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Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood

The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood  (PRB, later known as the Pre-Raphaelites) was a group of English painters, poets, and art critics, founded in 1848 by William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, William Michael Rossetti, James Collinson, Frederic George Stephens and Thomas Woolner who formed a seven-member "Brotherhood" partly modelled on the Nazarene movement. The Brotherhood was only ever a loose association and their principles were shared by other artists of the time, including Ford Madox Brown, Arthur Hughes and Marie Spartali Stillman. Later followers of the principles of the Brotherhood included Edward Burne-Jones, William Morris and John William Waterhouse.

The group sought a return to the abundant detail, intense colours and complex compositions of Quattrocento Italian art. They rejected what they regarded as the mechanistic approach first adopted by Mannerist artists who succeeded Raphael and Michelangelo. The Brotherhood believed the Classical poses and elegant compositions of Raphael in particular had been a corrupting influence on the academic teaching of art, hence the name "Pre-Raphaelite". In particular, the group objected to the influence of Sir Joshua Reynolds, founder of the English Royal Academy of Arts, whom they called "Sir Sloshua". To the Pre-Raphaelites, according to William Michael Rossetti, "sloshy" meant "anything lax or scamped in the process of painting ... and hence ... any thing or person of a commonplace or conventional kind". The group associated their work with John Ruskin, an English critic whose influences were driven by his religious background. Christian themes were abundant.

The group continued to accept the concepts of history painting and mimesis, imitation of nature, as central to the purpose of art. The Pre-Raphaelites defined themselves as a reform movement, created a distinct name for their form of art, and published a periodical, The Germ, to promote their ideas. The group's debates were recorded in the Pre-Raphaelite Journal. The Brotherhood separated after almost five years.

Beginnings
The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood was founded in John Millais's parents' house on Gower Street, London in 1848. At the first meeting, the painters John Everett Millais, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, and William Holman Hunt were present. Hunt and Millais were students at the Royal Academy of Arts and had met in another loose association, the Cyclographic Club, a sketching society. At his own request Rossetti became a pupil of Ford Madox Brown in 1848. At that date, Rossetti and Hunt shared lodgings in Cleveland Street, Fitzrovia, Central London. Hunt had started painting The Eve of St. Agnes based on Keats's poem of the same name, but it was not completed until 1867.

As an aspiring poet, Rossetti wished to develop the links between Romantic poetry and art. By autumn, four more members, painters James Collinson and Frederic George Stephens, Rossetti's brother, poet and critic William Michael Rossetti, and sculptor Thomas Woolner, had joined to form a seven-member-strong brotherhood. Ford Madox Brown was invited to join, but the more senior artist remained independent but supported the group throughout the PRB period of Pre-Raphaelitism and contributed to The Germ. Other young painters and sculptors became close associates, including Charles Allston Collins, and Alexander Munro. The PRB intended to keep the existence of the brotherhood secret from members of the Royal Academy.

Early doctrines
The brotherhood's early doctrines, as defined by William Michael Rossetti, were expressed in four declarations:
 * 1) to have genuine ideas to express;
 * 2) to study Nature attentively, so as to know how to express them;
 * 3) to sympathise with what is direct and serious and heartfelt in previous art, to the exclusion of what is conventional and self-parading and learned by rote; and
 * 4) most indispensable of all, to produce thoroughly good pictures and statues.

The principles were deliberately non dogmatic, since the brotherhood wished to emphasise the personal responsibility of individual artists to determine their own ideas and methods of depiction. Influenced by Romanticism, the members thought freedom and responsibility were inseparable. Nevertheless, they were particularly fascinated by medieval culture, believing it to possess a spiritual and creative integrity that had been lost in later eras. The emphasis on medieval culture clashed with principles of realism which stress the independent observation of nature. In its early stages, the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood believed its two interests were consistent with one another, but in later years the movement divided and moved in two directions. The realists were led by Hunt and Millais, while the medievalists were led by Rossetti and his followers, Edward Burne-Jones and William Morris. The split was never absolute, since both factions believed that art was essentially spiritual in character, opposing their idealism to the materialist realism associated with Courbet and Impressionism.

The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood was greatly influenced by nature and its members used great detail to show the natural world using bright and sharp-focus techniques on a white canvas. In attempts to revive the brilliance of colour found in Quattrocento art, Hunt and Millais developed a technique of painting in thin glazes of pigment over a wet white ground in the hope that the colours would retain jewel-like transparency and clarity. Their emphasis on brilliance of colour was a reaction to the excessive use of bitumen by earlier British artists, such as Reynolds, David Wilkie and Benjamin Robert Haydon. Bitumen produces unstable areas of muddy darkness, an effect the Pre-Raphaelites despised.

In 1848, Rossetti and Hunt made a list of "Immortals", artistic heroes whom they admired, especially from literature, some of whose work would form subjects for PRB paintings, notably including Keats and Tennyson.

First exhibitions and publications
The first exhibitions of Pre-Raphaelite work occurred in 1849. Both Millais's Isabella (1848–1849) and Holman Hunt's Rienzi (1848–1849) were exhibited at the Royal Academy. Rossetti's The Girlhood of Mary Virgin was shown at a Free Exhibition on Hyde Park Corner. As agreed, all members of the brotherhood signed their work with their name and the initials "PRB". Between January and April 1850, the group published a literary magazine, The Germ edited by William Rossetti which published poetry by the Rossettis, Woolner, and Collinson and essays on art and literature by associates of the brotherhood, such as Coventry Patmore. As the short run-time implies, the magazine did not manage to achieve sustained momentum. (Daly 1989)

Public controversy
In 1850, the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood became the subject of controversy after the exhibition of Millais' painting Christ in the House of His Parents was considered to be blasphemous by many reviewers, notably Charles Dickens. Dickens considered Millais's Mary to be ugly. Millais had used his sister-in-law, Mary Hodgkinson, as the model for Mary in his painting. The brotherhood's medievalism was attacked as backward-looking and its extreme devotion to detail was condemned as ugly and jarring to the eye. According to Dickens, Millais made the Holy Family look like alcoholics and slum-dwellers, adopting contorted and absurd "medieval" poses.

After the controversy, James Collinson resigned from the Brotherhood due to his belief that it was bringing the Christian religion into disrepute. The remaining members met to discuss whether he should be replaced by Charles Allston Collins or Walter Howell Deverell, but were unable to make a decision. From that point the group disbanded, though its influence continued. Artists who had worked in the style initially continued but no longer signed works "PRB".

The brotherhood found support from the critic John Ruskin, who praised its devotion to nature and rejection of conventional methods of composition. The Pre-Raphaelites were influenced by Ruskin's theories. He wrote to The Times defending their work and subsequently met them. Initially, he favoured Millais, who travelled to Scotland in the summer of 1853 with Ruskin and Ruskin's wife, Euphemia Chalmers Ruskin, née Gray (now best known as Effie Gray). The main object of the journey was to paint Ruskin's portrait. Effie became increasingly attached to Millais, creating a crisis. In subsequent annulment proceedings, Ruskin himself made a statement to his lawyer to the effect that his marriage had been unconsummated. The marriage was annulled on grounds of non-consummation, leaving Effie free to marry Millais, but causing a public scandal. Millais began to move away from the Pre-Raphaelite style after his marriage, and Ruskin ultimately attacked his later works. Ruskin continued to support Hunt and Rossetti and provided funds to encourage the art of Elizabeth Siddall, Rossetti's wife.

By 1853 the original PRB had virtually dissolved, with only Holman Hunt remaining true to its stated aims. But the term "Pre-Raphaelite" stuck to Rossetti and others, including William Morris and Edward Burne-Jones, with whom he became involved in Oxford in 1857. Hence the term Pre-Raphaelite is associated with a much wider and long-lived art movement.

Later developments and influence
Artists influenced by the brotherhood include John Brett, Philip Calderon, Arthur Hughes, Gustave Moreau, Evelyn De Morgan, Frederic Sandys (who entered the Pre-Raphaelite circle in 1857) and John William Waterhouse. Ford Madox Brown, who was associated with them from the beginning, is often seen as most closely adopting the Pre-Raphaelite principles. One follower who developed his own distinct style was Aubrey Beardsley, who was pre-eminently influenced by Burne-Jones.

After 1856, Dante Gabriel Rossetti became an inspiration for the medievalising strand of the movement. He was the link between the two types of Pre-Raphaelite painting (nature and Romance) after the PRB became lost in the later decades of the century. Rossetti, although the least committed to the brotherhood, continued the name and changed its style. He began painting versions of femme fatales using models including Jane Morris, in paintings such as Proserpine, The Day Dream, and La Pia de' Tolomei. His work influenced his friend William Morris, in whose firm Morris, Marshall, Faulkner & Co. he became a partner, and with whose wife Jane he may have had an affair. Ford Madox Brown and Edward Burne-Jones also became partners in the firm. Through Morris's company, the ideals of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood influenced many interior designers and architects, arousing interest in medieval designs and other crafts leading to the Arts and Crafts movement headed by William Morris. Holman Hunt was involved with the movement to reform design through the Della Robbia Pottery company.

After 1850, Hunt and Millais moved away from direct imitation of medieval art. They stressed the realist and scientific aspects of the movement, though Hunt continued to emphasise the spiritual significance of art, seeking to reconcile religion and science by making accurate observations and studies of locations in Egypt and Palestine for his paintings on biblical subjects. In contrast, Millais abandoned Pre-Raphaelitism after 1860, adopting a much broader and looser style influenced by Reynolds. William Morris and others condemned his reversal of principles.

