text:
Talk:Book of Judges

Untitled
This sentence in the second paragraph of the introduction seems to be missing a word or two: 'The details of this history's composition are still widely debated, but most scholars [MISSING WORDS] the book's final form in the 6th century BCE and the community of the Babylonian exile.' -jqgill

KW: Possible typo in the Appendices section: "...set in the time of the judges but do discuss the judges" should read "...set in the time of the judges but do not discuss the judges" ?? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kwhittingham (talk • contribs) 20:52, 31 May 2009 (UTC)

do we have a timline for this info? are there any 'historical' documents pinpointing the events? -DennisDaniels

50.53.86.127 (talk) 20:08, 27 July 2015 (UTC) -- timeline; You forgot the "e". And this might be a little off topic from typos, but I see many great sources cited at the end of the article; But where's the book of Judges!? Every single piece of info someone finds and wishes to add, should be checked for in the actual book. Even commentary should be checked, to make sure what's being commented on is actually in the book, not fabricated.

Updated Intro (1:1-3:6)
Hope this fleshes things out a bit. I'm going to do the rest later. This has been quite an educational experience, actually! - Ta bu shi da yu 19:20, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Redaction
This edit reverting cited material was not necessary. This is not a fringe theory by a single academic. I googled "Book of Judges redaction 722" and came up with the following reliable sources:. I am sure more can be found. I intend on restoring the cited material within the next few days. --GHcool (talk) 06:56, 16 March 2017 (UTC)
 * If you include 722 in your search naturally you're going to come up with sources that support it. To my mind it runs counter to the Deuteronomistic History hypothesis, which is pretty much a consensus. For that reason I'd like to know where it sits in terms of the mainstream. Can you find something on that?PiCo (talk) 01:49, 17 March 2017 (UTC)

 * What does AMit actually say? The first of those sources you link ("Origin Myths...") seems to say that Amit is just talking about Judges 17-18. which would be very narrow and quite within the DtrH consensus (nobody believes that the Josianic editors didn't use sources). I can't quite see the relevance of the second link (O'Connell) - I don't have time to read him at length, but he seems to accept the DtrH.PiCo (talk) 01:56, 17 March 2017 (UTC)

 * Ok, I've found what Amit says. He says that the normal scholarly view is the DtrH - a Josianic redaction with post-Josianic revision. The view he's advancing falls outside this "widespread agreement". As such, I don't think we should mention it.PiCo (talk) 02:02, 17 March 2017 (UTC)

 * Fair enough. --GHcool (talk) 05:57, 17 March 2017 (UTC)

 * You don't have to just accept what I say - I'm quite happy to have counter-arguments :) 06:33, 17 March 2017 (UTC)

 * THere's also some interesting ideas put forward in the thread above this one - might be interesting to develop them. PiCo (talk) 06:36, 17 March 2017 (UTC)

 * That's nice that you say that, but frankly, I'm a novice when it comes to biblical studies and what you say seems pretty reasonable. Would you like to take a stab at doing something like what the thread above suggests and I'll take a look? I'm afraid I'm a little out of my depth to start it myself.  --GHcool (talk) 23:20, 17 March 2017 (UTC)

Historicity
Articles on books of the Bible mention it’s historical value and such. But it’s not in here for some reason.

I don’t do too much on this topic but I’m gonna see what I can do about this.CycoMa (talk) 20:09, 26 July 2021 (UTC)

The Deuteronomistic History
The section entitled 'The Deuteronomistic History' contains the statement: "Twice, this statement ["In those days there was no king in Israel"] is accompanied with the statement "every man did that which was right in his own eyes", implying that the redactor is pro-monarchy." The supporting link is simply to scriptural quotation itself. In fact, there is little logical reason to claim that "every man did that which was right in his own eyes" implies support for the monarchy. In Biblical criticism, there is a fair amount of debate over the stance of Deuteronomist on the monarchy with support for both sides. [See Norton Critical Edition of King James Bible]. Ultimately there is a fair amount of ambiguity on the subject. 'Every man doing what is right in his eyes' can be read as a positive or negative. Later comments in 'Theme and Genre' do qualify above claims about a monarchist slant. However, they do so by identifying the redactor as living in Judah in Josiah's time. Yet in the preface to Judges in the Norton Critical Edition of The English Bible, editor Herbert Marks writes, '...the core stories [...] were probably composed, or at least assembled, by an exilic scribe...' That is to say, after the reign of Josiah. [pg. 442. Norton]. — Preceding unsigned comment added by RobotBoy66 (talk • contribs) 09:25, 8 October 2021 (UTC)

Ablimelech
The only source provided that Abimelech was named "judge" or "shophet" meaning a "chieftain" - rather than a judge in the sense that all the other judges listed in this article are called judges - refers to the passage in the Bible itself (see reference 10). But Judges 9:22 uses the Hebrew word root of "shophet" to refer to Abimelech, saying he reigned/judged Israel for three years. This is the exact same word root used for Tola and Jair in Judges 10:2 and Judges 10:3 respectively.

Unless a better source can be provided to refute Abimelech's status as a judge, then I suggest that Abimelech should be stated as a judge in this article. Also that the italics should be removed for Abimelech from the table in the top right of the article, which suggests that names in italics aren't stated to be judges in the Bible. I suggest that Judges 9:22 clearly states that Abimelech reigned/judged Israel for three years. DiverseSynergy (talk) 06:44, 12 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Book of Judges


text:
Max Ophüls

Maximillian Oppenheimer (, ; 6 May 1902 – 26 March 1957), known as Max Ophüls or simply Ophuls, was a German-born film director who worked in Germany (1931–1933), France (1933–1940 and 1950–1957), and the United States (1947–1950). He made nearly 30 films, the latter ones being especially notable: La Ronde (1950), Le Plaisir (1952), The Earrings of Madame de… (1953) and Lola Montès (1955). He was credited as Max Opuls on several of his American films, including The Reckless Moment, Caught, Letter from an Unknown Woman, and The Exile. The annual Filmfestival Max Ophüls Preis in Saarbrücken is named after him.

Youth and early career
Max Ophüls was born in Saarbrücken, Germany, the son of Leopold Oppenheimer, a Jewish textile manufacturer and owner of several textile shops in Germany, and his wife Helene Oppenheimer (née Bamberger). He took the pseudonym Ophüls during the early part of his theatrical career so that, should he fail, it would not embarrass his father.

Initially envisioning an acting career, he started as a stage actor in 1919 and played at the Aachen Theatre from 1921 to 1923. He then worked as a theater director, becoming the first director at the city theater of Dortmund. Ophüls moved into theatre production in 1924. He became creative director of the Burgtheater in Vienna in 1926. he turned to film production in 1929, when he became a dialogue director under Anatole Litvak at UFA in Berlin. He worked throughout Germany and directed his first film in 1931, the comedy short Dann schon lieber Lebertran (literally In This Case, Rather Cod-Liver Oil).

Of his early films, the most acclaimed is Liebelei (1933), which included a number of the characteristic elements for which he was to become known: luxurious sets, a feminist attitude, and a duel between a younger and an older man.

It was at the Burgtheater that Ophüls met the actress Hilde Wall. They were married in 1926.

Exile and post-war career
Predicting the Nazi ascendancy, Ophüls, a Jew, fled to France in 1933 after the Reichstag fire and became a French citizen in 1938. After the fall of France to Germany, he travelled through Switzerland and Italy, where he had directed Everybody's Woman (1934). In July 1941, before leaving for the United States, he stayed in Portugal, in Estoril, at Casa Mar e Sol. Once in Hollywood, championed by director Preston Sturges, a longtime fan, he directed a number of distinguished films.

His first Hollywood film was the Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. vehicle, The Exile (1947). Ophüls' Letter from an Unknown Woman (1948), derived from a Stefan Zweig novella, is the most highly regarded of the American films. Caught (1949), and The Reckless Moment (1949) followed, before his return to Europe in 1950.

Back in France, he directed and collaborated on the adaptation of Arthur Schnitzler's La Ronde (1950), which won the 1951 BAFTA Award for Best Film, and Lola Montès (1955) starring Martine Carol and Peter Ustinov, as well as Le Plaisir and The Earrings of Madame de... (1953), the latter with Danielle Darrieux and Charles Boyer, which capped his career. Ophüls died from rheumatic heart disease on 26 March 1957 in Hamburg, while shooting interiors on The Lovers of Montparnasse, and was buried in Le Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris. This final film was completed by his friend Jacques Becker.

Ophüls's son Marcel Ophüls became a documentary-film maker, director of The Sorrow and the Pity and other films examining the nature of political power.

Style
All his works feature his distinctive smooth camera movements, complex crane and dolly sweeps, and tracking shots.

Many of his films inspired filmmakers like Stanley Kubrick and Paul Thomas Anderson, who gave an introduction on the restored DVD of The Earrings of Madame de... (1953).

