text:
Orleans Township, Michigan

Orleans Township is a civil township of Ionia County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 2,664 at the 2020 census.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 36.2 sqmi, of which 35.5 sqmi is land and 0.7 sqmi (1.99%) is water.

Communities

 * Chadwick was a community started by Charles Chadwick in 1856. When the Detroit, Lansing and Northern Railroad was built in 1872 Chadwick got a depot on the railroad located here.  It had a post office from 1872 until 1907.
 * Orleans is an unincorporated community at 43.06864°N, -85.13501°W. A post office at this location was established in 1844, named Wheatland. In 1868, the post office was renamed Orleans, after Orleans County, New York, from which a number of settlers originated. In 1870, a depot on the Detroit, Lansing and Northern Railroad opened in Orleans. In 1871, Orleans was platted as Palmer, however the name was changed shortly thereafter.
 * Shiloh is an unincorporated community at 43.10476°N, -85.08501°W. A post office at this location was established in 1877 as Smith's Crossing, and was the site of a station on the Stanton branch of the Ionia and Lansing Railroad. In 1877, the community changed its name in honor of the Battle of Shiloh, an 1862 battle of the American Civil War.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,736 people, 985 households, and 743 families residing in the township. The population density was 77.0 PD/sqmi. There were 1,167 housing units at an average density of 32.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the township was 98.32% White, 0.07% African American, 0.37% Native American, 0.15% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.44% from other races, and 0.62% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.57% of the population.

There were 985 households, out of which 38.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.7% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.5% were non-families. 18.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.77 and the average family size was 3.11.

In the township the population was spread out, with 28.7% under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 31.0% from 25 to 44, 22.9% from 45 to 64, and 8.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 107.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.8 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $42,665, and the median income for a family was $46,488. Males had a median income of $36,326 versus $24,360 for females. The per capita income for the township was $17,425. About 7.4% of families and 8.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.5% of those under age 18 and 12.8% of those age 65 or over.

title: Orleans Township, Michigan


text:
Otisco Township, Michigan

Otisco Township is a civil township of Ionia County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 census, the township population was 2,268. Township offices are located in the community of Smyrna.

Communities

 * Belding is an incorporated city situated within the northeast corner of the township.
 * Cooks Corners is the location of an early settlement in the township at 43.08833°N, -85.2625°W near the junction of M-44 and M-91 just west of Belding.
 * Smyrna is an unincorporated community at 43.05944°N, -85.26278°W, a few miles southwest of Belding near mouth of the Seely Creek on the Flat River.

History
The township was organized on March 6, 1838 from survey townships 7 and 8 north in range 8 of the Michigan Survey. Township 7 was set off as Keene Township on February 16, 1842. The name was taken from Otisco, New York.

The first white settlement in the area was where Dickinson Creek flows into the Flat River northeast of Belding. George W. Dickinson, in company with Thomas Cornell, both of New York, built a saw mill there in 1836. The settlement became known as Dicksonsonville, though when a post office was opened in June 1838, it was named "Otisco", after the township. Dickinson sold the mill to James M. Kidd in 1845, who platted the village as Kiddville and a post office reopened there with that name in February 1855. The Kiddville Post Office close in June 1894.

Cook's Corners was an important early settlement. In 1829, Rufus R. Cook, had led to the area a group of men from New York looking for prospective land for purchase. He returned in 1837 with his family. The post office in Dicksonville was transferred to Cooks Corners in 1839, with Cook as the first postmaster. He built a tavern there in 1846, which proved to be a popular area attraction, and a general store in 1850. The tavern was later a stop on the stage line between Ionia and Greenville. Cook platted the village as Cooks Corners in May 1856.

A significant number of German immigrants settled in the southern portion of the township, centered on section 33. A Roman Catholic church was built in 1850 and was replaced by a larger structure in 1872.

Although Munson Seely had settled at what is now Smyrna soon after Dickson had arrived, he moved on to Muskegon County a few years later, though his name remains in Seely Creek. After Seely, the next settler there was Calvin Smith in 1843. Soon after, George Dickson, seeking to expand his business, purchased land in the area to build a gristmill at the mouth of the Seely Creek. Dr. Wilbur Fisher arrived in 1848 and arranged to establish a post office there. According to postal regulations, the community was too near to Cooks Corners to have a separate office, but on his application for the office, Fisher had given section 32 as the location, just far enough to qualify for an office (even though it was over a mile away from the community. Fisher chose the name "Smyrna" for the office, reportedly because he wanted to ensure a unique name. In September 1853, Dickson platted the village as Mount Vernon, after Mount Vernon, Virginia, the home of the first U.S. president, George Washington. The village was also called "Mount Vernon Mills", but the post office was always Smyrna.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 32.0 sqmi, of whichc 31.6 sqmi is land and 0.4 sqmi (1.28%) is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,243 people, 779 households, and 603 families residing in the township. The population density was 71.0 PD/sqmi. There were 815 housing units at an average density of 25.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the township was 97.46% White, 0.09% African American, 0.53% Native American, 0.31% Asian, 0.18% from other races, and 1.43% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.74% of the population.

There were 779 households, out of which 39.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.8% were married couples living together, 6.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.5% were non-families. 17.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.88 and the average family size was 3.28.

In the township the population was spread out, with 30.5% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 31.4% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 7.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.1 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $45,042, and the median income for a family was $55,446. Males had a median income of $37,123 versus $27,100 for females. The per capita income for the township was $21,674. About 7.1% of families and 8.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.7% of those under age 18 and 11.4% of those age 65 or over.

Notable people

 * Allen B. Morse, United States diplomat, Michigan jurist and politician, was born in Otisco Township.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Otisco Township, Michigan


text:
Pewamo, Michigan

Pewamo is a village in Lyons Township, Ionia County in the U.S. state of Michigan. It was founded in 1857 as a station along the Detroit, Grand Haven and Milwaukee Railway. The village name was suggested by J.C. Blanchard in honor of Chief Pewamo, with whom he had hunted along the nearby Grand River. The population was 469 at the 2010 census. Mr. Dodd Takes the Air, a 1937 Warner Brothers American musical comedy film directed by Alfred E. Green, begins at the Pewamo Strawberry Festival, the home town of the main character. Composer Harry Warren and lyricist Al Dubin were nominated at the 10th Academy Awards in the category of Best Song for "Remember Me".

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.00 sqmi, all land.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 469 people, 186 households, and 126 families residing in the village. The population density was 469.0 PD/sqmi. There were 204 housing units at an average density of 204.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 95.1% White, 0.2% African American, 1.1% Native American, 0.4% Asian, and 3.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.3% of the population.

There were 186 households, of which 29.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.8% were married couples living together, 7.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 32.3% were non-families. 28.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 3.13.

The median age in the village was 39.9 years. 24.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.8% were from 25 to 44; 27.1% were from 45 to 64; and 16.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 49.5% male and 50.5% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 560 people, 197 households, and 144 families residing in the village. The population density was 549.7 PD/sqmi. There were 202 housing units at an average density of 198.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 98.57% White, 0.18% Native American, and 1.25% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.07% of the population.

