text:
Hiʻiaka

In Hawaiian religion, Hiʻiaka is a daughter of Haumea and Kāne.

Hiʻiakaikapoliopele is the Hawaiian patron goddess of hula dancers, chant, sorcery, and medicine. Born in Tahiti and brought by her sister to Hawaii Pelehonuamea, Hi'iaka is also known as the goddess of hula. She played a significant role in the story of Lohi'au, where she embarked on a dangerous journey to bring him to Pele. Throughout her quest, Hi'iaka discovered her powers as a healer of land, making it fertile and causing growth. She also defeated many monsters and faced various challenges with the help of companions and gifts from Pele. In the end, after Pele destroyed Hi'iaka's sacred forest and lover, Lohi'au was given the choice of who to be with, resulting in different versions of the legend's conclusion. Hiʻiaka had multiple sisters, and together they represented various aspects of nature and life in Hawaii.

Attributes and history
Hiiaka is the patron goddess of hula dancers, chant, sorcery, and medicine. Owls are her messengers and are sacred to her. Conceived in Tahiti, Hiiaka was carried in the form of an egg to Hawaii by her sister Pele, who kept the egg with her at all times to incubate it. Thus, the name "Hiiaka" means "carried egg," as "hii" means to hold or carry in the arms (as a child) and "aka" means "embryo." Hiiaka's full name, Hiiaka-i-ka-poli-o-Pele, also refers to the story as it translates as "Hiiaka in the bosom of Pele." Her family line is called Hiiaka, and they take on the task of bearing the clouds, providing rain, thunder, and lightning, variously produced by storms and by Pele's volcanoes. Hiiaka lived in a grove of lehua trees which are sacred to her where she spent her days dancing with the forest spirits. Hiiaka is Pele's favorite and most loyal sister, although they also have their differences. Hiiaka was the first god of the Pele family born in Hawaiʻi.

Goddess of Hula and the importance of traditions
Hiʻiaka was the first to dance hula after her eldest sister Pele asked her to do so. Therefore, Hiʻiaka is known as a goddess of hula, along with Laka and Kapo (other sisters of Pele). In hula hālau (schools), there are ceremonies for these goddesses.

Oli kāhea are chants asking for permission to enter a place (such as someone's home or a ceremony). These chants are also used when asking someone intelligent, such as a teacher, to share their knowledge. Oli kāhea are used to ask for permission to enter a forest, since many forests are considered homes of the gods. In hula hālau, oli and mele kāhea are chanted by the haumana (students) who use them to request that their kumu (teachers) allow them entry into the hālau. When chanting oli kāhea, Hawaiians are taught to be humble and to have good ʻano (proper spirit and intention).

The importance of mele kahea and the responsibility of those receiving mele kahea is seen in different parts of Hiʻiaka's quest to Lohiʻau. For example, when the chief of Maui denied Hiʻiaka hospitality after she asked for permission to enter his home through her mele kahea, Hiʻiaka punished him. When the chief was sleeping, Hiʻiaka caught his spirit after it left his body, and killed it, thereby killing him. Therefore, Hawaiians are taught that being on both the giving and receiving parts of oli (chants) require respect and mindfulness of our actions.

Lohiʻau
In the best known story, Pele once fell into a deep sleep and left her body to wander, and was lured by the sound of a hula-drum accompanied by a wonderful voice. In the Epic Tale of Hiʻiakaikapoliopele, it is said that Pele did not accidentally hear the sounds of the drums and voices. Instead, this version says that Kanikawi and Kanikawa (the gods of Lohiʻau and his people) wanted Pele to specifically hear Lohiʻau, and later become his wife. She appeared in spirit at a festival on Kauai (in most versions of the legend; another variation has her visit Kauai physically while first seeking a home) where she fell in love with the singer, a young chief named Lohiʻau. Hiiaka had been watching over her, and after nine days she grew worried and sang an incantation to bring Pele back. Upon her return, Pele longed for Lohiʻau and decided to send a messenger to bring him to her. Hiiaka volunteered to go on the dangerous journey, as long as Pele would protect her sacred grove of Lehua trees and her lover, Hōpoe (meaning "one encircled, as with a lei or with loving arms").

Pele agreed to Hiiaka's request, but insisted that she return with Lohiʻau within 40 days. She also instructed Hiiaka not to fall in love with Lohiʻau, or even embrace him.

Gifts/Tools
Before Hiʻiaka left for her quest, Pele gifted her with three tools to help her face the trials throughout the quest. The first gift was ʻAwihikalani (a critical eye), to help her to foretell the future encounters she would face, communicate with spirits, and grant her the ability to have supernatural knowledge. The second gift was called Ka lima ikaika o Kīlauea (the "strong arm" of Kilauea), to help her defeat her opponents in battle with super strength. The last gift was Paʻu uila (lightning skirt), this skirt had different abilities to help her along her journey. This skirt also had extreme importance due to the fact that it is a female garment, showing the significance of supernatural women in Hawaiʻi not being ruled by male gods.

Companions
Paʻuopalapalai (Fern Skirt) was a loyal servant to the Pele family for so long that she had become like a spirit. Therefore, she was trusted to be Hiʻiaka's companion on the journey. After the two left Kīlauea, they met a very devout and pious woman named Wahine ʻOmaʻo (Green Woman), who joined them on the journey after she made her offerings to Pele. Wahine ʻOmaʻo was a half-goddess. She was the only companion of Hiʻiaka who completed the entire journey with her.

Journey/Battles of Hiʻiaka
Hiiaka's journey was filled with many adventures, such as dueling with the kupua (demons) of the island forests.

When the travelers arrived at Puna ma Kai, they met a gorgeous princess named Papulehu. She gifted them with red lehua and maile lei (garland). These are the plants that Puna is famous for. She was kind and gracious, however, she was not devout and did not take the time for prayers. Therefore, she did not last the first battle of the journey. Since she did not pray, she had no spiritual sight during the battle against the moʻo Panaʻewa, whom she was eaten by. Panaʻewa could change into different forms like kino-ohu (fog), kino-au-awa (sharp rain), and kukui (candle-nut tree). Hiʻiaka defeated Panaʻewa by trapping her and her followers within a thickening of vines. Many more moʻo, as well as other monsters, are defeated as they traveled across Hawaiʻi. They also had the help of war gods (named Kuliliaukaua and Kekakoʻi), as well as shell-conch blowers (named Kamaiau, Kahinihini, and Mapu).

When passing through Maui, Hiʻiaka and Wahine ʻOmaʻo are denied hospitality by Chief Olepau in Iao Valley. Hiʻiaka punished him with death by catching his second soul (after it left his body and wandered while he was sleeping). She pounded his body against Pahalele, the rock near Waiheʻe.

Hiʻiaka and Wahine ʻOmaʻo headed towards Oahu by passing by the extremely windy side of Molokai, called Kaunakakai. The women came across a moʻo tribe that was causing havoc to women of the area by taking their husbands. Therefore, Hiʻiaka and Wahine ʻOmaʻo exiled the moʻo tribe. They also defeated Kikipua, the mo'o woman who would eat travelers by tricking them that her tongue was a bridge. After she was defeated, Hiʻiaka used her paʻu as a bridge to Oʻahu for safe passage.

Hiʻiaka showed respect to her supernatural relatives, the rocks Maka-puʻu and Malei, when they arrived to the rocky side of Oʻahu through oli (chants). On Oʻahu, she also crushed Mokoliʻi, an evil moʻo, at Kualoa. When they arrived at Kaena point, Hiʻiaka pleaded the Rock-of-Kauai to send her a canoe to paddle over to Kauaʻi. The Rock-of Kauai traces back to Māui (mythology), when it was left at sea after his fishline broke. Hiʻiaka's request was granted and she arrived on Kauaʻi at Haʻena to finally reach Lohiʻau.

When at last Hiʻiaka reached Kauaʻi she found that the young chief had died from longing for Pele. She was able to revive him with chanting and prayer, but she was not able to return to Pele within 40 days. Pele, fearing that Hiʻiaka had betrayed her and was keeping the handsome chief for herself, became enraged and not only destroyed Hiʻiaka's sacred Lehua forest, but also killed Hōpoe, turning her into stone.

When Hiiaka returned, seeing her lover dead and her forest ravaged, she took revenge on Pele and embraced Lohiʻau. In retaliation, Pele sent waves of lava at the couple. Hiiaka was unharmed, but Lohiʻau was killed by the lava. Again, Hiiaka revived him, thus bringing him back to life twice.

Pele, regretting her actions toward Hiiaka's forest and lover, decided to let Lohiʻau choose who he wanted to be with. Some versions of the legend say that Lohiʻau chose Hiiaka over Pele and returned with her to Kauai. Others say he decided to remain with the both of them. Still others say that he retreated to Kauai alone.

The educational Hawaiian website, Living Hawaiian Culture Kumukahi, stated that "During this long and dangerous trip, Hiʻiaka realizes her own powers as a goddess. She is the healer of land. Pele creates new land and Hiʻiaka follows by healing the land, making it fertile and causing things to grow."

Hiiaka sisters
There were "twelve" or "forty sisters", all daughters of Haumea. [The word /hii-aka/ has the meaning of 'embryo', and is a compound of /hii/ 'to hold or carry in the arms (scil., a child)' and /aka/ 'embryo at the moment of conception; carefully'.]

Hiiaka-i-ka-pua-enaena
One sister included Hiiaka-i-ka-pua-enaena: "The skin of any person she possessed reddened. She was also known as Kuku-ena-i-ke-ahi-hoomau-honua (beating hot in the perpetual earth fire), and in this guise she was ... guide to travelers lost in the wilderness, and vanished when they found their way. She was also known as Hiiaka-i-ka-puaaneane (Hiiaka in extreme old age). Lit., Hiiaka in the smoking heat."

Hiiaka-i-ka-poli-o-Pele
They also included Hiiaka-i-ka-poli-o-Pele: "One of her forms was the palaā lace fern ... one of the first plants to grow on new lava. ... She instituted the eating of fish from head to tail. ...  Lit., Hiiaka in the bosom of Pele."

Defeating monsters
Soul-journey in "a deep sleep during which the spirit leaves her body": - "Hiiaka fights and overcomes a number of ... monsters.
 * The moo woman Panaewa, who impedes her way first in the form of fog (kino-ohu), then of sharp rain (kino-au-awa), then of a candlenut (kukui) tree, she entangles ... in a growth of vine ....
 * Two moo, Kiha and Puaa-loa (Long hog), are caught in a flow of lava ....
 * The shark at the mouth of Waipio valley who seizes swimmers crossing the bay is met and slain.
 * Moolau, chief of the jumping moʻo (mahiki) in the land of Mahiki-waena, is defied ....
 * Two moo, Pili and Noho, who make travelers pay toll at the bridge across the Wailuku river, are rent jaw to jaw and the way opened for free traffic."

