text:
Talk:Article (grammar)

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Reduction and omission
I've removed the following section: The article is omitted in prepositional phrases that refer to traveling to places where a change in social behaviors is required. Hence the pattern "Mary had a little lamb. ... It followed her to school one day" (rather than "to the school") is standard, as is "I'll see you in court" (rather than "in the court"). Most English speakers say "in town" but "in the city". All English speakers say "go to college"; British speakers will also say "go to university" and "go to hospital" (for American speakers, it is "go to the hospital"). These phrases are a matter of custom rather than following clear rule.

In fact, there is continuing debate over the use and semantics of noun phrases with articles. It is more customary to consider the article as 'not used' rather than 'omitted' in these cases, as claiming that something is 'omitted' is to make wider claims about the grammatical system that are far from easy to substantiate. The reason for not using an article is not so much that a change of behaviour is required, as claimed above, but more that the noun phrase under the scope of the article is referred to as an institution as opposed to a particular place. "I'll see you in court" for a court case as opposed to "I'll see you in the court" because this is where we are meeting next. Also, I study "at university" (institution), but left my jacket "in the university" (location). Exceptions, as usual, seem to be the rule, as e.g. "I went to the police station" is used in both senses. as I consider the initial claim to be dubious (though with no evidence) and the following paragraph disputing it should not appear in the article itself. I'll leave it to more learned grammarians to decide what's true and what's not, but with this section in place the article was self-contradictory. Dave.Dunford (talk) 17:53, 22 December 2008 (UTC)

Non-indoeuropean?
What about: Considering semantics the grammatical article transfers very little information, than just a repetition meaning "aforementioned", so it would be interesting to know how and whether definiteness is extensively used in other languages than the European ones (including Arabic), or if it is just an Esperantean lalalalala malhabitus. ... said: Rursus (bork²) 08:04, 15 January 2009 (UTC)
 * the Indo-iranian languages?
 * all Non-indoeuropean languages?

Articles are not adjectives.
"They can be also thought of as a special kind of adjective, because they combine with a noun and contribute to the meaning of the noun phrase." False! Articles fail several syntactic tests for adjectivehood: 1. They cannot be quantified or compared. One thing cannot be more "the" or "a' than another. 2. Adverbs cannot be applied to them. 3. They cannot be predicates: something cannot be "the." I'm going in and deleting that sentence.24.21.85.69 (talk) 15:09, 29 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I have to disagree. Who says all adjectives must satisfy these tests?
 * 1. Can one person be more "pregnant" than another?
 * 2. That adverbs are hardly every applied to articles does not mean they can't be. "Smith, a—or supposedly the—leading expert, disagrees."
 * 3. Nor can I say "The dog is my."

 * Among the classical parts of speech, there is clearly no better category for articles than adjective. In my grammar education, I was certainly told that articles were nothing more than a special subcategory of adjectives. In most languages, definite articles are simply demonstrative adjectives that got overused, and the two roles often continue to overlap.

 * --SlothMcCarty (talk) 23:23, 2 December 2009 (UTC)

 * In the traditional 8 parts of speech English classification system, articles were indeed classified as an adjective. Rreagan007 (talk) 21:35, 6 September 2012 (UTC)

Partitive article
The article says "there is no partitive article in English", yet http://www.laits.utexas.edu/tex/gr/det5.html, http://www.thefrenchexperiment.com/learn-french/partitive-article.php and various other sources seem happy that "some" is a partitive article. Is that a minority view, or should it be mentioned here? 86.161.42.191 (talk) 21:18, 10 March 2009 (UTC).

 * After nearly nine years I have seen this question, which is still unanswered. Well, "some" is indeed sometimes used rather like a partitive article, but it is optional in these instances and the Oxford dictionary I have prefers to treat it as a determiner. I think it is best to leave it out, as it is not required. LynwoodF (talk) 20:25, 11 January 2018 (UTC)

 * I see that "some" is mentioned in passing, but not included in the table. I think that is just about right. LynwoodF (talk) 10:47, 12 January 2018 (UTC)

I now have a new query. Does Catalan really have a true partitive article, in the same way as French and Italian do? I think not, but perhaps there is someone out there more knowledgeable about Catalan than I am. My old tutor, Prof. Paul Russell-Gebbett, could have told us, but, sadly he is long gone. However, this website bears out my contention. LynwoodF (talk) 20:25, 11 January 2018 (UTC)

 * I remembered that I have a couple of Catalan grammars by Pompeu Fabra, who could be regarded as the horse's mouth on the matter of the Catalan language. In the one aimed at the French market, he tells us, «Les articles partitifs français ne se traduisent pas en catalan.» He gives examples, such as: J'ai du pain, Tinc pa, Je vends des œufs, Venc ous. So I am going to remove the entries in respect of Catalan. LynwoodF (talk) 22:22, 11 January 2018 (UTC)

This article should be improved
There is mentioned almoust exclusively european languages, and not mentioned non european. Alsou, this article are more about articles in english language, than about articles in general. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 159.148.159.114 (talk) 07:03, 29 April 2009 (UTC)
 * The article relates other languages' articles to those of English. This is to be expected seeing as English Wikipedia is predominantly read by L1 English speakers. I agree that there should be more written about non-European languages, but until someone who can-and-will contribute this information adds it, there is nothing to be done. Dyolf87 (talk) 15:34, 8 November 2019 (UTC)

"The" in front of the title
More and more lately, I've been seeing websites where they list titles of things beginning with "The" under "T", even when the following word begins with a different letter (The Smashing Pumpkins, "The Legend of Zelda"). I don't know if they dropped that rule or not, or if it's just a weird thing the program does, or if the users just don't remember the rule, but I was taught ages ago that "The" should be ignored if it's at the beginning and the item should be listed under the letter of the next word. Sometimes ", the" ends up being put at the end("Wizard of Oz, the"). This should also go for "A" and "An", also being articles. Examples: http://www.ocremix.org/t/ http://www.lyrics.com/index.php/artists/start/th/800 It's really driving me crazy, trying to find something under S and finding out it's under T for the wrong reason.. Should this be mentioned somewhere on this page, or just dropped altogether? Thanks. ChrisRJ (talk) 17:04, 29 April 2009 (UTC)

i want to know about this sentences (the father is going to market)is correct or not —Preceding unsigned comment added by 118.94.61.81 (talk) 05:47, 17 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Whoever wrote the program should have known better: it is not a new problem as some indexes in old books do the same thing and even group entries under letters of the alphabet without sorting them into order. "The father is going to market": correctness depends on the statements before and after this one, e.g. will the reader know which father is the relevant one or not?--Felix Folio Secundus (talk) 13:05, 13 October 2009 (UTC)

The but no A/An?
Most of the article is currently under a section for The, yet there is no corresponding section for A/An. Why the disparity? I'm going to check the archives in case someone just deleted it, and if I don't find anything I'll add the section.--SlothMcCarty (talk) 23:27, 2 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Actually, there is a separate article on A and an. There used to be a separate article on The, but it was merged some time ago, on the grounds that Wikipedia is not a dictionary. Any objections to merging in A/An? --SlothMcCarty (talk) 18:31, 5 December 2009 (UTC)

 * A and an is too detailed and English-specific to be merged into this article. Nor can it be accused of being a dictionary entry. Another solution (if you're itching to restructure something) is to create a new English articles article in the English grammar series, covering both the and a(n). CapnPrep (talk) 21:11, 5 December 2009 (UTC)

 * After stumbling upon French articles and German articles, I'm inclined to agree, and I don't know why I didn't see it before. That would neatly solve the "worldwide view" problem too. --SlothMcCarty (talk) 07:25, 18 December 2009 (UTC)

There are the, a(n), and possibly one (implying directly that there is a single unit) in the English language. Komitsuki (talk) 09:04, 11 March 2011 (UTC)

The article has to be a word?
"An article (abbreviated art) is a word that combines with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun" is not correct. Languages such as Bulgarian do have article system, but articles there are not separate words like "The", or "Das". The article in Bulgarian is a suffix added to the word which varies depending on gender and number: Мъж (man) becomes Мъжът (The man). Dahhak (talk) 22:11, 23 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Even languages closer to English have such articles: Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, and Icelandic. The correct word, instead of word would be morpheme.  ConorBrady.ie  (caint)  10:45, 24 August 2010 (UTC)

Bulgarian
The information about Bulgarian is not quite accurate: Bulgarian has indefinite and definite articles, which are both postfixed (I can give  as a source, but it's in Bulgarian). So, "indefinite and postfixed definite articles" should be more appropriate, although it's not 100 % accurate, but better than "only postfixed definite articles" which means it has no indefinite articles at all! For example: "stol" (chair) - "stola" (a chair) - "stolat" (the chair). 84.179.22.170 (talk) 12:45, 20 October 2010 (UTC)

Fix the colors in the map
Please disambiguate the colors in the map. Shades of purple are very near shades of blue, and can be hard to discern. 4.154.248.67 (talk) 11:20, 25 June 2011 (UTC)

Reference 2 is a dead link
reference 2 is a dead link — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.188.213.36 (talk) 08:27, 27 June 2011 (UTC)

Article
fill in with the article Father is a graduate and mother is __________ M.Sc. holder — Preceding unsigned comment added by 180.148.62.14 (talk) 05:03, 19 August 2011 (UTC)

An St.Rahul Dhaniya (talk) 16:42, 23 August 2018 (UTC)

 * I should say "an" in casual speech, but in writing I should be inclined to rephrase the statement in order to avoid a futile argument, e.g. "...mother has a master's degree." LynwoodF (talk) 08:20, 24 August 2018 (UTC)

greek and german article
Each language has three genders and four cases and in the singular there is a certain amount of 'similarity', but this largely disppears in the plural (Pamour (talk) 10:40, 24 June 2012 (UTC)).

