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Tcsh

tcsh ( “tee-see-shell”, “tee-shell”, or as “tee see ess aitch”,  ) is a Unix shell based on and backward compatible with the C shell.

Shell
It is essentially the C shell with programmable command-line completion, command-line editing, and a few other features. Unlike the other common shells, functions cannot be defined in a tcsh script and the user must use aliases instead (as in csh). It is the native root shell for some BSD-based systems, including FreeBSD 13 and earlier. (FreeBSD 14 changed the default root shell to  to match the default user shell whereas OpenBSD uses the Korn shell   for both root and regular users. )

tcsh added filename and command completion and command line editing concepts borrowed from the TENEX operating system, which is the source of the “t”. Because it only added functionality and did not change what was there, tcsh remained backward compatible with the original C shell. Though it started as a side branch from the original csh source tree that Bill Joy had created, tcsh is now the main branch for ongoing development.

tcsh is very stable but new releases continue to appear roughly once a year, consisting mostly of minor bug fixes.

On many systems, such as macOS and Red Hat Linux,  is actually. Often one of the two files is either a hard link or a symbolic link to the other, so that either name refers to the same improved version of the C shell (although behavior may be altered depending on which name is used).

On Debian and some derivatives (including Ubuntu), there are two different packages:  and. The former is based on the original BSD version of csh and the latter is the improved tcsh.

History
The “t” in  comes from the “T” in TENEX, an operating system which inspired Ken Greer at Carnegie Mellon University, the author of tcsh, with its command-completion feature. Greer began working on his code to implement Tenex-style file name completion in September 1975, finally merging it into the C shell in December 1981. Mike Ellis at Fairchild A.I. Labs added command completion in September 1983. On October 3, 1983, Greer posted source to the net.sources newsgroup.

Significant features

 * Command history
 * The built-in  command displays the previously entered commands
 * Use of /  at the command line to allow the user to select a command from the history to edit/execute
 * Invoking previous commands using command history
 * executes the previous command
 * executes the nth command that was previously executed
 * executes the command that was executed n commands ago
 * executes the most recently executed command that starts with string
 * executes the most recently executed command that contains string
 * Using history in new commands
 * - refers to all of the arguments from the previous command
 * - refers to the last argument from the previous command
 * - refers to the first argument from the previous command
 * - refers to the nth argument from the previous command
 * - refers to the mth through nth arguments from the previous command
 * - refers to the nth through the last argument from the previous command
 * Command line editing
 * Auto-completion of file names and variables as well as programmable completion at the command line
 * Alias argument selectors; the ability to define an alias to take arguments supplied to it and apply them to the commands that it refers to. Tcsh is the only shell that provides this feature (in lieu of functions).
 * - argument selector for all arguments, including the alias/command itself; arguments need not be supplied.
 * - argument selector for all arguments, excluding the alias/command; arguments need not be supplied.
 * - argument selector for the last argument; argument need not be supplied, but if none is supplied, the alias name is considered to be the last argument.
 * - argument selector for first argument; argument MUST be supplied.
 * - argument selector for the nth argument; argument MUST be supplied; n=0 refers to the alias/command name.
 * - argument selector for the arguments from the mth to the nth; arguments MUST be supplied.
 * - argument selector for the arguments from the nth to the last; at least argument n MUST be supplied.
 * - argument selector for the arguments from the nth to the last; sufficient arguments need not be supplied.
 * Wildcard matching
 * Job control
 * The built-in  command.  Works like the   command but shows all locations of the target command in the directories specified in   rather than only the one that will be used.

Deployment
Early versions of Mac OS X shipped with tcsh as the default shell, but the default for new accounts became bash as of 10.3, then zsh as of 10.15. (tcsh is still provided, and upgrading the OS does not change the shell of any existing accounts). tcsh was the default root shell of FreeBSD prior to 14.0 (the current shell and default user shell in older versions, is POSIX-based) and its descendants like DragonFly BSD and DesktopBSD.

title: Tcsh


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Cibaciba and Drakulu

In Fijian mythology (specifically: Fiji), Cibaciba and Drakulu are the two cave entrances to the underworld (see Degei).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cibaciba and Drakulu


text:
Talk:Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan

change tone
The last edit by 203.91.132.14 seems to substantively change the aim and tone of the article from glowing praise to suspicion and distaste. Can someone more familiar with the topic than I take a look and NPOV it? --Brion 00:45 Sep 30, 2002 (UTC)

I'm talking with knowledge here, some years back while I was in Islamabad RAWA held some "protest marches". A core group of barely 20-30 women, on some occasions they hired women from an Afghani refugee camp for their "protests" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.91.132.14 (talk) 22:11, 3 October 2002

guys you need to take a look. are they not those who held underground school classes for women in afghanistan under taliban? if not for RAWA, would the US have had any 'pro woman' propaganda to fling around justifying the invasion? the videos of women being beaten in public, did they not come from RAWA video? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 199.245.163.1 (talk) 00:12, 23 September 2004

some edits
I took the liberty of adding a little more info: RAWA did hold secret schooling for girls in Pakistan. I don't know of any in Afghanistan, but that does not mean they did not exist. They also ran refugee camps during the Civil War and Taliban rule.--jenlight 17:24, Jan 22, 2005 (UTC)

There were a number of misunderstandings on the main page and discussion page. Among them, the people of Afghanistan are Afghans, not Afghanis. Afghani is their unit of money. RAWA never created nor ran refugee camps. Many RAWA members and supporters live in refugee camps, and they do many of their projects in the camps, but they are not the camp owners, nor administrators. Their work is not on the "border" of Pakistan and Afghanistan, but is carried out throughout both countries. For example, they have had a lot of work going on in the Islamabad area which is central Pakistan (such as the Malalai Hospital). They have also had activities in Lahore which is on the India side of Pakistan. In contrast the area on the border of Pakistan is what is called the Northwest Frontier Territory and is or was outside the jurisdiction of the civil government of Pakistan (that may be changing somewhat with the collaboration of U.S. and Pakistani military). This area is and was considered very dangerous. When I traveled through there in 2001, I was required by the Pakistani government to hire a Pakistani soldier to accompany me from Peshawar to Khyber Pass (on the Afghan border), and so he did. The threat of robbery and kidnapping are very real for those not from the tribal area, however, having a Pakistani soldier along seems to deter that. RAWA does not have activities in this area that I know of at all. RAWA does not "hire" women from refugee camps to participate in demonstrations or protests. They often will assist women with travel costs to travel from the camps to the protests because the women have no way to afford it themselves and they desire to come. RAWA will also provide food and lodging. While at the protest the women are sometimes taken to RAWA's medical facility for care. In addition, many women have made the journey from inside Afghanistan to Peshawar or Islamabad in order to participate in the demonstrations as they have so little opportunity to give voice to their opinions inside Afghanistan. The Pakistani government has not been supportive of RAWA's demonstrations and often will stop the women from reaching the demonstrations by turning back bus loads of women or stopping them at the border of Pakistan. Thus the numbers of demonstrators in the marches is often far less than those who really would be there if they had finances and if they were not stopped for one reason or another. RAWA schools are held throughout Pakistan and Afghanistan. They are not limited to Pakistan. The U.S. government has been known to have used RAWA's video/photo property for their own propaganda purposes without permission. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.0.191.48 (talk) 13:34, 30 May 2005

Maoism
This article does not honestly discuss RAWA's Maoist roots. RAWA may (or may not) be an independent social democratic and feminist NGO at present, but its roots are as the women's section of the Afghan Maoist group SAMA. Meena Keshwar Kamal was the wife of SAMA leader Qayum Rahbar. RAWA's website even has a page showing back issues of their journal Payam-e-Zan, with Rahbar on the cover of issue number 2.

Accusations of Maoist ties are not merely an empty accusation by groups opposed to RAWA, but a matter of historic fact. RAWA apparently now finds this history embarrasing and hence promulgates a revisionist view of its own history.

Any article that only gives the official RAWA line about its own history cannot be considered NPOV.

--Peter G Werner 1 July 2005 19:41 (UTC)

 * I think "roots" is the issue here. The woman who started RAWA was not in any way a communist. Her husband was, but she was against Communism. Theyoften had heated debates on the subject. I don't feel like getting the source right now, but I will. If RAWA took a Maoist turn, something I'm not aware of, it certainly was after Meena was assassinated.

 * It just occurred to me that this is an old topic. Sorry. I'll reread through and see what was done on the topic. --jenlight 13:43, 27 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't know your sources but Meena was most certainly a Maoist, she was involved in the ALO. It was likely after her death that the organization reoriented itself. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:4B:400:C030:D8C0:E7E1:47E7:D64D (talk) 05:21, 10 April 2020 (UTC)

Controversies
I rewrote parts of the core article for greater accuracy and better organization. I also added a section on controversies about RAWA, including a somewhat more in-depth examination of the organization's Maoist roots. I have striven to be NPOV in this and cite sources for what I am saying, though I recognize that the tone of this section will come across as critical.

I welcome NPOV edits, HOWEVER, I will watch this page and if I see that information has been entirely thrown out, I will revert it back. I have reason for concern about partisan POV edits, as prior mentions of Maoism in relation this organization have been subject to POV editing and vandalism by self-described "friends of RAWA". I will keep an eye out for such activities and revert from it when I see it.

--Peter G Werner 2 July 2005 17:37 (UTC)

A RAWA supporter going by the name of Aenjanb has posted a series of POV edits to the "Controversies" section - each time, I've re-edited them to make them more NPOV (as well as reworking his or her writing, which is not very good). I've tried to keep the substance of their writing whenever possible.

The last sentence in this statement I dropped entirely, however:

 * According to The News International (December 20, 2001) "RAWA has sued the US authorities for unauthorized use of a photograph taken from the RAWA website in a handbill dropped in different cities of Afghanistan last month.". So it confirms that these photos and videos are actually RAWA's properties therefore they sue a government for using it without permission.

