text:
Martin Parr

Martin Parr (born 23 May 1952) is a British documentary photographer, photojournalist and photobook collector. He is known for his photographic projects that take an intimate, satirical and anthropological look at aspects of modern life, in particular documenting the social classes of England, and more broadly the wealth of the Western world.

His major projects have been rural communities (1975–1982), The Last Resort (1983–1985), The Cost of Living (1987–1989), Small World (1987–1994) and Common Sense (1995–1999).

Since 1994, Parr has been a member of Magnum Photos. He has had around 40 solo photobooks published, and has featured in around 80 exhibitions worldwide – including the international touring exhibition ParrWorld, and a retrospective at the Barbican Arts Centre, London, in 2002.

The Martin Parr Foundation, founded in 2014, and registered as a charity in 2015 opened premises in his hometown of Bristol in 2017. It houses his own archive, his collection of British and Irish photography by other photographers, and a gallery.

Personal life
Born in Epsom, Surrey, Parr wanted to become a documentary photographer from the age of fourteen. He cites his grandfather, George Parr, an amateur photographer and fellow of the Royal Photographic Society, as an early influence. He married Susan Mitchell and they have one child, Ellen Parr (born 1986). Parr was diagnosed with cancer in May 2021.

Photographer
Parr has said of his photography: "The fundamental thing I'm exploring constantly is the difference between the mythology of the place and the reality of it. ... Remember I make serious photographs disguised as entertainment. That's part of my mantra. I make the pictures acceptable to find the audience but deep down there is actually a lot going on that's not sharply written in your face. If you want to read it you can read it."

Parr's aesthetic is close-up, through use of a macro lens, and employing saturated colour, a result of either the type of film and/or use of a ring flash. This allows him to put his subjects "under the microscope" in their own environment, giving them space to expose their lives and values in ways that often involve inadvertent humour. His technique, as seen in his book Signs of the Times: A Portrait of the Nation's Tastes (1992), has been said to leave viewers with ambiguous emotional reactions, unsure whether to laugh or cry.

Manchester Polytechnic, 1970–1973
Parr studied photography at Manchester Polytechnic from 1970 to 1972 with contemporaries Daniel Meadows and Brian Griffin. Parr and Meadows collaborated on various projects, including working at Butlin's as roving photographers. They were part of a new wave of documentary photographers, "a loose British grouping, which, though it never gave itself a title have become variously known as 'the Young British Photographers', 'Independent Photographers' and the 'New British Photography'."

Rural communities, West Yorkshire, Greater Manchester and Ireland, 1975–1982
In 1975 Parr moved to Hebden Bridge in West Yorkshire where he would complete his first mature work. He was involved with the Albert Street Workshop, a hub for artistic activity which included a darkroom and exhibition space. Parr spent five years photographing rural life in the area, focusing on the Methodist (and some Baptist) non-conformist chapels, a focal point for isolated farming communities that in the early 1970s were closing down. He photographed in black-and-white, for its nostalgic nature and for it being appropriate to his celebratory look at this past activity. Also, photographers at that time were obliged to work in black-and-white to be taken seriously, colour being associated with commercial and snapshot photography. His series The Non-Conformists was widely exhibited at the time and published as a book in 2013. Critic Sean O'Hagan, writing in The Guardian, said "It's easy to forget how quietly observational Parr was as a black-and-white photographer."

In 1980 Parr married Susan Mitchell and, for her work, they moved to the west coast of Ireland. He set up a darkroom in Boyle, County Roscommon.

Parr's first publications, Bad Weather, published in 1982 by Zwemmer with an Arts Council subsidy, Calderdale Photographs (1984) and A Fair Day: Photographs from the West Coast of Ireland (1984), all featured photographs from mostly northern England, and Ireland, in black-and-white. He used a Leica M3 with a 35 mm lens; although for Bad Weather he quickly switched to an underwater camera with a flashgun.

The working class, The Last Resort, 1982–1985
In 1982 Parr and his wife moved to Wallasey, England, and he switched permanently to colour photography, inspired by the work of US colour photographers, mostly Joel Meyerowitz, but also William Eggleston and Stephen Shore, and also the British Peter Fraser and Peter Mitchell. Parr has written that "I had also encountered the post cards of John Hinde when I worked at Butlin's in the early 70s and the bright saturated colour of these had a big impact on me." During the summers of 1983, 1984 and 1985 he photographed working-class people at the seaside in nearby New Brighton. This work was published in the book The Last Resort: Photographs of New Brighton (1986) and exhibited in Liverpool and London.

Although John Bulmer had pioneered colour documentary photography of Britain, from 1965, Gerry Badger has said of The Last Resort: "It is difficult from a perspective of almost a quarter of a century to underestimate [sic] the significance of The Last Resort, either in British photography or Martin Parr's career. For both, it represented a seismic change in the basic mode of photographic expression, from monochrome to colour, a fundamental technical change that heralded the development of a new tone in documentary photography."

Karen Wright, writing in The Independent, has said "He was attacked by some critics for his scrutiny of the working classes, but looking at these works, one merely sees Parr's unflinching eye capturing the truth of a social class embracing leisure in whatever form available."

The middle class, The Cost of Living (1987–1989)
In 1985 Parr completed a commission for the Documentary Photography Archive in Manchester to photograph people at supermarkets in Salford, Retailing in the Borough of Salford, which is now held at the archive.

He and his wife moved to Bristol in 1987, where they still live. During 1987 and 1988 he completed his next major project, on the middle class, who were at that time becoming increasingly affluent under Thatcherism. He photographed middle-class activities such as shopping, dinner parties and school open days, predominantly around Bristol and Bath in the southwest of England. It was published as his next book The Cost of Living (1989) and exhibited in Bath, London, Oxford and Paris.

His book One Day Trip (1989) featured photographs taken when he accompanied people on a booze cruise to France, a commission from Mission Photographique Transmanche.

Mass tourism, Small World (1987–1994)
Between 1987 and 1994 Parr travelled internationally to make his next major series, a critique of mass tourism,  published as Small World in 1995. A revised edition with additional photographs was published in 2007. It was exhibited in 1995–1996 in London, Paris, Edinburgh, and Palma in Spain and has continued to be shown in various locations since.

He was visiting professor of photography at the University of Art and Design in Helsinki between 1990 and 1992.

Global consumerism, Common Sense (1995–1999)
Between 1995 and 1999 Parr made the series Common Sense about global consumerism. Common Sense was an exhibition of 350 prints, and a book published in 1999 with 158 images. The exhibition was first shown in 1999 and was staged simultaneously in forty-one venues in seventeen countries. The pictures depict the minutiae of consumer culture, and are intended to show the ways in which people entertain themselves. The photographs were taken with 35 mm ultra-saturated film for its vivid, heightened colours.

Magnum Photos
Parr joined Magnum Photos as an associate member in 1988. The vote on his inclusion as a full member in 1994 was divisive, with Philip Jones Griffiths circulating a plea to other members not to admit him. Parr achieved the necessary two-thirds majority by one vote. Magnum membership helped him work on editorial photography, and on editorial fashion photography for Paul Smith, Louis Vuitton, Galerie du jour Agnès B. and Madame Figaro.

In 2014 Parr was voted in as president of Magnum Photos International, a post he held for 3.5 years until 2017.

Photobooks
Parr is a collector and critic of photobooks. His collaboration with the critic Gerry Badger, The Photobook: A History (in three volumes) covers more than 1,000 examples of photobooks from the 19th century through to the present day. The first two volumes took eight years to complete. Tate Modern's retrospective exhibition of Daidō Moriyama in London included many Moriyama books loaned from Parr displayed in vitrines.

Other items
Parr also collects postcards, photographs and various other items of vernacular and popular culture such as wallpaper, Saddam Hussein watches and prostitute advertising cards from phoneboxes (items with a photograph on them). Here too, items from his collections have been used as the basis for publications and exhibitions. Since the 1970s, Parr has collected and publicised the garish postcards made between the 1950s and 1970s by John Hinde and his team of photographers.

Curator
Parr was guest artistic director for the 2004 Rencontres d'Arles festival of photography, guest curator of the New Typologies exhibition at the 2008 New York Photo Festival, and guest curator of Brighton Photo Biennial in 2010, which he called New Documents. Critic Sean O'Hagan, writing in The Guardian, said "Back in 2004, he was invited by the organisers of the annual Rencontres D'Arles to be guest curator. That year's Arles festival, in its range and ambition, remains the standard by which all subsequent Rencontres have been judged."

Parr was artistic director of the newly established Bristol Photo Festival, scheduled to open in 2021. However in July 2020 he quit, due to his involvement with a 2018 reissue of the photobook London by Gian Butturini, after a campaign by an anthropology student at University College London, who called a pairing of photographs in it racist.

Film and television
Parr has been involved in making television, and documentary and other films.

From 1990 to 1992 Parr collaborated with Nick Barker, taking photographs to accompany Barker's film Signs of the Times.

In 1997, Parr began producing his own television documentaries with Mosaic Film.

In 2003 Parr was the subject of and appeared extensively in the Imagine BBC One TV series episode The World According to Parr, directed and produced by Rebecca Frayn, and hosted and executive produced by Alan Yentob.

He was cameraman on the film It's Nice Up North (2006) with comedian Graham Fellows (as his character John Shuttleworth). The film is a comic documentary filmed over several years in Shetland.

In 2007 Parr took part in BBC Four's The Genius of Photography, a six-part documentary series exploring the history of photography. In 2008 he was one of three judges on the Channel 4 series Picture This.

In 2014 Parr created "Turkey and Tinsel", a 60-minute deadpan and often hilarious observational video documentary about faux Christmas in small town England.

Teaching
Parr was a visiting lecturer at West Surrey College of Art & Design (now University for the Creative Arts) in Farnham, Surrey. In 2004 he was appointed professor of photography at the University of Wales, Newport. In 2013 he was appointed professor of photography at Ulster University in Belfast.

