text:
Talk:Ephrata, Pennsylvania

KKK & heroin
I reverted/removed the following edit made by an anonymous user: "In addition, Ephrata has had a long history with the Ku Klux Klan and known as the unofficial heroin capital of the world." Firstly, the only affiliation of the KKK which I am aware is a march they made in the mid-90's. They march in numerous cities: I hardly believe that qualifies Ephrata as a "long history" any more than pretty much any other town. Provide a reputable source of information if you intend to make such a claim. Secondly, while Ephrata is known to have a problem with heroin, I would hesitate to say that Ephrata has earned itself such a global claim. Again, provide a source for this information. --Thisisbossi 22:54, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Ephrata, Pennsylvania


text:
Fulton Township, Pennsylvania

Fulton Township is a township in southern Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, United States, and it is the only municipality in the county to touch the Maryland border. At the 2020 census the population was 3,227. It is part of the Solanco School District.

History
The Robert Fulton Birthplace is within the township; it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 29.3 sqmi, of which 25.9 sqmi is land and 3.4 sqmi (11.60%) is water. Unincorporated communities in the township include Eldora, Goshen, Penn Hill, Wakefield, Peach Bottom, McSparran, New Texas, Black Baron, Pleasant Grove, Jenkins Corner, and part of Wrightsdale.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 2,826 people, 932 households, and 748 families living in the township. The population density was 109.1 PD/sqmi. There were 1,043 housing units at an average density of 40.3 /mi2. The racial makeup of the township was 97.45% White, 1.27% Black or African American, 0.04% Native American, 0.21% Asian, 0.32% from other races, and 0.71% from two or more races. 1.20% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 932 households, out of which 40.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.9% were married couples living together, 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.7% were non-families. 16.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.03 and the average family size was 3.41.

In the township the population was spread out, with 33.6% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 8.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.5 males.

The median income for a household in the township was $41,356 and the median income for a family was $44,394. Males had a median income of $35,027 versus $24,205 for females. The per capita income for the township was $15,735. About 10.4% of families and 13.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.4% of those under age 18 and 20.1% of those age 65 or over.

Notable person

 * Christopher McDougall – Writer and journalist, author of Born to Run: A Hidden Tribe, Superathletes, and the Greatest Race the World Has Never Seen (2009). Resides in Peach Bottom.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Fulton Township, Pennsylvania


text:
Gap, Pennsylvania

Gap is a census-designated place (CDP) and unincorporated community in Salisbury Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, United States, with a ZIP code of 17527. The population was 1,931 at the 2010 census. U.S. Route 30 passes through the town, which is also the terminus for four Pennsylvania highways: 772, 741, 897, and the heavily used 41, which leads toward Wilmington, Delaware.

Gap lies approximately 16 mi east of Lancaster and 49 mi west of Philadelphia.

History
Gap was named for its location at a low pass through Mine Ridge. Gap has a history which can be dated as far back as William Penn's first visits to the area. Isaac Taylor erected the first house in what would become Gap in 1747. The area around Gap had a copper mine and what at the time were the only nickel mines in the United States.

From 1792, the Rising Sun Tavern stood on the Philadelphia–Lancaster Pike (which is now U.S. Route 30) and had a small village with blacksmith shop. Most of the buildings stood until circa 2020–2021, when they were removed for redevelopment; the site now contains a large convenience store and gas station. Although there was interest among locals to preserve the buildings, the real estate was valuable commercial frontage and funding for preservation was not available.

A stretch of railroad line was laid through the pass in the 19th century. Today the same railroad right-of-way carries Amtrak trains on the Keystone service.

In the mid-19th century there was a group of men known as "The Gap Gang". They would engage in raids and robberies of citizens traveling the Lancaster Philadelphia Turnpike. They were notorious for kidnapping free blacks and escaped slaves and selling them to slave traders in Maryland, Delaware, and Virginia. The Gap Gang were most noted for their involvement in the Christiana Riot.

Nearby to the west, and traditionally closely associated with Gap, is White Chimneys, a country estate that began as a Church Dutch family farm much like any other in the area but eventually became known for wealth because it was the home of the Slaymaker family, who owned the Slaymaker Lock Company of Lancaster City.

Geography
Gap is in eastern Lancaster County, in the southern part of Salisbury Township. A small portion of the community extends south into Sadsbury Township. The gap for which the community is named is at an elevation of 580 ft above sea level, between Mine Ridge to the west and Gap Hill to the east, both ridges rising to about 750 ft above sea level. The community occupies the center of the gap and extends northward downslope into Salisbury Township.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 7.3 km2, of which 7943 sqm, or 0.11%, are water. The gap separates the watersheds of two tributaries of the Susquehanna River. To the north, streams flow to Pequea Creek, which flows west to the Susquehanna at Pequea. To the south, water flows to the East Branch of Octoraro Creek, reaching the Susquehanna just south of Conowingo Dam in Maryland.

Roads
U.S. Route 30 (the Lincoln Highway) passes through Gap, leading west 16 mi to Lancaster and east 10 mi to Coatesville and eventually Philadelphia.

Pennsylvania Route 41 begins in Gap at US 30 and leads southeast 30 mi to the Wilmington, Delaware, area. It is a major route for commercial trucks.

Pennsylvania Route 772 starts four blocks west of the intersection of PA 41 and US 30. It leads northwest 21 mi to Lititz, passing through Intercourse, Leola, Brownstown, and Rothsville along the way.

In August 2016, a major realignment project was completed, separating eastbound and westbound traffic on US Route 30 between PA Route 41 and just west of PA Route 772. This has mostly eliminated the previous congestion problems that often plagued that area.

Pennsylvania Route 897 starts in Gap one block east of Route 41 at US 30. It leads north 11 mi to Blue Ball, passing over Welsh Mountain along the way.

Pennsylvania Route 741 starts at the intersection of PA 41 and Bridge Street in the center of the gap. The route leads west 19 mi to Millersville.

The Gap Fire Co. is located along Pequea Avenue, one block west of PA 41. The fire company was originally located atop Pequea Avenue by their water refilling area. The original fire house was renovated into a home that is leased out. A new facility was built to house all of the rescue trucks. Up the street another block is a historic building which was used for the Pequea Feeds Company.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,611 people, 572 households, and 459 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 576.5 PD/sqmi. There were 597 housing units at an average density of 213.6 /mi2. The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.89% White, 0.43% Black or African American, 0.06% Native American, 1.06% Asian, 0.12% Pacific Islander, 0.12% from other races, and 0.31% from two or more races. 0.81% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 572 households, out of which 38.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.7% were married couples living together, 7.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.6% were non-families. 16.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.82 and the average family size was 3.14.

In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 29.4% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 29.7% from 25 to 44, 23.7% from 45 to 64, and 10.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.9 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $46,036, and the median income for a family was $51,181. Males had a median income of $38,958 versus $24,803 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $18,052. About 4.4% of families and 4.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 19.5% of those age 65 or over.

Attractions
The Gap Town Clock, built in 1892, is a Lancaster County Historic Preservation Trust Site. According to the Gap Clock Tower Association, "The clock's face, long telling the time to passing multitudes, overlooks, at the gap, William Penns' entrance into Conestoga, now Lancaster County, in 1701."

Notable people

 * Anne F. Beiler, founder of Auntie Anne's
 * William Chester Ruth (1882–1971), African American inventor and machinist
 * Charles Coates Walker (1920—2004), Quaker activist

title: Gap, Pennsylvania


text:
Swaffham

Swaffham is a market town and civil parish in the Breckland District and English county of Norfolk. It is situated 12 mi east of King's Lynn and 31 mi west of Norwich.

The civil parish has an area of 11.42 mi2 and in the 2001 census had a population of 6,935 in 3,130 households, which increased to 7,258, in 3,258 households, at the 2011 census. For the purposes of local government, the parish falls within the district of Breckland.

History
The name of the town derives from the Old English Swǣfa hām = "the homestead of the Swabians"; some of them presumably came with the Angles and Saxons.

By the 14th and 15th centuries Swaffham had an emerging sheep and wool industry. As a result of this prosperity, the town has a large market place. The market cross here was built by George Walpole, 3rd Earl of Orford and presented to the town in 1783. On the top is the statue of Ceres, the Roman goddess of the harvest. The former Corn Hall, which was designed by Mathias Goggs, was completed in 1858.

About 8 km to the north of Swaffham can be found the ruins of the formerly important Castle Acre Priory and Castle Acre Castle.

On the west side of Swaffham Market Place are several old buildings which for many years housed the historic Hamond's Grammar School, as a plaque on the wall of the main building explains. The Hamond's Grammar School building latterly came to serve as the sixth form for the Hamond's High School, but that use has since ceased. Harry Carter, the grammar school's art teacher of the 1960s, was responsible for a great number of the carved village signs that are now found in many of Norfolk's towns and villages, including Swaffham's own sign commemorating the legendary Pedlar of Swaffham,  which is in the corner of the market place just opposite the old school's gates. Carter was a distant cousin of the archaeologist and egyptologist Howard Carter who spent much of his childhood in the town.