Obviously, a brief post from RAWA's own website is hardly proof one way or the other as to whether RAWA originally shot this footage or is merely presenting previously-existing footage as their own. -- Peter G Werner 00:26, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia takes a very strong position on not allowing original research in its articles. Given the Controversies section is entirely founded on an editors 'investigative journalism', the section cannot exist as it is. The sources cited no not reflect the claims made, that being that RAWA is 'maoist'. To simply use sources as 'evidences' to support an editor's statements is not how sources are meant to be used. Also, RAWA isn't particularly notable for its alleged maoist sympathies, so the size of the section was clearly in violation of WP:NPOV. If you have a credible source that states RAWA is maoist, and evidence that the political sympathy was at any time notable, that would merit inclusion. His Excellency... 17:24, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

 * So you're going to actively CENSOR a whole section on their political background? I admit, the section I contributed borders on original research, but there's damn little material on this group in the English language. The fact is that RAWA is actively criticized for being Maoist (I can probably readily find sources for this), they actively deny it, and yet if anybody bothers to look at back issues of their magazine you can see exactly where the criticism is coming from. As for NPOV, I have tried to make a balanced presentation of the issue, that there's no evidence that they're currently Maoist, etc. There ought to be some kind of balance that can be struck between not doing original research and not completely BURYING the source material I've come up with. Peter G Werner 16:08, 8 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm not interested in censoring anything. I'm not sure sharing or admiring a Maoist ideology is necessarily indicting anyway. But anything edited must be verifiable, using reliable and notable sources. It's not censorship, it's decent editing. If their 'alleged' maoist past is so well known, surely some publication or other speaks of it. As for sources, your can only directly reflect their content, not make arguements using sources as evidences. When sources are used to support original thoughts, they're deleted. His Excellency... 17:44, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

Peter G Werner is wrong, so his points are not reliable
Mr Peter G Werner write that Meena was wife of Qayum Rahbar the leader of SAMA but this is not true. Meena was the wife of Dr. Faiz Ahmad leader of ALO (Afghanistan Liberation Organization).

When one discusses an issue must be careful not to make false statements. Due to his above error, I doubt that his other points will also be true. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.251.135.124 (talk) 18:33, 23 June 2006

 * This is an ad-hominum attack. I was wrong about one detail and made that correction long ago. According to you that invalidates every single thing I've posted. Look, you really need to review WP:NPOV – much of what you've posted has been blatant advocacy of RAWA. Articles are not supposed to be written from a point of view for or against a particular group. Voices of criticism AND support can be quoted, but it must done in a balanced way and must not come across as personal advocacy or criticism on the part of the editor. I'll also point out that cutting and pasting book jacket copy from RAWA into an encyclopedia article is just not acceptable, whether you have permission or not. Peter G Werner 19:51, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

Controversies, etc.
I saw you have removed some interesting information srounding RAWA's controversial issues. Why? is there any reason behind it? According to my research, these issues are true and must be there. It will add to my knowledge if you explain. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 202.61.56.100 (talk) 20:58, 18 August 2006

 * You are mistaken – I wrote most of that section. Another editor, "His excellency" removed it in it entirely saying that it constituted "original research". Looking back on what I wrote, I kind of agree about that, so I didn't revert it back. Now I see you've reverted it back, however, you've also reverted back in outright PLAGIARISM from 193.251.135.123, who's lifted text straight out of the webpage http://www.afghanwomensmission.org/books and pasted it into the Wikipedia article, in total violation of Wikipedia guidelines on NPOV and copyright. I've been maintaining the page for the last year and trying to protect it against vandalism. I am now officially sick to fucking death of this page and all the revert wars its generated. At this point, I'm letting it go down the tubes. I'm going to tag it with a "needs improvement to meet Wikipedia standards" and a "copyright violation" tag, but beyond that, I'm not going to lift a finger to improve this page unless some other editors come along who actually want to edit this page in a cooperative manner rather than engage in revert wars. Peter G Werner 03:17, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

RAWA and Pakistani ISI
RAWA had a good relationship with the ISI( pakistan Intelegence servise) during the soviet time and specialy during the taliban time.They funded RAWA and the organization were and stil is part of a ISI  propaganda war against Afghanistan national alience during resistence against the Taliban and Al Qaeda.what they did to resistent against the Taliban or Soviet? nothing. they dont have suport of Afghani people either,

Seems this is only an accusation on RAWA. IF they "had good relationship with ISI" how their leader and founder was killed in Pakistan?? How their demonstrations are attached in Pakistan? They are being imprisoned in Pakistan and work semi-underground even in Pakistan.

If they had any link with ISI, they would never expose Taliban because everyone knows that Taliban were created and supported by ISI. This accusation is mainly raised by the "Northern Alliance" and Jehadis against RAWA because RAWA always expose their nature but they have nothing but to resort to lies. Wikiwriter3 03:46, 12 November 2006 (UTC)

Different issue: the article may just be using poor writing style, but it frequently makes reference to the Taliban in close proximity to other pieces of information related to events in 1987 and 1992. The Taliban did not exist before 1994. I'm not sure if it's just poor writing or if RAWA is trying to assert the existence of the Taliban pre-1994.

 * Any such political agency who is anti-Afghanistan and has their main office in Pakistan is with no doubt supported by Pakistan's ISI as well as by many Pakistani people. ISI uses any kind of means to create problems for Afghanistan, this is their Afghan policy. The reason for this is that they fear Afghans.--Maria Tahoo 23:59, 4 November 2007 (UTC)

38.99.84.14 comments
Freeman2006's edit here includes the line, "But Tolo TV censored the audio of any sections where names were called!!" We should certainly avoid exclamation points like that for NPOV purposes. I'm not qualified to judge the rest of the article, but I'm going to turn those exclamation points into a period, at least. :P -- 38.99.84.14 13:22, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

(Please put new comments on the bottom of the page.)

NPOV?
Is the POV still being disputed? --jenlight 13:49, 27 December 2006 (UTC)

Yes! How could it not be! 24.131.225.162 05:13, 20 April 2007 (UTC)

What is this?
Is this a propaganda piece written by the RAWA itself? RAWA claims to be for women's rights, but opposed the Saur Revolution that brought education to Afghan women, brought them into decision making, brought them into industry, taught them to read, abolished reactionary anti-woman laws, etc. The PDPA, which is called "the puppet government" in this piece (very NPOV!) did more for Afghan women than RAWA could ever dream of. 24.131.225.162 23:25, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

 * RAWA is a spy agency, working to destroy Afghanistan. RAWA cannot open office in Afghanistan, they will be arrested by the government. RAWA's office is in Quetta, Pakistan, mostly likely supported by Pakistanis, Iranians, or others who may be anti-Afghans. This RAWA agency is only using "AFGHANISTAN" in their name, they have no real connection or support inside Afghanistan. Do not associate this agency with Afghanistan and do not trust them, they only use sad lifestyle of women as their tool to make political gains.--Maria Tahoo 16:07, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

A political party?
Is RAWA a political party? Has it ever sought to participate in an election? If not, the template at the bottom of this page should be removed, and RAWA should be taken off of the List of political parties in Afghanistan. If it is a political party, this should be explained further.--Pharos (talk) 07:35, 29 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Good catch. I've made the changes. Kingturtle (talk) 13:00, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

"regime" vs "government"
i've replaced "regime" by "government". See wiktionary:regime : "Usage notes * This word is often used as a pejorative." and WP:WEASEL. i've also removed the adjective "puppet", replacing it by "Soviet-supported", and added in "US-supported" where it was missing and i found it. Boud (talk) 20:41, 24 December 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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Office Space

Office Space is a 1999 American satirical black comedy film written and directed by Mike Judge. It satirizes the work life of a typical 1990s software company, focusing on a handful of individuals weary of their jobs. It stars Ron Livingston, Jennifer Aniston, Gary Cole, Stephen Root, David Herman, Ajay Naidu, and Diedrich Bader.

Office Space was filmed in Dallas and Austin, Texas. It is based on Judge's Milton cartoon series and was his first foray into live-action filmmaking. The film was Judge's second full-length motion picture release, following Beavis and Butt-Head Do America. It was released in theaters on February 19, 1999, by 20th Century Fox. Its sympathetic depiction of ordinary information technology workers garnered a cult following within that field, but it also addresses themes familiar to white-collar employees and the workforce in general. It was a box office disappointment, making $12.2 million on a $10 million production budget; however, it sold well on home video, and has become a cult film.

Several aspects of the film have become Internet memes. A scene in which the three main characters systematically destroy a dysfunctional printer has been widely parodied. Swingline introduced a red stapler to its product line after the Milton character used one painted in that color in the film. Judge's 2009 film Extract is also set in an office and was intended as a companion piece to Office Space.

Plot
Peter Gibbons is a frustrated and unmotivated programmer who works at a Texas-based software company Initech. Unable to stand up to his overcritical girlfriend, Anne, he is in love with local waitress Joanna, but is afraid to speak to her. He is friends with co-workers Samir Nagheenanajar (who hates that no one can pronounce his name) and Michael Bolton (who hates having the same name as the famous singer). Other co-workers are Milton Waddams, a meek collator who mumbles to himself and is mostly ignored by the rest of the office; and Tom Smykowski, a jaded product manager who is routinely scared of being fired. The staff suffers under top-heavy, callous management, especially from vice president Bill Lumbergh, whom Peter hates and avoids confronting. Lumbergh takes obvious delight in micromanaging all his staff in a drab monotone way. He repeatedly makes Milton move his desk, and assigns him humiliating tasks, while making Peter work almost every weekend.