Pre-Raphaelitism had a significant impact in Scotland and on Scottish artists. The figure in Scottish art most associated with the Pre-Raphaelites was the Aberdeen-born William Dyce (1806–1864). Dyce befriended the young Pre-Raphaelites in London and introduced their work to Ruskin. His later work was Pre-Raphaelite in its spirituality, as can be seen in his The Man of Sorrows and David in the Wilderness (both 1860), which contain a Pre-Raphaelite attention to detail. Joseph Noel Paton (1821–1901) studied at the Royal Academy schools in London, where he became a friend of Millais and he subsequently followed him into Pre-Raphaelitism, producing pictures that stressed detail and melodrama such as The Bludie Tryst (1855). His later paintings, like those of Millais, have been criticised for descending into popular sentimentality. Also influenced by Millais was James Archer (1823–1904), whose work includes Summertime, Gloucestershire (1860) and who from 1861 began a series of Arthurian-based paintings including La Morte d'Arthur and Sir Lancelot and Queen Guinevere.

Pre-Raphaelism also inspired painters like Lawrence Alma-Tadema. The movement influenced many later British artists into the 20th century.

Rossetti came to be seen as a precursor of the wider European Symbolist movement. There is evidence to suggest that a number of paintings by the German artist Paula Modersohn-Becker were influenced by Rossetti.

Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery has a world-renowned collection of works by Burne-Jones and the Pre-Raphaelites that, some claim, strongly influenced the young J. R. R. Tolkien, who wrote The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, with influences taken from the same mythological scenes portrayed by the Pre-Raphaelites. Tolkien considered his own group of school friends and artistic associates, the so-called TCBS, as a group in the vein of the Pre-Raphaelites. In the 20th century artistic ideals changed, and art moved away from representing reality. After the First World War, Pre-Raphaelite art was devalued for its literary qualities and was scorned by critics as sentimental and concocted "artistic bric-a-brac". In the 1960s there was a major revival of Pre-Raphaelitism. Exhibitions and catalogues of works, culminating in a 1984 exhibition in London's Tate Gallery, re-established a canon of Pre-Raphaelite work. Among many other exhibitions, there was another large show at Tate Britain in 2012–13.

In the late 20th century the Brotherhood of Ruralists based its aims on Pre-Raphaelitism, while the Stuckists and the Birmingham Group have also derived inspiration from it.

Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood

 * James Collinson (painter)
 * William Holman Hunt (painter)
 * John Everett Millais (painter)
 * Dante Gabriel Rossetti (painter, poet)
 * William Michael Rossetti (critic)
 * Frederic George Stephens (critic)
 * Thomas Woolner (sculptor, poet)

Associated artists and figures

 * John Brett (painter)
 * Ford Madox Brown (painter, designer)
 * Lucy Madox Brown (painter, writer)
 * Richard Burchett (painter, educator)
 * Edward Burne-Jones (painter, designer)
 * Charles Allston Collins (painter)
 * Frank Cadogan Cowper (painter)
 * Fanny Cornforth (artist's model)
 * Evelyn De Morgan (painter)
 * Walter Deverell (painter)
 * Fanny Eaton (artist's model)
 * Frederick Startridge Ellis (publisher, editor, poet)
 * John William Godward (painter)
 * Effie Gray (artist's model)
 * Henry Holiday (painter, stained-glass artist, illustrator)
 * Arthur Hughes (painter, book illustrator)
 * Edward Robert Hughes (painter and artist's model)
 * Frederic, Lord Leighton (painter)
 * Mary Lizzie Macomber (painter)
 * Robert Braithwaite Martineau (painter)
 * Annie Miller (artist's model)
 * Jane Morris (artist's model)
 * Louisa, Marchioness of Waterford (painter and artist's model)
 * May Morris (embroiderer and designer)
 * William Morris (designer, writer)
 * Christina Rossetti (poet and artist's model)
 * John Ruskin (critic)
 * Anthony Frederick Augustus Sandys (painter)
 * Emma Sandys (painter)
 * Thomas Seddon (painter)
 * Frederic Shields (painter)
 * Elizabeth Siddal (artist, poet, and artist's model)
 * Simeon Solomon (painter)
 * Marie Spartali Stillman (painter)
 * Algernon Charles Swinburne (poet)
 * Henry Wallis (painter)
 * William Lindsay Windus (painter)

Loosely associated artists

 * Lawrence Alma-Tadema (painter)
 * Sophie Gengembre Anderson (painter)
 * Wyke Bayliss (painter)
 * George Price Boyce (painter)
 * Joanna Mary Boyce (painter)
 * Sir Frederick William Burton (painter)
 * Kate Elizabeth Bunce (painter)
 * Julia Margaret Cameron (photographer)
 * James Campbell (painter)
 * Joseph Clare (painter)
 * John Collier (painter)
 * Marian Collier (painter)
 * William Davis (painter)
 * Frank Bernard Dicksee (painter)
 * Thomas Cooper Gotch (painter)
 * Charles Edward Hallé (painter)
 * John Lee (painter)
 * Edmund Leighton (painter)
 * James Lionel Michael (minor poet, mentor to Henry Kendall)
 * Charles William Mitchell (painter)
 * Joseph Noel Paton (painter)
 * Charles Edward Perugini (painter)
 * Gustav Pope (painter)
 * Henry Meynell Rheam (painter)
 * Frederick Smallfield (painter)
 * James Tissot (painter)
 * Elihu Vedder (painter)
 * John William Waterhouse (painter)
 * George Frederic Watts (painter, sculptor)
 * William James Webbe (painter)
 * Daniel Alexander Williamson (painter)
 * James Abbott McNeill Whistler (painter)
 * Aubrey Beardsley (painter)

Illustration and poetry
Many members of the 'inner' Pre-Raphaelite circle (Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Everett Millais, William Holman Hunt, Ford Madox Brown, Edward Burne-Jones) and 'outer' circle (Frederick Sandys, Arthur Hughes, Simeon Solomon, Henry Hugh Armstead, Joseph Noel Paton, Frederic Shields, Matthew James Lawless) were working concurrently in painting, illustration, and sometimes poetry. Victorian morality judged literature as superior to painting, because of its "noble grounds for noble emotion." Robert Buchanan (a writer and opponent of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood) felt so strongly about this artistic hierarchy that he wrote: "The truth is that literature, and more particularly poetry, is in a very bad way when one art gets hold of another, and imposes upon it its conditions and limitations." This was the hostile environment in which Pre-Raphaelites were defiantly working in various media. The Pre-Raphaelites attempted to revitalize subject painting, which had been dismissed as artificial. Their belief that each picture should tell a story was an important step for the unification of painting and literature (eventually deemed the Sister Arts ), or at least a break in the rigid hierarchy promoted by writers like Robert Buchanan.

The Pre-Raphaelite desire for more extensive affiliation between painting and literature also manifested in illustration. Illustration is a more direct unification of these media and, like subject painting, can assert a narrative of its own. For the Pre-Raphaelites, and Dante Gabriel Rossetti specifically, there was anxiety about the constraints of illustration. In 1855, Rossetti wrote to William Allingham about the independence of illustration: "I have not begun even designing for them yet, but fancy I shall try the 'Vision of Sin' and 'Palace of Art' etc. – those where one can allegorize on one's own hook, without killing for oneself and everyone a distinct idea of the poet's." This passage makes apparent Rossetti's desire to not just support the poet's narrative, but to create an allegorical illustration that functions separately from the text as well. In this respect, Pre-Raphaelite illustrations go beyond depicting an episode from a poem, but rather function like subject paintings within a text.

Collections
There are major collections of Pre-Raphaelite work in United Kingdom museums such as the Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery, the Tate Gallery, Victoria and Albert Museum, Manchester Art Gallery, Lady Lever Art Gallery, and Liverpool's Walker Art Gallery. The Art Gallery of South Australia and the Delaware Art Museum in the US have the most significant collections of Pre-Raphaelite art outside the UK. The Museo de Arte de Ponce in Puerto Rico also has a notable collection of Pre-Raphaelite works, including Sir Edward Burne-Jones' The Last Sleep of Arthur in Avalon, Frederic Lord Leighton's Flaming June, and works by William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, and Frederic Sandys. The Ger Eenens Collection The Netherlands includes a work by John Collier, Circe (signed and dated 1885), that was exhibited at the Chicago World Fair 1893. The British exhibit occupied 14 rooms, showcased a theme familiar with the Fair's outlook, hence they had a sizeable exhibit of Pre-Raphaelite and New-Classical painters. They were extremely well received.

There is a set of Pre-Raphaelite murals in the Old Library at the Oxford Union, depicting scenes from the Arthurian legends, painted between 1857 and 1859 by a team of Dante Gabriel Rossetti, William Morris, and Edward Burne-Jones. The National Trust houses at Wightwick Manor, Wolverhampton, and at Wallington Hall, Northumberland, both have significant and representative collections. Andrew Lloyd Webber is an avid collector of Pre-Raphaelite works, and a selection of 300 items from his collection were shown at an exhibition at the Royal Academy in London in 2003.

Kelmscott Manor, the country home of William Morris from 1871 until his death in 1896, is owned by the Society of Antiquaries of London and is open to the public. The Manor is featured in Morris' 1890 novel News from Nowhere. It also appears in the background of Water Willow, a portrait of his wife, Jane Morris, painted by Dante Gabriel Rossetti in 1871. There are exhibitions connected with Morris and Rossetti's early experiments with photography.

Portrayal in popular culture
The story of the brotherhood, from its controversial first exhibition to being embraced by the art establishment, has been depicted in two BBC television series. The first, The Love School, was broadcast in 1975; the second is the 2009 BBC television drama serial Desperate Romantics by Peter Bowker. Although much of the latter's material is derived from Franny Moyle's factual book Desperate Romantics: The Private Lives of the Pre-Raphaelites, the series occasionally departs from established facts in favour of dramatic licence and is prefaced by the disclaimer: "In the mid-19th century, a group of young men challenged the art establishment of the day. The pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood were inspired by the real world around them, yet took imaginative licence in their art. This story, based on their lives and loves, follows in that inventive spirit."

Ken Russell's television film Dante's Inferno (1967) contains brief scenes on some of the leading Pre-Raphaelites but mainly concentrates on the life of Rossetti, played by Oliver Reed.

