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Hollywood Walk of Fame

The Hollywood Walk of Fame is a landmark which consists of 2,783 five-pointed terrazzo-and-brass stars embedded in the sidewalks along 15 blocks of Hollywood Boulevard and three blocks of Vine Street in the Los Angeles, California district of Hollywood. The stars, the first of which were permanently installed in 1960, are monuments to achievement in the entertainment industry, bearing the names of a mix of actors, musicians, producers, directors, theatrical/musical groups, fictional characters, and others.

The Walk of Fame is administered by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce, who hold the trademark rights, and maintained by the self-financing Hollywood Historic Trust. It is a popular tourist attraction, receiving an estimated 10 million annual visitors in 2010.

Description
The Walk of Fame runs 1.3 mi east to west on Hollywood Boulevard, from Gower Street to the Hollywood and La Brea Gateway at La Brea Avenue, plus a short segment on Marshfield Way that runs diagonally between Hollywood Boulevard and La Brea; and 0.4 mi north to south on Vine Street between Yucca Street and Sunset Boulevard. According to a 2003 report by the market research firm NPO Plog Research, the Walk attracts about 10 million visitors annually—more than the Sunset Strip, the TCL Chinese Theatre (formerly Grauman's), the Queen Mary, and the Los Angeles County Museum of Art combined—and has played an important role in making tourism the largest industry in Los Angeles County.

Categorization
, the Walk of Fame comprises 2,752 stars, which are spaced at 6 ft intervals. The monuments are coral-pink terrazzo five-point stars rimmed with brass (not bronze, an oft-repeated inaccuracy) inlaid into a charcoal-colored terrazzo background. The name of the honoree is inlaid in brass block letters in the upper portion of each star. Below the inscription, in the lower half of the star field, a round inlaid brass emblem indicates the category of the honoree's contributions. The emblems symbolize six categories within the entertainment industry: "Walk of Fame Category Motion Pictures.jpg Classic film camera representing motion pictures.

Walk of Fame Category Television.jpg Television receiver representing broadcast television.

Walk of Fame Category Recording.jpg Phonograph record representing audio recording or music.

Walk of Fame Category Radio.jpg Radio microphone representing broadcast radio.

Walk of Fame Category Theater.jpg Comedy/tragedy masks representing theater/live performance (added in 1984).

[image needed] Athletic trophy representing sports entertainment (added in 2023)." Of all the stars on the Walk to date, 47% have been awarded in the motion pictures category, 24% in television, 17% in audio recording or music, 10% in radio, fewer than 2% in theater/live performance, and fewer than 1% in sports entertainment. According to the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce, approximately 20 new stars are added to the Walk each year.

Star locations
Locations of individual stars are not necessarily arbitrary. Stars of many particularly well-known celebrities are found in front of the TCL (formerly Grauman's) Chinese Theatre. Oscar-winners' stars are usually placed near the Dolby Theatre, site of the annual Academy Awards presentations. Locations are occasionally chosen for ironic or humorous reasons: Mike Myers's star lies in front of an adult store called the International Love Boutique, an association with his Austin Powers roles; Roger Moore's star and Daniel Craig's star are located at 7007 Hollywood Boulevard in recognition of their titular role in the James Bond 007 film series; Ed O'Neill's star is located outside a shoe store in reference to his character's occupation on the TV show Married ... with Children; and The Dead End Kids' star is located at the corner of LaBrea and Hollywood Boulevard.

Honorees may request a specific location for their star, although final decisions remain with the Chamber. Jay Leno, for example, requested a spot near the corner of Hollywood Blvd. and Highland Ave. because he was twice picked up at that location by police for vagrancy (though never actually charged) shortly after his arrival in Hollywood. George Carlin chose to have his star placed in front of the KDAY radio station near the corner of Sunset Blvd. and Vine St., where he first gained national recognition. Lin-Manuel Miranda chose a site in front of the Pantages Theatre where his musicals, In The Heights and Hamilton, played. Carol Burnett explained her choice in her 1986 memoir: While working as an usherette at the historic Warner Brothers Theatre (now the Hollywood Pacific Theatre) during the 1951 run of Alfred Hitchcock's film Strangers on a Train, she took it upon herself to advise a couple arriving during the final few minutes of a showing to wait for the next showing, to avoid seeing (and spoiling) the ending. The theater manager fired her on the spot for "insubordination" and humiliated her by stripping the epaulets from her uniform in the theater lobby. Twenty-six years later, at her request, Burnett's star was placed at the corner of Hollywood and Wilcox—in front of the theater.

Alternative star designs
Special category stars recognize various contributions by corporate entities, service organizations, and special honorees, and display emblems unique to those honorees. For example, former Los Angeles mayor Tom Bradley's star displays the Seal of the City of Los Angeles; the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) star emblem is a replica of a Hollywood Division badge; and stars representing corporations, such as Victoria's Secret and the Los Angeles Dodgers, display the honoree's corporate logo. The "Friends of the Walk of Fame" monuments are charcoal terrazzo squares rimmed by miniature pink terrazzo stars displaying the five standard category emblems, along with the sponsor's corporate logo, with the sponsor's name and contribution in inlaid brass block lettering. Special stars and Friends monuments are granted by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce or the Hollywood Historic Trust, but are not part of the Walk of Fame proper and are located nearby on private property.

The monuments for the Apollo 11 mission to the Moon are uniquely shaped: Four identical circular moons, each bearing the names of the three astronauts (Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin Jr., and Michael Collins), the date of the first Moon landing ("7/20/69"), and the words "Apollo XI", are set on each of the four corners of the intersection of Hollywood and Vine.

Origin
The Hollywood Chamber of Commerce credits E.M. Stuart, its volunteer president in 1953, with the original idea for creating a Walk of Fame. Stuart reportedly proposed the Walk as a means to "maintain the glory of a community whose name means glamour and excitement in the four corners of the world". Harry Sugarman, another Chamber member and president of the Hollywood Improvement Association, received credit in an independent account. A committee was formed to flesh out the idea, and an architectural firm was retained to develop specific proposals. By 1955, the basic concept and general design had been agreed upon, and plans were submitted to the Los Angeles City Council.

Multiple accounts exist for the origin of the star concept. According to one, the historic Hollywood Hotel, which stood for more than 50 years on Hollywood Boulevard at the site now occupied by the Ovation Hollywood complex and the Dolby (formerly Kodak) Theatre —displayed stars on its dining room ceiling above the tables favored by its most famous celebrity patrons, and that may have served as an early inspiration. By another account, the stars were "inspired ... by Sugarman's Tropics Restaurant drinks menu, which featured celebrity photos framed in gold stars".

In February 1956, a prototype was unveiled featuring a caricature of an example honoree (John Wayne, by some accounts ) inside a blue star on a brown background. However, caricatures proved too expensive and difficult to execute in brass with the technology available at the time; and the brown and blue motif was vetoed by Charles E. Toberman, the legendary real estate developer known as "Mr. Hollywood", because the colors clashed with a new building he was erecting on Hollywood Boulevard.

Selection and construction
By March 1956, the final design and coral-and-charcoal color scheme had been approved. Between the spring of 1956 and the fall of 1957, 1,558 honorees were selected by committees representing the four major branches of the entertainment industry at that time: motion pictures, television, audio recording, and radio. The committees met at the Brown Derby restaurant, and they included such prominent names as Cecil B. DeMille, Samuel Goldwyn, Jesse L. Lasky, Walt Disney, Hal Roach, Mack Sennett, and Walter Lantz.

A requirement stipulated by the original audio recording committee (and later rescinded) specified minimum sales of one million records or 250,000 albums for all music category nominees. The committee soon realized that many important recording artists would be excluded from the Walk by that requirement. As a result, the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences was formed to create a separate award for the music industry, leading to the first Grammy Awards in 1959.

Construction of the Walk began in 1958, but two lawsuits delayed completion. The first lawsuit was filed by local property owners challenging the legality of the $1.25 million tax assessment (equivalent to $ million in ) levied upon them to pay for the Walk, along with new street lighting and trees. In October 1959, the assessment was ruled legal. The second lawsuit, filed by Charles Chaplin Jr., sought damages for the exclusion of his father, whose nomination had been withdrawn due to pressure from multiple quarters. Chaplin's suit was dismissed in 1960, paving the way for completion of the project.