There were 197 households, out of which 38.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.5% were married couples living together, 5.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.9% were non-families. 24.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.84 and the average family size was 3.44.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 31.6% under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 16.6% from 45 to 64, and 15.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.6 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $39,500, and the median income for a family was $46,667. Males had a median income of $41,563 versus $22,143 for females. The per capita income for the village was $14,776. About 0.7% of families and 3.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 7.6% of those age 65 or over.

title: Pewamo, Michigan


text:
Talk:Jury trial

These changes are totally bogus and should be reverted
15:53, 14 September 2017 31.55.37.156 (talk). . (88,559 bytes) (+3). . (Differance between legal and lawful) (undo) (Tags: Mobile edit, Mobile web edit)

Talk put in the main article under United States
I found the following text under a inappropriate tone tag IN THE ARTICLE. This is appalling. Please remember that anything related to ώchanging the article belongs here except the new words themselves!! Jake95 ( talk! ) 19:36, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

 * How can this guy write a whole section on the right to a jury trial and not mention that the 7th amendment does not gurantee or create any right to a jury trial, it preserves the right to jury trial that existed in 1791 at common law. At common law means, in that context, in England.  In England, in 1791, civil actions were divided into actions at law and actions in equity, the former came with a right to a jury, the later did not.  Modernly, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 2 says there shall be one form of action, a civil action, and no legal/equity distinction.  Today, in actions that would have been "at law" in 1791, there is a right to a jury.  Today, in actions that would have been "in equity" in 1791, there is no right to a jury, even though FRCP 39c allows a court to use one at its discretion.  The test for whether the action would have been legal or equitable in 1791 is a research nightmere.  First you look to the type of action it is, interpleaders, class actions, etc... were purely equity inventions.  Second, you look at the relief sought, damages were purely legal even though equity could order them, but injunctions, rescission, specific performance were all equitable remedies.
 * Need to know more? Check the main cases on point: Beacon Theatres 359 US 500, Dairy Queen 369 US 469, Ross 396 US 531

 * Although it is written in an inappropriate tone, he does have a valid point. The right to a jury is not guaranteed in civil cases.  In the legal field, this is actually an ambiguous and controversial issue.  Besides the wrong tone of voice, everything he said is valid, and should be addressed in the article.  It might possibly be enough to warrant a new subheading or article which specifically addresses the 'right to a jury', and where this right comes from. (i.e. relevant U.S. Constitution amendments and case law.) CougRoyalty (talk) 04:27, 25 February 2008 (UTC)who cares?

Jury trial benefits
Q: What are the advantages of the jury trial? It's urgent

 * A: All members of the jury must find the defendant guilty, special circumstances excepting, or the defendant is considered not guilty. However, if found guilty, the defendant must pay for court costs. (anon)

Trial by jury / Jury trial
So is this the same as a trial by jury or not? If not, make trial by jury not a redirect here. Evercat 02:08, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Fair question. This is simply an issue of semantics; most state constitutions use the language interchangably. Folajimi 16:04, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

June 19, 2006 Wikipedia says in the paragraph entitled: United States:

In the United States every person accused of a Felony has a constitutional right to a trial by jury. However, the Fourteenth Amendment does NOT designate only a person charged with a Felony having this right, therefore, it sounds to me that todays Judiciary is taking the law upon themselves to circumvent what the U. S. Constitution says. The Fourteenth Amendment plainly says, which Wikipedia writes: "In ALL criminal prosecutions (ALL, NOT only Felonies)the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury."

The U.S. Constitution is quite plain in what it is saying and I don't see it giving ANY authority for ANY Jurist to Circumvent this Supreme Law of the Land. Todays judiciary are often circumventing the law, rather than following the law, thereby making their own UNLAWFUL LAWS at the expense of the individual! I'm surprised that Wikipedia stated the Felony clause as a fact, rather than a circumvention of what the Supreme Law of the Land says.

I believe that rather than following the constitutional law, the judiciary prefers to be expedient in their reckless ways to deny the non-felon his rights as if it doesn't matter, it is only a missdemeanor, whereas to the defendant, it most certainly matters. His/Her life is not to be toyed with as if inconsequential Sluffing the defendant's rights off as if it is meaningless to the judiciary.

j_rodrigues@sbcglobal.net

Disagree with merge notice
This is a type of trial as opposed to a bench trial and should be it's own article I think. The topics should avoid overlap as much as possible, but I think they are distinct topics. I didn't want to remove the merge notice if someone felt strongly about it though. - Taxman 18:56, May 2, 2005 (UTC)

 * Absolutely agree, this is a very distinct topic. I'm going to remove the merge notice. - Jersyko  talk  01:56, Jun 24, 2005 (UTC)

I've put up a new suggestion to merge, not with Trial, but with Jury. There's really A LOT of overlap with that page. 72.70.228.165 13:54, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

Solon
Does not discuss the origin of trial by jury, introduced by Athenian lawgiver Solon. Nor does the article discuss the historical trial by jury in Greece, or B.C. in general.

 * Does anyone know enough about this to write a reasonable section?? I doubt it. Jake95 ( talk!  ) 19:39, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

History of Juries
[moved my question from Talk:Jury, although I see it's similar to the post above]

The article mentions only the Magna Carta as the beginning of Jury Trials.

While this may be the origin of the concept of modern trials, should there be no mention of the Athenian trial by peers, which could include juries of several hundred free men, such as the Trial of Socrates? — Asbestos | Talk   (RFC)  09:01, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Jury instructions stub seems to need merging
Jury instructions doesn't seem to be going anywhere. I don't think it deserves an article all its own. What do you think? Mrees1997 20:46, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

 * It should be merged or dropped in a French legal system article. Calwatch 07:29, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

Important Clarification
The 7th amendment does not generally apply to the states....eg there is no Constitutional right to a jury trial in state civil cases, except where enforcing a fed right... I added this to the text. I hope this clarifies for those who are unclear about the state v. fed Constitution.... and the rights accorded to citizens as incorporated into the 14th Amendment due process clause (thus applying to the states). The 7th Amendment right to a jury trial in civil cases is one of those few exceptions that did not become part of the bill of rights. THat is why many states have added a right to a jury trial in civil cases to their state constitutions. jgwlaw 04:48, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

Trial by Jury
I probably should have mentioned this at the time, but I was fairly new, and didn't think of it: I've changed the redirect of Trial by jury to direct to the near-identical Trial by Jury - the Gilbert and Sullivan opera, under the principle that a change in capitalisation shouldn't send you to wildly differing places, with, of course, a disambiguator at the top of the opera. Is it agreed that this is correct? Adam Cuerden talk 07:56, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

Other countries
I added this section and started it by briefly mentioning the situation in Russia. It seems to me it would be a valuable resource to have a definitive list of countries that currently have jury trials. There should really also be a list of countries that have introduced and then abandoned jury trial at one time or another.

Poland
In Poland there's a jury system like in France. For example in murder case there are 2 professional judges and 3 jurrors. In America it is stupid. I hate it how they do it. Poland Is so much better than every other country. Jake95 ( talk! ) 19:41, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
 * 1) Do you have any sources of this information? Do you live in Poland?
 * 1) Yes I live in Poland. The jurrors are elected by the town councils in secret elections. However the social factor in criminal and family cases are decreased by bill that passed this year.--Vaultsuit 18:01, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

Finding of Fact?
The article states that a verdict is a finding of fact. That is incorect. It is a mixed finding of law and fact. Thus the verdict is Guilty or Not Guilty. The jury does not state, the person did X, Y and Z, leaving the question of guilt or inocence up to the judge. If they did that would be a pure finding of fact. 70.150.94.194 17:33, 16 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Interesting. Consider the question of fact article. "In law, a question of fact (also known as a point of fact) is a question which must be answered by reference to facts and evidence, and inferences arising from those facts. Such a question is distinct from a question of law, which must be answered by applying relevant legal principles."

 * In the US the jury is instructed on all the elements and questions of law. If questions of law arise later, the judge offers additional instruction. The verdict is thus not a "mixed finding" in the US. Are we discussing US law? If not, please amend the article to correct it and include the jurisdictions that you are discussing. If you are certain that this is the case in the US, please correct that as well. Raggz 05:18, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

Intro para
I have put in a brief introductory para as the article previously launched into things without explaining what a jury trial was. Fat Red 05:12, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

History of Jury Trials
The first sentence launches right in without even mentioning the context. One has to assume there is a missing introduction along the lines of "In Roman times..."? I'm not remotely qualified to write this, but hopefully someone will? Maxplanar (talk) 06:18, 28 November 2007 (UTC)

Returning here, I find it's been updated, but now we meet the word dikaste without an immediate explanation of what it means. This article is confusing and poorly written as yet. Maxplanar (talk) 18:29, 2 February 2008 (UTC)

Blanton v. North Las Vegas
The case Blanton v. North Las Vegas had its own subheading under the United States heading. I deleted it since: 1) there is no reference to the relevance of this case, and 2) it is far too specific, discussing a minor common law rule for the right to a jury in a criminal trial, that need not be mentioned in a general article about jury trials. If someone thinks this case should stay in, I guess there just needs to be more clarification over it's importance. CougRoyalty (talk) 04:43, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

Canada
There was a section-stub marker on the Canada section; I've removed it and put in a summary of the linked-to article. Can a Canadian please give it a san-check? Thanks! Rosuav (talk) 05:53, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

Jury members abstaining
jnestorius(talk) 04:37, 30 January 2009 (UTC)
 * 1) In which jurisdictions is a jury member allowed to abstain from voting?
 * 2) * In Scottish law: yes Response to Consultation on “The Modern Scottish Jury in Criminal Trials”, pg. 4
 * 3) * In the North Carolina district court: no 213 F.3d 171 (4th Cir. 2000), §4
 * 4) *any more info?
 * 5) Where abstention is allowed, how does this affect the calculation of any required majority or unanimous votes?
 * 6) *any info?

