? (#6 US)
 * Eric Clapton:
 * "Tears in Heaven" (#2, nominated for a Golden Globe award, 1993 Grammy for Song of the Year, 1993 Ivor Novello award from British Academy of Songwriters, Composers, and Authors)
 * Dionne Warwick:
 * "I'll Never Love This Way Again"
 * "No Night So Long"
 * Randy Crawford/The Crusaders:
 * "Street Life"
 * "One Day I'll Fly Away"
 * Barry Manilow:
 * "Somewhere in the Night"
 * "Looks Like We Made It" (#1)
 * Whitney Houston:
 * "Didn't We Almost Have It All" (#1)
 * Rodney Crowell:
 * "Many a Long and Lonesome Highway"
 * "What Kind Of Love"
 * Jimmy Buffett:
 * "Who's The Blonde Stranger?"
 * "If The Phone Doesn't Ring, It's Me"
 * Joe Cocker and Jennifer Warnes:
 * "Up Where We Belong" (#1, American Academy Award, British Academy Award, Winner Tokyo Song Festival)
 * Celine Dion:
 * "My Heart Will Go On" (#1, American Academy Award, Golden Globe Award, Grammy for Song of the Year)
 * Tim McGraw:
 * "Please Remember Me" (#1 Country)
 * Diana Ross:
 * "If We Hold on Together"

Awards
He has received the following major awards:
 * Academy Award (1997), Golden Globe Award (1997), Grammy Award for writing the lyrics to "My Heart Will Go On" performed by Céline Dion for the motion picture Titanic.
 * Golden Globe Award (1991) for writing the lyrics for "Tears in Heaven" by Eric Clapton for the film Rush and also in 1991 for writing the song "Dreams To Dream" for the motion picture An American Tail: Fievel Goes West.
 * Academy Award (1983), Golden Globe Award (1983) along with Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte-Marie for writing the song "Up Where We Belong" performed by Joe Cocker and Jennifer Warnes from the motion picture An Officer and a Gentleman.
 * BAFTA (British Academy of Film and Television Arts) award for "Up Where We Belong" with Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte-Marie
 * Grammy Award (1993) — "Tears In Heaven" (shared with Eric Clapton)
 * Grammy Award (nomination) (1986) — "Higher Love"
 * Grammy Award to Dionne Warwick (1979) — "I'll Never Love This Way Again" (co-written with Richard Kerr)
 * Academy Award (nomination) (1980) — for writing the song "People Alone" for the motion picture The Competition.

title: Will Jennings


text:
Communes of the Cher department

The following is a list of the 286 communes of the Cher department of France.

The communes cooperate in the following intercommunalities (as of 2020):
 * Communauté d'agglomération Bourges Plus
 * Communauté de communes Arnon Boischaut Cher
 * Communauté de communes Berry Grand Sud
 * Communauté de communes Berry-Loire-Vauvise
 * Communauté de communes Les Bertranges (partly)
 * Communauté de communes Cœur de Berry
 * Communauté de communes du Cœur de France
 * Communauté de communes Le Dunois
 * Communauté de communes Fercher – Pays florentais
 * Communauté de communes Pays de Nérondes
 * Communauté de communes du Pays d'Issoudun (partly)
 * Communauté de communes Pays Fort Sancerrois Val de Loire
 * Communauté de communes Portes du Berry entre Loire et Val d'Aubois
 * Communauté de communes Sauldre et Sologne
 * Communauté de communes de la Septaine
 * Communauté de communes Terres du Haut Berry
 * Communauté de communes Les Trois Provinces
 * Communauté de communes Vierzon-Sologne-Berry

title: Communes of the Cher department


text:
Talk:Soyuz programme

Previous discussions
Soyuz is an orbiter, not a launch system, at least according to Clark, Philip. The Soviet Manned Space Program, 1988.

 * I think it's both. There are also unmanned Soyuz missions that launch satellites.

To the first poster; check "Appendix 1: Launch vehicles" p. 174-. It seems to indicate that the launch vehicle was named for its primary payload (being Soyuz modules). --Brion 08:21 Oct 22, 2002 (UTC)

So why does the article use "programme" yet the contents use "program"? I'm referring to consistency here not "programme" vs "program" itself. RedWolf 04:09, Mar 16, 2004 (UTC)

Why are there links to flights through TMA-13? Have 13 vehicles actually been manufactured, or did the author of the table simply want to make a 10x10 matrix? 70.225.180.1 19:47, 2 October 2005 (UTC)

Will the Soyuz program end or no?

Objectives
Please see the discussiion at Talk:Human_spaceflight regarding the claim that the motivation for abandoning the lunar objective was related to NASA's success. Please support this claim with a reliable source. (sdsds - talk) 16:07, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

List
Added list of manned Soyuz missions with dates and names, to replace previous list of links.

RandomCritic 02:26, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Nice work. A major improvement. My only concern is the use of footnotes to list comments may interfere with proper use of footnotes when somebody adds references to the article. Is there another way in which this can be done? -- GW_SimulationsUser Page 21:33, 9 November 2007 (UTC)
 * The use of logos is a good idea, but it is technically a copyright violation. -- GW_SimulationsUser Page 10:55, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

What is Soyuz-TMAT?
I found no sources for that, but there are plans for Soyuz-TMM and Soyuz-TMS, it is published in "Novosti kosmonavtiki"("Spaceflight news") in 2002 .--MathFacts (talk) 13:09, 29 June 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Soyuz programme


text:
Communes of the Corrèze department

The following is a list of the 279 communes of the Corrèze department of France.

The communes cooperate in the following intercommunalities (as of 2020):
 * Communauté d'agglomération du Bassin de Brive
 * Communauté d'agglomération Tulle Agglo
 * CC Haute-Corrèze Communauté (partly)
 * Communauté de communes Midi Corrézien
 * Communauté de communes du Pays de Lubersac-Pompadour
 * Communauté de communes du Pays de Saint-Yrieix (partly)
 * Communauté de communes du Pays d'Uzerche
 * Communauté de communes de Ventadour - Égletons - Monédières
 * Communauté de communes Vézère-Monédières-Millesources
 * Communauté de communes Xaintrie Val'Dordogne

title: Communes of the Corrèze department