Chapter 36 of the 1952 novel East of Eden by John Steinbeck references pre-Raphaelite influenced images used to identify different classrooms: "The pictures identified the rooms, and the pre-Raphaelite influence was overwhelming. Galahad standing in full armor pointed the way for third-graders; Atalanta's race urged on the fourth, the Pot of Basil confused the fifth grade, and so on until the denunciation of Catiline sent the eighth-graders on to high school with a sense of high civic virtue. Cal and Aron were assigned to the seventh grade because of their age, and they learned every shadow of its picture—Laocoön completely wrapped in snakes".

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title: Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood


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Where Is Everybody?

"Where Is Everybody?" is the first episode of the American anthology television series The Twilight Zone and was originally broadcast on 2 October 1959, on CBS. It is one of the most realistic Twilight Zone episodes, as it features no supernatural elements and is based on fairly straightforward extrapolation of science.

Televised pilot
The following narration was used in the later-released versions of the episode which had been dubbed over by Rod Serling as narrator, where the phrase "the sixth dimension" is replaced with "the fifth dimension" to fall in line with later episodes of The Twilight Zone.There is a fifth dimension beyond that which is known to man. It is a dimension as vast as space, and as timeless as infinity. It is the middle ground between light and shadow, between science and superstition, and it lies between the pit of man's fears, and the summit of his knowledge. This is the dimension of imagination. It is an area which we call, The Twilight Zone.

The Twilight Zone
The place is here. The time is now, and the journey into the shadows that we are about to watch, could be our journey.

Plot
A man finds himself walking alone on a dirt road, with no memory of who he is or how he got there. He finds a diner and walks in to find a jukebox playing loudly, but nobody present; he lowers the volume and continues to call out. Eventually, he heads into the kitchen where he finds a hot pot of coffee on the stove and freshly made pies, but still no other people besides himself. He accidentally knocks over and breaks a clock, at which point the jukebox stops playing.

The man leaves the diner and walks to a nearby town; he sees a parked truck with an apparent female passenger, but "she" turns out to be a mannequin. Like the diner, the rest of the town seems deserted, but the man feels he is being watched and that there is someone around. The phone rings in a telephone booth and he dashes to answer it. There is nobody on the line and he can only raise a recorded message when he tries to call the operator. He grows unsettled as he wanders through the empty town, increasingly anxious to find someone to talk to.

Inside the police station, he uses the radio ("Calling all cars, calling all cars, unknown man walking around police station..."); then he notices a lit cigar in an ashtray. This prods him to check the jail cells in back. In one cell, there is evidence that someone had recently been there shaving. He declares that he wants to "wake up now", and makes his way to the soda shop. As he makes himself a sundae, he considers his situation to be a dream he must be having and marvels at how detailed it is. He idly spins a few racks of paperback books until he notices an entire rack of books titled The Last Man on Earth, Feb. 1959 already spinning. This spooks him and he quickly leaves.

As night falls, lights turn on and the man is drawn to the illuminated movie theater marquee. The advertised film is Battle Hymn and an advertisement outside of a man dressed as he is, directing a fighter jet on the tarmac, causes him to realize that he is in the U.S. Air Force. Running inside and finding nobody in the audience, he begins to wonder what could have happened with the Air Force that resulted in his being in this situation, until the film begins to play. He runs to the projection booth, finding it empty; in a panic, he runs downstairs and crashes into a mirror. When he recovers from this shock, he gives in to terror and races through the streets until he comes upon a "walk" button and desperately pushes it over and over, begging for help. The button is revealed to be a panic button: the man—Sergeant Mike Ferris—is actually in an isolation booth being observed by a group of uniformed servicemen. He has been undergoing tests to determine his fitness as an astronaut and whether he can handle a prolonged trip to the Moon alone; the town was a hallucination caused by sensory deprivation. He had been in the booth for over 484 hours.

The officiating general warns Ferris that while his basic needs will be provided for in space travel, he will not have companionship: "next time [he will] really be alone". As Ferris is carried from the hangar on a stretcher, he looks into the sky and tells the Moon, "don't go away up there" and, "we'll be up there in a little while".

Closing narration
The barrier of loneliness: The palpable, desperate need of the human animal to be with his fellow man. Up there, up there in the vastness of space, in the void that is sky, up there is an enemy known as isolation. It sits there in the stars waiting, waiting with the patience of eons, forever waiting... in The Twilight Zone.

Preview for next week's story
Next week, I'll have a reunion with a unique talent and a valued friend, our first since "Requiem for a Heavyweight". Next week on The Twilight Zone, Mr. Ed Wynn stars in "One for the Angels," playing an old pitchman who sells mechanical toys like this, but whose competition is Mr. Death. We hope you'll join us then. Thank you and good night.

Production
Serling's original pilot for The Twilight Zone was "The Happy Place", which revolved around a society in which people were executed upon reaching the age of 60, being considered no longer useful. CBS executive William Self rejected the story, feeling it was too dark; Serling eventually relented and wrote "Where is Everybody?" as a more acceptable substitute. Unlike other episodes, which were filmed at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, "Where is Everybody?" was filmed at Universal Studios, using Courthouse Square as the episode's Oakwood town.

The episode originally featured Westbrook Van Voorhis as narrator. When Voorhis was unavailable for later episodes, Serling re-recorded the narration himself for consistency. Serling notably changed the opening narration to place the Twilight Zone within the fifth dimension, among other alterations.

Serling later adapted "Where is Everybody?" for a novelization titled Stories From the Twilight Zone. Serling allegedly grew dissatisfied with the lack of science fiction content and changed the story to include Ferris discovering a movie ticket in his pocket while on the stretcher. A variation on this plotline was used in the episode "King Nine Will Not Return".

Reception
The New York Times praised the episode, saying that Serling proved "that science cannot foretell what may be the effect of total isolation on a human being", though "[the episode's] resolution... seemed trite and anticlimactic. In the desultory field of filmed half-hour drama, however, Mr. Serling should not have much trouble in making his mark. At least his series promises to be different."

Charles Beaumont praised the episode in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, writing that he "read Serling's first script... Old stuff? Of course. I thought so at the time... but there was one element in the story which kept me from my customary bitterness. The element was quality. Quality shone on every page. It shone in the dialogue and in the scene set-ups. And because of this, the story seemed fresh and new and powerful. There was one compromise, but it was made for the purpose of selling the series."

title: Where Is Everybody?


text:
William Wollaston

William Wollaston (26 March 1659 – 29 October 1724) was a school teacher, Church of England priest, scholar of Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, theologian, and a major Enlightenment era English philosopher. He is remembered today for one book, which he completed two years before his death: The Religion of Nature Delineated. He led a cloistered life, but in terms of eighteenth-century philosophy and the concept of natural religion, he is ranked with British Enlightenment philosophers such as Locke, Berkeley, and Hume.

Wollaston's work contributed to the development of two important intellectual schools: British Deism, and "the pursuit of happiness" moral philosophy of American Practical Idealism, a phrase which appears in the United States Declaration of Independence.

Life
Wollaston was born at Coton Clanford in Staffordshire, on 26 March 1659. He was born to a family long-established in Staffordshire, and was distantly related to Sir John Wollaston, the Alderman and Lord Mayor of London. However, his family was not wealthy. At the age of ten, he began school at a Latin school newly opened in Shenstone, Staffordshire, and continued in country free schools until he was admitted to Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, at the age of 15, in June 1674. From his writings it is clear that he was an excellent scholar, "extremely well versed" in languages and literature.

In his last year at Cambridge, Wollaston published anonymously a small book, On the Design of the Book of Ecclesiastes, or the Unreasonableness of Men's Restless Contention for the Present Enjoyments, represented in an English Poem (London, 1691). Apparently embarrassed by his own work, Wollaston almost immediately suppressed it.

After leaving Cambridge in September 1681, he became an assistant master at King Edward's School, Birmingham and took holy orders. At this time, he became Perpetual curate of St Mary's Church, Moseley from 1684 – 1686.

In 1688 his cousin William Wollaston of Shenton left him a fortune and the family estates, including Finborough manor, Suffolk and the reversion of Shenton Hall, Leicestershire, and in November of the same year he settled in London. There Wollaston devoted himself to private study of learning and philosophy, seldom leaving the city and declining to accept any public employment. In retirement, he published The Religion of Nature Delineated (1722) in a private edition. He wrote extensively on language, philosophy, religion, and history, but in the last few years of his life, he committed most of his manuscripts to the flames, as his health worsened and he began to feel that he would never be able to complete them to his satisfaction.

Wollaston suffered from fragile health throughout his life. Just after completing The Religion of Nature Delineated, he broke his arm in an accident, and his strength declined and illnesses increased until his death on 29 October 1724. His body was carried to Great Finborough in Suffolk, where he was buried beside his wife.

Argument
The Religion of Nature Delineated was an attempt to create a system of ethics without recourse to revealed religion. He claimed originality for his theory that the moral evil is the practical denial of a true proposition and moral good the affirmation of it, writing that this attempt to use mathematics to create a rationalist ethics was "something never met with anywhere". Wollaston "held that religious truths were plain as Euclid, clear to all who contemplated Creation." Newton had induced natural laws from a mathematical model of the physical world; similarly, Wollaston was attempting to induce moral laws by a mathematical model of the moral world.

Influence
More than 10,000 copies were sold in the just first few years alone with 15 imprints prior to 1800. A biography of the author was added to the 8th edition in 1750.

Wollaston's idea of a Natural religion without revelation briefly inspired and revived the movement known as Deism in England. Some today consider him a "Christian Deist", while others note that there is no "significant evidence that William Wollaston was not a more or less orthodox Christian."

Although Wollaston's ideas could be argued to have anticipated both Scottish Common Sense Realism and Utilitarianism proponents of later schools of philosophy criticised and sometimes even ridiculed Wollaston. These included Francis Hutcheson, David Hume, Richard Price, and Jeremy Bentham.

After 1759 no further edition of his work was published in the rest of the century.

Benjamin Franklin worked as a compositor on one of the 1726 editions of the book and wrote the short pamphlet A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain in response. Later, however, he found his pamphlet "so shallow and unconvincing as to be embarrassing", and burned as many copies as he could find. Although rejecting Deism, he retained a fondness for the "pursuit of happiness", believing that God was best served by doing good works and helping other people.