The Swaffham Museum is a small, independent social history museum for Swaffham and the surrounding villages in Norfolk from the Stone Age to the modern. It has five galleries exhibiting local history and local geology as well as an Egyptology room about Howard Carter and the Ancient Egyptians, celebrating the centenary year of Howard Carter discovering the Tomb of Tutankhamun in 1922.

Swaffham was struck by a tornado measuring F1 on the Fujita scale and T2 on the TORRO scale on 23 November 1981 during the 1981 United Kingdom tornado outbreak.

Folklore
Swaffham is one of the many locations for The Man Who Became Rich through a Dream folk tale (Aarne-Thompson type 1645). The tale tells of a pedlar from Swaffham who dreamed for several consecutive nights that if he waited on London Bridge he would eventually hear good news. He travelled to London, and waited for several days on the bridge. Eventually a shopkeeper asked him why he was waiting, and the man told of his dream. The shopkeeper laughed, and replied that he often dreamed that if he went to a certain orchard in Swaffham and started digging, he would find buried treasure. The pedlar returned to Swaffham, and found the treasure.

In medieval folklore, a black, hairy dog called the Black Shuck was rumoured to have wandered the three settlements of Swaffham, Castle Acre, and Great Cressingham, ambushing merchants who were on their way to large towns to sell their goods. There are still rumours of a puma-like black cat wandering around Norfolk and Cambridgeshire.

Parish church
The church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul is one of only a few churches that have angels carved in wood instead of stone around the top of the walls. The current building, dating from 1454, is built on the foundation of the original church. A wood carving of the "Pedlar of Swaffham" is also in the church.

Transport

The nearest railway stations to Swaffham are at King's Lynn and Downham Market, on the Fen line. There are regular services to Ely, Cambridge and London King's Cross, operated by Great Northern.

Until 1968, the town was served by Swaffham railway station on the Great Eastern Railway line from King's Lynn. Just after Swaffham, the line split into two: one branch headed south to Thetford and the other east towards Dereham. The lines were all closed as part of the Beeching cuts, though the possibility of rebuilding a direct rail link from Norwich to King's Lynn, via Swaffham, is raised occasionally.

The east–west A47 Birmingham to Great Yarmouth road now bypasses the town, using a northerly bypass opened in 1981. The A1065 Mildenhall to Fakenham road still passes through the centre of the town on its north–south route, intersecting with the A47 at a grade separated junction north of the town.

First Eastern Counties' Excel bus routes provide a regular public transport link through Swaffham between Dereham and King's Lynn. Most services continue east to Norwich and west to Peterborough.

Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC East and ITV Anglia. Television signals are received from either the Tacolneston or Sandy Heath TV transmitters

Local radio stations are BBC Radio Norfolk on 104.4 FM, Heart East on 102.4 FM, Greatest Hits Radio Norfolk & North Suffolk on 96.7 FM, Amber Radio, Radio West Norfolk and KL1 Radio.

The town's local newspaper is the Watton and Swaffham Times.

Sport and leisure
Swaffham has a Non-League football club, Swaffham Town, which plays at Shoemakers Lane.

Swaffham Raceway, a former greyhound track, hosts stock car racing.

Wind turbines and Green Britain Centre
Today the town is known for the presence of two large Enercon E-66 wind turbines. The first of these began operation in 1999 and the second in 2003. Together they generate more than three megawatts. The first of the wind turbines to be constructed was an Enercon E66/1500 with 1.5 MW generation capacity, 67 metres nacelle height and 66 metres rotor diameter. It was also built with an observation deck just below the nacelle which was open for the public to climb during the 2000s and 2010s, the only wind turbine in the world to have such a facility. These two turbines have since been joined by an independent development of a further eight turbines at the village of North Pickenham, three miles from Swaffham.

The turbines were originally associated with the EcoTech Centre, a visitor centre which was opened in 1999. The centre hosted the 2008 British BASE jumping championships; contestants jumped from the roof of the observation deck. In 2008 the energy company Ecotricity took over the management of the site and in 2012 the visitor centre was renamed the Green Britain Centre. The centre provided a venue for school trips and event hire, and had educational displays focussing on sustainability in food, energy and transport. The height of the attraction's popularity was in 2016, when 22,000 people visited the centre and 8,000 climbed the turbine.

In June 2018 it was announced that the centre had closed for financial reasons and that Ecotricity intended to hand the building back to Breckland District Council (BDC). The council subsequently put it up for rent or sale and discussed exchanging it with Swaffham Town Council in return for 5 acres of building land. A proposal to convert the building into a leisure centre was considered by BDC but ultimately abandoned. In 2021 the building was sold to manufacturer Flexion Global for use as their headquarters. Shortly after the sale, Swaffham Town Council gave BCD a parcel of land next to the centre on which BDC intends to build a leisure centre.

Climate
As with the rest of the British Isles and East Anglia, Swaffham experiences a maritime climate with cool summers and mild winters. The nearest Met Office weather station to provide local climate data is RAF Marham, about 5+1/2 mi west of the town centre. Temperature extremes in the Swaffham-Marham area range from 34.8 C in August 1990, down to -16.7 C during February 1956. The highest and lowest temperatures reported in the past decade are 34.6 C during August 2003, and -10.3 C during January 2010.

Kingdom (TV series)
In the summer of 2006, location filming was done in the town for the ITV1 series Kingdom, starring Stephen Fry. In Kingdom the town is called Market Shipborough. The pub the Startled Duck in the TV series is better known as the Greyhound Inn, in which the Earl of Orford created the first coursing club open to the public, in 1776. Peter Kingdom's office is Oakleigh House, near the town square (formerly the house of the Head Master of Hamond's Grammar School), with the coastal scenes filmed at Wells-next-the-Sea on the north Norfolk coast.

Notable people

 * Dominic Byrne, newsreader on The Chris Moyles Show
 * Michael Carroll, lottery winner
 * Howard Carter, archaeologist who discovered the tomb of Tutankhamun
 * Christopher Dawes, author of Rat Scabies and The Holy Grail
 * Stephen Fry, actor and writer
 * W. E. Johns, author of the "Biggles" books
 * William Methwold (1590–1653), born South Pickenham, East India Company merchant
 * John Dugmore of Swaffham (1793–1871), draughtsman and grand-tourist
 * Hilda Plowright (1890-1973), actress
 * Phyllis Broughton (1860–1926) actress, spent her childhood here.
 * Sir Arthur Knyvet Wilson, (1842–1921), First Sea Lord

title: Swaffham


text: Talk:Hempfield, Pennsylvania

title: Talk:Hempfield, Pennsylvania


text:
Talk:Angles (tribe)

True meaning of the root word "ang" from long ago
The root "ang" long ago meant "narrow/long" ("long" is synonymous with "narrow" as something which is long is characteristically also narrow, and vice-versa).

Tacitus mentioned a tribe called the "Anglii" (the "l" being added due to an attempt to Latinize "ang" as the meaning was clearly not synonymous with Latin "angulus", and the "ii" to turn it into a tribal name), no doubt a reference to them being "tall" (a tall person is "long in height", "long-legged", etc). However, the placement of the "tall" people on the Jutland Peninsula is not correct, and having both "Anglii" and "Saxones" gave the false impression of the Anglii and Saxones being different tribes. Such mistakes in information or communication often happen when dealing with peoples, places, and languages of fringe areas and beyond.

In Dutch and German, "eng" (which long ago was cognate with "ang") later came to mean "meadow" because meadows were typically narrow/long stretches of grassland along rivers. Thus, nowadays, England does mean "meadowland" in Dutch and German. Long ago, the name "English" would have meant "tall-ish" (characteristic of being tall) because "ang" used to also mean "tall", and "England", which came into use at a much later date due to a long period of, historically obvious, uncertainty about its usage, would have meant "tall-land", if it was formed by combination of "ang/eng" + "land". However, this is not the source of "England", which is actually derived from the word "igland" (meaning "island"). You see, "g" during the time of "igland" was pronounced as a soft, blended together "ng" sound, and later came to be pronounced as "ng" in Modern English, at which time the word "igland" was respelled "england". Thus, England actually means "island". Granted, England does not comprise the entirety of the Island of Britain, but this does not change the fact that "england" means "island". Thibeinn (talk) 05:12, 31 March 2020 (UTC)
 * We just report what published sources say. Can you cite any published sources?--Andrew Lancaster (talk) 19:25, 31 March 2020 (UTC)

Andrew, To keep with the "only post citable information" policy, I will no longer post information which cannot, as yet, be cited. Thibeinn (talk) 01:38, 15 April 2020 (UTC)

Related Ethnic Groups
Not sure what exactly is controversial about this. The Angles settled southern and eastern Scotland heavily, many people living there today descend from them. How are the modern Scottish people not a related ethnic group? A huge part of their genetic, and an even larger part of their cultural heritage, comes from the Angles and the regions of Scotland they settled historically. I suggest you not revert it again. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.7.140.143 (talk) 18:43, 6 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Perhaps the Scottish people in the south of Scotland are related to the Angles, but that claim needs a reliable source. Macedonian (talk) 17:02, 7 May 2021 (UTC)
 * I added a reference to the Lowland Scots, I guess that should be enough. Macedonian (talk) 17:10, 7 May 2021 (UTC)

