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List of chess openings

This is a list of chess openings, organised by the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings (ECO) code classification system. The chess openings are categorised into five broad areas ("A" through "E"), with each of those broken up into one hundred subcategories ("00" through "99"). The openings were published in five volumes of ECO, with volumes labeled "A" through "E".

A – Flank openings

 * White first moves other than 1.e4, 1.d4 (A00–A39)
 * 1.d4 without 1...d5, 1...Nf6 or 1...f5: Atypical replies to 1.d4 (A40–A44)
 * 1.d4 Nf6 without 2.c4: Atypical replies to 1...Nf6 (A45–A49)
 * 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 without 2...e6 or 2...g6: Atypical Indian systems (A50–A79)
 * 1.d4 f5: Dutch Defence (A80–A99)

A00–A09
White first moves other than 1.e4, 1.d4, 1.c4:
 * A00 Irregular Openings
 * Anderssen Opening: 1.a3
 * Anderssen Opening, Polish Gambit: 1...a5 2.b4
 * Anderssen Opening, Bugayev Attack: 1...e5 2.b4
 * Anderssen Opening, Creepy Crawly Formation: 1...e5 2.h3 d5
 * Anderssen Opening, Andersspike: 1...g6 2.g4
 * Anderssen Opening, Sammarinese Gambit: 1...a6
 * Ware Opening: 1.a4
 * Ware Opening, Cologne Gambit: 1...b6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 Nd7
 * Ware Opening, Wing Gambit: 1...b5 2.axb5 Bb7
 * Ware Opening, Ware Gambit: 1...e5 2.a5 d5 3.e3 f5 4.a6
 * Ware Opening, Crab Variation: 1...e5 2.h4
 * Sodium Attack: 1.Na3
 * Sodium Attack, Celadon Variation: 1...e5 2.d3 Bxa3 3.bxa3 d5 4.e3 c5 5.Rb1
 * Sodium Attack, Durkin Gambit: 1...e5 2.Nc4 Nc6 3. e4 f5
 * Sodium Attack, Chenoboskion Variation: 1...g6 2.g4
 * Polish Opening: 1.b4
 * Polish Opening, Symmetrical Variation: 1...b5
 * Polish Opening, Birmingham Gambit: 1...c5
 * Polish Opening, Outflank Variation: 1...c6
 * Polish Opening, Schuhler Gambit: 1...c6 2.Bb2 a5 3.b5 cxb5 4.e4
 * Polish Opening, Myers Variation: 1...d5 2.Bb2 c6 3.a4
 * Polish Opening, Bugayev Attack: 1...e5 2.a3
 * Polish Opening, Wolferts Gambit: 1...e5 2.Bb2 c5
 * Polish Opening, Dutch Defence: 1...f5
 * Saragossa Opening: 1.c3
 * Van Geet Opening: 1.Nc3
 * Van 't Kruijs Opening: 1.e3
 * Mieses Opening: 1.d3
 * Barnes Opening: 1.f3
 * Barnes Opening, Hammerschlag Variation: 1...e5 2.Kf2
 * King's Fianchetto Opening: 1.g3
 * Myers Defence 1...g5
 * Grob's Attack: 1.g4
 * Alessi Gambit: 1...f5
 * Double Grob Variation: 1...g5
 * Coca-Cola Gambit: 1...g5 2.f4
 * Clemenz Opening: 1.h3
 * Spike Lee Gambit: 1...h5 2.g4
 * Kadas Opening: 1.h4
 * Koola-Koola Variation: 1...a5
 * Myers Variation: 1...d5 2.d4 c5 3.e4
 * Kádas Gambit: 1...c5 2.b4
 * Kádas Gambit with 3.c3: 1...e5 2.d4 exd4 3.c3
 * Steinbok Gambit: 1...f5 2.e4 fxe4 3.d3
 * Schneider Gambit: 1...g5
 * Amar Opening: 1.Nh3
 * Amar Opening: 1.Nh3

 * A01 Larsen's Opening: 1.b3
 * Modern Variation: 1...e5
 * Classical Variation: 1...d5
 * Indian Variation: 1...Nf6
 * Symmetrical Variation: 1...b6
 * English Variation: 1...c5
 * Polish Variation: 1...b5
 * Dutch Variation: 1...f5

 * A02 Bird's Opening: 1.f4 (Dutch Attack, without: 1...d5, 1...g6 2.e4, 1...Nf6 2.d4, 1...e5 2.e4, 1...c5 2.e4, 1...d6 2.e4)
 * From's Gambit: 1...e5 (without: 2.e4)
 * Symmetrical Variation: 1...f5

 * A03 Bird's Opening, Dutch Variation: 1...d5 (without: 2.d4)
 * Mujannah-Sturm Gambit: 2.c4
 * Lasker Variation: 2.e3
 * Williams Gambit: 2.e4

 * A04 Réti Opening or Zukertort Opening: 1.Nf3 (without: 1...Nf6, 1...d5, 1...c6 2.c4, 1...c6 2.d4, 1...c6 2.e4, 1...c6 2.g3 d5, 1...f5 2.c4, 1...f5 2.d4, 1...f5 2.e4 e5, 1...g6 2.c4, 1...g6 2.d4, 1...c5 2.c4, 1...c5 2.e4, 1...Nc6 2.e4, 1...e6 2.c4, 1...e6 2.d4, 1...e6 2.e4, 1...d6 2.c4, 1...d6 2.d4, 1...d6 2.e4, 1...b6 2.c4, 1...e5 2.e4, 1...a6 2.e4 e5)
 * A05 Réti Opening: 1...Nf6 (without: 2.c4, 2.d4, 2.Nc3, 2.g3 d5 2.d3 d5)
 * A06 Réti Opening: 1...d5
 * Santassiere's Folly: 2.b4
 * Nimzowitsch–Larsen Attack: 2.b3

 * A07 Réti Opening, King's Indian Attack (Barcza System): 1...d5 2.g3
 * Keres Variation: 2...Bg4
 * Yugoslav Variation: 2...c6

 * A08 Réti Opening, King's Indian Attack: 1...d5 2.g3 c5 3.Bg2
 * A09 Réti Opening (properly): 1...d5 2.c4 (without: 2...c6, 2...e6)
 * Advance Variation: 2...d4
 * Advance Variation, Michel Gambit: 2...d4 b4 3. f6
 * Accepted: 2...dxc4
 * Accepted, Keres Variation: 2...dxc4 3.e3 Be6

A10–A39
1.c4: English Opening
 * A10: 1.c4 (without: 1...e5, 1...c5, 1...e6, 1...c6, 1...Nf6, 1...g6 2.d4, 1...f5 2.d4, 1...b6 2.d4, 1...d6 2.e4, 1...d6 2.d4, 1...Nc6 2.d4)
 * English Anglo-Dutch: 1...f5
 * English Vector: 1...d5
 * English, Jaenisch Gambit: 1...b5

 * A11 English, Caro–Kann defensive system, 1...c6 (without: 2.e4, 2.d4)
 * A12 English, Caro–Kann defensive system, 1...c6 2.Nf3 d5 3.b3
 * English Bogoljubov Variation: 3...Bg4
 * English London Defence: 3...Nf6 4.g3 Bf5

 * A13 English Opening: 1...e6 (without: 2.e4, 2.d4)
 * A14 English, Neo-Catalan Declined: 1...e6 2.Nf3 d5 3.g3 Nf6 4.Bg2 Be7
 * A15 English, Anglo-Indian Defence: 1...Nf6 (without: 2.Nc3, 2.d4, 2.g3 c6, 2.g3 e5, 2.Nf3 c5, 2.Nf3 e6, 2.Nf3 c6)
 * A16 English Opening, Anglo-Indian Defence: 1...Nf6 2.Nc3 (without: 2...c5, 2...e5, 2...e6)
 * Anglo-Grünfeld: 2...d5

 * A17 English Opening, Hedgehog Defence, 1...Nf6 2.Nc3 e6 (without: 3.e4, 3.d4, 3.Nf3 c5, 3...d5 4.d4, 3...b5 4.d4, 3...Bb4 4.d4)
 * A18 English, Mikenas–Carls Variation: 1...Nf6 2.Nc3 e6 3.e4 (without: 3...c5)
 * A19 English, Mikenas–Carls, Sicilian Variation: 1...Nf6 2.Nc3 e6 3.e4 c5
 * A20 English Opening: 1...e5 (without: 2.e4, 2.Nc3, 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Nc3, 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nc3, 2.Nf3 d6 3.Nc3)
 * A21 English Opening: 1...e5 2.Nc3 (without: 2...Nf6, 2...Nc6, 2...Bb4 3.g3 Nf6, 2...Bb4 3.Nf3 Nc6 2...Bb4 3.e3 Nf6)
 * A22 English Opening: 1...e5 2.Nc3 Nf6 (without: 3.Nf3 Nc6, 3.e3 Nc6, 3.g3 Nc6, 3.g3 c6, 3.g3 g6, 3.e4 Nc6 4.Nf3)
 * A23 English Opening, Bremen System, Keres Variation: 1...e5 2.Nc3 Nf6 3.g3 c6
 * A24 English Opening, Bremen System with 1...e5 2.Nc3 Nf6 3.g3 g6 (without: 4.Bg2 Bg7 5.d3 d6)
 * A25 English Opening, Sicilian Reversed: 1...e5 2 Nc3 Nc6 (without 3.Nf3, 3.g3 Nf6 4.Nf3, 3.e3 Nf6 4.Nf3)
 * A26 English Opening, Closed System: 1...e5 2.Nc3 Nc6 3.g3 g6 4.Bg2 Bg7 5.d3 d6
 * Botvinnik System: 6.e4

 * A27 English Opening, Three Knights System: 1...e5 2.Nc3 Nc6 3.Nf3 (without: 3...Nf6)
 * A28 English Opening, Four Knights System: 1...e5 2.Nc3 Nc6 3.Nf3 Nf6 (without 4.g3)
 * A29 English Opening, Four Knights, Kingside Fianchetto: 1...e5 2.Nc3 Nc6 3.Nf3 Nf6 4.g3
 * A30 English Opening, Symmetrical Defence: 1.c4 c5 (without: 2.Nc3, 2.e4, 2.g3 g6 3.Nc3, 2.g3 Nc6 3.Nc3, 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Nc3, 2.e3 Nf6 4.d4)
 * A31 English Opening, Symmetrical, Benoni formation: 1...c5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.d4 (without: 3...cxd4 4.Nxd4 e6, 3...cxd4 4.Nxd4 a6 5.Nc3 e6, 3...cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nc6 5.Nc3 e6)
 * A32 English Opening, Symmetrical: 1...c5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 e6 (without: 5.Nc3 Nc6)
 * A33 English Opening, Symmetrical: 1...c5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 e6 5.Nc3 Nc6
 * Geller Variation: 6.g3 Qb6

 * A34 English Opening, Symmetrical: 1...c5 2.Nc3 (without 2...Nc6, 2...Nf6 3.Nf3 Nc6, 2...Nf6 3.e4 e6, 2...e6 3.Nf3 Nf6, 4.g3 Nc6)
 * A35 English Opening, Symmetrical: 1...c5 2.Nc3 Nc6 (without 3.g3, 3.e4, 3.Nf3 Nf6, 4.g3 e6, 3.Nf3 Nf6 4.d4 cxd4 5.Nxd4, 3.Nf3 e5 4.g3 g6 5.Bg2 Bg7)
 * Four Knights: 3.e3 Nf6 4.Nf3

 * A36 English Opening, Symmetrical: 1...c5 2.Nc3 Nc6 3.g3 (without: 3...g6 4.Bg2 Bg7 5.Nf3 (A37–A39), 3...g6 4.Bg2 Bg7 5.Rb1 Nf6 6.d3 0-0 7.Nf3 d6 8.0-0 (A38))
 * A37 English Opening, Symmetrical: 1...c5 2.Nc3 Nc6 3.g3 g6 4.Bg2 Bg7 5.Nf3 (without: 5...Nf6 (A38–A39))
 * A38 English Opening, Symmetrical: 1...c5 2.Nc3 Nc6 3.g3 g6 4.Bg2 Bg7 5.Nf3 Nf6 (without: 6.0-0 0-0 7.d4 (A39) and 6.d4 cxd4 7.Nxd4 0-0 (A39))
 * A39 English Opening, Symmetrical, Main line with 1...c5 2.Nc3 Nc6 3.g3 g6 4.Bg2 Bg7 5.Nf3 Nf6 6.0-0 0-0 7.d4 or 1...c5 2.Nc3 Nc6 3.g3 g6 4.Bg2 Bg7 5.Nf3 Nf6 6.d4 cxd4 7.Nxd4 0-0 8.0-0