It was a major influence on the American educator Rev. Dr. Samuel Johnson's college philosophy textbooks. Its focus on practice as well as speculation attracted a more mature Franklin, who commissioned and published Johnson's textbook Elementa Philosophica in 1752, then promoted it in the College of Philadelphia (now Penn University).

Family
On 26 November 1689, Wollaston married Catharine Charlton (died 21 July 1720). They had eleven children together, four of whom died within his lifetime. They included:

 * Charlton, the eldest son, died unmarried in 1729
 * William, Member of Parliament for Ipswich
 * Francis (1694–1774) FRS, third son
 * John, fifth son, died 1720.

title: William Wollaston


text:
Myriam Bédard

Myriam Bédard, (born December 22, 1969) is a Canadian retired biathlete. She represented Canada at two Winter Olympics winning gold medals, and a bronze medal. As of 2022, Bédard is the only Canadian biathlete, male or female, ever to win an Olympic medal, and the only North American biathlete ever to win Olympic gold.

Olympic career
Myriam Bédard was born in 1969. Born in Loretteville, Quebec, Bédard learned marksmanship as a member of the Royal Canadian Army Cadets' 2772 cadet corps, which she joined at the age of 15, and participated in her first biathlon event at age 15. She became Canadian junior champion in the sport in 1987.

In 1991, Bédard was the second Canadian to win a biathlon World Cup event, and she formed part of the Canadian team at the 1992 Winter Olympics, in Albertville, France – the first time women competed in biathlon at the Olympics – and Bédard won a bronze medal in the 15 km. The following year she won her first major title, as she won the 7.5 km event at the World Championships, also placing second in the 15 km race.

At the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway, she improved this performance and won both individual events, then served as Canada's flag bearer in the closing ceremony. She was also awarded the Lou Marsh Trophy in 1994 for the year's top performance by a Canadian athlete, as well as the Velma Springstead Trophy for best Canadian female athlete.

In March 1994, she was awarded the Meritorious Service Cross.

She is an honorary member of the Royal Military College of Canada, student # S120....

Post-Olympic career
She briefly retired from the sport to give birth to her daughter (the father was another biathlete, and soldier, Jean Paquet). Her comeback was not very successful, being hampered by injuries. After the 1998 Winter Olympics, Bédard retired from biathlon. She later announced an attempt to make the Canadian Olympic team as a speed skater, but did not pursue this goal for long. In 2004, Bédard was one of eight persons (and the only woman) in the International Biathlon Union's (IBU) executive board, where she served as the IBU's vice-president responsible for special issues.

On February 27, 2004, in the context of the sponsorship scandal that came to light soon after Prime Minister Jean Chrétien left office, Bédard asserted that she had been forced to resign from her marketing department job at Via Rail in 2002 shortly after raising concerns about the company's dealings with advertiser Groupaction. Responses to her allegations led to the firings a few days later of Via Rail chair Jean Pelletier and president Marc LeFrançois.

However, in testimony before the Standing Committee on Public Accounts in late March 2004, Bédard made further allegations that were met with widespread skepticism: she claimed that she had been told that Groupaction was involved in drug trafficking, that her partner Nima Mazhari had personally convinced Prime Minister Chrétien to keep Canada out of the war in Iraq, and that Québécois race car legend Jacques Villeneuve had been paid $12 million to wear a Canadian flag on his uniform. Villeneuve strongly denied the latter allegation, calling it "ludicrous."

According to CBC News, an arbitrator's report later concluded that Bédard had voluntarily left Via Rail.

On December 8, 2006, a Canada-wide arrest warrant was issued for Bédard for the abduction of her daughter. Bédard was in Washington, D.C. Bédard was arrested by the United States Marshals Service in Columbia, Maryland. She was detained in Columbia, Maryland until her extradition to Canada. She appeared in court in Baltimore, Maryland on December 26, 2006. Her daughter was under the care of the United States Marshals Service prior to being returned to her father December 23. Bédard returned to Canada on January 4, 2007. On September 20, 2007, a jury at a Quebec City found Bédard guilty of child abduction for violating a child custody agreement. On October 9, 2007, she was sentenced to a conditional discharge and two years probation. Bédard was also charged with contempt of court later on and sentenced to 45 days of community service.

title: Myriam Bédard


text:
Talk:Todd McFarlane

Mark McGuire's home run ball
Isn't he the guy who paid $3 million for Mark McGuire's 70th home run ball? If so, I wonder what it's worth now? 17:41, 13 October 2002 209.105.200.196

No article for Spawn?
? Todd Macflarne is a person, he isn't spawn how come there isn't a seperate article on him><ino 06:34, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

Toy designer
While Todd certainly put out toys, is there any indication that he actually designs them himself?Zentinel 23:40, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

 * no, he doesn't. He just won't credit those who do the work. The 4 Horsemen(the guys who did the MOTU and DC Mattel lines) and some NECA guys did a lot of older Spawn toy sculpting.

Lance Gueck
Is Lance Gueck the credited scripter of Spawn #1? Can this be verified?

Spawn/venom?
Is it just me or does venom look kinda like spawn without the chains and cape? I mean the lines on the chest, the large white area around the eyes... there's even a spawn-carnage character isn't there?
 * You can probably chalk that up to McFarlane's piss-poor drawing skill. That's also why he digs capes.

67.71.142.157
 * he "co-created" Venom(his extent there is debatable) too. Though Spawn also looks a lot like Marvel's Prowler character in the wrong colors
 * This hack and originality do not go together. 67.71.143.95 14:23, 15 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Hey I don't bedrudge the guy for making a good buck (or do I?), but here's a personality who hasn't contributed even one good thing to the world of comics, entertainment, film, etc etc. EVERYTHING he's worked on seems to be simply awful!  Talk about someone being in the right place at the right time. His brand of overworked, over detailed, and ugly illustration for some reason is just what the know-nothing kids, and comic collectors of the early 90s wanted. Go figure!  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.107.115.62 (talk) 20:04, 19 August 2011 (UTC)

I don't know where I read it, but I remember that he was basically told to make a black monster that looked similar to Spider-Man. He had no idea it was a suit or that someone was going to be inside the "creature" and so in his mind he pictured Spider-Man from hell. Spawn came from hell. Seeing as how he did both and they (well at least in his mind) had similar origins, it's no surprise the amount of similarities.mcnichoj (talk) —Preceding undated comment was added at 17:43, 9 August 2008 (UTC)

Felix the Cat
Doesnt anyone remember when he would put in Felixs face? I have SEVERAL issues with it including Incredible Hulk #340, Spider-man #1, and all the inferno issues of Amazing Spider-man plus more. He did it just about every issue.Wrestlinglover420 01:55, 8 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm not quite sure that the Easter Egg Archive qualifies as a reliable source for this. Also...is it really necessary to include this in there? Metros 02:10, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I think it is any of his early work if you look at it has Felix the Cat its one of his trademarks. Its very important.Wrestlinglover420 02:12, 8 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Do you have any sources that say this is a trademark of his or that it is important to his career? Or is this just all original research and your personal opinion?  Metros 02:14, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

I gave you your source man. It is his trademark ask any fan of his from before he went to Image. There was even a article in Wizard a few years back I think about 97 or 98.Wrestlinglover420 02:18, 8 August 2007 (UTC)
 * As I said, I do not believe that the Easter Egg Archive counts as a reliable source. See this section: Reliable_sources/Examples.  Essentially the Easter Egg Archive is a form of a wiki since you can log in and change the Easter Egg.  Metros 02:29, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Either way, this is trivia and we should avoid trivia sections altogether (I'm assuming everybody noticed the big trivia disclaimer on the section?). Adding to the section isn't going to address the problem.  However, this is one example of trivia that (if properly sourced) would be easy to incorporate into the prose of the rest of the article. Drewcifer3000 04:08, 8 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, we should keep trivia sections out. Wikipedia is supposed to be informative, not entertaining or interesting. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 206.162.204.6 (talk) 23:15, 12 September 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Spawn8cover.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 21:39, 5 December 2007 (UTC)

WikiProject Comics B-Class Assesment required
This article needs the B-Class checklist filled in to remain a B-Class article for the Comics WikiProject. If the checklist is not filled in by 7th August this article will be re-assessed as C-Class. The checklist should be filled out referencing the guidance given at Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Assessment/B-Class criteria. For further details please contact the Comics WikiProject. Comics-awb (talk) 17:48, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Done - as should be obvious from the banner across the top and other requests for sources, this is thinly referenced and things dealing with controversial/legal issues could be violating WP:BLP unless properly sourced. (Emperor (talk) 02:07, 17 September 2008 (UTC))

Place of Birth
The article shows two different places of birth for McFarlane, Canada and USA. Which one is the correct? Vipseixas (talk) 15:50, 12 March 2011 (UTC)

GIL KANE INFLUENCE
In an article\interview promoting his "Adjectiveless" Spider-Man in AMAZING HEROES, Todd went to great lengths in extolling the virtues of G.Kane's artwork and how it was one influence on McFarlane's own depiction of Spidey. I don't have access to this magazine otherwise I would list the specific issue and page for the needed citation.MARK VENTURE (talk) 09:49, 1 February 2012 (UTC)
 * This may be so, but I see little of Gil Kane's fine illuistration style in either characters, design, page layout, or anything else in McFarland's work. A comics illustrator where Kane CAN be seen in some earlier work is Jim Starlin. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.125.228.36 (talk) 01:18, 24 February 2013 (UTC)

General critical appraisal
While certinly Wiki is no place for original research or criticism, certainly there should be enough general criticism for a section. McFarlane was hardly alone, but he was at the forefront of what many felt was the beginning of the end for good illustration in mainstream superhero comics in the late 80's and early 90's. Fans loved this new approach, but most older fans and most with a critical eye didn't, and I clearly remember his artwork being quite controversial in it's day. Spawn, certainly, and most of Image contained some of the most offending to the eye comic art this side of the various X titles, which (along with much of Marvel) all ended up having cartoonists who ripped off McFarlane. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.125.228.36 (talk) 01:26, 24 February 2013 (UTC)

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notification of RfC
There's an RfC at Talk:Steve Englehart that concerns McFarlane and some of the wording in this article. Argento Surfer (talk) 16:31, 4 May 2017 (UTC)

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New Spawn film
I have the draft for the new Spawn film here. If anybody wishes to contribute to the contents of the page or discuss an alternate temporary name, you're more than welcome to. D ARTH B OTTO talk • cont 00:08, 24 July 2017 (UTC)

"Clumsy, unsophisticated and pretentious" as a writer
As a casual reader of the article, the following sentence jumped out at me as harshly opinionated, and therefore needing extra clear support: "fans found McFarlane's writing to be clumsy, unsophisticated and pretentious". It was pointed out that there is a citation near the end of the paragraph that readers should assume it belongs to, of the comics bulletin piece, but there are seven sentences in between, and so the connection could easily be missed. It also means the statement reflects a single person's summary, in an opinion column, which uses the exact phrase "clumsy, unsophisticated and pretentious", so I think it is more appropriate to present it as a quotation by that writer, David Wallace.