Anne persuades Peter to attend an occupational hypnotherapy session led by Dr. Swanson. Swanson hypnotizes Peter and tells him to feel relaxed and stop caring about his job until he snaps his fingers. However, Swanson suddenly dies of a heart attack before snapping Peter out of it. Peter sleeps soundly through the next day, ignoring phone calls from Lumbergh and Anne, who angrily breaks up with him while confirming suspicions that she has been cheating on him.

A pair of business consultants are brought in to help the company downsize, and Peter begins dating Joanna. She works at a chain restaurant where she is required to wear "pieces of flair" (buttons allowing employees to "express themselves"). Her boss hassles her for not wearing more than the required minimum.

Peter eventually shows up to work and casually disregards office protocol, stealing Lumbergh's parking space, violating the dress code, and removing a cubicle wall that blocks his view out the window. Impressed by Peter's frank insights into Initech's problems, the consultants promote him despite Lumbergh's misgivings; however, Michael and Samir are both laid off. Milton is also expected to be laid off, but it is learned that it already happened five years ago but neither Milton nor the accounting department was notified due to a payroll glitch. Accounting is told to just stop Milton's salary payments without telling him. Milton is subjected to further mistreatment, including the confiscation of his beloved red stapler and the constant relocating of his desk, eventually down to the basement.

Tired of being mistreated, Peter, Michael, and Samir decide to take revenge by infecting Initech's accounting system with a computer virus designed by Michael to divert huge numbers of fractions of pennies into a bank account. Peter successfully installs the virus and on Michael and Samir's last day, he steals a frequently malfunctioning printer, which the three proceed to destroy in a field. At a weekend party, Peter hears rumors from a colleague that Joanna had slept with Lumbergh. When Joanna confirms this, a heated exchange leads to them breaking up. Frustrated with her job, Joanna quits in response to another lecture about her lack of "flair".

On Monday, Peter discovers that a bug in Michael's code has caused the virus to steal over $300,000 across the weekend, which guarantees they will be caught. Unable to conceal the crime, Peter decides to accept full responsibility, writing a confession and slipping it under Lumbergh's office door after hours, along with traveler's checks for the stolen money. Peter learns that the 'Lumbergh' with whom Joanna slept was Ron Lumbergh, another software engineer unrelated to Bill Lumbergh. He meets Joanna, who has started a new job at another restaurant. He apologizes, and they reconcile.

The next morning, Peter drives to Initech expecting to be arrested, but discovers that Milton has burnt down the building, destroying all evidence. Peter enjoys a new job as a construction worker with his neighbor Lawrence, while Samir and Michael begin new jobs at Initech's rival Initrode, and Milton, having found the traveler's checks, goes on vacation in Mexico.

Cast

 * Ron Livingston as Peter Gibbons
 * Jennifer Aniston as Joanna
 * Stephen Root as Milton Waddams
 * Gary Cole as Bill Lumbergh
 * John C. McGinley as Bob Slydell, a business consultant
 * David Herman as Michael Bolton
 * Ajay Naidu as Samir Nagheenanajar
 * Diedrich Bader as Lawrence, Peter's next-door neighbor
 * Michael McShane as Dr. Swanson
 * Richard Riehle as Tom Smykowski
 * Alexandra Wentworth as Anne

 * Greg Pitts as Drew, a young employee at Initech
 * Paul Willson as Bob Porter, Bob Slydell's colleague
 * Todd Duffey as Brian, Chotchkie's Waiter; an overly cheerful young man who works at Chotchkie's with Joanna
 * Orlando Jones as Steve, a magazine salesman and former employee at Initrode
 * Mike Judge as Stan, the manager of the Chotchkie's restaurant
 * Joe Bays as Dom Portwoid, one of Peter's superiors at Initech

Development
Office Space originated in the series of three animated Milton short films that Judge created about an office worker by that name. They first aired on Liquid Television and on Saturday Night Live. The inspiration came from a temp job which he had that involved alphabetizing purchase orders and another job as an engineer for Parallax Graphics for three months in the San Francisco Bay Area during the 1980s, "just in the heart of Silicon Valley and in the middle of that overachiever yuppie thing, it was just awful."

Peter Chernin, head of 20th Century Fox, where Judge had a deal, wanted to make a film out of the Milton character, inspired by a former coworker of Judge's in Silicon Valley who had threatened to quit if the company moved his desk again. "You don't want to know what he does at home after work", Judge replied. Instead he suggested an ensemble cast–based film; someone at the studio responded with Car Wash but "just set in an office."

Milton was not the only character inspired by someone from Judge's past. During his jobs in Silicon Valley, where he barely made enough to afford his rent, he had a neighbor who was an auto mechanic. Not only did the man make more money, he had flexible work hours and seemed to Judge to be much more content with his life and work than he himself was. The neighbor inspired Lawrence, Peter's neighbor in the film.

The setting of the film reflects a prevailing trend that Judge observed in the United States. "It seems like every city now has these identical office parks with identical adjoining chain restaurants", he said in an interview. "There were a lot of people who wanted me to set this movie in Wall Street, or like the movie Brazil, but I wanted it very unglamorous, the kind of bleak work situation like I was in".

Judge wrote a treatment in 1996, and the script after the first season of King of the Hill. Fox president Tom Rothman was happy with the draft as he was looking for lighter material to balance the event movies like Titanic that dominated the studio's output at the time. He considered it "the most brilliant workplace satire I'd ever read". Despite that, Judge hated the ending and wished he could have completely rewritten the third act.

Casting
David Herman was the only actor Judge had in mind for a specific part: Michael Bolton. Herman had been trying to leave his seven-year contract at MADtv, but the show would not let him. So, at its next table reading, he managed to get himself fired by screaming all his lines. Greg Daniels said they could always find a place for him on King of the Hill, where he had been doing some voice work; soon after he read Judge's Office Space script and was delighted with it.

At the first read-through of the script, Judge was pleased with Herman's performance, and felt Stephen Root improved on his own take on Milton, but was not happy with the rest of the cast. He considered abandoning the film, but Rothman said it worked and just needed the right actors. According to Judge, while Fox at first told him to just get the best actors possible since the film's budget would not be large enough to consider bankable stars, the studio soon changed its mind.

In the wake of the success of Good Will Hunting, he was advised to get that film's stars, Ben Affleck and Matt Damon. Again, he almost changed his mind about the film (Rothman said in 2019 that while A-list stars are often unlikely to take roles in low-budget productions, those films should nevertheless make the effort to attract them). He had agreed to meet with Damon in New York, but then Ron Livingston's agent asked if his client could audition for the lead. Casting director Nancy Klopper was impressed, and after Judge saw the video he told the studio that he wanted Livingston in the part.

Jennifer Aniston was cast to accommodate Fox's desire to have a recognizable star in the film, although they were concerned that her part was so small; the subplot involving her battle with her boss over her "flair" was added as a result and she was written out of the sex-dream sequence, along with dialogue indicating she actually had slept with Lumbergh. However, she had liked the script since she was not getting many other films like that at that point, and she had gone to the same high school as Herman. Kate Hudson also read for the part.

After casting the Indian American Ajay Naidu as Samir, who had originally been written as Iranian, the character was rewritten to be Jordanian, and Naidu worked with a dialect coach to get the accent right. John C. McGinley auditioned for Lumbergh, but was ultimately cast as Slydell. Judge says that after Gary Cole read for Lumbergh, there was no doubt as to who would play him. "He made the character 10 times funnier." A casting search in Texas yielded Greg Pitts for Drew, but no one who could play the Chotchkie's manager, so Judge took that role himself.

Principal photography
Judge made the transition from animation to live-action with the help of Tim Suhrstedt, the film's director of photography, who taught him about lenses and where to put the camera. Judge says, "I had a great crew, and it's good going into it not pretending you're an expert". Principal photography began in Texas in May 1998.

Several issues arose during filming. By the third day of shooting, temperatures had risen over 100 °F (38 °C), and smoke from fires in Mexico was filling the sky over Austin, making it white. Suhrstedt says that forced the postponement of the opening traffic-jam scene until it cleared.

Studio executives who saw the dailies were not happy with the footage that Judge was getting. Judge quoted studio executives as stating, "More energy! More energy! We gotta reshoot it! You're failing! You're failing!" They also asked for Livingston to smile more. But at that point, only the early scenes had been filmed; Judge told the studio that happier scenes would come later. Livingston says he heard they believed he was on drugs and were considering firing him.

In addition, Fox did not like the gangsta rap music used in the film. Rothman told him he had to take it out, and Judge said after production he would do so if the next focus group also disliked it. A young man in that focus group said the fact that the characters worked in an office but listened to gangsta rap was one of the things he liked about the movie, and Rothman relented.

The scene where Peter, Michael and Samir take their office printer out into a field and batter it to pieces was inspired by Judge's experience with his own printer while writing Beavis and Butt-head Do America. He told his cowriter Joe Stillman that he was so frustrated by it that when he was done with the script he planned to take it out into a field and destroy it while videotaping the process. Suhrstedt says the whole sequence was largely improvised, but Naidu adds that they were trying to do it in a way that evoked how the Mafia would do it to someone it wanted to punish or kill; Livingston thus played his part like the "don", circling behind Naidu and Herman while they struck the blows with bat, feet and fists. Years afterward, Naidu says, he met some actual mafiosi in New York who told him that they were huge fans of the film, and the scene was "authentic".

McGinley says the film contains many improvised moments. "It was like jazz on that set". One example he recalled was when Paul Willson as Bob Porter cannot pronounce Samir's last name: "Naga ... Naga ... well, not gonna work here anymore anyway." Naidu, for his part, improvised the break dancing, which he did with local friends after shooting his scenes during the day.

The improvisation also helped solve some problems with the script. Originally Bolton was to refer to the singer he shared his name with as a "no-singing asshole". However, Herman recalled, it was decided that the film could not say that since it would imply he did not sing his own songs, so he came up with "no-talent ass-clown".

