text:
Lima, Ohio

Lima is a city in and the county seat of Allen County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 35,579. It is located in northwest Ohio along Interstate 75, approximately 72 mi north of Dayton, 78 mi southwest of Toledo, and 63 mi southeast of Fort Wayne, Indiana.

Lima was founded in 1831. The Lima Army Tank Plant, officially called the Joint Systems Manufacturing Center, built in 1941, is the sole producer of the M1 Abrams. It is the principal city of the Lima metropolitan area, which had 102,000 residents in 2020 and is included in the Lima–Van Wert–Wapakoneta combined statistical area.

Establishment
In the years after the American Revolution, the Shawnee were the most prominent residents of west central Ohio, growing in numbers and permanency after the 1794 Treaty of Greenville. By 1817, the United States had created the Hog Creek Reservation for the local Shawnee, covering portions of what would become Allen and Auglaize counties, and including part of present-day Lima.

The creation of the Shawnee reservation freed other lands in the area for settlement, and in February 1820, the Ohio legislature formally established Allen County. In 1831, the Shawnee were forced to surrender all their land in the area to the United States and relocated to Kansas, opening all of Allen County to settlement. The Ohio legislature mandated that a county seat be established and "Lima" was the result.

Lima was named after Lima, Peru's capital city. The name was reputedly chosen in a nod to the Peruvian capital which, during the 1800s, was a major source of quinine, an anti-malaria drug for which there had been a demand in the region, an area known as the Great Black Swamp.

19th century

Since 1831, Lima has been the center of government for Allen County, the first of its three courthouses erected in the city's first year. The foundations of city life followed in quick order. The first school appeared in 1832. Lima's first physician, Dr. William Cunningham, arrived in 1831. 1836 brought the first newspaper to Lima. Lima was officially organized as a city in 1842. Henry DeVilliers Williams was its first mayor. The first public school opened in 1850. In 1854, the first train appeared in Lima, a harbinger of later economic success.

Also in 1854, a cholera outbreak in Delphos (a town in Allen County northwest of Lima) spread throughout west central Ohio. Countywide problems caused by the contaminated water supply were not solved until 1886 when Lima started a municipal water system. Lima's role as a regional center for industry began early. The Lima Agricultural Works began operations in 1869. The company changed names and types of manufacturing through the years. In 1882, under the name Lima Machine Works, the industry built the first Shay-geared locomotive.

Stimulated by the economic boom in nearby Findlay, in 1885 Lima businessman Benjamin C. Faurot drilled for natural gas at his paper mill. On May 19, oil was discovered instead of gas. The oil well never realized enormous profits, but it triggered Lima's oil industry, bringing John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil to the city. Lima's oil field was, for about a decade, the largest in the US.

Economic development brought money for arts and entertainment. Benjamin Faurot's Opera House opened in 1882, a nationally renowned structure so impressive that New Yorkers used it as a model for their theaters. In 1907, Lima built its first movie theater.

Early 20th century

In the early 20th century, Benjamin A. Gramm and his close friend Max Bernstein formed the Gramm-Bernstein Company, which became a pioneer in the motor truck industry. During World War I, Gramm created the "Liberty truck", which was welcomed upon its arrival in Washington, D.C., by President Woodrow Wilson. Thousands were sent to Europe to help the Allied war effort.

After World War I, Allen County's population growth lagged the state and the nation. Galvin was an assistant superintendent at the Peru Steel Casting Co. of Peru, Ind. He then became acting manager at American Steel Foundries in Pittsburgh. In 1921, Lima voters approved a change in the structure of Lima city government. Voters now elected five commissioners, with the commission chair serving as mayor. The charter sought to establish professional management, requiring the commissioners to hire a city manager, who reported to the mayor. Lima proved itself to be very much in the Progressive tradition with these changes, after flirting with radicalism in 1912 when the voters elected a Socialist mayor.

The darker side of the progressive era revealed itself in the prominence of the Ku Klux Klan in the city. It was a center for the Black Legion, a notoriously violent subset of the Klan. On August 1, 1923, a KKK parade in Lima drew a crowd estimated at 100,000 people.

Economically, the 1920s were a time of industrial expansion in Lima. In 1925, Lima Locomotive Works, Inc. built the "Lima A-1", a 2-8-4 model that became the prototype for the modern steam locomotive. The Locomotive Works also created a new division, the Ohio Power Shovel Company. In 1927, local industrialist John E. Galvin helped found Superior Coach Company. It became the world's largest producer of school buses and funeral coaches within two decades. In 1930, eight railroad companies served Lima.

Allen County's population grew significantly faster than the state during the Great Depression. In 1933, Lima again reorganized its government. The citizens adopted a "strong mayor" model to replace the city manager of the 1920s. Despite the hardships of the decade, Lima residents supported the construction of a hospital to serve the area. Lima Memorial Hospital, named in honor of World War I veterans, opened on Memorial Day, 1933.

The Lima area was not safe from the increased crime rate of the 1930s. In 1933, gangster John Dillinger was in the Allen County Jail, arrested for robbing the Citizens National Bank in nearby Bluffton. Dillinger's cohorts broke him out of jail, killing Allen County Sheriff Jess Sarber in the process. The murder and jailbreak put Dillinger at the top of the FBI's ten most wanted list. His was not the only crime outfit to plague Lima during the decade. In 1936, the notorious Brady Gang robbed a local jewelry store twice.