Some of his films are narrated from the point of view of the female protagonist. Film scholars have analyzed films such as Liebelei (1933), Letter from an Unknown Woman (1948), and Madame de... (1953) as examples of the woman's film genre. Nearly all of his female protagonists had names beginning with "L" (Leonora, Lisa, Lucia, Louise, Lola, etc.)

Actor James Mason, who worked with Ophüls on two films, wrote a short poem about the director's love for tracking shots and elaborate camera movements:
 * A shot that does not call for tracks
 * Is agony for poor dear Max,
 * Who, separated from his dolly,
 * Is wrapped in deepest melancholy.
 * Once, when they took away his crane,
 * I thought he'd never smile again.

Filmography

 * Also worked on Les amants de Montparnasse (1958), before his death.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Max Ophüls


text:
743 BC

Events

 * Duke Zhuang of the Chinese state of Chang comes to power.
 * Beginning of the First Messenian War.

title: 743 BC


text:
Talk:Textile

Types of cloth
The first line reads:

A textile is any kind of woven cloth, or a cloth made of fibres that have been bonded into a fabric without weaving. eg. felt. ??? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.105.200.59 (talk) 15:01, 1 October 2002 (UTC)

 * I will update this somewhat. Some of the types of cloth are not necessary.
 * An entry for geotextiles would be useful. Jackiespeel 18:21, 2 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Another definition
Textile is also a kind of ReStructured_Text http://textism.com/tools/textile/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.128.140.251 (talk) 22:52, 21 October 2004 (UTC)

Textile, cloth and fabric
I was trying to understand the difference between cloth and textile. Just by looking at the Webster's definition, it seems that cloth is more inclusive and includes all woven and non-woven fabric, while textile is only woven fabric. If I am wrong about this, and there is no distiction between cloth and fabric, then they should be combined into to one article. ike9898 02:18, Jan 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh, and while we're at it, how does fabric fit into the sceme? ike9898 02:23, Jan 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * Good point. Fabric disambiguates to cloth which treats the two as the same.  I don't think they are the same: I consider cloth to be a subset of both fabric (which might also include leather or PVC) and of textile (which might be stretched so far as to cover net).  Noisy | Talk 11:33, Jan 19, 2005 (UTC)

Listiness
I think that this article could be improved by making it less "listy". The last 2/3 of the article is mostly lists. Let's make this into a real article.....ike9898 18:28, Jun 6, 2005 (UTC)

Possible merge
Currently there is an article named Textile manufacturing terminology which probably should have a list of different terms and their meanings. The article currently located there has good information, but is not the list that such a title suggests. Much of that info could probably be moved here, and a list of terms created at that page. If we don't move that article here, it should probably get renamed, but I can't think of something appropriate. Loggie July 1, 2005 17:33 (UTC)

 * I moved the old Textile manufacturing terminology to Textile manufacturing, but I still think some of that information might be useful here, if someone else would take a look. Loggie July 3, 2005 18:22 (UTC)

 * I think that some text on textile manufacturing does belong in this article, but the reason that I created the Textile manufacturing terminology article in the first place was because I thought it would eventually get very large and overwhelm the original Textile article. Given the state of the current article, that seems very likely.
 * As with all my projects, I started with something else (Industrial Revolution, in this case) and drifted onto something completely different. When I'm back on my home computer at the weekend, I'll try and refocus on this area.  Noisy | Talk 18:29, August 8, 2005 (UTC)

 * Thanks for re-organizing the article. It looks much, much better now. Loggie 01:00, August 26, 2005 (UTC)

 * I've been try to organise the stubs a bit. I think it generally goes Science|Applied Science|Materials Science|Textiles|* and obviously Engineering|Materials Science|... Kraiken 21:03 September 2, 2005 (UTC)

Organic textiles.
I'm new to this so appologies for doubles etc. And also for probably being in the wrong section.

That being said in ROMP Ltd I hold licence X0001 from the Soil Association in the UK for the production of Organic Leather and we are about to crack denim/cotton as well.

I would like to propose a definition of Organic Textiles for discussion and final submission to Ifoam.

An Organic textile is one where the husbandry of the Soil at Planting or Birth is Certified organic to the same Organic standard of the eventual product. All processes in the farming section are to that same standard with full separation until the raw material is presented to the Textile production stages. The raw material is then treated in a manufacturing system that is also Organically certified to the same standard and separate in all aspects until the textile is complete. This includes all physical and all chemical stages especially dye-ing. And finally an organic textile should contain an element in the final price which rewards the original producer fairly so that the Organic movement as a whole and the organic farmer specifially is rewarded directly for their status

To product a finished organic article from that textile to the original organic standard requires a certified factory and designer brand, and retailer.

At the moment 99% of the Organic Textile that I see gives up after raw material and introduces non-organic materials during the dye phase. They also promote cheap labour which appears to be counter productive to the imperative and pressing need to change. Hence we see Organic Cotton T shirts sold as such but printed and dyed with increased levels of Chromium based dyes and manufactured in the same factories and at the same appalling labour rates as is the norm today.

Of couse I am totally biased hence the need to open up the debate but would be very interested in logical and well thoughtout positions on where we are in the cycle and what is trully in the best interests of the planet.

Greg The Romp Project — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gregsturmer (talk • contribs) 10:59, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

textile leather
The expression "textile leather" is used increasingly. I have no idea what it means, supposedly a leather subtitute. I found no definition and also no systematic classification until now. If it is a special kind of fabric it would also be interesting to learn more about its properties or making.

Peter Loster — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.146.180.50 (talk) 20:36, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I found this definition: Textile leather: 11% cotton, 2% Polyurethan, 87% PVC — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.61.203.99 (talk) 11:28, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

about listiness
all the processes in the textiles arctical have there own page ..and it is easy to load a page and then follow the links ..if you will merge the pages then users like me who do not have a good borwsing speed will suffer, — Preceding unsigned comment added by Elminster Aumar (talk • contribs) 19:00, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Textiles defined
--- TEXTILE ARTIST---

I am a textile artist at California College of Arts & Crafts in SF/Oakland. Here in the Textile department, we have expanded the definition of Textiles, while maintaining the name (other schools now have "Fiber" departments instead), because it places us in the lineage of the Arts & Crafts movement, on which the school was founded. The word Textile comes from the latin "texere" : to weave. So yes, Textile literally means anything woven on a loom, but not necessarily fiber, it can be copper wire, monofilament, wood, branches, plastic tubes etc. However, at the textile department, we do not exclusively teach Weaving. The department consits of Weaving, Dying, Printing, Knitting, Crocheting, Felting, Twining (basketry), Plaiting, and sewing.

In this context, textiles are defined as a flexible product that is comprised of multiple parts (usually fibers) that are interlaced in some way, OR a design that is applied to a textile, like printing and dying. Textile also refers to the fiber itself, so yarn is also called a textile.

FABRIC/CLOTH/TEXTILE:

SO if textiles can be all of the above, what are fabric and cloth?

Fabric means to construct or make ie Fabricate... In my understanding, fabric is a material that is woven, knitted, crocheted, or felted (possibly dyed and/or printed as well), that is not usually understood as a finished piece in it's own right. Fabric is usually cut or sewn and used for some other application, like garment making or upholstery.

Cloth and fabric are somewhat interchangable, but cloth has certain uses that fabric doesn't. For example, as I mentioned above, Fabric is a material with potential to be made into something. Cloth can be used in this way, but it also commonly refers to a finished piece that has it's own use, like a Dish Cloth, loin cloth, or table cloth. Try to replace "cloth" with "fabric" in one of these couplets, and you'll understand the difference.

SUMMARY:

Textile most specifically refers to a piece constructed of multiple parts that interlace, usually fibers, that is flexible, has tensile strength, or a printed or dyed design like Shibori. Examples of Textiles that are NOT commonly refered to as fabric: Fabric usually refers to a material that is woven, knitted, crocheted, or felted, that implies another use like garment making, printing, dying, or upholstery.
 * Baskets,
 * Mats,
 * Tapestries,
 * carpets.