A40–A44
1.d4 without 1...d5, 1...Nf6 or 1...f5: Atypical replies to 1.d4
 * A40 Queen's Pawn Game (including Englund Gambit, Polish Defence, Queen's Knight Defence, Franco-Indian Defence, English Defence and Keres Defence)
 * A41 Queen's Pawn Game, Wade Defence
 * A42 Modern Defence, Averbakh System also Wade Defence
 * A43 Old Benoni Defence
 * A44 Old Benoni Defence

A45–A49
1.d4 Nf6 without 2.c4: Atypical replies to 1...Nf6
 * A45 Queen's Pawn Game, Trompowsky Attack
 * A46 Queen's Pawn Game, Torre Attack
 * A47 Queen's Indian Defence
 * A48 King's Indian, East Indian Defence
 * A49 King's Indian, Fianchetto without c4

A50–A79
1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 without 2...e6 or 2...g6: Atypical Indian systems
 * A50 Queen's Pawn Game (including Black Knights' Tango)
 * A51 Budapest Gambit Declined
 * A52 Budapest Gambit
 * A53 Old Indian Defence
 * A54 Old Indian, Ukrainian Variation
 * A55 Old Indian, Main line
 * A56 Benoni Defence
 * A57 Benko Gambit
 * A58 Benko Gambit Accepted
 * A59 Benko Gambit, 7.e4
 * A60 Benoni Defence
 * A61 Benoni Defence
 * A62 Benoni, Fianchetto Variation without early ...Nbd7
 * A63 Benoni, Fianchetto Variation, 9...Nbd7
 * A64 Benoni, Fianchetto Variation, 11...Re8
 * A65 Benoni, 6.e4
 * A66 Benoni, Pawn Storm Variation
 * A67 Benoni, Taimanov Variation
 * A68 Benoni, Four Pawns Attack
 * A69 Benoni, Four Pawns Attack, Main line
 * A70 Benoni, Classical with e4 and Nf3
 * A71 Benoni, Classical, 8.Bg5
 * A72 Benoni, Classical without 9.0-0
 * A73 Benoni, Classical, 9.0-0
 * A74 Benoni, Classical, 9...a6, 10.a4
 * A75 Benoni, Classical with ...a6 and 10...Bg4
 * A76 Benoni, Classical, 9...Re8
 * A77 Benoni, Classical, 9...Re8, 10.Nd2
 * A78 Benoni, Classical with ...Re8 and ...Na6
 * A79 Benoni, Classical, 11.f3

A80–A99
1.d4 f5: Dutch Defence
 * A80 Dutch Defence (without 2.c4 (A84–A99), 2.e4 (A82–A83), 2.g3 (A81))
 * Korchnoi Attack 2.h3
 * A81 Dutch Defence 2.g3
 * A82 Dutch, Staunton Gambit 2.e4
 * Balogh Defence 2...d6
 * Staunton Gambit Accepted 2...fxe4 (without 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bg5 (A83))
 * A83 Dutch, Staunton Gambit, Staunton's line 2.e4 fxe4 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bg5
 * A84 Dutch Defence 2.c4 (without 2...Nf6 3.Nc3 (A85), 2...Nf6 3.g3 (A86–A99))
 * A85 Dutch with 2.c4 Nf6 3.Nc3
 * A86 Dutch with 2.c4 Nf6 3.g3 (without 3...g6 4.Bg2 Bg7 5.Nf3 (A87) and 3...e6 4.Bg2 (A90–A99))
 * A87 Dutch, Leningrad, Main Variation 2.c4 Nf6 3.g3 g6 4.Bg2 Bg7 5.Nf3 (without 5...0-0 6.0-0 d6 7.Nc3 c6 (A88) and 7...Nc6 (A89))
 * A88 Dutch, Leningrad, Main Variation with 5...0-0 6.0-0 d6 7.Nc3 c6
 * A89 Dutch, Leningrad, Main Variation with 5...0-0 6.0-0 d6 7.Nc3 Nc6
 * A90 Dutch Defence 2.c4 Nf6 3.g3 e6 4.Bg2 (without 4...Be7 (A91–A99))
 * A91 Dutch Defence 2.c4 Nf6 3.g3 e6 4.Bg2 Be7 (without 5.Nf3 (A92–A99))
 * A92 Dutch Defence 2.c4 Nf6 3.g3 e6 4.Bg2 Be7 5.Nf3 0-0 (without 6.0-0 (A93–A99))
 * A93 Dutch, Stonewall, Botvinnik Variation 2.c4 Nf6 3.g3 e6 4.Bg2 Be7 5.Nf3 0-0 6.0-0 d5 7. b3 (without 7...c6 8.Ba3 (A94))
 * A94 Dutch, Stonewall with 6.0-0 d5.7.b3 c6 8.Ba3
 * A95 Dutch, Stonewall with 6.0-0 d5.7.Nc3 c6
 * A96 Dutch, Classical Variation 2.c4 Nf6 3.g3 e6 4.Bg2 Be7 5.Nf3 0-0 6.0-0 d6 (without 7.Nc3 Qe8 (A97–A99))
 * A97 Dutch, Ilyin–Genevsky Variation 7.Nc3 Qe8 (without 8.Qc2 (A98) and 8.b3 (A99))
 * A98 Dutch, Ilyin–Genevsky Variation with 7.Nc3 Qe8 8.Qc2
 * A99 Dutch, Ilyin–Genevsky Variation with 7.Nc3 Qe8 8.b3

B – Semi-Open Games other than the French Defence

 * 1.e4 without 1...c5, 1...e6 or 1...e5 (B00–B19)
 * 1.e4 c5: Sicilian Defence (B20–B99)

B00–B19
1.e4 without 1...c5, 1...e6 or 1...e5
 * B00 King's Pawn Opening without 1...e5, 1...e6, 1...d5, 1...Nf6, 1...g6, 1...d6, 1...c6, 1...c5.
 * Nimzowitsch Defence 1...Nc6 (without 2.Nf3 e5 (C44, C50, C60))
 * St. George Defence 1...a6 (without 2.d4 e6 (C00))
 * Corn Stalk Defence 1 ...a5
 * Owen's Defence (Greek Defence) 1...b6 (without 2.d4 e6 3.c4 (A40))
 * Matinovsky Gambit 1...b6 2.d4 Bb7 3...f5
 * Hippopotamus Defence
 * and others
 * B01 Scandinavian Defence (Center Counter Defence) 1...d5
 * Tennison Gambit 2.Nf3
 * Valencian Variation, 3...Qd8
 * B02 Alekhine's Defence
 * B03 Alekhine's Defence 3.d4
 * B04 Alekhine's Defence, Modern Variation
 * B05 Alekhine's Defence, Modern Variation, 4...Bg4
 * B06 Robatsch (Modern) Defence, including Monkey's Bum
 * B07 Pirc Defence
 * B08 Pirc, Classical (Two Knights) System
 * B09 Pirc, Austrian Attack
 * B10 Caro–Kann Defence
 * B11 Caro–Kann, Two knights, 3...Bg4
 * B12 Caro–Kann Defence
 * B13 Caro–Kann, Exchange Variation
 * B14 Caro–Kann, Panov–Botvinnik Attack, 5...e6
 * B15 Caro–Kann Defence
 * B16 Caro–Kann, Bronstein–Larsen Variation
 * B17 Caro–Kann, Steinitz Variation, Smyslov Systems
 * B18 Caro–Kann, Classical Variation
 * B19 Caro–Kann, Classical, 7...Nd7

B20–B99
1.e4 c5: Sicilian Defence
 * B20 Sicilian Defence, (any move for white without 2.Nc3 (B23–B26), 2.c3 (B22), 2.f4 (B21) and 2.Nf3 (B27–B99))
 * Smith–Morra Gambit, 2.d4 (without 2...e6 (C00) and 2.d4 cxd4 3.c3 g6 (B22)) with Siberian Trap 2.d4 cxd4 3.c3 dxc3...
 * Sicilian Smith–Morra Morphy Gambit, 2.d4 cxd4 3.Nf3 (without 3...Nc6 (B32), 3...e6 (B40), 3...d6 (B53), 3...a6 4.Nxd4 (B28))
 * Sicilian Halasz Gambit, 2.d4 cxd4 3.f4
 * B21 Sicilian, Grand Prix Attack, 2.f4 (without 2...e5 (C30))
 * B22 Sicilian, Alapin Variation, 2.c3 (without 2...d6 3.Nf3 (C50), 2...e6 3.Nf3 d5 (B40), 2...e6 3.d4 d5 4.e5 (C02), 2...g6 3.Nf3 (B27))
 * B23 Sicilian, Closed, 2.Nc3 (without 2...a6 3.Nf3 (B28), 2...d6 3.Nf3 (B50), 2...Nc6 3.g3 (B24–B26))
 * B24 Sicilian, Closed, 2.Nc3 Nc6 3.g3 (without 3...g6 (B25–B26))
 * B25 Sicilian, Closed, 2.Nc3 Nc6 3.g3 g6 4.Bg2 Bg7 5.d3 d6 (without 6.Be3 (B26))
 * B26 Sicilian, Closed, 6.Be3
 * B27 Sicilian Defence, 2.Nf3 (without 2...a6 (B28), 2...Nc6 (B30), 2...d6 (B50), 2...e6 (B40), 2...Nf6 (B29))
 * Katalimov Variation, 2...b6
 * Hungarian Variation, 2...g6
 * Quinteros Variation, 2...Qc7
 * Mongoose Variation, 2...Qa5
 * B28 Sicilian, O'Kelly Variation, 2.Nf3 a6 (without 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 e6 (B41, B43))
 * B29 Sicilian, Nimzovich–Rubinstein Variation, 2.Nf3 Nf6 (without 3.e5 Nd5 4.c3 (B22), 3.Nc3 Nc6 (B30), 3.Nc3 d6 (B50), 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 d6 (B54, B56, B94–B99))
 * B30 Sicilian Defence, 2.Nf3 Nc6 (without 3.Bb5 g6 (B31) 3.Bb5 d6 (B51))
 * Sicilian, Rossolimo Variation, 3.Bb5
 * B31 Sicilian, Nimzovich–Rossolimo Attack, 3.Bb5 g6
 * B32 Sicilian Defence, 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.d4 (without 3...cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 (B33), 4...e6 (B44–B47) 4...g6 (B34))
 * B33 Sicilian, Sveshnikov (Lasker–Pelikan) Variation, 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 (without 5.Nc3 e6 (B45) 5...g6 (B34) 5...d6 (B56))
 * B34 Sicilian, Accelerated Fianchetto, Exchange Variation, 2.Nf3 Nc6 3 d4.cxd4 4.Nxd4 g6 (without 5.c4 (B36), 5.Nc3 Bg7 6.Be3 Nf6 7.Bc4 (B35))
 * B35 Sicilian, Accelerated Fianchetto, Modern Variation with 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 g6 5.Nc3 Bg7 6.Be3 Nf6 7.Bc4 (without 7...b6 (B72, B75))
 * B36 Sicilian, Accelerated Fianchetto, Maroczy bind 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 g6 5.c4 (without 5...Bg7 (B37–B39))
 * B37 Sicilian, Accelerated Fianchetto, Maroczy bind, 5...Bg7 (without 6.Be3 (B38))
 * B38 Sicilian, Accelerated Fianchetto, Maroczy bind, 5...Bg7 6.Be3 (without 6...Nf6 7.Nc3 Ng4 (B39))
 * B39 Sicilian, Accelerated Fianchetto, Breyer Variation, 5...Bg7 6.Be3 Nf6 7.Nc3 Ng4
 * B40 Sicilian Defence, 2.Nf3 e6
 * B41 Sicilian, Kan Variation, 2.Nf3 e6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 a6 (without 5.Bd3 (B42), 5.Nc3 (B43), 5.Be2 Nf6 6.Nc3 Qc7 (B43))
 * B42 Sicilian, Kan, 5.Bd3
 * B43 Sicilian, Kan, 5.Nc3
 * B44 Sicilian Defence, 2.Nf3 e6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nc6
 * B44 Sicilian, Szén Variation (5.Nb5)
 * B45 Sicilian, Taimanov Variation, 5.Nc3
 * B46 Sicilian, Taimanov Variation
 * B47 Sicilian, Taimanov (Bastrikov) Variation
 * B48 Sicilian, Taimanov Variation
 * B49 Sicilian, Taimanov Variation
 * B50 Sicilian Defence
 * B51 Sicilian, Canal–Sokolsky Attack
 * B52 Sicilian, Canal–Sokolsky Attack, 3...Bd7
 * B53 Sicilian, Chekhover Variation
 * B54 Sicilian
 * B55 Sicilian, Prins Variation, Venice Attack
 * B56 Sicilian
 * B57 Sicilian, Sozin (not Scheveningen) including Magnus Smith Trap
 * B58 Sicilian, Classical
 * B59 Sicilian, Boleslavsky Variation, 7.Nb3
 * B60 Sicilian, Richter–Rauzer
 * B61 Sicilian, Richter–Rauzer, Larsen Variation, 7.Qd2
 * B62 Sicilian, Richter–Rauzer, 6...e6
 * B63 Sicilian, Richter–Rauzer, Rauzer Attack
 * B64 Sicilian, Richter–Rauzer, Rauzer Attack, 7...Be7 defence, 9.f4
 * B65 Sicilian, Richter–Rauzer, Rauzer Attack, 7...Be7 defence, 9...Nxd4
 * B66 Sicilian, Richter–Rauzer, Rauzer Attack, 7...a6
 * B67 Sicilian, Richter–Rauzer, Rauzer Attack, 7...a6 defence, 8...Bd7
 * B68 Sicilian, Richter–Rauzer, Rauzer Attack, 7...a6 defence, 9...Be7
 * B69 Sicilian, Richter–Rauzer, Rauzer Attack, 7...a6 defence, 11.Bxf6
 * B70 Sicilian, Dragon Variation
 * B71 Sicilian, Dragon, Levenfish Attack
 * B72 Sicilian, Dragon, 6.Be3
 * B73 Sicilian, Dragon, Classical, 8.0-0
 * B74 Sicilian, Dragon, Classical, 9.Nb3
 * B75 Sicilian, Dragon, Yugoslav Attack
 * B76 Sicilian, Dragon, Yugoslav Attack, 7...0-0
 * B77 Sicilian, Dragon, Yugoslav Attack, 9.Bc4
 * B78 Sicilian, Dragon, Yugoslav Attack, 10.0-0-0
 * B79 Sicilian, Dragon, Yugoslav Attack, 12.h4
 * B80 Sicilian, Scheveningen Variation
 * B80 Sicilian, Scheveningen, English Attack
 * B81 Sicilian, Scheveningen, Keres Attack
 * B82 Sicilian, Scheveningen, 6.f4
 * B83 Sicilian, Scheveningen, 6.Be2
 * B84 Sicilian, Scheveningen (Paulsen), Classical Variation
 * B85 Sicilian, Scheveningen, Classical Variation with ...Qc7 and ...Nc6
 * B86 Sicilian, Sozin Attack
 * B87 Sicilian, Sozin with ...a6 and ...b5
 * B88 Sicilian, Sozin, Leonhardt Variation
 * B89 Sicilian, Sozin, 7.Be3
 * B90 Sicilian, Najdorf
 * B91 Sicilian, Najdorf, Zagreb (Fianchetto) Variation (6.g3)
 * B92 Sicilian, Najdorf, Opocensky Variation (6.Be2)
 * B93 Sicilian, Najdorf, 6.f4
 * B94 Sicilian, Najdorf, 6.Bg5
 * B95 Sicilian, Najdorf, 6...e6
 * B96 Sicilian, Najdorf, 7.f4
 * B97 Sicilian, Najdorf, 7...Qb6 including Poisoned Pawn Variation
 * B98 Sicilian, Najdorf, 7...Be7
 * B99 Sicilian, Najdorf, 7...Be7 Main line