This page complimented in a decision by the Uk High Court
http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Admin/2009/1039.html

"26. On the other hand, as the Commissioner's interim report pointed out, jury trial is not seen as essential in other parts of the world, nor under Article 6 of the Human Rights Convention. Mr Crow also fairly makes the points that the great majority of criminal offences are tried without a jury, and that it is hard to point to a principled basis for drawing a clear line. (For those interested, the Wikipedia entry on jury trial has a surprisingly full, comparative treatment of the issue. The "positive belief" about jury trial in the US, is contrasted with sentiment in other countries in which it is considered "bizarre and risky" for issues of liberty to be entrusted to untrained laymen.)" 20th May 2009 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.131.2.146 (talk) 09:28, 20 May 2009 (UTC)

Merge with jury
There's really a ton of overlap between jury trial and jury. Jury is really about the juries used in jury trials (it doesn't really cover grand juries), and I think they should be merged. II | (t - c) 16:37, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Hmm, possibly, but if so the merge should go the other direction from what is currently suggested in the templates. To be explicit, merge  jury trial into jury, not jury into jury trial. --Trovatore (talk) 21:40, 3 September 2009 (UTC)

 * I'd be willing to go that way too, although I don't see why it's a big deal either way. II  | (t - c) 22:15, 3 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Well, it's just kind of incongruous to have an article about the specific term when there's no article about the general one. --Trovatore (talk) 22:38, 3 September 2009 (UTC)

Respectfully disagree because (a) much more can be added to this section (b) if someone wanta to know about a jury trial cross references can lead them there (c) I am working on grand jury subject (d) and, a combined topic would be large and difficult for a layman to get through. Books are written about jury trials and this is a subject separate from what a jury is in the same sense that other subjects in common law are treated differently such as a jury trial and a judge trial. (Jurycom (talk) 05:24, 23 October 2009 (UTC))

I don't know that they should be merged so much as re-evaluated and modified. A jury trial should be explained for what it is followed by the way it is implemented or allowed in various countries/regions. It should detail more of the specifics - outcomes and nuances and such - and be a much longer article than the article detailing a jury specific. Meanwhile, the jury article should explain what a jury consists of in the various countries (peers, magistrates, judges, etc). I really don't see how that should wind up being very long. --K10wnsta (talk) 04:46, 16 November 2009 (UTC)

need to have a map
there are soo many countries which have jury system.we need a simple diagrammatic representation.can anyone create a map. 59.95.129.168 (talk) 12:05, 15 June 2010 (UTC)

Blackstone disagrees:
"Although it says and or by the law of the land, this in no manner can be interpreted as if it were enough to have a positive law, made by the king, to be able to proceed legally against a citizen." This is a rather perfunctory and unsupported statement - as is the whole section.

Blackstone describes the four contemporary methods of criminal process in 1215: presentment, indictment, information, and appeal. 4 Black c. 23. Information was itself divided into two parts: those initiated by the King in emergency (threats to the crown); and those initiated by master of the crown-office. The latter are "any grofs and notorious mifdemefsnors, riots, batteries, libels, and other immoralities of an atrocious kind . . . which, on account of their magnitude or pernicious example, deferve the moft public animadverfion." Id. at 309. Information were actions initiated by the crown or on behalf of the crown and were widely accepted process for initiating criminal procedures both before and after the Magna Carta.

Indeed, authors have interpreted this section differently than the wikipedia article. See, e. g., McKenchnie, William Sharp (Ed.), Magnat Carta: A Commentary on the Great Charter of King John, with an Historical Introduction (Glasgow: Maclehose, 1914). There is a vast difference between grand juries, trials by a jury of the peers, (contemporary) common law, and due process. A difference that this section alternately glosses over and mashes together.

Similarly, the passage on self-informing is a gross overstatement that conflates "presentment" with "indictment" and ignores the role of the officers after a presentment.

Moreover, I'm pretty sure this section is lifted without proper attribution.

Cannoneerc Cannoneerc (talk) 13:50, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

Vicky Pryce Trial - Jury's 10 questions undemines system
The case of Vicky Pryce on trial for accepting her husband's sppeding ticket produced a series of extraordinary questions from the Jury including one asking if the jury can base their decision based on evidence not presnted in Court. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/9882943/Vicky-Pryce-jurors-given-further-directions-by-judge-in-speeding-points-case.html (Coachtripfan (talk) 09:54, 22 February 2013 (UTC))

South Africa
§ ''I would like to add the first two paragraphs below, indented, to the Article section "4 The jury trial in various jurisdictions". Can I get advice re. making it acceptable to other editors? It has been deleted twice''

The attempt to incarcerate Shrien Dewani (2010 to 2014)  shows that any person can still be made suspect by procedural habits that gain strength in the absence of a jury system. A Cape Town lawyer (da Grass ) could incriminate Dewani with just a few impossible statements from a taxi driver and two of his criminal accomplices (who say they witnessed a contract to kill being made, but were obviously in different places at the time stated, and never met Dewani. ) The "plea and sentencing agreement" that enabled the detention of Dewani (in Britain) had no validation from any credible witness (in South Africa).

Two South Africans enjoy lighter sentences through the plea bargain, and one remains free. Da Grass would have promised them that the bargain would not be cancelled later, if the case against Dewani were thrown out. Da Grass had a financial incentive and the hijack conspirators could only gain by cooperating with him. Dewani's four-year ordeal (detention in England and South Africa, international media exposure) and some expensive court administration were solely attributable to one man's desire to exploit the trial system for financial gain. ( bit. ly/MugTaxi offers a detailed construction.)

In 1969, "abolition" of the jury system made it easier for judges to imprison people who rebelled against apartheid. Things remain as the Nationalists left them, but with optional additions to 'compensate' for the lack of jury (the existing rulers might likewise enjoy the ease with which undesirables can be detained?)

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"engine of tyranny and oppression"?? NPOV, anyone?
The article claims, quite seriously, that the jury system "was gradually superseded by an "engine of tyranny and oppression"[5][citation needed] in Germany,". I beg to differ, and find this approach outrageously biased. Yes, it is a quote, but it is used as main text in the article, and it is not critically questioned. As evidence we are offered two sources unavailable to the cursory reader, one of them from the 19th century. Despite the many absurd failings of the jury system, the article here unilaterally declares it superior to the equally valid system of professional judges prevalent in many countries, Germany among them. I will remove this bullshit passage and replace it with a neutral text. Wefa (talk) 20:54, 31 March 2019 (UTC)

Editing Notice
The article is extensive in information on Jury Trials in different countries and makes the article reflect an essay rather than a Wiki page. I will be intensely working on this article in refining the essay-like style of the page for the next few weeks. I also will try to edit the organization of the article to help ease confusion. Lis139 (talk

Trial by jury article title and redirect discussion
Please feel free to weigh-in on the discussion on Talk:Trial by Jury on related names and how to best distinguish between an opera and the legal term 'Trial by jury' Superb Owl (talk) 13:49, 3 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jury trial


text:
Portland, Michigan

Portland is a city in Ionia County of the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 3,796 at the 2020 Census. The city is situated in the south central portion of Portland Township and is known as the "City of Two Rivers" since it is the confluence of the Grand River and the Looking Glass River. Portland is home to Portland Public Schools and Portland Saint Patrick Catholic School.

History
According to government records, the first land that was owned in what is now known as Portland was owned by Elisha Newman in 1833. Ionia County histories say that Philo Bogue built a trading post on the Grand River later that year, the Bogue Flats Recreation Area now being named for him. The first post office arrived in 1837. Portland has been home to several Native American tribes, and was the dwelling-place of John Okemos in the 1850s.