Martin Parr Foundation
The Martin Parr Foundation was founded in 2014. It opened premises in Bristol in October 2017. The Foundation houses Parr's own archive, and his collection of prints and book dummies made by other photographers—mainly British and Irish photography, and work by several photographers from abroad who have photographed in the UK. There is a gallery open to the public—its first exhibition was Parr's Black Country Stories —and it is a hub for talks, screenings and events. The Foundation is located in Paintworks in south East Bristol. Parr is the Foundation's main source of income.

Reception
The German photographic curator Thomas Weski has said: "Martin Parr is a chronicler of our age... Leisure, consumption and communication are the concepts that this British photographer has been researching for several decades now on his worldwide travels... Parr enables us to see things that have seemed familiar to us in a completely new way."

Dan Rule, writing in The Age, has said: "Parr's signature is his ability not only to isolate the most evocative of human details, but to elevate such visual fragments to that of the wider societal signpost or glyph."

Honours and awards

 * 2004: Professor of photography, University of Wales, Newport.
 * 2005: Honorary Fellow of the Royal Photographic Society (HonFRPS), Royal Photographic Society, Bath, UK.
 * 2006: Honorary Masters Degree, University for the Creative Arts
 * 2006: Dr. Erich Salomon Award, Germany
 * 2008: Centenary Medal, Royal Photographic Society, Bath, UK.
 * 2008: Doctor of Arts, honorary degree, Manchester Metropolitan University (MMU), in recognition for his ongoing contribution to photography and to the MMU School of Art.
 * 2008: Lifetime Achievement Award, PHotoEspaña.
 * 2008: International Award from the Photographic Society of Japan.
 * 2014: Exceptional Achievement in Photography, Amateur Photographer, London.
 * 2014: Lucie Award, Achievement in Documentary Photography, Lucie Foundation.
 * 2016: Recognition for Significant Contribution in the Field of Visual Arts, Royal Academy of Arts, London.
 * 2017: Outstanding Contribution to Photography prize, World Photography Organisation.

Parr was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2021 Birthday Honours for services to photography.

Monographs
• Bad Weather.

• *London: Zwemmer, 1982. ISBN 0-302-99996-5. With 54 numbered but uncaptioned black and white plates, and texts by Michael Fish and Peter Turner, and an afterword, "Thoughts on Bad Weather", based on a conversation of Parr with Turner and Heather Forbes.

• *Books on Books 17. New York, NY: Errata Editions, 2014. ISBN 978-1-935004-33-2. Essays by Thomas Weski, "Even the Queen gets wet"; Peter Turner; and Jeffrey Ladd.

• Calderdale Photographs. [Leeds, Yorkshire]: Calderdale Museums Services, 1984. . A 12-page catalogue, carrying the explanation "Prepared as a record of Martin Parr's work in the Calder Valley between 1974 and 1980, and to link with the exhibition of his photographs held at Piece Hall Art Gallery, Halifax from 14 January to 19 February 1984."

• A Fair Day: Photographs from the West Coast of Ireland. Wallasey: Promenade, 1984. ISBN 0-907797-10-5. Published to accompany a touring exhibition, text by Fintan O'Toole.

• Prescot: Now and Then. Prescot, Merseyside: Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley Leisure Services Department, 1984. ISBN 0947739009. Catalogue created by the Prescot Museum.

• The Last Resort: Photographs of New Brighton.

• *Wallasey, Merseyside: Promenade Press, 1986. ISBN 0951141406.

• *Stockport, Cheshire: Dewi Lewis, 1998. ISBN 1899235167.

• *Stockport, Cheshire: Dewi Lewis, 2009. ISBN 1904587798.

• *The Last Resort. Fotografien von New Brighton. Heidelberg: Kehrer, 2009. ISBN 3868281053. German-language version.

• *The Last Resort: Photographies de New Brighton. Marseille: Images en Manœuvres, 2009. ISBN 2849951544. French-language version.

• The Cost of Living. Manchester: Cornerhouse, 1989. ISBN 0-948797-55-X. New York: Aperture, 1991. ISBN 0-89381-439-3. Text by Robert Chesshyre.

• One Day Trip = Voyage d'un jour. Mission photographique transmanche, cahier 5. Paris: Editions de la Différence; Pas-de-Calais: Centre régional de la photographie Nord-Pas-de-Calais, 1989. ISBN 2-904538-19-4. Bilingual (French and English); text by Robert Chesshyre.

• Signs of the Times: A Portrait of the Nation's Tastes. Manchester: Cornerhouse, 1992. ISBN 0948797916. Text by Nicholas Barker, from a BBC television series.

• *Signes des temps. Paris: Textuel, 2006. ISBN 2845972032. French-language version.

• L'Ennui à deux = Bored Couples. Paris: Galerie du jour Agnès B., 1993. . Catalogue of an exhibition held at Galerie du jour Agnès B.; text in French and English.

• Home and Abroad.

• *Home and Abroad. London: Jonathan Cape, 1993. ISBN 0-224-03132-5. Introduction by Ian McEwan.

• *Doma i v cizině = Home and Abroad. [Prague]: British Council, c.1999. ISBN 8023870572. . Text by Vladimír Birgus.

• From A to B: Tales of Modern Motoring. London: BBC Books, 1994. ISBN 0-563-36984-1.

• Small World.

• *Small World: A global photographic project 1987–1994. Stockport, Cheshire: Dewi Lewis, 1995. ISBN 1-899235-05-1. Introduction by Simon Winchester.

• *Small World: Photographie-Projekt, 1987–1994. Heidelberg: Braus, 1995. ISBN 3894661364. German-language version. Introduction by Simon Winchester.

• *Quel monde! Paris: Marval, 1995. . French-language version. Introduction by Roland Topor.

• *Les Itinéraires culturels. L'Europe en bref. Geneva: Centre européen de la culture; [Arles]: Actes sud, 1997. ISBN 2742715894. Extracts from Small World, French text by Michel Thomas-Penette.

• *Small World. Rome: Peliti Associati, 2005. ISBN 8885121330. Italian-language version.

• *Small World: A global photographic project 1987–1994. Stockport, Cheshire: Dewi Lewis, 2007. Revised edition. ISBN 978-1-904587-40-8. Introduction by Geoff Dyer.

• *Petite planète. Paris: Hoëbeke, 2008. ISBN 2842303199. French-language version.

• *Small World. Stockport, Cheshire: Dewi Lewis, 2018. ISBN 978-1-911306-35-1. Introduction by Geoff Dyer.

• [Food] / Martin Parr. Catalogue.

• *Paris: Galerie du jour Agnès B., 1995. .

• *Paris: Presses artistiques, 1998. .

• West Bay. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Rocket Press, 1997. . About West Bay, Dorset, with poems by eight poets, edited by Lottie Hoare. Edition of 250 copies.

• Japonais endormis = Nemuru Nihonjin (眠る日本人). Paris: Galerie du jour Agnès B., 1998. ISBN 2-906496-29-4.

• Common Sense. Stockport, Cheshire: Dewi Lewis, 1999. ISBN 1-899235-07-8. No text.

• Benidorm. Über die Welt. = About the World. Hannover: Sprengel Museum Hannover, 1999. ISBN 3-89169-145-9. Catalogue of an exhibition held at the Sprengel Museum. With text by Gerry Badger and Thomas Weski in German and English.

• Autoportrait. Stockport, Cheshire: Dewi Lewis, 2000. ISBN 1-899235-72-8. A small-format collection of photographs by commercial portrait photographers and others around the world of the unsmiling Parr. Introduction by Marvin Heiferman.

• *Second, augmented edition. Stockport, Cheshire: Dewi Lewis, 2016. ISBN 978-1-907893-80-3.

• Think of England. London: Phaidon.

• *Hardback, 2000. ISBN 0-7148-3991-4.

• *Paperback, 2004. ISBN 0-7148-4454-3.

• *La tendre Albion. 2000. ISBN 0-7148-9121-5. French-language version.

• The Phone Book: 1998–2002. Edition of 2,002 copies. London: Rocket and Essen: Galerie 20.21, 2002. ISBN 0-946676-53-4. ISBN 3-9806647-2-4.

• 7 Communist Still Lifes. One Picture Book 17. Portland, OR: Nazraeli Press, 2003. ISBN 1590050517. Edition of 500 copies.

• Fashion Magazine. Paris: Magnum Photos, 2005. ISBN 978-2-9524102-0-5. Text in French and English.

• 7 Colonial Still Lifes. One Picture Book 28. Portland, OR: Nazraeli Press, 2005. ISBN 1590051335. Edition of 500 copies.

• Mexico. With text by Rogelio Villarreal.

• *London: Chris Boot, 2006. ISBN 0-9546894-8-8.

• *New York: Aperture, 2006. ISBN 1597110310.

• Parrjektif: İstanbulʼda stil peşinde = Parrjective: Style hunting in Istanbul. Istanbul: Mavi Jeans, 2006. ISBN 9759671751.

• Tutta Roma. Rome: Contrasto, 2006. ISBN 88-6965-016-2. Main text by Ivana della Portella, introduction by Barringer Fifield.

• Parking Spaces. London: Chris Boot, 2007. . According to the colophon, "The last parking space photographed by Martin Parr in 41 countries between 2002 and 2007".

• Everybody Dance Now. New York: editions2wice, 2009. ISBN 0972388621.

• Playas. London: Chris Boot and Mexico: Editorial RM, 2009.

• Luxury. London: Chris Boot, 2009. ISBN 1-905712-13-8. With an introduction by Paul Smith.

• *Luxury. Madrid: RM, 2009. ISBN 8492480637. In Spanish.

• *Luxe. Paris: Textuel, 2009. ISBN 2845973489. In French.

• Martin Parr in India. [New Delhi]: Photoink, 2010. ISBN 8190391178. "Clubs, hotels & tearooms", "The sea", "Darjeeling", "Indian cakes", "Wedding parties"; text in Hindi, Urdu, and English.

• Japan. Kamakura: Super Labo, 2011. ISBN 4-905052-13-0. Edition of 500 copies.

• 7 Cups of Tea. One Picture Book 74. Portland, OR: Nazraeli Press, 2012. ISBN 978-1-58005-357-0. Edition of 500 copies.