C – Open Games and the French Defence

 * 1.e4 e6: French Defence (C00–C19)
 * 1.e4 e5: Open Game (C20–C99)

C00–C19
1.e4 e6: French Defence
 * C00 French Defence
 * C01 French, Exchange Variation
 * C02 French, Advance Variation
 * C03 French, Tarrasch
 * C04 French, Tarrasch, Guimard Main line
 * C05 French, Tarrasch, Closed Variation
 * C06 French, Tarrasch, Closed Variation, Main line
 * C07 French, Tarrasch, Open Variation
 * C08 French, Tarrasch, Open, 4.exd5 exd5
 * C09 French, Tarrasch, Open Variation, Main line
 * C10 French, Paulsen Variation
 * C11 French Defence
 * C12 French, MacCutcheon Variation
 * C13 French, Classical
 * C14 French, Classical Variation
 * C15 French, Winawer (Nimzovich) Variation
 * C16 French, Winawer, Advance Variation
 * C17 French, Winawer, Advance Variation
 * C18 French, Winawer, Advance Variation
 * C19 French, Winawer, Advance, 6...Ne7

C20–C99
1.e4 e5: Open Game
 * C20 King's Pawn Game (includes Alapin's Opening, Centre Pawn Opening, Napoleon Opening, Portuguese Opening, Danvers Opening, Bongcloud Attack)
 * C21 Center Game (includes Danish Gambit)
 * C22 Center Game
 * C23 Bishop's Opening
 * C24 Bishop's Opening, Berlin Defence
 * C25 Vienna Game
 * C26 Vienna Game, Falkbeer Variation
 * C27 Vienna Game, Frankenstein–Dracula Variation
 * C28 Vienna Game
 * C29 Vienna Gambit, Kaufmann Variation including Würzburger Trap
 * C30 King's Gambit
 * C31 King's Gambit Declined, Falkbeer and Nimzowitsch (3...c6) Countergambits
 * C32 King's Gambit Declined, Falkbeer, 5.dxe4
 * C33 King's Gambit Accepted
 * C34 King's Gambit Accepted, including Fischer Defence
 * C35 King's Gambit Accepted, Cunningham Defence
 * C36 King's Gambit Accepted, Abbazia Defence (Classical Defence, Modern Defence)
 * C37 King's Gambit Accepted, Quaade Gambit McDonnell Gambit, or Muzio Gambit
 * C38 King's Gambit Accepted
 * C39 King's Gambit Accepted, Allgaier and Kieseritzky Gambits including Rice Gambit
 * C40 King's Knight Opening (includes Gunderam Defence, Brazilian Defence, Greco Defence, Damiano Defence, Elephant Gambit, and Latvian Gambit.)
 * C41 Philidor Defence
 * C42 Petrov's Defence, including Marshall Trap
 * C43 Petrov's Defence, Modern (Steinitz) Attack
 * C44 King's Pawn Game (includes Ponziani Opening, Inverted Hungarian Opening, Irish Gambit, Konstantinopolsky Opening and some Scotch Game)
 * C45 Scotch Game
 * C46 Three Knights Game including Halloween Gambit
 * C47 Four Knights Game
 * C48 Four Knights Game, Spanish Variation
 * C49 Four Knights Game, Double Ruy Lopez
 * C50 Italian Game (includes Blackburne Shilling Gambit, Hungarian Defence, Semi-Italian Opening, Italian Gambit, Légal Trap, Rousseau Gambit, Koltanowski Gambit and Giuoco Pianissimo)
 * C51 Evans Gambit
 * C52 Evans Gambit with 4...Bxb4 5.c3 Ba5
 * C53 Giuoco Piano
 * C54 Giuoco Piano
 * C55 Two Knights Defence
 * C56 Two Knights Defence
 * C57 Two Knights Defence, including the Fried Liver Attack
 * C58 Two Knights Defence
 * C59 Two Knights Defence
 * C60 Ruy Lopez Unusual Black 3rd moves and 3...g6
 * C61 Ruy Lopez, Bird's Defence
 * C62 Ruy Lopez, Old Steinitz Defence
 * C63 Ruy Lopez, Schliemann Defence
 * C64 Ruy Lopez, Classical (Cordel) Defence
 * C65 Ruy Lopez, Berlin Defence including Mortimer Trap
 * C66 Ruy Lopez, Berlin Defence, 4.0-0 d6
 * C67 Ruy Lopez, Berlin Defence, Open Variation
 * C68 Ruy Lopez, Exchange Variation
 * C69 Ruy Lopez, Exchange Variation, 5.0-0
 * C70 Ruy Lopez, 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4
 * C71 Ruy Lopez, Modern Steinitz Defence including Noah's Ark Trap
 * C72 Ruy Lopez, Modern Steinitz Defence 5.0-0
 * C73 Ruy Lopez, Modern Steinitz Defence, Richter Variation
 * C74 Ruy Lopez, Modern Steinitz Defence
 * C75 Ruy Lopez, Modern Steinitz Defence
 * C76 Ruy Lopez, Modern Steinitz Defence, Fianchetto (Bronstein) Variation
 * C77 Ruy Lopez, Morphy Defence
 * C78 Ruy Lopez, 5.0-0
 * C79 Ruy Lopez, Steinitz Defence Deferred (Russian Defence)
 * C80 Ruy Lopez, Open (Tarrasch) Defence
 * C81 Ruy Lopez, Open, Howell Attack
 * C82 Ruy Lopez, Open, 9.c3
 * C83 Ruy Lopez, Open, Classical Defence
 * C84 Ruy Lopez, Closed Defence
 * C85 Ruy Lopez, Exchange Variation Doubly Deferred (DERLD)
 * C86 Ruy Lopez, Worrall Attack
 * C87 Ruy Lopez, Closed, Averbakh Variation
 * C88 Ruy Lopez, Closed
 * C89 Ruy Lopez, Marshall Counterattack
 * C90 Ruy Lopez, Closed, 7...d6
 * C90 Ruy Lopez, Closed, 7...d6, 9.d3 (Pilnik Variation)
 * C91 Ruy Lopez, Closed, 9.d4
 * C92 Ruy Lopez, Closed, 9.h3
 * C92 Ruy Lopez, Closed, 9.h3 Bb7 (Zaitsev Variation)
 * C93 Ruy Lopez, Closed, Smyslov Defence
 * C94 Ruy Lopez, Closed, Breyer Defence, 10.d3
 * C95 Ruy Lopez, Closed, Breyer Defence, 10.d4
 * C96 Ruy Lopez, Closed, 8...Na5
 * C97 Ruy Lopez, Closed, Chigorin Defence
 * C98 Ruy Lopez, Closed, Chigorin, 12...Nc6
 * C99 Ruy Lopez, Closed, Chigorin, 12...cxd4

D – Closed Games and Semi-Closed Games

 * 1.d4 d5: Closed Game (D00–D69)
 * 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 with 3...d5: Grünfeld Defence (D70–D99)

D00–D69
1.d4 d5: Closed Game
 * D00 Queen's Pawn Game (including Blackmar–Diemer Gambit, Halosar Trap and others)
 * D01 Richter–Veresov Attack
 * D02 Queen's Pawn Game, 2.Nf3 (including the London System)
 * D03 Torre Attack, Tartakower Variation
 * D04 Queen's Pawn Game, Colle System
 * D05 Queen's Pawn Game, Zukertort Variation (including Colle System)
 * D06 Queen's Gambit (including the Baltic Defence, Marshall Defence and Symmetrical Defence)
 * D07 QGD, Chigorin Defence
 * D08 QGD, Albin Countergambit and Lasker Trap
 * D09 QGD, Albin Countergambit, 5.g3
 * D10 QGD, Slav Defence
 * D11 QGD, Slav Defence, 3.Nf3
 * D12 QGD, Slav Defence, 4.e3 Bf5
 * D13 QGD, Slav Defence, Exchange Variation
 * D14 QGD, Slav Defence, Exchange Variation
 * D15 QGD, Slav, 4.Nc3
 * D16 QGD, Slav Accepted, Alapin Variation
 * D17 QGD, Slav Defence, Czech Defence
 * D18 QGD, Dutch Variation
 * D19 QGD, Dutch Variation
 * D20 Queen's Gambit Accepted without 3.Nf3 (Central Variation, Old Variation, and atypical moves by White)
 * D21 QGA, 3.Nf3
 * D22 QGA, Alekhine Defence (3...a6)
 * D23 Queen's Gambit Accepted (3...Nf6)
 * D24 QGA, 4.Nc3
 * D25 QGA, 4.e3
 * D26 QGA, Classical Variation
 * D27 QGA, Classical Variation
 * D28 QGA, Classical Variation 7.Qe2
 * D29 QGA, Classical Variation 8...Bb7
 * D30 Queen's Gambit Declined: Orthodox Defence
 * D31 QGD, 3.Nc3
 * D31 QGD, Semi-Slav, Abrahams–Noteboom Variation 10...Bb7
 * D32 QGD, Tarrasch Defence
 * D33 QGD, Tarrasch, Schlechter–Rubinstein System
 * D34 QGD, Tarrasch, 7...Be7
 * D35 QGD, Exchange Variation
 * D36 QGD, Exchange, positional line, 6.Qc2
 * D37 QGD, 4.Nf3
 * D37 QGD, 4.Nf3 Be7 5.Bf4 (Harrwitz Attack)
 * D38 QGD, Ragozin Variation
 * D39 QGD, Ragozin, Vienna Variation
 * D40 QGD, Semi-Tarrasch Defence
 * D41 QGD, Semi-Tarrasch, 5.cxd5
 * D42 QGD, Semi-Tarrasch, 7.Bd3
 * D43 QGD, Semi-Slav Defence
 * D44 QGD, Semi-Slav, 5.Bg5 dxc4
 * D45 QGD, Semi-Slav, 5.e3
 * D46 QGD, Semi-Slav, 6.Bd3
 * D47 QGD, Semi-Slav, 7.Bc4
 * D48 QGD, Meran, 8...a6
 * D49 QGD, Meran, 11.Nxb5
 * D50 QGD, 4.Bg5
 * D51 QGD, 4.Bg5 Nbd7 (Cambridge Springs Defence and Elephant Trap)
 * D52 QGD
 * D53 QGD, 4.Bg5 Be7
 * D54 QGD, Anti-neo-orthodox Variation
 * D55 QGD, 6.Nf3
 * D56 QGD, Lasker Defence
 * D57 QGD, Lasker Defence, Main line
 * D58 QGD, Tartakower (Tartakower–Makogonov–Bondarevsky) System
 * D59 QGD, Tartakower (Tartakower–Makogonov–Bondarevsky) System, 8.cxd5 Nxd5
 * D60 QGD, Orthodox Defence
 * D61 QGD, Orthodox Defence, Rubinstein Variation
 * D62 QGD, Orthodox Defence, 7.Qc2 c5, 8.cxd5 (Rubinstein)
 * D63 QGD, Orthodox Defence, 7.Rc1
 * D64 QGD, Orthodox Defence, Rubinstein Attack (with Rc1)
 * D65 QGD, Orthodox Defence, Rubinstein Attack, Main line
 * D66 QGD, Orthodox Defence, Bd3 line including Rubinstein Trap
 * D67 QGD, Orthodox Defence, Bd3 line, Capablanca freeing manoeuvre
 * D68 QGD, Orthodox Defence, Classical Variation
 * D69 QGD, Orthodox Defence, Classical, 13.dxe5