The first train arrived in Portland in 1869, the last train left in 1984 when the tracks were removed. The railroad bridge built in 1881 remains, having replaced an earlier wooden bridge built in 1869. The city used to get 6 passenger trains per day in 1881, three in each direction. Portland's growth in population led to becoming a Village in 1869 and a City in 1969. The opera house opened in 1880, and the Carnegie library in 1905.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.78 sqmi, of which 2.64 sqmi is land and 0.14 sqmi is water.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 3,883 people, 1,640 households, and 1,039 families residing in the city. The population density was 1470.8 PD/sqmi. There were 1,797 housing units at an average density of 680.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 96.7% White, 0.7% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.6% from other races, and 1.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.1% of the population.

There were 1,640 households, of which 33.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.1% were married couples living together, 12.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36.6% were non-families. 31.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.98.

The median age in the city was 35.6 years. 25.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.8% were from 25 to 44; 25% were from 45 to 64; and 13% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.0% male and 51.0% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,789 people, 1,507 households, and 1,054 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,577.7 PD/sqmi. There were 1,574 housing units at an average density of 655.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 97.68% White, 0.50% African American, 0.24% Native American, 0.18% Asian, 0.34% from other races, and 1.06% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.32% of the population.

There were 1,507 households, out of which 36.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.7% were married couples living together, 11.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.0% were non-families. 26.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.05.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 28.8% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 30.5% from 25 to 44, 20.5% from 45 to 64, and 12.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.2 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $45,656, and the median income for a family was $57,875. Males had a median income of $39,344 versus $30,348 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,028. About 5.7% of families and 6.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.1% of those under age 18 and 5.4% of those age 65 or over.

Government
Portland is a council-manager government, in which the city council appoints one of its members as mayor and another as mayor pro tem — a city council member with extra ceremonial duties who chairs council meetings in the mayor's absence. The city council consists of 5 at-large council members who are elected in non-partisan elections. The registered voters of the City of Portland elect all members for either a 4-year term or a 2-year term. The elections are held in November of the odd year. The city council appoints the city manager, the city's chief administrative officer. The current Mayor of Portland is James E. Barnes, who has been the acting Mayor since 2003. The city levies an income tax of 1 percent on residents and 0.5 percent on nonresidents.

Notable people

 * Martia L. Davis Berry (1844–1894), political reformer
 * Clarence Budington Kelland (1881–1964), writer

title: Portland, Michigan


text:
Portland Township, Michigan

Portland Township is a civil township of Ionia County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 3,881 at the 2020 census. The City of Portland is situated in the south central portion of the township, but is administratively autonomous.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 33.5 sqmi, of which 32.4 sqmi is land and 1.1 sqmi (3.19%) is water.

Communities

 * Collins was an unincorporated community in Portland township. It had a post office from 1871 until 1911.
 * Portland is a city located in the south central portion of Portland Township. As all cities in Michigan, it is administratively separate.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,460 people, 828 households, and 678 families residing in the township. The population density was 75.8 PD/sqmi. There were 855 housing units at an average density of 26.4 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the township was 98.29% White, 0.41% Native American, 0.12% Asian, 0.65% from other races, and 0.53% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.91% of the population.

There were 828 households, out of which 43.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72.8% were married couples living together, 5.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.0% were non-families. 14.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.97 and the average family size was 3.29.

In the township the population was spread out, with 30.9% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 25.0% from 45 to 64, and 6.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.0 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $59,700, and the median income for a family was $63,125. Males had a median income of $45,230 versus $29,784 for females. The per capita income for the township was $23,792. About 3.9% of families and 3.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.6% of those under age 18 and 8.9% of those age 65 or over.

title: Portland Township, Michigan


text:
Ronald Township, Michigan

Ronald Township is a civil township of Ionia County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 1,861 at the 2020 census.

Ronald Township was formed in 1845 from parts of Lyons and Ionia townships, and given its name by state representative A. L. Roof, who said he was inspired by the lead character in a novel he was reading at the time. (This may have been Sir Walter Scott's narrative poem The Lord of the Isles, in which the protagonist is named Ronald.)

Communities

 * Palo is an unincorporated community in the northern part of the township at 43.1125°N, -84.98556°W. It began on land owned by Matthew and John Van Vleck. The name "Palo" [pronounced Pay-Low, locally] was suggested by John in honor of the victory by General Zachary Taylor at the Battle of Palo Alto, the first major battle of the Mexican–American War fought on May 8, 1846. A post office was established on July 14, 1857, with Dr. Orla H. Taylor as the first postmaster. The community was first platted and recorded on March 12, 1867 by William H. Freeman. The Palo post office was discontinued on February 4, 1995, although the Palo ZIP code 48870 continues to provide P.O. Box only service through use of the local store Joe's Market and a postal contract.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 36.5 sqmi, of which 36.3 sqmi is land and 0.2 sqmi (0.44%) is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,903 people, 651 households, and 514 families residing in the township. The population density was 52.4 PD/sqmi. There were 708 housing units at an average density of 19.5 per square mile (7.5/km$2$). The racial makeup of the township was 96.79% White, 0.68% African American, 0.53% Native American, 0.11% Asian, 0.74% from other races, and 1.16% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.79% of the population.

There were 651 households, out of which 38.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.9% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.9% were non-families. 15.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.90 and the average family size was 3.17.

In the township the population was spread out, with 29.6% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 29.6% from 25 to 44, 24.0% from 45 to 64, and 9.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.3 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $45,952, and the median income for a family was $49,620. Males had a median income of $36,989 versus $24,792 for females. The per capita income for the township was $17,826. About 6.4% of families and 9.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.3% of those under age 18 and 20.5% of those age 65 or over.

title: Ronald Township, Michigan


text:
Saranac, Michigan

Saranac is a village in Boston Twp, Ionia County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 1,325 at the 2010 census. Today, Saranac serves as a retail and services hub for agricultural areas surrounding the village.

History

Saranac had its roots in 1836, when a Grand Rapids judge by the name of Jefferson Morrison purchased the land where Lake Creek meets the Grand River. Soon after, he sold parts of the land to Dwight & Hutchinson from Detroit, and together, they founded the village. Proceeding quickly, the proprietors named it Saranac and held a public sale in Detroit. There they sold off many Saranac lots without doing much to ensure the integrity of their original records. Soon after, Dwight & Hutchinson became concerned over the lack of development of the village by the lot-purchasers and gave Cyprian S. Hooker land on which to build a saw mill. Construction began in 1837, but didn't see completion until 1841. Partnering with a furniture maker named Jerry Stocking, the two set out to make their fortunes in the new village. However, they did not find success, and in 1846, the gentlemen gave up and moved away. Other villagers followed suit, convinced the village was doomed. In 1847, a merchant named Ammon Wilson moved in and set up shop on Stocking's former property and later built a warehouse to ship wheat to Grand Rapids, which saw considerable success. The village grew around it; a tavern and a hotel soon followed. In 1851, proprietors of the sold-off lots were allowed to re-dub the township "Boston", due to an oversight in Dwight & Hutchinson's records and it wouldn't be until 1859 that popular demand would see the name changed back to "Saranac". Schools, stores, and churches, followed in the subsequent years. In 1857, the first train to reach Saranac rolled through, marking a significant period of growth for the village. Lorren Denman "L-Dog" a noted kiln operator also was raised in Saranac.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.20 sqmi, of which 1.15 sqmi is land and 0.05 sqmi is water.

The village is located along the Grand River Valley, within a deep glacial drainage channel and is intersected by the Grand River. The landscape itself is dominated by dense forest, and sprawling, open farmland. The forest is closely associated with the basin of the Grand River and its floodplains and wetlands. However, wetlands have dwindled over the years, due to drainage and filling in order to improve agricultural opportunities within the region. This is not atypical within the state of Michigan, despite the vast ecological importance that Michigan's wetlands possess.

Government
Saranac is a general-law village with an elected council consisting of a president, clerk, treasurer, and six trustees.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 1,325 people, 573 households, and 339 families residing in the village. The population density was 1152.2 PD/sqmi. There were 616 housing units at an average density of 535.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 97.4% White, 0.2% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.8% from other races, and 1.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.7% of the population.

There were 573 households, of which 33.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.2% were married couples living together, 12.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.8% were non-families. 36.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 3.01.