• No Worries. Sydney: T & G, 2012. ISBN 978-0-987079-08-4. Produced for the City of Fremantle Festival of Photography and accompanied an exhibition held at the Western Maritime Museum, Victoria Quay, Fremantle; text by Robert Cook.

• Up and Down Peachtree: Photographs of Atlanta. Rome: Contrasto, 2012. ISBN 88-6965-332-3.

• Souvenir: Martin Parr, fotografia i col·leccionisme. Barcelona: Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona, 2012. ISBN 8498034914. Catalogue of an exhibition held at Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona; text in Catalan, English and Spanish.

• 100 photos de Martin Parr. Pour la liberté de la presse. Paris: Reporters sans frontières, 2012. ISBN 2362200108.

• Life's a Beach.

• *New York: Aperture, 2012. ISBN 1597112240. Edition of 1,000 copies.

• *Paris: Xavier Barral, 2012. ISBN 2365110274. French-language version. Edition of 1,000 copies.

• *Paris: Xavier Barral, 2012. ISBN 2365110088. French-language version.

• *New York: Aperture, 2013. ISBN 978-1597112246.

• *Munich: Schirmer/Mosel, 2013. ISBN 3829606389. German-language version.

• *Tokyo: Akaaka, 2013. ISBN 4903545954. Japanese-language version.

• The Non-Conformists. New York: Aperture, 2013. ISBN 1-597112-45-3.

• *Les non-conformistes. Paris: Textuel, 2013. ISBN 2845974744. French-language version.

• *Los Inconformistas. Madrid: La Fábrica, 2013. ISBN 8415691343. Spanish-language version.

• Grand Paris. Paris: Xavier Barral, 2014. ISBN 978-2-36511-047-1.

• Voewood Festival. High Kelling, Norfolk: Voewood Publications, 2014. ISBN 978-0992947200. Photographs of the Voewood Festival commissioned by Simon Finch. Introduction by DBC Pierre.

• Hong Kong Parr. London: GOST and Hong Kong: Blindspot Gallery, 2014. ISBN 978-1910401002. Photographs of Hong Kong in 2013 commissioned by Blindspot Gallery, accompanied by an exhibition at the gallery.

• Black Country Stories. Stockport, Cheshire: Dewi Lewis, 2014. ISBN 978-1907893636. Photographs of the Black Country region of England, commissioned by Multistory, accompanied by an exhibition at The New Art Gallery Walsall and Wolverhampton Art Gallery.

• We Love Britain!. Munich: Schirmer/Mosel, 2014. ISBN 978-3829606875. Edited by Inka Schube and with text by Inka Schube in German and English. Photographs of traces of Britishness in and around Hanover, Germany.

• Real Food. London: Phaidon, 2016. With an introductory essay by Fergus Henderson. Photographs of food taken throughout Parr's career.

• * ISBN 978-0714871035.

• * ISBN 9780714871547. French-language version.

• The Rhubarb Triangle. Wakefield: The Hepworth Wakefield, 2016. . With an essay by Susie Parr. Published to accompany the exhibition The Rhubarb Triangle & Other Stories: Photographs by Martin Parr at The Hepworth Wakefield, Wakefield from a two year commission for the gallery to photograph the Rhubarb Triangle.

• Oxford. Oxford: Oxford University, 2017. ISBN 978-0198724414.

• Think of Scotland. Bologna: Damiani, 2017. ISBN 978-8862085496. Published to coincide with the exhibition Think of Scotland at Aberdeen Art Gallery.

• Remote Scottish Postboxes. Bristol: RRB, 2017. ISBN 978-0993232350. Edition of 500 copies. With a short text by Susie Parr.

• World (The Price of Love). London: Idea, 2018. Edition of 1000 copies

• Return to Manchester. Manchester: Manchester Art Gallery, 2018. Edited by Natasha Howes. ISBN 9780901673978. With a foreword by Alistair Hudson. Published on the occasion of an exhibition at Manchester Art Gallery.

• Early Works. Bristol: RRB, 2019.

• * Paris: Maison CF, 2019. French-language version.

• Match point: Tennis. London: Phaidon, 2021. ISBN 9781838663162.

• A Year in the Life of Chew Stoke Village. Photographs by Martin Parr Bristol: RRB PhotoBooks, 2022.

• *Chew Stoke Paris: Maison CF, 2022. ISBN 979-10-96575-27-5. French-language version.

Retrospectives, private publications, and very limited publications
• Boring Photographs. 2000. Photographs of Boring, Oregon. Edition of 12 copies.

• Flowers. Munkedals: Munken & Trebruk, 1999. Paris: Galerie du jour Agnès B., 2001. . Edition of 2500.

• Stern Portfolio. Stern Spezial Fotografie 36. Hamburg: Stern, 2004. ISBN 978-3-570194-45-4. Retrospective; texts in German and English.

• Fotografier 1971–2000. Stockholm: Kulturhuset, 2007. .

• Martin Parr Retrospective 1971–2000. Seoul Arts Centre, 2007. "This is the catalogue produced for Parr's retrospective show at the Seoul Arts Centre in 2007."

• Urban Outfitters. Urban Outfitters, 2011. A "preview catalogue" of photographs taken in Marrakesh for the clothing retailer Urban Outfitters.

• Assorted Cocktail. Luxembourg: Coordination Générale; New York: Magnum Photos, 2006. . Exhibition catalogue.

• * [Palma de Mallorca] Ajuntament de Palma; [Alicante] Caja Mediterraneo, [2009]. Catalogue of an exhibition held at Casal Solleric, Palma de Mallorca, Spain, June–September 2009; in Catalan, English, Spanish and French.

• *Prague: DOX, Centre for Contemporary Art, 2011. ISBN 8087446062. Text by Thomas Weski and Irena Šorfová.

• Only Human: Photographs by Martin Parr. London and New York: Phaidon, 2019. ISBN 978-0714878577. Published to coincide with an exhibition.

Papers and zines
• Basler Magazin. Basel, Switzerland: Basler, 1997. "A special edition of Basler Magazin, featuring images by Martin from the Basel Art Fair. Published by Basler Magazin, 1997".

• The Big Issue: On the Ring Road. The Big Issue 451, 20–26 August 2001. . "Martin Parr explores the strange rituals of suburban Britain".

• A8 Glasgow. London: John McAslan + Partners, 2005.. Special issue of JMP Journal. "A commission for John McAslan the architect, who invited Parr to photograph the surroundings of his childhood haunts between Dunoon and Port Glasgow. [. . .] 28 colour photographs."

• Rebirth. Stiletto, 2007. "A Stiletto fashion supplement. Published by Stiletto, 2007".

• Luxembourg. Luxembourg et Grande Region, 2007. "This 32-page newspaper was published in Luxembourg to coincide with its year as the European Capital of Culture 2007. [. . .] 36 colour photographs."

• Fashion Newspaper. London: Magnum Photos, 2007. . In English and Japanese. Accompanying a 2007 exhibition at the Tokyo Metropolitan Museum of Photography. "In 2007 Parr's fashion exhibition, initiated by Bon Marche in Paris, went to Tokyo. This special newspaper was published to accompany the show. It features the Paul Smith's winter 2007 collection as well as a folio of images taken in the UK. [. . .] 57 colour photographs."

• Dubai. Dubai: The Third Line, 2008. "In 2007 Parr photographed the races and polo in Dubai. A year later these images were shown at the Third Line Gallery in Dubai."

• Guardian Cities Project. London: The Guardian, 2008. . A set of newspaper supplements – on Manchester, Brighton, Liverpool, Bristol, Cardiff, Edinburgh, Belfast, Newcastle, Cambridge, Leeds – in a box.

• The Art Newspaper, 16 October 2008. London: Umberto Allemandi, 2008. "A special edition of The Art Newspaper published and given out during Frieze Art Fair in London. Includes exclusive photographs shot by Martin at the event."

• The Art Newspaper, 18–19 October 2008. London: Umberto Allemandi, 2008. "A special edition of The Art Newspaper published and given out during Frieze Art Fair in London. Includes exclusive photographs shot by Martin at the event."

• St Mary Redcliffe & Temple School. Bristol City Council, 2011. About St Mary Redcliffe and Temple School: "Parr was appointed artist in residence at this large comprehensive school in Bristol for the 2010/2011 academic year. The resulting images were presented in an installation in the school and in a newspaper that was given to every pupil."

• The Goutte d'Or. Paris: L’Institut des Cultures d’Islam, 2011. "This newspaper accompanies an exhibition commission by the Islamam [sic] Cultural Centre based in this Paris suburb."

• Bristol and West. Bristol: M Shed, 2011. "Published to accompany Parr's show at the newly opened M Shed in Bristol. Parr showed the many images taken in his long career in the West of England."

• Think of Switzerland. Switzerland: Du, 2013. "A special edition of [the Swiss magazine Du] which contains both Parr's new photos of the country, and some of the classic ones he shot in previous decades."

• Black Country Women. West Bromwich, England: Multistory, 2013. ISBN 978-0-956345-77-6. A magazine made for and about Black Country women, with photographs by Parr and text by Margaret Drabble.

• The Rhubarb Triangle. Wakefield: The Hepworth Wakefield, 2016. With an essay by Susie Parr. 24-page newspaper published to accompany the exhibition The Rhubarb Triangle & Other Stories: Photographs by Martin Parr at The Hepworth Wakefield, Wakefield.

• Chinatown 1984. Southport: Café Royal, 2015. Edition of 250 copies.

• Yates's. Southport: Café Royal, 2016. Edition of 500 copies.

• Abandoned Morris Minors of the West of Ireland. Southport: Café Royal, 2017. Edition of 500 copies.

• Prestwich Mental Hospital 1972. Southport: Café Royal, 2018. Edition of 500 copies.

• The British Seaside. Southport: Café Royal, 2020. Edition of 500 copies.