The Great Depression slowed the pace of industrial expansion. In 1930, a Lima directory listed 93 industrial employers with some 8,000 employees. By 1934, industrial employment was reduced by half. In 1935, Westinghouse located a Small Motor Division in Lima to build fractional horsepower electric motors. The Ohio Steel Foundry turned the corner and grew, eventually expanding its successes in its industry. The 1930s was a decade for organizing labor in Lima. By 1940, there were at least fifty labor unions representing local workers.

Lima benefited from increased production during World War II and a growing population but suffered a significant economic decline at the end of the decade when industry retooled for peacetime production. In May 1941, based in the steel foundry, construction began on the Lima Army Tank Plant to manufacture centrifugally cast gun tubes. In November 1942, United Motors Services took over the operation of the plant to process vehicles under government contract. The plant prepared many vehicles for Europe, including the M5 light tank and the T-26 Pershing tank. At its peak during the war, the Lima Tank Depot (now the Joint Systems Manufacturing Center, operated by General Dynamics), employed over 5,000 people.

Late 20th century to present
The area's expanding population in the 1940s and 1950s brought hospital and school expansion. St Rita's Hospital, founded in 1918, opened a seven-story addition in 1948. With voter support, school leadership built six new elementary schools and the new centralized Lima Senior High School during the 1950s. Lima's industrial production grew in the decade. During the Korean War, the Lima Tank Depot resumed manufacturing, at a level expanded from World War II standards.

During the 1960s, Lima experienced both growth and community unrest. In 1962, a new Allen County Airport was built in Perry Township. With the passage of the city income tax in 1966, Lima constructed a new facility for the Lima Police Department. Also during the 1960s, The Ohio State University established a regional campus in Lima. Civil rights issues had rocked Lima in the 1950s, perhaps most prominently in the efforts to desegregate the city's only public swimming pool in Schoonover Park. Civil unrest continued in the 1960s and into the 1970s.

In January 1969, a crude oil line in south Lima ruptured, causing 77000 gal of oil to escape into the city's sewer system. Explosions and fire erupted from sewers as 7,000 residents were evacuated. Governor Jim Rhodes ordered the Ohio National Guard into the area to maintain order. In August 1970, further conflict erupted when a black woman was killed by police as she tried to prevent the arrest of a juvenile. Several officers were wounded in the violence that followed. Mayor Christian P. Morris declared a state of emergency and the National Guard was again called in to aid local police.

During the 1970s and 1980s, several industries left Lima, part of the "Rust Belt" decline affecting all of Ohio. In April 1971, the last "Cincinnatian," of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad stopped in Lima. The Cincinnatian was an iconic lightweight streamliner serving the B&O's Detroit line from Cincinnati. Lima had also been served by the Pennsylvania Railroad's "Broadway Limited," a high-speed New York to Chicago service, the "Capital Limited" Chicago to Washington D.C. service, via Pittsburgh, the Nickel Plate Road's "Blue Arrow," and "Blue Dart," which provided high-speed service to Buffalo, Cleveland and St. Louis, and the Erie Lackawanna's "Lake Cities," which provided service to New York, Cleveland, and Chicago with direct service both ways. Many of these services were maintained by Amtrak until 1991, when the former Erie Lackawanna and Pennsylvania Railroad mainlines between New York and Chicago were downgraded.

In 1973, Lima's District Tuberculosis Center, which served five counties, closed its doors. Superior Coach Company, once the nation's largest producer of buses, closed in 1981, as did Clark Equipment. Airfoil Textron closed in 1985, and Sundstrand (formerly Westinghouse) followed ten years later. By the mid-1990s, Lima had lost more than 8,000 jobs. Lima's population dropped from 52,000 in the 1970s to 45,000 in 1999. Lima's plight and its subsequent efforts to redefine itself were captured in the PBS documentary Lost in Middle America.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 13.80 sqmi, of which 13.57 sqmi is land and 0.23 sqmi is water.

The Ottawa River flows through the city. Locals sometimes refer to the river as "Hawg Creek". This resembles a traditional local name used dating back to the Hog Creek Shawnee community that existed between Lima and present Ada, prior to the Shawnee removal of 1831. This removal made possible the official founding of "Lima" as a formal town in that year.

Climate
Lima has a Humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfa) where there are 4 distinct seasons.

Demographics
The percentage of college graduates is 9.5%, according to the US Census Bureau. The city has the highest crime rate for a city its size (20–60,000) in Ohio and also the 9th highest per capita in 2006, according to the FBI.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 38,771 people, 14,221 households, and 8,319 families residing in the city. The population density was 2857.1 PD/sqmi. There were 16,784 housing units at an average density of 1236.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 67.1% White, 26.4% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 1.2% from other races, and 4.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 3.7% of the population.

There were 14,221 households, of which 33.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 30.8% were married couples living together, 22.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 41.5% were non-families. 33.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 3.09.

The median age in the city was 32.9 years. 24.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 13.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.9% were from 25 to 44; 23.6% were from 45 to 64; and 11.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 52.8% male and 47.2% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 40,081 people, 15,410 households, and 9,569 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,135.0 PD/sqmi. There were 17,631 housing units at an average density of 1,379.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 71.30% White, 24.48% African American, 0.31% Native American, 0.51% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.97% from other races, and 2.42% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 1.97% of the population.