Shamanic soul-catching

 * "Refused hospitality at the home of the chief Olepau [or Kaulahea] in Iao valley, Hiiaka avenges the insult by catching his second soul, as it goes fluttering about as he lies sleeping, and dashing it against the rock Palahele near Waihee."
 * "Peleula is a famous makaula or seer, but Hiiaka prevails over her. Waihinano, the pert sorceress who defies her on Maui, has been brought up by Kapo and Pua, but Hiiaka catches and crushes to death the soul of the Maui chief for which they both contend. ... Pele gives Hiiaka to Paoa as his wife and he returns with her to Kauaʻi".

title: Hiʻiaka


text:
Haumea (mythology)

Haumea (Hawaiian: ) is the goddess of fertility and childbirth in Hawaiian mythology. She is the mother of many important deities, such as Pele, Kāne Milohai, Kāmohoaliʻi, Nāmaka, Kapo, and Hiʻiaka. Haumea is one of the most important Hawaiian gods, and her worship is among the oldest on the Hawaiian islands. She was finally killed by Kaulu.

Mythology
With the help of a magic stick called the Makalei, Haumea repeatedly transforms herself from an old woman to a young girl, and returns to her homeland periodically to marry one of her offspring, thus giving birth to continuous generations of humans. Eventually, her identity is found out, which angers her, causing her to leave humanity behind. Haumea is said to have given humans the ability to give birth naturally. In a story, she visited Muleiula, the daughter of a chieftain who was experiencing painful childbirth, during which she discovered that humans only gave birth by cutting open the mother. Seeing this, Haumea created a potion out of the Kani-ka-wi tree (Spondias dulcis), which allowed the mother to push out the baby naturally.

Relationships
Haumea is the sister of the gods Kāne and Kanaloa, and sometimes also the wife of Kanaloa. Some traditions identify Haumea with Papahānaumoku, the goddess of the Earth, and wife of the sky god Wākea.

Offspring
With Kanaloa, Haumea gave birth to the war god Kekaua-kahi, the volcano goddess Pele, as well as Pele's brothers and sisters, including Hi'iaka. Except for Pele, who was born the normal way, her children were born from various parts of her body. From her head, for example, were born Laumiha, Kahaʻula, Kahakauakoko, and Kauakahi.

Kumulipo
According to the Kumulipo, a Hawaiian creation chant, Haumea's offspring are:
 * Children by Mulinaha:
 * Laumiha
 * Kahaʻula
 * Kahakauakoko

 * Children by Kanaloa:
 * Kauakahi

 * Grandchildren:
 * Kauahulihonua
 * Haloa
 * Waia
 * Hinanalo
 * Nanakahili
 * Wailoa
 * Kiʻo (last born)

Legacy
On September 17, 2008, the International Astronomical Union named the fifth known dwarf planet in the Solar System Haumea. The planet's two moons were named after Haumea's daughters: Hiʻiaka, the goddess born from the mouth of Haumea, and Namaka, the water spirit born from Haumea's body.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Haumea (mythology)


text:
Kaulu

In Hawaiian mythology, Kaiwa is a trickster god who killed goddess Haumea at Niuhelewai, by catching her in a net obtained from Makali’i. He then killed Lonokaeho, also called Piokeanuenue, king of Ko'olau, by singing an incantation. Kaiwa is known for being extremely powerful and strong, both physically and with magic, and he had many adventures in Hawaiian mythology. He is known for his control over the forces of nature and the weather patterns on the islands.

Family
His parents were Kukaohialaka and Hinauluohia and he was born on Oahu island. Kaiwa was the youngest of three siblings, his older brother's were named Kaeha and Kamano. When Kaiwa was still a baby in his mother's womb, his older brother Kamano threatened to kill him, but then Kaiwa’s other brother, Kaeha, said he would protect Kaiwa. Because of the danger of Kamano, Kaiwa waited for five years in his mother's womb, and he shapeshifted into a piece of rope to be born.

Kaiwa was then born as a piece of rope, and so, Kamano did not kill him, and Kaeha put the rope on a shelf and protected it until Kaiwa turned back into humanoid form. Although it is unclear just what exactly Kaiwa’s parents were, as they might have been either humans or gods or perhaps a sort of humanoid race of earthly gods, Kaiwa himself is definitely a deity and is often thought of as a trickster god. Kaiwa grew up and was very strong and powerful, and he protected Kaeha and saved him from many attacks by other gods and monsters. Kaiwa's wife was called Lanikai and she never bore any children.

Abilities
The Hawaiian god Kaulu has many strange abilities and is an extremely powerful fighter. This in which Kaulu is a trickster god and is quite destructive and at times violent, and is known for being one of the most powerful beings in their mythology. In fact, Kaulu was even powerful enough to kill several other deities of the Hawaiian pantheon. Kaulu is immortal and does not age. Kaulu also seems to be invulnerable to being harmed when fighting. In one the legends of Kaulu, he fought against some of the other gods and killed them, and he killed a huge monster shark. Kaulu had his strange abilities since birth, he was already able to shapeshift, speak, and other things.

Kaulu's brother Kaeha also displayed his shapeshifting ability when he turned into a tiny size and hid in a leaf while speaking to people as a prank, and making them sacrifice their alcoholic beverage to him. Kaulu also has the ability to communicate with spirits, and when he was a kid he used the spirits to find his brother Kaeha. It would seem that Kaulu actually has some kind of reality warping ability as well. When Kaulu was just a child he challenged the ocean and its waves to a fight, and the huge, many story high waves crashed against him, but they he didn't even budge.

Kaulu then struck the ocean, and ever since then, the waves around Hawaii have been much smaller. In another legend, Kaulu's brother Kaeha was tricked by some of the gods to go out on a surfboard then be eaten by the chief of sharks, so Kaulu then drained the entire ocean by drinking it, hence why the ocean is salty. Kaulu then tore the jaws of the shark apart with his bare hands and freed and saved his brother Kaeha. The story mentions Kaulu being attacked by some other supernatural figure with a lightning bolt, and Kaulu blocked the lightning bolt with one finger.

In the legends of Kaulu, he was even able to pull pranks on the spirits and gods and was so good at shapeshifting that not even spirits could find him when he hid from them. The Hawaiian seer or sage Makali stated that Kaulu is "all-powerful". In another part of the legend, Kaulu flies or travels to the realm of the gods in heaven and asks them for food. The guards jokingly agree to let him have as much as he can carry, and Kaulu takes all of the food and storage of their entire farm in his arms.

Stories of Kaulu
In one of Kaulu's first stories as a kid, he challenged the ocean and its waves to a fight. Kaulu mocked the spirits of, or spirits which control the waves and swells, and taunted them. Kaulu asked them how strong they were and when they said they were very strong, Kaulu fought them. When Kaulu struck the surf and waves, it caused them to become weak and that is why the waves are smaller today. In another feat of reality bending, Kaulu then faced off against a huge dog monster and tore it to bloody pieces, which is why dogs are smaller now as well, says the story.

Kaulu then found his older brother Kaeha, and he lived in a village where there were also a certain group called The Akua, possibly spirits. They all liked to drink an alcoholic beverage called Awa. Kaulu and his brother Kaeha performed pranks on the Akua, before they went to all drink Awa, Kaulu told his brother Kaeha "Yes, tell the akua to drink their 'awa first, and you will take yours after them. But before you drink yours, offer a little to me as your god by saying: 'Here is our awa." Kaeha then did so, and after sacrificing to Kaulu, Kaulu answered from the darkness, hiding in a leaf.

The Akua then thought Kaeha had a powerful god he was sacrificing to, and it even puzzled Kane and Kanaloa, who then sent Kolea to ask the sage Makali about it. Makali said "Kaulu, the youngest brother of Kaeha is all-powerful and strong, and he's hiding in the palm leaves." The Akua then searched for Kaulu in the palm leaves but could not find him. One story says he put stones in the resting places of "The akua" so they would hit their heads on them when they woke up, and then tried to attack Kaeha and Kaulu, and refused to share food with them. Kaulu is often described as a small and young looking boy in these stories.

Multiple Hawaiian legends tell of a great famine that once struck Hawaii. Some versions of the story cite Haumea as the cause, and show Kaulu as the hero who saves the people by tricking the gods and sages in heaven into letting him take all their food. Kaulu then obtains a magical net from the divine sage Makali'i and uses it to trap and murder Haumea. Another part of the Kaulu story says he killed the "shark of the gods", which was a huge chief shark that some of the Hawaiian gods used to send out to kill things with. Kaulu killed Kukama-ulu-nui-akea, who apparently he then threw up into the milky way, out into the galaxy.

"The king shark of Kane and Kanaloa in Lewa-lani, called Ku-kama-ulu-nui-akea or Kalake‘e-nui-a-Kane, whom Kaulu slays in this legend and whose spirit flies up to the Milky Way, has its prototype in the South Seas. In the Tuamotus the Milky Way is the sacred ocean of Kiho-tumu; the dark rift in the Milky Way is his sacred ship, called The-long-shark."

title: Kaulu


text:
User:Bth/Sandbox

An idea for an alternative "navigation aid" for the periodic tables in the elements pages, if the numbers link to pages giving each period/groups members. But the rendering is probably too browser-dependent (in terms of numbers lining up with rows and cols in the png) to be worthwhile.

General Name, Symbol, Number Lithium, Li, 3 Series                 Alkali metal Group, Period, Block 1(IA), 2, s Density, Hardness    535 kg/m3, 0.6 Appearance                             silvery white/grey Atomic Atomic weight                                6.941 amu Atomic radius (calc.)                        145 (167) pm Covalent radius                              134 pm   van der Waals radius                          182 pm   Electron configuration                         [ He ] 2s1 e- 's per energy level 2, 1 Oxidation states (Oxide)                 1 (strong base) Crystal structure                            Cubic body centered Physical State of matter                          solid (nonmagnetic) Melting point                                453.69 K (356.97 °F) Boiling point                                1615 K (2448 °F) Molar volume                                 13.02 ×10-3 m3/mol Heat of vaporization                         145.92 kJ/mol Heat of fusion                               3 kJ/mol Vapor pressure                               1.63×10-8 Pa (453.7K) Velocity of sound                            6000 m/s (293.15K) Miscellaneous Electronegativity                            0.98 (Pauling scale) Specific heat capacity                       3582 J/(kg*K) Electrical conductivity                      10.8 106/m ohm Thermal conductivity                         84.7 W/(m*K) 1st ionization potential          520.2  kJ/mol 2nd ionization potential              7298.1 kJ/mol 3rd ionization potential              11815.0 kJ/mol Most Stable Isotopes  SI units & STP are used except where noted.

title: User:Bth/Sandbox


text:
Talk:Body fluids in art

Untitled
I remember a canadian artist who got people to pee in the snow & then made plaster casts of the holes or something. maybe worht a mention if someone knows of -- Tarquin

 * She wasn't Canadian, it turns out, but English (she did the business in Canada though). --Camembert

Marc Quinn's sculpture is now destroyed with the unplugging of Saatchi's freezer; we should mention this if anyone can get me a year on it. --Daniel C. Boyer

 * It isn't actually - that was a scurrilous rumour. See the Marc Quinn article for details. --Camembert

 * There are many blood artists today; however, many of them do not consider their art "contemporary" which technically means art after WWII. I believe the definition and presentation of contemporary art by galleries and museums likens more to pop art. --Mativity  —Preceding undated comment added 03:57, 4 August 2011 (UTC).