Postcards

 * Home and Abroad. London: British Council, 1994. . A set of postcards, as the catalogue of a travelling exhibition. Text by Brett Rogers. Not to be confused with the book of the same title.
 * Love Cube. [Stockholm]: Gun Gallery, 2007. ISBN 9197492507. Twenty-seven cards in a box, with a booklet. Photographs by Parr, text by Johan Croneman.
 * Royal Wedding. Paris: Verlhac, 2011. ISBN 2916954791. Set of 10 postcards inside small album. Text (in French) by Stéphane Bern.
 * Royal Jubilee. Set of 10 postcards inside small album.
 * London: Pavilion, 2012. ISBN 978-1-862-059771. Text (in English) by Stéphane Bern.
 * Paris: Verlhac, 2012. ISBN 978-2-916954-94-3. French-language version. Text (in French) by Stéphane Bern.

Books with others
• Sobre Santiago: tres de Magnum. Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Servicio de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, 1993. ISBN 8481210595. With Carl De Keyzer and Miguel Rio Branco. Catalogue of an exhibition held at the University of Santiago de Compostela; text in Galician and English.

• John Davies, Martin Parr. Sguardi Gardesani 2. Milan: Charta, 1999. ISBN 8881582236. Photographs by Parr and John Davies, text by Franco Rella. Catalogue of an exhibition held at Museo Civico, Riva del Garda; text in Italian and English.

• CPictures. Rome: Contrasto Due, 2003. ISBN 9788886982788. Photographs by Parr, Gianni Berengo Gardin, Gueorgui Pinkhassov and Sandro Sodano; text in Italian and English by and Denis Curti.

• Venedig. Frankfurt am Main: Büchergilde Gutenberg, 2005. ISBN 3936543984. ISBN 3763256563. By Parr, Zora Del Buono, Nikolaus Gelpke, Paolo Pellegrin, Gueorgui Pinkhassov, Mark Power and Robert Voit.

• Road Trip, Martin Parr and Friends. Sony Ericsson, 2005. . With others. A promotional book for the Sony Ericsson K750 camera phone.

• America 2006. London: Stephen Daiter Gallery/Schaden.com/Rocket Gallery, 2007. . By Parr and John Gossage, "as the artists' choice of aliases, Obvious or Ordinary".

• Witness Number Three. New York: Joy of Giving Something, 2007. ISBN 1590052145. Photographs by Parr ("Art World"), and by Keizō Kitajima, Kohei Yoshiyuki and Osamu Kanemura ("The lost generation"), and texts by Parr ("Three ways to make a book"), Susie Parr ("Little England"), and a transcript of Parr in conversation with Gerry Badger.

• How We Are: Photographing Britain, from the 1840s to the Present. London: Tate, 2007. ISBN 1854377140. Book by Val Williams and Susan Bright accompanying an exhibition; Parr and Gerry Badger contribute the chapter "We are all photographers now".

• Correspondencia: Marcelo Brodsky + Martin Parr. AFA nécessaire. [Santiago, Chile]: Galería AFA, 2008. ISBN 9568627022. Catalogue of an exhibition of Parr and Marcelo Brodsky's work. In Spanish and English.

• Joachim Schmid Is Martin Parr · Martin Parr Is Joachim Schmid. Self-published, Joachim Schmid / Blurb, 2009.

• Parr by Parr – Quentin Bajac Meets Martin Parr – Discussions with a Promiscuous Photographer. Amsterdam: Schilt, 2010. ISBN 978-9-053307-37-3. With Quentin Bajac.

• *Le Mélange des genres. Paris: Textuel, 2010. ISBN 2845973918. French-language version.

• *Martin Parr por Martin Parr: Un diálogo con Quentin Bajac: discusiones con un fotográfo promiscuo. BlowUp. Libros únicos. Madrid: La Fábrica D.L., 2010. ISBN 8492841702. Spanish-language version.

• *Intervista a un fotografo promiscuo. Lezioni di fotografia. Rome: Contrasto, 2012. ISBN 8869653927. Italian-language version.

• *Мартин Парр: В своем жанре. Интервью с Квентинм Бажаком. Treemedia, 2012. ISBN 978-5-903788-17-0. Russian-language version.

• A Book of King's: Views of a Cambridge College. Third Millennium Information, 2010. ISBN 1906507368. About King's College, Cambridge, edited by Karl Sabbagh.

• Machu Picchu. Nazraeli Press Six by Six, set 1 v. 4. Portland, OR: Nazraeli, 2010. ISBN 1590052978. Edition of 100 copies. The other volumes are by Anthony Hernandez, Todd Hido, Raymond Meeks, Toshio Shibata and Mark Steinmetz.

• The Real World = Tikras Pasaulis. Kaunas: Kaunas Photography Gallery, [2010]. ISBN 978-609-95146-1-1. A two-volume set: one volume by Parr and the other by Rimaldas Vikšraitis.

• One Day: 10 Photographers. Heidelberg: Kehrer Verlag, 2011. ISBN 978-3-86828-173-6. A boxed set, edited by Harvey Benge, of ten slim books of photographs taken on 21 June 2010, each book by one of Parr, Jessica Backhaus, Gerry Badger, Benge, John Gossage, Todd Hido, Rob Hornstra, Rinko Kawauchi, Eva Maria Ocherbauer and Alec Soth. On this day Parr was at home in Bristol, and (according to the preface) "I decided to photograph the small rituals of my daily life".

• Made in Italy. Rimini: Pazzini Editore, 2012. Booklet. "A commission for the Savignano Immagini Photo Festival in Italy resulted in this work exploring the Italian fashion industry in the area. Parr’s images make up one of eight booklets by different photographers [. . .] collectively called Sin_Tesis . Terrority | Now."

Books edited or with contributions by Parr
• The Actual Boot: The photographic post card boom, 1900–1920. Bradford: National Museum of Photography, Film, and Television, 1986. ISBN 0948308036. With Jack Stasiak. Catalogue of an exhibition that opened at the National Museum of Photography, Film, and Television and then toured.

• smart. Reduce to the Max. Biel, Switzerland: Micro Compact Car AG, 1997. . About the Smart car. Concept by Reinhold Weber, Parr is the primary photographer.

• Boring Postcards. London: Phaidon, 1999. Hardback ISBN 0-7148-3895-0. Paperback ISBN 0-7148-4390-3. Reproductions of boring postcards of Britain.

• London 1958–59. Stockport: Dewi Lewis, 1998. ISBN 189923571X. Photographs by Sergio Larrain, introduction by Mike Seaborne.

• Boring Postcards USA. London: Phaidon, 2000. Hardback ISBN 0-7148-4000-9. Paperback ISBN 0-7148-4391-1. Reproductions of boring postcards of the US.

• Langweilige Postkarten. London: Phaidon, 2001. ISBN 0-7148-4062-9. Reproductions of boring postcards of Germany.

• From Our House to Your House: Celebrating the American Christmas. Stockport, Cheshire: Dewi Lewis, 2002. ISBN 1-899235-34-5

• Our True Intent Is All for Your Delight: The John Hinde Butlin's Photographs. London: Chris Boot, 2002. ISBN 0-9542813-0-6. London: Chris Boot, 2011. ISBN 1905712200.

• *Notre sincère désir est votre plaisir. Paris: Textuel, 2002. ISBN 2845970641. French-language version.

• Bliss: Postcards of Couples and Families. London: Chris Boot, 2003. ISBN 0-9542813-3-0. Reproductions of postcards.

• *Bonheur! garanti pour le couple, idéal pour la famille. Textuel, 2003. ISBN 9782845970977. French-language version.

• Saddam Hussein Watches. [London: Chris Boot], 2004. .

• Lodz Ghetto Album. London: Chris Boot, 2004. ISBN 0-9542813-7-3. Photographs by Henryk Ross of the Łódź Ghetto under the Nazis; selected by Parr and Timothy Prus.

• *Łódź Getto. Łódź: Fundacja Edukacji Wizualnej, 2005. .

• Arles, rencontres de la photographie: 2004. Arles: Actes Sud, 2004. ISBN 2742752218. Parr was curator.

• The Photobook: A History. London: Phaidon. With Gerry Badger.

• *Vol. I. 2004. ISBN 0-7148-4285-0.

• *Vol. II. 2006. ISBN 0-7148-4433-0.

• *Vol. III. 2014. ISBN 978-0-7148-6677-2.

• Le livre de photographies: une histoire. Paris: Phaidon.

• *Tome 1. 2005. ISBN 0714894834.

• *Tome 2. 2007. ISBN 071489706X.

• My Amsterdam. Amsterdam: De Verbeelding, 2005. ISBN 9074159788. Photographs by Ed van der Elsken. Accompanying an exhibition at Amsterdam Fotomuseum/FOAM; edited and introduced by Parr.

• Photographs. Rome: Contrasto, 2006. ISBN 88-6965-015-4. Photographs by David Goldblatt. Parr contributes a short introduction to this book, published to accompany an exhibition described as curated by Parr.

• *David Goldblatt. Südafrikanische Fotografien 1952–2006. Winterthur: Fotomuseum, 2007. ISBN 3856162941.

• Darkroom. Portland, OR: Nazraeli, 2007. ISBN 9781590051924. Photographs by Michel Campeau. First book in the "Parr/Nazraeli Edition of Ten".

• Half Awake and Half Asleep in the Water. Portland, OR: 2007. ISBN 9781590052150. Photographs by Asako Narahashi. Second book in the "Parr/Nazraeli Edition of Ten".

• Parr World. Postcards. London: Chris Boot, 2008. ISBN 978-1-905712-10-6. Reproductions of postcards.

• *Cartes postales. Monde de Martin Parr. Paris: Textuel, 2008. ISBN 2845972873.

• Parr World. Objects. London: Chris Boot, 2008. ISBN 978-1-905712-08-3.

• *Objets. Monde de Martin Parr. Paris: Textuel, 2008. ISBN 2845972873.

• NYPH 08: New York Photo Festival 14–18 May: The Future of Contemporary Photography: DUMBO, Brooklyn. New York: Powerhouse, 2008. ISBN 1576874796. Book of an exhibition curated by Parr.

• Bureaucratics. Portland, OR: Nazraeli, 2008. ISBN 978-1-59005-232-7. Photographs by Jan Banning. Third book in the "Parr/Nazraeli Edition of Ten".