Production design
Judge was very exacting in his demands for how the Initech set looked; he said regularly that it had to seem "oppressive". The production went as far as screen-testing different types of gray cubicles; Judge also wanted the cubicles to be tall so that Lumbergh would have to lean in to be seen from Peter's desk. Considerable effort was also expended to making sure the TPS reports looked realistic.

The glasses Root wore to play Milton had lenses so thick that he had to wear contact lenses to see through them. Even so, he still had no depth perception; he had to practice reaching for the stapler and was as a result grateful it had been painted red. Swingline provided the stapler after the filmmakers could not get permission to use either the Boston or Bostitch brands from their manufacturer.

Marketing
Judge hated the onesheet poster that the studio created for Office Space, which depicted an office worker completely covered in Post-it notes. He said, "People were like, 'What is this? A big bird? A mummy? A beekeeper?' And the tagline 'Work Sucks'? It looked like an Office Depot ad. I just hated it. I hated the trailers, too and the TV ads especially". McGinley, too, felt it looked like Big Bird from the children's series Sesame Street, and that he would not go to see such a film. For the home release Judge was upset that the same image was used, albeit with Milton peeking over the man from behind.

The studio also had a man live in a Plexiglas cube above Times Square for five days, who was broadcast live on the Internet as he answered calls and emails from people dissatisfied with their jobs. Livingston, when he visited the cube for press events, found that most reporters preferred to talk to the man in the cube and not him. He was not surprised, as tracking for the movie was not good and "there was a foregone conclusion that it wasn't going to open well." Producer Michael Rotenberg elaborated that "[i]t took a few research screenings to realize that audiences often have issues with satire."

Another problem that Rothman later conceded was that they could not put Aniston on the poster due to her small role. Later he admitted that the marketing campaign did not work and said, "Office Space isn't like American Pie. It doesn't have the kind of jokes you put in a 15-second television spot of somebody getting hit on the head with a frying pan. It's sly. And let me tell you, sly is hard to sell".

Box office
Office Space was released on February 19, 1999, at the end of the release calendar's "dump months", in 1,740 theaters, grossing $4.2 million on its opening weekend. That was eighth overall and second for new releases after October Sky. Herman said he was elated after seeing the film in Los Angeles and hearing it had made $7 million, until friends more familiar with the movie business told him that was considered a poor performance.

Suhrstedt saw it later in Burbank, and the theater was almost full. He assured Judge that word of mouth would slowly increase the audience. However, in early March, Fox pulled it from three-quarters of the screens it had been on after it barely made a million dollars that weekend. The movie's grosses continued to decline precipitously, and after the end of March, when it pulled in less than $40,000 from 75 screens, it was pulled from release altogether. According to Judge, a studio executive blamed the movie exclusively for the failure, telling him "Nobody wants to see your little movie about ordinary people and their boring little lives".

It went on to make $10.8 million in North America. The international release brought an additional $2 million. On home release, $8 million in DVD, Blu-ray Disc and VHS sales were sold at release as of April 2006.

Critical reception
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 81% based on 103 reviews and an average rating of 6.80/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Mike Judge lampoons the office grind with its inspired mix of sharp dialogue and witty one-liners." Metacritic gives the film a weighted average score of 68 out of 100 based on reviews from 31 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore during opening weekend gave the film an average grade of "C+" on a scale ranging from A+ to F.

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three out of four stars and wrote that Judge "treats his characters a little like cartoon creatures. That works. Nuances of behavior are not necessary, because in the cubicle world every personality trait is magnified, and the captives stagger forth like grotesques." In his review for the San Francisco Chronicle, Mick LaSalle writes, "Livingston is nicely cast as Peter, a young guy whose imagination and capacity for happiness are the very things making him miserable." In USA Today, Susan Wloszczyna wrote, "If you've ever had a job, you'll be amused by this paean to peons."

Owen Gleiberman in Entertainment Weekly gave the film a "C" rating and criticized it for feeling "cramped and underimagined". In his review for The Globe and Mail, Rick Groen wrote: "Perhaps his TV background makes him unaccustomed to the demands of a feature-length script (the ending seems almost panicky in its abruptness), or maybe he just succumbs to the lure of the easy yuk...what began as discomfiting satire soon devolves into silly farce." In his review in The New York Times, Stephen Holden wrote, "It has the loose-jointed feel of a bunch of sketches packed together into a narrative that doesn't gather much momentum."

In 2008, Entertainment Weekly named Office Space one of "The 100 best films from 1983 to 2008", ranking it at #73.

Cult status
Disappointed in the film's $12 million domestic gross, Judge decided to move on and began work on what eventually became Extract, a similarly themed followup to Office Space. Fox suggested that next time, he pay more heed to the studio's casting suggestions. However, he soon learned that the film had not gone unnoticed within the industry. "Jim Carrey invited me to his house. Chris Rock left me the best voicemail ever. I had dinner with Madonna", who found the Michael Bolton character's anger "sexy", Judge said.

Four years later, Judge was working on the Idiocracy screenplay with Etan Cohen. During a break, the two went to an Austin Starbucks, and the baristas were doing impressions of Lumbergh. Cohen asked Judge if they were only doing it because he was present, whereupon the barista turned around and asked the two if they had ever seen the movie.

Other cast members found the film had reached people when strangers began associating them with their characters. Cole said that a year after release, on the service jobs he works when not acting, people began shouting dialogue from the movie at him. Aniston says that even today, when she is eating "at a certain type of restaurant", people will ask if she likes their flair.

The cable channel Comedy Central premiered Office Space on August 5, 2001; that airing drew 1.4 million viewers. By 2003, the channel had broadcast the film another 35 times. These broadcasts helped develop the film's cult following; Livingston credits the regular airings the film received on Comedy Central for making Office Space a cult favorite: "It felt like it kind of went viral before that concept even existed."

Since then, Livingston has been approached by college students and office workers. He said, "I get a lot of people who say, 'I quit my job because of you.' That's kind of a heavy load to carry." Livingston says that people tell him watching Office Space made them feel better, which he still appreciates.

Legacy
Office Space has become a cult classic, selling well on home video and DVD. , it had sold 2.6 million copies on VHS and DVD. In the same year, it was in the top 20 best-selling Fox DVDs. , it had sold over six million DVDs in the United States alone.

Four years after the film's release, Judge recalled that one of his assistant directors on the film told him they had gone out to eat at a TGI Fridays and noticed that the waitstaff were no longer wearing buttons on their uniforms, the "flair" Joanna quits her job over in the film. Asked why, the manager told him that after Office Space had come out, customers started making jokes about it, so the chain dropped the requirement from its dress code. "So, maybe I made the world a better place" he told Deadline Hollywood in 2014.

In 2008, Entertainment Weekly ranked it fifth on its list "25 Great Comedies From the Past 25 Years", despite having originally given the film a poor review. In February 2009, a reunion of many of the cast members took place at the Paramount Theatre in Austin to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the film. Rothman said in 2019 that despite his connection to several films that won the Academy Award for Best Picture, he hopes Office Space will be mentioned before them in his obituary.

"[Office Space] spoke to a generation in a way that few movies have," said John Altschuler, who produced Extract, Judge's later companion piece. "Nobody does this kind of material. It's all about the weirdness of real people in real life."

In a 2017 profile of Judge, New York Times Magazine writer Willy Staley observed that the film has been compared to Herman Melville's short story "Bartleby, the Scrivener", in which a lawyer's clerk, like Peter, shows up at the office one day but declines all work, telling his boss "I would prefer not to". Staley's own high school English teacher, he recalled, brought up Office Space in class to get students to appreciate how tedious Franz Kafka's work at an insurance company was. "It's such a brutal portrayal of workplace misery that its most useful points of comparison date back to when office culture was first unleashed on humanity."

The film was an influence on the creation of the television series Severance, and the comic book series Chew, with the film's main characters cameoing in its third instalment, Just Desserts.

In 2022 software engineer Ermenildo Valdez Castro was inspired by the movie Office Space, conducting a similar scheme from the movie by editing code to divert shipping fees to a personal account. A report from the Seattle police mentions that a folder named "OfficeSpace project" was found on Castro's work laptop and Castro admitted he was indeed inspired by the movie. Castro stole over $300,000 from the company Zulily.

In 2024 at the South by Southwest conference, there was an Office Space Reunion panel with Judge, Livingston, Root, Naidu and Herman.

In culture
Several elements of the film have become memes reused in other contexts. "TPS report" has come to connote pointless, mindless paperwork, and an example of "literacy practices" in the work environment that are "meaningless exercises imposed upon employees by an inept and uncaring management" and "relentlessly mundane and enervating". According to Judge, the abbreviation stood for "Test Program Set" in the movie. The PC LOAD LETTER error message has likewise become a stand-in for any confusing, vague message from a computer, especially printers. The printer scene has been widely parodied, including by one U.S. presidential campaign, and the popularity of Milton's red stapler led the manufacturer to make a real one for sale. The film is credited with coining the now-popular slang term "ass clown", from one of the characters using it to refer to singer Michael Bolton. In 2015, the comedy website Funny or Die put together several videos in which it spliced in the actual Michael Bolton over Herman in scenes from the film. Most of them were ones that referenced the confusion coming from the character and the singer having the same name. Bolton performed the scenes exactly as Herman had, with one exception: in his conversation with Samir, he turned to the camera and substituted the words "extremely talented" for "no-talent" before "ass-clown".

Printer scene
Before the 2009 Austin reunion screening a printer was destroyed outside the theater, in reference to the scene in the film during which Peter, Michael, and Samir destroy the dysfunctional printer on the latter two's final day at Initech That scene has frequently been parodied; often by amateurs, using a similar electronic device, in an open space somewhere, emulating the original's character blocking, camera angles and moves, sound effects and use of slow motion, all set to Geto Boys' "Still".