Any and Every
If "some" is considered a "partitive article" and "no" is considered a "negative" article, then surely "any" and "every" should also be considered some sort of article. BigSteve (talk) 11:29, 16 May 2013 (UTC)

Hello,

Would it please be possible to include a more detailed description of the articles for some of languages which are referred to on this Wikipedia article, since that at present their descriptions are quite partial ones, and could therefor be misleading ?

I noticed this lack of detail in regard of the following languages : Norwegian, Faroese, Icelandic.

Apart of that, then in the case of the English language :

Would it please be possible for someone to provide a passage which details the different context of using a stressed "A", as well as an unstressed "A", when they are used as variations in pronunciation of an indefinite article in English ?

And on a different matter, then in regard of Hebrew : this article mentions Hebrew on several occasions ; however, when it gives an example of the definite article which is to be found in Hebrew, then it fails to mention that it realized by some several audible variations, which can be found in more than one variation of this language ; following below are a few examples : 1.) Standard Modern Israeli Hebrew features a number of written variations, with at least two of them having distinct pronunciations ( i.e., "Ha", as opposed to "Hey" ). 2.) Traditional Ashkenazi Jewish pronunciation of Hebrew may posses even more variations which are audible, further to the ones which might be written but not pronounced according to its conventions ( e.g. : "Ha", "Ho"/"Hu", "Hey/Hye", e.t.c. ). 3.)the Hebrew language which is hypothesized to have been spoken a few thousands of years ago in the historical kingdoms of Judea and Israel, might have included more variations of pronunciation for the definite article of this language, as proposed by some scholars.

Could someone please include some reference to these matters on this article, since at present it does mention Hebrew on one hand, but it only includes a partial description of its definite article, which in turn may result in an inaccurate impression.

Thanks in advance,

Thanks in advance, — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.66.110.52 (talk) 03:53, 31 December 2013 (UTC)

Plural indefinite article
The WP article discusses the concept of plural indefinite articles and gives the English word some as an example. However, it lacks a citation supporting this definition. I marked that paragraph as needing citation. I did so because the entry for indefinite article in Oxford English Dictionary does not include plurals:

"a determiner (a and an in English) that introduces a noun phrase and implies that the thing referred to is nonspecific (as in she bought me a book; government is an art; he went to a public school). Typically, the indefinite article is used to introduce new concepts into a discourse. Compare with definite article."

--Ed Brey (talk) 21:24, 17 January 2014 (UTC)

Arabic indefinite article
Classical and Modern Standard Arabic do have an indefinite article, it's the -an or -un suffix

al-sayyaara(tu) (ُالسيارة) the car --- sayyaaratun (سيارةٌ) a car

Garudamon11 (talk) 15:40, 16 November 2014 (UTC)

Greek section
Greek lists the nominative and accusative forms of the definite articles. Should it also list the genitive forms (although not quite the same thing, French lists the partitive article)? And does οι need to be repeated for masculine and feminine, given that les in the French section is not? — 91.238.123.116 (talk) 14:18, 18 June 2015 (UTC)
 * As a separate matter, because ancient Greek is still widely read, and unlike modern Greek, it does not have an indefinite pronoun (see foundalis.com/lan/artindef.htm for the ancient workarounds) might it be worth mentioning this, including in the Table, where those who study classical Greek, Koine Greek, etc., may notice that the Yes for the Indefinite article could misinform WP readers who don't realize there's been a change. Bob Enyart, Denver KGOV radio host  (talk) 00:12, 28 July 2021 (UTC)

Sindarin, Really?
Is this article a joke or a serious one? What is the purpose to include Sindarin in this important topic? Vagr7 (talk) 23:03, 18 March 2016 (UTC)
 * I have removed Sindarin from the list. Itsused (talk) 05:33, 21 August 2017 (UTC)
 * Yet you do not protest the inclusion of Esperanto or Interlingua? – Dyolf87 (talk) 15:36, 8 November 2019 (UTC)

Regarding map in "Variation among languages"
The legend for the map indicates that Icelandic only has suffixed definitive articles, which is incorrect. Icelandic also has independent definitive articles, which can be used given a certain set of circumstances, and often sounds formal and/or poetic. This would be hinn (masculine) hin (feminine) and hið (neuter). To use the independent definitive article, one must insert an adjective in between the article and the noun: hinn góði maður (the good man), hin góða kona (the good woman), hið góða barn (the good child). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.213.157.254 (talk) 22:21, 1 June 2016 (UTC)

Regarding Anglian "an" and Saxon "on"
As far as I'm aware, an to one is just normal development; long a's usually became /ɔː/ and were often spelled o_e or oa in Middle English and this has nothing to do with dialect; for example, bāt > boat, nān > none, gāst > ghost, hāl > whole, and in this case, ān > one. Can anyone source the claim about dialects? 173.84.15.238 (talk) 18:23, 18 January 2017 (UTC)

Some serious inconsistencies
“In some languages that do have articles, like for example some North Caucasian languages, the use of articles is optional but in others like English and German it is mandatory in all cases.” – Variation among languages

“Every noun must be accompanied by the article corresponding to its definiteness, and the lack of an article (considered a zero article) itself specifies a certain definiteness.” – Head paragraph

There is probably a very serious problem with how definitions are used throughout this article. Is zero article considered an article or not? Itsused (talk) 12:21, 21 August 2017 (UTC)
 * I removed the sentence which says “Every noun must be accompanied by the article corresponding to its definiteness, and the lack of an article (considered a zero article) itself specifies a certain definiteness. This is in contrast to other determiners and adjectives, which are typically optional.” until someone clarifies this. Itsused (talk) 12:36, 21 August 2017 (UTC)

Papiamento
I was surprised that you claim that Papiamento has no indefinite article, but does have a partitive article. I understand you live in an area where the language is spoken and so I am loath to suggest that you are entirely wrong about this. However, I decided to look at some texts and found that un was being used as an indefinite article, but there was no evidence whatever of a partitive article. I then went to this translation site and asked for a translation of Please give me bread and an orange. Here is the translation I was given (unedited): fabor duná mi pan í un orañe. Would you like to comment on these points? Incidentally, I found di being used for of, but not in the context of a partitive article. LynwoodF (talk) 14:12, 13 October 2018 (UTC)

 * I have now altered the entry. LynwoodF (talk) 16:28, 14 October 2018 (UTC)

Inconsistencies regarding numbered indefinite articles
In the table "Variations of articles in definiteness and inflection", the column "Numbered" distinguishes between "Yes", "No", and "Yes (if definite)". It lists English as "No", German as "Yes", and Dutch as "Yes (if definite)".