I'm happy to settle for that, although English genes are now found all throughout the region (the population of the Highlands itself is close to 50% retirees from England today), and the language shifted a long time ago too. So again in the Highlands, just as in the Lowlands you have demographic shift altering the genetics and shifting the language of the region. The only difference is it happened a lot more recently in the Highlands, which I think is a rather arbitrary point of difference. Things haven't just remained frozen in time since the Middle Ages. A region of land doesn't just remain intrinsically 'Celtic' for all time even as the inhabitants change along with the language and culture of the region. People can call themselves whatever they want but if all Celtic ends up being reduced to is 'people calling themselves Celtic and considering themselves such' then it's just a vapid term devoid of all meaning and substance and carries as much weight as South Slavs in the Balkans calling themselves 'Macedonians'. But I'll settle here as this is utterly exhausting. Thank you for the partial concession, at the very least. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.242.79.26 (talk) 17:26, 7 May 2021 (UTC)

Translating into Chinese Wikipedia
The version 11:17, 29 October 2021 Dawnseeker2000 of this article is translated into Chinese Wikipedia to expand an existing stub.--Wing (talk) 09:36, 15 December 2021 (UTC)

Some Latinate quibbling around whether the English are Angels.
The quote is, "Pope Gregory I, in an epistle, simplified the Latinised name Anglii to Angli," I don't actually believe this was simplification, but a change in meaning from "like the Angli" to just, "the Angli." It was more a political statement of recognition than a beurocratic orthography game.

Not sure the citations for this, but that's just what I read here. Phenylphenol (talk) 18:50, 28 March 2023 (UTC)

Requested move 24 May 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: It is clear from the discussion that it is nessecary to move away from the status quo. Because out of the 3 proposed alternatives, the options to either have no primary topic or to have a Primary Redirect at the basename garnered highest support wihout a clear preference for either of them, I will resrt to WP:NOGOODOPTIONS. The pages are Moved as proposed and future discussions can be opened for the primary redirect. (non-admin closure) >>> Extorc . talk  14:02, 30 May 2023 (UTC)

– Following the discussion at Redirects for discussion/Log/2023 May 23, I reverted the previous bold move of Angles to Angles (tribe), which also retargeted the primary topic to Angle. But this definitely warrants further discussion. It seems we have three options here: (1) Retain the status quo, with the tribe as primary topic; (2) Have no primary topic, with the disambiguation page at the base name, (3) Move Angles to Angles (tribe) and then make Angles be a WP:PRIMARYREDIRECT to Angle. My personal preference is (2), I don't think there's a primary topic either way, so I've styled the RM that way. But editors are also free to suggest that Angle is the primary topic in this RM. Note too that when Googling for Angles, the majority seem to be about the geometric concept. — Amakuru (talk) 09:50, 24 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Angles → Angles (tribe)
 * Angles (disambiguation) → Angles
 * Courtesy ping to participants at the RFD:  — Amakuru (talk) 09:53, 24 May 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support as proposed. It was initially amazing to me that Angles does not point to Angle, but the degree of support for the tribe being at this title has led me to conclude that there is no primary topic for this term at all. BD2412  T 14:35, 24 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Support the tribe has 19,473 views (plus 298 from the Angles (tribe) redirect) but the geometry meaning has 15,336 and the others uses have 4,553[|Angles_(The_Strokes_album)|Angles,_Alpes-de-Haute-Provence|Angles,_Vend%C3%A9e|Angl%C3%A8s,_Tarn|Angles_(song)|Angles_(Dan_Le_Sac_vs_Scroobius_Pip_album)|Angle|Angles].  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 16:32, 24 May 2023 (UTC)
 * What's interesting, is that the tribe got considerably fewer views on the one full day when it was housed at Angles (tribe), compared with its whole previous run as the primary topic. That suggests that a lot of readers are landing here by mistake. — Amakuru (talk) 16:41, 24 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I would be careful though in quoting pageviews from moved made and reverted within days as its quite possible users ended up at this title and being redirected to the singular from Google and incoming links and didn't end up clicking on the hatnote. But yes there probably is enough evidence at least that "Angles" doesn't refer to the tribe significantly more so isn't primary. By usage the tribe has more views (though just under a quarter views for the other uses isn't insignificant) than the geometry meaning and readers are probably more likely to use the singular when searching (or editors linking) but the geometry meaning probably has more long-term significance and more worldwide interest and users will generally expect plural forms to redirect to their singulars as that's what we normally do so a DAB is probably the best idea.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 19:57, 29 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Support option (1). I think the plural form is a natural disambiguator and the clarifier "(tribe)" isn't really needed if "Angle" and "Angles" have distinct page names. I don't have a strong preference though. Ingwina (talk) 19:16, 24 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Is an individual member of the tribe called an Angle? BD2412  T 01:28, 26 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Of course but we are talking about the tribe and so the plural makes sense, like in other pages on Germanic tribes like Geats, Danes (tribe) and Goths. Ingwina (talk) 06:30, 26 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Support per nomination, BD2412 and Crouch, Swale. There are 11 entries [one of which is a three-entry dab page] listed upon the Angles (disambiguation) page, with no indication that the article delineating the Germanic peoples maintains such an overwhelming historical standing as to dwarf the combined notability of the remaining 10 entries. —Roman Spinner (talk • contribs) 20:07, 24 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Support option 3 - most people who have done compulsory maths in school (e.g. in the UK, up to year 11) will recognise angles as the plural for angle whereas angles from the history point of view will be recognised by only those who have learnt that in the subject (which I have not). Angles may serve as a redirect to Angle or Angle (disambiguation) and I also think both the Angle and Angles disambiguation pages could be merged together at Angle (disambiguation). Iggy (Swan) (Contribs) 21:07, 24 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I don't think this is a great argument, because it reminds me of the part of the relevant guideline at WP:NWFCTM ("not what first comes to mind"). It works even better here because the example of education - both school learning and an encyclopedia are supposed to facilitate learning, and short-circuiting without a stronger rationale seems like it would be contrary to that purpose. --Joy (talk) 19:51, 28 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Support Option 2 - I don't think option 1 is a good idea, and expressly !vote against it, as I think this will cause confusion to many readers and violate the redirect principle of "least astonishment". I agree with the nominator that I don't think there really is a primary topic, and would strongly prefer option 2 for that reason... I see the argument that a lot of school kids have only heard of angles in the context of geometry, so I don't strenuously oppose option 3 like I do for 1, but I also agree with Ingwina's statement that the plural makes for a natural disambiguator in the land of "technically correct".  The trouble is that while the plural form SHOULD be only used by those looking for the people, in practice I know that's not going to be the case... so I'd want to gently correct them with a disambiguation page as opposed to just assuming that everyone searching "Angles" is a kid who only knows the word from geometry.  If I actually am looking for information on the tribe, it would also violate "least astonishment" to somehow end up at a page on math, when I clearly typed the name of the tribe!  But a disambiguation page serves both types of people looking for information. Incidentally, I think merging the Angle and Angles disambiguation pages would be a good idea as well. Fieari (talk) 00:52, 25 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Support Option 3. Definitely not primary topic. "Angles" should redirect to the mathematical angle. Quite shocked it is not. Walrasiad (talk) 07:48, 25 May 2023 (UTC)
 * https://wikinav.toolforge.org/?language=en&title=Angles does not show the hatnote in the top 20 outgoing links on this article, and judging by #20, it's less than 159 clicks on it out of a total incoming traffic of 28.2k, which is negligible (0.5% or less). This typically indicates that the average reader isn't really astonished by what they see and don't click the hatnote - alternatively, they're so perplexed by what they see that they just give up, but that seems very unlikely. So I think option #3 should not be done - just disambiguate it (#2), put these two meanings at the top, and then we can follow up in a couple of months time after all the search engine patterns settle, and see if reader behavior warrants any further change. --Joy (talk) 12:59, 25 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Support The proposed move makes sense in my eyes. Unlimitedlead (talk) 03:02, 26 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Support option 3 per nom, Iggy and Walrasiad. Personally, I also think think "Angles" should redirect to the mathematical angle too, this page moved to "Angles (tribe)", because even though the latter page has more views than the former, the majority of online searches seem to be about the geometric concept, and I also think both the Angle and Angles disambiguation pages should be merged together at Angle (disambiguation) because the former disambiguation page is a bit bigger than the latter one. PK2 (talk) 19:33, 28 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Support option 3 per nom, the mathematical term is far and away the primary topic here. ᴢxᴄᴠʙɴᴍ (ᴛ) 17:12, 29 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Why is it the primary topic? It's not particularly more viewed, and the tribe clearly has great long-term significance too. — Amakuru (talk) 19:19, 29 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I'd like to see just how much views decrease after this page is moved before assuming otherwise. If views are still strong, I have no qualms pointing the redirect to Angle (disambiguation) instead. It wouldn't require much extra effort. I still support Option 3 as I believe both disambiguation pages can be merged. ᴢxᴄᴠʙɴᴍ (ᴛ) 20:03, 29 May 2023 (UTC)

followup to move discussion
Cf. Talk:Angles --Joy (talk) 13:21, 17 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Angles (tribe)


text:
Talk:Lancaster, Pennsylvania

Politics
The politics section says Lancaster is home to the Constitution Party, the largest third party in the US. Every source I see puts the Libertarian Party as the largest third party, so if no one can find a source for this claim I'm going to change it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Benny215 (talk • contribs) 23:59, 22 August 2011 (UTC)

Agreed and edited NameetSurana (talk) 13:38, 7 April 2013 (UTC)

Sister Cities
Firstly, our (as I live in Lancaster Country, under 3 minutes from the city) sister city is York, hence why we're the Red Rose City and White Rose City. I have never even heard of that place that's currently listed. I would changed it myself, however, I am clueless on how this works.