No Artist Spam Please
note to living artists and their girlfriends/boyfriends: no promotional artist-spam here please. contemporary artists with a track record of legitimate non-vanity gallery exhibits at major venues in major cities or at least artists with mentions in major media outlets might be worthy. if you just graduated as an art major and included pee in something hanging in your mom's living room, please don't clutter the article with promotions of your website. come back when you're notable. thank you Cramyourspam (talk) 17:29, 5 August 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Body fluids in art. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110204204738/http://www.wired.com:80/underwire/tag/jordan-eagles/ to http://www.wired.com/underwire/tag/jordan-eagles/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 05:29, 29 August 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Body fluids in art. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150518110721/http://www.mb.com.ph/ecija-folk-artist-paints-pacquiao-using-his-own-blood/ to http://www.mb.com.ph/ecija-folk-artist-paints-pacquiao-using-his-own-blood/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080224104631/http://www.artnewsblog.com:80/2005/03/blood-art.htm to http://www.artnewsblog.com/2005/03/blood-art.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:33, 5 November 2016 (UTC)

why have semen if there are no entries for it
just sayin' — Preceding unsigned comment added by 143.167.69.13 (talk) 18:53, 22 May 2017 (UTC)

Hi, Marcel Duchamp's "Paysage Fautif" was actually made from the artist's semen, according to this article: https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/apr/07/marcel-duchamp-artist-a-z-dictionary. I don't know how to edit the scheme, though. It would be great if someone could fix this. Kind regards ThomasBJ (talk) 09:57, 6 April 2020 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Body fluids in art. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110419190933/http://www.communityarts.net/readingroom/archivefiles/2002/09/shooting_the_kl.php to http://www.communityarts.net/readingroom/archivefiles/2002/09/shooting_the_kl.php
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080224104631/http://www.artnewsblog.com/2005/03/blood-art.htm to http://www.artnewsblog.com/2005/03/blood-art.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:27, 22 July 2017 (UTC)

Title versus content
Sorry to bring this up, but faeces aren't really a body fluid unless they're in the form of diarrhoea. I think the title needs changing to reflect this. (The only alternatives I can think of at present are body products and bodily substances, but I think a better term probably exists.) Musiconeologist (talk) 18:42, 7 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Body fluids in art


text:
Solfège

In music, solfège or solfeggio, also called sol-fa, solfa, solfeo, among many names, is a mnemonic used in teaching aural skills, pitch and sight-reading of Western music. Solfège is a form of solmization, though the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably.

Syllables are assigned to the notes of the scale and assist the musician in audiating, or mentally hearing, the pitches of a piece of music, often for the purpose of singing them aloud. Through the Renaissance (and much later in some shapenote publications) various interlocking four-, five- and six-note systems were employed to cover the octave. The tonic sol-fa method popularized the seven syllables commonly used in English-speaking countries: do (spelled doh in tonic sol-fa), re, mi, fa, so(l), la, and ti (or si) (see below).

There are two current ways of applying solfège: 1) fixed do, where the syllables are always tied to specific pitches (e.g., "do" is always "C-natural") and 2) movable do, where the syllables are assigned to scale degrees, with "do" always the first degree of the major scale.

Etymology
Italian "solfeggio" and English/French "solfège" derive from the names of two of the syllables used: sol and fa.

The generic term "solmization", referring to any system of denoting pitches of a musical scale by syllables, including those used in India and Japan as well as solfège, comes from French solmisation, from the Latin solfège syllables sol and mi.

The verb "to sol-fa" means to sing the solfège syllables of a passage (as opposed to singing the lyrics, humming, etc).

Origin
In eleventh-century Italy, the music theorist Guido of Arezzo invented a notational system that named the six notes of the hexachord after the first syllable of each line of the Latin hymn "Ut queant laxis", the "Hymn to St. John the Baptist", yielding ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la. Each successive line of this hymn begins on the next scale degree, so each note's name was the syllable sung at that pitch in this hymn.

Ut queant laxīs   re sonāre fibrīs Mī ra gestōrum   fa mulī tuōrum, Sol ve pollūtī   la biī reātum, Sancte Iohannēs.

The words were ascribed to Paulus Diaconus in the 8th century. They translate as:

So that your servants may with loosened voices Resound the wonders of your deeds, Clean the guilt from our stained lips, O Saint John.

"Ut" was changed in the 1600s in Italy to the open syllable Do. Guido's system had only six notes, but "si" was added later as the seventh note of the diatonic scale. In Anglophone countries, "si" was changed to "ti" by Sarah Glover in the nineteenth century so that every syllable might begin with a different letter. "Ti" is used in tonic sol-fa (and in the famed American show tune "Do-Re-Mi").

Some authors speculate that the solfège syllables (do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, ti) might have been influenced by the syllables of the Arabic solmization system called درر مفصّلات Durar Mufaṣṣalāt ("Detailed Pearls") (dāl, rā', mīm, fā', ṣād, lām, tā'). This mixed-origin theory was brought forward by scholars as early as the XVII and XVIII century, in the works of Francisci a Mesgnien Meninski and Jean-Benjamin de La Borde. Modern scholars are mostly skeptical.

In Elizabethan England
In the Elizabethan era, England and its related territories used only four of the syllables: mi, fa, sol, and la. "Mi" stood for modern ti or si, "fa" for modern do or ut, "sol" for modern re, and "la" for modern mi. Then, fa, sol and la would be repeated to also stand for their modern counterparts, resulting in the scale being "fa, sol, la, fa, sol, la, mi, fa". The use of "fa", "sol" and "la" for two positions in the scale is a leftover from the Guidonian system of so-called "mutations" (i.e. changes of hexachord on a note, see Guidonian hand). This system was largely eliminated by the 19th century, but is still used in some shape note systems, which give each of the four syllables "fa", "sol", "la", and "mi" a different shape.

An example of this type of solmization occurs in Shakespeare's King Lear, where in Act 1, Scene 2, Edmund exclaims to himself right after Edgar's entrance so that Edgar can hear him: "O, these eclipses do portend these divisions". Then, in the 1623 First Folio (but not in the 1608 Quarto), he adds "Fa, so, la, mi". This Edmund probably sang (see ) to the tune of Fa, So, La, Ti (e.g. F, G, A, B in C major), i.e. an ascending sequence of three whole tones with an ominous feel to it: see tritone (historical uses).

Modern use
Solfège is still used for sight reading training. There are two main types: Movable do and Fixed do.

Movable do solfège
In Movable do or tonic sol-fa, each syllable corresponds to a scale degree; for example, if the music changes into a higher key, each syllable moves to a correspondingly higher note. This is analogous to the Guidonian practice of giving each degree of the hexachord a solfège name, and is mostly used in Germanic countries, Commonwealth countries, and the United States.

One particularly important variant of movable do, but differing in some respects from the system described below, was invented in the nineteenth century by Sarah Ann Glover, and is known as tonic sol-fa.

In Italy, in 1972, Roberto Goitre wrote the famous method "Cantar leggendo", which has come to be used for choruses and for music for young children.

The pedagogical advantage of the movable-Do system is its ability to assist in the theoretical understanding of music; because a tonic is established and then sung in comparison to, the student infers melodic and chordal implications through their singing.

Major
Movable do is frequently employed in Australia, China, Japan (with 5th being so, and 7th being si), Ireland, the United Kingdom, the United States, Hong Kong, and English-speaking Canada. The movable do system is a fundamental element of the Kodály method used primarily in Hungary, but with a dedicated following worldwide. In the movable do system, each solfège syllable corresponds not to a pitch, but to a scale degree: The first degree of a major scale is always sung as "do", the second as "re", etc. (For minor keys, see below.) In movable do, a given tune is therefore always sol-faed on the same syllables, no matter what key it is in.

The solfège syllables used for movable do differ slightly from those used for fixed do, because the English variant of the basic syllables ("ti" instead of "si") is usually used, and chromatically altered syllables are usually included as well.

If, at a certain point, the key of a piece modulates, then it is necessary to change the solfège syllables at that point. For example, if a piece begins in C major, then C is initially sung on "do", D on "re", etc. If, however, the piece then modulates to G major, then G is sung on "do", A on "re", etc., and C is then sung on "fa". If the piece modulates to any major key, the subdominant will be fa and dominant will be sol, the submediant will be la, and the supertonic note will be re.

Minor
Passages in a minor key may be sol-faed in one of two ways in movable do: either starting on do (using "me", "le", and "te" for the lowered third, sixth, and seventh degrees, and "la" and "ti" for the raised sixth and seventh degrees), which is referred to as "do-based minor", or starting on la (using "fi" and "si" for the raised sixth and seventh degrees). The latter (referred to as "la-based minor") is sometimes preferred in choral singing, especially with children.

The choice of which system is used for minor makes a difference as to how you handle modulations. In the first case ("do-based minor"), when the key moves for example from C major to C minor the syllable do keeps pointing to the same note, namely C, (there's no "mutation" of do's note), but when the key shifts from C major to A minor (or A major), the scale is transposed from do = C to do = A. In the second case ("la-based minor"), when the key moves from C major to A minor the syllable do continues to point to the same note, again C, but when the key moves from C major to C minor the scale is transposed from do = C to do = E-flat.

Fixed do solfège

In Fixed do, each syllable always corresponds to the same pitch; when the music changes keys, each syllable continues to refer to the same sound (in the absolute sense) as it did before. This is analogous to the Romance-language system naming pitches after the solfège syllables, and is used in Romance and Slavic countries, among others, including Spanish-speaking countries.

In the major Romance and Slavic languages, the syllables Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La, and Si are the ordinary names of the notes, in the same way that the letters C, D, E, F, G, A, and B are used to name notes in English. For native speakers of these languages, solfège is simply singing the names of the notes, omitting any modifiers such as "sharp" or "flat" to preserve the rhythm. This system is called fixed do and is used in Belgium, Brazil, Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Romania, Latin American countries and in French-speaking Canada as well as countries such as Russia, Turkey, Ukraine, Bulgaria and Israel where non-Romance languages are spoken. In the United States, the fixed-do system is taught at many conservatories and schools of music including The Juilliard School in New York City, the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia, the Eastman School of Music in Rochester, New York, and the Cleveland Institute of Music in Cleveland, Ohio.