All three of these languages, however, use the null article for indefinite plural. Dutch and German both have numbered definite articles - English doesn't. So, if the null article for plural counts as having numbered articles, the correct labels should be: English: Yes (if indefinite), German: Yes, Dutch: Yes. If the null article doesn't count, then the correct labels should be: English: No, German: Yes (if definite), Dutch: Yes (if definite). DerManiac (talk) 08:31, 8 August 2019 (UTC)

Welsh article "non-gendered"? Really?
The Welsh definite article is listed as "non-gendered", but considering that feminine singular nouns undergo consonant mutation after the article would suggest that this is gendered. Ci ('dog' [masc.]) is y ci ('the dog') but cath ('cat' [fem.]) becomes y gath ('the cat'), etc. – Dyolf87 (talk) 15:35, 8 November 2019 (UTC)

 * I agree with you whole-heartedly. Even though the form of the article is unchanged, the fact that the article triggers the soft mutation in feminine singular nouns, but not in masculine nouns, amounts to gendering in my view. LynwoodF (talk) 16:08, 8 November 2019 (UTC)

 * I have changed it so that it more accurately reflects the situation with the Welsh def. article. – Dyolf87 (talk) 08:56, 9 November 2019 (UTC)

 * Thank you for this. I see you have linked to the article on Colloquial Welsh morphology, but the phenomenon also occurs in Literary Welsh. However, it would be awkward to try to link to the two separate pages, and so perhaps you have done the most sensible thing. LynwoodF (talk) 10:27, 9 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Colloquial Welsh is Welsh. The Literary language is a very conservative form of the language reserved only for literary purposes and contains many features which have since been lost in the spoken language. The colloquial language is the language of everyday speech and is thus "proper Welsh" rather than the archaic, arguably pretentious, literary standard which sits somewhere between Middle Welsh and Modern Welsh. It is for this reason that I changed the link. – Dyolf87 (talk) 09:58, 10 November 2019 (UTC)
 * That is a good point. I thought you might have a good reason for changing the link. LynwoodF (talk) 12:16, 10 November 2019 (UTC)

On a similar note, the Icelandic definite article is incorrectly listed as non-case inflected. When an Icelandic noun with a suffixed definite article is inflected, both the noun itself (i.e. without the article) and the article suffix change form according to the case. Example: hesturinn ('the horse' [nom.]), hestinum ('the horse' [dat.]). In fact, most of the forms listed for the Icelandic article are due to case inflection. So, unless I am misunderstanding the concept, the Icelandic definite article is definitely case-inflected. - 89.160.178.26 (talk) 10:42, 9 November 2019 (UTC)

 * You are right. I found this website and in this section the case inflections are shown in detail. I will see what I can do about the table in the article. LynwoodF (talk) 15:29, 9 November 2019 (UTC)

 * I have now changed the entry in the table. LynwoodF (talk) 15:41, 9 November 2019 (UTC)

 * Excellent! Thank you very much. - 89.160.178.26 (talk) 12:51, 10 November 2019 (UTC)

 * Thank you for spotting an error and teaching me something I didn't know. LynwoodF (talk) 16:17, 10 November 2019 (UTC)

No article
Is it really true that in enlish, the adverb "no" can be thought of as an article, like "kein" in German? When I say "no person has ever done something before", is that "no" really an article? --Bageense(disc.) 17:13, 8 November 2019 (UTC)

 * Well "no" is certainly used as a determiner and, in constructions where it could be replaced by "not any", I think it is reasonable to call it a negative article. LynwoodF (talk) 17:43, 8 November 2019 (UTC)

Articles in Southern Russian dialects?
I am aware that there are suffixed definite articles in some Northern Russian dialects and that they are similar to those found in Bulgarian and Macedonian, but I have not heard of articles in Southern Russian dialects. Would you please review your edit. LynwoodF (talk) 10:29, 2 February 2021 (UTC)
 * I have now had a look at the source suggested by and have found that it does not clearly support the contention, so I have decided to remove the edit. Moreover, the following words apply to Bulgarian and Macedonian, but not necessarily to any Russian dialect.
 * To clarify my stance on this point, I would mention that I researched the matter of suffixed definite articles in Scandinavia and the Balkan Sprachbund and found convincing evidence of the influence of languages in contact with the subject languages (Finno-Ugric in Scandinavia and Turkic in the Balkans). The use of suffixed definite articles in Northern Russian dialects was attributed to contact with Finno-Ugric languages.
 * LynwoodF (talk) 16:13, 2 February 2021 (UTC)
 * I somehow stupidly mistook the Southern Dialect for the Northern Dialect. Thank you for correction! Actually, how about adding the description about the Northern Dialect? I’d like to know your opinion.Yoshiciv (talk) 17:22, 2 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Hello, . Thank you for your reply. Actually, I added a brief mention of the Northern Dialects a few minutes ago. I thought it was worth noting that there were Russian dialects with definite articles. I find it interesting that they are similar to the articles in Bulgarian and Macedonian, despite having developed independently. LynwoodF (talk) 17:39, 2 February 2021 (UTC)

The Donald and The Gipper are not good examples.
Both of these nicknames are rooted in the perceived or imagined quality uniqueness. To recap what I just wrote in my edit, "The Donald" implies that Trump is uniquely important among all people named Donald, while "The Gipper" suggests an imagined verb that means "to be George Gipp" and so "The Gipper" is "the one who Gipps".

I left those examples alone, but added an example of how the grammatical rule changes if there is an adjective before the name, e.g. "*The Lionel waited..." is ungrammatical but "The great Lionel waited..." is grammatical.

I think the Donald and Gipper examples should be removed, but I don't want to do that without offering it for discussion.

(Note: In linguistics, it is standard practice to mark ungrammatical utterances with an asterisk.)Pithecanthropus4152 (talk) 05:42, 31 October 2022 (UTC)

Persian
Sorry but این and آن translate as "this" and "that", i'm not sure that's the same thing as "the" in English. I think آن can also mean "it", but I still don't think that's the same. Sameerhameedy (talk) 21:37, 20 January 2023 (UTC)

 * , I don't know sufficient about the language to know whether you are right, but I notice at Persian_grammar that there is a difference between the written and spoken usage. Are those words used informally as definite articles? LynwoodF (talk) 10:44, 21 January 2023 (UTC)

Icelandic
Icelandic has both an attached definite article (as a suffix) as well as an unattached definite article. The article (and map) is wrong to suggest that there is only an attached definite article in the form of a suffix in Icelandic. The name of the Icelandic literary society, for example, contains an unattached definite article (Hið íslenska bókmenntafélag). 89.160.209.172 (talk) 17:25, 19 February 2023 (UTC)

 * You are right, but, as I understand it, the free-standing article is something of a fossil, surviving only in a few special circumstances.
 * I found this in the WP article on Icelandic grammar:
 * "The independent or free-standing definite article (not attached to the noun as a suffix) exists in Icelandic in the form . It is mostly used in poetry and irregularly elsewhere (there are hardly any rules for the latter case; it is mainly a matter of taste)."
 * LynwoodF (talk) 23:34, 20 February 2023 (UTC)

English
Write an article on the best day of my life — Preceding unsigned comment added by TeeBoy123 (talk • contribs) 07:47, 24 February 2023 (UTC)

Biography
I was born on 27/11/1995 in unguwan sarki Bulkachuwa word, katagum LGA of Bauchi state and I joined gamawa nursery school 1999, later I joined central primary school Gamawa in 2001-2007, goes to Government Science secondary school Darazo in 2007- 2010 and I also goes to General Hassan Usman Katsina Unity college Bauchi 2010-2013, obtained certificate of Computer operator from Hadakai training center Jos 2014, obtained certificate of Computer software from Google 2019, I also joined the Bauchi state university gadau 2017-2020. Goes to my NYSC in Gombe state specialist hospital Gombe in 2020-2021. I served as assistant public health officer at general hospital azare as an during my industrial attachment 2018-2019, assistant public health officer at katagum LGA secretariat department of health during my internship 2019-2020, volunteer at Red cross Nigeria gombe branch and also a public health officer at camp clinic during NYSC orientation camp at temporary orientation camp malam sidi, Gombe state 2021, assistant Environmental health officer at Gombe state specialist hospital Gombe 2021-2021,and a volunteer as community mobilizer on health and it's related at katagum LGA secretariat department of health 2021-2022. A seller and also a customer care at L.A Gbadamosi company of Nigeria gombe, Also attended a webinar on Institute of African higher education research and innovation {IAHERI}. Which is the 1st international webinar on repositioning higher education research for institutional sustainable and development held on Saturday 20th august, 2022 at Maryam abacha university Kano. Mu'azu Uzairu Liyo (talk) 14:11, 4 August 2023 (UTC)

Why are articles called articles?
Why not call them lekadoodles? To wit, what is the etymology of the word article as used in the sense of this, rather long, ahem, article? N0w8st8s (talk) 01:36, 19 September 2023 (UTC)

Remove Esperanto and Toki Pona from main typological table
It doesn’t make sense to include constructed languages in the table “ Variations of articles in definiteness and inflection among major languages”. Including conlangs in typological data alongside natural languages doesn’t have scientific merit, since the factors that lead to typological features in natural language are completely different from the deliberate metalinguistic choices in designing conlangs.

The passage afterward about constructed languages is also a largely irrelevant tangent about the history and motivations of conlangs. I think that both elements can be distilled into a single concise section about articles in constructed languages, if it’s even necessary. Edetone (talk) 05:01, 7 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Article (grammar)


text:
Jefferson County, Kentucky

Jefferson County is a county located in the north central portion of the U.S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2020 census, the population was 782,969. It is the most populous county in the commonwealth (with more than twice the population of second ranked Fayette County).

Since a city-county merger in 2003, the county's territory, population and government have been coextensive with the city of Louisville, which also serves as county seat. The administrative entity created by this merger is the Louisville/Jefferson County Metro Government, abbreviated to Louisville Metro.