D70–D99
1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 with 3...d5: Grünfeld Defence
 * D70 Neo-Grünfeld Defence
 * D71 Neo-Grünfeld, 5.cxd5
 * D72 Neo-Grünfeld, 5.cxd5, Main line
 * D73 Neo-Grünfeld, 5.Nf3
 * D74 Neo-Grünfeld, 6.cxd5 Nxd5, 7.0-0
 * D75 Neo-Grünfeld, 6.cxd5 Nxd5, 7.0-0 c5, 8.Nc3
 * D76 Neo-Grünfeld, 6.cxd5 Nxd5, 7.0-0 Nb6
 * D77 Neo-Grünfeld, 6.0-0
 * D78 Neo-Grünfeld, 6.0-0 c6
 * D79 Neo-Grünfeld, 6.0-0, Main line
 * D80 Grünfeld Defence
 * D81 Grünfeld, Russian Variation
 * D82 Grünfeld, 4.Bf4
 * D83 Grünfeld Gambit
 * D84 Grünfeld Gambit Accepted
 * D85 Grünfeld, Nadanian Variation
 * D86 Grünfeld, Exchange, Classical Variation
 * D87 Grünfeld, Exchange, Spassky Variation
 * D88 Grünfeld, Spassky Variation, Main line, 10...cxd4, 11.cxd4
 * D89 Grünfeld, Spassky Variation, Main line, 13.Bd3
 * D90 Grünfeld, Three Knights Variation
 * D91 Grünfeld, Three Knights Variation
 * D92 Grünfeld, 5.Bf4
 * D93 Grünfeld with 5.Bf4 0-0 6.e3
 * D94 Grünfeld, 5.e3
 * D95 Grünfeld with 5.e3 0-0 6.Qb3
 * D96 Grünfeld, Russian Variation
 * D97 Grünfeld, Russian Variation with 7.e4
 * D98 Grünfeld, Russian, Smyslov Variation
 * D99 Grünfeld Defence, Smyslov, Main line

E – Indian Defences

 * 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6: Indian systems with ...e6 (E00–E59)
 * 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 without 3...d5: Indian systems with ...g6 (except Grünfeld) (E60–E99)

E00–E59
1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6: Indian systems with ...e6
 * E00 Queen's Pawn Game (including Neo-Indian Attack, Trompowsky Attack, Catalan Opening and others)
 * E01 Catalan, Closed
 * E02 Catalan, Open, 5.Qa4
 * E03 Catalan, Open, Alekhine Variation
 * E04 Catalan, Open, 5.Nf3
 * E05 Catalan, Open, Classical line
 * E06 Catalan, Closed, 5.Nf3
 * E07 Catalan, Closed, 6...Nbd7
 * E08 Catalan, Closed, 7.Qc2
 * E09 Catalan, Closed, Main line
 * E10 Queen's Pawn Game 3.Nf3
 * E11 Bogo-Indian Defence
 * E12 Queen's Indian Defence
 * E13 Queen's Indian, 4.Nc3, Main line
 * E14 Queen's Indian, 4.e3
 * E15 Queen's Indian, 4.g3
 * E16 Queen's Indian, Capablanca Variation
 * E17 Queen's Indian, 5.Bg2 Be7
 * E18 Queen's Indian, Old Main line, 7.Nc3
 * E19 Queen's Indian, Old Main line, 9.Qxc3
 * E20 Nimzo-Indian Defence
 * E21 Nimzo-Indian, Three Knights Variation
 * E22 Nimzo-Indian, Spielmann Variation
 * E23 Nimzo-Indian, Spielmann, 4...c5, 5.dxc5 Nc6
 * E24 Nimzo-Indian, Sämisch Variation
 * E25 Nimzo-Indian, Sämisch Variation, Keres Variation
 * E26 Nimzo-Indian, Sämisch Variation, 4.a3 Bxc3+ 5.bxc3 c5 6.e3
 * E27 Nimzo-Indian, Sämisch Variation, 5...0-0
 * E28 Nimzo-Indian, Sämisch Variation, 6.e3
 * E29 Nimzo-Indian, Sämisch Variation, Main line
 * E30 Nimzo-Indian, Leningrad Variation,
 * E31 Nimzo-Indian, Leningrad Variation, Main line
 * E32 Nimzo-Indian, Classical Variation (4.Qc2)
 * E33 Nimzo-Indian, Classical Variation, 4...Nc6
 * E34 Nimzo-Indian, Classical, Noa Variation (4...d5)
 * E35 Nimzo-Indian, Classical, Noa Variation, 5.cxd5 exd5
 * E36 Nimzo-Indian, Classical, Noa Variation, 5.a3
 * E37 Nimzo-Indian, Classical, Noa Variation, Main line, 7.Qc2
 * E38 Nimzo-Indian, Classical, 4...c5
 * E39 Nimzo-Indian, Classical, Pirc Variation
 * E40 Nimzo-Indian, 4.e3
 * E41 Nimzo-Indian, 4.e3 c5 5.Bd3 Nc6 6.Nf3 Bxc3+ 7.bxc3 d6, Hübner Variation
 * E42 Nimzo-Indian, 4.e3 c5, 5.Ne2 (Rubinstein)
 * E43 Nimzo-Indian, Fischer Variation
 * E44 Nimzo-Indian, Fischer Variation, 5.Ne2
 * E45 Nimzo-Indian, 4.e3, Bronstein (Byrne) Variation
 * E46 Nimzo-Indian, 4.e3 0-0
 * E47 Nimzo-Indian, 4.e3 0-0, 5.Bd3
 * E48 Nimzo-Indian, 4.e3 0-0, 5.Bd3 d5
 * E49 Nimzo-Indian, 4.e3, Botvinnik System
 * E50 Nimzo-Indian, 4.e3 0-0, 5.Nf3, without ...d5
 * E51 Nimzo-Indian, 4.e3 0-0, 5.Nf3 d5
 * E52 Nimzo-Indian, 4.e3, Main line with ...b6
 * E53 Nimzo-Indian, 4.e3, Main line with ...c5
 * E54 Nimzo-Indian, 4.e3, Gligoric System with 7...dxc4
 * E55 Nimzo-Indian, 4.e3, Gligoric System, Bronstein Variation
 * E56 Nimzo-Indian, 4.e3, Main line with 7...Nc6
 * E57 Nimzo-Indian, 4.e3, Main line with 8...dxc4 and 9...Bxc4 cxd4
 * E58 Nimzo-Indian, 4.e3, Main line with 8...Bxc3
 * E59 Nimzo-Indian, 4.e3, Main line

E60–E99
1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 without 3...d5: Indian systems with ...g6 (except Grünfeld)
 * E60 King's Indian Defence
 * E61 King's Indian Defence, 3.Nc3
 * E62 King's Indian, Fianchetto Variation
 * E63 King's Indian, Fianchetto, Panno Variation
 * E64 King's Indian, Fianchetto, Yugoslav System
 * E65 King's Indian, Yugoslav, 7.0-0
 * E66 King's Indian, Fianchetto, Yugoslav Panno
 * E67 King's Indian, Fianchetto with ...Nd7
 * E68 King's Indian, Fianchetto, Classical Variation, 8.e4
 * E69 King's Indian, Fianchetto, Classical Main line
 * E70 King's Indian, 4.e4
 * E71 King's Indian, Makogonov System (5.h3)
 * E72 King's Indian with e4 and g3
 * E73 King's Indian, 5.Be2
 * E74 King's Indian, Averbakh, 6...c5
 * E75 King's Indian, Averbakh, Main line
 * E76 King's Indian, Four Pawns Attack
 * E77 King's Indian, Four Pawns Attack, 6.Be2
 * E78 King's Indian, Four Pawns Attack, with Be2 and Nf3
 * E79 King's Indian, Four Pawns Attack, Main line
 * E80 King's Indian, Sämisch Variation
 * E81 King's Indian, Sämisch, 5...0-0
 * E82 King's Indian, Sämisch, Double Fianchetto Variation
 * E83 King's Indian, Sämisch, 6...Nc6 (Panno Variation)
 * E84 King's Indian, Sämisch, Panno Main line
 * E85 King's Indian, Sämisch, Orthodox Variation
 * E86 King's Indian, Sämisch, Orthodox, 7.Nge2 c6
 * E87 King's Indian, Sämisch, Orthodox, 7.d5
 * E88 King's Indian, Sämisch, Orthodox, 7.d5 c6
 * E89 King's Indian, Sämisch, Orthodox Main line
 * E90 King's Indian, 5.Nf3
 * E91 King's Indian, 6.Be2
 * E92 King's Indian, Classical Variation
 * E93 King's Indian, Petrosian System, Main line
 * E94 King's Indian, Orthodox Variation
 * E95 King's Indian, Orthodox, 7...Nbd7, 8.Re1
 * E96 King's Indian, Orthodox, 7...Nbd7, Main line
 * E97 King's Indian, Orthodox, Aronin–Taimanov Variation (Yugoslav Attack / Mar del Plata Variation)
 * E98 King's Indian, Orthodox, Aronin–Taimanov, 9.Ne1
 * E99 King's Indian, Orthodox, Aronin–Taimanov, Defence

Statistics
These statistics show a movement away from symmetrical defences to asymmetrical defences. In particular, in reply to 1.e4, the Sicilian and French defences, and to 1.d4 the Indian defences. Also, particularly amongst strong players, an increased use of the English Opening for White.

title: List of chess openings


text:
University of La Verne

The University of La Verne (ULV) is a private university in La Verne, California. Founded in 1891, the university is composed of the College of Arts & Sciences, College of Business & Public Management, the LaFetra College of Education, College of Law, College of Health and Community Well-Being, an online adult school, two military centers, and a Regional Campus Administration that oversees six regional campuses. It awards undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral degrees. Many of their classes are taught at smaller campuses throughout the greater Los Angeles area and Kern County.

Lordsburg College
The University of La Verne was founded in 1891 as Lordsburg College by members of the Church of the Brethren, a German Christian sect originating from the Schwarzenau Brethren. Historically, the Brethren are considered one of the "peace churches", like the Quakers and the Mennonites, and slots on the Board of Trustees are still held for members of the Brethren. The baccalaureate ceremony is held at the local Church of the Brethren, and the holder of the post of campus minister must be a member of the Church of the Brethren.

The Lordsburg College originally opened in a hotel building located on the corner of 3rd Street and D Street in La Verne, CA (then called Lordsburg). The land-boom hotel is said to never have hosted a single paying guest, as the interest in land around Southern California had subsided by the time the hotel was complete. In 1899, two members of the Church of the Brethren decided the hotel building could be repurposed as a college, so they purchased the hotel, along with 100 city lots, for $15,000. The Lordsburg College building was demolished in 1928, shortly after the completion of Founders Hall.

In 1901, the Los Angeles Times wrote that the Lordsburg College "seems to be predestined to an early demise." Attendance had shrunk to only 12 students, just two more than the number of faculty, and the college had been burdened by multiple scandals involving its administration. The college's second president, E.A. Miller, had a scandal in Virginia which followed him to California. William Hoover, the school's fourth president, resigned in 1901.