• Portfolio: Click to Add Subtitle. Blurb, 2009. . About the Photography. Book. Now 2010 competition; with text by Parr, WassinkLundgren (Thijs groot Wassink and Ruben Lundgren), Blurb, Hewlett-Packard.

• School. Portland, OR: Nazraeli, 2009. ISBN 1-59005-241-2. Photographs by Raimond Wouda. Fourth book in the "Parr/Nazraeli Edition of Ten".

• Visual correspondences = Correspondencias visuales. Buenos Aires: La Marca Editora, 2009. . Artwork by Parr, Marcelo Brodsky, Manuel Esclusa, Cassio Vasconcellos, Pablo Ortiz Monasterio and Horst Hoheisel; texts by Valeria González, Eduardo Cadava and Paola Cortes-Rocca. In Spanish and English.

• Archivo. Amsterdam, 2009. ISBN 907253204X. Work by Parr, Harold Strak, Eva-Fiore Kovakovsky, Johannes Schwartz, Daya Cahen, Paul Kooiker, Qiu Yang, Kyungwoo Chun, Lee To Sang, Erik van der Weijde, Sara Blokland, Willem van Zoetendaal, Anuschka Blommers & Niels Schumm, and Miroslav Tichý. Catalogue of an exhibition curated by Paul Kooiker and Willem van Zoetendaal.

• Retratos Pintados. Portland, OR: Nazraeli Press 2010. Painted photographs collected by Titus Riedl. Fifth book in the "Parr/Nazraeli Edition of Ten".

• Grimaces of the Weary Village by Rimaldas Vikšraitis. London: White Space Gallery, 2010. ISBN 0955739462.

• Brighton Photo Biennial 2010: New Documents. Brighton: Brighton Photo Biennial, 2010. ISBN 190379644X. Catalogue of an exhibition curated by Parr, edited by Parr and Helen Cadwallader.

• Geografía postal: Las postales de las familias García Lorca y De los Ríos. Madrid: This Side Up; Fundación Federico García Lorca; Obra Social Caja Madrid, 2010. ISBN 8493491624. Selected by Parr, text by Enrique Vila-Matas. In Spanish.

• *Postal Geography: Postcards of the García Lorca and De los Ríos Families. Madrid: Instituto Cervantes, Fundación Federico García Lorca, Obra Social Caja Madrid, 2012. . English-language version, to accompany an exhibition held at Instituto Cervantes, Dublin.

• Magnum Contact Sheets. Edited by Kristen Lubben.

• *Magnum Contact Sheets. London: Thames & Hudson, 2011. ISBN 9780500544129.

• *Magnum Contact Sheets. London: Thames & Hudson, 2014. ISBN 978-0500544310. Compact edition.

• *Magnum Contact Sheets: The Collector's Edition: Martin Parr, Last Resort, 1985. London: Thames & Hudson, 2011. ISBN 978-0500544129. Includes a print of a contact sheet. Edition of 50 copies.

• Martin Parr's Best Books of the Decade. PhotoIreland, 2011. . Edited by Moritz Neumüller and Ángel Luis González. With texts by Parr and 30 photographers.

• La Creciente. Portland, OR: Nazraeli, 2011. ISBN 9781590053218. Photographs by Alejandro Chaskielberg. Sixth book in the "Parr/Nazraeli Edition of Ten".

• The Protest Box. Göttingen: Steidl, 2011. ISBN 9783869301242. Contains Protest on Paper (ISBN 3869301422); Enrique Bostelmann, América: un Viaje a traves de la injustica (1970); Paolo Gasparini, Para verte major, América Latina (1972); Dirk Alvermann, Algeria (1961); Kazuo Kitai, Sanrizuka (1971); Paolo Mattioli and Anna Candiani, Immagini del No (1974). Co-edited with Gerry Badger.

• El fotolibro latinoamericano. Mexico City: Fundación Televisa, 2011. . Co-edited with Horacio Fernández, Marcelo Brodsky, Iatã Cannabrava, Pablo Ortiz Monasterio, and others. English-language version.

• *The Latin American Photobook. Aperture Foundation and Fundación Televisa, 2011. ISBN 978-1-59711-189-8. English-language version.

• *Les Livres de photographie d'Amérique latine. Marseille: Images en manoeuvres, 2011. ISBN 2849952168. French-language version.

• From Here On. Arles: Les Rencontres d'Arles-photographie, 2011. ISBN 2953916814. Catalogue of an exhibition curated by Parr, Clément Chéreux, Joan Fontcuberta, Erik Kessels and Joachim Schmid; text in French and English.

• *From here on: D'ara endavant: La postfotografia en l'era d'internet I la telefonia mòbil = From here on: a partir de ahora: la postfotografía en la era de internet y la telefonía móvil = From here on: Postphotography in the age of the Internet and the mobile phone. Mexico City: Editorial RM; Barcelona: Arts Santa Monica: Generalitat de Catalunya, Department de Cultura, 2013. ISBN 8439389949; ISBN 8415118457.

• New Latin Look = Nueva mirada latina. Madrid: Ivorypress, 2012. ISBN 8493949841. Edited by Parr and Elena Ochoa Foster. In Spanish and English.

• Strangely Familiar. Portland, OR: Nazraeli, 2013. ISBN 1-59005-353-2. Photographs by Peter Mitchell. Seventh book in the "Parr/Nazraeli Edition of Ten".

• Watford Gap: The First Motorway Service Station. Ipswich: Diesel Books, 2013. ISBN 978-0-9566928-2-5. Photographs by Sam Mellish, introduction by David Harsent, and "archival imagery" by Parr.

• Only in England: Photographs by Tony Ray-Jones. Bradford: National Media Museum, 2013. ISBN 978-1-900747-67-7. . Published to accompany an exhibition described as having a portion of its images selected from the Ray-Jones archive by Parr and Greg Hobson. Parr contributes an essay. Introductions by Hannah Redler and Greg Hobson, and essays also by David Alan Mellor and Ian Walker.

• The Waiting Game. Mexico City, Mexico: Editorial RM, 2014. ISBN 978-8415118572. Photographs by Txema Salvans. Parr and John Carlin each contribute a short introduction.

• Hidden Islam. Bolzano/Bozen, Italy: Rorhof, 2014. ISBN 978-88-909817-0-8. Photographs by Nicolò Degiorgis. Edited and introduced by Parr.

• The Chinese Photobook. With WassinkLundgren. New York: Aperture, 2015. ISBN 978-1-59711-228-4; Mid-Sized Edition, 2016, ISBN 978-1-59711-375-5. With texts by Gu Zheng, Raymond Lum, Ruben Lundgren, Stephanie H. Tung, and Gerry Badger.

• ABC Photography. Berlin: Tarzipan, 2017. Photographs by Parr, Nan Goldin, Sarah Illenberger, Peter Lindbergh, Christoph Niemann, Bene Ochs, Sebastião Salgado, Alec Soth, Wolfgang Tillmans, and others. Text by Monte Packham.

• Photobook Phenomenon. Munich: Prestel; CCCB/RM/Fundació Foto Colectania, 2017. A box set of eight booklets of writing, one each by Moritz Neumüller and Lesley Martin, Markus Schaden and Frederic Lezmi, Parr ("The Collector's Vision"), Horacio Fernández, Ryuichi Kaneko, Gerry Badger, Erik Kessels, and Irene de Mendoza and Neumüller. ISBN 978-8417047054.
 * Tony Ray-Jones. Paris: Maison CF, 2019. ISBN 979-10-96575-11-4. Photographs by Tony Ray-Jones. Edited and introduced by Martin Parr.

Books about Parr
These also include photographs by Parr.
 * Martin Parr by Val Williams.
 * London: Phaidon, 2002. ISBN 0-7148-3990-6. Hardback.
 * Martin Parr. Rome: Contrasto, 2002. ISBN 888698247X. Italian-language version.
 * Berlin: Phaidon, 2008. ISBN 0714893919. German-language version.
 * London: Phaidon, 2004. ISBN 071484389X. Paperback.
 * 2nd ed. London: Phaidon, 2014. ISBN 0714865664.
 * Martin Parr vu par.... Bonsecours, France: Édition Point de vues, 2005. By children; in French.
 * Martin Parr by Sandra S. Phillips.
 * Phaidon 55. London: Phaidon, 2007. ISBN 978-0-7148-4528-9.
 * Paris: Phaidon, 2007. ISBN 0714899925. French-language edition.
 * London: Phaidon, 2013.
 * Martin Parr, text by Alessandra Mauro.
 * I Grandi Fotografi: Magnum Photos. Testimonianze e visioni del nostro tempo. Milan: Hachette Fascicoli, 2005. . In Italian.
 * Grandes fotográfos Magnum Photos 20. [Barcelona]: Salvat [2007]. ISBN 844710558X. In Spanish.

Exhibitions

 * 1972: Butlins by the Sea (with Daniel Meadows), Impressions Gallery, York, UK.
 * 1974: Home Sweet Home, Impressions Gallery, York, UK.
 * 1977: Hebden Bridge and Beauty Spots, The Photographers' Gallery, London.
 * 1989–1991: The Cost of Living, Royal Photographic Society, Bath, 1989/1990; The Photographers' Gallery, London, 1990; Museum of Modern Art, Oxford, 1990; Gallery Jacques Gordat, Paris, 1991.
 * 2002–2005: Retrospective, Martin Parr Photoworks 1971 – 2000, Barbican Arts Centre, London, 2002; National Museum of Photography, Film, and Television, Bradford, 2002; Kunsthal, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 2003; Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, Madrid, 2003; National Museum of Photography, Copenhagen, 2003; Deichtorhallen, Hamburg, 2004. Works 1971–2001, Maison européenne de la photographie, Paris, 2005. Curated by Val Williams and organized by Brigitte Lardinois. Photographs from the 1970s–2001, from the series Butlins by the Sea, June Street, Home Sweet Home, The Last Resort, The Cost of Living, Small World and Autoportraits.
 * 2007: Retrospective, Month of Photography Asia, Singapore. Parr's exhibition was the main show.
 * 2008/2009: ParrWorld, touring exhibition, Haus der Kunst, Munich, 2008; Graphic Design Museum, Breda, Netherlands, 2008; Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume, Paris, 2009; Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art, Gateshead, UK, 2009.
 * 2013/2014: Only in England: Photographs by Tony Ray-Jones and Martin Parr, Media Space, Science Museum, London, September 2013 – March 2014; National Media Museum, Bradford, March–June 2014; Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool, February–June 2015. With Parr's The Non-Conformists and material from the National Media Museum's Tony Ray-Jones archive, curated by Parr and Greg Hobson.
 * 2014: Black Country Stories, New Art Gallery, Walsall and Wolverhampton Art Gallery. Commissioned by Multistory, Parr photographed the four boroughs of the Black Country, documenting the traditions and communities that live there. This work produced the photobook, Martin Parr: Black Country Stories (2014), along with four films, including Teddy Gray's Sweet Factory (2011).
 * 2014: Paris, Maison Européenne de la Photographie, Paris
 * 2017: Sony World Photography Awards & Martin Parr – 2017 Exhibition, Somerset House, London. Three rooms dedicated to Parr, with "black and white images from his early career, alongside some of the artist's most talked about work, books and films and original exhibition posters." Also shown were a "selection of the winning, shortlisted and commended work from the World Photography Organisation's annual photography competi[ti]on."
 * 2018: Only Human: Photographs by Martin Parr. National Portrait Gallery, London.