Jefferson County is the anchor of the Louisville-Jefferson County, KY-IN Metropolitan Statistical Area, locally referred to as Kentuckiana.

History
Jefferson County—originally Jefferson County, Virginia—was established by the Virginia General Assembly in June 1780, when it abolished and partitioned Kentucky County into three counties: Fayette, Jefferson and Lincoln. Named for Thomas Jefferson, who was governor of Virginia at the time, it was one of Kentucky's nine original counties on June 1, 1792.

In 1778, during the American Revolutionary War, George Rogers Clark's militia and 60 civilian settlers, established the first American settlement in the county on Corn Island in the Ohio River, at head of the Falls of the Ohio. They moved to the mainland the following year, establishing Louisville.

Richard Mentor Johnson, the 9th Vice President of the United States, was born in Jefferson County in 1780, while the family was living in a settlement along the Beargrass Creek.

The last major American Indian raid in present-day Jefferson County was the Chenoweth Massacre on July 17, 1789.

Government
Whenever possible, the metro government generally avoids any self-reference including the name "Jefferson County" and has even renamed the Jefferson County Courthouse as Metro Hall.

Prior to the 2003 merger, the head of local government was the County Judge/Executive, a post that still exists but now has few powers. The office is currently held by Queenie Averette.

Local government is effectively now led by the Mayor of Louisville Metro, Craig Greenberg.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 398 sqmi, of which 380 sqmi is land and 17 sqmi (4.3%) is water. The Ohio River forms its northern boundary with the state of Indiana.

The highest point is South Park Hill, elevation 902 ft, located in the southern part of the county. The lowest point is 383 ft along the Ohio River just north of West Point.

Adjacent counties

 * Bullitt County (south)
 * Shelby County (east)
 * Oldham County (northeast)
 * Spencer County (southeast)
 * Hardin County (southwest)
 * Clark County, Indiana (north)
 * Harrison County, Indiana (west)
 * Floyd County, Indiana (northwest)

2020 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 693,604 people, 287,012 households, and 183,113 families residing in the county. The population density was 1801 /sqmi. There were 305,835 housing units at an average density of 794 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the county was 77.38% White, 18.88% Black or African American, 0.22% Native American, 1.39% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.68% from other races, and 1.42% from two or more races. 1.78% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 287,012 households, out of which 29.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.20% were married couples living together, 14.70% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.20% were non-families. 30.50% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.97.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 24.30% under the age of 18, 8.90% from 18 to 24, 30.40% from 25 to 44, 22.80% from 45 to 64, and 13.50% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.60 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $54,357 (2018), and the median income for a family was $49,161 (2005). Males had a median income of $36,484 versus $26,255 for females (2005). The per capita income for the county was $31,980 (2018). About 14.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.1% of those under age 18 and 8.2% of those age 65 or over (2018).

Communities
Since the formation of Louisville Metro on January 6, 2003, residents of the cities below also became citizens of the newly expanded Metro, but none of the incorporated places dissolved in the process. The functions formerly served by the county government for the towns were assumed by Louisville Metro. However, the former City of Louisville was effectively absorbed into the new city-county government.

 * Anchorage
 * Audubon Park
 * Bancroft
 * Barbourmeade
 * Beechwood Village
 * Bellemeade
 * Bellewood
 * Blue Ridge Manor
 * Briarwood
 * Broad Fields
 * Broeck Pointe
 * Brownsboro Farm
 * Brownsboro Village
 * Buechel †
 * Cambridge
 * Cherrywood Village
 * Coldstream
 * Creekside
 * Crossgate
 * Douglass Hills
 * Druid Hills
 * Fairdale †
 * Fairmeade
 * Fern Creek †
 * Fincastle
 * Fisherville
 * Forest Hills
 * Glenview Hills
 * Glenview Manor
 * Glenview
 * Goose Creek
 * Graymoor-Devondale
 * Green Spring
 * Heritage Creek
 * Hickory Hill
 * Highview †
 * Hills and Dales
 * Hollow Creek
 * Hollyvilla
 * Houston Acres
 * Hurstbourne Acres
 * Hurstbourne
 * Indian Hills
 * Jeffersontown
 * Keeneland
 * Kingsley
 * Langdon Place
 * Lincolnshire
 * Louisville
 * Lyndon
 * Lynnview
 * Manor Creek
 * Maryhill Estates
 * Meadow Vale
 * Meadowbrook Farm
 * Meadowview Estates
 * Middletown
 * Mockingbird Valley
 * Moorland
 * Murray Hill
 * Newburg †
 * Norbourne Estates
 * Northfield
 * Norwood
 * Okolona †
 * Old Brownsboro Place
 * Parkway Village
 * Penile
 * Plantation
 * Pleasure Ridge Park †
 * Plymouth Village
 * Poplar Hills
 * Prospect
 * Richlawn
 * Riverwood
 * Rolling Fields
 * Rolling Hills
 * Seneca Gardens
 * Shively
 * South Park View
 * Spring Mill
 * Spring Valley
 * Springlee
 * St. Dennis †
 * St. Matthews
 * St. Regis Park
 * Strathmoor Manor
 * Strathmoor Village
 * Sycamore
 * Ten Broeck
 * Thornhill
 * Valley Station †
 * Watterson Park
 * Waverly Hills
 * Wellington
 * West Buechel
 * Westwood
 * Whipps Millgate
 * Wildwood
 * Windy Hills
 * Woodland Hills
 * Woodlawn Park
 * Worthington Hills

 * † Formerly a census-designated place in the county, but, in 2003, these places became, according to local media, neighborhoods within the city limits of Louisville Metro.

Politics
Jefferson County has voted for the Democratic candidate in every presidential election since 1992. In the 2019 gubernatorial election, it voted for Democrat Andy Beshear by a higher percentage than any other county in Kentucky, giving him 67% of the vote.

Education
The public school districts for the county are: Jefferson County School District (JCPS) and Anchorage Independent School District. The Anchorage district only covers grades K-8; Anchorage district residents may attend JCPS or Oldham County Schools.

Kentucky School for the Blind, a state-operated school, is in Louisville.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Jefferson County, Kentucky


text:
Jackson County, Kentucky

Jackson County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Kentucky. As of the 2020 census, the population was 12,955. Its county seat is McKee. The county was formed in 1858 from land given by Madison, Estill, Owsley, Clay, Laurel, and Rockcastle counties. It was named for Andrew Jackson, seventh President of the United States. Jackson County became a moist county via a "local-option" referendum in the Fall of 2019 that legalized the sale of alcoholic beverages in the city of McKee.

One fourth of Jackson County is within the Daniel Boone National Forest (56,000 acres), making it representative of eastern Kentucky's unique Appalachian topography, wildlife, and heritage. The county is home to many attractions and recreation spots such as Flat Lick Falls, public national forest campgrounds Turkey Foot and S-Tree, and the centermost trailhead (located in the county seat, McKee) of the historic Sheltowee Trace.

Jackson County is the birthplace of the Grand Ole Opry star David "Stringbean" Akeman, and the site of the annually reenacted Battle of Big Hill, the Civil War skirmish that led to the Battle of Richmond in Madison County.

National recreation areas
The S-Tree campground sits on a ridge above Horse Lick Creek near McKee in Jackson County. A small picnic area features a historic picnic shelter that was constructed in the 1930s by the Civilian Conservation Corps. The campground receives heavy weekend use from off-highway vehicle users who ride the adjacent Sheltowee Trace National Recreation Trail and the Renfro Loop Trail. These trails may be accessed from the campground.

The Turkey Foot campground is nestled along the banks of War Fork Creek in Jackson County. The creek is stocked with trout throughout the year. All of the campsites are wooded. A playfield with a horseshoe pit is located at the end of camping sites alongside the creek. Trails include the Turkey Foot Loop Trail and the Sheltowee Trace National Recreation Trail.

Flat Lick Falls is tucked into the hills of southern Jackson County and consists of recreational facilities which include primitive camping, picnic shelters, and restrooms. The park features 86.09 acres of wooded land, cliffs and Flat Lick Creek running through the middle of the park with a 28-foot water fall emptying into a large pool at the bottom of the falls. The creek flows into the Laurel Fork Creek. The falls can be viewed up close via the meandering paths along the cliff line including a paved path leading to a wheelchair accessible viewing platform. Sheltowee Trace National Recreation Trail is over 300 miles of National Recreation Trail, established in 1979, in the Appalachian region of the Eastern U.S., and reaches from northern Rowan County, Kentucky to the Leather Wood Trail Head in the Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area just across the Tennessee border. The Trail runs mostly through the Daniel Boone National Forest, and is named for the Shawnee word for “Big Turtle”, which was the name given to Daniel Boone in 1779 when he was adopted as the son of the great warrior chief Blackfish. Jackson County encompasses approximately 35 miles of the Sheltowee Trace, which is open to hiking, horseback riding, and mountain bikes. Some sections also allow all-terrain vehicles.