In the fixed do system, shown above, accidentals do not affect the syllables used. For example, C, C♯, and C♭ (as well as C𝄪 and C𝄫, not shown above) are all sung with the syllable "do".

Chromatic variants
Several chromatic fixed-do systems have also been devised to account for chromatic notes, and even for double-sharp and double-flat variants. The Yehnian system, being the first 24-EDO (i.e., quarter tone) solfège system, proposed even quartertonal syllables. While having no exceptions to its rules, it supports both si and ti users.

Note names
In the countries with fixed-do, these seven syllables (with "si" rather than "ti") – and not the letters C, D, E, F, G, A, and B – are used to name the notes of the C-Major scale. Here it would be said, for example, that Beethoven's Ninth Symphony (in D minor) is in "Re minor", and that its third movement (in B-flat major) is in "Si-bemol major".

In Germanic countries, on the other hand, the notes have letter names that are mainly the same as those used in English (so that Beethoven's Ninth Symphony is said to be in "d-Moll"), and solfège syllables are encountered only in sight-singing and ear training.

Cultural references

 * The various possibilities to distinguish the notes acoustically, optically and by ways of speech and signs, made the solfège a possible syllabary for an International Auxiliary Language (IAL/LAI). This was, in the latter half of the 19th century, realised in the musical language Solresol.
 * In The Sound of Music, the song "Do-Re-Mi" is built around solfège. Maria sings it with the von Trapp children to teach them to sing the major scale.
 * Ernie Kovacs' television show had a popular recurring sketch that became known as "The Nairobi Trio". The three characters wore long overcoats, bowler hats, and gorilla masks, and were performed by Ernie and two other rotating persons including uncredited stars such as Frank Sinatra and Jack Lemmon, as well as Kovacs' wife, singer Edie Adams. There was no dialog, the three pantomimed to the song Solfeggio by Robert Maxwell and the lyrics of the song were made up solely of the solfeggio syllables themselves. The sketch was so popular, that the song was re-released as "Song of the Nairobi Trio".

title: Solfège


text:
Talk:Colonel Sanders

Semi-protected edit request on 27 September 2022
Requesting to edit early-life and quick fact section to reflect that his birthplace was Otisco, Indiana which is referred to as being 3 miles east of Henryville, Indiana, which is actually 7 miles. The historical society representing the county in which mentioned cities rest erected a marker at the location of his home claiming he was born and lived there for the first nine years of his life. It was covered in the local media here which backs this request. https://www.newsandtribune.com/news/clark_county/kentucky-fried-beginnings-marker-recognizes-colonel-sanders-southern-indiana-birthplace/article_e57afe3a-3dc6-11ed-83bb-ffd68457c3fd.html?utm_campaign=blox&utm_source=facebook&utm_medium=social 2603:6011:9441:7500:3CFF:E512:7C16:110A (talk) 06:09, 27 September 2022 (UTC)

Not done: So I just spent entirely too long looking at maps of tiny towns in Indiana, and I believe 3-4 miles is correct, depending on how you measure it. The article you linked does not give an exact address, but it does say the thing is on Zollman Road, which is about halfway between the centers of Henryville and Otisco. Here is a map showing it's exactly 3 miles from what looks like the easternmost point of Henryville. 3mi1y (talk) 07:52, 10 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Zollman Road is correct.
 * https://www.in.gov/history/state-historical-markers/find-a-marker/find-historical-markers-by-county/indiana-historical-markers-by-county/colonel-harland-sanders/ 74.130.65.57 (talk) 17:33, 19 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Also, in reference to your maps, check this 1875 map:
 * https://www.loc.gov/resource/g4093c.la000140/?r=0.453,0.137,0.05,0.024,0
 * Tract 242 shows his grandfather Cyrus. 74.130.65.57 (talk) 17:37, 19 June 2023 (UTC)

Not colonel sanders
The picture on this page is not Colonel Harland Sanders. It's a look-a-like. 2600:1014:B003:9B1D:A1BB:65D:7AC3:790E (talk) 04:57, 23 December 2022 (UTC)

Change title?
Should it be Colonel Harland Sanders? Colonel is a title. I observed on other Wikipedia pages that we generally use names, for example Mark Milley who is a general. WoofWoof21 (talk) 18:36, 1 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I think this is one of the handful of exceptions to including a title in the article name. "Colonel Sanders" is how the country knows him. See WP:NICKNAME and WP:TITLESINTITLES. Schazjmd   (talk)  21:04, 1 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Even without going into that detail, WP:COMMONNAME supports this article title well enough on its own - it's the form of his name he's best known by as far as I can tell. EditorInTheRye (talk) 21:13, 1 June 2023 (UTC)
 * This is all new to me. Thanks I will take a look at it WoofWoof21 (talk) 00:09, 2 June 2023 (UTC)

KFC is an American fast food restaurant chain headquartered in Louisville, Kentucky, that specializes in fried chicken. It is the world's second-largest restaurant chain after McDonald's, with 22,621 locations globally in 150 countries as of December 2019. The chain is a subsidiary of Yum 175.140.174.99 (talk) 08:02, 13 June 2023 (UTC)

Ordinance Works was the Manhattan Project
The current article states in 1942 Sanders worked for a government cafeteria at an "ordinance works." This is too vague. He worked for the Manhattan project and served 75,000 employees with top secret clearances at what became Oak Ridge National Lab. This also meant he had a secret clearance and a military rank - and there may be some sort of pun going on with "secret recipe." This begs the question of whether the pressure cooker he commercialized was developed for the Manhattan Project to feed high volumes of people with minimal kitchen staff. 104.220.249.24 (talk) 19:40, 24 June 2023 (UTC)

Born in 1980
Born in 1980 and died in 1980??? 181.197.125.31 (talk) 20:23, 30 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Nope, born in 1890, died 1980. -  FlightTime  ( open channel ) 20:35, 30 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Colonel Sanders


text:
Ruhr (river)

The Ruhr is a river in western Germany (North Rhine-Westphalia), a right tributary (east-side) of the Rhine.

Description and history

The source of the Ruhr is near the town of Winterberg in the mountainous Sauerland region, at an elevation of approximately 670 m. It flows into the lower Rhine at an elevation of only 17 m in the municipal area of Duisburg. Its total length is 219 km, its average discharge is 79 m3/s at Mülheim near its mouth. Thus, its discharge is, for example, comparable to that of the river Ems in Northern Germany or the River Thames in the United Kingdom.

The Ruhr first passes the towns of Meschede, Arnsberg, Wickede, Fröndenberg, Holzwickede, Iserlohn, and Schwerte. Then the river marks the southern limit of the Ruhr area, passing Hagen, Dortmund, Herdecke, Wetter, Witten, Bochum, Hattingen, Essen, Mülheim, and Duisburg.

The Ruhr area was Germany's primary industrial area during the early- to mid-20th century. Most factories were located there. The occupation of the Ruhr from 1923 to 1924 by French forces, due to the Weimar Republic's failure to continue paying reparations from World War I, provoked passive resistance, which saw production in the factories grind to a halt. As a result, the German hyperinflation crisis grew even worse.

During World War II, two of the dams on the Ruhr, the Möhne Dam and the Sorpe Dam were targets for Operation Chastise, in which special "bouncing bombs" were developed to take out the dams and flood the valley, with the hope of seriously affecting the German industries there. The story was told in a 1951 book and the popular 1955 film made from it, The Dam Busters.

Lakes
There are five Ruhr reservoirs on the river, often used for leisure activities.

 * Hengsteysee between Dortmund and Hagen, surface area: 1.36 km2 height of the weir 4.5 m
 * Harkortsee between Herdecke and Wetter; surface area: 1.37 km2, height of the weir 7.8 m
 * Kemnader See between Witten and Bochum; surface area: 1.25 km2, height of the weir 2 m
 * Baldeneysee in Essen-Werden; surface area: 2.64 km2, height of the weir 8.5 m
 * Kettwiger See in Essen-Kettwig; surface area: 0.55 km2, height of the weir 6 m

Tributaries
The main tributaries of the Ruhr are (from source to mouth):

 * Left: Berkelbach, Voßmecke, Neger, Elpe, Valme, Nierbach, Henne, Kelbke, Wenne, Mühlenbach, Röhr, Bachumer Bach, Haßbach, Scheebach, Wimberbach, Hönne, Abbabach, Baarbach, Elsebach, Wannebach (Ergste), Lenne, Volme, Sprockhöveler Bach, Deilbach, Oefter Bach, Rinderbach
 * Right: Hillebach, Gierskoppbach, Gebke (Meschede), Kleine Gebke, Gebke (Wennemen), Wanne, Möhne, Wannebach (Westhofen), Borbach, Wannenbach, Hörsterholzer Bach, Knöselsbach, Rumbach

title: Ruhr (river)


text:
Ruhr

The Ruhr (Ruhrgebiet, also Ruhrpott ), also referred to as the Ruhr area, sometimes Ruhr district, Ruhr region, or Ruhr valley, is a polycentric urban area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. With a population density of 2,800/km2 and a population of over 5 million (2017), it is the largest urban area in Germany and the third of the European Union. It consists of several large cities bordered by the rivers Ruhr to the south, Rhine to the west, and Lippe to the north. In the southwest it borders the Bergisches Land. It is considered part of the larger Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region of more than 10 million people, which is the third largest in Western Europe, behind only London and Paris.

The Ruhr cities are, from west to east: Duisburg, Oberhausen, Bottrop, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Essen, Gelsenkirchen, Bochum, Herne, Hagen, Dortmund, Hamm and the districts of Wesel, Recklinghausen, Unna and Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis. The most populous cities are Dortmund (with a population of approximately 612,065), Essen (about 583,000) and Duisburg (about 497,000).

In the Middle Ages, the Hellweg was an important trade route from the region of the Lower Rhine to the mountains of the Teutoburg Forest. The most important towns of the region from Duisburg to the imperial city of Dortmund were concentrated along the Hellweg from the Rhineland to Westphalia. Since the 19th century, these cities have grown together into a large complex with a vast industrial landscape, inhabited by some 7.3 million people (including Düsseldorf and Wuppertal, large cities that are nearby but officially not part of the Ruhr area).

The Ruhr area has no administrative centre; each city in the area has its own administration, although there is a supracommunal Ruhr Regional Association institution in Essen. For 2010, the Ruhr region was one of the European Capitals of Culture.