"Sister City" in this sense means the offically-designated partnerships by Sister Cities International, not the less-formal meaning of sister city that you mean.JaMikePA (talk) 21:09, 26 June 2009 (UTC)

Other uses
I added the otheruses template because editors periodically add things to this article that should be in the county article. I believe that it is beneficial for this reason but I welcome any feedback. Thanks, --Clubjuggle T/ C 17:07, 4 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I've got no problem with the hatnote. For awile the "Notable residents" section had that problem alot, but since I put in an HTML comment, it seems to have largely gone away. -- D.B. talk • contribs 17:34, 4 August 2008 (UTC)

Government Section?
I am surprised there is not a government section in here for Lancaster city. I do not know enough about the city to add this information. Anyone able to do this?--72.90.142.30 (talk) 22:21, 3 August 2009 (UTC)

Why is there no mention of Three Mile Island?
Under History, perhaps? I ended up here because today's New Articles section connected this place with the Three Mile Island accident through Mayor Albert B. Wohlsen, Jr. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.254.156.12 (talk) 13:21, 12 May 2010 (UTC)

Should there be? Three Mile Island is in Middletown. I would think that there would have to have been some particular impact on Lancaster City to make it worth mentioning here. Matt2h (talk) 15:24, 29 December 2010 (UTC)

Updating of photo(s) - thoughts?
I'll be looking to add citations from WP:RS to the Lancaster,_Pennsylvania section in the near future. The baseball section does have a great photo, and I feel that the article could benefit from updated pictures in a few more places. I should have an opportunity to take a photo or two over the next few weeks -- are there any in particular that others feel could be of help to the article? Cheers, Jeff Bedford (talk) 15:08, 16 December 2010 (UTC)

Fire Department section
Do we really need the section devoted to the fire department? I suppose it doesn't hurt, but it seems unnecessary and provincial. Every city has a fire department. Matt2h (talk) 15:28, 29 December 2010 (UTC)
 * It would be in the best interest of the article to remove the fire dept section. Fire depts are an essential and much appreciated part of every city; however the existence of a separate section in this article gives undue weight without establishing notability.
 * This will help bring the Lancaster article closer to the article structure guideline for US cities. Jeff Bedford (talk) 14:56, 3 January 2011 (UTC)

Updated Census Information
I found new data on Lancaster city's population and feel it should be added, however I am to lazy to do so. The information should be accurate and up to date the census has given out new data. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Cmillsy03 (talk • contribs) 15:38, 4 April 2011 (UTC) Because the census includes illegal immigrants, and because it depends upon voluntary cooperation, census data can be wildly inaccurate. It should also be noted in the article that Lancaster (like Lebanon and Bethlehem and small towns across PA) has a significant quantity of illegal aliens and that the Hispanic presence there cannot simply be ascribed to Puerto Ricans. The budgetary impact is important because illegals don't pay taxes which are not embedded in the prices of food, rent, and gas, but they do have high birth rates leaving taxpayers to cope with more public school expenses, more crime, etc. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.97.69.229 (talk) 13:06, 28 May 2013 (UTC)

Green roofs
Is this section even notable, it is very vague "one of the highest" etc. It looked to be originally written as a advert for a business. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.59.110.6 (talk) 21:12, 7 January 2013 (UTC)

Pronunciation
There was a faulty pronunciation at the top (neither the local, the American, nor the British pronunciation): if someone figures out where it came from, feel free to explain. Removed the British pronunciation as irrelevant. The general American pronunciation could be reincluded, but IMHO should be left to Wiktionary since only the local pronunciation is pertinent to this particular page. — Llywelyn II   03:56, 6 August 2013 (UTC)

Hello! I just noticed that the general American pronunciation is listed first, with the local pronunciation listed second. To locals like me, the general American pronunciation is like nails on a chalkboard. It really shouldn't be listed on this page, lest it cause confusion over its acceptability. I noticed that the page for Cairo, Illinois, which also has a counterintuitive pronunciation, only lists the local pronunciation because that is the correct pronunciation. Lancaster's distinct pronunciation is already listed on Wikipedia's |list of places with counterintuitive pronunciations. Local media like Penn Live, the York Daily Record, and USA Today have also covered this distinction, which can be seen at http://www.pennlive.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2015/12/dear_bradley_cooper_this_is_ho.html and http://www.ydr.com/story/news/2017/08/31/youre-not-central-pa-local-if-you-struggle-pronounce-these-places/603305001/. Can this be corrected, with only the correct local pronunciation listed? Perhaps the distinction can be addressed later in the article. Thanks! Aure1ius9 (talk) 14:36, 13 October 2017 (UTC)

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Fire department infobox
Per WP:INFOBOXREF: The fire department infobox is unnecessary. This article isn't about the fire department. The information in the infobox can be merged into the article. Thank you for your input. Magnolia677 (talk) 01:11, 18 December 2015 (UTC)

Conflict regarding date of settlement
The History section states: "Lancaster was part of the 1681 Penn's Woods Charter of William Penn, and was laid out by James Hamilton in 1734." However, the banner on the right margin states "Founded: 1722" Actually the term "founded" should never be used. What people doing genealogy want to know is the date people started to build permanent homes. 2602:304:CDA6:51B0:C912:D462:BAAC:4959 (talk) 07:34, 6 June 2016 (UTC)

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Critical Omission
Why is Major General John Reynolds not listed as a notable son of the city? 2601:5CC:100:74E0:69D9:6A88:B5FF:9E07 (talk) 03:50, 13 August 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lancaster, Pennsylvania


text:
Sheringham

Sheringham (population 7,367) is a seaside town and civil parish in the county of Norfolk, England. The motto of the town, granted in 1953 to the Sheringham Urban District Council, is Mare Ditat Pinusque Decorat, Latin for "The sea enriches and the pine adorns".

History
The place-name 'Sheringham' is first attested in the Domesday Book of 1086, where it appears as Silingeham. It appears as Siringeham in 1174, and Scheringham in the Book of Fees (Liber feodorum) in 1242. The name means 'the homestead of Scira's people'. Historically, the parish of Sheringham comprised the two villages of Upper Sheringham, a farming community, and Lower Sheringham, which combined farming with fishing.

The fishing industry was at its peak in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as the coming of the railways made it possible for fish to be transported more efficiently to market. Through the 1900s the focus of the fishing, as all along the north Norfolk coast, began to be on crabs, lobsters and whelks. The local fishermen were major suppliers of crabs and lobsters to the London fish markets. Long lining for cod and the catching of herring began to become less important in the second half of the century, as did whelking. Today, from a peak of maybe 200 boats, Sheringham has eight boats operated single-handed.

The current town of Sheringham was once Lower Sheringham, a fishing station for the main village, now known as Upper Sheringham. It is a railway town that was developed with the coming of the Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway line in the late 19th century. Most of Sheringham's range of buildings and shops come from this period and the early 20th century. It has a particularly interesting range of buildings using flint, not normally in the traditional Norfolk style but in a variety of techniques. Sheringham Town Hall, the former headquarters of Sheringham Urban District Council, was completed in 1912.

In the First World War, Sheringham was hit by two bombs from a Zeppelin raid at 20:30 GMT on 18 January 1915, making it the first place in Britain to be attacked by Zeppelins from the air. No one was killed.

The town today
Sheringham town centre is centred on a traditional high street with a wide range of privately owned shops. On Saturdays throughout the year there is a popular market in the car park next to the railway station which attracts large crowds even out of the holiday season. The town also has a good selection of specialist shops such as second-hand books, antiques and bric-a-brac, fishing tackle and bait, a computer shop, a model shop, and arts and craft shops. The Sheringham Little Theatre has a wide range of productions on throughout the year including a well-established summer repertory season running from July to September, and a popular pantomime at Christmas; in the foyer is a coffee shop with display of art by local artists. There is a selection of food outlets, pubs, restaurants and a youth hostel.

On 15 October 2010, Tesco won a 14-year battle to open a store in the town. In a split vote North Norfolk District Council development committee chairman Simon Partridge used his casting vote in favour of the scheme. The store finally opened on 24 October 2013.

An annual Cromer and Sheringham Crab/Lobster festival is held in May, and the town's Carnival is held at the beginning of August.