There were 15,410 households, out of which 31.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.3% were married couples living together, 19.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.9% were non-families. 32.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 3.06.

In the city the population was spread out, with 27.2% under the age of 18, 11.5% from 18 to 24, 28.7% from 25 to 44, 19.4% from 45 to 64, and 13.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.3 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $27,067, and the median income for a family was $32,405. Males had a median income of $29,149 versus $22,100 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,882. About 19.2% of families and 22.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 33.3% of those under age 18 and 14.3% of those age 65 or over.

Oil
With the discovery of oil in Lima in 1885, Ohio began what came to be called the "Oil Boom of Northwest Ohio". Discovery actually began in Findlay, a city forty miles north of Lima. The discovery of natural gas deposits there in 1884 led to national marketing efforts advertising free gas, as Findlay's business leaders tried to "boom" the town. In 1885, Benjamin C. Faurot of Lima was one of hundreds of businessmen who visited Findlay to see the seemingly unlimited supply of natural gas burning day and night. Faurot owned the Lima Paper Mill. He spent $2,500 on energy consumption annually. Water for his operation was also a problem. So Faurot decided to drill in Lima – for gas or water. Faurot's first oil, found along the Ottawa River on May 19, 1885, was more accidental discovery than deliberate scientific experiment.

During the first week, the well produced more than 200 oilbbl of oil. Faurot quickly organized local businessmen into a syndicate that would purchase oil leases from farm owners. The company was called the Trenton Rock Oil Company, and by 1886, had 250 wells from Lima to St. Marys, and west to Indiana.

When the news broke that northwest Ohio had oil, Standard Oil of Cleveland decided to build a refinery in Lima. Unlike Pennsylvania's oil, northwest Ohio's "sour crude" was high in sulfur content, smelling like rotten eggs, and customers shunned it. Lima's new Solar Refinery was charged with solving the sulfur problem. Until then, Standard bought and stored as much northwest Ohio crude as was possible to maintain their monopoly. It dropped the price of crude from more than sixty cents a barrel to forty cents in an attempt to discourage further production.

Oil drilling fever hit northwest Ohio and "boom towns" sprang up overnight. Additional crude glutted the market, and trying to slow production, Standard Oil lowered its price to fifteen cents a barrel. This decision had little effect on the large producers elsewhere, but the smaller Lima producers, whose oil wells could not keep up, found themselves severely hampered. Fourteen independent Lima producers formed a combine – the Ohio Oil Company. Eventually, it became Marathon Oil, still located in Findlay.

Lima's Solar Refinery General Manager John Van Dyke and Herman Frasch, Standard's chemist, solved the distillation problem for sour crude by devising a method for removing the sulfur. The gamble that John D. Rockefeller took building pipelines and storage tanks for Ohio's sour crude paid off. By 1901, the excitement about Ohio oil slowed with the news of a Beaumont, Texas, gusher producing 100000 oilbbl/d.

In 1911, the courts declared Standard Oil Trust a monopoly and broke it into several companies. Between 1887 and 1905, the Lima Oil Field was a world-class producer, yielding 300 Moilbbl. Lima was also a pipeline center. Within three years of the discovery of oil, a trunk line reached Chicago. Lima oil lit the buildings of the 1893 World's Fair. Production peaked in 1904, and then dropped off rapidly. By 1910, the field was regarded as virtually played out. Still, the Lima Refinery has survived, continuing to operate for more than 125 years under a succession of owners—Solar Refining Company (1886), a subsidiary of Standard Oil until the breakup in 1911, Standard Oil of Ohio (1931), BP (1987), Clark USA (1998), Premcor (2000), Valero Energy Corporation (2005), and most recently Husky Energy (2007).

Railroads
For most of its history, smokestack industries and a blue-collar work ethic defined Lima. Nothing played a bigger part in shaping the city's self-image than its connection to railroads and railroading – as a Midwestern rail hub and even more as home to the Lima Locomotive Works, whose products for more than 70 years carried the city's name globally.

The first locomotive appeared in Allen County in 1854, brought in from Toledo as freight on the Miami and Erie Canal. Named the Lima, the engine was used on construction of the county's first railroad, the Ohio and Indiana. East-west passenger service to Lima began in 1856, when the Ohio & Indiana consolidated with the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago. North-south passenger service began in 1858 on the Dayton & Michigan Railroad. Machine shops for the Dayton & Michigan were built in Lima by 1860, and for the Lake Erie and Western Railroad by 1880. By the early years of the 20th century, the railroad shops employed 1,000 people in Lima.

In 1906, an average of 143 trains and 7,436 cars, carrying 223,080 tons of freight, passed through Lima every 24 hours. In addition, 49 steam and 28 electric trains landed passengers in Lima daily. Lima service on the electric interurban Ohio Western Railway began in 1902 and Lima became the hub of an interurban network that reached Toledo, Cleveland and Cincinnati as well as Fort Wayne, Indiana. In 1920, Lima was served by five steam railroads and Allen County by eight, in addition to five electric interurban lines.