If it now looks like the comics bulletin piece is carrying too much of the load in this paragraph, I think that's a good sign that more citations should be added to support that there was a widespread consensus about his writing. BrightVamp (talk) 01:31, 27 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Todd McFarlane


text:
National nature reserves in Bedfordshire

National nature reserves in Bedfordshire, England are established by Natural England and managed by them or by non-governmental organisations such as the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds or the National Trust.

List of reserves
A list of national nature reserves in Bedfordshire:
 * Barton Hills, 44 Ha in the Chiltern Hills.
 * King's Wood, Heath and Reach, 63 Ha near Woburn.
 * Knocking Hoe, 7.7 Ha of grassland near Hitchin.


text:
English Nature

English Nature was the United Kingdom government agency that promoted the conservation of wildlife, geology and wild places throughout England between 1990 and 2006. It was a non-departmental public body funded by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) and gave statutory advice, grants and issued licences.

The Nature Conservancy Council (NCC) (formerly the Nature Conservancy) was established by the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949 to cover nature conservation issues across the whole of Great Britain. The NCC was split into four by the Environmental Protection Act 1990—its English duties being given to English Nature. In Scotland, its functions were merged with those of the Countryside Commission for Scotland to form Scottish Natural Heritage, and similarly in Wales there was a merger to form the Countryside Council for Wales. A much smaller body, the Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC), supported all three agencies. The English functions of the Countryside Commission went to the newly formed Countryside Agency.

English Nature worked closely with the JNCC and the equivalent bodies for Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland (the Northern Ireland Environment Agency) to bring a consistent approach to nature conservation throughout the United Kingdom and towards fulfilling its international obligations.

The agency ceased to exist in October 2006 following a review by Lord Haskins, enacted in the Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006. It was integrated with parts of both the Rural Development Service and the Countryside Agency from 1 October 2006, to form a new body called Natural England.

title: English Nature


text:
Scouting in South Carolina

Scouting in South Carolina has a long history, from the 1910s to the present day, serving thousands of youth in programs that suit the environment in which they live.

Early history (1910–1950)
In 1914, the BSA gave local councils the power to ban African Americans from Scouting. Until 1974, some southern councils of the Boy Scouts of America were still racially segregated. For example, the Old Hickory Council in North Carolina did not integrate until 1974.

Scouting in South Carolina today
There are six Boy Scouts of America (BSA) local councils in South Carolina.

Blue Ridge Council

 * Headquarters located in Greenville, SC
 * Foothills District
 * Long Cane District
 * Oconee District
 * Pickens District
 * Reedy Falls District
 * Saluda River District
 * Scoutreach Division
 * Six and Twenty District
 * Southbounder District

Coastal Carolina Council

 * Black River District
 * Etiwan District
 * Palmetto District (merger of Kiawah and Lowcountry District)
 * Pineland District
 * Swamp Fox District
 * Twin Rivers District

Georgia Carolina Council
Council office located in Augusta, Georgia, includes districts in South Carolina and Georgia.

Indian Waters Council
Scouting programs in Bamberg, Calhoun, Fairfield, Kershaw, Lexington, Orangeburg, Richland and Saluda Counties of South Carolina

 * Capital Rivers
 * Chinquapin
 * Edisto
 * Etowah
 * Wateree

 * ScoutReach

 * Muscogee Lodge 221

Palmetto Council
Headquarters located in Spartanburg, South Carolina.
 * Daniel Morgan District – Spartanburg, Union and Cherokee Counties.
 * York District – All of York, Chester and Lancaster Counties.*
 * Camps located at the Glendale Outdoor Leadership School in Glendale, SC, and Camp Conley Clarke, located in Cherokee County, SC.
 * Home of the Skyuka Lodge

Pee Dee Area Council
The Pee Dee Area Council covers 11 counties in northeastern South Carolina.

Girl Scouting in South Carolina

There are four Girl Scout councils in South Carolina.

Girl Scouts of South Carolina – Mountains to Midlands
This council was formed on May 1, 2007, from the merger of Girl Scout Council of the Congaree Area, Girl Scouts of the Old 96 Council, and Girl Scouts of the Piedmont Area Council, and serves 15,000 girls and adult volunteers in 22 counties Its headquarters are located in Greenville, SC.

Camps:
 * Camp Mary Elizabeth – an Urban camp, 56 acre within the city of Spartanburg, SC.
 * Camp WaBak – Marietta, South Carolina – 135 acre in the mountains
 * Camp Wistagoman – Anderson, SC – 25 acre
 * Camp Ponderosa – 40 acre in Pauline, South Carolina.

Girl Scouts of Eastern South Carolina
Girl Scouts of Eastern South Carolina (GSESC) began operations in January 2007 following the merger of Girl Scout Council of the Pee Dee Area, Inc. and Girl Scouts of Carolina Low Country. The council serves over 15,000 girls and 3,000 adults in Allendale, Bamberg, Barnwell, Beaufort, Berkeley, Calhoun, Charleston, Chesterfield, Clarendon, Colleton, Darlington, Dillon, Dorchester, Florence, Georgetown, Horry, Lee, Marion, Marlboro, Orangeburg and Williamsburg counties.. Its service centers are located in Florence, South Carolina and North Charleston, South Carolina. Its headquarters are also in North Charleston, SC.

Camps:
 * Sandy Ridge – Bennettsville, SC – 400 acre

Girl Scouts of Historic Georgia
This council serves more than 13,000 girls and 5,000 adults in Georgia, Alabama, and South Carolina. Its headquarters are in Lizella, Georgia. In South Carolina, it serves the counties of Hampton and Jasper. It does not have any camps in South Carolina.

See also: Scouting in Georgia.

Girl Scouts, Hornet's Nest Council
The Girl Scouts, Hornets' Nest Council is headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina. It was chartered in 1935. It serves 19,000 girls in North Carolina and South Carolina. In South Carolina, it serves the county of York. It does not have any camps in South Carolina.

See also: Scouting in North Carolina.

title: Scouting in South Carolina


text:
Kirby Puckett

Kirby Puckett (March 14, 1960 – March 6, 2006) was an American professional baseball player. He played his entire 12-year Major League Baseball (MLB) career for the Minnesota Twins (1984–1995). Puckett was instrumental in helping the Twins to win World Series championships in 1987 and 1991. Puckett generally played center field, although he was shifted to right field later in his career.

Puckett was a popular player due to his charisma and his passion for the game as well as his skills. He is known for having hit a dramatic game-winning home run in Game Six of the 1991 World Series. Puckett led the American League in batting with a .339 average in 1989 and led the league with 112 runs batted in in 1994. Overall, he won six Silver Slugger Awards and six Gold Gloves during his playing career and was named to the AL All-Star Team 10 times. He finished his career with a .318 batting average, 207 home runs, and 1085 runs batted in.

After being forced to retire in 1996 at age 36 due to loss of vision in one eye from a central retinal vein occlusion, Puckett was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2001, his first year of eligibility.

Early life
Kirby Puckett was born March 14, 1960, in Chicago, Illinois. The youngest of William and Catherine Puckett's nine children, Kirby was born 22 years after his oldest sibling, Charles. Puckett's father worked two full-time jobs at a department store and the post office, leaving Catherine to raise the children. Raised in a three-bedroom apartment in the Robert Taylor Homes Chicago housing project, Puckett taught himself to play baseball by practicing hitting and throwing against a wall.

An All-American baseball player at Calumet High School, Puckett received little attention from baseball scouts, and he took a job installing carpeting in new cars for the Ford Motor Company. After being laid off by Ford, Puckett attended an open tryout hosted by the Kansas City Royals of Major League Baseball (MLB), where he received a college baseball scholarship from Bradley University. During the 1981 season, Puckett led the Bradley Braves with eight home runs, 21 stolen bases, and a .660 slugging percentage, while his .378 batting average was second on the team. His grades suffered following the sudden death of his father, however, and he transferred to Triton College after one year. During the 1982 season at Triton, Puckett batted .472 with 16 home runs and 78 runs batted in (RBI), and he was named the National Junior College Athletic Association Player of the Year.

Draft and minor leagues
As teams tried to save money during the 1981 MLB strike, only one scout watched Puckett at Bradley: Jim Rantz of the Minnesota Twins, who recommended that the team take him third overall in the January 1982 MLB draft. Puckett turned down the Twins' initial $6,000 contract, signing with them for $20,000 after the JUCO World Series. After signing with Minnesota, Puckett was assigned to the Rookie-level Elizabethton Twins, where he batted .382 with three home runs and 35 RBI in 65 games, winning the Appalachian League batting title in the process.

In 1983, Puckett was promoted to the Single-A Visalia Oaks in the California League, where he hit .318 with nine home runs, 97 RBI, and 48 stolen bases over 138 games. After being promoted to the AAA Toledo Mud Hens to start the 1984 season, Puckett was brought up to the majors for good 21 games into the season.