Cloth is a more nuanced word for fabric that usually implies a complete finished piece, like table cloth. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.92.28.178 (talk) 18:27, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the clarification. That accords with my understanding as well.  User:Noisy | Talk 00:29, 30 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Wrong, wrong, wrong.
 * I know Wikipedia gets a bad rap for being inaccurate, but I usually find that it provides pretty accurate information. This article, however, is all wrong.
 * While textiles are well known to refer to material, made out of fiber, that goes into clothing (fabric, or cloth), textiles can in fact refer to anything made from polymers. Polymers are long-chain molecules that do form fibers, but can have other uses as well. In this way would a plastic water bottle be considered a textile because it is made of Polyethylene Terephthalate or PET which is well-known as the polymer used in production of polyester. Films and gels made from polymers are also considered textiles. If I were to define these terms from the inclusive to the exclusive, I would list:
 * Textile-any item made of polymers
 * Fiber- long strands of polymers which are significantly longer than they are wide
 * Filament Fiber: long, continuous strand of fiber. All synthetic and manufactured fibers (nylon, polyester, rayon, aramids, olefins, acrylics) are created as filament fibers, and silk is also counted as a filament fiber.
 * Staple Fiber: short fibers, in which most natural fibers are included (wool, cotton, flax, but not silk). Filament fibers can be cut down into staple fibers, depending on the desired use.
 * Yarn-Fibers tightly twisted together for the purpose of weaving into a fabric, not to be confused with
 * Thread-fibers tightly twisted together for the purpose of joining two pieces of fabric
 * Fabric or cloth-interchangeable terms for things made of fibers or yarns. There are three types of fabrics:
 * Woven-made only of yarns which are interlaced in a pattern
 * Knit-yarns knotted together in a pattern
 * Non woven-made of yarns or fibers which are interlaced through tangling, by needle punching, air or water tangling, and other tangling methods
 * Sorry if I seem a little harsh, but I have had it drilled into my head for the last three years that textiles are so much more than fabrics. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ginifur (talk • contribs) 02:14, 6 May 2011 (UTC)

 * I hope you don't mind my small adjustment to the formatting. I don't know anything about the subject but I think it looks better now without the blue box. Jodosma (talk) 23:36, 28 March 2013 (UTC)

 * (Formatted list some more - added bullets) Ken Gallager (talk) 14:15, 14 March 2023 (UTC)

Hi as per my study and opinion ,fabric and cloth should be kept combined under one umbrella as they are now but textile stands for the entire textile field(including fibres,yarn,fabrics and garments also) i will suggest to correct the article separately.i am agreeing with cloth and fabric together.Cloth in general stands for history of clothing and evolution,animal skin ,felt then woven and knitted fabric etc. fabric is derived from fabrication for the purpose and pre-determined objective.Fabric may be of knitted,woven etc.Henceforth cloth and fabric together are more convincing but textile need separate editing.Rajiv Sharma (talk) 10:46, 8 August 2018 (UTC)Thanks

NO to merge
A textile, such as a crocheted or knitted piece, is not cloth. Textile artists work with FIBER, not necessarily with cloth. Zora 14:06, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

 * What about merging Cloth into Textile, then? Hajhouse 15:38, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Cloth is a particularly important form of textile and deserves its own article. Zora 23:19, 6 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I oppose as well. However both articles require a major cleanup and a clear separation of "responsibilities". In particular textile/cloth/fabric term usage must be clearly described. mikka (t) 23:00, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

 * No to merging period. The technical distinction is clear, why is something used to make cloths being confused with industrial textiles which make conveyor belts, automotive fan belts, tires, etc.? I'm section editing looking for something else, but cloth <-->clothing is distinct from things like composite armor for Abrahms tanks and the like. If I can be of help, someone drop a note. Fra nkB 03:32, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

Considering the elapsed time now that I can see it, shouldn't someone call a formal vote, or just remove the merge templates? Fra nkB 03:35, 16 April 2006 (UTC)

Textile means any product made of textile fibers. This includes raw fibers, yarns, and woven, non-woven, and knit cloth. Textile should not be merged with cloth because "textile" is a more inclusive term than "cloth". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 160.94.18.98 (talk) 18:03, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

Links pruned
I got rid of all but one link! All the rest were commercial, or dead, or so abstruse as not to be useful. A list of Italian textile names would be better off in an article on Renaissance clothing. Too limited for here.

I'm constantly appalled by people's willingless to exploit WP for a possible financial gain. Zora 17:48, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

Where did the non-perpendicular weave go?
Some months ago, a came across a definition for a textile, that was woven but non-perpendicular. It seemed as if it were describing something other than non-woven.

I have developed a new type of fabric with a new method of construction and was looking for the proper terminology to describe it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gillessaindon (talk • contribs) 00:02, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

Textile (7 votes, stays until August 19)

 * Nominated July 29, 2006; needs at least 9 votes by August 19, 2006

 * Support:
 * 1) Yvwv 19:09, 29 July 2006 (UTC)
 * 2) Ynhockey (Talk) 20:58, 29 July 2006 (UTC)
 * 3) Davodd 21:54, 29 July 2006 (UTC)
 * 4) jwandersTalk 16:12, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
 * 5) ike9898 18:24, 2 August 2006 (UTC)
 * 6) Siddhant 14:03, 3 August 2006 (UTC)
 * 7) Ellie041505 14:07, 3 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Comments:
 * A large topic with a miserable article. Most of the article consists of incomplete lists.

So... does someone usually coordinate these COTWs, or do we all just sort of fly at 'er? --jwandersTalk 05:49, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

To Be Done
Sorry if this annoys some people, but I always make this sort of list for articles that need a lot of work. Here's what needs to be done. Support, refute, or propose suggestions as needed. Thanks. Ellie041505 13:30, 22 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Introductory Paragraph: Remember the huge argument over the definition of textile, fabric, and cloth? If not, read some of the comments above. One of them provided a comprehensive definition of each term that everyone seemed to agree with, which could be incorporated into the article.
 * Sources and Types/Treatments: These should be placed with the lists that they correspond to (which should not be lists.)
 * Uses: Surely the uses of textiles can be discussed in MORE than two sentences?
 * Lists: We should turn these into paragraphs. For the types of textile, we should state the different materials within each division (animal, plant, synthetic, etc.), what plant, animal, or petroleum product they are derived from, and what they are used for. For the processes involved in making textiles, we should give brief descriptions of each process (carding, spinning, weaving, etc.), and which processes are used for which types of textiles. Most of this information can be found in the articles for each type of textile or for each process.

 * Add Stainproofing info. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.237.211.177 (talk) 16:24, 10 May 2007 (UTC)

Order is reversed
Hello. Can someone check/edit the caption on the second illustration? I think the "right to left" order is reversed in the identifcation of the fabrics as shown. Thanks, Stu. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.46.249.78 (talk) 21:18, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

Breathable fabrics
There is almost nothing in the article about breathable fabrics, e.g. for garments, save for a tiny note on wicking of perspiration under ingeo. - Neparis (talk) 00:50, 13 March 2008 (UTC)

Reassessment
Reassessed to the new C-class; this article still needs a lot of work. - PKM (talk) 18:54, 5 July 2008 (UTC)

Fashion and Textile Designer Inclusions
I have included Marisol Deluna yet her name continually gets removed.

Despite adding three references http://glo.msn.com/relationships/glos-latina-girl-crushes-6003.gallery?photoId=21361 GLO.msn.com, http://www.hyundaiusa.com/about-hyundai/diversity/common/assets/Hyundai_Adelante.pdf Hyundaiusa.com, http://www.nysartorialist.com/2010/05/housing-works-6th-annual-design-on-dime.html Nysartorialist.com (in addition to those found off and online) I was not aware that inclusions had to be household names, yet rather notables to the subject discussed. One of the terrific user benefits of Wikipedia is to inform. Why bother reading articles otherwise?

She is not as notable as the others listed, this is understood as she does not create designs in a traditional manner such as runway shows. Inclusions should not be based on this. She is known for her prints and my references reflect this as does this list of clients that have benefited from her print driven designs.
 *  Removed promotional client list duplicated from Talk:Marisol Deluna

I am asking to have the edit of removal be reverted or perhaps put in a different category in which textiles can be used beyond traditional fashion designers- Especially for those seeking information on those who are not focused on mainstream textile or fashion designers. Thank you. ElizabethCB123 (talk) 16:24, 3 August 2011 (UTC)

 * You added her name to a list of designers that "can be easily recognized by their signature print driven designs.", so please demonstrate that she can, with a reliable sources that say she can. None of the links you provided did that. Mt  king  (edits)  21:58, 3 August 2011 (UTC)

 * Point taken. However, I did not add her inclusion originally.  Her name was removed and I replaced her.  I will focus on her article and in time revisit this inclusion.  Thank you! ElizabethCB123 (talk) 05:18, 4 August 2011 (UTC)

Citation cleanup
Some explanation for changing the "Sources" section to "Further reading."

After finding no mention of the authors Good or Fisher in the article text, I searched the revision history to determine when these sources were added and what (if any) other content was added at the same time. Revision diffs for the additions of both the Nora Good and Irene Fisher sources show that only the source information was added.