For years, Lima was a crossroads for famous passenger trains including the Nickel Plate Road's Clover Leaf Commercial Traveler and the Erie Railroad's Erie Limited and Lake Cities. The Erie Railroad had its own train station. The other train companies used the Pennsylvania station. Pennsylvania Railroad train such as the Admiral, General, and Manhattan Limited made stops in Lima's Pennsylvania station.

Railroads began to cut back passenger service to Lima during the Great Depression. Electric interurban service ceased in 1937. After a brief boom for railroads during World War II, passenger service declined sharply in the 1950s. The Nickel Plate Road ended scheduled passenger service to Lima in 1959. The formerly elite Broadway Limited began making stops in 1968 after the New York Central and the Pennsylvania railroad merged to form the Penn Central. The Erie-Lackawanna ran its last train into Lima in 1970 and the Baltimore & Ohio and the Penn Central their last in 1971. Freight still moves over most of the historic rail routes in and out of the city, but the last passenger train to stop in Lima was the Broadway Limited, then operated by Amtrak, on November 11, 1990.

Currently, there are only a handful of railroads that serve Lima. The Chicago, Fort Wayne, and Eastern and the Indiana and Ohio railroad are owned by Genesee & Wyoming and are in the north and east parts of town. CSX Transportation runs through town frequently and the Norfolk Southern Railway has one train each day to Lima. The R.J. Corman Railroad/Western Ohio Line runs southwest from town on former Erie-Lackawanna trackage.

Lima Locomotive Works
The Lima Locomotive Works – "the Loco," as it was commonly called in Lima – had its beginnings in 1869 when John Carnes and four partners bought a machine shop that was called the Lima Agricultural Works. The company initially manufactured and repaired agricultural equipment, then moved into the production of steam power equipment and sawmill machinery. The shop designed its first narrow-gauge steam locomotive in 1878. The same year, the shop first worked on a geared locomotive designed by Michigan lumberman Ephraim Shay. The Shay locomotive was built for steep grades, heavy loads and tight turns. In 1881, Shay granted the Lima works an exclusive license to manufacture his locomotives. By 1882, locomotives were the company's main product. In time, the Lima Locomotive Works – a name formally adopted in 1916 – would produce 2,761 Shay locomotives, which were sent to 48 states and 24 foreign countries. As of 2005, some were in use 100 years after they were shipped.

By 1910, the company was moving aggressively into direct-drive locomotives for general railroad use. A new "super power" design, introduced in 1925, enabled Lima to capture 20% of the national market for locomotives. The "super power" locomotive was created by mechanical engineer William E. Woodard. Designed to make more efficient use of steam at high speed, it became, in the words of railroad historian Eric Hirsimaki, "one of the most influential locomotives in the history of steam power". Later years saw the introduction of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway 2-6-6-6, one of the largest locomotives ever built, and the glamorous Southern Pacific "Daylights," designed to complement the Pacific Coast scenery.

The locomotive works dabbled in other product lines. It produced railroad cars in the early years and acquired the Ohio Power Shovel Company in 1928. During World War II, the plant produced 1,655 Sherman tanks. Employment grew from 150 in the 1890s to 1,100 in 1912 and 2,000 in 1915, peaking at 4,300 in 1944. Over the course of its history, the Locomotive Works was a microcosm of the community, a place where each successive wave of newcomers took its place in turn. First the Germans and Italians, later African-Americans and ultimately women joining the work force during World War II. Labor organizing efforts were under way at the plant at least by the 1890s.

Post-war mergers attempting to keep the plant operating created the Lima-Hamilton Corporation in 1947 and later Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton in 1950. The last steam locomotive built at the plant, Nickel Plate No. 779, was delivered May 13, 1949. It is now on display in Lima's Lincoln Park. The final diesel locomotive, built by Lima-Hamilton, was delivered in 1951. After the end of locomotive production, the plant continued to produce cranes and road building equipment. The plant was sold to Clark Equipment in 1971. Clark employed 1,500 as late as 1974, but the plant closed permanently in 1981. As of 2006, the Lima Locomotive Works plant has been razed.

Arts and culture
In January 1953, a committee composed of John LaRotonda, Ben Schultz, Dom Trovarelli and Fred Mills organized the Lima Symphony Orchestra. This committee selected Lawrence Burkhalter as the Symphony's first conductor and the LSO made its debut performance on May 23, 1954, in the Central High School auditorium.

Among the city's most distinctive residential neighborhoods, the "Golden Block" on the west side, was almost entirely demolished in the 1960s; only the MacDonell House, part of the Allen County Museum, and the YWCA survived. The YWCA would be demolished decades later, coming down in 2019. Today, the city includes twenty-four buildings and one historic district that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, including the Allen County Courthouse, the post office, the Barr Hotel, the Hotel Argonne, and the Neal Clothing Building.

Sports
Lima also is home to the Lima Warriors, a semi-pro American football team that plays in the Ohio Football League. UNOH and OSU Lima athletics, as well as various high school sports programs. Lima is also home to the collegiate summer baseball team, the Lima Locos. Started in 2023, Lima is the home of the Ohio Extreme, a professional indoor soccer team that plays in the MLIS.

Government
Locally, Lima had the same mayor, David J. Berger (D), from December 1989 to November 2021. Upon his retirement in November 2021, his chief of staff, Sharetta Smith, was sworn in as mayor after winning her election earlier in the month. She is the first female and first Black mayor of Lima. On the federal level, Lima is located in Ohio's 4th congressional district, which is represented by Republican Jim Jordan.