La Verne College
When the agricultural town of Lordsburg renamed itself to La Verne in 1917, Lordsburg College renamed itself accordingly, becoming La Verne College. The college reorganized in 1977, 87 years after its founding, to become the University of La Verne. Since then, the university has grown to consist of the College of Arts and Sciences, the College of Business and Public Management, the LaFetra College of Education, the College of Law, and multiple regional campuses.

The University of La Verne conferred its first master's degree in 1965 and awarded its first doctorate in 1969. In 1969, La Verne began its adult education program. The university opened its first regional campus, in Orange County, in 1981 and has since opened additional locations throughout the area, including Vandenberg AFB and Pt. Mugu. Despite its Church of the Brethren heritage, the university describes itself as non-sectarian.

Athens, Greece
La Verne extended to a campus in Athens in 1975, mainly for the children of US military personnel. By the time of the sudden closure of the Athens campus in 2004, the campus operated as a franchise, sending back 690 EUR per graduating student to the main university in California. Students and faculty were given 48 hours' notice of the closure prior to the start of classes. Stephen C. Morgan, president of La Verne at the time, justified the closure on financial grounds. The Athens campus had by 2004 gained a reputation as "one of the best private, English-language institutions in Greece".

Enrollment and admissions
The University of La Verne does not require the SAT or ACT for first-time freshmen students applying for admission. For those providing scores in 2021, the average SAT was score was between 960-1150 and an average ACT score was between 17-23.

According to U.S. News & World Report, the acceptance rate for the University of La Verne was 73% for 2022.

Academics
La Verne Online offers select programs through online coursework and some programs offer student choice on whether to take a class on campus or online.

Colleges
The University of La Verne has five colleges:

 * The College of Arts and Sciences
 * The LaFetra College of Education
 * The College of Business and Public Management
 * The College of Law
 * The College of Health and Community Well-Being

College of Law
The University of La Verne College of Law was founded in 1970 and is currently located in Ontario, California. In February 2006, the college was provisionally accredited by the American Bar Association (ABA), allowing students to take the bar exam and become practicing attorneys in any U.S. jurisdiction. In June 2011, the ABA denied the College full ABA accreditation. On August 29, 2011, the college announced it received accreditation from the Committee of Bar Examiners of the State Bar of California. In March 2012, the ABA again granted provisional approval. On March 14, 2016, the ABA granted full accreditation. Of the La Verne graduates who took the California bar exam for the first time in July 2016, 31% passed, vs. a statewide average of 62%. In November 2019, the university's board of trustees voted to change from an ABA-accredited school to a California Bar-accredited school, a decision that was influenced in part by the ABA's introduction of tougher accreditation standards in May 2019 which shortened the timeframe schools had to ensure a 75-percent bar pass rate from five to two years.

Online school
The University of La Verne offers a limited number of undergraduate and graduate degree programs fully online.

Accreditations
The University of La Verne is accredited by the WASC Senior College and University Commission]]. Several programs are accredited or approved by discipline-specific organizations:
 * The Physician Assistant program is provisionally accredited by the Accreditation Review Commission on Education for the Physician Assistant.
 * The Doctorate in Clinical Psychology is accredited by the American Psychological Association.
 * The Master of Public Administration program is accredited by the National Association of Schools of Public Affairs and Administration (NASPAA).
 * Teacher education programs are approved by the California Commission on Teacher Credentialing (CCTC).
 * The College of Law is accredited by the State Bar of California

Rankings
The University of La Verne is ranked #6 nationally for social mobility, #101 nationally for best value, #151 among all national universities, and having a $48,200 median starting salary of alumni as reported in U.S. News & World Report's 2022-2023 Best Colleges rankings.

The University of La Verne is ranked sixth among programs in the Greater Los Angeles area and #111 nationally in the U.S. News & World Report 2022 Best Graduate Schools ranking for Public Affairs.

Campus
The University of La Verne's address is 1950 3rd Street in La Verne, California. Some of the most prominent buildings on campus include Founders Hall, which was completed in 1927, the Abraham Campus Center, the Sports Science & Athletics Pavilion, Citrus Hall, and the Wilson Library.

In 2014, La Verne held a grand opening ceremony for the newly constructed Campus West, located just over a half-mile from the main campus. Campus West is home to the university's baseball and softball fields.

Some of the oldest buildings still standing on campus include Founders Hall, Miller Hall (constructed in 1918), and the Hanawalt House (constructed in 1905).

Student housing
There are three on-campus housing options for students.

 * Citrus Hall
 * Vista La Verne
 * The Oaks

Citrus Hall opened for the Fall 2018 semester and houses about 400 students. The Spot dining hall, located on the first floor of Citrus Hall in wings B and C, opened at the same time, replacing the Davenport Dining Hall a block away. Generally, Citrus Hall houses first-year students, Vista La Verne houses graduate students, and continuing students stay in either Vista La Verne or The Oaks.

Sports Science and Athletics Pavilion
The Sports Science and Athletics Pavilion, or SSAP, is a large tent structure located in the central campus, between the football stadium and Citrus Hall. The SSAP has an indoor basketball/volleyball court, workout rooms, locker rooms, classrooms, and various other facilities. When first constructed in the 1970s, the building contained facilities for the Athletics Department, Art Department, and the schools radio and TV stations. The SSAP also contained a snack bar and game area for students. The building now serves only the athletics department for the most part, as the Art and Communications departments now have their own building on D Street. The Campus Center now serves the functions the snack bar and game area once did.

A smaller tent located next to the SSAP contains the Dailey Theatre and other facilities for the Theatre Department.

Often referred to as "The Tents," or the "Super Tents," they were the "world’s first permanent–tensioned membrane structure" when completed in the early 1970s. They are constructed using a fabric made from woven fiberglass coated with Teflon.

Wilson Library
The Elvin and Betty Wilson Library—La Verne's main library—contains over 193,000 volumes and access to over 70 academic databases.

An Alpha Beta supermarket was constructed on the corner of 'D' street and second street in 1955. The site was previously occupied by a park, which was constructed after the demolition of the original Lordsburg College building. In 1977, the University purchased the Alpha Beta supermarket and converted it into a new library. This was done with the help of contributions made by Elvin and Betty Wilson, the donors the library is now named after. The library was closed between 1993 and 1996 to allow for expansion, again with the help of the same donors.

The library is a two-story building, but has two level for books per floor, making it seem like a four-story building. The first floor has study and meeting rooms, a help desk, offices, and paid printing facilities. The second floor (third level) contains the Honors Center and one classroom. The university's archives and special collections are located on the fourth level.

Transportation
A free shuttle used to be offered between the main campus at the Wilson Library and a remote parking lot, near Campus West. The shuttle service was suspended in 2019, after the opening of a new $16 million parking garage on the main campus in 2016, which added 693 spaces.

An extension to the LA Metro 'L' line is projected to be completed in 2025. A station will be located between the La Verne campus and the Pomona Fairplex, on the northeast corner of 'E' Street and Arrow Highway.

Greek life
The University of La Verne has chapters of five sororities and two fraternities.

Fraternities

 * Phi Delta Theta (ΦΔΘ)
 * Sigma Alpha Epsilon (ΣΑΕ)

Sororities

 * Alpha Omicron Pi ( ΑΟΠ)
 * Iota Delta (ΙΔ)
 * Phi Sigma Sigma (ΦΣΣ )
 * Sigma Gamma Rho (ΣΓΡ)
 * Sigma Kappa ( ΣΚ)

The Rock
The rock has been a tradition at the University of La Verne for more than 60 years. The original rock was painted orange with the letters "LVC," because the school was still named La Verne College at the time. In the 1960s La Verne students took it upon themselves to replace the rock with a much larger one. They buried much of it so that it would not be stolen by rival schools, as the original rock had been in the past.

The new rock would be painted by clubs and organizations, sometimes being repainted overnight to prank other students. This tradition continues, but students must reserve the rock before painting it.

Homecoming
Each year, La Verne holds its homecoming event prior to the homecoming football game. A street fair is held on 3rd Street, outside Founders Hall, and student clubs and organizations set up booths and host activities. A parade is also hosted with student made floats.

Student government
The Associated Students of the University of La Verne (ASULV) is the University of La Verne's official student government. Aside from the executive board, there are two senators for the College of Arts and Sciences, two senators for the College of Business and Public Management, one senator for the College of Education, and five senators at large. All members are elected annually.

The Campus Activities Board (CAB) was founded in 2005 and is a non-profit on campus organization that organizes and coordinates events and programs on campus each year. CAB has two executive board members and nine chair persons.

United States

 * Main Campus in La Verne
 * University of La Verne College of Law in Ontario
 * La Verne High Desert in Victorville
 * La Verne Inland Empire in Ontario
 * La Verne Kern County in Bakersfield
 * La Verne Orange County in Irvine
 * La Verne San Fernando Valley in Burbank
 * La Verne Ventura County in Oxnard

Military satellite campuses:
 * Point Mugu NAS
 * Vandenberg SFB

Athletics
At the University of La Verne, approximately 30% of traditional-age undergraduates participate in intercollegiate athletics annually. (An NCAA Division III member, the University does not offer scholarships based on athletic ability.) Its athletic program is dedicated to developing scholar-athletes who demonstrate a commitment to academic and athletic success. Intercollegiate athletics are an integral part of the overall college experience, engaging the campus community and establishing a sense of spirit and pride while promoting a healthy lifestyle and fitness of mind and body.

La Verne has captured numerous SCIAC Championships, and has claimed NCAA team titles in baseball (1995), men's volleyball (1999) and women's volleyball (1982, 2001).
 * Women's volleyball is a perennial national contender with three national titles (1981, 1982, 2001) and 22 conference championships in its history. The program produced two National Players of the Year (Amy Smith – 2003; Ryan Winn – 2001).
 * Baseball has a national reputation stretching back five decades, with two national titles (1972, 1995) and 20 conference titles.
 * Football's competitive tradition (including an undefeated conference season in 2015) can be traced back 83 years and is a keystone of the University's athletic legacy.
 * Softball has established a competitive reputation, earning eight NCAA Division III playoff berths since 2006. Arleena DeLaCruz (Pitcher) leading the way to the playoffs in 2006 and drafted professionally to the Chicago Bandits.
 * Men's golf won seven consecutive SCIAC championships from 2007 to 2013 and placed second at the Division III national championship tournaments twice (2007, 2009). Kelby Scharmann claimed the individual national championship in 2015 and Mitchell Fedorka received the Jack Nicklaus Award as the Golf Coaches Association of America's collegiate player of the year.
 * Track and field programs are a national powerhouse, having produced nine individual national champions and 76 All-Americans.

La Verne offers 18 intercollegiate athletic teams—9 sports for men and 9 for women. The Leopards are a member of the Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SCIAC) and compete at the NCAA Division III level.

Women's sports teams

 * Basketball
 * Cross Country
 * Golf
 * Soccer
 * Softball
 * Swimming and Diving
 * Track and Field
 * Volleyball
 * Water Polo

Men's sports teams

 * Baseball
 * Basketball
 * Cross Country
 * Football
 * Golf
 * Soccer
 * Swimming and Diving
 * Track and Field
 * Water Polo

Publications

 * VOICE Magazine
 * La Verne Magazine
 * Campus Times

Notable alumni

 * Art Acevedo – Miami Police Department Chief of Police
 * Joseph Ashton – American film and voice actor
 * Vernard Eller – Author and Christian pacifist
 * Phil Esbenshade – Professional skateboarder and attorney
 * Roger Hernández – Democratic member of the California State Assembly
 * David Hollinger – Preston Hotchkis Professor of History, emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley, author, former President of the Organization of American Historians
 * Darren Kavinoky – Motivational Speaker
 * Larry Kennan – Executive director of NFL Coaches Association (NFLCA)
 * Ross Mathews – television host
 * Mike Morrell – Republican member of the California State Assembly
 * Ryan O'Donohue - Actor
 * Steve Ortmayer – Assistant head coach of University of Kentucky football team
 * Dan Quisenberry – Professional baseball player
 * Alex Villanueva - Law enforcement officer serving as the 33rd Sheriff of Los Angeles County, California
 * Joaquin Zendejas – Former football player
 * Anthony Zuiker – CSI creator and executive producer

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: University of La Verne


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Mother-in-law joke

Humour and jokes about one's mother-in-law (the mother of one's spouse) are a mainstay of comedy. The humour is based on the premise that the average mother-in-law often considers her son-in-law to be unsuitable for her daughter (or daughter-in-law unsuitable for her son), and usually includes the stereotype that mothers-in-law are generally rude, overbearing, obnoxious, and/or unattractive.