The median age in the village was 37.2 years. 28% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.2% were from 25 to 44; 25.8% were from 45 to 64; and 15.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 47.6% male and 52.4% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,326 people, 568 households, and 348 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,142.1 PD/sqmi. There were 589 housing units at an average density of 507.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 98.11% White, 0.08% African American, 0.08% Native American, 0.30% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 0.68% from other races, and 0.68% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.36% of the population.

There were 568 households, out of which 32.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.1% were married couples living together, 12.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.6% were non-families. 35.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 3.03.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 27.0% under the age of 18, 8.2% from 18 to 24, 26.3% from 25 to 44, 20.5% from 45 to 64, and 17.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 82.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 73.8 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $31,350, and the median income for a family was $41,250. Males had a median income of $35,221 versus $24,750 for females. The per capita income for the village was $15,867. About 5.9% of families and 11.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.5% of those under age 18 and 17.4% of those age 65 or over.

Notable people

 * J Harlen Bretz, geologist

title: Saranac, Michigan


text:
Sebewa Township, Michigan

Sebewa Township is a civil township of Ionia County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the township population was 1,171 and decreased to 1,124 at the 2020 census.

Communities

 * Sebewa (or Sebewa Corners) is an unincorporated community at 42.79944°N, -84.95583°W straddling the boundary between Sebewa Township on the west and Danby Township on the east. On April 11, 1867, Pierce G. Cook, as an agent for Elizabeth Cornell of New Jersey, platted the portion of community in Danby with the name Cornell. Other plats were made on the Sebewa side and over time, the name reverted to Sebewa for the entire settlement.

Early settlers
The first permanent white settlers in the township were John F. Terrill, Charles W. Ingalls, and John Brown from Vermont, who arrived in 1838. An earlier settler by the name of Jones had arrived in 1836 with his wife, but did not remain in the area. Terrill located on section 25 and Ingall and Brown in section 36. In 1843, Terrill, along with Anson W. Halbert, built a sawmill on the Sebewa Creek, just west of "The Corners" located where the corners of four sections met along the eastern township line. Halbert had arrived in 1841 and married one of Terrill's daughters and carried out some trade at the Corners.

Jacob Showerman had been to the area in 1836 looking for land and found only Jones in section 1. Showerman entered a claim for 160 acre of land in section 22 and returned in 1839 with Eleazer Brown and their families. They lodged in the small one-room cabin of Terrill's along with Terrill's and that of William Hogle and his son-in-law John Brown. The twenty people in the four families passed four weeks together until a path to Showerman's property could be cut. Eleazer Brown settled on land he bought in section 26.

Rufus Goddard, who had moved west from Livingston County, New York, came to the area in 1837 and located land in Sebewa while his family remained in Lenawee County. Goddard, along with Benjamin D. Weld, who was to give some assistance to Goddard, were to come together to Sebewa. However, Weld was not ready to move and both families remained in Lenawee. Weld moved to Sebewa in 1843 and settled in the southwestern part of Sebewa. Goddard followed in 1844 and worked a year and a half to repay Weld before settling on 80 acre in section 32.

Township organization
Sebewa Township was a part of Berlin Township until March 19, 1845, when it was created as a separate township. The first names proposed were "Charlestown", in honor of Charles W. Ingalls; and "Liberia", but Rufus Goddard suggested Sebewa, after Sebewa Creek, meaning little river. The first township meeting was held at the home of Jacob Showerman, but no record of the meeting attendees or acts remains.

Post offices
A post office named "Sebewa" was established on January 24, 1851, with Benjamin Weld as the first postmaster. On April 14, 1854, the post office was moved from Weld's properties in the southwest part of the township to the Showerman settlement when Lucius Showerman was named postmaster. In 1857, the office moved to "The Corners". The name was changed to "Cornell" on July 8, 1861, but was changed back to Sebewa on February 16, 1881. The office was closed on November 15, 1913.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 35.8 sqmi, of which 35.8 sqmi is land and 0.03% is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,202 people, 406 households, and 332 families residing in the township. The population density was 33.6 PD/sqmi. There were 415 housing units at an average density of 11.6 per square mile (4.5/km$2$). The racial makeup of the township was 98.34% White, 0.25% Native American, 0.08% Asian, 0.25% from other races, and 1.08% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.92% of the population.

There were 406 households, out of which 40.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.2% were married couples living together, 5.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.2% were non-families. 15.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.96 and the average family size was 3.30.

In the township the population was spread out, with 29.9% under the age of 18, 8.3% from 18 to 24, 31.3% from 25 to 44, 20.1% from 45 to 64, and 10.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.1 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $47,065, and the median income for a family was $52,125. Males had a median income of $36,719 versus $24,091 for females. The per capita income for the township was $17,774. About 5.1% of families and 6.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.2% of those under age 18 and 3.9% of those age 65 or over.

title: Sebewa Township, Michigan


text:
Alabaster Township, Michigan

Alabaster Township is a civil township of Iosco County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The 2020 census had the township population at 424.

History
Alabaster Township was established in 1866. The 400-acre Alabaster Historic District is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 22.1 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
As of the 2010 census, there were 487 people, 222 households, and 172 families residing in the township. The population density was 22.7 per square mile (8.8/km$2$). There were 470 housing units at an average density of 21.2 per square mile (8.2/km$2$). The racial makeup of the township was 96.22% White, 1.39% Asian, 0.80% from other races, and 1.59% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.99% of the population.

There were 222 households, out of which 17.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.5% were married couples living together, 4.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.1% were non-families. 18.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.55.

In the township the population was spread out, with 14.5% under the age of 18, 4.4% from 18 to 24, 18.3% from 25 to 44, 37.2% from 45 to 64, and 25.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 53 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.1 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $44,000, and the median income for a family was $50,341. Males had a median income of $40,417 versus $25,500 for females. The per capita income for the township was $23,384. About 6.0% of families and 6.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.3% of those under age 18 and 1.5% of those age 65 or over.

title: Alabaster Township, Michigan


text:
Au Sable, Michigan

Au Sable is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Iosco County, Michigan. The population of the CDP was 1,453 at the 2020 census. The community is located within Au Sable Township at the mouth of the Au Sable River along Lake Huron.

History
Au Sable was first settled in 1848 when Curtis Emerson and James Eldridge purchased land in the area. The community was platted the next year. A post office in Au Sable began operating on September 23, 1856 and was named for its location along the Au Sable River. The community was replatted in 1867 and incorporated as a village in 1872. Au Sable was the largest community in the county and incorporated as a city in 1889.

At the 1890 census, the new city recorded a population of 4,328. Most of the city was destroyed by forest fires in 1911, and the post office closed on December 15, 1912. The city last recorded only 61 residents at the 1930 census. The city surrendered its charter in 1931 and dissolved into an unincorporated community within Au Sable Township.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2.13 sqmi, of which 2.10 sqmi is land and 0.03 sqmi (1.41%) is water.

The community is located on the southside of the Au Sable River at its river mouth at Lake Huron. The community of Oscoda is on the northside of the river. Au Sable is served by Oscoda Area Schools.

Major highways

 * runs south–north along the eastern edge of the community near Lake Huron.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,533 people, 626 households, and 430 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 727.4 PD/sqmi. There were 727 housing units at an average density of 345.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 96.41% White, 1.11% Black or African American, 0.33% Native American, 0.39% Asian, 0.07% from other races, and 1.70% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.65% of the population.

There were 626 households, out of which 31.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.1% were married couples living together, 9.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.2% were non-families. 26.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 2.91.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 26.0% under the age of 18, 5.2% from 18 to 24, 26.7% from 25 to 44, 23.5% from 45 to 64, and 18.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.4 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $36,989, and the median income for a family was $41,667. Males had a median income of $27,500 versus $18,989 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $21,035. About 5.0% of families and 8.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.7% of those under age 18 and 4.8% of those age 65 or over.

Notable people

 * Jack Fournier, professional baseball player, scout, and collegiate coach, born in Au Sable.

title: Au Sable, Michigan


text:
Au Sable Township, Iosco County, Michigan

Au Sable Township is a charter township of Iosco County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 2,206 at the 2020 census.