Education
Colleges in Lima include the private University of Northwestern Ohio, the public regional campus Ohio State University at Lima, and James A. Rhodes State College.

Secondary schools in Lima include Lima Senior High School, Apollo Career Center, Lima Central Catholic High School, Lima Christian Academy, and Temple Christian School.

Media
Lima is served by one daily newspaper, The Lima News. In addition to the immediate Allen County area, the paper serves residents in Auglaize, Hancock, Hardin, Logan, Mercer, Putnam, Shelby and Van Wert counties.

As of the 2016–2017 television season, Lima is ranked by Nielsen Media Research as the second smallest television market in Ohio, ahead of only Zanesville, and the 190th nationwide. The Lima area is served by four major broadcast stations, with three of those stations based in the city. WLIO 8 serves as its NBC affiliate (with Fox/MyNetworkTV on DT2), while low-powered sister station WOHL-CD 35.1 operates as the market's ABC affiliate, with CBS on 35.2. WLMA 44 serves as a religious/family-entertainment station. The market's PBS member station, WBGU-TV 27, is based out of Bowling Green State University and also serves as a secondary PBS member station for the nearby Toledo market. CW viewers are served on cable by that network's Dayton affiliate, WBDT.

The Lima area is served by 22 FM and 3 AM radio stations.

Roads
Lima is at the intersection of Ohio State Route 309 (the original Lincoln Highway) and state routes 65, 81 and 117. Interstate 75, which replaced U.S. Route 25, one of the routes of the Dixie Highway passes on the eastern perimeter of Lima. U.S. Route 30 passes east–west a few miles north of Lima.

Healthcare
The first doctor in Allen County, Samuel Jacob Lewis, was assigned to duty at Fort Amanda in 1812.

Lima has been a regional medical center since its earliest days. Currently, the city's two hospitals serve a 10-county area of northwest and west central Ohio. St. Rita's Medical Center, a level 2 trauma center, with nearly 4,000 employees as of June 2006, is Allen County's largest employer while Lima Memorial Health System ranks third. In 2005, St. Rita's embarked on a $130 million expansion expected to create up to 500 more jobs, this new addition is known as "The Medical Center of the Future". In 2018 St. Rita's name was changed to Mercy Health St. Rita's Medical Center, after the company Mercy Health that had owned St. Rita's for a while now. This name change brought new signs and uniforms to the hospital. Almost immediately after the name change, Mercy Health was acquired by another company by the name of Bon Secours. This merge has brought no changes to the hospital though.

The Roman Catholic Church Sisters of Mercy opened St. Rita's in December 1918, in the midst of a national (and global) influenza epidemic. The hospital saw major expansions 1945 and 1967. The hospital has also created satellite facilities in the surrounding towns of Ottawa, Delphos and Wapakoneta. SRMC also houses a separate hospital with the walls of the main facility. This "interior" facility, "Triumph", was implemented to serve poverty-level citizens who are unable to afford continuing care otherwise. In July 2008, St. Rita's Medical Center purchased Lima Allen County Paramedics.

Lima Memorial Health System, formerly Lima Memorial Hospital, a level 2 trauma center, can trace its roots to 1899, when it began as Lima City Hospital. Formed by the Pastors Union of Lima, the 13-bed facility was the first community hospital in northwest Ohio. During the Great Depression, the city of Lima helped to finance a larger hospital, which opened on Memorial Day 1933 on the city's east side. The region's first open-heart surgery was performed at Lima Memorial on April 22, 1997. In 1999, LMHS entered into a joint venture with Blanchard Valley Health Association ("BVHA") and ProMedica Health System.

For decades, Lima also had two other hospitals with different missions. The Ottawa Valley Hospital, which opened in 1909 as the District Tuberculosis Hospital, was one of the first in the state dedicated to the treatment of tubercular patients. The hospital treated patients from seven to 90 years old, at a time when tuberculosis was nearly always fatal. The average stay was three to five years. As treatment improved, the hospital closed, though the building was used until 1973.

The facility originally known as the Lima State Hospital for the Criminally Insane was situated on 628 acre three miles (5 km) north of downtown Lima. The hospital was constructed between 1908 and 1915. Built at a cost of $2.1 million, it was the largest poured-concrete structure in the country until supplanted by the Pentagon. Patients sometimes staged dramatic protests against the conditions of their confinement, and frequently escaped (more than 300 escapes by 1978). Conditions improved significantly after 1974 as a result of a class-action lawsuit filed on behalf of the patients. In a landmark ruling, US District Judge Nicholas J. Walinski spelled out detailed requirements for assuring each patient's rights to "dignity, privacy and human care". In its last years, the state hospital was used for the filming of a made-for-television movie about the Attica Prison riots in New York. Starting in 1982, Lima State Hospital became a medium-security prison, the Lima Correctional Institution. The prison closed in 2004, though a smaller prison on the site, the Allen Correctional Institution, remains.