Public parks

 * Bond Memorial Park
 * Jack Gabbard Park
 * McKee City Park
 * Gray Hawk Community Park
 * Sand Gap Community Park
 * Worthington Park
 * Jackson Energy Farm/Recreational Fields

Lakes and reservoirs

 * Beulah Lake
 * Owsley Fork Reservoir
 * McKee Reservoir

National protected areas

 * Daniel Boone National Forest (part)
 * Mill Creek Wildlife Management Area

Geography
Jackson County is located on the edge of the Cumberland Plateau and Eastern Kentucky Coalfields region of Kentucky, adjacent to the Kentucky Bluegrass region. Because of this, the county's motto is "where the mountains and the bluegrass blend." The elevation of the county ranges from 600 ft. to 1600 ft. above sea level. The Middle Fork of the Rockcastle River originates in southern Jackson County. Karst landscapes can also be found in the northern part of the county, creating notable caves such as Wind Cave near Turkey Foot campground.

Major routes

 * US Route 421
 * KY Route 30
 * KY Route 290
 * KY Route 3630 (Old KY Route 30)

US Route 421 serves as the county's north–south corridor, connecting it to Madison County, the cities of Richmond and Berea, and I-75 to the north. While it connects the county to Clay County, the city of Manchester, and the Hal Rogers Parkway to the south. This route also connects the communities of Sandgap, McKee and Tyner within the county.

KY Route 30 is a newly constructed highway that serves as the main east–west corridor, passing through the southern part of the county, through the communities of Annville and Tyner. It is referred to as the Interstate 75 - Mountain Parkway connector. It connects the county to both of these major freeways as well as to the cities of London (Laurel County), Booneville (Owsley County), and Beattyville (Lee County).

KY Route 290 connects US Route 421 in McKee to KY Route 3630 in Annville.

Adjacent counties

 * Estill County (north)
 * Lee County (northeast)
 * Owsley County (east)
 * Clay County (southeast)
 * Laurel County (southwest)
 * Rockcastle County (west)
 * Madison County (northwest)

Jackson County Fair & Homecoming
This event is held annually on the Friday and Saturday before Labor Day. Activities include a show, craft exhibits, musical entertainment, clogging, vendors, food trucks, and a parade.

Sheltowee Trace Artisans Fair
Local and guest artisans from across the state and beyond come to teach, demonstrate, and sell their crafts at this event, which is held during the first weekend in May.

Battle of Big Hill Reenactment
The reenactment takes place the third weekend of August at the Jackson Energy Farm on HWY 290, about 6 miles south of McKee. A family-friendly outdoor event, reenactments generally take place over two days, and consist of games, historical speakers, a ladies and gentlemen's tea, food, and music before the actual battle. After dark, couples can follow the cues of the square dancing caller at the Civil War Ball, featuring local musicians playing songs from the era.

Stringbean Music Festival
Most people remember David "Stringbean" Akemon from the old television show "Hee-Haw" but folks in Jackson County knew him as brother, uncle, and friend. Although a famous performer, "Stringbean" returned often to his home in Jackson County. In June 1996, Porter Wagoner, Grandpa & Ramona Jones, Mac Wiseman and a host of other entertainers and friends gathered to unveil a larger than life statue of Stringbean, and established a memorial in his honor. Since then, the festive has grown tremendously. Today, two festivals are held - one in June and one in October - and both feature nationally known bluegrass music performers, as well as mountain arts and crafts.

Economy
The Jackson County Industrial Development Authority (JCIDA) assists with economic development efforts in the county. The authority manages 3 industrial parks in the county which include the Jackson County Regional Industrial Park in Annville, the McKee Industrial Park in McKee, and the Northern Jackson County Industrial Park in Sandgap.

Major employers in Jackson County include:

 * Jackson County Public Schools
 * People's Rural Telephone Cooperative (PRTC)
 * Jackson Energy Cooperative
 * Bear Precision Coatings
 * DTS Industries
 * JC Tech Industries
 * The Allen Company (Clover Bottom Limestone Quarry)
 * Phillips Diversified Manufacturing
 * Senture
 * Teleworks USA

Utilities
Jackson County is served by Jackson Energy, which is based in the City of McKee, and serves Jackson County and surrounding counties such as Lee County, Owsley County, Clay County, Laurel County, Rockcastle County, and Madison County. Jackson County, Owsley County, and Clay County are served by Peoples Rural Telephone Cooperative, also based in the City of McKee. Water is provided by the Jackson County Water Association and garbage pickup is provided by Woods Sanitation. Residents within the City of McKee are served by McKee Water and Sewer.

Healthcare
Jackson County does not have a hospital. Nearby facilities include Saint Joseph Hospital (Berea), Baptist Health Hospital (Richmond), Advent Health (Manchester), Saint Joseph Hospital (London) and, Rockcastle Regional Hospital. (Mt. Vernon)

Emergency medical services for Jackson County are provided by the Jackson County Ambulance Service. Jackson County does have a few primary care facilities which include the White House Clinic, McKee Medical Clinic, Advent Health Clinic, and Annville Medical Clinic.

2020 census
As of the census of 2020, there were 12,955 people and 5,417 households in the county. The population density was 37.5 /sqmi. There were 5,978 housing units. The racial makeup of the county was 97.5% White, 0.4% Black or African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0% Pacific Islander, 0.8% from two or more races, and 0.9% Hispanic or Latino of any race.

23.3% of the population are under the age of 18 and 18% of the population are 65 years of age or older. There are 529 veterans residing within the county.

The median income for a household in the county was $31,515. The per capita income for the county was $17,573. About 24% of the population are below the poverty line.

The median value for housing units is $83,100 and the average rent is $526 a month.

72.1% of the population has a high school education or higher. 10.2% of the population has a bachelor's degree or higher. 78.8% of households have a computer and 70.7% have a broadband internet subscription.

City

 * McKee (county seat)

Census-designated place

 * Annville (largest community)

Unincorporated places

 * Gray Hawk
 * Sand Gap
 * Tyner

National politics
In presidential elections, Jackson County has voted Republican since the Civil War and has never voted Democratic. Lyndon Johnson in 1964 and Bill Clinton in 1996 are the only Democratic candidates to ever win as much as 20% of the county's vote. The only time Jackson County has not voted for the Republican Party was in its first election of 1860 when the county went to Constitutional Unionist John Bell, and in 1912 when the Republican Party was split and third party candidate Theodore Roosevelt carried the county with 52 percent of the vote over William Howard Taft with 34 percent.

Jackson County has a strong history of giving Republican candidates some of their highest winning percentages in the nation. This was the case in the 1928, 1948, 1960, 1976, 1988, and 1992 presidential elections. In 1992 Jackson County, along with Sioux County, Iowa, were the only two counties in the U.S. to vote for Republican George H. W. Bush by over 70 percent in his re-election campaign. Additionally, Republican Alf Landon, who lost 46 of 48 states, received over 89 percent of Jackson County's vote in 1936.

Local and state politics
Jackson County is part of Kentucky's 5th Congressional District, which is represented by Republican Hal Rogers. In the Kentucky House of Representatives, the county is in the 89th District and is represented by Republican Timmy Truett. In the Kentucky Senate, the county is in the 21st District and is represented by Republican Brandon J. Storm.

Prohibition
The entirety of Jackson County prohibited the sale of alcoholic beverages from the years 1937 until 2019 when the City of McKee held a vote during the 2019 General Election regarding the ability for the city to grant licenses to businesses for selling alcoholic beverages. The vote's results were 100 in favor of selling alcohol to 81 who were not.

Education
There are no higher education institutes within the county.

Public education
The county is served by Jackson County Public Schools which operates the following schools:
 * McKee Elementary School
 * Sand Gap Elementary School
 * Tyner Elementary School
 * Jackson County Middle School
 * Jackson County High School
 * Jackson County Area Technology Center

Private education

 * Annville Christian Academy (K-12)

Public library
Jackson County has a lending library, the Jackson County Public Library, located in downtown McKee.

Notable people

 * David "Stringbean" Akeman (1915–1973), country music star
 * Andrew N. Johnson (1876–1959), Prohibition Party nominee for vice president of the United States in 1944
 * Freddie Langdon (1922–1988), world champion fiddler

title: Jackson County, Kentucky


text:
Hopkins County, Kentucky

Hopkins County is a county located in the western part of the U.S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2020 census, the population was 45,423. Its county seat is Madisonville. Hopkins County was created December 9, 1806, from Henderson County. It was named for General Samuel Hopkins, an officer in both the American Revolutionary War and War of 1812, and later a Kentucky legislator and U.S. Congressman.

The Madisonville, Kentucky Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all of Hopkins County.