While Joanne Woodward is often singled out as the first person to receive a star on the Walk of Fame—possibly because she was the first to be photographed with it —the original stars were installed as a continuous project, with no individual ceremonies. Woodward's name was one of eight drawn at random from the original 1,558 and inscribed on eight prototype stars that were built while litigation was holding up permanent construction. The eight prototypes were installed temporarily on the northwest corner of Hollywood Boulevard and Highland Avenue in August 1958 to generate publicity and to demonstrate how the Walk would eventually look. The other seven names were Olive Borden, Ronald Colman, Louise Fazenda, Preston Foster, Burt Lancaster, Edward Sedgwick, and Ernest Torrence. Official groundbreaking took place on February 8, 1960. On March 28, 1960, the first permanent star, director Stanley Kramer's, was completed on the easternmost end of the new Walk near the intersection of Hollywood and Gower.

Stagnation and revitalization
Although the Walk was originally conceived in part to encourage redevelopment of Hollywood Boulevard, the 1960s and 1970s were periods of protracted urban decay in the Hollywood area as residents moved to nearby suburbs. After the initial installation of approximately 1,500 stars in 1960 and 1961, eight years passed without the addition of a new star. In 1962, the Los Angeles City Council passed an ordinance naming the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce "the agent to advise the City" about adding names to the Walk, and the Chamber, over the following six years, devised rules, procedures, and financing methods to do so. In December 1968, Richard D. Zanuck was awarded the first star in eight years in a presentation ceremony hosted by Danny Thomas. In July 1978, the city of Los Angeles designated the Hollywood Walk of Fame a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument.

Radio personality, television producer, and Chamber member Johnny Grant is generally credited with implementing the changes that resuscitated the Walk and established it as a significant tourist attraction. Beginning in 1968, Grant stimulated publicity and encouraged international press coverage by requiring that each recipient personally attend his or her star's unveiling ceremony. Grant later recalled that "it was tough to get people to come accept a star" until the neighborhood finally began its recovery in the 1980s.

In 1980, Grant instituted a fee of $2,500, payable by the person or entity nominating the recipient, to fund the Walk of Fame's upkeep and minimize further taxpayer burden. The fee has increased incrementally over time. By 2002, it had reached $15,000, and stood at $30,000 in 2012. , the fee was $75,000, about nine times the original amount adjusted for inflation.

Grant was himself awarded a star in 1980 for his television work. In 2002, he received a second star in the "special" category to acknowledge his pivotal role in improving and popularizing the Walk. He was also named chairman of the Selection Committee and Honorary Mayor of Hollywood (a ceremonial position previously held by Art Linkletter and Monty Hall, among others). He remained in both offices from 1980 until his death in 2008 and hosted the great majority of unveiling ceremonies during that period. His unique special-category star, with its emblem depicting a stylized "Great Seal of the City of Hollywood", is located at the entrance to the Dolby Theatre adjacent to Johnny Grant Way.

Expansion
In 1984, a fifth category, Live Theatre, was added to acknowledge contributions from the live performance branch of the entertainment industry, and a second row of stars was created on each sidewalk to alternate with the existing stars.

In 1994, the Walk of Fame was extended one block to the west on Hollywood Boulevard, from Sycamore Avenue to North LaBrea Avenue (plus the short segment of Marshfield Way that connects Hollywood and La Brea), where it now ends at the silver "Four Ladies of Hollywood" gazebo and the special "Walk of Fame" star. At the same time, Sophia Loren was honored with the 2,000th star on the Walk.

During construction of tunnels for the Los Angeles subway system in 1996, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) removed and stored more than 300 stars. Controversy arose when the MTA proposed a money-saving measure of jackhammering the 3-by-3-foot terrazzo pads, preserving only the brass lettering, surrounds, and medallions, then pouring new terrazzo after the tunnels were completed; but the Cultural Heritage Commission ruled that the star pads were to be removed intact.

In 2023, a sixth category, Sports Entertainment, was added to acknowledge contributions of athletes to the entertainment industry.

Restoration
In 2008, a long-term restoration project began with an evaluation of all 2,365 stars on the Walk at the time, each receiving a letter grade of A, B, C, D, or F. Honorees whose stars received F grades, indicating the most severe damage, were Joan Collins, Peter Frampton, Dick Van Patten, Paul Douglas, Andrew L. Stone, Willard Waterman, Richard Boleslavsky, Ellen Drew, Frank Crumit, and Bobby Sherwood. Fifty celebrities' stars received "D" grades. The damage ranged from minor cosmetic flaws caused by normal weathering to holes and fissures severe enough to constitute a walking hazard. Plans were made to repair or replace at least 778 stars at an estimated cost of over $4 million.

The restoration is a collaboration among the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce and various Los Angeles city and county governmental offices, along with the MTA, which operates the Metro B Line that runs beneath the Walk, since earth movement due to the presence of the subway line is thought to be partly responsible for the damage.

To encourage supplemental funding for the project by corporate sponsors, the "Friends of Walk of Fame" program was inaugurated, with donors recognized through honorary plaques adjacent to the Walk of Fame in front of the Dolby Theatre. The program has received some criticism; Alana Semuels of the Los Angeles Times described it as "just the latest corporate attempt to buy some good buzz", and quoted a brand strategist who said, "I think Johnny Grant would roll over in his grave".

Los Angeles introduced the "Heart of Hollywood Master Plan", which promotes the idea of closing Hollywood Boulevard to traffic and creating a pedestrian zone from La Brea Avenue to Highland Avenue, citing an increase in pedestrian traffic including tourism, weekly movie premieres and award shows closures, including ten days for the Academy Award ceremony at the Dolby Theatre. In June 2019, the city of Los Angeles commissioned Gensler Architects to provide a master plan for a $4 million renovation to improve and "update the streetscape concept" for the Walk of Fame. Los Angeles city councilmember Mitch O'Farrell released the draft master plan designed by Gensler and Studio-MLA in January 2020. It proposed widening the sidewalks, adding bike lanes, new landscaping, sidewalk dining, removing lanes of car traffic and street parking between the Pantages Theater (Gower Street) at the east and The Emerson Theatre (La Brea Avenue) at the west end of the boulevard. The approved phase one includes removing the parking lanes between Orange Drive and Gower Street, adding street furnishings with benches, tables and chairs with sidewalk widening. Phase two is in the schematic stage. Phase two is planned for 2024 and will include closing down the boulevard to two lanes, adding landscaping with shade trees and five public plazas made up of art deco designed street pavers and kiosks. Planned to be completed by 2026, funding is being raised for the $50 million project.

Nomination process

Each year an average of 200 nominations are submitted to the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce Walk of Fame selection committee. Anyone, including fans, can nominate anyone active in the field of entertainment as long as the nominee or their management approves the nomination. Nominees must have a minimum of five years' experience in the category for which they are nominated and a history of "charitable contributions". Posthumous nominees must have been deceased at least five years. At a meeting each June, the committee selects approximately 20 to 24 celebrities to receive stars on the Walk of Fame. One posthumous award is given each year as well. The nominations of those not selected are rolled over to the following year for reconsideration; those not selected two years in a row are dropped, and must be renominated to receive further consideration. Living recipients must agree to personally attend a presentation ceremony within two years of selection. If the ceremony is not scheduled within two years, a new application must be submitted. A relative of deceased recipients must attend posthumous presentations. Presentation ceremonies are open to the public.

A fee of $75,000, payable at time of selection, is collected to pay for the creation and installation of the star, as well as general maintenance of the Walk of Fame. The fee is usually paid by the nominating organization, which may be a fan club, film studio, record company, broadcaster, or other sponsor involved with the prospective honoree. The Starz cable network, for example, paid for Dennis Hopper's star as part of the promotion for its series Crash.

Traditionally, the identities of selection committee members, other than its chairman, have not been made public in order to minimize conflicts of interest and to discourage lobbying by celebrities and their representatives (a significant problem during the original selections in the late 1950s). However, in 1999, in response to intensifying charges of secrecy in the selection process, the Chamber disclosed the members' names: Johnny Grant, the longtime chair and representative of the television category; Earl Lestz, president of Paramount Studio Group (motion pictures); Stan Spero, retired manager with broadcast stations KMPC and KABC (radio); Kate Nelson, owner of the Palace Theatre (live performance); and Mary Lou Dudas, vice president of A&M Records (recording industry). Since that 1999 announcement, the chamber has revealed only that Lestz (who received his own star in 2004) became chairman after Grant died in 2008. Their current official position is that "each of the five categories is represented by someone with expertise in that field".