Notable people

 * Dorothy Beecher Baker – early American Baha'i
 * Jim Baldridge – news anchor
 * Walter Baldwin – actor
 * Ortha Orrie Barr Sr. – attorney, politician and original proprietor of the historic Barr Hotel
 * Tom Barrington – professional football player
 * James T. Begg – U.S. congressman
 * James R. Black – actor and former professional football player
 * Joseph Cyrus Bradfield – African-American physician and medical corpsman during World War I
 * Tanner Buchanan – actor (Cobra Kai)
 * Jerry Byrd – Lap steel guitar musician
 * John L. Cable – U.S. congressman
 * Nash Carter – professional wrestler
 * Bud Collins – sportswriter and TV commentator, member of International Tennis Hall of Fame
 * Steve Cook – pocket billiards player
 * D. Michael Crites – U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of Ohio
 * Adrian Cronauer – announcer and on-air staffer at WIMA-TV (now WLIO)
 * Pamela Kyle Crossley – historian
 * Mike Current – professional football player
 * Phyllis Diller – comedian and actress
 * Sue Downey – Miss Ohio USA 1965, Miss USA 1965
 * Hugh Downs – television host, producer, and author
 * Ryan Drummond – actor, voice actor, comedian, and singer
 * Virgil Effinger – White supremacist and a leader of the Black Legion
 * Edward L. Feightner – World War II flying ace, test pilot, and Blue Angels lead solo
 * William Alfred Fowler – recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics
 * Gloria Foy – dancer, singer, and vaudeville performer
 * Charles William Fulton – U.S. Senator
 * Ann Hamilton – contemporary artist
 * Joe Henderson – jazz tenor saxophonist
 * Rosemary Hinkfuss – member of the Wisconsin State Assembly
 * Hit The Lights – pop punk band
 * R. Duane Ireland – academic
 * Al Jardine – founding member of The Beach Boys
 * Brad Komminsk – professional baseball player
 * Charles N. Lamison – two-term U.S. congressman
 * Justin LeHew – Navy Cross recipient
 * Edna de Lima – opera singer, named herself after her hometown
 * Jim Lynch – professional football player
 * Tom Lynch – admiral and commandant of U.S. Naval Academy
 * Marilyn Meseke – Miss America 1938
 * William E. Metzger, Jr. – Medal of Honor recipient
 * Gary Moeller – University of Michigan football head coach
 * Joe Morrison – professional football player and collegiate football coach
 * Jeff Mullen – football coach
 * Chloe Mustaki – footballer for the Republic of Ireland
 * Matthias H. Nichols – U.S. congressman
 * Jon Niese – professional baseball player
 * Maidie Norman – actress and acting instructor, best known for her role in What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?
 * Helen O'Connell – singer, actress, and television personality
 * Michael Pitts – pastor and preacher
 * Frederick Rakestraw – Justice of the Indiana Supreme Court
 * Donald Richie – author of books about the Japanese people and Japanese cinema
 * Ben Roethlisberger – retired Pittsburgh Steelers quarterback
 * Sister Christine Schenk, founder of FutureChurch
 * Paul Shuey – professional baseball player
 * Al Snow – professional wrestler
 * Thomas L. Sprague – U.S. admiral
 * Gene Stechschulte – professional baseball player
 * Donald F. Steiner – biochemist, discoverer of proinsulin
 * Clay Tucker – professional basketball player
 * Travis Walton – collegiate basketball player
 * William White – professional football player

In popular culture
Musical comedy-drama television series Glee is set in the fictional William McKinley High School in Lima, although the show was filmed in Los Angeles. Lima was also the focus of the 1999 TV documentary Lost in Middle America (and What Happened Next) directed by Scott Craig.

The fictional killer of Buckwheat in 1983 episodes of Saturday Night Live, John David Stutts, was reported to be from Lima, Ohio.

Sister cities
Lima's Sister Cities Association, formed in 1995, has one current sister city as designated by Sister Cities International. There are also two other sister city projects in progress.
 * 🇯🇵 Harima, Hyōgo, Japan

title: Lima, Ohio


text:
Spencerville, Ohio

Spencerville is a village in Allen County, Ohio, United States. The population was 2,198 at the 2020 census. It is included in the Lima, Ohio Metropolitan Statistical Area.

History
Spencerville was platted in 1844 when the Miami and Erie Canal was extended to that point. The village was named after William Spencer, a canal planner. An early variant name was Acadia. A post office called Acadia was established in 1854, and the name was changed to Spencerville in 1867.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.97 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 2,223 people, 817 households, and 583 families living in the village. The population density was 2291.8 PD/sqmi. There were 886 housing units at an average density of 913.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 96.5% White, 0.4% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.4% Asian, and 2.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.7% of the population.

There were 817 households, of which 40.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.3% were married couples living together, 16.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 28.6% were non-families. 24.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.15.

The median age in the village was 33.4 years. 30.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.5% were from 25 to 44; 20.8% were from 45 to 64; and 15.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 48.7% male and 51.3% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,235 people, 845 households, and 599 families living in the village. The population density was 2,454.9 /mi2. There were 903 housing units at an average density of 991.8 /mi2. The racial makeup of the village was 97.72% White, 0.63% African American, 0.18% Native American, 0.09% Asian, and 1.39% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.31% of the population.

There were 845 households, out of which 35.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.4% were married couples living together, 13.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.1% were non-families. 25.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.03.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 28.5% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 27.2% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 16.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 89.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.9 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $32,619, and the median income for a family was $40,625. Males had a median income of $30,701 versus $22,708 for females. The per capita income for the village was $17,140. About 12.3% of families and 13.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.4% of those under age 18 and 7.9% of those age 65 or over.