Having also moved the Duplessis source to an inline citation, I removed the citation cleanup banner when I changed "Sources" to "Further reading." —Shelley V. Adams 03:30, 15 December 2011 (UTC)

Rawhide (textile)
The name of the Rawhide (textile) article is in direct conflict with the introduction to this article. It would appear something needs to be changed.--Gibson Flying V (talk) 22:27, 5 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately, Rawhide (disambiguation) redirects to Rawhide, which is in fact a disambiguation page. This needs admin attention to delete the redirect page, so the articles may be titled sensibly. Perhaps further discussion would be better kept at Talk:Rawhide (textile). __ Just plain Bill (talk) 23:50, 5 July 2012 (UTC)

Misplaced box
The Wikitable showing the top ten exporters seems misplaced here. I think it belongs in History of textiles. If there are no objections I'll move it there in about a week. Jodosma (talk) 23:36, 28 March 2013 (UTC)

 * I tried to move the table to a different part of this article without success, wherever you move it, it makes a mess so I'm leaving it now before I lose the will to live. Jodosma (talk) 00:04, 23 April 2013 (UTC)

Definition of textile and yarn
The definitions in the opening paragraph of the article are very narrow in scope. For example, to characterize all textiles as "woven", is misleading, as it is misleading to define yarn without including the mention of fibers that rise from extrusion. Even if the whole article is to be rewritten, could some short term improvement of the first paragraph be done until then?Cobaltcanarycherry (talk) 03:46, 3 April 2013 (UTC)

 * I do use "textile" exclusively for woven fabrics, well, I also call my felted pieces textiles, but they are made from textiles or yarns. I agree that extruded yarns are missing, and the article seems to say only natural fibres are used to produce yarn. Please do improve at least this part, the synethic fibres. Can we look into "textiles" more, though? --(AfadsBad (talk) 12:53, 18 September 2013 (UTC))

 * Respectfully, to indicate that all textiles are woven or felted is to exclude all knitted, crocheted, netted or braided textiles. I am particularly concerned by this exclusion as it appears that fabrics constituted by hand were developed previous to those that had to be loomed.Cobaltcanarycherry (talk) 23:39, 21 March 2015 (UTC)

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Blended fabric
Blended fabric redirects to here but does not end in any specific subtopic. It is not explained or defined. -- Manorainjan  09:23, 6 December 2017 (UTC)

Possible merge with Clothing material
I'm proposing merging Clothing material into this article. Clothing material has no references and the material discussed could easily be folded into Textile. Leschnei (talk) 22:57, 3 April 2018 (UTC)

 * Yes, but remember that not all clothing materials are textile, and not all textiles are clothing material. The state of the clothing material article (awful) means that a redirect would improve the project, but adding anything from there to here would be a mistake. -Roxy, the dog. barcus 06:25, 4 April 2018 (UTC)

 * The proposal is for a merge not a redirect, which for the substantive reasons just mentioned would be an encyclopedic mistake. If the responses to it are being tallied, this is a NO. --Futhark|Talk 06:34, 4 April 2018 (UTC)

 * That is an excellent point, a redirect would solve things very nicely. Let's see if anyone else feels like expressing an opinion. Leschnei (talk) 12:29, 4 April 2018 (UTC)

 * While not all clothing materials are textiles-- the actual article (clothing materials) is some 99% about textiles. Merge the lead section of "Clothing materials" to become a sub-section of "Textile" and drop all other parts of "clothing materials". If one is so disposed, someone can also create a sub-section of "clothing to be about clothing materials. tahc chat 19:39, 18 April 2018 (UTC)

Since there's clearly no consensus on this, I'll leave it as is and remove the merge templates. Perhaps adding material to Textile and Clothing, and converting Clothing material to a redirect (all suggested above-thanks) would be the best answer. Leschnei (talk) 13:08, 8 August 2018 (UTC)

Stuff/Stoff
What - no mention of stuff? nor how it is of the same root as the German stoff? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.148.36.42 (talk) 20:38, 20 May 2018 (UTC)

Woven roving
Wikipedia has no article on woven roving, which predates the invention of spread tow fabric. I have seen it as fibreglass textiles used in layup fabrication. Are there significant differences between the two? Just plain Bill (talk) 12:10, 27 August 2020 (UTC)

 * IMHO, not really, but then again I have no sources with which to help. -Roxy the inedible dog . wooF 12:15, 27 August 2020 (UTC)

poor citeation
Rajiv Please explain how this reference supports the text. Thanks. -Roxy the inedible dog . wooF 14:59, 30 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Firstly it is not citeation, It is citation. The citation was required for Wool refers to the hair of the domestic sheep or goat, which is distinguished from other types of animal hair in that the individual strands are coated with scales and tightly crimped, and the wool as a whole is coated with a wax mixture known as lanolin (sometimes called wool grease), which is waterproof and dirtproof.

 * Roxy You deleted
 * ][The text on Page 142---Wool, commonly used for warm clothing, refers to the hair of the domestic goat or sheep and it is coated with oil known as lanolin, which is water-proof and dirt-proof making a comfortable fabric for dresses, suits, and sweaters. Now you tell me why it is not supporting. RAJIVVASUDEV (talk) 16:09, 30 October 2020 (UTC)

 * But Lanolin has no water proof or dirt proofing effect on wool garments, as it is all scoured out in processing. Lanolin in wool garments would make them more attractive to dirt not less. The citation does not support the text. for spelling, see here -Roxy the inedible dog . wooF 17:09, 30 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Roxy Do not manipulate and make out meanings of your interest. Who is asking about scoured wool? The text in the article is about Lanolin containing wool. READ IT AGAIN Wool refers to the hair of the domestic sheep or goat, which is distinguished from other types of animal hair in that the individual strands are coated with scales and tightly crimped, and the wool as a whole is coated with a wax mixture known as lanolin (sometimes called wool grease), which is waterproof and dirtproof. For spellings, I will clothe you, for now; otherwise, on Wikipedia, nothing is invisible, like you try to do from the talk pages after deleting the references and making other users demoralized.RAJIVVASUDEV (talk) 17:43, 30 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Roxy The reference is added to the content in the article. Not for your BUT.RAJIVVASUDEV (talk) 18:26, 30 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Roxy the citation actually does support the text, the section of the article the citation refers to are sources that textiles are made from, including wool, and does not refer to wool that has already been processed and woven, so it's possible that it may or may not contain lanolin. As you can see that section is a list of animal fibre sources. At any rate, a negligible amount of lanolin will still remain in the wool, even after it is woven. Coryphantha   Talk  21:30, 30 October 2020 (UTC)

 * Thankyou User: Coryphantha, for understanding the fact and restoring the citation/edit. I hope Roxy will realize and would not mind discussing on the talk page before reverting my edits. Best regards RAJIVVASUDEV (talk) 01:44, 31 October 2020 (UTC)

 * You're very welcome. User: RAJIVVASUDEV. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Coryphantha (talk • contribs) 02:20, 31 October 2020 (UTC)

Piecegoods/(piece goods)
Before the 18th century, textile goods were synonym with piece-goods because of certain limitations of resources and trading systems. We can not forget the role of Draper, cloth merchants and mercery. I have added a section in the subject article with the name piece goods. Kindly review and advise to elaborate. Thanks and regardsRAJIVVASUDEV (talk) 02:19, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

 * In order to advise and elaborate I have decided that certain limitations of sources need to be lifted irrevocably and have removed it as adequately categorised without your WP:AGF contribution. -Roxy the inedible dog . wooF 06:31, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

 * Sir, Your recent edits are not acceptable, WP:NPA,WP:DE ,Tendentious editingInformation is well sourced with reliable sources, you are repeatedly making personal attacks, and using false language RPA. This is not the first time you are engaging me and ultimately cause a block. Please WP: AGF avoid this and do not harm the project for your ego. Peace. Having any doubts please discuss them on the talk page and conclude. Thanks and regards RAJIVVASUDEV (talk) 07:07, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

 * Your edit summary for reverting is poor. Please note there is no single article that explains what these piece-goods were besides mentioning. Hence the topic deserves a section here. And readers must know what they were and why they were produced. Thanks and regardsRAJIVVASUDEV (talk) 07:31, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia maintains an inclusion threshold of "verifiability, not truth." Hence you can not delete any info/RS. ThanksRAJIVVASUDEV (talk) 07:46, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

 * Please indent the messages as outlined in wp:THREAD and wp:INDENT — See Help:Using talk pages. Thanks. -Roxy the inedible dog . wooF 08:45, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

 * RegardsRAJIVVASUDEV (talk) 08:56, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

 * Respected Sir Rajiv, you already know I am an expert. -Roxy the inedible dog . wooF 09:06, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

 * Haha, No sir, you are not, but you underrated yourself by considering yourself (as a self-appointed expert); you are high above the policies. you are allowed to use false language, can bite and allowed to override any Ps  WP:5P.RAJIVVASUDEV (talk) 09:39, 18 December 2020 (UTC).

 * And you can revert the content even with verifiable accuracy, citing reliable, authoritative sources. So you are more than an expert. RegardsRAJIVVASUDEV (talk) 09:59, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

The section started out as a standalone article about piecegoods, defined as cloth sold in fixed lengths. This didn’t agree with the definition in the two definitions cited, which was cloth supplied in bolts and sold in lengths requested by the customer. The content of the article followed the unsupported definition, and was about cloth manufactured in small pieces. It implied that manufacture of piecegoods had ceased in the 19th century as a result of improvements in weaving technology, while citing a source discussing proposed tariffs on piecegoods in 1937.