Minnesota Twins
Puckett's major league debut came on May 8, 1984, against the California Angels, a game in which he went 4-for-5 with one run. That year, Puckett hit .296 and was fourth in the American League in singles. In 1985, Puckett hit .288 and finished fourth in the league in hits, third in triples, second in plate appearances, and first in at bats. Throughout his career, Puckett would routinely appear in the top 10 in the American League in such offensive statistical categories as games played, at bats, singles, doubles, and total bases and such defensive stats as putouts, assists, and fielding percentage for league center fielders.

In 1986, Puckett began to emerge as more than just a singles hitter. With an average of .328, Puckett was elected to his first Major League Baseball All-Star Game and he finished the season seventh in doubles, sixth in home runs, fourth in extra-base hits, third in slugging percentage, and second in runs scored, hits, total bases, and at-bats. Kirby was also recognized for his defensive skills, earning his first Gold Glove Award.

1987–1990 (First World Series title)
In 1987, the Twins reached the postseason for the first time since 1970 despite finishing with a mark of 85–77. Once there, Puckett helped lead the Twins to the 1987 World Series, the Twins' second series appearance since relocating to Minnesota and fifth in franchise history. For the season, Puckett batted .332 with 28 home runs and 99 RBIs Although he hit only .208 in the Twins' five game AL Championship Series win over the Detroit Tigers, Puckett would produce in the seven-game World Series upset over the St. Louis Cardinals, where he batted .357.

During the year, Puckett put on his best performance on August 30 in Milwaukee against the Brewers, when he went 6-for-6 with two home runs, one off Juan Nieves in the third and the other off closer Dan Plesac in the ninth.

Statistically speaking, Puckett had his best all-around season in 1988, hitting 24 home runs with a career-high .356 average and 121 RBIs, finishing third in the AL MVP balloting for the second straight season. Although the Twins won 91 games, six more than in their championship season, the team finished a distant second in the American League West, 13 games behind the Oakland Athletics.

Puckett won the AL batting title in 1989 with a mark of .339, while also finishing fifth in at-bats, second in doubles, first in hits, and second in singles. The Twins, two years removed from the championship season, slumped, going 80–82 and finishing in fifth place, 19 games behind the Athletics. In April 1989, he recorded his 1,000th hit, becoming the fourth player in Major League Baseball history to do so in his first five seasons. He continued to play well in 1990, but had a down season, finishing with a .298 batting average, and the Twins mirrored his performance as the team slipped all the way to last place in the AL West with a record of 74–88.

1991–1995 (Second World Series title)
In 1991, the Twins got back on the winning track and Puckett led the way by batting .319, eighth in the league and Minnesota surged past Oakland midseason to capture the division title. The Twins then beat the Toronto Blue Jays in five games in the American League Championship Series as Puckett batted .429 with two home runs and five RBI to win the ALCS MVP.

The subsequent 1991 World Series was ranked by ESPN to be the best ever played, with four games decided on the final pitch and three games going into extra innings. The Twins and their opponent, the Atlanta Braves, had each finished last in their respective divisions in the year before winning their league pennant, something that had never happened before.

Going into Game 6, the Twins trailed three games to two with each team winning their respective home games. Puckett gave the Twins an early lead by driving in Chuck Knoblauch with a triple in the first inning. Puckett then made a leaping catch in front of the Plexiglass wall in left field to rob Ron Gant of an extra-base hit in the third. The game went into extra innings, and in the first at-bat of the bottom of the 11th, Puckett hit a dramatic game-winning home run on a 2–1 count off of Charlie Leibrandt to send the Series to Game 7. This dramatic game has been widely remembered as the high point in Puckett's career. The images of Puckett rounding the bases, arms raised in triumph (often punctuated by CBS television broadcaster Jack Buck saying "And we'll see you tomorrow night!") are frequently included in video highlights of his career. The Twins then went on to win Game 7 1–0, with Jack Morris throwing a 10-inning complete game, and claimed their second World Series crown in five years.

Though the Twins didn't make it to the postseason for the rest of Puckett's career, he remained an elite player. In 1994, Puckett was switched to right field and won his first league RBI title by driving in 112 runs in only 108 games, a pace that projects to 168 RBIs over a full season. But the 1994 season was cut short by a players' strike, ending his chances for two consecutive titles.

Puckett was still performing well in the 1995 season before having his jaw broken in his final career plate appearance by a Dennis Martínez fastball on September 28.

Retirement
After spending the spring of 1996 continuing to blister Grapefruit League batting with a .344 average, Puckett woke up on March 28 without vision in his right eye. He was diagnosed with glaucoma, and was placed on the disabled list for the first time in his professional career. Three surgeries over the next few months could not restore vision in the eye. When it was apparent that he would never be able to play again, Puckett announced his retirement on July 12, 1996, at the age of 36. Following his retirement, the Twins made him an executive vice president of the team.

Puckett received the 1996 Roberto Clemente Award for community service.

Legacy
Puckett won the 1989 American League batting title with a .339 batting average. He also led the league in runs batted in with 112 in 1994. Puckett won six Silver Slugger Awards and six Gold Gloves during his playing career. He was named to the AL All-Star Team 10 times. He finished his career with a .318 batting average, 207 home runs, and 1085 runs batted in. At the time of Puckett's retirement, his .318 career batting average was the highest of any right-handed batter since Joe DiMaggio. Also, he amassed 2,040 hits in the first 10 seasons of his career; this total exceeded that of any other 20th-century player. The Twins retired Puckett's number 34 in 1997. In 2001 balloting, he was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility. In 1999, he ranked Number 86 on The Sporting News list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players.

In 1993, Puckett received the Branch Rickey Award for his lifetime of community service work.

On April 12, 2010, a statue of Puckett was unveiled at the plaza of Target Field in Minneapolis. The plaza runs up against the stadium's largest gate, Gate 34, numbered in honor of Puckett. The statue, by sculptor Bill Mack, represents Puckett pumping his fist while running the bases after his winning home run in Game 6 of the 1991 World Series.

At the time of his own retirement in 2016, longtime Boston Red Sox first baseman/designated hitter David Ortiz stated that he had used uniform number 34 with the Red Sox to honor Puckett's friendship with him. Ortiz began his MLB career with the Twins.

In 1997, Jim Souhan of the Star Tribune wrote: "What Puckett meant to the Twins transcended statistics, just as his fire-hydrant-shaped body often crested the Metrodome's centerfield fence. He overcame the limits of his short, squat body, and of his upbringing in the projects on Chicago's South Side, to demonstrate the joys that baseball can bring a player and a community".

According to The New York Times, Puckett was known "for his sunny personality and his passion for baseball". The Star Tribune has stated that Puckett possessed a "blend of Hall of Fame skill and persistent joyfulness" that made him "perhaps the most popular athlete in Minnesota history". However, Puckett's reputation was affected by various incidents in his personal life following his retirement.

Personal life
Puckett married his wife, Tonya, in 1986. The Pucketts had two children and divorced in 2002.

Following his retirement, Puckett's weight increased to nearly 300 lbs. In March 2002, a woman filed for an order of protection against Puckett's wife, Tonya Puckett, claiming that Tonya had threatened to kill her over an alleged affair with Puckett. Later that same month, another woman asked for protection from Puckett himself, claiming in court documents that he had shoved her in his Bloomington condominium during the course of an 18-year relationship.

In September 2002, Puckett was accused of groping a woman in a restaurant bathroom and was charged with false imprisonment, fifth-degree criminal sexual conduct, and fifth-degree assault. He was found not guilty on all counts.

The March 17, 2003, edition of Sports Illustrated included an article by columnist Frank Deford entitled "The Rise and Fall of Kirby Puckett". The article contrasted Puckett's private life with his public image. Deford reported that Tonya Puckett alleged that Puckett had physically abused her and threatened to kill her on multiple occasions. He also reported that Puckett had engaged in multiple adulterous relationships.

Death

On the morning of March 5, 2006, Puckett suffered a massive hemorrhagic stroke at the home he shared with his fiancée, Jodi Olson. He underwent emergency surgery that day to relieve pressure on his brain; however, the surgery failed, and his former teammates and coaches were notified the following morning that his death was near. Many, including 1991 Twins teammates Shane Mack and Kent Hrbek, flew to Phoenix to be at his bedside during his final hours along with Puckett's two children. His fiancée never left his side. Puckett died at the age of 45 on March 6 shortly after being disconnected from life support.

In the subsequent autopsy, the official cause of death was recorded as "cerebral hemorrhage due to hypertension". Puckett died at the second-youngest age (behind Lou Gehrig) of any Hall of Famer inducted while living, and the youngest to die after being inducted in the modern era of the five-season waiting period. Puckett was survived by his son Kirby Jr. and daughter Catherine.

A private memorial service was held in the Twin Cities suburb of Wayzata on the afternoon of March 12 (declared "Kirby Puckett Day" in Minneapolis), followed by a public ceremony held at the Metrodome attended by family, friends, ballplayers past and present, and approximately 15,000 fans (an anticipated capacity crowd dwindled through the day due to an impending blizzard). Speakers at the latter service included Hall of Famers Harmon Killebrew, Cal Ripken Jr. and Dave Winfield, and many former teammates and coaches.

Career statistics
In 24 postseason games, Puckett batted .309 (30-for-97) with 16 runs, three doubles, two triples, five home runs, 16 RBI, three stolen bases and eight walks.

title: Kirby Puckett


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Conservation in Australia

Conservation in Australia is an issue of state and federal policy. Australia is one of the most biologically diverse countries in the world, with a large portion of species endemic to Australia. Preserving this wealth of biodiversity is important for future generations. 25% of Australia is managed for conservation.

Animal habitats like reefs and forests must be preserved in order to preserve the population and diversity of animal species. Conservation is vital for future study and for field research to be taken, and because biological richness is an unmeasurable aesthetic that may be developed into commercial recreational attractions.