Etymology
The 1911 edition of Encyclopædia Britannica has only one definition of "Ruhr": "a river of Germany, an important right-bank tributary of the lower Rhine". The use of the term "Ruhr" for the industrial region started in Britain only after World War I, when French and Belgian troops had occupied the Ruhr district and seized its prime industrial assets in lieu of unpaid reparations in 1923. In 1920, the International Labour Office published a report entitled Coal Production in the Ruhr District. In 1923, the Canadian Commercial Intelligence Journal, Volume 28, Issue 1013, includes the article, "Exports from the Ruhr district of Germany". In 1924 the English and American press was still talking of the "French occupation of the Ruhr Valley" or "Ruhr District". A 62-page publication seems to be responsible for the use of "Ruhr" as a short form of the then more common "Ruhr District" or "Ruhr Valley": Ben Tillett, A. Creech-Jones and Samuel Warren's The Ruhr: The Report of a Deputation from the Transport and General Workers Union (London 1923). Yet "The report of a deputation from the Transport and General Workers' Union which spent a fortnight examining the problems in the Ruhr Valley", published in The Economic Review, Volume 8, 1923, is still using the traditional term. In the same year, "Objections by the United States to discriminatory regulations on exports from the occupied region of the Ruhr" was published in Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States.

The 1926 Encyclopædia Britannica, in addition to its article on the river Ruhr, has a further article on "RUHR, the name given to a district of Westphalia, Germany". Thus the name "Ruhr" was given to the region (as a short form of "Ruhr District" or "Ruhr Valley") only a few years before the publication of this edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. Even after World War II, the term "Ruhr" may not have been in general use for the region: it was defined in Documents on American Foreign Relations (1948): "For the purposes of the present Agreement: (i) the expression 'Ruhr' means the areas, as presently constituted, in Land North Rhine–Westphalia, listed in the Annex to this Agreement." However, Lawrence K. Cecil and Philip Hauge Abelson still write in 1967: "In the first place, the average person uses the term 'Ruhr' indiscriminately as the Ruhr River or the Ruhr district, two entirely different things. The Ruhr River is only one of half a dozen rivers in the Ruhr district, in addition to the Rhine. The Rhine itself runs through the heart of the Ruhr district." According to Merriam Webster's Geographical Dictionary, a standard reference on place names around the world, the name "Ruhr" refers to the river. The name preferred for the region in this dictionary is "Ruhrgebiet", followed by "Ruhr Valley".

Geography

The urban landscape of the Ruhr extends from the Lower Rhine Basin east to the Westphalian Plain and south to the hills of the Rhenish Massif. Through the centre of the Ruhr runs a segment of the loess belt that extends across Germany from west to east. Historically, this loess belt has underlain some of Germany's richest agricultural regions.

Geologically, the region is defined by coal-bearing layers from the upper Carboniferous period. The coal seams reach the surface in a strip along the river Ruhr and dip downward from the river to the north. Beneath the Lippe, the coal seams lie at a depth of 600 to 800 metres (2,000 to 2,600 feet). The thickness of the coal layers ranges from one to three metres (three to ten feet). This geological feature played a decisive role in the development of coal mining in the Ruhr.

According to the Regionalverband Ruhr (RVR, Ruhr Regional Association), 37.6% of the region's area is built up. A total of 40.7% of the region's land remains in agricultural use. Forests account for 17.6%, and bodies of water and other types of land use occupy the rest. The inclusion of four mainly rural districts in the otherwise mainly industrial Ruhr helps to explain the large proportion of agricultural and forested land. In addition, the city boroughs of the Ruhr region have outlying districts with a rural character.

Seen on a map, the Ruhr could be considered a single city, since there are no visible breaks between the individual city boroughs. Thus the Ruhr is described as a polycentric urban area, which shares a similar history of urban and economic development.

Because of its history, the Ruhr is structured differently from monocentric urban regions such as Munich, which developed through the rapid absorption of smaller towns and villages by the most significant city among them. Instead in the Ruhr, the individual city boroughs and urban districts of the Ruhr grew in a rapid and parallel fashion independently of one another during the Industrial Revolution. The population density of the central Ruhr is about 2,100 inhabitants per square kilometre (about 5,400 per square mile)—not too high compared to other German cities.

Between the constituent urban areas are relatively open suburbs and even some open land with agricultural fields. In many places however, the borders between cities in the central Ruhr are unrecognizable, blending into one urban landscape due to continuous development across them.

The replanting of brownfield land has created new parks and recreation areas in recent decades. The Emscher Landschaftspark (Emscher Landscape Park) lies along the river Emscher, formerly virtually an open sewer, parts of which have undergone natural restoration. This park connects strips of parkland running from north to south, which were developed through regional planning in the 1920s, to form a green belt between the Ruhr cities from east to west.

History

During the Middle Ages, much of the region that was later called the Ruhrgebiet was situated in the County of Mark, the Duchies of Cleves and Berg and the territories of the bishop of Münster and the archbishop of Cologne. The region included some villages and castles, and was mainly agrarian: its loess soil made it one of the richer parts of western Germany. The free imperial city of Dortmund was the trading and cultural centre, lying on the Hellweg, an important east–west trading route, that also brought prosperity to the town of Duisburg. Both towns were members of the Hanseatic League.

Industrial revolution
The development of the region into an urbanized industrial area started in the late 18th century with the early industrialisation in the nearby Wupper Valley in the Bergisches Land. By around 1820, hundreds of water-powered mills were producing textiles, lumber, shingles and iron in automated processes here. In additional workshops in the hills, highly skilled workers manufactured knives, tools, weapons and harnesses, using water, coal and charcoal.

As the machines became bigger and moved from water power to steam power, locally mined coal and charcoal became expensive and there was not enough of it. The Bergische industry ordered more and more coal from the new coal mining area along the Ruhr. Impressive and expensive railways were constructed through the hilly Wupper region, to bring coal, and later steel, in from the Ruhr, and for outward transport of finished products.

By 1850, there were almost 300 coal mines in operation in the Ruhr area, in and around the central cities of Duisburg, Essen, Bochum and Dortmund. The coal was exported or processed in coking ovens into coke, used in blast furnaces, producing iron and steel. In this period the name Ruhrgebiet became common. Before the coal deposits along the Ruhr were exhausted, the mining industry moved northward to the Emscher and finally to the Lippe, drilling ever deeper mines as it went. Locks built at Mülheim on the Ruhr led to the expansion of Mülheim as a port. With the construction of the Cologne-Minden railway in the late 19th century, several iron works were built within the borders of the present-day city of Oberhausen.

Moreover, the urbanization also boosted the expansion of railroad connections. At the beginning of the 1880s, agricultural regions did not benefit from the newly built transport facilities as much as non-agricultural regions did. This in its turn increased inequality, and made anthropometric measurements, e.g. height, more dependent on wages. In the long run, however, effects of the railroad proximity diminished.

Consequently, the population climbed rapidly. Towns with only 2,000 to 5,000 people in the early 19th century grew in the following 100 years to over 100,000. Skilled mineworkers were recruited from other regions to the Ruhr's mines and steel mills and unskilled people started to move in. From 1860 onwards there was large-scale migration of Polish speakers from Silesia, Pomerania, East Prussia and Posen to the Ruhr, who were known as Ruhrpolen since. The Poles were treated as second class citizens. In 1899 this led to a revolt in Herne of young Polish workers, who later established a Workers' Union. Skilled workers in the mines were often housed in "miners' colonies", built by the mining firms. By 1870, over 3 million people lived in the Ruhrgebiet and the new coal-mining district had become the largest industrial region of Europe.

During World War I the Ruhrgebiet functioned as Germany's central weapon factory. At a big Essen company, F. Krupp A.G., the number of employees rose from 40,000 to 120,000 or more, in four years. They were partly women, partly forced labourers.

Weimar Republic
In the March 1920 Kapp Putsch, Freikorps units attempted to overthrow the government of the Weimar Republic. It was able to defeat the putsch by advocating a general strike that all but shut down Berlin. The work action effectively ended the putsch, but in the Ruhr it was the instigation for an armed revolt. In the Ruhr Uprising, the Ruhr Red Army was able to take control of the Ruhr industrial area. The Reichswehr, with assistance from Freikorps units, put down the rebellion in early April 1920 and re-established the Weimar Republic's control of the district. An estimated 1,000 insurgents and 200 Reichswehr soldiers were killed in the battles.

In March 1921, French and Belgian troops occupied Duisburg, which under the Treaty of Versailles formed part of the demilitarized Rhineland. In January 1923 the whole Ruhr district was occupied after Germany failed to fulfill part of its World War I reparation payments as agreed in the Versailles Treaty. The German government responded with a policy of passive resistance, letting workers and civil servants refuse orders and instructions by the occupation forces. Production and transport came to a standstill and the financial consequences contributed to German hyperinflation. After passive resistance was called off in late 1923, Germany implemented a currency reform and negotiated the Dawes Plan, which led to the withdrawal of the French and Belgian troops from the Ruhr in 1925. However, the occupation of the Ruhr caused several direct and indirect consequences to the German economy and government, including accelerating the growth of right wing parties due to the Weimar government's inability to successfully resolve the problem.

Nazi period
On 7 March 1936, Adolf Hitler took a massive gamble by sending 30,000 troops into the Rhineland. As Hitler and other Nazis admitted, the French army alone could have destroyed the Wehrmacht. The French passed the problem to the British, who found that the Germans had the right to "enter their own backyard", and no action was taken. In the League of Nations, the Soviet delegate Maxim Litvinov was the only one who proposed economic sanctions against Germany. All restraint on German rearmament was now removed. France's eastern allies (the Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia) concluded that since the French refused to defend their own border, they certainly would not stand up for their allies in the East. Hitler could now continue eroding the alliance system that France had built since 1919. On 16 October 1936, Belgium repudiated the 1921 alliance with France and declared its absolute neutrality. In October 1937, Belgium signed a non-aggression pact with Germany.

During World War II, the bombing of the Ruhr in 1940–1944 caused a loss of 30% of plant and equipment (compared to 15–20% for German industry as a whole). A second battle of the Ruhr (6/7 October 1944 – end of 1944) began with an attack on Dortmund. The devastating bombing raids of Dortmund on 12 March 1945 with 1,108 aircraft – 748 Lancasters, 292 Halifaxes, 68 Mosquitos – was a record to a single target in the whole of World War II. More than 4,800 tons of bombs were dropped through the city centre and the south of the city.

In addition to the strategic bombing of the Ruhr, in April 1945, the Allies trapped several hundred thousand Wehrmacht troops in the Ruhr Pocket.

Postwar period
After the war, the region fell within the British occupation zone, and Level of Industry plans for Germany abolished all German munitions factories and civilian industries that could support them and severely restricted civilian industries of military potential. The Ruhr Authority, an international body to regulate the Ruhr's coal and steel industries, was created as a condition for the establishment of the Federal Republic of Germany.

During the Cold War, the Western allies anticipated that any Red Army thrust into Western Europe would begin in the Fulda Gap and have the Ruhr as a primary target. Increased German control of the area was limited by the pooling of German coal and steel into the multinational European Coal and Steel Community in 1951. The nearby Saar region, containing much of Germany's remaining coal deposits, was handed over to economic administration by France as a protectorate in 1947 and did not politically return to Germany until January 1957, with economic reintegration occurring two years later. Parallel to the question of political control of the Ruhr, the Allies tried to decrease German industrial potential by limitations on production and dismantling of factories and steel plants, predominantly in the Ruhr. By 1950, after the virtual completion of the by-then much watered-down "level of industry" plans, equipment had been removed from 706 manufacturing plants in the west, and steel production capacity had been reduced by 6.7 million tons. Dismantling finally ended in 1951. In all, less than 5% of the industrial base was dismantled.