The Fox animated series Family Guy did its own parody of the scene in 2008, during the show's seventh season. In "I Dream of Jesus", the season's second episode, Brian and Stewie Griffin, tired of Peter constantly playing The Trashmen's "Surfin' Bird", steal his 45 rpm single of the song and demolish it in a similar scene. For television a clean version of "Still" had to be used.

During the campaign for the Republican nomination in the 2016 presidential election, Texas senator Ted Cruz ran a political advertisement parodying the scene, showing an impersonator of likely Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton and two assistants destroying her personal email server with a baseball bat in an open field.

Red stapler
Stephen Root says he realized the movie's impact when people started asking him to sign their staplers. The red Swingline stapler featured prominently in the film was not available until April 2002 when the company released it in response to repeated requests by fans of the film. Its appearance in the film was achieved by taking a standard Swingline stapler and spray-painting it red. Root says when he shows up on sets today, the crew has usually ordered several boxes of red Swingline staplers and left them waiting for him.

Video game
Kongregate released a mobile game based on the film, titled Office Space: Idle Profits, on iOS and Android in 2017. It was a free-to-play idle clicker that offered in-app purchases. In 2022 it was shut down.

Soundtrack

 * Track listing

Possible sequels
Shortly after the release of Office Space, Judge, despite his disappointment at the movie's lackluster box office, began writing the script for Extract, which he describes as a companion piece. The studio later asked him to put it aside to work on Idiocracy, which it believed would be more commercial. After that film, like Office Space, failed at the box office but became a cult favorite, Judge returned to Extract and it was released in 2009. It similarly makes light of workplace dysfunction, but from the perspective of a manager rather than a worker.

"There's been talk of doing more with Office Space, as a show or sequel, but it's never seemed right," Judge said ahead of the film's 20th anniversary. As for the former possibility, he recalled that because of the film, NBC offered him the chance to shape the American version of the British sitcom The Office, which similarly bases its humor in depictions of the absurdity of white-collar work and its effect on those who do it. Among the material the network sent, however, were some reviews, one of which said the series "succeeds where movies like Office Space failed." Judge passed on the offer.

title: Office Space


text:
Scott County, Iowa

Scott County is a county located in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 174,669, making it the third-most populous county in Iowa. The county seat is Davenport.

Scott County is included in the Davenport–Moline-Rock Island, IA–IL Metropolitan Statistical Area.

History

The first American settlement in the area now known as Scott County was Clark's Ferry or Clark's Landing (now Buffalo) in 1833. Other early towns included Davenport (now the county seat and largest city) and the town of Rockingham (which ceased to exist in 1847). The area was fully surveyed in 1837, and the county was established by the Wisconsin territorial legislature in that same year. Scott County is named for General Winfield Scott, who was the presiding officer at the signing of the peace treaty ending the Black Hawk War.

By 1900 the population of the county was 51,500, and by 1950 it was over 100,000. Scott County now comprises part of the Quad City region, which includes the cities of Davenport and Bettendorf (in Iowa) and Rock Island, Moline and East Moline (in Illinois).

The present Scott County Courthouse was completed in 1955 and expanded along with the jail in 2007. The old section of the Scott County Jail was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. The courthouse was included as a contributing property in the Davenport Downtown Commercial Historic District in 2020.

Geography
The county seat is the city of Davenport. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 468 sqmi, of which 458 sqmi is land and 10 sqmi (2.2%) is water. Part of the Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge is located within the county.

Major highways

 * I-74.svg Interstate 74
 * I-80.svg Interstate 80
 * I-280.svg Interstate 280
 * US 6.svg U.S. Highway 6
 * US 61.svg U.S. Highway 61
 * US 67.svg U.S. Highway 67
 * Elongated circle 22.svg Iowa Highway 22
 * Elongated circle 130.svg Iowa Highway 130

Transit

 * Bettendorf Transit
 * Davenport Citibus
 * List of intercity bus stops in Iowa

Adjacent counties

 * Clinton County (north)
 * Rock Island County, Illinois (east and south)
 * Muscatine County (southwest)
 * Cedar County (northwest)

Demographics

The US Census Bureau estimated Scott County's population at 170,385 in 2013, fourth fastest-growing out of Iowa's 99 counties after Dallas County, a western suburb of Des Moines: Johnson, Polk, followed by Warren County being the top five.

2020 census
The 2020 census recorded a population of 174,669 in the county, with a population density of. 92.61% of the population reported being of one race. There were 77,771 housing units, of which 71,628 were occupied.

2010 census
The 2010 census recorded a population of 165,224 in the county, with a population density of. There were 71,835 housing units, of which 66,765 were occupied.

2000 census
At the 2000 census there were 158,668 people, 62,334 households, and 41,888 families in the county. The population density was 346 PD/sqmi. There were 65,649 housing units at an average density of 143 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 88.54% White, 6.11% Black or African American, 0.32% Native American, 1.58% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 1.64% from other races, and 1.80% from two or more races. 4.06%. were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

Of the 62,334 households, 33.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.30% were married couples living together, 11.40% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.80% were non-families. 26.90% of households were one person and 9.00% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.04.

The age distribution was 26.50% under the age of 18, 9.30% from 18 to 24, 29.40% from 25 to 44, 23.00% from 45 to 64, and 11.80% 65 or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.50 males.

The median household income was $42,701 and the median family income was $52,045. Males had a median income of $38,985 versus $25,456 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,310. About 7.70% of families and 10.50% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.70% of those under age 18 and 5.80% of those age 65 or over.

Cities

 * Bettendorf
 * Blue Grass
 * Buffalo
 * Davenport
 * Dixon
 * Donahue
 * Durant
 * Eldridge
 * LeClaire
 * Long Grove
 * Maysville
 * McCausland
 * New Liberty
 * Panorama Park
 * Princeton
 * Riverdale
 * Walcott

Census-designated places

 * Argo
 * Big Rock
 * Park View
 * Plainview

Other unincorporated communities

 * Desmond Acres

Townships

 * Allens Grove
 * Blue Grass
 * Buffalo
 * Butler
 * Cleona
 * Davenport (City)
 * Hickory Grove
 * LeClaire
 * Liberty
 * Lincoln
 * Pleasant Valley
 * Princeton
 * Sheridan
 * Winfield

Former township

 * Rockingham

Population ranking
The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2020 census of Scott County.

† county seat

Politics
For most of its history, Scott County was primarily a Republican county. From 1880 to 1984, it only supported a Democrat for president nine times, six of which were national Democratic landslides. In more recent elections, the county has become consistently Democratic in presidential elections like many other midsize urban counties nationwide, with the party's candidates winning the county in every presidential election from 1988 on. Despite these victories, their margins of victory have not been as wide as in many other counties of similar composition, especially in 2016 when Hillary Clinton only won the county by 1,291 votes; yet Scott County remains relatively Democratic-leaning. However, in the 2022 elections, Republicans swept Scott County, with the county voting for the Republican candidates for all statewide offices, as well as for Republican Mariannette Miller-Meeks for U.S. House of Representatives. Notably, Republican governor Kim Reynolds won the county with a margin of over 10 points.

Education
Public school districts in Scott County include:
 * Bettendorf Community School District, Bettendorf
 * Calamus–Wheatland Community School District, Wheatland
 * Davenport Community School District, Davenport
 * Durant Community School District, Durant
 * North Scott Community School District, Eldridge
 * Pleasant Valley Community School District, Riverdale, Bettendorf, LeClaire

Higher education institutions

 * Scott Community College is located in Riverdale
 * Saint Ambrose University is located in Davenport

title: Scott County, Iowa


text:
Sac County, Iowa

Sac County is a county located in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 9,814. The county seat is Sac City. Both were named for the Sauk people, a local American Indian tribe.

In February 2007, in its third annual list of the “Best Places to Live in Rural America”, Progressive Farmer magazine placed Sac County as #7 in the overall rankings. In 2009, the magazine ranked Sac County as the tenth "Best Place" in the Midwest Region.

History
On January 13, 1846, the legislative body of the Iowa Territory authorized creation of twelve counties, with general descriptions of their boundaries. This brought the number of counties in the Iowa Territory to 22.

By the end of 1846, the territory had been accepted into the Union as the State of Iowa (December 28, 1846). By 1851, the new state had grown to the extent that the original 22 counties needed to be divided into smaller, more accessible units. Accordingly, on January 15, 1851, the Iowa General Assembly enacted an omnibus bill which created 43 new counties by reducing the previous counties. Sac County was named after the Sauk people, at that time called the Sac Indians.

It took some time for the new organization to fully function. Sac City was designated the county seat in 1856, and construction of the first county courthouse was complete in 1862. By 1873 the burgeoning population had outgrown that structure and a larger (85 x 56 feet brick) building was authorized to replace it.

The new courthouse, complete with impressive bell tower, was placed in service in January 1874, and was used until 1888 when it burned.

To replace that structure, the present courthouse was built. It was enlarged and remodeled in the 1980s.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 578 sqmi, of which 575 sqmi is land and 3.3 sqmi (0.6%) is water.

Major highways

 * US 20.svg U.S. Highway 20 – runs east–west through the northern part of the county, through Early and north of Sac City.
 * US 71.svg U.S. Highway 71 – from its intersection with US 20 (east of Sac City), runs south, turns 4 miles east to Auburn, then continues south into Carroll County.
 * Elongated circle 39.svg Iowa Highway 39 – from its intersection with Iowa 175 at Odebolt, runs south into Crawford County.
 * Elongated circle 110.svg Iowa Highway 110 – from its intersection with US 20, runs north into Buena Vista County.
 * Elongated circle 175.svg Iowa Highway 175 – enters west side of county at Odebolt, runs east to intersection with US 71, east of Lake View.