The topography ranges from flatlands along the broad river valleys of the Pond River, Tradewater River, and Green River, to hilly and rolling land in the southern and central parts of the county. Coal mines operate in the southern part of Hopkins County and agriculture is a mainstay in the northern part. Major crops are soybeans, corn, and tobacco. Along with coal, resources include oil and natural gas.

History
The earliest inhabitants were prehistoric Native Americans who lived, hunted, and farmed in the region. One of their settlements was a rough stone structure on Fort Ridge, which has since been destroyed by strip mining for coal. Some of the early settlers were Revolutionary War veterans who received land grants for their service from Virginia in the area southwest of the Green River. Among these was Baron Von Steuben, a Prussian officer who had trained George Washington's Continental Army at Valley Forge during the winter of 1776–77. He had received a grant of several thousand acres in the northwest part of the county. According to tradition, Von Steuben was wounded in an Indian attack on his first visit to Kentucky. He then quit-claimed his property. Nevertheless, a salt spring on his grant came to be known as Steuben's Lick. By the 1880s, the community that grew up around the lick was known as Manitou.

Roads in the county often followed animal trails that led to salt and mineral springs. The major traces were those which connected the county seat at Madisonville with Henderson to the north, Hopkinsville to the south, and Russellville to the southeast. Numerous other trails led to the mills and ferries on the Pond and Tradewater Rivers and their tributaries.

On January 3, 1829, Ashbyburg in the northeastern part of the county was incorporated. Located on the Green River, it thrived as a steamboat landing during the 19th century. Other antebellum communities included Nebo, Kentucky, northwest of Madisonville, and Charleston, Kentucky, named after "Free Charles," a black freedman who operated a tavern in the southwest part of the county.

Hopkins County was divided by the American Civil War. Union supporters joined the 35th Kentucky Infantry (Mounted), a regiment recruited locally in late 1863 by James M. Shackelford, while in 1862 Adam Rankin Johnson had recruited Confederate troops for his 10th Kentucky Cavalry Regiment. The courthouse in Madisonville was burned by Kentucky Confederates led by Gen. Hylan Benton Lyon on December 17, 1864, as they passed through western Kentucky, since it was being used to house Union soldiers.

However, the harsh policies imposed by the occupying Union armies caused much resentment and served to increase the sympathy for the Confederate cause. Because of that, the majority of the white population voted for the Democratic Party well into the 20th century.

Farming was the major occupation in Hopkins County for most of the 19th century, with tobacco the leading crop. Around 1837 local blacksmith James Woolfolk found an outcropping of coal on his land.

Post-Civil War
John Bayless Earle, whom the town of Earlington, Kentucky was named for, opened the first coal mine in the county in 1869. Mining did not become a major industry until the Louisville & Nashville Railroad pushed its line southward from Henderson through Madisonville and toward Nashville in 1870.

Two years later, the Elizabethtown and Paducah Railroad (now Paducah and Louisville Railway) entered the county from the east. Many new communities were first established as railroad stops, including Crofton, Hanson, Mortons Gap, Nortonville, and White Plains. Dawson Springs, in the southwestern part of the county, began to thrive in the 1880s as a health resort, but its popularity had faded by the time of the Great Depression of the 1930s.

Economy and politics: late 20th century to present
Beginning in 1968, the majority white voters began to favor Republican Party presidential candidates. Since 2000, they have consistently voted for Republican candidates for the presidency (see table below), and increasingly so in local and statewide elections as well.

By 1970, Hopkins County was the second-largest producer of coal in the Western Coal Field, after Muhlenberg County, and the third-largest coal producer in the entire state after Muhlenberg and Pike County. In 1971 the county also ranked fifth in Kentucky in oil production.

Coal and oil-related businesses were major county employers by 1990. Development of resources was aided by the construction of the north–south Pennyrile Parkway and the east–west Western Kentucky Parkway through the county by the early 1970s. In 1987 farms occupied 41 percent of the land area, with 72 percent of farmland under cultivation.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 554 sqmi, of which 542 sqmi is land and 12 sqmi (2.2%) is water.

Adjacent counties

 * Webster County (northwest)
 * McLean County (northeast)
 * Muhlenberg County (southeast)
 * Christian County (south)
 * Caldwell County (southwest)

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 46,519 people, 18,820 households, and 13,399 families residing in the county. The population density was 84 /sqmi. There were 20,668 housing units at an average density of 38 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the county was 92.02% White, 6.21% Black or African American, 0.19% Native American, 0.34% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.37% from other races, and 0.86% from two or more races. 0.91% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 18,820 households, out of which 31.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.30% were married couples living together, 11.90% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.80% were non-families. 25.80% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 2.91.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 24.20% under the age of 18, 8.30% from 18 to 24, 28.20% from 25 to 44, 24.60% from 45 to 64, and 14.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 91.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.70 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $30,868, and the median income for a family was $36,794. Males had a median income of $31,400 versus $20,014 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,382. About 13.60% of families and 16.50% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.40% of those under age 18 and 10.50% of those age 65 or over.

Education
Two public school districts operate in the county. Hopkins County Schools serves most of the county, except for most of the city of Dawson Springs, which is covered by the Dawson Springs Independent School District. The Dawson Springs district operates a single K-12 facility, Dawson Springs Community School.

As of July 2017, Hopkins County Schools' adopted a tobacco-free policy that stated that all tobacco products, including alternative nicotine products and vapor products were prohibited for use by anyone, anywhere on district grounds. The ban extends to outdoor events and inside vehicles on district grounds. The policy also applies to community groups that use school facilities and to field trips and any school-sponsored activity.

Elementary schools

 * Grapevine Elementary
 * Hanson Elementary
 * Jesse Stuart Elementary
 * Pride Elementary
 * Southside Elementary
 * West Broadway Elementary
 * West Hopkins School
 * Dawson Springs Community School
 * Christ The King Elementary

Middle schools

 * Browning Springs Middle School
 * James Madison Middle School
 * South Hopkins Middle School
 * West Hopkins School
 * Dawson Springs Community School

High schools

 * Hopkins County Central High School
 * Madisonville North Hopkins High School
 * Dawson Springs Community School
 * Grace Baptist

Community College

 * Madisonville Community College

Media

 * The Madisonville Messenger, established in 1917, is the daily newspaper (Tues-Sun) and website (the-messenger.com) serving Hopkins, Webster and Muhlenberg counties.
 * SurfKY News Group, Inc. was established in 2008, and served Western Kentucky for several years, but has closed.

Cities

 * Dawson Springs (partly in Caldwell County)
 * Earlington
 * Hanson
 * Madisonville (county seat)
 * Mortons Gap
 * Nebo
 * Nortonville
 * St. Charles
 * White Plains

Census-designated place

 * Manitou

Unincorporated communities

 * Anton
 * Ashbyburg
 * Barnsley
 * Charleston
 * Coiltown
 * Dalton
 * Daniel Boone
 * Fiddle Bow
 * Fies
 * Grapevine
 * Hecla
 * Ilsley
 * Richland
 * Sixth Vein
 * Wicks Well

title: Hopkins County, Kentucky


text:
Hickman County, Kentucky

Hickman County is a county located in the U.S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2020 census, the population was 4,521, making it the third-least populous county in Kentucky. Its county seat is Clinton. The county was formed in 1821. It is the least densely populated county in the state and is a prohibition or dry county.

History
Founded in 1821, Hickman County was the seventy-first in order of formation. It was named for Captain Paschal Hickman of the 1st Rifle Regiment, Kentucky Militia. A resident of Franklin County, Kentucky, Hickman was wounded and captured at the Battle of Frenchtown in January 1813 and was killed by Indians in the Massacre of the River Raisin.

Columbus, Kentucky, in the northwest of the county and located on the Mississippi River, was the original county seat. A log structure built in 1823 served as the courthouse. In 1830, the county seat was moved to the more centrally located Clinton. Since 1845 when Fulton County, Kentucky was partitioned, Hickman County has maintained its current borders.

In 1861, early in the American Civil War, the Confederate Army established Fort de Russey on the strategically located bluffs at Columbus across the river from Belmont, Missouri. Confederate General Leonidas Polk knew it was important to control the river, and wanted to extend a massive chain across the Mississippi to block Union forces from going downstream. (This was never achieved.) The fort was garrisoned with several thousand troops and a six-gun battery was installed; a smaller force was based at a Confederate camp in Belmont.

Union Gen. Ulysses S. Grant moved troops from his base at Cairo, Illinois, and attacked Belmont in November 1861, his first battle of the war. He was ultimately defeated by Confederate troops sent from Columbus across the river to reinforce the Confederate defense; they were led by Polk. The former site of the Confederate fortifications near Columbus, Kentucky is now the Columbus-Belmont State Park, commemorating all the actions of the day that led to Union defeat here.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 253 sqmi, of which 242 sqmi is land and 11 sqmi (4.3%) is water. The elevation in the county ranges from 276 to 510 ft above sea level. The county's western border is formed by the Mississippi River, nearly a mile wide here, with the state of Missouri on the other side. Some portions of the county are landlocked to Missouri west of the Mississippi.