In 2010, Lestz was replaced as chairman by John Pavlik, former Director of Communications for the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. While no public announcement was made to that effect, he was identified as chairman in the Chamber's press release announcing the 2011 star recipients. In 2016, the chair, according to the Chamber's 2016 selection announcement, was film producer Maureen Schultz. In 2023, the selection committee chair was radio personality Ellen K.

Rule adjustments

Walk of Fame rules prohibit consideration of nominees whose contributions fall outside the six major entertainment categories, but the selection committee has been known to adjust interpretations of its rules to justify a selection. The Walk's four round Moon landing monuments at the corners of Hollywood and Vine, for example, officially recognize the Apollo 11 astronauts for "contributions to the television industry." Johnny Grant acknowledged, in 2005, that classifying the first Moon landing as a television entertainment event was "a bit of a stretch". Magic Johnson was added to the motion picture category based on his ownership of the Magic Johnson Theatre chain, citing as precedent Sid Grauman, builder of Grauman's Chinese Theatre.

Muhammad Ali's star was granted after the committee decided that boxing could be considered a form of "live performance". Its placement on a wall of the Dolby Theatre makes it the only star mounted on a vertical surface, acceding to Ali's request that his name not be walked upon, as he shared his name with the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

All living honorees have been required since 1968 to personally attend their star's unveiling, and approximately 40 have declined the honor due to this condition. The only recipient to date who failed to appear after agreeing to do so was Barbra Streisand, in 1976. Her star was unveiled anyway, near the intersection of Hollywood and Highland. Streisand did attend when her husband, James Brolin, unveiled his star in 1998 two blocks to the east.

Entertainers with multiple stars
The original selection committees chose to recognize some notable entertainers' contributions in multiple categories with multiple stars.

Five
Gene Autry is the only honoree with stars in all five categories.

Four
Bob Hope, Mickey Rooney, Roy Rogers, and Tony Martin each have stars in four categories; Rooney has three of his own and a fourth with his eighth wife, Jan Chamberlin, while Rogers also has three of his own, and a fourth with his band, Sons of the Pioneers.

Three
Thirty-three honorees, including Bing Crosby, Frank Sinatra, Jo Stafford, Dean Martin, Dinah Shore, Gale Storm, Danny Kaye, Douglas Fairbanks Jr., and Jack Benny, Conrad Nagel,have stars in three categories.

Two
Over a dozen have two stars: Cher forfeited her opportunity to join this list by declining to schedule the mandatory personal appearance when she was selected in 1983. She did, however, attend the unveiling of the Sonny & Cher star in 1998, as a tribute to her recently deceased ex-husband, Sonny Bono.
 * Dolly Parton, for her solo work and part of the trio made up of her, Emmylou Harris and Linda Ronstadt;
 * Michael Jackson, as a soloist and as a member of The Jacksons;
 * Diana Ross, as a member of The Supremes and for her solo work;
 * Smokey Robinson, as a solo artist and as a member of The Miracles;
 * John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr as individuals and as members of The Beatles.
 * George Eastman is the only honoree with two stars in the same category for the same achievement, the invention of roll film.
 * Walt Disney, has stars in two different categories for his work in both film and television; in addition, Mickey Mouse (who was originally voiced by Walt Disney) and Disneyland have stars.
 * Bette Davis has one star each for film and television.
 * Doris Day has one star each for film and recording.
 * Alfred Hitchcock has stars in two different categories for his work in both film and television.
 * Paul Henreid, for film and television.
 * Jane Wyman has one star each for motion pictures and television.
 * Loretta Young has one star each for motion pictures and television.
 * Jean Hersholt, for film and radio
 * Hattie McDaniel, for film and radio
 * Judy Garland, one for motion pictures and another for recording
 * Arlene Francis, for radio and television
 * Cass Daley, for radio and television
 * Kermit the Frog, has an individual star for television and as a member of The Muppets for film.

Unique and unusual
Sixteen stars are identified with a one-word stage name (e.g., Liberace, Pink, Roseanne, and Slash). Clayton Moore is so inextricably linked with his Lone Ranger character, even though he played other roles during his career, that he is one of only two actors to have his character's name alongside his own on his star. The other is Tommy Riggs, whose star references his Betty Lou character. The largest group of individuals represented by a single star is the estimated 122 adults and 12 children collectively known as the Munchkins, from the landmark 1939 film The Wizard of Oz.

Two pairs of stars share identical names representing different people. There are two Harrison Ford stars, honoring the silent film actor (at 6665 Hollywood Boulevard), and the present-day actor (in front of the Dolby Theatre at 6801 Hollywood Boulevard). Two Michael Jackson stars represent the pop singer (at 6927 Hollywood Boulevard), and the radio personality (at 1597 Vine Street).

The Westmores received the first star honoring contributions in theatrical make-up. Other make-up artists on the walk are Max Factor, John Chambers and Rick Baker. Three stars recognize experts in special effects: Ray Harryhausen, Dennis Muren, and Stan Winston. Only two costume designers have received a star: eight-time Academy Award Winner Edith Head, and the first African-American to win an Oscar for costume design, Ruth E. Carter.

Sidney Sheldon is one of two novelists with a star, which he earned for writing screenplays for such films as The Bachelor and the Bobby-Soxer (1947) before becoming a novelist. The other is Ray Bradbury, whose books and stories have formed the basis of dozens of movies and television programs over a nearly 60-year period.

Nine inventors have stars on the Walk: George Eastman, inventor of roll film; Thomas Edison, inventor of the first true film projector and holder of numerous patents related to motion-picture technology; Lee de Forest, inventor of the triode vacuum tube, which played an important role in the development of radio and television broadcasts, and Phonofilm, which made sound films possible; Herbert Kalmus, inventor of Technicolor; Auguste and Louis Lumière, inventors of important components of the motion picture camera; Mark Serrurier, inventor of the technology used for film editing; Hedy Lamarr, co-inventor of a frequency-hopping radio guidance system that was a precursor to Wi-Fi networks and cellular telephone systems; and Ray Dolby, co-developer of the first video tape recorder and inventor of the Dolby noise-reduction system.

A few star recipients moved on after their entertainment careers to political notability. Two Presidents of the United States, Ronald Reagan (40th President) and Donald Trump (45th President), have stars on the Walk. Reagan is also one of two Governors of California with a star; the other is Arnold Schwarzenegger. One U.S. senator (George Murphy) and two members of the U.S. House of Representatives (Helen Gahagan and Sonny Bono) have stars. Ignacy Paderewski, who served as Prime Minister of Poland between the World Wars, is the only European head of government represented. Film and stage actor Albert Dekker served one term in the California State Assembly during the 1940s.

On its 50th anniversary in 2005, Disneyland received a star near Disney's Soda Fountain on Hollywood Boulevard. Stars for commercial organizations are only considered for those with a Hollywood show business connection of at least 50 years' duration. While not technically part of the Walk itself (a city ordinance prohibits placing corporate names on sidewalks), the star was installed adjacent to it.

There are four dogs represented on the walk, Lassie, Rin Tin Tin, Strongheart, and Snoopy.

Charlie Chaplin is the only honoree to be selected twice for the same star on the Walk. He was unanimously voted into the initial group of 500 in 1956, but the Selection Committee ultimately excluded him, ostensibly due to questions regarding his morals (he had been charged with violating the Mann Act—and exonerated—during the White Slavery hysteria of the 1940s), but more likely due to his left-leaning political views. The rebuke prompted an unsuccessful lawsuit by his son, Charles Chaplin Jr. Chaplin's star was finally added to the Walk in 1972, the same year he received his Academy Award. Even then, 16 years later, the Chamber of Commerce received angry letters from across the country protesting its decision to include him.

The committee's Chaplin difficulties reportedly contributed to its decision in 1978 against awarding a star to Paul Robeson, the controversial opera singer, actor, athlete, writer, lawyer, and social activist. The resulting outcry from the entertainment industry, civic circles, local and national politicians, and many other quarters was so intense that the decision was reversed and Robeson was awarded a star in 1979.

Fictional characters

In 1978, in honor of his 50th anniversary, Mickey Mouse became the first animated character to receive a star, and nearly twenty more followed over the next decades. Other fictional characters on the Walk include the Munchkins, the kaiju Godzilla, the live-action dog named Lassie, Pee-Wee Herman as portrayed by Paul Reubens, animated film characters such as Shrek and Snow White, and animated television characters including the Simpsons and the Rugrats.

Jim Henson is one of four puppeteers to have a star, but also has a further three stars dedicated to his creations: one for The Muppets as a whole, one for Kermit the Frog and one for Big Bird.