Otterndorf Green is a small green space between the town's railway stations. It commemorates Sheringham's twinning with the German town of Otterndorf.

The Church of England Parish Church of St Peter was consecrated in 1897.

Sheringham Museum
The town's museum now known as The Mo includes a collection of old lifeboats, various displays, a viewing tower and houses the Sheringham Shoal Offshore Wind Farm visitor centre.

Lifeboats
Sheringham is reputed to be the only place in the world to have four of its original lifeboats. The Sheringham Museum Trust owns three of these: JC Madge (1904–36) pulling and sailing. Foresters Centenary (1936–61) the towns first motorised lifeboat. Manchester Unity of Oddfellows (1961–90) an Oakley Class lifeboat, Sheringham's last offshore boat. Within the next two to three years Sheringham Museum Trust plans to have an extended museum to house this unique collection together with three crab boats and general lifeboat and fishing industry ephemera. The town has no harbour, so the lifeboat has to be launched by tractor, and the fishing boats are hauled up the beach. An old sail-powered lifeboat is preserved in the former lifeboat shed and the three other preserved RNLI lifeboats are kept in another centre.

Railway
Sheringham railway station is the northern terminus on the Bittern Line, the National Rail route to Cromer and Norwich. Services run generally hourly and are operated by Greater Anglia. The station has a basic single platform structure that was opened in January 1967, following the closure of the original and more substantial station close by; the platform was rebuilt in 2019, to accommodate the new Class 755 trains which now operate the route.

Heritage
The line beyond the National Rail station has been preserved as the North Norfolk Railway, also known as the Poppy Line. It operates between Sheringham's original station and a new station at Holt, via Weybourne. The railway operates primarily with steam and diesel-hauled trains, with some diesel multiple units.

The short link between the National Rail network and the North Norfolk Railway was re-established in 2010; the first train to use the link was hauled by 70013 Oliver Cromwell.

Buses
Local bus services are provided by Sanders Coaches. The primary X40, X44 and 44A services run regularly between Sheringham, Cromer, Aylsham and Norwich. Routes also operate to other local destinations including Fakenham, Holt and Wells-next-the-Sea.

Roads
The A148, which connects King's Lynn and Cromer, by-passes the southern part of the town.

Schools
Sheringham has three schools. One is the Woodfields for disabled children, the other two are Sheringham High School and Sheringham Community Primary School.

Media
Local television news programmes are BBC Look East on BBC One and ITV News Anglia on ITV1.

Local radio stations are BBC Radio Norfolk on 95.6 FM, Heart East on 102.4 FM, Greatest Hits Radio East (formerly North Norfolk Radio) on 103.2 FM, and Poppyland Community Radio, a community online based station which broadcast from the town.

The town is served by the local newspapers, North Norfolk News and Eastern Daily Press.

Places of worship
The Roman Catholic Church of St Joseph, on Cromer Road was designed by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott. In 1901 a donation of over £3,000 by Catherine Deterding, the wife of the managing director and founder of the Shell Oil Company, enabled the purchase of land around an existing chapel to build a new church. Work began in 1902 and the first section, St Joseph's chapel was completed in 1908. In 1910 the second section opened, which comprises the sanctuary, nave and the porch. Later the church was completed by extending the nave and adding a new porch. The complete building was consecrated on 25 March 1935. From the outside it is possible to see the join between the northern two-thirds opened in 1910, and the southern extension completed in 1935. This large red-brick church towers over its neighbours. The north end, (the liturgical east), has a high rose window, while each long side is pierced by three vast Perpendicular-style windows. The church is entered through a porch and into a narthex on the south west corner of the building. Behind a grilled area to the east there is a large framed icon of the Blessed Virgin. Inside the church the height and narrowness emphasizes the arcades which are also of a good height and have arches of alternate sizes. The décor is a mixture of both the arts and crafts movement and industrial Gothic, a signature of Gibert Scott's style. The font is a replica the seven sacraments font at St Mary and All Saints, Little Walsingham. There are some good pieces of early 20th century devotional art much of which was imported from the studio and workshop of Ferdinand Stuflesser in the Austrian Tyrol. There is a rood screen above the entrance to the sanctuary. The Stations of the Cross, ordered from Stuflesser, spent the First World War in the hold of a German freighter impounded at Genoa.
 * St Joseph's Roman Catholic Church St Joseph RC church.JPG.]]

 * The Church of England Parish Church of St Peter was consecrated in 1897.

War memorial
The memorial to the men and women of Sheringham and Beeston Regis who died in military service during the two world wars is located at on the traffic island at the intersection of the Boulevard, St Nicholas Place and the Esplanade. It was designed by Herbert Palmer somewhat in the style of an Eleanor cross. It is of Clipsham stone and stands 26 ft tall. It was unveiled on 1 January 1921. The names of the dead are on four panels that form the base of the cross. A recent addition to the memorial is a small wrought-iron fence around the base with poppy motifs. There are also further names on memorial boards in the nearby parish church of St Peter.

Sheringham Hall and other prominent property

 * In 1811, the Sheringham Estate was bought by Abbot and Charlotte Upcher. They asked Humphry Repton to design Sheringham Hall. The Upcher family also built a school. The Hall is still privately occupied, but the plantations of Sheringham Park are in the care of the National Trust and open to visitors.
 * The Dales, formerly the residence of Henry Douglas King, M.P., and later Major William James Spurrell, D.S.O., M.C., is now a hotel (The Dales Country House).
 * Sheringham watermill was mainly known as a papermill that operated from around 1750 to about 1865, although it quite possibly started life as a corn mill. It had an overshot waterwheel, which seems quite remarkable when considering the surrounding terrain and the fact that the mill was only supplied by the small Beeston Beck. A blue plaque on the wall of a cottage marks the location of the mill in Beeston road which was then called Paper Mill Road.
 * The Masonic Hall on Cromer Road. Was once the Electric Picture Palace.

Offshore wind farm
The town is also home to a large 317MW wind farm, the Sheringham Shoal Offshore Wind Farm, approximately 11 miles to 14 miles offshore.

The Oddfellows Hall
The Oddfellows Hall on the Lifeboat Plain, built in 1867, was the original RNLI Lifeboat station and a gathering place for fishermen and boat builders, and has over the years been used as a craft centre, used to exhibit a model railway, and to display a model village. The hall was also used as a shoe factory. After years of standing idle, it re-opened in October 2007 having been completely refurbished at a cost of £250,000. A collection of organisations such as East of England Development Agency, North Norfolk District Council, Sheringham plus Community Partnership and other interested parties worked together to facilitate the refurbishment of the hall and bring it back into community use.

Beeston Bump
Sheringham nestles under the nearby hill of Beeston Bump, a geological SSSI which was the site of one of the Second World War secret Y-stations. The Bump can be climbed using the Norfolk Coast Path from either the east or west. The Bump is a kame, a glacial deposit that began forming between 10,000 and 15,000 years ago at the end of the latest Ice Age. The huge mass of ice caused a depression in the land and, as the ice melted, the land mass began to 'spring' slowly back in a process called isostatic readjustment. This process still occurs in the UK, as Northern England is slowly rising.

Sea defences
The northern frontage of Sheringham is protected by a concrete seawall which also serves as the promenade. It is a vital part of the protection of the town against the natural erosion that occurs along the North Norfolk coast. The storm surge of 1953 considerably damaged Sheringham's wooden sea defences. In front of the sea wall are groynes, armoured at their bases with large blocks of natural rock, which prevent long shore drift. There are numerous drains along the frontage. To the east towards West Runton the seawall ends just below Beeston Bump. From there a timber revetment and groyne system, designed and constructed in 1976, runs eastwards for 2 km (just over a mile) to West Runton Gap. The shoreline management plans of the Department for Environment include a policy of "managed retreat" along this stretch of coast. The revetment between Sheringham and West Runton is no longer being maintained and is thus in a poor state of repair. Sections that become hazardous will be removed. The coastline will then be left to evolve naturally.

Sport and leisure
Sheringham has a Non-League football club Sheringham F.C. who play at Weybourne Road. Sheringham Golf Club opened in 1891. In October 2016, it was announced a disused sewage outlet pipe stretching 50 metres from the beach into the sea will form the North Sea's "first snorkel trail". Sheringham Golf Club is located on town's western outskirts and is bounded by the North Sea and the North Norfolk Railway. A modern sports and leisure complex, incorporating a swimming pool and gym, and known as The Reef Leisure Centre, opened on Weybourne Road in late 2021, replacing the ageing 'Splash' facility that had occupied the site.