British comedians such as Les Dawson and Jim Davidson have often used them, and many television sitcoms have featured stereotypical mothers-in-law.

There is evidence that this joke dates back to Roman times: Satire VI by Juvenal says that one cannot be happy while one's mother-in-law is still alive. Most of the mother-in-law jokes are easily translatable to other languages and are easily understandable in most European cultures.

In a book on cartooning written by Dave Breger, the author lists a series of "tired gags", and gives a suggestion on how to exploit them. In his illustration, Breger and his wife go to a museum and see a Tyrannosaurus skeleton. Mrs. Breger says, "And no funny remarks, please, about that Mother called or something..."

A study of mothers-in-law by Pamela Cotterill found that "they tended not to be upset by jokes because they seemed so far fetched they couldn't apply to them, but they didn't find them funny". Cotterill also found that daughters-in-law did not find them funny either, largely because they saw that one day the jokes could be applied to them.

The jokes are considered offensive by some. A widely reported case is that of the London borough where, in 2010, a workshop leaflet called "Cultural Awareness: General Problems" advised against using them. The leaflet states that "mother-in-law jokes, as well as offensively sexist in their own right, can also be seen as offensive on the grounds that they disrespect elders or parents."

Portrayals
The stereotype is often portrayed on film and in popular entertainment. Some examples include:
 * Viola Fields (Jane Fonda) in the film Monster-in-Law.
 * Marie Barone (Doris Roberts) in the sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond, who is extremely meddlesome and incessantly makes conceited remarks to her daughter-in-law Debra.
 * Adele Delfino (Celia Weston) on the television series Desperate Housewives.
 * Endora (Agnes Moorehead) in the sitcom Bewitched is a witch who is not happy with the decision of her daughter to marry a normal human, and often uses her magic to cause trouble for him.
 * Norma Speakman (Liz Smith) in the sitcom The Royle Family, who enjoys baiting son-in-law Jim.
 * Olivia Jefferson (Zara Cully) in the sitcom The Jeffersons often puts down her daughter-in-law Louise.
 * Mrs. Marcus (Ethel Merman) in the film It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World frequently berates her son-in-law, Russell Finch (Milton Berle), complains almost constantly, and annoys most of the other characters in the film.
 * Mrs. Gibson (Ethel Owen) in various episodes of the TV show The Honeymooners frequently insults her son-in-law Ralph by making jokes about his weight, telling Alice about other men who have courted her before she married Ralph in front of him and saying things that make him mad enough that he shouts at her to get out of the house.
 * Pearl Slaghoople in the animated series The Flintstones often ponders why her daughter Wilma had to marry Fred Flintstone.
 * Madge Harvey (Sheila Reid) in the sitcom Benidorm frequently irritates her son-in-law Mick.

Other
The plant Dracaena trifasciata is sometimes referred to as "mother-in-law's tongue".

title: Mother-in-law joke


text:
Mannheim

Mannheim (Palatine German: Mannem or Monnem), officially the University City of Mannheim (Universitätsstadt Mannheim), is the second-largest city in the German state of Baden-Württemberg, after the state capital of Stuttgart, and Germany's 21st-largest city, with a 2021 population of 311,831 inhabitants. The city is the cultural and economic centre of the Rhine-Neckar Metropolitan Region, Germany's seventh-largest metropolitan region with nearly 2.4 million inhabitants and over 900,000 employees.

Mannheim is located at the confluence of the Rhine (Upper Rhine) and the Neckar in the Kurpfalz (Electoral Palatinate) region of northwestern Baden-Württemberg. The city lies in the Upper Rhine Plain, Germany's warmest region. Together with Hamburg, Mannheim is the only German city bordering two other federal states. It forms a continuous conurbation of around 480,000 inhabitants with Ludwigshafen am Rhein in the neighbouring state of Rhineland-Palatinate, on the other side of the Rhine. Some northern suburbs of Mannheim belong to Hesse. Upstream along the Neckar lies Heidelberg, the fifth-largest city of Baden-Württemberg and the third-largest of the Rhine-Neckar Region.

Mannheim is unusual among German cities in that its city centre streets and avenues are laid out in a grid pattern, leading to the city's nickname Quadratestadt (Square City). Within a ring of avenues surrounding the city centre, there are squares, numbered from A1 to U6, instead of street names. At the southern base of that system is Mannheim Palace, one of the largest palace complexes in the world, and the second-largest in Baroque style after Versailles. It was the former home of the Prince-elector of the Electoral Palatinate, and now houses the University of Mannheim, which repeatedly receives top marks in business administration and is sometimes known as the "Harvard of Germany". The Mannheim May Market is the largest regional consumer exhibition of Germany. The civic symbol of Mannheim is the Romanesque Mannheim Water Tower, completed in 1886 and rising to 60 m above the highest point of the art nouveau area Friedrichsplatz. Mannheim is well-known for its inventions, including the automobile, the bicycle, and the tractor, which is why the city is often called the "city of inventions". The city is the starting and finishing point of the Bertha Benz Memorial Route, which follows the tracks of the first long-distance automobile trip in history.

A Großstadt (major city with more than 100,000 inhabitants) since 1896, Mannheim is now an important industrial and commercial city, a university town, and a major transportation hub between Frankfurt and Stuttgart, including an ICE interchange (the Mannheim Hauptbahnhof), Germany's second-largest marshalling yard (the Mannheim Rangierbahnhof), and Germany's largest inland port (the Mannheim Harbour). The city is home to many factories, offices and headquarters of several major corporations such as Roche, ABB, IBM, Siemens, Unilever and more. Mannheim's SAP Arena is home to German ice hockey record champions Adler Mannheim as well as the popular handball team Rhein-Neckar Löwen. Since 2014, Mannheim has been a member of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network and holds the title of "UNESCO City of Music". In 2020, Mannheim was classified as a global city with 'Sufficiency' status by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC). Mannheim is a smart city; the city's electrical grid is installed with a power-line communication network. The city's tourism slogan is "Leben im Quadrat" ("Life in the Square").

Early history
A brick kiln excavated in 1929 in the Seckenheim district, which operated from 74 AD to the early second century, attests to settlement in Roman times.

The name of the city was first recorded as Mannenheim in a legal transaction in 766, surviving in a twelfth-century copy in the Codex Laureshamensis from Lorsch Abbey. The name is interpreted as "the home of Manno", a short form of a Germanic name such as Hartmann or Hermann. Mannheim remained a mere village throughout the Middle Ages.

Early Modern Age
In 1606, Frederick IV, Elector Palatine started building the fortress of Friedrichsburg and the adjacent city centre with its grid of streets and avenues. On 24 January 1607, Frederick IV gave Mannheim the status of a "city", whether it really was one by then or not.

Mannheim was mostly levelled during the Thirty Years War around 1622 by the forces of Johan Tilly. After being rebuilt, it was again severely damaged by the French Army in 1689 during the Nine Years' War.

After the rebuilding of Mannheim that began in 1698, the capital of the Electorate of the Palatinate was moved from Heidelberg to Mannheim in 1720 when Karl III Philip, Elector Palatine began construction of Mannheim Palace and the Jesuit Church; they were completed in 1760.

18th and 19th centuries
In 1819, Norwich Duff wrote of Mannheim:

During the eighteenth century, Mannheim was the home of the "Mannheim School" of classical music composers. Mannheim was said to have one of the best court orchestras in Europe under the leadership of the conductor Carlo Grua. The royal court of the Palatinate left Mannheim in 1778, as Charles Theodore had become Elector of Bavaria and moved to Munich. Two decades later, in 1802, Mannheim was removed from the Palatinate and given to the Grand Duchy of Baden.

In 1819, August von Kotzebue was assassinated in Mannheim.

The climate crisis of 1816–17 caused famine and the death of many horses in Mannheim. That year Karl Drais invented the first bicycle.

Infrastructure improvements included the establishment of Rhine Harbour in 1828 and the construction of the first Baden railway, which opened from Mannheim to Heidelberg in 1840. Influenced by the economic rise of the middle class, another golden age of Mannheim gradually began. In the March Revolution of 1848, the city was a centre for political and revolutionary activity.

In 1865, Friedrich Engelhorn founded the Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik (Baden Aniline and Soda Factory, BASF) in Mannheim, but the factory was constructed across the Rhine in Ludwigshafen because Mannheim residents feared air pollution from its operations. From this dye factory, BASF has developed into the largest chemical company in the world. After opening a workshop in Mannheim in 1871 and patenting engines from 1878, Karl Benz patented the first motor car in 1886. He was born in Mühlburg (now part of Karlsruhe).

Early 20th century and World War I
The Schütte-Lanz company, founded by Karl Lanz and Johann Schütte in 1909, built 22 airships. The company's main competitor was the Zeppelin works.

When World War I broke out in 1914, Mannheim's industrial plants played a key role in Germany's war economy. This contributed to the fact that, on 27 May 1915, Ludwigshafen was the world's first civilian settlement behind the battle lines to be bombed from the air. French aircraft attacked the BASF plants, thereby killing twelve people. The precedent was set for this attack by Germany's repeated air raids against British civilian populations throughout southeastern Britain during the first half of 1915.

When Germany lost the war in 1918, according to the peace terms, the left bank of the Rhine was occupied by French troops. The French occupation lasted until 1930, and some of Ludwigshafen's most elegant houses were erected for the officers of the French garrison.

Inter-war period
After the First World War, the Heinrich Lanz Company built the Bulldog, an advanced tractor, powered by heavy oil. As a result of the invention of the pre-combustion chamber by Prosper L'Orange, Benz & Cie. developed the world's first compact diesel-powered car at its motor works in Mannheim in 1923. In 1922, the Grosskraftwerk Mannheim (Mannheim large power station) was opened. By 1930, the city, along with its sister city of Ludwigshafen, which had developed out of the old Mannheim Rheinschanze, had a population of 385,000.

World War II

During World War II, air raids on Mannheim completely destroyed the city centre. Mannheim was heavily damaged during aerial bombing by the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF). Allied bombing raids razed the city centre of Mannheim at night-time area bombing, killing thousands of civilians. In the meantime, 2,262 of Mannheim's Jews were sent to Nazi concentration camps. Some sources state that the first deliberate strategic bombing of the war occurred at Mannheim during a Royal Air Force night raid on 16 December 1940. Today around one third of the city consists of buildings from before 1950.

In late March 1945, the Allied ground advance into Germany reached Mannheim, which was potentially well-defended by German forces. However, the German forces abandoned the city and the U.S. 44th Infantry Division entered unopposed on 29 March 1945. There was later a large American military occupation presence in the Mannheim area with up to 10 barracks. The first one shut down in 2007 and the last was closed in 2013 (see United States military installations below).

1950s to 1980s
Rebuilding of the city began industriously. Mannheim Palace and the water tower (Wasserturm) eventually were rebuilt and the National Theatre was replaced by a new building at a new location. At the old location, there is a monument to Friedrich Schiller and the Zum Zwischen-Akt pub. The housing shortage led to the development of many new residential areas.

In 1964, the City Hospital (Städtisches Krankenhaus) became part of the Heidelberg University for Clinical Medicine in Mannheim. In 1967, the University of Mannheim was established in the city.

In 1975, the Bundesgartenschau (Federal horticulture show) was celebrated in Luisen and Herzogenried parks. A number of pieces of infrastructure were developed for the show: the telecommunications tower and a second bridge across the Rhine (the Kurt Schumacher Bridge) were built, the pedestrian zone was established, the new Rosengarten conference centre was opened and the Aerobus was installed as a temporary transport system.

A number of major projects were completed in the 1980s and 1990s: a planetarium, an extension to the art gallery, the new Reiß Museum, Stadthaus, a new May Market ground, synagogue, mosque, State Museum for Technology and Work, Carl-Benz stadium and the Fahrlach tunnel were opened.

Mannheim has lost many industrial jobs, although in the recent past, the city was economically dominated by manufacturing. The city tried in the past to prevent the establishment of service providers by designating some locations as industrial areas. A prime example of the current trend is the construction of the Victoria Tower (Victoria-Turm) in 2001, one of the tallest buildings in the city, on railway land.

Post-reunification
Mannheim celebrated its 400th anniversary with a series of cultural and other events throughout 2007. The 400th anniversary proper was in 2006, since Frederick IV, Elector Palatine laid the foundations of Mannheim citadel on 17 March 1606. In preparation for the anniversary, some urban activities were implemented, beginning in 2000: the building of the SAP Arena with access to the city's new eastern ring road, the rehabilitation of the pedestrian zone in Breite Straße, the arsenal and the palace, the complete transformation of the old fairground, and the new Schafweide tram line. The concept of the anniversary of the city is aimed at a diverse range of events without a dominant central event. In 2001, the City hospital was officially and legally awarded with the title University Hospital Mannheim. In 2023, Mannheim hosted the Bundesgartenschau 2023 (National Garden Show); the second time after 1975.