Once the definition was changed to one supported by the cited sources pretty much all the content was irrelevant to it. The central premise of much of it, which was that manufacture of piecegoods had ceased as a result of changing technology, is clearly wrong, cloth is still supplied in bolts and sold in from them in lengths as required. As a result of this the article was redirected here, as an appropriate redirection for cloth sold by length. The article has now been copied and pasted to this article pretty much intact, and has now also been pasted to this talk page (is this really necessary, or even appropriate?).

The sourcing, as far as I can tell, is dubious in other ways. For example the source cited to support the sentence saying that the invention of Kay’s flying shuttle “led to wider width handloom woven fabrics” says nothing of the sort; it says that the flying shuttle speeded up the weaving process and enabled a broadcloth loom to be operated by a single weaver instead of two. Even if this could be sourced it’s not clear how an increase in width is relevant to the fortunes of cloth sold by length. This sort of incoherence is one of the reasons it was redirected, there just doesn’t seem to be a coherent article to be made here. It was mostly about changing manufacturing technology, not piecegoods.

It looks as if what RAJIVVASUDEV actually wants to write about is handlooming, and the effect on this of improved technology. It might be appropriate to have an article about this, from some of the sources I’ve seen cited it seems that handlooming is of cultural significance, and it has in the past been of economic significance, but the article would have to be carefully researched and adequately sourced. If RAJIVVASUDEV is to create such an article I suggest that it should start as a draft and only be moved to mainspace when ready. Brunton (talk) 19:16, 19 December 2020 (UTC)

Piecegoods the section which is deleted ( For a glance)
Before the 18th century, a maximum of textiles were produced and traded in the form of piece-goods only. (Piece goods, yard goods) were the fabrics sold by length. The term was commonly used in the cloth trade for a various specified length (pieces) of cloth rolls. It comprehends several qualities mostly cotton such as calicos, long cloth, etc.

Limitations
There were various reasons for producing and trading textiles in piece goods; some were the infrastructure, resources, and trading system of that time, which was not allowing to produce the cloth in larger roll sizes what machines are producing today.

Handlooms
In pre-industrialization, most textile materials were handspun and handwoven and produced on handlooms, and unlike today the goods were then made in smaller pieces. The dimensions (length and width) was varied with the size of looms, material, and weavers. The flying shuttle invention by John Kay in 1733 had led to wider width handloom woven fabrics. However, improvements in spinning technology during the Industrial Revolution created cotton yarn of sufficient strength to be used in mechanized weaving. The limitations of the vertical length size of the cloths overcame with early developments in looms such as warp-weighted loom and powerlooms.

Trade
Exports of piece-goods is recorded since the time of the Mughals. And it continued until the 19th century. In 1878, textile piece goods were discussed substantially as an item of export and Import from various destinations of India. Drapers and Cloth merchants were trading different textile in the form of piece-goods.

Blends (Blended textiles)
It is more helpful to know about historical terms for a reader.@, kindly do not remove the sourced information.RV (talk) 09:30, 17 May 2021 (UTC)

 * Your badly written lecture notes do not make any sense in English. By re-introducing them, you have edit-warred. -Roxy . wooF 09:35, 17 May 2021 (UTC)

 * Something obvious to you, may not be to someone else.reader. BTW what is bad in it? Read guide lines hereWP:HISTINFO. Thanks RV (talk) 09:50, 17 May 2021 (UTC)

What ?
@ You have removed a sourced information[] with this ed sum ''Nonsense. textiles for transmitting info. hahahaha.'' Can you explain the reason? RV (talk) 15:07, 15 June 2021 (UTC)

Textile
A textile is a flexible material made by creating an interlocking network of yarns or threads, which are produced by spinning raw fibres (from either natural or synthetic sources) into long and twisted lengths.Textiles are then formed by weaving, knitting, crocheting, knotting, tatting, felting, bonding, or braiding these yarns together.
 * Textile, any filament, fibre, or yarn that can be made into fabric or cloth, and the resulting material itself.

 * Comment: Lead in the article limits textiles to the "fabrics" only in spite of the fact that the term "textile" is a broader term and includes fibers, yarns and fabrics, and technical textiles, etc. Can we have a discussion and make a consensus? Thanks RV (talk) 13:39, 4 August 2021 (UTC)

fashion
Can you write fashion as a type of clothing 41.217.55.121 (talk) 19:37, 25 November 2021 (UTC)

 * No. -Roxy the dog . wooF 20:47, 25 November 2021 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 5 September 2018 and 7 December 2018. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Thoschis. Peer reviewers: Chris sarli.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 10:56, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Burn test of fabrics
Hi all! In an article Sulfur someone wrote a sentence: "The high disulfide bond content of hair and feathers contributes to their indigestibility and to their characteristic disagreeable odor when burned.[citation needed]" A little investigation on Google gave no citation which is suitable for that statement in context of the article. But there is a bunch of search results pointing on "Burn test of fabrics". Don't you want to add this information to Treatments subsection? I'm going to remove the mentioned statement from the Sulfur article. Tosha Langue (talk) 10:05, 29 April 2022 (UTC)

 * Oh, Roxy the great dog, I'm that, who saves every any meaningful crap at Wikipedia. Would you magnanimously point at an appropriate place, within known limits, for the quick identification test of fabrics, that you didn't let be here?
 * Your humble servant, Tosha Langue (talk) 12:35, 10 May 2022 (UTC)

 * If I was to suggest an article, it would be the one on textile testing, in the fibre identification section. I do not know if such an article exists. -Roxy the grumpy dog . wooF 13:26, 10 May 2022 (UTC)

Significance of water in textiles
§ Handling of edit-warring behaviors. @ Your recent attempts to vandalize this page have been reversed. Stop your nonsense because there is no denying the link between textiles, wet processing, and water consumption. Keeping the readers in mind, the section deserves a place in the article. And let me do that. You are welcome to discuss this here. Do not revert the edits, especially when they belong to a reliable source.. RV (talk) 13:12, 7 January 2023 (UTC) or You may want to try WP:BRD to resolve your problem. Open a talk page section and justify how water, wet processing and associated impacts are not linked, to show why the disputed section is justified in that position. RV (talk) 12:11, 7 January 2023 (UTC)

Attribution
In section Health impacts, there is copy and paste edit Chemicals use, advantage and health impacts, copy and paste edit from Chemical finishing of textiles. For attribution see page history. Thanks RV (talk) 12:52, 7 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Textile


text:
Yell County, Arkansas

Yell County is a county in the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 20,263. The county has two county seats, Dardanelle and Danville. Yell County is Arkansas's 42nd county, formed on December 5, 1840, from portions of Scott and Pope counties. It was named after Archibald Yell, who was the state's first member of the United States House of Representatives and the second governor of Arkansas. He died in combat at the Battle of Buena Vista during the Mexican–American War.

Yell County is part of the Russellville micropolitan statistical Area. Yell County is a dry county as alcohol is prohibited.

History
Native Americans first inhabited present-day Yell County and the Arkansas River Valley for thousands of years prior to European colonization. They used the open, fertile floodplain of the Arkansas River for hunting grounds and later farming settlements. During the Thomas Jefferson and Indian Removal era, many Cherokee were voluntarily relocating from Georgia along the Arkansas River, including in Yell County, between 1775 and 1786. A large Cherokee reservation across the Arkansas River from Yell County was established in 1815 to encourage further voluntary relocation from Georgia.

The area presently encompassed as Yell County was first settled by European settlers when James Carden built a house in 1819 among Cherokee farms in the Dardanelle Bottoms, at the confluence of the Arkansas and Petit Jean rivers. Lands south of the Arkansas River had been deeded to the Choctaw in the 1820s when they removed from their homelands east of the Mississippi River, but white settlement and Cherokee relocation continued apace into the 1820s. The peoples competed over the prime river-bottom lands.

In June 1823, a meeting between numerous Cherokee chiefs and acting Territorial Governor Robert Crittenden was held under two large oak trees. Long believed by many to result in a "Council Oaks Treaty" reestablishing Cherokee title of 3.2 e6acre north of the Arkansas River, Crittenden had no treaty-making authority and the meeting ended with no agreement other than each party sending separate letters to Secretary of War John C. Calhoun.

Some Cherokee remained on their farms south of the river, the group identifying itself as Black Dutch, intermarrying and assimilating with the area's white settlers.

In 1830, the United States Congress enacted the Indian Removal Act, leading to further, forcible Cherokee settlement from the Southeast into the Arkansas River Valley. Cherokee, Muskogee (Creek), and Seminole were forcibly removed along the Trail of Tears through Yell County to Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma).

Yell County was taken by Union forces in the Civil War in October 1862. A Confederate force of approximately 1,500 tried to retake Dardanelle in January 1865, failing after a four-hour battle. First Sergeant William Ellis of the 3rd Wisconsin Cavalry received a Medal of Honor for holding his position despite multiple wounds.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 949 sqmi, of which 930 sqmi is land and 19 sqmi (2.0%) is water.