Errors
In 2010, Julia Louis-Dreyfus' star was constructed with the name "Julia Luis Dreyfus". The actress was reportedly amused, and the error was corrected. A similar mistake was made on Dick Van Dyke's star in 1993 ("Vandyke"), and rectified. Film and television actor Don Haggerty's star originally displayed the first name "Dan". The mistake was fixed, but years later the television actor Dan Haggerty (of Grizzly Adams fame, no relation to Don) also received a star. The confusion eventually sprouted an urban legend that Dan Haggerty was the only honoree to have a star removed from the Walk of Fame. For 28 years, the star intended to honor Mauritz Stiller, the Helsinki-born pioneer of Swedish film who brought Greta Garbo to the United States, read "Maurice Diller", possibly due to mistranscription of verbal dictation. The star was finally remade with the correct name in 1988.

Four stars remain misspelled: the opera star Lotte Lehmann (spelled "Lottie"); King Kong creator, director, and producer and Cinerama pioneer Merian C. Cooper ("Meriam"); cinematography pioneer Auguste Lumière ("August"); and radio comedienne Mary Livingstone ("Livingston").

Monty Woolley, the veteran film and stage actor best known for The Man Who Came to Dinner (1942) and the line "Time flies when you're having fun", is officially listed in the motion picture category, but his star on the Walk of Fame bears the television emblem. Woolley did appear on the small screen late in his career, but his TV contributions were eclipsed by his extensive stage, film, and radio work. Similarly, the star of film actress Carmen Miranda bears the TV emblem, although her official category is motion pictures. Radio and television talk show host Larry King is officially a television honoree, but his star displays a film camera.

Theft and vandalism
Acts of vandalism on the Walk of Fame have ranged from profanity and political statements written on stars with markers and paint to damage with heavy tools. Vandals have also tried to chisel out the brass category emblems embedded in the stars below the names, and have even stolen a statue component of The Four Ladies of Hollywood. Closed circuit surveillance cameras have been installed on the stretch of Hollywood Boulevard between La Brea Avenue and Vine Street in an effort to discourage mischievous activities.

Four of the stars, which weigh about 300 lb each, have been stolen from the Walk of Fame. In 2000, James Stewart's and Kirk Douglas' stars disappeared from their locations near the intersection of Hollywood and Vine, where they had been temporarily removed for a construction project. Police recovered them in the suburban community of South Gate when they arrested a man involved in an incident there and searched his house. The suspect was a construction worker employed on the Hollywood and Vine project. The stars had been badly damaged and had to be remade. One of Gene Autry's five stars was also stolen from a construction area. Another theft occurred in 2005 when thieves used a concrete saw to remove Gregory Peck's star from its Hollywood Boulevard site at the intersection of North El Centro Avenue, near North Gower. The star was replaced almost immediately, but the original was never recovered and the perpetrators never caught.

Donald Trump's star

Donald Trump's star, obtained for his work as owner and producer of the Miss Universe pageant, has been vandalized multiple times. During the 2016 presidential election, a man named James Otis, who claims to be an heir to the Otis Elevator Company fortune, used a sledgehammer and a pickaxe to destroy all of the star's brass inlays. He readily admitted to the vandalism and was arrested and sentenced to three years' probation. The star was repaired and served as a site of pro-Trump demonstrations until it was destroyed a second time in July 2018 by a man named Austin Clay. Clay later surrendered himself to the police and was bailed out by James Otis. Clay was sentenced to one day in jail, three years of probation, and 20 days of community service. He also was ordered to attend psychological counseling and pay restitution of $9,404.46 to the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce. On December 18, 2018, the star was defaced with hakenkreuz and other graffiti drawn in permanent marker, and it was again vandalized with a pickaxe on October 2, 2020.

In August 2018, the West Hollywood City Council unanimously passed a resolution requesting permanent removal of the star due to repeated vandalism, according to Mayor John Duran. The resolution was completely symbolic, as West Hollywood has no jurisdiction over the Walk. Activist groups have also called for the removal of stars honoring individuals whose public and professional lives have become controversial, including Trump, Bill Cosby, Kevin Spacey, and Brett Ratner. In answer to these campaigns, the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce announced that because the Walk is a historical landmark, "once a star has been added ... it is considered a part of the historic fabric of the Hollywood Walk of Fame" and cannot be removed.

Hollywood and La Brea Gateway
The Hollywood and La Brea Gateway is a 1993 cast stainless steel public art installation by architect Catherine Hardwicke. The sculpture, popularly known as The Four Ladies of Hollywood, was commissioned by the Los Angeles Community Redevelopment Agency Art Program as a tribute to the multi-ethnic women of the entertainment industry. The installation consists of a square stainless steel Art Deco-style structure or gazebo, with an arched roof supporting a circular dome that is topped by a central obelisk with descending neon block letters spelling "Hollywood" on each of its four sides. Atop the obelisk is a small gilded weather vane-style sculpture of Marilyn Monroe in her iconic billowing skirt pose from The Seven Year Itch. The corners of the domed structure are supported by four caryatids sculpted by Harl West representing African-American actress Dorothy Dandridge, Asian-American actress Anna May Wong, Mexican actress Dolores del Río, and Brooklyn-born actress Mae West. The installation stands at the western end of the Hollywood Walk of Fame at the corner of Hollywood Boulevard and North La Brea Avenue.

The gazebo was dedicated on February 1, 1994, to a mixed reception. Los Angeles Times art critic Christopher Knight called it "the most depressingly awful work of public art in recent years", representing the opposite of Hardwicke's intended tribute to women. "Sex, as a woman's historic gateway to Hollywood", he wrote, "couldn't be more explicitly described".

Independent writer and film producer Gail Choice called it a fitting tribute to a group of pioneering and courageous women who "carried a tremendous burden on their feminine shoulders". "Never in my wildest dreams did I believe I'd ever see women of color immortalized in such a creative and wonderful fashion." Hardwicke contended that critics had missed the "humor and symbolism" of the structure, which "embraces and pokes fun at the glamour, the polished metallic male form of the Oscar, and the pastiche of styles and dreams that pervades Tinseltown."

In June 2019, the Marilyn Monroe statue above the gazebo was stolen by Austin Clay, who had vandalized Donald Trump's star a year earlier.

Homage
Some fans show respect for star recipients both living and dead by laying flowers or other symbolic tributes at their stars. Others show their support in other ways; the star awarded to Julio Iglesias, for example, is kept in "pristine condition [by] a devoted band of elderly women [who] scrub and polish it once a month".

The Hollywood Chamber of Commerce has adopted the tradition of placing flower wreaths at the stars of newly deceased awardees; for example, Bette Davis in 1989, Katharine Hepburn in 2003, and Jackie Cooper in 2011. The stars of other deceased celebrities, such as Michael Jackson, Bruce Lee, Farrah Fawcett, Elizabeth Taylor, Charles Aznavour, Richard Pryor, Ricardo Montalbán, James Doohan, Frank Sinatra, Robin Williams, Joan Rivers, George Harrison, Aretha Franklin, Stan Lee, and Betty White have become impromptu memorial and vigil sites as well, and some continue to receive anniversary remembrances.

title: Hollywood Walk of Fame


text:
Ring Lardner Jr.

Ringgold Wilmer Lardner Jr. (August 19, 1915 – October 31, 2000) was an American screenwriter. A member of the "Hollywood Ten", he was blacklisted by the Hollywood film studios during the late 1940s and 1950s after his appearance as an "unfriendly" witness before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) leading to Lardner being found guilty of contempt of Congress.

Early life
Born in Chicago, he was the son of Ellis (Abbott) and journalist and humorist Ring Lardner and the brother of James, John, and David Lardner. He was educated at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts and Princeton University. In his sophomore year he enrolled at the Anglo-American Institute of the University of Moscow. Lardner returned to New York and, in 1935, briefly worked at the Daily Mirror before signing on as publicity director with David O. Selznick's new movie company. Lardner joined the US Communist Party in 1937.

Career
Lardner moved to Hollywood where he worked as a publicist and script doctor before going on to write his own material. This included Woman of the Year (1942), a film that won him and Michael Kanin the Best Original Screenplay Academy Award. Lardner also worked on the scripts for the films Laura (1944), Brotherhood of Man (1946),   Forever Amber (1947), and M*A*S*H (1970). The script of the latter earned him an Academy Award for Best Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium.