According to Janine Benyus, the potential for advances in biomimicry in Australia is great because the extreme weather and conditions found here provide an excellent evolutionary incubator. Research on natural processes can only occur if the habitat is preserved and organisms continue to thrive.

Federal and State governments manage protected areas and national parks; a number of non-governmental organizations are also involved in conservation.

Conservation issues
A key conservation issue is the preservation of biodiversity, especially by protecting the remaining rainforests. The destruction of habitat by human activities, including land clearing, remains the major cause of biodiversity loss in Australia. The importance of the Australian rainforests to the conservation movement is very high. Australia is the only western country to have large areas of rainforest intact. Forests provide timber, drugs, and food and should be managed to maximize the possible uses. Currently, there are a number of environmental movements and campaigners advocating for action on saving the environment, one such campaign is the Big Switch.

Land management issues including clearance of native vegetation, reafforestation of once-cleared areas, control of exotic weeds and pests, expansion of dryland salinity, and changed fire regimes. Intensification of resource use in sectors such as forestry, fisheries, and agriculture are widely reported to contribute to biodiversity loss in Australia. Habitat fragmentation is one of the most important factors affecting the persistence of species. Coastal and marine environments also have reduced biodiversity from reduced water quality caused by pollution and sediments arising from human settlements and agriculture. In central New South Wales where there are large plains of grassland, problems have arisen from—unusual to say—lack of land clearing.

Shark culling (the killing of sharks) currently occurs in New South Wales and Queensland (in government "shark control" programs). These programs have damaged the marine ecosystem. Roughly 50,000 sharks have been killed by Queensland authorities since 1962, including in the Great Barrier Reef. Queensland's "shark control" program has been called "outdated, cruel and ineffective". The "shark control" programs in New South Wales and Queensland have killed thousands of animals, such as turtles and dolphins. In 2018, the Humane Society International filed a lawsuit against the government of Queensland to stop shark culling in the Great Barrier Reef.

The protection of the iconic Wollemi Pine is an important conservation issue because the tree is one of the rarest in the world. There are only 46 mature individual trees remaining in the wild. The small grove of unusual conifers in a remote canyon are threatened due to its highly restricted distribution, extremely small population size, the ongoing impacts from exotic pathogens, inappropriate fire regimes, unauthorized site visitation and climate change.

Specific issues:
 * Blue Gum Forest
 * Fraser Island
 * Franklin Dam
 * Lake Pedder
 * Uranium mining in Kakadu National Park
 * Plight of the Murray River system

Legal framework
Conservation of the natural environment in Australia is derived from five different sources of law, namely international law, federal law, State law and local government law as well as the application of the common law.

International environmental law
International agreements that affect conservation policy in Australia.

Federal law
The primary federal law is the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth), usually referred to as the EPBC Act.

Protected areas
There are numerous protected areas in all States and Territories that have been created to protect and preserve Australia's unique ecosystems. Protected areas include national parks and other reserves, as well as 64 wetlands which are registered under the Ramsar Convention and 16 World Heritage Sites. , 10.8% (774,619.51 km2) of the total land area of Australia is within a protected area. Protected marine zones have been created in many areas to preserve marine biodiversity; as of 2002 they cover about 7% (646,000 km2) of Australia's marine jurisdiction. Protected areas of include those managed by the federal Department of the Environment and Energy, and national parks and other protected areas managed by the states, Agencies responsible for protected areas include:

 * Director of National Parks
 * Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority
 * New South Wales Department of Environment and Climate Change
 * Parks Victoria
 * Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service
 * Department of Environment and Water (South Australia)
 * Department of Environment and Conservation (Western Australia)
 * Tasmania Parks and Wildlife Service
 * Chief Minister's Department (Australian Capital Territory)
 * Parks and Wildlife Commission of the Northern Territory

Conservation organisations
A number of governmental and non-governmental organisations work in the conservation and restoration of the Australian environment.

 * Australian Conservation Foundation
 * Australian Koala Foundation
 * Australian Marine Conservation Society
 * Australian Native Plants Society
 * Australian Rainforest Conservation Society
 * Australian Wildlife Society
 * Australian Wildlife Conservancy
 * Banksia Environmental Foundation
 * BirdLife Australia
 * Bush Heritage Australia
 * Clean Up Australia
 * Conservation Volunteers Australia
 * Environment Tasmania
 * Foundation for National Parks & Wildlife
 * Green Corps
 * Greening Australia
 * Invertebrates Australia
 * Landcare Australia
 * National Parks Australia Council
 * Natural Heritage Trust Australia
 * Nature Foundation
 * NSW Wildlife Information Rescue and Education Service
 * Planet Ark
 * Queensland Trust for Nature (see Avoid Island)
 * Rainforest Rescue
 * Sustainable Population Australia
 * Sydney Metropolitan Wildlife Service
 * Wilderness Society
 * Trees for Life
 * Wildlife Preservation Society of Queensland
 * Wildlife Warriors
 * World Wide Fund for Nature

title: Conservation in Australia


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Talk:Quaid-e-Azam International Airport

Page dedicated to my love, Amna Zamir

Antonio James Bond Martin

title: Talk:Quaid-e-Azam International Airport


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Scouting in Wisconsin

Wisconsin has a long history with the Boy Scout and Girl Scout organizations from the 1910s to the present day, both programs have independently served thousands of youth in programs that suit the environment in which they live.

Early history (1910–1950)
In 1920, the Appleton Council, and the Neenah-Menasha Council were both formed. They merged to become the Valley Council (#635) in 1922. In 1924 Valley Council changed its name to the Fox River Valley Council (#635), changing it back to Valley in 1925. In 1920, the Fond Du Lac Council (#622) was founded, changing its name to the Badger Council (#622) in 1926. In 1919, the Manitowoc Council (#625) was formed, changing its name to the Manitowoc County Council (#625) in 1929, changing its name to the Waumegasako Council (#625) in 1940. The Waumegasako Council merged into the Bay-Lakes Council (#635) in 1973. In 1920, the Green Bay Council was founded, closing in 1922. In 1930, the Green Bay Area Council was founded again, changing its name to the Nicollet Area Council (#621) in 1934. In 1919, the Oshkosh Council (#630) was founded, changing its name to the Twin Lakes Council (#630) in 1935. In 1919, the Sheboygan County Council (#632) was founded, changing its name to the Kettle Moraine Council (#632) in 1935.

The Oconomowoc Council was formed in 1917. It disbanded in 1921. The Janesville Council was formed in 1917. It disbanded in 1917. The Sturgeon Bay Council was formed in 1918. It disbanded in 1919. The Ashland Council was formed in 1918. It disbanded in 1920.

Ma-Ka-Ja-Wan Scout Reservation is a Boy Scouts of America property and High Adventure base located in Northern Wisconsin and serves the Scouts of the Northeast Illinois Council based in Highland Park, Illinois. Originally a logging camp, the Scouts purchased the land and first had campers in 1929. The camp is 1560 acre in size.

Recent history (1950–present)
The Bay-Lakes Council (#635) was formed in 1973 by a merger of the following councils: Badger (based in Fond du Lac), Waumegesako (based in Manitowoc), Nicolet Area (based in Green Bay), Valley (based in Menasha), Twin Lakes (based in Oshkosh), and Kettle Moraine (based in Sheboygan). The Hiawathaland Council joined in 2012.

Boy Scouts of America in Wisconsin today
There are seven Boy Scouts of America local councils headquartered in Wisconsin. Additionally, some adjacent councils in Illinois and Minnesota serve portions of Wisconsin. Besides these councils, some out of state councils maintain camp facilities in Wisconsin.

Bay-Lakes Council
The Bay-Lakes Council is headquartered in Appleton, Wisconsin, and also serves Scouts in Michigan. Bay-Lakes Council #635 was formed on July 1, 1973, and is geographically one of the largest Boy Scout councils in the United States.

Bay-Lakes Council was formed in 1973 by a merger of the following councils: Badger (based in Fond du Lac), Waumegesako (based in Manitowoc), Nicolet Area (based in Green Bay), Valley (based in Menasha), Twin Lakes (based in Oshkosh), and Kettle Moraine (based in Sheboygan). The Hiawathaland Council joined in 2012.

Blackhawk Area Council
Blackhawk Area Council is headquartered in Rockford, Illinois and serves southwestern Wisconsin and northwestern Illinois.

Chippewa Valley Council
The Chippewa Valley Council is headquartered in Eau Claire.

History
In 1922, the Watertown Council was formed, disbanding in 1925. In 1927, the Chippewa Falls Council was formed, disbanding in 1928. In 1927, the Eau Claire Council (#621) was formed, changing its name to the Chippewa and Eau Claire Counties Council (#621), changing its name to the Ojibwa Council (#621) in 1925. Ojibwa became the Chippewa Valley Council (#637) in 1928.

Organization

 * Blue Hills
 * Clear Water
 * Timber Rivers

Camps

 * L.E. Phillips Scout Reservation (Rice Lake)

Order of the Arrow

 * Otyokwa Lodge #337

Gateway Area Council
The Gateway Area Council, headquartered in La Crosse, serves Scouts in Wisconsin and Minnesota.

History
In 1917, the Lacrosse Council (#624) was formed, changing its name to the Gateway Area Council in 1925.

Organization

 * Seven Rivers- Houston County (MN), School District of La Crosse, Onalaska, Prairie du Chien, Stoddard
 * The Great Soaring Eagle- Buffalo & Trempealeau Counties, School District of Holmen
 * Winding Trails- Jackson, Monroe, Juneau, Vernon, Crawford Counties, School District of West Salem, Bangor

Camps

 * Camp Decorah, located approximately 4 mi southeast of Galesville, Wisconsin on the Black River, is 330 acre of wooded sand hills that overlook the Black River. The camp is easily accessible with its main entrance on Council Bay Road, seven miles north of Holmen, WI, and four miles southeast of Galesville, WI.
 * Hoffman Park provides rustic adventures near Black River Falls, WI.