The Ruhr was at the centre of the German economic miracle Wirtschaftswunder of the 1950s and 1960s, as very rapid economic growth (9% a year) created a heavy demand for coal and steel.

After 1973, Germany was hard hit by a worldwide economic crisis, soaring oil prices, and increasing unemployment, which jumped from 300,000 in 1973 to 1.1 million in 1975. The Ruhr region was hardest hit, as the easy-to-reach coal mines became exhausted, and German coal was no longer competitive. Likewise the Ruhr steel industry went into sharp decline, as its prices were undercut by lower-cost suppliers such as Japan. The welfare system provided a safety net for the large number of unemployed workers, and many factories reduced their labor force and began to concentrate on high-profit specialty items.

As demand for coal decreased after 1958, the area went through phases of structural crisis (see steel crisis) and industrial diversification, first developing traditional heavy industry, then moving into service industries and high technology. The air and water pollution of the area are largely a thing of the past although some issues take a long time to solve. In 2005 Essen was the official candidate for nomination as European Capital of Culture for 2010.

Climate
The Ruhr has an oceanic climate in spite of its inland position, with winds from the Atlantic travelling over the lowlands to moderate temperature extremes, in spite of its relatively northerly latitude that sees significant variety in daylight hours. A consequence of the marine influence is a cloudy and wet climate with low sunshine hours. Summers normally average in the low 20s, with winters being somewhat above the freezing point.

From the onset of the 21st century, the effects of global warming have become more profound. The area has been affected by severe droughts (like 2018), heat waves with temperatures above 40.0 C (2019) and severe weather events like the bow echo that hit the cities on June 9, 2014, and caused tens of thousands of trees to fall which was publicly dubbed the "Pfingststurm" (German for "Whitsun storm"). Winters have become more mild which poses a risk for crops such as apples whose blooms are vulnerable to late freezes if bud break happens too early.

Demographics
The ten largest cities of the Ruhr:

The local regiolect of German is commonly called Ruhrdeutsch (Ruhrgebietsdeutsch, Ruhrpottdeutsch, Ruhrpottisch, Ruhrpöttisch) although there is really no uniform regiolect that justifies designation as a single regiolect. It is rather a working-class sociolect with influences from the various dialects found in the area and changing even with the professions of the workers. A major common influence stems from the coal mining tradition of the area. For example, quite a few locals prefer to call the Ruhr either "Pott", which is a derivate of "Pütt" (pitmen's term for mine; cp. the English "pit"), or "Revier".

During the nineteenth century, the Ruhr attracted up to 500,000 ethnic Poles, Masurians and Silesians from East Prussia and Silesia in a migration known as Ostflucht (flight from the east). By 1925, the Ruhrgebiet had around 3,800,000 inhabitants. Most of the new inhabitants came from Eastern Europe, but immigrants also came from France, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. It has been claimed that immigrants came to the Ruhr from over 140 countries. Almost all their descendants today speak German as a first language, and for various reasons, they do not identify with their Polish roots and traditions, often their Polish family names only remain as a sign of their past.

Culture
The Industrial Heritage Trail (Route der Industriekultur) links tourist attractions related to the European Route of Industrial Heritage in the Ruhr area.

Ruhr is known for its numerous cultural institutions, many of which enjoy international reputation. Ruhr has three major opera houses and more than 10 theaters and stages.
 * Schauspielhaus Bochum
 * Opernhaus Dortmund
 * Theater Dortmund
 * Theater Oberhausen
 * German Opera on the Rhine at Duisburg
 * Theater Essen
 * Grillo-Theater at Essen

There are special classical music halls like the Bochumer Symphoniker, the Duisburg Mercatorhalle, the Saalbau Essen or the Dortmunder Philharmoniker. Each year in spring time, there is the Klavier-Festival Ruhr in the Ruhr area with 50 to 80 events of classical and jazz music.

With more than 50 museums, Ruhr has one of the largest variety of museums in Europe. Industrial Museum
 * German Mining Museum at Bochum
 * German Football Museum at Dortmund
 * Museum of Art and Cultural History at Dortmund
 * Museum Ostwall at Dortmund
 * Natural history museum at Dortmund
 * Museum Folkwang at Essen
 * Essen Cathedral Treasury at Essen
 * Museum Küppersmühle at Duisburg
 * Lehmbruck-Museum at Duisburg
 * Hagen Open-air Museum at Hagen
 * Zollern II/IV Colliery at Dortmund
 * German Inland Waterways Museum at Duisburg
 * Landschaftspark Duisburg-Nord  at Duisburg
 * Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex at Essen
 * Gasometer Oberhausen at Oberhausen
 * Ewald Colliery at Herten, dedicated to green energy and a commercial and cultural park

The city of Essen (representing the Ruhr) was selected as European Capital of Culture for 2010 by the Council of the European Union.

In association football, the Revierderby is the rivalry between Borussia Dortmund and FC Schalke 04, and to a lesser extent between either club and/or VfL Bochum, MSV Duisburg or Rot-Weiss Essen (kleines Revierderby).

Education

With 22 universities and colleges and more than 250,000 students, the Ruhr region has the highest density of further education establishments anywhere in Germany. These include five universities alone in the cities of Bochum, Duisburg, Dortmund, Essen and Witten. In addition, Folkwang University of the Arts is an internationally acclaimed art college with its base in the Ruhr region. Furthermore, the universities are not the only places in the Ruhr region where academic qualifications can be obtained. There are 17 different universities of applied sciences which offer students to have the opportunity to undertake practice-relevant and qualified studies in various subjects, such as economics, logistics, administration or management.

Universities
The Ruhr area has 5 major universities in 6 cities with about 120,000 students.
 * Ruhr University Bochum
 * University of Duisburg-Essen
 * Technical University of Dortmund
 * Folkwang University of the Arts
 * Witten/Herdecke University

UA Ruhr
The three largest universities (Ruhr University Bochum, TU Dortmund University, and the University of Duisburg-Essen) opened an alliance called "UA Ruhr". Students enrolled at one of the UA Ruhr universities can attend lectures and seminars at all three institutions without having to pay a visiting student fee. Consequently, they have many options to specialize in and to explore their chosen disciplines in depth. The UA Ruhr has three liaison offices for interested students in New York City, Moscow and São Paulo.

Bochum

 * Bochum University of Applied Sciences (Hochschule Bochum, formerly Fachhochschule Bochum)
 * Georg Agricola University of Applied Sciences (TH Georg Agricola)
 * Protestant University of Applied Sciences, Rheinland-Westphalia-Lippe (Evangelische FH Rheinland-Westfalen-Lippe)
 * Schauspielschule Bochum (Bochum drama school)
 * College of the Federal Social Security, Department of Social Insurance for Miners, Railway Employees and Seafarers (Fachhochschule des Bundes der Sozialversicherung, Abteilung Knappschaft-Bahn-See)
 * University of Health Sciences (Hochschule für Gesundheit)

Bottrop

 * Hochschule Ruhr West

Dortmund

 * Fachhochschule Dortmund
 * FOM Hochschule für Oekonomie & Management, Standort Dortmund (Academy for management)
 * Fachhochschule für öffentliche Verwaltung Nordrhein-Westfalen (Academy for public administration)
 * International School of Management (Private academy focussing on management and economics)
 * IT-Center Dortmund (Private college)

Duisburg

 * FOM Hochschule für Oekonomie und Management (Academy for management)
 * Fachhochschule für öffentliche Verwaltung (Academy for public administration)

Essen

 * FOM Hochschule für Oekonomie und Management
 * Hochschule für bildende Künste
 * Orchesterzentrum NRW

Gelsenkirchen

 * Westfälische Hochschule
 * Fachhochschule für öffentliche Verwaltung NRW (Academy for public administration)

Hagen

 * University of Hagen
 * FOM Hochschule für Oekonomie und Management
 * Fachhochschule für öffentliche Verwaltung (Academy for public administration)
 * South Westphalia University of Applied Sciences

Hamm

 * SRH Hochschule für Logistik und Wirtschaft
 * Hochschule Hamm-Lippstadt

Kamp-Lintfort

 * Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences

Mülheim an der Ruhr

 * Hochschule Ruhr West
 * Fachhochschule für öffentliche Verwaltung NRW (Academy for public administration)

Recklinghausen

 * Westfälische Hochschule

Unna

 * Hochschule Campus Unna

Public transport
With the exception of public transport companies serving Hamm and Kreis Unna, all such companies in the Ruhr region are run under the umbrella of the Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr, which provides a uniform ticket system valid for the entire area. The Ruhr region is well-integrated into the national rail system, the Deutsche Bahn, for both passenger and goods services, each city in the region has at least one train stations. The bigger central stations have hourly direct connections to the bigger European cities as Amsterdam, Brussels, Paris, Vienna or Zürich.

The Ruhr area also contains the longest tram system in the world, with tram and Stadtbahn services from Witten to Krefeld as well as the Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn network. Originally the system was even bigger, it was possible to travel from Unna to Bad Honnef without using railway or bus services.

Road transport
The Ruhr has one of the densest motorway networks in all of Europe, with dozens of Autobahns and similar Schnellstraßen (expressways) crossing the region. The Autobahn network is built in a grid network, with four east–west (A2, A40, A42, A44) and seven north–south (A1, A3, A43, A45, A52, A57, A59) routes. The A1, A2 and A3 are mostly used by through traffic, while the other autobahns have a more regional function.

Both the A44 and the A52 have several missing links, in various stages of planning. Some missing sections are currently in construction or planned to be constructed in the near future.

Additional expressways serve as bypasses and local routes, especially around Dortmund and Bochum. Due to the density of the autobahns and expressways, Bundesstraßen are less important for intercity traffic. The first Autobahns in the Ruhr opened during the mid-1930s. Due to the density of the network, and the number of alternative routes, traffic volumes are generally lower than other major metropolitan areas in Europe. Traffic congestion is an everyday occurrence, but far less so than in the Randstad in the Netherlands, another polycentric urban area. Most important Autobahns have six lanes, but there are no eight-lane Autobahns in the Ruhr.

Air transport
Düsseldorf Airport is the intercontinental airport for North Rhine-Westphalia and is within 20 km of most of the Western Ruhr area. It is served by the Düsseldorf Flughafen and Düsseldorf Flughafen Terminal railway stations, with its several parking lots, terminals and stations being connected by the Skytrain.