Lardner held strong left-wing views, and in the 1930s helped to raise funds for the Republican cause during the Spanish Civil War. He was also involved in organizing anti-fascist demonstrations. His brother, James Lardner, was a member of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade, and was killed in action in Spain in 1938.

Although his political involvement upset the owners of the film studios, he continued to be employed and in 1947 became one of the highest paid scriptwriters in Hollywood when he signed a contract with 20th Century Fox at $2,000 a week (equivalent to $0 a week in 2020).

Blacklisting
After the Second World War the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) began an investigation into the Hollywood motion picture industry. In September 1947, the HUAC interviewed 41 people who were working in Hollywood. These individuals attended voluntarily and became known as "friendly witnesses". During their testimony, they named several people whom they accused of holding views sympathetic to communism.

Lardner appeared before the HUAC on October 30, 1947, but like Alvah Bessie, Herbert Biberman, Albert Maltz, Adrian Scott, Dalton Trumbo, Lester Cole, Edward Dmytryk, Samuel Ornitz and John Howard Lawson, he refused to answer any questions. Known as the "Hollywood Ten", they claimed that the First Amendment to the United States Constitution clearly gave them the right to do this. HUAC and the courts during appeals disagreed and all were found guilty of contempt of Congress. Lardner was sentenced to 12 months in the Federal Correctional Institution, Danbury and fined $1,000. He had been dismissed by Fox on October 28, 1947.

Blacklisted by the Hollywood studios, Lardner worked for the next couple of years on the novel The Ecstasy of Owen Muir (1954). Beginning in 1955, Lardner and fellow blacklistee Ian McLellan Hunter, working under pseudonyms, wrote episodes of television series, including The Adventures of Robin Hood, The Adventures of Sir Lancelot, and The Buccaneers, for producer Hannah Weinstein, an expatriate American living in England. For several years, meetings there with the producer were attended exclusively by Hunter, who had managed to gain a passport despite his political activities, whereas travel abroad for Lardner was deemed "not in the best interest of the United States" by the Passport Bureau, a restriction lasting from 1951 to 1958, when the Supreme Court ruled that passports could not be denied for political reasons.

The blacklist was lifted for Lardner when producer Martin Ransohoff and director Norman Jewison gave him screen credit for writing The Cincinnati Kid (1965). His later work included M*A*S*H (1970), for which he won the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, and The Greatest (1977), for which he re-wrote the original script by Bill Gunn. His final film project was an adaptation of Roger Kahn's book The Boys of Summer.

According to Hungarian writer Miklós Vámos—who visited Lardner several times before his death—Lardner won an Academy Award for a movie he wrote under a pseudonym.

Personal life
Lardner married Silvia Schulman, then David O. Selznick's secretary, in 1937. They had two children, a son and a daughter, and divorced in 1945. In 1946, in Las Vegas, Nevada, Lardner married Frances Chaney, an actress, and they remained wed until his death in 2000. They had one son. Chaney had been married to Lardner's brother, David, until his death in 1944 and had two children, a daughter and a son, from that marriage.

Death
Lardner died of cancer on October 31, 2000, Halloween night, in his apartment in Manhattan, New York. He was the last surviving member of the Hollywood Ten.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ring Lardner Jr.


text:
Álfröðull

Álfröðull (Old Norse "elf-beam", "elf-disc" or "elf-glory, elf-heaven" ) is a term and common kenning in Norse mythology. It is ambiguous, referring both to the sun-chariot of the sun goddess Sól (for example, Alfröðull is said to shine in Skírnismál, verse 4 ) and to the rider (Sól herself). Álfröðull is pulled by two horses, Árvakr and Alsviðr. The chariot is pursued by the wolf Sköll. According to Norse mythology, prior to Ragnarök, Álfröðull will give birth to a daughter and after she is eaten by the wolf, the daughter will take her place.

Vafþrúðnismál
According to the poem Vafþrúðnismál, verses 46–47:

Óðinn kvað:

 * "Hvaðan kemr sól
 * á inn slétta himin,
 * er þessa hefr Fenrir farit?"

Vafþrúðnir kvað:

 * "Eina dóttur
 * berr Alfröðull,
 * áðr hana Fenrir fari;
 * sú skal ríða,
 * þá er regin deyja,
 * móður brautir, mær."

Benjamin Thorpe's translation:

Gagnrâd:
 * "Whence will come the sun
 * in that fair heaven,
 * when Fenrir has this devoured?"

Vafthrûdnir:
 * "A daughter
 * shall Alfrodull bear,
 * ere Fenrir shall have swallowed her.
 * The maid shall ride,
 * when the powers die,
 * on her mother's course."

Snorri Sturluson cites this passage in his account of Ragnarök in the Gylfaginning section of his Prose Edda.

Skaldic verse
Álfröðull also occurs as a kenning for the sun in skaldic verse; the simplex, röðull, is used with the same meaning, and Alaric Hall therefore suggests in his book on the elves that the choice of "álfröðull" depended on alliteration, but that the existence of the kenning suggests that the concepts of the sun and the elves were "semantically congruent"; he considers the álfr (elf) in "álfröðull" possibly a heiti for Freyr.

title: Álfröðull


text:
Evangelism

In Christianity, evangelism or witnessing is the act of preaching the gospel with the intention of sharing the message and teachings of Jesus Christ. It is sometimes associated with Christian missions.

Christians who specialize in evangelism are often known as evangelists, whether they are in their home communities or living as missionaries in the field, although some Christian traditions refer to such people as missionaries in either case. Some Christian traditions consider evangelists to be in a leadership position; they may be found preaching to large meetings or in governance roles. In addition, Christian groups who encourage evangelism are sometimes known as evangelistic or evangelist.

Etymology
The word evangelist comes from the Koine Greek word εὐανγέλιον (transliterated as euangelion) via Latinised evangelium as used in the canonical titles of the Four Gospels, authored by (or attributed to) Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John (also known as the Four Evangelists). The Greek word εὐαγγέλιον originally meant a reward given to the messenger for good news (εὔ = "good", ἀνγέλλω = "I bring a message"; the word "angel" comes from the same root) and later "good news" itself.

The verb form of euangelion, (translated as "evangelism"), occurs rarely in older Greek literature outside the New Testament, making its meaning more difficult to ascertain. Parallel texts of the Gospels of Luke and Mark reveal a synonymous relationship between the verb euangelizo (εὑαγγελίζω) and a Greek verb kerusso (κηρύσσω), which means "to proclaim".

Methods
Evangelism can include preaching or distributing bibles, tracts, newspapers and/or magazines, by the media, street evangelists, etc. The Bible records that Jesus sent out his disciples to evangelize by visiting peoples homes in pairs of two believers (cf. ). In the same text, Jesus mentioned that few people were willing to evangelize, despite there being many people who would be receptive to his Gospel message.

The child evangelism movement is a Christian evangelism movement that originated in the 20th century. It focuses on the 4/14 Window which centers on evangelizing children between the ages of 4 and 14 years old. Beginning in the 1970s, a group of Christian athletes known as The Power Team spawned an entire genre of Christian entertainment based on strong-man exploits mixed with a Christian message and usually accompanied by an opportunity to respond with a prayer for salvation. New opportunities for evangelism have been provided in recent decades by increased travel opportunities and by instant communications over the internet.

Instant chalk board drawings (while storytelling), using bright poster chalk on large boards, along with ventriloquism and humor, have also been used in schools and churches and at beaches and river banks. In the 90's (and now in the 2000's) Geoffrey Moran of Australia uses these "old school" methods as they are now new again for both children and adults. Ventriloquism is also returning to radio in the Edgar Bergen and Charlie McCarthy style.

Protestantism
In 1831, the Presbyterian Mission Agency was founded by the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America.

Evangelicalism

Various evangelical mission organizations have specialized in evangelism throughout history. In 1792, BMS World Mission was founded in Kettering, England by William Carey. In 1814, the American Baptist International Ministries was founded by the American Baptist Churches USA in United States. In 1865, OMF International was founded by Hudson Taylor in England. In 1893, in Lagos in Nigeria, SIM was founded by Walter Gowans, Rowland Bingham, and Thomas Kent. Samuel E. Hill, John H. Nicholson, and William J. Knights founded Gideons International, an organization which distributes free Bibles to hotels, motels, hospitals, military bases, prisons, schools, and universities, in Janesville in Wisconsin, United States, in 1899.

In 1922, Canadian evangelical evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson, founder of the Foursquare Church, was the first woman to use radio to reach a wider audience in the United States. In 1951, producer Dick Ross and Baptist evangelist Billy Graham founded the film production company World Wide Pictures, which would make videos of his preaching and Christian films.