Adjacent counties

 * Buena Vista County – north
 * Calhoun County – east
 * Carroll County – south and southeast
 * Cherokee County – northwest
 * Crawford County – south and southwest
 * Ida County – west
 * Pocahontas County - northeast

2020 census
The 2020 census recorded a population of 9,814 in the county, with a population density of. 97.09% of the population reported being of one race. 90.86% were non-Hispanic White, 0.47% were Black, 3.61% were Hispanic, 0.11% were Native American, 0.32% were Asian, 0.09% were Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander and 4.54% were some other race or more than one race. There were 5,118 housing units, of which 4,273 were occupied.

2010 census
The 2010 census recorded a population of 10,350 in the county, with a population density of. There were 5,429 housing units, of which 4,482 were occupied.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 11,529 people, 4,746 households, and 3,198 families residing in the county. The population density was 20 /mi2. There were 5,460 housing units at an average density of 10 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 98.53% White, 0.26% Black or African American, 0.09% Native American, 0.14% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.40% from other races, and 0.57% from two or more races. 0.96% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 4,746 households, out of which 28.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.30% were married couples living together, 6.20% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.60% were non-families. 29.40% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.92.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 24.10% under the age of 18, 6.90% from 18 to 24, 23.50% from 25 to 44, 22.80% from 45 to 64, and 22.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 95.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.80 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $32,874, and the median income for a family was $40,504. Males had a median income of $26,183 versus $19,753 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,902. About 6.80% of families and 9.90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.00% of those under age 18 and 8.20% of those age 65 or over.

Education
School districts include:
 * Alta-Aurelia Community School District
 * East Sac County Community School District
 * Galva-Holstein Community School District
 * Newell-Fonda Community School District
 * Odebolt Arthur Battle Creek Ida Grove Community School District
 * Schaller-Crestland Community School District
 * South Central Calhoun Community School District
 * Storm Lake Community School District

Three districts are based in the county: East Sac County School District (ESC) is the largest school district in Sac County, with the Schaller-Crestland School District serving the northwestern portion of the county and Odebolt-Arthur School District serving the southwest part. Successful completion of the curriculum of these schools leads to graduation from East Sac County High School, OA-BCIG High School, or Ridge View High School respectively. Only ESC HS is located in Sac County, with OA-BCIG HS in Ida Grove and Ridge View in Holstein.

Residents outside the three Sac County-based districts are within either the South Central Calhoun School District in areas around Lytton. A small part of northwestern Sac County is within the Galva–Holstein Community School District, which shares Ridge View High School with Schaller-Crestland SD.

Former school districts include:
 * Odebolt-Arthur Community School District
 * Rockwell City-Lytton Community School District
 * Southern Cal Community School District
 * Wall Lake View Auburn Community School District

Geocaching
Sac County is a rich area for geocaching. The county was "put on the map" when geocachers hid a series of caches a mile wide and 8 miles high to spell "SAC" along rural roads between Sac City and Lytton in August 2011.

Cities

 * Auburn
 * Early
 * Lake View
 * Lytton
 * Nemaha
 * Odebolt
 * Sac City (county seat)
 * Schaller
 * Wall Lake

Unincorporated community

 * Carnarvon

Townships

 * Boyer Valley
 * Cedar
 * Clinton
 * Cook
 * Coon Valley
 * Delaware
 * Douglas
 * Eden
 * Eureka
 * Jackson
 * Levey
 * Richland
 * Sac
 * Viola
 * Wall Lake
 * Wheeler

Population ranking
The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2020 census of Sac County.

† county seat

Politics
The Democrats have only carried Sac County a total of 5 times since 1912: 1932 and 1936 by Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1948 by Harry S. Truman, 1964 by Lyndon B. Johnson, and 1988 by Michael Dukakis. Most of these in Democratic landslides, with 1988 being the notable big exception as Dukakis overperformed here, as he had almost everywhere else in Iowa, due to the farm crisis of the 1980s.

title: Sac County, Iowa


text:
Ringgold County, Iowa

Ringgold County is a county located in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 4,663, making it the Iowa county with the second-smallest population. The county seat is Mount Ayr. The county is named after Maj. Samuel Ringgold, a hero of the Battle of Palo Alto fought in May 1846, during the Mexican–American War. It is one of the 26 Iowa counties with a name that is unique across the nation.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 539 sqmi, of which 535 sqmi is land and 3.4 sqmi (0.6%) is water.

Major highways

 * US 169.svg U.S. Highway 169
 * Circle sign 2.svg Iowa Highway 2
 * Elongated circle 25.svg Iowa Highway 25

Adjacent counties

 * Union County (north)
 * Decatur County (east)
 * Harrison County, Missouri (southeast)
 * Worth County, Missouri (southwest)
 * Taylor County (west)

2020 census
The 2020 census recorded a population of 4,663 in the county, with a population density of. 96.68% of the population reported being of one race. 94.32% were non-Hispanic White, 0.06% were Black, 1.52% were Hispanic, 0.15% were Native American, 0.17% were Asian, 0.02% were Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander and 3.75% were some other race or more than one race. There were 2,672 housing units, of which 1,945 were occupied.

2010 census
The 2010 census recorded a population of 5,131 in the county, with a population density of. There were 2,613 housing units, of which 2,047 were occupied.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 5,469 people, 2,245 households, and 1,537 families in the county. The population density was 10 /mi2. There were 2,789 housing units at an average density of 5 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 99.07% White, 0.11% Black or African American, 0.22% Native American, 0.16% Asian, 0.02% from other races, and 0.42% from two or more races. 0.24% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

Of the 2,245 households 27.70% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.70% were married couples living together, 5.50% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.50% were non-families. 28.60% of households were one person and 17.80% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.90.

The age distribution was 24.00% under the age of 18, 6.90% from 18 to 24, 21.40% from 25 to 44, 23.60% from 45 to 64, and 24.00% 65 or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females there were 94.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.40 males.

The median household income was $29,110 and the median family income was $34,472. Males had a median income of $24,583 versus $20,606 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,023. About 9.40% of families and 14.30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.40% of those under age 18 and 16.40% of those age 65 or over.

Cities

 * Beaconsfield
 * Benton
 * Clearfield (pt)
 * Delphos
 * Diagonal
 * Ellston
 * Kellerton
 * Maloy
 * Mount Ayr
 * Redding
 * Shannon City (pt)
 * Tingley

Census-designated place

 * Sun Valley Lake

Townships

 * Athens
 * Benton
 * Clinton
 * Grant
 * Jefferson
 * Liberty
 * Lincoln
 * Lotts Creek
 * Middle Fork
 * Monroe
 * Poe
 * Rice
 * Riley
 * Tingley
 * Union
 * Washington
 * Waubonsie

Population ranking
The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2020 census of Ringgold County.

† county seat

title: Ringgold County, Iowa


text:
Pottawattamie County, Iowa

Pottawattamie County is a county located in the U.S. state of Iowa. At the 2020 census, the population was 93,667, making it the tenth-most populous county in Iowa. The county takes its name from the Potawatomi Native American tribe. The county seat is Council Bluffs.

Pottawattamie County is included in the Omaha–Council Bluffs, NE–IA Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 959 sqmi, of which 950 sqmi is land and 8.9 sqmi (0.9%) is water. It is the second-largest county in Iowa by area after Kossuth County. Pottawattamie County is located within Iowa's Loess Hills, and was the site of Kanesville along The Mormon Trail

Due to movement of the Missouri River and a Supreme Court ruling, part of the county, Carter Lake, actually lies on the far side of the Missouri River. This part of the county cannot be reached by road without entering Nebraska; no direct bridge exists.

Major highways

 * I-29.svg Interstate 29
 * I-80.svg Interstate 80
 * I-480.svg Interstate 480
 * I-680.svg Interstate 680
 * I-880.svg Interstate 880
 * US 6.svg U.S. Highway 6
 * US 59.svg U.S. Highway 59
 * US 275.svg U.S. Highway 275
 * Elongated circle 83.svg Iowa Highway 83
 * Elongated circle 92.svg Iowa Highway 92
 * Elongated circle 165.svg Iowa Highway 165
 * Elongated circle 191.svg Iowa Highway 191
 * Elongated circle 192.svg Iowa Highway 192

Adjacent counties

 * Harrison County (north)
 * Shelby County (northeast)
 * Cass County (east)
 * Montgomery County (southeast)
 * Mills County (south)
 * Sarpy County, Nebraska (southwest)
 * Douglas County, Nebraska (west)
 * Washington County, Nebraska (northwest)

National protected area

 * DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge (part)

2020 census
The 2020 census recorded a population of 93,667 in the county, with a population density of. 94.09% of the population reported being of one race. There were 39,852 housing units, of which 37,284 were occupied.

2010 census
The 2010 census recorded a population of 93,158 in the county, with a population density of. There were 39,330 housing units, of which 36,775 were occupied.

2000 census
At the 2000 census, there were 87,704 people, 33,844 households and 23,623 families residing in the county. The population density was 92 /mi2. There were 35,761 housing units at an average density of 38 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 95.98% White, 0.77% Black or African American, 0.37% Native American, 0.48% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 1.27% from other races, and 1.11% from two or more races. 3.30% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 33,844 households, of which 32.30% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.60% were married couples living together, 11.80% had a female householder with no husband present and 30.20% were non-families. 24.90% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.03.

26.00% of the population were under the age of 18, 9.10% from 18 to 24, 28.60% from 25 to 44, 22.70% from 45 to 64, and 13.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 95.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.60 males.

The median household income was $40,089 and the median family income was $47,105. Males had a median income of $31,642 vand females $24,243. The per capita income was $19,275. About 6.40% of families and 8.40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.00% of those under age 18 and 6.30% of those age 65 or over.