Dortmund Airport in the Eastern Ruhr is a mid-sized airport, offering scheduled flights to domestic and European destinations and its approximately 1.9 million passengers in 2013. Dortmund Airport is served by an express bus to Dortmund main station, a shuttle bus to the nearby railway station Holzwickede/Dortmund Flughafen, a bus connecting to Stadtbahn line U47, as well as a bus to the city of Unna.

title: Ruhr


text:
London Borough of Bromley

The London Borough of Bromley is a borough in London, England. It borders the county of Kent, of which it formed part of until 1965. The borough's population in the 2021 census was 329,991. It is named after Bromley, its principal district. Other districts are Penge, Hayes, West Wickham, Chislehurst, Beckenham and Orpington. The local authority is Bromley London Borough Council.

Geography
The borough is the largest in Greater London by area and occupies 59 sqmi. The majority of the borough is Metropolitan Green Belt, including nearly all of the land south of the A232-A21 route between West Wickham and Pratt's Bottom. Consequently, it is also perhaps the most rural borough and contains more of the North Downs than any other, as that escarpment is broad between Bromley and Banstead. This is also reflected in its population density, which is the lowest of the 32 London boroughs.

Most of the population lives in the north and west of the borough, with an outlier at Biggin Hill in the far south. The borough shares borders with the London Boroughs of Lewisham and Greenwich to the north, Bexley to the north-east, Southwark and Lambeth to the north-west, and Croydon to the west. It also borders the Sevenoaks District of Kent to the east and south, and the Tandridge District of Surrey to the south-west.

Westerham Heights, the highest point in London and Kent at an altitude of 804 ft, is on the southern boundary. The Prime Meridian passes through Bromley.

About 30% of the land in Bromley is farmland, the highest figure of a London borough.

History
A local government district called Bromley was created in 1867, covering the parish of Bromley. The neighbouring parish of Beckenham was also made a local government district in 1878. Such districts were reconstituted as urban districts under the Local Government Act 1894. Other urban districts were subsequently created for Penge and Chislehurst in 1900, and Orpington in 1934.

Bromley was incorporated to become a municipal borough in 1903, as was Beckenham in 1935. Chislehurst Urban District merged with the neighbouring Sidcup Urban District in 1934.

The modern borough was created in 1965 under the London Government Act 1963, covering the combined area of the former Municipal Borough of Bromley, Municipal Borough of Beckenham, Orpington Urban District, Penge Urban District and the Chislehurst area from the Chislehurst and Sidcup Urban District (the Sidcup area went to the London Borough of Bexley). The area was transferred from Kent to Greater London, to become one of the 32 London boroughs.

In 1969, after a local campaign, the village of Knockholt was removed from the borough and transferred to the neighbouring Sevenoaks Rural District; before 1965, it had been part of the Orpington Urban District. Knockholt railway station however remains in Orpington

Districts
The borough is partly urban and partly rural, the former to the north and very much part of the built-up area of suburban London.

The principal parts of the northern section, from west to east, are Beckenham, which includes Eden Park and Elmers End; Bromley with Bickley, Bromley Park and Bromley Common, Park Langley, Plaistow, Shortlands and Southborough; Chislehurst, with Elmstead and Sundridge. The built-up area around Orpington not only encompasses its direct outskirts of Chelsfield, Crofton, Derry Downs, Goddington, Kevingtown, and Petts Wood; it also includes the erstwhile separate settlements of Farnborough, Green Street Green, Pratt's Bottom, St Mary Cray and St Paul's Cray. Other smaller suburban areas include Penge, Anerley, and parts of nearby Crystal Palace including its park. In addition, parts of Mottingham, Sydenham, Swanley and Ruxley lie within the borough boundaries.

There are two main built-up areas in the southern part of the borough: Hayes and West Wickham. Biggin Hill, Downe and Keston with Leaves Green and Nash are separate, smaller, rural settlements.

Local attractions include Down House (the home of Charles Darwin), Chislehurst Caves, Holwood House (the home of William Pitt the Younger), Crofton Roman Villa, and the site of The Crystal Palace.

Governance
The local authority is Bromley Council, based at the Civic Centre at Bromley Palace.

Greater London representation
Since 2000, for elections to the London Assembly, the borough forms part of the Bexley and Bromley constituency.

Demographics

In 1801, the civil parishes that form the modern borough had a total population of 8,944. This rose slowly throughout the nineteenth century, as the district became built up; reaching 17,192 in the middle of the century. When the railways arrived, the rate of population growth increased. The population peaked in the 1970s, when industry began to relocate from London.

The most recent 2021 United Kingdom census the borough showed a total population of 329,991, up from 309,392 in 2011. All major religions are represented, but of those stating a choice, 48.3% described themselves as Christian down from 60.7% in 2011.

In 2001, of the population, 43.47% were in full-time employment and 11.06% in part-time employment – compared to a London average of 42.64% and 8.62%, respectively. Residents were predominantly owner-occupiers, with 32.53% owning their house outright, and a further 42.73% owning with a mortgage. Only 1.42% were in local authority housing, with a further 12.74% renting from a housing association, or other registered social landlord.

A study in 2017 showed that Bromley had the second lowest poverty rate (15%) of any London borough.

The following table shows the ethnic group of respondents in the 2001 and 2011 census in Bromley.

Religion
The following shows the religious identity of residents residing in Bromley according to the 2001, 2011 and the 2021 censuses.

Transport
Bromley is one of only six London Boroughs not to have at least one London Underground station within its boundaries. However, the borough has many railway stations served by London Overground, Thameslink, Southeastern and Southern. The borough also has several stops on the Tramlink network.

Stations operated by London Overground (all are also served by Southern):
 * Anerley
 * Crystal Palace
 * Penge West

National Rail stations:
 * Birkbeck
 * Beckenham Junction
 * Shortlands
 * Bromley North
 * Bromley South
 * St Mary Cray
 * Sundridge Park
 * Ravensbourne
 * Bickley
 * Elmstead Woods
 * Chislehurst
 * Petts Wood
 * Orpington
 * Chelsfield
 * Knockholt
 * Kent House
 * Penge East
 * Lower Sydenham (Shared with Lewisham)
 * New Beckenham
 * Clock House
 * Elmers End
 * Eden Park
 * West Wickham
 * Hayes

Tramlink stops:
 * Beckenham Junction
 * Beckenham Road
 * Avenue Road
 * Birkbeck
 * Elmers End

In March 2011, the main forms of transport that residents used to travel to work were: driving a car or van, 27.4% of all residents aged 16–74; train, 5.1%; bus, minibus or coach, 5.1%; on foot, 4.3%; work mainly at or from home, 4.0%; underground, metro, light rail, tram, 2.3%; passenger in a car or van, 1.5%.

Sport, leisure and culture
The Borough has several sporting clubs:
 * Bromley F.C. a Non-League football club
 * Cray Wanderers F.C. a Non-League football club
 * Orpington F.C. a Non-League football club
 * Holmesdale F.C. a Non-League football club
 * Greenwich Borough F.C. a Non-League football club
 * Beckenham Town F.C. a Non-League football club
 * Club Langley FC a Non-League football club
 * Orpington & District Amateur Boxing Club

The borough is also home to an extensive libraries service, containing 14 branches, currently operated by Greenwich Leisure Limited under their trademark Better on behalf of Bromley council.

The Beckenham Comedy Cabaret, a monthly comedy cabaret event, hosted and run by Jody Kamali, has been running in the heart of Beckenham since 2015, usually on the last Friday evening of the month.

The Bromley Times and Bromley News Shopper publish local news in the borough.

London Fire Brigade
London Fire Brigade has four fire stations within the London Borough of Bromley. The borough is the largest in the city: about 150 km2. With just one pumping appliance, Orpington has one of the largest areas to cover in London, measuring 46.7 km2. In 2006/2007, Orpington attended 1,308 incidents. There is also a high volume pump at the station. Beckenham, Bromley and Biggin Hill cover the rest of the borough with four pumping appliances and a hose layer.

In 2006/2007 just under 4000 incidents were attended in the borough. Noticeably, compared to 2005/2006 there was an 11% decrease in special service calls (road traffic collisions, chemical incidents, flooding etc.).

Twin towns
Bromley is twinned with:
 * 🇩🇪 Neuwied, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

Notable residents
The locations a number of notable residents over the years have been lived have been recognised with blue plaques these residents include:

 * Alexander Muirhead – electrical engineer specialising in wireless telegraphy (1848–1920)
 * Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins – sculptor and natural history artist (1807–1889)
 * Brass Crosby (1725–1793)
 * Charles Keeping (1924–1988)
 * David Bowie (1947–2016)
 * Doctor John Fry (1922–1994)
 * Enid Blyton – author (1897–1968)
 * Ewan MacColl – political songwriter and playwright (1915–1989)
 * Frank Bourne – soldier (1855–1945)
 * Harold Bride – wireless operator aboard RMS Titanic (1890–1956)
 * Heddle Nash – opera singer (1895–1961)
 * H. G. Wells – author (1866–1946)
 * Ira Aldridge – actor (1807–1867)
 * John Pennington Harman VC – Soldier (1914–1944)
 * Joseph Paxton – English gardener, architect and Member of Parliament
 * Little Tich (Harry Relph) – 4-foot-6-inch-tall (137 cm) English music hall comedian and dancer (1867–1928)
 * Lord Ted Willis – playwright and author (1918–1992)
 * Prince Pyotr (Peter) Alekseyevich Kropotkin (1842–1921)
 * Rachel and Margaret McMillan
 * Richmal Crompton – author (1890–1969)
 * Sir Geraint Evans (1922–1992)
 * Sir John Lubbock, the First Lord Avebury (1834–1913)
 * Sir Malcolm Campbell – world land and water speed record holder (1885–1948)
 * Sir Victor Shepheard (1893–1989)
 * Thomas Crapper – plumber (1837–1910)
 * W. G. Grace – cricket player (1848–1915)
 * Walter de la Mare – short story writer, and novelist (1873–1956)
 * William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham (1708–1778)
 * William Willett (1856–1915)

title: London Borough of Bromley


text:
London Borough of Bexley

The London Borough of Bexley is a London borough in south-east London, forming part of Outer London. It has a population of 248,287. The main settlements are Sidcup, Erith, Bexleyheath, Crayford, Welling and Old Bexley. The London Borough of Bexley is within the Thames Gateway, an area designated as a national priority for urban regeneration. The local authority is Bexley London Borough Council.

History
Prior to the 19th century the area now forming the borough was sparsely populated: very few of the present settlements were mentioned in the Domesday Book, although the village of Bexley has a charter dated 814 AD. Erith was a port on the River Thames until the 17th century; the opening of the sewage works at nearby Crossness in the late 19th century turned it into an industrial town.

Today's settlement pattern is the result of the gradual extension of the London influence. Until the 19th century it was an area with a few isolated buildings such as the Georgian Danson House. With the coming of the railways building began apace, although the area is still composed of many disconnected settlements, interspersed with area of open ground and parks.