In 1960, more than half of the Protestant American missionaries were evangelical. American and European Pentecostal missionaries are also numerous, Pentecostalism can develop independently by non-foreign residents in various regions of the world, notably in Africa, South America, and Asia. Youth with a Mission was founded in 1960 in United States by Loren Cunningham and his wife Darlene.

The Christian Broadcasting Network was founded in 1961 in Virginia Beach, United States, by Baptist minister Pat Robertson.

In 1974, Billy Graham and the Lausanne Committee for World Evangelization organized the First International Congress on World Evangelization in Lausanne. In 2004, South Korea became the second-largest source of missionaries in the world, after the United States and ahead of England.

In July 1999, TopChrétien, an evangelical Christian web portal and social network, was launched by Éric Célérier, pastor of the Assemblies of God of France and Estelle Martin. In January 2007, GodTube, a site for sharing videos related to Christianity, especially evangelical, was founded by Christopher Wyatt of Plano, Texas in the United States, then a student at Dallas Theological Seminary.

In 2007, there were over 10,000 Baptist missionaries in overseas missions around the world.

Controversies
Some consider evangelism to be proselytising, while others argue it is merely free speech. The fact that evangelicals speak about their faith in public is sometimes criticized by the media and it is often associated with proselytism. According to the evangelicals, freedom of religion and freedom of expression allow them to discuss their faith like they would discuss other topics.

Christian films made by American evangelical production companies are also regularly associated with proselytism. According to Sarah-Jane Murray, screenwriting teacher at the US Film and Christian Television Commission United, Christian films are works of art, not proselytism. For Hubert de Kerangat, communications manager at SAJE Distribution, a distributor of these American Christian films in France, if Christian films are considered proselytism, all films are a form of proselytism, since films of all genres could each be said to carry a message.

title: Evangelism


text:
Talk:Humanae vitae

Apparent contradictory statements "most" or "all"
Found in the version Jan. 12, 2018, 6:51 p.m. version are two phrases that seem contradictory: "the rejection of most forms of artificial contraception." and the "its prohibition of all forms of artificial contraception". Is it "most" or "all"? Of course, an all situation would support a most situation; but "most" has sometimes a connotation of not all; shall we clarify HV's position relative to this question; is there at least one case of artificial contraception that is not prohibited by the HV? HV notes that a therapeutic procedure (hence an artificial procedure) to cure a bodily disease absent of intent to interrupt the procreative aspect of the conjugal act would not be considered at all illicit; so, there can be artificial ways of preventing conception that are not illicit, so long as the ways are not directly intended to interrupt the procreative potential of the conjugal act. So, "most" would stand; and "all" should be removed; but care should be taken to represent HV rightly on the matter in order not to confuse a reader. See paragraph "15" of HV for precise language. '''Will a senior editor care for this matter in the article? '''

Untitled
Please clarify the encylical's position on barrier methods of birth control.

 * Barrier method is condomned as contrary to nature. That is the root of all Catholic teaching on birth control.  What is at issue is how God created the universe.  Anything contrary to God's plan is sinful.  This would, therefore, include birth control, abortion, euthanasia, etc.Davescj 09:43, 8 December 2005 (UTC)dave
 * Dave, consider spelling: not "condomned" but condemned as opposing Natural Law. Joefaust (talk) 02:40, 13 January 2018 (UTC)

Maybe the page could also use some context on how long the church has held this doctrine against abortion... -- Cimon Avaro on a pogo-stick 05:50, 6 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Question:
Wasn't Humanae Vitae written by Pope John Paul II? Correct me if I am wrong. BrainyJaney 21:38, 15 May 2006 (UTC)BrainyJaney
 * It was issued by Paul VI. Some of the theory in it was developed earlier by Wotylja in "Love and Responsibility," but I think that is the extent of the connection. Mlouns 02:28, 16 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Also: In 1995, John Paul II wrote the encyclical EVANGELIUM VITAE, which reaffirms, and expounds upon, the teaching on contraception and abortion. LotR 17:28, 16 May 2006 (UTC)

Neutrality?

The conclusion of this article seems to argue in favour of the Catholic Church's official teaching. I would think this was inappropriate for an encyclopedia. You might explain some of the theological arguments for relaxing the present discipline. After all, as you say, Paul VI acted against the advice of his own commission. Gaz 2-7-06

Of course there is a support of the teaching of the Catholic Church. The document in question is released by the magesterium and requires that Catholics submit faithfully to its directives, even if they don't agree with it. There would be no point to an article about Humane Vitae if it didn't "favour" the teaching of the Church because it Is the teaching of the Church. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 66.184.151.106 (talk • contribs) 03:36, 6 September 2006   (UTC)

 * I'm not sure that saying that there has been a resurgence of support among Catholics for this is the same as being supportive. (There should be a citation for this upsurge in support, though). JASpencer 13:20, 2 July 2006 (UTC)

I was not specific in my criticism. Mea culpa. I refer to the last statement, which reads 'also, the advent of high-speed digital basal thermometers, along with improved knowledge of a woman's menstrual cycle, have enhanced the success rate and acceptance of natural methods of birth control.'A highly debatable, and unsourced, statement. The fact that it concludes the article instead of an objective summing up might cause a reader to doubt the author's neutrality. Gaz July 3 2006

 * I agree with the previous comment -- I'm not sure how this statement violates POV, especially considering the tone of the first 3 paragraphs of the section, which one may argue are in opposition to the Church's teaching. High speed digital basal thermometers are a necessary technology, not available in 1968, that has led to the improved success rate of the sympto-thermal method. I've done a quick look over the internet on the success rate and admittedly there is some variation. However, all indications are that, when correctly followed, the sympto-thermal method attains a significantly higher success rate than the old rhythm method available in 1968. The success rate of any method of "birth control" will certainly factor into its acceptance. One of the better sites I found is: http://www.naturaltransition.com/avoiding-pregnancy.htm LotR 21:12, 21 July 2006 (UTC)

 * "The document in question is released by the magesterium and requires that Catholics submit faithfully to its directives, even if they don't agree with it." Actually, that is not the case.  Teachings of the Ordinary Papal Magisterium should be read, studied, prayed over and given the benefit of the doubt.  But, after doing that, if one can still not accept it, one should follow one's own conscience. Jhobson1 15:37, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Canon 752 of the Code of Canon Law defines the response owed to the ordinary papal magisterium (bold added): "Although not an assent of faith, a religious submission of the intellect and will must be given to a doctrine which the Supreme Pontiff or the college of bishops declares concerning faith or morals when they exercise the authentic magisterium, even if they do not intend to proclaim it by definitive act; therefore, the Christian faithful are to take care to avoid those things which do not agree with it." -- Cat Whisperer 15:54, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

I'm throwing up a NPOV tag. This is probably the most controversial papal encyclical of the modern era and this article has mostly vague mentions of any criticism. What little is specific is mostly buried. I think it is probably just the way the article is currently organized and written (pretty poorly) but the tone of article reads very pro-Vatican to me. A separate Criticism section might clear things up a bit. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.84.128.203 (talk) 20:09, 11 February 2012 (UTC)

 * I'm questioning the NPOV tag, or at least the reasoning. The article definitely lists many criticisms from specific peoples, organizations, and publications.  I just partitioned the 'highlights' section with a new section called 'response and criticism', and it can be seen there are many more criticisms than assenting POVs.  I don't think the NPOV tag is warranted, and I'd like to continue this discussion further.  If there is no response or dissent, than I will take the NPOV tag off in a week.  Noodles Addiction (talk) 14:27, 28 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Well, it's been about two weeks, with no response either way, I'm taking off the tag. Noodles Addiction (talk) 17:17, 11 March 2012 (UTC)

Categories
This article has been removed from Category:Natural family planning as part of a planned deletion of Category:Periodic abstinence, Category:Fertility awareness, and Category:Natural family planning. Please bring up any concerns at Category talk:Fertility tracking. If there are no objections within four days, these three categories will be tagged for speedy deletion.

I also removed this article from Category:Religious views on birth control - I think better navigation can happen with the entire Category:Theology of the Body as a sub-cat of "religious views", rather than including only select articles. Lyrl Talk C 00:02, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

"Common Misunderstandings" section
I noticed that a new section, "Common Misunderstandings," has been appended. I think the new material can and should be reduced. This can be achieved by suitably incorporating it into the "Reception" section in an NPOV fashion. For example, that section's first paragraph raises the AIDS/condoms objection. The logical place for a pared-down counterpoint follows there. I will be moving to do this in the near future. LotR 14:06, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

 * SOunds good, I have no objection. The.helping.people.tick 14:57, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

Quote from Pius XII
One issue here is why the Church is holding on to the procreational view of sexuality, which prohibits any birth control. I added to the history section the quote from Pius XII to show, that there were alternatives, which by implication would have a possibly impacted birth control methods. They  did not exist at that time of  the quote.