Climate
Mannheim is located in Germany's warmest summer region, the "Rhine shift". In summer, temperatures sometimes rise up to 35 °C and higher. The highest recorded temperature was 39.8 °C on 7 August 2015. The daily lows during heat waves can be very high for the latitude (around 25 °C). In September 2016, the average temperature in Mannheim was 18.6 °C, highest in Baden-Württemberg.

In comparison to other regions of Germany, Mannheim has a higher humidity in summer which causes a higher heat index. Snow is rare, even in the cold months. Precipitation occurs mostly during afternoon thunderstorms during the warmer period (average days of thunderstorms in a year is 40–50). The climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfb" (Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic climate), bordering closely on a humid subtropical climate (Cfa), with summer months often averaging above 21 degrees (71 F).

Population
Mannheim has a population of about 315,000 and is the 2nd largest city in Baden-Württemberg. Mannheim became a major city in the early 19th century due to its industrialization. Its location of Rhine and Neckar rivers made Mannheim an attractive place for industrialization. Mannheim was heavily destroyed after WWII but became a major industrial city a few years later. In the 1950s the population in Mannheim grew rapidly due to the heavy industrialization where many motor, electronic and power plant companies came to Mannheim and other surrounding cities like Ludwigshafen and Heidelberg. The population of Mannheim started to decline in the 1980s but it started to grow in the 2010s due to its university where many students came to this city and made Mannheim one of the most popular university cities in Germany.

Nationalities
The following list shows the most significant groups of foreigners in the city of Mannheim by nationalities. In total 44,7% of all Mannheim inhabitants are from foreign descent. The Neckarstadt-West district has the biggest foreign population with 68,9%, while the Wallstadt district has the smallest one with 23,1%. A large part of the immigrants are from the Balkans and European countries.

Religion
The distribution of Mannheim's population by religious affiliation (as of December 31, 2020) is Roman Catholic 25.4%, Protestant 20.0%, and other/none 54.6%.

Theatre
The National Theatre Mannheim was founded in 1779 and is the oldest "Stage" in Germany. In 1782 the premiere of Die Räuber, written by Friedrich Schiller, was shown.

Recently, smaller stages have opened, such as the Oststadt-Theater, the TIG7 (Theater im Quadrat G7), the Theater Oliv, the Freilichtbühne, the Theater31, the Theater ImPuls, the Theater Felina-Areal, the Mannheimer Puppenspiele, the Kleinkunstbühne Klapsmühl', Schatzkistl, and zeitraumexit.

Sport
There are two nationally renowned football clubs in Mannheim, SV Waldhof Mannheim, who currently are playing in the third tier 3. Liga, but who have played in the top tier, the Bundesliga; and VfR Mannheim, winner of the German championship in 1949, now playing in the sixth tier Verbandsliga Baden.

The Adler Mannheim (formerly MERC, Mannheimer Eis- und Rollsport-Club) is an ice hockey team playing in the professional Deutsche Eishockey Liga, having won the German championship a total of eight times (7 times Deutsche Eishockey Liga and one time the former highest German ice hockey league known as Bundesliga).

The city is home to the Mannheim Tornados, the oldest operational baseball and softball club in Germany. The Tornados play in the first division of the Baseball Bundesliga and have won the championship 11 times, more than any other club.

In 2003, the American football club Mannheim Bandits was founded. The Mannheim Bandits are playing in the first German Football League which is called GFL1. As of 2018, between 500 and 900 people watch each game.

Rhein-Neckar Löwen are a handball team playing in the professional German Handball League.

The WWE visited Mannheim in 2008. Around 10,000 fans attended the event.

UFC fighter Dennis Siver lives and trains in Mannheim.

Mannheim hosted the European Show Jumping Championships in 1997, and the FEI European Jumping Championships in 2007 14–19 August, in the MVV-riding stadium.

In 2002, Hobby Horse Polo was invented in Mannheim, evoking the classical rivalry towards "polite society" in Heidelberg.

The Maimarkt-Turnier Mannheim is an annual international horse show held during the Mannheimer Maimarkt since 1964.

Education
The University of Mannheim is one of Germany's younger universities. Although founded in 1967, it has its origins in the Palatine Academy of Sciences, established in 1763, and the former Handelshochschule (Commercial College), founded in 1907. Situated in Mannheim Palace, it is Germany's leading university in the fields of business and economics and attracts students from around the world. Described by Die Zeit as the 'Harvard of Germany', it is seen as the training grounds of German business leaders. More than 12,000 students were enrolled in the 2013/14 semester.

The university town also houses one of the medical schools of Heidelberg University (at the University Hospital Mannheim), the Hochschule Mannheim, a branch of the Duale Hochschule of the State of Baden-Württemberg and several musical and theatrical academies, including the Pop Academy Mannheim, the Musikhochschule and the Theaterakademie. These institutions draw a large and diverse student body.

Dependents of U.S. military personnel attended Mannheim Elementary School until it closed in June 2012. In the 1980s the school had 2,200 students.

Inventions
According to Forbes magazine, Mannheim is known for its exceptional inventive power and was ranked 11th among the Top 15 of the most inventive cities worldwide.

Many significant inventions were made in Mannheim:
 * Karl Drais built the first two-wheeled draisine in 1817.
 * Karl Benz drove the first automobile on the streets of Mannheim in 1886. At his workshop in Mannheim, he produced a lightweight three-wheeled vehicle powered by a single cylinder petrol/gasoline-fueled engine, first shown in public during 1886. This powered tricycle subsequently came to be widely regarded as the first automobile/motor car powered by an internal combustion engine. Karl's wife Bertha Benz undertook the world's first road trip by automobile from Mannheim to Pforzheim and back, about 65 miles then, on modern roads about 55 miles, in August 1888.
 * The Lanz Bulldog, a popular tractor with a rugged, simple Diesel engine was introduced in 1921.
 * Karl Benz developed the world's first compact diesel-powered car at the Benz & Cie. motor works in Mannheim in 1923.
 * Julius Hatry built the world's first rocket plane in 1929.
 * Dario Fontanella, an Italian guest worker, invented the first Spaghettieis (spaghetti ice cream) in 1969.

Mayor

The mayor is the head of the city council and chairman of the council, being selected by direct suffrage for a term of eight years. The current mayor is from the Christian Democratic Union (CDU).

In 2023, Specht ran in the election for mayor of Mannheim, in which incumbent Peter Kurz (SPD) did not run again, and was supported by the CDU Mannheim, the and the FDP Mannheim. In the first round of voting on June 18, 2023, he received 45.64% of the vote. On July 9, 2023, he won the second round of voting with 49.9% of the vote, ahead of SPD candidate Thorsten Riehle (48.7%) and independent candidate Uğur Çakir (1.3%). Due to an objection to the election results, Specht was initially elected as appointed mayor by the city council. The objection was rejected by the on August 2, 2023, making Specht's election valid. He took office on August 4, 2023, making him the first CDU mayor in Mannheim since Josef Braun (1945–1948).

! rowspan=2 colspan=2| Candidate ! rowspan=2| Party ! colspan=2| First round ! colspan=2| Second round ! Votes ! % ! Votes ! % ! colspan=3| Valid votes ! 75.222 ! 99.38 ! 72,120 ! 99.43 ! colspan=3| Invalid votes ! 467 ! 0.62 ! 415 ! 0.57 ! colspan=3| Total ! 75,689 ! 100.0 ! 72535 ! 100.0 ! colspan=3| Electorate/voter turnout ! 234,942 ! 32,22 ! 234.861 ! 30,88
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Christian Specht
 * align=left| Christian Democratic Union
 * 34.329
 * 45,64
 * 35.981
 * 49,89
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Thorsten Riehle
 * align=left| Social Democratic Party
 * 22.748
 * 30,24
 * 35.122
 * 48,70
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Raymond Fojkar
 * align=left| Bündnis 90/Die Grünen
 * 10.379
 * 13,80
 * align=center colspan=2| Withdrew
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Thomas Bischoff
 * align=left| Die PARTEI
 * 2,327
 * 3.3
 * align=center colspan=2| Withdrew
 * colspan=3 align=left| David Frey
 * 1.081
 * 1,44
 * align=center colspan=2| Withdrew
 * colspan=3 align=left| Tanja Krone
 * 903
 * 1,20
 * align=center colspan=2| Withdrew
 * colspan=3 align=left| Uğur Çakir
 * 638
 * 0,85
 * 947
 * 1,31
 * colspan=3 align=left| Others
 * 41
 * 0,05
 * 70
 * 0.10
 * 0,85
 * 947
 * 1,31
 * colspan=3 align=left| Others
 * 41
 * 0,05
 * 70
 * 0.10
 * 0.10
 * colspan=7| Source: City of Mannheim
 * }
 * }

The city leaders since 1810 are:

 * 1810–1820: Johann Wilhelm Reinhardt
 * 1820–1832: Valentin Möhl
 * 1833–1835: Heinrich Andriano
 * 1836–1849: Ludwig Jolly
 * 1849–1852: Friedrich Reiß
 * 1852–1861: Heinrich Christian Diffené
 * 1861–1870: Ludwig Achenbach
 * 1870–1891: Eduard Moll
 * 1891–1908: Otto Beck
 * 1908–1913: Paul Martin
 * 1914–1928: Theodor Kutzer
 * 1928–1933: Hermann Heimerich (SPD)
 * 1933–1945: Carl Renninger (NSDAP)
 * 1945–1948: Josef Braun (CDU)
 * 1948–1949: Fritz Cahn-Garnier (SPD)
 * 1949–1955: Hermann Heimerich (SPD)
 * 1956–1972: Hans Reschke (independent)
 * 1972–1980: Ludwig Ratzel (SPD)
 * 1980–1983: Wilhelm Varnholt (SPD)
 * 1983–2007: Gerhard Widder (SPD)
 * 2007–2023: Peter Kurz (SPD)
 * 2023–present: Christian Specht (CDU)

City council
The council has 48 seats and is elected by direct suffrage for five years. In the local elections in Baden-Württemberg, voters are allowed to take advantage of cumulative voting and vote splitting. Since the Second World War the SPD, except in the elections of 1999 and 2004, has received more votes than the CDU. In the 2019 election, the Greens received the most votes for the first time. The next municipal election will take place in 2024.

The most recent city council election was held on 26 May 2019, and the results were as follows:

! colspan=2| Party ! Votes ! % ! +/- ! Seats ! +/- ! colspan=2| Total ! 5,062,037 ! ! ! ! ! colspan=2| Total ballots ! 118,721 ! 100.0 ! ! 48 ! ±0 ! colspan=2| Electorate/voter turnout ! 238,496 ! 49.8 ! 11.1 ! !
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne)
 * 1,235,924
 * 24.4
 * 8.1
 * 12
 * 4
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Social Democratic Party (SPD)
 * 1,071,597
 * 21.2
 * 6.1
 * 10
 * 3
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Christian Democratic Union (CDU)
 * 968,098
 * 19.1
 * 7.0
 * 9
 * 3
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Alternative for Germany (AfD)
 * 465,694
 * 9.2
 * 1.4
 * 4
 * ±0
 * align=left| Free Voters/Mannheimer List (ML)
 * 372,461
 * 7.4
 * 1.9
 * 4
 * ±0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Free Democratic Party (FDP)
 * 307,305
 * 6.1
 * 1.6
 * 3
 * 1
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| The Left (Die Linke)
 * 302,685
 * 6.0
 * 0.2
 * 3
 * ±0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Die PARTEI (PARTEI)
 * 151,449
 * 3.0
 * New
 * 1
 * New
 * align=left| Middle-Class for Mannheim (MfM)
 * 67,163
 * 1.3
 * 0.1
 * 1
 * ±0
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Human Environment Animal Protection (Tierschutzpartei)
 * 55,458
 * 1.1
 * New
 * 1
 * New
 * colspan=7 bgcolor=lightgrey|
 * align=left| Mannheimer People's Party (MVP)
 * 27,491
 * 0.5
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * align=left| Alliance for Innovation and Justice (BIG)
 * 22,928
 * 0.5
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| National Democratic Party (NPD)
 * 13,784
 * 0.3
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * align=left| Alliance for Innovation and Justice (BIG)
 * 22,928
 * 0.5
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| National Democratic Party (NPD)
 * 13,784
 * 0.3
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * New
 * 0
 * New
 * colspan=7| Source: City of Mannheim
 * }
 * }

United States military installations
A number of U.S. Army Europe installations were located in and near Mannheim during the Cold War. The following locations provided services to and housed the "U.S. Army Garrison Mannheim" and other units of the U.S. Army. The U.S. Army Garrison Mannheim was formally deactivated on 31 May 2011.