Notable people

 * Tony Colman, Labour MP for Putney 1997–2005, born in Sheringham.
 * Olive Edis had two photographic studios in the town and became Britain's first female WW1 war photographer.
 * Magdalen Goffin FRSL (born 23 July 1925), English writer, was born in Sheringham.
 * Patrick Hamilton, writer, lived and died in a house called Martincross located on the corner of the Boulevard and St Nicholas Place.
 * "King Nicholas I" changed his name by deed poll from Nick Copeman and set up a new empire from his royal seat, a caravan just outside town. King Nicholas I often appeared on TV and radio around the time his book was launched.
 * Craig Murray, former British Ambassador to Uzbekistan, was born in neighbouring West Runton and brought up in Sheringham.
 * Benjamin Pulleyne, Vicar of Sheringham 1825–1861, was also headmaster of Gresham's School.
 * Ernest Shackleton lived at Martincross (then called Mainsail Haul) in July 1910, staying until April 1911.
 * Allan Smethurst (1927–2000), known as the "Singing Postman", brought up in Sheringham although born in Lancashire.
 * Stephen Spender (1909–1995), English poet, novelist and essayist. Lived in a house called 'The Bluff' on the cliffs. He recalls Sheringham fondly in his autobiography World Within World.
 * Edward Ingram Watkin (1888–1981), English writer, lived in the town.
 * John Short Hewett, cleric and academic, was Vicar of Sheringham.
 * Ralph Vaughan Williams, composer, lived in Sheringham in 1919. He also lived and worked at Martincross, where he wrote A Sea Symphony.

Twin towns

 * Sheringham is twinned with the town of Otterndorf, in the region of Lower Saxony, Germany. Otterndorf is at the mouth of the River Medem on part of the Elbe delta in the district of Cuxhaven.
 * Sheringham is also twinned with the town of Muzillac in the region of Morbihan, Brittany, France.

title: Sheringham


text:
Silverlink

Silverlink was a train operating company in the United Kingdom owned by National Express that operated the North London Railways franchise from March 1997 until November 2007. At the end of 2007 Silverlink Metro services were taken over by London Overground and Silverlink County services were taken over by London Midland.

History
The North London Railways franchise was awarded to National Express on 7 February 1997. National Express commenced operating the franchise on 3 March 1997.

After initially trading as North London Railways, in September 1997 the franchise was rebranded as Silverlink.

The franchise was due to finish on 15 October 2006, but on 11 August 2006 the Department for Transport granted an extension until 10 November 2007. Upon its closure, its London metro services were taken over by London Overground and the remainder were merged with Central Trains' western services to form London Midland.

Branding
Silverlink had two sub-brands:

Silverlink Metro was used for services primarily within Greater London: Silverlink County was used for services beyond Greater London:
 * North Woolwich – Richmond (the North London Line)
 * Willesden Junction – Clapham Junction (the West London Line)
 * London Euston – Watford Junction via Willesden Junction (the Watford DC line)
 * Gospel Oak – Barking (the Gospel Oak to Barking Line)
 * Euston – Northampton (Birmingham New Street until 2004)
 * Watford Junction – St Albans Abbey (the St Albans Abbey Line)
 * Bletchley – Bedford (the Marston Vale Line)

Silverlink Metro
Silverlink Metro operated these services.

Note: Changes during the franchise period are noted but changes to the lines before and after the franchise are not.

North London line
These services ran on the North London line:

† At the end of service on Saturday 9 December 2006 the line between Stratford and North Woolwich closed, as much of the route was duplicated by the Docklands Light Railway and the Jubilee line, leaving Stratford as the eastern terminus of the North London Line.

West London line
These services ran via the West London line:

Shepherd's Bush on the West London Line was due to open under the franchise (with signage in Silverlink colours installed), but platform widening work meant that it finally opened in September 2008 under London Overground management, the signage being replaced with the London Overground roundels by that time.

Watford DC line
These services ran on the Watford DC line:

† = also served by the Bakerloo line.

Gospel Oak to Barking line
These services ran on the Gospel Oak to Barking line:

Birmingham/Northampton
Birmingham Line services ran on the slow lines of the West Coast Main Line. The service was cut back to Northampton in September 2004, with services north of Northampton being transferred to partner operator Central Trains, and some through services remained. (Central Trains, like Silverlink, was a subsidiary of National Express and the operations shared rolling stock.)

Prior to 2004 the service also continued to Birmingham, calling at the following stations:

Abbey Line
These services ran on the Abbey Line

Marston Vale line
These services ran on the Marston Vale line between Bedford and Bletchley:

Performance
Silverlink was categorised as a London and South East operator by the Office for Rail Regulation (ORR) and was one of the best performing TOCs in this sector with a PPM (Public Performance Measure) of 90.8% for the last quarter of the financial year 2006/7. Despite these figures, the Silverlink Metro franchise on the North London Line was regarded by frequent travellers as offering a poor service, with extremely congested trains and an unreliable service with some trains cancelled shortly before they were due to arrive. A London Assembly report said passengers found the service "shabby, unreliable, unsafe and overcrowded".

Rolling stock
Silverlink inherited a fleet of Class 117 and Class 121 diesel multiple units, and Class 313 and Class 321 electric multiple units, from British Rail.

To replace the elderly Class 117s and 121s, which operated the Gospel Oak - Barking and Bletchley - Bedford services, seven Class 150 Sprinters were transferred from Central Trains in summer 1999; an eighth followed in 2006. Pending the Sprinters' arrival, Silverlink hired Class 31 locomotives from Fragonset to top and tail Mark 2 carriages on Bletchley - Bedford services in 1998/99.

The Class 313s operated Metro services on the electrified routes; they were joined on the Euston - Watford Junction service in 2003 by three Class 508s transferred from Merseyrail. The Class 321s operated County services to Northampton and Birmingham; they were joined in 2005 by new Class 350s. The Watford Junction - St Albans Abbey service was operated for many years by Class 313s, but later was usually operated by Class 321s with Silverlink Metro drivers and Silverlink County guards.

On 16 July 2004, Virgin Trains announced that it was withdrawing most of its stops at Milton Keynes Central, which were used by up to 6,000 passengers a day. Commuters became unhappy at the prospect of switching to older Silverlink trains, and a longer journey. Silverlink countered this with the temporary usage of ex-Virgin stock, still in Virgin colours.

The Strategic Rail Authority decided to divert thirty four-carriage Siemens Desiro trains from an order placed by South West Trains to provide stock with faster acceleration for the West Coast Main Line operators. These trains, the Class 350s, were not allocated to a specific operator, but were instead used jointly by Silverlink and Central Trains, both owned by National Express.

Pending the arrival of these trains, from September 2004 Silverlink introduced two sets of Mark 3 carriages, formerly of Virgin Trains, hauled by Virgin Class 87 and EWS Class 90 electric locomotives on peak-hour Northampton services. Additionally, five Class 321s were hired from One, another National Express-owned operator.

Depots
Silverlink's fleet was maintained at Bletchley Depot. Following Virgin Trains ceasing to operate electric locomotives, Silverlink's Metro fleet moved to Willesden Depot.

In 2006 Alstom proposed closing Willesden. The depot's closure would have meant the Class 508s would have had to relocate to another depot, and the Class 313s having to return to Bletchley Depot (which was also due to close). On 12 May 2007, Silverlink took over direct running of the depot and its staff for the final six months of its franchise.

Demise
As part of a wider redrawing of the rail franchise map by the Department for Transport, the Silverlink network was to be broken up when it was renewed in November 2007.

The Silverlink Metro services were moved to the control of Transport for London under the banner of the London Overground. On 19 June 2007 Transport for London announced it had awarded the London Overground concession to a Laing Rail/MTR joint venture.

The Silverlink County services were merged with the Central Trains services around Birmingham to create a new West Midlands franchise. On 22 June 2007 the Department for Transport announced it had awarded the West Midlands franchise to Govia.

Silverlink's services transferred to London Overground Rail Operations and London Midland on 11 November 2007.

title: Silverlink


text:
Mobico Group

Mobico Group, formerly National Express Group, is a British multinational public transport company with headquarters in Birmingham, England. Domestically it currently operates bus and coach services under brands including National Express. The company also operates transport services including trains abroad: in the Republic of Ireland, United States, Canada, Spain, Portugal, Malta, Germany, Bahrain, Morocco, Qatar, United Arab Emirates and South Korea, and long-distance coach services across Europe. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange.

Early years
In 1972, the state-owned National Bus Company decided to bring together the scheduled coach services operated by its bus operating companies in the United Kingdom under one brand. Sir Frederick Wood, a prominent businessman and industrialist, was asked to oversee the creation of this new business model and led the group as its chairman from 1972 to 1978. Initially branded as National, the National Express brand was first used in 1974.

With the privatisation of the National Bus Company in the 1980s, National Express was subject to a management buyout in March 1988. The management team pursued various means of diversification; during 1989, the company purchased Crosville Wales.

1990s
Starting in early 1990s, National Express' financial performance began to deteriorate; this led to a new management team taking over the company in July 1991 which had the backing of ECI Partners, a mid-market private equity firm. The new team refocused the group on its core activities, leading to the sale of Crosville Wales to British Bus. During October 1991, it purchased Speedlink, an operator of coach services between Gatwick and Heathrow Airports. In December 1992, National Express Group plc was floated on the London Stock Exchange.

In 1993, Scottish Citylink, Eurolines and East Midlands Airport were acquired. During April 1995, National Express purchased West Midlands Travel, the formerly council-owned bus network of Birmingham and the West Midlands; it was rebranded Travel West Midlands in September 1996. This move began the brand family of Travel ... local bus operations. Bournemouth Airport was acquired in April 1995.