 * 2019: In Black & White: Martin Parr & Tony Ray-Jones. Galerie Clémentine de la Féronnière, Paris.
 * 2022-2023 : Henri Cartier-Bresson with Martin Parr - Reconciliation, Fondation Henri Cartier-Bresson, Paris.

Films

 * It's Nice Up North (2006) – cameraman

Collections
Parr's work is held in the following permanent collections:
 * Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
 * Victoria and Albert Museum, London
 * Tate, London

title: Martin Parr


text:
Dietary supplement

A dietary supplement is a manufactured product intended to supplement a person's diet by taking a pill, capsule, tablet, powder, or liquid. A supplement can provide nutrients either extracted from food sources, or that are synthetic (in order to increase the quantity of their consumption). The classes of nutrient compounds in supplements include vitamins, minerals, fiber, fatty acids, and amino acids. Dietary supplements can also contain substances that have not been confirmed as being essential to life, and so are not nutrients per se, but are marketed as having a beneficial biological effect, such as plant pigments or polyphenols. Animals can also be a source of supplement ingredients, such as collagen from chickens or fish for example. These are also sold individually and in combination, and may be combined with nutrient ingredients. The European Commission has also established harmonized rules to help insure that food supplements are safe and appropriately labeled.

Creating an industry estimated to have a value of $151.9 billion in 2021, there are more than 50,000 dietary supplement products marketed in the United States, where about 50% of the American adult population consumes dietary supplements. Multivitamins are the most commonly used product among types of dietary supplements. The United States National Institutes of Health states that supplements "may be of value" for those who are nutrient deficient from their diet and receive approval from their medical provider.

In the United States, it is against federal regulations for supplement manufacturers to claim that these products prevent or treat any disease. Companies are allowed to use what is referred to as "Structure/Function" wording if there is substantiation of scientific evidence for a supplement providing a potential health effect. An example would be "_____ helps maintain healthy joints", but the label must bear a disclaimer that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) "has not evaluated the claim" and that the dietary supplement product is not intended to "diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease", because only a drug can legally make such a claim. The FDA enforces these regulations and also prohibits the sale of supplements and supplement ingredients that are dangerous, or supplements not made according to standardized good manufacturing practices (GMPs).

Definition
In the United States, the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 provides this description: "The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA) defines the term "dietary supplement" to mean a product (other than tobacco) intended to supplement the diet that bears or contains one or more of the following dietary ingredients: a vitamin, a mineral, an herb or other botanical, an amino acid, a dietary substance for use by man to supplement the diet by increasing the total dietary intake, or a concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract, or combination of any of the aforementioned ingredients. Furthermore, a dietary supplement must be labeled as a dietary supplement and be intended for ingestion and must not be represented for use as conventional food or as a sole item of a meal or of the diet. In addition, a dietary supplement cannot be approved or authorized for investigation as a new drug, antibiotic, or biologic, unless it was marketed as a food or a dietary supplement before such approval or authorization. Under DSHEA, dietary supplements are deemed to be food, except for purposes of the drug definition."

Per DSHEA, dietary supplements are consumed orally, and are mainly defined by what they are not: conventional foods (including meal replacements), medical foods, preservatives or pharmaceutical drugs. Products intended for use as a nasal spray, or topically, as a lotion applied to the skin, do not qualify. FDA-approved drugs cannot be ingredients in dietary supplements. Supplement products are or contain vitamins, nutritionally essential minerals, amino acids, essential fatty acids and non-nutrient substances extracted from plants or animals or fungi or bacteria, or in the instance of probiotics, are live bacteria. Dietary supplement ingredients may also be synthetic copies of naturally occurring substances (for example: melatonin). All products with these ingredients are required to be labeled as dietary supplements. Like foods and unlike drugs, no government approval is required to make or sell dietary supplements; the manufacturer confirms the safety of dietary supplements but the government does not; and rather than requiring risk–benefit analysis to prove that the product can be sold like a drug, such assessment is only used by the FDA to decide that a dietary supplement is unsafe and should be removed from market.

Vitamins

A vitamin is an organic compound required by an organism as a vital nutrient in limited amounts. An organic chemical compound (or related set of compounds) is called a vitamin when it cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities by an organism and must be obtained from the diet. The term is conditional both on the circumstances and on the particular organism. For example, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is a vitamin for anthropoid primates, humans, guinea pigs and bats, but not for other mammals. Vitamin D is not an essential nutrient for people who get sufficient exposure to ultraviolet light, either from the sun or an artificial source, as they synthesize vitamin D in skin. Humans require thirteen vitamins in their diet, most of which are actually groups of related molecules, "vitamers", (e.g. vitamin E includes tocopherols and tocotrienols, vitamin K includes vitamin K1 and K2). The list: vitamins A, C, D, E, K, Thiamine (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), Pantothenic Acid (B5), Vitamin B6, Biotin (B7), Folate (B9) and Vitamin B12. Vitamin intake below recommended amounts can result in signs and symptoms associated with vitamin deficiency. There is little evidence of benefit when vitamins are consumed as a dietary supplement by those who are healthy and have a nutritionally adequate diet.

The U.S. Institute of Medicine sets tolerable upper intake levels (ULs) for some of the vitamins. This does not prevent dietary supplement companies from selling products with content per serving higher than the ULs. For example, the UL for vitamin D is 100 μg (4,000 IU), but products are available without prescription at 10,000 IU.

Minerals
Minerals are the exogenous chemical elements indispensable for life. Four minerals – carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen – are essential for life but are so ubiquitous in food and drink that these are not considered nutrients and there are no recommended intakes for these as minerals. The need for nitrogen is addressed by requirements set for protein, which is composed of nitrogen-containing amino acids. Sulfur is essential, but for humans, not identified as having a recommended intake per se. Instead, recommended intakes are identified for the sulfur-containing amino acids methionine and cysteine. There are dietary supplements that provide sulfur, such as taurine and methylsulfonylmethane.

The essential nutrient minerals for humans, listed in order by weight needed to be at the Recommended Dietary Allowance or Adequate Intake are potassium, chlorine, sodium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, copper, iodine, chromium, molybdenum, selenium and cobalt (the last as a component of vitamin B12). There are other minerals which are essential for some plants and animals, but may or may not be essential for humans, such as boron and silicon. Essential and purportedly essential minerals are marketed as dietary supplements, individually and in combination with vitamins and other minerals.

Although as a general rule, dietary supplement labeling and marketing are not allowed to make disease prevention or treatment claims, the U.S. FDA has for some foods and dietary supplements reviewed the science, concluded that there is significant scientific agreement, and published specifically worded allowed health claims. An initial ruling allowing a health claim for calcium dietary supplements and osteoporosis was later amended to include calcium supplements with or without vitamin D, effective January 1, 2010. Examples of allowed wording are shown below. In order to qualify for the calcium health claim, a dietary supplement must contain at least 20% of the Reference Dietary Intake, which for calcium means at least 260 mg/serving.

 * "Adequate calcium throughout life, as part of a well-balanced diet, may reduce the risk of osteoporosis."
 * "Adequate calcium as part of a healthful diet, along with physical activity, may reduce the risk of osteoporosis in later life."
 * "Adequate calcium and vitamin D throughout life, as part of a well-balanced diet, may reduce the risk of osteoporosis."
 * "Adequate calcium and vitamin D as part of a healthful diet, along with physical activity, may reduce the risk of osteoporosis in later life."

In the same year, the European Food Safety Authority also approved a dietary supplement health claim for calcium and vitamin D and the reduction of the risk of osteoporotic fractures by reducing bone loss. The U.S. FDA also approved Qualified Health Claims (QHCs) for various health conditions for calcium, selenium and chromium picolinate. QHCs are supported by scientific evidence, but do not meet the more rigorous "significant scientific agreement" standard required for an authorized health claim. If dietary supplement companies choose to make such a claim then the FDA stipulates the exact wording of the QHC to be used on labels and in marketing materials. The wording can be onerous: "One study suggests that selenium intake may reduce the risk of bladder cancer in women. However, one smaller study showed no reduction in risk. Based on these studies, FDA concludes that it is highly uncertain that selenium supplements reduce the risk of bladder cancer in women."

Proteins and amino acids
Protein-containing supplements, either ready-to-drink or as powders to be mixed into water, are marketed as aids to people recovering from illness or injury, those hoping to thwart the sarcopenia of old age, to athletes who believe that strenuous physical activity increases protein requirements, to people hoping to lose weight while minimizing muscle loss, i.e., conducting a protein-sparing modified fast, and to people who want to increase muscle size for performance and appearance. Whey protein is a popular ingredient, but products may also incorporate casein, soy, pea, hemp or rice protein. A meta-analysis found a moderate degree of evidence in favor of whey protein supplements use as a safe and effective adjunct to an athlete's training and recovery, including benefits for endurance, average power, muscle mass, and reduced perceived exercise intensity.