Education
Spencerville built a new school that houses K-12 and opened in 2008. Spencerville High School sports participate in the Northwest Conference, an athletic body sanctioned by the Ohio High School Athletic Association.

Notable residents

 * Kathy Krendl, President of Otterbein University

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Spencerville, Ohio


text:
Ashland, Ohio

Ashland is a city in and the county seat of Ashland County, Ohio, United States, about 66 mi southwest of Cleveland and 82 mi northeast of Columbus. The population was 19,225 at the 2020 census. It is the center of the Ashland Micropolitan statistical area, which includes all of Ashland County.

History
Ashland was laid out by Daniel Carter in 1815. Ashland was originally called Uniontown, but in 1822 the city was compelled to adopt a new name because another city in Ohio was already named Uniontown. The new name of Ashland was selected by supporters of the Kentucky congressman Henry Clay, from Ashland, his estate near Lexington. Later, "Henry Clay High School" was considered as a name for what is now known as Ashland High School.

In the mid-1800s, Ashland pioneers traveled to Oregon, naming a settlement after the town. In 1878, with financial assistance from the city, the German Baptist Brethren Church opened Ashland College. Ashland became an early center of manufacturing in Ohio. In 1870, brothers Francis E. Myers and Philip A. Myers went into business selling farm equipment and operating a repair shop. They secured the patent for a double-action pump that delivered water in a steady stream rather than spurts. By 1915, F.E. Myers & Bro. had 800 workers. Myers was the largest of the 47 factories in Ashland at that time. Other factories included Reliable Match Co. ("Strike Anywhere Matches"), Kauffman Mfg. Co. (manufacturer of folding chairs used in Union Army encampments), Dr. Hess & Clark (veterinary supplies and disinfectants) and T.W. Miller's Faultless Rubber Co. (rubber sundries, surgical goods and bicycle tires).

In 1912, Harry Ross Gill, an Ashland native, invented the way to make cigar-shaped balloons (until then they were only round). He started the Eagle Rubber Company in 1913 and the National Latex company in 1929. The industry that Gill developed in Ashland led to the city becoming known as "the balloon capital of the world." Ashland still celebrates its balloon heritage with its annual BalloonFest.

Ashland was designated a Tree City USA by the National Arbor Day Foundation in 1984.

Geography
According to the 2010 census, the city has an area of 11.23 sqmi, of which 11.17 sqmi (or 99.47%) is land and 0.06 sqmi (or 0.53%) is water.

The city has 85.6 mi of streets, one hospital, two fire stations, one police station, and five parks.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, the city had 20,362 people, 8,063 households, and 4,813 families. The population density was 1822.9 PD/sqmi. There were 8,914 housing units at an average density of 798.0 /sqmi. The city's racial makeup was 95.8% White, 1.4% African American, 0.1% Native American, 1.0% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.3% from other races, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.2% of the population.

There were 8,063 households, of which 28.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.2% were married couples living together, 12.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.3% were non-families. 34.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.91.

The city's median age was 36.1 years. 21% of the city's population was under age 18; 15.7% was from age 18 to 24; 22.5% was from age 25 to 44; 23.1% was from age 45 to 64; and 17.7% was age 65 or older. The city's gender makeup was 46.8% male and 53.2% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, the city had 21,249 people, 8,327 households, and 5,262 families. The population density was 2,051.5 PD/sqmi. There were 8,870 housing units at an average density of 856.4 /sqmi. The city's racial makeup was 96.35% White, 1.19% African American, 0.13% Native American, 1.05% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.32% from other races, and 0.91% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.85% of the population.

There were 8,327 households, of which 29.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.3% were married couples living together, 11.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.8% were non-families. 31.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.92.

22.6% of the city's population was under age 18, 15.4% was from age 18 to 24, 25.1% was from age 25 to 44, 20.3% was from age 45 to 64, and 16.6% was age 65 or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.0 males.

The city's median household income was $34,250, and the median family income was $42,755. Males had a median income of $33,634 versus $21,781 for females. The city's per capita income was $16,760. About 7.9% of families and 10.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.7% of those under age 18 and 9.1% of those age 65 or over.

Government
The city is governed by a mayor, Matt Miller, and a five-person city council.

As of 2022, the mayor's salary was $98,500.

Police
The Ashland County Police Department's current sheriff as of 2024 is E. Wayne Risner. The Chief Deputy is David Blake. The Ashland County Jail holds on average 110 inmates a day and 1750 per year.

Transportation
The Ashland County Airport is three nautical miles (3.5 mi, 5.6 km) northeast of Ashland's central business district.

Education
The Ashland City School District enrolls 3,192 students in public primary and secondary schools as of the 2017–18 school year. The district operates five schools, including three elementary schools, one middle school, one high school. The Ashland City School District superintendent is Steve Paramore. The city is also home to Ashland Christian School, St. Edward Catholic School, and Ashland Montessori School.

The city is home to Ashland University and Ashland Theological Seminary. Both were established by the Brethren Church—an Evangelical Protestant church in the Anabaptist tradition—which is headquartered in Ashland.

Ashland contains the Ashland Public Library. The Ashland Public Library provides free access to computers and wifi, reservable meeting rooms, materials, Golden Buckeye Card applications, tech coaching, voter registration, and library events. All programs held at the library are entirely free for patrons. The APL has three library vehicles; two act as bookmobiles for the community. Obtaining a library card is free and the library is now a fine free establishment.