During April 1996, National Express commenced operating its first UK railway franchises, Gatwick Express and Midland Mainline. One year later, three other franchises were awarded, these being Silverlink, Central Trains and ScotRail. To comply with a Monopolies & Mergers Commission ruling on it winning the ScotRail franchise, National Express sold the Scottish Citylink operation to Metroline in August 1998.

In February 1997, Taybus Public Transport was acquired and rebranded Travel Dundee.

During September 1998, Crabtree-Harmon, the seventh-largest student transportation bus company in the United States was acquired, with 82 school bus contracts mainly in Missouri, but also in other Midwest states including Colorado, Iowa, Kansas, Oklahoma and Utah. During February 1999, Robinson Bus Service was purchased; it was followed in August 1999 by Durham Transportation. These acquisitions placed National Express as one of the top three United States school bus operators.

In May 1999, National Express purchased Australia's largest private bus operator, National Bus Company. National Bus Company had bus operations in Brisbane, Melbourne and Perth, and also held a 57% shareholding in Westbus, Sydney's largest bus operator. Westbus also had a London coach operation. In August 1999, National Express was awarded the M>Train, M>Tram and V/Line Passenger rail franchises in the Australian state of Victoria.

2000s
During January 2000, National Express expanded into the American market by acquiring ATC, a public transportation operator. In July 2000, Prism Rail was purchased, though which the c2c, Wales & Borders, Wessex Trains and West Anglia Great Northern franchises were added to National Express' portfolio.

In December 2002, National Express handed in its rail franchises in Victoria, Australia, having been unable to renegotiate financial terms with the State Government.

During February 2004, the London bus operations of Connex were purchased and rebranded Travel London. In April 2004, National Express East Anglia commenced operating the Greater Anglia rail franchise. In September 2004, National Express sold its Melbourne bus operations to Ventura Bus Lines, and Brisbane and Perth bus operations to Connex. After being placed in administration in January 2005, Westbus was sold to ComfortDelGro Cabcharge in August 2005.

In June 2005, the London bus arm of Tellings-Golden Miller was purchased by National Express, after which it was rebranded as Travel London. During July 2005, National Express sold ATC to Connex. In October 2005, the company agreed to buy most of the operations of privately owned Spanish transport operator ALSA, which operates bus and coach services in Spain, Portugal and Morocco, and long-distance coach services to other parts of Europe. Alsa's operations in South America and China were retained by the previous owners.

In April 2007, National Express acquired Continental Auto, the second-largest bus and coach operator in Spain.

During November 2007, South East England coach operator The Kings Ferry was purchased and an airport to hotel shuttle service in London branded Dot2Dot was launched. Dot2Dot did not prove to be commercially viable and thus ceased operations in November 2008.

In November 2007, National Express announced plans to re-brand all of their operations under a new unified National Express identity. It was intended to achieve greater recognition for all the group companies, to coincide with recent acquisitions and after current rail operations had improved in reliability to warrant association with the established express coach image. It coincided with the appointment of a group director for all UK operations and relocation of the head office from London to Birmingham, bringing all operations under a single strategic management structure. Day-to-day management remained within individual companies.

During February 2007, the Department for Transport announced that National Express, along with Arriva, First, and Virgin Rail Group, had been shortlisted to lodge bids for the InterCity East Coast franchise. In August 2007, the Department for Transport awarded the Intercity East Coast franchise to National Express, leading to the creation of National Express East Coast (NXEC) shortly thereafter. Under the terms of its franchise agreement, National Express committed to paying a £1.4-billion premium to the Department of Transport over a time span of seven years and four months. However, numerous rail analysts promptly voiced concerns that the company had paid too much for the franchise, and had effectively repeated GNER's mistake in order to secure the franchise. On 9 December 2007, National Express East Coast commenced operations, taking over from Great North Eastern Railway.

In May 2009, National Express sold Travel London and Travel Surrey to Abellio.

Operational safety concerns
On 3 January 2007, a speeding National Express coach overturned on the M4/M25 slip road, leaving three passengers dead. The driver was jailed for five years.

In July 2009, a junior transport minister, the Gillingham MP Paul Clark, listed a series of concerns to National Express in a letter following a meeting with an employee of National Express East Coast who lives in his constituency. The worker claimed that, due to reduced maintenance checks, some trains were in use with defective brakes, an allegation that was strongly denied by the company, which stated it would "never compromise on safety". He wrote: "As a result of reduced maintenance checks, 'some long-haul sets [trains] are in use with brake defects'. Increasing cuts in staff combined with an increasing pressure to ensure that trains run safely has resulted in fears among staff that a major accident is 'just around the corner'." Passengers, he added, "have been 'poisoned' as a result of coffee machines not being cleaned correctly, with cleaning fluids left in situ". The minister said he was "shocked and appalled at the information with which I've been provided. You will understand that these allegations are exceptionally serious".

School bus drivers in the US have raised concerns about the safety of the buses run by Durham, a subsidiary of National Express, and the second-largest operator of school bus services in North America. According to representatives of Durham bus drivers, fluid leaks, tyres that need to be replaced, black mould and non-functional emergency equipment are regular concerns, whilst workers continued to operate buses while sick because they cannot afford to miss a day of work and drivers are not paid for all the time they work.

Default on East Coast rail franchise
By 2009, National Express East Coast had come under increasing financial pressure due to various factors, including compounding rises in fuel prices and the poor economic climate of the time, commonly known as the Great Recession. In contrast to the company's projected revenue increases during its franchise, NXEC's actual operating income (generated primarily from ticket sales) had decreased by 1 percent during the first half of 2009. According to Rail, the franchise had quickly garnered a reputation for cost-cutting and a decline in service levels, particularly in terms of the onboard catering. It had also introduced various new charges, such as a £2.50 per journey leg for seat reservations.

During April 2009, National Express confirmed that the company was still pursuing talks with the government over possible financial assistance with the franchise, either through a reduction in the premium due or some other form of assistance. During these negotiations, the company had reportedly offered to pay over £100 million to be released from its commitment to operate the franchise. In July 2009, the Department for Transport announced that it would take the National Express East Coast franchise into public ownership at the end of the year after National Express announced it would not invest any further funds into the franchise, effectively declaring it planned to default. In defaulting on the franchise, National Express directly incurred losses of £72 million by forfeiting bonds. Directly Operated Railways took over the East Coast franchise on 14 November 2009.

The franchise failure sparked public and industry calls for the permanent public ownership of the InterCity East Coast franchise, or even the complete scrapping of the entire franchise system. In November 2009, the government announced that National Express East Anglia would not be granted a three-year extension that it had otherwise qualified for; this was reportedly a result of the East Coast default. However, National Express were subsequently granted an extension until October 2011, followed by another through to February 2012.

Prospective takeover
With the company's finances under stress largely as a result of having overbid for the National Express East Coast rail franchise, National Express became a takeover target in 2009. In June 2009, a takeover offer from fellow transport operator FirstGroup was rejected. On 3 September 2009, National Express' largest shareholder, Spain's Cosmen family with 18.5%, and CVC Capital Partners made a takeover offer of £765 million for the company. The Takeover Panel set a deadline of 11 September 2009 for all prospective bids.

During September 2009, National Express agreed to allow the Cosmen/CVC consortium to undertake due diligence. During the following month, the Cosmen/CVC consortium had reportedly reached an agreement to sell the UK bus and rail operations to rival transport operator Stagecoach Group if its offer was successful. The deadline for offers was subsequently extended to 16 October 2009.

On 16 October 2009, the Cosmen/CVC consortium announced that they had withdrawn their offer. That same day, Stagecoach submitted its own all-share bid to acquire National Express. This, too, did not proceed and, in November 2009, National Express announced it would raise the necessary capital through a share issue.

2010s
During February 2013, National Express Germany was awarded two regional rail contracts by the Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr, Zweckverband Nahverkehr Rheinland and Zweckverband Nahverkehr Westfalen-Lippe authorities that commenced in December 2015.

In January 2015, the Bayerische Eisenbahngesellschaft announced that National Express had been selected to operate the Nuremberg S-Bahn system from December 2018. It was to have been the first Deutsche Bahn S-Bahn network to be taken over by a private operator. However, in October 2016, National Express elected to pull out, citing a delay in the ability to order new rolling stock while a challenge brought on by Deutsche Bahn was resolved, would make its bid unviable.

In June 2015, it was announced that the parts 2 and 3 of the Rhein-Ruhr-Express which will be introduced in 2018 will be operated by National Express. This includes Regional-Express services RE4, RE5 and RE6 in Northrhine-Westphalia.

In December 2016, coach operator Clarkes of London was purchased with 56 vehicles. In March 2020, Lucketts Travel was purchased.

Takeover attempt and rebranding
During September 2021, it was reported that National Express had entered into talks to acquire Stagecoach Group. In December 2021, a deal was agreed between the boards of the two companies: however, it was subject to both shareholder approval and regulatory scrutiny. Having originally recommended shareholders accept the National Express offer, in March 2022, the Stagecoach board of directors withdrew its recommendation in favour of a takeover offer from a DWS managed investment fund.