Adjacent counties

 * Pope County (north)
 * Conway County (northeast)
 * Perry County (east)
 * Garland County (southeast)
 * Montgomery County (south)
 * Scott County (west)
 * Logan County (northwest)

National protected areas

 * Holla Bend National Wildlife Refuge (part)
 * Ouachita National Forest (part)
 * Ozark National Forest (part)

2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 20,263 people, 7,503 households, and 5,542 families residing in the county.

2000 census
As of the 2000 census, there were 21,139 people, 7,922 households, and 5,814 families residing in the county. The population density was 23 /sqmi. There were 9,157 housing units at an average density of 10 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the county was 86.63% White, 1.47% Black or African American, 0.58% Native American, 0.69% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 8.99% from other races, and 1.62% from two or more races. 12.73% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 12.00% reported speaking Spanish at home.

There were 7,922 households, out of which 33.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.50% were married couples living together, 10.10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.60% were non-families. 23.20% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.04.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 25.80% under the age of 18, 8.90% from 18 to 24, 28.30% from 25 to 44, 22.00% from 45 to 64, and 15.00% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.30 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $28,916, and the median income for a family was $33,409. Males had a median income of $23,172 versus $18,148 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,383. About 11.70% of families and 15.40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.20% of those under age 18 and 12.80% of those age 65 or over.

Public safety
The Yell County Sheriff's Office is the primary law enforcement agency in the county. The agency is led by the Yell County Sheriff, an official elected by countywide vote every four years. Police departments in Dardanelle, Danville, and Ola provide law enforcement in their respective jurisdictions, with Bellville, Havana, and Plainview contracting with the Sheriff's Office for law enforcement services.

The current sheriff of Yell County is Nick Gault. Gault was elected to office in the 2022 General Election.

The chief officer of the law in Yell County, as in all Arkansas counties, is the sheriff.

Culture and contemporary life
Yell County has several historical homes, structures, and monuments dedicated to preserving the history and culture of the area. The Dardanelle Commercial Historic District preserves the historic commercial hub of Yell County along the Arkansas River. The Mt. Nebo State Park Cabins Historic District preserves ten cabins built by the Civilian Conservation Corps in the 1930s. The county also has seven homes, three churches, and two bridges listed on the NRHP.

Upon settlement, Yell County's varied topography created a stratified society, splitting settlers between the more fertile and productive farms of the "lowlands" and the subsistence farming of the steep and less-productive mountain soil of the "uplands". A planter class emerged in the lowlands, and as Dardanelle evolved into a cohesive community, the large landowners moved to town and managed their landholdings from stately homes, similar to the model seen in the Arkansas Delta and the Mississippi Delta. This left the lowlands inhabited largely by poor sharecroppers and tenant farmers, who largely shared economic fortunes with the small farms in the uplands, shifting the "upland/lowland" split to a "town-country" divide based largely on economics.

As mechanization and society evolved and Arkansas became less of a frontier, a wealthy upper class emerged in Dardanelle that came to wield societal, political, and economic power in the county. This society remained relatively closed, with separate social events and often summering on Mount Nebo with other wealthy Arkansans visiting to enjoy the cool mountain breezes. With little of the industrialization that defined the Gilded Age in the Northeast and Midwest, Yell County instead retained an adjusted Old South economic model based on agriculture but adapted to a post-Reconstruction reality.

Government

The county government is a constitutional body granted specific powers by the Constitution of Arkansas and the Arkansas Code. The quorum court is the legislative branch of the county government and controls all spending and revenue collection. Representatives are called justices of the peace and are elected from county districts every even-numbered year. The number of districts in a county vary from nine to fifteen, and district boundaries are drawn by the county election commission. The Yell County Quorum Court has eleven members. Presiding over quorum court meetings is the county judge, who serves as the chief operating officer of the county. The county judge is elected at-large and does not vote in quorum court business, although capable of vetoing quorum court decisions. Though Yell County has two county seats, the constitutional officers are not duplicated, with duties split between the two courthouses.

Politics
Over the past few election cycles Yell county has trended heavily towards the GOP. The last Democratic presidential candidate (as of 2020) to carry this county was native Arkansan Bill Clinton in 1996.

Public education
Early childhood, elementary and secondary education within Yell County is provided by four public school districts:
 * Danville School District
 * Dardanelle School District
 * Two Rivers School District—formed in 2004 by the consolidation of the former Fourche Valley School District, Ola School District, Perry–Casa School District, and Plainview–Rover School District.
 * Western Yell County School District—formed in 1985 by the consolidation of the former Belleville School District and Havana School District.

Dissolved school districts

 * Fourche Valley School District
 * Ola School District
 * Perry–Casa School District
 * Plainview-Rover School District
 * Havana School District
 * Belleville School District
 * Carden Bottoms School District

Public libraries
The Arkansas River Valley Regional Library System, is headquartered in Dardanelle and serves multiple counties and consists of one central library and six branch libraries, including the Yell County Library, a branch library in Danville.

Cities

 * Belleville
 * Danville (county seat)
 * Dardanelle (county seat)
 * Havana
 * Ola
 * Plainview

Town

 * Corinth

Census-designated places

 * Centerville
 * Rover

Unincorporated communities

 * Alpha
 * Aly
 * Ard
 * Bluffton
 * Briggsville
 * Chickalah
 * Goodie Gorn Creek
 * Gravelly
 * Mount George
 * New Neely
 * Onyx
 * Pleasant Hill
 * Shark
 * Sulphur Springs
 * Wing

Townships

 * Birta
 * Bluffton
 * Briggsville
 * Centerville
 * Chula
 * Compton
 * Crawford
 * Danville (Corinth, Danville)
 * Dardanelle (Dardanelle)
 * Dutch Creek
 * Ferguson (Belleville)
 * Galla Rock
 * Gilkey
 * Gravelly Hill
 * Herring
 * Ions Creek
 * Lamar (Plainview)
 * Magazine
 * Mason
 * Mountain
 * Prairie
 * Richland
 * Riley (Havana)
 * Rover
 * Sulphur Springs
 * Ward (Ola)
 * Waveland

Major highways

 * Arkansas 7.svg Highway 7
 * Arkansas 10.svg Highway 10
 * Arkansas 27.svg Highway 27
 * Arkansas 28.svg Highway 28
 * Arkansas 60.svg Highway 60
 * Arkansas 80.svg Highway 80
 * Arkansas 154.svg Highway 154

Notable people

 * Ray R. Allen (1920–2010), public official in Alexandria, Louisiana, was born in Yell County
 * John Daly, professional golfer
 * Arthur Hunnicutt, Academy Award-nominated Western Actor
 * Kelly Ring, WTVT news anchor
 * Johnny Sain, Major League Baseball player
 * William L. Spicer, Republican state chairman, 1962–1964, was born in Yell County, but owned a chain of drive-in theaters in Fort Smith
 * Cousins Jim Walkup (left-handed pitcher), and Jim Walkup (right-handed pitcher), MLB pitchers
 * James Lee Witt, former FEMA Director
 * Henry C. Bruton, Rear Admiral in the United States Navy, born in Belleville, Arkansas in 1905
 * Jacob Lofland, American actor
 * Timothy Balarabe, jazz musician

title: Yell County, Arkansas


text:
Woodruff County, Arkansas

Woodruff County is located in the Arkansas Delta in the U.S. state of Arkansas. The county is named for William E. Woodruff, founder of the state's first newspaper, the Arkansas Gazette. Created as Arkansas's 54th county in 1862, Woodruff County is home to one incorporated town and four incorporated cities, including Augusta, the county seat. The county is also the site of numerous unincorporated communities and ghost towns. Occupying only 587 sqmi, Woodruff County is the 13th smallest county in Arkansas. As of the 2020 Census, the county's population was 6,269. Based on population, the county is the second-smallest county of the 75 in Arkansas. Located in the Arkansas Delta, the county is largely flat with fertile soils. Historically covered in forest, bayous and swamps, the area was cleared for agriculture by early settlers. It is drained by the Cache River and the White River. Along the Cache River, the Cache River National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) runs north–south across the county, preserving bottomland forest, sloughs and wildlife habitat.

Although no Interstate highways are located in Woodruff County, two United States highways (US 49 and US 64) and twelve Arkansas state highways run in the county. Two Union Pacific Railroad lines cross the county.

Geography
The county is located in the Arkansas Delta, one of the six primary geographic regions of Arkansas. The Arkansas Delta is a subregion of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain, which is a flat area consisting of rich, fertile sediment deposits from the Mississippi River between Louisiana and Illinois. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 594 sqmi, of which 587 sqmi is land and 7.2 sqmi (1.2%) is water. Major hydrologic features include the Cache River, which roughly bisects the county north–south, Bayou De View, which runs through eastern Woodruff County, and the White River, which serves as the county's western boundary.