Notable people

 * William B. Allison, politician who represented Iowa in the U.S. House of Representatives and U.S. Senate
 * Rolla Kent Beattie, botanist
 * Jessica Canseco, ex-wife of former baseball player José Canseco
 * Ernest Cline, screenwriter
 * Mary Hannah Fulton, medical missionary in China
 * Morris E. Gallup (1825–1893), member of the Ohio House of Representatives
 * Frank John William Goldsmith, survivor of the sinking of the Titanic
 * Joseph F. Holson, toxicologist and President of WIL Research Laboratories
 * James P. Latta, U.S. Representative from Nebraska
 * Ronnie Martin, musician
 * Fred Martinelli, college football head coach, member of College Football Hall of Fame
 * Clara Worst Miller, Ashland College professor of Latin and writer
 * Joseph D. Moody, president of the Historical Society of Southern California
 * Eric Musselman, head coach of the Arkansas Razorbacks basketball team
 * Thomas F. Olin, Chairman of Archway Cookies, Incorporated. (Named Ashland, Ohio's first "Citizen of the Year" in 1991)
 * Tim Richmond, NASCAR driver, Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the year
 * John Roseboro, professional baseball player in Major League Baseball
 * Edmund G. Ross, U.S. Senator for Kansas and Governor of the New Mexico Territory
 * Tim Seder, professional football player in the National Football League (NFL)
 * Jonathan Shafer, racing driver
 * Todd Shafer, racing driver
 * Robert C. Springer, astronaut
 * Alfred P. Swineford, Member of the Michigan House of Representatives from 1871 to 1872
 * Matt Underwood, TV play-by-play announcer for the Cleveland Guardians
 * Ron Zook, college football head coach; assistant coach in the NFL

title: Ashland, Ohio


text:
Bailey Lakes, Ohio

Bailey Lakes is a village in Clear Creek Township, Ashland County, Ohio, United States. The population was 349 at the 2020 census.

History
Bailey Lakes was incorporated as a village in 1961.

Geography
The Vermilion River begins its course in Bailey Lakes at the outflow of Mud Lake.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.47 sqmi, of which 0.39 sqmi is land and 0.08 sqmi is water.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 371 people, 155 households, and 105 families living in the village. The population density was 951.3 PD/sqmi. There were 168 housing units at an average density of 430.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 97.0% White, 1.6% African American, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.3% of the population.

There were 155 households, of which 29.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.8% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 32.3% were non-families. 21.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.80.

The median age in the village was 43.5 years. 22.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.5% were from 25 to 44; 30.7% were from 45 to 64; and 17.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 48.5% male and 51.5% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 397 people, 153 households, and 119 families living in the village. The population density was 978.1 PD/sqmi. There were 157 housing units at an average density of 386.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 98.99% White, 0.50% from other races, and 0.50% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.25% of the population.

There were 153 households, out of which 38.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.4% were married couples living together, 10.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.2% were non-families. 20.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 2.93.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 29.0% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 28.0% from 25 to 44, 25.4% from 45 to 64, and 9.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 115.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.9 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $39,000, and the median income for a family was $45,781. Males had a median income of $34,250 versus $26,406 for females. The per capita income for the village was $16,271. About 11.8% of families and 11.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.8% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

title: Bailey Lakes, Ohio


text:
Hayesville, Ohio

Hayesville is a village in Vermillion Township, Ashland County, Ohio, United States. The population was 447 at the 2020 census.

History
Lemuel Boulter was the original owner of the land that the village of Hayesville was formed. Boulter sold his interest in the land to Linus Hayes. The first settlers came to the Hayesville area in 1817. A post office for the settlers was established in 1827 at Hayes Cross Roads. Hayesville was laid out in Vermillion Township and plots were recorded in Mansfield, Ohio on October 26, 1830. The village was named after Linus Hayes, proprietor. Hayes Cross Roads was later renamed Hayesville. The village of Hayesville was incorporated in 1849.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.74 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 448 people, 184 households, and 135 families living in the village. The population density was 605.4 PD/sqmi. There were 192 housing units at an average density of 259.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 98.4% White, 0.2% Asian, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.4% of the population.

There were 184 households, of which 31.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.4% were married couples living together, 8.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 26.6% were non-families. 22.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 2.84.

The median age in the village was 42.8 years. 23.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.2% were from 25 to 44; 27.9% were from 45 to 64; and 17.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 52.2% male and 47.8% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 348 people, 136 households, and 95 families living in the village. The population density was 468.9 PD/sqmi. There were 141 housing units at an average density of 190.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 98.28% White, 1.15% African American and 0.57% Native American.

There were 136 households, out of which 27.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.2% were married couples living together, 4.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.1% were non-families. 27.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.91.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 20.1% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 25.3% from 25 to 44, 29.6% from 45 to 64, and 17.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females there were 95.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.7 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $41,429, and the median income for a family was $52,500. Males had a median income of $34,375 versus $26,042 for females. The per capita income for the village was $18,509. About 7.1% of families and 8.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.7% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

Notable person

 * Ralph Eugene Diffendorfer, Methodist clergyman and one of the designers of the Christian flag

title: Hayesville, Ohio