 * Coleman Barracks and Coleman Army Airfield (Mannheim-Sandhofen): the headquarters of the American Forces Network-Europe, and Also, the location of the United States Army Corrections Facility-Europe.
 * Funari Barracks (Mannheim-Käfertal), vacated in 2014.
 * Spinelli Barracks (Mannheim-Feudenheim), vacated in 2015, the home of the Army's 28th Transportation Battalion.
 * Sullivan Barracks (Mannheim-Käfertal): formerly the headquarters of the U.S. Army's 7th Signal Brigade and the 529th Military Police Honor Guard Company's 2nd Platoon; vacated in 2014.
 * Taylor Barracks (Mannheim-Vogelstang): formerly the headquarters of the U.S. Army's 2nd Signal Brigade; vacated in 2011.
 * Turley Barracks (Mannheim-Käfertal): in the early 1990s was home to the 181st Transportation Bn, with companies of 40th, 41st, 51st, 590th, TTP, and HHC transportation companies and also the headquarters of the NATO ACE Mobile Force (Land) (AMFL).
 * The Benjamin Franklin Village (Mannheim-Käfertal), housing. Also, it was the home of the Mannheim American High School and the Middle School, which closed on 9 June 2011. The last soldier and his family moved out in 2012.

The following locations were part of the "U.S. Army Garrison Heidelberg" but were within the area of the city of Mannheim until they were vacated in 2010 and 2011:
 * Friedrichsfeld Service Center (Mannheim-Friedrichsfeld)
 * Hammonds Barracks (formerly Loretto Kaserne) (Mannheim-Seckenheim)
 * Stem Kaserne (Mannheim-Seckenheim)

All personnel of the U.S. Army military community left Mannheim by 2015, some of them moving to Wiesbaden. With the exception of four barracks, all other barracks formerly occupied by the U.S. military had been returned to the German state for conversion to civilian use in 2011.

Main sights

 * Fernmeldeturm Mannheim – 217.8-metre-high telecommunication tower, landmark of Mannheim
 * Synagoge (Mannheim) – post World War II synagogue
 * Yavuz Sultan Selim Mosque
 * Luisenpark – named one of the most beautiful parks in Europe with around 1.2 million visitors annually
 * Mannheim Palace (Mannheimer Schloss) – the city castle and main building of the University of Mannheim
 * Wasserturm – the town's landmark water tower
 * Jesuit Church
 * SAP Arena – multifunctional indoor arena, home of Mannheim's ice-hockey team "Die Adler" ("The Eagles")
 * Breite Strasse, Kunststrasse, and Kapuzinerplanken – Mannheim's main shopping destinations
 * International Filmfestival Mannheim-Heidelberg
 * Kunsthalle Mannheim – museum of modern and contemporary art
 * Technoseum – technology museum
 * Multihalle – multi-purpose hall in Mannheim's Herzogenriedpark, the world's largest self-supporting wooden lattice-shell construction
 * Wildpark and Waldvogelpark am Karlstern
 * The city centre – designed in squares (Quadratestadt)
 * Reißinsel – a natural area that an honorary citizen of Mannheim, Carl Reiß, bequeathed to the residents of Mannheim
 * Reiß-Engelhorn-Museen – museum with four exhibition halls presenting exhibits in archaeology, world cultures, history of art and culture, photography, and history of theater and music
 * Maimarkt – largest regional trade fair in Germany
 * Marktplatz (Market square) – hosts a farmers' market every Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday. Fresh fruit, vegetables, and flowers are sold.
 * Mannheimer Mess (Mannheim Fair) – twice a year (spring & autumn), a big fair that takes place on Neuer Messplatz-square

Economy
With a gross domestic product (GDP) of €20.921 billion, Mannheim ranks 17th on the list of German cities by GDP as of 2018.

In the 2019 edition of the Zukunftsatlas, the independent city of Mannheim ranked 35nd out of 401 counties and independent cities in Germany, making it one of the places with "high future opportunities".

Mannheim is among the most attractive business locations in Germany thanks to its competitive business environment and growth opportunities and is considered the economic centre of the Rhine-Neckar Metropolitan Region, which is one of Germany's most important business locations.

The New Economy Magazine elected Mannheim under the 20 cities that best represent the world of tomorrow emphasizing Mannheim's positive economic and innovative environment.

The unemployment rate of Mannheim is 7.2% as of 2020.

The successor to the Karl Benz automobile manufacturing companies begun in Mannheim, Daimler AG, has had a large presence in Mannheim. Today, diesel engines and buses are assembled there. The Swiss Hoffmann–La Roche diagnostic group (formerly known as Boehringer Mannheim) has its division headquarters in Mannheim. Additionally, the city also hosts large factories, headquarters and/or offices of ABB, IBM, Alstom, BASF (Ludwigshafen), Bilfinger Berger, Reckitt Benckiser, Unilever, Essity, Phoenix Group, Bombardier, Pepperl+Fuchs, Caterpillar, Fuchs Petrolub, John Deere, Siemens, SCA, Südzucker, and other companies. The University Hospital Mannheim provides health care to the inhabitants of Mannheim and the Rhine-Neckar Metropolitan Region.

With €4.5 billion, Mannheim ranks 22nd on the list of cities by market value of its DAX, TecDAX and MDAX companies.

MVV Energie based in Mannheim is the largest municipal energy supplier in Germany.

Media
In addition to the only local daily newspaper Mannheimer Morgen, the Ludwigshafen newspaper Die Rheinpfalz, the Heidelberg newspaper Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung and the Bild Rhein-Neckar offer a local section for Mannheim. In addition, the weekly paper Wochenblatt Mannheim with its official gazette is published. The Kommunal-Info Mannheim is published fortnightly. Free district newspapers are distributed in almost all parts of the city.

Road transport

The Mannheim/Ludwigshafen area is surrounded by a ring of motorways connecting it to Frankfurt in the north, Karlsruhe in the south, Saarbrücken in the west and Nuremberg in the east.

Railway transport
Mannheim Hauptbahnhof (central station) is at the end of the Mannheim-Stuttgart high-speed rail line and is the most important railway junction in southwestern Germany. It is served by ICE high-speed train system with connections to Frankfurt am Main–Berlin, Karlsruhe–Basel, and Stuttgart–Munich. A new high speed line to Frankfurt also is planned to relieve the existing Mannheim–Frankfurt railway.

River transport
Mannheim Harbour is the second-largest river port in Germany and has a size of 1131 hectares. In 2016, 6.9 million tons of goods were handled on the water side. Around 500 companies, with about 20,000 employees, are in the Mannheim Harbour.

Air transport
Although Frankfurt International Airport is only 65 km to the north, at various times over the years there were daily passenger flights from Mannheim City Airport (IATA code MHG) to London, Dresden, Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, and Saarbrücken. Currently, commercial passenger flights serve Sylt.

Local public transport
Local public transport in Mannheim includes the RheinNeckar S-Bahn, eleven tram lines, and numerous bus lines operated by Rhein-Neckar-Verkehr (Rhine-Neckar transport) (RNV).

The RheinNeckar S-Bahn, established in 2003, connects most of the Rhine-Neckar area, including lines into the Palatinate, Odenwald and southern Hesse. All S-Bahn lines run through Mannheim Hauptbahnhof except S5. Other S-Bahn stations are Mannheim-Rangierbahnhof, Mannheim-Seckenheim, and Mannheim-Friedrichsfeld-Süd.

The integrated Mannheim/Ludwigshafen tramway network also extends to Heidelberg. It is operated by RNV, a company that is wholly owned by the three cities mentioned and a couple of municipalities in the Palatinate. RNV is the result of a merger on 1 October 2009 between the region's five former municipal transportation companies. Interurban trams are operated by RNV on a triangular route between Mannheim, Heidelberg, and Weinheim that was originally established by the Upper Rhine Railway Company (Oberrheinische Eisenbahn, OEG), and the company also operates interurban trams between Bad Dürkheim, Ludwigshafen, and Mannheim. In the 1970s a proposal to build a U-Bahn out of the Mannheim and Ludwigshafen tramways was begun, but only small sections were built due to lack of funds. The only underground station in Mannheim is the Haltestelle Dalbergstraße. U-Bahn planning now has stopped. All public transport is offered at uniform prices set by the Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Neckar (Rhine-Neckar Transport Union, VRN).

Block numbering and computer mapping
The city centre uses an addressing system that is unique within Germany. Rather than street names and numbers, each block is given a code and a number is given to each building: C3, 17 is block C3, building 17. The practice dates back centuries and is a result of the original use of the city centre as a fort, with the fort's internal system being adopted when it became public streets. The streets themselves are unnamed. The codes are laid out in a simple progressive pattern: C3 is between C2 and C4 in one direction and B3 and D3 in the other. However, those not used to the system will often become lost. A street named Breite Straße goes through the middle of the blocks from south to north, with blocks A-K on the west side of the street and L-U on the east, with each row going 1 to at most 7 based on distance from this road. House numbers begin on the south corner nearest Breite Straße and go counterclockwise for A-K and clockwise for L-U.

That causes major issues with most mapping software, as the databases that they use are based on the standard street-number system, and so the software cannot accommodate a completely different system for a small area. A variety of fixes have been tried, none with a high level of success. In particular, the systems have issues because an address on a block can be on any of up to four roads and so attempts to fix the issue by giving the roads false names within the database have often failed to give accurate addressing, but such can still be seen on some platforms like Google Maps. Finding an address in the area thus generally requires resorting to asking directions or using one of the many posted public maps.

Twin towns – sister cities
Mannheim is twinned with:

 * Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom (1957)
 * Toulon, France (1959)
 * Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf (Berlin), Germany (1961)
 * Windsor, Canada (1980)
 * Riesa, Germany (1988)
 * Chișinău, Moldova (1989)
 * Bydgoszcz, Poland (1991)
 * Klaipėda, Lithuania (2002)
 * Zhenjiang, China (2004)
 * Haifa, Israel (2009)
 * Qingdao, China (2016)
 * Chernivtsi, Ukraine (2022)

Notable people

 * Josepha von Heydeck (1748–1771), mistress of Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria
 * Johann Baptist Cramer (1771–1858), English pianist and composer
 * Friedrich Engelhorn (1821–1902), industrialist, founder of BASF
 * Marcus Otterbourg (1827–1893), American diplomat, lawyer, and judge
 * Richard von Krafft-Ebing (1840–1902), Austro-German psychiatrist
 * Carl Benz (1844–1929), engine designer and automotive engineer. He built the first practical motorcar.
 * Henry Morgenthau Sr. (1856–1946), American politician and real estate investor
 * Robert Kahn (1865–1951), composer and pianist
 * Otto Hermann Kahn (1867–1934), investment banker, collector and philanthropist
 * Emmy Wehlen (1887–1977), musical comedy actress and silent screen star
 * Sepp Herberger (1897–1977), football player and manager
 * Wilhelm Fuchs (1898–1947), Nazi SS officer and Holocaust perpetrator executed for war crimes
 * Hedwig Hillengaß (1902–1970), operatic soprano
 * Albert Speer (1905–1981), Nazi architect, Minister for Armaments and Munitions during World War II
 * Julius Hatry (1906–2000), aircraft designer and builder. He created the world's first purpose-built rocket plane.
 * Hans Filbinger (1913–2007), politician
 * Samuel Hans Adler (born 1928), German-American composer, conductor and professor
 * Claus Leininger (1931–2005), theatre director and manager
 * Wolf Wolfensberger (1934–2011), German-American psychologist
 * Roger Fritz (1936–2021), actor
 * Rudi Altig (1937–2016), cyclist
 * Christiane Schmidtmer (1939–2003), actress
 * Fred Breinersdorfer (born 1946), writer
 * Karl W Schweizer (born 1946), historian and author
 * Kurt Fleckenstein (born 1949), artist/sculptor
 * Peter Dani (1956–2002), American footballer
 * Norbert Schwefel (1960–2015), musician
 * Juergen Adams (born 1961), ice hockey player
 * Uwe Rahn (born 1962), footballer
 * Christine Lambrecht (born 1965), politician (SPD)
 * Franz Jung (born 1966), Roman Catholic bishop
 * Steffi Graf (born 1969), tennis player
 * Xavier Naidoo (born 1971), pop singer
 * Christian Wörns (born 1972), footballer
 * Lexi Alexander (born 1974), director
 * Bülent Ceylan (born 1976), German-Turkish comedian
 * Jochen Hecht (born 1977), ice hockey player
 * Uwe Gensheimer (born 1989), handball player
 * Giulia Enders (born 1990), writer and medical researcher
 * Pascal Groß (born 1991), footballer
 * Hakan Çalhanoğlu (born 1994), Turkish footballer
 * Paulina Krumbiegel (born 2000), footballer

title: Mannheim