Adjacent counties

 * Carlisle County (north)
 * Graves County (east)
 * Weakley County, Tennessee (southeast)
 * Obion County, Tennessee (south)
 * Fulton County (south)
 * Mississippi County, Missouri (west)

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 5,262 people, 2,188 households, and 1,542 families residing in the county. The population density was 22 /sqmi. There were 2,436 housing units at an average density of 10 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the county was 88.35% White, 9.90% Black or African American, 0.29% Native American, 0.06% Asian, 0.17% from other races, and 1.24% from two or more races. 1.03% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 2,188 households, out of which 28.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.50% were married couples living together, 10.80% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.50% were non-families. 27.60% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.82.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 22.10% under the age of 18, 6.90% from 18 to 24, 26.70% from 25 to 44, 25.90% from 45 to 64, and 18.50% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 91.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.90 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $31,615, and the median income for a family was $37,049. Males had a median income of $28,438 versus $18,506 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,279. About 14.20% of families and 17.40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.70% of those under age 18 and 13.80% of those age 65 or over.

Cities

 * Clinton (county seat)
 * Columbus

Unincorporated communities

 * Bugg
 * Hailwell
 * Moscow
 * New Cypress
 * Oakton

Notable people

 * Robert Burns Smith, third Governor of Montana

Politics
Hickman's voting pattern is typical for a county politically aligned with the Solid South, being quite loyal to the Democrats even during some of their biggest nationwide defeats until 1968. For the remainder of the century, it still largely leaned Democratic, but starting in 2000, has become increasingly Republican in every new election.

title: Hickman County, Kentucky


text:
Henry County, Kentucky

Henry County is a county located in the north central portion of the U.S. state of Kentucky bordering the Kentucky River. As of the 2020 census, the population was 15,678. Its county seat is New Castle, but its largest city is Eminence. The county was founded in 1798 from portions of Shelby County. It was named for the statesman and governor of Virginia Patrick Henry. Henry County is included in the Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN Metropolitan Statistical Area. Since the 1990s, it has become an increasingly important exurb, especially as land prices have become higher in neighboring Oldham County. With regard to the sale of alcohol, it is classified as a wet county.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 291 sqmi, of which 286 sqmi is land and 4.8 sqmi (1.7%) is water.

Adjacent counties

 * Carroll County (north)
 * Owen County (east)
 * Franklin County (southeast)
 * Shelby County (south)
 * Oldham County (west)
 * Trimble County (northwest)

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 15,060 people, 5,844 households, and 4,330 families residing in the county. The population density was 52 /sqmi. There were 6,381 housing units at an average density of 22 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the county was 93.97% White, 3.30% Black or African American, 0.24% Native American, 0.35% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 1.26% from other races, and 0.86% from two or more races. 2.25% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 5,844 households, out of which 33.80% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.70% were married couples living together, 10.40% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.90% were non-families. 22.00% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 2.97.

The age distribution was 25.40% under the age of 18, 7.90% from 18 to 24, 29.70% from 25 to 44, 24.70% from 45 to 64, and 12.30% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.90 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $37,263, and the median income for a family was $45,009. Males had a median income of $31,478 versus $21,982 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,846. About 10.40% of families and 13.70% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.50% of those under age 18 and 19.90% of those age 65 or over.

Cities

 * Campbellsburg
 * Eminence
 * New Castle (county seat)
 * Pleasureville (partly in Shelby County)
 * Smithfield

Unincorporated communities

 * Bethlehem
 * Defoe
 * Franklinton
 * Lockport
 * Pendleton
 * Port Royal
 * Sligo
 * Sulphur
 * Turners Station

Notable residents

 * Wendell Berry, writer
 * Reuben T. Durrett, lawyer, author, and Kentucky historian
 * William J. Graves, U.S. congressman

Education
School districts include:
 * Henry County School District
 * Eminence Independent School District

title: Henry County, Kentucky


text:
Henderson County, Kentucky

Henderson County is a county in the U.S. state of Kentucky. The county is located in western Kentucky on the Ohio River across from Evansville, Indiana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 44,793. Its county seat is Henderson.

The county was formed in 1798 and named for Richard Henderson who purchased 17,000,000 acre of land from the Cherokee, part of which would later make up the county.

Henderson County lies within the West Kentucky Coal Field area. It is also part of the Evansville, IN-KY Metropolitan Statistical Area.

History
The Transylvania Co., also known as Richard Henderson & Co., in 1775 purchased from the Cherokees a large swath of wilderness between the Kentucky River and Cumberland River, encompassing approximately half of what would become Kentucky as well as a portion of northern Tennessee. Their intention was to establish a 14th colony to be called Transylvania Colony. To help attract people to purchase land and populate the region, Henderson & Co. hired pioneer, explorer, woodsman, and frontiersman Daniel Boone to lead settlers through Cumberland Gap and direct woodsmen to cut the Wilderness Road through the Kentucky forest. However, the Continental Congress declined to act on Transylvania Co.'s petition without the consent of Virginia and North Carolina, which laid claim to the disputed lands.

In December 1778, Virginia's Assembly declared the Transylvania claim void. In compensation, Henderson and his partners received a grant of 200,000 acres on the Ohio River below the mouth of Green River. In 1797, the surviving Transylvania Company investors and heirs sent Samuel Hopkins and Thomas Allin to the Henderson Grant land to lay out a town and mark off land for the respective investors. The location they selected for the town was the site of an existing settlement that sat high above the Ohio River called Red Banks. The new town was subsequently named Henderson.

Henderson County was created out of Christian County in December 1798, and was officially established in May 1799. Henderson was designed as its county seat. The county initially encompassed a larger area than it does today. It was reduced in size when Hopkins County was formed in 1806, when Union County was established in 1811, and when Webster County was established in 1860.

In August 1799, serial killers Micajah and Wiley Harpe came to the house of Moses Stegall, near what is now Dixon in Webster County, and murdered his wife, child, and a visitor. Moses Stegall later tracked down the brothers, and killed Micajah Harpe, cutting off his head and hanging it in a tree as a warning to other outlaws. Wiley Harpe was captured and hanged four years later in Mississippi.

During the 19th century, a cultivar of dark tobacco raised in Henderson County became very popular in Great Britain and continental Europe. Henderson became the largest dark-tobacco market in the world, generating considerable wealth in Henderson County. Around 1880, Henderson had 17 stemmeries in the city and 18 in the county. Stemmeries were where tobacco was stripped from its stem and made ready for use. However, tobacco production in Henderson County declined through the 20th century and early 21st century, with few farmers still raising the labor-intensive crop.

A peninsula across the Ohio from Henderson, which now forms Union Township, Vanderburgh County, Indiana, was the subject of Handly's Lessee v. Anthony, a U.S. Supreme Court case in 1820. An area known as "Green River Island" is part of Kentucky, even though it is on the Indiana side of the Ohio River. The Ellis Park Race Course is located there.

A workplace shooting occurred at an Atlantis Plastics factory in Henderson, Kentucky, United States on June 25, 2008. The gunman, 25-year-old Wesley Neal Higdon, shot and killed five people and critically injured a sixth, before taking his own life. The mass murder is the worst in the history of Henderson County, surpassing the triple homicides that took place in 1799 and 1955.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 466 sqmi, of which 437 sqmi is land and 30 sqmi (6.4%) is water. The county's northern border with Indiana is mostly formed by the Ohio River, though some of the county lies north of the river.

Adjacent counties

 * Posey County, Indiana (northwest)
 * Vanderburgh County, Indiana (north)
 * Warrick County, Indiana (northeast)
 * Daviess County (east)
 * McLean County (southeast)
 * Webster County (south)
 * Union County (west)

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 44,829 people, 18,095 households, and 12,576 families residing in the county. The population density was 102 /sqmi. There were 19,466 housing units at an average density of 44 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the county was 91.16% White, 7.10% Black or African American, 0.16% Native American, 0.33% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.39% from other races, and 0.86% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 0.97% of the population.

There were 18,095 households, out of which 32.40% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.40% were married couples living together, 11.60% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.50% were non-families. 26.40% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 2.93.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 24.60% under the age of 18, 8.40% from 18 to 24, 30.00% from 25 to 44, 23.90% from 45 to 64, and 13.10% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.60 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $35,892, and the median income for a family was $44,703. Males had a median income of $33,838 versus $22,572 for females. The per capita income for the county was $18,470. About 9.70% of families and 12.30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.20% of those under age 18 and 10.10% of those age 65 or over.