Order of the Arrow

 * Ni-Sanak-Tani Lodge #381

Glacier's Edge Council
The Glacier's Edge Council provides Scouting services to communities in the counties of Adams, Columbia, Dane, Dodge, Grant, Green, Iowa, Jefferson, Lafayette, Richland, Sauk, Rock, Walworth in Wisconsin as well as Winnebago and Boone counties in Illinois. It is composed of representatives of more than 250 community organizations holding charters to operate a program of the Boy Scouts of America. The council meets annually in May to elect officers and board members. It was organized in 2005 growing from a consolidation of the Four Lakes and Sinnissippi Councils and granted a charter by the Boy Scouts of America.

History
The Janesville Council was formed in 1917. It disbanded in 1917. In 1919, the Madison Council (#628) was formed, changing its name to the Four Lakes Council (#628) in 1929. In 2005, Four Lakes changed its name to Glacier's Edge Council (#628). In 1920, the Beloit Council (#620) was formed, changing its name to the Beloit Area Council (#620) in 1928. In 1925, the McHenry County Council (#695) (Illinois) was formed, merging into the Beloit Area Council (#620) in 1928. In 1920, the Beloit Area Council (#620) changed its name to the State Line Council (#620) in 1936. In 1928, the Indian Trails Council (#633) was formed. State Line and Indian Trails merged to become the Sinnissippi Council (#626) in 1966. Sinnissippi "consolidated" with Four Lakes Council of Madison to become Glacier's Edge Council (#628) in 2005.

Organization
Districts:
 * Indian Trails
 * Mohawk
 * Wisconsin River
 * Yahara

Camps
Camps:
 * Ed Bryant Scout Reservation on the Castle Rock Flowage near Mauston
 * Camp Indian Trails on the Rock River near Janesville (Sold in 2021 to Rock County )

Order of the Arrow

 * Bigfoot Lodge (Chartered 5/5/2018 - formerly Takoda Lodge 2006–2018)

Northern Star Council
Indianhead Council merged with Viking Council in 2005 to create Northern Star Council. The Indianhead Council was headquartered in Saint Paul, Minnesota, and including Ramsey and Washington Counties in Minnesota, and much of western Wisconsin. Its name came from the shape of the Wisconsin-Minnesota border, which is said to resemble that of the head of an Indian. As well as the office building in Saint Paul, facilities included Tomahawk Scout Reservation near Rice Lake, Wisconsin, Phillippo Scout Reservation near Cannon Falls, Minnesota, Fred C. Andersen Scout Camp near Hudson, Wisconsin, and Kiwanis Scout Camp near Marine on St. Croix, Minnesota.

Potawatomi Area Council
The Potawatomi Area Council is headquartered in Waukesha, Wisconsin. The Potawatomi Area Council serves all of Waukesha County and portions of Dodge, Jefferson, Walworth and Washington Counties. The Wag-O-Shag Lodge is the Order of the Arrow lodge. Potawatomi Area Council has one summer camp named Camp Long Lake.

The Potawatomi Area Council (#651) was formed in 1931.

Samoset Council
Samoset Council is headquartered in Weston (near Wausau), and serves the north central part of Wisconsin and was founded in 1920. It gets its name from an early Boy Scout camp in the town of Harrison, named Camp Sam-O-Set which closed in 1934, a year before the construction of Camp Tesomas.

In 1919, the Oneida County Council was formed, changing its name to the Rhinelander Council in 1922. In 1928, Rhinelander merged into Marathon and Lincoln Counties Council (#627) in 1928. In 1921, the Merrill Council (#627) was formed, merging into the Marathon and Lincoln Counties Council (#627) in 1926. In 1921, the Wausau Council (#644) was formed, merging into the Marathon and Lincoln Counties Council (#627) in 1926.

In 1917 the Wisconsin Rapids Council was formed, changing its name to Wood County in 1925. In 1921, the Stevens Point Council (#633) was formed, merging into the Wood County Council (#636) in 1927. The Wood County Council (#636) merged into the Central Wisconsin Council (#636) in 1929. Central Wisconsin merged into Samoset Council (#627) in 1937. In 1921, the Marinette Council (#626) was formed, merging into the Marathon and Lincoln Counties Council (#627) in 1930. In 1930, Marathon and Lincoln Counties changed its name to Samoset.

Three Harbors Council
In 1915, the Milwaukee Council (#629) was formed, changing its name to the Milwaukee County Council (#629) in 1929. In 1917, the Racine Council (#631) was formed, changing its name to the Racine County Council (#631) in 1927. In 1917, the Kenosha Council (#623) was formed, changing its name to the Kenosha County Council (#623) in 1929. In 1961, the counciol changed its name to Kenosha Council (#623). In 1972, Kenosha Council and Racine County Council merged to become the Southeast Wisconsin Council (#634).

In September 2011, Southeast Wisconsin Council and Milwaukee County Council merged to form Three Harbors Council.

Organization
Districts:
 * Aurora (Northern Milwaukee County, Wauwatosa, and West Allis)
 * Southern Shores (Southern Milwaukee County)
 * Red Arrow (Racine and Kenosha Counties)

Order of the Arrow
The Kanwa tho Lodge #636 is the Order of the Arrow lodge for Three Harbors Council. It was founded on January 6, 2013, through the consolidation of Mascoutens Lodge #8 and Mikano Lodge #231. The name and totem were chosen by the youth of the new lodge on the morning of July 8, 2012. Kanwa tho Lodge's totem is a panther, and "Kanwa tho" translates to "panther band".

Voyageurs Area Council
The Ashland Council was formed in 1918. It disbanded in 1920. Headquartered in Hermantown, Minnesota, Voyageurs Area Council serves Scouts in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan. Its Order of the Arrow Lodge is Ka'niss Ma'ingan Lodge #196.

Girl Scouts of the USA
There are three Girl Scout councils serving Washington.

There are four councils of the Girl Scouts of the USA headquartered in Wisconsin. Additionally, two adjacent councils in Minnesota serve portions of Wisconsin.

Badgerland Council
Badgerland Council serves more than 14,200 girls and has some 4,500 adult volunteers in south-central and south-western Wisconsin. It was formed in June 2009 by the merge of three councils and part of a fourth: Girl Scouts of Badger Council, Girl Scouts of Black Hawk Council, Girl Scouts of Riverland Council, and the Wisconsin part of Girl Scouts of Green Hills Council.

 * Services centers: Beloit, Madison, La Crosse, and Platteville

 * Camps:
 * Camp Brandenberg is located northwest of Madison, and is available for use year-round.
 * Camp Black Hawk is located near Antigo, Wisconsin and is a summer resident camp.
 * Camp Ehawee is located near La Crosse, and is a summer resident camp.
 * Stetler is a camping area east of Madison, available for use year-round.

Manitou Council
Manitou Council serves 7,500 girls in Calumet, Dodge, Fond du Lac, Manitowoc, Ozaukee, Sheboygan, and Washington counties in Wisconsin.

It was slated to be merged with several other councils into Girl Scouts of the Northwestern Great Lakes. In December 2008, the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals gave a preliminary injunction enjoining the national organization from changing the status of Manitou Council.

 * Headquarters: Sheboygan, Wisconsin

 * Camps:
 * Camp Evelyn is 240 acres near Plymouth, Wisconsin.
 * Camp Manitou is 140 acres near Shoto, Wisconsin.

Girl Scouts of Minnesota and Wisconsin Lakes and Pines
This council was formed on January 1, 2008, from the merger of Girl Scouts – Land of Lakes Council, Girl Scouts – Northern Pine Council and a portion of the Peacepipe and the Pine to Prairie Councils. Only one of this council's camps is located in Wisconsin.

Girl Scouts of Minnesota and Wisconsin River Valleys
Girl Scouts of Minnesota and Wisconsin River Valleys serves 32,000 girls and 11,000 volunteers in southern Minnesota and western Wisconsin. It was created in 2007 as the result of a merger of five Minnesota councils. Only one of its camps is located in Wisconsin.

Girl Scouts of the Northwestern Great Lakes
In partnership with over 6,000 adult volunteers, Girl Scouts of the Northwestern Great Lakes (GSNWGL) serves nearly 15,000 girls in 58 counties in northern Wisconsin and Michigan's Upper Peninsula. The council's jurisdiction spans about 400 miles from east to west and about 300 miles from north to south.

It was formed on May 1, 2008, by the merger of Girl Scouts of Birch Trails Council, Girl Scouts of the Fox River Area, Girl Scouts of Indian Waters, Girl Scouts of Lac Baie Council, Girl Scouts of Peninsula Waters and Girl Scouts of Woodland Council.

 * Headquarters: Appleton, Wisconsin

 * Camps:
 * Camp Birch Trails, the council's largest camp, is located near Merrill, Wisconsin.
 * Camp Nesbit is located in Sidnaw, Michigan.
 * Camp Winnecomac is located in Kaukauna, WI.
 * Camp Sacajawea is located on the outskirts of Wisconsin Rapids, WI.
 * Camp Nawakwa is located in Cornell, WI.
 * Camp Del O'Claire is located near Wausau, WI. As of November 2015, it is being investigated to decide whether it should remain open.
 * Camp Cuesta is located near Baileys Harbor, WI.

Girl Scouts of Wisconsin Southeast
Girl Scouts of Wisconsin Southeast (GSWISE) serves some 33,000 girls in Kenosha, Milwaukee, Racine, Washington and Waukesha, as well as the southern part of Ozaukee and eastern parts of Dodge and Jefferson counties.

 * Headquarters: Milwaukee, Wisconsin

 * Camps and centers:
 * Alice Chester Center, East Troy
 * Camp Pottawatomie Hills, East Troy
 * Camp Winding River, Neosho
 * Chinook Program Center & Activity Station, Waukesha
 * Girl Scout Service Center, Racine
 * Marion Chester Read Center, Milwaukee
 * Silverbrook Program Center, West Bend
 * Trefoil Oaks Program Center, Kenosha
 * Volunteer Center/Council Office, Waukesha
 * Woodhaven, Kenosha

title: Scouting in Wisconsin