Communities

 * Au Sable is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located within the township at 44.41083°N, -83.33222°W.
 * Oscoda is an unincorporated community and census-designated place that is mostly located within Oscoda Township to the north at 44.42028°N, -83.33083°W. Only a very small portion of the CDP extends into Au Sable Township.

History
The area was originally inhabited by the Chippewa Native Americans, who used the area for hunting and fishing. They ceded the area to the federal government under the Treaty of Saginaw in 1819. The first European settler to claim land was French-Canadian fur trader Louis Chevalier, and he established a trading post slightly upstream along the Au Sable River, which was translated from the French language "river of sand." The area became popular for hunters, fishermen, and trappers. In 1848, the township was established, and the community of Au Sable was platted in 1849 at the river mouth along Lake Huron. The township was later organized in 1857 under the name Sable when Iosco County was formally organized, and the township name was changed to AuSable in 1877.

The community of Au Sable became the center of population and incorporated as an autonomous city in 1889. The new city had a population of 4,828 at the 1890 census, while Au Sable Township remained sparsely populated and only had a population of 170. Along with neighboring Oscoda, the area became part of the thriving lumber region. After the lumber industry declined, the population dwindled, and Au Sable and Oscoda suffered a devastating fire in 1911. The city of Au Sable never recovered and surrendered its city charter in 1931 and returned to township control.

Due to its location along the Au Sable River and Lake Huron coastline, a lighthouse was established at the river mouth to aid ships that were used to transport the large lumber supplies. The Au Sable Pierhead Lighthouse was commissioned in 1873. The lighthouse survived the devastating 1911 fire, but the surrounding area was destroyed. A newer skeletal tower was constructed in 1912 and later automated in 1940. The tower was deactivated and removed in 1957. It then sat on the grounds of the Oscoda Yacht Club and fell into desrepair. It was eventually restored and erected near U.S. Route 23 at the Huron Shores Artisan Hall just to the north in Oscoda Township.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 21.12 sqmi, of which 20.63 sqmi is land and 0.49 sqmi (2.32%) is water.

The Au Sable River runs through the northeast boundary and has its river mouth at Lake Huron within the township.

Major highways

 * runs south–north along the eastern edge of the township near Lake Huron.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,230 people, 956 households, and 636 families residing in the township. The population density was 108.2 PD/sqmi. There were 1,498 housing units at an average density of 72.7 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the township was 96.50% White, 0.85% African American, 0.27% Native American, 0.27% Asian, 0.31% from other races, and 1.79% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.30% of the population.

There were 956 households, out of which 27.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.3% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.4% were non-families. 28.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.81.

In the township the population was spread out, with 23.5% under the age of 18, 5.2% from 18 to 24, 25.2% from 25 to 44, 26.3% from 45 to 64, and 19.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.1 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $34,570, and the median income for a family was $38,462. Males had a median income of $27,415 versus $19,216 for females. The per capita income for the township was $20,025. About 9.3% of families and 12.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.0% of those under age 18 and 10.3% of those age 65 or over.

Education
Au Sable Township is served by two separate public school districts. The majority of the township is served by Oscoda Area Schools to the north in Oscoda, while the southwest corner of the township is served by Tawas Area Schools in Tawas City.


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Baldwin Township, Iosco County, Michigan

Baldwin Township is a civil township of Iosco County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 census, the township population was 1,614.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 31.3 sqmi, of which 28.4 sqmi is land and 2.9 sqmi (9.20%) is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,726 people, 754 households, and 523 families residing in the township. The population density was 60.7 PD/sqmi. There were 1,370 housing units at an average density of 48.2 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the township was 96.99% White, 0.23% African American, 1.10% Native American, 0.70% Asian, 0.12% Pacific Islander, and 0.87% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.81% of the population.

There were 754 households, out of which 24.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.0% were married couples living together, 8.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.6% were non-families. 25.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.71.

In the township the population was spread out, with 21.1% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 21.0% from 25 to 44, 30.8% from 45 to 64, and 21.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.0 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $29,783, and the median income for a family was $33,889. Males had a median income of $29,952 versus $21,615 for females. The per capita income for the township was $17,367. About 7.9% of families and 9.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.5% of those under age 18 and 8.7% of those age 65 or over.


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Burleigh Township, Michigan

Burleigh Township is a civil township of Iosco County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 census, the township population was 726.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 34.7 sqmi, of which 34.7 sqmi is land and 0.03% is water. The City of Whittemore, one of the smallest cities in Michigan, is an enclave within the township.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 775 people, 301 households, and 225 families residing in the township. The population density was 22.3 PD/sqmi. There were 409 housing units at an average density of 11.8 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the township was 98.19% White, 0.26% African American, 0.52% Native American, 0.26% from other races, and 0.77% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.55% of the population.

There were 301 households, out of which 27.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.8% were married couples living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.2% were non-families. 19.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 2.97.

In the township the population was spread out, with 24.0% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 25.7% from 25 to 44, 29.0% from 45 to 64, and 14.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.3 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $33,542, and the median income for a family was $37,868. Males had a median income of $29,911 versus $22,031 for females. The per capita income for the township was $15,726. About 9.8% of families and 11.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.6% of those under age 18 and 9.7% of those age 65 or over.

title: Burleigh Township, Michigan


text:
East Tawas, Michigan

East Tawas is a city in Iosco County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 2,663 at the 2020 census.

History
The western New York firm Smith, Van Valkenburg, & Company bought land in the area in order to exploit the area's lumber resources. George Smith settled in the area in 1862 and founded the community. The East Tawas post office opened on April 15, 1867. A predecessor of the Detroit and Mackinac Railway built a station here, and the community incorporated as a village in 1887 and later as a city in 1895. Tawas Beach was established nearby in 1903 along the railway line in Baldwin Township. A post office opened here on June 12, 1903, until the community was annexed into the city of East Tawas in 1922.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.27 sqmi, of which 2.81 sqmi is land and 0.46 sqmi (14.07) is water.

Tawas Point State Park is located near East Tawas in Baldwin Township.

Major highways

 * runs through the city.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 2,808 people, 1,332 households, and 756 families residing in the city. The population density was 988.7 PD/sqmi. There were 1,728 housing units at an average density of 608.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 95.7% White, 0.2% African American, 0.3% Native American, 1.1% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.7% from other races, and 1.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.0% of the population.

There were 1,332 households, of which 21.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.6% were married couples living together, 10.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 43.2% were non-families. 38.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.06 and the average family size was 2.70.

The median age in the city was 50.9 years. 18.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 17.7% were from 25 to 44; 31.2% were from 45 to 64; and 27.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 45.2% male and 54.8% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,951 people, 1,382 households, and 815 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,026.0 PD/sqmi. There were 1,691 housing units at an average density of 587.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 97.80% White, 0.03% African American, 0.44% Native American, 0.44% Asian, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 0.10% from other races, and 1.12% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.75% of the population.

There were 1,382 households, out of which 23.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.1% were married couples living together, 9.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.0% were non-families. 37.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 23.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.14 and the average family size was 2.79.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.3% under the age of 18, 5.3% from 18 to 24, 23.3% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 26.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 82.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 77.3 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $30,229, and the median income for a family was $40,313. Males had a median income of $30,375 versus $22,538 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,168. About 6.9% of families and 10.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.2% of those under age 18 and 11.1% of those age 65 or over.

Education
The city is served by Tawas Area Schools.

Holy Family School is a private parochial elementary school in East Tawas serving approximately 80 students in grades K-6. It is affiliated with the Diocese of Gaylord of the Roman Catholic Church, and is a member of the National Catholic Educational Association.

title: East Tawas, Michigan


text:
Grant Township, Iosco County, Michigan

Grant Township is a civil township of Iosco County in the U.S. state of Michigan. At the 2020 census the township population was 1,528.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 35.5 sqmi, of which 34.9 sqmi is land and 0.6 sqmi (1.55%) is water.

Demographics
At the census of 2000, there were 1,560 people, 700 households, and 471 families residing in the township. The population density was 44.7 PD/sqmi. There were 1,576 housing units at an average density of 45.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the township was 97.95% White, 0.13% African American, 0.45% Native American, 0.19% Asian, 0.06% from other races, and 1.22% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.58% of the population.