Administrative history
A local government district called Bexley was created in 1880, covering the parish of Bexley, which included both Bexley village and Bexleyheath. Another local government district had been created covering the neighbouring parish of Erith in 1876. Such districts were converted into urban districts under the Local Government Act 1894.

Bexley Urban District absorbed the neighbouring parish of East Wickham in 1902; Welling had previously straddled the boundary between Bexley and East Wickham, but after 1902 was therefore wholly in Bexley. Crayford was made an urban district in 1920. Bexley was made a municipal borough in 1935, as was Erith in 1938.

The modern borough was created in 1965 under the London Government Act 1963, covering the combined area of the former boroughs of Bexley and Erith, the Crayford Urban District and the Sidcup area from the Chislehurst and Sidcup Urban District (the Chislehurst area went to the London Borough of Bromley). The area was transferred from Kent to Greater London, to become one of the 32 London boroughs.

Coat of arms
The coat of arms of the borough depicts symbols for the main rivers in the area, the Bexley Charter Oak, the industry and the Kent boundary.

Bexley London Borough Council
The local authority is Bexley Council, which has its headquarters at the Bexley Civic Offices in Bexleyheath.

Greater London representation
Since 2000, for elections to the London Assembly, the borough forms part of the Bexley and Bromley constituency.

Geography
Bexley, lying as it does on the outer fringe of London, has many relatively large areas of open space. The ridge of higher ground in South London crosses the Borough from its high point of Shooters Hill, on the boundary with the Royal Borough of Greenwich, to end above the River Thames at Belvedere, where the land drops down to the old port of Erith. This high land, whose geology is the sand and pebbles of the Blackheath beds, and which results in heathland, provided a natural course for the old Roman road of Watling Street, which ran between Crayford and Welling. The land falls away to the north of the high ground, across the Erith Marshes to the River Thames, which here makes a loop to the north at Crossness. There is a further ridge of less higher ground from the west terminating at Sidcup.

Apart from the River Thames the other rivers within the Borough are the River Darent, which, with its tributary the River Cray and the smaller Stanham River, all form part of its north-eastern boundary; and the River Shuttle, a tributary of the Cray.

The major centres of settlement can be considered in two parts: the older established erstwhile villages; and the infill areas of suburban houses and centres. Among the former are Erith, in the 17th century a port on the Thames, and an industrial town in the later 19th century; Bexleyheath, created at the same time on the London to Dover road. By the earlier 20th century, both were created Urban District Councils (UDC), as was Foots Cray (an ancient village site). Thamesmead, the "new town" built on what was the Erith Marshes, extends into the Borough: both Thamesmead North and South are located here. Crayford was mentioned in the Domesday Book, and its parish later included the hamlets of North End and Slade Green.

Other settlements include Welling, which has a higher population than Bexleyheath, a staging post on the Dover Road, which was at one time of less importance than the nearby East Wickham (also an ancient village), was absorbed in Bexley UDC. Barnes Cray and North Cray were two hamlets in the Cray Valley; and Belvedere was the location of a medieval monastery.

The map of Bexley shows that a large proportion of its area comprises suburbia. Some named places, like Albany Park and Barnehurst, are names given to developments engendered by the building of the railways. Some came into being when large estates and farmland were broken up for the sole purpose of suburban building: these include Blackfen, Lamorbey and part of Falconwood. Others simply reflect the nature of area: Lessness Heath; Longlands (part of Sidcup); Northumberland Heath and West Heath.

The borough has boundaries with the London Borough of Bromley to the south and the Royal Borough of Greenwich to the west; across the River Thames to the north it borders the London Borough of Havering and London Borough of Barking and Dagenham; there is a short boundary with the unitary authority of Thurrock in Essex to the northeast. There are boundaries with the Borough of Dartford to the east and Sevenoaks district to the southeast, both in the county of Kent.

Open Spaces
Despite the suburbia mentioned above, there are still open spaces among the borough's streets and avenues. The Borough owns and maintains over one hundred parks and open spaces, large and small; and there is still a part of the Erith Marshes bordering the River Thames. The Crayford Marshes lie to the east of that river, as do Foots Cray Meadows further south.

The largest of the open spaces are Foots Cray Meadows, Lesnes Abbey Woods, Danson Park and Hall Place Gardens. There are also many golf courses and sports fields, particularly to the west of Crayford.

Hall Place
Hall Place is a former stately home, today a Grade I listed building and Scheduled Ancient Monument, beside the River Cray on the outskirts of Crayford, south-east of Bexleyheath and north-east of Old Bexley. It is situated just off the A223, Bourne Road, south of Watling Street (A207) and north of the Black Prince interchange of the A2 Rochester Way with the A220.

The house dates back to around 1540 when wealthy merchant Sir John Champneys, Lord Mayor of London in 1534, built himself a country house. In 1649, the house was sold to another wealthy City merchant, Sir Robert Austen (1587–1666), who added a second wing built of red bricks, doubling the size of the house.

Currently, the building houses a museum of local artefacts, and a history and tourist information centre. In the gardens there is a topiary lawn, herb garden, tropical garden and long herbaceous cottage garden-styled borders. The former walled gardens include a tropical house housing plants and a large vegetable garden. Model gardens have been created to show visitors how to make use of space in small urban gardens. Hall Place also has three galleries inside the house, presenting art exhibitions and museum displays.

Demographics

In 1801, the civil parishes that form the modern borough had a total population of 4,165. This rose slowly throughout the 19th century, as the district became built up; reaching 10,963 in the middle of the century. When the railways arrived the rate of population growth increased. The population peaked in the 1970s, when industry began to relocate from London.

In the 2001 census, the borough had a population of 218,307; of whom 105,148 were male, and 113,159 female. Of the population, 44.3% were in full-time employment and 11.6% in part-time employment – compared to a London average of 42.6% and 8.6%, respectively. Residents were predominantly owner-occupiers, with 31.7% owning their house outright, and a further 46.5% owning with a mortgage. Only 2.2% were in local authority housing, with a further 11.5% renting from a housing association, or other registered social landlord.

The greater part of the population are nominal Anglicans, but there are a number of Roman Catholic churches and nonconformist congregations. In the 2001 Census, 22.7% of the area's population described themselves as non-religious or chose not to state their faith.

Baptists, Plymouth Brethren, and Methodists are among the other congregations. In 2008 the former Crayford Methodist Church was purchased by the North West Kent Muslim Association to become a mosque serving Bexley and Dartford boroughs.

In 2011, 58.1% of Bexley's population was between 20 and 64 years old, the lowest percentage in London. 16% of the population was over 65, the third highest behind Bromley and Havering. The average household size is 2.49, up from 2.43 in 2001. The number of households increased by 3.52% to 92,600 between 2001 and 2011, one of the lowest increases in the capital.

In 2011, 62.5% of the borough's population identified themselves as Christian, with 24.1% having no religion. Both figures are above London's average.

The following table shows the ethnic group of respondents in the 2001 and 2011 census in Bexley.

Roads and paths
The principal roads through the Borough include the A2 trunk road; the A20 (Sidcup By-pass) which generally marks its southern boundary; the A207, which is the route of the erstwhile Watling Street; the A206 which takes traffic from Woolwich and Dartford; and the latter's newer counterpart, the A2016 through Thamesmead.

There are also some long-distance footpaths in the Borough: among them the Thames Path and the London Outer Orbital Path. Bexley Borough has joined with three other adjoining boroughs to for the South East London Green Chain linking green spaces.

Rail
Bexley is not served by any London Underground, Tramlink, Docklands Light Railway or London Overground services. However, since 2022, Elizabeth line services have started to utilise a terminus at Abbey Wood, the entrance to which is in Bexley (due to the borough boundary passing through the site, the station's platforms sit within the Royal Borough of Greenwich). There are various proposals to extend either the DLR or London Overground to Thamesmead. There are currently no plans to extend the London Underground into the borough, with the nearest current station being in North Greenwich.

There are three suburban railway lines crossing the Borough which converge at Dartford. The most northerly is the North Kent Line, then the Bexleyheath Line which runs through the centre of the borough and then finally the Dartford Loop Line which runs furthest south. Abbey Wood and Slade Green are also served by Thameslink trains.

The National Rail stations are:
 * Abbey Wood
 * Albany Park
 * Barnehurst
 * Belvedere
 * Bexley
 * Bexleyheath
 * Crayford
 * Erith
 * Falconwood
 * Sidcup
 * Slade Green
 * Welling

Modes of travel
In 2019, the mode share in Bexley was reported as follows

According to a report from Transport for London, Bexley has the lowest overall active, efficient and sustainable mode shares of all the London Boroughs.

Religious affiliation
The following Pie chart shows the religious affiliation of residents residing in Bexley.

Places of worship
Buildings with Grade II listings (buildings of special interest warranting preservation) are marked with an asterisk *
 * All Saints' Church – near Foots Cray Meadows, building dates from c. 1330*
 * Bethany Hall – Chapel Road, Bexleyheath, now a meeting house of the Plymouth Brethren though originally a Methodist chapel
 * Christ Church – in Erith, built in the 19th century, has a distinctive tower built by J. P. St. Aubyn*
 * The Greek Orthodox Church of Christ the Saviour – dates from the late 12th or early 13th century, in Welling*
 * St James' Church – in North Cray, in a conservation area near Foots Cray Meadows, has foundations from the 12th century
 * St John the Baptist Church – nearly a thousand years old, in Erith
 * St Mary the Virgin Church (also called Old Bexley Church) – in Bexley, dates back to the Domesday Survey*
 * St Paulinus' Church – built in the 12th century on earlier foundations, in Crayford

Public services
The London Borough of Bexley has three fire stations controlled by the London Fire Brigade within its boundary: those at Erith, Sidcup and Bexley. Bexley fire station's ground is the largest of the three; covering 23.7 km2.

Sport and leisure
The Borough has several Non-League football clubs:

 * Welling United F.C., which play at Park View Road in Welling
 * Phoenix Sports F.C., which play at Phoenix Sports Ground in Barnehurst
 * VCD Athletic F.C. which play at The Oakwood, Old Road in Crayford
 * Welling Town F.C., who play at Bayliss Avenue, Thamesmead
 * Erith & Belvedere F.C., which play at Park View Road in Welling
 * Erith Town F.C., which play at Erith Stadium in Erith

Bexley RFC

Twinning

 * 🇫🇷 Évry, France
 * 🇩🇪 Arnsberg, Germany
 * 🇦🇺 Footscray, Victoria, Australia

Other places named Bexley
The town of Bexley, Ohio, a suburb of the state capital, Columbus, was named at the suggestion of an early resident, James Kilbourne, whose family's roots were in Bexley, England. In addition, a suburb of Sydney, Australia bears the name of Bexley and a suburb of Christchurch, New Zealand is also called Bexley. These places outside England are named after the ancient village of Bexley.

title: London Borough of Bexley