According to US and Canadian Dietary Reference Intake guidelines, the protein Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for adults is based on 0.8 grams protein per kilogram body weight. The recommendation is for sedentary and lightly active people. Scientific reviews can conclude that a high protein diet, when combined with exercise, will increase muscle mass and strength, or conclude the opposite. The International Olympic Committee recommends protein intake targets for both strength and endurance athletes at about 1.2–1.8 g/kg body mass per day. One review proposed a maximum daily protein intake of approximately 25% of energy requirements, i.e., approximately 2.0 to 2.5 g/kg.

The same protein ingredients marketed as dietary supplements can be incorporated into meal replacement and medical food products, but those are regulated and labeled differently from supplements. In the United States, "meal replacement" products are foods and are labeled as such. These typically contain protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals. There may be content claims such as "good source of protein", "low fat" or "lactose free". Medical foods, also nutritionally complete, are designed to be used while a person is under the care of a physician or other licensed healthcare professional. Liquid medical food products – for example, Ensure – are available in regular and high protein versions.

Proteins are chains of amino acids. Nine of these proteinogenic amino acids are considered essential for humans because they cannot be produced from other compounds by the human body and so must be taken in as food. Recommended intakes, expressed as milligrams per kilogram of body weight per day, have been established. Other amino acids may be conditionally essential for certain ages or medical conditions. Amino acids, individually and in combinations, are sold as dietary supplements. The claim for supplementing with the branched-chain amino acids leucine, valine and isoleucine is for stimulating muscle protein synthesis. A review of the literature concluded this claim was unwarranted. In elderly people, supplementation with just leucine resulted in a modest (0.99 kg) increase in lean body mass. The non-essential amino acid arginine, consumed in sufficient amounts, is thought to act as a donor for the synthesis of nitric oxide, a vasodilator. A review confirmed blood pressure lowering. Taurine, a popular dietary supplement ingredient with claims made for sports performance, is technically not an amino acid. It is synthesized in the body from the amino acid cysteine.

Essential fatty acids
Fish oil is a commonly used fatty acid supplement because it is a source of omega-3 fatty acids. Fatty acids are strings of carbon atoms, having a range of lengths. If links are all single (C−C), then the fatty acid is called saturated; with one double bond (C=C), it is called monounsaturated; if there are two or more double bonds (C=C=C), it is called polyunsaturated. Only two fatty acids, both polyunsaturated, are considered essential to be obtained from the diet, as the others are synthesized in the body. The "essential" fatty acids are alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), an omega-3 fatty acid, and linoleic acid (LA), an omega-6 fatty acid. ALA can be elongated in the body to create other omega-3 fatty acids: eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).

Plant oils, particularly seed and nut oils, contain ALA. Food sources of EPA and DHA are oceanic fish, whereas dietary supplement sources include fish oil, krill oil and marine algae extracts. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) identifies 250 mg/day for a combined total of EPA and DHA as Adequate Intake, with a recommendation that women pregnant or lactating consume an additional 100 to 200 mg/day of DHA. In the United States and Canada are Adequate Intakes for ALA and LA over various stages of life, but there are no intake levels specified for EPA and/or DHA.

Supplementation with EPA and/or DHA does not appear to affect the risk of death, cancer or heart disease. Furthermore, studies of fish oil supplements have failed to support claims of preventing heart attacks or strokes. In 2017, the American Heart Association issued a science advisory stating that it could not recommend use of omega-3 fish oil supplements for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease or stroke, although it reaffirmed supplementation for people who have a history of coronary heart disease.

Manufacturers have begun to include long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids DHA and arachidonic acid (AA) into their formula milk for newborns, however, a 2017 review found that supplementation with DHA and AA does not appear to be harmful or beneficial to formula-fed infants.

Natural products

Dietary supplements can be manufactured using intact sources or extracts from plants, animals, algae, fungi or lichens, including such examples as ginkgo biloba, curcumin, cranberry, St. John's wort, ginseng, resveratrol, glucosamine and collagen. Products bearing promotional claims of health benefits are sold without requiring a prescription in pharmacies, supermarkets, specialist shops, military commissaries, buyers clubs, direct selling organizations, and the internet. While most of these products have a long history of use in herbalism and various forms of traditional medicine, concerns exist about their actual efficacy, safety and consistency of quality. Canada has published a manufacturer and consumer guide describing quality, licensing, standards, identities, and common contaminants of natural products.

In 2019, sales of herbal supplements just in the United States alone were $9.6 billion, with the market growing at approximately 8.6% per year, with cannabidiol and mushroom product sales as the highest. Italy, Germany, and Eastern European countries were leading consumers of botanical supplements in 2016, with European Union market growth forecast to be $8.7 billion by 2020.

Probiotics
Claimed benefits of using probiotic supplements are not supported by sufficient clinical evidence. Meta-analysis studies have reported a modest reduction of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and acute diarrhea in children taking probiotics. There is limited evidence in support of adults using mono-strain and multi-strain containing probiotics for the alleviation of symptoms associated with irritable bowel syndrome. Probiotic supplements are generally regarded as safe.

Fertility
A meta-analysis provided preliminary evidence that men treated with supplements containing selenium, zinc, omega-3 fatty acids, coenzyme Q10 or carnitines reported improvements in total sperm count, concentration, motility, and morphology. A review concluded that omega-3 taken through supplements and diet might improve semen quality in infertile men. A 2021 review also supported selenium, zinc, omega-3 fatty acids, coenzyme Q10 or carnitines, but warned that "excessive use of antioxidants may be detrimental to the spermatic function and many of the over-the-counter supplements are not scientifically proven to improve fertility."

There is low quality and insufficient evidence for the use of oral antioxidant supplements as a viable treatment for subfertile woman. A review provided evidence that taking dehydroepiandrosterone before starting an in vitro fertilization series may increase pregnancy rates and decrease miscarriage likelihood.

Prenatal
Prenatal vitamins are dietary supplements commonly given to pregnant women to supply nutrients that may reduce health complications for the mother and fetus. Although prenatal vitamins are not meant to substitute for dietary nutrition, prenatal supplementation may be beneficial for pregnant women at risk of nutrient deficiencies because of diet limitations or restrictions. The most common components in prenatal vitamins include vitamins B6, folate, B12, C, D, E, iron and calcium.

Sufficient intake of vitamin B6 can lower the risk of early pregnancy loss and relieve symptoms of morning sickness. Folate is also an essential nutrient for pregnant women to prevent neural tube defects. In 2006, the World Health Organization endorsed the recommendation for women of child-bearing age to consume 400 micrograms of folate through the diet daily if planning a pregnancy. A 2013 review found folic acid supplementation during pregnancy did not affect the mother's health other than a risk reduction on low pre-delivery serum folate and megaloblastic anemia. There is little evidence to suggest that vitamin D supplementation improves prenatal outcomes in hypertensive disorders and gestational diabetes. Evidence does not support the routine use of vitamin E supplementation during pregnancy to prevent adverse events, such as preterm birth, fetal or neonatal death, or maternal hypertensive disorders.

Iron supplementation can lower the risk of iron deficiency anemia for pregnant women. In 2020, the World Health Organization updated recommendations for adequate calcium levels during pregnancy to prevent hypertensive disorders.

Pharmacotherapy
Individuals with hypokalemic sensory overstimulation are sometimes diagnosed as having attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), raising the possibility that a subtype of ADHD has a cause that can be understood mechanistically and treated in a novel way. The sensory overload is treatable with oral potassium gluconate.

Industry
In 2020, the American market for dietary supplements was valued at $140.3 billion, with the economic impact in the United States for 2016 estimated at $122 billion, including employment wages and taxes. A 2020 analysis projected that the global market for vitamins and dietary supplement products would reach $196.6 billion by 2028, where the growth in market size is largely attributed to recent technological advancements in product manufacturing, increased demand for products advertised as healthy, increased product availability, and population aging.

Adulteration, contamination and mislabeling
Over the period 2008 to 2011, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) of the United States received 6,307 reports of health problems (identified as adverse events) from use of dietary supplements containing a combination of ingredients in manufactured vitamins, minerals or other supplement products, with 92% of tested herbal supplements containing lead and 80% containing other chemical contaminants. Using undercover staff, the GAO also found that supplement retailers intentionally engaged in "unequivocal deception" to sell products advertised with baseless health claims, particularly to elderly consumers. Consumer Reports also reported unsafe levels of arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury in several protein powder products. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) reported that protein spiking, i.e., the addition of amino acids to manipulate protein content analysis, was common. Many of the companies involved challenged CBC's claim.

In some botanical products, undeclared ingredients were used to increase the bulk of the product and reduce its cost of manufacturing, while potentially violating certain religious and/or cultural limitations on consuming animal ingredients, such as cow, buffalo or deer. In 2015, the New York Attorney General (NY-AG) identified four major retailers with dietary supplement products that contained fraudulent and potentially dangerous ingredients, requiring the companies to remove the products from retail stores. According to the NY-AG, only about 20% of the herbal supplements tested contained the plants claimed. The methodology used by the NY-AG was disputed. The test involves looking for DNA fragments from the plants named as the dietary supplement ingredients in the products. One scientist said that it was possible that the extraction process used to create the supplements removed or destroyed all DNA. This, however, would not explain the presence of DNA from plants such as rice or wheat, that were not listed as ingredients.

A study of dietary supplements sold between 2007 and 2016 identified 776 that contained unlisted pharmaceutical drugs, many of which could interact with other medications and lead to hospitalization. 86% of the adulterated supplements were marketed for weight loss and sexual performance, with many containing prescription erectile dysfunction medication. Muscle building supplements were contaminated with anabolic steroids that can lead to health complications affecting the kidney, the heart, and cause gynecomastia. Multiple bodybuilding products also contained antidepressants and antihistamines. Despite these findings, fewer than half of the adulterated supplements were recalled.

Regulatory compliance
The European Commission has published harmonized rules on supplement products to assure consumers have minimal health risks from using dietary supplements and are not misled by advertising.