Cities

 * Avoca
 * Carson
 * Carter Lake
 * Council Bluffs
 * Crescent
 * Hancock
 * Macedonia
 * McClelland
 * Minden
 * Neola
 * Oakland
 * Treynor
 * Underwood
 * Walnut

Unincorporated community

 * Honey Creek

Census-designated places

 * Bentley
 * Loveland
 * Weston

Townships

 * Belknap
 * Boomer
 * Carson
 * Center
 * Crescent
 * Garner
 * Grove
 * Hardin
 * Hazel Dell
 * James
 * Kane
 * Keg Creek
 * Knox
 * Lake
 * Layton
 * Lewis
 * Lincoln
 * Macedonia
 * Minden
 * Neola
 * Norwalk
 * Pleasant
 * Rockford
 * Silver Creek
 * Valley
 * Washington
 * Waveland
 * Wright
 * York

Population ranking
The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2020 census of Pottawattamie County.

† county seat

Law enforcement
Pottawattamie County is served by the Pottawattamie County Sheriff's Office consisting of 51 sworn deputies, 13 reserve deputies, 92 detention officers and eight civilian support staff. Its headquarters is located in Council Bluffs, Iowa.

Politics
Pottawattamie County is a strongly Republican county. The county last backed a Democratic presidential candidate in 1964 as the party won nationally by a landslide, & only voted Democratic in four other elections prior to that. Some recent elections were more competitive, with Barack Obama losing the county in 2008 by less than 1,000 votes. However, Donald Trump won the county by 21% in 2016 and by 17% in 2020.

Education
School districts include:
 * Atlantic Community School District
 * AHSTW Community School District
 * Council Bluffs Community School District
 * Glenwood Community School District
 * Griswold Community School District
 * Lewis Central Community School District
 * Missouri Valley Community School District
 * Red Oak Community School District
 * Riverside Community School District
 * Treynor Community School District
 * Tri-Center Community School District
 * Underwood Community School District

There is also a state-operated school, Iowa School for the Deaf.

Former school districts:
 * A-H-S-T Community School District
 * Walnut Community School District

title: Pottawattamie County, Iowa


text:
Polk County, Iowa

Polk County is located in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 492,401. It is Iowa's most populous county, and home to over 15% of the state's residents. The county seat is Des Moines, which is also the capital city of Iowa. Polk County is included in the Des Moines–West Des Moines, IA Metropolitan Statistical Area.

History
On January 13, 1846, the legislative body of the Iowa Territory authorized the creation of twelve counties in the Territory, with general descriptions of their boundaries. On January 17 they further enacted a resolution setting the effective date of the county government for Jasper and Polk Counties as March 1, 1846. Polk County's name referred to United States President James K. Polk, who served from 1845 to 1849.

The first courthouse, a two-story structure, was built in Des Moines in 1846. Rapid settlement and commercial growth in the county soon rendered this building insufficient, so construction of a larger building was initiated in 1858. Due to construction delays and the onset of the Civil War, the structure was not completed until 1866. The present courthouse was erected in 1906, and in 1962 it was extensively renovated and enlarged.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 592 sqmi, of which 574 sqmi is land and 18 sqmi (3.0%) is water. The county is bisected by the Des Moines River.

Major highways

 * I-35.svg Interstate 35
 * I-80.svg Interstate 80
 * I-235.svg Interstate 235
 * I-80.svg I-35.svg Interstate Multiplex with I-80 & I-35
 * US 6.svg U.S. Highway 6
 * US 65.svg U.S. Highway 65
 * US 69.svg U.S Route 69
 * Circle sign 5.svg Iowa Highway 5
 * Elongated circle 17.svg Iowa Highway 17
 * Elongated circle 28.svg Iowa Highway 28
 * Elongated circle 141.svg Iowa Highway 141
 * Elongated circle 160.svg Iowa Highway 160
 * Elongated circle 163.svg Iowa Highway 163
 * Elongated circle 415.svg Iowa Highway 415
 * Elongated circle 210.svg Iowa Highway 210

Transit

 * Des Moines Area Regional Transit
 * Burlington Trailways
 * Jefferson Lines
 * Des Moines Bus Station

Adjacent counties

 * Boone – northwest
 * Dallas – west
 * Jasper – east
 * Madison - southwest (meeting in a 4-corners)
 * Marion – southeast
 * Story – north
 * Warren – south

Cities

 * Alleman
 * Altoona
 * Ankeny
 * Bondurant
 * Carlisle
 * Clive
 * Des Moines
 * Elkhart
 * Granger
 * Grimes
 * Johnston
 * Mitchellville
 * Norwalk
 * Pleasant Hill
 * Polk City
 * Runnells
 * Sheldahl
 * Urbandale
 * West Des Moines
 * Windsor Heights

Census-designated place

 * Saylorville

Unincorporated communities

 * Avon
 * Berwick
 * Enterprise
 * Farrar
 * Herrold
 * Ivy

Townships

 * Allen
 * Beaver
 * Bloomfield
 * Camp
 * Clay
 * Crocker
 * Delaware
 * Des Moines
 * Douglas
 * Elkhart
 * Four Mile
 * Franklin
 * Jefferson
 * Lee
 * Lincoln
 * Madison
 * Saylor
 * Union
 * Walnut
 * Washington
 * Webster

2020 census
As of the census of 2020, there were 492,401 people and 207,290 households in the county, with a population density of. 92.55% of the population reported being of one race. 66.18% were non-Hispanic White, 7.23% were Black, 9.76% were Hispanic, 0.46% were Native American, 4.98% were Asian, 0.06% were Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander and 11.33% were some other race or more than one race. There were 210,184 housing units, of which 196,891 were occupied.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 430,640 people and 170,197 households in the county, with a population density of. There were 182,262 housing units, of which 170,197 were occupied.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 374,601 people, 149,112 households, and 96,624 families in the county. The population density was 658 PD/sqmi. There were 156,447 housing units at an average density of 275 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the county was 88.34% White, 4.84% Black or African American, 0.27% Native American, 2.63% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 2.22% from other races, and 1.66% from two or more races. 4.40% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 25.9% were of German, 10.6% Irish, 9.0% English and 8.4% American ancestry.

Of the 149,112 households 32.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.00% were married couples living together, 10.30% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.20% were non-families. 28.10% of households were one person and 8.60% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.04.

Age spread: 25.70% under the age of 18, 9.40% from 18 to 24, 32.20% from 25 to 44, 21.50% from 45 to 64, and 11.10% 65 or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.70 males.

The median household income was $46,116 and the median family income was $56,560. Males had a median income of $37,182 versus $28,000 for females. The per capita income for the county was $23,654. About 5.30% of families and 7.90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.70% of those under age 18 and 6.40% of those age 65 or over.

Government and infrastructure
The Iowa Department of Corrections Iowa Correctional Institution for Women is in Mitchellville and in Polk County.

In the first third of the 20th century, Polk County was primarily Republican, backing its candidates in all presidential elections from 1896 to 1932 except for 1912 & 1916. From 1936 to 1980, the county was a swing county, only failing to back the national winner during that period in 1960 & 1968. Starting with the 1984 election, the county has become consistently majority Democratic, backing the party's candidate in every presidential election from that point forward. Following national trends, suburbs of Des Moines such as Urbandale and Ankeny have changed from Republican strongholds into moderate areas; as Iowa shifted dramatically from competitive to firmly Republican during the Donald Trump era in the mid-to-late 2010s, this is one of the state's few remaining Democratic strongholds.

Population ranking
The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2020 census of Polk County.

† county seat

Education
School districts include:
 * Ankeny Community School District
 * Ballard Community School District
 * Bondurant-Farrar Community School District
 * Carlisle Community School District
 * Collins-Maxwell Community School District
 * Dallas Center-Grimes Community School District
 * Des Moines Independent Community School District
 * Johnston Community School District
 * Madrid Community School District
 * North Polk Community School District
 * PCM Community School District
 * Saydel Community School District
 * Southeast Polk Community School District
 * Urbandale Community School District
 * West Des Moines Community School District
 * Woodward-Granger Community School District

Attractions

 * Adventureland Resort
 * Blank Park Zoo
 * Iowa State Capitol
 * Iowa State Fair
 * Living History Farms
 * Science Center of Iowa
 * Valley Junction
 * Wells Fargo Arena

title: Polk County, Iowa


text:
Pocahontas County, Iowa

Pocahontas County is a county located in Iowa, United States. As of the 2020 census the population was 7,078, making it the state's ninth-least populous county. The county seat is Pocahontas. The county was formed in 1851.

The county is named in honor of Pocahontas, the famous Native American woman from Jamestown, Virginia. A colossal statue of her stands in the city of Pocahontas.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 579 sqmi, of which 577 sqmi is land and 1.4 sqmi (0.2%) is water.

Major highways

 * [[Image:Circle sign 3.svg|x20px]] Iowa Highway 3
 * [[Image:Circle sign 4.svg|x20px]] Iowa Highway 4
 * [[Image:Circle sign 7.svg|x20px]] Iowa Highway 7
 * [[Image:Elongated circle 10.svg|x20px]] Iowa Highway 10
 * [[Image:Elongated circle 15.svg|x20px]] Iowa Highway 15

Adjacent counties

 * Palo Alto County (north)
 * Humboldt County (east)
 * Webster County (southeast)
 * Calhoun County (south)
 * Buena Vista County (west)

2020 census
The 2020 census recorded a population of 7,078 in the county, with a population density of. 95.79% of the population reported being of one race. There were 3,666 housing units, of which 3,090 were occupied.

2010 census
The 2010 census recorded a population of 7,310 in the county, with a population density of. There were 3,794 housing units, of which 3,233 were occupied.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 8,662 people, 3,617 households, and 2,430 families residing in the county. The population density was 15 /mi2. There were 3,988 housing units at an average density of 7 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 98.49% White, 0.24% Black or African American, 0.17% Native American, 0.17% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.30% from other races, and 0.61% from two or more races. 0.89% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 3,617 households, out of which 29.50% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.30% were married couples living together, 5.90% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.80% were non-families. 30.20% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.91.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 25.40% under the age of 18, 5.30% from 18 to 24, 23.40% from 25 to 44, 24.10% from 45 to 64, and 21.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 96.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.20 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $33,362, and the median income for a family was $40,568. Males had a median income of $27,929 versus $20,515 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,006. About 6.60% of families and 9.10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.30% of those under age 18 and 6.50% of those age 65 or over.