Prior to settlement, Woodruff County was densely forested, with bayous, sloughs, and swamps crossing the land. Seeking to take advantage of the area's fertile soils, settlers cleared the land to better suit row crops. Although some swampland has been preserved in the Cache River NWR and some former farmland has undergone reforestation, the majority (56 percent) of the county remains in cultivation. Another large land use in Woodruff County is the Cache River NWR, owned by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Stretching approximately 90 mi across adjacent counties, the NWR is listed as a Ramsar wetlands of international importance, and serves as a key wintering area for ducks and the largest contiguous tract of bottomland hardwood forest in North America. The NWR aggressively seeks willing property owners to sell land to add to the NWR's boundaries, adding 2000 acre in 2015.

The county is located approximately 75 mi northeast of Little Rock and 81.3 mi west of Memphis, Tennessee. Woodruff County is surrounded by five other Delta counties: Jackson County to the north, Cross County to the northeast, St. Francis County to the southeast, Monroe County to the south and Prairie County to the southwest. West of Woodruff County is White County, which is something of combination point for the Delta, Ozarks, and Central Arkansas.

Climate
Woodruff County has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa). Woodruff County experiences all four seasons, although summers can be extremely hot and humid and winters are mild with little snow. July is the hottest month of the year, with an average high of 93 °F and an average low of 70 °F. Temperatures above 100 °F are not uncommon. January is the coldest month with an average high of 49 °F and an average low of 27 °F. The highest temperature was 112 °F, recorded in 1936 and 1972. The lowest temperature recorded was -11 °F, on January 8, 1942.

Communities
Four incorporated cities and one incorporated town are located within the county. The largest city and county seat, Augusta, is located in the western part of the county near the White River and the White County border. Augusta's population was 1,998 as of the 2020 Census, well below its peak of 3,496 at the 1980 Census. McCrory and Patterson are adjacent to each other, located near the county's center. Cotton Plant and Hunter are both located in the southern part of Woodruff County, with 2020 populations of 529 and 103, respectively.

Woodruff County has dozens of unincorporated communities and ghost towns within its borders. This is due to early settlers in Arkansas tending to cluster in small clusters rather than incorporated towns. For example, Fitzhugh and Gregory had post offices at some point in their history. Other communities are simply a few dwellings at a crossroads that have adopted a common place name over time. Some are officially listed as populated places by the United States Geological Survey, and others are listed as historic settlements.

Unincorporated communities

 * Becton
 * Dixie
 * Fitzhugh
 * Grays
 * Gregory
 * Hillemann
 * Howell
 * Little Dixie‡
 * McClelland
 * Morton
 * New Augusta
 * New Salem
 * Pleasant Grove
 * Pumpkin Bend
 * Shady Grove

Historic communities

 * Barson
 * Bemis
 * Bulltown
 * Casey
 * Cavell
 * Colona
 * Cow Mound
 * Daggett
 * DeView
 * Flynn
 * Four Forks
 * Goodrich
 * Kramer
 * Maberry
 * McGregor
 * Morelock
 * Negro Head Corner
 * Overcup
 * Penrose
 * Quinlan
 * Revel
 * Riverside
 * Simmons
 * Sturdevant
 * Taylorville
 * Tip
 * Union
 * Wiville

Townships

 * Augusta (Augusta)
 * Barnes
 * Cache
 * Caney (Hunter)
 * Cotton Plant (Cotton Plant)
 * Dent
 * De View (McCrory, Patterson)
 * Franks
 * Freeman
 * Garden
 * Point
 * Pumpkin Bend
 * White River

2020 census
As of the 2020 United States Census, there were 6,269 people, 2,932 households, and 1,855 families residing in the county.

2000 census
As of the 2000 United States Census, there were 8,741 people, 3,531 households, and 2,439 families residing in the county. The population density was 15 /mi2. There were 4,089 housing units at an average density of 7 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 67.86% White, 30.75% Black or African American, 0.23% Native American, 0.07% Asian, 0.10% Pacific Islander, 0.17% from other races, and 0.81% from two or more races. 0.79% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 3,531 households, out of which 30.90% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.60% were married couples living together, 16.70% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.90% were non-families. 28.20% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.97.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 26.00% under the age of 18, 8.40% from 18 to 24, 24.50% from 25 to 44, 24.40% from 45 to 64, and 16.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 89.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.90 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $22,099, and the median income for a family was $27,824. Males had a median income of $24,051 versus $17,995 for females. The per capita income for the county was $13,269. About 21.70% of families and 27.00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 38.10% of those under age 18 and 27.00% of those age 65 or over.

Government
The county government is a constitutional body granted specific powers by the Constitution of Arkansas and the Arkansas Code. The quorum court is the legislative branch of the county government and controls all spending and revenue collection. Representatives are called justices of the peace and are elected from county districts every even-numbered year. The number of districts in a county vary from nine to fifteen, and district boundaries are drawn by the county election commission. The Woodruff County Quorum Court has nine members. Presiding over quorum court meetings is the county judge, who serves as the chief executive officer of the county. The county judge is elected at-large and does not vote in quorum court business, although capable of vetoing quorum court decisions.

Woodruff County, like most rural white Southern counties, leaned heavily Democratic for most of its history, particularly in the Jim Crow and immediate post-Jim Crow eras. Since 1880, the county has failed to back the Democratic nominee in a presidential election only four times: in 1968, when it backed the third-party candidacy of George Wallace (who was otherwise affiliated with the Democratic Party); in 1972, when it and every other county in the state backed Republican Richard Nixon amidst a national landslide; and in 2016 and 2020, when it voted for Republican Donald Trump amidst large Republican gains in rural areas across the nation. The 2020 election marked a historic shift, as the county swung substantially to the right despite Trump losing the national election. This marked the first time in history that a Democrat was elected president without carrying Woodruff County, and Trump's 28-point win was the largest Republican margin in the county's history.

Woodruff County is represented in the 10th district of the Arkansas Senate by Republican Ron Caldwell, a real estate businessman from Wynne in Cross County, and in the 61st district of the Arkansas House of Representatives by Republican Jeremiah Moore, a real estate broker from Clarendon in Monroe County. The county is part of the 1st congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives, and is represented by Republican Rick Crawford.

Aviation
The Woodruff County Airport located along US 64 between Patterson and Augusta is the only public own/public use airport in the county. It is a general aviation airport, serving primarily agricultural (spraying) and recreational operations. For the twelve-month period ending June 30, 2014, the facility saw 5,500 general aviation operations.

Major highways

 * [[Image:US 49.svg|20px]] U.S. Highway 49
 * [[Image:US 64.svg|20px]] U.S. Highway 64
 * [[Image:Arkansas 17.svg|20px]] Highway 17
 * [[Image:Arkansas 33.svg|20px]] Highway 33
 * [[Image:Arkansas 37.svg|20px]] Highway 37
 * [[Image:Arkansas 38.svg|20px]] Highway 38
 * [[Image:Arkansas 78.svg|20px]] Highway 78
 * [[Image:Arkansas 145.svg|25px]] Highway 145
 * [[Image:Arkansas 260.svg|25px]] Highway 260
 * [[Image:Arkansas 262.svg|25px]] Highway 262
 * [[Image:Arkansas 269.svg|25px]] Highway 269
 * [[Image:Arkansas 284.svg|25px]] Highway 284
 * [[Image:Arkansas 306.svg|25px]] Highway 306
 * [[Image:Arkansas 339.svg|25px]] Highway 339

Utilities

The Arkansas Department of Health is responsible for the regulation and oversight of public water systems throughout the state. Woodruff County contains seven community water systems: Augusta Waterworks, Breckenridge Union Water Association (UWA), Cross County Rural Water System, Cotton Plant Waterworks, McCrory Waterworks, Patterson Waterworks, and West Woodruff Water District. Within the county, Augusta Waterworks has the largest retail population (2,284), followed by McCrory (1,647), and Breckenridge UWA (1,267). All community water systems in Woodruff County use groundwater as their source of raw water, except West Woodruff Water District, who purchases all water from Patterson.

title: Woodruff County, Arkansas


text:
White County, Arkansas

White County is a county located in the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 76,822. The county seat is Searcy. White County is Arkansas's 31st county, formed on October 23, 1835, from portions of Independence, Jackson, and Pulaski counties and named for Hugh Lawson White, a Whig candidate for President of the United States. It is an alcohol prohibition or dry county, though a few private establishments (such as the Searcy Country Club, and Veterans of Foreign Wars posts in Searcy and Beebe) can serve alcohol.

White County comprises the Searcy, AR Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Little Rock-North Little Rock, AR Combined Statistical Area.

History
On May 17, 1862, White County was the site of the Little Red Skirmish between Union Major General Samuel J Curtis and a force of about 100 loosely-organized Confederates, followed by the battle at Whitney Lane in June. also known as The Skirmish at Searcy Landing.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1042 sqmi, of which 1035 sqmi is land and 7.1 sqmi (0.7%) is water. It is the second-largest county by area in Arkansas.