In January 2023, the coach excursion business of seven National Express Transport Solutions companies (Coliseum Coaches, Lucketts Travel, Mortons Travel, Solent Tours, Stewarts Tours, Woods Tours and Worthing Coaches) were brought together under the 'Touromo' brand. Touromo aimed to provide day trips and short breaks to destinations across the UK and Europe as one combined brand, and National Express planned to expand the brand outside the West Midlands and South East England to operate across the United Kingdom. Six months later, however, it was announced that Touromo was to cease operations and that National Express Transport Solutions was to cease offering day trips and holiday excursions in October 2023.

In June 2023, National Express changed its name to Mobico Group.

Operations
National Express' operations are summarised below:

Bus and coach
The bus and coach services operated by the group are:

Bus

 * AirLinks (contract bus operation at UK airports)
 * National Express West Midlands (Major bus operations in Birmingham and the rest of the West Midlands)
 * National Express Coventry (bus operation in and around Coventry, a subsidiary of National Express West Midlands)
 * West Midlands Bus on Demand (Demand Responsive Transport in the Coventry area)

Coach

 * National Express Coaches (long-distance express and airport coach services in the UK)
 * National Express Transport Solutions
 * Lucketts Travel (private coach hire)
 * The Kings Ferry (commuter services and private coach hire)
 * Stewarts Coaches (private coach hire and tours)
 * Clarkes of London (commuter services and private coach hire)
 * Woods Coaches (private coach hire and tours)
 * Worthing Coaches (private coach hire and tours)
 * Mortons Travel (private coach hire and tours)
 * Coliseum Coaches (private coach hire and tours)
 * Solent Coaches (private coach hire and tours)
 * ALSA including Continental-Auto (coach services in Spain and Western Europe)
 * Dublin Express (Dublin and Belfast services to Dublin Airport)
 * In 2016, National Express coach tickets are distributed through Europe by the online booking platform SoBus.

In July 2023, National Express announced they would be ceasing the operation of coach tours having only launched the Tourismo brand of coach tours in January the same year.

Railway
National Express Germany operates a number of train services in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia.

 * Wupper-Express (RE 4), from December 2020
 * Rhein-Express (RE/RRX 5), from June 2019
 * Westfalen-Express (RE/RRX 6), from December 2019
 * Rhein-Münsterland-Express (RE 7), from December 2015
 * Rhein-Wupper-Bahn (RB 48), from December 2015

Following the financial difficulties of Abellio GmbH, National Express was awarded an emergency contract to operate further services in North Rhine-Westphalia from February 2022 to run for two years.
 * NRW-Express (RE/RRX 1) Aachen-Hamm
 * Rhein-Hellweg-Express (RE11) Düsseldorf-Kassel.

Accessible Transport

 * National Express Accessible Transport (Door-to-door transport service for anyone who lives in the urban areas of the West Midlands who find it difficult or impossible to use conventional public transport.)

Bus

 * National Express Transit (transit and paratransit bus operation in the US, formed in 2012)
 * JATRAN
 * Kern Transit
 * Manteca Transit
 * Merced County Transit
 * Victor Valley Transit Authority
 * Westmoreland County Transit Authority
 * A&S Transportation (school bus operations in Florida)
 * A1A Transportation (school bus operations in Florida)
 * Aristocrat Limousine and Bus (limo and charter bus service in New Jersey)
 * Cook DuPage Transportation (paratransit service in Chicago area)
 * Diamond Transportation (paratransit and shuttle service in Washington, DC area, acquired 2016)
 * Durham School Services (school bus operation in the US)
 * Monroe School Transportation (school and charter bus operations in Rochester, New York)
 * New Dawn Transit (school bus operations in New York City)
 * Petermann Transportation (school bus and special service bus operation in US, acquired 2011)
 * Quality Bus Service (school bus operations in Orange County, New York)
 * Queen City Transportation (school and charter bus operations in Ohio, acquired 2017)
 * Stock Transportation (school bus operation in Canada)
 * Suburban Paratransit (paratransit service in New York)
 * Total Transit (transit and paratransit service in Arizona)
 * Trans Express (shuttle, charter, tour, and casino service in New York, acquired 2015)
 * Trinity Transportation (charter and school service in Michigan, acquired 2017)
 * White Plains Bus (charter service in New York)
 * In July 2014, National Express partners with Canadian-based online booking platform Busbud.

Bus
In February 2015, the Bahrain Public Transport Company in which National Express holds a 50% shareholding commenced operating a 10-year concession in Bahrain.

Bus
In May 2009, National Express sold some of its bus operations to Abellio:
 * Travel London (bus operation under contract to Transport for London in London)
 * Travel Surrey (bus operation Surrey and South West London – a subsidiary of Travel London)

In December 2020, National Express sold its Xplore Dundee business to McGill's Bus Services.

Coach

 * Scottish Citylink sold to Metroline in August 1998 in order to comply with a Competition Commission requirement for National Express to operate the ScotRail rail franchise
 * City2City an express coach services in Germany that ceased on 14 October 2014.

Railway
Rail franchises formerly operated:
 * Wales & Borders passed to Arriva Trains Wales in December 2003
 * ScotRail passed to First ScotRail in October 2004
 * Wessex Trains, absorbed into Greater Western franchise and passed to First Great Western in April 2006
 * West Anglia Great Northern split into two parts: West Anglia services transferred to National Express East Anglia April 2004, Great Northern services passed to First Capital Connect in April 2006
 * In November 2007 several franchises were lost in a general restructure:
 * Central Trains split between CrossCountry, East Midlands Trains and London Midland
 * Midland Mainline absorbed into East Midlands Trains franchise
 * Silverlink split between London Midland and London Overground
 * Gatwick Express incorporated into Southern franchise in June 2008
 * National Express East Coast passed to Directly Operated Railways in November 2009
 * National Express East Anglia (including Stansted Express service) passed to Greater Anglia in February 2012
 * c2c operated from May 1996 until sold to Trenitalia in February 2017

Tram

 * National Express Midland Metro (now West Midlands Metro tram line), passed to Transport for West Midlands in 2018.

London & Continental Railways
National Express had a 17.5% shareholding in London & Continental Railways (L&CR) from its formation in September 1994 until it was nationalised by the Government of the United Kingdom in 2009. L&CR was responsible for building the High Speed 1 project. National Express also held a 40% stake in the Inter-Capital and Regional Rail consortium which held the management contract for the UK arm of the Eurostar operation, L&CR's subsidiary Eurostar International from 1998 to 2010.

Airports
In the 1990s, National Express moved into the privatisation of airports, purchasing East Midlands, Bournemouth, and Humberside Airports. In a move to concentrate on bus and rail provision, Humberside was sold to Manchester Airports Group in 1999 followed by Bournemouth and East Midlands in February 2001.

Until November 2007, the group also operated Stewart International Airport in New Windsor, New York. However, the lease was sold to the public Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.

Bus and coach
Australian bus companies previously operated:
 * Westbus and Hillsbus in Sydney, sold to ComfortDelGro Cabcharge in 2005, Westbus ceased operating in 2013, Hillsbus rebranded CDC NSW in 2023.
 * Blue Ribbon in the Hunter Valley, sold to ComfortDelgro Cabcharge and rebranded Hunter Valley Buses in 2005.
 * National Bus Company, Melbourne, sold to Ventura Bus Lines in 2004, ceased operating in 2013.
 * National Bus Company, Brisbane, sold to Connex in 2004, now operating as Transdev Queensland.
 * Southern Coast Transit, Perth, sold to Connex in 2004, now operating as Transdev WA.

Railway and tram
In 1999, the Group gained the Australian franchises M>Train, M>Tram and V/Line Passenger, following the privatisation of rail and tram services by the Government of Victoria. After incurring large losses and being unable to renegotiate the franchise contracts, the operations were handed back to the State Government. M>Train was re-let to Connex and M>Tram to Transdev. V/Line became a government-owned corporation.

Bus and coach

 * ATC (transit and paratransit operations in the United States and Canada, sold to Veolia Environnement in 2005 and since renamed Veolia Transport).
 * Yuma County Area Transit
 * Arlington Transit (transit and paratransit operations in the United States from 2009 to 2019, transferred to First Transit in 2019)
 * SolTrans

In popular culture
National Express features in the song "National Express" by the Divine Comedy, released in 1998.

title: Mobico Group


text:
National security advisor

A national security advisor serves as the chief advisor to a national government on matters of security. The advisor is not usually a member of the government's cabinet but is usually a member of various military or security councils.

National security advisors by country

 * National Security Advisor (Canada)
 * National Security Advisor (India)
 * National Security Advisor (Israel)
 * National Security Advisor (Nigeria)
 * National Security Advisor (Pakistan)
 * National Security Adviser (United Kingdom)
 * National Security Advisor (United States)
 * National Security Advisor (Japan)
 * National Security Advisor (Sri Lanka)

title: National security advisor