There were 700 households, out of which 22.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.7% were married couples living together, 6.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.6% were non-families. 28.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.65.

In the township the population was spread out, with 19.6% under the age of 18, 4.6% from 18 to 24, 22.4% from 25 to 44, 31.2% from 45 to 64, and 22.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.1 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $27,625, and the median income for a family was $33,375. Males had a median income of $32,321 versus $18,750 for females. The per capita income for the township was $16,708. About 12.6% of families and 15.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.1% of those under age 18 and 9.6% of those age 65 or over.

title: Grant Township, Iosco County, Michigan


text:
Talk:Burbank, Los Angeles County, California

Nothing in here about Armenians, who have emerged in the Eighties as a major cultural influence/problem (depending upon how you view it)?!? - Casual reader

The naming on this and Burbank, Santa Clara, California seems very odd to me. Shouldn't it be Burbank, Los Angeles County, California? (And besides, the one in LA county is much more relevent, and should be preferred by the link. It's larger, it's linked to, it houses major businesses etc.) --Brion 00:40 Oct 21, 2002 (UTC)

 * There has been an ongoing discussion about the disambiguation cases such as these. Some people wanted to leave out the word "County" because since it was only being used for disambiguation, it wasn't needed.  There has been so far a near even split on opinions.  I chose the one that I liked because I was doing the work.  Changing it now is an option, though of course a little more bothersome.  I suspect we will have to do *both* with redirects.  See the discussion at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Cities -- Ram-Man

 * In addition, there are around 2,000 places which require this sort of disambiguation. At this point a little less than half of them have already been done in the way as discussed above. -- Ram-Man

Burbank, Los Angeles, California implies that Burbank is a subdivision of Los Angeles the city and not county. Please fix this. Also, cities and more famous places should take priority over the least disambiguated title. So in this case the city should be at Burbank, California and the town should be at Burbank, Santa Clara County, California or Burbank, California (Santa Clara County). A disambiguation block with a link to the town should then be placed at the bottom of Burbank, California.--mav

 * As mav and I seem to be in agreement, I've arranged them so. --Brion 02:03 Oct 21, 2002 (UTC)

I'm not sure what is meant by disambiguation. The City of Los Angeles is a city, Los Angeles County is a county. They are separate political entities. As opposed to the City and County of San Francisco, which is itself unique as one political entity.

Airport
I'm wondering about this statement:
 * "the second-biggest airport in Los Angeles County after LAX"

Second-biggest in terms of what? Perhaps the passenger terminal? Other than that, BUR is very small for a commercial airport. Both LGB and VNY have longer runways. - Gyrofrog 19:49, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

It could refer to the number of passangers handled.

This page should be moved to Burbank, California
There is only one city of Burbank in California. The "Burbank" in Santa Clara County is a census-designated place, not a city. Mackerm 07:11, 17 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Entertainment
Those big buildings in south Burbank, like the Disney and Warner Bros./Atlantis Studios are simply amazing!! The WB studios even have a big poster featuring Simple Plan, and it's faced right towrd the highway! (anyways I like simple plan very much) - Cool Cat886 02:50, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)


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Oscoda Township, Michigan

Oscoda Township is a charter township of Iosco County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 6,788 at the 2020 census. The Wurtsmith Air Force Base is located within the township.

Communities

 * Foote Site Village is an unincorporated community located within the township at 44.42667°N, -83.44472°W. It is near the Foote Dam Pond along the south side of the Au Sable River
 * Oscoda is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) that is mostly located within the township at 44.42028°N, -83.33083°W. Only a very small portion of the CDP extends into Au Sable Township to the south.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 131.28 sqmi, of which 121.99 sqmi is land and 9.29 sqmi (7.08%) is water.

It is the largest municipality by area in Iosco County. The Au Sable River flows east through most of the township and contains numerous dams and reservoirs. The Loud Dam Pond, Cooke Dam Pond, and Foote Dam Pond are along the river. The Pine River also flows south into the township into Van Etten Lake before joining the Au Sable River slightly before Lake Huron. Portions of the Manistee National Forest are within the township.

Airport

 * Oscoda–Wurtsmith Airport is a public use airport that was created in 1993 from part of the disestablished Wurtsmith Air Force Base.

Bus

 * Indian Trails has a station in Oscoda that is along the Owosso–St. Ignace route that follows U.S. Highway 23 at this point.

Major highways

 * runs south–north along the eastern edge of the township near Lake Huron.
 * runs through the western portion of the township.
 * has its southern terminus at US 23 within the township.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 7,248 people, 3,170 households, and 2,066 families residing in the township. The population density was 59.5 PD/sqmi. There were 6,071 housing units at an average density of 49.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the township was 95.28% White, 0.80% African American, 1.02% Native American, 0.70% Asian, 0.14% Pacific Islander, 0.41% from other races, and 1.64% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.30% of the population.

There were 3,170 households, out of which 25.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.5% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.8% were non-families. 29.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.79.

In the township the population was spread out, with 23.3% under the age of 18, 5.7% from 18 to 24, 24.4% from 25 to 44, 27.7% from 45 to 64, and 18.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.1 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $31,250, and the median income for a family was $38,457. Males had a median income of $30,439 versus $20,601 for females. The per capita income for the township was $16,312. About 9.2% of families and 13.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.8% of those under age 18 and 4.4% of those age 65 or over.

Education
Oscoda Township is served entirely by Oscoda Area Schools, which also serves portions of several surrounding townships. A satellite campus of Alpena Community College is also located within the township.

title: Oscoda Township, Michigan


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Plainfield Township, Iosco County, Michigan

Plainfield Township is a civil township of Iosco County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 3,350 at the 2020 census, down from 3,799 at the 2010 census.

Communities

 * Esmond was the name of a post office in this township from 1886 until 1889.
 * Hale is a small community within the township at M-65 and Esmond Road. The Iosco County Fairgrounds are located in Hale.
 * Long Lake is a small community within the township on the west end of Long Lake, northwest of Hale at 44.41972°N, -83.87194°W. A post office named Long Lake with the ZIP code 48743 serves an area of the township northwest of the lake.
 * South Branch is an unincorporated community in the northwest of the township, along the border with Ogemaw County.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 107.6 square miles (278.7 km$2$), of which 103.8 square miles (268.8 km$2$) is land and 3.8 square miles (9.9 km$2$) (3.56%) is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,292 people, 1,897 households, and 1,291 families residing in the township. The population density was 41.4 PD/sqmi. There were 4,139 housing units at an average density of 39.9 /mi2. The racial makeup of the township was 97.60% White, 0.09% African American, 0.58% Native American, 0.12% Asian, 0.09% from other races, and 1.51% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.70% of the population.

There were 1,897 households, out of which 21.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.6% were married couples living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.9% were non-families. 28.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.71.

In the township the population was spread out, with 21.0% under the age of 18, 4.1% from 18 to 24, 20.3% from 25 to 44, 29.3% from 45 to 64, and 25.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 49 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.1 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $29,220, and the median income for a family was $32,412. Males had a median income of $31,774 versus $23,446 for females. The per capita income for the township was $17,720. About 11.8% of families and 15.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.5% of those under age 18 and 5.5% of those age 65 or over.


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Reno Township, Michigan

Reno Township is a civil township of Iosco County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 632 at the 2020 census.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 35.4 sqmi, of which 35.3 sqmi is land and 0.1 sqmi (0.14%) is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 656 people, 248 households, and 181 families residing in the township. The population density was 18.6 per square mile (7.2/km$2$). There were 337 housing units at an average density of 9.5 per square mile (3.7/km$2$). The racial makeup of the township was 98.48% White, 0.46% Native American, 0.30% Asian, and 0.76% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.15% of the population.

There were 248 households, out of which 24.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.9% were married couples living together, 7.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.0% were non-families. 19.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.65 and the average family size was 2.99.

In the township the population was spread out, with 25.2% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 24.4% from 25 to 44, 32.2% from 45 to 64, and 11.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.7 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $32,019, and the median income for a family was $36,563. Males had a median income of $25,083 versus $22,083 for females. The per capita income for the township was $14,682. About 14.4% of families and 25.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 43.6% of those under age 18 and 16.3% of those age 65 or over.

title: Reno Township, Michigan


text:
Sherman Township, Iosco County, Michigan

Sherman Township is a civil township of Iosco County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 448 at the 2010 census and slightly decreased to 431 at the 2020 census.