Major highways

 * [[Image:I-57 (Future).svg|20px]] Future Interstate 57
 * [[Image:US 64.svg|20px]] U.S. Highway 64
 * [[Image:US 67.svg|20px]] U.S. Highway 67
 * [[Image:US 167.svg|25px]] U.S. Highway 167
 * [[Image:Arkansas 5.svg|20px]] Highway 5
 * [[Image:Arkansas 11.svg|20px]] Highway 11
 * [[Image:Arkansas 13.svg|20px]] Highway 13
 * [[Image:Arkansas 16.svg|20px]] Highway 16
 * [[Image:Arkansas 31.svg|20px]] Highway 31
 * [[Image:Arkansas 36.svg|20px]] Highway 36
 * [[Image:Arkansas 87.svg|20px]] Highway 87
 * [[Image:Arkansas 110.svg|25px]] Highway 110
 * [[Image:Arkansas 124.svg|25px]] Highway 124
 * [[Image:Arkansas 157.svg|25px]] Highway 157
 * [[Image:Arkansas 258.svg|25px]] Highway 258
 * [[Image:Arkansas 267.svg|25px]] Highway 267
 * [[Image:Arkansas 305.svg|25px]] Highway 305
 * [[Image:Arkansas 310.svg|25px]] Highway 310
 * [[Image:Arkansas 320.svg|25px]] Highway 320
 * [[Image:Arkansas 321.svg|25px]] Highway 321
 * [[Image:Arkansas 323.svg|25px]] Highway 323
 * [[Image:Arkansas 367.svg|25px]] Highway 367
 * [[Image:Arkansas 385.svg|25px]] Highway 385

Adjacent counties

 * Independence County (north)
 * Jackson County (northeast)
 * Woodruff County (east)
 * Prairie County (southeast)
 * Lonoke County (southwest)
 * Faulkner County (west)
 * Cleburne County (northwest)

National and state protected areas

 * Bald Knob National Wildlife Refuge
 * Henry Gray / Hurricane Lake Wildlife Management Area

2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 76,822 people, 28,621 households, and 18,028 families residing in the county.

2000 census
As of the 2000 United States Census, there were 67,165 people, 25,148 households, and 18,408 families residing in the county. The population density was 65 PD/sqmi. There were 27,613 housing units at an average density of 27 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 93.52% White, 3.56% Black or African American, 0.43% Native American, 0.32% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.82% from other races, and 1.31% from two or more races. 1.88% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 25,148 households, out of which 33.00% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.90% were married couples living together, 9.50% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.80% were non-families. 23.40% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 2.98.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 24.40% under the age of 18, 12.80% from 18 to 24, 27.20% from 25 to 44, 21.90% from 45 to 64, and 13.80% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.90 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $32,203, and the median income for a family was $38,782. Males had a median income of $29,884 versus $20,323 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,890. About 10.40% of families and 14.00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.10% of those under age 18 and 14.30% of those age 65 or over.

Government
In 1988, White County elected virtually an entire slate of Republicans to county offices. Though such Republican sweeps had frequently occurred in northern and northwestern Arkansas, White County was the first in the Little Rock area to turn to Republicans as the party steadily made inroads toward a two-party system. A portion of White County is represented in the Arkansas State Senate by the Republican Ronald R. Caldwell, a real estate businessman from Wynne in Cross County. The 45th and current White County Judge is Michael Lincoln of Searcy, who assumed office in January 2007. Over the past few election cycles White County has trended heavily towards the GOP. The last Democrat (as of 2020) to carry this county was Bill Clinton in 1996.

Economy
One of the state's largest banks, First Security Bank, was established in Searcy in 1932 as Security Bank. First Security now has over $8 billion in assets and 78 locations in Arkansas.

The first Wal-Mart distribution center away from the corporate headquarters in Bentonville was established in Searcy.

Public education
Public education is provided by several public school districts including:

Colleges and universities

 * Arkansas State University-Beebe Public, established in 1927 as The Junior Agricultural School of Central Arkansas.
 * Arkansas State University-Searcy A technical branch of Arkansas State University
 * Harding University Private, Churches of Christ enrollment over 6000.

Cities

 * Bald Knob
 * Beebe
 * Bradford
 * Judsonia
 * Kensett
 * McRae
 * Pangburn
 * Searcy (county seat)

Towns

 * Garner
 * Georgetown
 * Griffithville
 * Higginson
 * Letona
 * Rose Bud
 * Russell
 * West Point

Unincorporated communities

 * Albion — north-central White County, between Four Mile Hill or "Boothill" and Pangburn, and north of Letona, along Arkansas Highway 16 and surrounding county roads
 * Antioch — western White County, north of Beebe, along Arkansas Highways 31 and 267 and surrounding county roads
 * Andrews
 * Bare Stone
 * Barrentine Corner
 * Bee Rock
 * Belcher
 * Center Hill — central White County, approximately 8 miles west of Searcy, situated along Arkansas Highway 36 and 305 and surrounding county roads
 * Clay
 * Conant
 * Crosby
 * Dewey
 * Dogwood
 * Doniphan
 * El Paso — southwestern White County, situated along Arkansas Highway 5 and U.S. Highway 64 West
 * Enright
 * Essex
 * Floyd — western White County, approximately 8 miles southeast of Romance, along Arkansas Highways 31 and 305 and surrounding county roads
 * Four Mile Hill or "Boot Hill" — central White County, northwest of Searcy and southeast of Albion, along Arkansas Highway 16 and surrounding county roads
 * Georgia Ridge – home community of Arkansas State Representative Charlotte Douglas of District 75 in Crawford County
 * Gravel Hill — western White County, northwest of Floyd and south of Joy, situated between Arkansas Highways 31 and 36 along Gravel Hill Road and surrounding county roads
 * Hammondsville – western White County, between Romance and El Paso, primarily situated along Hammons Chapel Road (connecting Highway 5 and El Paso Road)
 * Happy
 * Harmony — central White County, southwest of Center Hill, situated along Arkansas Highway 305 and surrounding county roads
 * Hart
 * Hickory Flat
 * Holly Springs
 * Joy — central White County, between Rose Bud and Center Hill, situated along Arkansas Highway 36 and surrounding county roads
 * Keeler Corner
 * Liberty Valley — eastern White County, between Bald Knob and the White River, along U.S. Highway 64 East and surrounding county roads
 * Little Red
 * Midway
 * Mitchell Corner
 * Morning Sun — annexed to Higginson in 2008
 * Nimmo
 * Opal — southwestern White County, between El Paso and Beebe, along U.S. Highway 64 West and Opal Road and surrounding county roads
 * Pickens — north-central White County, between Sidon and Letona, along Arkansas Highway 310 (Pickens Chapel Road) and Pickens Road and surrounding county roads
 * Plainview — northeastern White County, north of Judsonia, along Arkansas Highways 157 and 385 and surrounding county roads
 * Pryor
 * Providence — northeastern White County, north of Judsonia and northwest of Bald Knob, along Arkansas Highways 157 and 258 and surrounding county roads; site of White County Central Schools
 * Rio Vista
 * Romance — western White County, between Rose Bud and El Paso, along Arkansas Highways 5 and 31 and surrounding county roads
 * Showalter's Corner
 * Sidon — north-central White County, west of Pickens and north of Joy, along Arkansas Highway 310 and surrounding county roads
 * Smyrna
 * Steprock
 * Sunnydale
 * Twentythree
 * Velvet Ridge — northeastern White County, north of Bald Knob, along U.S. Highway 167 and surrounding county roads
 * Vinity Corner — south-central White County, south of Garner and southeast of McRae, along West Vinity Road, North Vinity Road, and other county roads southeast of Arkansas Highway 367
 * Walker — southeastern White County, south of Higginson and west of Griffithville, along Arkansas Highway 11 (Walker Road) and surrounding county roads
 * Worden
 * Wright's Corner

Historic towns

 * Beeler Ferry
 * Bethel Grove
 * Denmark
 * Jasmine
 * Mount Pisgah
 * Old Stoney Point
 * Roosevelt
 * Russell
 * Union Hill

Townships

 * Albion
 * Antioch
 * Bald Knob (Bald Knob)
 * Big Creek (Pangburn)
 * Cadron
 * Cane
 * Chrisp
 * Clay
 * Cleveland
 * Coffey
 * Coldwell
 * Crosby
 * Cypert
 * Denmark
 * Des Arc
 * Dogwood (Griffithville)
 * El Paso
 * Francure (Georgetown)
 * Garner (Garner)
 * Gravel Hill
 * Gray (most of Searcy, part of Kensett)
 * Gum Springs (part of Searcy)
 * Guthrie
 * Harrison (most of Judsonia, part of Searcy)
 * Hartsell Township
 * Higginson Township (Higginson, part of Searcy)
 * Jackson
 * Jefferson
 * Joy
 * Kensett (most of Kensett, small part of Searcy)
 * Kentucky (Rose Bud)
 * Liberty (Bradford)
 * McRae (McRae)
 * Marion (Letona)
 * Marshall
 * Mount Pisgah
 * Red River (West Point, part of Judsonia)
 * Royal
 * Russell (Russell)
 * Union (Beebe)
 * Velvet Ridge
 * Walker

Source:

title: White County, Arkansas