''The Creator himself. . . established that in the [generative] function, spouses should experience pleasure and enjoyment of body and spirit. Therefore, the spouses do nothing evil in seeking this pleasure and enjoyment. They accept what the Creator has intended for them. At the same time, spouses should know how to keep themselves within the limits of just moderation'' (Address to Midwifes, October 29.1951)

--Ambrosius007 (talk) 23:18, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Actually, these additions are problematic. Several issues:  The issue of why should be here only in the context of the subject, in how the encyclical influences such positions.  And even then there is editorial discretion to determine how much to write about that.  This certainly isn't the place to rehash much larger catechistic refinements.  Second: your statement of the Church's view must be written sloppily, because as it is it is factually wrong; indeed you may see there is no "why" that you wish to consider, once you refactor.  Third, Pius's quote suggests no such alternatives.  It is simply acknowledgements that it not wrong to wish nor expect to enjoy the generative function, and that while doing so, the spouses are called to do what is right ("just").  It itself says nothing about what is "right" in this context, other than that seeking and experiencing pleasure, in and of themselves, can be so.  So at the end, this material really serves no purpose in this particular article.  Actually, they would only serve to confuse.  Baccyak4H (Yak!) 19:17, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

The section deals with the history of HV! In this context major statements of the Magisterium are not only valid, but essential for understanding the reactions to the encyclical after its issuance.

I am of the opinion,sorry to say, that Baccyak4H and his friend do not own this Wikipedia page. --Ambrosius007 (talk) 20:06, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Ah, interesting point, about reactions. But then that is where our confusion lies: when you say "history" you mean "historical reaction" rather than "its own prestory".  Now I get it.

 * I would then suggest that Pius's material should be referred to in the reception section. That would be plausible, as many do misread his material as such.  (If that is what you were trying to say earlier when I said you misspoke, I apologize, and now understand your point).  A lot of the other material you just added should be reorganized in a similar way, although I would prefer to reword some of it for clarity and conciseness in the process.

 * I am in full agreement with your opinion, BTW, as would every other good faith editor here (so no need for apologies). Just trying to write a better article, that's all.  Baccyak4H (Yak!) 21:24, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

The Dutch Catechism, to give one example can be in the history section (because it preceeeded HV) or in the Reaction section, since it really took off afterwards. We have a small conflict in the role of Wojtyla, I added my reading of the two biographies but it cannot stay like this. I am sure, that a solution can be found. What do you propose?

I write very fast and would be grateful for your editing and rewording for clarity. Thank's

--Ambrosius007 (talk) 22:08, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I would suggest that any writings/events that influenced the writing of HV be included in the history section. The commission is the obvious example.  It is not clear to me that the Dutch Catechism did.  (To be fair, I have never heard of it, although as it seems the state of its imprimatur is quite ambiguous, I have to doubt it played any influencial role.)  Use as a contrast in describing reception seems good if it can be sourced.  I would choose to tone back the description of this and other comparators (i.e., Pius's addresses) however, as they can be (and are) properly described elsewhere.

 * The issue with Wojtyla seems merely an editorial one; he clearly influenced the document but sources differ exactly how. Saying "he had a hand in its drafting" (for example) seems a safe statement, although surely we can do better.

 * Actually, upon reading Witness to Hope, it seems it has a lot of material regarding Wojtyla's contributions, and, pointedly, also the lack thereof.  I'll have a go to summarize it, hopefully soon; there is some good material there.

 * I appreciate your request as some of the most fulfilling writing I do is to consolidate the writings of others into one smooth narrative. I'll do what I can.  Baccyak4H (Yak!) 04:07, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I cleaned up a lot of your additions per request. I hope you agree it reads much better.  I like where the Dutch Catechism is discussed, since it seems only important after the fact.  I will get to Weigel later, but agree that is a great source.  Baccyak4H (Yak!) 05:03, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

Thank's, you did a wonderful job. The page reads much better and is more Catholic!

There is one very important point missing under "Reception". While the reactions in the US and Western (not eastern) Europe, were largely negative, great support came from the bishops of LA, who had resisted American and European led efforts, to link bilateral and multilateral (World Bank) aid to birth control in their countries. To many of them, HV was most welcome. I will add this important part later.

--Ambrosius007 (talk) 13:05, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

PS Imprimatur Dutch Catechism: The original imprimatur: "Utrecht, March 1, 1966 by Bernardus Cardinal Alfrink"

Paul VI's response
I've added this because I think this section is presently quite inadequate in expressing Paul VI's response to the dissent:

On June 23, 1978, weeks before his death, in an address to the College of Cardinals, the Paul VI reaffirmed his decision concerning Humanae Vitae, "following the confirmations of serious science," and which sought to affirm the principle of respect for the laws of nature and of "a conscious and ethically responsible paternity."

 * Marax (talk) 02:17, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

Highlights
I am wondering whether the encyclical is actually copyrighted or not.

If it is copyrighted, then
 * does the encyclical itself give everybody permission to copy from it, and
 * if not, then
 * do we have permission to reproduce it here, or
 * do the quotes here constitute fair use?

I might also comment that the tone of this article is substantially at odds with the point of view of many other articles in Wikipedia, and they cannot possibly both be neutral at the same time. 69.140.152.55 (talk) 00:36, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Not sure about copyright, but in any event, any quotes in the article ought to be clearly indicated as such with proper credit given. Also, not sure what you mean by the tone of the article being at odds with other articles. LotR (talk) 02:05, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

In the US, USSR and Western Europe, this encyclical received a mainly critical reception. In Eastern Europe, Southern Europe and Latin America, the encyclical was highly welcomed. The article attempts to give credit to both sides. --Ambrosius007 (talk) 09:47, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

Vatican documents which are copyrighted have usually the label attached: Copyright © Libreria Editrice Vaticana This applies especially to documents of the pontificate of John Paul II, who invented this counter-productive policy  and Benedict XVI. This label Copyright © Libreria Editrice Vaticana is NOT attached to the encyclical Humanae Vitae on the Vatican Website. This means, that the long quotes may not violate Vatican copyright. They should be re-written anyway, because of their lenght, and arbitrary selection. The quotes do not represent or summarize the encyclical, only certain parts of it, without explanation why they were selected--Ambrosius007 (talk) 10:06, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

Reception
The article states that after the encyclical, "some lay Catholics" continued to use artificial contraception. Sociologist Andrew Greeley found that Catholic use of artificial contraception in the US matched that of the general population, that the encyclical was in fact almost completely ignored by the American laity. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.89.213.86 (talk) 06:19, 24 November 2008 (UTC)

Other unpopular encyclicals
It would be interesting if the article could mention other encyclicals or papal documents that were highly unpopular among mainstream Christians when they were first promulgated. Possible examples include In Eminenti Apostolatus forbidding Masonic sects, Vix Pervenit condemning usury, Syllabus Errorum on socio-political liberalism and Pascendi Dominici Gregis on radical biblical criticism. ADM (talk) 09:30, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

Issue issues
Hello. I took the not very bold step of correcting an error often made when identifying the publication of encyclicals; that is to say I changed the word "promulgated" (two instances), for it is only laws that are promulgated (see, e.g., Code of Canon Law, | canons 7 and 8. The Latin speaks of "litterae encyclicae datae", which is to say "letters . . given", and that is precisely how the encyclical ends in the English translation: "Given at St. Peter's, Rome, on the 25th day of July".  "Given" would not, however, be a normal way of referring to publication in everyday English, and of the various options I chose "issued" because it was already used twice in the article with reference to the publication of the encyclical.  One of the instances of "promulgated" was in the caption to a photograph which raised no problems, but in the lede there was a stylistic difficulty caused by the close occurrence of "issued" and "issues". One option would have been to use the word "dated" for "promulgated" here, but on reflection it seemed that the lede had not captured the essence of the encyclical by saying that it confirmed traditional Catholic teaching "regarding abortion, contraception, and other issues pertaining to human life". This would be a precise summary of John Paul II's 1995 encyclical |Evangelium vitae which deals with abortion, euthanasia, contraception, techniques of artificial reproduction, and so on. But Humanae vitae has a much narrower focus, and although abortion is referred to once, it would not be a fair analysis to say the encyclical deals with abortion as such: in fact, it deals with abortion only to the extent that it is used as a means of restricting birth (§14). I therefore, somewhat boldly, changed the lede to reflect the specific focus of the encyclical on married love (§§8f., 11), responsible parenthood (§11), and the unlawful (§14) and lawful (§§15f.) means of regulating birth. This, I hope, restores the balance in presenting an encyclical which all too often is treated as being entirely negative in content, whereas its message is positive. Ridiculus mus (talk) 01:33, 24 March 2011 (UTC)