Communities

 * National City is an unincorporated community in the township at 44.23417°N, -83.72333°W. The settlement began as a flag station on the Bay City and Alpena Railroad in 1884. It was at first called "Emery Junction", a junction between branches on the Detroit and Mackinac Railway located just west of the present National City. A post office named Emery Junction was established on March 21, 1904, with Quincy Martin as the first postmaster. In 1925, the National Gypsum Company opened a quarry nearby, and the name of the post office was changed to National City in 1926. The National City post office, with ZIP code 48748, provides service to a portion of Sherman Township, as well as to another discontinuous area in Grant, Plainfield,  Wilber, and  Tawas townships to the north.
 * The city of Tawas City is to the northeast, and the Tawas City post office, with ZIP code 48763, also serves portions of northeastern Sherman Township.
 * The community of Turner is to the south in Arenac County, and the Turner post office, with ZIP code 48765, also serves portions of southern Sherman Township.
 * The village of Whittemore is to the west, and the Whittemore post office, with ZIP code 48770, also serves portions of Sherman Township.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 35.9 square miles (93.0 km$2$), all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 493 people, 200 households, and 140 families residing in the township. The population density was 13.7 per square mile (5.3/km$2$). There were 319 housing units at an average density of 8.9 per square mile (3.4/km$2$). The racial makeup of the township was 96.96% White, 0.41% African American, 0.61% Native American, 0.20% Asian, and 1.83% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.03% of the population.

There were 200 households, out of which 24.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.0% were married couples living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.0% were non-families. 28.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 2.94.

In the township the population was spread out, with 23.3% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 25.4% from 25 to 44, 25.8% from 45 to 64, and 19.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.1 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $40,547, and the median income for a family was $43,438. Males had a median income of $31,786 versus $21,406 for females. The per capita income for the township was $18,432. About 6.6% of families and 10.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.8% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.


text:
Tawas Township, Michigan

Tawas Township is a civil township of Iosco County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 1,733 at the 2020 census. Tawas City is adjacent to the township.

Communities

 * Alabaster Junction is an unincorporated community located west of US 23.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 33.5 sqmi, all land.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,684 people, 635 households, and 485 families residing in the township. The population density was 50.4 PD/sqmi. There were 742 housing units at an average density of 22.2 per square mile (8.6/km$2$). The racial makeup of the township was 97.92% White, 0.30% African American, 0.65% Native American, 0.42% Asian, 0.12% from other races, and 0.59% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.65% of the population.

There were 635 households, out of which 32.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.8% were married couples living together, 6.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.5% were non-families. 19.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 2.90.

In the township the population was spread out, with 24.5% under the age of 18, 5.3% from 18 to 24, 25.0% from 25 to 44, 25.4% from 45 to 64, and 19.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.9 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $37,941, and the median income for a family was $40,250. Males had a median income of $31,486 versus $20,119 for females. The per capita income for the township was $16,632. About 6.2% of families and 8.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.8% of those under age 18 and 7.1% of those age 65 or over.

Administration

 * Supervisor: Paul Westcott
 * Clerk: Melissa Stewart
 * Treasurer: Sheri Grabow
 * Trustee: Ervin Biggs
 * Trustee: William Cholger
 * Zoning Administrator: Rick Wilson

Current as of July 2006

title: Tawas Township, Michigan


text:
Tawas City, Michigan

Tawas City is a city in and county seat of Iosco County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 1,834 at the 2020 census. The city is mostly surrounded by Tawas Township, but the two areas are administered autonomously.

History
Tawas City was founded in 1854 as the first city to be located on the shores of Saginaw Bay and Lake Huron north of Bay City, Michigan. Tawas City was designated as the county seat of Iosco County, and the first post office was established Jan. 6, 1856, with James O. Whittemore appointed postmaster.

Since Tawas City's founding, the community's economy has been a major factor influencing land use and development patterns. The rich natural resource base of the area: forest lands, Lake Huron and wildlife, combined with the protection offered by Tawas Bay, inspired the founding of the city and provided resources to support a lumber industry. The shoreline, as the transition zone between land and water, became the focus of the community, with the city developing in a linear fashion along the bayshore. Tawas Bay continues to serve as a harbor of refuge, used by large freighters to escape severe storms on Lake Huron.

Statements that “Tawas” is derived from the word “Ottawas” and that the Ottawa Indians once inhabited this region are false. The local Indians had made camps along the shore of the bay and near the mouth of the river. They were a band from the Saginaw, Michigan tribe of Chippewa (also known as Ojibwa). Their leader was Chief O-ta-was. As he had his camp on the shores of the bay, it was known as O-ta-was's Bay. Early map makers dropped in an extra “t"; later map makers dropped off the “s.” The name of the point dividing the bay from Lake Huron was known as Ottawa Point. Comparatively recent spelling and pronunciation for the name of these Chippewa gradually evolved to Tawas.

The Whittemores named the community they founded as Tawas City. Eight years later, the lumbering firm of Smith, Van Valkenburg and Company built a mill on the bay shore a mile or so east of the Whittemore mill and holding. When a community developed around this latter mill, the cluster of homes was, by common consent, named East Tawas. For many years, residents of both towns and the surrounding farming community often referred to Tawas City as “old town” and to East Tawas as “east town.”

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.13 sqmi, of which 1.70 sqmi is land and 0.43 sqmi (20.19%) is water.

2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 1,827 people, 723 households, and 441 families residing in the city. The population density was 1062.2 PD/sqmi. There were 977 housing units at an average density of 568.0 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 96.9% White, 0.7% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.9% Asian, 0.4% from other races, and 0.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.4% of the population.

There were 723 households, of which 23.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.1% were married couples living together, 11.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 39.0% were non-families. 34.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.79.

The median age in the city was 47.4 years. 17.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20.3% were from 25 to 44; 28.6% were from 45 to 64; and 24.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.1% male and 52.9% female.

2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,005 people, 760 households, and 484 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,174.4 PD/sqmi. There were 969 housing units at an average density of 567.6 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 97.31% White, 0.55% African American, 0.50% Native American, 0.65% Asian, 0.30% from other races, and 0.70% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.80% of the population.

There were 760 households, out of which 26.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.2% were married couples living together, 10.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.3% were non-families. 32.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.87.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.5% under the age of 18, 5.7% from 18 to 24, 23.6% from 25 to 44, 21.0% from 45 to 64, and 28.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.5 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $32,813, and the median income for a family was $37,235. Males had a median income of $28,789 versus $24,563 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,061. About 8.8% of families and 9.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.6% of those under age 18 and 11.0% of those age 65 or over.

Major highways

 * has been designated the Sunrise Side Coastal Highway and runs along the Lake Huron shoreline.
 * has its eastern terminus at US 23 in Tawas City.

Bus

 * Indian Trails has a station in Tawas City that is along the Owosso–St. Ignace route that follows U.S. Highway 23 at this point.

Local attractions
The city is on Tawas Bay, and Tawas Point State Park is located in nearby Baldwin Township. Both are considered to be an especially good locale for birding. and are listed as Important bird areas. It is said to be the most important "migrant trap" in the Saginaw Bay area. A fairly complete list of migratory birds that frequent the area is available. In more recent years Tawas Point has been a top kite-boarding destination.

Education
The city is served by Tawas Area Schools.

Emanuel Lutheran School is a private parochial elementary school in Tawas City, serving approximately 70 students in grades K-8. It is affiliated with the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod.

Newspapers

 * The Iosco County News-Herald is the newspaper of record for Iosco County and has an office in Oscoda.
 * The Oscoda Press is a weekly newspaper that serves the surrounding area.

Radio

 * WIOS (1480 AM) - Adult standards
 * WQLB (103.3 FM) - Classic hits
 * WKJC (104.7 FM) - Country
 * WTZM (106.1 FM) - Hot AC

Television
Tawas City and Iosco County are part of the Flint-Saginaw-Bay City television market; Charter Communications, the cable system serving Iosco County, offers most major channels from that market, along with Alpena's CBS affiliate, WBKB-TV, as well as CBC Television programming from CBMT in Montreal.

title: Tawas City, Michigan