Cities

 * Corydon
 * Henderson (county seat)
 * Robards

Census-designated places

 * Anthoston
 * Poole (partially in Webster County)
 * Spottsville

Other unincorporated places

 * Alzey
 * Baskett
 * Bluff City
 * Cairo
 * Dixie
 * Finley Addition
 * Geneva
 * Graham Hill
 * Hebbardsville
 * Niagara
 * Reed
 * Smith Mills
 * Weaverton
 * Wilson
 * Zion

Ghost town

 * Scuffletown

Notable people

 * John James Audubon, ornithologist, painter and naturalist, lived in Henderson 1810–1819
 * LaVerne Butler, Kentucky clergyman and university president; born in Henderson County in 1926
 * Happy Chandler, 44th and 49th governor of Kentucky; born in the farming community of Corydon, Kentucky in 1898
 * Ewing Galloway, journalist and one-time county prosecutor; born in Little Dixie, Kentucky in 1880
 * W. C. Handy, musician and composer who became known as the "father of the blues"; lived in Henderson during the 1890s, performing in bands
 * Grandpa Jones, country entertainer; born in 1913 in the small farming community of Niagara, Kentucky
 * Gary L. Littrell, Command Sergeant Major, born in Henderson in 1944
 * Luther Skaggs Jr., Marine corporal; born in Henderson, Kentucky in 1923

title: Henderson County, Kentucky


text:
Hart County, Kentucky

Hart County is a county located in the south central portion of the Commonwealth of Kentucky. As of the 2020 census, the population was 19,288. Its county seat is Munfordville, its largest city is Horse Cave. Hart County is a prohibition or dry county.

History
Hart County was formed in 1819 from portions of Hardin and Barren counties. The county is named for Captain Nathaniel G. S. Hart, a Kentucky militia officer in the War of 1812 who was wounded at the Battle of Frenchtown and died in the Massacre of the River Raisin.

The Battle of Munfordville, a Confederate victory, was fought in the county in 1862, during the American Civil War.

A courthouse fire in January 1928 resulted in the loss of some county records.

In 1989 the Amish settlement near Munfordville was founded. It has ties to the Geauga Amish settlement in Ohio, from where many of the Munfordville Amish came. It is the fastest growing Amish settlement in America and had 14 church districts and a total population of about 1,800 people.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 418 sqmi, of which 412 sqmi is land and 5.8 sqmi (1.4%) is water.

Fauna
A female wolf shot in 2013 in Hart County by a hunter was the first gray wolf seen in Kentucky in modern times.

Adjacent counties

 * Hardin County (north/EST Border)
 * LaRue County (northeast/EST Border)
 * Green County (east)
 * Metcalfe County (southeast)
 * Barren County (south)
 * Edmonson County (southwest)
 * Grayson County (northwest)

Natural features
A portion of Mammoth Cave National Park and the cave for which it is named is located in western Hart County.

The Fisher Ridge Cave System is located in Hart County. it has been mapped to a length of 125 mi and is the fifth-longest cave in the United States and the tenth-longest cave in the world.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 17,445 people, 6,769 households, and 4,812 families residing in the county. The population density was 42 /sqmi. There were 8,045 housing units at an average density of 19 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the county was 92.58% White, 6.20% Black or African American, 0.22% Native American, 0.11% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.18% from other races, and 0.69% from two or more races. 0.86% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 6,769 households, out of which 32.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.80% were married couples living together, 10.40% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.90% were non-families. 25.30% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.05.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 25.70% under the age of 18, 8.60% from 18 to 24, 28.20% from 25 to 44, 23.50% from 45 to 64, and 13.90% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 96.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.20 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $25,378, and the median income for a family was $31,746. Males had a median income of $26,994 versus $19,418 for females. The per capita income for the county was $13,495. About 18.60% of families and 22.40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.40% of those under age 18 and 22.00% of those age 65 or over.

Amish settlement
The Amish settlement in Hart County mainly between Munfordville and Horse Cave was founded in 1989. It has ties to the Geauga Amish settlement in Ohio, from where many of the Hart County Amish came. It is the fastest-growing Amish settlement in America and had 14 church districts and a total population of about 1,800. According to ARDA,in 2020,the Amish population was 2,486 or 12.9% of the total population.

Religion

 * "Nones" is an unclear category. It is a heterogenous group of the not religious and intermittently religious. Researchers argue that most of the "Nones" should be considered "unchurched", rather than objectively nonreligious; especially since most "Nones" do hold some religious-spiritual beliefs and a notable amount participate in behaviors.  For example, 72% of American "Nones" believe in God or a Higher Power.

Cities

 * Bonnieville
 * Horse Cave
 * Munfordville (county seat)

Census-designated place

 * Hardyville

Other unincorporated places

 * Bee
 * Big Windy
 * Bunnell Crossing
 * Canmer
 * Cash
 * Cub Run
 * Eudora
 * Hammonville
 * Jonesville
 * Legrande
 * Linwood
 * Lone Star
 * Monroe
 * Northtown
 * Pascal
 * Priceville
 * Rowletts
 * Seymour
 * Three Springs
 * Uno
 * Woodsonville

Federal
In the U.S. House of Representatives, Hart County is represented by Brett Guthrie (R) of the second district.

In presidential elections, Hart County was a swing county up until the 21st century. After that, they have shifted heavily towards the Republican Party. The last Democratic Party presidential candidate to carry the county was Bill Clinton in 1992.

State
In the Kentucky State Senate, all of Hart county is located in the 5th district. It is represented by Stephen Meredith.

In the Kentucky house of representatives all of Hart county is located in the 5th district. It is represented by Bart Rowland.

Education
School districts include:
 * Caverna Independent School District
 * Hart County School District

title: Hart County, Kentucky


text:
Harrison County, Kentucky

Harrison County is a county located in the U.S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2020 census, the population was 18,692. Its county seat is Cynthiana. The county was founded in 1793 and named for Colonel Benjamin Harrison, an advocate for Kentucky statehood, framer of the Kentucky Constitution, and Kentucky legislator.

History
Harrison County was formed on December 21, 1793, from portions of Bourbon and Scott Counties. Harrison was the 17th Kentucky county in order of formation. It was named after Colonel Benjamin Harrison, an early settler in the area.

The First Battle of Cynthiana was on July 17, 1862, part of Col. John Hunt Morgan's First Kentucky Raid. Morgan's Last Kentucky Raid included on June 11–12, 1864 the Civil War Second Battle of Cynthiana which was fought near Keller's Bridge and the later site of Battle of Grove Cemetery. On the first day, Confederate General John Hunt Morgan and his 1,200 Kentucky cavalrymen captured the town, making prisoners of its Union garrison (five companies from the 168th Ohio Infantry Regiment and a small group of local home guards) and nearly the entire 171st Ohio Infantry Regiment later that morning. Despite being low on ammunition, Morgan chose to stay and fight the enemy forces he knew were on their way. Union General Stephen G. Burbridge and his 2,400 cavalry and mounted infantry attacked him the next morning, driving the outnumbered Confederates from the town and freeing the prisoners.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 310 sqmi, of which 306 sqmi is land and 3.5 sqmi (1.1%) is water.

Major highways

 * US 27.svg US 27
 * US 62.svg US 62
 * Elongated circle 36.svg KY 36
 * Elongated circle 32.svg KY 32
 * Elongated circle 356.svg KY 356

Adjacent counties

 * Pendleton County (north)
 * Bracken County (northeast)
 * Robertson County (northeast)
 * Nicholas County (southeast)
 * Bourbon County (southeast)
 * Scott County (southwest)
 * Grant County (northwest)

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 17,983 people, 7,012 households, and 5,062 families residing in the county. The population density was 58 /sqmi. There were 7,660 housing units at an average density of 25 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the county was 95.65% White, 2.52% Black or African American, 0.28% Native American, 0.13% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.63% from other races, and 0.77% from two or more races. 1.15% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 7,012 households, out of which 33.50% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.00% were married couples living together, 10.30% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.80% were non-families. 24.00% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 2.99.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 25.00% under the age of 18, 8.20% from 18 to 24, 29.80% from 25 to 44, 23.60% from 45 to 64, and 13.40% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 95.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.50 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $36,210, and the median income for a family was $42,065. Males had a median income of $31,045 versus $23,268 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,478. About 9.40% of families and 12.00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.80% of those under age 18 and 10.70% of those age 65 or over.

Cities

 * Berry
 * Cynthiana (county seat)

Unincorporated communities

 * Boyd
 * Breckinridge
 * Broadwell
 * Buena Vista
 * Colville
 * Connersville
 * Claysville
 * Hooktown
 * Lair
 * Lees Lick
 * Leesburg
 * Kelat
 * Morningglory
 * Oddville
 * Poindexter
 * Ruddels Mills
 * Rutland
 * Shadynook
 * Shawhan
 * Sunrise

title: Harrison County, Kentucky