Cities

 * Fonda
 * Gilmore City
 * Havelock
 * Laurens
 * Palmer
 * Plover
 * Pocahontas
 * Rolfe
 * Varina

Unincorporated communities

 * Ware

Townships

 * Bellville
 * Cedar
 * Center
 * Colfax
 * Cummins
 * Des Moines
 * Dover
 * Garfield
 * Grant
 * Lake
 * Lincoln
 * Lizard
 * Marshall
 * Powhatan
 * Roosevelt
 * Sherman
 * Swan Lake

Population ranking
The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2020 census of Pocahontas County.

† county seat

Politics
Between 1928 and 2004, Pocahontas County was a reliable bellwether county, backing the nationwide winner in every election except for 1960 (by only 37 votes) and 1988. The county has taken a rightward turn in the 21st century. After backing George W. Bush in 2000 and 2004, John McCain in 2008, and Mitt Romney in 2012 by sizable but not huge margins, Pocahontas County swung even further right in 2016. Donald Trump took nearly 70% of the vote share in the county and won the county by an astounding 45% margin. Trump further increased these numbers in 2020, winning almost 74% of the county's vote and increasing his margin of victory to just under 50%, both records for Pocahontas County for any candidate since the beginning of the 20th century.

title: Pocahontas County, Iowa


text:
Plymouth County, Iowa

Plymouth County is a county located in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 25,698. The county seat is Le Mars. Plymouth County was named after Plymouth, Massachusetts.

Plymouth County is part of the Sioux City, IA-NE-SD Metropolitan Statistical Area.

History
Plymouth County was formed on January 15, 1851. Settlement began in the county in 1856. In October 1859, the first courthouse was built in Melbourne, formerly located in the southeast quarter of section 34, Plymouth Township, about five to six miles due south of Merrill. The first public school opened its doors there with 32 pupils. In 1872 the county seat was moved to Le Mars and a courthouse and jail were built there in 1873. The present Plymouth County Courthouse was built in 1900 of red sandstone.

During the Great Depression, farmers in the county organized the Farmers Holiday Group, to keep farm products off the market until the desired price was met. A radical group among them abducted Judge Bradley from his court chamber and threatened to hang him in the front of the courthouse. Bradley was freed, but the governor ordered the national guard to Plymouth County and declared a state of emergency, which effectively ended the group.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 864 sqmi, of which 863 sqmi is land and 0.8 sqmi (0.1%) is water. It is the fourth-largest county by area in Iowa.

Adjacent counties

 * Sioux County (north)
 * Cherokee County (east)
 * Woodbury County (south)
 * Union County, South Dakota (west)

Major highways

 * [[Image:US 75.svg|x20px]] U.S. Highway 75
 * [[Image:Circle sign 3.svg|x20px]] Iowa Highway 3
 * [[Image:Elongated circle 12.svg|x20px]] Iowa Highway 12
 * [[Image:Elongated circle 60.svg|x20px]] Iowa Highway 60
 * [[Image:Elongated circle 140.svg|x20px]] Iowa Highway 140

Airport
Le Mars Municipal Airport is located in Plymouth County, two nautical miles (3.7 km) southwest of the central business district of Le Mars.

2020 census
The 2020 census recorded a population of 25,698 in the county, with a population density of. 95.81% of the population reported being of one race. There were 10,818 housing units, of which 10,171 were occupied.

2010 census
The 2010 census recorded a population of 24,986 in the county, with a population density of. There were 10,550 housing units, of which 9,875 were occupied.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 24,849 people, 9,372 households, and 6,804 families in the county. The population density was 29 /mi2. There were 9,880 housing units at an average density of 11 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 98.16% White, 0.29% Black or African American, 0.14% Native American, 0.27% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.46% from other races, and 0.62% from two or more races. 1.32% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

Of the 9,372 households 35.70% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.30% were married couples living together, 6.20% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.40% were non-families. 24.00% of households were one person and 12.00% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.12.

The age distribution was 28.30% under the age of 18, 7.20% from 18 to 24, 26.40% from 25 to 44, 22.00% from 45 to 64, and 16.00% 65 or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 98.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.70 males.

The median household income was $41,638 and the median family income was $50,009. Males had a median income of $33,566 versus $22,558 for females. The per capita income for the county was $19,442. About 4.40% of families and 6.00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.70% of those under age 18 and 6.40% of those age 65 or over.

Points of interest
The Pappas Telecasting Tower, with a height of 603.5 m, is one of the tallest masts in the world.

Notable people

 * William G. Kirchner, Minnesota state legislator and banker
 * Ralph Klemme, Iowa state legislator and farmer
 * Jim Nicholson, Former Secretary of Veterans Affairs, Republican National Chairman and U.S. Ambassador to the Vatican
 * Johnny Niggeling, Major league baseball pitcher
 * Paul Rust, actor and comedian
 * Thomas Starzl, innovator in organ transplant surgery
 * Isaac S. Struble, Congressman (1883–1891) after whom Struble is named
 * William Garner Waddel, South Dakota State Senator

Cities

 * Akron
 * Brunsville
 * Craig
 * Hinton
 * Kingsley
 * Le Mars
 * Merrill
 * Oyens
 * Remsen
 * Sioux City (mostly in Woodbury County)
 * Struble
 * Westfield

Unincorporated communities

 * Adaville
 * Brookdale
 * Crathorne
 * Ellendale
 * James
 * Mammen
 * Melbourne
 * Millnerville
 * Neptune
 * O'Leary
 * Potosia
 * Ruble
 * Seney
 * Union Center
 * West Le Mars
 * Wren
 * Yeomans

Population ranking
The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2020 census of Plymouth County.

† county seat

Politics
Like most of Northwest Iowa, Plymouth County is a Republican Party stronghold. Lyndon B. Johnson is the last Democrat to win the county in a presidential election, and in elections from 1896 on it has only been won by a Democrat nationally four other times.

Political Subdivisions

 * America
 * Elgin
 * Elkhorn
 * Fredonia
 * Garfield
 * Grant
 * Hancock
 * Henry
 * Hungerford
 * Johnson
 * Liberty
 * Lincoln
 * Marion
 * Meadow
 * Perry
 * Plymouth
 * Portland
 * Preston
 * Remsen
 * Sioux
 * Stanton
 * Union
 * Washington
 * Westfield

title: Plymouth County, Iowa


text:
Palo Alto County, Iowa

Palo Alto County is a county located in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2020 census, the population was 8,996. The county seat is Emmetsburg. It is named after the Battle of Palo Alto, the first major battle of the Mexican–American War.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 569 sqmi, of which 564 sqmi is land and 5.6 sqmi (1.0%) is water.

Major highways

 * US 18.svg U.S. Highway 18
 * Circle sign 4.svg Iowa Highway 4
 * Elongated circle 15.svg Iowa Highway 15

Adjacent counties

 * Emmet County (north)
 * Kossuth County (east)
 * Pocahontas County (south)
 * Clay County (west)

2020 census
The 2020 census recorded a population of 8,996 in the county, with a population density of. 96.59% of the population reported being of one race. 91.05% were non-Hispanic White, 0.58% were Black, 3.05% were Hispanic, 0.26% were Native American, 0.43% were Asian, 0.07% were Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander and 4.57% were some other race or more than one race. There were 4,516 housing units, of which 3,831 were occupied.

2010 census
The 2010 census recorded a population of 9,421 in the county, with a population density of. There were 4,628 housing units, of which 3,994 were occupied.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 10,147 people, 4,119 households, and 2,673 families residing in the county. The population density was 18 /mi2. There were 4,631 housing units at an average density of 8 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 98.62% White, 0.09% Black or African American, 0.19% Native American, 0.31% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.19% from other races, and 0.57% from two or more races. 0.76% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 4,119 households, out of which 28.50% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.30% were married couples living together, 5.90% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.10% were non-families. 30.40% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.96.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 24.00% under the age of 18, 9.50% from 18 to 24, 23.20% from 25 to 44, 21.90% from 45 to 64, and 21.30% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 94.70 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.10 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $32,409, and the median income for a family was $41,808. Males had a median income of $28,344 versus $19,655 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,733. About 6.60% of families and 10.60% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.20% of those under age 18 and 9.10% of those age 65 or over.

Communities

 * Ayrshire
 * Curlew
 * Cylinder
 * Emmetsburg
 * Graettinger
 * Mallard
 * Rodman
 * Ruthven
 * West Bend (partially)

Townships

 * Booth
 * Ellington
 * Emmetsburg
 * Fairfield
 * Fern Valley
 * Freedom
 * Great Oak
 * Highland
 * Independence
 * Lost Island
 * Nevada
 * Rush Lake
 * Silver Lake
 * Vernon
 * Walnut
 * West Bend

Population ranking
The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2020 census of Palo Alto County.

† county seat

Politics
Between 1896 and 2008, Palo Alto County was a very reliable bellwether county, backing the nationwide winner in every election except for 1984 and 1988, when a farm crisis caused a loss of Republican support in Iowa amidst an otherwise national landslide for the party in both elections. More recent elections have significantly favored Republicans, as in 2016, Donald Trump became the first nominee of any party to capture at least 65% of the county's vote since Lyndon B. Johnson in his national landslide of 1964. Trump's margin of victory of nearly 36% was the largest in the county since Warren G. Harding in 1920. Trump improved on his first performance in 2020, obtaining almost 68% of the vote in Palo Alto County and grew his margin of victory to over 37%. It was the best vote share for any candidate in the county since Harding a century earlier.

title: Palo Alto County, Iowa