Legacy
The text begins with this rather mangled sentence:- "Although polls show that many Catholics dissent from church teaching on contraception,[43] some 98 percent of women have according to one report,[44] there has nevertheless been a resurgence of support for it in certain quarters."
 * Footnote [44] is the citation of an account issued in February 2012 by a White House spokesman as to his understanding of the content of part of a report published in April 2011 by the U.S. based Guttmacher Institute relating to contraceptive usage by women in the USA.
 * On 22 June I deleted the ungrammatical and misleading passage reading "some 98 percent of women have according to one report,[44]" and justified the deletion on the grounds that the passage was an "incorrect and misleading summary of highly disputable report on artif. birth control usage by USA Catholic women".
 * The disputed phrase failed to note (1) that the subject was women in the USA who self-identified as Catholic and who had ever had sex, and (2) that the issue was very precisely those who had ever used artificial contraception at any point in their lives (not those who are currently using it).
 * Thus, it is not the case that the Guttmacher report establishes that 98% of Catholic women use artificial contraception, still less that 98% of Catholic women dissent from the teaching of the Catholic Church on the subject.
 * In fact, the Guttmacher Institute itself, in a press release dated 15 February 2012, addressed "some confusion about various aspects of the research that produced this statistic" stating, inter alia: "The above statistics on women who have ever used contraceptives are not to be confused with data on women who are currently using contraceptives". See http://www.guttmacher.org/media/inthenews/2012/02/15/index.html (retrieved today).
 * The very same day I made my edit, SarekOfVulcan undid it on the grounds it was pov. I dispute that claim and propose, once again, to delete the incorrect and misleading (as well as ungrammatical) passage for all the reasons set out here.
 * In an attempt to avoid an editing war, I have made my views known here at length and suggest SarekOfVulcan review and digest them (and, if need be, address them here in Talk) before mechanically undoing my edit a second time. Ridiculus mus (talk) 06:10, 10 July 2012 (UTC)

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The Commission vote in 1966
I don't see anything on the Commission vote. The Commission was set up by Pope John and included cardinals and bishops, medical experts, etc., and:
 * " It found the use of artificial means of contraception was not intrinsically evil and that Catholic couples should be allowed to decide for themselves whether to use them or not."

A minority report by 6 of the members found that:
 * "...the church should not and could not change its teaching on the matter."

 This recent Irish Times article covers the ground once more.78.16.92.128 (talk) 12:26, 2 February 2018 (UTC)

Padre pio
Padre Pio's last letter was to the pope on Humanae vutae it can be added in response. 131.193.136.102 (talk) 21:53, 29 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Humanae vitae


text:
Statvolt

The statvolt is a unit of voltage and electrical potential used in the CGS-ESU and gaussian systems of units. In terms of its relation to the SI units, one statvolt corresponds to $c$$1/2$ $1/2$, i.e. to 299.792458 volts.

The statvolt is also defined in the CGS system as 1 erg / statcoulomb. It is a useful unit for electromagnetism because, in a vacuum, an electric field of one statvolt per centimetre has the same energy density as a magnetic field of one gauss. Likewise, a plane wave propagating in a vacuum has perpendicular electric and magnetic fields such that for every gauss of magnetic field intensity there is one statvolt/cm of electric field intensity.

In the CGS-EMU system, the unit of voltage is the abvolt.

title: Statvolt


text:
Charlie Masso

Carlos Javier Rivera Massó (born June 13, 1969 in San Juan, Puerto Rico), better known as Charlie Massó, is a Puerto Rican singer and actor. Massó is a former member of Menudo, joining the band at the height of Menudo's worldwide fame. He replaced Rene Farrait and quickly became a fan favorite with his participation on the albums of Por Amor and Una Aventura Llamada Menudo, which was the name of both Menudo's second movie and of the soundtrack album for it. Charlie recorded 14 albums with Menudo, two were nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Album in 1984 and 85.

Career
Massó began his life as a Menudo the very moment that one of Menudo's members of the group's "golden era," Farrait, left the group. However, Massó's presence helped extend the golden era an additional three years, and when he left the group in 1987, he was the last member of the group's golden years to leave. Massó was a member of Menudo during their most commercially successful period in the States, which included the group's highest-charting U.S. single, "Hold Me" (#62 on the Billboard Hot 100.) Massó's bandmates included Xavier Serbiá, Johnny Lozada, Ricky Meléndez, Miguel Cancel, Ray Reyes, Roy Rosselló, Robby Rosa and Ricky Martin, among others. He returned to Menudo to complete a tour in Brazil, their 1987 Summer in the Streets tour, after Robby Rosa quit the group, to introduce new member Ruben Gomez and for their last tour in the Philippines when Ralphy Rodriguez was pulled out of the group by his parents late that year.

In 1985 Menudo visited Manila, Philippines twice for their concert at the Folk Arts Theater, with several guest appearances on Eat Bulaga, Vilma in Person & GMA Supershow. Menudo's popularity in Philippines was helped with their fluency in many languages. This was expressed in Spanish, English and Filipino songs. In 1986, Charlie sang " Di Na Natuto", a Tagalog song to serenade a young Filipina originally sung by Gary Valenciano. Charlie's duet with Lea Salonga, "I Still Believe" was a big hit in 1988-89.

Charlie left the band in 1987, being replaced by Ralphy Rodriguez, though Masso will remain in the group to fill in if members were unable to sing, including Rodriguez himself as he departed the group months later and Masso filled in the spot for him. After the tour, Massó moved to Mexico for many years, where he showcased his acting in soap operas. He became married and had a family. In 1998 he was recruited by bandmate Ray Reyes while singing with a merengue orquesta, Grupo KAOS, and joined Meléndez, Farrait, Lozada, Reyes and Cancel in touring many of the places where they had acquired millions of fans as Menudos, with El Reencuentro.

In 2001 he appeared in 12 Horas, a Puerto Rican movie written and directed by Raúl Marchand Sánchez.

Massó quit El Reencuentro during 2015 and joined Farrait, Cancel and Reyes in another Menudo-reunion band they named "Menudomania Forever".

1982

 * "La Chispa De La Vida"
 * "Coqui"

1983

 * "Indianapolis" (in Spanish)
 * "Piel De Manzana"
 * "Todo Va Bien"
 * "No Te Reprimas"

1984

 * "Heavenly Angel" (English version of "Piel de Manzana")
 * "Nao Se Reprima" (Portuguese version of "No Te Reprimas")
 * "Tudo Vai Bem" (Portuguese version of "Todo Va Bien")
 * "Indianapolis" (in Portuguese)
 * "Yo Sere Tu Bailarin"
 * "Amor Primero"
 * "Agua De Limon"

1985

 * "Come Home" (duet with Robi Rosa),
 * "When I Dance With You" (English version of "Yo Sere Tu Bailarin")
 * "Acercate"
 * "Viva! Bravo!" (in Spanish)
 * "Viva! Bravo!" (in Portuguese)
 * "Vem Por Favor" (Portuguese version of "Acercate")

1986
1988-89 with Lea Salonga "I Still Believe"
 * "Viva! Bravo!" (in Italian)
 * "Il Primo Amore" (Italian version of "Amor Primero")
 * "Vivi La Vita" (Italian version of "No Te Reprimas")
 * "Vicino A Te" (Italian version of "Acercate")
 * "Salta La Valla"
 * "A Cara O Cruz" (duet with Robi Rosa)
 * "Jumpin' Over" (English version of "Salta La Valla")
 * "Cara ou Coroa" (Portuguese version of "A Cara O Cruz")
 * "Alegria" (Portuguese version only

El Reencuentro 1998

 * El Recuentro (live concert album with ex-Menudo members)

Solo career

 * 1988 Charlie Masso
 * 1989 Sin Ti
 * 1994 Inevitable

Personal
Masso has two sons, Charlie Jr. and Angel.

title: Charlie Masso