In the United States and Canada, dietary supplements are considered a subset of foods, and are regulated accordingly. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) monitors supplement products for accuracy in advertising and labeling. Dietary supplements are regulated by the FDA as food products subject to compliance with current Good Manufacturing Practices (CGMP) and labeling with science-based ingredient descriptions and advertising. When finding CGMP or advertising violations, FDA warning letters are used to notify manufacturers of impending enforcement action, including search and seizure, injunction, and financial penalties. Examples between 2016 and 2018 of CGMP and advertising violations by dietary supplement manufacturers included several with illegal compositions or advertising of vitamins and minerals.

The U.S. Federal Trade Commission, which litigates against deceptive advertising in marketed products, established a consumer center to assist reports of false health claims in product advertising for dietary supplements. In 2017, the FTC successfully sued nine manufacturers for deceptive advertising of dietary supplements.

Adverse effects
In the United States, manufacturers of dietary supplements are required to demonstrate safety of their products before approval is granted for commerce. Despite this caution, numerous adverse effects have been reported, including muscle cramps, hair loss, joint pain, liver disease, and allergic reactions, with 29% of the adverse effects resulting in hospitalization, and 20% in serious injuries or illnesses. The potential for adverse effects also occurs when individuals consume more than the necessary daily amount of vitamins or minerals that are needed to maintain normal body processes and functions. The incidence of adverse effects reported to the FDA were due to "combination products" that contain multiple ingredients, whereas dietary supplements containing a single vitamin, mineral, lipid product, and herbal product were less likely to cause adverse effects related to excess supplementation.

Among general reasons for the possible harmful effects of dietary supplements are: a) absorption in a short time, b) manufacturing quality and contamination, and c) enhancing both positive and negative effects at the same time. The incidence of liver injury from herbal and dietary supplements is about 16–20% of all supplement products causing injury, with the occurrence growing globally over the early 21st century. The most common liver injuries from weight loss and bodybuilding supplements involve hepatocellular damage with resulting jaundice, and the most common supplement ingredients attributed to these injuries are green tea catechins, anabolic steroids, and the herbal extract, aegeline. Weight loss supplements have also had adverse psychiatric effects. Some dietary supplements may also have adverse interactions with prescription medications that may enhance side effects or decrease therapeutic effects of medications.

Public health
Work done by scientists in the early 20th century on identifying individual nutrients in food and developing ways to manufacture them raised hopes that optimal health could be achieved and diseases prevented by adding them to food and providing people with dietary supplements; while there were successes in preventing vitamin deficiencies, and preventing conditions like neural tube defects by supplementation and food fortification with folic acid, no targeted supplementation or fortification strategies to prevent major diseases like cancer or cardiovascular diseases have proved successful.

For example, while increased consumption of fruits and vegetables are related to decreases in mortality, cardiovascular diseases and cancers, supplementation with key factors found in fruits and vegetable, like antioxidants, vitamins, or minerals, do not help and some have been found to be harmful in some cases. In general, as of 2016, robust clinical data is lacking, that shows that any kind of dietary supplementation does more good than harm for people who are healthy and eating a reasonable diet but there is clear data showing that dietary pattern and lifestyle choices are associated with health outcomes.

As a result of the lack of good data for supplementation and the strong data for dietary pattern, public health recommendations for healthy eating urge people to eat a plant-based diet of whole foods, minimizing ultra-processed food, salt and sugar and to get exercise daily, and to abandon Western pattern diets and a sedentary lifestyle.

United States
The regulation of food and dietary supplements by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is governed by various statutes enacted by the United States Congress. Pursuant to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and accompanying legislation, the FDA has authority to oversee the quality of substances sold as food in the United States, and to monitor claims made in the labeling about both the composition and the health benefits of foods.

Substances which the FDA regulates as food are subdivided into various categories, including foods, food additives, added substances (man-made substances which are not intentionally introduced into food, but nevertheless end up in it), and dietary supplements. The specific standards which the FDA exercises differ from one category to the next. Furthermore, the FDA has been granted a variety of means by which it can address violations of the standards for a given category of substances.

Dietary supplement manufacture is required to comply with the good manufacturing practices established in 2007. The FDA can visit manufacturing facilities, send Warning Letters if not in compliance with GMPs, stop production, and if there is a health risk, require that the company conduct a recall. Only after a dietary supplement product is marketed, may the FDA's Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) review the products for safety and effectiveness.

European Union
The European Union's (EU) Food Supplements Directive of 2002 requires that supplements be demonstrated to be safe, both in dosages and in purity. Only those supplements that have been proven to be safe may be sold in the EU without prescription. As a category of food, food supplements cannot be labeled with drug claims but can bear health claims and nutrition claims.

The dietary supplements industry in the United Kingdom (UK), one of the 28 countries in the bloc, strongly opposed the Directive. In addition, a large number of consumers throughout Europe, including over one million in the UK, and various doctors and scientists, had signed petitions by 2005 against what are viewed by the petitioners as unjustified restrictions of consumer choice. In 2004, along with two British trade associations, the Alliance for Natural Health (ANH) had a legal challenge to the Food Supplements Directive referred to the European Court of Justice by the High Court in London.

Although the European Court of Justice's Advocate General subsequently said that the bloc's plan to tighten rules on the sale of vitamins and food supplements should be scrapped, he was eventually overruled by the European Court, which decided that the measures in question were necessary and appropriate for the purpose of protecting public health. ANH, however, interpreted the ban as applying only to synthetically produced supplements, and not to vitamins and minerals normally found in or consumed as part of the diet. Nevertheless, the European judges acknowledged the Advocate General's concerns, stating that there must be clear procedures to allow substances to be added to the permitted list based on scientific evidence. They also said that any refusal to add the product to the list must be open to challenge in the courts.

Fraudulent products during the COVID-19 outbreak
During the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, the FDA and Federal Trade Commission (FTC) warned consumers about marketing scams of fraudulent supplement products, including homeopathic remedies, cannabidiol products, teas, essential oils, tinctures and colloidal silver, among others. By August 2020, the FDA and FTC had issued warning letters to dozens of companies advertising scam products, which were purported "to be drugs, medical devices or vaccines. Products that claim to cure, mitigate, treat, diagnose or prevent disease, but are not proven safe and effective for those purposes, defraud consumers of money and can place consumers at risk for serious harm"

Research
Examples of ongoing government research organizations to better understand the potential health properties and safety of dietary supplements are the European Food Safety Authority, the Office of Dietary Supplements of the United States National Institutes of Health, the Natural and Non-prescription Health Products Directorate of Canada, and the Therapeutic Goods Administration of Australia. Together with public and private research groups, these agencies construct databases on supplement properties, perform research on quality, safety, and population trends of supplement use, and evaluate the potential clinical efficacy of supplements for maintaining health or lowering disease risk.

Databases
As continual research on the properties of supplements accumulates, databases or fact sheets for various supplements are updated regularly, including the Dietary Supplement Label Database, Dietary Supplement Ingredient Database, and Dietary Supplement Facts Sheets of the United States. In Canada where a license is issued when a supplement product has been proven by the manufacturer and government to be safe, effective and of sufficient quality for its recommended use, an eight-digit Natural Product Number is assigned and recorded in a Licensed Natural Health Products Database. The European Food Safety Authority maintains a compendium of botanical ingredients used in manufacturing of dietary supplements.

In 2015, the Australian Government's Department of Health published the results of a review of herbal supplements to determine if any were suitable for coverage by health insurance. Establishing guidelines to assess safety and efficacy of botanical supplement products, the European Medicines Agency provided criteria for evaluating and grading the quality of clinical research in preparing monographs about herbal supplements. In the United States, the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health of the National Institutes of Health provides fact sheets evaluating the safety, potential effectiveness and side effects of many botanical products.

Quality and safety
To assure supplements have sufficient quality, standardization, and safety for public consumption, research efforts have focused on development of reference materials for supplement manufacturing and monitoring. High-dose products have received research attention, especially for emergency situations such as vitamin A deficiency in malnutrition of children, and for women taking folate supplements to reduce the risk of breast cancer.

Population monitoring
In the United States, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) has investigated habits of using dietary supplements in context of total nutrient intakes from the diet in adults and children. Over the period of 1999 to 2012, use of multivitamins decreased, and there was wide variability in the use of individual supplements among subgroups by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and educational status. Particular attention has been given to use of folate supplements by young women to reduce the risk of fetal neural tube defects.

Clinical studies
Limited human research has been conducted on the potential for dietary supplementation to affect disease risk. Examples:
 * vitamin D – acute respiratory tract infections
 * iron – maternal iron deficiency anemia and adverse effects on the fetus
 * multiple supplements – no evidence of benefit to lower risk of death, cardiovascular diseases or cancer
 * magnesium supplementation – in reducing all-cause and cancer mortality, as well as improving glucose parameters in people with diabetes and insulin-sensitivity parameters in those at high risk of diabetes.
 * folate alone or with B vitamins – stroke

A 2017 academic review indicated a rising incidence of liver injury from use of herbal and dietary supplements, particularly those with steroids, green tea extract, or multiple ingredients.

Absence of benefit
The potential benefit of using essential nutrient dietary supplements to lower the risk of diseases has been refuted by findings of no effect or weak evidence in numerous clinical reviews, such as for HIV, or tuberculosis.

Reporting bias
A review of clinical trials registered at clinicaltrials.gov, which would include both drugs and supplements, reported that nearly half of completed trials were sponsored wholly or partially by industry. This does not automatically imply bias, but there is evidence that because of selective non-reporting, results in support of a potential drug or supplement ingredient are more likely to be published than results that do not demonstrate a statistically significant benefit. One review reported that fewer than half of the registered clinical trials resulted in publication in peer-reviewed journals.

Future
Improving public information about use of dietary supplements involves investments in professional training programs, further studies of population and nutrient needs, expanding the database information, enhancing collaborations between governments and universities, and translating dietary supplement research into useful information for consumers, health professionals, scientists, and policymakers. Future demonstration of efficacy from use of dietary supplements requires high-quality clinical research using rigorously qualified products and compliance with established guidelines for reporting of clinical trial results (e.g., CONSORT guidelines).

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title: Dietary supplement